Table of Contents
THE publication of this, the twenty-seventh number of the Yearbook, has been considerably delayed, largely on account of the late session of Parliament in 1918 and the consequent delay in the release of a considerable amount of information usually included in the book.
The present issue is compiled along the lines followed in recent past numbers. Where possible in the time available, various sections have been extended and remodelled as appeared necessary.
The statistical information given in the following pages has generally been brought up to the end of the year 1917 or the financial year 1917–18, and, with a few exceptions, presents the latest available annual figures. With some slight alterations in form the usual diagrams have been included in the book.
More recent information (for monthly or quarterly periods) than is given in the Year-book will be found in summarized form in the “Monthly Abstract of Statistics” issued from this Office. Detailed annual statistics are published in the “Statistics of New Zealand” (four volumes). The detailed tables for the Census of 1916 are published separately in parts, of which ten have been issued to date.
MALCOLM FRASER,
Government
Statistician.
Census and Statistics Office,
Wellington,
27th March, 1919.
Table of Contents
THE Dominion of New Zealand consists of three main islands, with several groups of smaller islands lying at some distance from the principal group. The main islands, known as the North, the South, and Stewart Islands, have a coast-line 4,330 miles in length: North Island, 2,200 miles; South Island, 2,000 miles; and Stewart Island, 130 miles. Other islands included within the Dominion are the Chatham, Auckland, Campbell, Snares, Antipodes, Bounty, and Kermadec Islands. The Cook Group of islands and certain neighbouring islands were included in the Dominion by Proclamation of the 10th June, 1901.
The total area of the Dominion proper (i.e., excluding the islands annexed in 1901) is 66,292,232 acres, or 103,581 square miles. The land area of the Cook Group is about 150 square miles, and of the other islands annexed in 1901 about 130 square miles. Full information as to boundaries and area, together with descriptive matter relating to the physical features of the various portions of the Dominion, will be found in the 1913 issue of this book.
The geologic structure of New, Zealand, so far as it has yet been determined is, owing to its complexity, difficult to summarize. For a fuller account than can be given here the reader is referred to the article in the 1914 Year-book, pages 943–47, and to the various works on geology mentioned therein.
The oldest fossiliferous rocks are the Ordovician argillites (“slates”) of north-west Nelson and Preservation Inlet. At Baton River Silurian fossils, at Reefton Devonian fossils, and in the limestone near Nelson Carboniferous or Permo-Carboniferous fossils, show that these systems are all represented in the Palæozoic sequence. Included in it are marble, sandstone, shale, greywacke, quartzite, schist, and gneiss. The auriferous lodes of the South Island are almost always found cutting through rocks of Palæozoic age.
Rocks belonging to the Mesozoic periods occur over a large area in both Islands. The Trias-Jura system of greywacke and argillite forms the main mountain-ranges, but contains few workable mineral deposits. It is fossiliferous in only a few localities, and cannot be easily subdivided.
While all these foregoing rocks were being deposited the New Zealand area was probably the foreshore of a great continent, but after the Trias-Jura sediments were deposited far-reaching changes, involving the breaking-up and disappearance of the continental land, took place. The New Zealand area was necessarily involved in these earth-movements, and as the result the existing strata were folded, broken, and raised above sea-level. After extensive denudation of its surface had taken place New Zealand was again, probably several times, depressed and elevated either in whole or in part. During the periods of subsidence Cretaceous and Tertiary strata were laid down. These contain all the workable coal-seams of the Dominion.
Pleistocene and Recent deposits are well represented by fluviatile, glacial, marine, and wind-blown material.
Plutonic rocks of various types, but mainly granitic, occupy a large area in the western parts of the South Island and occur also in North Auckland. Volcanic rocks, chiefly of Tertiary age, are found in scattered areas throughout the eastern part of the South Island, and occur extensively in the North Island, where volcanic activity still continues on a small scale.
The rivers of New Zealand were fully discussed in the 1914 issue of this book in an article (pages 948–56) supplied by R. Speight, Esq., M.Sc., F.G.S., Curator of the Canterbury Museum. Considerations of space in the present book prevent more than a list of the more important rivers being given. These are as follows, the lengths shown being in most cases only approximate. Very few of these rivers are navigable by vessels of any size.
NORTH ISLAND. | |
---|---|
Miles. | |
Flowing into the Pacific Ocean— | |
Piako | 60 |
Waihou or Thames | 90 |
Rangitaiki | 95 |
Whakatane | 60 |
Waiapu | 55 |
Waipaoa | 50 |
Wairoa | 50 |
Mohaka | 80 |
Ngaururoro | 85 |
Tukituki | 65 |
Flowing into Cook Strait— | |
Ruamahanga | 70 |
Hutt | 35 |
Otaki | 30 |
Manawatu (tributaries: Pohangina and Tiraumea) | 100 |
Rangitikei | 115 |
Turakina | 65 |
Wangaehu | 85 |
Wanganui (tributaries: Ohura, Tangarakau, and Maunganui-te-ao) | 140 |
Waitotara | 50 |
Patea | 65 |
Flowing into Tasman Sea— | |
Waitara (tributary: Maunga-nui) | 65 |
Mokau | 75 |
Waikato (tributary: Waipa) | 220 |
Wairoa | 95 |
Hokianga | 40 |
SOUTH ISLAND. | |
---|---|
Miles. | |
Flowing into Cook Strait— | |
Aorere | 45 |
Takaka | 45 |
Motueka | 75 |
Wai-iti | 30 |
Pelorus | 40 |
Wairau (tributary: Waihopai) | 105 |
Awatere | 70 |
Flowing into the Pacific Ocean— | |
Clarence (tributary: Acheron) | 125 |
Conway | 30 |
Waiau (tributary: Hope) | 110 |
Hurunui | 90 |
Waipara | 40 |
Ashley | 55 |
Waimakariri (tributaries: Bealey, Poulter, Esk, and Broken River) | 93 |
Selwyn | 55 |
Rakaia (tributaries: Mathias, Wilberforce, Acheron, and Cameron) | 95 |
Ashburton | 67 |
Rangitata | 75 |
Opihi | 50 |
Pareora | 35 |
Waihao | 45 |
Waitaki (tributaries: Tasman, Tekapo, Ohau, Ahuriri, and Hakataramea) | 135 |
Kakanui | 40 |
Shag | 45 |
Taieri | 125 |
Clutha (tributaries: Kawarau, Makarora, Hunter, Manuherikia, and Pomahaka) | 210 |
Flowing South into Foveaux Strait— | |
Mataura | 120 |
Oreti | 105 |
Aparima | 65 |
Waiau (tributaries: Mararoa, Clinton, and Monowai) | 115 |
Flowing into the Tasman Sea— | |
Cleddau and Arthur | 20 |
Hollyford | 50 |
Cascade | 40 |
Arawata | 45 |
Haast (tributary: Lands-borough) | 60 |
Karangarua | 30 |
Fox | 25 |
Waiho | 20 |
Wataroa | 35 |
Wanganui | 35 |
Waitaha | 25 |
Hokitika (tributary: Kokatabi) | 40 |
Arahura | 35 |
Taramakau (tributaries: Otira and Taipo) | 45 |
Grey (tributaries: Ahaura, Arnold, and Mawhera-iti).. | 75 |
Buller (tributaries: Matakitaki, Maruia, and Inangahua) | 105 |
Mokihinui | 30 |
Karamea | 45 |
Heaphy | 25 |
In a further article in the 1915 issue of the Year-book Mr. Speight dealt at length with the lakes of the Dominion. A summary of the statistics of the chief lakes of New Zealand is here given:—
Lake. | Length, in Miles. | Greatest Breadth, in Miles. | Area, in Square Miles. | Drainage Area, in Square Miles. | Approximate Volume of Discharge, in Cubic feet per Second. | Height above Sea-level, in Feet. | Greatest Depth, in Feet. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North Island. | |||||||
Taupo | 25 | 17 | 238 | 995 | 5,000 | 1,211 | 534 |
Rotorua | 7 ½ | 6 | 32 | 158 | 420 | 915 | 84 |
Rotoiti | 10 ¾ | 2 ¼ | 14 | 26 | 500 | 913 | 230 |
Tarawera | 6 ½ | 6 ½ | 15 | 75 | .. | 1,032 | 285 |
Waikaremoana | 12 | 6 ½ | 21 | 128 | 772 | 2,015 | 846 |
Wairarapa | 10 | 4 | 27 | 1,250 | .. | .. | .. |
South Island. | |||||||
Rotoiti | 5 | 2 | 2 ¾ | 86 | .. | 1,997 | 228 |
Rotoroa | 7 | 2 ½ | 8 | 146 | .. | 1,470 | .. |
Brunner | 5 | 4 | 16 | 145 | .. | 280 | 357 |
Kanieri | 5 | 1 ¾ | 8 | 11 | .. | 422 | 646 |
Coleridge | 11 | 3 | 18 | 70 | .. | 1,667 | 680 |
Tekapo | 12 | 4 | 32 | 580 | 5,000 | 2,323 | .. |
Pukaki | 10 | 5 | 31 | 515 | 6,000 | 1,588 | .. |
Ohau | 10 | 3 | 23 | 424 | 5,000 | 1,720 | .. |
Hawea | 20 | 5 | 48 | 518 | 5,700 | 1,062 | .. |
Wanaka | 30 | 4 | 75 | 960 | .. | 922 | .. |
Wakatipu | 52 | 3 | 112 | 1,162 | 13,000 | 1,016 | 1,242 |
Te Anau | 33 | 6 | 132 | 1,320 | 12,660 | 694 | 906 |
Manapouri | 12 | 6 | 56 | 416 | .. | 596 | 1,458 |
Monowai | 12 | 1 | 12 | 51 | 700 | 600 | .. |
Hauroko | 20 | 3 | 25 | 195 | 1,800 | 611 | .. |
Poteriteri | 17 | 2 | 17 | 162 | .. | 96 | .. |
Waihola | 4 ½ | 1 ⅛ | 3 ¼ | 2,200 | .. | (Tidal) | .. |
Ellesmere | 16 | 10 | 107 ½ | 745 | .. | (Tidal) | .. |
In the 1913 issue of the Year-book (pages 32 to 34) appears a short account of the Flora of New Zealand, supplied by Dr. L. Cockayne, F.R.S. The article covers briefly the various points of interest in connection with the flora of the main Islands, and deals also with that of the outlying islands.
For information re the fauna of New Zealand the reader is referred to the article by James Drummond, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., appearing on pages 957 to 961 of the Year-book 'for 1914. The article, though brief, contains a fairly comprehensive account of the Dominion's fauna.
The 1915 issue of this book contains considerable information concerning the history and Constitution of New Zealand, with lists of successive occupants of important offices. Particulars as to present occupants only are given in the following pages.
The designation of “ Governor,” formerly borne by His Majesty's Representative in New Zealand, was altered in 1917 to “Governor-General.” The Earl of Liverpool, who had held office as Governor since 19th December, 1912, was sworn in as the first Governor-General on 28th June, 1917.
Liverpool, His Excellency the Right Honourable Arthur William de Brito Savile, Fifth Earl of Liverpool. Born 27th May, 1870; succeeded 1907. Educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Formerly Major in the Rifle Brigade (the Prince Consort's Own), and subsequently Major of its 6th Battalion. Sometime an A.D.C. to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (Earl Cadogan, K.G.), and Staff Captain, Dublin District. Is a J.P. for Kesteven and Lindsey Divisions of Lincolnshire, and Lieut.-Colonel 8th Battalion London Regiment (the Post Office Rifles). Served in South Africa, 1901–2 (Queen's Medal with three clasps).' Was State Steward and Chamberlain to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T., G.C.M.G.), 1906–8. Comptroller of His Majesty's Household, 1909–12. Appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of New Zealand, 1912. Appointed Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of New Zealand, 1917. M.V.O., 4th Class, 1900; K.C.M.G., 1912; G.C.M.G., 1914; P.C., 1917.
Seat: Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln.
London residence: 44 Grosvenor Gardens, S.W.
Residences: Government House, Wellington; Government House, Auckland.
Private Secretary: Gavin M. Hamilton, Esq.
Official Secretary: A. Cecil Dav. Esq.
Aides-de-Camp: Captain J. Gage Williams, 19th Hussars; Honorary Lieutenant H. G. Helmore; Lieutenant H. G. de F. Garland, M.C., Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry; Lieutenant E. W. J. Millton, 13th North Canterbury and Westland Regiment.
Extra Aide-de-Camp: Lieut.-Colonel J. H. Boscawen.
Honorary Aides-de-Camp: Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O., V.D.; Colonel (temp. Major-General) Sir A. H. Russell, K.C.M.G., C.B.; Colonel R. Logan, C.B.; Colonel J. &c. Nichols, V.D.; Colonel G. F. &c. Campbell, V.D.; Colonel R. A. Chaffey, V.D.
The Executive Council now consists of:—
Right Hon. W. F. Massey, P.C., Prime Minister, Minister of Labour, Minister of Industries and Commerce, Commissioner of State Forests, and Minister in Charge of Valuation and Electoral Departments.
Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, Bart., P.O., K.C.M.G., Minister of Finance, Post-master-General and Minister of Telegraphs, Minister in Charge of Land and Income Tax, State Advances, Public Trust, and Government Life Insurance Departments.
Hon. Sir James Allen, K.C.B., Minister of Defence and Minister in Charge of War Pensions.
Hon. W. H. Herries, Minister of Railways and Native Minister.
Hon. Sir W. Eraser, Kt. Bach., Minister of Public Works and Minister in Charge of Roads Department.
Hon. G. W. Russell, Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Public Health, Minister in Charge of Hospitals and Charitable Aid, Mental Hospitals, Printing and Stationery, High Commissioner's, Audit, Museum, Registrar-General's, Census and Statistics, and Laboratory Departments.
Hon. A. M. Myers, Minister of Customs, and Minister in Charge of Munitions and Supplies, Pensions, Advertising, and National Provident Fund Departments
Hon. Sir F. H. D. Bell, K.C.M.G., K.C., Attorney-General, Minister of Immigration, and Leader of the Legislative Council.
Hon. W. D. S. MacDonald, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Mines, Minister in Charge of Legislative, Public Buildings, Inspection of Machinery, State Fire and Accident Insurance, and Tourist and Health Resorts Departments.
Hon. J. A. Hanan, Minister of Education and Minister in Charge of Friendly Societies.
Hon. T. M. Wilford, Minister of Justice, Minister of Marine, and Minister of Stamp Duties.
Hon. D. H. Guthrie, Minister of Lands, Minister in Charge of Land for Settlements and Scenery Preservation.
Hon. Dr. M. Pomare, Member of the Executive Council representing the Native Race, Minister of the Cook Islands, and in Charge of Maori Councils.
Clerk of the Executive Council—James Frank Andrews, I.S.O., J.P.
Chairman of Committees—Hon. W. &c. F. CARNCROSS. | ||
---|---|---|
Name. | Provincial District. | Date of Appointment. |
* Life member. | ||
Aitken, Hon. John Guthrie Wood | Wellington | 14 July, 1914. |
Alison, Hon. Ewen William | Auckland | 7 May, 1918. |
Baillie, Hon. William Douglas Hall | Marlborough | 8 March, 1861.* |
Barr, Hon. John | Canterbury | 22 January, 1914. |
Bell, Hon. Sir Francis Henry Dillon, K.C.M.G., K.C. | Wellington | 10 July, 1912. |
Buchanan, Hon. Sir Walter, Kt. Bach. | Wellington | 23 June, 1915. |
Carncross, Hon. Walter Charles Frederick | Taranaki | 17 March, 1917. |
Carson, Hon. Gilbert | Wellington | 14 July, 1914. |
Collins, Colonel Hon. William Edward. C.M.G. | Wellington | 14 July, 1914. |
Earnshaw, Hon. William | Wellington | 26 June, 1913. |
Fisher, Hon. John | Auckland | 14 July, 1914. |
Fleming, Hon. David Thomas | Otago | 7 May, 1918. |
Fraser, Hon. Alfred Levavasour Durell | Hawke's Bay | 7 May, 1918. |
Garland, Hon. George Joseph | Auckland | 7 May, 1918. |
Geddis, Hon. William John | Wellington | 7 May, 1918. |
Gow, Hon. James Burman | Auckland | 7 May, 1918. |
Grimmond, Hon. Joseph | Westland | 7 May, 1918. |
Hall-Jones, Hon. Sir William, K.C.M.G. | Wellington | 7 October, 1913. |
Hardy, Hon. Charles Albert Creery | Canterbury | 26 June, 1913. |
Harris, Major Hon. Benjamin | Auckland | 15 February, 1918. |
Hawke, Hon. Archibald Fotheringham | Otago | 7 May, 1918. |
Izard, Hon. Charles Hayward | Wellington | 7 May, 1918. |
Jones, Hon. George | Otago | 7 May, 1918. |
Louisson, Hon. Charles | Canterbury | 7 May, 1918. |
MacGibbon, Hon. Thomas | Otago | 14 July, 1914. |
MacGregor, Hon. John | Otago | 14 July, 1914. |
Michel, Hon. Henry Leslie | Westland | 7 May, 1918. |
Moore, Hon. Richard | Canterbury | 14 July, 1914. |
Patuki, Hon. John Topi | Otago | 7 May, 1918. |
Paul, Hon. John Thomas | Otago | 22 January, 1914. |
Samuel, Hon. Oliver | Taranaki | 14 July, 1914. |
Simpson, Hon. Robert Kirkpatrick | Wellington | 14 July, 1914. |
Sinclair, Hon. Sir John Robert, Kt. Bach. | Otago | 7 May, 1918. |
Stewart, Hon. William | Auckland | 7 May, 1918. |
Te Heuheu Tukino, Hon. | Wellington | 7 May, 1918. |
Thomson, Hon. George Malcolm | Otago | 7 May, 1918. |
Triggs, Hon. William Henry | Canterbury | 7 May, 1918. |
Wigram, Hon. Henry Francis | Canterbury | 7 May, 1918. |
Speaker—Hon. Sir FREDERIC WILLIAM LANG, Kt. Bach.
Chairman of Committees—ALEXANDER SCOTT MALCOLM. | ||
---|---|---|
Name. | Electoral District. | Date of Election. |
For European Electorates. | ||
Allen, Hon. Sir James, K.C.B. | Bruce | 10 December, 1914. |
Anderson, George James | Mataura | 10 December, 1914. |
Anstey, John | Waitaki | 10 December, 1914. |
Bollard, Richard Francis | Raglan | 10 December, 1914. |
Brown, John Vigor | Napier | 10 December, 1914. |
Buddo, Hon. David | Kaiapoi | 10 December, 1914. |
Buick, David | Palmerston | 10 December, 1914. |
Carroll, Hon. Sir James, K.C.M.G. | Gisborne | 10 December, 1914. |
Coates, Joseph Gordon | Kaipara | 10 December, 1914. |
Colvin, James | Buller | 10 December, 1914. |
Craigie, James | Timaru | 10 December, 1914. |
Dickie, William James | Selwyn | 10 December, 1914. |
Dickson, James McColl | Chalmers | 10 December, 1914. |
Dickson, James Samuel | Parnell | 10 December, 1914. |
Ell, Henry George | Christchurch South | 10 December, 1914. |
Field, Thomas Andrew Hemming | Nelson | 10 December, 1914. |
Field, William Hughes | Otaki | 10 December, 1914. |
Findlay, Hon. Sir John George, K.C.M.G. | Hawke's Bay | 8 March, 1917. |
Fletcher, Robert | Wellington Central | 10 December, 1914. |
Forbes, George William | Hurunui | 10 December, 1914. |
Fraser, Hon. Sir William, Kt. Bach | Wakatipu | 10 December, 1914. |
Glover, Albert Edward | Auckland Central | 10 December, 1914. |
Guthrie, Hon. David Henry | Oroua | 10 December, 1914. |
Hanan, Hon. Josiah Alfred | Invercargill | 10 December, 1914. |
Harris, Alexander | Waitemata | 10 December, 1914. |
Herries, Hon. William Herbert | Tauranga | 10 December, 1914. |
Hindmarsh, Alfred Humphrey | Wellington South | 10 December, 1914. |
Hine, John Bird | Stratford | 10 December, 1914. |
Holland, Henry Edmund | Grey | 29 May, 1918. |
Hornsby, John Thomas Marryat | Wairarapa | 10 December, 1914. |
Hudson, Richard Phineas | Motueka | 10 December, 1914. |
Hunter, George | Waipawa | 10 December, 1914. |
Isitt, Leonard Monk | Christchurch North | 10 December, 1914. |
Jennings, William Thomas | Taumarunui | 15 June, 1915. |
Lang, Hon. Sir Frederic William, Kt. Bach. | Manukau | 10 December, 1914. |
Lee, Ernest Page | Oamaru | 10 December, 1914. |
Luke, John Pearce, C.M.G. | Wellington North | 28 February, 1918. |
McCallum, Richard | Wairau | 10 December, 1914. |
McCombs, James | Lyttelton | 10 December, 1914. |
MacDonald, Hon. William Donald Stuart | Bay of Plenty | 10 December, 1914. |
Malcolm, Alexander Scott | Clutha | 10 December, 1914. |
Mander, Francis | Marsden | 10 December, 1914. |
Massey, Right Hon. William Ferguson, P.C. | Franklin | 10 December, 1914. |
Myers, Hon. Arthur Mielziner | Auckland East | 10 December, 1914. |
Newman, Alfred Kingcome | Wellington East | 10 December, 1914. |
Newman, Edward | Rangitikei | 10 December, 1914. |
Nosworthy, William | Ashburton | 10 December, 1914. |
Okey, Henry James Hobbs | Taranaki | 10 December, 1914. |
Parr, Christopher James, C.M.G. | Eden | 10 December, 1914. |
Payne, John | Grey Lynn | 10 December, 1914. |
Pearce, George Vater | Patea | 10 December, 1914. |
Poland, Hugh | Ohinemuri | 10 December, 1914. |
Poole, Charles Henry | Auckland West | 10 December, 1914. |
Reed, Vernon Herbert | Bay of Islands | 10 December, 1914. |
Rhodes, Hon. Robert Heaton | Ellesmere | 10 December, 1914. |
Rhodes, Thomas William | Thames | 10 December, 1914. |
Russell, Hon. George Warren | Avon | 10 December, 1914. |
Scott, Robert | Otago Central | 10 December, 1914. |
Seddon, Thomas Edward Youd | Westland | 10 December, 1914. |
Sidey, Thomas Kay | Dunedin South | 10 December, 1914. |
Smith, George Harold | Pahiatua | 17 August, 1916. |
Smith, Robert William | Waimarino | 10 December, 1914. |
Statham, Charles Ernest | Dunedin Central | 3 February, 1915. |
Stewart, William Downie | Dunedin West | 10 December, 1914. |
Sykes, George Robert | Masterton | 10 December, 1914. |
Talbot, Charles John | Temuka | 10 December, 1914. |
Thacker, Henry Thomas Joynt | Christchurch East | 10 December, 1914. |
Thomson, John Charles | Wallace | 10 December, 1914. |
Veitch, William Andrew | Wanganui | 10 December, 1914. |
Walker, Andrew | Dunedin North | 10 December, 1914. |
Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, Bart., P.O., K.C.M.G. | Awarua | 10 December, 1914. |
Wilford, Hon. Thomas Mason | Hutt | 10 December, 1914. |
Wilkinson, Charles Anderson | Egmont | 10 December, 1914. |
Witty, George | Riccarton | 10 December, 1914. |
Wright, Robert Alexander | Wellington Suburbs and Country District | 10 December, 1914. |
Young, James Alexander | Waikato | 10 December, 1914. |
For Maori Electorates. | ||
Tau Henare | Northern Maori | 11 December, 1914. |
Ngata, Hon. Apirana Turupa | Eastern Maori | 11 December, 1914. |
Pomare, Hon. Maui | Western Maori | 11 December, 1914. |
Uru, John Hopere Wharewiti | Southern Maori | 21 February, 1918. |
* Returned unopposed. Writs returnable 17th April, 1917. |
Isaac Earl Featherston, Esq., appointed Agent-General under the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870, by Warrant dated 5th April, 1871. Appointment to date from 25th March, 1871. (Gazette, 1871, page 155.)
(Note.—Sir W. Tyrone Power was appointed on 20th June, 1876, by the Crown Agents as temporary Agent-General on the death of Dr. Featherston.)
Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., appointed Agent-General under the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870, by Warrant dated 19th September, 1876. Appointment to date from 9th September, 1876, vice I. E. Featherston, deceased. (Gazette, 1876, page 721.)
Sir Francis Dillon Bell, appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1878, by Warrant dated 7th December, 1880, vice Sir Julius Vogel, resigned. (Gazette, 1881, page 311.)
Westby Brook Perceval, Esq., appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1891, by Warrant dated 25th September, 1891, vice Sir F. D. Bell. (Gazette, 1891, page 1071.)
The Hon. William Pember Reeves, appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1891, by Warrant dated 23rd December, 1895, vice Sir W. B. Perceval. (Gazette, 1896, page 50.) Appointed High Commissioner under the High Commissioner Act, 1904, by Warrant dated 14th June, 1905. (Gazette, 1905, page 1509.). Reappointed High Commissioner as from 14th June, 1908. (Gazette, 1908, page 1921.)
The Hon. Sir William Hall-Jones, K.C.M.G., appointed High Commissioner from 1st December, 1908, vice Hon. W. P. Reeves. Assumed office 18th January, 1909. (Gazette, 1909, page 27.) Appointment extended to 31st December, 1911. (Gazette, 1911, page 2720.) Appointment further extended to 31st March, 1912. (Gazette, 1912, page 45.) Appointment further extended to 31st May, 1912. (Gazette, 1912, page 1227.)
Charles Frederick Wray Palliser, appointed High Commissioner from 1st June, 1912, for one month. Reappointed from 1st July, 1912, and again reappointed from 1st August, 1912.
The Hon. Sir Thomas Mackenzie, appointed High Commissioner from 23rd August, 1912, for a term of three years. (Gazette, 1912, page 2612.) Assumed office 9th October, 1912. Reappointed from 22nd August, 1915. (Gazette, 1915, page 2283.) Offices: Strand, London, W.C.
Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies—Right Hon. A. Bonar Law, P.C., M.P.
Parliamentary Under-Secretary—A. D. Steel Maitland, M.P.
Permanent Under-Secretary—Sir George Vandeleur Fiddes, K.C.M.G., C.B.
Assistant Under-Secretaries—Sir H. W. Just, K.C.M.G., C.B.; H. J. Read, M.A., C.B., C.M.G.; H. &c. M. Lambert, B.A., C.B. (acting); and G. E. A. Grindle, M.A., C.M.G. (acting).
(City Office, Whitehall Gardens, S.W.; Stock Transfer Office, 1 Tokenhouse Buildings, E.C.; Shipping Office, 13 Great St. Helens, E.C.; Packing Store, Cole Abbey Chambers, Lambeth Hill, E.C.; Colonial Stamp Department, 8 Errol Street, Bunhill Row, E.C.)
Crown Agents—Sir Reginald L. Antrobus, K.C.M.G., C.B.; Major Sir Maurice Alexander Cameron, K.C.M.G., late R.E.; and Sir William Hepworth Mercer, K.C.M.G.
New Zealand—R. W. Dalton, P.O. Box 369, 11 Grey Street, Wellington (telegraphic address, “Advantage”). Australia—G. T. Milne, Commerce House, Flinders Street, Melbourne (telegraphic address, “Combrit”), and Royal Exchange, Sydney (telegraphic address, “ Combritto”). Canada and Newfoundland—C. Hamilton Wickes, 363 Beaver Hall, Montreal (telegraphic address, “ Britcom”). South Africa—W. G. Wickham, P.O. Box 1346, Norwich Union Buildings, St. George's Street, Cape Town, (telegraphic address, “Austere”).
Argentine Republic.—Vice-Consul: Henry Hampton Rayward, Wellington.
Belgium.—Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand): I. Watteeuw, M.M.F., Sydney. Consul-General (with jurisdiction over the Provincial Districts of Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, and Wellington): (Vacant). Vice-Consul: G. F. Johnston, Wellington. Consul (with jurisdiction over the Districts of Canterbury, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland): Joseph James Kinsey, Christchurch. Consuls: Alexander Manual Ferguson, Auckland; George Lyon Denniston, Dunedin. Vice-Consul: Cyril R. J. Ward, Christchurch.
Brazil.—Vice-Consul: A. H. Miles, Wellington.
Chile.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand: William Brown, Sydney. Consuls: E. A. Craig, Auckland; J. Montgomery, Christchurch. Honorary Consul: J. A. Roberts, Dunedin.
China.—Consul: Lin Shih Yuan, Wellington.
Denmark.—Consul-General for Australia and New Zealand: Otto Wadsted, San Francisco. Consul (for North Island): Hon. Sir Francis Henry Dillon Bell, K.C.M.G., Wellington (Principal Consulate). Consul (for South Island): Henry Bylove Sorensen, Christchurch. Vice-Consuls: Robert Millar, Auckland (acting): William Edward Perry, Hokitika; Odin Henry Möller, Dunedin; Michael Myers, Wellington.
France.—Vice-Consuls: Leon Hippeau, Auckland; Percival Clay Neill, Dunedin. Consular Agents: George Humphreys, Christchurch; James Macintosh, Wellington.
Greece.—Vice-Consul (for New Zealand); Joseph Frank Dyer, Wellington.
Honduras.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia and New Zealand: Frederic Walsh, Sydney.
Italy.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji: Cavaliere Emillo Eles, Melbourne. Consular Agents: Joseph Wallace, Christchurch; Leonard Owen Howard Tripp, Wellington; John Roberts, C.M.G., Dunedin; Geraldo Perotti, Greymouth; Giovanni (J. H.) Pagni, Auckland.
Japan.—Consul-General: S. Shimizu, Sydney. Consul: Thomas Young, Wellington.
Liberia.—Consul: Charles Louisson, Christchurch. Acting-Consul: Trevor Noel Holmden, Wellington.
Mexico.—Consul: John William Hall, Auckland.
Netherlands.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji: W. L. Bosschart, Melbourne. Vice-Consul de Carriere, attached to Consulate-General, P. E. Teppema, Melbourne. Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand and the Islands belonging thereto): (Vacant). Vice-Consuls: George Ritchie, Dunedin; M. Copeland, Auckland: Walter Goring Johnston, Wellington; G. Van der Velden, Christchurch.
Norway.— Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the adjacent islands: Finn Koren, Melbourne. Consul: Alex. W. Newton, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: Sigurd Bentzon, Melbourne; Robert Millar, Auckland; George Jameson, Christchurch; Mathias Ericksen Wiig, Invercargill; John Hayes Enright, Westport; John Scott, Timaru; William Fraser Edmond, Dunedin (Honorary).
Paraguay.—Consul: A. E. Kernot, Wellington.
Peru. —Consul-General (with jurisdiction over the Commonwealth of Australia and New Zealand): J. Maitland Paxton, Sydney. Consul: G. H. Baker, Auckland.
Portugal. —Consuls: John Duncan, Wellington; David L. Nathan, Auckland. Vice-Consuls: Arthur Donald Stuart Duncan, Wellington; Charles William Rattray, Dunedin.
Spain—Consul-in-Chief (with jurisdiction over Australia and New Zealand): Senor Don Jaime Montero y de Madrazo, Melbourne.
Sweden.—Acting-Consul: Walter Isaac Nathan, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: Albert Kaye, Christchurch; Charles I. Nathan, Auckland.
Switzerland.—Honorary Consul: Walter John Pugh, Auckland.
United States of America.—Consul-General (for New Zealand and its dependencies): Alfred A. Winslow, Auckland. Vice-Consul-General: Leonard A. Bachelder, Auckland. Consular Agents: John Henry Stringer, Christchurch; Arthur Edward Whyte, Wellington; Frederick Orlando Bridgeman, Dunedin.
Uruguay. —Acting-Consul: William John Prouse, Wellington.
There is no State Church in the Dominion, nor is State aid given to any form of religion. Government in the' early days set aside certain lands as endowments for various religious bodies, but nothing of the kind has been done for many years past.
The principal Churches, with the names, c., of the present heads or officers, and the places and times of holding the annual or periodical assemblies or meetings,' are as follows:—
For Church purposes, the Dominion is divided into six dioceses—viz., Auckland, Waiapu, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Dunedin. The General Synod meets every third year in each diocese in rotation. Representatives attend from each diocese, and also from the diocese of Melanesia. President, the Primate (Bishop of Dunedin). The Diocesan Synods meet once a year, under the presidency of the bishop of the diocese. At last meeting of the General Synod a standing committee of General Synod was set up, to be called the Provincial Standing Committee, which is to meet in Wellington once a year.
The names, c., of the bishops of the Church of England are as follows:—
The Most Rev. Samuel Tarratt Nevill, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1871 (Primate).
The Right Rev. Alfred Walter Averill, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1910; translated 1914.
The Right Rev. William Walmsley Sedgwick, M.A., Waiapu; consecrated 1914.
The Right Rev. Thomas Henry Sprott, D.D., Wellington; consecrated 1911.
The Right Rev. William Charles Sadlier, B.D., Nelson; consecrated 1912
The Right Rev. Churchill Julius, D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1890.
The Right Rev. Cecil John Wood, D.D., Melanesia; consecrated 1912.
This Church contains eighteen presbyteries, with 247 congregations and 128 home-mission stations. Foreign mission work is carried on in the New Hebrides, China, and India, while the Maoris and local Chinese are also ministered to. The adult Church membership last year was 42,167, and the total revenue £162,086. The General Assembly is the supreme court, the Hon. J. G. W. Aitken, Wellington, being the present Moderator; the Rev. W. Gray Dixon, M.A., the Moderator-designate; the Rev. J. H. MacKenzie, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, the Clerk; and the Rev. W. J. Comrie, Presbyterian Church Offices, Wellington, the Treasurer. The Theological College is in Dunedin, with the Rev. Michael Watt, M.A., D.D., William Hewitson, B.A., and John Dickie, M.A., as Professors. The Rev. James Gibb, D.D., Wellington, is Convener of Home Missions, and the Rev. Alexander Don Secretary for Foreign Missions. Homes for orphan children are open in Auckland, Wellington, Christ-church, and Dunedin. The denominational organ is The Outlook, Mr. A. H. Grinling, Dunedin, being editor. The next meeting of General Assembly is appointed for 19th November, 1918, in St. Paul's Church, Christchurch.
The Diocese of Wellington, established in 1848, was in 1887 created an archdiocese and the metropolitan see. There are three suffragan dioceses—Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin. A retreat is held annually in each of the four dioceses, at the end of which a synod is held, presided over by the bishop or archbishop, and at which all his clergy attend.
In January, 1899, the first Provincial Council of New Zealand was held in Wellington, under the presidency of the metropolitan, and attended by all the suffragan bishops, and a number of priests elected specially in each diocese as representatives of the whole Catholic clergy in the Dominion. The decrees of this Council were approved by Rome in April, 1900, were published on 1st January, 1901, and are now binding in every diocese in the Dominion.
The Most Rev. Francis Redwood, S.M., D.D., consecrated in 1874, is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Catholic Church in New Zealand, and the Most Rev. Thomas O'Shea has been appointed Coadjutor Archbishop. The following are the bishops:—
Auckland: The Right Rev. Henry W. Cleary, D.D.; consecrated 1910.
Christchurch: The Right Rev. Matthew Brodie; consecrated, 1916.
Dunedin: The Right Rev. Michael Verdon, D.D.; consecrated 1896.
The Officers of the Church for 1918 are as follows: President of the Conference, Rev. T. A. Joughin, Timaru; Vice-President, Mr. Edwin Dixon, Hawera; Secretary, Rev. E. Drake, Wellington; President-elect for 1919, Rev. H. E. Bellhouse, Auckland; Connexional Secretary, Rev. Samuel Lawry, Christchurch; Secretary for Foreign Missions, Rev. G. T. Marshall, Morningside, Auckland; Secretary for Home Missions, Rev. T. G. Brook, Mount Eden.
The affairs of the Church are administered by ten District Synods, which meet annually. The Chairmen are appointed by Conference.
The next Conference will be held in Christchurch, opening during the last week in February, 1919.
President, Rev. J. K. Archer, Wellington; Vice-President, Rev. W. S. Rollings, Brooklyn, Wellington; Secretary, Rev. R. S. Gray, Dunedin; Treasurer, Mr. W. Lambourne, Ponsonby; Missionary Secretary, Rev. J. K. Archer, Wellington; Missionary Treasurer, Mr. &c. Cathie, Wellington. The Union comprises fifty-six churches, forty-six preaching-stations, 5,838 members, and a constituency of 25,000. The denominational organ is the New Zealand Baptist; Editor, Rev. J. J. North, Christchurch. The Foreign Missionary Society, with an annual income of £3,625, has a thoroughly equipped hospital and dispensaries, employs a doctor, two missionaries, six zenana ladies, and forty-six Native helpers. The sphere of operations is in North Tipperah, East Bengal, with a population of 1,200,000.
The annual meetings are held during the month of March, at such place as may be determined by vote of Council. Chairman for 1918: Rev. Alfred Hodge, Napier; Secretary, Rev. Archibald E. Hunt, Wellington; Treasurer, Mr. Frank Meadowcroft, Wellington; Registrar, Rev. A. H. Wallace, Dunedin; headquarters and seat of executive, Wellington. In 1919 the meeting of the Council will be held in Auckland. The Committee of the Union meets in Wellington on the last Monday in each month.
Ministers: Rev. S. A. Goldstein and Rev. S. Katz, Auckland; Rev. H. Van Staveren and Rev. &c. Pitkowsky, Wellington; Rev. A. Diamond, Dunedin. Annual meetings of the general congregations are usually held at these places during the month of Elul (about the end of August).
The next Conference of the Dominion Associated Churches of Christ will be held in Christchurch, at a time to be decided by the Dominion Executive. Statistics submitted to last Conference were as follows: Churches, 50; membership, 3,360; Bible-school scholars, 3,311; teachers, 339.
Dominion Executive: President, Mr. Ralph Gebbie, B.A., 81 Williamson Avenue, Auckland; Vice-President, Mr. Herbert Langford, 19 London Street, Richmond, Christchurch; Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. Will J. Mason, 497 Madras Street, Christchurch.
A combined Conference of the Auckland and Middle Districts is held annually in Wellington and Auckland alternately. The Southern District has a separate Conference, meeting in various towns of the South Island. All the District Conferences meet at Easter.
The annual congress of the Salvation Army is held in the month of April in each year.
The principal officers of the Salvation Army in New Zealand are: Territorial Commander, Commissioner H. &c. Hodder; Chief Secretary, Lieut-Colonel J. McInnes; Secretary for Field Affairs, Major H. B. Colledge; Property Secretary, Lieut.-Colonel J. H. Bray; Trade Secretary, Brigadier A. Kirk; National Young People's Secretary, Brigadier W. J. Hoare; Chief Accountant, Major W. P. Page; Divisional Commanders, Brigadier A. B. Carmichael (Auckland), Brigadier J. Toomer (Palmerston North), Brigadier W. Gist (Wellington), Major E. Newby (Christchurch), Staff Captain D. A. Gunn (Dunedin); Principal of Training College, Wellington, Brigadier W. Gist. Among the social institutions maintained by the Salvation Army are: Rescue Homes at St. Albans, Caversham, Parnell, and South Wellington; Young Women's Industrial Home at Anderson's Bay; Maternity Homes at each of the four chief centres; Samaritan Homes at Gisborne and Napier; Boys' Homes at Island Bay, Eltham, Russell, and Temuka; Girls' Homes at Middlemarch, Auckland, and South Wellington; Prison Gate Brigade Homes at Epsom and Addington; Workmen's Homes at Auckland and Wellington; and Inebriates' Homes at Pakatoa and Rotoroa.
Massey, Right Hon. William Ferguson, 1913.
Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, Bart., K.C.M.G., 1907.
Allen, Hon. Sir James, 1917.
Godley, Lieut.-General Sir Alexander John, K.C.M.G., 1916.
Russell, Major-General Sir Andrew Hamilton, K.C.M.G., 1917.
Begg, Colonel &c. M., C.M.G., 1917.
Chaytor, Brigadier-General Sir E. W. C., K.C.M.G., 1900.
Cradock, Lieut.-Colonel M., C.M.G., 1900.
Findlay, Lieut.-Colonel J., D.S.O., 1915.
Henderson, Surgeon-General R. S. F., 1917.
Logan, Colonel R., 1917.
Newall, Colonel S., 1900.
Porter, Colonel T. W., 1902.
Richardson, Brigadier-General G. S., C.M.G., 1917.
Robin, Major-General Sir A. W., K.C.M.G., 1900.
Bell, Hon. Sir Francis Henry Dillon, 1915.
Carroll, Hon. Sir James, 1911.
Chaytor, Brigadier-General Sir E. W. C., C.B., 1918.
Findlay, Hon. Sir John George, K.C., LL.D., 1911.
Godley, Lieut.-General Sir Alexander John, K.C.B., 1914.
Hall-Jones, Hon. Sir William, 1910.
Mackenzie, Hon. Sir Thomas, 1916.
Mills, Sir James, 1909.
Perceval, Sir Westby Brook, 1894.
Robin, Major-General Sir Alfred William, C.B., 1916.
Russell, Major-General Sir A. H., K.C.B. 1915.
Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, 1886.
Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, Bart., P.C., 1901.
Acland, Lieut.-Colonel H. T. D., 1917.
Adams, Colonel N. P., 1917.
Alderman, Lieut.-Colonel W. W., 1916.
Barnett, Lieut.-Colonel L. E., 1918.
Begg, Colonel &c. M., C.B., 1918.
Braithwaite, Brigadier-General W. G., D.S.O., 1916.
Charters, Lieut.-Colonel A. B., D.S.O., 1916.
Collins, Colonel B. J., I.S.O., V.D., 1911.
Collins, Colonel the Hon. W. E., 1917.
Dawson, Major T. H., 1917.
Esson, Colonel J. J., 1916.
Falla, Lieut.-Colonel N. S., D.S.O., 1917.
Fenwick, Lieut.-Colonel P. C., 1916.
Ferguson, Dr. Henry Lindo, 1918.
Fitchett, Frederick, M.A., LL.D., 1911.
Fitzherbert, Lieut.-Colonel N., 1917.
Francis, Major N., 1918.
Gibbon, Colonel &c. M., 1917.
Gudgeon, Lieut.-Colonel W. E., 1890.
Hall, Lieut.-Colonel G. T., 1917.
Hogben, George, M.A., F.G.S., 1915.
Hughes, Lieut.-Colonel J. G., D.S.O., 1916.
Hutchen, Lieut.-Colonel J. W., 1917.
Jowsey, Colonel T., 1900.
King, Dr. F. Truby, 1917.
Luke, J. P., 1917.
Luxford, Rev. J. A., 1916.
Macdonald, Colonel Clarence R., 1918.
Mackesy, Lieut.-Colonel &c. E. R., D.S.O., 1917.
Meldrum, Brigadier-General W., D.S.O., 1916.
Mill, Lieut.-Colonel T., M.B., 1917.
Myers, Lieut.-Colonel B., M.D., 1917.
Otterson, Henry, 1913.
Parkes, Colonel W. H., M.D., 1916.
Plugge, Lieut.-Colonel A., 1915.
Potter, Colonel H. R., C.B., 1917.
Powles, Lieut.-Colonel &c. G., D.S.O., 1918.
Richardson, Brigadier-General G. S., C.B., 1915.
Richardson, Josephus H., 1918.
Smith, Lieut.-Colonel G. S., D.S.O., 1917.
Standish, Lieut.-Colonel I. T., D.S.O., 1917.
Stowe. Leonard, 1912.
Symon, Lieut.-Colonel F., D.S.O., 1916.
Wyllie, Lieut.-Colonel D. S., 1917.
Young, Lieut.-Colonel R., D.S.O., 1916.
Buchanan, Hon. Sir Walter, 1912.
Denniston, Hon. Sir John Edward, 1917.
Fraser, Hon. Sir William, 1918.
Johnston, Hon. Sir Charles John, 1918.
Kennaway, Sir Walter, 1909.
Lang, Hon. Sir Frederic William, 1916.
Prendergast, Hon. Sir James, 1881.
Salmond, Sir John W., 1918.
Sinclair, Hon. Sir John Robert, 1918.
Wilson, Sir James G., 1915.
Acton-Adams, Major P. M., 1917.
Allen, Lieut.-Colonel R. C., 1917.
Allen, Lieut.-Colonel S. S., 1917.
Austin, Lieut.-Colonel W. S., 1916.
Avery, Major H. E., 1916.
Bartlett, Major E., 1902.
Beck, Captain W. T., 1915.
Blair, Lieut.-Colonel D. B., M.C., 1917.
Buck, Major P. H., 1917.
Burgess, Major W. L. H.
Cameron, Major F., M.B., 1917.
Charters, Lieut.-Colonel A. B., C.M.G., 1917.
Cockerell, 2nd Lieutenant A. R., 1917.
Colquhoun, Lieut.-Colonel D., 1917.
Cuningham, Lieut.-Colonel W. H., 1916.
Daltry, Major H. J., 1917.
Digby-Smith, Major A., 1917.
Duigan, Major J. E., 1917.
Edwards, Major H. M., 1917.
Ennis, Major W. O., 1917.
Evans, Major &c. H. D., 1917.
Falla, Lieut.-Colonel N. S., C.M.G., 1916.
Findlay, Lieut.-Colonel J., C.B., 1916.
Finn, Major B. S., 1915.
Gard'ner, Lieut.-Colonel H. C., 1917.
Gibbs, Major D. J., 1917.
Glendining, Lieut.-Colonel H. C., 1917.
Grigor, Lieut.-Colonel R. R., 1916.
Hamilton, Lieut.-Colonel N. C., 1916.
Hardie, Major R. D., 1917.
Hart, Brigadier-General H., 1915.
Herbert, Lieut.-Colonel A. H., 1917.
Hickey, Major D. A., 1902.
Hughes, Lieut.-Colonel J. G., C.M.G., 1900.
Hulbert, Major E. J., 1917.
Hurst, Major H. C., 1916.
Hutton, Lieut.-Colonel G. F., 1916.
Johnston, Brigadier-General G. N., 1916.
Lampen, Major F. H., 1916.
MacCormick, Major K., 1917.
Mackesy, Lieut.-Colonel &c. E. R., C.M.G., 1916.
McCarroll, Lieut.-Colonel J. N., 1917.
McCrae, Major J., 1917.
McGavin, Colonel D. J., 1917.
McGilp, Major C., 1916.
McKenzie, Major A. G., 1916.
Major, Colonel F. B., 1900.
Meldrum, Brigadier-General W., C.M.G., 1916.
Melvill, Brigadier-General &c. W., 1916.
Mitchell, Lieut.-Colonel G., 1917.
Murchison, Major D. S., 1917.
Murray, Lieut.-Colonel D. N. W., 1916.
Newman, Major &c. N., 1917.
Newton, Lieut.-Colonel &c. T. H., M.D., 1917.
O'Neill, Lieut.-Colonel E. J., M.B., 1915.
Polson, Major D., 1900.
Pow, Lieut.-Colonel J., 1916.
Powles, Lieut.-Colonel &c. G., C.M.G., 1916.
Puttick, Major E., 1917.
Roache, Lieut.-Colonel J. G., 1917.
Richardson, Major H. M. W., M.C., 1917.
Richmond, Major J. M., M.C., 1917.
Row, Lieut.-Colonel R. A., 1917.
Saunders, Major J. L., 1917.
Saxby, Lieut.-Colonel &c. G., 1916.
Smith, Lieut.-Colonel G. S., C.M.G., 1915.
Smythe, Major R. B., 1016.
Somerville, Major J. A., 1917.
Stafford, Major J., 1917.
Standish, Lieut.-Colonel I. T., C.M.G., 1915.
Starnes, Major F., 1916.
Stevenson, Captain R., 1902.
Stewart, Colonel A. E., 1916.
Stewart, Lieut.-Colonel H., M.C., 1917.
Stitt, Major A. D., M.C., 1917.
Stout, Major T. D. M, 1917.
Studholme, Major J., 1916.
Sykes, Lieut.-Colonel F. B., 1915.
Symon, Lieut.-Colonel F., C.M.G., 1917.
Temperley, Major A. C., 1917.
Thorns, Major N. W. B. B., M.C., 1917.
Todd, Captain T. J. M., 1900.
Turnbull, Major W. McG., 1915.
Vickerman, Captain H., 1917.
Waite, Major F., 1915.
Walker, Captain G. H., 1901.
Weston, Lieut.-Colonel &c. H., 1917.
Whyte, Lieut.-Colonel J. H., 1915.
Wickens, Major R. C., 1917.
Wyman, Major R., 1916.
Young, Brigadier-General R., C.M.G., 1915.
McCarroll, Lieut.-Colonel J. N., 1918.
Stewart, Lieut.-Colonel H., M.C., 1917.
Whyte, Lieut.-Colonel J. H., 1917.
Andrews, James Frank, 1913.
Blow, Horatio John Hooper, 1911.
Collins, Colonel R. J., V.D., 1909.
Cullen, John, 1916.
Heywood, James B., 1905.
Holmes, Robert W., 1918.
Kensington, W. C., 1909.
Mackenzie, James, 1915.
Morris, W. R., 1917.
Robertson, Donald, 1912.
Ronayne, Thomas, 1914.
Strauchon, John, 1912.
Tregear, Edward, 1911.
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.
Luke, Mrs. Jacobina.
Massey, Mrs. Christina Allen.
Nolan, Robert H.
Smith, Colonel Hon. G. J.
Tate, Colonel R. W.
Ward, Lady Theresa Dorothea.
Wilson, Mrs. A. E.
Boyle, Mrs. Fanny.
Carroll, Lady Heni Materoa.
Clark, James John.
Coates, Miss Lavinia.
Duthie, David Whamond.
Gunson, Mrs. Jessie.
Gunson, James Henry.
Holland, Mrs. Jane.
Holland, Henry.
Lowry, Mrs. Helen.
MacDonald, Rev. Angus (Chaplain, 4th Class).
McKibbon, Major T.
McPherson, Captain J.
Pomare, Mrs. Miria Woodbine.
Rhodes, Arthur Edgar Gravenor.
Roberts, Lieut.-Colonel A. F.
Rutherford, Mrs. Eva Lydia.
Stewart, Miss Mary Downie.
Watson, Major J. T.
Wigram, Mrs. Agnes Vernon.
Williams, Miss Hilda.
Bell, Miss V. C.
Bissland, Mrs. Emma.
Burgess, Mrs. Ann.
Burt, Miss Jean.
Coradine, Mrs. Sarah Ann.
Crawford, Mrs. Harriette Sophia.
Donaldson, George Lester.
Ellis, John William.
Fenton, Miss Edith.
Forrester, Mrs. Elizabeth.
Gibbons, Hope.
Goodchild, Mrs. A. V.
Guinness, Mrs. Florence.
Harding, Mrs. Margaret.
Hawke, Mrs. Leah Lucy.
Herbert, Miss A. M.
Jack, Douglas William.
Kirkpatrick, Mrs. Mary Hawkins.
Larner, Victor John.
Leaver, Mrs. Kate Rose.
Levinge, Dr. Edward George.
Manning, Arthur Edward,
McLean, Miss Isobel.
Moorhouse, Colonel William H. S.
Nash, Mrs. Elizabeth Lily.
Ngata, Mrs. Arihia Kane.
Pearce, Miss A. I.
Perry, George Albert.
Robertson, Herbert James Duncan.
Rolleston, Mrs. Iris Brenda.
Sherratt, Mrs. Alice Georgina.
Simpson, Mrs. Jean.
Snodgrass, William Wallace.
Spedding, Miss Bella.
Stead, William.
Stewart, Mrs. E. W.
Stuckey, Miss E. E.
Thompson, Maurice.
Thomson, Miss Patricia Clay.
Treleaven, Charles John.
Varney, Arthur.
Watson, Miss I. C.
Webster, Miss Georgina.
Andrew, Sergeant L. W., 1917.
Bassett, 2nd Lieutenant &c. R. G., 1915.
Frickleton, Sergeant D. F., 1917.
Hardham, Captain W. J., 1901.
Nicholas, Private H. J., 1918.
Biddle, Benjamin, 1869.
Hill, George, 1869.
Lingard, William, 1869.
Mace, Francis Joseph, 1869.
Mair, Gilbert, 1870.
Northcroft, Henry William, 1910.*
* For service rendered in 1866.
Preece, George Augustus, 1869.
Roberts, John Mackintosh, 1869.
Wrigg, Harry Charles William, 1898.†
† For service rendered in 1867.
Abbott, Captain W. N.
Abernethy, 2nd Lieutenant R. C.
Acland, Major L. G. D.
Addison, Captain A. S.
Aitken, Major W.
Aitken, 2nd Lieutenant W. P.
Anderson, Captain F. H.
Andrews, Lieutenant R. E.
Annabell, Captain N.
Armstrong, Captain D. C.
Ashby, Lieutenant P. C.
Avey, Captain G. A.
Barrowclough, Captain H. E.
Barton, Captain J. M.
Bassett, 2nd Lieutenant L. W.
Baxter, Lieutenant R. H.
Beasley, 2nd Lieutenant S. C.
Beetham, Lieutenant R. F.
Bennett, 2nd Lieutenant R. E.
Bibby, 2nd Lieutenant R. E.
Bishop, Captain W. G. A.
Black, Lieutenant R. J.
Blackett, Major G. R.
Blair, Lieut.-Colonel D. B., D.S.O.
Bongard, 2nd Lieutenant A.
Bongard, 2nd Lieutenant J. R.
Borrie, Captain W. G.
Boswell, 2nd Lieutenant C.
Boyd, Captain J. R.
Brathwaite, 2nd Lieutenant J. L.
Bremner, Captain D. E.
Brewster, Captain R. C.
Bridgeman, 2nd Lieutenant G.
Bristol, Lieutenant I. A.
Brooker, Captain S. W. B.
Brown, Lieutenant T.
Bruce, Captain D.
Butler, 2nd Lieutenant Hon. R. T. R. P.
Carmichael, Lieutenant L. S.
Catchpole, 2nd Lieutenant J. H.
Chaytor, Captain L. C.
Chilcott, Captain &c. W.
Clark, Rev. H. (Chaplain, 4th Class).
Closey, Captain S. J. E.
Collyns, Lieutenant G. S.
Connor, Captain J.
Cornwall, 2nd Lieutenant P. C.
Craven, Lieutenant L. A.
Crawford, Captain J. G.
Dailey, Major G. C.
Dallinger, Lieutenant J. T.
Dansey, Captain H. D.
Davidson, Major &c. J. H.
Dean, Captain A. G.
Devereaux, Major G. do B.
Dittmer, Captain G.
Dixon, 2nd Lieutenant L. M.
Dobson, Major D.
Dore, Rev. P. (Chaplain, 4th Class).
Dove, Captain W. W.
Duigan, Lieutenant D. F.
Dunn, Captain R. W.
Earl, Lieutenant F. J. R.
Eastwood, Major T. R.
Ellis, Captain P. J.
Esquilant, 2nd Lieutenant A. E.
Evans, Captain J.
Falconer, Captain A. S.
Farquhar, 2nd Lieutenant A.
Farr, Major T.
Fawcett, Captain E. J.
Flanagan, 2nd Lieutenant J.
Foley, Lieutenant W. B.
Free, Captain &c. W.
Freed, Lieutenant E. V.
Galloway, Lieutenant M. S.
Gardner, Lieutenant J. E. L.
Garland, Lieutenant H. G. de F.
Geddes, Lieutenant W. McK.
Gillespie, Lieutenant. &c. T
Gillies, Lieutenant T. S.
Glasse, 2nd Lieutenant A. O.
Goldstein, Captain H. M,
Gordon, Captain K. F.
Goulding, 2nd Lieutenant F.
Gow, 2nd Lieutenant G. V.
Gray, 2nd Lieutenant &c. A.
Gray, Captain G. H.
Gray, 2nd Lieutenant R. N.
Gray, Lieutenant W. A.
Gray, Captain W. P.
Greene, A. (Chaplain, 3rd Class), (Salvation Army).
Greenish, Captain P. E.
Guthrie, Major R. N.
Guthrie, Lieutenant S. G.
Halliwell, 2nd Lieutenant R. S.
Harding, Major E. A.
Hargest, Major J.
Harper, Captain R. P., D.C.M.
Harrison, Lieutenant C.
Harrison, 2nd Lieutenant W. G.
Henderson, Major P. B.
Hines, Lieutenant J. H.
Hiroti, Captain Turn.
Holland, Captain G. H.
Holmes, 2nd Lieutenant &c. H.
Houchen, Rey. &c. (Chaplain, 4th Class).
Hume, Captain G. H.
Hunter, Lieutenant A. &c. C.
Inglis, Captain L. M.
Ingram, Lieutenant C.
Jardine, Lieut.-Colonel L. H.
Jeffery, Captain J. G.
Johns, Captain F. N.
Johnson, Major W. H.
Johnston, Lieutenant H.
Johnstone, Lieutenant A. B.
Jones, Major M. H. R.
Keesing, Lieutenant H. M.
Kellaway, Lieutenant G. T.
Kemp, Captain F. W.
Kennedy, Lieutenant D.
Kettle, Major D.
King, Lieutenant T. L. R.
Knight, Captain &c. L.
Knox, Company Sergeant-major (W.O.) R. J.
Lang, Captain W. R.
Leaf, Captain H.
Leeming, Major &c. V.
Levien, Lieutenant E.
Lewer, 2nd Lieutenant E. E.
Little, 2nd Lieutenant N. F.
Lumsden, Captain F. W.
Lyon, Lieutenant G.
McAdam, 2nd Lieutenant H. M.
McAuley, 2nd Lieutenant D.
McClure, 2nd Lieutenant &c. B.
McDonald, Lieutenant S. G.
McDowell, Captain A. L.
McGhie, Captain J.
McGregor, Lieutenant E. J.
McHugh, Captain H. D.
McIsaac, Lieutenant A. R.
McKenzie, 2nd Lieutenant &c. R.
McKenzie, 2nd Lieutenant F. E.
McKenzie, Captain H. C.
McKinnon, Captain H. E.
Macky, Lieutenant N. L.
McLean, Lieutenant J. C.
McLean, Rev. W. (Chaplain, 4th Class).
McLean, Captain W. H.
McLeod, Captain B.
McNeill, Captain A. G.
McPherson, Captain R.
McQuarrie, Major R. S.
Manning, Lieutenant L. I.
Manson, Lieutenant A. J. M.
Martin, Lieutenant A. L.
Massey, Lieutenant F. G.
Mawson, Lieutenant J. B.
Melles, Lieutenant A. G.
Merton, Captain J. L. C.
Metcalfe, Captain L. W.
Mewett, Captain J. E. H.
Miles, Major R.
Milne, Lieutenant M. C.
Mitchell, Captain R. F.
Molloy, Captain C H.
Morison, Captain B. H.
Moritzson, 2nd Lieutenant L.
Morgan, Captain F. H. E.
Morpeth, Captain R. N.
Murchison, Lieutenant D. B.
Natusch, Lieutenant S.
Nelson, Captain A. D.
Nelson, 2nd Lieutenant R.
Nicol, 2nd Lieutenant R. K.
Norman, Captain E. G.
Oakey, Captain A. N.
Orbell, Captain R. G. S.
Paisley, 2nd Lieutenant A. D.
Palmer, Squadron Sergeant-major W.
Palmes, Lieutenant B.
Park, 2nd Lieutenant G. R.
Parkinson, Lieutenant L.
Parr, Rev. S. (Chaplain, 4th Class).
Picot, 2nd Lieutenant E. H.
Pierce, Lieutenant &c. J.
Porritt, Lieutenant A. E.
Potvine, Lieutenant H. A.
Prior, Captain N. H.
Rawlings, Lieutenant &c. R.
Reeves, Lieutenant E. F.
Rhind, Captain S. D.
Richards, Rev. F. R. (Chaplain, 3rd Class).
Richardson, Major H. M. W.
Richmond, Major J. M., D.S.O.
Riddiford, Captain R. E. W.
Rickleton, 2nd Lieutenant J. G.
Rogers, Captain S. D.
Rohloff, Captain F. R.
Rose, Major J. M.
Russell, Lieutenant G. V.
Rutherford, Captain T. W. L.
Sandham, Captain G.
Saxon, Captain K. R. J.
Scott, 2nd Lieutenant K.
Scott, Captain L. M.
Seaward, 2nd Lieutenant &c. F.
Seddon, Captain S. T.
Selby, Captain E. F.
Senior, Captain &c. H. A.
Senior, 2nd Lieutenant S. E.
Serpell, Captain S. L.
Sharp, Captain E. H.
Shera, Major L. M.
Short, Major A. V.
Sim, Lieutenant T. M.
Simmonds, Captain H.
Speight, 2nd Lieutenant H. E.
Stainton, Captain W. H.
Stallard, Lieutenant F. J. W.
Stewart, Captain J. G.
Stewart, Lieut.-Colonel H., D.S.O.
Stilwell, Lieutenant W. F.
Stitt, Major A. D., D.S.O.
Stocker, 2nd Lieutenant V.
Swan, Lieutenant G.
Taylor, 2nd Lieutenant &c. H.
Taylor, Captain L. J.
Thorns, Major N. W. B. B., D.S.O.
Tracey, Major W. F.
Tuck, 2nd Lieutenant G. A.
Turnbull, Major F. K.
Turner, Captain F. M.
Urquhart, Captain M.
Varnham, Captain F. S.
Wainscott, 2nd Lieutenant A. G.
Wallingford, Major J. A.
Walker, 2nd Lieutenant D. J. B.
Walker, Captain M. R.
Walker, Captain W. H.
Ward, 2nd Lieutenant T. L.
Watson, Captain W.
Watt, Captain M. McP.
Wells, Lieutenant E. R.
White, Lieutenant A. T.
Whitmore, Captain F. N.
Whyte, Captain H. H.
Widdowson, Captain W. H. S.
Wigley, Lieutenant A. J.
Wilder, Major A. S.
Wilkes, Captain T. M.
Williams, Lieutenant E. G.
Williams, Captain O. W.
Winchester, Captain E. A.
Wilson, 2nd Lieutenant F. W.
Wilson, Captain N. R.
Wood, Major P. A.
Wood, Lieutenant R., M.M.
Worley, 2nd Lieutenant R.
Wray, Major W. G.
Wrightson, Captain R. W.
Ziesler, 2nd Lieutenant E.
Brooke, Matron E., 1917.
Cameron, Matron M. M., 1916.
Maclean, Matron-in-Chief H., 1917.
Price, Matron F., 1916.
Thurston, Matron-in-Chief M., 1917
Tombe, Matron A., 1916.
Williamson, Miss J. M. N., 1900.
Anderson, Matron &c. B., 1917.
Beswick, Sister M. B., 1917.
Bicknell, Matron J., 1917.
Billingtbn, Sister F. M., 1917.
Bird, Sister L. M., 1917.
Brandon, Sister L., 1917.
Brookes, Sister B., 1917.
Buckley, Sister A., 1916.
Chalmer, Sister M., 1917.
Davis, Staff Nurse K., 1917.
Early, Staff Nurse M. A., 1917.
Gilmer, Sister J. McR., 1917.
Grigor, Sister M., 1917.
Hargest, Sister M. H., 1917.
Hodges, Sister E., 1917.
Looney, Staff Nurse M. F., 1917.
Metherell, Sister G. M., 1917.
McBeth, Staff Nurse M., 1917.
McGann, Staff Nurse S. J., 1917.
McLean, Sister V. MoK., 1916.
McNie, Matron L. A., 1917.
McRae, Matron I. M., 1917.
Nixon, Matron E., 1917.
Pengelly, Sister E., 1917.
Popplewell, Sister E., 1917.
Scott, Sister I., 1917.
Speedy, Sister F. H., 1916.
Trumble, Staff Nurse L. M., 1917
White, Sister W. E., 1917.
Wilkin, Sister E. L., 1917.
Willis, Matron I. G., 1917.
Wilson, Matron F., 1917.
Wright, Sister K. E., 1917.
(a.) Members of New Zealand Contingents in South Africa, 1899–02.
Baigent, Private I.
Black, Staff Sergeant-major G. C.
Burr, Sergeant-major W. T.
Cassidy, Sergeant W.
Fletcher, Major W. H.
Free, Private A.
Kent, Sergeant W.
Langham, Sergeant-major J.
Lockett, Sergeant-major E. B.
Pickett, Sergeant-major M.
Rouse, Farrier-Sergeant G.
Wade, Private H. B.
White, Sergeant-major H.
(b.) Members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, the War of 1914–18.
Abbey, Sergeant A. W.
Alexander, Corporal S. &c. S.
Anderson, Sergeant H.
Armstrong, Trooper L. J.
Atkins, Sergeant A. A.
Bailey, Sergeant-major A.
Barker, Private &c. R.
Barlow, Private H.
Barr, Private K. D.
Barr, Sergeant J. A.
Bates, Sergeant G.
Beauchamp, Company Sergeant-major H. R. H.
Beck, Sergeant T. J.
Bellamy, Sergeant H.
Bennett, 2nd Lieutenant P. H. G.
Blundell, Sergeant E. K.
Boate, Sergeant-major P. C.
Boles, 2nd Lieutenant G. H.
Boreham, Private H.
Bowman, Private N. D.
Bremner, 2nd Lieutenant 0. H.
Brown, 2nd Lieutenant A. W.
Brown, Sergeant C.
Brown, Private W. G.
Bunbury, Company Sergeant-major T. A.
Burns, Lance-Corporal K. B.
Butler, Sapper M.
Cardno, Sergeant J. F.
Caselberg, Sapper A. L.
Chadwick, Sergeant J.
Comrie, Private J.
Corkill, Sergeant R.
Coley, Sergeant A. K.
Clark, Driver N.
Crawford-Watson, Private L.
Creed, Sergeant W. H. P.
Cruickshank, Private V.
Cusack, Sergeant J.
Davis, Company Sergeant-major H. F.
Davy, Sergeant V. R.
De Lautour, Corporal A. G.
Densem, Lance-Corporal J.
Devery, Sergeant &c. N.
Dickey, Rifleman A.
Dignam, 2nd Lieutenant B. L.
Donaldson, Private T. D. S.
Douglas, Lance-Corporal W. T.
Draper, Corporal B.
Driver, Gunner A. S.
Dunthorne, Private A.
Eisenhurst, Sergeant-major H.
Emmerson, Sergeant S. L.
Evans, Sergeant W. D.
Findlay, Private A. J.
Fisher, Sergeant G.
Foot, Sergeant S. C.
Fothergill, Company Sergeant-major J. C.
Gair, 2nd Lieutenant C.
Gapes, Sergeant A.
Goldingham, Sergeant K. A.
Gordon, Company Sergeant-major T. J.
Greig, Sergeant F.
Gustafson, Regimental Sergeant-major W. A.
Guy, Sergeant I. D.
Graham, Quartermaster-Sergeant L. S. L. L.
Haddow, Regimental- Sergeant - major R. W.
Hansen, Private J.
Hardy, Corporal F. H.
Harper, Captain R. P., M.C.
Hayton, Lance-Corporal G.
Henderson, Captain A. G.
Henry, Staff Sergeant W. J.
Hewitt, Lance-Corporal G.
Hibbs, Company Sergeant-major A. L.
Hill, Sergeant J. F.
Hodges, Sapper E. A.
Holder, Sergeant F. N.
Hunter, Sergeant V. G.
Ibbotson, Sergeant-major W.
Inglis, Bombardier D. C.
Jacobs, Sergeant E. &c. H.
Jenkins, 2nd Lieutenant F.
Johnson, Private H. A.
Jones, Sergeant G. J.
Karika, Sergeant P. J.
Kenna, Company Sergeant-major T.
Kennedy, Sergeant-major E. J.
Keogh, Private J. L.
Latimer, Sergeant R. T.
Lee, Private J. A.
Lepper, Corporal R.
Little, Sergeant J.
Lloyd, Sergeant D. P.
Lloyd, Sergeant L. J.
McCall, Sergeant J. J.
McConachy, Sergeant W.
McCormick, Quartermaster-Sergeant A. L.
McCreanor, Sergeant J.
Macdonald, Private A.
McKean, Company Sergeant-major W.
McKenzie, Corporal K.
McLennan, Private A.
McLeod, Private R. C.
McQueen, Bombardier W.
Magee, Sergeant L. P.
Mahoney, Private F.
Mahoney, Corporal W. F.
Malone, Sergeant M. P.
Managh, Sergeant S. W.
Marks, Rifleman R.
Martin, 2nd Lieutenant A.
Menzies, Sergeant &c. E.
Mitchell, Lieutenant F.
Moor, Lieutenant F. W.
Muir, Corporal H. J.
Mulligan, Staff Sergeant-major A. S.
Murphy, Private D.
Nimmo, Rifleman T.
Norris, Lance-Corporal J. R.
O'Brien, Sergeant J. H.
O'Brien, 2nd Lieutenant M. J.
O'Connor, Trooper D. J.
O'Connor, Private F. O.
Ohlson, Sergeant A. W. M.
Olds, Private J.
Page, Sergeant H.
Paranihi, Private Tau.
Paterson, Corporal A.
Pennefather, Sergeant S. S.
Pinkham, Lance-Corporal G. W. F.
Potter, Sergeant R. C.
Price, Sergeant H. W.
Reid, Lieutenant W. J.
Rhind, Corporal H.
Ricketts, 2nd Lieutenant W.
Riddett, Sergeant-major J. J.
Ritchie, Lance-Corporal L. R.
Rodger, Lieutenant W. J.
Ryan, Private J. E.
Sail, Private H. L.
Salmon, Captain &c. W.
Saunders, Lieutenant &c. W.
Scarfe, Lance-Corporal E. R.
Scrimshaw, 2nd Corporal E. G.
Sheppard, Company Sergeant-major F. W. H.
Skinner, Corporal H. D.
Smith, Private A.
Smith, Company Sergeant-major W. E.
Speakman, Private J.
Spencer, Corporal H.
Spriggs, Company Sergeant-major &c. A.
Steedman, Lance-Corporal A. B.
Sterritt, Sergeant D.
Stichbury, Regimental Sergeant.-major W. S.
Stockdill, 2nd Lieutenant F.
Stringer, Sergeant J. M.
Struthers, Sergeant H.
Taplin, Sergeant J. H.
Tavender, Sergeant B. N.
Taylor, Sergeant J. A.
Tempany, Private G. A.
Thomson, Bombardier J. P.
Tilsley, Sergeant R.
Travis, Private R. C.
Tunley, Sergeant F. C.
Vesty, Private M.
Vickery, Company Sergeant-major E. M.
Vincent, Sergeant J.
Voyle, Company Sergeant-major J. W.
Wade, Driver S.
Walker, Sergeant W. R.
Watson, Corporal K. W.
Ward, Sergeant M.
White, Sergeant &c. N.
White, Private F.
Williams, Corporal &c. J.
Williamson, Sergeant W. J.
Wilson, Private &c. M.
Wilson, Private J. H.
Wimms, Lance-Corporal J.
Winter, Trooper J. H:
Abbott, Private R. M. V.
Adams, Bombardier T.
Adams, Lance-Corporal J.
Adsett, Private G.
Aitken, Corporal H. D.
Alexander, Private J.
Alexander, Bombardier J.
Alexander, Private R.
Allan, Sergeant E. F.
Allan, Sergeant H.
Allan, Sergeant L. F.
Allen, Sergeant J. E.
Allen, Trooper W.
Allom, Private W. H.
Allpress, Sergeant A.
Amos, Lance-Corporal P.
Anderson, Corporal A. D.
Anderson, Sergeant C.
Anderson, Sergeant J. A.
Anderson, Corporal J. H.
Anderson, Lance-Corporal W. F.
Andrews, Private E. E.
Andrews, Sergeant W. T.
Angel, 2nd Lieutenant R.
Angell, Private J.
Angus, Private J. N.
Angus, Sergeant R.
Annand, Private D. B.
Apa, Private J.
Armour, Trooper H.
Arthur, Lance-Corporal E. W.
Arthur-Worsop, Sergeant A. C.
Ashwin, Private L. F.
Ashworth, Lance-Corporal A.
Atkinson, Sergeant P. H.
Atkinson, Corporal T.
Atkinson, Lance-Corporal V.
Austin, Private A. T. W.
Austin, Sergeant J. J.
Backholm, Rifleman J.
Baigent, Lance-Corporal J. T.
Baille, Private F. W.
Baker, Lance-Corporal G. H.
Baker, Sergeant G. B.
Ballantyne, Lance-Corporal J. McK.
Balle, Sergeant J. T.
Barber, Sergeant F.
Barclay, Sergeant W.
Bargh, Corporal W.
Barker, Driver W. W.
Barnett, Sergeant R. T.
Barrow, Sapper J. D.
Bathurst, Sergeant H. C.
Baxter, Bombardier J. N.
Beaton, Bombardier A.
Beaufort, Private F. E.
Beckingham, Lance-Corporal J. E.
Beeby, Private &c. W.
Belk, Sapper R. W.
Bell, Corporal W. D.
Bell, 2nd Lieutenant T.
Bellamy, Private H.
Bellerby, Lance-Corporal M.
Belton, Gunner L. D.
Bennett, Sergeant W. R.
Bennetto, Sergeant T. J.
Bennie, Corporal-Fitter A. H.
Bergamini, Driver G.
Berghan, Rifleman A. J.
Biddick, Private J. H.
Biehre, Corporal H. M.
Biggar, Private T.
Bigham, Sergeant H.
Billing, Sergeant E. A.
Birnie, Sergeant W.
Birtles, Sergeant J. A.
Bishop, Private J.
Black, Lance-Corporal H. L.
Blackburn, Private P.
Blackman, 2nd Lieutenant A. R.
Blackwell, Gunner &c. M.
Blackwell, Sergeant R. M.
Blake, Sergeant H. J.
Blenkinsopp, Rifleman J.
Blyth, Sergeant L. M.
Boles, Sergeant J. H.
Booth, Corporal G. R.
Borlase, Lance-Sergeant W.
Bowater, Sergeant A. G.
Bower, Private H. R.
Bowers, Lance-Corporal W. G.
Bowles, Sergeant W. B.
Boyce, Lance-Sergeant T.
Bradley, Private A.
Brady, Sergeant A. T.
Brake, Bombardier R. I.
Brash, Private A. D.
Brewer, Private J. H.
Brien, Sergeant W. S.
Brierly, Corporal W.
Bright, Private W. G.
Brightwell, Private F.
Brister, Sergeant S. G.
Brokenshire, Sapper A. T.
Bromell, Lance-Corporal M. C.
Brothers, Sergeant W. F.
Brown, Private G. A.
Brown, Sergeant E. B.
Brown, Private J.
Brown, Private T.
Brown, Private T.
Brown, Sergeant W. J.
Brown, Gunner W. J.
Brown, Private W. S.
Brown, Gunner W.
Browne, Sergeant &c. T.
Browning, Sapper &c. A.
Bruce, Private F.
Bryant, Driver L. M.
Buchanan, Bombardier L. H.
Bullen, Private P.
Bullick, Private T.
Bullock, Sapper L. E.
Burke, Private J. A.
Burnley, Corporal L. A. G.
Burrowes, Private J. K. H.
Burt, Farrier-Sergeant O. &c. H.
Burton, Lance-Corporal O. E.
Bushill, Sapper A.
Butler, Private. W. J.
Butler, Private W. H.
Butterworth, Trooper S.
Byrne, Lance-Corporal, H. J.
Calame, 2nd Lieutenant P. E.
Calderwodd, Corporal J. H.
Caldwell, Sergeant R. T.
Cameron, Lance-Corporal A.
Campbell, Rifleman E. H.
Campbell, Sergeant F.
Campbell, Private K.
Campbell, Rifleman W. C.
Campbell, Lance-Corporal A. K.
Campion, Sergeant D. A.
Canty, Sergeant J. V.
Capon, Private M.
Carr, Lance-Corporal &c. H.
Carruthers, Private W.
Carter, 2nd Lieutenant &c. R.
Carter, Sergeant F. D.
Carver, Private S. F.
Cashmore, Sergeant F. R.
Castles, Gunner J. V.
Chambers, Lance-Corporal C.
Chambers, Rifleman W. V.
Chandler, Private G.
Chapman, Lance-Corporal W. C.
Chappell, Sergeant F. E.
Cheaseman, Rifleman J. H.
Chirnside, Private T.
Church, Private R. A.
Ciochetto, 2nd Lieutenant V. C.
Clancy, Sergeant W. S.
Claque, Sergeant J.
Clark, Lance-Corporal F. A.
Clark, Private J. W.
Clark, Sapper H. G.
Clark, Private N.
Clark, 2nd Lieutenant M.
Clarke, Sergeant S. B.
Clayson, Private J. W.
Clearwater, Sergeant J. T.
Cleland, Private T. B.
Clemens, Private R.
Clinker, Rifleman H. S.
Cody, Quartermaster-Sergeant J. F.
Coe, Sergeant A. H.
Cole, Sergeant K. McI.
Coleman, Corporal E. J.
Coles, Private T.
Coley, Driver J. B.
Collin, Private B. A.
Collins, Lance-Corporal, W. J.
Columbus, Private L. H.
Connell, Private &c. W.
Conway, Private A.
Cook, Bombardier A. C.
Cooke, Private H.
Cooke, Private W. B.
Cooksley, Sergeant B. V.
Coombes, Private A. N.
Coombes, Private J. A.
Coote, Sergeant J. C.
Cordell, Corporal T. A.
Corry, Private W. A.
Cosbrook, Sergeant A. J.
Coughey, Private J.
Coulam, Sergeant F.
Couling, 2nd Lieutenant J.
Cowrie, Lance-Corporal G. M.
Cox, Lance-Corporal W. E. B.
Crago-Clark, Corporal A.
Crawford, 2nd Lieutenant E. H.
Crawford, Private T. H.
Crawley, Sergeant D. J.
Crawshay, Private V. G.
Creed, Private S. G.
Creighton, Private M.
Croker, Private B. W.
Crowe, Private G. P.
Cruickshank, Sergeant A.
Cupples, Private &c. L.
Cuthbertson, Corporal G. I.
Cuthbertson, Sergeant W. J.
Curran, Sergeant T. M. J.
Currey, Corporal A. A.
Curry, Private D. W.
Danby, Lance-Corporal A. W.
Dartnell, 2nd Lieutenant &c. A.
Davey, Trooper A.
Davidson, Sergeant D.
Davie, Sergeant-major H. P. C.
Davis, Sergeant &c. H.
Davis, Private O. O.
Dean, Sergeant H.
De Luen, Corporal F.
Denize, Private H. V.
Denne, Corporal A. E.
Dent, Sergeant I.
Dewar, Lance-Corporal O. B.
Diack, Private A.
Dibble, Corporal S. T.
Dickason, Rifleman A. E.
Dickinson, Corporal L. R.
Dickson, Private N.
Dixon, Sergeant W. B.
Dobbyn, Sapper A. J.
Dobson, Bombardier T.
Dockery, Bombardier A. E.
Dolman, Private W.
Donaldson, Sapper M.
Donovan, Private &c. A.
Douglas, Private A. McF.
Douglas, Lance-Corporal N. L.
Douglas, Rifleman W. T.
Downey, Private S. G.
Downie, Private H. C.
Downs, Sergeant W.
Doyle, Private A. R.
Dredge, Sergeant G. M. L.
Dron, Private T.
Duggan, Corporal J. W.
Duncan, Sergeant &c. M.
Durrant, Farrier-Corporal &c. G.
Durward, Driver P.
Duston, Sergeant H. McK.
Duthie, Corporal E. D.
Eagle, Sergeant F.
Eastgate, Lance-Corporal H. S.
Easton, Lance-Corporal M. G.
Easton, Sergeant W. B.
Edmonds, Driver A. E.
Edward, Private E. E.
Edwards, Private C.
Ellen, 2nd Lieutenant H.
Elliott, Sergeant A. C.
Elliott, Lance-Sergeant W. &c. D.
Ellis, 2nd Lieutenant R. F.
Elsom, Sergeant &c. H.
Entwistle, Driver C.
Erikson, Lance-Corporal A.
Evans, Corporal O.
Everett, Gunner R. E.
Everett, Private P.
Everitt, Rifleman A.
Faithful, Private W. H.
Fake, Lance-Corporal H.
Falla, Private H. T.
Fargie, Trooper W. G.
Farnsworth, Corporal E. E.
Farrell, 2nd Lieutenant E.
Farrington, Driver M. C.
Fernandez, Corporal J.
Ferguson, Corporal &c. C.
Ferguson, Trooper H.
Finnerty, Private J.
Fitzgerald, Sergeant N. E.
Fleming, Gunner R. I.
Fletcher, Sergeant F. N.
Flett, Lance-Corporal A.
Flutey, Corporal R. H.
Flynn, Private E. J.
Fogelberg, Sapper &c. E.
Foley, Rifleman J.
Foote, Sergeant H. A.
Ford, Private M.
Forrest, Private T. F.
Fotheringham, Lance-Corporal G. B.
Fox, Sergeant E. V.
Fraser, Sergeant D.
Fraser, Corporal J. D.
Fraser, Sergeant J. R.
Fricker, Sergeant H. E.
Fruin, Corporal J. L.
Fullarton, Lance-Corporal D. McT.
Fuller, Lance-Corporal E. G.
Gallagher, Sergeant A. W.
Garlick, Private R. T.
Garnett, Sapper J. W.
Garrett, Sergeant W. E.
Gawler, Private S. R.
Geange, Private T.
Gibb, Corporal A. E.
Gibbs, Sapper W. H.
Gibson, Private L. V.
Giffney, Sapper J. A.
Gilbert, Private G.
Gilbert, Lance-Corporal J. R.
Gilbert, Sergeant M.
Gillespie, Lance-Sergeant A. O.
Gillon, Private J.
Gilmore, Corporal A. F.
Gilmore, Sergeant W. B.
Gilshman, Sergeant S. E.
Girdlestone, Gunner G. S.
Glassey, Private J.
Glasscock, Private W. D.
Gleeson, Sapper F. C.
Godsiff, Lance-Corporal G. L.
Golding, Private S.
Goldstone, Lance-Corporal C.
Goodfellow, Sergeant T. A.
Goodin, Trooper S. L.
Gordon, Sapper J.
Gordon, Corporal L. G.
Gordon, Sergeant P. A.
Gorton, Sergeant A. E.
Gosling, Sergeant T.
Goulden, Rifleman H. H.
Gowers, Rifleman H.
Gradwell, Rifleman G. H.
Graham, Private A. C.
Graham, Corporal W. R.
Grainger, Bombardier A. R.
Grant, Lance-Corporal &c. O.
Grant, Sapper R. McP.
Grant, Trooper T. B.
Graves, Sergeant H. B.
Gray, Rifleman &c. A.
Gray, 2nd Lieutenant R. N.
Gray, Corporal W. A.
Green, Corporal F. V.
Green, Corporal H. V.
Greenwood, Sergeant J.
Gregson, Lance-Sergeant J.
Gribble, Corporal W.
Gridley, Sergeant A. J.
Grieve, Private E.
Griffen, Private A.
Griffiths, Sergeant G.
Grundy, Private H. R.
Gunn, Sergeant A.
Gunn, Lance-Corporal D.
Gunn, Sergeant F.
Gunn, Private W. G.
Guthrie, Sergeant R.
Hadley, Gunner P. R.
Hall, Sergeant A. C.
Hallam, Sergeant W. E.
Halligan, Lance-Corporal R. H.
Halpin, Lance-Corporal L. J.
Hamill, Lance-Corporal F. W.
Hamlin, Private K. W.
Hammond, Corporal S. A.
Hanger, Sergeant J. M.
Hannan, Lance-Corporal W. C.
Hansen, Private I. T.
Hanson, Sergeant S. F.
Hardy, Corporal J. H.
Hardy, Private T. G.
Harding, Corporal R. W.
Harrington, Sergeant T. W.
Harris, Private J.
Hart, Private G. H.
Hart, Lance-Sergeant J. G.
Hartman, 2nd Lieutenant B.
Hartman, Bombardier L.
Hartigan, Rifleman H. H.
Harty, 2nd Lieutenant L. P.
Harvey, Gunner C.
Harwood, Rifleman J. R. B.
Hastie, Sergeant G.
Hatfull, Lance-Corporal T.
Hawke, Sergeant A. R.
Hayton, Lance-Corporal G.
Hayter, Rifleman R.
Heese, Sergeant B.
Helm, Private A. McK.
Henderson, Private E.
Henderson, Private R. A.
Henley, Sergeant N. G.
Henry, Driver G. E.
Heron, Staff Sergeant D. H. H.
Hewitt, Private G.
Hicks, Sergeant F. T.
Hicks, Lieutenant W. J.
Higginson, Sergeant N. L.
Hilliard, Private J.
Hinchco, Private A.
Hinds, Private C.
Hine, Sergeant &c. P.
Hinton, Corporal &c. F. V.
Hodgson, Sergeant F. J.
Hodgson, Corporal F. J.
Holgate, Private H. C.
Hollywood, Sapper J. E.
Holmes, Lance-Sergeant A. L.
Holmes, Sergeant P. D.
Hopper, Corporal H. M.
Horn, Corporal R. H.
Hornblow, Lance-Corporal J. A.
Hornwell, Lance-Corporal W. W.
Hough, Private R.
Houston, Sapper J.
Howard, 2nd Corporal A. A.
Howatson, Private A. S.
Howe, Sergeant O. W.
Howie, Private W. D.
Howie, Private W. J.
Howlett, 2nd Lieutenant D.
Hudson, Private A.
Hughes, Lance-Corporal A.
Hughes, Lance-Corporal E.
Hughes, Trumpeter O.
Hull, Private J. K.
Hulton, Sergeant T. H.
Hunter, Corporal J.
Hunter, Private J. R.
Hutchins, Rifleman F. G.
Hyde, Sapper M. C.
Inch, Sergeant V. W.
Ingpen, Rifleman N. L.
Irvine, Sergeant G. W. McL.
Jackson, Private F.
Jackson, Sergeant J.
Jacques, Private W. H.
James, Private J. E.
Jamieson, Private R.
Jeffrey, Private R.
Jeffreys, Sergeant H. D.
Jeffs, Sergeant A. H.
Jenkins, Sergeant D. A.
Jenkins, Lance Corporal H.
Jesse, Rifleman P. W.
Joblin, Trooper P.
Johnson, Private A. R.
Johnson, Private J.
Johnson, Private J. A. W. B.
Johnson, Private H. A.
Johnson, Corporal H. R.
Johnson, Lance-Corporal O. H.
Johnson, Sergeant T. O.
Johnston, Rifleman A.
Johnston, Bombardier A. H.
Johnstone, Staff Sergeant A. M.
Johnstone, Driver R.
Joll, Private H. L.
Jones, Private D.
Jones, Private D. G.
Jones, Private M. R.
Jones, Lance-Corporal S. W.
Jones, Gunner W. A.
Jopp, Private J. A.
Juggins, Trooper J. F.
Judd, Lance-Corporal J. K.
Keesing, Sergeant H. W.
Kelland, Trooper &c. R.
Kelliher, Lance-Corporal J.
Kelsall, Private E.
Kennedy, Corporal D. A.
Kennedy, Corporal F.
Kennedy, Corporal H.
Keys, Private J.
Keys, Lance-Corporal P. L.
Kidd, Gunner R.
Kidman, Sergeant &c. H.
Kilroy, Sergeant R. J.
Kingham, Sapper W. J.
Kirton, Corporal T.
Knight, Private N. R.
Knight, 2nd Corporal R. S.
Knight, Private T. W.
Kuhtz, Corporal J. R. H.
Kyle, Private L. A.
Lainchbury, Private T.
Lamb, Private J. B.
Lang, Private H. T.
Langwell, Sergeant H. J.
Larsen, Private D. H.
Larsen, Sergeant H.
Lark, Private A.
Lauder, 2nd Lieutenant A.
Laurie, Trooper W. R. D.
Lay, Sergeant J. G.
Leary, Corporal L.
Le Comte, Lance-Corporal H. E.
Lee, Sergeant A.
Leef, Private H. T.
Leighton, Corporal H. S.
Lepper, 2nd Lieutenant &c. B.
Lepper, Lance-Corporal J.
Lester, Corporal &c. L.
Leshke, Private A.
Lewin, Private C.
Lewis, Trooper E. D.
Lewis, Corporal T.
Lineham, Trooper &c. A.
Linklater, Sapper H.
Little, Sergeant J. A.
Livsey, Private R.
Lloyd, Gunner J. &c. H.
Loader, Lance-Corporal C.
Lock, Sergeant S. G. S.
Lockwood, Driver T.
Looker, Lance-Corporal W. L.
Lorgelly, Sergeant W.
Lonergan, Private T.
Louden, Private R. H.
Luff, Private E. L.
Lyall, Private J. R.
Lymer, Private E.
Lynch, Corporal F. G.
MacGibbons, Sergeant D. A.
Mackerell, Sergeant H. H.
Mackie, Lance-Corporal A. P.
MacLean, Sergeant A.
MacLean, Gunner J. R.
McAndrew, Private J.
McAusland, Corporal J.
McBeath, Private C.
McBreen, Private E.
McCarthy, Private J.
McCaw, Sergeant W. T.
McClatchie, Lance-Sergeant P. J.
McClintock, Corporal W. G.
McClure, Sergeant W.
McClymont, Sapper F. G.
McConnell, Gunner G.
McConnell, Corporal T. D.
McCullagh, Private J. W.
McCully, Corporal A.
McDonald, Sergeant A.
McDonald, Private H.
McDonald, Private H.
McDonald, Gunner M.
McDonald, Gunner R. H.
McDowell, Lance-Sergeant R.
McGibbon, Sergeant D. A.
McGonagle, Private D. L.
McGuckin, Trooper W.
McGuire, Lance-Corporal T. F.
McIntyre, Private D. R.
McKane, Sergeant A. H.
McKay, Private B.
McKay, Sapper J. W.
McKean, Corporal W.
McKeegan, Sergeant-major C.
McKendry, Private J.
McKenzie, Sergeant A. T.
McKenzie, Private D.
McKenzie, Private E. G.
McKenzie, Lance-Corporal J. W.
McKenzie, Lance-Corporal N. H.
McKinlay, 2nd Corporal W. D.
McKinley, Sergeant R.
McLachlan, Private L. D.
McLean, Gunner A.
McLean, Rifleman A.
McLennan, Staff Sergeant A. D.
McLeod, Sergeant D. S.
McLeod, Corporal J. D.
McMahon, Sergeant A. E.
McManus, Private C.
McMaster, Sergeant A. A.
McMillan, Sapper H.
McOnie, Private G.
McQueen, Sergeant A. A.
McQuillan, Corporal J.
McQuillan, Sapper P.
McRae, Sergeant D.
McRohan, Private J.
Mains, Bombardier &c. E.
Mains, Corporal-Fitter J. H.
Maindonald, Bombardier F. W.
Malone, Bombardier D.
Manning, Lance-Corporal &c. J.
Manson, 2nd Corporal R. V.
Manson, Corporal W.
Martelli, Rifleman C.
Martin, Sergeant J.
Martindale, Sergeant J.
Mason, Sergeant A. J.
Mason, Driver S.
Masters, Sergeant F. H.
Matthews, Private C.
Maubon, Rifleman &c. J.
Maxwell, Private G.
Maynard, Corporal L.
Mead, Private A. D.
Melgren, Private R. F.
Menzies, Sergeant J. W. C.
Metcalfe, Private M.
Methven, Corporal W.
Meurant, Rifleman F. A.
Michael, Corporal H. W.
Michaels, Lieutenant L. J.
Michau, Lance-Corporal L. J.
Michell, Corporal H. J.
Middlemiss, Private W. P.
Millar, Private O. McL.
Millar, Gunner W.
Miller, Private D.
Miller, Private S. A.
Milligan, Sergeant P. G.
Millis, Private E. A.
Mills, Gunner J. McA.
Millward, Corporal L. W. G.
Mintrom, Sergeant F. H.
Mitchell, Private &c. C. A.
Mitchell, 2nd Lieutenant G.
Mitchell, Sergeant G. G.
Moffatt, Lance-Corporal L. P.
Moffitt, Lance-Corporal P.
Moffitt, Lance-Corporal W.
Mole, Bombardier H. P.
Molesworth, Lance-Corporal &c. E.
Molloy, Sergeant J.
Mooney, Private T. A.
Moore, Bombardier E. W.
Moore, Sergeant G. V. T.
Moore, 2nd Lieutenant J. J.
Moore, 2nd Lieutenant W. A.
Morgan, Sergeant-Trumpeter J. W.
Morgan, Private T. T.
Moritzson, 2nd Lieutenant L.
Morrin, Sergeant W. P.
Morris, Private &c. S.
Morris, Private J. H.
Morris, Private P.
Morris, Private S. W. E.
Morrison, Private K.
Moss, Sergeant J. C.
Mowbray, Corporal A.
Mulligan, Sergeant A. S.
Munro, Rifleman J. M.
Munt, 2nd Corporal R. A.
Murray, Corporal J. W.
Murray, Sergeant T. T.
Murray, Sergeant W. J.
Myers, Private G.
Needham, Private D. G.
Needs, Private R. A.
Negus, Rifleman F.
Nelson, Private M. L.
Neilson, Private M.
Newberry, Rifleman J.
Newcomb, Sergeant A. C.
Newell, Private D. W.
Newton, Private A. W. H.
Neville, Rifleman P. J.
Ngapo, Private P.
Nicholas, Sergeant L. R.
Nicholls, Corporal T. W.
Nicholson, Private N. A.
Nicolas, Lance-Corporal J. W.
Nicolas, Sapper L. O.
Nield, Corporal A. H.
Noble, 2nd Corporal L. A.
Noonan, Private D. P.
Northe, Corporal R. P.
Nunn, Corporal J.
O'Brien, Private J. W.
O'Callaghan, Corporal J. W.
O'Connell, Private T.
O'Connor, Corporal T. B.
O'Connor, Corporal W. L.
Oldham, Lance-Corporal W. A.
Olliver, Gunner W. W.
O'Neill, Rifleman P.
Orpwood, Rifleman H. F.
Orr, Private N.
Osborne, Lance-Corporal D. S.
Osmers, Gunner H. H.
Otene, Corporal Rangi.
Otto, Private W. E.
Overend, Corporal W.
Overden, Corporal W. B.
Owen, Private J.
Oxley, Sapper O.
Page, Private H.
Pain, Sergeant J. C.
Paine, Private E. I.
Paine, Sergeant W.
Palmer, 2nd Corporal L. J.
Panoho, Lance-Corporal J.
Parker, Corporal H. R.
Parker, Private L. J. K.
Parsons, Private J.
Parsons, Private T. W.
Parton, Sergeant R.
Paterson, Gunner A. J.
Pattison, Corporal H. J.
Patton, Lance-Corporal H. L.
Paynter, Lance-Corporal L. H.
Pearce, Corporal P. G.
Pearce, Lance-Corporal V. W.
Pearcy, Private G. H.
Peart, Private F. W.
Pearson, Private R. M.
Penman, Lance-Corporal A. R.
Perkins, Quartermaster-Sergeant H. A.
Pethybridge, Sergeant W. T.
Phillips, Private D. R.
Phillips, Sapper N.
Philpot, Gunner E. W.
Philson, Lance-Corporal G. H.
Pickford, Fitter J. L.
Pilcher, Trooper D.
Pinching, Private E. L.
Pinkham, Sapper W. G. D.
Poff, Sergeant L. J.
Pointon, Lance-Corporal A. E.
Poots, Lance-Corporal R.
Pope, Sergeant E. E.
Porter, Private &c. W.
Postlewaight, Corporal L. H.
Potter, Private J.
Powers, Private A. T.
Pratt, Sapper R. J.
Prendergast, Sergeant P.
Price, Sergeant A. D.
Price, Lance-Corporal W. V.
Prime, Gunner E. I.
Prince, Private A. T.
Pringle, Sapper D.
Purdie, Private &c. L.
Purcell, Private A.
Pycroft, Driver E. J.
Quin, Corporal R.
Quinn, Private C.
Quinn, Rifleman J. P.
Quinlan, Gunner A. J.
Radcliffe, Private D. S.
Ralston, Private W.
Ratcliffe, Private F.
Rawhiti, Private H.
Ray, Rifleman R.
Ray, Private K.
Rees, Sergeant E. T.
Rennie, Corporal J. W.
Rennie, Sergeant L.
Reston, Corporal R. A.
Rice, 2nd Lieutenant S.
Richter, Private O. G. C.
Ricketts, Private J. E.
Riddell, Corporal W.
Riddell, Lance-Corporal W. J.
Rigby, 2nd Lieutenant K. R.
Rigby, Sergeant J. H.
Ringham, Private H. J.
Ritchie, Private L. R.
Roach, 2nd Lieutenant G. H.
Roberts, Rifleman R. P.
Robertson, Sergeant L.
Robinson, Private G.
Robinson, Corporal F. V. H.
Robinson, Bombardier K. J.
Robinson, Lance-Corporal L.
Robinson, Corporal N. M.
Rogers, Private H. F.
Rogers, Sergeant A.
Rosanowski, Corporal H.
Ross, Private J. D.
Ross, 2nd Lieutenant D.
Ross, Sergeant H. L.
Rossiter, Sergeant C.
Rotoatara, 2nd Lieutenant T.
Rowe, Private G. L.
Rowe, Corporal H. C.
Rowley, Lance-Corporal F. B.
Ruane, Private A. T.
Rusden, Sergeant G. C.
Russell, Private H. F.
Rutherford, Private K. McK.
Rutherford, Corporal S. E.
Ryan, Private F. L.
Ryan, Private J. A.
Sage, Sergeant A. H.
Samson, Corporal &c. O.
Sandison, Gunner W.
Sands, Corporal L. R.
Saunders-Loder, Private W.
Savigny, Gunner P.
Scott, Quartermaster-Sergeant D. C.
Scott, Corporal S.
Scrimgeour, Trooper A. R.
Scrimshaw, Driver J. R. A.
Sharp, Corporal S. R.
Sharpe, Private F. J.
Shaw, Private H.
Shaw, Lance-Corporal W. R.
Sheat, Rifleman &c. M.
Sheerin, Driver H.
Shelley, Lance-Corporal &c. H.
Shirley, Corporal V. W.
Shove, Bombardier S.
Sidney, Corporal T. P.
Sim, Lance-Corporal J. W.
Sims, Private A. F.
Simmers, 2nd Lieutenant R.
Simpson, Sergeant-major F. W.
Sinton, Corporal W. A.
Slade, Private H. R.
Sly, Corporal R. H.
Smaill, Sergeant W. D.
Smillie, Trooper J.
Smith, Sergeant E.
Smith, Rifleman F.
Smith, Trooper F.
Smith, Private J.
Smith, Private J. C.
Smith, Corporal R.
Smith, Private R. R.
Smith, Lance-Corporal W. A.
Smith, Rifleman W. K
Southern, Trooper W.
Southey, Sergeant &c. C.
Sparks, Corporal A.
Sperry, Driver R. P.
Springall, Sapper A.
Squire, Sergeant B. C.
Stacey, Corporal E. E.
Stainton, Private T.
Stainton, Private W. G.
Staite, Lance-Corporal O.
Stanley, Private G.
Stedman, Private A. J.
Steel, Corporal R. W.
Stevenson, Lance-Corporal F. W.
Stevenson, Rifleman D.
Stewart, Sergeant A.
Stewart, Private A.
Stiles, Lance-Corporal R. W.
Still, Private A. E.
Stirling, Rifleman S. G.
Stow, Private J. C.
Strachan, Corporal D. H.
Stringer, Sergeant J. M.
Strode, Private A.
Stronach, Corporal D. W.
Stuart, Sergeant J.
Stuart, Corporal D. M.
Sullivan, Lance-Corporal W.
Sullivan, Private J.
Stunell, Lance-Corporal &c. E.
Sutherland, Private H.
Sutton, Gunner, F. J.
Taaffe, Lance-Corporal T. B.
Tait, Private G. A. G.
Tallke, Lance-Corporal L. L.
Tangatake, Private W.
Taylor, Lance-Corporal A.
Taylor, 2nd Corporal A. E.
Taylor, Sergeant, W. G.
Tavendale, Private D.
Te Amo, Private P.
Tennant, Private J. W.
Tennant, Sergeant K. B.
Te Patu, Private T.
Thorn. Corporal W. N.
Thomas, Sergeant W. A.
Thompson, Quartermaster-Sergeant A. C.
Thompson, Sergeant S. G.
Thomson, Private A. F.
Thomson, Trooper D. W.
Thorpe, 2nd Corporal G. H.
Tillman, Sergeant A. N.
Tindall, Sapper J.
Tod, Sergeant A. N.
Tomes, Sergeant J.
Tomlinson, Sergeant &c. G.
Torrens, Private W. J.
Tott, Sergeant S. G.
Town, Corporal &c. E.
Toy, Private W.
Trembath, Lance-Corporal J.
Trembath, Bombardier W.
Treleaven, Lance-Corporal D. N.
Tribe, Private L. R.
Trotter, Trooper J. R.
Trotter, Lance-Corporal W. J. R.
Troughear, Private A.
Trueman, Private F. L.
Tucker. Corporal L. E.
Tuke, Corporal E. A.
Turner, Sergeant H.
Turner, Rifleman W. C.
Turner, Bombardier W. H.
Tutty, Private S. R.
Tyne, Driver P. W.
Underwood, Private H.
Underwood, Trooper H.
Ure, Private R. J.
Veitch, Private &c. G. C.
Venning, Private S. J.
Verran, Private J. S.
Vial, 2nd Lieutenant J. H.
Vincent, Lance-Corporal J.
Vincent, Sergeant G. A.
Vincent, Corporal R. W.
Vine, Sergeant S. J.
Voller, Private R. E.
Voyle, Lance-Corporal J. W.
Wade, Private E.
Walker, Sapper J.
Walker, Rifleman W. R.
Wallace, Private J.
Waller, Rifleman H. T.
Ward, Private G. A.
Ward, Corporal W.
Warren, Rifleman N.
Wasley, Sergeant W. A.
Watkins, Private L.
Watson, Corporal E. G.
Watson, Sergeant S. V.
Watson, Private W. L.
Wattie, Sapper A. J.
Watt, Corporal G. S.
Watts, Corporal G. R.
Webley, Private K. G.
Wells, Private K. C.
Whalley, Private G.
White, Rifleman A. E.
White, Lance-Corporal &c. J.
White, Gunner E. A. T.
White, Gunner H. H.
White, Bombardier W. C.
Whitelaw, Private L. A.
Whitelaw, Sapper L. C.
Whyte, Sergeant A. W.
Wiley, Private H. F.
Wilkie, Private R. A.
Wilkinson, Trooper J.
Williams, Sergeant H.
Williams, Sergeant S. A.
Williams, Gunner T.
Williams, Private E.
Williamson, Corporal G.
Williamson, Sapper J.
Wildsmith, Private &c. T.
Willis, Sergeant A. L. M.
Wilman, Lance-Corporal A.
Wilsher, Corporal J. F.
Wilson, Private A.
Wilson, Corporal C.
Wilson, Sapper &c. G.
Wilson, Sapper &c. G.
Wilson, Sergeant H. F.
Wilson, 2nd Corporal H. G.
Wilson, Sapper N. E.
Wilson, Lance-Corporal J. A.
Wilson, Sergeant J. H.
Wilson, Lance-Corporal R.
Wilson, Corporal T.
Wilton, Corporal W. K.
Winkley, Corporal J. R.
Withell, Gunner R. P.
Witters, Rifleman R.
Wood, Lieutenant R., M.C.
Woodhall, Sergeant J.
Woods, Corporal W.
Worth, Sergeant W. V.
Worthington, Private L. E. J.
Wortherspoon, Private P.
Wright, Corporal A. A.
Wright, Private F.
Wright, Private J. D.
Wright, Private R. F.
Yeoman, Corporal W. B.
Yorke, Private &c. D.
Youle, Rifleman H.
Young, Private A.
Young, Sapper J. H.
Young, Private J. W.
Young, Corporal O. F. T.
Alexander, Bombardier J. P.
Baker, Lance-Corporal G. H.
Beck, Sergeant M.
Bennie, Corporal-Fitter A. H.
Carruthers, Private W.
Cooke, Private W. B.
Espie, Private W. C.
Gilbert, Private G.
Gordon, Corporal P. A.
Hopper, Corporal H. M.
Kelsall, Private E.
Kennedy, Corporal F.
Maindonald, Bombardier F. W.
McLeod, Corporal J. D.
Parsons, Private T. W.
Porter, Private &c. W.
Quin, Private C.
Rawhiti, Private H.
Sands, Corporal L. R.
Simmers, Sergeant R.
Sly, Corporal R. H.
Thorn, Corporal W. N.
Whalley, Private G.
Wilson, Sergeant J. H.
Woods, Corporal W.
Beattie, Sergeant J. N.
Briscoe, Lance-Corporal A.
Burdekin, Staff Sergeant-major &c. B.
Cameron, Trooper D.
Choate, Sergeant S. S.
Colebrook, Quartermaster-Sergeant E. S.
Forrest, Lance-Corporal S. V.
Galbraith, Staff Sergeant-major D.
Goulding, Staff Sergeant-major R. T.
Griffen, Sergeant G. H.
Holland, Staff Sergeant-major J.
Holz, Sergeant H. A.
Hunt, Sergeant R. E.
Jones, Company Sergeant-major T.
Kenna, Company Sergeant-major T.
Langrish, Private J. G.
Little, 2nd Lieutenant G. C.
Lovell, Private G. E.
McCardell, Sergeant J. R.
Menzies, 2nd Lieutenant G. B.
Mercer, Driver W. J.
Robinson, Staff Sergeant G. R.
Self, 2nd Lieutenant J. C.
Seymour, Sapper G.
Shaw, Corporal L.
Simmons, 2nd Lieutenant W. H.
Slingsby, Company Sergeant-major T. W.
Smith, Lance-Corporal L.
Smith, Staff Sergeant-major S. H.
Walden, Staff Sergeant H. L.
Waugh, Gunner H.
Whitfield, Gunner G. E.
FRENCH.
Legion of Honour (Croix de Commandeur).
Godley, Lieut.-General Sir A. J., K.C.B., K.C.M.G.
Legion of Honour (Croix d'Officier).
Johnston, Brigadier-General G. N., D.S.O.
Livesay, Lieut.-Colonel R. O. H., D.S.O.
Richardson, Brigadier-General G. S., C.B., C.M.G.
Young, Lieut. - Colonel R., C.M.G., D.S.O.
Whitehorne, Major H. S.
Croix de Guerre.*
* No definite information received whether some of the above Croix de Guerre awards are French or Belgian.
Andreassen, Sergeant T. A.
Austin, Lieut.-Colonel W. S., D.S.O.
Barker, Sergeant A. &c. M.
Barrowclough, Captain H. E., M.C.
Beattie, Sergeant J. D,
Bell, Major P. H.
Bickford, Corporal T. E.
Blake, Captain T. A.
Bolton, Rifleman G. M.
Carpell, Sergeant J. M.
Conlon, Company Sergeant-major E. J.
Cosbrook, Sergeant A. J.
Coupland, Quartermaster-Sergeant A. J.
Cox, Sergeant R. J.
Cruickshank, Private V.
Foulds, Private G. R.
Furby, Rifleman S. R.
Greves, Sergeant A. K.
Grant, Sergeant P. L.
Harris, Private W. J.
Hoare, Sergeant V. H.
Hooper, Rifleman S. N.
Jackson, Sergeant J. G.
Kanara, Sergeant H.
King, Sergeant O.
Law, Private A. E.
Loftus, Sergeant J.
Loughlin, Rifleman A.
Macgregor, Sergeant J. L.
Mason, Quartermaster-Sergeant A.
Moore, Sergeant J.
Moyniham, Private D.
Muir, Corporal H.
McChesney, Lance-Corporal J. H.
McElligott, Private J.
McLeod, Gunner A. W.
McNaught, Rifleman G.
Neil, Captain J. H.
Newman, Major &c. N., D.S.O.
Powell, Sergeant J.
Puia Tamehana, Private.
Rennie, Lance-Corporal J.
Richards, Private &c. T.
Rillstone, Sergeant M. J.
Roache, Lieut.-Colonel J. G., D.S.O.
Rose, Major J. M., M.C.
Ross, Private J.
Shearer, Sergeant A.
Shellam, Rifleman H.
Sloan, Company Sergeant-major G. C.
Sproat, Staff Sergeant J.
Stanley, Lance-Corporal G.
Stewart, Colonel A. E., D.S.O.
Stewart, Lieut.-Colonel H., D.S.O., Bar to D.S.O., M.C.
Sturgess, Rifleman S. C.
Thomas, Lance-Corporal N. H.
Toi Karini, Private.
Tott, Private F. J., M.M.
Travis, Sergeant R. C.
Vincent, Sergeant J.
Ward, Corporal A.
Warren, Rifleman &c. H.
Watkins, Lance-Corporal W.
West, Regimental Sergeant-major T. S.
Wheeler, Private A. E.
Wrixon, Sergeant A. E.
Woodrow, Sergeant T. M.
Woods, Private G. V.
Wylie, Sergeant L. T.
Medaille Militaire.
Boate, Sergeant-major P. C., D.C.M.
Dean, Private A. E.
Mascall, Lance-Corporal H. J.
Simpkins, Sergeant J.
Stewart, Sergeant R.
Trott, Lance-Corporal W. E.
Ordre de la Couronne (Grand Officier).
Godley, Lieut.-General Sir A. J., K.C.B., K.C.M.G.
Ordre de la Couronne (Officier).
Melvill, Brigadier-General O. W., D.S.O.
Godley, Lieut.-General Sir A. J., K.C.B., K.C.M.G.
Melvill, Brigadier-General &c. W., D.S.O.
Godley, Lieut.-General Sir A. J., K.C.B., K.C.M.G.
Chaytor, Brigadier-General Sir E. W. C., K.C.M.G., C.B.
Braithwaite, Brigadier-General W. G., C.M.G., D.S.O.
Mabin, Major F. B.
Wepiha, Rev. H. W.
Wilder, Captain A. S.
Conlon, Sergeant F. J.
Moore, 2nd Lieutenant J. J., M.M.
East, Private A.
Lovell-Smith, Private C.
Pedersen, Private E.
Scrimgeour, Trooper A. R., M.M.
Souter, Private W. J.
(One of four knitted by Her late Majesty Queen Victoria for presentation to selected members of Colonial Contingents in South Africa.)
Coutts, Captain Henry Donald, 1900.
By despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated 30th October, 1856, the Governor was apprised that the title of “Honourable” was conferred on members of the Legislative Council and on the Speaker of the House of Representatives of New Zealand.
By despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated 15th June, 1893, it was announced that the title of “Honourable,” appertaining to Members of the Executive and legislative Councils in colonies possessing Responsible Government, whether confined to duration of office or continued for life, was approved by Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, for use and recognition throughout her dominions, either during office or for life, as the case might be.
By further despatch of 10th March, 1894, the Secretary of State announced that he was prepared in future to submit for the approval of the Sovereign the recommendation of the Governor of any colony having Responsible Government that the President of the Legislative Council or the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly may, on quitting office after three years' service in their respective offices, be permitted to retain the title of “Honourable.”
Besides the members of the Executive and Legislative Councils, the following ex-Ministers are allowed, as such, to retain the title of “Honourable”: Buddo, David, 1912; Carroll, Sir James, K.C.M.G., 1912; Findlay, Sir John George, K.C., LL.D., K.C.M.G., 1911; Fowlds, G., 1911; Hall-Jones, Sir William, K.C.M.G., 1908; Herdman, Hon. Alexander Lawrence, 1918; Hislop, Thomas W., 1891; McKenzie, Roderick, 1912; Mackenzie, Sir Thomas, K.C.M.G., 1912; Mills, Charles H., 1906; Mitchelson, Edwin, 1891; Ngata, Apirana Turupa, 1912; Oliver, Richard, 1884; Reeves, William P., 1896; Rhodes, R. H., 1915; Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, K.C.M.G., 1887; Thompson, Thomas, 1900; Tole, Joseph A., 1888.
By another despatch, of 14th November, 1896, the Secretary of State requested to be informed if the Government of New Zealand desired that members of the Legislative Council in this Dominion should on retirement or resignation, after a continuous service in such Council of not less than ten years, be eligible for recommendation by the Governor for Royal permission to retain the title of “Honourable.”
By despatch of 29th August, 1877, it was announced that retired Judges of the Supreme Court may be allowed the privilege of tearing the title of “Honourable” for life, within the Dominion. This title is now held by Sir James Prendergast and Sir John E. Denniston.
By despatch of 22nd December, 1911, it was announced that the title of “Honourable” was conferred on the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court of New Zealand.
By an Act passed during the year 1912, and intituled the Public Service Act, 1912, the Public Service of New Zealand was placed under the direct and sole control of a Commissioner and two Assistant Commissioners, who were appointed in the first place for a term of seven years, are responsible only to Parliament, and can be dismissed from office only for misbehaviour or incompetence.
The Act became operative on the 1st April, 1913, and applies to all members of the Public Service with the exception of the Controller and Auditor-General, officers of the Railway Department, members of the Police and Defence Forces, Judges and Magistrates, officers of the House, certain officers of the Legislative Departments, and persons paid only by fees or commission, as well as any officer to whom the Governor in Council declares the Act shall not apply.
The powers vested in the Commissioner are very wide. They include the inspection of offices, the appointment, promotion, transfer, and dismissal of officers, and the framing of regulations.
An entrance examination is provided for youths desirous of entering the Service, and efficiency and educational tests for promotion have been established.
In accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, Inspectors appointed by Education Boards, and in office on the 1st January, 1915, are deemed to be Inspectors of the Education Department as if they had been appointed under the Public Service Act, and will in future crime under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner. Under the same Act the Commissioner is empowered to appoint to the Clerical Division of the Public Service any person who on the 1st January, 1915, was permanently employed by any Education Board for more than twenty hours a week in clerical work.
In accordance with the provisions of section 17 of the Act, a classification of all officers to whom the Act applied was immediately proceeded with by the Commissioner on his assuming control. The provisional list for Departments other than the Post and Telegraph Department was gazetted on the 20th August, 1913.
The Post and Telegraph Department had been working under a classification system for some years, and the list for this Department for 1913–14 was published separately on the 14th October, 1913.
The classified staff on the following dates was,—
Departments other than Post and Telegraph. | ||
---|---|---|
As at 1st April, | Number. | Salaries. |
£ | ||
1913 | 4,641 | 874,437 |
1914 | 5,095 | 953,343 |
1915 | 5,613 | 1,098,960 |
1916 | 5,985 | 1,158,949 |
1917 | 6,217 | 1,208,979 |
Post and Telegraph Department. | ||
---|---|---|
As at 1st April, | Number. | Salaries. |
£ | ||
1913 | 5,372 | 708,165 |
1914 | 5,633 | 761,365 |
1915 | 5,958 | 824,242 |
1916 | 6,441 | 885,927 |
1917 | 6,956 | 970,641 |
The total increase in the number of officers in the Public Service (including the Post and Telegraph Department) between the 1st April, 1916, and the 1st April, 1917, was 747. This is very largely due to the appointment of cadets and female officers to provide for the work of officers now absent with the Expeditionary Forces.
It was estimated that at the 1st April, 1917, the classified salaries would be underspent by approximately £325,000 for all Departments, including the Post and Telegraph, owing to the absence of officers at the war; it is necessary, however, to set against this an expenditure estimated at £220,000 for permanent and temporary assistance other than that supplied to the Defence Department for its special work.
An officer dissatisfied with any decision of the Commissioner with regard to (1) grade, (2) classification of the work performed by or assigned to him, or (3) salary or promotion, has the right of appeal, notice of which must be lodged with the Commissioner within thirty days. All appeals are dealt with by a Board consisting of three members, two of these appointed by the Governor, and the third elected by the officers of that branch of the Service to which the appellant belongs. The decision of the Appeal Board on all matters brought before it is final. During the year ended 31st March, 1917, the Board dealt with a total of 149 appeals, 18 of these being allowed, 4 partially allowed, while the remainder were either withdrawn or disallowed.
PASSED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1917.
1917, No. 3.—The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1917.—This Act continues in operation until the 31st day of August, 1918, several enactments relating to matters connected with or arising out of the war. Of these the principal are: The Regulation of Trade and Commerce Act, 1914, and its amendments; the Mortgages Extension Act, 1914, and its amendments; the Trading with the Enemy Act, 1914, and its amendments. By the Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1918, these Acts have been further continued until the 31st August, 1919.
1917, No. 4.—The War Purposes Loan Act, 1917.—By this Act, as amended by the War Purposes Loan Act, 1917 (No. 2), the Minister of Finance is authorized to raise a loan of £28,000,000 for war purposes. In order to facilitate the raising of the moneys in New Zealand and to encourage investments by persons of limited means, the Postmaster-General is authorized to issue war loan certificates, the proceeds of which are to be invested by him in the War Purposes Loan. War-loan certificates are issued at a discount, and are to be redeemed at their full nominal value at the end of five years or such longer term as may be fixed. No interest is payable during the currency of the certificate, but the difference between the present value (as at the date of issue) and the nominal value represents interest at approximately 4 ½ per cent. per annum. By section 67 of the Finance Act, 1917 (No. 9), provision is made for the purchase of war-loan certificates on a system of time-payment extending over a period not exceeding sixteen months.
Section 5 of the War Purposes Loan Act (as modified by section 76 of the Finance Act) authorizes the Minister to issue inscribed stock of a value not exceeding £1,000,000, to be available in the payment of death duties in respect of the estates of the holders. Inscribed stock taken up under this section is not capable of transfer during the lifetime of the registered holder; if converted into debentures or other securities, those securities are not in turn to be available in payment of death duties. Supplementary provisions with respect to the War Purposes Loan have been enacted in the Finance Act, 1917. Of these the principal are the following: By section 68 provision is made for the issue of special securities, to be known as Post Office War Bonds, for amounts of not less in any case than £100 or more than £500. Post Office War Bonds bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum, subject to income-tax. (All other securities issued in respect of the loan bear interest at the rate of 4 ½ per cent. per annum free of income-tax.) By section 70 trustees are authorized to borrow money on the security of the trust estate for investment in the War Purposes Loan; and by sections 71 and 72 directors of companies, local authorities, and other public bodies are authorized to invest moneys in any war loan; this authority is extended by section 21 of the Finance Act, 1918, which empowers local authorities and public bodies, with the consent of the Minister of Finance, to borrow moneys by way of bank overdraft for investment as aforesaid.
Special provision is made by section 74 of the Finance Act, enabling any bank carrying on business in New Zealand to lodge with the Registrar of Inscribed Stock a certificate of hen against any stock of the War Purposed Loan in respect of which the bank has advanced the purchase-money. Until such certificate of lien is withdrawn or cancelled, with the consent of the bank, no dealings with respect to the stock to which it relates can be accepted by the Registrar for registration.
By section 40 provision was made for the exaction of compulsory subscriptions from persons who failed to contribute in accordance with their means. The standard with reference to which a contributor's obligation was determinable was an amount equal to three times the total land-tax and income-tax (exclusive of excess-profits duty) for which the contributor was liable under the Finance Act, 1916. This standard contribution was subject either to increase or to reduction, dependent on whether the contributor had subscribed or failed to subscribe to former loans for war purposes or to patriotic funds This provision was not exercised and has now been repealed by the Finance Act, 1918, and the provisions of section 16 of that Act (relating to compulsory contributions to the War Purposes Loan of 1918) have been made applicable to any outstanding balance of the 1917 loan.
1917, No. 5.—The Regulation of Trade and Commerce Amendment Act, 1917.—This Act was passed in order to prevent an undue increase in the price of tea consequent upon the imposition of Customs duties on tea by resolution of the House of Representatives passed on the 1st day of August, 1917. The Act fixed, with respect to tea imported before that date, a maximum price (being the current price at which goods of the same nature and quality were saleable in the same locality on the said date, if sold in the same quantity and on the same terms as to payment, delivery, and otherwise). By virtue of the Regulation of Trade and Commerce Act, 1914, all contracts for the sale of any tea in excess of the maximum price so fixed were void, and offenders rendered themselves liable, in addition, to the penalties prescribed by that Act.
1917, No. 6.—The New Zealand Inscribed Stock Act, 1917.—This Act makes provision for the inscription in New Zealand of stock secured upon the public revenues, and is applicable to all loans, whether raised before or after the passing of the Act. With necessary modifications it is similar in terms to the several Imperial Acts that make provision for the inscription of colonial stock. Provision is made for the keeping of a register in which particulars with respect to all inscribed stock are to be entered showing—
The name and description of the holder;
The amount of stock held by him;
The principal moneys invested in such stock;
The rate of interest payable in respect of the stock, and the due dates;
The due date of repayment of the principal moneys.
Provision is also made for the issue by the Registrar of stock-certificates, which are payable to bearer and are transferable by delivery. Such stock certificates may be issued in respect of any inscribed stock for amounts of £10 or of any multiple of £10. The possession of a stock-certificate entitles the holder to receive the interest that may from time to time be payable, and also to receive the principal moneys (to the amount represented by the certificate) when those moneys become payable.
For the convenience of banks and other institutions lending moneys on the security of inscribed stock, provision is also made for the issue of certificates of title of inscribed stock. These certificates afford conclusive evidence of the ownership of the stock to which they relate, but the transfer of a certificate does not effect a legal or equitable transfer of the stock While any such certificate of title with respect to any stock is issued and unrevoked no dealings with respect to that stock are recognized by the Registrar.
Interest on inscribed stock is payable by means of warrants, which are transferable in the same manner in all respects as bills of exchange.
The transfer of inscribed stock is effected by means of a properly executed memorandum of transfer, and on presentation of any such memorandum of transfer the Registrar is required to enter in the register the name of the transferee as the registered holder of the stock to which the memorandum relates. Transfers of inscribed stock otherwise than by way of gift are exempt from stamp duty.
The Secretary and Assistant Secretary to the Treasury are respectively the Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Inscribed Stock.
1917, No. 8.—The Revocation of Naturalization Act, 1917.—By this Act the Governor-General in Council is empowered to revoke the naturalization of any person naturalized in New Zealand if he is satisfied “that it is expedient for the welfare or defence of the realm, or the peace and good government of New Zealand, or otherwise on grounds of public policy, that the naturalization of that person should be revoked.”
Unless otherwise expressly provided in the order of revocation, such an order does not affect the nationality of the wife or of a child of any person whose naturalization may be so revoked. Any Order in Council under the Act may be in like manner annulled or revoked. Unlike most of the Acts which have arisen out of war conditions, this Act is not expressed to be of temporary duration, but will continue in force until repealed.
1917, No. 9.—The Finance Act, 1917.—This Act is divided into Parts, as follows: Part I, Land and Income Tax; Part II, Customs and Excise Duties; Part III, Amusement-tax; Part IV, Banking and Loans; Part V, Pensions; Part VI, Stamp Duties.
Part I (Land and Income Tax): In addition to fixing the rates of land-tax and income-tax (including a special war-tax) for the then current financial year (i.e., the year commencing 1st April, 1917), this Part of the Act amends in various particulars the provisions of the Land and Income Tax Act, 1916. It repeals the provisions of that Act with respect to ordinary land-tax and graduated land-tax, and substitutes a single land-tax assessed and levied on a graduated scale. Incidental and machinery provisions are practically identical with the corresponding repealed provisions relating to graduated land-tax. The provisions of the Land and Income Tax Act, 1916, relating to income-tax are amended in the manner following:—
The provision for a special exemption of £300 in the case of all incomes is repealed, and a new provision substituted by virtue of which the full exemption of £300 is allowed only in the case of incomes not exceeding £600. In the case of incomes exceeding £600 the special exemption is diminished by £1 for every £1 of the excess, so as to leave no exemption under this head for incomes amounting to or exceeding £900.
The special exemption from the taxable income of a taxpayer in respect of his dependent children is enlarged. By the Act of 1916 this exemption was allowed in respect of not more than five children, and in no case if the joint income of the parents amounted to or exceeded £425 per annum. By-virtue of the amendment the full exemption of £25 in respect of each child is allowed in respect of all children, regardless of the amount of their parents' income.
The military or naval pay of members of H.M. Forces earned beyond New Zealand in connection with the present war is wholly exempted from income-tax.
The State Fire Insurance Office is made liable for the payment of income-tax in the same manner as if it were a company carrying on a similar business.
By section 37 the Commissioner of Taxes is authorized to make certain allowances to the shareholders or debenture-holders of a company in alleviation of any undue hardship suffered by them by reason of the payment of taxation by the company.
Part II (Customs and Excise Duties): Sections 42 and 43 increase the rates of Customs duties payable on the classes of goods specified in the Third and Fourth Schedules. Section 45 increases the rate of excise duty payable on beer manufactured in New Zealand. Section 46 limits the time within which beer may be sold by the holders of brewers' licenses, so as to correspond with the times within which liquor may be sold in premises licensed under the Licensing Act, 1908. Section 48 makes provision for the cancellation or suspension of a brewer's license if in the opinion of the Minister of Customs the holder is not a person of good character and reputation. Section 49 increases the rates of excise duty payable on tobacco (including cigars, snuff, and cigarettes) manufactured in New Zealand.
Part III imposes an amusement-tax. The tax is assessed on the amount paid by any person for admission to an entertainment at the following rates:—
Payment for Admission to Entertainment. | Amount of Tax. |
Exceeding 6d. and not exceeding 2s. 6d. | 1d. |
Exceeding 2s. 6d. and not exceeding 5s. 0d. | 2d. |
Exceeding 5s. and not exceeding 7s. 6d. | 3d. |
Exceeding 7s. 6d. and not exceeding 12s. 6d. | 6d. |
Exceeding 12s. 6d. and not exceeding 1s. for the first 12s. 6d. and 1s. for every 10s. or part of 10s. over 12s. 6d. |
As extended by the Finance Act, 1918, the Act makes provision for the exemption from amusement-tax of the proceeds of admission to entertainments promoted for philanthropic, patriotic, or charitable purposes, to Agricultural and Pastoral Societies' shows, and to entertainments promoted for their own proper purposes by societies or institutions not established for profit.
The provisions of Part IV and of section 40 relate principally to the loan authorized by the War Purposes Loan Act and have been referred to at length in the summary of that Act. In addition, provision is made for a loan of £1,850,000. Of this loan £1,000,000 is to be available for public works to be undertaken by the Government with a view to providing employment for discharged soldiers; the balance is to be available for carrying on ordinary public works.
Part V temporarily increases the rates of pension payable to persons in respect of—
Old-age pensions;
Widows' pensions;
Military pensions in respect of service in the Maori wars; and
Pensions to persons suffering from miner's phthisis.
The increased pension is to be payable during the war and for twelve months thereafter. In the case of widows' pensions the increase is at the rate of £6 a year for each child in respect of whom the pension is paid. In all other cases the increase is at the rate of £13 a year.
The provisions of Part VI relate merely to matters of administration connected with the Stamp Office.
1917, No. 10.—The River Boards Amendment Act, 1917.—By this Act the Government is authorized to construct and maintain any river-protection works if it is reported by a Commission that may be appointed for the purpose that any River Board charged with the construction and maintenance of such works in any river district has failed to satisfactorily perform its duties in that behalf. The expenses of any works so undertaken by the Government may be paid in the first place out of the Public Works Fund, and may be recovered from the River Board on whose behalf the expenditure is incurred as a debt due to the Crown.
1917, No. 11.—The Parliamentary Representation (Expeditionary Forces) Adjustment Act, 1917.—By this Act the Representation Commissions are instructed, when dividing New Zealand into electoral districts, to take into account the number of men who were on the date of the last census absent from New Zealand with the Expeditionary Forces or were then in camps of military training within New Zealand. The corresponding provisions in section 3 of the Parliamentary Elections Postponement Act, 1916, are repealed as being unworkable.
1917, No. 12.—The Registration of Aliens Act, 1917.—By this Act provision is made for the registration of unnaturalized aliens. Registration is effected by the Government Statistician through the officers of police (in the case of aliens now in New Zealand) and through the officers of Customs (in the case of aliens arriving in New Zealand). In respect of each alien the following particulars are to be registered:—
His name in full.
His nationality.
His place of birth.
His age and date of birth.
His marital condition.
His occupation.
The date of his arrival in New Zealand.
Whether permanently resident in New Zealand or not, and, if not permanently resident, the date of his projected departure.
His place of abode and postal address.
Any other particulars that may be required pursuant to regulations under the Act.
Any alien who fails to register pursuant to the Act or who wilfully furnishes false or misleading information for registration is liable to a fine not exceeding £50. Every alien who fails to give due notice of any change of address of which notification is required by the Act is liable to a fine not exceeding £20. Notification of a change of address is not required where the change is within the boundaries of a borough or county in which an alien is registered, but is required in all other cases.
1917, No. 14.—The Military Service Amendment Act, 1917.—By this Act provision is made for calling up the residue of any division or class of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force Reserve without the formality of a ballot if the number of men required from such division or class pursuant to a warrant of the Minister of Defence is in excess of the number remaining in that division or class.
1917, No. 15.—The Public Trust Office Amendment Act, 1917.—The main provisions of this Act relate to or are consequential on the appointment of two Assistant Public Trustees, having powers co-extensive with those of the Public Trustee. The office of Deputy Public Trustee is abolished. The Public Trustee with the two Assistant Public Trustees together constitute the Public Trust Office Board, and the powers, functions, and duties of the former Public Trust Office Board are transferred to the new Board so constituted. The former Public Trust Office Board (constituted pursuant to section 3 of the Public Trust Office Amendment Act, 1913) is reconstituted as the Public Trust Office Investment Board, its only remaining function being to control the investment of moneys available for investment in the common fund of the Public Trust Office.
1917, No. 16.—The War Pensions Amendment Act, 1917.—This Act extends the benefits conferred by the War Pensions Act, 1915, and its amendments, on disabled members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces, and on the wives, children, and other dependants of deceased or disabled members of those Forces. The rates of pension to widows and children of deceased members, and also to disabled members, their wives and children, are set out in the First and Second Schedules respectively of the amending Act as follows:—
FIRST SCHEDULE.
Rates of Pension in Case of Death.
I. Rank or Rating. | II. To the Wife per Week. | III. To each Child per Week. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without a Child. | With a Child or Children. | |||||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | s. | d. | |
Private, Bombardier, Lance-Corporal, Trooper, Gunner, Driver, Sapper, Trumpeter, Bugler | 1 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Able Seaman and equivalent ratings | ||||||||
Corporal | 1 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Farrier, Shoeing-smith Saddler, or Fitter– If Bombardier, Lance-Corporal, Gunner, or Private | ||||||||
Lance-Sergeant (not paid as such) | ||||||||
Leading Seaman and equivalent ratings | ||||||||
Sergeant Farrier-Corporal, Shoeing-smith Corporal, Saddler-Corporal, Corporal-Fitter, Farrier-Sergeant, Saddler - Sergeant, Armourer - Sergeant, Sergeant-Fitter | 1 | 12 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Lance-Sergeant (paid as such) | ||||||||
Petty Officer and equivalent ratings | ||||||||
Squadron, Battery, or Company Sergeant-major, Quartermaster-Sergeant, Colour-Sergeant, Staff Sergeant, Pay-clerk | 1 | 14 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Chief Petty Officer, and equivalent ratings | ||||||||
Regimental Sergeant-major, Regimental Quarter-master-Sergeant | 1 | 15 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Warrant Officer and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
2nd Lieutenant, Lieutenant (Army) | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Commissioned Warrant Officer and equivalent ranks; Sub-Lieutenant and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Captain (Army) | 2 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Lieutenant under eight years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Major | 2 | 17 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Lieutenant of eight years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Lieutenant-Colonel | 3 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Captain under three years' seniority and equivalent ranks; Commanders and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Colonel | 3 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 18 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Captain of three years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Brigadier-General, Major-General | 3 | 10 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Commodores, first and second class; Bear-Admiral and other equivalent ranks |
SECOND SCHEDULE.
Rates of Pension in Case of Disablement. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I. Rank or Rating. | II To the Member per Week. | III. To the Wife per Week. | IV. To each Child per Week. | |||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | s. | d. | |
Private, Bombardier, Lance-Corporal, Trooper, Gunner. Driver, Sapper, Trumpeter, Bugler | 2 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Able Seaman and equivalent ratings | ||||||||
Corporal | ||||||||
Farrier, Shoeing-smith, Saddler, or Fitter—If Bombardier Lance-Corporal, Gunner, or Private | ||||||||
Lance-Sergeant (not paid as such) | ||||||||
Leading Seaman and equivalent ratings | ||||||||
Sergeant, Farrier - Corporal, Shoeing - smith Corporal, Saddler-Corporal, Corporal-Fitter, Farrier-Sergeant, Saddler-Sergeant, Armourer-Sergeant, Sergeant-Fitter | ||||||||
Lance-Sergeant (paid as such) | ||||||||
Petty Officer and equivalent ratings | ||||||||
Squadron, Battery, or Company Sergeant-major, Quartermaster-Sergeant, Colour-Sergeant, Staff Sergeant, Pay-clerk | ||||||||
Chief Petty Officer and equivalent ratings | ||||||||
Regimental Sergeant-major, Regimental Quartermaster-Sergeant | ||||||||
Warrant Officer and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
2nd Lieutenant, Lieutenant (Army) | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 0 |
Commissioned Warrant Officer and equivalent ranks; Sub-Lieutenant and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Captain (Army) | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 0 |
Lieutenant under eight years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Major | 2 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 10 | 10 |
Lieutenant of eight years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Lieutenant-Colonel | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 6 | 10 | 0 |
Captain under three years' seniority and equivalent ranks; Commanders and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Colonel | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 6 | 10 | 0 |
Captain of three years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | ||||||||
Brigadier-General, Major-General | 3 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 6 | 10 | 0 |
Commodores, first and second class; Bear-Admiral and other equivalent ranks |
The rates specified in the First Schedule in respect of the death of a member of the Forces are payable to his widow and children as of right, and no discretion is left with the Pensions Board to decrease the rates on any ground whatsoever.
Fixed rates of pension (as set out in the Third Schedule) are also prescribed in respect of certain permanent forms of disablement. This Schedule is as follows:—
Pensions payable for Specific Injuries. | |
---|---|
Nature of Injury. | Ratio of Pension to Full Pension payable in Cases of Total Disablement. |
Per Cent. | |
Loss of two limbs | 100 |
Loss of limb and eye | 100 |
Loss of both hands | 100 |
Loss of all fingers and thumbs | 100 |
Loss of both feet | 100 |
Loss of hand and foot | 100 |
Loss of sight | 100 |
Total paralysis | 100 |
Lunacy | 100 |
Permanently bedridden | 100 |
Wounds or injuries to head or other organ involving total permanent disabling effects | 100 |
Advanced incurable disease | 100 |
Very serious facial disfigurement | 100 |
Amputation of right arm through shoulder-joint | 85 |
Amputation of leg through hip-joint | 85 |
Loss of speech | 80 |
Severe facial disfigurement | 80 |
Amputation of left arm through shoulder-joint | 80 |
Amputation of right arm at or above elbow | 80 |
Amputation of leg through knee-joint or thigh | 80 |
Amputation of left arm at or above elbow | 75 |
Amputation of right arm below elbow | 75 |
Amputation of leg below knee | 75 |
Total deafness | 70 |
Amputation of left arm below elbow | 70 |
Amputation of right hand | 65 |
Amputation of left hand | 60 |
Loss of one eye | 50 |
Loss of four fingers of right hand | 50 |
Loss of four fingers of left hand | 45 |
Loss of three fingers of right hand | 40 |
Loss of thumb of right hand | 40 |
Loss of three fingers of left hand | 30 |
Loss of thumb of left hand | 30 |
Loss of two fingers of right or left hand | 25 |
Loss of index finger of right or left hand | 20 |
NOTES.—(a.) In cases of left-handed men, certified to as such to the satisfaction of the Board, pensions in respect of injury to the left arm or hand will be at the rate prescribed us for injury to the right arm or hand, and compensation in respect of injury to the right arm or hand will be at the rate prescribed as for injury to the left arm or hand, (b.) For the purposes of tills Schedule the expression “ loss of” includes “permanent loss of the use of.” (c.) Where a member of the Forces suffers or has suffered more than one of the injuries mentioned in this Schedule he shall not in any case be entitled to receive more than the maximum pension payable as for total disablement.
Special provisions have been made for increased pensions to disabled members of the Forces and their families/and to the widows and children of deceased members, with a view to enabling them to maintain their pre-war standard of comfort. By section 4 the War Pensions Board is authorized to increase by £1 a week the amount of pension that would be otherwise payable to a disabled member and his family, but so as not to exceed in any case a total of £5 per week. By section 10 provision is made for an additional payment of 15s. a week to the widow of a deceased member of the Forces, but so that the total pension to the widow and her children shall not exceed £4 a week.
In order to encourage disabled men to undergo necessary medical or curative treatment, increased pensions may be paid to such men who may be obliged to live away from home for the purpose of undergoing such treatment, and in other cases a special allowance may be granted to compensate men for loss of wages or salary incurred while undergoing such treatment. The Pensions Board is further empowered to reduce by one-half the amount of pension payable to a man who refuses without sufficient cause to undergo any prescribed curative or medical treatment.
In cases where the disablement of a member of the Forces has not on the hearing of his application for a pension reached its final condition the Board is empowered to grant a temporary pension which may afterwards be reviewed from time to time. When a permanent pension has been granted it cannot thereafter be reduced on account of any change in the earning-capacity of the recipient. In the case of orphan children not maintained in institutions established for such children special provision is made for a pension at the rate of 15s. a week.
Where the widowed mother of a member of the Forces satisfies the Board that she was partially dependent upon her son for support she is entitled as of right to a pension of not less than half the pension that would have been payable if she had been wholly dependent upon him.
Section 14 authorizes the grant of supplementary pensions to persons being bona fide residents of New Zealand who may be in receipt of Imperial pensions in respect of service in H.M. Naval or Military Forces by persons who prior to the war were resident in New Zealand, and were either members of H.M. Naval or Military Reserve, or enlisted in New Zealand.
Section 16 makes a radical change in the policy of the original Act (i.e., the War Pensions Act, 1915). By the section referred to pensions are made payable in respect of the death or disablement of a member of the Forces in receipt of continuous military pay as such, notwithstanding that his death or disablement may not have resulted from his military service. By virtue of this provision the State undertakes responsibility with respect to every man during the whole period of his military training or service. By the original Act pensions were payable only in respect of death or disablement arising out of service as a member of the Expeditionary Force. Thus injuries resulting from accidents sustained in camp or elsewhere, if not directly attributable to military service, were not capable of being compensated for by pension, even though resulting in death or permanent disablement.
1917, No. 17.—The Discharged Soldiers Settlement Amendment Act, 1917.—This Act extends the scheme of the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Act, 1915. It provides, inter alia, for the following matters:—
It empowers the Minister of Lands to make advances under the principal Act to enable discharged soldiers to carry on farming operations on private land or on land acquired from the Crown otherwise than under the principal Act.
It enables the Government, on the application of any discharged soldier, to acquire land for selection under the principal Act by that soldier.
The Minister of Lands is empowered to set aside land for soldiers' dwellings, to be disposed of generally on the same terms as land is disposed of for workers' dwellings under the Workers' Dwellings Act, 1910.
1917, No. 19.—The Sale of Liquor Restriction Act, 1917.—This Act provides that on and after the 1st day of December, 1917, all premises licensed for the sale of intoxicating liquor shall be closed at 6 p.m., and shall not be open for the sale of liquor before 9 a.m. Special provisions are made for the adjustment, as between landlords and tenants, of rents and other charges by reason of the depreciation of business caused by the reduction of hours. The licensee of any licensed premises may if he so desires, by virtue of section 7, close his licensed premises and keep them closed during the continuance of the Act without prejudice to his right to obtain a renewal of his license on expiry of the Act by effluxion of time. While the Act remains in force chartered clubs are subject in all respects to the restrictions imposed on licensed houses. Special provision is made by section 10 to permit the sale of intoxicating liquor between the hours of 6 p.m. and 8 p.m., if served as part of a “substantial meal” in the dining-room of an hotel or chartered club in which a “substantial meal” is regularly served.
While licensed premises are required to be closed the drinking of intoxicating liquor in restaurants is prohibited save by the occupier or a member of his family. The penalty for a first offence against this provision is a fine not exceeding £20, and for every subsequent offence a fine not less than £25 or exceeding £50. The Act is expressed to continue in operation during the continuance of the war and for six months thereafter.
1917, No. 20.—The Shops and Offices Amendment Act, 1917.—This Act imposes restrictions upon the hours of employment of women and girls in or about shops in which food and refreshments are sold to the public. Except in exceptional cases, and with the permission of an Inspector of Factories, no such woman or girl is to be employed after half past 10 o'clock in the evening of any day.
1917, No. 21.—The War Legislation Act, 1917.—This Act relates entirely to matters connected with or to conditions arising out of the war. It is divided into Parts, as follows: Part I, Acquisition of Land by Alien Enemies; Part II, Electoral Eights of Aliens; Part III, Contractors' Relief; Part IV, Restrictions on Increase of Rent; Part V, Miscellaneous.
Part I (Acquisition of Land by Alien Enemies) provides a convenient procedure for the exercise by the Crown of its right of forfeiture with respect to land or interests in land acquired by alien enemies during the continuance of the war. It provides that on information by the Attorney-General the Supreme Court may declare any such estate or interest in land to be forfeited to the Crown; on the making of any such order the land so forfeited is vested in the Public Trustee oh behalf of His Majesty. In addition to the foregoing provisions it is provided by section 10 that every contract made after the passing of the Act and during the war for the acquisition by or on behalf of an alien enemy of any freehold estate or interest in land, or of any leasehold estate or interest for a term which will not expire within two years, shall be absolutely void, and every party to any such contract is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding £100 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months.
Part II defines the electoral rights of aliens. It enacts that no alien enemy shall be capable of being elected or appointed as a member of a local authority or shall be entitled to vote at any such election. Aliens other than alien enemies are not eligible for election or appointment as members of local authorities, but unless specifically disqualified by some other statute may vote at any such election if otherwise qualified so to do.
The object of Part III is to afford relief to soldiers who may be parties to burdensome contracts. On application by any such soldier a Stipendiary Magistrate, if he is of opinion, having regard to the obligation of the applicant to military service and to the conditions created by the present war, that it is inequitable that the applicant should be bound by the terms of his contract, may make an order for the cancellation, suspension, modification, or extension of the contract, and for affording such other relief to the applicant as he deems just and equitable in the circumstances.
Sections 16 and 17 are not limited to soldiers' contracts, and are based on similar legislation passed by the Imperial Parliament. Section 16 affords relief to contractors in cases where fulfilment of the contract has been interfered with by reason of any requirement, regulation, or restriction made or imposed by the Admiralty or the Army Council pursuant to the Defence of the Realm Act, 1914 (Imperial).
Section 17 confers on the Supreme Court jurisdiction to suspend or annul any contract of a class to which the section relates, or to extend the term thereof or to stay any proceedings for the enforcement of the contract in cases where the enforcement of the contract would be a cause of serious hardship. The section is limited to contracts entered into before the 4th day of August, 1914, and relates only to contracts for the construction of any building or work, or for the supply of materials for any building or work, or to contracts for the cutting or removal of growing timber.
Part IV amends Part I of the War Legislation Amendment Act, 1916 (imposing restrictions on the increase of rents during the war). It makes those provisions applicable to furnished dwellings, and gives authority to Inspectors of Factories to take proceedings on behalf of tenants who may claim the protection of the Act.
Part V is a miscellany of provisions having more or less direct reference to war conditions. Of these the following are the most important:—
Section 22 enables local authorities, with the consent of the Governor-General in Council, to borrow moneys without taking a poll of the ratepayers for the purposes of any public work proposed to be undertaken with a view to providing work for discharged soldiers.
Section 25 extends the provisions of the Mortgages Extension Act, 1914, so as to include within the term “mortgage” for the purposes of that Act any instrument of security granted over a policy of life insurance.
Section 26 enables the Minister of Internal Affairs to require security (by way of bond or otherwise) to be given for the due return to New Zealand of persons of military age who may be permitted to leave NEW Zealand for a temporary purpose, and validates bonds given and taken before the passing of the Act.
Section 27 enables the Governor-General to take possession of land and buildings for the purposes of His Majesty, pursuant to the Regulation of Trade and Commerce Act, 1914.
Sections 28 and 29 impose restrictions on the retirement of officers on superannuation from any branch of the Government Service during the continuance of the war. It also prohibits the transfer of officers from one Department to another without the consent of the Minister having Ministerial control of the Department in which the person proposed to be transferred is employed.
Section 30 makes provision for a system of war bursaries, to be awarded for educational purposes to the children of deceased or disabled members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces.
Sections 31 to 33 amend the War Funds Act, 1915. Section 31 extends the definition of “war fund” so as to include funds established for the acquisition of any memorial sports-ground, recreation-ground, or park. Section 32 provides for the temporary investment of funds not immediately required for the purposes for which the fund is established. Section 33 repeals and re-enacts with alterations the provisions of the principal Act requiring permits for the collection of moneys for war funds.
War Regulations: Section 34 validates all regulations made or purporting to be made under the War Regulations Act, 1914 (before the passing of the Act). Section 35 extends the powers of the Governor-General in Council to make war regulations for the purposes of protecting and maintaining essential industries and for other matters.
1917, No. 22.—The State Supply of Electrical Energy Act, 1917.—This Act authorizes the Minister of Public Works, subject to Part XII of the Public Works Act, 1908, to acquire, construct, maintain and work schemes for the generation and supply of electrical energy, and to carry on the business in all its branches of the supply and sale of electrical energy (including any business usually associated therewith). Provision is made for a proper system of accounts and for the establishment in connection with every such scheme of a depreciation fund, a sinking fund, and a reserve fund. Annual reports on the working of each scheme, together with 'a balance-sheet and profit and loss account, are to be submitted to Parliament.
1917, No. 24.—The Social Hygiene Act, 1917.—This Act has been passed with a view to preventing the spread of venereal diseases, and for effecting the cure of persons suffering from any such disease. Section 3 imposes an obligation on every person suffering from any such disease forthwith to place himself under treatment by a registered medical practitioner, or to place himself under treatment at a hospital or other place available for the treatment of such diseases. Every medical practitioner consulted by a person suffering from venereal disease is obliged (1) to direct the attention of the patient to the infectious character of the disease and to the penalties prescribed by the Act for infecting any other person with such disease; (2) to warn the patient against contracting marriage while suffering from the disease; and (3) to give to the patient such printed information relating to the treatment of the disease as may from time to time be issued for the purpose by direction of the Minister of Public Health.
Section 6 makes it an offence punishable by imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year or by a fine not exceeding £100 for any person suffering from venereal disease in a communicable form to be employed or engaged in any capacity requiring him to handle food intended for human consumption. Every person who employs in any such capacity a person whom he knows to be suffering as aforesaid is liable to a fine of not less than £20 and not more than £100. Section 7 makes it an offence punishable by fine or imprisonment for any person other than a registered medical practitioner to undertake the treatment or cure of any venereal disease for payment or other reward. Section 8 makes it an offence for any person knowingly to infect another with venereal disease, or knowingly to do, permit, or suffer any act likely to lead to the infection of any person with such a disease; and prescribes as penalty for such offence a fine not exceeding £100, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months, or both such fine and imprisonment (in the discretion of the convicting Magistrate). By section 9 the Governor-General is empowered to prohibit by Order in Council the sale or supply of any drug or drugs that may be specified in the Order in Council, except pursuant to the written prescription of a registered medical practitioner.
Health Patrols: Section 12 provides for the appointment of officers to be known as Health Patrols, whose special duties are to protect the health and morality of young persons. Health Patrols in the exercise of their duties enjoy all the privileges and protection of police constables.
Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards may be required by the Minister of Public Health to furnish special accommodation for the treatment of persons suffering from venereal disease, and in respect of all additional expenditure incurred for this purpose are entitled to a special subsidy from the Consolidated Fund equal to 75 per cent. of such expenditure. By section 14 the Minister of Public Health is specially authorized (a) to make arrangements for the treatment of persons suffering from venereal disease; (b) to arrange for clinical, chemical, bacteriological, and other examinations and investigations with respect to persons suffering or presumed to be suffering from such disease; (c) to make provisions for the supply of information with respect to the nature, effects, and proper treatment of any such disease; and (d) to encourage the establishment of associations for the purpose of checking the spread of such diseases and for securing the proper treatment of persons suffering from any such disease.
1917, No. 28.—The Statute Law Amendment Act, 1917.—This Act is a miscellany of amendments of various Acts. Sections 2 and 9 amend the Education Act. They make provision (1) for the establishment of practising schools in connection with training-colleges; (2) for the establishment of model schools and classes for backward pupils; (3) for increased capitation and other allowances to primary and secondary schools. They also empower the Governor-General to make regulations for the appointment and the payment of temporary teachers and for other matters connected with the staffing of public and Native schools. The special power to make such regulations can be exercised only during the war and for six months thereafter, and is designed to meet special conditions arising out of the war. Regulations so made are not rendered invalid merely because they may not be in conformity with the Education Act, 1914.
Section 10 provides for the establishment, under the Industrial Schools Act, of probationary homes for children, and for the appointment of Juvenile Probation Officers. Section 14 extends the powers of the Prisons Board constituted under the Crimes Amendment Act, 1910. It enables the Board, at the request of the Minister of Justice, to make inquiries and recommendations for the release on probation of persons who may be undergoing sentences of imprisonment for any period exceeding two years. The provisions of the Crimes Amendment Act, 1910, relating to the release on probation of persons undergoing sentences of reformative detention, are, mutatis mutandis, applied.
Section 21 amends the definition of the term “standard price” for the purposes of the Regulation of Trade and Commerce Act, 1914, and defines that term as follows: “The standard price of any goods means, in respect of any locality, the current price at which, on a day specified in that behalf by any Order in Council fixing the maximum price thereof, goods of the same nature and quality were saleable in that locality when sold in the same quantity and on the same terms as to payment, delivery, and otherwise.”
The amendment permits the authorities to fix a maximum price of any commodities as on any given date, and to prevent any threatened increase in prices pending a consideration of the grounds alleged in justification of such increase, and of any representations that may be made by persons prejudicially affected.
1917, No. 29.—The. Appropriation Act, 1917.—In addition to the usual provisions included in the annual Appropriation Act, special provision is made in this Act for the following matters: (1.) Section 18 makes provision for the payment of a war bonus to officers of the Government Service (including the service of Education Boards). (2.) Section 21 authorizes the Minister of Finance to make advances not exceeding in the aggregate the sum of £4,000 for the purpose of encouraging the production and refinement of mineral oil in New Zealand. (3.) Section 22 authorizes the making of advances to an amount not exceeding in the aggregate the sum of £120,000 for the purpose of providing additional cold storage. Such advances are to be made out of loan-moneys to be raised by the Minister of Finance for the purpose. (4.) Section 26 authorizes the making of advances pursuant to regulations in that behalf for the protection of the property of soldiers absent from New Zealand with the Expeditionary Forces. (5.) Section 29 postpones for two years the general regrading of public servants under the Public Service Act, 1912. (6.) Section 30 makes provision for a special allowance to be paid during the war and for three months thereafter to married men employed in the service of the Government Railways Department.
THE information given in this section deals only with the year 1917. For a fuller account of the climate and meteorology of New Zealand, giving records of past years, the reader is referred to the article in the 1915 issue of the Year-book, contributed by D. &c. Bates, Esq., Dominion Meteorologist, by whom the matter here published has also been supplied.
The total year's rainfall was slightly below the average in the Wanganui, Wairarapa, and parts of the Wellington districts, and also at a few scattered places in the South Island. The greater portion of New Zealand, however, recorded an excessive rainfall, and, as in 1916, the Auckland Province again experienced the greatest difference above the average.
Following are brief monthly summaries of the weather and the principal atmospheric systems which were in evidence:—
January.—The North Auckland district and the east coast of the North Island experienced a rainfall in excess of the average for the month; but in almost every other part of the Dominion the total was below. The chief cause of the abundant falls in the north were two subtropical depressions, one which passed off East Cape about the 3rd and 4th, and a prolonged one which ruled in the north from the 27th to the close of the month. A small “low” off the east coast of the North Island caused severe thunderstorms in the vicinity of Cook Strait on the night of the 8th. On the 21st some local thunderstorms, accompanied with heavy downpours in the Tokomaru Bay district, caused serious floods in many of the rivers and creeks. The rainfall in many cases was phenomenal and hitherto unprecedented in New Zealand. The only other disturbance of note was a moderate westerly low-pressure area ruling between the 13th and 17th, which brought some rain, more especially in the western districts. The weather on the whole was fine and seasonable, with occasionally very high temperatures ruling, particularly during the last week when a persistent high-pressure system was centred in the region of the Chatham Islands.
February.—With the exception of some places along the northern portion of Cook Strait and a few scattered stations in the South Island, the total rainfall was everywhere above the average, the greatest excess being in the northern and southernmost districts. The two chief causes of excessive rains were both extra-tropical cyclones. One, which ruled during the first few days of the month, moved from the north-west down towards the west coast of the South Island, and passed in the south on the 5th. The other passed in the northern districts on the 21st, and was followed by a “secondary” centre, which was effective until the 25th. The latter disturbance was responsible for extremely heavy rain and flooded rivers in the northern and east-coast districts of the North Island. Some of the northern stations recorded over 5 in. on three consecutive days—viz., 21st, 22nd, and 23rd. About the 16th a small anticyclone prevailed, and on the 21st and 22nd anticyclonic pressure ruled in and southwards of Cook Strait; otherwise atmospheric pressure was generally below normal, and in consequence dull skies were the rule.
March.—March proved an extremely dry month for most parts of New Zealand, the only districts having an excessive rainfall being Westland and southern Otago. About the 22nd and 23rd depressions of moderate intensity passed both north and south of the Dominion, chiefly benefiting the northernmost districts of the North Island and the west coast and southern parts of the South. On the night of the 24th a small “low” passed in the neighbourhood of Cook Strait, and was responsible for heavy welcome rains generally. Some stations, especially in the north, reported severe thunderstorms on this day. The weather during the month was chiefly governed by anticyclones—fair, mild, and calm days, and cool nights being the rule. The first frosts of the season occurred on the 28th.
April.—The rainfall during April was abundant in the Auckland Province and in all districts with a westerly aspect. A deficiency occurred in Hawke's Bay, and also on the east coast and southernmost districts of the South Island. The principal disturbances were of the westerly type, with lowest atmospheric pressure passing southwards of New Zealand. Of these, one ruling between the 1st and 2nd and another between the 13th and 17th were somewhat intense and resulted in stormy conditions in many parts of the Dominion. Minor depressions of this character also passed on the 5th, 8th, and 28th. From the 22nd to the 26th, although an anticyclone was centred in the south, relatively low pressure ruled to the northwards, causing high easterly winds and considerable rainfall in the northernmost districts. The weather generally was changeable, but temperatures were mild except towards the close of the month, when very cold conditions brought a reminder of approaching winter.
May.—The weather during May was generally of an unsettled character. Two small anticyclones passed over the Dominion—viz., between the 2nd and 4th, and 18th and 19th, when fine weather resulted. Of the numerous atmospheric depressions the two most effective were a cyclone which passed down from the north and off East Cape between the 12th and 15th, and an extensive, westerly area of low pressure which ruled between the 22nd and 28th. Both were responsible for some heavy rains, the former causing floods in Hawke's Bay and Wairarapa districts, and the latter culminating in very heavy floods in Otago about the 26th and 27th. With the exception of a few scattered stations, chiefly in the west-coast districts, most portions of the Dominion experienced an abundant rainfall.
June.—During the first week of June high atmospheric pressure ruled, and fine clear weather was experienced, with cold nights. The remainder of the month, with the exception of isolated days, proved very unsettled and wet, particularly over the North Island and in the north-east portion of the South. Between the 11th and 14th, although an anticyclone was in evidence in the south, an intense cyclone moved down from the north, the centre passing Cape Maria van Diemen on the 11th and 12th, and off East Cape on the 13th. On the 11th and 12th stormy conditions prevailed, with easterly and southeasterly gales, and heavy rain in and northwards of Cook Strait. The worst effects of the disturbance were experienced in the Gisborne and Hawke's Bay districts, and between the 10th and 13th heavy rains were responsible for floods in these districts. Following are given the rainfalls during this storm at the three stations—viz., Morere, Tutira, and Napier:—
Morere. | Tutira. | Napier (Greenmeadows). | |
---|---|---|---|
June 10th | 1.79 | 1.70 | 0.72 |
June 11th | 12.55 | 8.40 | 5.44 |
June 12th | 5.17 | 8.40 | 2.68 |
June 13th | 1.05 | 1.61 | 0.28 |
Total | 20.56 | 20.11 | 9.12 |
From the 14th to the 21st a westerly low-pressure system he'd sway; on the 24th the centre of a cyclone passed northward of the Dominion, and between the 29th and 30th a small cyclonic disturbance passed from northwest to south-east over the North Island. These disturbances accounted for bad weather. On the night of the 16th a very heavy downpour occurred in Wellington and neighbourhood, when electrical conditions were in evidence locally. Below the average rainfall was recorded in the Taranaki and Wanganui districts and over the whole of the South Island, with the exception of the north-east portion. In all other parts of the Dominion considerably more than the average was reported.
July.—In the east-coast districts of the North Island, Otago, and in parts of Westland, the total rainfall did not reach the average, but elsewhere a considerable excess was recorded. Numerous atmospheric depressions were in evidence, particularly during the latter half of the month, and the barometer remained continuously below normal until the last day. On the 20th, when a cyclone held sway, some exceedingly low barometer readings were reported, especially about Cook Strait. Except in the districts above mentioned, very unsettled and wet weather prevailed, but nearly all parts of the Dominion experienced mild temperatures. Owing to the neutralizing effect of the various “lows” on each other, the average velocity of the wind was less than what might have been expected in a month having so many disturbances.
August.—The rainfall during August was considerably less than the average in the east-coast districts of the South Island, and also slightly less along the north side of Cook Strait. The northern and east-coast portions of the North Island generally show an excess, but in the remaining districts the falls were very uneven. Following is a brief description of the principal atmospheric disturbances: On the 1st and 2nd a cyclone of moderate intensity moved down the west coast, the centre passing in the south on the night of the 3rd. Dull, misty, and wet weather prevailed generally, and heavy rain fell in the northern districts on the 1st. Cold, squally, and showery conditions were experienced on the 5th, when a small depression ruled in the far north. Between the 7th and 10th, while high atmospheric pressure prevailed over the South Island, an intense cyclone passed northwards of the Dominion, causing high south-easterly winds in and northward of Cook Strait, with passing showers, but heavy rain was experienced in the northern and east-coast districts. A westerly storm passed over the Dominion between the 12th and 14th, and on the 12th and 13th northerly gales ruled with boisterous and wet weather. On the 14th the winds changed to southerly, bringing a cold snap. This was accentuated on the latter date by the presence of a secondary “low” which developed off the west coast of the North Island, but disappeared the same night. A small cyclone passed off East Cape on the 19th and accounted for rain, particularly in the north. This was followed by a westerly area of low pressure which persisted until the 27th. During this period the weather was very changeable, occasionally squally and wet in parts. Short periods of anticyclonic conditions and fine weather were experienced generally on the 10th and 11th, between the 16th and 18th, and from the 28th to the close of the month.
September.—September proved a mild but changeable month. With the exception of the east coast of the North Island most parts of the Dominion recorded a total rainfall in excess of the average; and owing to some extremely heavy downpours, particularly about the 1st and 2nd, 11th, and 25th, the difference above the mean was considerable over the greater portion of the South Island. Of the three principal disturbances, two, which ruled between the 1st and 3rd and the 24th and 28th respectively, were westerly cyclones with centres passing over the South Island; the other, whose effects were chiefly felt between the 10th and 12th, was an ex-tropical cyclone, the centre of which passed in the northern districts—this disturbance was responsible for heavy rain in various parts and for phenomenal floods in the Kaikoura district. Between the 13th and 23rd an anticyclone ruled, with an exceptionally high barometer, in the north, but on the night of the 18th and again on the 21st depressions passed in the south, bringing high north-west winds in and southward of Cook Strait, and rain in the west-coast and southern parts of the South Island. There was a remarkable prevalence of strong westerly winds, but on the whole the weather during the month was favourable to rapid vegetable growth. This is shown in the marked increase in the earth-temperatures at a depth of 1 ft., the mean at the Wellington Observatory for the first week being 51.3° F. and for the last week 56.8° F.
October.—A common feature of October weather that has again been exemplified is the frequency of strong westerly winds, particularly in and southward of Cook Strait. This is brought about by the number of westerly areas of “low” pressure passing in the south while “high” systems have persisted in the north. On this account excessive rainfall was recorded in the west-coast and southern districts of the South Island, and also about Cape Egmont and North of Auckland. All other parts of the Dominion experienced less than the average total rainfall. Boisterous and wet conditions prevailed about the 6th and 7th, and between the 21st and 23rd. From the 26th to the end of the month dull, misty weather was experienced, and during this period considerable precipitation took place. The longest period of settled weather prevailed between the 12th and 17th, when anticyclonic pressure held sway. Generally the month was a good spring one, with a mean temperature slightly above the average.
November.—Anticyclonio pressure predominated during November, accounting for fine and bright weather generally. Only two disturbances of any intensity were in evidence. On the 6th a westerly depression passed rapidly in the south, bringing boisterous and wet conditions along the west coast south of Cape Egmont. Between the 19th and 23rd an ex-tropical disturbance ruled in the north, and during this period high south-east winds and dull, wet weather prevailed over the North Island and in the north-east portion of the South. The latter disturbance was responsible for some heavy rainfall along the east coast of the North Island, causing floods in some of the rivers on the 22nd. Except at a few stations in the latter district, precipitation was everywhere below the average.
December.—High atmospheric pressure and fair and warm weather prevailed during the first week of December. Thereafter, until the close of the month, owing to the passage of various depressions over or in the neighbourhood of the Dominion, conditions proved somewhat changeable, with frequent showers. Between the 8th and 10th a small westerly “low” passed in the south, bringing rain to the west-coast districts of the South Island. This was followed by a cyclone, the centre of which passed down the west coast on the 10th and 11th, and to the eastward of the South Island on the 12th. Dull and wet weather prevailed about this time, and on the 11th boisterous conditions were experienced. The night of the 14th was also boisterous, while a fast-moving disturbance passed in the south. Between the 16th and 19th a stormy south-easterly ruled along the east coast of the North Island, owing to the presence of a depression to the north-east of the Dominion, while high pressure ruled in the south. On the 21st there was evidence of the development of a disturbance off the east coast of the South Island, and low atmospheric pressure ruled in the south until the 25th, when a rapid increase took place. From the 21st to the 24th conditions were very unsettled, and the last day of the year proved somewhat stormy in and southwards of Cook Strait, with the passage of a westerly “low” in the south. The total rainfall for the month in Canterbury was considerably above the average, but elsewhere a deficiency was generally recorded.
The following table shows the difference, above or below the mean, for each month in the year:—
NORTH ISLAND RAINFALL, 1917. | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monthly Means compared with the Averages for Twelve Previous Years. | ||||||||||||
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | |
+ | 3.16 | 6.04 | .. | 5.22 | 6.79 | 5.86 | 6.97 | 5.15 | 4.39 | .. | .. | .. |
Av. | 3.08 | 2.61 | 4.69 | 3.88 | 4.78 | 4.21 | 5.29 | 4.28 | 3.82 | 4.29 | 3.84 | 3.35 |
- | .. | .. | 1.79 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3.77 | 2.61 | 2.87 |
Mean Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Averages for Twelve Previous Years. | ||||||||||||
+ | 10.3 | 13.9 | .. | 15.8 | 17.9 | .. | 23.0 | 18.4 | .. | 15.5 | .. | 12.1 |
Av. | 9.4 | 8.0 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 14.7 | 15.3 | 16.4 | 14.5 | 14.8 | 15.1 | 14.1 | 11.2 |
- | .. | .. | 5.6 | .. | .. | 14.1 | .. | .. | 14.3 | .. | 7.1 | .. |
+ Above the average. - Below the average. |
SOUTH ISLAND RAINFALL, 1917. | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monthly Means compared with the Averages for Twelve Previous Years. | ||||||||||||
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | |
+ | .. | 3.59 | .. | .. | 6.11 | .. | .. | .. | 5.95 | 4.38 | .. | 5.61 |
Av. | 3.75 | 2.71 | 3.67 | 3.33 | 3.49 | 4.01 | 3.89 | 3.17 | 3.79 | 3.85 | 3.51 | 3.76 |
- | 2.11 | .. | 3.08 | 3.05 | .. | 2.16 | 3.76 | 2.35 | .. | .. | 1.12 | .. |
Mean Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Average for Twelve Previous Years. | ||||||||||||
+ | .. | 13.1 | .. | .. | 16.7 | .. | 15.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15.0 |
Av. | 12.4 | 8.9 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 13.3 | 12.6 | 13.8 | 14.4 | 14.1 | 13.0 |
- | 7.9 | .. | 8.4 | 11.9 | .. | 10.0 | .. | 11.2 | 13.0 | 13.8 | 8.5 | .. |
+ Above the average. - Below the average. |
TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, AND WIND THROUGHOUT NEW ZEALAND, AS OBSERVED AT TWELVE STATIONS, FOR THE YEAR 1917. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The observations were taken at 9 a.m. | ||||||||||
Stations. | Months. | Temperature In Shade. | Rainfall. | Mean Height of Barometer. | Prevailing Winds. | |||||
Highest. | Lowest. | Mean Max. Temp. | Mean Min. Temp. | Mean Temp. for Month. | Wet Days. | Fall. | ||||
°Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | No. | Inches. | Inches. | |||
Auckland (lat. 36°50'S.; long. 174° 50′ E.; alt. 125 ft.)— | January | 78.0 | 54.0 | 73.4 | 61.5 | 67.4 | 13 | 3.48 | 29.92 | E, SW. |
February | 76.0 | 54.0 | 70.6 | 60.2 | 65.4 | 20 | 12.67 | 29.84 | SW, NE. | |
March | 73.0 | 54.0 | 70.4 | 57.8 | 64.1 | 11 | 2.72 | 30.07 | E, NE. | |
April | 73.0 | 49.0 | 66.9 | 58.2 | 62.5 | 24 | 9.31 | 30.11 | E, S. | |
May | 71.0 | 46.0 | 64.0 | 53.1 | 58.5 | 26 | 8.01 | 29.79 | SW, E. | |
June | 66.0 | 43.0 | 60.3 | 49.8 | 55.0 | 18 | 5.41 | 29.89 | NE, SW. | |
July | 63.0 | 43.0 | 58.4 | 49.5 | 53.9 | 27 | 9.59 | 29.80 | W, N. | |
August | 62.5 | 41.5 | 56.4 | 47.8 | 52.1 | 23 | 7.70 | 29.99 | W, E. | |
September | 66.5 | 45.0 | 60.1 | 50.5 | 55.3 | 18 | 7.03 | 30.07 | W, NE. | |
October | 71.0 | 43.5 | 64.6 | 52.9 | 58.8 | 19 | 5.20 | 30.15 | W, NE. | |
November | 73.5 | 50.0 | 68.7 | 55.5 | 62.1 | 6 | 1.67 | 30.09 | NE, SW. | |
December | 77.0 | 50.0 | 70.4 | 56.7 | 63.5 | 10 | 1.36 | 29.86 | E, SW, W. | |
Greenmeadows (Napier), (lat. 39° 32' S.; long. 176° 53' E.; alt. 70 ft.)— | January | 87.0 | 51.5 | 76.6 | 59.5 | 68.0 | 7 | 5.24 | 29.918 | SE, W, NW. |
February | 88.0 | 50.0 | 74.3 | 58.5 | 66.4 | 11 | 4.06 | 29.839 | N, S. | |
March | 86.5 | 47.5 | 72.6 | 53.5 | 63.0 | 3 | 0.35 | 30.159 | S. | |
April | 83.5 | 45.5 | 71.2 | 55.2 | 63.2 | 7 | 2.25 | 30.122 | N. | |
May | 75.5 | 38.0 | 64.1 | 48.3 | 56.2 | 9 | 5.22 | 29.831 | NW, N. | |
June | 67.0 | 36.0 | 58.6 | 42.6 | 50.6 | 8 | 10.55 | 29.955 | W, NW. | |
July | 64.5 | 36.0 | 59.2 | 45.1 | 52.1 | 10 | 1.97 | 29.762 | NW, W. | |
August | 69.5 | 37.0 | 58.1 | 44.0 | 51.0 | 13 | 5.72 | 29.990 | W. | |
September | 75.0 | 38.0 | 63.9 | 48.2 | 56.0 | 7 | 2.35 | 30.014 | N. | |
October | 76.0 | 39.0 | 67.5 | 50.9 | 59.2 | 9 | 1.66 | 30.090 | W. | |
November | 80.0 | 44.0 | 68.5 | 52.3 | 60.4 | 6 | 3.03 | 30.103 | S. N. | |
December | 80.0 | 45.5 | 70.9 | 54.6 | 62.7 | 9 | 2.12 | 29.860 | N, S. | |
Palmerston North (lat. 40° 20' S.; long. 175° 37' E.; alt. 103 ft.) | January | 83.0 | 43.0 | 76.0 | 53.8 | 64.9 | 5 | 1.15 | .. | W, E. |
February | 81.0 | 41.0 | 71.3 | 55.1 | 63.2 | 13 | 2.87 | .. | W, E. | |
March | 78.8 | 42.0 | 71.9 | 50.2 | 61.0 | 3 | 1.31 | .. | E, W. | |
April | 75.0 | 39.0 | 66.9 | 50.6 | 58.7 | 13 | 4.63 | .. | W, E. | |
May | 74.0 | 35.0 | 62.3 | 46.8 | 54.5 | 16 | 4.61 | .. | E, W. | |
June | 64.5 | 32.5 | 57.4 | 43.1 | 50.2 | 10 | 0.86 | .. | W, E. | |
July | 61.0 | 32.0 | 55.9 | 43.3 | 49.6 | 26 | 5.58 | .. | W. | |
August | 61.0 | 30.0 | 55.4 | 41.3 | 48.3 | 19 | 2.67 | .. | W, E. | |
September | 69.0 | 37.0 | 61.2 | 45.2 | 53.2 | 18 | 3.11 | .. | W, E. | |
October | 71.5 | 34.0 | 62.6 | 47.0 | 54.8 | 18 | 3.42 | .. | W. | |
November | 74.5 | 41.0 | 66.3 | 50.4 | 58.3 | 6 | 1.76 | .. | W. | |
December | 76.0 | 41.0 | 69.3 | 51.7 | 60.5 | 11 | 1.63 | .. | W. | |
New Plymouth (lat. 39° 3' 35″ 8.; long. 174° 4' 58″ E.; alt. 160 ft.)— | January | 84.5 | 49.0 | 76.7 | 57.7 | 67.2 | 11 | 0.80 | .. | S, NE. |
February | 81.0 | 48.0 | 71.6 | 57.2 | 64.4 | 20 | 4.94 | .. | SW. | |
March | 79.0 | 46.0 | 74.1 | 55.8 | 64.9 | 3 | 2.27 | .. | NE, SW. | |
April | 76.0 | 45.0 | 68.6 | 52.4 | 60.5 | 20 | 7.38 | .. | SE. | |
May | 71.0 | 42.0 | 64.2 | 46.6 | 55.4 | 26 | 7.12 | .. | SE, S. | |
June | 65.0 | 32.0 | 59.0 | 48.1 | 53.5 | 19 | 4.94 | .. | SE. | |
July | 63.0 | 34.0 | 58.5 | 43.8 | 51.1 | 29 | 15.41 | .. | W, SW. | |
August | 64.0 | 31.0 | 58.9 | 43.3 | 51.1 | 22 | 7.32 | .. | S. | |
September | 68.0 | 39.0 | 62.5 | 45.7 | 54.1 | 18 | 5.75 | .. | SW, S. | |
October | 70.0 | 39.0 | 63.4 | 47.3 | 55.3 | 19 | 7.40 | .. | S. | |
November | 75.0 | 44.0 | 68.7 | 53.0 | 60.8 | 7 | 1.38 | .. | SW. | |
December | 76.0 | 42.0 | 70.0 | 50.3 | 66.1 | 14 | 3.60 | .. | S, SW. | |
Wellington (lat. 41° 16' S.; long. 174° 46' E.; alt. 8 ft.)— | January | 81.5 | 49.7 | 72.6 | 57.9 | 65.2 | 7 | 1.76 | 29.911 | NW, S. |
February | 80.6 | 48.0 | 70.2 | 57.1 | 63.6 | 11 | 1.66 | 29.808 | NW, S. | |
March | 74.6 | 43.6 | 68.5 | 55.7 | 62.1 | 4 | 1.47 | 30.151 | N, S. | |
April | 72.2 | 43.6 | 65.0 | 54.4 | 59.7 | 16 | 4.86 | 30.092 | N, S. | |
May | 68.2 | 40.9 | 60.1 | 50.1 | 55.1 | 21 | 5.31 | 29.809 | N, S. | |
June | 62.0 | 34.9 | 55.7 | 46.6 | 51.1 | 15 | 6.44 | 29.947 | N, S. | |
July | 59.2 | 35.2 | 55.2 | 46.3 | 50.8 | 25 | 6.66 | 29.689 | NW, N. | |
August | 60.3 | 33.6 | 55.4 | 43.9 | 49.6 | 15 | 3.94 | 29.976 | N, S. | |
September | 67.5 | 34.3 | 59.2 | 49.0 | 54.1 | 15 | 4.56 | 29.985 | N, NW. | |
October | 65.5 | 37.2 | 60.5 | 51.3 | 55.9 | 15 | 2.51 | 30.047 | N, NW. | |
November | 70.9 | 45.5 | 64.7 | 52.0 | 58.3 | 4 | 1.79 | 30.111 | S, NW. | |
December | 76.0 | 45.2 | 67.9 | 54.4 | 61.1 | 16 | 2.86 | 29.845 | N, S. | |
Nelson (lat. 41° 16' 17″ S.; long. 173° 18' 46″ E.; alt. 34 ft.)— | January | 86.0 | 47.0 | 79.0 | 56.9 | 67.9 | 1 | 0.09 | .. | NE. |
February | 81.0 | 43.0 | 73.8 | 55.1 | 64.4 | 10 | 5.17 | .. | SW, NE. | |
March | 76.0 | 46.0 | 72.1 | 54.3 | 63.2 | 3 | 0.57 | .. | NE, E. | |
April | 73.0 | 43.0 | 66.9 | 52.5 | 59.7 | 11 | 3.27 | .. | E. | |
May | 71.0 | 37.0 | 62.3 | 47.1 | 54.7 | 17 | 7.04 | .. | NE, E. | |
June | 62.0 | 34.0 | 55.8 | 41.8 | 48.8 | 8 | 3.25 | .. | SW. | |
July | 59.0 | 36.0 | 54.9 | 42.9 | 48.9 | 25 | 7.74 | .. | E. | |
August | 62.0 | 34.0 | 56.7 | 40.5 | 48.6 | 13 | 3.32 | .. | SE, SW. | |
September | 67.0 | 35.0 | 60.8 | 46.9 | 53.8 | 9 | 3.71 | .. | NE. | |
October | 73.0 | 39.0 | 65.1 | 47.5 | 56.3 | 12 | 4.04 | .. | NE, NW. | |
November | 77.0 | 41.0 | 71.4 | 52.0 | 61.7 | 5 | 0.24 | .. | NE. | |
December | 80.0 | 42.0 | 73.3 | 52.8 | 63.0 | 7 | 1.96 | .. | NE, SW. | |
Hokitika (lat. 42° 41′ 30″ S.; long. 170° 49′ E.; alt. 12 ft.)— | January | 76.5 | 42.5 | 69.5 | 54.2 | 61.8 | 11 | 2.22 | 29.913 | N, SW. |
February | 77.0 | 40.0 | 65.5 | 51.3 | 58.4 | 12 | 9.42 | 29.812 | SW, N. | |
March | 69.0 | 42.5 | 66.0 | 52.0 | 59.0 | 14 | 12.54 | 30.117 | N. | |
April | 71.5 | 38.5 | 63.3 | 50.6 | 56.9 | 19 | 11.11 | 30.083 | SE, NE. | |
May | 71.5 | 35.5 | 60.0 | 44.5 | 52.2 | 21 | 10.24 | 29.801 | E. | |
June | 60.5 | 33.5 | 54.3 | 40.9 | 47.6 | 17 | 8.49 | 29.953 | E, NE. | |
July | 58.5 | 35.5 | 54.2 | 41.2 | 47.7 | 25 | 9.06 | 29.648 | E, SE. | |
August | 58.0 | 30.0 | 53.9 | 38.3 | 46.1 | 15 | 7.64 | 29.999 | SE. | |
September | 63.5 | 35.0 | 58.1 | 45.3 | 50.7 | 20 | 17.98 | 29.970 | NE, N | |
October | 62.0 | 36.0 | 58.3 | 45.9 | 52.1 | 22 | 18.52 | 30.055 | N, SW. | |
November | 69.5 | 39.5 | 63.9 | 49.7 | 56.8 | 13 | 1.40 | 30.127 | SW. | |
December | 74.0 | 39.5 | 64.8 | 51.5 | 58.1 | 17 | 10.54 | 29.843 | SW, NW. | |
Christchurch (lat. 43° 31′ 50″ S.; long. 172° 38′ 50″ E.; alt. 25 ft.)— | January | 84.7 | 40.8 | 72.1 | 55.7 | 63.9 | 6 | 1.94 | 29.879 | NE, SW. |
February | 79.4 | 41.7 | 68.4 | 53.2 | 60.8 | 14 | 1.66 | 29.746 | NE, SW. | |
March | 85.9 | 39.5 | 67.9 | 51.7 | 59.8 | 6 | 1.54 | 30.097 | NE. SW. | |
April | 81.3 | 37.2 | 641 | 48.8 | 56.5 | 12 | 2.63 | 30.028 | NE, SW. | |
May | 65.9 | 32.1 | 571 | 44.0 | 50.6 | 19 | 6.46 | 29.789 | SW. NE. | |
June | 61.2 | 28.8 | 52.8 | 35.8 | 44.3 | 14 | 0.66 | 29.917 | SW, NE. | |
July | 64.1 | 30.4 | 52.9 | 39.3 | 46.1 | 13 | 2.67 | 29.642 | SW, NE. | |
August | 64.1 | 28.7 | 52.3 | 36.2 | 44.2 | 13 | 0.85 | 29.936 | SW, NE. | |
September | 75.6 | 35.3 | 58.8 | 44.8 | 51.8 | 14 | 2.59 | 29.904 | NE, SW. | |
October | 75.5 | 32.4 | 54.1 | 44.9 | 54.5 | 16 | 1.96 | 29.932 | SW, NE, NW. | |
November | 77.7 | 36.0 | 65.0 | 56.2 | 57.6 | 8 | 0.99 | 30.069 | NE, SW. | |
December | 82.7 | 37.6 | 66.7 | 50.1 | 58.4 | 16 | 4.16 | 29.791 | NE, SW. | |
Lincoln (lat. 43° 32′ 16″ S.; long. 172° 38′ 39″ E.; alt. 42 ft.)— | January | 87.0 | 43.0 | 75.9 | 56.1 | 66.0 | .. | 1.81 | .. | NW, E. |
February | 81.0 | 42.0 | 71.7 | 52.3 | 62.0 | 12 | 2.05 | 29.770 | NE, NW. | |
March | 84.0 | 37.0 | 69.6 | 51.0 | 60.3 | 4 | 2.00 | 30.083 | NE, SW. | |
April | 81.6 | 34.0 | 65.8 | 46.8 | 56.3 | 11 | 1.50 | 30.013 | NE, SW. | |
May | 70.0 | 30.4 | 58.5 | 42.7 | 50.6 | 16 | 3.93 | 29.805 | NE, SW. | |
June | 65.0 | 27.8 | 53.8 | 35.6 | 44.7 | 9 | 0.78 | 29.933 | NE, SW. | |
July | 63.8 | 29.4 | 53.3 | 38.3 | 45.8 | 12 | 2.11 | 29.654 | SW, NE. | |
August | 63.0 | 28.2 | 53.2 | 35.4 | 44.3 | 11 | 1.02 | 29.962 | NE, SW. | |
September | 76.8 | 34.0 | 59.2 | 43.3 | 51.2 | 11 | 2.53 | 29.916 | NE, SW. | |
October | 76.2 | 31.0 | 65.0 | 44.2 | 54.6 | 10 | 1.31 | 29.937 | NE, NW. | |
November | 81.2 | 32.2 | 67.5 | 47.7 | 57.6 | 8 | 0.60 | 30.052 | NE, SW. | |
December | 82.0 | 31.6 | 67.9 | 45.9 | 56.9 | 14 | 3.71 | .. | NE, SW. | |
Waimate (lat. 44° 44' S.; long 171° E.; alt. 200 ft.)— | January | 84.0 | 44.0 | 72.2 | 53.5 | 62.8 | 5 | 2.56 | .. | N. NE. |
February | 79.0 | 37.0 | 67.3 | 50.1 | 58.7 | 11 | 1.30 | .. | NW, N, SE. | |
March | 81.0 | 40.0 | 66.4 | 49.1 | 57.7 | 7 | 1.15 | .. | SE, NE. | |
April | 78.0 | 37.0 | 62.8 | 46.1 | 54.4 | 8 | 1.65 | .. | SE, N. | |
May | 65.0 | 34.0 | 56.9 | 43.3 | 50.1 | 14 | 6.02 | .. | SW. | |
June | 65.0 | 28.0 | 52.0 | 35.3 | 43.6 | 5 | 0.89 | .. | SW. | |
July | 56.0 | 31.0 | 51.0 | 38.3 | 44.6 | 11 | 3.05 | .. | SW. | |
August | 60.0 | 29.0 | 51.8 | 35.1 | 43.4 | 5 | 0.54 | .. | SW. | |
September | 76.0 | 33.0 | 55.9 | 41.3 | 48.6 | 12 | 5.27 | .. | SE, NE. | |
October | 70.0 | 35.0 | 60.3 | 44.2 | 52.2 | 15 | 3.38 | .. | NE. | |
November | 76.0 | 36.0 | 63.3 | 47.1 | 55.2 | 8 | 0.74 | .. | NE, SE. | |
December | 76.0 | 38.0 | 64.9 | 48.7 | 56.3 | 16 | 4.10 | .. | NE, SW. | |
Dunedin (lat. 45° 52' S.; long. 170° 31' E.; alt. 300 ft.)— | January | 86.0 | 47.0 | 71.1 | 53.9 | 62.5 | 10 | 3.12 | 29.657 | NE, SW. |
February | 78.0 | 41.0 | 66.0 | 50.2 | 58.1 | 15 | 2.40 | 29.571 | SW, NE. | |
March | 80.0 | 38.0 | 65.3 | 51.1 | 58.2 | 12 | 2.12 | 29.907 | NE. | |
April | 73.0 | 37.0 | 60.8 | 46.7 | 53.7 | 14 | 1.02 | 29.859 | NE, SW. | |
May | 70.0 | 35.0 | 55.9 | 45.2 | 50.5 | 18 | 8.68 | 29.643 | NE, SW. | |
June | 68.0 | 30.0 | 52.2 | 39.3 | 45.7 | 9 | 1.11 | 29.744 | SW, N. | |
July | 61.0 | 34.0 | 50.5 | 40.7 | 45.6 | 15 | 4.14 | 29.546 | NE, W. | |
August | 65.0 | 32.0 | 52.7 | 38.8 | 45.7 | 11 | 1.54 | 29.934 | SW. | |
September | 77.0 | 35.0 | 57.2 | 43.4 | 50.3 | 13 | 7.18 | 29.904 | NE. | |
October | 73.0 | 38.0 | 60.4 | 44.9 | 52.6 | 20 | 5.14 | 29.915 | NE, SW. | |
November | 83.0 | 37.0 | 64.3 | 47.7 | 56.2 | 8 | 1.55 | 30.072 | SW, NE. | |
December | 73.0 | 40.0 | 62.6 | 47.7 | 55.1 | 19 | 4.48 | 29.806 | NE, SW. | |
Invercargill (lat. 46° 25' S.; long. 168° 21' E.; alt. 18 ft.)— | January | 80.6 | 42.0 | 70.7 | 51.1 | 60.9 | 18 | 3.03 | .. | SW, NW. |
February | 75.0 | 39.0 | 64.5 | 49.0 | 56.7 | 22 | 7.02 | .. | SW, SE. | |
March | 75.0 | 32.0 | 64.6 | 46.8 | 55.7 | 15 | 4.92 | .. | E, S. | |
April | 69.0 | 31.0 | 60.0 | 43.2 | 51.6 | 17 | 2.82 | .. | E. | |
May | 65.0 | 28.0 | 55.3 | 40.4 | 47.8 | 19 | 5.02 | .. | SE, E. | |
June | 62.0 | 22.0 | 51.5 | 35.4 | 43.4 | 14 | 2.56 | .. | E. | |
July | 57.0 | 28.0 | 50.5 | 34.6 | 42.5 | 16 | 2.00 | .. | E, SE. | |
August | 59.0 | 25.0 | 52.2 | 35.1 | 43.6 | 19 | 4.40 | .. | E, SE. | |
September | 74.0 | 28.0 | 58.8 | 39.0 | 48.9 | 14 | 2.91 | .. | SE. SW. | |
October | 68.0 | 31.0 | 61.4 | 43.4 | 52.4 | 21 | 5.21 | .. | NE, SW. | |
November | 80.0 | 31.0 | 63.9 | 46.1 | 55.0 | 15 | 2.27 | .. | SW, E. | |
December | 79.0 | 35.0 | 63.8 | 45.4 | 54.6 | 18 | 4.23 | .. | SW. |
COMPARATIVE TABLE, YEAR 1917. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stations. | Temperature in Shade. | Rainfall. | Mean Height of Barometer. | Prevailing Winds. | |||||
Highest, and Date. | Lowest, and Date. | Mean Max. Temp. for Year. | Mean Min. Temp. for year. | Mean Temp. for Year. | Days on which Rain fell. | Total Fall. | |||
* Mean of 10 months. | |||||||||
°Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | No. | Inches. | Inches. | ||
Auckland | 78.0 Jan. 15 | 41.5 Aug. 27 | 65.4 | 54.5 | 59.9 | 215 | 74.15 | 29.960 | E, W. |
Greenmeadows (Napier) | 88-0 Feb. 17 | 36.0 June 2 and 7 July 14 | 67.1 | 51.1 | 59.1 | 99 | 44.52 | 29.970 | N, W. |
Palmerston N. | 83.0 Jan. 27 & 28 | 30.0 Aug. 17 | 64.7 | 48.2 | 56.4 | 158 | 33.60 | .. | W, E. |
New Plymouth | 84.5 Jan. 30 | 31.0 Aug. 25 | 66.3 | 50.1 | 58.2 | 208 | 68.31 | .. | SW, S. |
Wellington | 81.5 Jan. 31 | 33.6 Aug. 16 | 62.9 | 51.5 | 57.2 | 164 | 43.82 | 29.948 | N, S. |
Nelson | 86.0 Jan. 7 and 8 | 34.0 June 4, Aug. 25 and 27 | 66.0 | 49.2 | 57.6 | 121 | 40.40 | .. | NE, E. |
Hokitika | 770 Feb. 1 and 2 | 30.0 Aug. 8 | 61.0 | 47.1 | 54.0 | 206 | 119.16 | 29.943 | SW, E. |
Christchurch | 85.9 March 17 | 28.7 Aug. 11 | 61.8 | 46.2 | 54.0 | 151 | 28.11 | 29.894 | NE, SW. |
Lincoln | 87.0 Jan. 21 & 24 | 27.8 June 2 | 63.5 | 44.9 | 54.2 | 118 | 23.35 | 29.12* | NE, SW. |
Waimate | 84.0 Jan. 31 | 28.0 June 14 | 60.4 | 44.3 | 52.3 | 117 | 30.65 | .. | NE, SW. |
Dunedin | 860 Jan. 20 | 30.0 June 13 | 59.9 | 45.8 | 52.8 | 164 | 42.48 | 29.796 | NE, SW. |
Invercargill | 86.0 Jan. 29 | 22.0 June 25 | 59.8 | 42.5 | 51.1 | 208 | 46.39 | .. | E, SW. |
Table of Contents
THE estimated population of the Dominion on 31st December, 1917, was 1,097,672 persons. This total does not include Maoris nor residents of the Cook and other Pacific islands annexed in 1901. The Maori population at the census of 1916 was 49,776, while the annexed islands had at the same date a population of 12,797.
The details of the population as estimated on 31st December, 1917, are as follows:—
– | Males. | Females. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
* Decrease; excess of emigration. | |||
Estimated population (exclusive of Maoris and residents of Cook and other Pacific islands) at 3lst December, 1916 | 549,895 | 550,668 | 1,100,563 |
Increase during 1917— | |||
By excess of births over deaths | 8,298 | 9,413 | 17,711 |
By excess of immigration over emigration (including members of Expeditionary Forces) | −20,833* | 231 | −20,602* |
Estimated population (exclusive of Maoris and residents of Cook and other Pacific islands) on 31st December, 1917 | 537,360 | 560,312 | 1,097,672 |
Maori population, census 1916 | 25,933 | 23,843 | 49,776 |
Population of Cook and other Pacific islands, census 1916 | 6,552 | 6,245 | 12,797 |
Total estimated population of the Dominion on 31st December, 1917 | 569,845 | 590,400 | 1,160,245 |
The population, exclusive of Maoris and residents of the annexed islands, at each census since 1858 is given in the following statement, together with the numerical and centesimal increase between the successive enumerations:—
Date of Enumeration. | Population | Numerical Increase. | Centesimal Increase. |
---|---|---|---|
December, 1858 | 59,413 | 39,608 | 66.67 |
December, 1861 | 99,021 | 73,137 | 73.86 |
December, 1864 | 172,158 | 46,510 | 27.01 |
December, 1867 | 218,668 | 37,725 | 17.25 |
February, 1871 | 256,393 | 43,121 | 16.82 |
March, 1874 | 299,514 | 114,898 | 38.36 |
March, 1878 | 414,412 | 75,521 | 18.22 |
April, 1887 | 489,933 | 88,549 | 18.07 |
March, 1886 | 578,482 | 48,176 | 8.33 |
April, 1891 | 626,658 | 76,702 | 12.24 |
April, 1896 | 703,360 | 69,359 | 9.86 |
March, 1901 | 772,719 | 115,859 | 14.99 |
April, 1906 | 888,578 | 119,890 | 13.49 |
April, 1911 | 1,008,468 | 90,981 | 9.02 |
October, 1916 | 1,099,449 |
Intercensal estimates of population are made from the records of births and deaths and the returns of migration. These estimates, especially of late years, are found to be remarkably near the truth, as will be seen from the following table, showing the estimated population as at 30th September, 1916, and at 31st March in each of the preceding seven census years compared with the population as ascertained by the census in the same years. The comparatively large difference in 1916 is due in part to the difficulty experienced in keeping a reliable record of arrivals and departures since the outbreak of the war.
Year. | Estimated Population, 31st March. | Census Population. | Difference. |
---|---|---|---|
1881 | 488,649 | 489,933 | 1,284 |
1886 | 585,844 | 578,482 | 7,362 |
1891 | 631,898 | 626,658 | 5,240 |
1896 | 701,383 | 703,360 | 1,977 |
1901 | 775,123 | 772,719 | 2,404 |
1906 | 889,971 | 888,578 | 1,393 |
1911 | 1,006,761 | 1,008,468 | 1,707 |
1916 | 1,092,502 | 1,099,449 | 6,947 |
The Cook Islands are not included in any of the statistics of New Zealand quoted throughout this book. Figures re Maoris are included in the general details in a few cases—i.e., imports and exports, savings-bank deposits, c.—but in other cases are either not taken into account or are shown separately. In cases where Maoris are included they swell totals to a much less extent per head than does the European population. The figures given below, therefore, do not include Maoris and residents of Cook Islands, information concerning whom is given at the end of this section.
The estimated population, excluding Maoris, c., at the end of each of the past ten years, and the numerical and centesimal increase during each year, are given in the following table. The mean population for each of the ten years is also shown. For 1916 the census population has been taken as the mean, on account of the peculiar circumstances and the fact that the population was slightly higher at the beginning and end of the year than at any other period.
Year. | Estimated Population at End of Year. | Increase during Year. | Mean Population for Year. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Totals. | Numerical. | Per Cent. | ||
* Decrease. † Census population. | ||||||
1908 | 510,329 | 450,313 | 960,642 | 31,158 | 3.35 | 945,063 |
1909 | 520,406 | 462,520 | 982,926 | 22,284 | 2.32 | 971,784 |
1910 | 529,998 | 474,388 | 1,004,386 | 21,460 | 2.18 | 992,802 |
1911 | 539,729 | 485,677 | 1,025,406 | 21,020 | 2.09 | 1,014,896 |
1912 | 553,212 | 499,415 | 1,052,627 | 27,221 | 2.65 | 1,039,016 |
1913 | 569,109 | 515,553 | 1,084,662 | 32,035 | 3.04 | 1,068,644 |
1914 | 568,161 | 527,833 | 1,095,994 | 11,332 | 1.04 | 1,090,328 |
1915 | 563,963 | 538,831 | 1,102,794 | 6,800 | 0.62 | 1,099,394 |
1916 | 549,895 | 550,668 | 1,100,563 | −2,231* | −0.19* | 1,099,449† |
1917 | 537,360 | 560,312 | 1,097,672 | −2,891* | −0.27* | 1,099,117 |
The smallness of the increases in 1914 and 1915, and the actual decreases in 1916 and 1917, are due in great part to the war, immigration being considerably restricted, while the emigration figures were swelled by the departure of troops for the front. Figures of emigration quoted later on in this section do not include members of Expeditionary Forces.
With the exception of the last two years, the population of New Zealand has shown a continuous though not a regular increase in each year since 1855, the first year in which accurate records of births and deaths were obtained and used in conjunction with the returns of immigration and emigration. The greatest increase in any year was in 1874, when 32,118 assisted immigrants were brought into the country in accordance with the immigration and public-works policy of the Government. The next greatest increase of population was in 1863, following the discovery of gold in Otago. The accompanying logarithmic diagram gives a good indication of the progress of population in the Dominion, and is further interesting as showing the gradual tendency towards an equalization of the sexes. The loss of men in the last four years, due to the departure of troops, has actually brought the female population slightly ahead of the male.
The increase of female population has been greater than that of males in each year since and including 1909. The year 1914 saw the first actual decrease of male population, a result wholly attributable to the departure of troops. The decrease was repeated in 1915, in 1916, and in 1917: and, indeed, in the last two years these decreases in the male population have more than counterbalanced the increases in the number of females in the country, with the result that the total population shows a decrease for those two years. In 1864 and again in 1888 the increase of males was less than 1,000, due in each case to an excess of emigration over immigration. The annual increase of female population has never fallen below 3,000 in any year since 1860.
The natural increase of population is shown in the following table:—
Natural Increase of Population, 1908–17. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Excess of Births over Deaths. | Natural Increase per 1,000 of Mean Population. | ||
Males. | Females. | Total. | ||
1908 | 8,045 | 8,852 | 16,897 | 17.88 |
1909 | 8,256 | 9,309 | 17,565 | 18.07 |
1910 | 7,838 | 8,507 | 16,345 | 16.46 |
1911 | 7,937 | 8,883 | 16,820 | 16.58 |
1912 | 8,622 | 9,672 | 18,294 | 17.61 |
1913 | 8,566 | 9,250 | 17,816 | 16.67 |
1914 | 8,549 | 9,641 | 18,190 | 16.68 |
1915 | 8,649 | 9,236 | 17,885 | 16.27 |
1916 | 8,523 | 9,390 | 17,913 | 16.29 |
1917 | 8,298 | 9,413 | 17,711 | 16.11 |
The average rate of natural increase for the above period was 16.86 per 1,000.
Fuller discussion of natural increase will be found in the Vital Statistics Section of this book.
The number of persons arriving in and departing from New Zealand is compiled from the records of the Customs Department, and the departures from the Dominion are checked by special returns furnished by the pursers of passenger-steamers, so that where persons who did not book their passages have been omitted the necessary additions can be made. The pursers' returns also serve to prevent the occasional omission of the full number of persons leaving by any one vessel, which sometimes happened prior to the introduction of this check.
The total number of arrivals and departures during the past ten years, distinguishing the sexes and the number of those under and over twelve years of age, is given in the table following. The figures for the last four years do not include members of Expeditionary Forces.
Arrivals and Departures, 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Over 12 Years of Age. | Under 12 Years of Age. | Total. | ||
Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | ||
ARRIVALS. | |||||
1908 | 26,664 | 13,269 | 2,678 | 2,359 | 44,970 |
1909 | 21,763 | 12,480 | 2,302 | 2,105 | 38,650 |
1910 | 20,161 | 11,832 | 1,974 | 1,802 | 35,769 |
1911 | 22,881 | 13,953 | 2,452 | 2,103 | 41,389 |
1912 | 24,026 | 15,442 | 2,749 | 2,443 | 44,660 |
1913 | 22,872 | 15,801 | 3,019 | 2,896 | 44,588 |
1914 | 20,360 | 13,020 | 2,166 | 2,100 | 37,646 |
1915 | 12,993 | 9,589 | 1,494 | 1,475 | 25,551 |
1916 | 10,657 | 8,406 | 1,302 | 1,434 | 21,799 |
1917 | 8,334 | 5,583 | 825 | 907 | 15,649 |
DEPARTURES. | |||||
1908 | 18,364 | 9,779 | 1,343 | 1,223 | 30,709 |
1909 | 20,772 | 10,373 | 1,472 | 1,314 | 33,931 |
1910 | 19,032 | 10,629 | 1,419 | 1,281 | 32,361 |
1911 | 21,730 | 12,190 | 1,809 | 1,460 | 37,189 |
1912 | 20,151 | 12,278 | 1,763 | 1,541 | 35,733 |
1913 | 17,188 | 10,518 | 1,372 | 1,291 | 30,369 |
1914 | 18,460 | 11,227 | 1,565 | 1,254 | 32,506 |
1915 | 12,228 | 8,251 | 1,090 | 907 | 22,476 |
1916 | 10,717 | 8,273 | 1,215 | 958 | 21,163 |
1917 | 6,896 | 5,672 | 701 | 600 | 13,869 |
The monthly figures for 1917 are as follows:—
Month. | Arrivals. | Departures. | Excess of Arrivals. | Excess of Departures. |
---|---|---|---|---|
January | 2,375 | 1,866 | 509 | .. |
February | 1,447 | 1,621 | .. | 174 |
March | 2,115 | 1,655 | 460 | .. |
April | 1,520 | 1,810 | .. | 290 |
May | 1,210 | 1,291 | .. | 81 |
June | 1,003 | 932 | 71 | .. |
July | 1,223 | 954 | 269 | .. |
August | 596 | 883 | .. | 287 |
September | 622 | 423 | 199 | .. |
October | 1,043 | 763 | 280 | .. |
November | 1,052 | 823 | 229 | .. |
December | 1,443 | 848 | 595 | .. |
Totals | 15,649 | 13,869 | 1,780 | .. |
Some two-thirds of the oversea arrivals come from Australia, while five-sixths of the departures are booked for the Commonwealth. The numbers of departures for Australian ports are, however, inflated by the inclusion of many persons who sail from New Zealand for Australia to make that country a starting-point for further travel, and who may or may not return by the same route. The real destination and original place of departure when returning are not ascertained in these cases.
ARRIVALS FROM AND DEPARTURES TO VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 1908–17. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Arrivals. | |||||
From | Total Arrivals. | |||||
United Kingdom. | Australian Commonwealth. | Fiji. | Other British Possessions. | Foreign Countries. | ||
1908 | 11,348 | 31,769 | 710 | 428 | 715 | 44,970 |
1909 | 11,184 | 25,548 | 584 | 557 | 777 | 38,650 |
1910 | 9,367 | 24,502 | 581 | 351 | 968 | 35,769 |
1911 | 11,379 | 26,909 | 624 | 996 | 1,481 | 41,389 |
1912 | 12,912 | 28,522 | 767 | 1,305 | 1,154 | 44,660 |
1913 | 14,707 | 26,764 | 548 | 1,420 | 1,149 | 44,588 |
1914 | 8,579 | 25,967 | 648 | 1,267 | 1,185 | 37,646 |
1915 | 3,531 | 19,499 | 655 | 862 | 1,004 | 25,551 |
1916 | 3,394 | 15,321 | 697 | 626 | 1,761 | 21,799 |
1917 | 2,931 | 10,146 | 617 | 935 | 1,020 | 15,649 |
Year. | Departures. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
To | Total Departures. | |||||
United Kingdom. | Australian Common wealth. | Fiji. | Other British Possessions. | Foreign Countries. | ||
1908 | 2,635 | 26,468 | 584 | 609 | 413 | 30,709 |
1909 | 2,676 | 28,995 | 663 | 663 | 934 | 33,931 |
1910 | 2,509 | 27,100 | 702 | 694 | 1,356 | 32,361 |
1911 | 2,755 | 30,918 | 696 | 844 | 1,976 | 37,189 |
1912 | 2,605 | 30,141 | 580 | 846 | 1,561 | 35,733 |
1913 | 2,649 | 24,961 | 479 | 1,017 | 1,263 | 30,369 |
1914 | 2,574 | 26,693 | 939 | 871 | 1,429 | 32,506 |
1915 | 2,063 | 17,793 | 659 | 821 | 1,140 | 22,476 |
1916 | 2,608 | 16,390 | 420 | 712 | 1,033 | 21,163 |
1917 | 1,501 | 10,499 | 503 | 588 | 778 | 13,869 |
PERMITS TO LEAVE NEW ZEALAND.
The War Regulations of the 15th November, 1915, as amended from time to time, prescribe that no person over the age of fifteen years shall leave New Zealand for any place beyond the seas save in pursuance of a written permit issued to him by the Minister or Under-Secretary of Internal Affairs, or some other authorized person.
The only persons exempted from the necessity for obtaining permits are those who—
Leave New Zealand on the King's Service:
Leave New Zealand as bona fide members of the crew of any ship:
Arrive in and leave New Zealand in the course of the same voyage of any ship other than a ship arriving from a port in the Commonwealth of Australia.
With regard to crews of ships, the regulations of the 24th July, 1916, as amended, provide that “No male person over the age of fifteen years shall be shipped as a member of the crew of an oversea vessel unless he produces to the Superintendent of Mercantile Marine—
“A certificate of discharge in New Zealand from an oversea vessel within the immediately preceding twelve months, or discharge for at least twelve months' service in vessels in the coasting trade of New Zealand, or such other discharges as the Superintendent of Mercantile Marine may deem satisfactory; or
“A permit to leave New Zealand issued under the War Regulations of the 15th day of November, 1915, and still in force.”
Alien enemies desiring to leave New Zealand must, in addition to a permit under these regulations, obtain the consent of the Minister of Defence under clause 8 of the War Regulations of the 19th July, 1915.
The owner, charterer, or master of every ship is bound to take all reasonable care not to carry out of New Zealand any person whose departure from New Zealand would be a breach of the regulations.
There are permit agents of the Department of Internal Affairs (which administers the regulations) at various ports in New Zealand: At Auckland and Dunedin, Registrar of Births; Christchurch, Government Tourist Agent: Oamaru and Hokitika, Chief Postmaster; Dargaville, Postmaster; Bluff, Customs officer; Whangarei, Thames, Gisborne, Napier, Wanganui, New Plymouth, Blenheim, Timaru, Invercargill, Greymouth, Westport, and Nelson, the Collector of Customs. These officers are authorized to issue permits, but applications from men of military age, and any doubtful cases, are referred to the Head Office, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.
The amendments made in November, 1915, to the Defence of the Realm Regulations of the Imperial Government, providing that no person shall enter or leave the United Kingdom without a passport, have led to a greatly increased number being issued in New Zealand.
As far back as the 1st February, 1915, it was provided that no person should leave the United Kingdom for France or Belgium without a passport, and under the Aliens Restriction Amendment Orders aliens entering or leaving the United Kingdom were required to be in possession of passports granted by their own Governments.
Thus in the United Kingdom the passport fulfils a double function: In the first place it is practically a permit to enter the United Kingdom, and in the second place, as regards all aliens and British subjects going to Prance and Belgium, it is a permit to leave the United Kingdom. In this latter aspect it corresponds to the New Zealand permit issued under the War Regulations.
New Zealand is primarily concerned, however, with the first phase, and it is because passports are necessary to enable passengers to enter the United Kingdom that there has been such an overwhelming increase in the number issued in New Zealand during the past two years.
A person leaving New Zealand for the United Kingdom must therefore have in his possession (1) a permit under the War Regulations to enable him to depart from the Dominion; (2) a passport to enable him to land at the end of his journey.
Applications for passports must be on the prescribed form, and accompanied by a fee of 10s. and two photographs, 3 in. by 2 in., of the applicant, certified to on the back thereof by some person of standing who recommends the issue of the passport.
Where separate passports are required for children under the age of sixteen years, application must be made on a special form. Forms of application are obtainable from the Department of Internal Affairs.
As inquiry is necessary in every case before His Excellency can be advised to sign a passport, applications must be received by the Department of Internal Affairs at least fourteen days before the passport is required.
Between the 1st November, 1915, and the 31st March, 1918, passports were issued to the number of 3,112.
Under the War Regulations of the 21st August, 1916, no person over the age of fifteen years may land in New Zealand unless in possession of a passport or some other document satisfactorily establishing his or her nationality or identity.
In the case of a person coming from a foreign country the passport must have been issued or viséd by the British Ambassador or a British Consul in that country, and in the case of a person coming from any part of the British dominions the issue or visé must have been by some public official duly authorized in that behalf.
Certain exceptions are made with respect to persons coming to New Zealand from Australia, the Cook Islands, and Samoa. In their case the only requirement is the possession of a permit to visit New Zealand granted by the Home and Territories Department of the Commonwealth, a Resident Commissioner of the Cook Islands, or the Administrator of Samoa, as the case may be. A person resident in New Zealand returning to the Dominion on a return ticket issued to him here, or in possession of a New Zealand permit to visit Australia, is also exempted. The regulations further do not apply to a British subject arriving in New Zealand as the master or a member of the crew of the vessel in which he arrives.
The Minister of Internal Affairs or any person authorized by him is given power to grant exemptions from the requirements of the regulation.
Special provision is made with regard to aliens being the masters or members of crews of ships arriving in New Zealand. They are prohibited' from landing unless in the possession of passports or other documents establishing their nationality or identity, but the Collector of Customs may grant temporary permission to land for such purposes and subject to such conditions as the Collector thinks fit. The presence among the crew of an alien not possessing a passport, c., must be notified to the Collector of Customs, and that alien must leave the Dominion with the vessel. Nothing in this particular regulation applies to any master or member of the crew whose home is in New Zealand.
The War Regulations of the 26th February, 1917, provide that no male over the age of fifteen years shall land in the Dominion without making a declaration in the specified form, setting forth particulars as to name, age, birthplace, nationality, occupation, &c. The following persons are exempted from making this declaration:—
Persons returning to New Zealand from Australia on permits issued in New Zealand;
Persons returning to New Zealand on return tickets issued in New Zealand;
Members of the naval or military forces of any of His Majesty's Allies or any part of the British dominions entering New Zealand on duty;
Any person arriving in New Zealand as the master or a member of the crew of the vessel in which he arrives.
A person who in his declaration states his intention of not becoming permanently resident in New Zealand cannot be granted a permit to leave the Dominion except within three months after the date of his arrival, or within such extended time as the Minister of Internal Affairs, on application in writing made before the expiry of the said period of three months, may allow.
In the 1915 issue of the Year-book particulars were given as to State assistance to desirable immigrants. Space is not available for the publication of this information in the present issue.
The restrictions caused by war conditions are responsible for the small number of assisted immigrants in the last three years.
The following table illustrates the proceedings of the last decade:—
Year ended 31st March. | Immigrants assisted. | Capital possessed by Assisted Immigrants. | Net Government Expenditure on Immigration. |
---|---|---|---|
* Not available. | |||
£ | £ | ||
1909 | 4,953 | 96,055 | 15,077 |
1910 | 2,672 | 34,688 | 17,002 |
1911 | 2,624 | 37,735 | 9,441 |
1912 | 3,300 | 24,088 | 11,681 |
1913 | 3,928 | 32,006 | 14,694 |
1914 | 5,064 | 39,701 | 33,914 |
1915 | 2,986 | 16,313 | 33,220 |
1916 | 1,103 | 2,564 | 10,010 |
1917 | 638 | 1,407 | 6,533 |
1918 | 171 | * | 3,877 |
Under the immigration policy in force between 1871 and 1891 the following numbers were assisted:—
Year. | Immigrants. |
---|---|
1871 | 303 |
1872 | 4,736 |
1873 | 8,754 |
1874 | 32,118 |
1875 | 20,370 |
1876 | 9,677 |
1877 | 5,344 |
1878 | 6,618 |
1879 | 10,311 |
1880 | 2,689 |
1881 | 103 |
1882 | 726 |
1883 | 5,902 |
1884 | 3,888 |
1885 | 1,072 |
1886 | 917 |
1887 | 1,286 |
1888 | 485 |
1889 | 91 |
1890 | 144 |
1891 | 44 |
No immigrants were assisted between 1892 and 1903 (inclusive).
The Immigration. Restriction Act prohibits the landing of lunatics or idiots, persons suffering from a dangerous or loathsome contagious disease, certain convicted criminals, and any person other than of British birth who fails to write out and sign in any European language a prescribed form of application. Shipwrecked persons are excepted. The Act does not apply to officers and crews of any mercantile vessels, provided they are not discharged in New Zealand, and are on board the vessel when she clears outward. There are other exemptions under the Act, including His Majesty's land and sea forces, and the officers and crew of any ship of war of any Government; and certain persons may be specially exempted by the Minister of Internal Affairs. Heavy penalties may be incurred for breaches of this law. Regulations under the Act were published in the New Zealand Gazette of the 26th November, 1908.
The law of the Commonwealth of Australia, with a view to the restriction of Asiatic immigration, prohibits the landing of any person who, when asked to do so by a public officer, fails to write out from dictation and sign a passage of fifty words in any prescribed language. An Act having a similar purpose was passed by the Parliament of New Zealand in 1907, requiring that any Chinese proposing to land in the Dominion shall be able to read a printed passage of not less than one hundred words of the English language. This measure became law on the 23rd October, 1908, and is now incorporated in the Immigration Restriction Act, 1908.
Persons of other than European descent are classified in the immigration returns as “race aliens.” Immigrants of this class have since 1908 been required to pass an education test before admission to the Dominion.
For two years this test was the chief factor of a reduction in the number of alien immigrants, but the third and succeeding years showed totals almost unprecedentedly high. The figures for 1915 were low, and were even exceeded by the departures, while the totals for 1916 and 1917 were swelled by the inclusion of soldiers from the French Pacific islands.
Birthplace. | Year. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
British Possessions— | ||||||||||
India | 24 | 157 | 80 | 190 | 325 | 133 | 257 | 13 | 92 | 92 |
Pacific islands | 11 | 22 | 9 | 24 | 51 | 48 | 8 | 10 | 28 | 44 |
Other | 31 | 30 | 43 | 1 | 4 | 34 | 7 | 8 | .. | .. |
Total, British possessions | 66 | 209 | 132 | 215 | 380 | 215 | 272 | 31 | 120 | 136 |
Foreign Countries — | ||||||||||
China | 538 | 171 | 209 | 546 | 348 | 325 | 511 | 265 | 327 | 272 |
Syria | 32 | 23 | 12 | 9 | 20 | 19 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
Asia Minor | 6 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 2 | .. | .. | 2 | .. |
Japan | 3 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 17 | 13 | 13 | 26 | 11 |
Pacific islands | 10 | 18 | 7 | 25 | 24 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 537 | 295 |
Other | .. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 7 | 12 | 4 | .. | 8 |
Total, foreign countries | 589 | 233 | 235 | 589 | 423 | 374 | 551 | 291 | 893 | 588 |
Total, “race aliens” | 655 | 442 | 367 | 804 | 803 | 589 | 823 | 322 | 1,013 | 724 |
Of the race aliens arriving in New Zealand, a large proportion are Chinese, most of whom, however, have been formerly resident in the Dominion. Hindus and other natives of India are also of late years arriving in considerable numbers.
Since July, 1914, records of departures of race aliens have been kept, and these show that a total of 708 race aliens left the Dominion during 1917, comprising natives of the following countries: China, 313; India, 12; Japan, 5; British Pacific islands, 9; foreign Pacific islands, 364; Arabia, 5. There are indications that a large proportion of the Hindus arriving in the Dominion are coolies in transit to the Pacific islands, the departures in the three years 1915–17 totalling 119 as against 197 arrivals.
At the census of 1881, the year in which taxation was first imposed on Chinese landing in New Zealand, the Chinese population numbered 5,004 persons, which fell to 4,542 in 1884, and further to 3,711 in 1896. During the period 1881–96 the poll-tax was £10 per head, and this seemed sufficient for the purpose of preventing a large influx of the Chinese. During the years 1894 and 1895, however, the arrivals shown by the Customs returns were found to be somewhat greater than the departures, and in 1896 an Act was passed raising the poll-tax on Chinese immigrants to £100 per head, and limiting the number of Chinese passengers that may be carried by vessels to New Zealand to one for every 200 tons burthen. According to the census of 1901 the Chinese population was 2,857, and in 1906 it was 2,570, while at the census of 1911 the total was 2,630, of whom 88 were females. The decrease still continues, deaths exceeding births, and the departures usually being more than the arrivals, though the records for 1916 showed a substantial excess of immigration over emigration. During 1917, however, the departures again exceeded the arrivals.
When any alien residing in New Zealand desires to be naturalized he may present to the Governor-General a memorial signed and verified by a statutory declaration setting forth—
His name, age, birthplace, residence, and occupation;
The length of his residence in New Zealand, and his desire to settle therein;
A request that letters of naturalization may be granted to him.
Every memorial must have written upon it or attached to it a certificate signed by some Magistrate or Justice to the effect that the applicant is known to the person certifying and is of good repute. On taking the oath of allegiance he shall enjoy within New Zealand all the rights and capacities that a natural-born subject of the United Kingdom can enjoy or transmit, excepting such rights (if any) as are specially excepted in the letters of naturalization granted to him.
Any person who has been previously naturalized in the United Kingdom or any British possession may obtain letters of naturalization in New Zealand upon presentation of his certificate or letters to the Governor-General, with satisfactory evidence of his bona fides.
An alien woman married to a natural-born or naturalized British subject shall be deemed to be herself naturalized. Where the father (or the mother, being a widow) has become naturalized in New Zealand, every child of such father or mother who during minority resides with such parent shall also be deemed to be naturalized.
No fee is payable for naturalization except in the case of Chinese, who are charged £1.
Letters of naturalization have not been granted since the outbreak of war in 1914.
The Revocation of Naturalization Act of 1917 provided that the Governor-General may, by Order in Council, revoke the naturalization of any person when such revocation is considered desirable on grounds of public policy.
The number of natives of each country naturalized during the twenty years 1895–1914 is shown in the next table.
Natives of— | Persons. |
---|---|
Austria-Hungary | 1,529 |
Germany | 1,159 |
Denmark | 676 |
Sweden | 671 |
Norway | 455 |
Russia | 346 |
Italy | 231 |
Switzerland | 186 |
France | 159 |
Syria | 147 |
China | 146 |
United States of America | 144 |
Netherlands | 61 |
Greece | 61 |
Portugal and possessions | 60 |
Belgium | 40 |
Spain | 16 |
Japan | 11 |
Turkey | 11 |
Other countries | 52 |
Total | 6,161 |
The Registration of Aliens Act passed in 1917 provided for the registration of all persons of the age of fifteen or over who are not British subjects either by birth or by naturalization in New Zealand. The Government Statistician is charged with the duty of compiling and keeping the register, but the actual registration is effected by Registration Officers (mostly police officers) throughout the Dominion. Every alien not less than fifteen years of age is required to make application for registration to a Registration Officer, and is required to supply the following particulars concerning himself or herself:—
Name in full:
Nationality (and if nationality is not the nationality of origin, nationality of origin): (c.) Place of birth:
Age, and date of birth:
Whether married, single, widower, widow, or divorced:
If married, the name, age, nationality of origin, and place of abode of wife or husband:
If married, a widower, a widow, or divorced, number, names, and ages of children (if any):
Occupation:
Date of arrival in New Zealand:
Place of abode and postal address:
Whether permanently resident in New Zealand:
If not permanently resident in New Zealand, place of permanent residence, and date of projected departure from New Zealand:
Such other particulars as may from time to time be prescribed by regulations under the Act.
Upon receipt of an application for registration the Registration Officer issues a certificate of registration, and forwards the application in duplicate to the Superintendent of Police for the district, who files one copy and sends the other on to the Commissioner of Police for transmission to the Government Statistician. Registered aliens are required to notify change of address on pain of a penalty not exceeding £20. Failure to register involves a fine on conviction not exceeding £50.
The number of registrations effected under the Act up to the 1st July, 1918, was 7,143. The birthplaces of these are as follows:—
Country. | Males. | Females. | Both Sexes. |
---|---|---|---|
Austria-Hungary | 1,065 | 58 | 1,123 |
Belgium | 63 | 22 | 85 |
Denmark | 455 | 140 | 595 |
France | 70 | 33 | 103 |
Germany | 514 | 271 | 785 |
Greece | 76 | 7 | 83 |
Italy | 191 | 33 | 224 |
Netherlands | 49 | 4 | 53 |
Norway | 335 | 46 | 381 |
Portugal | 4 | 4 | 8 |
Russia | 416 | 88 | 504 |
Spain | 18 | 6 | 24 |
Sweden | 399 | 60 | 459 |
Switzerland | 199 | 74 | 273 |
Other European countries | 32 | 4 | 36 |
China | 1,809 | 17 | 1,826 |
Japan | 6 | .. | 6 |
Syria | 102 | 51 | 153 |
Egypt | 3 | .. | 3 |
Argentina | 3 | .. | 3 |
Brazil | 3 | .. | 3 |
Chile | 1 | .. | 1 |
Mexico | 1 | .. | 1 |
Peru | 1 | .. | 1 |
United States of America | 335 | 74 | 409 |
Uruguay | .. | 1 | 1 |
Totals | 6,150 | 993 | 7,143 |
A table published in Volume iv of “Statistics of New Zealand,” 1917, gives fairly detailed information as to birthplaces in conjunction with ages. A summary giving information as to ages follows:—
Age-group. | Males. | Females. | Both Sexes. |
---|---|---|---|
15 and under 20 | 164 | 34 | 198 |
20 and under 25 | 716 | 91 | 807 |
25 and under 30 | 815 | 124 | 939 |
30 and under 35 | 833 | 121 | 954 |
35 and under 40 | 745 | 119 | 864 |
40 and under 45 | 597 | 123 | 720 |
45 and under 50 | 537 | 94 | 631 |
50 and under 55 | 455 | 90 | 545 |
55 and under 60 | 395 | 51 | 446 |
60 and over | 893 | 146 | 1,039 |
Totals | 6,150 | 993 | 7,143 |
The table following shows the birthplaces of the population, exclusive of Maoris, for 1916 and four preceding census years. The total number of British-born has increased during the period by 58 per cent., while the number of foreign-born has slightly decreased. Persons born in New Zealand have increased by 80 per cent. The Commonwealth of Australia is represented by 45,585 persons, a large increase since 1896. Against this there were 31,868 persons, natives of New Zealand, residing in the Commonwealth in 1911, as compared with 25,788 in 1901. Persons born in the United Kingdom numbered 218,834 in 1891 and 232,525 in 1916.
Birthplace. | Number in each Census Year. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1916. | |
Persons. | Persons. | Persons. | Persons. | Persons. | |
New Zealand | 441,661 | 516,106 | 606,247 | 702,779 | 794,139 |
Commonwealth of Australia | 21,631 | 26,991 | 47,256 | 50,029 | 45,585 |
England | 116,541 | 111,964 | 116,560 | 133,811 | 140,997 |
Wales | 2,148 | 1,765 | 2,144 | 2,206 | 2,197 |
Scotland | 50,435 | 47,858 | 47,767 | 51,709 | 51,951 |
Ireland | 46,037 | 43,524 | 42,460 | 40,958 | 37,380 |
Other British possessions | 3,901 | 4,273 | 4,560 | 5,234 | 5,559 |
Total British | 682,354 | 752,481 | 866,994 | 986,726 | 1,077,808 |
Austria-Hungary | 881 | 1,874 | 2,212 | 2,131 | 2,365 |
German Empire | 4,595 | 4,217 | 4,174 | 4,015 | 2,999 |
Denmark | 2,125 | 2,120 | 2,277 | 2,262 | 2,244 |
Chinese Empire | 3,719 | 2,902 | 2,602 | 2,611 | 2,041 |
Other foreign countries | 7,760 | 7,480 | 8,602 | 8,552 | 9,007 |
Total foreign | 19,080 | 18,593 | 19,867 | 19,571 | 18,656 |
At sea | 1,322 | 1,203 | 1,245 | 1,392 | 1,377 |
Not stated | 604 | 442 | 472 | 779 | 1,608 |
Totals | 703,360 | 772,719 | 888,578 | 1,008,468 | 1,099,449 |
The next table shows the proportionate strength of the different nationalities represented in the Dominion:—
Birthplace. | Proportion of each Nationality in— | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1916. | |
Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
New Zealand | 62.85 | 66.83 | 68.26 | 69.74 | 72.26 |
Commonwealth of Australia | 3.08 | 3.49 | 5.32 | 4.97 | 4.16 |
England | 16.58 | 14.50 | 13.30 | 13.28 | 12.83 |
Wales | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
Scotland | 7.18 | 6.20 | 5.38 | 5.13 | 4.73 |
Ireland | 6.55 | 5.64 | 4.78 | 4.06 | 3.41 |
Other British possessions | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.52 |
Total British | 97.10 | 97.43 | 97.62 | 97.92 | 98.12 |
Austria-Hungary | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.22 |
German Empire | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.28 |
Denmark | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
Chinese Empire | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.20 |
Other foreign countries | 1.10 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.85 | 0.83 |
Total foreign | 2.71 | 2.41 | 2.24 | 1.94 | 1.74 |
At sea | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The number of persons at each year of age is ascertained from the census household schedules. In the following tables these numbers have been condensed in customary groups, and the information disclosed at the census of 1916 is compared with that for two previous censuses. Maoris are not included.
Age-groups. | Number. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1896. | 1906. | 1916. | ||||
Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
Under 5 years | 42,448 | 41,211 | 52,499 | 50,246 | 67,320 | 64,735 |
5 years and under 10 years | 43,561 | 42,464 | 45,826 | 44,462 | 62,340 | 60,478 |
10 years and under 15 years | 43,044 | 42,423 | 43,834 | 42,924 | 55,532 | 53,693 |
15 years and under 20 years | 40,364 | 40,370 | 44,242 | 42,875 | 45,012 | 46,392 |
20 years and under 25 years | 34,264 | 34,452 | 49,370 | 45,238 | 30,419 | 46,759 |
25 years and under 30 years | 30,605 | 28,990 | 49,308 | 43,140 | 40,018 | 48,557 |
30 years and under 35 years | 23,747 | 21,466 | 37,798 | 32,621 | 46,166 | 47,415 |
35 years and under 40 years | 22,506 | 18,081 | 32,329 | 27,794 | 46,138 | 44,311 |
40 years and under 45 years | 19,999 | 14,855 | 24,451 | 20,930 | 36,758 | 33,866 |
45 years and under 50 years | 16,830 | 12,725 | 21,424 | 17,003 | 32,993 | 27,745 |
50 years and under 55 years | 16,203 | 11,523 | 18,336 | 13,563 | 24,027 | 21,083 |
55 years and under 60 years | 14,252 | 8,597 | 13,984 | 10,958 | 18,707 | 15,632 |
60 years and under 65 years | 10,504 | 6,278 | 12,452 | 9,442 | 16,115 | 12,576 |
65 years and under 70 years | 6,459 | 3,781 | 11,524 | 7,599 | 11,204 | 9,592 |
70 years and under 75 years | 3,219 | 2,205 | 7,567 | 4,616 | 8,319 | 6,855 |
75 years and under 80 years | 1,843 | 1,388 | 3,698 | 2,373 | 6,037 | 4,510 |
80 and over | 982 | 879 | 1,865 | 1,546 | 3,979 | 2,900 |
Unspecified minors | 26 | 18 | 35 | 28 | 54 | 60 |
Unspecified adults | 559 | 239 | 466 | 212 | 637 | 515 |
All ages | 371,415 | 331,945 | 471,008 | 417,570 | 551,775 | 547,674 |
A calculation of the proportion per cent. at each age-group to the total of males and females shows the effect of a declining birth-rate on the ages under 15, the proportion of males at these ages being 30.19 per cent. in 1911 against 34.81 per cent. in 1896, and of females 32.58 per cent. against 38.02 per cent. respectively.
When the proportions for 1916 are considered, however, it will be seen that the figures in all age-groups for the male portion of the population have been materially affected by the withdrawal of men between the ages of 20 and 45 for service overseas.
The proportion of males under 15 to the total male population in 1916 was 33.61, an increase of 3.42 over the 1911 figures. The similar figures for females for 1916 were 32.70 per cent., an increase of only 0.12 over the percentage in 1911.
It must accordingly be pointed out that the following percentages for males in 1916 can be compared with figures in previous census years only after allowance has been made for the abnormal age-distribution resulting from the departure of troops.
Of the males, those 15–24 years formed 20.13 per cent. of the total in 1896, and only 13.69 per cent. in 1916. At the ages 15–64 the proportions were 61.82 per cent. and 61.03 per cent. in 1896 and 1916 respectively. From 65 years upwards the proportions increased from 3.37 per cent. to 5.36 per cent. during the period under review.
Females at ages 15–44 increased in proportion to the total from 47.69 per cent. in 1896 to 48.87 per cent. in 1916. At 45 years and over there was 14.29 per cent. in 1896 and 18.43 per cent. in 1916 of the number of this sex.
Age-groups. | Proportion per Cent. of Males. | Proportion per Cent. of Females. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1896. | 1906. | 1916. | 1896. | 1906. | 1916. | |
Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
Under 5 years | 11.45 | 11.16 | 12.22 | 12.42 | 12.03 | 11.83 |
5 years and under 10 years | 11.75 | 9.74 | 11.31 | 12.80 | 10.65 | 11.06 |
10 years and under 15 years | 11.61 | 9.30 | 10.08 | 12.80 | 10.28 | 9.81 |
15 years and under 20 years | 10.88 | 9.41 | 8.17 | 12.17 | 10.28 | 8.48 |
20 years and under 25 years | 9.25 | 10.50 | 5.52 | 10.38 | 10.84 | 8.55 |
25 years and under 30 years | 8.25 | 10.48 | 7.26 | 8.74 | 10.34 | 8.88 |
30 years and under 35 years | 6.40 | 8.03 | 8.38 | 6.47 | 7.82 | 8.67 |
35 years and under 40 years | 6.07 | 6.87 | 8.37 | 5.45 | 6.66 | 8.10 |
40 years and under 45 years | 5.39 | 5.20 | 6.67 | 4.48 | 5.02 | 6.19 |
45 years and under 50 years | 4.54 | 4.55 | 5.99 | 3.84 | 4.07 | 5.07 |
50 years and under 55 years | 4.37 | 3.90 | 4.36 | 3.47 | 3.25 | 3.85 |
55 years and under 60 years | 3.84 | 2.97 | 3.39 | 2.59 | 2.63 | 2.30 |
60 years and under 65 years | 2.83 | 2.65 | 2.92 | 1.89 | 2.26 | 2.86 |
65 years and under 70 years | 1.74 | 2.45 | 2.03 | 1.14 | 1.82 | 1.75 |
70 years and under 75 years | 0.87 | 1.61 | 1.51 | 0.67 | 1.11 | 1.25 |
75 years and under 80 years | 0.50 | 0.79 | 1.10 | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0.82 |
80 and over | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.72 | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.53 |
100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The declining proportions at the earlier ages 0–19 years may be ascribed to a falling birth-rate, while the increase at the higher ages is due to the advanced age of the then mostly adult immigrants introduced during the early stages of settlement. These form the greater portion of the groups 60 years and over, numbering 82,087 persons in 1916, only 7,583 of these being New-Zealand-born. The latter element in the population is assuming larger proportions' each year, while the influence of the numbers recruited from abroad on the age-constitution is gradually waning.
The distribution of population at the census of 1916 (exclusive of Maoris) between the North and South Islands is shown according to age-groups in the following table:—
Island. | Under 5 | 5 and under 20 | 20 and under 35 | 35 and under 50 | 50 and under 65 | 65 and over. | Unspecified. | Totals. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | 79,218 | 189,781 | 159,614 | 132,424 | 62,110 | 27,143 | 782 | 651,072 |
South | 52,837 | 133,6661 | 99,720 | 89,387 | 46,030 | 26,253 | 484 | 448,377 |
Totals | 132,055 | 323,447 | 259,334 | 221,811 | 108,140 | 53,396 | 1,266 | 1,099,449 |
It must be pointed out, however, that the figures for the North Island include 8,724 persons who on the night of the census were in military camps and internment camps, which are all situated in that Island.
The following table is interesting as showing the gradual equalization of the sexes, the number of females to 1,000 males having risen from 622 in 1861 to 903 in 1901. The proportion was slightly lower in 1906 and 1911, but has risen to 993 in 1916, mainly on account of the absence of so many men at the war.
Census Year. | Males. | Females. | Females to 1,000 Males. |
---|---|---|---|
1861 | 61,062 | 37,959 | 622 |
1871 | 150,356 | 106,037 | 705 |
1881 | 269,605 | 220,328 | 817 |
1891 | 332,877 | 293,781 | 883 |
1901 | 405,992 | 366,727 | 903 |
1906 | 471,008 | 417,570 | 887 |
1911 | 531,910 | 476,558 | 896 |
1916 | 551,775 | 547,674 | 993 |
At the census of 1906 and again in 1911 the number of females returned as married was less than that of males. In many instances married men coming to New Zealand from abroad leave their families behind until steady work has been obtained and a home prepared. This is the usual practice among aliens, the expense of transport in some cases preventing the union of families for a considerable length of time. At the 1916 census, however, the number of married females exceeded the number of married males by approximately 4,000. This, of course, is doubtless due to the departure with the Forces of a considerable number of married men.
The number of married persons in 1911 was slightly more than one-third of the total population, exclusive of Maoris. In 1916, however, the proportion of married people to the total population had increased to approximately 37 per cent., this again being partly due to the disturbance of the normal proportions through the enlistment and departure of large numbers of single men. Widowed and divorced are included among the unmarried over 20 and 15 years of age for males and females respectively, the number of the widowed in 1916 being 15,454 males and 30,423 females. Those returned as divorced at the last census—760 males and 613 females—are probably less than the actual fact, owing to the reluctance of some persons to state this condition. The following table shows the number of unmarried and married males and females for six successive census years:—
Census. | Number of Unmarried. | Number of Married. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |||
Under 20 Years of Age. | Twenty Years of Age and over. | Under 15 Years of Age. | Fifteen Years of Age and over. | |||
1891 | 159,000 | 77,955 | 123,852 | 78,776 | 90,371 | 90,765 |
1896 | 169,325 | 94,946 | 126,087 | 102,422 | 102,621 | 103,062 |
1901 | 173,096 | 110,485 | 127,017 | 121,297 | 118,401 | 117,746 |
1906 | 186,270 | 137,191 | 137,621 | 136,584 | 143,838 | 142,736 |
1911 | 204,883 | 150,484 | 155,047 | 149,274 | 171,936 | 170,989 |
1916 | 230,144 | 118,429 | 178,906 | 162,209 | 201,967 | 205,896 |
The proportions per cent. exhibit a steady increase in the case of married persons of either sex since 1891. Widowed males increased relatively to the total population, but not to the same extent as widowed females.
Census. | Proportion of Males. | Proportion of Females. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unmarried. | Married. | Widowed. | Unmarried. | Married. | Widowed. | |
Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
1891 | 70.02 | 27.61 | 2.37 | 64.95 | 30.94 | 4.11 |
1896 | 69.48 | 27.97 | 2.55 | 64.37 | 31.10 | 4.53 |
1901 | 67.90 | 29.45 | 2.65 | 62.94 | 32.17 | 4.89 |
1906 | 66.52 | 30.78 | 2.70 | 60.57 | 34.24 | 5.19 |
1911 | 64.69 | 32.61 | 2.70 | 58.59 | 35.99 | 5.42 |
1916 | 60.51 | 36.69 | 2.80 | 56.80 | 37.64 | 5.56 |
The proportion of married women under 20 years of age is steadily diminishing, while between 35 and 45 years there is a tendency towards an increase. Women in New Zealand are not now marrying at such early ages as they did formerly, as will be seen from the figures given below.
Age-groups. | Proportion of Married Women (under 45 Years of Age). | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1891. | 1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1916. | |
Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
Under 20 years | 1.19 | 1.12 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 0.75 |
20 and under 35 years | 60.12 | 59.57 | 59.94 | 60.29 | 59.98 | 56.00 |
35 and under 45 years | 38.69 | 39.31 | 39.08 | 38.77 | 39.21 | 43.25 |
100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Excluding the widowed, but including persons divorced, the number of unmarried males 20 years of age and over was found at the census of 1916 to be 102,975, and the number of unmarried females 15 years of age and over was 131,786–78 bachelors to every 100 spinsters. The relative numbers in the last six census years were,—
Census. | Number of Bachelors to every 100 Spinsters. |
---|---|
1891 | 105 |
1896 | 98 |
1901 | 97 |
1906 | 108 |
1911 | 110 |
1916 | 78 |
The substantial variation between the figures for 1911 and those for 1916 is of course, another result of war conditions.
No information with regard to duration of marriage or number of children as disclosed by the census of 1916 is yet available for publication.
There is no State Church in New Zealand, nor' is financial assistance given by the State to any religious denomination. Among the first colonists settlements were formed composed entirely of the adherents of certain religious bodies, but as facilities for communication increased, this exclusiveness rapidly gave place to a spirit of tolerance, and no serious attempt was made to preserve the distinctive religious character of these communities. In Otago, where the Free Church of Scotland founded a settlement, adherents to the Presbyterian Church, mostly descendants of the original stock, form 47 per cent. of the population of that portion of the Dominion; while in Canterbury, which was originally settled by the United Church of England and Ireland, adherents to the Church of England constituted 46 per cent of the population of the provincial district at the census of 1916.
The Church of England has the largest number of adherents, and, according to returns collected in 1916, had 645 churches, besides using 497 other buildings for Divine worship. The Presbyterian Church, the next in strength, had 519 churches, with the use of 551 buildings as temporary places of worship. Roman Catholics occupy third place in point of numbers, and possessed 336 churches and used 106 other buildings. Methodists had 416 churches, and used 274 other buildings wherein to hold service.
The total number of churches and chapels belonging to all denominations and sects was 2,091, besides which 870 schoolhouses and 886 dwellings or public buildings were made use of as places of worship or for meetings. These churches and buildings were sufficient for the accommodation of 493,260 persons, or 45 per cent. of the total number of adherents and members.
The number belonging to each of the principal denominations is shown, for five census periods, in the next table.
Denomination. | Number of Adherents. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1916. | |
Church of England | 282,809 | 315,263 | 368,065 | 413,842 | 461,259 |
Presbyterian | 159,952 | 176,503 | 203,597 | 234,662 | 260,659 |
Methodist | 73,367 | 83,802 | 89,038 | 94,827 | 106,024 |
Roman Catholic | 98,804 | 109,822 | 126,995 | 140,523 | 151,605 |
Other Christian denominations | 55,137 | 53,739 | 58,619 | 65,735 | 68,932 |
Non-Christian | 14,327 | 13,304 | 14,346 | 15,029 | 4,813 |
Indefinite | 12,345 | ||||
No religion | 1,875 | 1,109 | 1,709 | 5,529 | 4,311 |
Object to state | 15,967 | 18,295 | 24,325 | 35,905 | 25,577 |
Unspecified | 1,122 | 882 | 1,884 | 2,416 | 3,924 |
Totals | 703,360 | 772,719 | 888,578 | 1,008,468 | 1,099,449 |
Members of Christian denominations formed 95.71 per cent. of those who made answer to the inquiry at the last census; non-Christian sects were 0.44 per cent., and those who described themselves as of no religion 0.39 per cent., whilst “indefinite” religions constituted 1.12 per cent. The Census Act provides that those persons who are unwilling to state what denomination, if any, they belong to may enter the word “Object” in the census schedule. In 1916 there were 25,577 persons, or 2.34 per cent. of the total, who took advantage of this permission.
Denomination. | Proportion of Adherents. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1916. | |
Per Cent. | Per Cent | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
Church of England | 40.27 | 40.85 | 41.51 | 41.14 | 42.10 |
Presbyterian | 22.78 | 22.87 | 22.96 | 23.32 | 23.79 |
Methodist | 10.44 | 10.86 | 10.06 | 9.43 | 9.68 |
Roman Catholic | 14.07 | 14.23 | 14.32 | 13.97 | 13.84 |
Other Christian denominations | 7.86 | 6.96 | 6.60 | 6.53 | 6.30 |
Non-Christian | 2.04 | 1.72 | 1.61 | 1.49 | 0.44 |
Indefinite | 1.12 | ||||
No religion | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 0.39 |
Object to state | 2.27 | 2.37 | 2.75 | 3.57 | 2.34 |
Totals | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The tables following show the numbers and the proportions per 10,000 living at quinquennial age-periods of persons, males and females, stated to be deaf-and-dumb, blind, lunatics, and feeble-minded at the census taken on the 15th October, 1916. The total of these cases of infirmities numbered 6,359, or 57.84 in every 10,000 persons living. Of this total the deaf-and-dumb numbered 206, or 1.88 per 10,000; the blind contributed 566, or 5.15 per 10,000; the lunatics numbered 4,275, or 38.88 per 10,000; and the feeble-minded 1,312, or 11.93 per 10,000.
DEAF-AND-DUMB AND BLIND.—CENSUS 1916. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ages, in Years. | Total Population. | Male Population. | Males. | Female Population. | Females. | ||
Deaf-and-dumb. | Blind. | Deaf-and-dumb. | Blind. | ||||
Under 5 | 132,055 | 67,320 | 1 | 4 | 64,735 | 6 | .. |
5 and under 10 | 122,818 | 62,340 | 7 | 7 | 60,478 | 7 | 8 |
10 and under 15 | 109,225 | 55,532 | 9 | 6 | 53,693 | 3 | 12 |
15 and under 20 | 91,404 | 45,012 | 8 | 12 | 46,392 | 7 | 8 |
20 and under 25 | 77,178 | 30,419 | 12 | 11 | 46,759 | 10 | 7 |
25 and under 30 | 88,575 | 40,018 | 18 | 16 | 48,557 | 12 | 6 |
30 and under 35 | 93,581 | 46,166 | 13 | 16 | 47,415 | 8 | 6 |
35 and under 40 | 90,449 | 46,138 | 14 | 18 | 44,311 | 8 | 10 |
40 and under 45 | 70,624 | 36,758 | 8 | 10 | 33,866 | 3 | 7 |
45 and under 50 | 60,738 | 32,993 | 8 | 13 | 27,745 | 6 | 7 |
50 and under 55 | 45,110 | 24,027 | 7 | 12 | 21,083 | 6 | 5 |
55 and under 60 | 34,339 | 18,707 | 4 | 27 | 15,632 | 5 | 16 |
60 and under 65 | 28,691 | 16,115 | 3 | 18 | 12,576 | 2 | 17 |
65 and under 70 | 20,796 | 11,204 | 1 | 13 | 9,592 | 2 | 20 |
70 and under 75 | 15,174 | 8,319 | 1 | 36 | 6,855 | 4 | 20 |
75 and under 80 | 10,547 | 6,037 | .. | 34 | 4,510 | 1 | 40 |
80 and over | 6,879 | 3,979 | 2 | 69 | 2,900 | .. | 52 |
Totals—Specified ages | 1,098,183 | 551,084 | 116 | 322 | 547,099 | 90 | 241 |
Unspecified | 1,266 | 691 | .. | 2 | 575 | .. | 1 |
Grand totals | 1,099,449 | 551,775 | 116 | 324 | 547,674 | 90 | 242 |
INFIRMITY: PROPORTION PER 10,000 AT QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIODS.—CENSUS 1916. | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ages, in Years. | Totals. | Deaf-and-dumb. | Blind. | Lunatics. | Feeble-minded. | ||||||||||
Persons. | Males. | Females. | Persons. | Males. | Females. | Persons. | Males. | Females. | Persons. | Males. | Females. | Persons. | Males. | Females. | |
Under 5 | 3.02 | 2.97 | 3.09 | 0.53 | 0.15 | 0.93 | 0.30 | 0.59 | .. | 0.15 | .. | 0.31 | 2.04 | 2.23 | 1.85 |
5 and under 10 | 11.72 | 12.67 | 10.74 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 1.22 | 1.12 | 1.32 | 0.73 | 0.64 | 0.82 | 8.63 | 9.79 | 7.44 |
10 and under 15 | 18.49 | 20.71 | 16.20 | 1.09 | 1.62 | 0.56 | 1.65 | 1.08 | 2.23 | 2.29 | 2.34 | 2.23 | 13.46 | 15.67 | 11.18 |
15 and under 20 | 30.74 | 36.87 | 24.78 | 1.64 | 1.77 | 1.51 | 2.19 | 2.66 | 1.72 | 5.80 | 6.00 | 5.60 | 21.11 | 26.44 | 15.95 |
20 and under 25 | 42.49 | 61.14 | 30.36 | 2.85 | 3.94 | 2.14 | 2.33 | 3.62 | 1.48 | 19.30 | 25.64 | 15.19 | 18.01 | 27.94 | 11.55 |
25 and under 30 | 48.88 | 64.72 | 35.83 | 3.39 | 4.50 | 2.47 | 2.48 | 4.00 | 1.23 | 28.45 | 36.48 | 21.83 | 14.56 | 19.74 | 10.30 |
30 and under 35 | 56.63 | 72.56 | 41.12 | 2.24 | 2.82 | 1.69 | 2.35 | 3.46 | 1.26 | 41.03 | 53.50 | 28.89 | 11.01 | 12.78 | 9.28 |
35 and under 40 | 70.97 | 83.66 | 57.77 | 2.43 | 3.03 | 1.80 | 3.20 | 4.12 | 2.26 | 55.06 | 65.67 | 4.01 | 10.28 | 10.84 | 9.70 |
40 and under 45 | 83.54 | 98.48 | 67.32 | 1.56 | 2.18 | 0.89 | 2.41 | 2.72 | 2.07 | 69.38 | 81.61 | 56.10 | 10.19 | 11.97 | 8.26 |
45 and under 50 | 96.80 | 104.26 | 87.94 | 2.30 | 2.42 | 2.16 | 3.29 | 3.94 | 2.52 | 83.31 | 88.81 | 76.77 | 7.90 | 9.09 | 6.49 |
50 and under 55 | 111.50 | 111.12 | 111.93 | 2.88 | 2.91 | 2.84 | 3.77 | 5.00 | 2.37 | 95.10 | 93.64 | 96.76 | 9.75 | 9.57 | 9.96 |
55 and under 60 | 142.40 | 147.53 | 136.25 | 2.62 | 2.14 | 3.19 | 12.23 | 13.89 | 10.23 | 120.27 | 124.02 | 115.79 | 7.28 | 7.48 | 7.04 |
60 and under 65 | 146.38 | 149.55 | 142.33 | 1.74 | 1.86 | 1.59 | 12.20 | 11.17 | 13.52 | 120.59 | 125.35 | 114.50 | 11.85 | 11.17 | 12.72 |
65 and under 70 | 155.79 | 170.47 | 138.65 | 1.44 | 0.89 | 2.09 | 15.86 | 11.60 | 20.85 | 123.58 | 141.02 | 103.20 | 14.91 | 16.96 | 12.51 |
70 and under 75 | 175.95 | 187.52 | 161.92 | 3.29 | 1.20 | 5.84 | 36.90 | 43.27 | 29.18 | 112.69 | 126.22 | 96.27 | 23.07 | 16.83 | 30.63 |
75 and under 80 | 241.77 | 230.24 | 257.20 | 0.95 | .. | 2.22 | 70.16 | 56.32 | 88.69 | 142.22 | 152.39 | 128.60 | 28.44 | 21.53 | 37.69 |
80 and upwards | 372.14 | 371.95 | 372.41 | 2.91 | 5.02 | .. | 175.89 | 173.41 | 179.31 | 125.02 | 123.15 | 127.58 | 68.32 | 70.37 | 65.52 |
All specified ages | 57.29 | 66.59 | 47.92 | 1.88 | 2.11 | 1.65 | 5.12 | 5.84 | 4.40 | 38.43 | 44.89 | 31.91 | 11.86 | 13.75 | 9.96 |
All ages | 57.84 | 67.29 | 48.31 | 1.88 | 2.10 | 1.64 | 5.15 | 5.87 | 4.42 | 38.88 | 45.51 | 32.21 | 11.93 | 13.81 | 10.04 |
LUNATICS AND FEEBLE-MINDED.—CENSUS 1916. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ages, in Years. | Total Population. | Male Population. | Males. | Female Population. | Females. | ||
Lunatics. | Feeble-minded. | Lunatics. | Feeble-minded. | ||||
Under 5 | 132,055 | 67,320 | .. | 15 | 64,735 | 2 | 12 |
5 and under 10 | 122,818 | 62,340 | 4 | 61 | 60,478 | 5 | 45 |
10 and under 15 | 109,225 | 55,532 | 13 | 87 | 53,693 | 12 | 60 |
15 and under 20 | 91,404 | 45,012 | 27 | 119 | 46,392 | 26 | 74 |
20 and under 25 | 77,178 | 30,419 | 78 | 85 | 46,759 | 71 | 54 |
25 and under 30 | 88,575 | 40,018 | 146 | 79 | 48,557 | 106 | 50 |
30 and under 35 | 93,581 | 46,166 | 247 | 59 | 47,415 | 137 | 44 |
35 and under 40 | 90,449 | 46,138 | 303 | 50 | 44,311 | 195 | 43 |
40 and under 45 | 70,624 | 36,758 | 300 | 44 | 33,866 | 190 | 28 |
45 and under 50 | 60,738 | 32,993 | 293 | 30 | 27,745 | 213 | 18 |
50 and under 55 | 45,110 | 24,027 | 225 | 23 | 21,083 | 204 | 21 |
55 and under 60 | 34,339 | 18,707 | 232 | 14 | 15,632 | 181 | 11 |
60 and under 65 | 28,691 | 16,115 | 202 | 18 | 12,576 | 144 | 16 |
65 and under 70 | 20,796 | 11,204 | 158 | 19 | 9,592 | 99 | 12 |
70 and under 75 | 15,174 | 8,319 | 105 | 14 | 6,855 | 66 | 21 |
75 and under 80 | 10,547 | 6,037 | 92 | 13 | 4,510 | 58 | 17 |
80 and over | 6,879 | 3,979 | 49 | 28 | 2,900 | 37 | 19 |
Totals—Specified ages | 1,098,183 | 551,084 | 2,474 | 758 | 547,099 | 1,746 | 545 |
Unspecified | 1,266 | 691 | 37 | 4 | 575 | 18 | 5 |
Grand totals | 1,099,449 | 551,775 | 2,511 | 762 | 547,674 | 1,764 | 550 |
Particulars regarding the occupations of the people of the Dominion as ascertained at the census of 1911 were published in the 1913 and 1914 issues of this book. This portion of the results of the census of 1916 is not yet ready for publication.
The number of persons (excluding Maoris) to a square mile in each provincial district at the last eight censuses is as follows:—
Provincial District. | Area in Square Miles. | Persons to a Square Mile. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1881. | 1886. | 1891. | 1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1916. | ||
Auckland | 25,364 | 3.92 | 5.14 | 5.25 | 6.05 | 6.94 | 8.33 | 10.43 | 12.17 |
Taranaki | 3,732 | 3.98 | 4.82 | 5.91 | 8.35 | 10.14 | 11.63 | 13.82 | 14.99 |
Hawke's Bay | 4,241 | 4.10 | 5.79 | 6.72 | 8.03 | 8.35 | 9.96 | 11.45 | 12.80 |
Wellington | 10,807 | 5.68 | 7.17 | 9.04 | 11.28 | 13.08 | 16.64 | 18.42 | 21.48 |
Marlborough | 4,225 | 2.20 | 2.63 | 3.02 | 2.95 | 3.15 | 3.40 | 3.78 | 3.93 |
Nelson | 10,875 | 2.40 | 2.78 | 3.20 | 3.29 | 3.49 | 3.91 | 4.46 | 3.98 |
Westland | 4,881 | 3.08 | 3.26 | 3.25 | 2.96 | 2.97 | 3.01 | 3.22 | 3.18 |
Canterbury | 13,858 | 8.11 | 8.77 | 9.28 | 9.82 | 10.34 | 11.50 | 12.52 | 13.12 |
Otago— | |||||||||
Otago portion | 13,957 | 7.70 | 8.15 | 8.32 | 8.60 | 8.98 | 9.16 | 9.52 | 9.42 |
Southland portion | 11,358 | 2.34 | 3.12 | 3.26 | 3.87 | 4.21 | 4.67 | 5.17 | 5.25 |
Totals | 103,288 | 4.74 | 5.60 | 6.07 | 6.81 | 7.48 | 8.60 | 9.76 | 10.64 |
NOTE.—Certain uninhabited outlying islands (area, 283 square miles) are not included in this table.
The density of population in various countries is shown in a table in the 1915 issue of this book. The figures relate in nearly every case to the year 1911, in which year a census was taken throughout the British Empire and in several other countries. Considerations of space prevent the table being repeated in this issue.
POPULATION IN PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS.
The principal natural divisions in New Zealand are the North, South, and Stewart Islands. These contain nearly the whole population of European descent, the Cook and other annexed islands being inhabited almost solely by coloured Natives.
In 1858 the North. Island had a larger population than the South, this position being reversed at the succeeding enumerations until 1901, in which year the North Island was found to have slightly the larger total, a position which it has since considerably improved upon. The Maori war which broke out in 1860 retarded settlement in the North, while a large area of land reserved for the Maoris was until quite recently a serious hindrance to the development of this portion of the Dominion. The construction of railways, roads, and bridges is now giving access to larger areas of new lands, which are being offered for selection in blocks intended for close settlement, and are quickly occupied. The South Island was practically free from Maori troubles, and settlement was more rapid, though much of the land was disposed of in large areas. The discovery of gold in Otago in 1861 and on the West Coast in 1864 attracted to these localities considerable numbers of miners.
In 1870 a policy of vigorous construction of railways and other developmental public works and of assistance to immigrants was inaugurated, resulting in a large increase to the population, including nearly ninety thousand Government immigrants introduced between 1873 and 1879.
The population of the two Islands at successive censuses is given in the table following, together with the percentage that each Island bears to the total.
Population of the North and South Islands, 1858–1916. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Census Year. | Population (excluding Maoris). | Proportions per Cent. | |||
North Island. | South Island. | Total. | North Island. | South Island.* | |
* Including Stewart Island and Chatham Islands. | |||||
1858 | 34,094 | 25,319 | 59,413 | 57.38 | 42.62 |
1861 | 41,641 | 57,380 | 99,021 | 42.05 | 57.95 |
1864 | 65,263 | 106,895 | 172,158 | 37.91 | 62.09 |
1867 | 79,913 | 138,755 | 218,668 | 36.55 | 63.45 |
1871 | 96,875 | 159,518 | 256,393 | 37.78 | 62.22 |
1874 | 111,934 | 187,580 | 299,514 | 37.37 | 62.63 |
1878 | 158,208 | 256,204 | 414,412 | 38.18 | 61.82 |
1881 | 193,047 | 296,886 | 489,933 | 39.40 | 60.60 |
1886 | 250,482 | 328,000 | 578,482 | 43.30 | 56.70 |
1891 | 281,474 | 345,184 | 626,658 | 44.92 | 55.08 |
1896 | 340,638 | 362,722 | 703,360 | 48.43 | 51.57 |
1901 | 390,579 | 382,140 | 772,719 | 50.54 | 49.45 |
1906 | 476,737 | 411,841 | 888,578 | 53.65 | 46.35 |
1911 | 563,733 | 444,735 | 1,008,468 | 55.90 | 44.10 |
1916 | 651,072 | 448,377 | 1,099,449 | 59.22 | 40.78 |
The figures for 1916 are not quite fair to the South Island. All the military and internment camps are in the North Island, and many of the soldiers, c., in these on census night belonged to the South Island. The presence of the camps in the North Island has had the further effect of temporarily attracting people from the other Island for business purposes, or to be near soldier friends and relatives. The troops abroad on census night (42,666 in number) may be regarded as having come from the two Islands in proportions approximately relative to population.
The populations of the various provincial districts as disclosed by the census of 15th October, 1916, are as follows:—
Provincial District. | Males. | Females. | Totals. |
---|---|---|---|
Auckland | 155,298 | 153,468 | 308,766 |
Taranaki | 28,775 | 27,150 | 55,925 |
Hawke's Bay | 27,194 | 27,073 | 54,267 |
Wellington | 119,572 | 112,542 | 232,114 |
Marlborough | 8,506 | 8,102 | 16,608 |
Nelson | 22,415 | 20,836 | 43,251 |
Westland | 8,088 | 7,414 | 15,502 |
Canterbury | 88,085 | 93,784 | 181,869 |
Otago— | |||
Otago portion | 63,546 | 67,972 | 131,518 |
Southland portion | 30,296 | 29,333 | 59,629 |
Totals for the Dominion | 551,775 | 547,674 | 1,099,449 |
The counties contain what is understood to be the rural population, but this is not strictly correct, as some of the towns not municipalized and forming part of counties have considerable populations. On the other hand, the population of a few of the smaller boroughs might be classed as rural, as will be noticed further on. A list is given below showing counties and their population (exclusive of interior boroughs) as at the census of 1916, with amendments where necessary on account of subsequent alterations of boundaries.
Population of Counties. | |
---|---|
County. | Population. |
Akaroa | 1,982 |
Akitio | 1,416 |
Amuri | 1,836 |
Ashburton | 13,136 |
Ashley | 728 |
Awakino | 702 |
Awatere | 1,542 |
Bay of Islands | 3,589 |
Bruce | 4,763 |
Buller | 5,773 |
Castlepoint | 621 |
Chatham Islands | 219 |
Cheviot | 1,224 |
Clifton | 2,156 |
Clutha | 6,901 |
Collingwood | 1,253 |
Cook | 7,665 |
Coromandel | 2,256 |
Dannevirke | 4,538 |
East Taupo | 515 |
Eden | 14,267 |
Egmont | 3,264 |
Eketahuna | 2,312 |
Ellesmere | 3,441 |
Eltham | 3,393 |
Eyre | 1,806 |
Featherston | 3,960 |
Fiord | 17 |
Franklin | 9,397 |
Geraldine | 5,194 |
Great Barrier | 245 |
Grey | 5,510 |
Halswell | 1,628 |
Hawera | 4,599 |
Hawke's Bay | 11,467 |
Heathcote | 3,277 |
Hobson | 4,728 |
Hokianga | 2,792 |
Horowhenua | 5,895 |
Hutt | 6,397 |
Inangahua | 4,130 |
Kaikoura | 1,906 |
Kairanga | 4,124 |
Kaitieke | 3,597 |
Kawhia | 991 |
Kiwitea | 2,585 |
Kowai | 1,914 |
Lake | 1,749 |
Levels | 5,100 |
Mackenzie | 2,868 |
Makara | 3,862 |
Malvern | 2,757 |
Manawatu | 4,521 |
Maniototo | 2,527 |
Manukau | 6,799 |
Marlborough | 6,915 |
Masterton | 3,746 |
Matamata | 3,903 |
Mauriceville | 771 |
Mongonui | 3,739 |
Mount Herbert | 405 |
Murohison | 1,251 |
Ohinemuri | 4,661 |
Ohura | 2,382 |
Opotiki | 1,881 |
Oroua | 3,304 |
Otamatea | 3,647 |
Oxford | 1,756 |
Pahiatua | 3,110 |
Paparua | 4,716 |
Patangata | 2,080 |
Patea | 3,759 |
Peninsula | 1,793 |
Piako | 4,663 |
Pohangina | 1,581 |
Raglan | 4,027 |
Rangiora | 2,747 |
Rangitikei | 8,953 |
Rodney | 4,043 |
Rotorua | 4,245 |
Selwyn | 1,423 |
Sounds | 1,201 |
Southland | 25,661 |
Springs | 1,785 |
Stewart Island | 349 |
Stratford | 5,152 |
Taieri | 5,599 |
Takaka | 1,858 |
Taranaki | 7,100 |
Tauranga | 3,947 |
Tawera | 847 |
Thames | 4,690 |
Tuapeka | 5,123 |
Vincent | 3,930 |
Waiapu | 2,075 |
Waihemo | 1,446 |
Waikato | 8,099 |
Waikohu | 3,013 |
Waikouaiti | 4,094 |
Waimairi | 11,914 |
Waimarino | 3,502 |
Waimate | 6,984 |
Waimate West | 2,635 |
Waimea | 9,284 |
Waipa | 6,864 |
Waipara | 2,058 |
Waipawa | 3,084 |
Waipukurau | 667 |
Wairarapa South | 2,744 |
Wairewa | 1,036 |
Wairoa | 2,332 |
Waitaki | 9,694 |
Waitemata | 9,354 |
Waitomo | 5,181 |
Waitotara | 5,842 |
Wallace | 9,432 |
Wanganui | 3,397 |
Weber | 420 |
Westland | 4,087 |
West Taupo | 2,351 |
Whakatane | 2,054 |
Whangamomona | 1,387 |
Whangarei | 8,976 |
Whangaroa | 797 |
Woodville | 1,819 |
The next table shows the distribution of the population in counties and boroughs at each quinquennial census since 1881:—
Census Year. | Counties. | Boroughs. | Percentage. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Counties. | Boroughs. | Shipboard, &c. | |||
1881 | 291,238 | 194,981 | 59.44 | 39.80 | 0.76 |
1886 | 327,328 | 245,612 | 56.58 | 42.46 | 0.96 |
1891 | 352,097 | 270,343 | 56.18 | 43.14 | 0.68 |
1896 | 391,735 | 307,294 | 55.69 | 43.69 | 0.62 |
1901 | 417,596 | 350,202 | 54.04 | 45.32 | 0.64 |
1906 | 458,797 | 424,614 | 51.63 | 47.79 | 0.58 |
1911 | 496,779 | 505,598 | 49.26 | 50.14 | 0.60 |
1916 | 501,259 | 585,306 | 45.59 | 53.24 | 1.17 |
Prior to the year 1900 there was no statutory limitation to the number of inhabitants necessary to constitute a borough, and consequently many small centres, the residents being mainly engaged in rural occupations, became municipalities. The Municipal Corporations Act now imposes a limit as to area, and provides that no new borough may be constituted unless the proposed area contains at least 1,000 inhabitants.
The following table shows the population of boroughs (excluding Maoris) as at the census of 1916, with amendments where necessary on account of subsequent alteration of boundaries:—
Population of Boroughs.
Borough. | Population. |
---|---|
* Town constituted under special Act. | |
Akaroa | 540 |
Alexandra | 679 |
Arrowtown | 307 |
Ashburton | 3,109 |
Auckland (City) | 68,888 |
Balclutha | 1,409 |
Birkenhead | 2,116 |
Blenheim | 3,822 |
Bluff | 1,823 |
Brunner | 598 |
Cambridge | 1,507 |
Carterton | 1,614 |
Christchurch (City) | 55,880 |
Cromwell | 549 |
Dannevirke | 3,336 |
Dargaville | 1,776 |
Devonport | 7,613 |
Dunedin (City) | 55,256 |
Eastbourne | 952 |
Eketahuna | 754 |
Eltham | 1,711 |
Featherston | 1,159 |
Feilding | 3,438 |
Foxton | 1,772 |
Geraldine | 869 |
Gisborne | 9,654 |
Gore | 3,551 |
Green Island | 1,904 |
Greymouth | 4,863 |
Greytown | 1,186 |
Hamilton | 7,538 |
Hampden | 364 |
Hastings | 7,918 |
Hawera | 3,375 |
Hokitika | 2,091 |
Inglewood | 1,199 |
Invercargill | 14,154 |
Invercargill South | 1,712 |
Kaiapoi | 1,560 |
Kaitangata | 1,681 |
Karori | 1,647 |
Kumara | 623 |
Lawrence | 837 |
Levin | 1,630 |
Lower Hutt | 4,893 |
Lyttelton | 3,766 |
Marton | 1,650 |
Masterton | 5,894 |
Mataura | 1,129 |
Milton | 1,317 |
Miramar | 2,158 |
Mosgiel | 1,719 |
Motueka | 1,475 |
Mount Albert | 9,654 |
Mount Eden | 12,555 |
Napier | 12,704 |
Naseby | 276 |
Nelson (City) | 8,774 |
New Brighton | 2,310 |
Newmarket | 2,863 |
New Plymouth | 8,704 |
Northcote | 1,651 |
Oamaru | 5,140 |
Ohakune | 1,371 |
Onehunga | 5,913 |
Onslow | 2,191 |
Opotiki | 1,073 |
Otahuhu | 2,328 |
Paeroa | 1,376 |
Pahiatua | 1,300 |
Palmerston | 752 |
Palmerston North | 12,829 |
Patea | 1,010 |
Petone | 7,115 |
Picton | 1,121 |
Port Chalmers | 2,615 |
Pukekohe | 1,533 |
Queenstown | 657 |
Rangiora | 1,808 |
Riccarton | 2,890 |
Richmond | 922 |
Riverton | 837 |
Ross | 491 |
Rotorua* | 2,845 |
Roxburgh | 449 |
Runanga | 1,411 |
Shannon | 1,031 |
Spreydon | 4,289 |
St. Kilda | 5,520 |
Stratford | 2,713 |
Sumner | 2,287 |
Taihape | 1,927 |
Takapuna | 2,756 |
Tapanui | 322 |
Taumarunui | 1,875 |
Tauranga | 1,685 |
Te Aroha | 1,802 |
Te Awamutu | 1,064 |
Te Kuiti | 1,982 |
Temuka | 1,633 |
Thames | 3,273 |
Timaru | 12,238 |
Waihi | 4,774 |
Waikouaiti | 611 |
Waimate | 1,867 |
Waipawa | 1,100 |
Waipukurau | 1,167 |
Wairoa | 1,530 |
Waitara | 1,422 |
Wanganui | 14,380 |
Wellington (City) | 73,305 |
West Harbour | 1,631 |
Westport | 4,067 |
Whakatane | 900 |
Whangarei | 3,294 |
Winton | 586 |
Woodville | 1,078 |
Woolston | 3,990 |
For various purposes (vital statistics, c.) metropolitan areas have been created at each of the four chief centres, and suburban areas at nine of the more important secondary centres. Each area includes, in addition to the central borough and suburban boroughs, a considerable non-municipalized area adjacent to and contingent on the centre.
An objection to the old system of publishing statistics for the municipal areas only was that these were constantly being extended or otherwise altered, and no proper comparison could be made between one period and another, and no satisfactory record kept of the social condition and progress of the community. The creation of fairly extensive areas fixed for a long period will remove these disabilities.
Population figures as at the census of 1916, with necessary subsequent internal amendments due to alteration of boundaries, are as follows:—
POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN AND SUBURBAN AREAS, CENSUS 1916.
Metropolitan Areas. | ||
---|---|---|
Population. | ||
Auckland. | ||
Auckland City | 68,888 | |
Birkenhead Borough | 2,116 | |
Northcote Borough | 1,651 | |
Takapuna Borough | 2,756 | |
Devonport Borough | 7,613 | |
Newmarket Borough | 2,863 | |
Mount Eden Borough | 12,555 | |
Mount Albert Borough | 9,654 | |
Onehunga Borough | 5,913 | |
Otahuhu Borough | 2,328 | |
New Lynn Town District | 1,041 | |
Ellerslie Town District | 1,363 | |
Remainder of metropolitan area | 14,971 | |
Total | 133,712 | |
Wellington. | ||
Wellington City | 73,305 | |
Miramar Borough | 2,158 | |
Karori Borough | 1,647 | |
Onslow Borough | 2,191 | |
Petone Borough | 7,115 | |
Lower Hutt Borough | 4,893 | |
Eastbourne Borough | 952 | |
Johnsonville Town District | 886 | |
Remainder of metropolitan area | 2,088 | |
Total | 95,235 | |
Christchurch. | ||
Christchurch City | 55,860 | |
Riccarton Borough | 2,890 | |
Spreydon Borough | 4,289 | |
Woolston Borough | 3,990 | |
New Brighton Borough | 2,310 | |
Sumner Borough | 2,287 | |
Lyttelton Borough | 3,766 | |
Remainder of metropolitan area | 17,341 | |
Total | 92,733 | |
Dunedin. | ||
Dunedin City | 55,256 | |
St. Kilda Borough | 5,520 | |
Green Island Borough | 1,904 | |
West Harbour Borough | 1,631 | |
Port Chalmers Borough | 2,615 | |
Remainder of metropolitan area | 1,790 | |
Total | 68,716 | |
Suburban Areas. | ||
Gisborne. | ||
Gisborne Borough | 9,654 | |
Mangapapa Town District | 1,140 | |
Remainder of suburban area | 1,866 | |
Total | 12,660 | |
Napier. | ||
Napier Borough | 12,704 | |
Taradale Town District | 1,012 | |
Remainder of suburban area | 1,415 | |
Total | 15,131 | |
New Plymouth. | ||
New Plymouth Borough | 8,704 | |
Remainder of suburban area | 1,091 | |
Total | 9,795 | |
Wanganui. | ||
Wanganui Borough | 14,380 | |
Gonville Town District | 2,693 | |
Castlecliff Town District | 734 | |
Remainder of suburban area | 1,710 | |
Total | 19,517 | |
Palmerston North. | ||
Palmerston North Borough | 12,829 | |
Remainder of suburban area | 1,177 | |
Total | 14,006 | |
Nelson. | ||
Nelson City | 8,774 | |
Remainder of suburban area | 1,188 | |
Total | 9,962 | |
Grey Valley Boroughs. | ||
Greymouth Borough | 4,863 | |
Runanga Borough | 1,411 | |
Brunner Borough | 598 | |
Remainder of suburban area | 1,501 | |
Total | 8,373 | |
Timaru. | ||
Timaru Borough | 12,238 | |
Remainder of suburban area | 1,478 | |
Total | 13,716 | |
Invercargill. | ||
Invercargill Borough | 14,154 | |
South Invercargill Borough | 1,712 | |
Remainder of suburban area | 1,996 | |
Total | 17,862 |
The several stages in the growth of a New Zealand town may be marked thus: The village, taxed by the parent county, and dependent upon the latter for all public works; then the legally constituted town district, still subordinate to the county in some matters, its affairs administered by a Board presided over by a Chairman. When its population exceeds 500 the town district may become independent of the county and control the whole of its revenues. When the population reaches 1,000 full municipal powers may be obtained, with the dignity of a Council presided over by a Mayor; and finally, if the number of inhabitants should reach 20,000 or over, the title of “city” may be assumed, although the constitution remains unaltered. The name of each town district and its population at the census of 1916, as subsequently altered by variation of boundaries, are as follows:—
(a.) Town Districts not forming Parts of Counties. | |
---|---|
Town District. | Population. |
Bull's | 483 |
Castlecliff | 734 |
Ellerslie | 1,363 |
Gonville | 2,693 |
Hampstead | 1,278 |
Havelock North | 870 |
Helensville | 837 |
Hikurangi | 775 |
Hunterville | 555 |
Huntly | 1,535 |
Johnsonville | 886 |
Lumsden | 530 |
Manaia | 606 |
Mangapapa | 1,140 |
Mangaweka | 390 |
Manunui | 813 |
Martinborough | 725 |
Matamata | 505 |
Morrinsville | 934 |
New Lynn | 1,041 |
Ngaruawahia | 755 |
Otaki | 806 |
Otautau | 696 |
Papakura | 641 |
Pleasant Point | 482 |
Raetihi | 508 |
Rangataua | 410 |
Taradale | 1,012 |
Te Puke | 565 |
Tinwald | 1,075 |
Tuakau | 390 |
Upper Hutt | 1,399 |
Waiuku | 641 |
Warkworth | 624 |
Waverley | 623 |
Wyndham | 647 |
Amberley | 325 |
Clinton | 413 |
Edendale | 363 |
Halcombe | 282 |
Havelock | 290 |
Kamo | 363 |
Kaponga | 397 |
Kawakawa | 327 |
Kawhia | 169 |
Kihikihi | 277 |
Kohukohu | 403 |
Leamington | 438 |
Lethbridge | 234 |
Manurewa | 430 |
Mercer | 329 |
Normanby | 368 |
Norsewood | 213 |
Ohaupo | 259 |
Ohura | 205 |
Onerahi | 325 |
Opunake | 459 |
Ormondville | 317 |
Otane | 333 |
Otorohanga | 367 |
Outram | 348 |
Patutahi | 292 |
Raglan | 217 |
Rongotea | 267 |
Southbridge | 369 |
Takaka | 370 |
Te Karaka | 333 |
No fewer than nine of the “independent” town districts have sufficient population to enable them to be constituted boroughs, while on the other hand the census disclosed four as having fallen below the 500 mark. In addition, the town district of Tuakau, recently made independent, had a population, exclusive of Maoris, of only 390 at the census date. None of the town districts still under county jurisdiction have a population of over 500.
Adjacent to the main Islands are many smaller islands, some of which are of considerable area, and are under cultivation; others are but islets used as sites for lighthouses, while others again are barren and unfitted for human habitation. The Chatham Islands and Great Barrier Island have been constituted counties, and their populations are shown in the list of counties already given. The name and population of each of the other inhabited islands as at the census of 1916 are shown in the following table:—
Islands. | Population |
---|---|
* Excluding internment camp. | |
Mokohinau | 8 |
Kawau | 23 |
Motuketekete | 2 |
Moturekareka | 1 |
Little Barrier | 3 |
Motuhora | 5 |
Waiheke | 193 |
Pakihi | 2 |
Ponui | 21 |
Rakino | 6 |
Motutapu | 20 |
Motuihi* | 6 |
Rangitoto | 6 |
Brown's | 5 |
Rotoroa | 125 |
Pakatoa | 43 |
Tiritiri | 13 |
Slipper | 2 |
Cuvier | 7 |
Mercury | 4 |
Matakana | 7 |
Motiti | 6 |
Somes* | 7 |
Mana | 1 |
Kapiti | 3 |
The Brothers | 3 |
D'Urville | 87 |
Stephen | 11 |
Quarantine | 56 |
Dog | 12 |
Centre | 9 |
Total | 697 |
Since 1901 the boundaries of New Zealand have been extended to include the Cook and certain other Pacific islands, the population of which is shown elsewhere in this section.
A census of the Maori population is taken every five years, the information being obtained by the collectors either directly or through the chief or head of the tribe or hapu. The name, sex, and age, so far as can be ascertained, of each Maori are entered; but, owing to the nomadic habits of the race and lack of definite knowledge in some particulars, it has been a difficult task in the past. The results of the past six enumerations are as follows:—
Census Year. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
1891 | 22,861 | 19,132 | 41,993 |
1896 | 21,673 | 18,181 | 39,854 |
1901 | 23,112 | 20,031 | 43,143 |
1906 | 25,538 | 22,193 | 47,731 |
1911 | 26,475 | 23,369 | 49,844 |
1916 | 25,933 | 23,843 | 49,776 |
The slight decrease in 1916 as compared with 1911 is more than compensated for by the number of Maoris at the front.
The number of half-castes living as members of Maori tribes is given in the next table for six census periods. The number of half-castes living as Europeans at the census of 1916 is not yet available, but figures are given for preceding enumerations. Those under the first heading are already included among Maoris in the preceding table, the others being classed among the European population. It is a matter of some difficulty to ascertain the number of half-castes living as Maoris. There has been no definite rule to guide collectors in deciding when a half-caste should be classified as living as a Maori—indeed, it might be said that all the half-castes and a large proportion of the Maoris in the South Island live in European fashion. They mostly have separate holdings of land and separate homes, and have adopted the habits of the European?. At the census of 1916 the old method of enumerating the South Island Maoris was discarded, the same methods and forms being utilized as for the European population.
HALF-CASTES.
Census Year. | Half-castes | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Living as Members of Maori Tribes. | Living as and among Europeans. | ||
* Not yet available. | |||
1891 | 2,681 | 2,184 | 4,865 |
1896 | 3,503 | 2,259 | 5,762 |
1901 | 3,133 | 2,406 | 5,539 |
1906 | 3,938 | 2,578 | 6,516 |
1911 | 4,181 | 2,879 | 7,060 |
1916 | 3,529 | * | * |
During the year 1901 the boundaries of the Dominion were extended to include the Cook Group and certain other of the South Pacific islands. No record of the population of these islands was then obtainable, but at each subsequent census an account of the number and birthplaces of the inhabitants was taken. The figures for the censuses of 1906, 1911, and 1916 are as follows:—
Census Year. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
1906 | 6,224 | 6,116 | 12,340 |
1911 | 6,449 | 6,149 | 12,598 |
1916 | 6,553 | 6,244 | 12,797 |
The Cook Islands have contributed a small native contingent for the front, and the increase in the population shown above is therefore all the more gratifying.
Table of Contents
REGISTRATION of births in New Zealand dates as far back as 1847, in which year was passed a Registration Ordinance which made provision for a record of births and deaths being kept by the State. Under this ordinance many registrations were effected, some of births as far back as 1840. Compulsory registration did not, however, come into force until 1855.
The earlier Registration Acts and their amendments provided for very little information being given in the case of births, the register containing merely date and place of birth, name and sex of child, names of father and mother, and occupation of father. In 1875, however, a new Registration Act was passed, under which information was recorded as to ages and birthplaces of parents. A recent amendment to the Act provides for the sexes and ages of previous issue of the marriage being given.
The law as to registration of births is now embodied in the Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1908, and the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Acts, 1912 and 1915. The provisions generally as to registration are that a birth may be registered within sixty-two days without fee. After sixty-two days and within six months a birth is registrable only after solemn declaration made before the Registrar by the parent or some person present at birth, and on payment of a late fee of 5s., which may, however, be remitted at the discretion of the Registrar-General. When six months have elapsed a birth cannot be registered except within a month after conviction of one of the responsible parties for neglect. But an information for such neglect must be laid within two years of date of birth. Registration of still-births was not compulsory until the 1st March, 1913, on which date the Amendment Act of 1912 came into force.
The Infant Life Protection Act of 1907 provided for notification of births in addition to registration, the time allowed for notification being seventy-two hours (since reduced to forty-eight hours) if in a city or borough, and twenty-one days in every other case. Further information concerning infant-life protection is given in the subsection dealing with deaths.
In the successive Registration Acts special provision was made for exemption from the necessity of registration in the case of births and deaths of Maoris, though registration could be effected if desired. Section 20 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912, however, empowered the Governor in Council to make regulations providing for the registration of births and deaths of Maoris either throughout the whole Dominion or in such districts as might be determined. Regulations were made accordingly, and were published in the New Zealand Gazette of the 27th March, 1913, page 946. The number of Registrars of Maori births and deaths in the Dominion is 201, most of these being in the North Island, where the great majority of the Maori population is located. Every Native settlement of any size is within easy reach of one of these Registrars. Maori registrations are entered in a separate register, and the numbers of births given below do not include those of Maoris, which are dealt with towards the end of this subsection.
Section 8 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1915, contains provision for the registration of adopted children. The Clerk of the Court by which any adoption order is made is required to furnish to the Registrar-General particulars of the order, including the full name and place of birth of the child, as well as the full names and addresses of both the natural and the adopting parents. If the child's birth has been registered in New Zealand, a note of the adoption order is made on it. In any case a new entry is made on the prescribed form in the register of births.
The number of births registered during 1917 was 28,239, or 25.69 per 1,000 of mean population. The number is 270 below that for the year 1916, a decrease of 0.95 per cent., while the rate is lower by 0.25 per thousand. The births registered in a year numbered 19,846 in 1884, and, after falling to 17,876 in 1892, reached 28,509 in 1916, the highest number yet recorded in any year.
The number of male children born during 1917 was 14,329, and of female children 13,910
The following table shows the number of births registered, the birthrate calculated on the total population, and comparison with the average rate for 1882–86 taken as 100. There was a steady decrease from 1888 until 1899, in which year the lowest rate was recorded. From 1899 there was a fairly regular increase until 1908, when the rate stood at 27.45 per 1,000. Each of the next three years showed a fall in the rate, which in 1911 was only 25.97 per 1,000, rising, however, in the following year to 26.48, but falling again in 1915 to 25.33, the second-lowest rate ever recorded.
BIRTHS: NUMBERS AND RATES. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year. | Total Number of Births registered. | Birth-rate | |
Per 1,000 of Population. | Compared with Rate in 1882–86, taken as 100. | ||
* Average of five years. | |||
1882–86 | 19,410* | 35.40 | 100 |
1887 | 19,135 | 32.09 | 91 |
1888 | 18,902 | 31.22 | 88 |
1889 | 18,457 | 30.07 | 85 |
1890 | 18,278 | 29.44 | 83 |
1891 | 18,273 | 2901 | 82 |
1892 | 17,876 | 27.83 | 79 |
1893 | 18,187 | 27.50 | 78 |
1894 | 18,528 | 27.28 | 77 |
1895 | 18,546 | 26.78 | 76 |
1896 | 18,612 | 26.33 | 74 |
1897 | 18,737 | 25.96 | 73 |
1898 | 18,955 | 25.74 | 73 |
1899 | 18,835 | 25.12 | 71 |
1900 | 19,546 | 25.60 | 72 |
1901 | 20,491 | 26.34 | 74 |
1902 | 20,655 | 25.89 | 73 |
1903 | 21,829 | 26.61 | 75 |
1904 | 22,766 | 26.94 | 76 |
1905 | 23,682 | 27.22 | 77 |
1906 | 24,252 | 27.08 | 76 |
1907 | 25,094 | 27.30 | 77 |
1908 | 25,940 | 27.45 | 77 |
1909 | 26,524 | 27.29 | 77 |
1910 | 25,984 | 26.17 | 74 |
1911 | 26,354 | 25.97 | 73 |
1912 | 27,508 | 26.48 | 75 |
1913 | 27,935 | 26.14 | 74 |
1914 | 28,338 | 25.99 | 73 |
1915 | 27,850 | 25.33 | 72 |
1916 | 28,509 | 25.94 | 73 |
1917 | 28,239 | 25.69 | 73 |
The decline of the birth-rate in New Zealand has been partially compensated for by a decrease in the death-rate. Nevertheless, the rate of natural increase of population has fallen from 31.19 per 1,000 of mean population in 1870 to 16.30 per 1,000 in 1916 and 16.11 in 1917. The following table shows the fall in all three rates:—
Period. | Annual Rates per 1,000 living. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Births. | Deaths. | Natural Increase. | |
1871–1875 | 39.88 | 12.67 | 27.21 |
1876–1880 | 41.21 | 11.80 | 29.41 |
1881–1885 | 36.36 | 10.95 | 25.41 |
1886–1890 | 31.15 | 9.85 | 21.30 |
1891–1895 | 27.68 | 10.15 | 17.53 |
1896–1900 | 25.75 | 9.55 | 16.20 |
1901–1905 | 26.60 | 9.91 | 16.69 |
1906–1910 | 27.06 | 9.75 | 17.31 |
1911–1915 | 25.98 | 9.22 | 16.76 |
1916 | 25.94 | 9.64 | 16.30 |
1917 | 25.69 | 9.58 | 16.11 |
In spite of the fact that the birth-rate in New Zealand is low compared with other countries, yet so low is the Dominion's death-rate that New Zealand has, so far as is known, the fourth highest rate of natural increase among countries keeping records of births and deaths. The rates of natural increase in various countries are as follows:—
RATES OF NATURAL INCREASE OF POPULATION.
Country. | Quinquennium. | Rate per 1,000. |
---|---|---|
Bulgaria | 1907–11 | 17.7 |
Roumania | 1910–14 | 17.4 |
Australian Common-wealth | 1912–16 | 17.0 |
New Zealand | 1913–17 | 16.4 |
Russia (European) | 1905–09 | 16.1 |
Hungary | 1908–12 | 15.8 |
Jamaica | 1911–15 | 14.9 |
The Netherlands | 1911–15 | 149 |
Serbia | 1908–12 | 13.6 |
Japan | 1909–13 | 13.1 |
Denmark | 1911–15 | 12.9 |
German Empire | 1909–13 | 12.8 |
Italy | 1910–14 | 12.8 |
Finland | 1910–14 | 12.3 |
Norway | 1911–15 | 12.0 |
Ontario | 1910–15 | 11.1 |
Austria | 1908–12 | 10.7 |
Scotland | 1911–15 | 9.7 |
England and Wales | 1911–15 | 9.3 |
Sweden | 1911–15 | 9.1 |
Spain | 1910–14 | 8.9 |
Switzerland | 1911–15 | 8.4 |
Chile | 1910–14 | 8.4 |
Belgium | 1908–12 | 7.8 |
Ceylon | 1911–15 | 6.4 |
Ireland | 1911–15 | 5.9 |
France | 1910–14 | 0.0 |
The diagram which follows shows the rates of births and deaths and of natural increase per 1,000 of mean population each year from 1855 to 1917. The marriage-rate is also shown.
The birth-rate is seen to have fallen rapidly and continuously from 1880 to 1899, and to have reached its limit in the latter year. The diagram is supplemented by another containing curves illustrative of the logarithmic increases in population and in the yearly number of births registered, which is instructive as showing how the latter has failed to keep pace with the former. The logarithmic graph, of course, shows a much smaller divergence between the two curves than would a diagram representative of the actual figures.
That fertility among women in New Zealand has decreased, from whatever causes, further facts will tend to show. Taking the number of married women in New Zealand at what may be considered the child-bearing ages (i.e., from 15 to 45 years, inclusive) as shown by each census since 1878, and for the same years the number of legitimate births (excluding plural) registered, the birth-rate per 1,000 married women of the above-stated ages is easily found, and is shown to be steadily declining. In 1878 the rate was 337 per 1,000, in 1896 it had fallen to 252, in 1901 to 244, in 1906 to 228, in 1911 to 209, and in 1916 to 189; or, in other words, in 1878 one in every three of the married women between the ages specified gave birth to a child, while in 1916 the rate was less than one in five. The figures for each census year are given below.
BIRTH-RATES (LEGITIMATE) PER 1,000 MARRIED WOMEN AT CHILD-BEARING AGES FOR EACH CENSUS YEAR, 1878 TO 1916.
Year (Census). | Number of Married Women between 15 and 45 Years of Age. | Proportion per Cent. of Married Women in the Female Population aged 15 to 45 Years. | Number of Legitimate Births (Confinements) | Birth-rate per 1,000 Married Women of from 15 to 45 Years of Age. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1878 | 50,995 | 63.50 | 17,196 | 337.2 |
1881 | 57,458 | 59.76 | 18,003 | 313.3 |
1886 | 62,704 | 53.19 | 18,532 | 295.5 |
1891 | 63,165 | 48.12 | 17,455 | 276.3 |
1896 | 69,807 | 44.12 | 17,596 | 252.1 |
1901 | 79,406 | 43.30 | 19,355 | 243.8 |
1906 | 98,211 | 46.15 | 22,352 | 227.6 |
1911 | 119,355 | 49.59 | 24,972 | 209.2 |
1916 | 141,322 | 52.97 | 26,786 | 189.5 |
Another table is given showing for a period of thirty years the numbers of married women at quinquennial groups of age belonging to the full term 15 to 45 years, with the proportions that those numbers bear to every 100 married women living at 15–45. These proportions are found to have diminished appreciably at the earlier ages 15–20 and 20–25, but the effect of this lesser number of wives at the earlier ages in reducing the birth-rate would not be serious. It is, however, undoubtedly a fact that to have a growing proportion of wives at the earlier productive ages is the best position, but it is not the one which obtains at present in New Zealand.
MARRIED WOMEN UNDER 45 YEARS OF AGE.—NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS PER CENT., IN AGE-GROUPS.
Age-groups. | Married Women under 45 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Numbers. | Proportions per Cent. | |||||||
1886. | 1896. | 1906 | 1916. | 1886. | 1896. | 1906. | 1916. | |
15–20 | 1,135 | 778 | 933 | 1,060 | 1.81 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 0.75 |
20–25 | 9,328 | 8,409 | 12,165 | 13,771 | 14.87 | 12.05 | 12.38 | 9.74 |
25–30 | 14,565 | 16,757 | 24,037 | 29,723 | 23.23 | 24.00 | 24.47 | 21.03 |
30–35 | 13,754 | 16,426 | 23,032 | 35,648 | 21.93 | 23.53 | 23.44 | 25.23 |
35–40 | 12,554 | 15,020 | 21,459 | 34,587 | 20.02 | 21.51 | 21.84 | 24.47 |
40–45 | 11,373 | 12,426 | 16,623 | 26,533 | 18.14 | 17.80 | 16.92 | 18.78 |
Totals | 62,709 | 69,816 | 98,249 | 141,322 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The effect of the declining birth-rate is shown in the following table, giving the numbers of children under one year of age, and the proportions which those numbers represent in the total population as recorded in past census years:—
Total Population (all Ages). | Children under One Year. | Children under One Year per 1,000 of Population. | |
---|---|---|---|
Census 1886 | 578,482 | 18,355 | 31.73 |
Census 1891 | 626,658 | 16,443 | 26.24 |
Census 1896 | 703,360 | 17,070 | 24.27 |
Census 1901 | 772,719 | 18,381 | 23.79 |
Census 1906 | 888,578 | 22,289 | 25.08 |
Census 1911 | 1,008,468 | 24,340 | 24.14 |
Census 1916 | 1,099,449 | 27,021 | 24.57 |
Up to and including 1912 all births occurring in the four chief centres were treated as belonging to the centres themselves, and counted in the numbers of births on which the rates for the centres were compiled. Owing chiefly to the fact that many women living in country districts go to the cities to enter public or private maternity homes, it was found that the birth-rates for the centres were usually well above the rate for the whole Dominion. For years subsequent to 1912 information as to domicile of parents was obtained, and the births allocated accordingly, the result being that many births which in former years would have been included in the municipalized area were excluded, the rates being reduced accordingly. No proper comparison is therefore possible as between 1913 and previous years, the apparent decrease in 1913 as compared with 1912 being due not to any actual falling-off in numbers, but to the alteration in system referred to. From January, 1917, an alteration has been made in the areas constituting the chief centres. Metropolitan areas have been created at each of the four chief centres, and suburban areas at nine of the more important secondary centres. Each area includes, in addition to the central boroughs, a considerable non-municipalized area adjacent to and contingent on the centre. Notwithstanding this latter alteration, the figures for the years 1913–17 are reasonably comparable with one another.
The total number of births registered as belonging to the four metropolitan areas in 1917 was 9,064, as against a total of 7,544 for the previous year. This increase is, of course, largely if not wholly due to the increase in the population covered by the new metropolitan areas as compared with the municipal areas dealt with in the figures for 1916. The birth-rates last year were,—
Birth-rates per 1,000 of Population. | |
---|---|
Auckland City | 22.29 |
Auckland Metropolitan Area | 22.33 |
Wellington City | 24.46 |
Wellington Metropolitan Area | 25.25 |
Christchurch City | 23.25 |
Christchurch Metropolitan Area | 22.96 |
Dunedin City | 21.57 |
Dunedin Metropolitan Area | 22.47 |
It will be noticed that the rates for the metropolitan areas are higher than those of the cities in the cases of Auckland, Wellington, and Dunedin, while the rate for Christchurch City is slightly above that for the metropolitan area.
The figures for Wellington indicate a substantially higher rate than those shown for the other three centres, while all four centres have a birth-rate considerably below that of the whole Dominion (25.69 per 1,000).
The rates for five years, 1913 to 1917, are given below:—
Births per 1,000 of Population. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Metropolitan areas in 1917. | |||||
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
Auckland (including suburbs)* | 25.93 | 24.78 | 23.13 | 23.35 | 22.33 |
Wellington (including suburbs) | 24.67 | 25.38 | 24.19 | 24.30 | 25.25 |
Christchurch (including suburbs) | 24.31 | 22.22 | 22.19 | 23.54 | 22.96 |
Dunedin (including suburbs) | 22.53 | 21.70 | 20.73 | 23.32 | 22.47 |
For twenty years prior to 1885 the New Zealand birth-rate was higher than that of the Australian Commonwealth. In 1885 the Commonwealth rate gained the ascendancy, and this position it held till 1903, in which year occurred the lowest rate in the history of the country. The New Zealand rate had already reached its lowest level in 1899. These years marked the starting-point of a moderate rise in the birth-rate of each country. The prevailing decline recommenced in the Dominion in 1909, with the result that for 1909 and subsequent years the rate is lower than that of Australia.
The movement over the last ten years is as follows:—
BIRTH-RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.
State. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queensland | 26.79 | 27.29 | 27.33 | 27.65 | 29.67 | 30.24 | 29.46 | 29.35 | 27.91 | 29.09 |
New South Wales | 26.99 | 27.40 | 27.83 | 28.75 | 29.86 | 28.86 | 28.96 | 28.33 | 27.89 | 28.06 |
Victoria | 25.07 | 25.01 | 24.51 | 24.84 | 26.39 | 25.82 | 25.45 | 24.55 | 24.30 | 23.50 |
South Australia | 25.81 | 25.91 | 26.50 | 26.89 | 28.65 | 29.08 | 29.33 | 26.81 | 27.37 | 26.21 |
Western Australia | 30.08 | 28.87 | 27.99 | 28.21 | 28.83 | 29.36 | 28.45 | 27.97 | 27.21 | 25.54 |
Tasmania | 29.95 | 28.91 | 29.25 | 28.57 | 30.53 | 30.03 | 30.33 | 29.32 | 28.47 | 27.03 |
Aust. Commonwealth | 26.59 | 26.69 | 26.73 | 27.21 | 28.65 | 28.25 | 28.05 | 27.25 | 26.78 | 26.51 |
New Zealand | 27.45 | 27.29 | 26.17 | 25.97 | 26.48 | 26.14 | 25.99 | 25.33 | 25.94 | 25.69 |
The next table shows the declining birth-rate and the marriage-rate in the United Kingdom:—
BIRTH AND MARRIAGE RATES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Year. | Births. | Marriages. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number. | Rate per 1,000 of Population. | Number. | Rate per 1,000 of Population. | |
1886 | 1,145,577 | 31.5 | 241,180 | 6.6 |
1891 | 1,148,259 | 30.4 | 275,970 | 7.3 |
1896 | 1,152,144 | 29.0 | 296,089 | 7.5 |
1901 | 1,162,975 | 28.0 | 313,351 | 7.5 |
1906 | 1,170,622 | 27.0 | 325,842 | 7.5 |
1911 | 1,104,746 | 24.4 | 330,260 | 7.3 |
1916 | 986,892 | 21.1 | 333,570 | 7.1 |
The birth-rates for ten years in Great Britain and Ireland and certain countries of the European Continent are also given. The decline is steady and continuous, except in the cases of Roumania and Hungary, where the rates are very high.
BIRTH-RATES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 1905 TO 1914.
Country. | Number of Births per 1,000 of Mean Population. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1905. | 1906. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | |
Roumania | 38.3 | 39.9 | 41.1 | 40.3 | 41.1 | 39.2 | 42.3 | 43.4 | 42.1 | 42.5 |
Hungary | 36.3 | 36.5 | 36.7 | 36.9 | 37.7 | 35.7 | 35.0 | 36.3 | .. | .. |
Spain | 35.2 | 34.0 | 33.6 | 34.0 | 33.5 | 33.1 | 31.2 | 32.6 | 30.4 | 29.8 |
Italy | 32.7 | 32.1 | 31.7 | 33.7 | 32.7 | 33.3 | 31.5 | 32.4 | 31.7 | 31.1 |
Austria | 33.9 | 35.0 | 34.0 | 33.7 | 33.4 | 32.5 | 31.4 | 31.3 | .. | .. |
German Empire | 32.9 | 33.1 | 32.3 | 32.1 | 31.0 | 29.8 | 28.6 | 28.3 | 27.5 | .. |
Netherlands | 30.8 | 30.4 | 30.0 | 29.7 | 29.1 | 28.6 | 27.8 | 28.1 | 28.1 | 28.2 |
Denmark | 28.4 | 28.5 | 28.2 | 28.5 | 28.2 | 27.5 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 25.6 | 25.6 |
Scotland | 28.6 | 28.6 | 27.7 | 28.1 | 27.3 | 26.2 | 25.6 | 25.9 | 25.5 | 26.1 |
Norway | 27.4 | 26.7 | 26.4 | 26.3 | 26.3 | 26.1 | 25.9 | 25.6 | 25.3 | 25.2 |
Switzerland | 26.9 | 26.9 | 26.2 | 26.4 | 25.5 | 25.0 | 24.2 | 24.1 | 23.1 | .. |
England and Wales | 27.3 | 27.2 | 26.5 | 26.7 | 25.8 | 25.1 | 24.3 | 23.9 | 24.1 | 23.8 |
Sweden | 25.7 | 25.7 | 25.5 | 25.7 | 25.6 | 24.7 | 24.0 | 23.8 | 23.1 | 22.9 |
Ireland | 23.4 | 23.5 | 23.2 | 23.3 | 23.4 | 23.3 | 23.2 | 23.0 | 22.8 | 22.6 |
Belgium | 26.1 | 25.7 | 25.3 | 24.9 | 23.7 | 23.7 | 22.9 | 22.6 | .. | .. |
France | 20.6 | 20.6 | 19.7 | 20.1 | 19.5 | 19.6 | 18.7 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 18.0 |
An examination of the figures shows that, with the exception of one year, there has always been a preponderance of males in the number of children born in New Zealand. The proportions are usually shown by stating the number of births of male children to every 1,000 female births. This number has been as high as 1,113 (in 1859), and as low as 991 (in 1860).
But little significance can be attached to any figures prior to 1870, on account of the comparatively small number of births. The period preceding 1870 exhibits violent fluctuations in the proportion of males, which tend to disappear as the total of births grows larger. The extreme range since 1870 has been from 1,016 male to 1,000 female births in 1878, to 1,078 in 1875 and 1,073 in 1915.
The number of births and their sex-proportion for twenty years are given below.
Year. | Number of Births of | Proportion of Births of Males to every 1,000 Females. | |
---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | ||
1898 | 9,615 | 9,340 | 1,029 |
1899 | 9,724 | 9,111 | 1,067 |
1900 | 10,107 | 9,439 | 1,071 |
1901 | 10,471 | 10,020 | 1,045 |
1902 | 10,653 | 10,002 | 1,065 |
1903 | 11,217 | 10,612 | 1,057 |
1904 | 11,762 | 11,004 | 1,069 |
1905 | 12,109 | 11,573 | 1,046 |
1906 | 12,397 | 11,855 | 1,046 |
1907 | 12,835 | 12,259 | 1,047 |
1908 | 13,369 | 12,571 | 1,063 |
1909 | 13,502 | 13,022 | 1,037 |
1910 | 13,442 | 12,542 | 1,072 |
1911 | 13,532 | 12,822 | 1,055 |
1912 | 13,996 | 13,512 | 1,036 |
1913 | 14,433 | 13,502 | 1,069 |
1914 | 14,535 | 13,803 | 1,053 |
1915 | 14,415 | 13,435 | 1,073 |
1916 | 14,669 | 13,840 | 1,060 |
1917 | 14,329 | 13,910 | 1,030 |
The gradual increase in the proportion of males born is illustrated by taking the average ratios of the ten years in the decennial period indicated.
Period. | Male Births to 1,000 Females. |
---|---|
1856–1865 | 1,062 |
1866–1875 | 1,043 |
1876–1885 | 1,045 |
1886–1895 | 1,045 |
1896–1905 | 1,054 |
1906–1915 | 1,055 |
The English Registrar-General's reports for 1915 and 1916 contain some interesting figures as to the influence of the war on the sex-proportions in births, and it is seen that the proportion of male to female births in England and Wales is considerably higher in the period (commencing in the June quarter, 1915) affected by the war than in preceding years. In fact, the proportion of male to female births in England and Wales for the year 1916 is by far the highest recorded during the past fifty years. In New Zealand, where the numbers dealt with are much smaller and where there is considerable fluctuation in the sex-proportions, there is nothing in the figures for the war period, taken as a whole, to indicate Nature's supposed influence in restoring the sex-proportions of the population when disturbed by war. Indeed, the figures for 1917 show an abnormally small excess of male over female births.
The figures for England and Wales for each quarter of 1915 and 1916, and of New Zealand for 1917 as well, are as shown below. Index numbers expressing the figures for each quarter as a ratio of the proportions for the period 1910–14 are also given.
SEX-PROPORTIONS AT BIRTHS FOR WAR PERIOD.
Quarter ended | England and Wales. | New Zealand. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male Births per 1,000 females. | Index Number compared with 1910–14 (1038 taken as = 1000). | Male Births per 1,000 Females. | Index Number compared with 1910–14 (1057 taken as = 1000). | |
31st March, 1915 | 1,032 | 994 | 1,074 | 1016 |
30th June, 1915 | 1,043 | 1005 | 1,090 | 1031 |
30th September, 1915 | 1,044 | 1006 | 1,060 | 1003 |
31st December, 1915 | 1,044 | 1006 | 1,068 | 1010 |
31st March, 1916 | 1,050 | 1012 | 1,067 | 1009 |
30th June, 1916 | 1,051 | 1013 | 1,055 | 998 |
30th September, 1916 | 1,045 | 1007 | 1,039 | 983 |
31st December, 1916 | 1,050 | 1012 | 1,080 | 1022 |
31st March, 1917 | .. | .. | 1,007 | 953 |
30th June, 1917 | .. | .. | 1,049 | 992 |
30th September, 1917 | .. | .. | 1,041 | 985 |
31st December, 1917 | .. | .. | 1,020 | 965 |
The sex-proportions of illegitimate births are generally supposed to be more nearly equal than those of legitimate births. Little weight can be given to New Zealand figures by reason of the small numbers represented. The average for the ton years 1908–17 was 1,041 males to 1,000 females, or only slightly less than that for all births. This figure, however, covers a range of from 926 to 1,201. The proportion in 1917 was only 938 males per 1,000 females.
There were 312 cases of twin births (624 children) registered in 1917. The number of children born was 28,239; the number of mothers was 27,927: thus, on an average, one mother in every 89 gave birth to twins, against 87 in 1916, 91 in 1915, and 79 in 1914.
The number of cases of plural births and the proportion per 1,000 of the total cases of births during the past five years was,—
Year. | Total Births. | Total Cases. | Cases of Twins. | Cases of Triplets. | Plural Cases per 1,000 of Total Cases. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1913 | 27,935 | 27,619 | 314 | 1 | 11.41 |
1914 | 28,338 | 27,976 | 350 | 6 | 12.73 |
1915 | 27,850 | 27,546 | 302 | 1 | 11.00 |
1916 | 28,509 | 28,184 | 323 | 1 | 11.50 |
1917 | 28,239 | 27,927 | 312 | .. | 11.17 |
The following table shows the sexes in individual cases of twin births for the last six years:—
Year. | Total Cases. | Both Males. | Both Females. | Opposite Sexes. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1912 | 329 | 114 | 106 | 109 |
1913 | 314 | 108 | 86 | 120 |
1914 | 350 | 105 | 116 | 129 |
1915 | 302 | 93 | 88 | 121 |
1916 | 323 | 99 | 98 | 126 |
1917 | 312 | 90 | 105 | 117 |
During he five years 1912–16 there were twelve cases of triplets. In three cases all the children were males, in two cases all were females, in two cases there were two males and one female, and in each of the remaining five cases two of the three children were females. No triplets were recorded in 1917.
Information as to the relative ages of parents of legitimate children whose births were registered in 1917 is shown in the following table:—
RELATIVE AGES OF PARENTS. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of Mother, in Years. | Age of Father, in Years. | ||||||||||
Under 21. | 21 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 35. | 35 and under 40. | 40 and under 45. | 45 and under 50. | 50 and under 55. | 55 and under 65. | 65 and over. | Totals. | |
* Includes twenty-three cases where plural births would have been registered had not one child been still-born. † Includes one case where triplets would have been registered had not one child been still-born. | |||||||||||
Single Births. | |||||||||||
16 and under 17 | 4 | 6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 |
17 and under 18 | 6 | 14 | 11 | 7 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 42 |
18 and under 19 | 14 | 59 | 49 | 12 | 7 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 142 |
19 and under 20 | 18 | 111 | 120 | 35 | 14 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 300 |
20 and under 21 | 18 | 165 | 216 | 76 | 21 | 8 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 508 |
21 and under 25 | 32 | 834 | 2,045 | 1,051 | 305 | 78 | 31 | 9 | 3 | .. | 4,388 |
25 and under 30 | .. | 264 | 2,822 | 2,952 | 1,357 | 332 | 137 | 21 | 7 | 2 | 7,894 |
30 and under 35 | 1 | 25 | 586 | 2,617 | 2,339 | 908 | 279 | 90 | 40 | 9 | 6,894 |
35 and under 40 | .. | 5 | 68 | 504 | 1,904 | 1,320 | 592 | 148 | 68 | 6 | 4,615 |
40 and under 45 | .. | .. | 8 | 52 | 202 | 590 | 458 | 170 | 74 | 3 | 1,557 |
45 and under 46 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 33 | 10 | 12 | 1 | 77 |
46 and under 47 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 16 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 31 |
47 and under 48 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 1 | .. | 19 |
48 and under 49 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 6 | 2 | .. | 12 |
49 and under 50 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | 3 |
Totals | 93 | 1,483 | 5,926 | 7,307 | 6,158 | 3,258 | 1,562 | 472 | 211 | 22 | 26,492* |
Plural Births. | |||||||||||
19 and under 20 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
20 and under 21 | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
21 and under 25 | .. | 6 | 11 | 5 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 25 |
25 and under 30 | .. | 6 | 23 | 29 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | 79 |
30 and under 35 | .. | .. | 5 | 35 | 35 | 14 | 6 | .. | .. | .. | 95 |
35 and under 40 | .. | .. | 2 | 12 | 31 | 16 | 7 | 3 | 1 | .. | 72 |
40 and under 45 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 2 | .. | 17 |
45 and under 46 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Totals | .. | 14 | 43 | 83 | 83 | 36 | 24 | 8 | 3 | .. | 294† |
Grand totals | 93 | 1,497 | 5,969 | 7,390 | 6,241 | 3,294 | 1,586 | 480 | 214 | 22 | 26,786 |
Information as to the previous issue of the parents is now required in connection with the registration of births. Tables are given showing information as to number of previous issue in conjunction with (1) age of mother, and (2) duration of marriage.
(a.) Age of Mother and Number of Previous Issue. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of Mother. | Number of Previous Issue. | Totals. | ||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 and under 10. | 10 and under 15. | 15 and over. | ||
* This number represents 26,492 single cases and 294 plural cases. | ||||||||||
16 and under 17 | 10 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 |
17 and under 18 | 38 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 42 |
18 and under 19 | 129 | 12 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 142 |
19 and under 20 | 234 | 58 | 7 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 301 |
20 and under 21 | 337 | 151 | 24 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 512 |
21 and under 25 | 2,241 | 1,300 | 635 | 194 | 38 | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | 4,413 |
25 and under 30 | 2,330 | 2,313 | 1,699 | 878 | 464 | 193 | 93 | 3 | .. | 7,973 |
30 and under 35 | 1,051 | 1,471 | 1,505 | 1,141 | 738 | 535 | 529 | 19 | .. | 6,989 |
35 and under 40 | 471 | 608 | 773 | 737 | 625 | 484 | 877 | 111 | 1 | 4,687 |
40 and under 45 | 103 | 116 | 155 | 183 | 193 | 173 | 510 | 137 | 4 | 1,574 |
45 and under 46 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 12 | 26 | 18 | 1 | 78 |
46 and under 47 | .. | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 31 |
47 and under 48 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | .. | 19 |
48 and under 49 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 12 |
49 and under 50 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 3 |
Totals | 6,949 | 6,037 | 4,811 | 3,147 | 2,064 | 1,407 | 2,058 | 305 | 8 | 26,786* |
(b.) Duration of Marriage and Number of Previous Issue. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration of Marriage, in Years. | Number of Previous Issue. | Totals. | ||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 and under 10. | 10 and under 15. | 15 and over. | ||
* This number represents 26,492 single cases and 294 plural cases. | ||||||||||
Under 1 | 3,124 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3,127 |
1 and under 2 | 2,206 | 638 | 12 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,857 |
2 and under 3 | 694 | 1,936 | 185 | 9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,824 |
3 and under 4 | 341 | 1,267 | 743 | 55 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,408 |
4 and under 5 | 193 | 786 | 1,046 | 254 | 22 | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | 2,306 |
5 and under 6 | 122 | 496 | 796 | 440 | 93 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 1,951 |
6 and under 7 | 77 | 304 | 544 | 475 | 162 | 32 | 6 | .. | .. | 1,600 |
7 and under 8 | 53 | 186 | 401 | 403 | 237 | 72 | 10 | .. | .. | 1,362 |
8 and under 9 | 38 | 127 | 291 | 358 | 283 | 121 | 25 | .. | .. | 1,243 |
9 and under 10 | 23 | 89 | 211 | 304 | 256 | 162 | 83 | .. | .. | 1,128 |
10 and under 15 | 65 | 181 | 479 | 679 | 751 | 726 | 940 | 29 | .. | 3,850 |
15 and under 20 | 10 | 22 | 98 | 152 | 228 | 248 | 772 | 117 | 1 | 1,648 |
20 and under 25 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 29 | 38 | 203 | 131 | 4 | 428 |
25 and over | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 17 | 28 | 3 | 52 |
Not stated | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Totals | 6,949 | 6,037 | 4,811 | 3,147 | 2,064 | 1,407 | 2,058 | 305 | 8 | 26,786* |
In the two preceding tables plural births are included, twins counting as only one birth. Another table is appended giving in more detail the duration of the marriage in cases where less than one year had elapsed before the birth of the first child. Illegitimate births are also shown.
FIRST ISSUE AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS, 1917. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of Mother, in Years. | Illegitimate Births. | Duration of Marriage, in Months. | Total Legitimate First Births within One Year after Marriage. | |||||||
Under 3. | 3 and under 6. | 6 and under 7. | 7 and under 8. | 8 and under 9. | 9 and under 10. | 10 and under 11. | 11 and under 12. | |||
Under 21 | 397 | 89 | 172 | 79 | 53 | 26 | 59 | 42 | 45 | 565 |
21 and under 25 | 299 | 103 | 218 | 116 | 119 | 104 | 236 | 176 | 183 | 1,255 |
25 and under 30 | 212 | 38 | 93 | 67 | 61 | 74 | 185 | 206 | 135 | 859 |
30 and under 35 | 103 | 12 | 35 | 17 | 16 | 33 | 69 | 60 | 60 | 302 |
35 and under 40 | 84 | 8 | 17 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 24 | 18 | 24 | 126 |
40 and under 45 | 29 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 16 |
45 and over | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
Not stated | 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 1,141 | 253 | 537 | 291 | 264 | 250 | 575 | 505 | 449 | 3,124 |
The births of 1,159 children (561 males, 598 females) were illegitimate: thus 41 in every 1,000 children registered were born out of wedlock, against 40 in 1916, 41 in 1915, 46 in 1914, and 42 in 1913.
The ages of the mothers of the illegitimate children registered during the year are as shown below. It will be seen that of the 1,141 mothers 402, or 35 per cent., were under 21 years of age.
ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN, 1917.—AGES OF MOTHERS. | ||
---|---|---|
Age. | Single Cases. | Plural Cases. |
Years. | ||
14 | 1 | .. |
15 | 16 | .. |
16 | 15 | .. |
17 | 52 | 1 |
18 | 85 | .. |
19 | 104 | .. |
20 | 120 | 3 |
21 | 89 | 3 |
22 | 72 | 2 |
23 | 86 | .. |
24 | 45 | 2 |
25 | 53 | 1 |
26 | 55 | 1 |
27 | 35 | .. |
28 | 36 | .. |
29 | 31 | .. |
30 | 33 | .. |
31 | 19 | .. |
32 | 17 | 1 |
33 | 20 | .. |
34 | 13 | .. |
35 | 16 | .. |
36 | 21 | .. |
37 | 18 | .. |
38 | 10 | 1 |
39 | 16 | .. |
40 | 12 | .. |
41 | 8 | .. |
42 | 4 | 1 |
43 | 2 | .. |
44 | 2 | .. |
46 | 1 | .. |
47 | 1 | .. |
Not stated | 15 | .. |
Totals | 1,123 | 18 |
The proportion of illegitimate births per 1,000 unmarried women —i.e., spinsters and widows—at the reproductive ages, covering a period of twenty-five years, is shown in the following table.
Year. | Unmarried Women aged 15–45 Years. | Illegitimate Births. | Illegitimate-birth Rate per 1,000 Unmarried Women. |
---|---|---|---|
1891 | 68,990 | 638 | 9.25 |
1896 | 89,722 | 834 | 9.30 |
1901 | 105,420 | 937 | 8.89 |
1906 | 116,506 | 1,132 | 9.72 |
1911 | 116,726 | 1,078 | 9.24 |
1916 | 125,461 | 1,159 | 9.24 |
The rates of illegitimacy in Australasia are quoted. The average rate for New Zealand for the ten, years (4.34 per 100 of all births) compares favourably with that of the Commonwealth (5.60 per 100).
PROPORTION OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN EVERY 100 BIRTHS. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Queensland. | New South Wales. | Victoria. | South Australia. | Western Australia. | Tasmania. | Commonwealth. | New Zealand. |
1907 | 7.68 | 6.92 | 5.62 | 4.10 | 3.86 | 5.78 | 6.15 | 4.61 |
1908 | 7.54 | 6.80 | 5.77 | 4.44 | 4.35 | 5.24 | 6.16 | 4.26 |
1909 | 7.05 | 6.44 | 5.94 | 4.18 | 3.95 | 5.45 | 6.01 | 4.61 |
1910 | 6.39 | 6.28 | 5.60 | 4.32 | 4.13 | 5.33 | 5.75 | 4.47 |
1911 | 6.22 | 6.14 | 5.96 | 4.21 | 4.47 | 5.33 | 5.79 | 4.09 |
1912 | 6.14 | 5.64 | 5.72 | 4.71 | 4.39 | 4.78 | 5.53 | 4.28 |
1913 | 6.22 | 5.35 | 6.03 | 4.18 | 4.40 | 5.18 | 5.48 | 4.23 |
1914 | 5.77 | 5.29 | 5.56 | 3.87 | 4.22 | 5.90 | 5.26 | 4.59 |
1915 | 5.36 | 4.97 | 5.74 | 4.00 | 4.24 | 5.32 | 5.12 | 4.14 |
1916 | 5.11 | 4.73 | 5.15 | 3.80 | 3.75 | 5.05 | 4.77 | 4.10 |
These figures show the proportion of illegitimate births to every 100 births for New Zealand to be fairly steady during the period, while the rates for Queensland, New South Wales, and the Commonwealth show a considerable fall.
An important Act was passed in 1894 and re-enacted in 1908, intituled the Legitimation Act, which makes provision for the legitimation of children born before marriage on the subsequent intermarriage of their parents. Under this Act any child born out of wedlock, whose parents afterwards intermarry, is deemed to be legitimized by such marriage on the birth being registered in the manner prescribed by the Act. For legitimation purposes Registrars must register a birth when called upon to do so by any person claiming to be the father of an illegitimate child; but such person is required to make a solemn declaration that he is the father, and that at the time of the birth there existed no legal impediment to his marriage with the mother of the child. He has also to produce the evidence of his marriage. It will thus be seen that registration becomes the test of legitimacy. The following is the number of legitimations in each year, and the total to 1917, since the Act came into force:—
THE LEGITIMATION ACT. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year. | Number of Children legitimized. | ||
Previously registered. | Not Previously registered. | Total. | |
1894 | 9 | 2 | 11 |
1895 | 55 | 13 | 68 |
1896 | 45 | 11 | 56 |
1897 | 34 | 14 | 48 |
1898 | 32 | 27 | 59 |
1899 | 28 | 13 | 41 |
1900 | 30 | 32 | 62 |
1901 | 28 | 19 | 47 |
1902 | 55 | 41 | 96 |
1903 | 41 | 24 | 65 |
1904 | 44 | 43 | 87 |
1905 | 48 | 36 | 84 |
1906 | 73 | 52 | 125 |
1907 | 75 | 39 | 114 |
1908 | 84 | 35 | 119 |
1909 | 67 | 62 | 129 |
1910 | 75 | 46 | 121 |
1911 | 76 | 46 | 122 |
1912 | 86 | 51 | 137 |
1913 | 89 | 72 | 161 |
1914 | 99 | 66 | 165 |
1915 | 100 | 67 | 167 |
1916 | 190 | 91 | 281 |
1917 | 213 | 96 | 309 |
Totals | 1,676 | 998 | 2,674 |
The large increase in the number of legitimation entries in 1916 and 1917 as compared with preceding years is no doubt due almost entirely to the continued duration of the war and the passing of the Military Service Act. The prospect of a prolonged absence abroad, and the uncertainty as to whether one will ever return, have naturally caused many a Reservist to make proper provision for his illegitimate issue.
The registration of still - births has been made compulsory in New Zealand as from the 1st March, 1913. During the ten months ended the 31st December, 1913, 467 still-births were registered; the number for 1914 was 679; for 1915, 728; for 1916, 682; and for 1917, 694. Still-births are not included either as births or as deaths in the various numbers and rates shown in this subsection and in that relating to deaths.
In the 694 still-births registered in 1917 are included seven cases of twins, twenty-three cases where one child of twins was still-born, and one case where one child of triplets was still-born.
STILL-BIRTHS, 1917.—AGES OF PARENTS. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of Mother, in Years. | Age of Father, in Years. | Illegitimate Cases. | Totals. | ||||||||
Under 21. | 21 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 35. | 35 and under 40. | 40 and under 45. | 45 and under 50. | 50 and under 65. | 65 and over. | |||
* This number represents 680 single cases and seven plural cases. | |||||||||||
17 and under 18 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
18 and under 19 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 8 |
19 and under 20 | 1 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 10 |
20 and under 21 | .. | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 14 |
21 and under 25 | 1 | 12 | 35 | 16 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 76 |
25 and under 30 | .. | 7 | 65 | 58 | 18 | 12 | .. | .. | .. | 7 | 167 |
30 and under 35 | .. | 2 | 9 | 76 | 65 | 15 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 184 |
35 and under 40 | .. | .. | 3 | 17 | 65 | 44 | 19 | 9 | .. | 3 | 160 |
40 and under 45 | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | 8 | 20 | 18 | 8 | 2 | .. | 60 |
45 and under 46 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
46 and under 47 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | 4 |
47 and under 48 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Not known | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 2 | 30 | 118 | 171 | 161 | 93 | 48 | 19 | 4 | 41 | 687* |
The sexes recorded in cases of still-births during each of the last four years are as follows:—
Year. | Male. | Female. | Not stated. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1914 | 421 | 244 | 14 | 679 |
1915 | 382 | 340 | 6 | 728 |
1916 | 383 | 295 | 4 | 682 |
1917 | 375 | 305 | 14 | 694 |
The number of births of Maoris registered during 1917 under the provisions of section 20 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912, was 1,235 (611 males, 624 females). Only 23 Maori births were registered under the main Act.
Regulations under the Cook Islands Act, 1915, providing for compulsory registration of births and deaths in the Cook Islands and Niue from the 1st July, 1916, were gazetted on the 29th June, 1916.
In the case of a birth a month is allowed in which to furnish the following particulars to a Registrar: The place and date of birth; the Christian name and sex of the child; the names and residence of both father and mother, and also (if Natives) whether of full blood, or quarter-, half-, or three-quarter caste. A clause provides for the registering of any birth that took place between the 31st December, 1899, and the 1st July, 1916.
Particulars required of deaths are much the same as in New Zealand proper, but the onus of registering is thrown on the occupier of the house where the death took place, or on any person present at the time of death. If the deceased in his or her last illness was attended by a medical practitioner a medical certificate must be supplied to the Registrar. Any person conducting a burial or a religious service thereat must notify the nearest Registrar in writing within one week.
Duplicates of all entries are kept by the Registrars of the High Court at Rarotonga and Niue respectively. A fine not exceeding £5 is imposed on persons supplying false information. No fees are payable for registration.
According to information from the Cook Islands Department, the following are the figures of births which occurred during the year ending 31st March, 1918:—
BIRTHS IN COOK ISLANDS, 1917–18. | |
---|---|
Islands. | Number of Births. |
* Excluding Pukapuka (no returns). | |
Rarotonga | 110 |
Aitutaki | 34 |
Mangaia | 57 |
Penrhyn (four months) | 6 |
Manihiki (six months) | 11 |
Rakahanga (six months) | 3 |
Atiu | 33 |
Mauke | 24 |
Mitiaro | 4 |
Niue | 124 |
Total | 406* |
MARRIAGE may be solemnized in New Zealand only on the authority of a Registrar's certificate, either by a person whose name is on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act, or before a Registrar or Deputy Registrar of Marriages duly appointed. No marriage can be legally solemnized before 8 o'clock in the forenoon or after 4 o'clock in the afternoon.
Notice of intended marriage must be given to the Registrar of the district, within which the marriage is to be solemnized, and the party giving notice must have resided for three full days in the district. If the parties dwell in different districts, notice must be given to and a certificate obtained from the Registrar of each district.* In the case of a person under twenty-one, not being a widow or widower, the consent of parent or guardian is necessary before the Registrar's certificate can be issued.
* An amendment to the Marriage Act passed in 1915 dispenses with the necessity of a second certificate where the bridegroom is a member of an Expeditionary Force under the Expeditionary Forces Act, 1914.
The system of notice and certificate has obtained in New Zealand since 1855. By this system it is ensured not only that marriages are in order, but that no legally solemnized marriage escapes registration. Officiating ministers and Registrars are required to send to the Registrar-General returns of all marriages solemnized, and as the returns come in they are checked off with the entries in the Registrars' lists of notices received and certificates issued. In case of the non-arrival of a marriage return corresponding to any entry in the list of notices, inquiries are made as to whether solemnization has been effected. Inquiries are made similarly in respect of any marriage for which return is received, but for which there is no corresponding return of notice and certificate.
The marriage of a man with his deceased wife's sister was legalized in New Zealand in the year 1881, and the marriage of a woman with her deceased's husband's brother in 1901. Both Acts are retrospective, including in their provisions marriages solemnized before as well as those contracted after the statutes were passed, and declaring all such marriages to be valid, and the issue born thereof to be deemed born in lawful wedlock.
In the following table are shown the numbers and rates in each year since 1887. A column is added showing the index number for each year as compared with the average of the five years 1882–86, taken as 100.
The marriage-rate for the period under review shows a general upward tendency, having been above 8 per 1,000 in each year since and including 1902, with the exception of the years 1916 and 1917 referred to below. Reference to the diagram on page 98 will show that the marriage-rate was at its lowest in the period 1885 to 1895, and that the rate in the early years of registration was considerably in excess of that in even the best of recent years.
MARRIAGES: NUMBER AND RATE. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year. | Total Number of Marriages registered. | Marriage-rate. | |
Per 1,000 of Population. | Compared with Rate in 1882–86, taken as 100. | ||
* Average for five years. | |||
1882–86 | 3,663* | 6.68 | 100 |
1887 | 3,563 | 5.97 | 89 |
1888 | 3,617 | 5.97 | 89 |
1889 | 3,632 | 5.93 | 89 |
1890 | 3,797 | 6.12 | 92 |
1891 | 3,805 | 6.04 | 90 |
1892 | 4,002 | 6.23 | 93 |
1893 | 4,115 | 6.22 | 93 |
1894 | 4,178 | 6.15 | 92 |
1895 | 4,110 | 5.94 | 89 |
1896 | 4,843 | 6.85 | 103 |
1897 | 4,928 | 6.83 | 102 |
1898 | 5,091 | 6.91 | 103 |
1899 | 5,461 | 7.28 | 109 |
1900 | 5,860 | 7.67 | 115 |
1901 | 6,095 | 7.83 | 117 |
1902 | 6,394 | 8.01 | 120 |
1903 | 6,748 | 8.23 | 123 |
1904 | 6,983 | 8.26 | 124 |
1905 | 7,200 | 8.28 | 124 |
1906 | 7,592 | 8.48 | 127 |
1907 | 8,192 | 8.91 | 133 |
1908 | 8,339 | 8.82 | 132 |
1909 | 8,094 | 8.33 | 125 |
1910 | 8,236 | 8.30 | 124 |
1911 | 8,825 | 8.70 | 130 |
1912 | 9,149 | 8.81 | 132 |
1913 | 8,813 | 8.25 | 124 |
1914 | 9,280 | 8.51 | 127 |
1915 | 10,028 | 9.12 | 137 |
1916 | 8,213 | 7.47 | 112 |
1917 | 6,417 | 5.84 | 87 |
The marriages for 1916 show a decrease of 1,815 on the figures for the previous year, the number solemnized in 1916 being 8,213, as against 10,028 in 1915. This has been followed by a further decrease of 1,796 as between the figures for 1916 and 1917. The rate per 1,000 of the mean population was 9.12 in 1915, 7.47 in 1916, and only 5.84 in 1917. The number solemnized in 1915 is the highest yet recorded in any year, and the rate for the year has not been exceeded since 1868. The rate for 1916, however, was the lowest since 1899, while the rate for 1917 is the lowest ever recorded in this country.
The large number of marriages in 1915 included many that in the ordinary course of events would have been celebrated in 1916, but were hastened by the operation of the National Registration Act, and the desire of many men to be shown in the register as married men and to obtain certain anticipated advantages or escape certain obligations. The year 1916 was robbed of these “hastened” marriages, and the rate for 1916 was still further adversely affected by the introduction of a system of compulsory military service, which takes into account only marriages solemnized before May, 1915. Again, the constantly lessening proportion of men of marriageable age in the country has had a further effect on the marriage-rates for 1916 and 1917.
MARRIAGES IN EACH QUARTER, 1908–17. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | March Quarter. | June Quarter. | September Quarter. | December Quarter. |
1908 | 1,974 | 2,432 | 1,854 | 2,079 |
1909 | 1,914 | 2,290 | 1,763 | 2,127 |
1910 | 2,158 | 2,118 | 1,842 | 2,118 |
1911 | 1,943 | 2,600 | 1,967 | 2,315 |
1912 | 1,930 | 2,705 | 2,078 | 2,436 |
1913 | 2,339 | 2,414 | 1,813 | 2,247 |
1914 | 2,219 | 2,625 | 2,181 | 2,255 |
1915 | 1,984 | 2,728 | 2,247 | 3,069 |
1916 | 2,214 | 2,393 | 1,773 | 1,833 |
1917 | 1,511 | 1,805 | 1,505 | 1,596 |
Decennial average | 2,019 | 2,411 | 1,902 | 2,208 |
It will be seen that in each of the years 1908–1914, with the exception of 1910 (in which Easter fell in March), more marriages were solemnized in the second quarter than in any of the others, the excess of this quarter over the fourth quarter ranging from 163 in 1909 to 370 in 1914. In 1915, on the contrary, there was an excess of 341 in favour of December quarter in spite of the fact that the figures for June quarter were higher than in any previous year. The years 1916 and 1917 again show a substantial excess for June quarter, and, in addition, show decidedly low totals for September and December quarters as compared with the corresponding quarters of previous years.
The marriage-rate, measured by the total population, does not show the true position when, as in the case of New Zealand, the age constitution of the people fluctuates considerably. A more satisfactory standard is found in the number of persons of marriageable age, defined as meaning the unmarried and widowed of males aged twenty years and upwards and of females aged fifteen years and upwards. The rates are given for seven census years in the following table:—
Year of Census. | Proportion of Unmarried per 1,000 of Total. | Proportion of Marriages per 1,000 of the | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Marriageable Men. | Marriageable Women. | Marriageable Persons. | Total Population. | |
1886 | 235.0 | 238.2 | 47.32 | 54.56 | 25.36 | 5.99 |
1891 | 238.2 | 268.5 | 47.78 | 47.97 | 23.94 | 6.04 |
1896 | 258.8 | 308.9 | 50.14 | 47.00 | 24.26 | 6.85 |
1901 | 275.5 | 331.8 | 54.11 | 49.78 | 25.93 | 7.83 |
1906 | 294.3 | 328.2 | 54.36 | 54.93 | 27.72 | 8.48 |
1911 | 286.5 | 314.9 | 57.60 | 58.38 | 28.99 | 8.70 |
1916 | 215.1 | 29.65 | 69.35 | 50.63 | 29.27 | 7.47 |
It will be noted from the above figures for 1916 that the withdrawal from the population of large numbers of men of marriageable ages has materially affected the proportions shown in the table. The proportion of unmarried males in the total male population has fallen considerably, while the proportion of marriages to the number of marriageable men shows a large increase, this increase, however, being offset by a decrease in the similar proportions as shown by the rates for females.
A comparison of the marriage-rate for each State of the Australian Commonwealth with New Zealand for the ten years 1908–17 is given. For the Commonwealth the rate in 1917 was 6.87 per 1,000 of mean population, as against 8.21 in 1916.
MARRIAGES PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Queensland. | New South Wales. | Victoria. | South Australia (Proper). | Western Australia. | Tasmania. | Commonwealth. | New Zealand. |
1908 | 7.24 | 8.03 | 7.53 | 8.18 | 7.80 | 7.64 | 7.76 | 8.82 |
1909 | 7.97 | 8.15 | 7.48 | 8.38 | 7.59 | 7.85 | 7.90 | 8.33 |
1910 | 8.06 | 8.76 | 7.98 | 9.17 | 7.77 | 7.82 | 8.37 | 8.30 |
1911 | 8.41 | 9.24 | 8.34 | 9.81 | 8.44 | 7.76 | 8.79 | 8.70 |
1912 | 8.91 | 9.60 | 8.65 | 9.62 | 8.37 | 7.86 | 9.07 | 8.81 |
1913 | 8.67 | 9.02 | 8.13 | 9.40 | 8.19 | 8.27 | 8.66 | 8.25 |
1914 | 8.73 | 9.37 | 8.31 | 9.11 | 8.22 | 7.78 | 8.80 | 8.51 |
1915 | 8.93 | 9.68 | 9.00 | 9.02 | 8.01 | 8.02 | 9.14 | 9.12 |
1916 | 7.69 | 8.74 | 8.05 | 8.31 | 7.51 | 7.23 | 8.21 | 7.47 |
1917 | 7.16 | 7.09 | 6.76 | 7.52 | 5.25 | 5.72 | 6.87 | 5.84 |
The average rate for New Zealand in normal years is higher than the rate for most of the European countries given in the table following:—
MARRIAGES PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. | ||
---|---|---|
Country. | Quinquennial Period. | Rate. |
Bulgaria | 1907–11 | 9.3 |
Roumania | 1910–14 | 9.2 |
Hungary | 1908–12 | 8.9 |
Serbia | 1908–12 | 8.7 |
Russia | 1905–09 | 8.4 |
England and Wales | 1911–15 | 8.2 |
Belgium | 1908–12 | 7.9 |
German Empire | 1908–12 | 7.8 |
Italy | 1910–14 | 7.5 |
Austria | 1908–12 | 7.5 |
France | 1910–14 | 7.2 |
Netherlands | 1911–15 | 7.1 |
Denmark | 1911–15 | 7.1 |
Scotland | 1911–15 | 7.1 |
Spain | 1910–14 | 6.9 |
Norway | 1911–15 | 6.3 |
Finland | 1910–14 | 5.9 |
Sweden | 1911–15 | 5.9 |
Switzerland | 1911–15 | 5.4 |
Ireland | 1911–15 | 5.3 |
The table which follows gives information as to the conjugal condition of persons married in each of the past ten years, divorced men and women being classed as bachelors and spinsters.
Year. | Marriages contracted between | Number of Divorced Persons married (included previously). | Total Marriages registered. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bachelors and Spinsters. | Bachelors and Widows. | Widowers and Spinsters. | Widowers and Widows. | |||
1908 | 7,622 | 254 | 344 | 119 | 129 | 8,339 |
1909 | 7,375 | 230 | 357 | 132 | 152 | 8,094 |
1910 | 7,440 | 306 | 342 | 148 | 150 | 8,236 |
1911 | 8,036 | 258 | 365 | 166 | 165 | 8,825 |
1912 | 8,350 | 253 | 413 | 133 | 204 | 9,149 |
1913 | 8,034 | 274 | 370 | 135 | 218 | 8,813 |
1914 | 8,672 | 276 | 398 | 134 | 204 | 9,280 |
1915 | 9,124 | 337 | 394 | 173 | 227 | 10,028 |
1916 | 7,323 | 329 | 408 | 153 | 230 | 8,213 |
1917 | 5,613 | 284 | 369 | 151 | 208 | 6,417 |
The figures for 1917 are given herewith in more detail as to conjugal condition of bride and bridegroom immediately prior to the marriage.
Condition of bridegrooms. | Condition of Brides. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spinsters. | Divorced Women. | Widows. | Total. | |
Bachelors | 5,439 | 100 | 268 | 5,807 |
Divorced men | 64 | 10 | 16 | 90 |
Widowers | 351 | 18 | 151 | 520 |
Total | 5,854 | 128 | 485 | 6,417 |
Included amongst widows in 1917 are twenty-one married women, and amongst the widowers eight men, who elected to go through the form of marriage with other persons under the protection of the provisions of section 224, subsection (5), of the Crimes Act, which reads, “No one commits bigamy by going through a form of marriage if he or she has been continually absent from his or her wife or husband for seven years then last past, and is not proved to have known that his wife or her husband was alive at any time during those seven years.”
The numbers of persons married under the protection of the above subsection during the past ten years are as shown in the following table:—
Year. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
1908 | 7 | 10 | 17 |
1909 | 3 | 13 | 16 |
1910 | 1 | 7 | 8 |
1911 | 3 | 15 | 18 |
1912 | 6 | 9 | 15 |
1913 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
1914 | 5 | 13 | 18 |
1915 | 5 | 7 | 12 |
1916 | 2 | 11 | 13 |
1917 | 8 | 21 | 29 |
A considerable increase is shown for 1917, which may be, in part, one of the many social effects of the war. The figures are, however, too small to allow of reliable comparisons being made.
Of the persons married in 1917, 230 bridegrooms and 1,074 brides were under twenty-one years of age. Of the bridegrooms, four were between seventeen and eighteen, while thirty-one were between eighteen and nineteen. Of the brides, six were between fifteen and sixteen, and thirty-five between, sixteen and seventeen years of age. A table is given showing relative ages of bridegrooms and brides in groups of years.
AGES OF PERSONS MARRIED, 1917. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of Bridegroom, in Years. | Age of Bride, in Years. | Total Bridegrooms | ||||||
Under 21. | 21 and under 25 | 25 and under 30 | 30 and under 35 | 35 and under 40 | 40 and under 45 | 45 and over. | ||
Under 21 | 139 | 76 | 10 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 230 |
21 and under 25 | 455 | 720 | 178 | 28 | 7 | .. | .. | 1,388 |
25 and under 30 | 311 | 848 | 666 | 138 | 32 | 3 | 2 | 2,000 |
30 and under 35 | 124 | 352 | 436 | 251 | 71 | 18 | 6 | 1,258 |
35 and under 40 | 31 | 118 | 188 | 158 | 131 | 43 | 14 | 683 |
40 and under 45 | 7 | 33 | 60 | 78 | 81 | 46 | 22 | 327 |
45 and over | 7 | 26 | 45 | 75 | 90 | 99 | 189 | 531 |
Total brides | 1,074 | 2,173 | 1,583 | 733 | 412 | 209 | 233 | 6,417 |
The following are the proportions of men and women married at each of certain age-periods to every 100 marriages in the years 1897, 1907, and 1917:—
Age, in Years. | 1897. | 1907. | 1917. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
Under 21 | 1.62 | 18.65 | 1.60 | 15.82 | 3.58 | 16.74 |
21 and under 25 | 25.19 | 41.25 | 23.63 | 36.77 | 21.63 | 33.86 |
25 and under 30 | 38.82 | 26.56 | 39.39 | 29.53 | 31.17 | 24.67 |
30 and under 40 | 25.99 | 10.52 | 27.16 | 14.11 | 30.25 | 17.84 |
40 and under 50 | 5.28 | 2.13 | 5.07 | 2.66 | 8.84 | 4.92 |
50 and under 60 | 2.25 | 0.67 | 1.99 | 0.81 | 2.96 | 1.31 |
60 and under 70 | 0.67 | 0.20 | 0.88 | 0.28 | 1.04 | 0.61 |
70 and upwards | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.53 | 0.05 |
100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The next table, showing similar information concerning bridegrooms during the past six years, gives some indication of the effect of the war on the male population of the age-group twenty-five to thirty, which in recent years has contributed about three-eighths of the total bridegrooms. In each of the four years 1912–15, inclusive, this group remained fairly steady between the 37 and 38 per cent. mark, but in 1916 the percentage fell to 34 ½, and in 1917 to 31. In each of the four groups above age thirty the percentages for the years 1916 and 1917 show a substantial increase on those of the four preceding years.
PERCENTAGES OF BRIDEGROOMS AT VARIOUS AGE-GROUPS, 1912–17. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, in Years. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
Under 21 | 1.88 | 1.80 | 2.10 | 2.08 | 1.96 | 3.58 |
21 and under 25 | 22.63 | 22.04 | 22.04 | 23.33 | 23.07 | 21.63 |
25 and under 30 | 37.74 | 37.75 | 37.34 | 37.43 | 34.51 | 31.17 |
30 and under 40 | 29.54 | 29.63 | 28.99 | 28.22 | 29.39 | 30.25 |
40 and under 50 | 5.45 | 5.84 | 7.04 | 5.84 | 7.21 | 8.84 |
50 and under 60 | 1.86 | 1.84 | 1.61 | 1.95 | 2.41 | 2.96 |
60 and under 70 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.88 | 1.08 | 1.04 |
70 and upwards | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.53 |
100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The decrease in the proportion of men at the ages at which marriages are usually solemnized is still further exemplified in the following statement giving average age of bridegrooms and brides over a series of years. The average age of bridegrooms in 1916 was seven months more than in 1915 or 1914, while the average age for 1917 shows a further increase of seven months over the figures for 1916.
MEAN AGE AT MARRIAGE. | ||
---|---|---|
Year. | Mean Age of Bridegrooms. | Mean Age of Brides. |
1898 | 29.95 | 25.30 |
1899 | 29.86 | 25.48 |
1900 | 29.91 | 25.29 |
1901 | 29.72 | 25.54 |
1902 | 29.89 | 25.63 |
1903 | 29.89 | 25.84 |
1904 | 29.60 | 25.44 |
1905 | 29.65 | 25.75 |
1906 | 29.76 | 25.97 |
1907 | 29.83 | 26.07 |
1908 | 29.86 | 26.11 |
1909 | 30.11 | 26.40 |
1910 | 29.91 | 26.32 |
1911 | 30.12 | 26.48 |
1912 | 29.95 | 26.39 |
1913 | 30.15 | 26.42 |
1914 | 30.09 | 26.69 |
1915 | 30.03 | 26.56 |
1916 | 30.64 | 26.77 |
1917 | 31.19 | 27.07 |
The average age of bridegrooms remained fairly constant during the earlier years of the period, with a gradual tendency to increase in latter years, but there is a fairly consistent increase in the average age of the brides, though 1916 and 1917 show a substantially higher average than do previous years. In England the mean age of those whose ages were stated was (in the year 1914) 29.12 years for men and 26.84 years for women. Thus the average age at marriage in New Zealand would appear to be higher for men, but slightly lower for women, than in England. The average age of all spinsters married in New Zealand in 1917 was 25.82 years.
The foregoing figures give the average age at marriage, but these do not correspond with the popular age, if the age at which the most marriages are celebrated may be so termed.
As was the case in 1916, the tables for 1917 show that more marriages of men took place at the age of twenty-six than at any other age, while ago twenty-one shows the largest number in the case of the females. If the marriages of spinsters only be considered, age twenty-one is still the most popular for females.
Of every 1,000 men married in 1917, 38 were under twenty-one years of age, while 164 in every 1,000 brides were under twenty-one. The proportion of bridegrooms under twenty-one is approximately the same in New Zealand as in England, where in 1916 the proportion was 36 per 1,000 of bridegrooms of specified age. Brides in New Zealand, however, include more minors per 1,000 than in England, there being 129 minors in every 1,000 brides whoso ages are given in the English records, as against 164 in New Zealand. It should be mentioned, however, that the proportions in the cases of both brides and bridegrooms in England have decreased materially since the outbreak of war, while the figures for New Zealand show substantial increases. In regard to this matter, it is worthy of note that in the Dominion ages of all parties married are obtainable, either from the marriage register itself or, in cases where the age is signified in the register by such words as “full” or “minor,” by reference to the Registrar's return of certificates issued.
A table is given showing the number of bridegrooms and brides under and over the age of twenty-one during each of the past ten years, together with the percentages of minors included in the totals of grooms and brides.
BRIDEGROOMS AND BRIDES UNDER AND OVER TWENTY-ONE, 1908–17. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Bridegrooms. | Brides. | Minors, per 100 Marriages. | |||
Adults. | Minors. | Adults. | Minors. | Bridegrooms. | Brides. | |
1908 | 8,162 | 177 | 7,001 | 1,338 | 2.12 | 16.05 |
1909 | 7,951 | 143 | 6,785 | 1,309 | 1.76 | 16.17 |
1910 | 8,080 | 156 | 6,975 | 1,261 | 1.95 | 15.70 |
1911 | 8,653 | 172 | 7,499 | 1,326 | 1.95 | 15.02 |
1912 | 8,947 | 172 | 7,688 | 1,461 | 1.88 | 15.97 |
1913 | 8,654 | 159 | 7,419 | 1,394 | 1.80 | 15.82 |
1914 | 9,085 | 195 | 7,842 | 1,438 | 2.10 | 15.50 |
1915 | 9,819 | 209 | 8,516 | 1,512 | 2.08 | 15.07 |
1916 | 8,052 | 161 | 6,943 | 1,270 | 1.96 | 15.46 |
1917 | 6,190 | 242 | 5,349 | 1,053 | 3.77 | 16.41 |
Registrars of Marriages are prohibited by law from issuing certificates for the marriage of minors without the consent of the parents or lawful guardians if there be any in New Zealand. If a declaration is made in any case that there is no such parent or lawful guardian resident in the Dominion, then a certificate may be issued after the expiration of fourteen days following the date on which the notice of intended marriage was given.
The ages at which persons may contract binding marriages are the same as in England—twelve years for females and fourteen for males. Marriage may be contracted at earlier ages than those stated, but would be voidable at the discretion of either of the parties upon reaching the age of twelve or fourteen, as the case may be, and without the necessity of proceedings in Court.
Although in New Zealand the age at which girls may legally marry is as above, nevertheless, by the criminal law, to unlawfully carnally know a girl under the age of sixteen years is a punishable offence. The age of consent was raised from fifteen to sixteen by statute passed in 1906.
Of the men married in 1917, eight or 1.25 in every 1,000, and of the women thirteen or 2.02 per 1,000, signed the register by mark.
Although the figures with regard to this subject might be considered as an indication of the illiteracy of the people in past years, when the proportion of signatures by mark was relatively high, the figures have now fallen so low that fluctuations from year to year are mainly due to slight variations in the numbers of marriages of persons of foreign or Maori birth, and of persons under temporary or permanent physical disability.
The comparison over a period of twenty or thirty years, however, indicates an undoubted decrease in illiteracy. This is shown by the following table:—
PERSONS IN EVERY 1,000 MARRIED WHO SIGNED BY MARK. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | 1881. | 1891. | 1901. | 1911. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916 | 1917. |
Male | 32.04 | 13.93 | 4.59 | 1.13 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.37 | 1.25 |
Female | 57.99 | 16.82 | 6.23 | 2.38 | 1.51 | 1.00 | 0.24 | 2.02 |
Of the 6,417 marriages registered in 1917, Church of England clergymen officiated at 1,575, Presbyterians at 1,471, Methodists at 670, and Roman Catholics at 766, while 1,589 marriages were celebrated before Registrars.
The following table shows the proportions of marriages by ministers of the principal denominations in the past five years:—
Denomination. | Percentage of Marriages. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
Church of England | 25.02 | 26.28 | 26.76 | 25.73 | 24.54 |
Presbyterians | 26.88 | 26.07 | 25.84 | 25.36 | 22.92 |
Methodists | 12.57 | 12.30 | 11.83 | 10.47 | 10.44 |
Roman Catholics | 11.73 | 11.07 | 11.18 | 12.02 | 11.94 |
Other denominations | 6.24 | 5.51 | 5.83 | 5.37 | 5.39 |
Before Registrars | 17.56 | 18.77 | 18.56 | 21.05 | 24.77 |
100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The above figures must not be taken as a true indication of the religions of the parties married, as it does not necessarily follow that both parties are members of the Church whose officiating minister performed the ceremony, and persons married before Registrars may belong, in greater or lesser proportion, to any of the denominations. It will be noted that for 1916 and 1917 there has been a decided increase in the proportion of marriages before Registrars.
In cases where both parties to a marriage are of the Native race there is no necessity under the Marriage Act to comply with the provisions of that Act, though the parties are at liberty to take advantage thereof. Considerable inconvenience, however, has been found to exist on account of the non-registration of Maori marriages, and a section was inserted in the Native Land Act, 1909, whereby it was laid down that Maori marriages must be celebrated either under the provisions of the Marriage Act or in the presence of a registered officiating minister, but without complying with the other requirements of the Act. Ministers solemnizing the latter class of marriages must send returns to the Registrar-General.
Returns of 253 marriages in which both parties were of the Native race were received during the year 1917. Of these, 48 were in accordance with the provisions of the Marriage Act. Maori marriages are not included in the numbers shown elsewhere in this subsection, nor are they taken into account in the computation of marriage-rates.
According to information received from the Cook Islands Department, the following are the figures of marriages solemnized in the Cook Islands during the year ending 31st March, 1918:—
MARRIAGES IN COOK ISLANDS, 1917–18. | |
---|---|
Island. | Number of Marriages. |
* Figures for year 1916. † Excluding Pukapuka (no returns). | |
Rarotonga | 34 |
Aitutaki | 22 |
Mangaia | 15 |
Penrhyn (four months) | 5 |
Manihiki (six months) | 7 |
Mitiaro (seven months) | 1 |
Mauke | 3 |
Rakahanga (six months) | 1 |
Atiu | 14 |
Niue | 63* |
Total | 165† |
The number of names on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act is (June, 1918) 1,638, and the denominations to which they belong are shown hereunder:—
Denomination. | Number. |
---|---|
Specified in statute— | |
Church of England | 446 |
Presbyterian Church of New Zealand | 343 |
Methodist Church of New Zealand | 258 |
Roman Catholic Church | 263 |
Congregational Independents | 29 |
Baptists | 45 |
Lutheran Church | 8 |
Hebrew Congregations | 5 |
Not specified in statute— | |
Church of Christ | 27 |
Salvation Army | 134 |
Catholic Apostolic Church | 4 |
Unitarians | 3 |
Brethren | 1 |
Seventh-day Adventists | 20 |
Free Methodist Church of New-Zealand | 1 |
Latter-day Saints | 5 |
Church of the Seven Rules of Jehovah | 16 |
Ringatu Church | 10 |
Others | 20 |
Total | 1,638 |
The Ringatu Church and the Church of the Seven Rules of Jehovah are Maori denominations.
COMPULSORY registration of deaths was instituted in New Zealand in 1855. As in the case of births, a system of non-compulsory registration had obtained since 1848.
Until the year 1876 the only information provided for in the death-registration entry was as to date, place, and cause of death, and name, sex, age, and occupation of deceased. The Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1875, required information to be recorded as regards parentage, conjugal condition, and issue of deceased. Particulars re burial had also to be entered, as well as more detailed information regarding cause of death. Subsequent amendments to the Act have made it requisite to give additional information concerning issue, and, in the case of married males, age of widow.
Every death occurring in New Zealand should be registered within three clays after the day of the death if in a city or borough, or seven days in any other case. There is a penalty up to £10 for neglect, the undertaker in charge of the funeral being by the Amendment Act of 1912 made solely responsible for registration. Prior to 1913 the undertaker was primarily looked to for registration, but, in addition, the occupier of the house and every other person present at death were also responsible parties.
The law does not impose any limit of time after which a death may not be registered as it does in the case of a birth. It is not necessary to register the death of any still-born child.
Any person burying or permitting or taking part in the burial of the body of any deceased person without a certificate of cause of death signed by a duly registered medical practitioner, a Coroner's order to bury the body, or a Registrar's certificate of registration of the death renders himself liable to a fine of £10.
The deaths registered in 1917 were 10,528, representing a rate of 9.58 per 1,000 of mean population. The number is only slightly below the number registered in 1916 (10,596), which was the highest total recorded in any year. The rate for 1917, however, has frequently been exceeded. The lowest rate, 8.87 per 1,000, was recorded in 1912, while the highest rate since 1887 was shown by the year 1907.
The following table shows the number of deaths and the death-rate per 1,000 of the living population; also a comparison with the average rate for 1882–86:—
Year. | Total Number of Deaths. | Death-rate. | |
---|---|---|---|
Per 1,000 of Population. | Compared with Rate in 1882–86, taken as 100. | ||
* Average for five years. | |||
1882–86 | 5,944* | 10.84 | 100 |
1887 | 6,137 | 10.29 | 95 |
1888 | 5,708 | 9.43 | 87 |
1889 | 5,772 | 9.44 | 87 |
1890 | 5,994 | 9.66 | 89 |
1891 | 6,518 | 10.35 | 95 |
1892 | 6,459 | 10.06 | 93 |
1893 | 6,767 | 10.23 | 94 |
1894 | 6,918 | 10.19 | 94 |
1895 | 6,863 | 9.91 | 91 |
1896 | 6,432 | 9.10 | 84 |
1897 | 6,595 | 9.14 | 84 |
1898 | 7,244 | 9.84 | 91 |
1899 | 7,680 | 10.24 | 94 |
1900 | 7,200 | 9.43 | 87 |
1901 | 7,634 | 9.81 | 90 |
1902 | 8,375 | 10.50 | 97 |
1903 | 8,528 | 10.40 | 96 |
1904 | 8,087 | 9.57 | 88 |
1905 | 8,061 | 9.27 | 86 |
1906 | 8,339 | 9.31 | 86 |
1907 | 10,066 | 10.95 | 101 |
1908 | 9,043 | 9.57 | 88 |
1909 | 8,959 | 9.22 | 85 |
1910 | 9,639 | 9.71 | 89 |
1911 | 9,534 | 9.39 | 87 |
1912 | 9,214 | 8.87 | 82 |
1913 | 10,119 | 9.47 | 87 |
1914 | 10,148 | 9.31 | 86 |
1915 | 9,965 | 9.06 | 84 |
1916 | 10,596 | 9.64 | 89 |
1917 | 10,528 | 9.58 | 88 |
The death-rates of males and females for the last ten years are shown separately in the next table, also the number of male deaths to every 100 female deaths, and the death-rate of males expressed as an index number of the female rate, taking the latter as equal to 100.
Year. | Deaths per 1,000 of the Total Population. | Male Deaths to every 100 Female Deaths. | Male Rate expressed as Index Number of Female Rate (= 100) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Total. | |||
1908 | 10.62 | 8.38 | 9.57 | 143 | 127 |
1909 | 10.18 | 8.14 | 9.22 | 141 | 125 |
1910 | 10.67 | 8.63 | 9.71 | 139 | 124 |
1911 | 10.46 | 8.21 | 9.39 | 142 | 127 |
1912 | 9.83 | 7.79 | 8.87 | 140 | 126 |
1913 | 10.46 | 8.38 | 9.47 | 138 | 125 |
1914 | 10.53 | 7.98 | 9.31 | 144 | 132 |
1915 | 10.19 | 7.87 | 9.06 | 137 | 129 |
1916 | 11.14 | 8.13 | 9.64 | 138 | 138 |
1917 | 11.09 | 8.09 | 9.58 | 134 | 137 |
Prior to the war period, the excess of male over female population had the effect of showing a smaller variation between death-rates for the two sexes than was indicated by a comparison of numbers of deaths.
The withdrawal of a large number of males between the ages of 20 and 45 for military service overseas has, however, reduced the male population without proportionately reducing the total of male deaths. Consequently there has been a tendency towards an increase in the crude male death-rate. The approximate numerical equality of the sexes in 1916 brought about an agreement between the figures shown in the last two columns. For 1917 the excess of the female over the male population has resulted for the first time in a higher figure in the last column (which shows the comparison between rates) than in the preceding column, which gives the comparison between the actual numbers of deaths.
For the purpose of considering the mortality in New Zealand more closely than can be done by means of crude death-rates, it is desirable to ascertain the rates at different age-periods of the population.
DEATH-RATES PER 1,000 LIVING AT VARIOUS AGE-PERIODS. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ages, in Years. | Averages, 1908–12. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | Increase or Decrease, 1908–12 to 1917. |
Per Cent. | |||||||
Under 5 | 17.94 | 16.74 | 15.01 | 14.27 | 15.49 | 1402 | −21.85 |
5 and under 10 | 1.82 | 1.48 | 1.76 | 1.86 | 2.61 | 2.44 | + 34.06 |
10 and under 15 | 1.40 | 1.38 | 1.19 | 1.47 | 1.59 | 1.39 | −0.71 |
15 and under 20 | 2.12 | 2.18 | 1.95 | 1.83 | 2.35 | 205 | −3.30 |
20 and under 25 | 3.01 | 2.83 | 2.78 | 3.19 | 3.16 | 3.40 | + 12.96 |
25 and under 35 | 4.18 | 3.92 | 3.60 | 3.79 | 3.91 | 4.19 | + 0.25 |
35 and under 45 | 6.08 | 6.27 | 6.18 | 5.81 | 6.67 | 5.76 | −5.26 |
45 and under 55 | 9.74 | 10.25 | 10.21 | 9.40 | 10.24 | 8.93 | −8.32 |
55 and under 65 | 18.81 | 19.82 | 19.84 | 2008 | 19.22 | 19.07 | + 1.38 |
65 and under 75 | 45.36 | 44.39 | 47.71 | 41.85 | 40.22 | 44.78 | −1.28 |
75 and over | 135.57 | 136.00 | 138.31 | 134.83 | 142.75 | 128.55 | −5.18 |
All ages | 9.35 | 9.47 | 9.31 | 9.06 | 9.64 | 9.58 | + 2.46 |
Besides advantages of climate, New Zealand possesses a population younger in age constitution than that of most other countries—conditions favourable to a low rate of mortality. Another table is given comparing death-rates at twelve age periods for 1916 with those of England and Wales. Here the extremely low rate of mortality in New Zealand among children under five years of age is remarkable, and the difference at some of the groups at the more advanced ages is considerable. The New Zealand rate for males is higher than that for females at all groups excepting 85 years and upwards, while for England and Wales the male rate is equal with that for females at 10–15 years, and is higher in every other instance. It may be noted that in only one instance is the Dominion rate higher than the corresponding rate in England and Wales. This occurs in the female death-rate for the age-period 25–35 years.
DEATH-RATE PER 1,000 PERSONS LIVING, ACCORDING TO SEX, FOR THE YEAR 1916, COMPARED WITH ENGLAND AND WALES. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ages, in Years. | New Zealand. | England and Wales. | ||
Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
Under 5 | 17.47 | 13.69 | 30.9 | 25.2 |
5 and under 10 | 2.66 | 2.43 | 3.2 | 3.0 |
10 and under 15 | 1.64 | 1.36 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
15 and under 20 | 3.04 | 2.11 | 2.9 | |
20 and under 25 | 5.26 | 3.02 | 7.2 | 3.2 |
25 and under 35 | 4.69 | 4.02 | 3.9 | |
35 and under 45 | 6.44 | 5.29 | 6.3 | |
45 and under 55 | 10.46 | 7.70 | 14.5 | 11.2 |
55 and under 65 | 19.91 | 16.27 | 29.6 | 23.1 |
65 and under 75 | 49.17 | 40.23 | 68.8 | 53.4 |
75 and under 85 | 117.61 | 96.66 | 159.3 | 133.3 |
85 and over | 225.27 | 248.63 | 305.8 | 284.9 |
All ages | 11.23 | 8.13 | 16.9 | 12.5 |
The deaths occurring during 1917 are tabulated below in single ages up to five years, and thereafter in groups, showing males and females separately:—
Ages. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
Months. | |||
Under 1 | 454 | 333 | 787 |
1–3 | 106 | 80 | 186 |
3–6 | 92 | 79 | 171 |
5–12 | 115 | 101 | 216 |
Years. | |||
1–2 | 100 | 96 | 196 |
2–3 | 77 | 55 | 132 |
3–4 | 59 | 43 | 102 |
4–5 | 44 | 45 | 89 |
5–10 | 168 | 136 | 304 |
10–15 | 92 | 64 | 156 |
15–20 | 95 | 95 | 190 |
20–25 | 116 | 140 | 256 |
25–30 | 158 | 185 | 343 |
30–35 | 208 | 196 | 404 |
35–40 | 269 | 209 | 478 |
40–45 | 248 | 182 | 430 |
45–50 | 275 | 182 | 457 |
50–55 | 288 | 214 | 502 |
55–60 | 311 | 235 | 546 |
60–65 | 404 | 270 | 674 |
65–70 | 471 | 316 | 787 |
70–75 | 495 | 353 | 848 |
75–80 | 587 | 374 | 961 |
80–85 | 483 | 287 | 770 |
85–90 | 259 | 162 | 421 |
90–95 | 51 | 47 | 98 |
95–100 | 6 | 14 | 20 |
100 | .. | 1 | 1 |
101 | .. | 3 | 3 |
Totals | 6,031 | 4,497 | 10,528 |
The average age at death of persons of either sex in each of the ten years 1908–17 was as follows:—
Males. | Females. | |
---|---|---|
1908 | 42.50 years. | 39.14 years. |
1909 | 42.76 years. | 38.78 years. |
1910 | 44.47 years. | 42.25 years. |
1911 | 46.17 years. | 42.37 years. |
1912 | 47.19 years. | 44.91 years. |
1913 | 46.26 years. | 43.04 years. |
1914 | 46.97 years. | 44.27 years. |
1915 | 47.24 years. | 44.71 years. |
1916 | 46.06 years. | 44.01 years. |
1917 | 48.83 years. | 45.51 years. |
The year 1917 shows a considerably higher average age than the years immediately preceding. The comparatively low death-rate among children during 1917 is responsible for the high average age at death shown for that year.
The 1915 issue of the Year-book contained results of a mortality investigation undertaken from the results of the five censuses 1891 to 1911, inclusive, in conjunction with the records of deaths. Considerations of space prevent the results being repeated in this volume, but a table follows showing the expectation of life in New Zealand, based on the experience of the quinquennium 1906–10.
EXPECTATION OF LIFE OR AVERAGE AFTER-LIFETIME IN NEW ZEALAND AT EACH YEAR OF AGE. | ||
---|---|---|
Age. | Males. | Females. |
Years. | Years. | Years. |
0 | 59.165 | 61.764 |
1 | 63.125 | 64.816 |
2 | 62.836 | 64.503 |
3 | 62.168 | 63.843 |
4 | 61.407 | 63.053 |
5 | 60.581 | 62.211 |
6 | 59.724 | 61.350 |
7 | 58.849 | 60.465 |
8 | 57.959 | 59.576 |
9 | 57.057 | 58.672 |
10 | 56.144 | 57.754 |
11 | 55.225 | 56.834 |
12 | 54.306 | 55.913 |
13 | 53.388 | 54.994 |
14 | 52.474 | 54.079 |
15 | 51.570 | 53.172 |
16 | 50.677 | 52.273 |
17 | 49.795 | 51.385 |
18 | 48.923 | 50.505 |
19 | 48.058 | 49.634 |
20 | 47.200 | 48.770 |
21 | 46.348 | 47.914 |
22 | 45.502 | 47.067 |
23 | 44.659 | 46.226 |
24 | 43.819 | 45.391 |
25 | 42.979 | 44.562 |
26 | 42.137 | 43.740 |
27 | 41.296 | 42.922 |
28 | 40.454 | 42.107 |
29 | 39.614 | 41.292 |
30 | 38.775 | 40.477 |
31 | 37.937 | 39.659 |
32 | 37.101 | 38.841 |
33 | 36.268 | 38.023 |
34 | 35.439 | 37.207 |
35 | 34.614 | 36.396 |
36 | 33.794 | 35.588 |
37 | 32.978 | 34.784 |
38 | 32.166 | 33.981 |
39 | 31.353 | 33.177 |
40 | 30.540 | 32.368 |
41 | 29.726 | 31.555 |
42 | 28.913 | 30.739 |
43 | 28.103 | 29.923 |
44 | 27.300 | 29.107 |
45 | 26.507 | 28.294 |
46 | 25.725 | 27.485 |
47 | 24.952 | 26.680 |
48 | 24.188 | 25.880 |
49 | 23.429 | 25.085 |
50 | 22.672 | 24.295 |
51 | 21.919 | 23.511 |
52 | 21.170 | 22.734 |
53 | 20.428 | 21.963 |
54 | 19.695 | 21.200 |
55 | 18.972 | 20.443 |
56 | 18.262 | 19.694 |
57 | 17.562 | 18.953 |
58 | 16.872 | 18.220 |
59 | 16.188 | 17.494 |
60 | 15.508 | 16.774 |
61 | 14.831 | 16.061 |
62 | 14.161 | 15.357 |
63 | 13.502 | 14.666 |
64 | 12.857 | 13.990 |
65 | 12.229 | 13.331 |
66 | 11.618 | 12.689 |
67 | 11.026 | 12.067 |
68 | 10.455 | 11.463 |
69 | 9.907 | 10.878 |
70 | 9.383 | 10.311 |
71 | 8.884 | 9.762 |
72 | 8.407 | 9.231 |
73 | 7.953 | 8.722 |
74 | 7.519 | 8.237 |
75 | 7.102 | 7.777 |
76 | 6.703 | 7.341 |
77 | 6.321 | 6.929 |
78 | 5.958 | 6.539 |
79 | 5.615 | 6.168 |
80 | 5.294 | 5.815 |
81 | 4.995 | 5.478 |
82 | 4.716 | 5.156 |
83 | 4.453 | 4.848 |
84 | 4.201 | 4.552 |
85 | 3.954 | 4.262 |
86 | 3.709 | 3.976 |
87 | 3.467 | 3.697 |
88 | 3.233 | 3.428 |
89 | 3.001 | 3.165 |
90 | 2.765 | 2.900 |
91 | 2.523 | 2.632 |
92 | 2.280 | 2.366 |
93 | 2.046 | 2.113 |
94 | 1.825 | 1.876 |
95 | 1.813 | 1.650 |
96 | 1.409 | 1.436 |
97 | 1.214 | 1.232 |
98 | 1.030 | 1.042 |
99 | 0.864 | 0.871 |
100 | 0.720 | 0.723 |
101 | 0.599 | 0.600 |
It will be noted that while the expectation or average after-lifetime of males at ago 0 is given as 59.165 years, the average age at death of males in 1917 is only 48.33 years. The reason for the difference in these figures is that the average age at death in 1917 is nothing more than the average of the ages of those dying in that year; and if the population be one with a preponderance of young people, as is the case in New Zealand, that preponderance of young ages must also be reflected among those dying in a particular year, who, after all, are largely a sample of the living.
The average ago at death in one particular year is therefore evidence of the age constitution of the population in that year rather than of the vitality of the people, though it is affected by both factors. In New Zealand it is on the whole constantly increasing, mainly because the population is gradually getting a due proportion of old people; but a large immigration of young people or a sufficient increase in the birth-rate could send it down again by furnishing a greater number of deaths at low ages, even without any change in the vitality.
The expectation of life is independent of these factors, being based upon the scientifically determined rates of mortality at every successive year of age, and could be said to represent the average age at death of, say, 100,000 people followed from birth to their final extinction by death. In the course of time, when the age constitution of the population of New Zealand approximates more closely to that existing in the older countries, the average age at death in a given year will tend to be in closer agreement with the actuarially ascertained expectation of life at age 0.
A table is given showing the death-rates of the Australian States and Commonwealth, and of New Zealand, in each of the ten years 1908–17.
DEATH-RATES OF AUSTRALASIA PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION, 1908–17. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country. | 1908. | 1909. | 1913. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
Queensland | 10.26 | 9.70 | 9.71 | 10.65 | 10.96 | 10.39 | 9.97 | 11.00 | 11.09 | 9.64 |
New South Wales | 10.20 | 9.89 | 9.89 | 10.37 | 10.86 | 10.89 | 10.11 | 10.48 | 10.63 | 9.60 |
Victoria | 12.71 | 11.45 | 11.49 | 11.45 | 12.23 | 11.11 | 11.59 | 11.10 | 11.70 | 10.36 |
South Australia (proper) | 10.14 | 9.74 | 10.09 | 9.82 | 10.28 | 10.82 | 10.71 | 10.67 | 11.72 | 10.10 |
Western Australia | 11.17 | 10.27 | 10.11 | 10.19 | 11.06 | 9.34 | 9.41 | 9.28 | 9.80 | 8.97 |
Tasmania | 11.36 | 9.68 | 11.10 | 10.13 | 10.73 | 10.87 | 9.67 | 10.11 | 10.38 | 8.89 |
Commonwealth | 11.07 | 10.33 | 10.43 | 10.66 | 11.23 | 10.87 | 10.51 | 10.61 | 11.04 | 9.80 |
New Zealand | 9.57 | 9.22 | 9.71 | 9.39 | 8.87 | 9.47 | 9.31 | 9.06 | 9.64 | 9.58 |
New Zealand has a lower death-rate than any of the Australian States, which, age in, have considerably lower rates than other countries. A diagram is given on the following page showing the death-rates of England, Australia, and New Zealand in each year since 1887. The rates of England and Australia show a considerable fall throughout the period, but are in no year lower than the New Zealand rate.
The death-rates of certain of the principal European and other countries are also given.
DEATH-RATES PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION. | ||
---|---|---|
Country. | Average of Five Years, 1909–13. | Year 1914. |
* Registration Area. †1908–12. ‡1912. §1913. | ||
Denmark | 13.0 | 12.6 |
Ontario | 13.1 | 11.8 |
Netherlands | 13.3 | 12.4 |
Norway | 13.4 | 13.5 |
Sweden | 13.9 | 13.8 |
England and Wales | 14.0 | 14.0 |
United States* | 14.3 | 13.6 |
Switzerland | 15.1 | 13.8 |
Scotland | 15.4 | 15.5 |
Belgium | 15.7† | 14.8‡ |
German Empire | 16.3 | 15.0§ |
Finland | 16.4 | 15.6 |
Ireland | 16.9 | 16.3 |
Prance | 18.3 | 19.6 |
Italy | 20.0 | 17.9 |
Austria | 21.8† | 20.5‡ |
Jamaica | 22.7 | 21.4 |
Spain | 22.9 | 22.1 |
Serbia | 23.6† | 21.1‡ |
Hungary | 24.6† | 23.3‡ |
Roumania | 25.3 | 23.8 |
Chile | 30.6 | 27.8 |
Ceylon | 30.8 | 32.2 |
Perfect accuracy in comparing one country with another can be attained only by the use of what is termed an “index of mortality.” The proportions of the living vary in regard to the different age-groups, and the ordinary death-rate—which is calculated on the population as a whole—does not afford a true means of judging of the relative healthiness of the places compared. But by taking a population like that of Sweden, and applying the percentage at each age-group to the death-rates, a standard of health or index of mortality can be arrived at. This has been done for New Zealand in accordance with a resolution of the Statistical Conference held at Hobart in 1902, and the result is expressed in tabular form.
INDEX OF MORTALITY IN NEW ZEALAND FOR 1917. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ages, in Years. | Estimated Mean Population. | Number of Deaths. | Death-rate per 1,000. | Percentage of Population of Sweden, 1890 (Standard). | Index of Mortality in New Zealand per 1,000. |
Under 1 | 27,044 | 1,360 | 50.29 | 2.55 | 1.28 |
1 and under 20 | 428,845 | 1,169 | 2.73 | 39.80 | 1.09 |
20 and under 40 | 350,081 | 1,481 | 4.23 | 26.96 | 1.14 |
40 and under 60 | 210,990 | 1,935 | 9.17 | 19.23 | 1.76 |
60 and upwards | 82,157 | 4,583 | 55.78 | 11.46 | 639 |
Totals | 1,099,117 | 10,528 | 9.58 | 100.00 | 11.66 |
The New Zealand rates may be compared with those of the Australian States and of the Commonwealth standardized by the same system.
STANDARDIZED DEATH-RATES. 1907–16. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. |
New Zealand | 13.35 | 11.67 | 11.30 | 12.04 | 11.83 | 11.27 | 11.92 | 11.85 | 11.38 | 11.88 |
Queensland | 14.60 | 14.56 | 13.80 | 12.44 | 13.57 | 13.91 | 13.25 | 12.70 | 14.30 | 14.37 |
New South Wales | 14.31 | 13.88 | 13.44 | 12.36 | 13.23 | 13.63 | 13.61 | 12.72 | 13.24 | 13.48 |
Victoria | 14.40 | 15.24 | 13.74 | 14.11 | 14.23 | 14.94 | 13.50 | 14.11 | 13.54 | 14.28 |
South Australia | 13.33 | 13.15 | 12.57 | 12.39 | 12.18 | 12.76 | 13.25 | 13.03 | 13.09 | 14.45 |
Western Australia | 15.66 | 15.80 | 15.07 | 13.31 | 13.47 | 14.55 | 12.58 | 12.56 | 12.79 | 14.15 |
Tasmania | 14.87 | 15.34 | 13.14 | 13.59 | 12.97 | 13.69 | 13.54 | 12.11 | 13.04 | 13.43 |
Commonwealth | 13.97 | 14.10 | 13.15 | 13.17 | 13.55 | 14.08 | 13.47 | 13.18 | 13.44 | 13.99 |
Where comparisons are restricted to the figures for different years in a country such as New Zealand, where the age and sex constitution of the population is undergoing a gradual change, it is preferable to use as a standard the constitution of the population of the same country at some fixed date.
In the following' table the rates have been standardized on the population as disclosed at the census of 1911.
The system of standardization adopted is similar to that used in arriving at the international index of mortality, but is more detailed. The population and deaths of each year of the period have been divided, each sex separately, into five-yearly groups of ages (with one group only for ages eighty and over), and the rates for the various groups ascertained and weighted according to the percentage which the respective age-groups bore to the total population at the census of 1911.
DEATH-RATES, CRUDE AND STANDARDIZED, 1872–1917. | ||
---|---|---|
Year. | Crude (Actual) Death-rate. | Standardized Rate. |
1872 | 11.39 | 12.36 |
1873 | 12.67 | 14.10 |
1874 | 12.98 | 13.79 |
1875 | 15.92 | 17.30 |
1876 | 12.66 | 14.09 |
1877 | 11.47 | 12.86 |
1878 | 10.96 | 12.76 |
1879 | 12.46 | 14.11 |
1880 | 11.46 | 12.70 |
1881 | 11.13 | 12.41 |
1882 | 11.19 | 13.06 |
1883 | 11.45 | 13.29 |
1884 | 10.39 | 11.88 |
1885 | 10.76 | 12.36 |
1886 | 10.54 | 12.17 |
1887 | 10.29 | 11.96 |
1888 | 9.43 | 11.72 |
1889 | 9.44 | 10.80 |
1890 | 9.66 | 11.25 |
1891 | 10.35 | 12.08 |
1892 | 10.06 | 11.75 |
1893 | 10.23 | 11.80 |
1894 | 10.19 | 11.56 |
1895 | 9.91 | 11.22 |
1896 | 9.10 | 10.35 |
1897 | 9.14 | 10.58 |
1898 | 9.84 | 11.50 |
1899 | 10.24 | 11.02 |
1900 | 9.43 | 10.21 |
1901 | 9.81 | 10.66 |
1902 | 10.50 | 11.41 |
1903 | 10.40 | 11.17 |
1904 | 9.57 | 9.87 |
1905 | 9.27 | 9.60 |
1906 | 9.31 | 9.66 |
1907 | 10.95 | 11.37 |
1908 | 9.57 | 9.94 |
1909 | 9.22 | 9.20 |
1910 | 9.71 | 9.63 |
1911 | 9.39 | 9.38 |
1912 | 8.87 | 8.87 |
1913 | 9.47 | 9.47 |
1914 | 9.31 | 9.31 |
1915 | 9.06 | 9.09 |
1916 | 9.64 | 9.22 |
1917 | 9.58 | 9.04 |
The occupations of males who died during 1917, arranged according to the census classification, are shown in the following table. Further details may be obtained from Volume 1 of “Statistics of the Dominon of New Zealand,” 1917.
Occupation. | Age, in Years. | Total. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 45. | 45 and under 65. | 65 and over. | ||
Professional | 6 | 26 | 99 | 85 | 135 | 351 |
Domestic | .. | 3 | 29 | 47 | 52 | 131 |
Commercial | 5 | 19 | 110 | 160 | 208 | 502 |
Engaged in transport and communication | 8 | 10 | 112 | 119 | 117 | 366 |
Engaged in manufacturing | 7 | 6 | 111 | 124 | 230 | 478 |
Engaged in building and construction | 2 | 1 | 49 | 71 | 179 | 302 |
Other industrial workers | 10 | 21 | 165 | 269 | 327 | 792 |
Agricultural and pastoral | 26 | 23 | 141 | 292 | 761 | 1,243 |
Working in mines and quarries | 1 | .. | 27 | 53 | 139 | 220 |
Other primary producers | .. | 1 | 8 | 23 | 19 | 51 |
Independent means, &c. | .. | .. | 1 | 9 | 63 | 73 |
Dependent relatives | 1,337 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | 1,342 |
Dependent on public or private support | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 35 | 36 |
Undefined or unknown | .. | 4 | 27 | 26 | 87 | 144 |
1,402 | 116 | 883 | 1,278 | 2,352 | 6,031 |
As already explained in the subsection dealing with births, from January., 1917, an alteration has been made in the areas constituting the chief centres.
Metropolitan areas have been created at each of the four chief centres, and suburban areas at nine of the more important secondary centres. Each area includes, in addition to the central boroughs, a considerable non-municipalized area adjacent to and contingent on the centre.
Notwithstanding this alteration, however, the rates for 1917 are reasonably comparable with those for past years.
The total number of deaths registered for the four metropolitan areas in the year 1917 was 4,109—viz., 2,882 in the cities and 1,227 in the suburban portions.
By including the suburban portions the death-rate for 1917 is lowered in the case of all four metropolitan areas. The rates for the year are,—
Death-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population. | |
---|---|
Auckland City | 12.36 |
Auckland Metropolitan Area | 10.45 |
Wellington City | 10.05 |
Wellington Metropolitan Area | 9.37 |
Christchurch City | 12.13 |
Christchurch Metropolitan Area | 11.04 |
Dunedin City | 12.23 |
Dunedin Metropolitan Area | 11.58 |
The death-rates for the cities, including suburban boroughs, for five years are as below:—
Deaths per 1,000 of Population. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
* Metropolitan areas in 1917. | |||||
Auckland (including suburbs)* | 10.61 | 9.42 | 9.05 | 9.58 | 10.45 |
Wellington (including suburbs)* | 9.08 | 10.47 | 9.71 | 9.45 | 9.37 |
Christchurch (including suburbs)* | 10.15 | 9.58 | 9.01 | 10.84 | 10.04 |
Dunedin (including suburbs)* | 11.03 | 10.22 | 11.03 | 11.72 | 11.58 |
Wellington has proportionately fewer old people than the other three centres, and this explains largely its lower average death-rate. Dunedin, on the other hand, has a higher proportion of old people in its population than Auckland or Christchurch, and has consequently the highest death-rate of all four centres, notwithstanding its low rate of infantile mortality. In the five years, 1913–17, deaths of persons aged 65 or over in the four centres, including suburban boroughs, were,—
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Metropolitan areas in 1917. | |||||
Auckland (including suburbs)* | 306 | 312 | 325 | 331 | 537 |
Wellington (including suburbs)* | 192 | 214 | 192 | 220 | 261 |
Christchurch (including suburbs)* | 262 | 245 | 269 | 296 | 412 |
Dunedin (including suburbs)* | 296 | 288 | 308 | 320 | 358 |
The increase shown by the above figures for 1917 is, of course, largely due to the increased population covered by the new metropolitan areas.
If the number of deaths of infants under one year be excluded, the mortality among the rest of the population is found to have been for the years 1913–17 in the following ratio to the 1,000 living:—
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Metropolitan areas in 1917. | |||||
Auckland (including suburbs)* | 8.74 | 8.19 | 7.39 | 8.39 | 9.29 |
Wellington (including suburbs)* | 7.79 | 8.59 | 8.19 | 8.06 | 8.14 |
Christchurch (including suburbs)* | 8.82 | 8.25 | 7.80 | 9.28 | 10.14 |
Dunedin (including suburbs)* | 9.59 | 9.25 | 9.53 | 10.70 | 10.93 |
The infantile-mortality races (deaths of children under one year of age to every 100 births) are as below. Caution must be exercised in comparing the last five years with previous years owing to alterations in system (vide subsection dealing with births). The rates per 100 births are,—
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Metropolitan areas in 1917. | |||||
Auckland (including suburbs)* | 8.08 | 5.76 | 7.17 | 5.92 | 6.10 |
Wellington (including suburbs)* | 6.02 | 8.26 | 6.28 | 6.51 | 5.65 |
Christchurch | 6.35 | 6.82 | 5.42 | 6.67 | 4.93 |
Dunedin | 7.34 | 5.43 | 7.23 | 5.47 | 4.02 |
Again, the percentage of deaths of children under five to the total number of deaths in 1917 was—in Auckland, 18.61; in Wellington, 21.19; in Christchurch, 15.14; in Dunedin, only 10.93.
Excluding suburbs, and dealing with the deaths at all ages in the four cities only, the rates for 1917 are found to be higher than those for the previous year in all cases except that of Dunedin. The figures for five years are given:—
Deaths per 1,000 of Population. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
Auckland City | 11.49 | 10.43 | 9.99 | 11.10 | 12.36 |
Wellington City | 9.30 | 10.73 | 10.02 | 9.73 | 10.05 |
Christchurch City | 10.40 | 10.02 | 9.58 | 11.23 | 12.13 |
Dunedin City | 11.98 | 11.00 | 11.58 | 12.36 | 12.23 |
Omitting the deaths of infants under one year, and calculating the rate on the population of one year of age and upwards, all four cities show higher rates in 1917 than in the previous year. The mean of the rates for five years are also given:—
Deaths per 1,000 of Population, excluding Infants under One Year of Age. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1915. | 1916. | 1917. | Mean of Five Years. | |
Auckland (excluding suburbs) | 8.38 | 9.60 | 11.02 | 9.51 |
Wellington (excluding suburbs) | 8.73 | 8.26 | 8.72 | 8.49 |
Christchurch (excluding suburbs) | 8.53 | 9.87 | 11.22 | 9.46 |
Dunedin (excluding suburbs) | 10.23 | 11.29 | 11.58 | 10.73 |
The table following shows the number of living issue (male, female, and total) left by married men whose deaths were registered during the ten years 1908–17, the information being given according to age of father and of issue. It will be seen that during the period under review 23,719 fathers left issue to the number of 114,370, an average of 4.82. There were also 3,886 married men who died without leaving issue.
NUMBER AND AGES OF ISSUE LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, 1908–17. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of Issue, in Years. | Number of Issue left by Fathers dying within the Age-groups shown at Head of Column. | ||||||||
20 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and under 50. | 50 and under 60. | 60 and under 65. | 65 and under 70. | 70 and under 80. | 80 and over. | Totals. | |
Males. | |||||||||
0 | 53 | 127 | 61 | 29 | 5 | 2 | .. | .. | 277 |
1 | 52 | 177 | 107 | 26 | 6 | 6 | 1 | .. | 375 |
2 | 69 | 235 | 133 | 51 | 8 | 11 | 2 | .. | 509 |
3 | 47 | 219 | 167 | 73 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 530 |
4 | 34 | 218 | 183 | 75 | 11 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 537 |
5 | 15 | 234 | 216 | 76 | 14 | 16 | 10 | .. | 581 |
6 | 12 | 211 | 191 | 102 | 17 | 18 | 11 | 3 | 565 |
7 | 5 | 213 | 223 | 116 | 18 | 27 | 12 | 1 | 615 |
8 | 2 | 157 | 259 | 154 | 35 | 15 | 10 | 2 | 634 |
9 | 1 | 137 | 234 | 133 | 35 | 22 | 16 | 1 | 579 |
10 | 1 | 122 | 245 | 190 | 42 | 20 | 25 | 4 | 649 |
11 | .. | 99 | 228 | 222 | 45 | 40 | 27 | 2 | 663 |
12 | .. | 71 | 277 | 223 | 73 | 42 | 22 | 2 | 710 |
13 | .. | 43 | 258 | 243 | 69 | 54 | 41 | 8 | 716 |
14 | .. | 37 | 248 | 278 | 82 | 87 | 48 | 4 | 784 |
15 | .. | 25 | 214 | 274 | 91 | 65 | 64 | 9 | 742 |
16 | .. | 21 | 211 | 307 | 98 | 91 | 85 | 13 | 826 |
17 | .. | 3 | 200 | 331 | 146 | 109 | 95 | 9 | 893 |
18 | .. | 4 | 183 | 336 | 153 | 114 | 96 | 13 | 899 |
19 | .. | 3 | 144 | 383 | 184 | 146 | 137 | 21 | 1,018 |
20 | .. | 2 | 139 | 368 | 189 | 160 | 175 | 17 | 1,050 |
21 and over | .. | 5 | 369 | 3,830 | 4,455 | 6,472 | 17,642 | 9,764 | 42,537 |
Unspecified | 13 | 60 | 115 | 206 | 114 | 154 | 367 | 25 | 1,054 |
Total male issue | 304 | 2,423 | 4,605 | 8,026 | 5,902 | 7,687 | 18,895 | 9,901 | 57,743 |
Females. | |||||||||
0 | 58 | 127 | 70 | 23 | 4 | 1 | 1 | .. | 284 |
1 | 92 | 177 | 104 | 41 | 9 | 1 | 3 | .. | 427 |
2 | 49 | 233 | 149 | 74 | 12 | 6 | 3 | .. | 526 |
3 | 46 | 214 | 175 | 58 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 510 |
4 | 34 | 234 | 164 | 68 | 9 | 11 | 8 | .. | 528 |
5 | 14 | 211 | 203 | 88 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 549 |
6 | 21 | 197 | 201 | 109 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 3 | 567 |
7 | 4 | 186 | 215 | 137 | 26 | 24 | 10 | .. | 602 |
8 | 3 | 159 | 229 | 143 | 28 | 20 | 19 | 1 | 602 |
9 | 4 | 145 | 257 | 160 | 41 | 30 | 16 | 9 | 655 |
10 | .. | 131 | 263 | 181 | 40 | 34 | 24 | 4 | 677 |
11 | .. | 104 | 237 | 183 | 44 | 32 | 28 | 1 | 629 |
12 | .. | 79 | 238 | 236 | 63 | 54 | 40 | 4 | 714 |
13 | .. | 58 | 236 | 229 | 79 | 54 | 39 | 6 | 701 |
14 | .. | 30 | 220 | 256 | 80 | 58 | 54 | 5 | 703 |
15 | .. | 31 | 210 | 287 | 98 | 69 | 55 | 5 | 755 |
16 | .. | 19 | 212 | 310 | 119 | 86 | 74 | 8 | 828 |
17 | .. | 13 | 183 | 329 | 142 | 99 | 99 | 8 | 873 |
18 | .. | 5 | 160 | 317 | 152 | 113 | 111 | 10 | 868 |
19 | .. | 1 | 159 | 378 | 184 | 142 | 121 | 25 | 1,010 |
20 | .. | 1 | 126 | 382 | 185 | 138 | 137 | 23 | 992 |
21 and over | .. | 2 | 380 | 3,828 | 4,371 | 6,470 | 17,090 | 9,511 | 41,652 |
Unspecified | 7 | 54 | 99 | 172 | 138 | 135 | 350 | 20 | 975 |
Total female issue | 332 | 2,411 | 4,490 | 7,989 | 5,861 | 7,603 | 18,301 | 9,640 | 56,627 |
Both Sexes. | |||||||||
0 | 111 | 254 | 131 | 52 | 9 | 3 | 1 | .. | 561 |
1 | 144 | 354 | 211 | 67 | 15 | 7 | 4 | .. | 802 |
2 | 118 | 468 | 282 | 125 | 20 | 17 | 5 | .. | 1,035 |
3 | 93 | 433 | 342 | 131 | 23 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 1,040 |
4 | 68 | 452 | 347 | 143 | 20 | 21 | 13 | 1 | 1,065 |
5 | 29 | 445 | 419 | 164 | 25 | 26 | 19 | 3 | 1,130 |
6 | 33 | 408 | 392 | 211 | 32 | 32 | 18 | 6 | 1,132 |
7 | 9 | 399 | 438 | 253 | 44 | 51 | 22 | 1 | 1,217 |
8 | 5 | 316 | 488 | 297 | 63 | 35 | 29 | 3 | 1,236 |
9 | 5 | 282 | 491 | 293 | 76 | 52 | 32 | 3 | 1,234 |
10 | 1 | 253 | 508 | 371 | 82 | 54 | 49 | 8 | 1,326 |
11 | .. | 203 | 465 | 405 | 89 | 72 | 55 | 3 | 1,292 |
12 | .. | 150 | 515 | 459 | 136 | 96 | 62 | 6 | 1,424 |
13 | .. | 101 | 494 | 472 | 148 | 108 | 80 | 14 | 1,417 |
14 | .. | 67 | 468 | 534 | 162 | 145 | 102 | 9 | 1,487 |
15 | .. | 56 | 424 | 561 | 189 | 134 | 119 | 14 | 1,497 |
16 | .. | 40 | 423 | 617 | 217 | 177 | 159 | 21 | 1,654 |
17 | .. | 16 | 383 | 660 | 288 | 208 | 194 | 17 | 1,766 |
18 | .. | 9 | 343 | 653 | 305 | 227 | 207 | 23 | 1,767 |
19 | .. | 4 | 303 | 761 | 368 | 288 | 258 | 46 | 2,028 |
20 | .. | 3 | 265 | 750 | 374 | 298 | 312 | 40 | 2,042 |
21 and over | .. | 7 | 749 | 7,658 | 8,826 | 12,942 | 34,732 | 19,275 | 84,189 |
Unspecified | 20 | 114 | 214 | 378 | 252 | 289 | 717 | 45 | 2,029 |
Grand totals | 636 | 4,834 | 9,095 | 16,015 | 11,763 | 15,290 | 37,196 | 19,541 | 714,370 |
Total male deaths | 3,389 | 4,549 | 4,648 | 5,657 | 3,454 | 4,438 | 10,687 | 5,798 | 42,620 |
Married men who died— | |||||||||
(a) Without living issue | 174 | 454 | 517 | 535 | 289 | 415 | 970 | 532 | 3,886 |
(b) Leaving issue | 390 | 1,843 | 2,493 | 3,402 | 2,224 | 2,793 | 6,805 | 3,769 | 23,719 |
Several tables dealing with orphanhood are given in full in the annual volume of “Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand.” Three of these, showing the number of issue under 14, under 16, and under 21 years of age left by married men whose deaths were registered during 1917, are summarized and given below:—
ISSUE UNDER AGE 14 LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, YEAR 1917. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at Death, in Years. | Married Men who died leaving Number of Issue under 14 Years of Age shown at Head of Column. | Total Number of Married Men who died leaving Issue under Age 14. | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 and over. | ||
20 and under 25 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
25 and under 30 | 21 | 14 | 5 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 42 |
30 and under 35 | 16 | 31 | 19 | 10 | 3 | 2 | .. | 81 |
35 and under 40 | 30 | 39 | 16 | 17 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 116 |
40 and under 45 | 42 | 33 | 23 | 18 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 129 |
45 and under 50 | 34 | 37 | 21 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 113 |
50 and under 55 | 42 | 23 | 11 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 86 |
55 and under 60 | 37 | 18 | 11 | 3 | 1 | .. | 1 | 71 |
60 and under 65 | 22 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | .. | 1 | 37 |
65 and under 70 | 18 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 35 |
70 and under 75 | 6 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 11 |
75 and under 80 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 6 |
80 and over | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 |
Totals | 276 | 221 | 115 | 71 | 27 | 14 | 11 | 735 |
ISSUE UNDER AGE 16 LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, YEAR 1917. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at Death, in Years. | Married Men who died leaving Number of Issue under 16 Years of Age shown at Head of Column. | Total Number of Married Men who died leaving Issue under Age 16. | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 and over. | ||
20, and under 25 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
25 and under 30 | 21 | 14 | 5 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 42 |
30 and under 35 | 17 | 31 | 19 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 82 |
35 and under 40 | 32 | 33 | 23 | 16 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 119 |
40 and under 45 | 39 | 38 | 19 | 22 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 136 |
45 and under 50 | 35 | 34 | 31 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 127 |
50 and under 55 | 42 | 32 | 11 | 11 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 103 |
55 and under 60 | 41 | 22 | 14 | 9 | 4 | .. | 1 | 91 |
60 and under 65 | 36 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 58 |
65 and under 70 | 21 | 14 | 7 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | 45 |
70 and under 75 | 11 | 3 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 18 |
75 and under 80 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 15 |
80 and over | 4 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 |
Totals | 310 | 239 | 137 | 88 | 33 | 21 | 17 | 845 |
ISSUE UNDER AGE 21 LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, YEAR 1917. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at Death, in Years. | Married Men who died leaving Number of Issue under 21 Years of Age, shown at Head of Column. | Total Number of Married Men who died leaving Issue under Age 21. | ||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 and over. | ||
20 and under 25 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
25 and under 30 | 21 | 14 | 5 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 42 |
30 and under 35 | 17 | 31 | 19 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 82 |
35 and under 40 | 32 | 33 | 22 | 17 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 120 |
40 and under 45 | 33 | 39 | 26 | 17 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 142 |
45 and under 50 | 25 | 39 | 29 | 21 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 144 |
50 and under 55 | 27 | 43 | 27 | 20 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 132 |
55 and under 60 | 46 | 33 | 20 | 9 | 18 | 4 | 5 | 135 |
60 and under 65 | 50 | 27 | 22 | 10 | 4 | .. | 3 | 116 |
65 and under 70 | 40 | 25 | 12 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 95 |
70 and under 75 | 29 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 3 | .. | 1 | 47 |
75 and under 80 | 22 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | .. | 37 |
80 and over | 12 | 4 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 19 |
Totals | 356 | 303 | 187 | 118 | 76 | 39 | 35 | 1,114 |
Of the 3,133 married men or widowers whose deaths were registered in 1917, 804 were shown to have been widowers, and 2,229 to have left widows, while in the remaining 100 cases there was no information given as to whether the deceased left a widow. Of the married men leaving widows, 1,947 had living issue also at time of death, and 282 had no living issue. In 680 cases widowers left issue, and in 124 cases no issue. In 36 of the 100 cases where no information was given as to whether a widow was left, there was living issue, in 47 cases no living issue, and in 17 cases no information as to issue was given.
A table is given showing the relative ages of married men who died in 1917, and of their widows:—
DEATHS, 1917.—AGES OF MARRIED MEN WHO DIED, AND OF THEIR WIDOWS. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of Widow, in Years. | Age of Deceased, in Years. | ||||||||
20 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and under 50. | 50 and under 60. | 60 and under 70. | 70 and under 80. | 80 and under 90. | 90 and upwards | Totals. | |
18 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
19 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
20 and under 25 | 17 | 9 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 29 |
25 and under 30 | 32 | 52 | 11 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 96 |
30 and under 35 | 4 | 84 | 28 | 7 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 126 |
35 and under 40 | .. | 72 | 89 | 18 | 10 | 3 | 1 | .. | 193 |
40 and under 45 | .. | 11 | 102 | 44 | 14 | 8 | 2 | .. | 181 |
45 and under 50 | 1 | 2 | 73 | 93 | 33 | 7 | 3 | .. | 212 |
50 and under 55 | .. | 1 | 12 | 135 | 65 | 23 | 7 | .. | 243 |
55 and under 60 | .. | .. | .. | 50 | 124 | 45 | 15 | .. | 234 |
60 and under 65 | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 132 | 87 | 21 | .. | 246 |
65 and under 70 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 62 | 122 | 32 | 3 | 220 |
70 and under 75 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 14 | 111 | 45 | 1 | 171 |
75 and under 80 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 47 | 53 | 1 | 106 |
80 and under 85 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 11 | 42 | 2 | 56 |
85 and under 90 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 15 |
90 and upwards | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
Ages not specified | 1 | 4 | 11 | 6 | 27 | 22 | 24 | 4 | 99 |
Totals | 56 | 235 | 328 | 361 | 492 | 487 | 258 | 12 | 2,229 |
Subjoined is a classified statement of the deaths of infants under one year during 1917, with the ratio of the deaths in each class to the 1,000 births during the year:—
Sex. | Under 1 Month. | 1 and under 3 Months. | 3 and under 6 Months. | 6 and under 12 Months. | Total under 12 Months. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NUMBER OF DEATHS. | |||||
Male | 454 | 106 | 92 | 115 | 767 |
Female | 333 | 80 | 79 | 101 | 593 |
DEATHS PER 1,000 BIRTHS. | |||||
Male | 31.68 | 7.40 | 6.42 | 8.03 | 53.53 |
Female | 23.94 | 5.75 | 5.68 | 7.26 | 42.63 |
Fifty-four out of every thousand male children born, and forty-three of every thousand females, are found to have died before attaining the age of one year. The mortality was thus one in nineteen of male children, and one in twenty-three of females.
It will be seen from the figures that the chances of living during the first year of age are greater for female than for male infants. Thus, in proportion to the number of children of each sex born in 1917, there were during the year—
100 deaths of males to 76 deaths of females under 1 month of age;
100 deaths of males to 78 deaths of females from 1 to 3 months of age
100 deaths of males to 88 deaths of females from 3 to 6 months of age
100 deaths of males to 90 deaths of females from 6 to 12 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 80 deaths of females under 12 months of age.
Dealing with the results for ten years, the deaths of infants under one year are in the large proportion of 76 per cent. of the total deaths under five. The somewhat high figures shown for 1916 were partly due to the prevalence of infantile paralysis and diphtheria during that year.
For 1917, the low proportion of deaths under five years to the total deaths at all ages (17.85 per cent.) constitutes a record for the Dominion.
DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS, AND PROPORTION TO DEATHS AT ALL AGES. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Deaths of Children under 5 Years of Age. | Total Deaths at all Ages. | Deaths under 5 Years: Per Cent. of Mortality at all Ages. | |||||
Under 1 Year. | 1 Year and under 2 Years. | 2 Years and under 3 Years. | 3 Years and under 4 Years. | 4 Years and under 5 Years. | Total under 5 Years. | |||
1908 | 1,761 | 231 | 103 | 88 | 45 | 2,228 | 9,043 | 24.64 |
1909 | 1,634 | 242 | 115 | 75 | 44 | 2,110 | 8,959 | 23.55 |
1910 | 1,760 | 253 | 95 | 76 | 54 | 2,238 | 9,639 | 23.22 |
1911 | 1,484 | 206 | 122 | 99 | 69 | 1,980 | 9,534 | 20.77 |
1912 | 1,409 | 157 | 93 | 45 | 46 | 1,750 | 9,214 | 18.99 |
1913 | 1,653 | 223 | 104 | 65 | 54 | 2,099 | 10,119 | 20.74 |
1914 | 1,456 | 199 | 118 | 80 | 63 | 1,916 | 10,148 | 18.88 |
1915 | 1,394 | 204 | 125 | 65 | 80 | 1,868 | 9,965 | 18.75 |
1916 | 1,446 | 261 | 139 | 132 | 84 | 2,062 | 10,596 | 19.46 |
1917 | 1,360 | 196 | 132 | 102 | 89 | 1,879 | 10,528 | 17.85 |
Average of ten years | 1,536 | 217 | 115 | 83 | 63 | 2,013 | 9,775 | 20.59 |
DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER ONE YEAR, AND PROPORTION TO BIRTHS. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Deaths of Infants under 1 Year of Age. | Total Births registered. | Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 Year to every 1,000 Births. | ||||
Under 1 Month | 1 Month and under 3 Months. | 3 Months and under 6 Months. | 6 Months and under 12 Months. | Total under 12 Months. | |||
1908 | 810 | 242 | 347 | 362 | 1,761 | 25,940 | 67.89 |
1909 | 794 | 285 | 258 | 297 | 1,634 | 26,524 | 61.60 |
1910 | 786 | 298 | 333 | 343 | 1,760 | 25,984 | 67.73 |
1911 | 751 | 217 | 234 | 282 | 1,484 | 26,354 | 56.31 |
1912 | 827 | 188 | 192 | 202 | 1,409 | 27,508 | 51.22 |
1913 | 830 | 283 | 238 | 302 | 1,653 | 27,935 | 59.17 |
1914 | 818 | 241 | 192 | 205 | 1,456 | 28,338 | 51.38 |
1915 | 815 | 195 | 175 | 209 | 1,394 | 27,850 | 50.05 |
1916 | 770 | 212 | 228 | 236 | 1,446 | 28,509 | 50.70 |
1917 | 787 | 186 | 171 | 216 | 1,360 | 28,239 | 48.16 |
Average of ten years | 799 | 235 | 237 | 265 | 1,536 | 27,318 | 56.22 |
The figures regarding deaths of infants under one year of age, as given for 1917 in the preceding table, show a decrease, compared with 1916, under all headings except the first—deaths under one month. The infantile-mortality rate (48.16 per cent.) shown in the last column is the lowest ever recorded in New Zealand.
RATES OF INFANTILE MORTALITY IN NEW ZEALAND AND FOUR CHIEF CENTRES (DEATHS UNDER ONE YEAR OF AGE PER 1,000 BIRTHS), EACH YEAR 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | New Zealand. | Auckland and Suburban Boroughs.* | Wellington and Suburban Boroughs.* | Christchurch and Suburban Boroughs.* | Dunedin and Suburban Boroughs.* |
* Metropolitan areas in 1917. | |||||
1908 | 67.89 | 81.87 | 81.67 | 67.82 | 74.54 |
1909 | 61.60 | 61.85 | 84.21 | 62.78 | 48.52 |
1910 | 67.73 | 79.02 | 84.59 | 69.40 | 79.08 |
1911 | 56.31 | 63.02 | 73.36 | 62.90 | 43.42 |
1912 | 51.22 | 56.95 | 61.32 | 60.03 | 38.11 |
1913 | 59.17 | 80.81 | 60.23 | 63.49 | 73.42 |
1914 | 51.38 | 57.62 | 82.57 | 68.15 | 54.28 |
1915 | 50.05 | 71.67 | 57.17 | 54.24 | 72.26 |
1916 | 50.70 | 59.21 | 65.13 | 66.71 | 54.74 |
1917 | 48.16 | 60.96 | 56.55 | 49.32 | 40.16 |
Although 15,357 infants under one year were lost to the Dominion by death during the ten years 1908–17, and, including these, 20,130 children under five, the next table shows more satisfactory results for New Zealand than for the Australian Commonwealth and its principal States in the matter of the preservation of infant life:—
DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER ONE YEAR OF AGE TO EVERY 1,000 BIRTHS. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | New Zealand. | Queensland. | New South Wales. | Victoria. | South Australia. | Australian Commonwealth. |
1912 | 51.22 | 71.73 | 71.00 | 74.48 | 61.68 | 71.74 |
1913 | 5917 | 63.35 | 77.78 | 70.53 | 69.83 | 72.21 |
1914 | 51.38 | 63.93 | 69.29 | 78.27 | 75.79 | 71.47 |
1915 | 50.05 | 64.33 | 67.67 | 68.78 | 67.04 | 67.52 |
1916 | 50.70 | 70.27 | 67.15 | 74.63 | 73.21 | 70.33 |
Means of five years | 52.50 | 66.72 | 70.58 | 73.34 | 69.51 | 70.65 |
Graphs follow showing the rates of infantile mortality (male and female) since 1870. The male and female birth-rates are also shown. The tendency for variations in the rates of the two sexes to occur simultaneously is very noticeable.
The principal causes of mortality in children under one year of age, together with the numbers of deaths in New Zealand from such causes during the five years 1913–17, are given below.
According to the medical certificates of death, premature birth stands first in importance, congenital debility next, followed by diarrhoea and enteritis.
DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER ONE YEAR.—CAUSES, 1913–17. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Causes. | Number of Deaths from each Cause. | Percentage of Total. | ||||||||
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
Whooping-cough | 87 | 53 | 50 | 63 | 29 | 5.26 | 3.64 | 3.58 | 4.36 | 2.13 |
Convulsions | 71 | 51 | 55 | 74 | 56 | 4.29 | 3.50 | 3.95 | 5.12 | 4.12 |
Bronchitis and pneumonia | 157 | 115 | 127 | 123 | 96 | 9.50 | 7.90 | 9.11 | 8.50 | 7.06 |
Diarrhœa and enteritis | 214 | 163 | 115 | 164 | 146 | 12.95 | 11.19 | 8.25 | 11.34 | 10.74 |
Malformations | 89 | 98 | 132 | 108 | 120 | 5.38 | 6.73 | 9.47 | 7.47 | 8.82 |
Premature birth | 418 | 420 | 397 | 381 | 380 | 25.29 | 28.85 | 28.48 | 26.35 | 27.94 |
Congenital debility | 296 | 246 | 211 | 215 | 208 | 17.91 | 16.90 | 15.14 | 14.87 | 15.29 |
Other causes | 321 | 310 | 307 | 318 | 325 | 19.42 | 21.29 | 22.02 | 21.99 | 23.90 |
Totals | 1,653 | 1,456 | 1,394 | 1,446 | 1,360 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
It is unlawful for any person to take charge of an infant under the age of six years, for the purpose of nursing or maintaining it apart from its parents or guardians, for a longer period than seven consecutive days, unless such person is licensed as a foster-parent.
Provision is made by law for the granting and revocation of licenses, and for the method of payment of maintenance-money. No payment is to be made to or received by a foster-parent except in pursuance of an agreement approved by the Secretary of Education, and if default be made in payment under the agreement the amount due, or part thereof, may be paid by the Secretary, and shall be recoverable as a debt due to the Crown. When and so long as any money so recoverable remains unpaid the Secretary shall have and may exercise the powers of a guardian until the child attains the age of fifteen years. Provision is also made for the inspection of foster-homes, and the procedure in the case of the removal or death of foster-children is specified. The Act applies to any adopted infant in the same manner and to the same extent as if no such adoption had taken place. The Department of Education is the authority by whom the Act is administered.
The New Zealand Legislature in 1907 introduced provisions for early notification of birth, allowing seventy-two hours after birth if in a city or borough, or twenty-one days in any other case. The time allowed for notification in the case of a birth in a city or borough has now been reduced to forty-eight hours.
The classification of causes of death was made in 1908 for the first time in New Zealand according to the Bertillon Index of Diseases. This system has been adopted by the Commonwealth of Australia and the principal European and American countries. It is highly desirable for comparative purposes that uniformity of statistical method should obtain when possible.
The Bertillon system differs materially from that formerly in use, and comparisons of certain causes of mortality between years prior and subsequent to 1908 are impossible owing to changes in the classification. This applies more particularly to diseases of the digestive, nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. There are, however, certain principal causes of death which are unaffected and retain their comparative value, such as cancer, tubercular diseases, typhoid fever, whooping-cough, measles, influenza, scarlet fever, diabetes, appendicitis, liver and puerperal diseases, suicide, and old age.
A comparison of the causes of deaths in 1916 and 1917 arranged according to an abridged classification, the percentage of each group to the total deaths, and the proportion per 10,000 persons living is given in the following table:—
Class. | Number of Deaths. | Proportion to Total Deaths. | Proportion per 10,000 living. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1916. | 1917. | 1916. | 1917. | 1916. | 1917. | |
Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |||||
I. General diseases | 2,733 | 2,719 | 25.79 | 25.83 | 24.86 | 24.73 |
II. Diseases of the nervous system and of the organs of special sense | 1,235 | 1,105 | 11.65 | 10.50 | 11.23 | 10.05 |
III. Diseases of the circulatory system | 1,608 | 1,688 | 15.18 | 16.03 | 14.62 | 15.35 |
IV Diseases of the respiratory system | 887 | 822 | 8.37 | 7.81 | 8.07 | 7.48 |
V. Diseases of the digestive system | 838 | 824 | 7.91 | 7.83 | 7.62 | 7.50 |
VI. Diseases of the genitourinary system and annexa | 481 | 475 | 4.54 | 4.51 | 4.37 | 4.32 |
VII Puerperal condition | 167 | 169 | 1.58 | 1.60 | 1.52 | 1.54 |
VIII. Diseases of the skin and of the cellular tissue | 50 | 51 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.46 |
IX. Diseases of the organs of locomotion | 34 | 18 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.16 |
X. Malformations | 127 | 133 | 1.20 | 1.26 | 1.16 | 1.21 |
XI. Infancy | 698 | 695 | 6.59 | 6.60 | 6.35 | 6.32 |
XII. Old age | 883 | 1,001 | 8.33 | 9.51 | 8.03 | 9.12 |
XIII. Violence | 742 | 685 | 7.00 | 6.51 | 6.75 | 6.23 |
XIV. Ill-defined causes | 113 | 143 | 1.07 | 1.36 | 1.03 | 1.30 |
Totals | 10,596 | 10,528 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 96.37 | 95.77 |
The next table shows the number of deaths from certain principal causes for the five years 1913–17, and the proportion per 10,000 of the population:—
Cause. | Number of Deaths. | Proportion per 10,000 of Mean Population. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
Typhoid fever | 60 | 48 | 52 | 37 | 41 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.37 |
Measles | 26 | 33 | 64 | 93 | 171 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.58 | 0.85 | 0.15 |
Scarlet fever | 11 | 22 | 44 | 52 | 30 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.47 | 0.27 |
Whooping-cough | 128 | 74 | 80 | 98 | 44 | 1.20 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 0.40 |
Diphtheria | 61 | 78 | 99 | 163 | 237 | 0.57 | 0.72 | 0.90 | 1.48 | 2.16 |
Influenza | 56 | 63 | 110 | 73 | 38 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.35 |
Pulmonary tuberculosis | 656 | 576 | 562 | 591 | 597 | 6.14 | 5.28 | 5.11 | 5.38 | 5.43 |
Other forms of tuberculosis | 156 | 152 | 131 | 141 | 158 | 1.46 | 1.39 | 1.19 | 1.28 | 1.44 |
Cancer | 856 | 904 | 900 | 909 | 957 | 8.01 | 8.29 | 8.19 | 8.27 | 8.71 |
Diabetes | 150 | 152 | 148 | 154 | 144 | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.35 | 1.40 | 1.31 |
Exophthalmic goitre | 19 | 31 | 31 | 27 | 37 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.34 |
Anaæmia, chlorosis | 64 | 76 | 69 | 99 | 104 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.63 | 0.90 | 0.95 |
Meningitis | 127 | 140 | 138 | 169 | 166 | 1.19 | 1.28 | 126 | 1.54 | 1.51 |
Infantile paralysis | 2 | 9 | 3 | 123 | 10 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 1.12 | 0.09 |
Apoplexy, cerebral hæmorrhage | 412 | 441 | 403 | 478 | 472 | 3.86 | 4.05 | 3.68 | 4.35 | 4.29 |
Epilepsy | 54 | 51 | 49 | 51 | 56 | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.51 |
Convulsions of children under 5 years of age | 93 | 62 | 77 | 105 | 62 | 0.87 | 0.57 | 0.70 | 0.95 | 0.56 |
Organic heart-disease | 1,227 | 1,301 | 1,144 | 1,269 | 1,390 | 11.48 | 11.93 | 10.41 | 11.54 | 12.65 |
Arterio-sclerosis | 89 | 106 | 79 | 87 | 71 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.65 |
Embolism, thrombosis | 63 | 101 | 52 | 75 | 62 | 0.59 | 0.93 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.56 |
Bronchitis | 281 | 262 | 283 | 240 | 225 | 2.63 | 2.40 | 2.57 | 2.18 | 2.05 |
Broncho-pneumonia | 154 | 139 | 136 | 127 | 121 | 1.44 | 1.28 | 1.24 | 1.15 | 1.10 |
Pneumonia | 336 | 321 | 300 | 320 | 262 | 3.15 | 2.94 | 2.73 | 2.91 | 2.38 |
Gastritis | 29 | 47 | 37 | 37 | 51 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.46 |
Diarrhœa and enteritis | 344 | 265 | 244 | 302 | 306 | 3.22 | 2.43 | 2.22 | 2.75 | 2.78 |
Appendicitis and typhlitis | 91 | 86 | 94 | 90 | 101 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.92 |
Hernia, intestinal obstruction | 106 | 111 | 86 | 116 | 46 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.78 | 1.05 | 0 42 |
Cirrhosis of liver | 47 | 44 | 51 | 53 | 33 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.30 |
Simple peritonitis | 61 | 53 | 42 | 37 | 46 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.42 |
Nephritis, Bright's disease | 317 | 261 | 267 | 304 | 271 | 2.96 | 2.39 | 2.43 | 2.76 | 2.46 |
Cystitis | 31 | 45 | 28 | 51 | 49 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.25 | 0.46 | 0.45 |
Diseases and accidents of puerperal condition | 100 | 118 | 131 | 167 | 169 | 0.94 | 1.08 | 1.19 | 1.52 | 1.54 |
Malformations | 97 | 113 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 1.39 | 1.15 | 1.21 |
Congenital debility | 301 | 252 | 217 | 222 | 208 | 2.82 | 2.31 | 1.97 | 2.02 | 1.89 |
Premature birth | 418 | 420 | 397 | 381 | 381 | 3.91 | 3.85 | 3.61 | 3.47 | 3.47 |
Senility | 809 | 812 | 793 | 883 | 1,001 | 7.57 | 7.45 | 7.21 | 8.03 | 9.11 |
Violence (1) suicide | 148 | 137 | 113 | 147 | 124 | 1.38 | 1.26 | 1.03 | 1.34 | 1.13 |
(2) accident, c. | 639 | 647 | 623 | 595 | 561 | 5.98 | 5.93 | 5.67 | 5.41 | 5.10 |
Other causes | 1,500 | 1,595 | 1,735 | 1,603 | 1,747 | 14.04 | 14.63 | 15.76 | 14.59 | 1589 |
Totals | 10,119 | 10,148 | 9,965 | 10,596 | 10,528 | 94.69 | 93.07 | 90.64 | 9637 | 95.77 |
Deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis numbered 597, or 543 per 10,000 of the population, against 591 deaths, or 5.38 per 10,000, in 1916. The average for the past ten years was 600, or 5.78 per 10,000.
Year. | Deaths from Pulmonary Tuberculosis. | Rate per 10,000. |
---|---|---|
1908 | 663 | 7.02 |
1909 | 624 | 6.42 |
1910 | 582 | 5.86 |
1911 | 584 | 5.75 |
1912 | 567 | 5.46 |
1913 | 656 | 6.14 |
1914 | 576 | 5.28 |
1915 | 562 | 5.11 |
1916 | 591 | 5.38 |
1917 | 597 | 5.43 |
The following table gives information as to age and length of residence in the Dominion of the 597 persons certified to as having died from pulmonary tuberculosis in 1917.
Reference to the table will show that 387 persons known to have been born in the Dominion died during 1917 from phthisis, and 96 persons born elsewhere but resident in New Zealand for fifteen years or over succumbed to the disease.
Length of Residence in the Dominion. | Age at Death, in Years | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Under 5 | 5 and under 10. | 10 and under 15. | 15 and under 25. | 25 and under 35. | 35 and under 45. | 45 and under 55. | 55 and under 65. | 65 and under 75. | 75 and upwards. | Total. | |
Males. | |||||||||||
Under 1 month | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
1 month and under 6 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
6 months under 12 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
1 year under 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 2 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 3 |
2 years under 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
3 years under 4 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 3 |
4 years under 5 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 5 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 7 |
5 years under 10 | ... | ... | ... | 3 | 12 | 6 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 22 |
10 years under 15 | ... | ... | ... | 2 | 6 | 8 | 2 | ... | 1 | ... | 19 |
15 years under 20 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 8 |
20 years under 25 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 2 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | 5 |
25 years and upwards | ... | ... | ... | ... | 3 | 6 | 16 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 49 |
Not known or not stated | ... | ... | ... | ... | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | ... | ... | 10 |
Birthplace unknown | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ... | 14 |
Born in Dominion | ... | 2 | 3 | 45 | 69 | 48 | 21 | 3 | 2 | ... | 193 |
Totals | ... | 2 | 3 | 54 | 105 | 85 | 49 | 19 | 14 | 2 | 333 |
Females. | |||||||||||
Under 1 month | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
1 month and under 6 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
6 months under 12 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 |
1 year under 2 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 |
2 years under 3 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 |
3 years under 4 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 2 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 4 |
4 years under 5 | ... | ... | 1 | 2 | 5 | ... | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 9 |
5 years under 10 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 9 | 2 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 12 |
10 years under 15 | ... | ... | ... | 1 | ... | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 3 |
15 years under 20 | ... | ... | ... | 2 | 3 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 6 |
20 years under 25 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | 5 |
25 years and upwards | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 23 |
Not known or not stated | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | 2 |
Birthplace unknown | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | 3 |
Born in Dominion | ... | ... | 1 | 63 | 77 | 37 | 12 | 4 | ... | ... | 194 |
Totals | ... | ... | 2 | 69 | 100 | 47 | 26 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 264 |
Totals of both sexes | ... | 2 | 5 | 123 | 205 | 132 | 75 | 29 | 22 | 4 | 597 |
The mortality from all forms of tuberculosis decreased from 8.87 per 10,000 of the population in 1908 to 6.87 in 1917. The percentage of total deaths from all causes decreased from 9.28 to 7.17 in the ten years.
DEATHS, 1908–17.
Year. | Mean Population. | Number of Deaths from Tubercular Diseases. | Rate per 10,000. | Percentage of Total Deaths from all Causes. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1908 | 945,063 | 839 | 8.87 | 9.28 |
1909 | 971,784 | 800 | 8.23 | 8.93 |
1910 | 992,802 | 731 | 7.36 | 7.58 |
1911 | 1,014,896 | 738 | 7.27 | 7.74 |
1912 | 1,039,016 | 716 | 6.89 | 7.77 |
1913 | 1,068,644 | 812 | 7.60 | 8.02 |
1914 | 1,090,328 | 728 | 6.67 | 7.17 |
1915 | 1,099,394 | 693 | 6.30 | 6.95 |
1916 | 1,099,449 | 742 | 6.74 | 7.00 |
1917 | 1,099,117 | 755 | 6.87 | 7.17 |
Ages. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
Under 5 years | 14 | 19 | 33 |
5 years and under 10 | 12 | 9 | 21 |
10 years and under 15 | 10 | 6 | 16 |
15 years and under 20 | 20 | 36 | 56 |
20 years and under 25 | 47 | 41 | 88 |
25 years and under 30 | 60 | 66 | 126 |
30 years and under 35 | 55 | 51 | 106 |
35 years and under 40 | 61 | 38 | 99 |
40 years and under 45 | 41 | 22 | 63 |
45 years and under 50 | 24 | 13 | 37 |
50 years and under 55 | 30 | 17 | 47 |
55 years and under 60 | 13 | 7 | 20 |
60 years and under 65 | 8 | 4 | 12 |
65 years and under 70 | 11 | 4 | 15 |
70 years and under 75 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
75 years and under 80 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
80 and upwards | 1 | .. | 1 |
Total deaths | 415 | 340 | 755 |
The New Zealand rate of deaths from tubercular diseases, as well as those of the Australian States, compares very favourably with those of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which have, however, also decreased considerably of late years.
Death-rates (per 1,000) from Tuberculosis. | Percentage of Total Deaths. | |
---|---|---|
England and Wales | 1.51 | 10.92 |
Scotland | 1.63 | 9.58 |
Ireland | 2.20 | 12.50 |
Queensland | 0.55 | 5.04 |
New South Wales | 0.67 | 6.43 |
Victoria | 0.77 | 6.94 |
South Australia | 0.93 | 8.74 |
Western Australia | 0.84 | 9.03 |
Tasmania | 0.63 | 6.26 |
New Zealand | 0.63 | 6.95 |
This disease is annually responsible for more deaths in New Zealand than can be assigned to any cause other than organic disease of the heart. The increasing prevalence of cancer is, in fact, causing no little concern throughout the civilized world.
A much more complete presentation of data than can be given here was published in a special article on cancer mortality in the Year-book for 1917 (pages 776–809).
In 1917 there were 957 deaths from cancer in the Dominion, a proportion of 8.71 per 10,000 persons. This number is the highest yet recorded in any year, being 48 in excess of the figures for 1916, which were themselves higher than any previous year. The rate for 1917 is also very considerably in advance ' of anything recorded in past years, though this increase is partly duo to the withdrawal from the population of a large number of young healthy men.
The average number of cancer deaths and the average cancer death-rate for the years 1912–16 were 876 and 8.12 respectively. Deaths of males during 1917 numbered 511, and of females 446.
The following diagram illustrates on the one hand the increase in the cancer death-rate, and on the other the decrease in the rate of deaths from tuberculosis:—
NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO DIED FROM CANCER, THE PROPORTION PER 10,000 PERSONS LIVING, AND THE PERCENTAGE OF ALL DEATHS, 1908–17. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Deaths from Cancer. | Total Deaths, all Causes. | Deaths from Cancer per 10,000 of Living Persons. | Deaths from Cancer per 100 of All Deaths. |
1908 | 657 | 9,043 | 6.95 | 7.27 |
1909 | 711 | 8,959 | 7.32 | 7.94 |
1910 | 742 | 9,639 | 7.47 | 7.70 |
1911 | 809 | 9,534 | 7.97 | 8.49 |
1912 | 812 | 9,214 | 7.82 | 8.81 |
1913 | 856 | 10,119 | 8.01 | 8.46 |
1914 | 904 | 10,148 | 8.29 | 8.91 |
1915 | 900 | 9,965 | 8.19 | 9.03 |
1916 | 909 | 10,596 | 8.27 | 8.50 |
1917 | 957 | 10,528 | 8.71 | 9.09 |
The proportion of deaths from cancer to the 1,000 persons living in some the conclusion of the principal countries of the world, as shown below, leads to that there is a general tendency to increase. The rate for England and Wales for 1915 (1.12 per 1,000) is the highest yet recorded in that country.
Country. | Average of 5 Years, 1896–1900. | Average of 5 Years, 1906–10. | Increase per Cent. during 10 Years. | Rate for Last Year ascertainable. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Decrease. | |||||
Year. | Rate. | ||||
New Zealand | 0.59 | 0.72 | 22.03 | 1917 | 0.87 |
Commonwealth of Australia | 0.58 | 0.70 | 20.69 | 1915 | 0.75 |
England and Wales | 0.80 | 0.94 | 17.50 | 1915 | 1.12 |
Scotland | 0.77 | 1.00 | 29.87 | 1915 | 1.11 |
Ireland | 0.58 | 0.79 | 36.21 | 1915 | 0.88 |
German Empire | 0.66 | 0.84 | 27.27 | 1913 | 0.91 |
Austria | 0.69 | 0.78 | 13.04 | 1912 | 0.81 |
Italy | 0.51 | 0.64 | 25.49 | 1914 | 0.67 |
Norway | 0.86 | 0.97 | 12.79 | 1914 | 1.02 |
Denmark | 0.45 | 0.54 | 20.00 | 1914 | 0.58 |
Netherlands | 0.92 | 1.03 | 11.96 | 1915 | 1.09 |
Switzerland | 1.27 | 1.26 | 0.79* | 1915 | 1.28 |
The part of the body most commonly affected is the stomach. Among females the generative and mammary organs are frequently the seat of the disease. Full details of location are published in Volume 1 of the “Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand,” 1917.
CANCER: SEAT OF DISEASE, 1917. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Seat of Disease. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
Buccal cavity | 52 | 7 | 59 |
Stomach and liver | 225 | 132 | 357 |
Peritoneum, intestines, rectum | 91 | 55 | 146 |
Female genital organs | .. | 97 | 97 |
Breast | .. | 74 | 74 |
Skin | 13 | 9 | 22 |
Other organs or organs not specified | 130 | 72 | 202 |
Totals | 511 | 446 | 957 |
Eighty-eight per cent. of the deaths were at the ages 45 years and upwards, and 59 per cent at the ages 60 years and upwards.
AGES OF PERSONS WHO DIED FROM CANCER, 1917. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ages. | M. | F. | Total. |
Under 5 years | 1 | 4 | 5 |
5 years and under 10 | 2 | .. | 2 |
10 years and under 15 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
15 years and under 20 | 2 | .. | 2 |
20 years and under 25 | 1 | .. | 1 |
25 years and under 30 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
30 years and under 35 | 2 | 12 | 14 |
35 years and under 40 | 13 | 19 | 32 |
40 years and under 45 | 25 | 30 | 55 |
45 years and under 50 | 27 | 55 | 82 |
50 years and under 55 | 32 | 59 | 91 |
55 years and under 60 | 53 | 46 | 99 |
60 years and under 65 | 65 | 54 | 119 |
65 years and under 70 | 87 | 56 | 143 |
70 years and under 75 | 76 | 52 | 128 |
75 years and under 80 | 65 | 34 | 99 |
80 years and upwards | 56 | 22 | 78 |
Totals | 511 | 446 | 957 |
A diagram given in last year's issue of the Year-book and here repeated shows very clearly how cancer is practically confined to the period of life after age 45. On the other hand, tuberculosis appears to be fairly evenly divided among the various age-groups. The diagram is based on the statistics of the ten years 1906–15.
The deaths certified to these causes in 1917 numbered 169, as against 167 in 1916. Included in the number in 1917 were: Accidents of pregnancy, 27; puerperal haemorrhage, 18; other accidents of labour, 16; puerperal septicæmia, 59; puerperal albuminuria, 37; puerperal embolism, 8; puerperal mania, 4. The number of deaths to every 1,000 confinements (where children were born alive) for each of ten years is shown.
Year. | Deaths of Mothers to every 1,000 Confinements. |
---|---|
1908 | 4.64 |
1909 | 5.14 |
1910 | 4.55 |
1911 | 4.38 |
1912 | 3.73 |
1913 | 3.62 |
1914 | 4.22 |
1915 | 4.76 |
1916 | 5.93 |
1917 | 6.05 |
The higher rate of puerperal accidents and diseases shown for 1916 and 1917 as compared with preceding years is largely, perhaps wholly, accounted for by the fact that during the past two years in all cases possible where a woman of child-bearing age was shown as having died of septicæmia, peritonitis, convulsions, c., steps were taken to ascertain whether the disease was puerperal.
The deaths from external violence, apart from suicide, numbered 561 in 1917—males 456, females 105—the total being lower than the average of the quinquennium 1912–16, which was 604. The rate per 10,000 living was 5.98 in 1913, 5.93 in 1914, 5.67 in 1915, 5.41 in 1916, and 5.10 in 1917. The various forms of violent deaths (excluding suicides) in 1917 are shown in the following table:—
VIOLENT DEATHS (EXCLUDING SUICIDES), 1917. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Cause of Death. | M. | F. | Total. |
Accidents— | |||
Poisoning | 7 | 5 | 12 |
Conflagration | 7 | 3 | 10 |
Burns, scalds | 22 | 17 | 39 |
Asphyxia | 19 | 8 | 27 |
Drowning | 126 | 27 | 153 |
Shot | 16 | 2 | 18 |
Cutting or piercing instruments | 2 | .. | 2 |
Falls | 51 | 9 | 60 |
Mines and quarries | 17 | .. | 17 |
Machinery | 6 | .. | 6 |
Crushing, vehicles, railways, landslides, c. | 117 | 15 | 132 |
Injuries by animals | 10 | 1 | 11 |
Electrocuted | 5 | .. | 5 |
Fractures (cause not shown) | 20 | 10 | 30 |
Homicide— | |||
By firearms | 4 | .. | 4 |
By cutting or piercing instruments | 1 | 2 | 3 |
By other means | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Starvation | 2 | .. | 2 |
Exposure | 1 | .. | 1 |
Effects of heat | 2 | .. | 2 |
Other external violence | 19 | 5 | 24 |
Totals | 456 | 105 | 561 |
The suicidal deaths in 1917 were 124—males 95 and females 29. The rate per 10,000 living was 1.13 in 1917, against an average of 1.24 for the preceding five years. The following table shows the means of self-destruction employed:—
The following table shows the numbers of Maoris registered under section 20 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912, since its coming into force. The numbers registered under the main Act are also given.
Year. | Under Section 20 of Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912. | Under Main Act. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Totals. | Totals. | |
* Not shown separately. | ||||
1913 | * | * | 412 | 61 |
1914 | 382 | 341 | 723 | 42 |
1915 | 424 | 362 | 786 | 31 |
1916 | 432 | 329 | 761 | 47 |
1917 | 382 | 347 | 729 | 44 |
These deaths are not included in the numbers quoted elsewhere in this subsection.
As explained in the Births subsection of this book, a system of compulsory registration of deaths is now ruling in the Cook Islands.
The following figures of deaths during the year ended 31st March, 1918, are supplied by the Cook Islands Department. Figures for Pukapuka are not available.
DEATHS IN COOK ISLANDS, 1917–18. | |
---|---|
Islands. | Number of Deaths. |
* Excluding Pukapuka (no returns). | |
Rarotonga | 77 |
Aitutaki | 40 |
Mangaia | 104 |
Penrhyn (four months) | 7 |
Manihiki (six months) | 10 |
Mauke | 31 |
Mitiaro (seven months) | 3 |
Rakahanga (six months) | 2 |
Atiu | 29 |
Niue | 205 |
Total | 508* |
DEATH-RATES of great value as indicating the relative healthiness of different countries, or for different years. The statistics of causes of registered deaths are of further use as showing the incidence of fatal diseases or accidents, and as indicating in a general way the relative rise or fall of diseases over a series of years. For instance, the fall in the incidence of tuberculosis and the increase in cancer (discussed in Subsection C of this section) can be readily traced from the records of deaths attributed to these causes in different years.
In comparisons of healthiness based on death-rates, however, the effect of the advance of medical science in recent years is not taken into account. It is common knowledge that many diseases regarded a few decades ago as incurable now give a fair percentage of recoveries. Similarly the death-rates in epidemics are now much lower than formerly, owing partly to the steps taken to prevent the spread of the disease, partly to the necessity of early notification in most countries, and partly to increased medical knowledge. Again, many diseases seldom or never result fatally.
Of recent years much attention has been devoted in different countries to the possibility or otherwise of obtaining reliable statistics of sickness. In certain of the American States an attempt has been made to obtain from medical men returns of all patients dealt with, giving the nature and duration of illness, and similar systems have been inaugurated or proposed in other countries.
In New Zealand certain infectious diseases are notifiable, but beyond this the only record of sickness other than fatal is that ascertainable from the returns of discharges from public hospitals. In the absence of full statistics of sickness, however, the information obtained from the two sources mentioned is of considerable use, and gives a fair indication of the prevalence of the more important diseases.
The following diseases are infectious diseases notifiable within New Zealand:—
Infectious diseases declared under interpretation clause of the Act:—
Typhus fever. | Smallpox. |
Enteric fever. | Diphtheria. |
Scarlet fever. | Bubonic plague. |
Infectious diseases declared by Gazette notice:—
Tuberculosis | 18th April, 1901. |
Leprosy | 16th January, 1902. |
Cholera | 16th February, 1902. |
Yellow fever | 16th February, 1902. |
Beriberi | 2nd August, 1906. |
Puerperal fever (including milk-fever, sapræmia, acute sepsis, septicæmia) | 20th December, 1906. |
Cerebro-spinal meningitis (including cerebro-spinal fever, cerebral typhus, spotted fever, petechial fever, malignant purpuric fever) | 18th April, 1907. |
Hydatids | 9th May, 1907. |
Actinomycosis | 27th June, 1907. |
Poliomyelitis | 26th February, 1914. |
Ophthalmia neonatorum | 10th August, 1916. |
Trachoma (or granular conjunctivitis, or granular ophthalmia, or granular eyelids) | 8th February, 1917. |
Bilharziosis (or blood-fluke infection, or Egyptian hæmaturia, or endemic hæmaturia, or bilharzia hæmatobia disease) | 16th August, 1917. |
Dangerous infectious diseases declared by Gazette notice:—
Leprosy | 16th January, 1902. |
Bubonic plague | 16th January, 1902. |
Smallpox | 16th January, 1902. |
Cholera | 7th July, 1904. |
Measles, influenza, and chicken-pox have at times been declared infectious diseases, but the declarations have subsequently been revoked.
During the year 1917 a total of 10,755 cases of infectious diseases was notified, diphtheria taking the first place with 5,458 notifications, as against only 2,376 in 1916. Diphtheria was more prevalent during 1917 than in any previous year since notification was first introduced. From the table below, showing the seasonal incidence of the various notifiable diseases, it will be noticed that diphtheria is much more prevalent during the months of May, June, July, and August than at any other period of the year. It occurred in 1917 mainly in localized epidemics, Christchurch and Southland districts having particularly suffered. There was also an outbreak over practically the whole of Wellington Province.
While diphtheria showed such a large increase for 1917, it is pleasing to note that there was a great decrease in the number of scarlet-fever cases notified during the year—2,755, as against 4,287 in 1916.
During 1916 a serious outbreak of infantile paralysis, or acute anterior poliomyelitis, occurred in New Zealand, the North Island being the scene of its principal activities. The number of cases notified in 1916 was 1,018, as compared with only 54 in 1917.
MONTHLY INCIDENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (ACCORDING TO NOTIFICATIONS RECEIVED) DURING THE YEAR 1917. | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month. | Scarlet Fever. | Diphtheria. | Enteric Fever | Tuberculosis. | Cerebro - spinal Meningitis. | Poliomyelitis. | Hydatids. | Ophthalmia Neonatorum. | Actinomycosis. | Trachoma. | Blood-poisoning. | Totals. |
January | 174 | 205 | 68 | 108 | 10 | 10 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | 6 | 585 |
February | 128 | 192 | 58 | 86 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | .. | 2 | 11 | 483 |
March | 237 | 378 | 97 | 113 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 860 |
April | 349 | 448 | 58 | 88 | 1 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13 | 961 |
May | 321 | 665 | 41 | 115 | 4 | 5 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 25 | 1,178 |
June | 298 | 652 | 54 | 184 | 2 | .. | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | 24 | 1,219 |
July | 331 | 619 | 50 | 132 | 4 | .. | 1 | 4 | .. | .. | 23 | 1,164 |
August | 278 | 588 | 54 | 136 | 1 | 3 | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | 22 | 1,086 |
September | 192 | 485 | 42 | 146 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 4 | .. | 1 | 21 | 905 |
October | 174 | 406 | 40 | 179 | 3 | 18 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 20 | 842 |
November | 160 | 406 | 39 | 118 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | 15 | 748 |
December | 113 | 414 | 52 | 116 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 724 |
Totals | 2,755 | 5,458 | 653 | 1,521 | 42 | 54 | 27 | 25 | 2 | 10 | 208 | 10,755 |
The number of cases of infectious disease notified in each hospital district during 1917 was as follows:—
DISEASES NOTIFIED IN HOSPITAL DISTRICTS DURING THE YEAR 1917. | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospital District. | Scarlet Fever. | Diphtheria. | Enteric Fever. | Tuberculosis. | Cerebro - spinal Meningitis. | Poliomyelitis. | Puerperal Fever. | Erysipelas. | Tetanus. | Unclassified Septicæmia. | Hydatids. | Ophthalmia Neonatorum. | Actinomycosis. | Trachoma. | Totals. |
Auckland Health District. | |||||||||||||||
Bay of Islands | 76 | 3 | 87 | 30 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 198 |
Kaipara | 54 | 26 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 23 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 122 |
Whangarei | 9 | 14 | 7 | 12 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 43 |
Auckland | 146 | 424 | 133 | 217 | 2 | 4 | 14 | 30 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 7 | .. | 4 | 992 |
Waikato | 70 | 181 | 55 | 74 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 389 |
Thames | 21 | 27 | 27 | 9 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 87 |
Waihi | 4 | 15 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24 |
Coromandel | .. | 2 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7 |
Bay of Plenty | 91 | 98 | 22 | 6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 217 |
Taumarunui | 21 | 23 | 8 | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 60 |
Wellington Health District. | |||||||||||||||
Waiapu | 6 | 38 | 14 | 23 | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 84 |
Cook | 23 | 312 | 66 | 32 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 438 |
Wairoa | 5 | 2 | 85 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 98 | |
Hawke's Bay | 50 | 293 | 15 | 55 | 1 | 2 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 433 |
Waipawa | 40 | 199 | 6 | 31 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 279 |
Taranaki | 37 | 117 | 12 | 30 | .. | 1 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 201 |
Stratford | 4 | 52 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 62 |
Hawera | 26 | 203 | 12 | 18 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 263 |
Patea | 16 | 38 | 2 | 4 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 62 |
Wanganui | 105 | 313 | 20 | 49 | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 493 |
Palmerston North | 40 | 312 | 1 | 42 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 397 |
Wellington | 160 | 510 | 11 | 111 | 12 | .. | 9 | 11 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 828 |
Wairarapa | 101 | 82 | 4 | 40 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 237 |
Wairau | 65 | 34 | .. | 5 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 105 |
Picton | ... | 8 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 |
Nelson | 170 | 28 | 2 | 27 | 1 | .. | 3 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 236 |
Canterbury Health District. | |||||||||||||||
Westland | .. | 7 | 5 | 4 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 17 |
Buller | 4 | 17 | 1 | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29 |
Inangahua | 6 | .. | 5 | 10 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 22 |
Grey | 19 | 11 | 1 | 21 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 53 |
North Canterbury | 754 | 826 | 12 | 238 | 1 | 1 | 17 | 31 | .. | .. | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1,887 |
Ashburton | 41 | 22 | 5 | 22 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 93 |
South Canterbury | 52 | 177 | 2 | 48 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 20 | .. | .. | 1 | 287 |
Otago Health District. | |||||||||||||||
Waitaki | 80 | 61 | 9 | 23 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 171 |
Otago | 283 | 100 | 7 | 224 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 10 | .. | 2 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | 648 |
Vincent | 14 | .. | 9 | 12 | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 39 |
Maniototo | 3 | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7 |
Southland | 149 | 780 | 1 | 59 | 5 | 8 | 2 | 10 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1,021 |
Wallace and Fiord | 10 | 97 | .. | 6 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 116 |
Totals | 2,755 | 5,458 | 653 | 1,521 | 42 | 54 | 81 | 112 | 5 | 10 | 27 | 25 | 2 | 10 | 10,755 |
A summary is added showing in respect of the principal notifiable diseases the number notified in each health district, with the rate per 10,000 of mean population.
Disease. | Auckland Health District. | Wellington Health District. | Canterbury Health District. | Otago Health District. | Dominion. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of cases. | Rate. | Number of cases. | Rate. | Number of cases. | Rate. | Number of cases. | Rate. | Number of cases. | Rate. | |
Scarlet fever | 492 | 16.9 | 848 | 21.9 | 876 | 40.4 | 539 | 28.3 | 2,755 | 25.1 |
Diphtheria | 813 | 27.9 | 2,541 | 65.6 | 1,060 | 48.9 | 1,044 | 54.6 | 5,458 | 49.6 |
Enteric fever | 351 | 12.0 | 254 | 6.6 | 29 | 1.3 | 19 | 1.0 | 653 | 5.9 |
Tuberculosis | 371 | 4.7 | 473 | 12.2 | 350 | 16.1 | 327 | 17.2 | 1,521 | 13.8 |
Poliomyelitis | 29 | 1.0 | 6 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.1 | 17 | 0.9 | 54 | 0.5 |
Cerebro-spinal meningitis | 6 | 0.2 | 24 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.1 | 9 | 0.5 | 42 | 0.4 |
The total admissions to public hospitals in New Zealand during 1917 numbered 38,882. There were 3,012 patients in hospital at the beginning of the year, the total cases dealt with during the year being thus 41,894, equal to 365 per 10,000 of mean population, including Maoris. The total number of persons treated is somewhat less than the number of cases, each admission being counted a separate case.
Of the 41,894 cases, 24,493 were discharged as recovered, including a number of tuberculosis cases in which the patient was described as able to work or as having had the disease arrested. In 10,124 cases the patient was discharged relieved, and in 1,321 cases as unrelieved. Deaths in hospital numbered 2,793, or 6.67 per cent. of cases dealt with. The figures of admissions, discharges, and deaths for each of the public hospitals of the Dominion, other than St. Helens Maternity Homes, are given in the table following, together with the numbers of patients in hospital at the beginning and end of the year. There are 64 public general hospitals, 4 fever or infectious-diseases hospitals, and 5 sanatoria for consumptives.
PUBLIC HOSPITALS.—ADMISSIONS, DISCHARGES, ETC., 1917. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospital. | Patients remaining on 1st January, 1917. | Admissions during 1917. | Discharges during 1917. | Deaths in Hospital During 1917. | Patients remaining on 31st December, 1917. | ||
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | |||||
* Converted to old people's homes during year. | |||||||
Mangonui | 13 | 99 | 88 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 11 |
Bay of Islands | 8 | 193 | 118 | 57 | 6 | 11 | 9 |
Hokianga | 15 | 232 | 192 | 20 | 2 | 12 | 21 |
Northern Wairoa | 3 | 248 | 168 | 49 | 5 | 17 | 12 |
Otamatea | .. | 18 | 9 | 7 | 1 | .. | 1 |
Whangarei | 32 | 579 | 429 | 122 | 4 | 34 | 22 |
Auckland | 374 | 4,527 | 2,598 | 1,390 | 98 | 418 | 397 |
Waikato | 119 | 1,524 | 1,137 | 250 | 47 | 106 | 103 |
Cambridge Sanatorium | 64 | 244 | 17 | 168 | 40 | 19 | 64 |
Taumarunui | 22 | 307 | 263 | 22 | 3 | 18 | 23 |
Waihi | 25 | 357 | 230 | 93 | 9 | 17 | 33 |
Thames | 37 | 833 | 578 | 189 | 10 | 47 | 46 |
Coromandel | 4 | 72 | 44 | 18 | 1 | 7 | 6 |
Mercury Bay | .. | 24 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Tauranga | 7 | 126 | 97 | 22 | .. | 8 | 6 |
Opotiki | 3 | 195 | 147 | 38 | 2 | 5 | 6 |
Waiapu | 8 | 38 | 35 | 2 | .. | 5 | 4 |
Cook | 74 | 1,267 | 949 | 199 | 22 | 75 | 96 |
Wairoa | 10 | 202 | 138 | 38 | 2 | 15 | 19 |
Napier | 156 | 1,370 | 991 | 222 | 38 | 117 | 158 |
Waipawa | 18 | 406 | 282 | 83 | 7 | 25 | 27 |
Dannevirke | 28 | 394 | 299 | 64 | 3 | 23 | 33 |
Taranaki | 68 | 1,068 | 860 | 112 | 26 | 66 | 72 |
Stratford | 12 | 288 | 211 | 51 | 2 | 15 | 21 |
Hawera | 31 | 451 | 356 | 56 | 2 | 35 | 33 |
Patea | 15 | 207 | 197 | 12 | .. | 7 | 6 |
Wanganui | 100 | 1,355 | 1,026 | 225 | 23 | 67 | 114 |
Taihape | 12 | 142 | 120 | 14 | 2 | 10 | 8 |
Palmerston North | 50 | 1,267 | 1,044 | 101 | 56 | 54 | 62 |
Pahiatua | 12 | 131 | 88 | 34 | .. | 9 | 12 |
Masterton | 27 | 502 | 299 | 149 | 22 | 32 | 27 |
Greytown | 9 | 201 | 141 | 47 | 6 | 6 | 10 |
Wellington | 352 | 4,242 | 2,891 | 961 | 88 | 297 | 357 |
Otaki | 7 | 160 | 117 | 21 | 7 | 10 | 12 |
Otaki Sanatorium | 18 | 88 | 10 | 34 | 33 | 3 | 26 |
Wairau | 28 | 518 | 441 | 45 | 9 | 29 | 22 |
Havelock | 3 | 38 | 30 | 7 | 2 | 2 | .. |
Picton | 2 | 197 | 175 | 11 | .. | 5 | 8 |
Nelson | 71 | 585 | 376 | 126 | 35 | 57 | 62 |
Westport | 33 | 281 | 212 | 24 | 1 | 41 | 36 |
Reefton | 29 | 184 | 113 | 40 | .. | 24 | 36 |
Waiuta Nurses' Home | 1 | 50 | 47 | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 |
Denniston | 3 | 29 | 23 | 7 | 1 | 1 | .. |
Grey River | 73 | 383 | 197 | 66 | 63 | 60 | 70 |
Westland | 41 | 196 | 124 | 35 | .. | 41 | 37 |
Otira | .. | 20 | 16 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. |
Kumara* | 31 | 25 | 11 | 14 | 29 | 2 | .. |
Totara* | 16 | 7 | .. | 4 | 11 | 8 | .. |
Kaikoura | 1 | 61 | 34 | 15 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
Christchurch | 235 | 3,755 | 1,975 | 1,221 | 262 | 304 | 228 |
Lyttelton Casualty Ward | .. | 16 | 2 | 11 | 1 | 2 | .. |
Burwood Fever Hospital | 48 | 433 | 430 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 28 |
Cashmere Hills Sanatorium | 64 | 64 | 42 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 65 |
Coronation Hospital for Consumptives | 43 | 51 | 2 | 5 | 16 | 21 | 50 |
Akaroa | .. | 19 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Ashburton | 21 | 289 | 189 | 68 | 8 | 31 | 14 |
Timaru | 60 | 774 | 535 | 174 | 7 | 55 | 63 |
Timaru Infectious Diseases | .. | 15 | 13 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Waimate | 19 | 216 | 140 | 54 | 4 | 14 | 23 |
Oamaru | 21 | 364 | 266 | 54 | 6 | 26 | 33 |
Palmerston Sanatorium | 45 | 123 | 50 | 49 | 19 | 4 | 46 |
Port Chalmers | .. | 28 | 23 | 2 | 1 | 2 | .. |
Logan Point Fever Hospital | 4 | 85 | 72 | 2 | 5 | .. | 10 |
Dunedin | 223 | 3,582 | 267 | 2,783 | 195 | 304 | 256 |
Tuapeka | 4 | 73 | 28 | 35 | 1 | 6 | 7 |
Kaitangata | .. | 31 | 29 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. |
Tapanui | 3 | 74 | 38 | 31 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
Maniototo | 7 | 88 | 61 | 20 | 2 | 6 | 6 |
Dunstan | 4 | 91 | 40 | 35 | 5 | 8 | 7 |
Cromwell | 2 | 102 | 76 | 13 | 3 | 10 | 2 |
Wakatipu | 11 | 68 | 24 | 42 | 2 | 5 | 6 |
Seddon Memorial | 16 | 241 | 191 | 25 | 2 | 23 | 16 |
Southland | 81 | 1,525 | 1,252 | 155 | 37 | 66 | 96 |
Kew Infectious Diseases | 18 | 463 | 435 | .. | .. | .. | 46 |
Wallace and Fiord | 18 | 381 | 318 | 42 | 3 | 17 | 19 |
Totals | 3,012 | 38,882 | 24,493 | 10,124 | 1,321 | 2,793 | 3,163 |
The ages of patients discharged from or dying in public hospitals during 1916 and 1917 are as shown in the following summary:—
PUBLIC HOSPITALS.—AGES OF PATIENTS DISCHARGED OR DYING. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ages of Patients, in Years. | 1916. | 1917. | ||||
Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
Under 5 | 2,154 | 1,574 | 3,728 | 2,275 | 1,622 | 3,897 |
5 and under 10 | 2,106 | 1,767 | 3,873 | 2,550 | 2,206 | 4,756 |
10 and under 15 | 1,474 | 1,213 | 2,687 | 1,766 | 1,436 | 3,202 |
15 and under 25 | 4,357 | 2,896 | 7,253 | 3,523 | 3,196 | 6,719 |
25 and under 35 | 4,360 | 3,287 | 7,647 | 3,658 | 3,404 | 7,062 |
35 and under 45 | 2,944 | 2,037 | 4,981 | 2,941 | 2,284 | 5,225 |
45 and under 55 | 1,816 | 1,018 | 2,834 | 1,972 | 1,082 | 3,054 |
55 and under 65 | 1,363 | 539 | 1,902 | 1,413 | 590 | 2,003 |
65 and over | 1,973 | 574 | 2,547 | 2,074 | 631 | 2,705 |
Unspecified | 73 | 60 | 133 | 67 | 41 | 108 |
Totals | 22,620 | 14,965 | 37,585 | 22,239 | 16,492 | 38,731 |
The Bertillon system of classification of diseases and causes of death divides such into fourteen well-defined classes, which are further subdivided into 189 orders. The table following shows that Class I, “General diseases,” is first on the list as regards both discharges and deaths. Diseases of the digestive system come nest in point of numbers, but the death-rate is low. External causes come third on the list, and here again the death-rate is low, owing to the preponderance of simple fractures, cuts, bruises, c.
PUBLIC HOSPITALS.—CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES, 1917. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Total Discharges and Deaths. | ||||
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
I. General diseases | 7,369 | 2,198 | 495 | 617 | 373 | 6,055 | 4,997 |
II. Diseases of the nervous system and of the organs of special sense | 697 | 1,137 | 202 | 163 | 97 | 1,383 | 913 |
III. Diseases of the circulatory system | 731 | 728 | 31 | 199 | 78 | 1,134 | 633 |
IV. Diseases of the respiratory system | 2,634 | 1,095 | 64 | 164 | 79 | 2,420 | 1,616 |
V. Diseases of the digestive system | 4,889 | 1,337 | 98 | 182 | 130 | 3,589 | 3,047 |
VI. Diseases of the genitourinary system and annexa | 1,868 | 911 | 86 | 138 | 64 | 942 | 2,125 |
VII. Puerperal condition | 867 | 165 | 23 | .. | 36 | .. | 1,091 |
VIII. Diseases of the skin and of the cellular tissue | 1,049 | 360 | 17 | 33 | 5 | 977 | 487 |
IX. Diseases of the organs of locomotion | 652 | 460 | 29 | 13 | 4 | 785 | 373 |
X. Malformations | 271 | 76 | 18 | 10 | 6 | 309 | 72 |
XI. Diseases of early infancy | 53 | 15 | 3 | 19 | 18 | 62 | 46 |
XII. Old age | 11 | 95 | 93 | 108 | 26 | 270 | 63 |
XIII. External causes | 3,097 | 1,285 | 86 | 135 | 43 | 3,879 | 767 |
XIV. Ill-defined causes | 305 | 262 | 76 | 31 | 22 | 434 | 262 |
Totals | 24,493 | 10,124 | 1,321 | 1,812 | 981 | 22,239 | 16,492 |
More detailed information concerning certain of the principal diseases and groups of diseases is given in the following pages. The “Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand” (Volume 1) contain detailed information for each hospital.
The first diseases in the Bertillon classification are the “General diseases,” the first nineteen orders of which cover epidemic diseases. The principal epidemic general diseases dealt with in public hospitals are scarlet fever and diphtheria. There are four special hospitals for the treatment of these and similar infectious diseases, all situated in the South Island. Several hospitals have fever wings attached.
A table of the epidemic general diseases dealt with in public hospitals during 1917 is given. The figures in this and following tables throughout this subsection deal with the discharges and deaths only, and not with patients remaining in hospital at the end of the year, who will be included in the figures for 1918 or such other year of discharge or death.
Disease. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Total Discharges and Deaths. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
Typhoid fever | 288 | 17 | 2 | 30 | 9 | 234 | 112 |
Samoan fever | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Malaria | 8 | 10 | .. | .. | .. | 18 | .. |
Measles | 47 | 4 | .. | 2 | 1 | 29 | 25 |
Scarlet fever | 1,269 | 34 | 27 | 3 | 11 | 561 | 783 |
Whooping-cough | 17 | 6 | 5 | .. | 1 | 13 | 16 |
Diphtheria | 3,850 | 81 | 16 | 93 | 82 | 1,871 | 2,251 |
Croup | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 2 |
Influenza | 181 | 14 | .. | 1 | 1 | 140 | 57 |
Cholera | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Dysentery | 53 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 56 | 20 |
Erysipelas | 82 | 9 | .. | 2 | 4 | 40 | 57 |
Chicken-pox | 7 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 7 | 3 |
Mumps | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. |
Rotheln | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
German measles | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 3 |
Totals | 5,812 | 192 | 55 | 135 | 114 | 2,978 | 3,330 |
The rate of mortality over the whole group was very low, being 2.58 per cent. Diphtheria caused more deaths than typhoid fever, and considerably more than scarlet fever.
Tuberculosis occupies eight orders in the classification of diseases, but is usually divided into two groups—viz., pulmonary tuberculosis and other forms of tuberculosis. In the following table an attempt has been made to show in detail the part of the body affected. Pulmonary tuberculosis, with which is included tuberculosis (undefined) and acute miliary tuberculosis, comprises 70 per cent. of the total of 1,654 cases of tubercular diseases, and 78 per cent of the deaths.
Form of Tuberculosis. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Total Discharges and Deaths. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | Males. | Females | Males. | Females | |
Pulmonary tuberculosis | 146 | 564 | 212 | 159 | 73 | 763 | 391 |
Acute miliary tuberculosis | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Tuberculous meningitis | .. | 1 | 3 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 20 |
Abdominal tuberculosis | 11 | 26 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 31 | 19 |
Tuberculosis of spine | 5 | 21 | .. | 6 | 2 | 21 | 13 |
Spinal caries | 1 | 8 | 1 | .. | .. | 3 | 7 |
Pott's disease | 1 | 5 | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | 4 |
Spinal abscess | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | 1 |
Lumbar abscess | 2 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | 1 |
Psoas abscess | 4 | 4 | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | 5 |
Tuberculosis of hip | 22 | 53 | 5 | 1 | .. | 42 | 39 |
Tuberculosis of knee | 9 | 14 | .. | 1 | .. | 20 | 4 |
Tuberculosis of ankle | 1 | 10 | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 1 |
Tuberculosis of elbow | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | 1 |
Tuberculosis of wrist | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Tuberculosis of hand | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Tuberculosis of foot | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 |
Tuberculosis of nose | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Tuberculosis of eye | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Tuberculous arthritis | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Tuberculous synovitis | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 2 |
Coxitis | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Tuberculosis of bones | 6 | 23 | 1 | .. | .. | 16 | 14 |
Tuberculosis of kidney | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
Tuberculous nephritis | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Tuberculosis of glands | 20 | 37 | 1 | .. | 1 | 30 | 29 |
Tuberculous adenitis | 11 | 8 | .. | .. | .. | 15 | 4 |
Tuberculosis of bladder | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Tuberculous cystitis | .. | 4 | .. | 2 | .. | 5 | 1 |
Tuberculosis of genital organs | 10 | 10 | 2 | .. | 1 | 18 | 5 |
Tuberculosis of breast | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Tuberculous abscess | 16 | 15 | .. | .. | .. | 13 | 18 |
Tuberculous sinus | 2 | 10 | 1 | .. | .. | 6 | 7 |
Tuberculous ulcer | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Tuberculous ganglion | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Lupus | .. | 8 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 6 |
Totals | 280 | 838 | 232 | 200 | 104 | 1,045 | 609 |
Five sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis cases are situated in suitable districts throughout the Dominion. The classification in use at these institutions is somewhat different to that of general hospitals as regards condition of patients on discharge. The actual classifications in use at the various sanatoria are,—
Cambridge: Much improved; improved; stationary.
Otaki: Able to work; relieved; unrelieved.
Cashmere Hills and Coronation Hospital, Christchurch: Disease arrested; much improved; improved; not improved.
Palmerston: Apparently cured; disease arrested; improved; unimproved.
The figures of recoveries given above include the first-mentioned class in each case (the first two for Palmerston). The last-mentioned corresponds to “unrelieved” in each case, and all other classifications rank as “relieved.”
The total number of discharges and deaths in winch the disease was definitely shown to be venereal was 398, including 16 deaths. Syphilis was the disease assigned in 246 cases, and various forms of gonococcic infection in the remaining 152 cases. There is reason to believe that the totals given do not include all such cases dealt with in the public hospitals, incomplete classification on the return cards being probably responsible for a number of venereal cases being placed elsewhere in the tabulation. Again, the Medical Superintendent of a hospital, in stating the disease for which a patient is treated, is concerned not with the cause of the complaint, but rather with the actual facts of the case as they appear before him, so that most cases of diseases of syphilitic origin in which, for the time being at least, the venereal disease has ceased to be of primary importance are returned under the heading of the disease for which the patient is treated.
Of recent years cancer has come into great prominence amongst causes of death, now ranking in New Zealand second only to heart-disease in point of number of deaths. Information as to deaths and death-rates from cancer is given in Subsection C of this section.
The total number of deaths in public hospitals in 1917 where cancer was assigned as the cause was 248 (males 172, females 76). In addition 152 patients treated for cancer were discharged as recovered, 223 as relieved, and 114 as unrelieved. Very few of the recoveries were in cases of internal cancer, and but a small proportion of the deaths in cases of surface cancer. It is noticeable that with but eight exceptions cancer of the mouth and its annexa was confined to males. A table is given showing the seat of the disease in all cases of discharge or death during 1917. In 38 cases the location cannot be given on account of the disease being returned merely as “cancer.” In a number of other similar cases the nature of the operation was the only means of enabling the seat of the disease to be allocated.
CANCER CASES.—DISCHARGES FROM AND DEATHS IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS, 1917. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seat of Disease. | Discharges. | Deaths. | ||||||
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | Males. | Females | ||||
Males. | Females | Males. | Females | Males. | Females | |||
Mouth | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | .. |
Jaw | 3 | .. | 2 | 2 | 1 | .. | 5 | 1 |
Lip | 32 | .. | 18 | 2 | 2 | .. | 2 | .. |
Tongue | 4 | .. | 7 | 3 | 2 | .. | 13 | .. |
Tonsils | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
œsophagus | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 2 |
Stomach | 1 | .. | 19 | 8 | 14 | 8 | 31 | 8 |
Pylorus | 1 | .. | 1 | 3 | 1 | .. | 9 | 1 |
Liver | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 4 |
Gall-bladder | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. |
Stomach and liver | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 1 | .. |
Bile-duct | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Peritonæum | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 3 | .. |
Omentum | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. |
Bowels | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
Intestines | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 3 |
Cæcum | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Colon | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | 7 | 3 |
Sigmoid | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | .. |
Rectum | .. | .. | 10 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 5 |
Anus | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. |
Mesentery | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. |
Uterus | .. | 13 | .. | 11 | .. | 13 | .. | 13 |
Neck of uterus | .. | 6 | .. | 11 | .. | 2 | .. | 5 |
Ovary | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Vulva, vagina | .. | 2 | .. | 2 | .. | 3 | .. | .. |
Breast | .. | 34 | .. | 32 | .. | 1 | .. | 8 |
Scalp | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Forehead | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Brow | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Ear | 4 | 1 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Nose | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Cheek | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. |
Face | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Chin | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. |
Rodent ulcer (undefined) | 1 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | .. |
Epithelioma (undefined) | 3 | 1 | 3 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. |
Eye (cancer) | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Antrum | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. |
Parotid | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 |
Neck | 2 | .. | 3 | 1 | 4 | .. | 4 | .. |
Glands of neck | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | .. | 3 | .. |
Throat | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Fauces | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Lung | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | 2 |
Ribs | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Mediastinum | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Axilla | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Arm | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Hand | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. |
Back | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Spine | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Thyroid | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Larynx | .. | .. | 3 | .. | 2 | .. | 4 | 1 |
Abdomen | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Pancreas | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 5 | 1 |
Kidney | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | .. |
Spleen | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. |
Bladder | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 1 |
Prostate | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 | .. | 7 | .. |
Male genital organs | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Thigh | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. |
Hip | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Femur | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Fibula | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Leg | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Knee | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Foot | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Groin | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Glands (other than neck) | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Not specified | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 3 | .. | 13 | 6 |
Totals | 80 | 72 | 116 | 107 | 65 | 49 | 172 | 76 |
In the special article on “Cancer” published in the “New Zealand Official Year-book,” 1917, it was mentioned that out of a total of 261 patients in hospital from cancer during 1916 almost exactly half (130) had been in hospital less than one month, of whom 39 died within one week of admission. A detailed table compiled for 1917, and published in Volume i of “Statistics of New Zealand,” 1917, gives corresponding totals of 248, 121, and 40 respectively, while in a further 61 cases death occurred within two months of admission.
Another table published in Volume i of Statistics gives detailed information as to condition on discharge, in conjunction with ago of patient and part of body affected.
The diseases of the nervous system, following the Bertillon classification, are as follows: —
Disease. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Total Discharges and Deaths. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | Males. | Females. | ||
Abscess of brain | 1 | .. | .. | 6 | 7 | .. |
Meningitis | 29 | 3 | 4 | 72 | 67 | 41 |
Locomotor ataxia | 1 | 21 | 4 | 4 | 29 | 1 |
Other diseases of the spinal cord | 14 | 74 | 11 | 22 | 75 | 46 |
Apoplexy, cerebral hæmorrhage | 7 | 30 | 3 | 72 | 76 | 36 |
Softening of the brain | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Paralysis without specified cause | 21 | 93 | 24 | 45 | 114 | 69 |
General paralysis of the insane | .. | 7 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 3 |
Other forms of mental alienation | 6 | 34 | 70 | 3 | 60 | 53 |
Epilepsy | 24 | 82 | 17 | 5 | 97 | 31 |
Convulsions | 17 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 18 |
Convulsions of infants | 15 | 4 | .. | 3 | 13 | 9 |
Chorea | 32 | 24 | .. | 1 | 24 | 33 |
Neuralgia, neuritis | 120 | 121 | 12 | 3 | 140 | 116 |
Other nervous diseases | 104 | 228 | 35 | 17 | 203 | 181 |
Totals | 391 | 727 | 184 | 258 | 921 | 639 |
This class shows a fairly high death-rate over the whole group, the rate, however, being greatly reduced by the inclusion of such minor complaints as neuralgia and neurasthenia, which represent a fair proportion of the total cases dealt with. Among the discharges it is noticed that the number of cases returned as recovered is considerably less than those classified as relieved or unrelieved.
The diseases included under “Other diseases of the spinal cord” are as follows:—
Discharges. | Deaths. | |
---|---|---|
Myelitis | 5 | 5 |
Poliomyelitis | 19 | 3 |
Progressive muscular atrophy | 5 | 1 |
Infantile paralysis | 53 | 4 |
Paralysis agitans | 3 | 1 |
Bulbar paralysis | 1 | 4 |
Disseminated sclerosis | 3 | 2 |
Lateral sclerosis | 2 | 1 |
Spastic paralysis | 5 | 1 |
Syringo-myelia | 1 | .. |
Friedreich's ataxia | 1 | .. |
Degeneration of spinal cord | 1 | .. |
Totals | 99 | 22 |
The large percentage of mental cases shown as unrelieved is due to the inclusion of a number of such cases being admitted to hospital for observation. It is not usual for mental patients to be treated in hospital for any length of time. Many mental patients are transferred from the public general hospitals to the mental hospitals.
Neurasthenia was the complaint in 247 of the 284 cases shown above for “Other nervous diseases,” this number including a large proportion of returned soldiers. Cerebral tumours accounted for 13 of the 17 deaths.
The principal of the remaining general diseases are as follows:—
Disease. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Total Discharges and Deaths. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | Males. | Females. | ||
Non-puerperal septicæmia | 308 | 85 | 7 | 29 | 292 | 137 |
Tetanus | 6 | .. | .. | 4 | 10 | .. |
Non-malignant tumours | 140 | 59 | 10 | 9 | 131 | 87 |
Acute rheumatism | 281 | 158 | 8 | 13 | 301 | 159 |
Chronic rheumatism and gout | 12 | 71 | 13 | 3 | 68 | 31 |
Diabetes | 6 | 50 | 8 | 30 | 55 | 39 |
Exophthalmic goitre | 12 | 45 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 59 |
Leucæmia | 1 | 4 | .. | 3 | 6 | 2 |
Anæmia and chlorosis | 46 | 53 | 3 | 26 | 48 | 80 |
Alcoholism | 177 | 124 | 11 | 31 | 296 | 47 |
Diabetes, exophthalmic goitre, leucæmia, and pernicious anæmia are usually fatal, and if occurring in conjunction with practically any other disease must take precedence as the cause of death. No recoveries are recorded in the case of pernicious anæmia, the 46 mentioned being due to other forms of anaemia. Twenty-three of the 26 deaths from anæmia are due to the pernicious type of the disease.
Eye troubles were responsible for admission to hospital in no fewer than 541 of the cases discharged from hospital during 1917. There were only 2 deaths from these causes. A summary of the various diseases of the eyes dealt with may be of interest.
DISEASES OF THE EYES.—DISCHARGES FROM HOSPITAL, 1917. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disease. | Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | Deaths. | Total. | |||||
Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
Foreign body in eye | 6 | 1 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 | 1 |
Strabismus | 5 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 12 |
Keratitis | 1 | 7 | 8 | 6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9 | 13 |
Glaucoma | 5 | 3 | 13 | 15 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 19 | 19 |
Iritis | 20 | 6 | 22 | 13 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 42 | 19 |
Corneal ulcer | 21 | 6 | 25 | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 46 | 14 |
Cataract | 22 | 13 | 72 | 34 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 97 | 48 |
Conjunctivitis | 16 | 15 | 7 | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 23 | 22 |
Pterygium | 4 | 1 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 1 |
Dacryocystitis | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 5 |
Other diseases (including undefined) | 27 | 23 | 49 | 16 | 3 | .. | 2 | .. | 81 | 39 |
Totals | 129 | 84 | 212 | 107 | 8 | 2 | 2 | .. | 351 | 193 |
Injuries to the eyes, other than those due to the presence of some foreign body, axe included in the “accident” class. There were 117 cases of injury to the eyes in 1917.
Diseases of the ears dealt with in hospital appear to be much fewer than eye-diseases. The total number in 1917 was 192, including otitis media 99 and otorrhœa 18. No deaths were recorded.
Organic diseases of the heart are the most important in this class. The deaths of 197 males and 60 females in hospital were due to heart-disease, while the returns show that 58 patients treated for various forms of organic heart-disease were discharged as recovered, 448 as relieved, and 17 as unrelieved. One hundred and eleven patients were treated for varicose veins, 141 for varicose ulcers, 52 for varicocele, 201 for hæmorrhoids, and 36 for phlebitis, only 3 deaths resulting. Diseases of the glands and other diseases of the lymphatic system were returned in 280 cases, of which 3 were fatal.
Diseases of the circulatory system do not occupy a very prominent position in the statistics of hospital cases. Evidently, in a high proportion of the large number of deaths registered in which heart-disease is assigned as the cause, the general state of health has not been such as to cause admission to hospital.
In the classification of diseases adenoids rank as a disease of the respiratory system, while treatment of the tonsils is included under the digestive system. As, however, many children are admitted to hospital for the removal of tonsils and adenoids at the same time, it is well to discuss these two complaints together.
During 1917, adenoids alone was the cause shown in 299 cases, tonsils alone in 525 cases, while in 1,274 cases the treatment was for both tonsils and adenoids. Only 3 deaths were recorded. The medical inspection of schoolchildren is responsible for the admission of a large proportion of these cases to public hospitals.
Bronchitis, broncho-pneumonia, and pneumonia represent a big proportion of the non-tuberculous diseases of the respiratory system. The figures for hospitals for 1917 are,—
— | Discharges. | Deaths. | Totals. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | Males. | Females. | ||
Acute bronchitis | 218 | 143 | 5 | 27 | 283 | 110 |
Chronic bronchitis | 19 | 29 | 5 | 9 | 42 | 20 |
Broncho-pneumonia | 111 | 17 | 2 | 24 | 79 | 75 |
Pneumonia | 391 | 72 | 3 | 116 | 377 | 205 |
Totals | 739 | 261 | 15 | 176 | 781 | 410 |
Diseases of the respiratory system, not already enumerated, include,—
Disease. | Cases. |
---|---|
* Other than adenoids. | |
Pleurisy | 277 |
Empyema | 104 |
Goitre | 90 |
Thyroid disease | 41 |
Laryngitis | 38 |
Diseases of nose and nasal fossæ* | 412 |
Asthma | 186 |
Hæmoptysis | 23 |
Hydatids of lungs | 16 |
Pneumoconiosis | 18 |
Other diseases | 57 |
Total | 1262 |
The principal diseases of the stomach were as follows:—
Disease. | Cases. |
---|---|
Gastritis | 473 |
Ulcer of stomach | 185 |
Dyspepsia | 64 |
Hæmatemesis | 20 |
Hyperemesis | 6 |
Gastric catarrh | 23 |
Other diseases | 112 |
Total | 883 |
Diseases of the œsophagus, numbering 19, are not included.
Ulcer of the stomach was fatal in 16 cases, gastritis in 10, and other diseases in 4.
The total cases of diarrhoea and enteritis included in the returns were 495, including 61 deaths. Thirty-four of the deaths were of children under two years of age.
Appendicitis ranks high among hospital cases, but the death-rate is exceedingly low. During 1917 only 67 deaths occurred out of a total of 2,235 cases dealt with, representing a percentage of 2.75. Of the discharges, 1,861 were returned as recoveries, 298 as relieved, and 9 as unrelieved. The males dealt with numbered 1,084, and females 1,151.
Hernia cases included in the returns of discharges and deaths for 1917 numbered 751, including only 10 deaths. Included in the total are 402 shown as inguinal hernia, 23 as umbilical hernia, 29 as femoral hernia, 69 as ventral hernia, and 228 as hernia undefined. Intussusception cases numbered 26, and intestinal obstruction (so defined) 74 cases, of which 29 were fatal.
Non-cancerous diseases of the liver were responsible for 55 deaths in hospital during 1917. Discharges of patients treated for liver-diseases numbered 379. Of the total discharges and deaths, 175 cases were attributed to gall-stones (including 144 females), 29 to cirrhosis, 83 to jaundice, 40 to cholecystitis, and 64 to hydatids.
Diseases of the kidneys and other portions of the urinary system numbered 1,103; details are given in the following table:—
DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disease. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Total Discharges and Deaths. | |||
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | Males. | Females. | ||
Acute nephritis | 77 | 45 | 7 | 35 | 89 | 75 |
Bright's disease | 3 | 17 | .. | 17 | 24 | 13 |
Chronic nephritis | 2 | 17 | 1 | 15 | 23 | 12 |
Uræmia | 1 | .. | .. | 12 | 10 | 3 |
Albuminuria | 9 | 6 | .. | 1 | 5 | 11 |
Pyelitis | 42 | 22 | 3 | 5 | 15 | 57 |
Hæmaturia | 11 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 20 | 10 |
Movable kidney | 14 | 12 | 1 | .. | .. | 27 |
Pyelonephritis | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 |
Pyonephrosis | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Hydronephrosis | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Abscess of kidney | 3 | .. | .. | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Other kidney-diseases | 18 | 15 | 2 | 7 | 25 | 17 |
Renal colic | 17 | 17 | .. | .. | 24 | 10 |
Renal stone | 11 | 18 | 8 | 1 | 26 | 12 |
Stone in bladder or urethra | 10 | 8 | .. | 1 | 16 | 3 |
Nephrolithiasis | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | 2 | 1 |
Retention of urine | 27 | 28 | 3 | 9 | 65 | 2 |
Cystitis | 89 | 75 | 9 | 19 | 88 | 104 |
Other diseases of bladder | 27 | 23 | 1 | 5 | 25 | 31 |
Stricture of urethra | 57 | 58 | 4 | 5 | 105 | 19 |
Enlargement of prostate | 42 | 37 | 5 | 35 | 119 | .. |
Totals | 467 | 417 | 46 | 173 | 689 | 414 |
Non-venereal diseases of the male genital organs numbered 253, including orchitis 65 and hydrocele 63.
Diseases of the female genital organs, other than cancer or those diseases shown to be venereal or puerperal are an important group in hospital cases, though the death-rate is exceedingly low. The total cases passing through public hospitals in 1917 were 1,685, including only 25 deaths. The list is shown on the next page.
DISEASES OF FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disease. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Total Discharges and Deaths. | ||
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | |||
Uterine hæmorrhage | 60 | 43 | .. | 1 | 104 |
Uterine tumour | 101 | 24 | 3 | 9 | 137 |
Prolapse of uterus | 109 | 21 | 9 | 2 | 141 |
Retroflexion of uterus | 19 | 2 | 1 | .. | 22 |
Retroversion of uterus | 191 | 62 | 6 | .. | 259 |
Anteflexion of uterus | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | 3 |
Endometritis | 138 | 37 | 3 | 1 | 179 |
Metritis | 37 | 5 | .. | .. | 42 |
Parametritis | 9 | .. | .. | 1 | 10 |
Dysmenorrhœa | 25 | 17 | 2 | .. | 44 |
Leucorrhœa | 13 | 11 | 1 | .. | 25 |
Amenorrhœa | 5 | 1 | 2 | .. | 8 |
Pelvic cellulitis | 21 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 28 |
Pelvic abscess | 9 | 2 | 2 | .. | 13 |
Pelvic inflammation | 12 | 1 | .. | .. | 13 |
Other diseases of uterus | 128 | 50 | 4 | 4 | 186 |
Ovarian cysts | 67 | 26 | .. | 2 | 95 |
Salpingitis | 110 | 48 | 2 | 2 | 162 |
Other diseases | 63 | 51 | .. | .. | 114 |
Totals | 1,118 | 406 | 36 | 25 | 1,585 |
The above figures do not include 126 cases of diseases of the female breast (mastitis 29, tumour 45, abscess 51, and Paget's disease 1).
A total of 1,091 cases come under the heading of puerperal. This number includes 252 cases of normal childbirth dealt with at public general hospitals, but does not cover maternity cases in St. Helens Hospitals.
PUERPERAL ACCIDENTS, ETC. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disease. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Total Discharges and Deaths. | ||
Recovered. | Relieved. | Unrelieved. | |||
Miscarriage | 164 | 61 | .. | 3 | 228 |
Abortion | 272 | 36 | 2 | 1 | 311 |
Ectopic gestation | 57 | 13 | .. | 5 | 75 |
Other accidents of pregnancy | 45 | 17 | .. | 6 | 68 |
Normal labour | 228 | 14 | 10 | .. | 252 |
Puerperal hæmorrhage | 22 | 3 | .. | 1 | 26 |
Ruptured perinæum | 31 | 6 | 1 | .. | 38 |
Other accidents of labour | 18 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 22 |
Puerperal septicæmia | 19 | 6 | 1 | 18 | 44 |
Puerperal albuminuria | 6 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 14 |
Puerperal phlebitis and phlegmasia | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 3 |
Puerperal mania | 3 | 1 | 5 | .. | 9 |
Galactocele | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
Totals | 867 | 165 | 23 | 36 | 1,091 |
The principal diseases of the skin and annexa were as follows:—
Disease. | Cases. |
---|---|
Abscess | 445 |
Ulcers | 238 |
Eczema | 138 |
Cellulitis | 136 |
Sinus | 63 |
Ingrown nail | 39 |
Gangrene | 38 |
Erythema | 36 |
Carbuncle | 33 |
Scabies | 32 |
Herpes | 31 |
Whitlow | 31 |
Dermatitis | 27 |
Furuncle | 24 |
Psoriasis | 22 |
Impetigo | 20 |
Rash (undefined) | 14 |
Boils | 13 |
Corns and warts | 10 |
Other | 74 |
Total | 1,464 |
Deaths numbered 38, including 6 from cellulitis, 5 from abscess, and 22 from gangrene.
Non-tuberculous diseases of the bones and of the organs of locomotion numbered 1,158, including 17 deaths. Twelve of the deaths were due to osteomyelitis. The principal diseases in this class, following the order of the classification, were,—
Disease. | Cases. |
---|---|
Caries | 6 |
Necrosis | 80 |
Osteomyelitis | 126 |
Periostitis | 47 |
Ostitis | 9 |
Mastoiditis | 92 |
Sinusitis | 51 |
Abscess of bone | 25 |
Exostosis | 23 |
Antrum-disease | 36 |
Other diseases of bones | 56 |
Arthritis | 51 |
Synovitis | 127 |
Ankylosis | 16 |
Other diseases of joints | 63 |
Amputations (cause not shown) | 24 |
Bursitis | 82 |
Talipes | 46 |
Tenosynovitis | 10 |
Lumbago | 46 |
Muscular rheumatism | 12 |
Hammer-toe | 24 |
Ganglion | 10 |
Bunion | 7 |
Other diseases of organs of locomotion | 89 |
Total | 1,158 |
Male infants to the number of 231 were discharged from hospital after treatment for phimosis. Other malformations were,—
Cases. | |
---|---|
* Including 9 discharges of same patient. | |
Cleft palate | 18 |
Nævus | 38 |
Hare-lip | 13 |
Hydrocephalus | 3 |
Spina bifida | 7 |
Congenital dislocation | 13 |
Hypospadias | 6 |
Others | 37 |
Club-foot | 15* |
Total | 150 |
Sixteen deaths were recorded, 2 from spina bifida, 1 from hare-lip, 1 from cleft palate, 2 from hydrocephalus, and 10 from “others.”
Thirty-seven deaths are recorded as having been due to diseases of early infancy. The chief items in this class are marasmus (26 deaths) and premature birth (5 deaths). The total discharges and deaths amounted to only 108, thus the deaths amounted to the high percentage of 36.75 to the total cases treated.
Hospital returns show a total of 108 male deaths and 26 female deaths from old age during 1917. In addition, 11 old people treated for senility were discharged recovered, 95 relieved, and 93 unrelieved. These totals include the returns of five hospitals which are also old people's homes.
The principal headings included in this class in hospital cases are fractures and injuries in regard to which no specified cause is shown. In death-registrations the cause of death is asked for, and in cases of deaths resulting from fractures and other injuries the actual cause is obtained, and the death classified under one or other of the thirty definite headings provided. The Medical Superintendents are, however, concerned not with causes but with natures of injuries, and the returns in the great majority of cases are classed under the headings “fractures” and “injuries,” which in death statistics would be regarded as somewhat indefinite, but which in morbidity statistics are invaluable on account of the fact that the part of the body affected is given in most of the cases. Fractures and injuries are dealt with in detail further on.
Seven suicidal deaths in hospital were returned in 1917, and 32 of the patients discharged were admitted for treatment for self-inflicted injuries.
Accidental poisoning, including cases not shown to be suicidal, was returned in 94 cases, including 13 of ptomaine poisoning. Two hundred and twenty-seven cases of burns, 65 of accidental shooting, 275 of injuries by cutting or piercing instruments, 5 by fall, and 101 by crushing are also shown. Six persons were treated for effects of heat, 5 for effects of excessive cold, 2 for starvation, 1 for electrocution, 14 for injuries inflicted by animals, 5 for injuries due to explosions, and 1 for homicide by firearms. The total deaths in hospitals during the year from “External Causes” were 178 out of a total of 4,646 cases.
The part of the body affected in the 1,539 cases of fractures referred to above is shown in full in the next table:—
Fractures. | Cases |
---|---|
Fracture of skull | 112 |
Fracture of jaw | 19 |
Fractured malar | 2 |
Fracture of nose | 17 |
Dislocated neck | 1 |
Fracture of clavicle | 56 |
Dislocation of shoulder | 43 |
Fracture of scapula | 4 |
Fracture of humerus | 104 |
Dislocation of elbow | 54 |
Fracture of radius | 37 |
Fracture of ulna | 70 |
Fracture of arm | 39 |
Dislocation of wrist | 15 |
Colles fracture | 32 |
Dislocation of fingers | 33 |
Fracture of spine | 13 |
Fracture of ribs | 89 |
Fracture of pelvis | 9 |
Dislocation of hip | 16 |
Fracture of thigh | 28 |
Fracture of femur | 175 |
Fracture of patella | 20 |
Dislocation of knee | 4 |
Dislocation of semi-lunar cartilage | 30 |
Fracture of tibia | 199 |
Fracture of fibula | 42 |
Fracture of leg | 98 |
Pott's fracture | 42 |
Sprained ankle | 89 |
Dislocation of foot | 6 |
Dislocation of toe | 16 |
Greenstick-fracture | 3 |
Fracture (undefined) | 22 |
Total | 1,539 |
The total shown includes 83 deaths, 47 of which were due to fracture of the skull.
The heading “Other External Violence,” which covers a large list of miscellaneous and undefined injuries, accounted for a total of 2,257 cases, including 33 deaths, 10 of which were due to injuries to the head or brain. The total number of cases was swelled by the inclusion of 538 returned soldiers treated for wounds received in battle.
Location. | Cases. |
---|---|
Head and brain | 257 |
Scalp | 99 |
Eye | 117 |
Face | 102 |
Neck, c. | 8 |
Shoulder | 47 |
Arm | 49 |
Elbow | 19 |
Wrist | 15 |
Hand | 99 |
Fingers | 126 |
Spine | 19 |
Back | 54 |
Ribs and chest | 47 |
Kidneys | 5 |
Loin | 2 |
Abdomen | 29 |
Groin | 8 |
Hip | 25 |
Thigh | 42 |
Knee | 113 |
Leg | 145 |
Pelvis | 4 |
Buttock | 1 |
Ankle | 39 |
Foot | 105 |
Toes | 28 |
Tendon | 14 |
Injury in battle | 538 |
Undefined | 101 |
Total | 2,257 |
Table of Contents
THE Public Health Act, 1900, repealed eight amending and allied Acts dating from 1876 to 1900. The Public Health Act, 1900, with amendments in 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1907, in the general consolidation of the New Zealand Statutes, now forms the Public Health Act, 1908. This consists of four parts.
Part I provides for the constitution of a Department of Public Health under the control of a Minister of the Crown, called the Minister of Public Health, and also enables the Dominion to be divided up into health districts, each health district being placed under a District Health Officer, who must possess special knowledge of sanitary and bacteriological science. These officers, and such inspectors and other officers who may be appointed by the Governor-General, are under the control of and responsible to the Chief Health Officer.
Part II deals with sanitation and the prevention of infectious diseases. The initial clauses under this part are more particularly designed to be made use of in the case of an outbreak of any dangerous infectious disease. These diseases have been declared to be plague, smallpox, leprosy, and cholera. The subsequent sections of this part deal with the notification and prevention of the spread of infectious diseases. By the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Amendment Act, 1910, the Hospital Boards throughout the Dominion are made the local authorities under this Act for all matters relating to infectious diseases. Notification of the latter is required to be made to the Hospital Board and the District Health Officer.
Under “Sanitation,” the abatement of nuisances, the prevention of pollution of watercourses, the control of offensive trades, the removal or repairing of insanitary buildings, and other similar matters are dealt with; and the functions of the District Health Officer and the Inspectors in regard thereto are laid down. Generally speaking, in addition to his duties under the Public Health Act, the District Health Officer acts in the advisory capacity of a medical officer of health to the several municipalities and other local governing bodies in his district.
Part III deals with quarantine, and Part IV with vaccination, both of which are referred to below.
The quarantine laws are administered by the officers of the Department of Public Health, under authority of the Public Health Act, 1908. The Act provides for the proclamation of infected places in or beyond the Dominion, and every ship arriving at a New Zealand port from or after having touched at an infected place is liable to quarantine, and this liability extends to every person on board such ship. No persons or goods are allowed to be landed from an infected ship except at the appointed quarantine-ground, and any restrictions that may be deemed necessary to prevent the spread of infection may be enforced by the Health Officers. Heavy fines may be inflicted for any breach of these laws.
A medical practitioner may be appointed to take charge of passengers and crew of a ship liable to quarantine, and the owners or agents of the ship are liable for the cost of such attendance. It is the duty of the owners or agents of the ship to supply the passengers with such wholesome provisions and medicines as the medical man in charge directs or requires. All expenses incurred in connection with the disinfection or destruction of infected goods are a charge against the ship.
Regulations under the Act direct the manner in which the ship and the quarantine quarters must be disinfected, and the precautions to be taken by those on board the ship. Suspected ships are liable to the same precautions as those infected, and healthy ships—i.e., those on board which there has been no case of infectious disease though they have sailed from or touched at an infected port, or have communicated with an infected ship—are liable to fumigation if directed by the Health Officer, and the method of mooring is set out.
No vessel may be admitted to pratique between the hours of sunset and sunrise unless under exceptional circumstances.
The procedure under the law as to vaccination is as follows: The Registrar of Births issues a notice when a birth is registered, with forms for certificate as to the result of vaccination attached. Vaccination is compulsory, if exemption is not secured in four months from date of birth. But everything is subject to the provisions of the “exemption clause,” which is the main feature, and governs the rest. Any parent or custodian who has conscientious objections—believing that vaccination would be injurious to the child's health—can apply for a certificate of exemption to a Magistrate or to a Registrar of Births; and, when the child's parent or guardian is resident outside of a borough, the application may be made to and certificate granted by a Justice of the Peace.
When no exemption certificate is obtained, the law allows the parent twelve months from date of birth in which to vaccinate, and a similar period from date of taking charge of child in case of a custodian. There are penalties for not vaccinating, but one conviction for neglecting to vaccinate a child removes liability until the child is four years of age.
In 1899 the proportion of successful vaccinations of children under one year of age to the total births was 17.94 per cent. In 1901 the proportion fell to 9.68 per cent., but rose in 1903 to 25.50 on account of a slight outbreak of smallpox. The rate per 100 births then fell year by year until in 1912 it reached only 1.26, the vaccinations of children under one year of age numbering 347, and the total vaccinations for the year being 545, exclusive of Maoris.
An outbreak of smallpox occurred in the latter half of 1913, principally among the Maoris of the Auckland District, this resulting in an unprecedented number of vaccinations. The total successful vaccinations for the year were approximately 139,250, of which 132,800 were in the North Island. These figures include adults and children, Europeans and Maoris, it being impossible to obtain complete figures as to race and age of those vaccinated.
Forty-six thousand five hundred and nineteen exemption certificates were issued from the 13th October, 1900, to the end of the year 1913. Of these only 3,502 belong to the year 1913, as against 7,270 in the preceding year.
No information is available as to vaccinations and exemptions during the years subsequent to 1913.
Under the Medical Practitioners Act, 1914, is constituted the Medical Board of New Zealand, consisting of the Inspector-General of Hospitals and six other registered medical practitioners, who are appointed to the Board by the Governor-General, the term of appointment being a three-yearly one. The Board elects its own Chairman annually, the Inspector-General of Hospitals at present occupying the position.
The Board deals with all applications for registration under the Act, which enacts that every person shall be entitled to registration who satisfies the Board that he is a graduate in medicine and surgery of the University of New Zealand; or registered on the register kept in accordance with the provisions of the Acts regulating the registration of medical practitioners in the United Kingdom, or eligible for registration on such last-mentioned register; or the holder of a foreign diploma approved by the Board, and granted by any university or institution other than the University of New Zealand or a university or institution situated in the United Kingdom, after a course of not less than five years' study of the subjects pertaining to a medical and surgical degree or license. The Board may, however, refuse to approve any diploma unless it appears that New Zealand graduates are, without further examination, entitled to registration in the country granting the diploma.
No person is entitled to be registered if he has been at any time convicted of any offence punishable by imprisonment with hard labour for a term of two years or upwards, or is otherwise not of good fame or character. Applicants who are refused registration have the right of appeal to the Supreme Court.
Application for registration should be made in the first place to the Registrar of Births and Deaths at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, or Dunedin. One month's notice of intended application must be given, and such notice advertised once in the New Zealand Gazette and also in a newspaper circulating near the residence of the applicant. Residence in New Zealand is therefore essential before notice can be given.
The fee for registration is £3 3s., payable on deposit of evidence of qualification.
A table is appended showing the additions to and removals from the Medical Register during the last four years, with the numbers on the register on the 1st January and 31st December of each year:—
— | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number on register on 1st January | 1,240 | 1,268 | 948 | 962 |
Number added during year by registration | 41 | 28 | 37 | 27 |
Number added during year by restoration | .. | .. | 5 | 1 |
Number removed during year on evidence of death | 13 | 8 | 10 | 21 |
Number removed during year by direction of Medical Board— | ||||
Letter not delivered and returned to Registrar-General | .. | 309 | 18 | .. |
Ceased to practise | .. | 20 | .. | .. |
Reported dead | .. | 11 | .. | .. |
Number on register on 31st December | 1,268 | 948 | 962 | 969 |
Application for registration as a dentist should be made to the Registrar-General, Wellington, accompanied by a fee of £1.
Every adult person is entitled to be registered as a dentist in New Zealand who is the holder of a degree in dental surgery of the University of New Zealand, or a certificate of proficiency in dentistry obtained from the Senate of the University, or is registered or entitled to be registered as a dentist in the United Kingdom, or is the holder of such degree in dentistry granted in a British possession or a foreign country as may be recognized by the Senate of the New Zealand University. Evidence of good character is required in every case.
A table is appended showing the additions to and removals from the Dentists' Register during the years 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917, with the numbers on the register on the 1st January and 31st December of each year.
In order to make better provision for the sale of food and drugs in a pure state, the Sale of Food and Drugs Act was passed by the Legislature, and came into operation on the 1st January, 1908. This Act forms part of and is to be read together with the Public Health Act, 1908.
The Act is administered by the officers of the Public Health Department, and provides for the analysis, by public analysts, of any article of food or drink, or of any drug, which may be sold, offered for sale, or exposed for sale, and for the inspection of any place where there is any food or drug intended for sale. If any such article be proved to be unfit for human consumption, or likely to cause injury to health if consumed, heavy penalties may be inflicted on the person or persons responsible.
Stringent measures are provided for the prevention of adulteration of food, drink, or drugs, and for the inspection of places where such things are manufactured or packed. The selling of light weight bread is an offence under the Act, as is also the taking back of bread after it has been in the possession of the purchaser for more than an hour.
Any person may, on payment of the prescribed fee, together with the cost of the sample, require any authorized officer to purchase a sample of any food or drug and submit the same for analysis.
Regulations under the Act defining standards for the control of the purity of foodstuffs and of drugs were published in the New Zealand Gazette of the 6th March, 1913, 2nd March, 1916, 15th June, 1916, 18th May, 1916, 8th November, 1917, 21st March, 1918, and 18th April, 1918. In general, the New Zealand standards are on the lines recommended by the Australian Inter-State Conference.
During the year 1917, 238 charges under the Sale of Food and Drugs Act were dealt with in the Magistrates' Courts, resulting in 185 convictions. Fines were imposed in 169 cases, in six cases the convicted persons were imprisoned, in eight cases the defendant was convicted and discharged, in one case ordered to come up for sentence, and in the remaining case an order of the Court was made. Ninety-three of the convictions were for selling adulterated milk, 15 for other offences in connection with the sale of milk, 20 for selling light-weight bread, and 11 for selling lightweight butter.
During the year 1917, 2,655 analyses were made by the Department's analysts, 2,456 being milk-samples. Samples of bread to the number of 3,925 were weighed, and 160 of these were found to be short-weighted. The total fines and costs where legal proceedings resulted from sampling or weighing amounted to £1,413 for the year.
Section 2 of this Act enacts that every person commits an offence who publishes or causes to be published any statement which is intended by the defendant or any other person to promote the sale of any article as a medicine, preparation, or appliance for the prevention, alleviation, or cure of any human ailment or physical defect, and which is false in any material particular relating to the ingredients, composition, structure, nature, or operation of that article, or to the effects which have followed or may follow the use thereof.
The penalty inflicted is a fine not exceeding £100 in the case of first conviction and not exceeding £200 for every subsequent conviction. This Act has provided the means of effectually stopping the exploitation of the public by means of medicines or treatment alleged to euro all and sundry complaints and ailments.
The Plumbers Registration Act, passed during the session of 1912, provided for the setting - up of a Board, to be called the Plumbers' Board of New Zealand. This Board consists of five members—viz., the Chief Health Officer or his deputy, who shall be Chairman; the Director of Education; a city or borough engineer nominated by the cities and boroughs which have a population of over 5,000 inhabitants, and appointed by the Governor-General; a master plumber and a journeyman plumber elected by their respective associations.
The functions of the Board are to decide what persons may be registered under the Act, in what districts sanitary plumbing shall be performed only by registered plumbers, and what shall be the scope of the examinations to be held in the future as a part of the process of securing registration.
The main principle underlying the Act is that of securing trained and certificated sanitary plumbers, and that such registered plumbers shall not be required to pay any license fee or pass any examination under any local authorities controlling sanitary-plumbing works.
At the examination held under the Act in June, 1917, 57 candidates presented themselves, the results being as follows: 25 qualified in the theoretical part, 22 in the practical part, and 23 qualified or completed in both parts of the examination and were duly granted registration. At the examination held under the Act in December, 1917, 36 candidates presented themselves, the results being as follows: 7 qualified in the theoretical part, 12 in the practical part, and 7 qualified or completed in both parts of the examination and were duly granted registration. In addition, one plumber was admitted to registration during the year under other provisions of the Act. The total of names entered in the register to date is 1,249.
For the year ending 1916–17 the accounts of Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards have been prepared on a uniform basis showing income and expenditure in place of a mere statement of receipts and payments. The accounts are now in such form that comparisons can be made with similar figures from other portions of the British Empire.
On account of the alteration in the system of accounts, however, the figures for 1916–17 are, in some minor points, not absolutely comparable with the figures shown under the system followed in past years.
The total income of Hospital Boards, separate institutions, and Government institutions for the year ending 31st March, 1917, on account of hospitals and charitable aid and public health was £704,674, and for Hospital Boards alone £668,584. The following is a summary of income for the year:—
£ | |
---|---|
* Exclusive of fees paid by Hospital and Charitable Aid Hoards or separate institutions | |
Contributable by Government | 221,088 |
Levies on local authorities | 199,638 |
Voluntary contributions | 17,963 |
Rents, interest, and dividends | 14,519 |
Fees payable by patients and charitable-aid recipients | 231,826* |
Fees payable on account of patients by Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards and separate institutions | 6,091 |
Land agents' license fees | 4,086 |
Miscellaneous income | 9,463 |
The total expenditure of Hospital Boards, separate institutions, Government institutions, and grants-in-aid amounted during 1916–17 to £603,081. The total expenditure of Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards alone was £569,892. The following are the main items of expenditure under the latter heading:—
£ | |
---|---|
† Includes large amounts written off as irrecoverable in respect of previous years' debtors. | |
Hospital maintenance expenditure | 352,537 |
Charitable aid | 113,643 |
Public health | 10,922 |
Administration | 25,474 |
Other expenditure | 49,002† |
The average annual cost of maintenance per occupied bed for the last five years is set out below:—
Year. | Provisions. | Surgery and Dispensary. | Domestic and Establishment. | Salaries and Wages. | Total Maintenance. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1912–13 | 23.8 | 9.9 | 26.3 | 40.2 | 100.3 |
1913–14 | 24.9 | 9.8 | 27.4 | 43.0 | 105.1 |
1914–15 | 25.0 | 10.7 | 27.0 | 43.5 | 106.2 |
1915–16 | 27.4 | 10.4 | 31.1 | 42.5 | 111.3 |
1916–17 | 28.73 | 10.3 | 27.1 | 43.7 | 109.6 |
The charitable-aid expenditure for the last five years has been as follows:—
Year. | Indoor Relief. | Outdoor Relief. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | |
1912–13 | 66,378 | 31,092 | 97,470 |
1913–14 | 68,510 | 34,541 | 103,051 |
1914–15 | 74,081 | 37,413 | 111,494 |
1915–16 | 84,269 | 40,349 | 124,618 |
1916–17 | 72,524 | 41,119 | 113,643 |
Year ended 31st March. | Mean Population. | Hospital and Charitable Aid and other Expenditure. | Expenditure par Head of Mean Population. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
£ | s. | d. | ||
1898 | 724,681 | 181,773 | 5 | 0 |
1899 | 739,193 | 198,823 | 5 | 4 ½ |
1900 | 752,644 | 185,860 | 4 | 11 ¼ |
1901 | 765,668 | 197,408 | 5 | 1 ¾ |
1902 | 781,356 | 212,215 | 5 | 5 |
1903 | 802,419 | 231,185 | 5 | 9 |
1904 | 826,902 | 243,000 | 5 | 10 ½ |
1905 | 851,964 | 259,616 | 6 | 1 |
1906 | 877,469 | 270,710 | 6 | 2 |
1907 | 901,920 | 288,808 | 6 | 4 ½ |
1908 | 925,727 | 315,197 | 6 | 10 |
1909 | 945,063 | 359,941 | 7 | 7 ¼ |
1910 | 977,906 | 375,075 | 7 | 8 |
1911 | 997,974 | 416,384 | 8 | 4 ¼ |
1912 | 1,019,984 | 482,645 | 9 | 5 ½ |
1913 | 1,046,624 | 500,442 | 9 | 6 ¾ |
1914 | 1,075,788 | 579,606 | 10 | 9 ¼ |
1915 | 1,095,206 | 578,838 | 10 | 6 ¾ |
1916 | 1,100,496 | 631,504 | 11 | 5 ¾ |
1917 | 1,099,449 | 603,081 | 10 | 11 ¾ |
The above figures for the last five years include infectious-diseases hospitals and consumption sanatoria under Boards' control, also public-health expenditure and subsidies to medical associations and district nurses. The 1916–17 figures are statements of expenditure incurred, not of actual payments made as in previous years. The number of persons availing themselves of treatment in the general hospitals for the last ten years has been as follows:—
Year. | Total Number of Persons under Treatment. | Mean Population. | Proportion under Treatment per 1,000 of Population. | Average Number of Occupied Beds per Diem. | Proportion per 1,000 of Population. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1907–8 | 19,160 | 925,727 | 20.7 | 1,511 | 1.66 |
1908–9 | 18,653 | 945,063 | 20.8 | 1,566 | 1.66 |
1909–10 | 21,108 | 977,906 | 21.6 | 1,709 | 1.75 |
1910–11 | 23,584 | 997,974 | 23.6 | 1,839 | 1.81 |
1911–12 | 24,681 | 1,019,984 | 24.1 | 1,900 | 1.83 |
1912–13 | 26,979 | 1,046,624 | 25.8 | 2,131 | 2.04 |
1913–14 | 28,885 | 1,075,787 | 26.8 | 2,234 | 2.08 |
1914–15 | 31,366 | 1,095,206 | 28.6 | 2,364 | 2.16 |
1915–16 | 36,477 | 1,100,496 | 33.1 | 2,617 | 2.38 |
1916–17 | 39,029 | 1,099,449 | 35.5 | 2,972 | 2.73 |
The general hospitals, numbering sixty-five in 1916–17, covered by the above table include five hospitals which are also old people's homes, as well as two institutions—the Mercury Bay and Oamaru Hospitals—which are not under the control of Hospital Boards. The figures given do not cover maternity hospitals or special hospitals for infectious diseases or tuberculosis.
The number of public general hospitals at 31st March, 1917, was 65. In addition there were four infectious-diseases hospitals and five sanatoria for consumptives.
Information as to the number of public general hospitals and their staff and accommodation is given for each of the past five years.
Number of | Year ended 31st March. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
Institutions | 63 | 63 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
Medical staff (stipendiary) | 86 | 88 | 100 | 115 | 112 |
Nursing staff— | |||||
Trained nurses | 252 | 300 | 281 | 260 | 248 |
Probationers | 570 | 578 | 647 | 764 | 833 |
Domestic staff | 550 | 576 | 623 | 675 | 600 |
Beds | 3,176 | 3,292 | 3,531 | 3,832 | 4,075 |
Further particulars concerning the public general hospitals of the Dominion for the years ended the 31st March, 1916 and 1917, are given in the next table:—
— | Year ended 31st March. | |
---|---|---|
1916. | 1917. | |
† Not available | ||
Average number of patients per diem | 2,617 | 2,972 |
Number of patients under treatment | 36,477 | 39,029 |
Deaths | 2,384 | 2,631 |
Individual average day's stay | 24 | † |
Average number of occupied beds to each of nursing staff | 2.6 | 2.7 |
Average annual cost of maintenance per occupied bed | £115 | † |
Number of out-patients attended during year | 18,108 | 18,116 |
State charitable institutions are administered by combined Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards, who also distribute outdoor relief. Most of the aged needy are provided with old-age pensions, but many of these old people prefer to enter a public home, where they are cared for better and at less cost than could be possible with individuals. In these cases the pension is received by the officers of the Board as payment for the maintenance of the pensioner, but a proportion is handed over to the latter to be expended as he or she may choose.
* For particulars as to institutions covered see previous page. † Not available.
The average cost of maintenance and administration per occupied bed of the old people's homes under the control of Hospital Boards for the year 1916–17 was £39 6s. 2d., the average number of inmates daily 1,309, the number of beds available being 1,572.
The Private Hospitals Act, which came into force on the 1st January, 1907, is now embodied in the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909, which provides for the licensing, management, and inspection of private hospitals. All such institutions must be licensed, and every application for a license must be accompanied by a statement giving full description of the house proposed to be used, number of patients, and class of cases proposed to be received. The licensee shall state whether it is in respect of a lying-in private hospital or a surgical and medical private hospital, or if for both classes of cases, and no private hospital may be used for any purpose other than that in respect of which the license is granted and purposes reasonably incidental thereto.
For every private hospital there must be a resident manager, either the licensee or some person appointed by the licensee, and in every case the manager must be a legally qualified medical practitioner or a registered nurse in the case of a surgical and medical hospital, or a registered midwife in the case of a lying-in hospital, or a registered nurse and midwife, or a registered nurse having as resident assistant a registered midwife, in the case of a hospital licensed for both purposes. No license shall be granted in respect of a house not previously licensed until such house and annexed buildings have been approved by the Inspector-General of Hospitals, and no addition shall be made to any private hospital until it has been so approved. No license shall be granted until the character and fitness of the applicant have been proved satisfactory, and the license must be renewed on the 1st January of each year.
In every private hospital there must be kept a register of patients showing particulars as to name, age, abode, and date of reception of each patient, date when such patient left, or in the event of death the date thereof, name of medical practitioner attending, and such other details as may be prescribed. Inquiry may be made at any time as to the management and conduct of any such private hospital, and if such inquiry prove unsatisfactory the license may be revoked, and, for a period of five years, no new license shall be granted to the person whose license is so revoked.
Provision is made for the visitation and inspection of private hospitals in the same manner as for public institutions of the like nature.
The Governor-General may from time to time make such regulations as are necessary for carrying the Act into effect, and substantial penalties are provided for breaches of its provisions.
There are six State maternity hospitals now open for the use of the public. The St. Helens Hospital at Wellington was opened in June, 1905, and a new and up-to-date building in July, 1912; that at Dunedin was opened in October, 1905; that at Auckland in June, 1906; that at Christchurch in April, 1907; and that at Gisborne in November, 1915. The most recently acquired of these institutions is the St. Helens Hospital at Invercargill, which was opened on the 22nd March, 1918. Owing to the valuable assistance rendered to the Department by various ladies of Invercargill this institution has been established, and it will undoubtedly fill a long-felt want in that district.
These institutions are a development of the policy begun by legislation in 1901, when the Nurses Registration Act was passed, and followed in 1904 by the Midwives Act. The latter provided that after a certain date only those midwives who were duly registered would be qualified to practise on their own account. During the year ended 31st March, 1918, a total of 1,248 confinements took place in the six hospitals mentioned, and 530 confinements were attended by the institution nurses outside these hospitals, as compared with 1,071 and 523 confinements respectively during the previous twelve months.
Tables are given showing information as to births and deaths in each of these institutions during the year ended 31st March, 1918, and the totals for each of the past five years. Births in cases deals with outside St. Helens Hospitals by nurses attached to institutional staffs are also shown.
City. | Confinements in Institution. | Confinements attended outside. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Births. | Deaths of Mothers. | Deaths of Infants. | ||
Births. | ||||
Auckland | 268 | .. | 5 | 220 |
Gisborne | 137 | .. | 5 | .. |
Wellington | 344 | 2 | 5 | 133 |
Christchurch | 306 | 5 | 7 | 112 |
Dunedin | 134 | .. | 4 | 65 |
Invercargill | 59 | .. | 1 | .. |
Totals | 1,248 | 7 | 27 | 530 |
Year ended 31st March. | Confinements in Institution. | Confinements attended outside. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Births. | Deaths of Mothers. | Deaths of Infants. | ||
Births. | ||||
1914 | 803 | 5 | 11 | 495 |
1915 | 794 | 6 | 20 | 410 |
1916 | 798 | 2 | 6 | 563 |
1917 | 1,071 | 8 | 28 | 523 |
1918 | 1,248 | 7 | 27 | 530 |
The expenditure of the five St. Helens Maternity Hospitals for the year ended 31st March, 1917, was as follows:—
Head of Expenditure. | Auckland. | Gisborne. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Maintenance | 1,459 | 1,182 | 1,914 | 1,598 | 1,337 |
Capital | .. | 380 | .. | 1,000 | .. |
Totals | 1,459 | 1,562 | 1,914 | 2,598 | 1,337 |
There is a maternity hospital attached to the Medical School at Dunedin, which also serves as a training-school for medical students and midwives.
Charitable maternity homes are established at Auckland, Otahuhu, Napier, Wellington, Christchurch, and Invercargill for the reception of unfortunate girls. The Salvation Army have similar institutions at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin.
The Nurses Registration Act provides that every person who has attained the age of twenty-three years and is certified as having had three years' training as a nurse in a recognized general hospital, together with systematic instruction in theoretical and practical nursing from the medical officer and the matron of that hospital, and who passes the prescribed examination, is entitled to registration. During the year ended 31st March, 1918, there were 193 candidates for the final examination in medical and surgical nursing, and 161 passed. There are now 2,195 nurses on the register.
On the 31st March, 1918, 15 nurses from overseas were registered. The number of registered midwives at that date was 1,519. Of these latter, 888 were trained and certificated, the remainder having satisfied the Registrar that at the date of the passing of the Act they had been for at least three years in bona fide practice as midwives, and that they bear a good character.
Exclusive of industrial schools, there are so far as is known some thirty-five institutions that may be described as orphanages or children's homes. The Education Act provides for the inspection of all orphanages and cognate institutions by Inspectors of the Education Department, with a view to securing that as regards education of the children and general management these organizations are acting consistently with the laws governing the education, care, and upbringing of children who are maintained in kindred institutions.
Under the control of the Education Department come also the various institutions for deaf and dumb, blind, or mentally defective children. These are dealt with in the section of this book dealing with Education.
There are seven public mental hospitals in the Dominion, maintained wholly or in part out of the public revenue. There is also one private hospital, licensed by the Governor-General for the reception of the mentally afflicted.
Information concerning the law dealing with the treatment of mental defectives is given in the 1914 issue of this book.
The number of patients at the end of 1917 was 4,515, consisting of 2,611 males and 1,904 females. These numbers include Maoris, of whom there are 34 male and 20 female patients.
The patients on the register at the end of the year 1917 were distributed as shown below (Maoris are included):—
Mental Hospital. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
Auckland | 652 | 403 | 1,055 |
Tokanui | 123 | 45 | 168 |
Porirua | 553 | 417 | 970 |
Nelson | 96 | 110 | 206 |
Hokitika | 186 | 64 | 250 |
Christchurch | 344 | 375 | 719 |
Dunedin (Seacliff and Waitati) | 580 | 427 | 1,007 |
Ashburn Hall (private mental hospital) | 24 | 26 | 50 |
Absent on probation | 53 | 37 | 90 |
Totals | 2,611 | 1,904 | 4,515 |
The number of patients remaining at the close of each of the past five years, and the proportion per 10,000 of the population (excluding Maoris), are shown in the following table:—
Year. | Number remaining at Close of Year. | Proportion per 10,000 of Population. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
1913 | 2,301 | 1,624 | 3,925 | 38.41 | 31.40 | 36.19 |
1914 | 2,389 | 1,695 | 4,084 | 42.05 | 32.60 | 37.26 |
1915 | 2,428 | 1,740 | 4,168 | 43.05 | 31.50 | 37.79 |
1916 | 2,533 | 1,804 | 4,337 | 46.06 | 32.76 | 39.41 |
1917 | 2,577 | 1,884 | 4,461 | 47.96 | 33.62 | 40.64 |
Means of five years | 2,446 | 1,749 | 4,195 | 43.85 | 32.48 | 38.26 |
The total number of patients under oversight, care, or control during 1917 was 5,260 (males 3,062, females 2,198), as against 5,135 in 1916. The average number resident in mental hospitals was 4,251 in 1916 and 4,368 in 1917.
The total admissions to mental hospitals during the year 1917 were 844 (470 males and 374 females), this number not including 41 transfers from one institution to another. The causes of insanity as assigned on admission are given below, distinguishing each hospital:—
Causes. | Auckland. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Hokitika. | Nelson. | Porirua. | Tokanui. | Ashburn Hall. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heredity | 24 | 14 | 18 | 8 | 5 | 58 | .. | 2 | 129 |
Congenital | 32 | 7 | 9 | 1 | 7 | .. | .. | .. | 56 |
Previous attack | 16 | 1 | 42 | .. | 3 | 29 | .. | .. | 91 |
Puberty and adolescence | 7 | 5 | 14 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 28 |
Climacteric | 7 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 12 | .. | .. | 33 |
Senility | 18 | 18 | 30 | 4 | 6 | 25 | .. | 2 | 103 |
Pregnancy | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 3 |
Puerperal state | 6 | 1 | 5 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 14 |
Lactation | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 3 |
Mental stress, sudden | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
Mental stress, prolonged | 26 | 4 | 5 | .. | 1 | 12 | .. | 10 | 58 |
Solitude | 5 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | .. | .. | 9 |
Sexual excess | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Alcohol | 16 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 35 | .. | .. | 76 |
Drug habit | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Syphilis | 15 | .. | 5 | .. | .. | 11 | .. | 1 | 32 |
Traumatic | 1 | 6 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 11 |
Organic brain-disease | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Epilepsy | 13 | 3 | 9 | .. | 1 | 16 | .. | .. | 42 |
Apoplexy | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 5 | .. | .. | 9 |
Arterio-sclerosis | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
Chorea | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
Cardiac disease | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Graves' disease | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 6 |
Ill health | 10 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 11 | .. | .. | 22 |
Unknown | 18 | 54 | 1 | 2 | .. | 33 | .. | .. | 108 |
Totals, excluding transfers | 225 | 132 | 162 | 25 | 28 | 255 | .. | 17 | 844 |
Transfers | .. | 4 | 5 | .. | .. | 2 | 27 | 3 | 41 |
Grand totals | 225 | 136 | 167 | 25 | 28 | 257 | 27 | 20 | 885 |
Of the 844 persons admitted to mental hospitals during 1917, those admitted for the first time to any mental hospital in New Zealand numbered 709 (males 411, females 298), and those readmitted 135 (males 59, females 76).
Excluding the Native race, the number of first admissions and the rate per 10,000 of population for each of the past five years were as follows:—
Year | Number of First Admissions. | Proportion per 10,000 of Population. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
1913 | 387 | 261 | 648 | 6.90 | 5.14 | 6.06 |
1914 | 430 | 293 | 723 | 7.56 | 5.62 | 6.63 |
1915 | 376 | 269 | 645 | 6.87 | 5.10 | 6.01 |
1916 | 436 | 283 | 719 | 7.90 | 5.17 | 6.54 |
1917 | 406 | 294 | 700 | 7.47 | 5.29 | 6.37 |
Means of five years | 407 | 280 | 687 | 7.29 | 5.25 | 6.29 |
The figures for 1917 represent one first admission for every 1,570 persons in the Dominion.
Persons labouring under mental defect, but capable of understanding the meaning of the procedure, may seek admission to a mental hospital as voluntary boarders. At the beginning of 1917 there were 27 boarders in residence (11 males, 16 females), and during the year, 49 (15 males, 34 females) were admitted. If a voluntary boarder should after admission show mental defect sufficiently pronounced and sustained to render it improper to classify him any longer as such, application for a reception order is made to a Magistrate. During the year 1917, 12 (6 males, 6 females) were transferred from the voluntary to the ordinary register, and 1 died, while 34 (10 males, 24 females) were discharged, leaving 29 resident at the end of the year (10 males, 19 females).
A summary is attached showing the ages of patients in mental hospitals at the close of 1917:—
The number of Maoris admitted as patients to the mental hospitals is small. Seventeen (10 males, 7 females) were admitted during the year, and 54 (34 males, 20 females) remained at the end of the year.
Dealing with patients of all races, the next table gives the average number resident, those who were discharged as recovered, and those who died during the period 1913–17:—
Year. | Average Number Resident. | Discharged as recovered. | Died. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number. | Per Cent. of Average Number Resident. | Number. | Per Cent. of Average Number Resident. | ||
1913 | 3,849 | 337 | 8.76 | 307 | 7.98 |
1914 | 3,950 | 369 | 9.34 | 281 | 7.11 |
1915 | 4,094 | 359 | 8.77 | 284 | 6.94 |
1916 | 4,251 | 331 | 7.79 | 289 | 6.80 |
1917 | 4,368 | 323 | 7.39 | 318 | 7.28 |
Means of five years | 4,102 | 344 | 8.38 | 296 | 7.21 |
With regard to the deaths in 1917, 98 were due to senile decay, representing 31 per cent. of the total deaths for the year. Tuberculosis, organic brain-disease, and general paralysis of the insane make up a further 25 per cent.
Cause of Death. | Auckland. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Hokitika. | Nelson. | Porirua. | Tokanui. | Ashburn Hall. | Totals. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuberculosis | 12 | 1 | 4 | .. | 1 | 12 | 1 | .. | 31 |
Cancer | 1 | 2 | 8 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 14 |
Other general diseases | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | 8 |
General paralysis of the insane | 7 | 2 | 5 | .. | 1 | 8 | .. | .. | 23 |
Organic brain disease | 20 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 26 |
Epilepsy | 1 | 2 | 6 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | 12 |
Other diseases of the nervous system | 6 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 2 | .. | 29 |
Diseases of the respiratory system | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | 9 | .. | .. | 14 |
Diseases of the circulatory system | 9 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 5 | .. | .. | 34 |
Diseases of the digestive system | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | 4 |
Diseases of the genito-urinary system | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | 5 |
Puerperal state | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Diseases of the skin and of the cellular tissue | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Diseases of the bones | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 |
Old age | 24 | 24 | 21 | 4 | 6 | 18 | 1 | .. | 98 |
External causes | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | 5 |
Ill-defined causes | 3 | 1 | .. | 3 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | 11 |
Totals | 90 | 44 | 62 | 20 | 16 | 77 | 6 | 3 | 318 |
A table is added showing for all admissions since 1876 the percentages of patients discharged (as recovered, relieved, and not improved, separately), dying, and remaining.
— | Males. | Females. | Both Sexes. |
---|---|---|---|
Discharged— | |||
Recovered | 37.17 | 43.33 | 39.66 |
Relieved | 7.41 | 9.11 | 8.09 |
Not improved | 9.35 | 9.51 | 9.42 |
Died | 31.42 | 21.36 | 27.35 |
Remaining at end of 1917 | 14.65 | 16.69 | 15.48 |
100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
A license may be granted to enable a private mental hospital to receive patients for treatment. Stringent conditions are attached to the issue of such licenses, which may be revoked at any time. The Inspector-General has wide powers in the regulation and control of private institutions, which are placed practically on the same footing as public mental hospitals in regard to inspection and other matters.
There is only one licensed private institution in the Dominion, that at Wakari, near Dunedin, established in 1882. Particulars of admissions, discharges, deaths, and patients remaining, for the past five years are as follows. These figures are included in the tables given above.
Year. | Admissions. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Patients remaining at End of Year. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1913 | 22 | 16 | 7 | 41 |
1914 | 13 | 10 | 2 | 45 |
1915 | 8 | 12 | 1 | 40 |
1916 | 15 | 5 | 4 | 46 |
1917 | 20 | 11 | 3 | 52 |
At the end of the year 1917 the mental hospitals of the Dominion had accommodation for 4,261 patients, the cubic content of the dormitories and sleeping-rooms being well over three millions of cubic feet. Details of accommodation are as follows:—
Institution. | Number of Patients for whom there is Accommodation. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single Booms. | Dormitories. | Totals. | ||||
Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
Auckland | 161 | 101 | 402 | 265 | 563 | 366 |
Christchurch | 52 | 62 | 278 | 323 | 330 | 385 |
Seacliff | 165 | 123 | 325 | 271 | 490 | 394 |
Hokitika | 40 | 17 | 163 | 45 | 203 | 62 |
Nelson | 11 | 15 | 89 | 98 | 100 | 113 |
Porirua | 105 | 90 | 480 | 313 | 585 | 403 |
Tokanui | 22 | 9 | 130 | 40 | 152 | 49 |
Totals, State institutions | 556 | 417 | 1,867 | 1,355 | 2,423 | 1,772 |
Ashburn Hall Private Mental Hospital | 28 | 38 | .. | .. | 28 | 38 |
Totals, all institutions | 584 | 455 | 1,867 | 1,355 | 2,451 | 1,810 |
The total expenditure on maintenance of mental hospitals (not including the cost of new buildings and additions), and receipts from patients and for sale of produce, c., during the past five years were as follows:—
Year. | Total Expenditure. | Receipts from Patients, Sale of Produce, etc. | Net Expenditure. |
---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | |
1913 | 150,111 | 47,228 | 102,883 |
1914 | 165,095 | 46,787 | 118,308 |
1915 | 178,373 | 51,786 | 126,587 |
1916 | 197,663 | 60,745 | 136,918 |
1917 | 220,777 | 68,446 | 152,331 |
The total net expenditure out of the Public Works Fund for buildings and equipment from 1st July, 1877, to 31st March, 1918, was £858,623.
Farms are conducted in connection with the various mental hospitals, the inmates themselves doing most of the labour. During 1917, sales of produce brought in £9,578, while the value of produce grown on the farms and consumed in the institutions was estimated at £17,300. Expenses in connection with the farms amounted to £18,499, so that the year's working shows a credit balance of £8,380.
Table of Contents
As a result of the census taken in October, 1916, it is found that 83.53 per cent. of the persons in New Zealand at that date were able to read and write, 0.68 per cent. could read only, while 15.79 per cent. could neither read nor write.
The proportion able to read and write has fallen slightly as compared with figures compiled from the 1911 census returns. This small decrease is probably due to the disturbance of the normal proportions of the population brought about by the absence with the Forces of a number of men between twenty and forty years of age.
Over a longer period, however, there has been a considerable increase in the proportion of the population able to both read and write. This improvement, however, is not entirely due to improved educational facilities, but has to some extent been caused by the decreased birth-rate and the consequent decreased proportion of the population comprised of children under five years of age. The figures for six census years since 1874 are as follows:—
Read and Write. | Read only. | Cannot Read. | |
---|---|---|---|
Census 1874 | 68.15 | 8.09 | 23.76 |
Census 1886 | 74.01 | 4.80 | 21.19 |
Census 1896 | 80.60 | 2.89 | 16.51 |
Census 1906 | 83.50 | 1.60 | 14.90 |
Census 1911 | 83.78 | 0.86 | 15.36 |
Census 1916 | 83.53 | 0.68 | 15.79 |
The following table shows for various age-groups in 1916 the percentages under the three headings:—
Age-group (in Years). | Read and Write. | Read only. | Cannot Read. |
---|---|---|---|
Under 5 | .. | .. | 100.00 |
5 and under 10 | 71.32 | 2.62 | 26.06 |
10 and under 15 | 99.57 | 0.09 | 0.34 |
15 and under 20 | 99.63 | 6.07 | 0.30 |
20 and under 25 | 99.47 | 0.16 | 0.37 |
25 and under 30 | 99.42 | 0.18 | 0.40 |
30 and under 35 | 99.38 | 0.18 | 0.44 |
35 and under 40 | 99.16 | 0.20 | 0.64 |
40 and under 45 | 98.99 | 0.28 | 0.73 |
45 and under 50 | 98.66 | 0.33 | 1.01 |
50 and under 55 | 97.91 | 0.64 | 1.45 |
55 and under 60 | 96.53 | 1.13 | 2.34 |
60 and under 65 | 94.99 | 1.83 | 3.18 |
65 and under 70 | 93.11 | 2.70 | 4.19 |
70 and under 75 | 91.38 | 3.54 | 5.08 |
75 and under 80 | 90.45 | 4.22 | 5.33 |
80 and upwards | 86.26 | 6.00 | 7.74 |
Even after allowance is made for the infirmities of old people, it will be seen from the above figures that the persons of the younger generations are much less illiterate than persons of advanced ages.
In the following tables an attempt has been made to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education. The first table shows the total amount expended both from the Public Account and out of income from endowments during the years ended 31st March, 1917 and 1918. The figures are given to the nearest £1,000.
(Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000.)
Branch of Education. | 1916–17. | 1917–18. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Out of Public Funds.* | Secondary and University Reserves Revenue. | Total for all Items from all Public Sources. | Out of Public Funds.* | Secondary and University Reserves Revenue. | Total for all Items from all Public Sources. | |
* Including expenditure out of income from primary-education reserves. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) | 1,318,000 | .. | 1,318,000 | 1,416,000 | .. | 1,416,000 |
Secondary (including secondary schools, technical high schools, and secondary departments of district high schools) | 159,000 | 54,000 | 213,000 | 180,000 | 55,000 | 235,000 |
Continuation and technical | 58,000 | .. | 58,000 | 70,000 | .. | 70,000 |
Higher | 61,000 | 24,000 | 85,000 | 56,000 | 26,000 | 82,000 |
1,596,000 | 78,000 | 1,674,000 | 1,722,000 | 81,000 | 1,803,000 | |
Industrial schools | 50,000 | .. | 50,000 | 49,000 | .. | 49,000 |
Special schools (deaf, blind, and backward children) | 21,000 | .. | 21,000 | 15,000 | .. | 15,000 |
Superannuation and miscellaneous | 27,000 | .. | 27,000 | 28,000 | .. | 28,000 |
Totals | 1,694,000 | 78,000 | 1,772,000 | 1,814,000 | 81,000 | 1,895,000 |
The amounts expended per head of population, including Maoris, but excluding residents of the Cook and other Pacific islands, were as follows:—
Branch of Education. | 1916–17. | 1917–18. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Out of Public Funds.* | Secondary and University Reserves Revenue. | Total. | Out of Public Funds.* | Secondary and University Reserves Revenue. | Total. | |||||||
* Including expenditure out of income from primary-education reserves. | ||||||||||||
s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | |
Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) | 22 | 11 | .. | .. | 22 | 11 | 24 | 7 | .. | .. | 24 | 7 |
Secondary (including secondary departments of district high schools) | 2 | 9 | 0 | 11 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 1 |
Continuation and technical | 1 | 0 | .. | .. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | 3 |
Higher | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 5 |
27 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 29 | 1 | 30 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 31 | 4 | |
Industrial schools | 0 | 10 | .. | .. | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 ½ | .. | .. | 0 | 10 ½ |
Special schools (deaf, blind, c.) | 0 | 4 | .. | .. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 ½ | .. | .. | 0 | 3 ½ |
Superannuation and miscellaneous | 0 | 6 | .. | .. | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 | .. | .. | 0 | 6 |
Totals | 29 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 30 | 9 | 31 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 33 | 0 |
The cost of primary education increased from £1,318,000 in 1916–17 to £1,416,000 in 1917–18: the cost per head of population rose from 22s. 11d. to 24s. 7d. Secondary education increased in cost from £213,000 to £235,000. The total cost of education showed an increase for the year of £123,000, or 2s. 3d. per head of the population.
The following table shows the total amount expended on education out of the public funds only, and the amount per head of population for 1898–99 and 1903–4, and for the last seven years:—
Year. | Amount expended out of Public Funds. | Expenditure per Head of Population out of Public Funds. | |
---|---|---|---|
* Income from primary-education reserves included. | |||
£ | s. | d. | |
1898–99 | 519,000 | 13 | 4 |
1903–4 | 679,000 | 15 | 6 |
1911–12 | 1,133,000 | 21 | 5 |
1912–13 | 1,237,000 | 22 | 5 |
1913–14 | 1,301,000 | 23 | 0 |
1914–15 | 1,378,000 | 24 | 1 |
1915–16 | 1,493,000 | 25 | 8 |
1916–17 | 1,694,000* | 29 | 5* |
1917–18 | 1,814,000* | 31 | 7* |
The central Department of Education, with a Cabinet Minister at its head, manages directly the Native schools and special schools, and administers the Education Act. For the purposes of primary education the Dominion is divided into nine education districts, each of which is presided over by an Education Board, and these in turn are divided into-smaller districts, in each of which a School Committee elected by the householders has authority. The School Committees of each education district elect the Education Board, and are subject to its general control. The Board receives from the Department and disburses the money voted by the General Assembly for the purposes of instruction, and appoints the teachers, subject to the condition of consultation with the Committee of the school district.
Regulations governing the examination, classification, and grading of teachers, prescribing the accounts to be kept by Boards and Committees and by Managers of Technical Schools, defining standards and examination subjects, and covering other matters set forth in clause 161 of the Education Act, 1914, may be made by the Governor-General in Council. A General Council of Education created by the Act reports to the Minister upon educational methods or developments deemed worthy of introduction into the Dominion and upon such matters as bear upon the provision of further facilities for education, whether local or general.
Education at the public schools is free and purely secular. Attendance at a registered school is obligatory upon all children between the ages of seven and fourteen, except when special exemptions are granted. The Inspectors who visit the schools are officers of the Education Department.
The programme of primary instruction provided by the Act includes English, arithmetic, geography, history and civics, drawing and handwork (including needlework), nature-study and elementary science, physical instruction, moral instruction and health, and singing.
Physical exercises based on the syllabus of the Board of Education, England, are practised in all public schools under the supervision of a staff of physical instructors. Corrective classes are also held with good results for children with physical deformities.
A staff of Medical Inspectors medically examine public-school children, notifying parents when medical or dental treatment is required. Approximately 15,000 children were medically examined in 1917; in addition a large number of children, for whom records were not compiled, came under the notice of the Medical Inspectors. In from 60 to 75 per cent. of the cases reported by the Medical Inspectors, parents have obtained for the children the necessary medical or dental treatment. Lectures to parents and teachers on matters pertaining to the health of children are freely given by Medical Inspectors, and circulars giving valuable hints to parents on health topics-are widely distributed. A scheme for the dental treatment of school-children, especially in country districts, is under consideration.
Free passes on the railway to the nearest public or private school are granted to children living near to the railway-line but out of reach of a primary school; and the same privilege is enjoyed by pupils having to travel to attend secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools, and also by free-place holders travelling to attend technical schools or classes other than technical high schools.
Education Boards are also authorized to make provision when necessary for the conveyance of pupils to primary schools by road or water. In the case of a child being compelled to live away from home to attend school, provision is made for a boarding-allowance of 2s. 6d. a week.
The following represents the expenditure for the year 1917 on the above-named services:—
— | Railway Fares. | Conveyance by Road or Water. | Boarding-allowance. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
Primary | 9,885 | 10,050 | 1,572 | 21,507 |
Secondary | 4,251 | .. | .. | 4,251 |
Technical | 2,856 | .. | .. | 2,856 |
Total | 16,992 | 10,050 | 1,572 | 28,614 |
Classes for elementary handwork exist in 2,011 primary schools, and in 1,503 schools other branches of manual instruction are taught. The Education Boards earned during 1917 by way of capitation on account of classes the sum of £39,538, and special grants in aid of equipment or buildings totalled £2,865. The expenditure by the Boards during the same period on salaries and working-expenses amounted to £40,039.
In the lower standards hand-and-eye training is given through the media of constructive work in paper and cardboard, modelling in plasticine, and design and colour work with crayons or water-colours. In the higher standards these are supplemented where practicable by various forms of manual training, such as woodwork, ironwork, cookery, laundry-work, dressmaking, and various branches of elementary science, including agriculture and dairy-work. Woodwork and cookery are taught mainly on the centre system, there being now ninety well-equipped buildings for instruction in these subjects. In the larger centres these take the form of special manual-training schools; elsewhere suitable accommodation is provided in the local technical school, secondary school, or district high school, as the case may be. The cost to the Government of the conveyance of pupils to manual-training centres during 1917–18 was £6,713. The number of schools providing instruction in woodwork and ironwork for boys now stands at 534, and 554 schools made provision for girls in instruction in cookery, dressmaking, and laundry-work. Increased attention continues to be given to subjects bearing on the home, and the teaching staff now includes a number of well-qualified teachers, many of whom as holders of home-science bursaries have completed their course for the diploma or the degree of home science at the Otago University.
At 1,377 schools elementary agriculture (combined in some districts with elementary dairy-work), and supervised by qualified itinerant instructors, formed part of the regular school course. This instruction may have only an indirect bearing on the primary industries, but as it includes observational and experimental work in connection with school gardens and plots, its value as an educational factor appears to lie in the opportunity given to introduce the children to elementary scientific methods.
A more or less complete course bearing on rural pursuits with a domestic trend in the case of girls was carried on in the secondary department of thirty-eight district high schools.
The number of approved classes for elementary science (chemistry and physics) and attended for the most part by pupils in the secondary department of the district high schools continues to increase slowly. The number of approved classes for swimming and life-saving also shows a slight increase.
A capitation grant at the rate of 3d. per head on the average attendance is paid to Boards for the purpose of supplying schools with supplementary continuous readers in sufficient numbers for class-reading, and also for the free supply of class-books in necessitous cases or in cases where a newly entered pupil has already purchased elsewhere class-books different from those in use in the school. After provision has been made for the supply of such books, the balance of the grant, if any, is spent on approved books suitable for individual reading in school or at home.
Further, to encourage school libraries, provision has been made for the payment of subsidies of £1 for £1 on moneys raised by voluntary contributions for the purpose of establishing, maintaining, or increasing the utility of school libraries that contain books suitable for individual reading in school or at home. In addition to this departmental subsidy, a subsidy is payable by the Education Board under section 37 of the Education Act, but in this case the Board is not required to pay a sum exceeding 3d. for each child in average attendance at a school, or exceeding £5 for any one school.
The books purchased are to be suitable for individual reading in school or at home, and are to be approved by the Senior Inspector.
An illustrated paper, called the School Journal, is published monthly by the Education Department, for free circulation among pupils attending public primary schools, and for sale at moderate prices to private schools. The Journal is issued in three parts, each part being adapted to the educational attainments of pupils in two of the classes S1 to S6. In addition to reading-matter of a general character there have appeared in the School Journal during the past year special articles dealing with national events, scientific discoveries, and the industries of the Dominion, while special numbers have been largely devoted to topics suitable for Empire Day and Arbor Day. Of the November issue of 1917, the number of copies printed was—Part I, 60,400; Part II, 56,950; Part III, 46,900: total, 164,250.
The number of scholars and students as in 1917 is shown in the following summary. Pupils of private schools not inspected by the Education Department are excluded.
Primary education— | |
Public schools | 185,549 |
Native village and Native mission schools | 5,315 |
Registered private primary schools | 18,594 |
Lower departments of secondary schools | 580 |
Special schools | 600 |
210,638 | |
Secondary education— | |
Secondary schools | 7,590 |
Secondary departments of district high schools | 2,405 |
Technical high schools | 2,347 |
Maori secondary schools | 487 |
Private secondary schools | 1,206 |
14,035 | |
Technical and continuation (excluding technical high schools) | 18,400 |
Higher education— | |
University colleges (including training-college students) | 1,977 |
Lincoln Agricultural College | 45 |
2,022 | |
Total under instruction | 245,095 |
This is an increase of 7,179 on the number under instruction during the previous year.
The public primary schools numbered 2,368 in 1917, against 2,355 in 1916. The number of registered private primary schools was 197. The number of aided or endowed colleges, grammar and high schools in operation was 34. The number of private schools from which returns were received by the Government Statistician was 320, an increase of 15 on the figures for the previous year. There were also 10 industrial schools, State and private, as well as State schools for the deaf and for backward children, and a school for the blind, subsidized by the State.
The number of primary and secondary schools established for the education of the Native or Maori race Was 131.
Compared with 1916, there was in 1917 an increase of 4,470 in the number of pupils belonging to the public schools at the end of the year, and the average attendance shows an increase of 5,555 for the whole year.
SCHOOLS AND SCHOLARS, 1878 TO 1917. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Number of Schools. | Pupils at End of Year. | Mean of Average Weekly Roll. | Average Attendance, Whole Year. | Average Attendance as Percentage of Weekly Roll. |
1878 | 748 | 65,040 | .. | 48,773 | .. |
1883 | 971 | 92,476 | 90,859 | 69,838 | 76.9 |
1888 | 1,158 | 112,685 | 113,636 | 90,108 | 79.3 |
1893 | 1,375 | 124,686 | 125,692 | 100,321 | 79.8 |
1898 | 1,655 | 131,621 | 133,782 | 111,636 | 83.4 |
1903 | 1,786 | 133,568 | 134,748 | 113,047 | 83.9 |
1908 | 1,998 | 147,428 | 145,974 | 127,160 | 87.1 |
1913 | 2,255 | 172,168 | 169,530 | 151,242 | 89.2 |
1914 | 2,301 | 178,509 | 175,570 | 158,134 | 90.1 |
1915 | 2,338 | 183,214 | 181,229 | 163,092 | 90.0 |
1916 | 2,355 | 185,884 | 184,056 | 163,156 | 88.6 |
1917 | 2,368 | 190,354 | 187,954 | 168,711 | 89.8 |
As in the case of the roll number, it is satisfactory to note in the average attendance for 1917 a largo increase over the figures for the previous year. The increase is, in fact, greater than in the case of the roll number, being 5,555, or 3.4 per cent., as compared with 3,898, or 2.1 per cent. The increase in average attendance during the last four years has been—1914, 3.6 per cent.; 1915, 3.1 per cent.; 1916, 004 per cent.; 1917, 3.4 per cent. The average attendance taken as a percentage of the average weekly roll was 89.8 in 1917, as compared with 88.6 in the previous year and 90.1 in 1914—the highest record yet reached.
The following table shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools of the Dominion at the end of 1917, and the percentage of the roll for each age:—
AGE AND SEX OF PUPILS. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, in Years. | 1917. | Percentages for Five Years. | ||||||
Boys. | Girls. | Total. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
5 and under 6 | 7,909 | 7,219 | 15,128 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 7.9 | 8.0 |
6 and under 7 | 10,481 | 9,432 | 19,913 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 10.6 |
7 and under 8 | 11,244 | 10,340 | 21,584 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.5 |
8 and under 9 | 11,228 | 10,784 | 22,012 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 11.7 | 11.7 |
9 and under 10 | 11,310 | 10,514 | 21,824 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.2 | 11.6 |
10 and under 11 | 10,817 | 10,013 | 20,830 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
11 and under 12 | 10,595 | 9,872 | 20,467 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.9 |
12 and under 13 | 10,189 | 9,455 | 19,644 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.5 | 10.4 |
13 and under 14 | 8,671 | 7,968 | 16,639 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.8 |
14 and under 15 | 4,238 | 3,630 | 7,868 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.2 |
96,682 | 89,227 | 185,909 | 9.82 | 9.82 | 9.82 | 9.82 | 9.82 | |
15 and over | 1,238 | 1,027 | 2,265 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.2 |
Totals | 97,920 | 90,254 | 188,174 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
The number of teachers in the public schools, exclusive of those em ployed in the secondary departments of district high schools, is shown for a number of years. The figures are as in December of the years given.
Year. | Adults. | Pupil-teachers. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
* Excluding probationers. | ||||||
1878 | 707 | 454 | 1,161 | 181 | 332 | 450 |
1883 | 905 | 656 | 1,561 | 159 | 571 | 730 |
1888 | 1,039 | 887 | 1,926 | 219 | 694 | 913 |
1893 | 1,107 | 1,096 | 2,203 | 238 | 825 | 1,063 |
1898 | 1,234 | 1,370 | 2,604 | 229 | 831 | 1,060 |
1903 | 1,270 | 1,726 | 2,996 | 147 | 552 | 699 |
1908 | 1,331 | 2,021 | 3,352 | 161 | 476 | 637 |
1913 | 1,603 | 2,659 | 4,262 | 142* | 474* | 616* |
1914 | 1,628 | 2,820 | 4,448 | 139* | 470* | 609* |
1915 | 1,591 | 3,077 | 4,668 | 141* | 485* | 626* |
1916 | 1,501 | 3,209 | 4,710 | 137* | 519* | 656* |
1917 | 1,383 | 3,324 | 4,707 | 132* | 517* | 649* |
The total number of teachers employed in primary schools, including probationers, in 1917 was 5,766 (1,576 males, 4,190 females), and the average number of pupils per teacher was 33. Taking all schools with two or more teachers, the average number of pupils per teacher was 38, and in schools with six or more teachers the average number was 46.
Omitting schools with less than 21 pupils the ratio of adult men teachers to adult women teachers in 1917 was 100 to 213. The proportion of men to women in charge of schools with 1 to 20 scholars was 100 to 544. If all public schools and all teachers are included, it is found that the ratio of adult men teachers to adult women teachers was 100 to 228 in 1916, and 100 to 254 in 1917.
The ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers was 100 to 379 in 1916, and 100 to 391 in 1917.
The average salaries paid to teachers in 1917, including house allowance or value of residence and excluding war bonus, were—Male head teachers, £312; female head teachers, £247; male assistants, £257; female assistants, £149; sole male teachers, £174; sole female teachers, £142.
Information as to the Teachers' Superannuation Fund will be found in the section of this book dealing with Pensions, Superannuation, c.
Training colleges are situated in the four principal centres of the Dominion, and are open to four classes of students, as follows: Division A, ex-pupil-teachers, ex-probationers, or ex-trainees of recognized kindergarten schools who have obtained the necessary educational qualification; Division B, other students who have passed Matriculation or obtained a higher leaving-certificate; Division C, University graduates admitted for one year; and Division D, teachers entering on short-period studentships. The numbers of students in attendance during the last quarter of 1917 under the various divisions were—Division A, 414; Division B, 32; Division C, 1; and Division D, 4: the total being 451, as compared with 442 for the previous year. The figures do not include male students absent with the Expeditionary Forces. The total provision is for 125 students at each centre. Towards this number, out of the total reported, Auckland contributed in 1917, 117; Wellington, 116; Christchurch, 103; and Dunedin, 115.
The management of the training colleges is entrusted to the local Education Boards, subject to general regulations which include certain reservations for the approval of the Minister of Education. All students are required to attend lectures in at least one subject other than education at the University college, to which the principal of the training college is in each case also attached as the University college lecturer on education.
The ordinary course of training is for two years, so that when the training colleges have their full complement of students (125 in each case) the number of students annually completing their training and passing into the schools will be about 250. There is also provision for a one-year course which, under certain conditions, may be taken by University students or matriculated students who have completed a two-years course at an agricultural college or a school of home science recognized by the University of New Zealand. In addition, there are short-period studentships, of not less than three months' or more than one year's duration, for the benefit of teachers who have already been employed in teaching and are deemed worthy of further training in professional work, the allowances payable to such students being the same as those payable to students under Division B.
For students in training allowances are provided. A student who has completed a pupil-teacher's course receives an allowance of £50 a year, with a further allowance of £25 if obliged to live away from home to attend a training college. Those who have not been pupil-teachers receive an allowance of £30 a year, together with a boarding-allowance of £25 where necessary. In all cases free instruction at the University college classes approved by the principal is also given.
For the teaching practice of students the normal practising schools forming part of the training college in each case are available, and opportunities of observation are now extended so as to embrace specially selected teachers and classes in neighbouring schools. Provision is made for the inclusion in each normal school of—(a) a main school, organized as a “mixed school”; and (b) such “model schools” as may be approved by the Minister, each model school being of one of the following types: (i) A rural public school under a sole teacher; (ii) a junior school under one teacher with not more than 45 children of classes P to S2 on the roll; (iii) a class representing the secondary department of a district high school; (iv) a class for backward children; (v) a junior kindergarten.
The amount paid to Education Boards during 1917–18 for the training of teachers was £55,387, made up as follows:—
Training college— | |
£ | |
Salaries of staff (two-fifths charged to public-school salaries) | 13,765 |
War bonus | 3,587 |
Students' allowances and University fees | 28,439 |
Special instruction | 1,750 |
Buildings, sites, and equipment | 358 |
Total | 47,899 |
Other training— | |
Grants for special instruction in certificate subjects, including science, agriculture, and handwork, of teachers other than training-college students | 3,415 |
Railway fares of teachers and instructors | 4,398 |
Total | 7,813 |
Grand total | 55,712 |
Less recoveries | 325 |
Net expenditure | £55,387 |
The total income of the various Education Boards for the year 1917 was £1,423,704, including £31,468 from local sources and £1,392,236 by way of Government grants. The latter amount includes in the case of each education district a sum sufficient to pay the salaries of teachers and pupil- teachers, a capitation grant to cover the cost of administration, grants for the incidental expenses of schools, school and class libraries, manual and technical instruction, maintenance of training colleges, scholarships, and maintenance and rebuilding of school buildings, and new school buildings, sites, and furniture.
The receipts and expenditure of the Education Boards, numbering ten altogether in 1917, are tabulated below, with further particulars:—
Receipts. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From Government,— | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. |
General fund | 41,048 | 5 | 11 | |||
Teachers' salaries and allowances | 917,093 | 17 | 11 | |||
School and class salaries | 826 | 17 | 0 | |||
Conveyance and board of school-children. | 11,564 | 16 | 1 | |||
Incidental expenses of schools | 58,209 | 11 | 3 | |||
Training of teachers | 45,503 | 8 | 3 | |||
Teachers' house allowance | 25,294 | 8 | 6 | |||
Manual instruction | 53,294 | 18 | 6 | |||
Technical instruction | 75,382 | 4 | 3 | |||
Buildings, sites, house allowance | 148,128 | 15 | 9 | |||
Scholarships, subsidies, and miscellaneous | 15,889 | 2 | 1 | |||
1,392,236 | 5 | 6 | ||||
From local sources | 31,467 | 13 | 4 | |||
Total | £1,423,703 | 18 | 10 |
Expenditure. | |||
£ | s. | d. | |
Staff salaries, office expenses, c. | 31,874 | 5 | 3 |
Teachers' salaries and allowances | 921,300 | 10 | 3 |
School and class libraries | 685 | 1 | 9 |
Conveyance and board of school-children | 11,503 | 2 | 3 |
Incidental expenses of schools | 59,125 | 2 | 4 |
Training of teachers | 46,789 | 8 | 11 |
Teachers' house allowance | 25,471 | 9 | 8 |
Manual instruction | 44,269 | 11 | 0 |
Technical instruction | 70,632 | 13 | 8 |
Buildings, sites, house allowance | 139,073 | 16 | 7 |
Scholarships, refunds, and sundries | 25,559 | 0 | 2 |
Total | £1,376,284 | 1 | 9 |
Net balance at beginning of year 1917 | 103,765 | 5 | 8 |
Net balance at end of year 1917. | 151,185 | 2 | 9 |
There were 320 private schools at the end of 1917, an increase of 15 on the number in 1916: 32 were for boys, 67 for girls, and 221 for children of both sexes. The number of pupils attending them was 25,491—namely, 10,749 boys and 14,742 girls, not counting 194 Maoris (90 boys and 104 girls). The number of European pupils at these schools was greater than in 1916 by 2,079. Of the private schools, 171 were Roman Catholic, with an attendance of 18,257 pupils, a decrease of 1 school, but an increase of 991 pupils, as compared with 1916.
The following table gives, for the past ten years, the number of private schools and of European scholars attending them, the number of Roman Catholic schools and pupils being' also shown separately:—
Year. | Number of Private Schools. | Pupils. | Included in previous Numbers. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys. | Girls. | Totals. | Roman Catholic Schools. | Pupils at Roman Catholic Schools. | ||
1908 | 307 | 7,653 | 10,714 | 18,367 | 149 | 12,538 |
1909 | 306 | 7,597 | 10,333 | 17,930 | 150 | 12,611 |
1910 | 318 | 8,036 | 10,945 | 18,981 | 156 | 13,161 |
1911 | 326 | 8,310 | 11,558 | 19,868 | 158 | 13,941 |
1912 | 310 | 8,801 | 11,437 | 20,238 | 156 | 14,476 |
1913 | 304 | 9,146 | 11,969 | 21,115 | 155 | 14,837 |
1914 | 321 | 9,641 | 12,439 | 22,080 | 180 | 16,471 |
1915 | 310 | 9,555 | 12,784 | 22,339 | 172 | 15,892 |
1916 | 305 | 9,791 | 13,621 | 23,412 | 170 | 17,266 |
1917 | 320 | 10,749 | 14,742 | 25,491 | 171 | 18,257 |
The distribution of the private schools in the various provincial districts is shown on the next page.
PRIVATE SCHOOLS, 1917.—SUMMARY BY PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS. | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Provincial Districts. | Number of Schools. | Number of Teachers. | Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris). | Daily Average Attendance. | |||||||||
Boys. | Girls. | Mixed. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | |
* Exclusive of 191 Maoris (90 boys, 104 girls). | |||||||||||||
Auckland | 5 | 10 | 50 | 65 | 32 | 231 | 263 | 2,586 | 3,804 | 6,390 | 2,345 | 3,464 | 5,809 |
Taranaki | 1 | 4 | 12 | 17 | 2 | 50 | 52 | 540 | 844 | 1,384 | 482 | 752 | 1,234 |
Hawke's Bay | 2 | 5 | 13 | 20 | 7 | 78 | 85 | 571 | 915 | 1,486 | 500 | 816 | 1,316 |
Wellington | 10 | 17 | 52 | 79 | 53 | 222 | 275 | 2,829 | 3,372 | 6,201 | 2,527 | 3,040 | 5,567 |
Marlborough | 1 | ... | 5 | 6 | ... | 16 | 16 | 192 | 213 | 405 | 166 | 191 | 357 |
Nelson | ... | 3 | 10 | 13 | ... | 36 | 36 | 392 | 483 | 875 | 354 | 427 | 781 |
Westland | 1 | 2 | 9 | 12 | 3 | 29 | 32 | 451 | 496 | 947 | 415 | 464 | 879 |
Canterbury | 7 | 15 | 41 | 63 | 23 | 171 | 194 | 1,770 | 2,586 | 4,356 | 1,534 | 2,301 | 3,835 |
Otago | |||||||||||||
Otago Portion | 3 | 8 | 22 | 33 | 13 | 120 | 133 | 1,088 | 1,567 | 2,655 | 954 | 1,387 | 2,341 |
Southland portion | 2 | 3 | 7 | 12 | 3 | 31 | 34 | 330 | 462 | 792 | 269 | 382 | 651 |
Totals | 32 | 67 | 221 | 320 | 136 | 984 | 1,120 | 10,749 | 14,742 | 25,491* | 9,546 | 13,224 | 22,770 |
Denominational schools, such as Roman Catholic and Anglican, are included in the above as private schools. Particulars for the Woman Catholic schools in December, 1917, are as under:—
SUMMARY OF ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Provincial Districts. | Number of Schools. | Number of Teachers. | Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris). | Daily Average Attendance. | |||||||||
Boys. | Girls. | Mixed. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | |
Auckland | 2 | 2 | 29 | 33 | 18 | 126 | 144 | 1,912 | 2,570 | 4,482 | 1,750 | 2,343 | 4,093 |
Taranaki | ... | 2 | 8 | 10 | ... | 30 | 30 | 442 | 652 | 994 | 398 | 491 | 889 |
Hawke's Bay | 1 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 3 | 27 | 30 | 429 | 546 | 975 | 372 | 472 | 844e |
Wellington | 5 | 7 | 23 | 35 | 21 | 113 | 134 | 1,887 | 2,331 | 4,218 | 1,675 | 2,073 | 3,748 |
Marlborough | 1 | ... | 4 | 5 | ... | 15 | 15 | 188 | 204 | 392 | 163 | 182 | 345 |
Nelson | ... | 3 | 6 | 9 | ... | 27 | 27 | 346 | 406 | 752 | 313 | 362 | 675 |
Westland | 1 | 2 | 9 | 12 | 3 | 29 | 32 | 451 | 496 | 947 | 415 | 464 | 879 |
Canterbury | 3 | 6 | 19 | 28 | 10 | 86 | 96 | 1,255 | 1,619 | 2,874 | 1,097 | 1,445 | 2,542 |
Otago | |||||||||||||
Otago Portion | 3 | 3 | 14 | 20 | 11 | 65 | 76 | 943 | 942 | 1,885 | 860 | 856 | 1,716 |
Southland portion | 1 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 25 | 28 | 320 | 418 | 738 | 262 | 342 | 604 |
Totals | 17 | 29 | 125 | 171 | 69 | 543 | 612 | 8,173 | 10,084 | 18,257 | 7,305 | 9,030 | 16,335 |
Any private school may apply to be registered under the Education Act, 1914. At the end of 1917 the number of registered private primary schools was 197. The total roll number was 18,594, and the average attendance 16,429.
The roll number of the nineteen registered private secondary schools in 1917 was 1,206.
The number of Native village schools in operation at the end of 1917 was 118. In addition, there were thirteen private schools at which education for Maori boys and girls is provided. Of these, ten are maintained from the incomes arising out of lands held in trust for educational purposes by various denominational bodies; the others are supported by private resources.
As required by law, instruction in all Native schools is given through the medium of the English language only. The subjects of the school course are English, arithmetic, drawing and handwork, nature-study and geography, health and moral instruction, and civics, singing, and physical drill.
In a number of schools instruction in woodwork and in elementary agriculture is given, and the girls are taught practical dressmaking and plain cookery. In the majority of schools some form or other of elementary handwork is taken with success.
At one or other of the ten boarding-schools—Otaki, St. Stephen's (Auckland), Te Aute, Waerengaahika, and Hikurangi for boys, and Hukarere, St. Joseph's (Napier), Queen Victoria (Auckland), Turakina, and Te Waipounamu Schools for girls—the Government provides a number of free places, tenable for two years, for children of predominantly Maori race who pass the higher standards at the Maori village schools. At the end of the year the number of pupils on the rolls of these schools was 487. Of the pupils in attendance 41 boys and 54 girls were holders of free places.
Senior free places are provided for boys in the form of industrial scholarships, which enable the holders to be apprenticed to suitable trades. These scholarships have not of late been eagerly sought after, the boys finding that they can secure higher wages in other ways. Senior free places for girls take the form of nursing-scholarships. Three of these free-place holders, having completed their day-pupilships, have become probationers on the staffs of public hospitals, and three others are about to commence their preliminary training.
On the rolls of the 118 village schools at the 31st December, 1917, there were 5,173 children (including 551 Europeans), as against 5,132 at the end of 1916. The average attendance for the year was 4,507, the percentage of regularity being 86.8, and the average weekly roll number 5,191. The total number of pupils on the rolls of the Native mission schools was 124, and on those of the secondary schools 487. At the end of the year, therefore, the total roll number of all the Native schools inspected by officers of the Education Department was 5,784, the average weekly roll being 5,806, and the total average attendance 5,073.
Besides the children of the Maori race who are receiving instruction in the Native schools there is a still larger number attending public schools, so that the total number of primary pupils of Maori race (including those in the mission schools) is 9,493, made up as follows:—
Attending Government Native schools | 4,622 |
Attending public schools | 4,747 |
Attending mission schools | 124 |
9,493 |
Of the children on the rolls of the Native schools in December, 1917, 85.8 per cent. were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, 3.5 per cent. were Maoris speaking English, and 10.7 per cent. were Europeans. In connection with this classification it is to be noted that the term “Maori” applies only to children who are by birth full Maori, three-quarter Maori, or half-caste, and excludes children who are three-quarter European.
The total net expenditure on Native schools during the year ended the 31st March, 1918, was £43,821. Included in this is the sum of £35,217 expended on teachers' salaries (including war bonus), £2,464 expended on new buildings and additions, £1,063 on maintenance of buildings, repairs, c., and £2,362 on secondary education.
The staffs of the village schools included seventy-one male and forty-five female head or sole teachers, and 131 assistants. The average salary of the head or sole teachers was £187 18s. 1d., of the 122 female assistants £84 9s. 7d., and of the nine male assistants £73 17s. 9d.
The special schools section of the work of the Education Department includes—(1) the care of destitute, uncontrollable, or delinquent children committed to receiving-homes or industrial schools, and all juvenile offenders transferred from gaols to industrial schools, and the investigation in all cases of children brought before the Courts, and supervision in cases where the probation system is applied; (2) the education and care of deaf, blind, or feeble-minded children over the age of six years; (3) the supervision of all children under the age of six years who are (a) maintained apart from their parents or guardians, (b) adopted with premium.
As a result of a review of the whole system dealing with destitute and delinquent children and juvenile offenders, a commencement was made during the past year with the carrying-out of the following reforms:—
Extension throughout the whole of the Dominion of the juvenile probation system.
Establishment of probation homes.
Variation of functions of certain of the residential industrial schools, involving extension of boarding-out system and application of the probation system in approved cases to the inmates of those schools.
Establishment of central store and purchasing system providing for the equipment and supplies of all Government receiving-homes, industrial schools, and special schools, and an extension of the system of exchanges of produce and commodities between schools.
Adoption of approved system of stores and accounts at all schools, and centralization of collection of inmates' wages and payments for boarded-out children.
The total roll of children belonging to industrial schools and receiving-homes at the 31st December, 1917, was 3,252, of which number 1,934 were boys and 1,318 girls.
The children are classified as follows:—
In residence— | |
In Government industrial schools | 365 |
In private industrial schools | 334 |
Total | 699 |
Boarded out— | |
From Government schools (including receiving-homes) | 1,210 |
From private industrial schools | 9 |
Total | 1,219 |
Placed out in situations | 646 |
With friends on probation | 390 |
In private institutions, hospitals, absent without leave, in prison, c. | 298 |
Grand total | 3,252 |
The net expenditure for the year 1917–18, including expenditure under the probation system, but exclusive of capital charges for additional buildings, works, c., was £42,580, showing an increase of £1,276 on that of the preceding year. The number maintained at the end of the year was 2,054.
The contributions from parents under orders of Court, agreements, c., amounted to £14,359, being at the rate of £7 per head of those maintained. This is an increase of £2 7s. per head over the rate of the preceding year.
Included in the total sum recovered (£26,869) is an amount of £10,897 paid by Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards for the maintenance of 954 children committed to industrial schools on account of indigency. In addition 141 inmates of private industrial schools were maintained at the expense of Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards. As these latter schools make their claims direct against the Boards, the figures are not included in the totals given above.
The purpose of this system is to provide supervision and protection for infants boarded out by their parents or guardians in circumstances that might lead to their neglect or ill-treatment. Unless licensed as a foster-parent, no person in consideration of any payment or reward may receive or take charge of an infant for the purpose of nursing or maintaining it apart from its parents or guardians for longer than seven consecutive days. “Infant” means a child under six years of age. Besides the district agents, duly appointed officers who are qualified nurses have full power to inspect the licensed homes. If necessary the Education Department may take over the maintenance of a child, recovering the cost from the parents or guardians, and the foster-parent's license may be revoked, the children in the home being otherwise provided for as the Minister may direct. Payment of a premium on the adoption of a child brings the case within the provisions of the Act.
The number of homes licensed at the end of 1917 was 940, and the total number of children in them during the year was 1,361, an increase of 111 for the year. Of this total, the number of infants under one year was 386. Twelve children died, being 0.88 per cent. of those in the homes. Of that number, nine died in foster-homes and three in hospitals or nursing-homes to which they had been removed for treatment, so that the deaths in foster-homes represented 0.66 per cent. only of the total number dealt with.
The expenditure in connection with infant-life protection for the year ended 31st March, 1918, was £1,219; for the preceding year the amount was £1,350.
The Education Department maintains a school for deaf children at Sumner, the numbers belonging to the institution at the end of 1916 and 1917 being 98 and 110 respectively.
The following classes of deaf children are admitted to the institution, mental soundness being in all cases a necessity:—
Children born deaf or who have lost their hearing before learning to speak.
Children who can hear a little, but are too deaf to be taught in an ordinary school.
Children who have lost their hearing after having learned to speak.
The method of instruction used is the oral method, in favour of which there is a vast predominance of expert opinion.
The necessity for sending deaf children to be properly treated at as early an age as possible is imperative, since the process of educating the deaf must be slower and more arduous than in the case of normal children. In addition to the ordinary school-work the girl pupils receive instruction in general domestic work, cooking, laundry-work, dressmaking, and dancing; while the boys are taught woodwork and gardening.
The gross expenditure on the school for the financial year 1917–18 was £6,137, and the recoveries were £2,744, leaving a net expenditure of £3,393.
This institution is governed by a Board of Trustees, four of whom are appointed by the Government, and the remaining five elected by the subscribers to the funds of the institute. As the institute comes within the scope of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, subsidy at the rate of 24s. in the pound is payable by the State on voluntary subscriptions received by the Board, and 10s. in the pound on the value of bequests. The amount of such subsidy paid to the Board during its last financial year was £2,052. The State contributed £757 towards the cost of training 29 pupils. The amount recovered from parents and Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards was £782.
Provision is made at the institute for the education and training of adults as well as children, although the Education Department is chiefly interested in the latter. In addition to the ordinary school subjects kindergarten classes are held, and instruction is also given in music, swimming, typewriting and shorthand, sewing, knitting, beadwork, &c. Technical work and manual training forms an important part of the curriculum. The boys and men receive instruction in woodwork and in several trades, such as piano-tuning, mat and basket making, c., while the girls are taught household duties, which will be of great benefit to them when they return to their homes after completing their education in the day school
The need for controlling and in the majority of cases for segregating all feeble-minded children is of the utmost importance if the physical and mental standard of the race is to be preserved. Of the cases already examined a great many are unfitted, on account of their low mentality, for admission to special schools, although in certain urgent cases admission has been arranged in the absence of any other means of dealing with them.
The inmates of schools for feeble-minded children are given a very simple course of instruction suited to their limited intelligence. Instruction is largely of a manual character, since these children are able to advance very slightly in the arts of reading, writing, and counting. The object of the instruction is to quicken the intelligence and dexterity of the children, so that later on they may be able to take part in some simple occupation and help to some extent in supporting themselves.
The special school at Richmond for the reception of feeble-minded girls has now been fully established. The school has two teachers, and the number of children in December, 1917, was fifty. The net expenditure on the school for the year 1917–18 was £2,577.
At the special school for boys at Otekaike a scheme providing instruction in carpentry, bootmaking, and mat and basket making is in operation. The younger boys receive instruction by means of kindergarten and Montessori methods. Many of the elder boys assist either in the garden or orchard or on the farm. The number of boys belonging to the school in December, 1917, was seventy-nine, and the net expenditure on the school for the year 1917–18 was £7,244.
The Education Act provides for public instruction in such subjects of art, science, and technology as are set forth in regulations. Classes recognized under the Act are eligible for grants in aid of necessary buildings, equipment, and material, for capitation, and for subsidies of £1 for £1 on voluntary contributions. Free technical education is also provided for. Persons complying with the conditions prescribed by the regulations are entitled to hold junior free places at technical schools or classes. These free places are tenable for two years, and may be continued under certain conditions for three years more as senior free places. Holders of senior free places are required to take up definite courses of technical instruction.
The controlling authorities of classes for technical instruction are Education Boards, governing bodies of secondary schools and University colleges, and, in the case of certain classes in existence prior to 1904, the managers of those classes.
The Auckland University College and the Otago University have each established a School of Mines, providing for courses for the University degree of B.Sc. or for the associateship in mining and metallurgy. The Canterbury College has an endowed School of Engineering and Technical Science, providing for courses for the University degree of B.Sc. in mechanical, electrical, or civil engineering, or for the associateship in engineering.
There are also several Schools of Mines located in districts in which mining is actively carried on. Particulars relating to these will be found in the Mining Section of this book.
The Otago University has a home-science department, at which forty-eight students were in attendance in 1917.
The Canterbury Agricultural College has an endowment of about 77,800 acres of land, of the rental value of about £2,800 per annum, and possesses extensive buildings and an experimental farm of a very complete character. The institution offers an opportunity to acquire a thorough knowledge of the science and practice of agriculture. Two years' residence at the college is accepted by the University of New Zealand as part of the curriculum qualifying for the degree of B.Sc. in agriculture. The college accommodated forty-five students in 1917.
Recognized classes for commercial subjects, subsidized by the Government, are held at each of the four University colleges.
Classes were held at 154 centres during 1917. The total number of classes held was 1,962, and the total number of students in attendance 18,400, as compared with 17,586 in 1916. The following figures show the number of classes at which the various subjects indicated were taken:—
Mathematics and science | 132 |
Engineering | 224 |
Wood and lead working, and other trade subjects | 185 |
Agriculture, dairy-work, etc. | 127 |
Art and art crafts | 224 |
Domestic subjects | 364 |
Commercial subjects | 365 |
Subjects of general education | 341 |
Total | 1,962 |
Regulations requiring the attendance of young persons between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education or who are not specially exempted from attendance were in operation in 1917 in eleven school districts in Auckland, five in Wanganui, three in Taranaki, and in one in Hawke's Bay. The classes established under these regulations were attended by 1,334 students, of whom 844 were males.
The number of discharged soldiers who received free education at technical schools in 1917 was 167.
In the following table are given the number and sex of pupils receiving free education under the regulations for free places: —
— | 1916 | 1917. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Total. | Males | Females. | Total. | |
Junior free pupils— | ||||||
First year | 820 | 596 | 1,416 | 806 | 610 | 1,416 |
Second year | 534 | 418 | 952 | 461 | 450 | 911 |
Senior free pupils— | ||||||
First year | 433 | 354 | 787 | 394 | 413 | 807 |
Second year | 310 | 273 | 583 | 265 | 268 | 533 |
Third year | 175 | 147 | 322 | 145 | 165 | 310 |
Totals | 2,272 | 1,788 | 4,060 | 2,071 | 1,906 | 3,977 |
The following technical schools had roll numbers of 500 and over, exclusive of the technical high schools carried on in connection with some of them: —
School. | Roll Number, 1917. |
---|---|
Christchurch Technical College | 1,267 |
Wellington Technical College | 1,256 |
Auckland Technical College | 1,211 |
Dunedin Technical College | 1,105 |
Palmerston North Technical School | 660 |
Wanganui Technical College | 547 |
Invercargill Technical School | 524 |
These schools (eight in number) are of secondary grade, and provide industrial, domestic, agricultural, commercial, and art courses. The number of pupils in attendance was as follows: Auckland, 535; Wanganui, 250; Wellington, 336; Napier, 127; Westport, 27; Christchurch, 453; Dunedin, 339; and Invercargill, 280. The total roll number was 2,347, an increase of 242 over that of the preceding year. The schools appear to meet the needs of a number of young people who would not otherwise proceed to secondary schools. The courses of instruction taken up by pupils were as follows: —
Males. | Females. | Totals. | |
---|---|---|---|
Industrial | 590 | .. | 590 |
Commercial and general | 360 | 944 | 1,304 |
Domestic | .. | 291 | 291 |
Agricultural | 158 | .. | 158 |
Art | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Totals | 1,110 | 1,237 | 2,347 |
Capitation earned on account of technical high schools during 1917 totalled £28,119.
The following table classifies the free pupils at technical high schools:—
— | 1916. | 1917. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
Junior free pupils— | ||||||
First year | 518 | 577 | 1,095 | 595 | 627 | 1,222 |
Second year | 280 | 320 | 600 | 311 | 378 | 689 |
Senior free pupils— | ||||||
First year | 70 | 109 | 179 | 82 | 115 | 197 |
Second year | 11 | 28 | 39 | 19 | 18 | 37 |
Third year | .. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
Totals | 879 | 1,036 | 1,915 | 1,008 | 1,142 | 2,150 |
Of the total number of pupils in attendance 91 per cent. were receiving free education under the regulations for free places. Junior free places were held by 1,911 pupils, and senior free places by 239 pupils. Over 50 per cent. of the junior free pupils who entered in 1916 continued to attend in 1917.
The following is a summary of the expenditure by the State on technical instruction during the year ended the 31st March, 1918: —
£ | |
Capitation | 79,816 |
Subsidies on voluntary contributions | 2,154 |
Home-science bursaries | 1,542 |
Grants in aid of material for class use | 2,003 |
Grants for buildings and equipment | 6,898 |
Rents | 1,217 |
Conveyance of instructors, students, and free pupils | 3,243 |
Examinations | 291 |
Inspectors' salaries and travelling-expenses | 1,241 |
War bonus to teachers | 1,911 |
100,316 | |
Less recoveries (examination fees, c.) | 117 |
£100,199 |
Secondary education is carried on at secondary schools, district high schools, technical high schools, Maori secondary schools, and private secondary schools.
The number of secondary schools in operation during 1917 was thirty-four.
The number of district high schools was sixty, technical high schools eight, and Maori secondary schools ten. In addition there were twenty private secondary schools registered under the Education Act, 1914.
The total number of pupils attending the thirty-four secondary schools for the last terms of 1916 and 1917 respectively were as follows: —
1916 | 1917 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys. | Girls. | Total. | Boys. | Girls. | Total. | |
Roll (exclusive of lower departments) | 4,025 | 3,027 | 7,052 | 4,203 | 3,387 | 7,590 |
Number in lower departments | 296 | 170 | 466 | 365 | 215 | 580 |
Total | 4,321 | 3,197 | 7,518 | 4,568 | 3,602 | 8,170 |
In the same years these schools were staffed as follows:—
1916 | 1917 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M. | F. | Total. | M. | F. | Total. | |
Regular staff | 175 | 148 | 323 | 174 | 175 | 349 |
Part-time teachers | 41 | 45 | 86 | 37 | 43 | 80 |
The average number of pupils per teacher (excluding part-time teachers) was thus 21.
The average weekly roll number of the secondary departments of district high schools in the year 1917 was 2,405.
Besides the head teachers, who generally take some part in the secondary instruction, there were employed in 1917 in the secondary departments of district high schools 97 special assistants—23 men and 74 women. The average number of pupils per teacher was 23.
The total numbers on the roll of technical high schools at any time during the years 1916 and 1917 were as follows: —
1916. | 1917. | |
---|---|---|
Boys | 973 | 1,110 |
Girls | 1,132 | 1,237 |
Totals | 2,105 | 2,347 |
The following was the average roll of pupils in secondary schools for Maoris (all of whom were boarders) for the respective years:—
1916. | 1917. | |
---|---|---|
Boys | 239 | 228 |
Girls | 218 | 259 |
Totals | 457 | 487 |
The number of children on the rolls of registered private secondary schools at the end of the year was 1,206, there being 394 boys and 812 girls.
Summarizing all these figures, and excluding pupils in the lower departments of secondary schools, we obtain the following statement of the numbers receiving some form or other of secondary instruction during the years 1916 and 1917 (as nearly as can be ascertained):—
1916. | 1917. | |
---|---|---|
Secondary schools | 7,052 | 7,590 |
District high schools | 2,386 | 2,405 |
Technical high schools | 2,105 | 2,347 |
Maori secondary schools | 457 | 487 |
Private secondary schools | 1,004 | 1,206 |
Totals | 13,004 | 14,035 |
Free places are divided into two classes—junior and senior—both being tenable at secondary schools and districts high schools, or, under somewhat different conditions, at technical schools.
Generally speaking, junior free places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension in certain cases to three years. In the case of their being held at district high schools they are tenable to the age of seventeen. The means of qualification are—
For entrance to secondary schools and district high schools—(a) Special examinations for Junior National Scholarships, (b) the certificate of proficiency.
For entrance to technical high schools the means of qualification named in (1), or the certificate of competency in S6, with a special endorsement of merit in handwork and elementary science, which for the purposes of technical schools is deemed to be equivalent to a certificate of proficiency.
For entrance to technical classes other than technical high schools the means of qualification named in (1) or (2), or, under special conditions applicable to industrial courses only, a recommendation by the Inspector of Schools if a pupil is over fourteen years and has been in regular attendance at a public school up to a date not more than six months prior to the date of admission to the technical classes.
Senior free places are tenable at secondary schools, district high schools, and technical high schools up to the age of nineteen, and at technical classes other than technical high schools for three or in some cases four years. The means of qualification for senior free places are the Intermediate or other equivalent examinations, or the recommendation of the Principal or Director of the school or classes attended based on the school records and examination results, or the recommendation of an Inspector of Secondary Schools, or in the case of district high schools of the senior Inspector of the district, or in part on such a recommendation and in part on the results of a special examination.
The following are some of the figures for 1916 and 1917 in regard to free places in secondary schools: —
1916. | 1917. | |
---|---|---|
Number of secondary schools giving free tuition | 31 | 32 |
Roll number of these schools | 6,585 | 7,106 |
Number of free-place holders at end of year | 5,826 | 6,231 |
Average number of free-place holders during year | 6,045 | 6,468 |
Free-place holders as a percentage of roll number | 92 per cent. | 91 per cent. |
Total annual payment by Government for free places | £74,380 | £78,567 |
Cost to Government per free pupil | £12 6s. 10d. | £12 2s. 11d. |
In order to arrive at the total number of pupils in New Zealand receiving free secondary instruction it will be necessary, however, to include also 104 holders of scholarships or exhibitions carrying free instruction not otherwise enumerated, which are granted by the secondary schools included above or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, 2,044 free-place holders at district high schools, 96 Maori pupils receiving free education in Maori secondary schools, and 2,150 holders of free places in technical high schools. Consequently, there were approximately 10,625 pupils receiving free secondary education in the Dominion, exclusive of those holders of free places in technical schools (mostly evening students), who, while not taking full-day courses, were nevertheless receiving free education of secondary grade.
The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places at the end of the year for which payment was made by Government:—
1916 | 1917 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys. | Girls. | Total. | Boys. | Girls. | Total. | |
(i.) Secondary Schools— | ||||||
(a.) Junior free pupils | 2,283 | 2,013 | 4,296 | 2,327 | 2,257 | 4,584 |
(b.) Senior free pupils | 818 | 712 | 1,530 | 910 | 737 | 1,647 |
Totals | 3,101 | 2,725 | 5,826 | 3,237 | 2,994 | 6,231 |
(ii.) District high schools— | ||||||
(a.) Junior free pupils | 873 | 909 | 1,782 | 836 | 971 | 1,807 |
(b.) Senior free pupils | 80 | 121 | 201 | 103 | 134 | 237 |
Totals | 953 | 1,030 | 1,983 | 939 | 1,105 | 2,044 |
(iii.) Maori secondary schools | 43 | 58 | 101 | 41 | 55 | 96 |
(iv.) Technical high schools— | ||||||
(a.) Junior free pupils | 798 | 897 | 1,695 | 906 | 1,005 | 1,911 |
(b.) Senior free pupils | 81 | 139 | 220 | 102 | 137 | 239 |
Totals | 879 | 1,036 | 1,915 | 1,008 | 1,142 | 2,150 |
Grand totals | 4,976 | 4,849 | 9,825 | 5,225 | 5,296 | 10,521 |
Junior and Senior National Scholarships in the proportion of 9 to 5 are awarded on the results of annual examinations, the junior examination being of a standard somewhat higher than that of the certificate of proficiency, and the senior examination being of a standard comparable with the standard of the Public Service Entrance Examination. Scholarships are awarded to all candidates reaching a certain standard, the standard of award being determined so as approximately to provide one scholarship for every 500 children in attendance in all public schools. In the case of pupils from sole-teacher schools—i.e., schools with an average attendance of under 36—the standard of award is made 10 per cent. lower than in the case of pupils from larger schools.
At the examinations held in 1917 240 candidates qualified for Junior National Scholarships (as against 252 in the previous year), of which number 17 were pupils of sole-teacher schools, and 62, or 26 per cent., were pupils of secondary schools. The number of candidates qualifying for Senior National Scholarships was 127, of which number 8 qualified on the alternative programme provided specially to suit the needs of those taking a rural or domestic course.
Junior and Senior National Scholarships are tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, each for three years, provided that the total tenure of the two scholarships in the case of one person must not exceed five years. In addition to tuition fees, the holder receives £5 per annum if a junior scholar, or £10 per annum if a senior scholar, with a further sum of £35 per annum in each case if obliged to five away from home.
The following figures indicate the number and the value of scholarships current in December, 1916, and December, 1917, respectively:—
Number of scholarship-holders— | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|
Boys | 252 | 403 |
Girls | 130 | 235 |
Totals | 382 | 638 |
Number receiving boarding-allowance (included in the above total) | 143 | 211 |
Number receiving travelling-allowance (similarly included) | 12 | 29 |
Number held at secondary schools | 334 | 542 |
Number held at district high schools | 48 | 77 |
Number held at other registered secondary schools | .. | 19 |
Total annual rate of payment | £7,748 | £11,677 |
The number of Education Board Scholarships current in 1917 was small, and in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, these scholarships will gradually be entirely replaced by Junior and Senior National Scholarships.
These are of two kinds, those afforded by the Governors of secondary schools not granting free places under the Act, and those offered as additional scholarships by the Governors of schools providing free places.
These are derived from funds provided by private donors at certain schools, by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1917 was 165. Of the holders, sixty-three were also Government free pupils under the regulations. The total annual value of the scholarships in cash was £1,234. In addition, free tuition was given by the schools to holders of foundation and private scholarships to the value of £967, the value of the Government free places already mentioned not being included in this amount.
Three classes of certificates may be issued to free-place holders taking a secondary course of instruction. The intermediate certificate may be granted to junior-free-place holders who have satisfactorily completed under certain conditions a two-years course at a secondary school, district high school, or technical high school, and who in general are qualified in attainment to receive a senior free place. The lower leaving-certificate may be issued to pupils who have satisfactorily completed a three-years course of secondary instruction, including not less than one year of a senior course in which the standard of work is sufficiently advanced in character to meet the requirements of the examination for a teacher's certificate of Class D, or of the Matriculation Examination. Likewise the higher leaving-certificate may be granted to pupils having satisfactorily completed at least a four-years course of secondary instruction and having satisfied the requirements of the lower leaving-certificate, and, in addition, having completed to good advantage and under certain conditions a further secondary course of not less than one year.
The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources: —
Rents from the special reserves allocated to them by statute:
Statutory grants, given in lieu of special reserves:
Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves, and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act:
Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the Land Boards, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance, lower departments excluded:
Government payments—(a) Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions; (c) capitation for manual-instruction classes:
Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus:
Tuition fees of pupils:
Boarding fees of pupils:
Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys (other than those obtained by the sale of reserves), donations, and special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, c.), rent of premises, loans raised, c.
The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived from endowments, and the “net annual income derived from endowments” is the average of this revenue for the three preceding years, less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments, upon buildings approved by the Minister, and less mortgage and other charges.
The following is a summary of the receipts and expenditure of all secondary schools (excluding Wanganui Collegiate and Christ's College Grammar Schools) for the year 1917:—
Receipts. | £ |
---|---|
Endowments— | |
Sales and mortgage-money repaid | 933 |
Lands vested in High School Boards | 40,999 |
Secondary-education reserves | 7,867 |
Interest on moneys invested | 768 |
Government grants— | |
Grants for buildings, sites, rent, apparatus, c. | 954 |
Capitation for free places and subsidies | 79,505 |
Capitation and subsidies for manual instruction | 2,150 |
School fees | 10,175 |
Lower Departments Account | 3,754 |
Boarding-school Account | 26,876 |
Leans, transfers from Capital Account, interest, c. | 608 |
Technical Classes Account | 2,780 |
Refunds and sundries, voluntary contributions | 7,539 |
£184,908 | |
Expenditure. | £ |
Endowments (including proportion of office expenses) | 6,231 |
Teachers' salaries and allowances | 90,534 |
Incidental expenses— | |
Office expenses and salaries (excluding endowments) | 2,768 |
Printing, stationery, and advertising | 2,327 |
Cleaning, heating, and lighting | 6,828 |
Material, examinations, prizes, games, c. | 2,885 |
Interest, repayment of mortgages, and investments | 10,502 |
Manual instruction (excluding buildings) | 1,721 |
Lower Departments Account | 3,637 |
Boarding-school Account | 27,019 |
Land, buildings, furniture, insurance, rates, c. | 30,209 |
Technical Classes Account | 2,526 |
Scholarships, advances to pupils, and miscellaneous | 6,095 |
£193,282 |
Taking into account all the monetary assets and liabilities of the various Boards, it appears that the total debit balance at the end of 1917 was £25,613, nine Boards having debit and seventeen having credit balances. The debit balances are for the most part due to loans required for the erection of necessary buildings. The following is a summary of the monetary assets and liabilities at the end of the year:—
Monetary Assets. | £ |
---|---|
Bank balances | 44,805 |
Other assets | 13,861 |
Total | £58,666 |
Liabilities. | £ |
Overdrafts | 72,203 |
Other liabilities | 12,076 |
Total | £84,279 |
Debit balance | £25,613 |
The Education Act provides that pupils who have not obtained a certificate of competency in the subjects of Standard V or a higher standard of the public-school syllabus may be admitted to a lower department of a secondary school if they are taught in a separate building or class-room, and if no part of the actual cost of their instruction is met out of the endowments of the secondary school or out of any moneys granted by the Government. There were lower departments in fourteen secondary schools during 1917; the total number of pupils in those departments was 530; the total expenditure on salaries of teachers and incidental expenses was £4,556; the total income from foes, c., was £4,680.
The following table gives particulars of the attendance, stall, and salaries at district high schools in 1917:—
DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOLS: ATTENDANCE, STAFFS, SALARIES, ETC., IN SECONDARY DEPARTMENTS, 1917. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education District. | Number of Schools. | Average Attendance, 1917. | Number of Assistant Teachers. | Average Number of Pupils per Assistant Teacher. | Statutory Annual Rate of Salary as in December, 1917. | ||
M. | F. | Total. | |||||
Auckland | 10 | 334 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 3,577 |
Taranaki | 3 | 176 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 25 | 1,416 |
Wanganui | 6 | 147 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 18 | 1,730 |
Hawke's Bay | 3 | 142 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 24 | 1,375 |
Wellington | 9 | 345 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 23 | 3,730 |
Nelson | 4 | 132 | .. | 5 | 5 | 26 | 1,197 |
Canterbury | 16 | 680 | 6 | 21 | 27 | 25 | 6,479 |
Otago | 9 | 293 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 21 | 3,471 |
Totals | 60 | 2,249 | 23 | 74 | 97 | 23 | 22,975 |
In the case of district high schools the courses taken are of a more vocational nature than in ordinary secondary schools, and to a large extent have a bearing upon rural pursuits. It appears that 48 per cent. of the pupils take agriculture, and 29 per cent. dairy-work; 52 per cent. of the boys take woodwork, and 13 per cent. surveying and mensuration; while 54 per cent. of the girls learn needlework and cookery. The various branches of science receive adequate attention, 66 per cent. of the pupils studying chemistry and physics, 46 per cent. botany, 26 per cent. hygiene, 14 per cent. physiology and zoology, and 12 per cent. of the girls domestic science. Only 40 per cent. of the pupils in these schools learn Latin, and 30 per cent. French. Commercial work, frequently forming part of a rural course, is taken by 29 per cent. of the pupils.
Rural courses were, in 1917, in operation at thirty-eight district high schools, and were taken by 1,229 pupils. The course for boys is not intended to fit them for carrying on agricultural and pastoral pursuits, but is intended to give them a knowledge of the scientific principles upon which the successful practice of these pursuits depends. Similarly, the course for girls is intended to fit them for the work which they, as members of families engaged in such pursuits, may have to perform or superintend. In most instances it has been found possible not only to provide reasonably full courses with a distinct bias towards rural and domestic pursuits, but also to secure adequate opportunities for pupils preparing for the various public examinations. A special payment of £5 10s. per annum is paid to the Education Boards on account of each pupil in the secondary department of a district high school taking an approved rural course.
The affairs of the University of New Zealand are controlled by three Courts—the Senate, the Board of Studies, and the General Court of Convocation. The Senate has the entire management of and superintendence over the affairs, concerns, and property of the University, and, subject to certain provisions relating to the Board of Studios, has power to alter all statutes and regulations. The Board of Studies has power to make recommendations to the Senate as to the appointment of examiners, and as to degrees, diplomas, scholarships, prizes, courses of study, and examinations. The chief function of the General Court of Convocation is to discuss matters relating to the University, and to declare its opinion on any such matters.
The University of New Zealand has power to confer degrees, but is not itself a teaching body, undergraduates for the most part keeping their terms at one or other of the four affiliated institutions—Otago University. Canterbury College, Auckland University College, and Victoria University College.
The revenue of the University is derived mainly from a statutory Government grant of £3,000 per annum, from fees, and from interest on investments.
Auckland University College and Victoria University College each receive an annual statutory grant of £9,000, while Canterbury College receives £2,000 and Otago University £5,000. The two latter institutions are endowed with reserves of land. In addition a certain proportion of the income from the National Endowment Fund for the purposes of education is paid directly to the four affiliated institutions. In 1917 the sum paid to each out of the fund amounted to £1,675. There is also now provision for the payment under regulations of a Government subsidy on voluntary contributions to the funds of the institutions affiliated to the University of New Zealand.
The total amount paid by the Government on account of the University of New Zealand and the affiliated colleges for the year 1917–18 was £51,515.
There were in 1917 1,902 students actually in attendance at the four University colleges. Of these, 56 were graduates, 1,194 undergraduates, and 652 unmatriculated students. In addition to the students mentioned above, there were 75 students attached to the various University colleges, but exempt from lectures—that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms, except in certain science and professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination. There were also 45 students taking an agricultural course of University grade at the Lincoln Agricultural College.
University scholarships may be divided into three broad classes—(1) Entrance scholarships, (2) scholarships awarded during the degree course, (3) post-graduate scholarships.
University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, which is held at the same time as the Matriculation Examination. They are known as (a) University Junior Scholarships, (b) University National Scholarships, (c) Taranaki Scholarships (open only to residents in Taranaki).
The University Junior Scholarships (thirteen of which were gained in 1917) are of the value of £20 per annum plus tuition fees, and are tenable for three years. In the case of holders living away from home a further sum of £30 per annum is allowed. The University National Scholarships are of equal monetary value, the number gained in 1917 being twenty-one. Taranaki Scholarships are of the annual value of £60, and the Senate may at discretion extend the tenure from three to four years. There are also some thirty or forty local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same entrance examination.
Scholarships awarded during the ' degree course are the Senior University and John Tinline Scholarships. These are tenable by candidates Bitting for their final examination for B.A. or B.Sc., and may therefore be regarded in a sense as post-graduate. The various colleges have also private scholarships for which their own students may compete.
The chief scholarships awarded at the end of the University course are the Rhodes Scholarship, the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, the Medical Travelling Scholarship, and the National Research Scholarships. The first three are all tenable abroad. The Research Scholarships are each of the value of £100 per annum, with laboratory fees and expenses.
So far fifteen Rhodes Scholarships have been granted, of which five have been gained by students of Auckland University College, four by students of Otago University, four by students of Victoria University College, and two by students of Canterbury College. Owing to the war all further election to these scholarships has been postponed for the present.
Of the eighteen Research Scholarships awarded up to the present two were in active operation in 1917. The subjects of research undertaken have been in each case closely connected with some New Zealand industry, or with some industry which, though not yet undertaken in this Dominion, may at an early date be an industry of importance in New Zealand.
University bursaries are awarded under the University Amendment Act, 1914, on the credit pass in the University Junior Scholarship Examination or on a higher leaving-certificate qualification, and entitle the holders to the payment of tuition and examination fees (not exceeding £20 per annum) during a three (or possibly four) years' course at a University college or school of agriculture recognized by the University. The number of University bursaries held in 1917 was 229.
Educational bursaries are awarded under the Education Act, 1914, and any matriculated student is entitled to one who—
Has within the six months immediately preceding completed his term of service as a pupil-teacher or probationer in some education district in accordance with regulations and to the satisfaction of the Education Board and of the Senior Inspector of that district, and declares his intention of entering a recognized training college on the completion of the tenure of his bursary; or
Has satisfactorily completed his course of training at a recognized training college and gained a trained-teacher's certificate; or
Has otherwise gained a teacher's certificate of a class not lower than Class C.
These bursaries are tenable for three years, with possibly two yearly extensions, at a University college or recognized school of agriculture. The classes taken must be such as to form part of a course in arts, science, or agriculture, and proof of satisfactory progress must be given.
The number of educational bursaries held in 1917 was thirty-seven, of which number seven completed the three-years tenure of their bursaries. In addition sixteen holders of bursaries were absent on military service.
Domestic-science bursaries tenable at the Otago University may be awarded under the regulations for technical instruction. Applicants for the bursaries must have been resident in the Dominion for not less than twelve months, and must have—
Passed the Matriculation Examination or some other examination approved for the purpose; or
Obtained at least a partial pass in the examination for the Class D teachers' certificate; or
Gained a higher leaving-certificate or, in the case of pupil-teachers or probationers, a lower leaving-certificate.
Applicants are required to make a declaration that they will, on completion of their course, engage in teaching for not less than three years, The term of a bursary is two (or possibly three) years. The bursar receives £20 per annum, together with the fees for the course for the degree or the diploma in home science and domestic arts, and, if obliged to live away from home, an allowance of £30 per annum. Bursaries of this kind were awarded to nine students in 1917.
In the distribution to University colleges of the moneys received by the University from the National Endowment Fund in 1917, £300 was allocated in each case for the establishment and maintenance of the Workers' Educational Association tutorial or University extension classes. Branches of this association have been established in several of the larger towns, and tutorial classes in such subjects as economics, history, industrial law, English, electricity, debating, and chairmanship, conducted in some cases by University-college professors or lecturers, are in operation for the better education of working men and women.
The Education Department, in co-operation with the Department of Agriculture, has established a scheme for the granting of agricultural bursaries to qualified candidates in order to enable them to obtain the necessary practical training for positions as teachers or agricultural instructors, as officers of the Department of Agriculture, or as farmers. After completion of their training the bursars are under a legal obligation to serve for a term of three years in one or other of these capacities. The qualification for a bursary is Matriculation or a higher or lower leaving-certificate, and candidates are preferred who have received agricultural instruction during their secondary-school course. In addition, ex-students of teachers' training colleges who desire to specialize in the teaching of agriculture may obtain bursaries to enable them to receive the necessary training in agriculture. Agricultural bursaries are tenable at an experimental farm, an agricultural college, or other approved institution for two years, with a possible extension to a third year. Bursars receive an allowance of £20 per annum, with free tuition and, if obliged to live away from home, a lodging-allowance of £30 per annum.
Eight bursaries were awarded in 1917, seven of which were held at the Central Development Farm, Weraroa, and the remaining one at Lincoln Agricultural College, Canterbury. The available accommodation for bursars being limited, a selection has to be made each year from the number of candidates desiring bursaries.
Annual examinations are conducted by the Education Department for the various purposes of Junior and Senior National Scholarships, junior and senior free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools, and teachers' certificates. Also, by arrangement with the Public Service Commissioner, examinations are held for admission to and promotion in the Public Service.
The following table shows collectively, in comparison with the preceding year, the number who entered for the various examinations above enumerated, the number present, and the number of absentees:—
1916–17. | 1917–18. | |
---|---|---|
Number who entered | 11,858 | 9,908 |
Number who actually sat for examination | 10,894 | 8,829 |
Number of absentees | 964 | 1,079 |
The number of candidates for the various examinations in 1917–18 who actually presented themselves in the examination-room is given below:—
Junior National and junior free places | 3,122 |
Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarships, and Intermediate | 3,315 |
Teachers' D and C | 2,102 |
Public Service Senior | 226 |
Typists' Examination | 60 |
Kindergarten Certificate Examination | 4 |
London University Examinations | 1 |
Total | 8,830 |
All eligible candidates from public or registered private schools who reached the respective standards of qualification fixed in accordance with the Act—63 per cent. for juniors and 63 per cent. for seniors—received National Scholarships from the Education Boards of their districts. In the case of junior scholarship candidates from one-teacher schools the standard of qualification was fixed at its lowest limit allowable by regulation—viz., 10 per cent. below the ordinary standard.
The cost of conducting the examinations was as follows:—
£ | ||
Total expenses, including cost of additional temporary clerical services, but omitting other salaries | 5,810 | |
Less recoveries— | ||
£ | ||
Fees paid by candidates for teachers' certificates and others | 2,285 | |
Paid by Public Service Commissioner for expense of conducting Public Service examinations, the fees for which were credited to him— | ||
Public Service Entrance | 766 | |
Public Service Senior | 308 | |
3,359 | ||
Net expenditure | £2,451 |
Table of Contents
THE remodelling of the New Zealand defence system, outlined in the 1915 and preceding issues of the Year-book, placed the Dominion in a position to act at once on the outbreak of war in August, 1914. Before the end of that month a New Zealand Force, in conjunction with vessels of the British and Australian navies, had taken possession of German Samoa, which still remains occupied by New Zealand troops and governed by a New Zealand Administrator on behalf of the Home Government.
An Expeditionary Force of infantry, mounted infantry, and artillery, with all necessary details, was also despatched early to take part in the war in Europe. After some months' training in Egypt, during which a portion of the Force took part in the first fight for the Suez Canal, the New Zealand troops assisted in the landing and subsequent fighting on Gallipoli, being eventually transferred to the western front.
The original infantry force has now been quadrupled, and additional artillery has also been furnished. During the four years the war has lasted the Dominion has kept up a constant, regular, and sufficient stream of reinforcements, so that the Force in the field has been kept at full strength, in spite of its participation in some of the severest fighting of the war.
Until the latter part of 1916 the reinforcements were maintained entirely by voluntary enlistments. On account, however, of the prolonged nature of the struggle and the necessity of there being no hitch or delay in the sending of reinforcement drafts, Parliament deemed it advisable in the session of 1916 to pass legislation providing for compulsory military service.
A year earlier a system of compulsory registration of men between the ages of seventeen and sixty had been adopted. Information concerning the National Registration Act, 1915, with a specimen form showing the particulars required in respect of all males of the ages stated, is given in the summary of legislation of the 1915 session included in the 1916 Year-book, and some tabular information concerning the results of the registration appears in the same book.
The Military Service Act, passed on the 1st August, 1916, provided for the introduction of a system of compulsory service for men between the ages of twenty and forty-six, for the purpose of supplying the necessary quotas for reinforcement drafts.
Under the Act all male natural-born British subjects of the ages stated were formed into a reserve called the Expeditionary Force Reserve, the only exceptions being—
Members of an Expeditionary Force raised under the Expeditionary Force Act, 1915;
Men who have been discharged in consequence of disablement or ill health from the Expeditionary Force, or from any other portion of His Majesty's Forces, after service beyond the seas during the present war in that Force or with such Forces:
Men undergoing a sentence of imprisonment for a term not less than one year, or in confinement as of unsound mind; and
Natives within the meaning of the Native Land Act, 1909.
The Reserve is divided into two divisions, First and Second. The First Division consists of—
Unmarried men;
Married men whose marriage took place subsequently to 1st' May, 1915, except such as have a child under sixteen years of age by a previous marriage;
Widowers with no children under sixteen years of age;
Men whose marriage has been dissolved, or who are judicially separated from their wives by decree of judicial separation, separation order, or otherwise, and who have no children under sixteen years of age.
The Second Division consists of all other Reservists, and has been divided into six classes, as referred to further on in this section.
The Governor-General was empowered by the Act to proclaim the enrolment of the Reserve, the First Division to be proclaimed before the Second. In accordance with this, the enrolment of the First Division was proclaimed on the 1st September, 1916, and that of the Second Division on the following day.
Immediately the enrolment had been proclaimed it was the duty of the Government Statistician to prepare a register of the Reserve, and for this purpose he was authorized to utilize the National Register compiled under the National Registration Act and any other available source of information.
Any Reservist who had not already furnished under the National Registration Act, 1915, a true statement setting forth the particulars required by Proclamation made under that Act was required to enrol within fourteen days of the Proclamation governing the division of the Reserve to which he belonged, the penalty for non-compliance being imprisonment for a term of not more than three months or a fine not exceeding £50. In addition it was provided that any Reservist convicted under this section might be called up forthwith for service with the Expeditionary Force.
Enrolment is required of men reaching the age of twenty, and of men between the ages of twenty and forty-six arriving in the Dominion at any time while the Act remains in force. All changes of address must also be notified by Reservists within fourteen days.
The machinery of the Post Office is availed of to give every facility to Reservists to comply with their obligations under the Act. Postmasters are supplied with the necessary forms, and are instructed to furnish to the public any information desired and any assistance required in connection with the filling-in of the forms.
The volume of business during the first half of September, 1916, was enormous, the form most in demand being that of application for the certificate of enrolment, which is issued on request to any enrolled Reservist, the Government Statistician's certificate being accepted as proof of registration. Over 180,000 applications were received in the course of two or three weeks, together with some 30,000 notifications of change of address and 500 enrolment cards. Notifications, applications, and enrolment cards are still received in steady volume, the notifications of change of address bearing remarkable testimony to the roving propensities of the population.
The selection of men to fill shortages in the reinforcement drafts is done by ballot, reference to which is given in detail below. A Reservist drawn in the ballot becomes automatically a member of the Expeditionary Force on the day following the gazetting of his name, subject to his passing the medical test and to any appeal made on his behalf being disallowed. He has the right of appeal on any of the following grounds:—
That when called up he was not a member of the Reserve;
That when called up from any division or class of the Reserve he was a member of some other division or class the calling-up of which had not been authorized by the Minister of Defence under the Act;
That by reason of his occupation his calling-up for military service is contrary to the public interest;
That by reason of his domestic circumstances or for any other reason his calling-up for military service will be a cause of undue hardship to himself or others;
That he was on the 4th August, 1914, and has since continuously been a member of a religious body the tenets and doctrines of which declare the bearing of arms and the performance of any combatant service to be contrary to Divine revelation, and also that according to his own conscientious religious belief the bearing of arms and the performance of any combatant service is unlawful by reason of being contrary to Divine revelation.
Appeals, which must be lodged within ton days of the gazetting of the list of men drawn in the ballot, are hoard and adjudicated on by one of the several Military Service Boards constituted under the Act. For appeals on grounds (c), (d), and (e) the Board must act in accordance with any regulations which may be made by the Governor-General in Council in the matter. Failing any such regulations an appeal under paragraph (d) is to be allowed if the appellant is a sole surviving son of military ago, one (at least) of whoso brothers has lost his life while serving in His Majesty's Forces during the war. An appeal under paragraph (e) cannot be allowed unless the appellant agrees to perform such non-combatant service, including service in the Medical Corps or Army Service Corps, as may be required of him. The right of appeal extends also to the employer of a Reservist.
Power is given in the Act for the constitution, if found necessary or advisable, of a Final Appeal Board to hear and determine appeals from the decisions of the Military Service Boards, or to adjudicate on matters referred to it by the Military Service Boards.
In granting an appeal made on any grounds other than that the appellant was not a member of the Reserve, a Board cannot, either temporarily or permanently, order the removal of the appellant from the Reserve for the purpose of avoiding future ballots. The only removals allowed in respect of those legitimately in the Reserve are in the case of men who on being medically examined after being drawn in the ballot are found to be permanently medically unfit for active service beyond the seas. In such cases the Commandant of the Forces may do one of the following:—
Discharge him from the Expeditionary Force and from the Reserve; or
Discharge him from the Expeditionary Force, in which case he shall be deemed to be retransferred to the division or class of the Reserve from which he was called up; or
Exempt him from foreign service, in which case he shall remain a member of the Expeditionary Force liable for military service in New Zealand in such capacity as the Commandant from time to time thinks fit.
Under section 35 of the Act any or all of two or more brothers fit for military service and belonging to the First Division of the Reserve may be Bailed up for service without being given the benefit of the ballot, but with right of appeal on the same grounds as those drawn in the ballot.
For the purposes of the medical examination of men called up, a number of Medical Boards have been constituted, each consisting of three medical officers, all selected from outside the military district for which they are to act. To further ensure that the examination will be absolutely impartial it is laid down by regulation that the name, identity, or residence of the recruit must not be disclosed to members of the Board dealing with him.
The Medical Board places the recruit in one of six classes, as follows:—
A. Fit for active service beyond the seas.
B1. Fit for active service beyond the seas if he undergoes special medical, surgical, or dental treatment (after operation in camp or public hospital).
B2. Fit for active service beyond the seas if he undergoes specified medical, surgical, or dental treatment (after recovery at home).
C1. Likely to become fit for service beyond the seas after special training.
C2. Permanently unfit for active service beyond the seas, but fit for service of some nature in New Zealand in connection with or for the purpose of the present war.
D. Permanently unfit either for active service beyond the seas or for any service in New Zealand in connection with or for the purpose of the present war.
Under the Act the ballot may be taken either for the Dominion as a whole or for particular recruiting districts, and in the latter case the selection may be done either separately or concurrently. For the first ten ballots the concurrent district scheme was adopted, but as the First Division became depleted, and as the Second Division was divided into classes as explained below, it was deemed expedient to take future ballots for the Dominion as a whole. Under the district scheme the country was divided into twenty-one recruiting districts, and the First Division of the Reserve into a corresponding number of district registers. The original district registers were not filed separately, the whole of the Division running in alphabetical order for the Dominion, and the district to which a Reservist belonged being denoted by a distinctive figure. For the purposes of the ballot, which is carried through by the Government Statistician in the presence of a Magistrate, the cards composing the division are arranged in boxes containing equal numbers of cards, including a proportion of blanks, the latter being inserted to allow of replacement by cards for new Reservists without a rearrangement being necessary. Similarly cards withdrawn are replaced by blanks. For district ballots all cards not belonging to the district or districts for which the ballot is being made were regarded as blanks. The cards used in the ballots are the original cards furnished by the Reservists themselves.
Two drams of marbles are used—namely, the drawer-drum, containing as many marbles as there are drawers in the division, and the card-drum, containing as many marbles as there are cards in a drawer. The marbles are numbered in the one case to correspond with the numbers marked on the drawers, and in the other run consecutively from 1 onwards. All the marbles in the drawer-drum are first withdrawn one by one to determine the order in which the drawers are to be taken should the ballot or part of it not be required over the whole of the drawers. The drawers are arranged on tables in the order in which they are drawn, being reversed so that the backs of the cards are towards the attendants, who are thus not in a position to see the names of individuals. The card-drum is then revolved and one marble is withdrawn. The number is called and recorded, and the attendants must then take the card corresponding to such number and turn it upright in its place in the drawer, with the number of the recruiting district showing under the district scheme, but without the name of the Reservist being visible either from front or from back. For the first ten ballots the next step was for the Magistrate to remove all upturned cards bearing the number of the recruiting district or districts for which the ballot was being taken, first satisfying himself in such cases as he thought fit that the proper card had been turned up, these processes being repeated until the cards for the whole of the Reservists required for the respective district or districts had been withdrawn. The Magistrate certifies to the list of men drawn in the ballot, and forwards the list to the Minister of Defence, who thereupon publishes it in the Gazette and in such other manner as is considered advisable. A copy of the Gazette containing the list must be exhibited at all post-offices.
The first ballot was commenced on the 16th November, 1916, and completed on the 18th November. The shortage of recruits for the current reinforcement draft was 1,380, and 4,140 First Division Reservists were drawn, being in the proportion of three Reservists to one vacancy. As many of the Reservists had already been rejected as unfit under the system of voluntary enlistment, and as the percentage of single men likely to pass the medical test had been considerably reduced by the enlistment of fit men to date, this proportion was considered to be not too high, after allowing also for appeals. As a matter of fact it was found advisable to increase it later on.
The dates of the various ballots up to and including the first ballot of Class C of the Second Division (results of which were gazetted on the 19th June, 1918) and the number of Reservists actually drawn in each ballot are as given in the table following. The number of First Division Reservists at the date of the first ballot was 82,974, and the number of Second Division Reservists at the date of taking the first ballot of Class A was 105,651. The numbers in the several classes constituting the Second Division were as follows: Class A, 14,359; Class B, 21,709; Class C, 26,270; Class D, 18,907; Class E, 11,586; Class F, 12,820. The classification of the Second Division is further dealt with below.
The Reserve is, of course, augmented from time to time by new Reservists, and is reduced by voluntary enlistments, by deaths, and by Reservists reaching the age of forty-six years.
Date of Gazette. | First Division. | Second Division. | Total. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class A. | Class B. | Class C. | |||
23/11/16 | 4,024 | .. | .. | .. | 4,024 |
14/12/16 | 2,886 | .. | .. | .. | 2,886 |
Total, 1916 | 6,910 | .. | .. | .. | 6,910 |
12/1/17 | 3,514 | .. | .. | .. | 3,514 |
13/2/17 | 6,581 | .. | .. | .. | 6,581 |
13/3/17 | 4,311 | .. | .. | .. | 4,311 |
17/4/17 | 4,573 | .. | .. | .. | 4,573 |
8/5/17 | 8,066 | .. | .. | .. | 8,066 |
6/6/17 | 8,001 | .. | .. | .. | 8,001 |
4/7/17 | 7,588 | .. | .. | .. | 7,588 |
3/9/17 | 14,050 | .. | .. | .. | 14,050 |
2/10/17 | 8,320 | .. | .. | .. | 8,320 |
6/11/17 | 1,410 | 4,627 | .. | .. | 6,037 |
4/12/17 | 698 | 4,828 | .. | .. | 5,526 |
Total, 1917 | 67,112 | 9,455 | .. | .. | 76,567 |
15/1/18 | 822 | 3,494 | .. | .. | 4,316 |
19/2/18 | 978 | 255 | .. | .. | 1,233 |
26/3/18 | 486 | 78 | .. | .. | 564 |
25/4/18 | 514 | 35 | 9,769 | .. | 10,318 |
21/5/18 | 509 | 33 | 7,559 | .. | 8,101 |
19/6/18 | 490 | 38 | 57 | 9,816 | 10,401 |
Total, 6 months, 1918 | 3,799 | 3,933 | 17,385 | 9,816 | 34,933 |
Grand totals | 77,821 | 13,388 | 17,385 | 9,816 | 118,410 |
An amendment to the Military Service Act, passed in September, 1917, provided that where the number remaining in any division or class of the Reserve is not more than the number required to be called up on account of current shortages the ballot may be dispensed with. This provision was taken advantage of for the first time on the 25th September, 1917, when the whole of the Reservists remaining in the First Division, some 8,404, were automatically called up without the formality of a ballot being gone through.
The Military Service Act, while classifying the Reserve into the First and Second Divisions, provides for either division being subdivided into classes. No subdivision was made in the case of the First Division, but the Second Division has been divided into six classes according to number of children, irrespective of age, as follows: Class A, no children; Class B, 1 child; Class C, 2 children; Class D, 3 children; Class E, 4 children; Class F, 5 children and over.
The children whom a Reservist is entitled to count for the purposes of his classification are the following: (1) His own legitimate children of any age; (2) his illegitimate children if he has married their mother before the 1st day of May, 1915; (3) children legally adopted by him before the 1st day of May, 1915; (4) his step-children if he married their mother before the 1st day of May, 1915; (5) a son who has died during the present war while a member of any of His Majesty's Military or Naval Forces engaged in that war. He is not entitled, however, to count any child who has been legally adopted by any other person; and a Reservist who fails to provide adequate maintenance for his children is placed in Class A and regarded for the purposes of the Act as having no children.
The classification of the Second Division was notified on the 4th July, 1917, and on the same day an Order in Council was made requiring every. Reservist who had not already done so to notify the Government Statistician by the 21st July of the names of his children, together with information as to the date and place of birth of each. Any future change in the number of children is to be notified within ten days.
In the first classification of the Reserve there were about 20,000 Reservists placed in Class A, but owing to amended information supplied on the printed form which was made available at every post-office in the Dominion, Class A was reduced to 14,359, and the later classes were proportionately increased.
Alterations in classification are being made daily, and for the month of June, 1918, an average of ninety-five alterations per day was received. The classification of a Reservist, however, is determined by the number of his children at the date of his calling-up for service.
The position of the Reserve as at the 1st July, 1918, was as follows: First Division, nil; Second Division — Class A, nil; Class B, nil; Class C, 13,975; Class D, 20,605; Class E, 12,501; Class F, 13,328: total, 60,409.
The penalties to which a Reservist is liable under the Military Service Act for evasion of his obligations are numerous and severe, and appear to have had a most deterrent effect.
The penalty for failure to enrol is three months' imprisonment or a fine not exceeding £50 (section 33), and in addition a Reservist so convicted may be called up under section 34 by a notice delivered to him by the Commandant of the Defence Forces. Failure to notify any change in his address renders a Reservist liable to a fine of £20. The offence of giving employment to a non-registered Reservist is punishable by a fine of not less than £20 and not more than £100 (section 40).
The following table gives the number of convictions under each of the sections referred to:—
Police District. | Section 33: Failure to Enrol. | Section 40: Employing a Non-enrolled Reservist. | Section 43: Changing Place of Abode, and failing to notify such Change. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Convictions. | Fines. | Number of Convictions. | Fines. | Number of Convictions. | Fines. | |
£ | £ | £ | ||||
Auckland | 37 | 99 | 2 | 40 | 55 | 56 |
Hamilton | 15 | 25 | 1 | 20 | 48 | 52 |
Napier | 19 | 116 | 1 | .. | 28 | 45 |
Wanganui | 34 | 57 | 4 | 80 | 27 | 19 |
Wellington | 26 | 47 | 4 | 90 | 62 | 45 |
Greymouth | 8 | 35 | 1 | 25 | 12 | 17 |
Christchurch | 16 | 51 | .. | .. | 58 | 59 |
Dunedin | 10 | 101 | .. | .. | 26 | 23 |
Invercargill | 6 | 26 | .. | .. | 24 | 14 |
Totals | 171 | 557 | 13 | 255 | 340 | 330 |
In every case where a Reservist was convicted under section 33 he was called up compulsorily under section 34 by the Commandant. The relatively small number of convictions under section 40 (employing a non-registered Reservist) in comparison with the number of convictions under section 33 is explained by the fact that in the great majority of cases the Reservist furnished false information on the national-registration schedule, chiefly in regard to conjugal condition or age, and subsequently failed to correct that information on the passing of the Military Service Act.
The provisions of the Military Service Act were extended to Natives within the meaning of the Native Land Act, 1909, by Proclamation gazetted on the 26th June, 1917, and later regulations were gazetted constituting Native recruiting districts and directing the enrolment of the First Division of the Native Expeditionary Force Reserve. An entirely different method was followed when enrolling Natives to that adopted for the enrolment of natural-born British subjects. In the latter case personal application for enrolment was necessary, but in the case of Natives enrolment was effected by the police filling in cards from the best information they could collect, giving the name in full and other particulars, without requiring any application on the part of the Native Reservists. So far the only Native Reservists called up compulsorily for service are those residing in the No. 2 (Waikato-Maniapoto) Native Recruiting District. The first ballot was for 200 Reservists, and was gazetted on the 7th May, 1918. Another Gazette containing 235 names was published on the 25th June, 1918.
Although the principal energies of the Dominion's military authorities during the past four years have been in the direction of training, equipping, and despatching reinforcements for the Expeditionary Forces, the Territorial Force has not been neglected, training on the identical fines of the British Army being carried out.
Owing to the large numbers of men of Territorial age who have joined the Expeditionary Forces and their reinforcements, the Territorial Force has fallen somewhat below full strength. At the 31st March, 1918, the Territorial Force numbered 22,933, and the total strength of the New Zealand Defence Forces, exclusive of Expeditionary Forces and reinforcements in training or on the way to Europe, was 60,853, made up as follows:—
Territorial Force | 22,933 |
Senior Cadets | 30,668 |
Rifle Clubs | 7,252 |
Total | 60,853 |
The strength of the Territorial Force at the end of each of the last seven military years was as follows:—
* On 31st March, 1918. The military year ends on 31st May. | |
---|---|
1911–12 | 22,614 |
1912–13 | 23,804 |
1913–14 | 25,902 |
1914–15 | 29,447 |
1915–16 | 26,839 |
1916–17 | 22,174 |
1917–18 | 22,933* |
The strength of the Volunteer Force at the end of the year 1909–10 was 14,249.
The total number of registrations for military training since the inception of the scheme of universal service up to the 31st March, 1918, is as follows:—
District. | Territorials. | Senior Cadets. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
Auckland | 10,867 | 22,769 | 33,636 |
Wellington | 10,249 | 27,479 | 37,728 |
Canterbury | 7,693 | 23,090 | 30,783 |
Otago | 6,859 | 15,996 | 22,855 |
35,668 | 89,334 | 125,002 |
Under an arrangement with the Australian Government, New Zealand may send ten cadets every year to the Australian Military College at Duntroon. This College, erected in pursuance of the recommendations of the late Lord Kitchener, was opened in 1911, the first examination being held in February of that year.
The College has a staff of twenty-two, and contains barracks for 150 cadets. It is equipped with class-rooms, physical and chemical laboratories, library, riding-school, gymnasium, &c. The total number of cadets in training on the 31st March, 1918, was 128. The number of New Zealand cadets at the College at present is thirty-six, eight having joined this year.
Entrance to the College is by competitive examination, the requirements being set out fully below. No fees are charged the cadets for maintenance and instruction, the expenses of the New Zealand representatives (£200 each per annum) being borne by the New Zealand Government. Each cadet receives 5s. 6d. per diem to cover expenses of uniform, books, instruments, messing, washing, &c. The course is a four-years one, and in the normal course of events is followed by a tour of duty in England or India, the New Zealand officers subsequently returning to take up positions in a permanent capacity in the Dominion's Defence Forces.
To be eligible for admission to the College as a cadet a candidate must—
Be free from any disease or from any physical defect likely to render him unfit for military service;
Be unmarried;
Be a natural-born British subject who has resided in New Zealand, or whose parents or guardians have resided in New Zealand for one year immediately preceding the date of the entrance examination;
Be substantially of European origin or descent;
Be not less than sixteen nor more than nineteen years of age at the 1st March of the year in which he would join the College.
Any youth eligible as above is entitled to apply to the officer commanding the district wherein he resides to have his name entered on the list of candidates for the examination. The application is to be accompanied by a certificate of age and character, and by a promise on the part of a candidate that if appointed a cadet he will engage to serve in the permanent Military Forces of the Dominion for twelve years unless previously discharged or released. A signed statement by the parent or guardian of the candidate must also be furnished signifying his consent in the matter and his intention that the candidate shall adopt the military service as his profession in life.
Under new conditions commencing in 1919 candidates to the number of five may sit for entrance to the College under the University Entrance Scholarships Examination, and at least half of the cadetships are open under the old conditions. Scholarship candidates must pass in English, mathematics, French (or German), chemistry (or heat or magnetism and electricity) on the scholarship papers, and in history and geography on the matriculation papers, unless they take these subjects or either of them for scholarships; also in general knowledge. A candidate may sit at any centre at which the Matriculation Examination is held, the entrance fee being £3 3s.
In the old conditions a pass must be obtained in six compulsory and two optional subjects, the compulsory subjects being English, elementary mathematics, history, geography, general knowledge, and French or German, and the optional ones mathematics, chemistry, and physics.
The College year consists of two terms, the autumn term lasting from about the 12th March to the 15th July, and the spring term from the 21st July to the 10th December. Before the commencement of the autumn term a four-weeks camp is held.
The subjects forming the course of studies at the College are,—
Military Departments: Strategy, military history, and geography; tactics; military engineering and mechanical drawing; map-reading and surveying; artillery; military law and administration; drills of all arms, musketry, physical training, signalling, riding; and driving.
Civil Departments: Mathematics; physics; chemistry; English; French and German; geometrical drawing and solid geometry; sanitation, hygiene, and first aid; manual training.
The Dominion Rifle Association was formed to encourage the members of the New Zealand Defence Forces to become efficient in the use of the rifle, and to promote rifle shooting generally as a necessary element for the defence of the Empire. It was established in 1879, the annual rifle meetings prior to that date having been conducted and controlled by the military authorities. For some years after its formation its movements from year to year were peripatetic, but it is now definitely fixed at Trentham, near Wellington, where a range accommodation of seventy-five targets with all necessary equipment and suitable buildings has been made available for the rifle championship meetings, which until 1914 were conducted annually under the control of the Dominion Rifle Association. The following is a statement of entries and prize-money (exclusive of trophies) for the five years 1910 to 1914. No meetings have been held since the outbreak of war.
Number of Competitors. | Entry Fees. | Prize-money. | |
---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | ||
1910 | 568 | 1,704 | 1,702 |
1911 | 583 | 1,927 | 1,931 |
1912 | 310 | 1,154 | 1,524 |
1913 | 351 | 1,269 | 1,609 |
1914 | 347 | 1,220 | 1,520 |
The Association receives an annual grant from the State.
Railway passes are granted to Territorials and members of Rifle Clubs up to a distance of 100 miles to attend rifle-shooting competitions.
By the Australian Defence Act, 1887, provision was made for the payment by New Zealand of a proportional part of the cost of the establishment and maintenance of a British Naval Force to be employed for the protection of trade in Australasian waters. Under this Act a sum of approximately £20,000 per annum was paid by New Zealand to the Imperial Government.
In 1903, consequent on the passing of the Australian and New Zealand Naval Defence Act, the annual contribution payable by New Zealand was raised to “a sum not exceeding £40,000.”
By the Naval Subsidy Act, 1908, the contribution of the Dominion was again increased, this time to a sum of £100,000 payable annually for ten years from the 12th May, 1909.
The year 1909 was an important one in the history of the Dominion. At what was generally regarded as a critical period for the whole Empire New Zealand presented a battle-cruiser to the Home. Government. Full information concerning this vessel and her visit to New Zealand in 1913 appears in the 1913 issue of this book (pages 932–941).
In the same year an Imperial Defence Conference met in London, and an agreement was arrived at for the establishing of a Pacific Fleet, to consist of three units, in the East Indies, Australia, and the China seas. Under this agreement it was arranged that the Dominion's gift ship should be the flagship of the China unit, and that seven vessels of this unit were to be stationed in peace-time in New Zealand waters, the ships to be manned as far as possible by New Zealand officers and men.
Subsequent events made it necessary to revise the arrangement entered into, and the “New Zealand” was stationed by consent in English waters. Instead of the seven vessels of the China unit of the Pacific Fleet which it had been intended to place in New Zealand waters, only a few small vessels of the former Australasian Squadron had their headquarters transferred to the Dominion.
The Naval Defence Act, 1913, provides for the establishment of a New Zealand Naval Force, to be raised and maintained by voluntary enlistment only, enlistment being for a prescribed period of not less than two years. In time of war the Naval Force (including vessels acquired for defence purposes) is to be at the disposal of the British Government. The establishment of a New Zealand Royal Naval Reserve is also provided for under the Act The third-class cruiser “Philomel” was lent by the English Admiralty to the New Zealand Government to serve as a training-ship for the forming of a nucleus of the Naval Force.
The “Amokura,” formerly H.M.S. “Sparrow,” is maintained by the New Zealand Marine Department as a training-ship for fitting boys for service in either the Navy or the mercantile marine.
Besides making voyages on the coast for training purposes, the vessel visits the Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes, Bounty, and Kermadec Islands to search for castaways, and to examine and, when necessary, to replenish the provision-depots which are maintained on those islands.
Boys who are taken on board must be between the ages of thirteen and a half and fifteen years, and when applying for admission they are required to produce a certificate of birth, a medical certificate a certificate of having passed the Fourth Standard of education, and two certificates of character, one of which must be from either a Justice of the Peace or a minister of religion. After they join the ship they are on probation for one week, and if found suitable are then finally enrolled. They are required to remain on the ship for two years or such less period as is found necessary for their proper training, on completion of which they are required to serve at least six months on another vessel conditional on the Department being able to make suitable arrangements. So far there has been no difficulty in getting employment for the boys on other vessels. Must of them have taken employment in the merchant service, but some have joined the Navy.
The training given on board is primarily to fit the boys to be seamen, but it and the instruction which is given to them at technical-school classes, which they attend when the vessel is in Wellington Harbour during the winter months, enable those who desire to do so to qualify themselves to become officers, and some of them have, since leaving the “Amokura,” passed, the necessary examinations for officers' certificates. Their service on the “Amokura” is allowed to count as half-time up to twelve months as qualifying service for examination for second officers' certificates.
An arrangement made with the Union Steam Ship Company provided for four of the best boys being taken each year on the company's steamer “Aparima” to be trained as officers without any premium charge. The recent loss of the “Aparima” has necessitated the suspension of this arrangement.
Whilst the boys are on the “Amokura” they receive a small payment, and are allowed five weeks' holidays during the year, three weeks in the summer and two weeks in the winter. The Department pays their passages and fares to and from their homes when they go on holiday leave, and also when they first join the ship.
The vessel has accommodation for sixty boys, and, since she started as a training-ship in 1907, 344 boys have been trained on her, exclusive of those now on board.
Of the boys who have served on the vessel, 105 have joined the Forces for the front since the war began—a very large percentage, considering that many of the other boys are not of military age.
Table of Contents
THE ordinary civil jurisdiction of Magistrates' Courts is limited generally to claims not exceeding £100, but extended jurisdiction is exercised by some Magistrates, the limit being £200. Justices of the Peace may hear and decide civil cases when the sum in dispute does not exceed £20. The number of plaints issued, cases tried, amount sued for, and amount for which judgment was recorded in the lower Courts during the ten years 1908–17 is shown in the following table:—
Year. | Cases entered. | Cases tried. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number. | Total Amount claimed. | Number. | Total Amount sued for. | Total Amount for which Judgment entered. | |
* Information not available. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | |||
1908 | 42,877 | 529,271 | 27,578 | * | 282,932 |
1909 | 52,456 | 597,831 | 29,782 | * | 326,040 |
1910 | 55,225 | 562,115 | 29,698 | * | 293,326 |
1911 | 53,394 | 557,158 | 34,627 | * | 296,629 |
1912 | 57,079 | 592,943 | 36,815 | 420,073 | 331,020 |
1913 | 61,759 | 670,925 | 39,086 | 427,484 | 366,981 |
1914 | 62,471 | 706,953 | 39,233 | 455,197 | 398,760 |
1915 | 60,170 | 695,625 | 37,632 | 446,979 | 383,532 |
1916 | 49,806 | 639,922 | 31,064 | 395,779 | 339,847 |
1917 | 46,004 | 624,693 | 29,412 | 401,568 | 340,958 |
Until the year 1915 these figures showed a marked tendency towards increase in both the number of litigants and the amount sued for. It would appear that the practice of using the Courts as media for the collection of small debts is growing. For instance, the number of cases tried in Magistrates' Courts in 1900 was 19,816, the aggregate sum sued for being £286,719. Although the population of the Dominion has increased from 1900 to 1915 by little more than 25 per cent., the number of cases tried represents an increase of nearly 100 per cent, in the fifteen years. There was, however, a considerable decrease in the number tried in 1916 and 1917 as compared with 1915, the figures for 1917 (29,412) being the lowest recorded since 1908.
The number of actions commenced, cases tried, and judgments entered, together with the total amount for which judgments were recorded, in the Supreme Court of New Zealand during each of the ten years 1908–17 were as follows:—
SUPREME COURT: CIVIL JURISDICTION. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Number of Actions commenced. | Cases tried. | Judgments recorded. | ||
With Jury. | Without Jury. | Number. | Amount. | ||
* Including also District Courts, now abolished. | |||||
£ | |||||
1908* | 849 | 70 | 243 | 225 | 7,687 |
1909* | 870 | 67 | 222 | 267 | 91,638 |
1910 | 569 | 52 | 211 | 193 | 83,427 |
1911 | 729 | 76 | 170 | 211 | 84,822 |
1912 | 755 | 64 | 233 | 235 | 102,657 |
1913 | 788 | 75 | 243 | 284 | 79,610 |
1914 | 792 | 95 | 251 | 281 | 91,286 |
1915 | 697 | 50 | 253 | 241 | 68,555 |
1916 | 673 | 48 | 193 | 254 | 78,877 |
1917 | 581 | 70 | 172 | 234 | 100,447 |
Under the provisions of the Judicature Amendment Act, 1913, the Court of Appeal now consists of two divisions, each composed of five Judges of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice and the two senior Judges being members of both divisions. The two divisions sit separately, but the Governor-General in Council may authorize them to sit together for the purpose of determining any appeal deemed to be of special difficulty or importance.
The Chief Justice or, in his absence, the senior Judge presides. The decision of the Court must be in accordance with the opinion of a majority of the Judges present. Certain proceedings may by order of the Supreme Court be removed to the Court of Appeal. The decision of the Court of Appeal is final as regards the tribunals of New Zealand, but the Court may, in civil proceedings, give leave to either party to appeal to the Privy Council. In criminal cases any party aggrieved by the judgment of the Supreme Court, or any conviction or order removed into such Court, or on appeal against any such order, may appeal to the Court of Appeal. The number of cases brought before this Court and the judgments thereon for the past ten years will be seen in the following table:—
Year. | Crown Criminal Cases. | Civil. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number. | Convictions affirmed. | Appeals. | Cases removed. | ||||
Number. | Allowed. | Number. | Judgments for Plaintiffs. | Judgments for Defendants. | |||
1908 | 9 | 5 | 15 | 6 | 13 | 8 | 4 |
1909 | 7 | 4 | 16 | 7 | 15 | 9 | 6 |
1910 | 8 | 8 | 17 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 5 |
1911 | 11 | 5 | 24 | 8 | 17 | 11 | 5 |
1912 | 6 | 4 | 20 | 4 | 20 | 11 | 8 |
1913 | 8 | 5 | 18 | 4 | 20 | 13 | 6 |
1914 | 4 | 4 | 13 | 5 | 16 | 13 | 2 |
1915 | 4 | 3 | 14 | 7 | 14 | 11 | 3 |
1916 | 4 | 1 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
1917 | 4 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 12 | 8 | 4 |
Under the Bankruptcy Act, 1908—a consolidation of the then existing laws—a person may seek the protection of the Bankruptcy Court by filing a petition with a declaration of insolvency, or one or more creditors may petition the Court to have a debtor declared insolvent. The Dominion is divided into four districts for administrative purposes, each district being in charge of a State officer styled the Official Assignee, who is assisted by deputies stationed at the principal business centres. The number of transactions in bankruptcy during the past ten years was as follows:—
Year. | Petitions by Debtors. | Adjudications on Petitions by Creditors. | Cases in which Composition accepted. | Orders of Immediate Discharge granted. | Cases in which Orders of Discharge were suspended. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1908 | 354 | 52 | 4 | 105 | 34 |
1909 | 412 | 59 | 1 | 122 | 24 |
1910 | 329 | 64 | 4 | 135 | 14 |
1911 | 281 | 63 | 1 | 123 | 14 |
1912 | 278 | 34 | 2 | 88 | 13 |
1913 | 296 | 47 | 1 | 108 | 12 |
1914 | 322 | 69 | .. | 61 | 11 |
1915 | 250 | 44 | .. | 55 | 18 |
1916 | 267 | 37 | .. | 63 | 21 |
1917 | 221 | 44 | 1 | 60 | 10 |
Private assignments and compositions are not registered, and particulars respecting this class of insolvency are not procurable.
The following table shows the total number of petitions, the amount of the unsecured assets, the amount of debts proved, and the amount paid in dividends and preferential claims for the years 1908–17:—
Year. | Number of Bankruptcies. | Debtors' Statements of Assets, excluding Amounts secured to Creditors. | Amounts realized by Official Assignees. | Amount of Debts proved. | Amounts paid in Dividends and Preferential Claims. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | ||
1908 | 406 | 200,447 | 67,018 | 199,069 | 47,800 |
1909 | 471 | 204,187 | 71,351 | 259,017 | 44,110 |
1910 | 393 | 127,634 | 79,100 | 176,001 | 47,796 |
1911 | 344 | 88,592 | 40,009 | 133,517 | 28,757 |
1912 | 312 | 64,398 | 39,965 | 120,325 | 26,825 |
1913 | 343 | 155,582 | 42,735 | 228,829 | 25,812 |
1914 | 391 | 174,410 | 64,153 | 199,251 | 33,910 |
1915 | 294 | 92,876 | 63,310 | 153,926 | 42,374 |
1916 | 304 | 123,441 | 56,416 | 172,774 | 29,223 |
1917 | 265 | 138,696 | 63,645 | 178,244 | 27,405 |
Of the bankruptcies in 1917: in 9 cases the liabilities were under £50; in 29, from £50 to £100; in 68, from £100 to £250; in 55, from £250 to £500; in 55, from £500 to £1,000; in 31, from £1,000 to £2,000; in 9, from £2,000 to £5,000; and in 9, from £5,000 upwards.
A table showing the occupations of the bankrupts in 1917 is published in full in the volume of “Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand,” and is summarized here.
During the year 1917, 282 petitions for dissolution of marriage were filed, this number including 6 petitions for nullity of marriage. In 171 of these cases a decree nisi was granted, 78 of these being made absolute during the year. In addition, decrees nisi were granted in respect of 50 petitions filed in previous years, 39 of these being made absolute before the end of the year, and 102 decrees nisi of previous years became absolute. The total number of decrees nisi for the year was thus 221, which includes 3 decrees for nullity of marriage. Five petitions for judicial separation were also filed during 1917.
A table is given showing the age of the petitioner (so far as known) and the duration of marriage in all cases of petitions for dissolution filed in 1917. It will be seen that in 181 of the 282 cases information as to age was not disclosed in the returns.
Duration of Marriage, in Years. | Age of Petitioner, in Years. | Totals. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 35. | 35 and under 40. | 40 and under 45. | 45 and under 50. | 50 and under 65. | 65 and over. | Unspecified. | ||
Under 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
1 and under 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 6 |
2 and under 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 3 |
3 and under 4 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 7 |
4 and under 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 5 |
5 and under 10 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | 19 | 35 |
10 and under 15 | .. | .. | 4 | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 17 | 25 |
15 and under 20 | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 4 | 3 | .. | 1 | 15 | 28 |
20 and under 30 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 9 | 11 |
30 and under 40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 |
40 and over | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 |
Totals | 1 | 4 | 11 | 10 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 81 | 125 |
Duration of Marriage, in Years. | Age of Petitioner, in Years. | Totals. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 35. | 35 and under 40. | 40 and under 45. | 45 and under 50. | 50 and under 65. | 65 and over. | Unspecified. | ||
Under 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
1 and under 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 3 |
2 and under 3 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 |
3 and under 4 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 4 |
4 and under 5 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 5 |
5 and under 10 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 21 | 39 |
10 and under 15 | .. | 4 | 3 | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 24 | 36 |
15 and under 20 | .. | .. | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 19 | 29 |
20 and under 30 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 6 | 4 | 2 | .. | 17 | 30 |
30 and under 40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 7 | 8 |
40 and over | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 4 | 12 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 3 | .. | 100 | 157 |
Grand totals, all petitions | 5 | 16 | 24 | 20 | 13 | 13 | 8 | 2 | 181 | 282 |
A table is also given showing the grounds of petitions, in combination with particulars as to number of living issue. Columns are added showing for the various grounds the sex of the petitioner.
Grounds. | Petitioner. | Number of Cases in which Number of Living Issue was | Total Number of Cases. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Husband. | Wife. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 or over. | ||
* “Nullity” cases. | ||||||||||
Adultery (alone) | 80 | 52 | 41 | 28 | 29 | 14 | 10 | 3 | 7 | 132 |
Adultery and bigamy | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Adultery and desertion | 1 | 2 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 3 |
Adultery, desertion, and cruelty | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Adultery and sodomy | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Attempt to murder petitioner | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
Bigamy* | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Cruelty | .. | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 3 |
Desertion (alone) | 38 | 72 | 36 | 31 | 22 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 110 |
Desertion and drunkenness | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 |
Drunkenness (alone) | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Drunkenness and cruelty | .. | 8 | 2 | 1 | 3 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 8 |
Drunkenness, cruelty, and failure to maintain | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Drunkenness and failure to maintain | .. | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 4 |
Insanity | 2 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Physical defect* | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Not stated | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
Totals | 125 | 157 | 90 | 67 | 54 | 27 | 17 | 10 | 17 | 282 |
In ten cases the number of living issue was six, in four cases seven, in two cases eight, and in one case ten or over.
It is found that in 254 of the cases the parties were married in New Zealand, and that in 201 cases the marriage had been solemnized by a clergyman, and in the remaining 81 cases (29 per cent.) by a Registrar of Marriages or other civil official. Civil marriages constituted 25 per cent. of those solemnized in New Zealand in 1917.
Figures showing the operations of the Divorce Court during each of the past ten years are as follows:—
Year. | Divorce. | Judicial Separation granted. | Nullity of Marriage. | Restitution of Conjugal Rights. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Petitions. | Decrees. | Petitions. | Decrees. | Petitions. | Decrees. | ||
1908 | 207 | 171 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 9 |
1909 | 219 | 163 | .. | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
1910 | 200 | 154 | 2 | 7 | 6 | .. | .. |
1911 | 226 | 161 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. |
1912 | 274 | 222 | 2 | 4 | 4 | .. | .. |
1913 | 260 | 223 | .. | 5 | 3 | .. | .. |
1914 | 290 | 234 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. |
1915 | 249 | 221 | .. | 7 | 3 | .. | .. |
1916 | 280 | 246 | .. | 9 | 1 | .. | .. |
1917 | 282 | 221 | 2 | 6 | 3 | .. | .. |
The divorces in New South Wales, Victoria, and New Zealand during each of the twenty years ending with 1916 are as under. The figures for New South Wales and Victoria appearing in the table are taken from official publications of those States.
Year. | New South Wales. | Victoria. | New Zealand. |
---|---|---|---|
1897 | 246 | 117 | 33 |
1898 | 229 | 87 | 31 |
1899 | 205 | 105 | 46 |
1900 | 217 | 93 | 85 |
1901 | 208 | 83 | 101 |
1902 | 239 | 109 | 90 |
1903 | 183 | 101 | 124 |
1904 | 216 | 140 | 99 |
1905 | 182 | 136 | 114 |
1906 | 157 | 123 | 125 |
1907 | 148 | 134 | 147 |
1908 | 206 | 151 | 171 |
1909 | 287 | 138 | 163 |
1910 | 257 | 140 | 154 |
1911 | 206 | 211 | 161 |
1912 | 343 | 247 | 222 |
1913 | 313 | 234 | 223 |
1914 | 295 | 241 | 234 |
1915 | 346 | 215 | 221 |
1916 | 347 | 205 | 246 |
On the 31st March, 1918, the number of permanent members of the Police Force in New Zealand was 845 of all ranks, being a decrease of 53 during the year. The total is made up as follows: 4 superintendents, 7 inspectors, 9 sub-inspectors, 28 senior sergeants, 83 sergeants, 676 constables, 4 chief detectives, 18 detective-sergeants, and 16 detectives. There were also 4 police surgeons, 8 matrons, 8 district constables, and 5 Native constables.
To fill vacancies due to the loss of permanent members, temporary constables have been appointed under section 32 of the War Legislation Amendment Act, 1916. There were 56 temporary constables employed on 31st March, 1918.
The following table shows the number of stations and of police in each police district:—
Police District. | No. of Stations. | No. of Police. |
---|---|---|
Auckland | 53 | 177 |
Hamilton | 37 | 69 |
Napier | 29 | 68 |
Wanganui | 39 | 83 |
Wellington | 39 | 170 |
Greymouth | 23 | 42 |
Christchurch | 46 | 136 |
Dunedin | 39 | 106 |
Invercargill | 21 | 40 |
In addition to the above, 7 are attached to headquarters, 1 is on retiring-leave, 1 has been lent to the Cook Islands Administration, and 1 (Army Reservist) is on indefinite leave.
The proportion of police to population is 1 to every 1,274 persons, and the expenditure (exclusive of the cost of buildings) on the whole Police Force for the year ended the 31st March, 1918, was 4s. 6 ½d. per head of population.
The following table shows the growth of the Police Force since 1878, prior to which each province had its own Police Force, and reliable data are not available:—
Year ended 31st March. | Officers. | Non-commissioned Officers. | Detectives | Constables. | Total. | Police to Population (including Maoris). | Cost per Inhabitant. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
s. | d. | |||||||
1878 | 25 | 90 | 14 | 329 | 458 | 1 to 944 | .. | |
1885 | 20 | 65 | 17 | 372 | 474 | 1 to 1,293 | 3 | 0 ¾ |
1890 | 12 | 66 | 13 | 403 | 494 | 1 to 1,346 | 2 | 10 ¾ |
1895 | 7 | 51 | 13 | 416 | 487 | 1 to 1,495 | 2 | 6 ¾ |
1900 | 11 | 56 | 20 | 499 | 586 | 1 to 1,359 | 2 | 10 ¾ |
1905 | 12 | 65 | 25 | 553 | 655 | 1 to 1,375 | 2 | 10 ¼ |
1910 | 16 | 86 | 34 | 639 | 775 | 1 to 1,330 | 3 | 3 ½ |
1916 | 19 | 104 | 36 | 757 | 916 | 1 to 1,258 | 4 | 2 ¾ |
1917 | 20 | 108 | 36 | 734 | 898 | 7 to 1,280 | 4 | 3 |
1913 | 20 | 111 | 38 | 732 | 901 | 1 to 1,274 | 4 | 6 ½ |
The proportion of police to population is much lower in New Zealand than in any of the Australian States, and the cost of police per inhabitant is, as might be expected, also lower in New Zealand than in the Commonwealth. If, however, the proportion of police to population were the same in each of the Australian States as in New Zealand, the cost per inhabitant would be higher in the Dominion than in any of the States.
State. | Proportion of Police to Population. | Cost of Police per Inhabitant. | Index Number.* | |
---|---|---|---|---|
* Showing relative cost per inhabitant were proportions of police to population the same in each State. New Zealand=100. | ||||
s. | d. | |||
New Zealand | 1 to 1,274 | 4 | 6 ½ | 100 |
Queensland | 1 to 633 | 8 | 11 ¼ | 94 |
New South Wales | 1 to 734 | 6 | 5 ¼ | 87 |
Victoria | 1 to 814 | 4 | 8 ¾ | 74 |
South Australia | 1 to 784 | 5 | 11 ¼ | 91 |
Western Australia | 1 to 628 | 8 | 7 ¼ | 97 |
Tasmania | 1 to 876 | 4 | 10 ¼ | 75 |
The total number of charges brought before Magistrates in 1917, and number of convictions obtained, are shown in the following table:—
How brought before Magistrate. | Arrested or summoned. | Convicted. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Offences, including Multiple Charges. | Distinct Arrests or Summonses, excluding Multiple Charges. | Total Summary Convictions, including Multiple Charges | Distinct Summary Convictions, excluding Multiple Charges. | |
By arrest | 15,426 | 12,515 | 13,776 | 11,605 |
By summons | 26,023 | 22,784 | 20,413 | 18,275 |
Totals | 41,449 | 35,299 | 34,189 | 29,880 |
If the Maoris be excluded the number of charges in 1917 is found to have been 39,786, a decrease of 1,274 upon the number for 1916; and the proportion per 1,000 of population 36.20, as against 37.35.
Persons charged with lunacy and committed to mental hospitals have been excluded from the calculations for this and previous years shown.
The figures, both numerical and proportional, covering the last three decades are subjoined:—
Year. | Number. | Proportion per 1,000 of Mean Population. |
---|---|---|
1885 | 22,297 | 38.89 |
1888 | 18,370 | 30.35 |
1891 | 16,714 | 26.54 |
1894 | 16,820 | 24.76 |
1897 | 19,390 | 26.87 |
1900 | 24,084 | 31.54 |
1902 | 28,076 | 35.19 |
1904 | 30,934 | 36.60 |
1905 | 30,741 | 35.33 |
1906 | 32,866 | 36.70 |
1907 | 36,852 | 40.09 |
1908 | 36,286 | 38.40 |
1909 | 36,902 | 37.97 |
1910 | 38,207 | 38.48 |
1911 | 38,095 | 37.54 |
1912 | 42,394 | 40.80 |
1913 | 48,847 | 43.84 |
1914 | 49,371 | 45.28 |
1915 | 45,505 | 41.39 |
1916 | 41,060 | 37.35 |
1917 | 39,786 | 36.20 |
The summary convictions in 1917 numbered 34,189, including 1,418 recorded against Maoris. In respect of 405 charges (12 of which were against Maoris) the accused were committed for sentence. Commitments for trial at the Supreme Courts numbered 494 (including 43 charges against Maoris). The total commitments (899) for 1917 represent a net decrease of 33 on the numbers for 1916.
Dealing with the summary convictions for all offences, the figures for 1908 and onward (excluding the Maoris) are,—
Year. | Offences against the Person. | Offences against Property. | Other Offences. | Totals. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Number. | Per 1,000 Mean Population. | Total Number. | Per 1,000 Mean Population. | Total Number. | Per 1,000 Mean Population. | Number. | Per 1,000 Mean Population. | |
1908 | 733 | 0.78 | 2,531 | 2.68 | 27,036 | 28.60 | 30,300 | 32.06 |
1909 | 772 | 0.79 | 2,228 | 2.30 | 27,697 | 28.50 | 30,697 | 31.59 |
1910 | 655 | 0.66 | 2,080 | 2.09 | 29,245 | 29.47 | 31,980 | 32.22 |
1911 | 654 | 0.64 | 2,146 | 2.11 | 29,239 | 28.81 | 32,039 | 31.56 |
1912 | 595 | 0.57 | 2,407 | 2.32 | 31,984 | 30.78 | 34,986 | 33.67 |
1913 | 646 | 0.60 | 2,852 | 2.67 | 35,250 | 32.99 | 38,748 | 36.26 |
1914 | 726 | 0.67 | 2,740 | 2.51 | 36,944 | 33.88 | 40,410 | 37.06 |
1915 | 628 | 0.57 | 2,579 | 2.35 | 35,012 | 31.85 | 38,219 | 34.76 |
1916 | 618 | 0.56 | 2,360 | 2.15 | 31,218 | 28.39 | 34,196 | 31.10 |
1917 | 588 | 0.54 | 2,315 | 2.11 | 29,868 | 27.17 | 32,771 | 29.82 |
In dealing with the summary convictions in the Magistrates' Courts in the above table each offence is reckoned as a distinct person. It will be noted that the rates for 1917 are generally lower than those for the other years given. This decrease for 1917 appears to be very largely due to the large decrease in the number of convictions for drunkenness. The total number is from time to time swelled by the inclusion of breaches of statutes, the provisions of which give rise to fresh offences against the public welfare not strictly criminal, so that comparisons with past years are adversely affected. As a case in point may be mentioned the fact that the convictions in 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917 include 4,819, 4,071, 1,954, 1,724, and 1,717 respectively for breaches of the Defence Act, as against 1,924 in 1912 and only 12 in 1911. The numbers of prosecutions under this Act were 28 in 1911, 3,187 in 1912, 7,030 in 1913, 6,321 in 1914, 3,136 in 1915, 2,478 in 1916, and 2,342 in 1917.
The total number of summary convictions for offences against the person (excluding Maoris) was 588 for the year 1917, which is 30 less than that for 1916 (618). Of the 588 summary convictions in 1917 the greater number were on account of common (513) and aggravated (9) assaults. There were also 52 convictions for attempt to commit suicide.
Of offences against property, theft (not otherwise described) is the most common, showing 1,503 summary convictions during 1917. There were, besides, 18 for specific kinds of theft and 72 for housebreaking. Obtaining money and goods under false pretences caused 199 summary convictions, and wilful damage to property 475. These are the principal items only.
Under the heading “Other Offences” (those relating to good order included) drunkenness comes first with 8,577 summary convictions, of which 606 were in respect of females. These figures cover, besides drunkenness only, drunkenness with disorderly conduct and habitual drunkenness. Prohibition orders numbered 1,856, including 171 made against women. The subject of drunkenness is specially dealt with under a separate heading.
Further offences against good order include 4,256 summary convictions simply defined as for “breach of by-laws”; 730 for obscene, threatening, or abusive language; 773 for indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct; and 199 for assaulting or resisting the police. Under “Vagrancy” there were 597 summary convictions, including 126 against women. The chief items only are referred to above.
Information in connection with charges brought before Magistrates is now obtained on cards, and it is possible to give particulars in regard to the ages and birthplaces of persons arrested. Ages and birthplaces in summons cases are not obtainable.
From the following table it will be seen that of the total convictions in 1917 of persons arrested (13,301) the distinct arrests amounted to 11,228, the difference being accounted for by multiple charges against the same person. If distinct persons only are taken this total is further reduced to 7,962, representing 7.24 for every 1,000 of the mean population. Convictions of Maoris are not included.
Offences against | Total Convictions, including Multiple Charges. | Distinct Convictions, excluding Multiple Charges. | Distinct Persons convicted, most Serious Offence recorded. | Proportion of Distinct Persons convicted per 1,000 of Mean Population. |
---|---|---|---|---|
The person | 289 | 269 | 216 | 0.20 |
Property | 1,350 | 928 | 773 | 0.70 |
Good order | 10,375 | 9,052 | 6,414 | 5.83 |
Other offences | 1,287 | 979 | 559 | 0.51 |
Total | 13,301 | 11,228 | 7,962 | 7.24 |
Of the 7,962 distinct persons arrested and convicted during 1917, no fewer than 6,414 were convicted for offences against good order, and of these 5,109 were for drunkenness (including 89 drunk and disorderly, and 5 habituals). In addition, 22 were convicted in respect of prohibition orders; 303 for indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct; 312 for using obscene, threatening, or abusive language; 380 for vagrancy; 90 for assaulting, resisting, or obstructing the police; 64 for soliciting prostitution; 42 for keeping brothels; 64 for offences relating to gambling; and 28 for other offences against good order.
Of the 216 distinct persons arrested and convicted during 1917 of offences against the person, 165 convictions were for common assault; and of the 773 distinct persons arrested and convicted of offences against property, 605 were for theft of various classes, 57 for fraud and false pretences, and 99 for wilful damage.
The next three tables give the offences and ages, offences and birthplaces, and birthplaces and ages of the distinct persons (excluding Maoris) arrested and convicted during 1917.
Offences and Ages. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offences against | Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and over.* | Totals. |
The person | 10 | 20 | 30 | 61 | 95 | 216 |
Property | 190 | 88 | 104 | 187 | 204 | 773 |
Good order | 70 | 323 | 523 | 1,618 | 3,880 | 6,414 |
Other offences | 101 | 65 | 74 | 165 | 154 | 559 |
Totals | 371 | 496 | 731 | 2,031 | 4,333 | 7,962 |
Offences and Birthplaces. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offences against | New Zealand. | England and Wales. | Scotland. | Ireland. | Australia. | Elsewhere.* | Totals. |
The person | 89 | 46 | 7 | 20 | 16 | 38 | 216 |
Property | 453 | 121 | 38 | 31 | 57 | 73 | 773 |
Good order | 2,241 | 1,407 | 668 | 938 | 436 | 724 | 6,414 |
Other offences | 215 | 153 | 21 | 19 | 41 | 110 | 559 |
Totals | 2,998 | 1,727 | 734 | 1,008 | 550 | 945 | 7,962 |
Birthplaces and Ages. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birthplace. | Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and over.* | Totals. |
New Zealand | 320 | 284 | 379 | 954 | 1,061 | 2,998 |
England and Wales | 25 | 88 | 139 | 399 | 1,076 | 1,727 |
Scotland | 3 | 12 | 37 | 133 | 549 | 734 |
Ireland | 2 | 12 | 41 | 168 | 785 | 1,008 |
Australia | 6 | 33 | 53 | 182 | 276 | 550 |
Elsewhere* | 15 | 67 | 82 | 195 | 586 | 945 |
Totals | 371 | 496 | 731 | 2,031 | 4,333 | 7,962 |
Offences and Ages.—New-Zealand-born only (excluding Maoris). | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offences against | Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and over.* | Totals. |
* Including unspecified. | ||||||
The person | 8 | 12 | 16 | 34 | 19 | 89 |
Property | 168 | 73 | 63 | 96 | 53 | 453 |
Good order | 63 | 174 | 272 | 778 | 954 | 2,241 |
Other offences | 81 | 25 | 28 | 46 | 35 | 215 |
Totals | 320 | 284 | 379 | 954 | 1,061 | 2,998 |
The offences and sentences for convictions in arrest and summons cases (including multiple charges) are shown below. Cases concerning Maoris are not included.
Offences against | Convicted and discharged or ordered to come up for Sentence | Fined. | Imprisoned. | Other. | Total Convictions. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including 144 released under the First Offenders' Probation Act, 409 committed to industrial schools, 56 whipped, 60 bound over, and 3,523 against whom an order was made. | |||||
The person | 144 | 349 | 67 | 28 | 588 |
Property | 803 | 636 | 451 | 425 | 2,303 |
Good order | 3,826 | 10,229 | 1,628 | 2,057 | 17,740 |
Other offences | 1,491 | 8,044 | 911 | 1,682 | 12,140 |
Totals | 6,264 | 19,258 | 3,057 | 4,192* | 32,771 |
Included in the figures of total charges and convictions for the year 1917 are a number dealing with offences committed by juvenile offenders—i.e., persons under or apparently under the age of sixteen. A summary of these-cases is given showing for the various classes of offences the number of charges, dismissals, committals to Supreme Court, and summary convictions.
Class of Offence. | Charges. | Dismissed or discharged. | Committed for Sentence or Trial. | Summary Convictions. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Against the person | 23 | 11 | 6 | 6 |
Against property | 1,122 | 568 | 3 | 551 |
Against good order | 120 | 47 | .. | 73 |
Other | 320 | 63 | .. | 257 |
Totals | 1,585 | 689 | 9 | 887 |
Another table is given showing the punishments meted out in cases where a summary conviction was recorded in 1917. Of the 887 convictions, in 184 cases the offender was discharged, and in 125 ordered to come up for sentence. Magistrates are adopting the latter course in an increasing number of cases, the intention being that it rests largely with the offender himself whether any further steps will be taken. In very few cases does the future conduct of the convicted person render it necessary for him to be brought before the Magistrate again for sentence. In other words, the recording of a conviction and the ordering of the prisoner to come up for sentence when called upon has usually the effect of deterring him from further crime, and is probably more efficacious than a definite punishment would be.
Punishment. | Against the Person. | Against Property. | Against Good Order. | Other. | Totals. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Released on probation | .. | 52 | .. | .. | 52 |
Convicted and discharged | .. | 127 | 33 | 24 | 184 |
Convicted and ordered to come up for sentence | 4 | 113 | 4 | 4 | 125 |
Committed to industrial school | 1 | 151 | .. | 221 | 373 |
Fined | .. | 35 | 34 | 8 | 77 |
Imprisoned | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 2 |
Whipped | .. | 54 | 1 | .. | 55 |
Bound over | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Order made | .. | 19 | .. | .. | 19 |
Total summary convictions | 6 | 551 | 73 | 257 | 887 |
Where a Magistrate, after the preliminary hearing of an information, proposes to commit any accused person for trial for an indictable offence not punishable by death, the accused may plead guilty and be then sent to the Supreme Court for sentence without further trial. Such cases represent a considerable proportion of the total cases dealt with in Supreme Courts. In 1917 the total was 851, and this included 371 cases sent from Magistrates' Courts for sentence. Maoris are included in these numbers.
Of 436 indictments and informations (excluding Maoris), 239 resulted in convictions being recorded. The figures are given in the next table:—
Class of Offence. | Indictments and Informations. | How disposed of. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Awaiting Trial. | Not prosecuted or no Bill. | Acquittals. | Convictions. | ||
Against the person | 225 | 4 | 10 | 90 | 121 |
Against property | 157 | 8 | 4 | 62 | 83 |
Forgery and against the currency | 24 | .. | .. | 6 | 18 |
Other | 30 | .. | 2 | 11 | 17 |
Totals | 436 | 12 | 16 | 169 | 239 |
The total indictments and informations against Maoris (not included in the above figures were 44, resulting in 13 convictions.
Dealing now with distinct persons, it is found that the total indicted during the year was 339, including 32 Maoris; of these, 194 were convicted, including 10 Maoris. The distinct persons sent up from Magistrates' Courts for sentence numbered 183, inclusive of 5 Maoris.
A summary is given showing the distinct persons indicted and convicted during the year 1917, classified according to offence. Those sentenced during the year after committal from a Magistrate's Court for sentence are also given.
Class of Offence. | Number indicted. | Number convicted. | Number sent from Magistrates' Courts for Sentence.* |
---|---|---|---|
* Not included in preceding columns. | |||
Against the person | 152 | 87 | 29 |
Against property | 113 | 70 | 111 |
Forgery and against the currency | 17 | 12 | 25 |
Other | 25 | 15 | 13 |
Totals | 307 | 184 | 178 |
First, dealing with distinct persons actually convicted in Supreme Courts, it is found that all but 3 of the 87 persons (excluding Maoris) convicted for offences against the person were males. Assault, with or without robbery, caused the conviction of 15 persons, while robbery with violence was the offence in 1 case; 16 persons were convicted for indecent assault on females, 17 for rape and carnal knowledge of young girls (including attempts), and 8 for indecent assault on males. For murder 2 persons, and for manslaughter 4 persons, were convicted.
Persons convicted for offences against property were 17 less than those found guilty in respect of offences against the person, amounting to 70, of whom 7 were females. Theft of various forms, including robbery and burglary, was responsible for the conviction of 56 of the 70 persons, while 4 of the remainder were convicted for receiving stolen property, 6 for fraud and false pretences, and 2 for arson.
Under the heading “Forgery and Offences against the Currency” 12 persons were convicted (5 for forgery alone, and 7 for forgery and uttering).
The offences committed by the 178 persons who were sentenced in the Supreme Court during the year 1917, after committal from a Magistrate's Court for sentence, included 29 against the person, made up as follows: Assault, 8; concealment of birth, 2; carnally knowing girl under sixteen, 3; indecent assault, 6; bigamy, 3; attempted murder, 1; incest, 1; unnatural offence, 1; indecent assault on a male, 4. Dealing with the 111 persons sent for sentence on account of offences against property it is found that in 99 cases the offence was theft of some description.
During the ten years 1908–17 the number of persons (excluding Maoris) convicted and sentenced in the Supreme and District Courts, and of those who, on pleading guilty in the lower Courts, were committed to the Supreme Court for sentence, were as follows:—
SUPREME COURTS.—PERSONS CONVICTED, ETC., 1908–17. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Offences against the Person. | Offences against Property. | Forgery and Offences against the Currency. | Other Offences. | Total Convictions. | Number committed for Sentence included in previous Columns. |
* Including also District Courts, now abolished. | ||||||
1908* | 121 | 290 | 48 | 42 | 501 | 232 |
1909* | 117 | 270 | 82 | 45 | 514 | 256 |
1910 | 89 | 301 | 54 | 34 | 478 | 243 |
1911 | 88 | 245 | 34 | 36 | 403 | 185 |
1912 | 105 | 225 | 44 | 21 | 395 | 185 |
1913 | 123 | 194 | 44 | 21 | 382 | 171 |
1914 | 90 | 258 | 57 | 47 | 452 | 192 |
1915 | 95 | 233 | 52 | 32 | 412 | 212 |
1916 | 101 | 204 | 47 | 21 | 373 | 190 |
1917 | 116 | 181 | 37 | 28 | 362 | 178 |
The distinct persons convicted in the Supreme Court in 1917 numbered 194, including 10 Maoris. To this number should be added the 183 persons (including 5 Maoris) sent from Magistrates' Courts for sentence, thus bringing the total to 377. In one case no sentence was imposed, on condition that the prisoner enlisted. Particulars of sentences in the remaining 376 cases are appended.
SENTENCES OF CRIMINALS IN SUPREME COURTS, 1917. | ||
---|---|---|
Sentence. | Excluding Maoris. | Including Maoris. |
Death | 2 | 2 |
Imprisonment (only) with or without hard labour | 155 | 163 |
Imprisonment and declared habitual criminal | 6 | 7 |
Committed to institutions | 7 | 7 |
Imprisonment and reformative detention | 12 | 12 |
Reformative detention (only) | 59 | 60 |
Fined | 21 | 21 |
Released on probation | 58 | 61 |
Ordered to come up for sentence | 41 | 43 |
361 | 376 |
The number of convictions for breaches of the licensing laws by publicans and for selling liquor without a license during the past five years was as shown in the following statement. Offences by Maoris are not included.
Year. | Convictions for | |
---|---|---|
Breaches of Licensing Laws by Publicans. | Selling Liquor without a License. | |
1913 | 174 | 78 |
1914 | 78 | 108 |
1915 | 171 | 142 |
1916 | 223 | 102 |
1917 | 452 | 132 |
The charges against publicans include selling liquor after hours or on Sundays, failing to admit the police promptly, allowing drunkenness on premises, supplying prohibited or intoxicated persons, failing to keep light burning in front of premises, etc.
The number of convictions for drunkenness and drunkenness with disorderly conduct during 1917 (exclusive of convictions against Maoris) totalled 7,971 against males and 606 against females. In addition there were 320 convictions against Maoris—307 against males and 13 against females. The following table shows the number of convictions for drunkenness recorded and the proportion per 1,000 of the mean population of each sex, excluding Maoris, during the past ten years:—
CONVICTIONS FOR DRUNKENNESS (EXCLUSIVE OF MAORIS), 1908–17. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Convictions recorded against. | Per 1,000 of Mean Population. | ||||
Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
1908 | 9,892 | 717 | 10,609 | 19.73 | 1.62 | 11.23 |
1909 | 9,942 | 755 | 10,697 | 19.29 | 1.68 | 11.01 |
1910 | 10,808 | 805 | 11,613 | 20.58 | 1.72 | 11.70 |
1911 | 10,559 | 841 | 11,400 | 19.74 | 1.75 | 11.23 |
1912 | 10,688 | 843 | 11,531 | 19.56 | 1.71 | 11.10 |
1913 | 10,815 | 783 | 11,598 | 19.27 | 1.54 | 10.85 |
1914 | 12,133 | 1,012 | 13,145 | 21.34 | 1.94 | 12.06 |
1915 | 12,010 | 952 | 12,962 | 21.22 | 1.78 | 11.79 |
1916 | 9,937 | 765 | 10,702 | 18.01 | 1.40 | 9.73 |
1917 | 7,971 | 606 | 8,577 | 14.66 | 1.09 | 7.83 |
It will be noted that been the numbers and rates shown for 1917 are considerably lower than the figures for any of the previous years given.
If the Maoris are included, the total convictions for drunkenness during 1917 will amount to 8,897 (8,278 against males and 619 against females). Of these, 8,476 (7,875 males and 619 females) were arrest cases, while 421 (403 males and 18 females) were cases brought before the Magistrate by summons. The following table shows the birthplaces and ages of all persons (including Maoris) arrested and convicted for drunkenness during the year. Birthplaces and ages in summons cases are not obtainable.
BIRTHPLACES AND AGES OF PERSONS CONVICTED FOR DRUNKENNESS (ARRESTS ONLY), 1917. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birthplace. | Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and under 60. | 60 and over, and Unspecified. | Totals. |
New Zealand—Maoris | .. | 31 | 26 | 54 | 72 | 42 | 225 |
Others | 33 | 148 | 289 | 927 | 1,152 | 88 | 2,637 |
Australia | .. | 16 | 48 | 169 | 298 | 52 | 583 |
England and Wales | 2 | 54 | 106 | 390 | 980 | 378 | 1,910 |
Scotland | .. | 10 | 32 | 150 | 489 | 230 | 911 |
Ireland | .. | 10 | 31 | 197 | 739 | 349 | 1,326 |
Other European | 1 | 30 | 42 | 112 | 267 | 77 | 529 |
Asia | .. | 2 | 3 | 12 | 12 | 5 | 34 |
Africa | .. | .. | 2 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 15 |
America | .. | 10 | 6 | 28 | 67 | 28 | 139 |
Other (including unspecified) | .. | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 158 | 167 |
Totals | 36 | 312 | 586 | 2,048 | 4,086 | 1,408 | 8,476 |
Among the New-Zealand-born population of European descent there is evidence of less drunkenness than among persons who have come from abroad. At the census of 1916, out of the total population of New Zealand of 20 years of age or over, 57.28 per cent. were found to have been born in the Dominion; while of the convictions for drunkenness of all persons over 20 years of age (excluding Maoris) New-Zealand-born Europeans comprised in 1917 only 31.96 per cent.
The following table gives a comparison between convictions for drunkenness of New-Zealand-born and other males, and shows also the proportion which each class bears to the male population. It will be seen that in all the age-groups given the percentage of convictions of New-Zealand-born males is lower than the corresponding percentage of population, while the reverse is, of course, true in respect of males born outside the Dominion.
PERCENTAGES OF MALE POPULATION BY AGE-GROUPS, AND CONVICTIONS FOR DRUNKENNESS AS BETWEEN NEW-ZEALAND-BORN (EXCLUDING MAORIS) AND OTHER MALES. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, in Years. | Percentage of Male Population.* | Percentage of Convictions for Drunkenness.† | ||
New-Zealand-born. | Others. | New-Zealand-born. | Others. | |
* As at census, 1916. † Arrest cases only. | ||||
20 and under 25 | 80.16 | 19.84 | 55.67 | 44.33 |
25 and under 30 | 71.19 | 28.81 | 50.68 | 49.32 |
30 and under 40 | 65.58 | 34.42 | 43.25 | 56.75 |
40 and under 50 | 59.61 | 40.39 | 33.27 | 66.73 |
50 and under 60 | 36.12 | 63.88 | 19.95 | 80.05 |
60 and under 70 | 14.27 | 85.73 | 7.82 | 92.18 |
70 and under 80 | 5.70 | 94.30 | 3.98 | 96.02 |
Repeated charges against the same person are included in the totals shown in the tables on the previous page. Dealing with arrests only (males, 7,661; females, 590: total 8,251), but excluding Maoris, it is found that the number of distinct persons convicted of this offence was 5,109 (4,813 males and 296 females), or 61.92 per cent. of the total “arrest” convictions (excluding Maoris) for drunkenness.
The total convictions (exclusive of those of Maoris) for all offences (arrests only) in 1917 were 13,301, but the distinct convictions amounted to only 11,228, the former total including 2,073 convictions for multiple charges against the same person. Of the latter, 1,133 were in conjunction with arrests for drunkenness. Details of the offences are given in the following table:—
OFFENCES FOR WHICH CONVICTIONS WERE ENTERED AGAINST PERSONS ARRESTED (AND CONVICTED) AT THE SAME TIME FOR DRUNKENNESS. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convicted of Drunkenness and | Number of Maoris. | Number, excluding Maoris. | Total. | ||
M. | F. | M. | F. | ||
Offences against the person— | |||||
Attempted suicide | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
Assault (common) | 7 | .. | 42 | .. | 49 |
Offences against property— | |||||
Theft and attempts at | .. | .. | 17 | 2 | 19 |
Wilful damage | 5 | .. | 65 | 7 | 77 |
Offences against good order— | |||||
Assaulting, resisting, or obstructing police | 10 | .. | 61 | .. | 71 |
Indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct | 4 | .. | 142 | 5 | 151 |
Obscene, threatening, or abusive language | 10 | .. | 177 | 14 | 201 |
Soliciting prostitution | .. | .. | .. | 25 | 25 |
Vagrancy | .. | .. | 42 | .. | 42 |
Breaches of by-laws | .. | .. | 11 | .. | 11 |
Other offences against good order | 1 | .. | 3 | .. | 4 |
Offences not included above— | |||||
Breach of Licensing Act (by others than publicans) | 8 | .. | 303 | 28 | 339 |
Under Shipping and Seamen Act | .. | .. | 6 | .. | 6 |
Under Defence Act | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
Under Military Service Act | .. | .. | 6 | .. | 6 |
Under War Regulations | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 4 |
Other offences | .. | .. | 5 | .. | 5 |
Total convictions for other offences against persons arrested (and convicted) at the same time for drunkenness | 45 | .. | 886 | 82 | 1,013 |
Number of prohibition orders against persons convicted at the same time for drunkenness | |||||
3 | .. | 142 | 23 | 168 | |
Total | 48 | .. | 1,028 | 105 | 1,181 |
Number of convictions for drunkenness (alone) of persons arrested | 214 | 11 | 7,661 | 590 | 8,476 |
Total convictions for drunkenness of persons arrested | 262 | 11 | 8,689 | 695 | 9,657 |
Number of distinct persons arrested (and convicted) for drunkenness | 167 | 7 | 4,813 | 296 | 5,283 |
Number of convictions for drunkenness in summons cases (not included above) | 93 | 2 | 310 | 16 | 421 |
Any person who has been three times convicted for drunkenness within the nine months immediately preceding any conviction for drunkenness may be declared an habitual drunkard. A Magistrate may, in addition to or in lieu of a penalty, commit an habitual drunkard to any institution authorized by the Governor-General to receive and detain such persons for any period not being less than twelve months. The law makes provision in respect of the discharge of inmates, their good conduct, discipline, and punishment for offences during detention, and for the proper inspection of such institutions.
A calculation of the amount of alcoholic liquor consumed per head of mean population during the past five years is given below:—
CONSUMPTION OF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITS PER HEAD OF MEAN POPULATION. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Including Maoris. | Excluding Maoris. | |||||
Beer. | Wine. | Spirits. | Beer. | Wine. | Spirits. | |
Gal. | Gal. | Gal. | Gal. | Gal. | Gal. | |
1912 | 9.261 | 0.141 | 0.793 | 9.705 | 0.148 | 0.831 |
1913 | 9.209 | 0.132 | 0.777 | 9.639 | 0.138 | 0.813 |
1914 | 9.340 | 0.137 | 0.778 | 9.767 | 0.144 | 0.814 |
1915 | 9.455 | 0.142 | 0.818 | 9.883 | 0.148 | 0.856 |
1916 | 9.987 | 0.153 | 0.670 | 10.439 | 0.160 | 0.700 |
The quantity of each kind of alcoholic liquor used in the Dominion during the same period was as follows:—
Beer for Consumption. | Wine for Consumption. | Spirits for Consumption. | |
---|---|---|---|
Gal. | Gal. | Gal. | |
1912 | 10,083,482 | 153,611 | 863,797 |
1913 | 10,300,416 | 147,137 | 869,124 |
1914 | 10,649,090 | 156,513 | 887,116 |
1915 | 10,865,764 | 163,244 | 940,611 |
1916 | 11,477,041 | 175,855 | 769,964 |
The average annual consumption per head of population during the years 1908–12 is given in the following table for New Zealand (excluding Maoris) and certain other countries. The figures for the other countries are from returns prepared by the British Board of Trade.
TABLE SHOWING AVERAGE ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITS IN CERTAIN COUNTRIES, 1908–12. (GALLONS PER HEAD OF POPULATION.) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country. | Beer. | Wine. | Spirits. |
New Zealand | 9.8 | 0.15 | 0.78 |
Australia | 11.1 | 0.97 | 0.80 |
United Kingdom | 26.7 | 0.26 | 0.71 |
Canada | 6.4 | 0.11 | 1.00 |
United States | 16.6 | 0.52 | 1.03 |
Germany | 22.4 | 1.10 | 1.29 |
France | 8.7 | 30.94 | 1.42 |
The number of convictions of Maoris brought before Magistrates' Courts for the past ten years is shown in the following table:—
SUMMARY CONVICTIONS OF MAORIS (MAGISTRATES' COURTS), 1908–17.
Year. | Offences. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Against the Person. | Against Property. | Against Good Order. | Other Offences. | Total. | ||
Drunkenness*. | Other. | |||||
* Including drunkenness with disorderly conduct. | ||||||
1908 | 28 | 102 | 200 | 147 | 75 | 552 |
1909 | 34 | 81 | 140 | 118 | 81 | 454 |
1910 | 28 | 67 | 167 | 136 | 57 | 455 |
1911 | 42 | 123 | 822 | 314 | 189 | 990 |
1912 | 44 | 126 | 320 | 351 | 364 | 1,205 |
1913 | 45 | 23 | 294 | 332 | 243 | 937 |
1914 | 51 | 191 | 335 | 330 | 406 | 1,313 |
1915 | 69 | 187 | 422 | 405 | 373 | 1,456 |
1916 | 44 | 152 | 296 | 393 | 378 | 1,263 |
1917 | 50 | 185 | 320 | 373 | 490 | 1,418 |
These numbers apply only to the Maoris residing in the main Islands of the Dominion. Prior to 1911 statistics of crime were compiled from returns of criminal business brought before Magistrates furnished by Clerks of Courts, on which the numbers of offences by Maoris included in the return were to be marked, but since 1911 a card for each offence has been obtained. The figures for the past six years can be relied on as correct, and from the number of convictions in those years it would appear that the figures for previous years are understated. Clerks of Courts would probably have omitted to mark on the returns the Maori cases in some instances. There has also been an increase in the police stationed in Maori districts.
Distinct Maoris convicted after arrest in 1917 numbered 346 (15 females). The ages of these are given in the following table in combination with information as to class of offence:—
Offences against | Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and over. | Unspecified | Totals. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The person | .. | 3 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 21 |
Property | 23 | 8 | 13 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 63 |
Good order | 4 | 40 | 31 | 57 | 94 | 14 | 240 |
Other offences | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 22 |
Totals | 33 | 52 | 51 | 78 | 107 | 25 | 346 |
The number of Maoris convicted in the higher Courts exhibits the extent of serious crime amongst the Native race. Those who were sentenced in the Supreme Court after pleading guilty in the lower Court have been included.
Year. | Maoris convicted or sentenced in Supreme Court for | Total. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offences against the Person. | Offences against Property. | Forgery and Offences against the Currency. | Miscellaneous Offences. | ||
1913 | 5 | 14 | 5 | 3 | 27 |
1914 | 4 | 15 | 9 | 3 | 31 |
1915 | 10 | 17 | 1 | .. | 28 |
1916 | 6 | 13 | 6 | 3 | 28 |
1917 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 15 |
Five of the number for 1917 had been sent up from the Magistrates' Courts for sentence.
The following table gives for the year 1917 the prison accommodation, the number of prisoners received, the number in prison at end of year, and the daily average number in confinement:—
Name of Prison. | Number for whom there is Accommodation. | Number received during Year. | Number in Confinement at End of Year. | Daily Average Number in Confinement. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Auckland | 311 | 1,135 | 246 | 237.43 |
Kaingaroa | 64 | 57 | 58 | 46.83 |
Waikeria | 102 | 85 | 99 | 91.81 |
New Plymouth | 58 | 112 | 33 | 17.84 |
Roto-aira | 49 | 51 | 45 | 40.93 |
Napier | 74 | 164 | 13 | 19.66 |
Wellington | 225 | 1,409 | 202 | 184.59 |
Addington | 40 | 105 | 52 | 47.58 |
Lyttelton | 135 | 424 | 56 | 60.16 |
Paparua | 53 | 101 | 64 | 50.15 |
Invercargill | 136 | 131 | 116 | 88.17 |
Minor prisons | 205 | 1,065 | 23 | 29.11 |
Totals | 1,452 | 4,839 | 1,007 | 914.26 |
The total number of prisoners received in the different gaols during the year 1917 was 4,839 (males 4,364, females 475), as compared with 4,933 (males 4,428, females 505) in 1916, counting each admission as a distinct person.
Omitting those received by transfer from another prison, 727 (males 682, females 45), the debtors and lunatics received, 86 (males 84, females 2), the duplicate receptions of the same prisoner on the same charge, 111 (males 104, females 7), and 11 prisoners of war (males), it is found that the total receptions for criminal offences during 1917 were 4,015 (males 3,587, females 428). In this total are included 37 persons (males 34, females 3) on remand or awaiting sentence from the previous year. The following table shows how the prisoners received were disposed of, classified according to ages, the number of distinct convicted prisoners being 2,468, including 69 Maoris:—
Age, in Years. | Total Receptions (excluding Duplicates) for Criminal Offences. | Handed to Police for Trial elsewhere, and not returned to Prison. | Acquitted or discharged. | On Remand, awaiting Trial or Sentence at End of Year. | Number of Prisoners convicted and sentenced for Criminal Offences. | Number of Distinct Convicted Prisoners received during Year 1917. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summary. | Indictments. | Excluding Maoris. | Maoris. | |||||
* Includes 37 on remand or awaiting trial from previous year. | ||||||||
Under 21 | 213 | 46 | 30 | 6 | 73 | 58 | 118 | 10 |
21 and under 25 | 295 | 44 | 22 | 2 | 176 | 51 | 194 | 16 |
25 and under 30 | 462 | 66 | 50 | 7 | 297 | 41 | 289 | 13 |
30 and under 35 | 605 | 69 | 66 | 3 | 411 | 54 | 369 | 9 |
35 and under 40 | 590 | 81 | 70 | 8 | 399 | 31 | 338 | 8 |
40 and under 45 | 510 | 35 | 67 | 6 | 380 | 22 | 317 | 3 |
45 and under 50 | 391 | 26 | 50 | 1 | 291 | 23 | 234 | 3 |
50 and under 55 | 315 | 21 | 38 | 1 | 250 | 4 | 194 | 2 |
55 and under 60 | 199 | 10 | 16 | 1 | 160 | 11 | 131 | .. |
60 and under 65 | 196 | 13 | 21 | .. | 158 | 3 | 111 | 1 |
65 and over | 189 | 18 | 21 | 2 | 141 | 7 | 104 | 4 |
Totals | 3,965* | 429 | 451 | 37 | 2,736 | 305 | 2,399 | 69 |
The number of persons in gaol (including Maoris) at the end of each of the past ten years, and the proportion per 10,000 of population as at the 31st December, is given in the next table:—
Year. | Number of Prisoners. | Proportion per 10,000 of Population. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Undergoing Sentence. | On Remand and awaiting Trial. | Total. | Undergoing Sentence. | Total in Confinement | |
1908 | 815 | 64 | 879 | 8.08 | 8.72 |
1909 | 877 | 72 | 949 | 8.51 | 9.21 |
1910 | 843 | 38 | 881 | 8.01 | 8.38 |
1911 | 802 | 71 | 873 | 7.46 | 8.12 |
1912 | 821 | 45 | 866 | 7.45 | 7.86 |
1913 | 834 | 85 | 919 | 7.35 | 8.10 |
1914 | 981 | 64 | 1,045 | 8.56 | 9.12 |
1915 | 941 | 57 | 998 | 8.53 | 9.05 |
1916 | 836 | 54 | 890 | 7.60 | 8.09 |
1917 | 954 | 53 | 1,007 | 8.68 | 9.16 |
A separate card for each admission is furnished for every gaol. Such cards as show convictions are arranged alphabetically according to name of prisoner, and where several are found referring to the same person all but one are thrown out; then the number of cards retained equals the actual number of distinct convicted prisoners received in the various gaols during the year. In 1917 this number (excluding Maoris) was 2,399, a decrease of 5 on the number in 1916. These figures do not include children committed to the industrial schools simply on the ground that they are neglected or destitute.
In classifying the offences a prisoner convicted of more than one offence during the year is reckoned once only, under the heading of the principal offence—e.g., a prisoner convicted three times of drunkenness, twice of vagrancy, and once of theft is counted only once, under the heading “Offences against Property,” theft being the principal offence. Debtors and lunatics received into gaol are omitted.
The following tables show the number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) received into prison after conviction during 1917, classified according to birthplaces and offences, ages and offences, and ages and previous convictions:—
Birthplace. | Nature of Offence. | Totals. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Against the Person. | Against Property. | Drunkenness. | Other Offences. | ||
New Zealand | 71 | 255 | 125 | 524 | 975 |
Australian States | 16 | 39 | 36 | 120 | 211 |
England and Wales | 37 | 89 | 145 | 289 | 560 |
Scotland | 6 | 22 | 67 | 80 | 175 |
Ireland | 11 | 21 | 82 | 119 | 233 |
Other British possessions | 7 | 1 | 8 | 10 | 26 |
China | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 6 |
Other countries | 16 | 19 | 47 | 117 | 199 |
At sea | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Not stated | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 12 |
Totals | 165 | 448 | 514 | 1,272 | 2,399 |
Age, in Years. | Offences against the Person. | Theft and other Offences against Property. | Offences not included previously. | Totals. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sexual Offences. | Assaults. | Other. | Vagrancy. | Drunkenness. | Other. | |||
Under 21 | 9 | 3 | .. | 73 | 2 | 1 | 29 | 117 |
21 and under 25 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 49 | 7 | 7 | 107 | 194 |
25 and under 30 | 6 | 14 | 2 | 62 | 22 | 31 | 151 | 288 |
30 and under 35 | 8 | 15 | 4 | 75 | 38 | 42 | 189 | 371 |
35 and under 40 | 8 | 8 | 2 | 52 | 29 | 76 | 161 | 336 |
40 and under 45 | 5 | 11 | 1 | 57 | 39 | 76 | 125 | 314 |
45 and under 50 | 5 | 10 | 3 | 32 | 30 | 68 | 89 | 237 |
50 and under 55 | .. | 5 | 1 | 19 | 26 | 73 | 70 | 194 |
55 and under 60 | 7 | 3 | .. | 13 | 25 | 47 | 37 | 132 |
60 and under 65 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 18 | 55 | 24 | 111 |
65 and over | 3 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 27 | 38 | 27 | 105 |
Totals | 59 | 82 | 24 | 448 | 263 | 514 | 1,009 | 2,399 |
Age, in Years. | Not previously convicted. | Previous Convictions. | Total Distinct Convicted Prisoners. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Once. | Twice. | Three Times. | Four Times. | Over Four Times. | Total. | |||
Under 21 | 75 | 19 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 42 | 117 |
21 and under 25 | 133 | 23 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 16 | 61 | 194 |
25 and under 30 | 179 | 37 | 13 | 14 | 6 | 39 | 109 | 288 |
30 and under 35 | 194 | 43 | 28 | 8 | 15 | 13 | 177 | 371 |
35 and under 40 | 167 | 34 | 22 | 12 | 6 | 95 | 169 | 336 |
40 and under 45 | 114 | 46 | 16 | 26 | 16 | 96 | 200 | 314 |
45 and under 50 | 81 | 29 | 19 | 16 | 10 | 82 | 156 | 237 |
50 and under 55 | 60 | 21 | 17 | 12 | 2 | 82 | 134 | 194 |
55 and under 60 | 47 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 58 | 85 | 132 |
60 and under 65 | 38 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 53 | 73 | 111 |
65 and over | 34 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 4 | 40 | 71 | 105 |
Totals | 1,122 | 279 | 157 | 112 | 80 | 649 | 1,122 | 2,399 |
The next table gives the offences and gravest previous offences of the distinct persons received into prison after conviction during 1917:—
Offences. | Gravest Previous Offences. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Against the Person. | Theft and other Offences against Property. | Offences not included previously. | Total. | |||||
Sexual Offences. | Assaults. | Other. | Vagrancy. | Drunkenness. | Other. | |||
Against the person— | ||||||||
Sexual offences | .. | 2 | 2 | 9 | .. | 2 | 2 | 17 |
Assaults | .. | 10 | 1 | 16 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 42 |
Other | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 1 | .. | 2 | 11 |
Against property | .. | 13 | 5 | 194 | 14 | 12 | 32 | 270 |
Offences not included above— | ||||||||
Vagrancy | 1 | 5 | .. | 71 | 95 | 20 | 24 | 216 |
Drunkenness | .. | 16 | 4 | 51 | 35 | 151 | 56 | 313 |
Other | 2 | 34 | 4 | 99 | 51 | 51 | 168 | 409 |
Totals | 3 | 80 | 16 | 448 | 199 | 240 | 292 | 1,278 |
The number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) imprisoned after conviction in each of the past twenty years, counting one offence only when the same person was imprisoned more than once, with the proportion per 10,000 persons living, is added.
Year. | Prisoners. | Proportion per 10,000 of Mean Population. |
---|---|---|
1898 | 1,982 | 26.92 |
1899 | 2,125 | 28.33 |
1900 | 2,116 | 27.71 |
1901 | 2,345 | 30.14 |
1902 | 2,396 | 30.03 |
1903 | 2,842 | 34.65 |
1904 | 2,896 | 34.27 |
1905 | 2,796 | 32.14 |
1906 | 2,966 | 33.12 |
1907 | 3,091 | 33.63 |
1908 | 3,009 | 31.84 |
1909 | 3,159 | 32.51 |
1910 | 3,242 | 32.66 |
1911 | 2,877 | 28.35 |
1912 | 3,023 | 29.09 |
1913 | 3,229 | 30.22 |
1914 | 3,386 | 31.05 |
1915 | 2,924 | 26.51 |
1916 | 2,404 | 21.87 |
1917 | 2,399 | 21.83 |
It must be understood that the actual number of imprisonments was much in excess of the figures given, as many persons were several times imprisoned, either for offences differing in kind or for repetitions of the same offence. Thus, persons returned as imprisoned for larceny underwent other imprisonments for drunkenness, &c. Some returned as convicted of drunkenness were several times in gaol during the year for the same offence or for another, such as assault, riotous or indecent conduct, &c. Often there were several charges preferred against the same person at the one time, of which the most serious followed by conviction has been selected.
While the New-Zealand-born formed, at the census of 1916, 72 per cent. of the whole population (excluding Maoris), they contributed in 1917 only 40.64 per cent. of the prisoners received in gaol. Of the New-Zealand-born population, however, a large number are under fifteen years of age, a period of life at which there are very few prisoners, and therefore another comparison is necessary. It is found that the New-Zealand-born over fifteen years formed 60 per cent. of the total population above that age; but, as before stated, New-Zealanders constituted only 40.64 per cent. of the total number received in gaols.
The number of New-Zealand-born distinct prisoners (excluding Maoris) received for the year 1917–975 persons—is 49 more than the number for 1916. Of the number received in 1917, 73 were under twenty years of age. As before stated, the plan adopted in preparing the foregoing tables is to count each prisoner once only, and to exclude all who are not convicted prisoners, besides dealing only with the number received during the year instead of with the full number in gaol, which would, of course, include those brought forward from the previous year. The comparative results for a series of years given by this method are held to be more valuable than those brought out by one which includes prisoners merely awaiting trial, and continual repetitions of the same individuals.
The ages of New-Zealand-born distinct convicted prisoners (excluding Maoris) are given in the following table showing figures for the past ten years:—
DISTINCT NEW-ZEALAND-BORN CONVICTED PRISONERS RECEIVED INTO PRISON, 1908–17. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Under 15. | 15 and under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and over. | Totals. |
1908 | 6 | 75 | 207 | 227 | 330 | 140 | 985 |
1909 | 2 | 70 | 189 | 264 | 351 | 220 | 1,096 |
1910 | 2 | 78 | 208 | 284 | 382 | 210 | 1,164 |
1911 | 4 | 62 | 171 | 206 | 377 | 203 | 1,023 |
1912 | 2 | 96 | 204 | 222 | 402 | 208 | 1,134 |
1913 | 2 | 88 | 182 | 203 | 449 | 230 | 1,154 |
1914 | 2 | 79 | 163 | 247 | 474 | 315 | 1,280 |
1915 | .. | 63 | 137 | 206 | 455 | 310 | 1,171 |
1916 | .. | 69 | 98 | 140 | 333 | 286 | 926 |
1917 | 3 | 70 | 136 | 135 | 338 | 293 | 975 |
One hundred and twenty seven persons were placed on probation in the year 1917, as against 125 in 1916 and 93 in 1915.
The following table gives the ages and terms of probation of offenders dealt with under the provisions of the Act during the year 1917:—
Age. | Term of Probation. | Totals. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Under One Year. | One Year and under Two Years. | Two Years and under Three Years. | Three Years and over. | ||
10 and under 15 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
15 and under 20 | 3 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 51 |
20 and under 25 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 28 |
25 and under 30 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 20 |
30 and under 40 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 18 |
40 and under 50 | .. | .. | 4 | 2 | 6 |
50 and under 60 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
60 and over | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 10 | 42 | 35 | 40 | 127 |
The following table shows the distinct convicted prisoners (excluding Maoris) received in prison during 1917 after being sentenced to reformative treatment or having been declared habitual criminals, classified according to sentences:—
Original Sentence. | Sentenced to Reformative Treatment for a Period of | Declared Habitual Criminals. | Totals. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Under Two Years. | Two and under Five Years. | Five Years and over. | |||
Reformative treatment only | 17 | 53 | 12 | .. | 82 |
Declared habitual criminal | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Under 1 year | 4 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 22 |
1 year and under 2 | .. | 5 | .. | 3 | 8 |
2 years and under 3 | .. | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
3 years and under 4 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 |
4 years and under 5 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 |
5 years and under 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
7 years and under 10 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Totals | 21 | 74 | 19 | 16 | 130 |
Afforestation by prison labour is now carried on at one camp only—viz., at Kaingaroa, which is situated about 33 miles from Rotorua, on the Kaingaroa Plains.
During the past year the camp has been largely used as a place of detention for military court-martialled prisoners, the greater part of the tree-planting work for the year having been carried out by them.
The number of trees planted in the neighbourhood of Kaingaroa for the year ended 31st March, 1918, was 1,838,700, while the total number of trees planted throughout the Dominion by prison labour since the inception of the afforestation scheme in 1901 is 38,378,500.
The total labour value of the prisoners' work during the period since 1901 to March, 1918, as estimated by the Forestry Department, is £60,881.
For the purposes of the Crimes Amendment Act of 1910 there is constituted a Prisons Board of not less than three nor more than seven members, one of whom must be a Judge of the Supreme Court, who is ex officio President. The members of the Board are appointed by the Governor-General in Council for a period of three years, and may be reappointed. The Board meets at such times as the President determines, and, subject to the provisions of the Act and regulations, may determine its own procedure.
It is the duty of the Board to make inquiry from time to time whether there is reasonable cause for belief that any habitual criminal undergoing sentence or reformative detention is sufficiently reformed to be released on probation or discharged, or for granting discharge to any person who has been released on probation; and to make recommendations as to the release or discharge of any habitual criminal, habitual offender, or person under sentence of reformative detention, and as to the conditions which may be imposed on any such release or probation. The Board is required to take into consideration the case of every habitual criminal, etc., at least once a year, and to make a report to the Minister of Justice annually as to the operations of the Board, numbers dealt with, and the operation and effect of the Act.
Under the provisions of section 14 of the Statute Law Amendment Act, 1917, the Board was empowered to consider, at the request of the Minister of Justice, the cases of prisoners who had been sentenced to imprisonment with or without hard labour for periods exceeding two years, after half of the full term of imprisonment had expired, and to make recommendations to the Governor-General as to the release on probation of any such prisoner.
The total number of cases considered during 1917 was 438, of which 95 concerned habitual criminals, 329 prisoners undergoing reformative detention, and 14 prisoners serving sentences of hard labour. Several of the cases were those of persons who came more than once before the Board, the total number of distinct cases being 362, of which 81 were habitual criminals, 267 reformative-detention prisoners, and 14 hard-labour prisoners.
Thirty-eight habitual criminals were recommended for release on probation, of which number 36 were actually released during the year. The number of prisoners undergoing reformative detention who were recommended for release on probation was 120, of whom 81 were released during the year. Thirty-eight persons who had been recommended for release in the previous year were also released, making a total of 119 for the twelve months. Seven prisoners serving sentences of reformative detention were discharged from prison during the year. One habitual criminal who had been released on probation was discharged during the year on the recommendation of the Board, and 4 persons with sentences of reformative detention who had been released on probation were recommended for discharge, and were so discharged.
Of the 119 persons undergoing reformative detention who were released on probation 34 satisfactorily completed their terms during the year, 14 were returned to prison for fresh offences or for failing to observe the conditions of their release, 16 left New Zealand with the Reinforcements, 5 left the Dominion for their former domiciles, 1 was committed to a mental hospital, 1 absconded, and 1 was accidently killed, leaving, 47 still on probation at the end of the year.
Four of the 36 habitual criminals released on probation were returned to prison during the year for fresh offences or for failing to comply with the terms of their release, 8 left New Zealand with the Reinforcements, 1 died, 1 absconded, and 2 left the Dominion for their former domiciles.
The number of bodies on which inquests were held in 1917 was 1,404, including 53 Maoris. In 1,053 cases the bodies were of males, and in 351 of females.
The verdicts given at the inquests held in 1917 may be classified as under:—
Nature of Verdict. | Inquests on Persons. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Totals. | |
Disease and natural causes | 498 | 249 | 747 |
Accident | 443 | 68 | 511 |
Homicide | 8 | 4 | 12 |
Suicide | 104 | 30 | 134 |
1,053 | 351 | 1,404 |
Of the accidental deaths drowning is the most common form. The verdicts show that 166 deaths were due to this cause, giving a percentage of 32.48 on the accidental deaths from all causes.
The inquests on suicidal deaths in 1917 show a decrease on the number for the previous year. The figures for each of the past ten years were,—
Year. | Inquests on Suicides. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Males. | Females. | Totals. | |
1908 | 87 | 15 | 102 |
1909 | 94 | 22 | 116 |
1910 | 90 | 16 | 106 |
1911 | 109 | 25 | 134 |
1912 | 111 | 15 | 126 |
1913 | 118 | 33 | 151 |
1914 | 116 | 27 | 143 |
1915 | 112 | 12 | 124 |
1916 | 122 | 28 | 150 |
1917 | 104 | 30 | 134 |
In case of fire causing the destruction of any building, ship, or merchandise, or any stack of grain, pulse, or hay, or any growing crop, a Coroner may hold an inquiry into the cause of such fire, the procedure being similar to that of inquests into cause of death.
The inquests on fires held during 1917 numbered six. In one case the verdict was arson, and in the remaining five cases no evidence was forthcoming.
A short summary of the provisions of the Gaming Act appears on pages 328 and 329 of the 1915 Year-book.
The number of charges laid in the Magistrates' Courts for breaches of the gaming laws, and the manner in which such charges were disposed of, are shown for five years in the table following. Maoris are not included.
Year. | Number of Charges. | Discharged or dismissed. | Convictions recorded. |
---|---|---|---|
1913 | 218 | 67 | 151 |
1914 | 346 | 91 | 255 |
1915 | 217 | 54 | 163 |
1916 | 286 | 60 | 226 |
1917 | 336 | 117 | 219 |
Table of Contents
FULL information concerning the system of representation in force in New Zealand and of the electoral law of the Dominion is given in the 1915 issue of the Year-book, together with details of the voting at the general election of 1914.
The Parliamentary Elections Postponement Act, 1916, prolonged the duration of the present Parliament to four years, unless the General Assembly should be sooner dissolved by the Governor-General pursuant to section 44 of the Constitution Act. The duration was further extended till the 19th December, 1919, by a provision in the Finance Act, 1918. The Parliamentary Elections Postponement Act, 1916, also directed that in computing population for the rearrangement of the boundaries of electoral districts Representation Commissioners were to take into account the number of members of the Expeditionary Force absent from New Zealand on census night.
The Legislative Council Amendment Act, 1916, postponed for four years (until the 1st January, 1920) the operation of the Legislative Council Act, 1914. Persons appointed to the Council between the 5th November, 1914, and the 1st January, 1920, will vacate their seats on the latter date.
The electoral districts have been again defined on the basis of the population as shown by the census taken in 1916, with the result that the North Island will now return forty-five members as against thirty-one for the South Island.
Ten by-elections have been held since the general election of December, 1914—viz., in the Electorates of Dunedin Central, Bay of Islands (2), Taumarunui, Pahiatua, Hawke's Bay, Grey (2), Wellington North, and Southern Maori.
Dunedin Central.
The first of these by-elections was that held on the 3rd February, 1915, in the Electoral District of Dunedin Central. The voting was as follows:—
Statham, Charles Ernest | 4,033 |
Munro, James Wright | 3,926 |
Total number of valid votes polled | 7,959 |
Votes rejected as informal | 11 |
Number of electors on the roll | 9,413 |
Bay of Islands.
On the 8th June, 1915, a by-election was held in the above electoral district. The votes polled were as follows:—
Stewart, William | 3,264 |
Menzies, George Gardiner | 2,221 |
Total number of valid votes polled | 5,485 |
Votes rejected as informal | 6 |
Number of electors on the roll | 6,790 |
Taumarunui.
A by-election in the above district was held on the 15th June, 1915. The voting was as follows:—
Jennings, William Thomas | 3,899 |
Wilson, Charles Kendall | 3,741 |
Total number of valid votes polled | 7,640 |
Votes rejected as informal | 15 |
Number of electors on the roll | 9,418 |
Pahiatua.
A by-election was held in the Pahiatua Electoral District on the 17th August, 1916, to fill the vacancy rendered through the death of Mr. J. H. Escott on the 28th July, 1916. Three candidates were nominated, and the voting resulted in the election of Mr. G. H. Smith. The votes polled were as follows:—
Smith, George Harold | 1,519 |
Ross, Robert Beatson | 1,440 |
McFarlane, George Dickson | 238 |
Total number of valid votes polled | 3,197 |
Votes rejected as informal | 23 |
Number of electors on the roll | 5,227 |
Bay of Islands.
The Bay of Islands seat was rendered vacant early in 1917 by the resignation of the sitting member, Mr. W. Stewart.
Writs for a by-election were issued, returnable on the 17th March, but polling was rendered unnecessary through Mr. V. H. Reed being returned unopposed.
Hawke's Bay.
A by-election was held in the Hawke's Bay Electoral District on the 8th March, 1917, to fill the vacancy rendered through the death of the Hon. Dr. McNab on the 3rd February, 1917.
Three candidates were nominated, and the voting resulted in the election of Sir John Findlay. The votes polled were as follows:—
Findlay, John George | 2,641 |
Simson, Horace Ian | 2,175 |
Fraser, Alfred Levavasour | 11 |
Total number of valid votes polled | 4,827 |
Votes rejected as informal | 40 |
Number of electors on the roll | 8,194 |
Grey.
Through the resignation on the 20th November, 1917, of the sitting member, Mr. P. &c. Webb, the seat for the Grey Electoral District was rendered vacant, and a writ for a by-election was issued on the 24th November, 1917. Mr. Webb who was the only candidate nominated, was returned elected unopposed
Wellington North.
Through the resignation on the 4th February, 1918, of the Hon. A. L. Herdman, the Wellington North seat was rendered vacant, and a writ for a by-election was issued on the 12th February, 1918.
Three candidates were nominated, and the voting resulted in the election of Mr. John P. Luke, C.M.G. The votes polled were as follows:—
Brandon, Alfred de Bathe | 823 |
Holland, Henry Edmund | 2,578 |
Luke, John Pearce | 2,992 |
Polson, Angus James Neville | 722 |
Total number of valid votes polled | 7,115 |
Votes rejected as informal | 30 |
Number of electors on the roll | 11,188 |
Grey.
A by-election was held in the Grey Electoral District on the 29th May, 1918, to fill the vacancy rendered through the sitting member, Mr. P. &c. Webb, becoming disqualified as an elector, and the subsequent removal of his name from the parliamentary electoral roll. Two candidates were nominated, and the voting resulted in the election of Mr. H. E. Holland. The votes polled were as follows:—
Coates, Thomas Eldon | 2,717 |
Holland, Henry Edmund | 2,865 |
Total number of valid votes polled | 5,582 |
Votes rejected as informal | 46 |
Number of electors on the roll | 9,249 |
Southern Maori.
A by-election was held in the Southern Maori Electoral District on the 21st February, 1918, to fill the vacancy rendered through the death of Mr. Taare Parata on the 8th January, 1918.
In the Legislature Amendment Act, 1914, provision was made requiring Maoris to register as electors in like manner to Europeans, as provided in Part II of the Legislature Act, 1908. The provision came into operation after the completion of the 1914 general election, and for the by-election a roll of electors was used for the first occasion.
There were three candidates nominated, and the voting resulted in the election of Mr. John Hopere Wharewiti Uru. The votes polled were as follows:—
John Hopere Wharewiti Uru | 237 |
Henare Parata | 223 |
Teone Matapura Erihana | 158 |
Total number of votes polled | 618 |
Number of electors on the roll | 997 |
Table of Contents
DURING the year ended the 31st March, 1917, 1,757 licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors were granted. Of these, 1,183 were publicans' and accommodation licenses, 47 New Zealand wine, 54 packet, 146 wholesale, and 327 conditional licenses. The fees paid amounted to £46,164, and formed part of the revenue of the local governing bodies of the districts in which the licenses were issued. Particulars are given in the following table:—
Licenses. | In Counties. | In Boroughs. | In Town Districts. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Publicans' licenses | 368 | 598 | 48 | 1,014 |
Accommodation licenses | 168 | .. | 1 | 169 |
Total licensed houses | 536 | 598 | 49 | 1,183 |
New Zealand wine licenses | 36 | 10 | 1 | 47 |
Packet licenses | 9 | 45 | .. | 54 |
Wholesale licenses | 4 | 140 | 2 | 146 |
Conditional licenses | 183 | 144 | .. | 327 |
Total licenses granted | 768 | 937 | 52 | 1,757 |
Amount of license fees paid to local bodies | £11,772 | £32,455 | £1,937 | £46,164 |
The number of publicans' and accommodation licenses granted in counties, boroughs, and independent town districts during each of the past ten years is here given, together with the total amount of fees paid for all licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquor:—
Year ended 31st March. | Counties. | Boroughs. | Town Districts. | Total. | Total Fees. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | |||||
1908 | 704 | 630 | 30 | 1,364 | 48,775 |
1909 | 695 | 635 | 34 | 1,364 | 49,017 |
1910 | 643 | 580 | 34 | 1,257 | 44,900 |
1911 | 630 | 582 | 36 | 1,248 | 43,843 |
1912 | 617 | 590 | 28 | 1,235 | 42,572 |
1913 | 594 | 592 | 32 | 1,218 | 42,456 |
1914 | 578 | 598 | 42 | 1,218 | 42,283 |
1915 | 564 | 596 | 47 | 1,207 | 41,769 |
1916 | 557 | 598 | 44 | 1,199 | 42,978 |
1917 | 536 | 598 | 49 | 1,183 | 46,164 |
The average number of persons to each licensed house in counties, boroughs, and independent town districts respectively for 1916–17 is next shown:—
Number of Licensed Houses.* | Estimated Population. | Number of Persons to each Licensed House. | |
---|---|---|---|
* I.e., houses holding publicans' or accommodation licenses. | |||
Counties | 536 | 469,827 | 876 |
Boroughs | 598 | 585,306 | 979 |
Town districts | 49 | 31,430 | 642 |
Totals | 1,183 | 1,086,563 | 918 |
The average number of persons to a licensed house increased from 895 in 1913–14 to 911 in 1914–15 and 920 in 1915–16. For the year 1916–17 the average number has fallen to 918.
The annual fees payable for licenses are,— | |
(1.) For a publican's license— | £ |
(a.) Within the limits of a borough or town district | 40 |
(b.) Outside the aforesaid limits | 25 |
(2). For a New Zealand wine license | 1 |
(3.) For an accommodation license, a sum to be determined by the Licensing Committee, not exceeding | 20 |
(4.) For a packet license— | |
(a.) For a vessel exceeding 50 tons register | 10 |
(b.) For a vessel not exceeding 50 tons register | 5 |
(5.) For a wholesale license | 20 |
(6.) For a conditional license, according to duration of license, a sum not exceeding | 30 |
The approximate capital value of the licensed houses in the counties for the year ended 31st March, 1917, was stated at £679,486, in certain of the boroughs at £1,462,172, and in the town districts at £136,950. There was, besides, an annual value of £133,844 for other licensed houses in the boroughs, which, capitalized at 6 per cent., would represent £2,230,733. The capital value of all licensed houses may therefore be put down at £4,509,341.
During 1917 there were 452 convictions (413 of males, 39 of females) against publicans and 2,311 convictions (2,169 of males and 142 of females) against others for breaches of the licensing laws. These figures include convictions against Maoris.
There were 191 charges (including charges against Maoris) of selling liquor without a license (including storing liquor for sale) investigated in 1917 in the Magistrates' Courts with the following results: 19 were discharged for want of prosecution or want of evidence, 25 dismissed on the merits, and 147 convicted.
The fines imposed on sly-grog sellers during 1917 amounted to £1,632, as against £2,249 in 1916.
Regulations under the War Regulations Act, which were made by Order in Council of 21st August, 1916, and came into force on the 28th of the same month, are expected to have a far-reaching effect on the liquor trade, being designed with a view to preventing the excessive consumption of liquor.
Under these regulations, commonly referred to as the “Anti-shouting” regulations, treating is made an offence. The term “treating” includes the following acts:—
The act of any person who directly or indirectly—
Pays, or undertakes or offers to pay; or
Gives or lends, or offers or undertakes to give or lend, money with which to pay—for any intoxicating liquor sold or to be sold on licensed premises for consumption on or about those premises by any person other than the person first mentioned:
The act of any person who purchases intoxicating liquor on licensed premises, and invites or permits any other person to consume that liquor on or about those premises:
The act of any person who on licensed premises purchases or offers to purchase intoxicating liquor with intent that it shall be consumed on or about those premises by any other person:
Any other act done by any person with intent that any other person shall consume on or about licensed premises any intoxicating liquor other than liquor purchased and paid for by the consumer with his own money. (Money lent or given to him elsewhere with intent that it shall be spent in the purchase of intoxicating liquor is, for the purposes of these regulations, deemed not to be his own money.)
It is not only the person who treats another who commits an offence: the person treated and the licensee, or his servant, who knowingly permits treating are also offenders under the regulations. A bar attendant, other than a member of the licensee's family, who is convicted of an offence of this nature is disqualified for six months rom employment on licensed premises, but the convicting Magistrate may, in the case of a first offence against the regulations, order that such disqualification shall not be imposed or that the term of disqualification shall be reduced.
The regulations do not apply to liquor consumed as part of a substantial meal after mid-day, nor to treating by boarders or other persons bona fide resident on the premises. Constables have full powers of entry and search under the regulations.
To prevent the congregation of undesirable women on licensed premises during the evening hours it is made an offence for women other than the licensee, a member of the licensee's family, or a servant of the licensee, to be or remain in the bar of any licensed premises or to loiter about the entrance thereof after 6 p.m.
Further regulations affecting the liquor trade came into operation on the 9th October, 1916. Under these a license may be cancelled by the Licensing Committee for any of the following shortcomings on the part of the licensee:—
A breach of the Licensing Act or of any regulations (including those referred to above) made under section three of the War Regulations Act relating to the sale of intoxicating liquor, or for a breach of the conditions of the license.
Permitting the premises to be frequented by disorderly or disreputable persons.
Failure to conduct the premises in an orderly manner.
Not being a fit and proper person to hold a license.
The Sale of Liquor Restriction Act, 1917, which came into force on the 1st December, 1917, makes it illegal for licensed premises to be open for the sale of liquor between the hours of 6 in the evening and 9 in the morning. The Act is a war measure, and is to remain in force until six months after the close of the war.
Table of Contents
FOR purposes of local government New Zealand is divided into counties and boroughs, the counties being, for administrative purposes, in some cases subdivided into road and town districts. Certain of the latter, having a population of over five hundred, possess powers independent of county control.
Counties are constituted by special Act, but two or more existing counties may, by Proclamation, be united to form one county. Boroughs are constituted by Proclamation, and must possess a population of not less than one thousand, but must not exceed in area more than nine square miles, nor must any point be distant farther than six miles from another. Any locality not exceeding two square miles in area, outside a borough, and wherein there are not less than fifty householders, may be proclaimed a town district. A road district may comprise any portion of the area of the county within which it lies, and may be created by special order of the Council of such county. Harbour Boards are formed by special Act, and in some cases possess rating-powers over areas already included within counties and boroughs. Special districts, with limited powers, may be constituted for specific purposes such as river-protection, drainage, water-supply, etc., within the areas wherein such services are required.
Although the boroughs, of which there were 115 on the 31st March, 1917, lie geographically within the counties, yet by the law they are not considered as part of them. On the 31st March, 1917, the counties numbered 125. The number is increased from time to time as need is found, by the subdivision of existing districts. In the year 1878 there were only 63 counties. There were 113 road districts (one without a Board) in existence in March, 1917, and 63 town districts. Besides the above there were 39 river-protective districts, 3 city and suburban drainage districts (Christchurch, Dunedin, and Auckland), 8 water-supply districts (5 without Boards), 49 land - drainage districts under the Land Drainage Act (4 without Boards), and 2 tramway districts. The Harbour Boards numbered 36, excluding Coromandel, Kawhia, Tokomaru Bay, Port Robinson, Kaikoura, Fortrose, and Half-moon Bay, for which the County Councils of Coromandel, Kawhia, Waiapu, Cheviot, Kaikoura, Southland, and Stewart Island act as the Harbour Boards; also New River and Port Molyneux, for which the Invercargill Borough Council and the Clutha River Board act as the respective Harbour Boards.
Local governing bodies levied rates in the financial year 1916–17 to the amount of £2,534,539, of which £1,695,572 consisted of general rates and £838,962 special and separate rates. The sum of £88,808 was raised by licenses, and £96,803 by other taxes, making £2,720,150 altogether, which sum is equivalent to £2 9s. 6d. per head of the mean European population. In the year 1915–16 the local taxation was £2 6s. 2d. per head, or 3s. 4d. less than in 1916–17.
Revenue derived from rates increased from £1,233,049 in 1906–7 to £2,534,539 in 1916–17. Revenue from Government has increased in the same period from £192,932 to £242,618. Receipts other than “revenue” were £1,227,473 in 1906–7, and £1,411,422 in 1916–17; but these figures vary from year to year according to circumstances, such as large operations by way of construction of works, for which money has to be specially raised.
The receipts of local governing bodies, divided into the various groups shown above, are given for each of the past ten years.
Financial Year. | Revenue from | Receipts not Revenue. | Total Receipts. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rates. | Licenses, Fees, Rents, and other Sources. | Government. | Total Revenue. | |||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1907–8 | 1,356,257 | 1,548,479 | 202,186 | 3,106,922 | 1,410,994 | 4,517,916 |
1908–9 | 1,390,698 | 1,710,712 | 223,410 | 3,324,820 | 1,440,746 | 4,765,566 |
1909–10 | 1,526,307 | 1,738,410 | 195,624 | 3,460,341 | 2,362,171 | 5,822,512 |
1910–11 | 1,592,601 | 1,941,655 | 230,070 | 3,764,326 | 1,776,958 | 5,541,284 |
1911–12 | 1,677,877 | 2,075,126 | 223,808 | 3,976,811 | 2,425,258 | 6,402,069 |
1912–13 | 1,799,299 | 2,306,424 | 225,262 | 4,330,985 | 2,383,123 | 6,714,108 |
1913–14 | 2,005,638 | 2,484,893 | 234,219 | 4,724,750 | 2,411,575 | 7,136,325 |
1914–15 | 2,140,086 | 2,622,221 | 239,076 | 5,001,383 | 2,595,706 | 7,597,089 |
1915–16 | 2,355,155 | 2,705,562 | 262,083 | 5,322,800 | 2,469,275 | 7,792,075 |
1916–17 | 2,534,539 | 3,001,324 | 242,618 | 5,778,481 | 1,411,422 | 7,189,903 |
The figures given in this and following tables are for the year ended 31st March, except in the case of certain Harbour Boards whose own financial year is taken in each case. The financial year of the Wellington Harbour Board ends on the 30th September (six months before the usual financial year); for the Coromandel, Fortrose, Half-moon Bay and Horseshoe Bay. Westport, Kaikoura, Kawhia, New River, Port Molyneux, Riverton, Tokomaru Bay, and Whangateau-Omaha Harbour Boards the year ends on the 31st March, but in all other cases the Harbour Board year ends on the 31st December, or three months previous to the financial year.
A summary of receipts for the year 1916–17 is given below. The total revenue of the local bodies for the financial year was £5,778,481, and they further received a sum of £1,411,422 which could not properly be termed “revenue,” making altogether a grand total of receipts amounting to £7,189,903. The rates formed 43.86 per cent. of the revenue proper; licenses, rents, and other sources yielded 51.94 per cent.; and 4.20 per cent. was granted by the General Government.
While the revenue proper of the counties amounted to £1,263,050, of which £974,334 was raised by way of rates, the Road Boards' revenue was only £122,553, of which £94,676 represented the result of their rating. The boroughs had the far larger revenue of £2,991,791, including £1,230,000 of rates, and their receipts under the heading of licenses, rents, and other sources amounted to the considerable sum of £1,718,773.
— | Revenue from | Receipts not Revenue. | Total Receipts. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rates. | Licenses, Rents, etc. | Government. | County. | |||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Counties | 974,334 | 111,107 | 177,609 | ... | 315,782 | 1,578,832 |
Boroughs | 1,230,000 | 1,718,773 | 43,018 | ... | 731,081 | 3,722,872 |
Town districts | 44,442 | 22,492 | 3,858 | 40 | 39,279 | 110,111 |
Road districts | 94,676 | 5,374 | 17,307 | 5,196 | 22,655 | 145,208 |
River districts | 12,885 | 11,622 | 237 | ... | 6,469 | 31,213 |
Land-drainage districts | 21,867 | 1,115 | 439 | ... | 11,814 | 35,235 |
Water-supply districts | 4,163 | 3,422 | ... | ... | 193 | 7,778 |
Tramway districts | 4,168 | 155,962 | ... | ... | ... | 160,130 |
City and suburban drainage districts | 106,387 | 3,191 | 150 | ... | 22,710 | 162,438 |
Harbour districts | 41,617 | 924,827 | 8,203 | ... | 261,439 | 1,236,086 |
Totals | 2,534,539 | 2,987,885 | 250,821 | 5,236 | 1,411,422 | 7,189,903 |
As stated above, rates contributed in 1916–17 the sum of £2,534,539 to the revenue of local governing bodies. General rates levied brought in £1,695,572, and special and separate rates £838,967. Of the lat er, £624,298 was received by boroughs, and £132,181 by counties. The whole of the rates in harbour districts were general rates, while all those collected by Tramway Boards came under the heading of “special and separate.”
General rates bring in a little more than two-thirds of the total revenue from rates.
Financial Year. | General. | Special and Separate. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | |
1907–8 | 949,139 | 407,118 | 1,356,257 |
1908–9 | 970,225 | 420,473 | 1,390,698 |
1909–10 | 1,058,447 | 467,860 | 1,526,307 |
1910–11 | 1,118,112 | 474,489 | 1,592,601 |
1911–12 | 1,156,718 | 521,159 | 1,677,877 |
1912–13 | 1,252,717 | 546,582 | 1,799,299 |
1913–14 | 1,359,776 | 645,862 | 2,005,638 |
1914–15 | 1,484,591 | 655,495 | 2,140,686 |
1915–16 | 1,607,764 | 747,391 | 2,355,155 |
1916–17 | 1,695,572 | 838,967 | 2,534,539 |
Separate rates are of two classes—“general” and “particular.” General separate rates are levied for the construction, maintenance, etc., of any public work, for the acquisition of land or buildings, or for engaging in any undertaking for the benefit of whole or part of a local district. Particular separate rates are levied in respect of water-supply, lighting, sanitation, and of libraries. Special rates are those levied as security for the repayment of loans.
Full particulars concerning the rating-powers of local bodies is given in the 1914 issue of the Year-book, together with information concerning the system of rating on unimproved value. Local districts in which a poll on the question of rating on unimproved value has been taken since the 31st March, 1914, are as shown below. The result of all polls to that date are given on pages 876–79 of the Year-book for 1914.
Local District. | Date of Poll. | Result of Poll. | Votes recorded. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
For. | Against | Informal. | |||
* For rescission. | |||||
Avondale Road District | 1 June, 1918 | Rejected | 231 | 300 | 1 |
Christchurch City* | 4 Mar., 1915 | Rating on U.V. remains | 1,914 | 2,086 | .. |
Ellerslie Town District | 8 Mar., 1916 | Carried | 175 | 25 | 1 |
Featherston County | 16 Feb., 1915 | Carried | 315 | 164 | 2 |
Huntly Town District | 20 Oct., 1915 | Carried | 30 | 1 | .. |
Mangaorongo Road District | 13 Mar., 1918 | Carried | 45 | 1 | .. |
Mangapapa Town District | 13 Oct., 1915 | Rejected | 109 | 164 | 14 |
Mataura Borough* | 3 Nov., 1915 | Rescission carried | 136 | 129 | 2 |
Onehunga Borough | 9 Mar., 1915 | Carried | 563 | 391 | 7 |
Otautau Town District* | 8 Mar., 1916 | Rescission carried | 40 | 33 | 1 |
Otorohanga Native Township | 30 Oct., 1914 | Carried | 43 | 5 | .. |
Raglan Town District | 15 Nov., 1916 | Carried | 54 | 19 | .. |
Westport Borough | 25 Apr., 1917 | Carried | 467 | 345 | 30 |
Whakatane Town District | 21 Sept., 1915 | Rejected | 70 | 105 | 1 |
Whangarei County | 11 Nov., 1914 | Carried | 736 | 236 | 22 |
Rates are not the only form of local taxation. Local authorities derive a certain amount of revenue from publicans' licenses, auctioneers' and hawkers' licenses, abattoir fees, dog-taxes, pound-taxes, tolls, &c. Sources of revenue not classed as taxation are—Rents; fines and penalties; market dues; sales of material; sale of light and power from gasworks and electric-supply works; tramway receipts; interest on deposits; wharf dues, &c.
Revenue received from the Government comprise—Rates on Crown and Native lands; timber and flax royalties; goldfields revenue and gold duty; fees and fines; subsidy on rates; one-third of receipts from lands sold on deferred payment and from perpetual leases; one-fourth of rents from small grazing-runs; other. In addition there are special grants from the General Government for various local works of a public or semi-public character. These are not considered revenue, and are included with “Receipts not revenue.”
A further class of receipts from the Government is provided by loans under the various Loans to Local Bodies Acts and from the New Zealand State Advances Office.
A statement of all receipts by controlling bodies of local districts from the Government during the financial year 1916–17 is given in the next table.
LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS FROM GOVERNMENT.—TABLE SHOWING UNDER SEPARATE HEADS THE AMOUNTS RECEIVED FROM THE GOVERNMENT BY THE LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES IN THE DOMINION DURING THE FINANCIAL YEAR 1916–17. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Counties. | Boroughs. | Town Boards. | Road Boards. | River Boards (excluding Inch-Clutha, also Road Board). | Land Drainage Boards. | Harbour Boards. | City and Suburban Drainage Boards. | Totals |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Rates on Crown and Native lands | .. | 83 | .. | 49 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 132 |
One-third receipts from land sold on deferred payment and from perpetual leases | 35,603 | 245 | 102 | 4,953 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 40,903 |
One-fourth of rents from small grazing-runs | 6,462 | 48 | .. | 109 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6,619 |
Timber and flax royalties | 4,907 | .. | .. | 684 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5,591 |
Goldfields revenue and gold duty | 14,843 | 12,958 | 1 | 92 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 27,894 |
Subsidies on rates | 113,646 | 23,553 | 3,652 | 11,366 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 152,217 |
Fees and fines | 883 | 2,242 | 57 | 40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3,222 |
Other receipts | 1,265 | 3,889 | 46 | 14 | 237 | 439 | 8,203 | 150 | 14,243 |
Total Revenue Account | 177,609 | 43,018 | 3,858 | 17,307 | 237 | 439 | 8,203 | 150 | 250,821 |
Loans from Government under Loans to Local Bodies Acts and from New Zealand State Advances Office | 90,992 | 70,457 | 5,940 | 300 | .. | 2,115 | .. | .. | 169,804 |
Grants for special works, &c. | 118,211 | 3,159 | 851 | 6,558 | 1,609 | 1,737 | 2,537 | .. | 134,662 |
Total receipts from Government | 386,812 | 116,634 | 10,649 | 24,165 | 1,846 | 4,291 | 10,740 | 150 | 555,287 |
The expenditure of local governing bodies during each of the past twenty years is as follows:—
Financial Year. | Expenditure. |
---|---|
£ | |
1897–98 | 1,733,016 |
1898–99 | 1,778,574 |
1899–1900 | 1,960,073 |
1900–1 | 2,250,572 |
1901–2 | 2,528,092 |
1902–3 | 2,867,506 |
1903–4 | 3,230,712 |
1904–5 | 3,497,321 |
1905–6 | 3,601,506 |
1906–7 | 3,897,515 |
1907–8 | 4,491,113 |
1908–9 | 4,800,711 |
1909–10 | 4,898,482 |
1910–11 | 5,360,261 |
1911–12 | 6,074,372 |
1912–13 | 6,537,769 |
1913–14 | 6,796,314 |
1914–15 | 6,806,567 |
1915–16 | 6,920,736 |
1916–17 | 6,758,593 |
The expenditure of the various classes of local governing bodies during 1916–17 is shown below in more detail.
— | Public Works. | Hospitals and Charitable Aid. | Management. | Interest on Loans and Overdraft. | Other. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Included in public works. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Counties | 1,096,751 | 121,779 | 140,487 | 135,390 | 70,148 | 1,564,555 |
Boroughs | 2,495,793 | 95,955 | 169,200 | 623,767 | 103,644 | 3,488,359 |
Town districts | 87,734 | 2,707 | 12,963 | 15,453 | 1,601 | 120,458 |
Road districts | 105,144 | 6,168 | 15,385 | 13,105 | 3,379 | 143,181 |
River districts | 18,073 | .. | 5,837 | 5,570 | 1,443 | 30,923 |
Land-drainage districts | 23,450 | .. | 3,473 | 8,848 | 45 | 35,816 |
Water-supply districts | 6,536 | .. | 1,711 | 720 | 452 | 9,419 |
Tramway districts | 90,558 | .. | * | 28,853 | 32,248 | 151,659 |
City and suburban drainage districts | 43,042 | .. | 9,588 | 58,192 | 250 | 111,072 |
Harbour districts | 446,364 | .. | 35,217 | 340,919 | 280,651 | 1,103,151 |
Totals | 4,413,445 | 226,609 | 393,861 | 1,230,817 | 493,861 | 6,758,593 |
It is seen that during the year the total expenditure was £6,758,593, of which £4,413,445 was expended on public works and £1,230,817 on debt charges. The item “management expenses” does not rank very high in the aggregate, though the table following shows that in some classes of local bodies the expenses of management account for a fair percentage of the revenue:—
Local Districts. | Management Expenses as Percentage of | ||
---|---|---|---|
Revenue. | Total Receipts. | Expenditure. | |
£ | £ | £ | |
Counties | 11.12 | 8.90 | 8.98 |
Boroughs | 5.66 | 4.54 | 4.85 |
Town districts | 18.30 | 11.77 | 10.76 |
Road districts | 12.55 | 10.60 | 10.75 |
River districts | 23.59 | 18.70 | 18.86 |
Land-drainage districts | 14.83 | 9.86 | 9.70 |
Water-supply districts | 22.56 | 22.00 | 18.17 |
City and suburban drainage districts | 6.86 | 5.90 | 8.63 |
Harbour districts | 3.61 | 2.85 | 3.19 |
All districts | 6.82 | 5.48 | 5.83 |
The table following gives, in respect of boroughs only, the expenditure out of loan-money during the past ten years, classified under various heads:—
Year ended 31st March. | Streets, Foot-ways, and Bridges. | Drainage and Sanitation. | Waterworks. | Tramways. | Abattoirs, Slaughterhouses and Pounds. | Lighting and Power Services. | Other Public Works. | Management, Interest, and Sundries. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1908 | 91,688 | 59,921 | 165,664 | 137,188 | 14,505 | 244,126 | 44,243 | 25,957 | 783,292 |
1909 | 111,295 | 111,336 | 150,592 | 43,336 | 23,671 | 139,502 | 16,686 | 17,849 | 614,267 |
1910 | 87,819 | 129,994 | 160,662 | 81 | 15,120 | 106,452 | 44,786 | 10,098 | 555,012 |
1911 | 113,216 | 132,037 | 143,717 | 52,195 | 1,922 | 139,409 | 53,153 | 22,841 | 658,490 |
1912 | 149,057 | 206,393 | 246,485 | 114,653 | 3,626 | 137,599 | 98,176 | 14,651 | 970,640 |
1913 | 182,251 | 205,373 | 169,447 | 61,224 | 15,596 | 134,873 | 103,985 | 16,433 | 889,182 |
1914 | 244,619 | 131,547 | 129,601 | 47,427 | 3,074 | 199,757 | 58,368 | 20,491 | 834,884 |
1915 | 153,209 | 68,061 | 70,306 | 28,889 | 5,463 | 201,651 | 58,982 | 25,098 | 611,659 |
1916 | 175,248 | 98,366 | 86,864 | 45,390 | 3,860 | 235,071 | 78,398 | 17,818 | 741,015 |
1917 | 98,595 | 92,677 | 84,012 | 21,497 | 14,970 | 130,489 | 60,902 | 16,794 | 519,936 |
The assets and liabilities of local governing bodies at the end of the financial year 1916–17 are as shown in the table following. The figures shown in the column “other assets” are taken from the respective balance-sheets, but are far from complete. In quite a number of cases no assets whatever are shown, while in the majority of the others nothing is included for the reserves held. These totals can only be taken as a very approximate indication of the property held in addition to the actual cash assets.
— | Assets. | Liabilities. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cash Assets. | Other Assets (as estimated in Published Balance-sheets). | Loans (excluding Government Loans and those from the State Advances Office). | Loans from State Advances Office. (Net indebtedness on 31st March, 1917.) | Liabilities other than the Loans included in preceding Columns (Bank Overdrafts, Outstanding Accounts, &c.). | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Counties | 519,758 | 517,648 | 286,679 | 973,628 | 345,921 |
Boroughs | 2,492,700 | 13,843,031 | 11,606,485 | 1,312,505 | 1,197,608 |
Town districts | 45,811 | 169,373 | 246,560 | 78,031 | 26,199 |
Road districts | 54,733 | 80,260 | 66,050 | 106,455 | 29,801 |
River districts | 22,375 | 36,034 | 34,530 | 3,319 | 16,748 |
Land-drainage districts | 19,234 | 13,043 | 17,120 | 82,438 | 5,182 |
City and suburban drainage districts | 466,753 | 562,414 | 1,400,000 | 180 | 5,397 |
Tramway districts | 29,023 | 683,878 | 610,600 | .. | 146,494 |
Water-supply districts | 2,204 | 27,707 | 13,000 | .. | 1,519 |
Harbour districts | 1,382,198 | 8,978,280 | 7,151,743 | 119,851 | 167,644 |
Totals | 5,034,789 | 24,911,668 | 21,432,767 | 2,676,407 | 1,942,513 |
In addition to the above liabilities there was outstanding at the 1st February, 1917, an amount of £1,229,468, being the inscribed debt of local bodies under the Loans to Local Bodies Act (including inscribed stock exchanged for debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882).
The indebtedness of local governing bodies on account of outstanding loans has increased in the twenty years 1896–97 to 1916–17 from £6,793,398 to £21,432,767, exclusive of moneys borrowed from the Government, which represented a further indebtedness of £3,905,875 at the end of March, 1917 (Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Act, £1,229,468, and loans from the New Zealand State Advances Office, £2,676,407).
The outstanding loans of local bodies at the end of each of the past twenty years are as shown in the following table:—
LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES, 1897–98 TO 1916–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial Year. | Outstanding Loans (excluding Government Loans). | Government Loans to Local Bodies. | Total Gross Indebtedness at End of Year. | ||
Outstanding Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act. | Loans from New Zealand State Advances Office outstanding on 31st March. | Net Indebtedness in February of each Year under the Local Bodies' Loans Acts (in-eluding Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act converted). | |||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1897–98 | 6,834,361 | 712 | .. | 742,530 | 7,577,603 |
1898–99 | 6,963,254 | 347 | .. | 789,618 | 7,753,219 |
1899–1900 | 7,057,350 | .. | .. | 810,192 | 7,867,542 |
1900–1 | 7,563,069 | .. | .. | 902,769 | 8,465,838 |
1901–2 | 7,839,695 | .. | .. | 1,046,645 | 8,886,340 |
1902–3 | 8,217,196 | .. | .. | 1,266,002 | 9,483,198 |
1903–4 | 8,898,910 | .. | .. | 1,401,752 | 10,300,662 |
1904–5 | 10,018,242 | .. | .. | 1,526,353 | 10,644,595 |
1905–6 | 10,718,051 | .. | .. | 1,580,494 | 12,298,545 |
1906–7 | 11,616,048 | .. | .. | 1,647,273 | 13,263,321 |
1907–8 | 12,532,334 | .. | .. | 1,691,083 | 14,223,417 |
1908–9 | 13,303,622 | .. | .. | 1,839,017 | 15,142,639 |
1909–10 | 14,937,685 | .. | .. | 1,925,606 | 16,863,291 |
1910–11 | 15,727,613 | .. | 404,163 | 2,025,663 | 17,157,439 |
1911–12 | 16,590,877 | .. | 1,186,611 | 1,948,852 | 19,726,340 |
1912–13 | 17,483,332 | .. | 1,711,797 | 1,761,409 | 20,956,538 |
1913–14 | 18,923,482 | .. | 2,007,797 | 1,631,965 | 22,563,244 |
1914–15 | 19,454,475 | .. | 2,312,754 | 1,482,212 | 23,249,441 |
1915–16 | 20,754,168 | .. | 2,680,245 | 1,349,916 | 24,784,329 |
1916–17 | 21,432,767 | .. | 2,676,407 | 1,229,468 | 25,338,642 |
A further table is given showing the amount of the debt raised in New Zealand and elsewhere, other than loans from the General. Government. Columns are added showing the interest payable and the average rate of interest per cent. It will be noticed that the amount of outstanding loans shown to have been raised in New Zealand was only a small percentage of the total at the end of the first of the twenty financial years shown, but increased gradually at first, and rapidly later, till at the end of the year 1912–13 it was nearly £3,000,000 in excess of the amount raised abroad. During 1913–14, however, the New Zealand amount decreased slightly, while the loans raised abroad showed a large increase. In 1914–15 and 1915–16 there were decreases in the amounts raised abroad and increases in the amounts raised in New Zealand, making a difference between the two amounts for the two years (in favour of New Zealand) of nearly £5,000,000 at the 31st March, 1916. Both amounts increased slightly during the financial year 1916–17, the difference between them remaining at approximately £5,000,000.
Financial Year. | Raised in New Zealand. | Raised Abroad. | Total Indebtedness. | Interest. | Average Rate per Cent. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1897–98 | 1,343,161 | 5,491,200 | 6,834,361 | 363,569 | 5.32 |
1898–99 | 1,478,154 | 5,485,100 | 6,963,254 | 363,915 | 5.23 |
1899–1900 | 1,579,050 | 5,478,300 | 7,057,350 | 367,019 | 5.20 |
1900–1 | 2,052,269 | 5,510,800 | 7,563,069 | 385,959 | 5.10 |
1901–2 | 2,287,595 | 5,552,100 | 7,839,695 | 396,460 | 5.06 |
1902–3 | 2,880,596 | 5,336,600 | 8,217,196 | 409,238 | 4.91 |
1903–4 | 3,369,410 | 5,529,500 | 8,898,910 | 439,879 | 4.94 |
1904–5 | 3,479,642 | 5,638,600 | 10,018,242 | 487,145 | 4.86 |
1905–6 | 5,250,551 | 5,467,500 | 10,718,051 | 515,188 | 4.81 |
1906–7 | 6,145,548 | 5,470,500 | 11,616,048 | 548,387 | 4.72 |
1907–8 | 7,246,834 | 5,285,500 | 12,532,334 | 587,564 | 4.69 |
1908–9 | 7,785,922 | 5,517,700 | 13,303,622 | 616,330 | 4.63 |
1909–10 | 7,967,385 | 6,970,300 | 14,937,685 | 684,630 | 4.58 |
1910–11 | 8,254,313 | 7,473,300 | 15,727,613 | 715,289 | 4.55 |
1911–12 | 9,574,527 | 7,016,350 | 16,590,877 | 748,805 | 4.51 |
1912–13 | 10,134,782 | 7,348,550 | 17,483,332 | 787,827 | 4.51 |
1913–14 | 10,106,082 | 8,817,400 | 18,923,482 | 855,063 | 4.52 |
1914–15 | 10,998,775 | 8,455,700 | 19,454,475 | 870,992 | 4.48 |
1915–16 | 12,793,543 | 7,960,625 | 20,754,168 | 948,511 | 4.57 |
1916–17 | 13,218,617 | 8,214,150 | 21,432,767 | 983,408 | 4.59 |
The average rate of interest shows a steady fall throughout the twenty years shown, with, however, a cheek in the last two years of the period. The loans outstanding, other than Government loans, at the end of the financial year 1916–17 are shown below, classified according to various rates of interest:—
Rate of Interest: Per Cent. | Raised in New Zealand. | Raised Abroad. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | |
Nil | 25,000 | .. | 25,000 |
½ | 6,500 | .. | 6,500 |
3 ½ | 1,500 | .. | 1,500 |
3 ¾ | 60,000 | .. | 60,000 |
4 | 3,082,910 | 2,372,400 | 5,455,310 |
4 ¼ | 1,669,830 | 331,100 | 2,000,930 |
4 ⅜ | 37,000 | .. | 37,000 |
4 ½ | 3,909,880 | 2,051,650 | 5,961,530 |
4 ¾ | 518,140 | .. | 518,140 |
5 | 2,938,508 | 2,524,125 | 5,462,633 |
5 ⅛ | 91,300 | .. | 91,300 |
5 ¼ | 597,349 | 8,175 | 605,524 |
5 ½ | 120,514 | 1,100 | 121,614 |
6 | 160,186 | 925,600 | 1,085,786 |
Totals | 13,218,617 | 8,214,150 | 21,432,767 |
The total indebtedness at the end of 1916–17, excluding loans from the State Advances Office and the inscribed debt under the Loans to Local Bodies Acts (the latter including stock exchanged for debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act), was £21,432,767, as shown above. Against this were sinking funds amounting to £2,155,061, leaving the net indebtedness, other than to the State, £19,277,706. The annual charge for interest was £983,408, and for sinking fund £159,522. The net indebtedness to the State Advances Office was £2,676,407, representing loans originally amounting to £2,836,055. The instalments of principal and interest on this amounted to an annual charge of £147,151.
The debt under the Loans to Local Bodies Acts, including inscribed stock exchanged for debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882, was £1,229,468 at the end of the year. This debt is decreasing yearly, and will be extinguished in course of time. The amount outstanding is repayable by annual instalments of £103,313, representing 4 ½ per cent. on £862,657, 4 per cent. on £104,444, and 3 ½ per cent. on £1,723,311, the amount inscribed to the 1st February, 1917. Repayments on the amount inscribed would be £3,615,948, including interest. The actual, repayments have been £1,899,227;, leaving £1,716,721 still to be paid by way of interest and sinking fund on a present indebtedness of £1,229,468.
Full information concerning the law governing local bodies' loans is given in the 1914 issue of this book. The section of tins book dealing with State aid to settlers and workers contains information regarding State advances to local authorities.
Detailed tables showing the statistics of individual local bodies will be found in Volume iv of “Statistics of New Zealand.”
Table of Contents
THE system of separately assessing the value of the land itself and the value of the buildings and improvements effected thereon was first put into practice in New Zealand for the purposes of State taxation on the passing of the Land-tax Act, 1878, under which a tax was levied on land-values, the impost being ½d. in the pound on the capital value of real estate, less the assessed value of the improvements.
The Land-tax Act, 1878, was superseded by the Property-tax Act, 1879, which provided for the levy of a uniform tax of 1d. in the pound on the capital value of all property—real and personal—above the amount of £500 in value.
The Property-tax Act, 1879, was in its turn superseded by the Land and Income Assessment Act, 1891. Under this enactment a land-tax was imposed on land and mortgages of land, with an exemption of improvements on land up to £3,000. An exemption from income-tax was also allowed on all incomes derived from land and mortgages of land.
Two years later, under the provisions of the Land and Income Assessment Acts Amendment Act, 1893, all improvements on land were entirely exempted.
An endeavour to extend the principle of general exclusion of improvements to local taxation resulted in the passing of the Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896, which gave Local authorities the option of deciding that equivalent rates on the unimproved values of lands in their jurisdiction should be substituted for the rates levied on the full capital values or on the annual values.
The valuing of land up to the year 1896 was not conducted on a uniform basis. Each State Department and each local authority worked quite independently, and employed as valuers whom it thought fit. The Land-tax Department periodically employed a small army of temporary valuers when it required a new valuation of lands for taxation purposes, and each local authority had its own particular method of making up its roll for the levying of rates. Estimates of values arrived at by various authorities varied to a dangerous degree. Some values were very high, being based on speculative prices, while many were extremely low. Frequently the same property had several values assigned to it.
In order to overcome as far as possible the obvious defects of the old system, it was decided to establish a new system of valuation, by which all valuations required by State Departments—whether for loan, taxation, or other purposes—and by local authorities that rate on the capital or unimproved value, should be made by valuers employed by the State at fixed salaries and responsible to the Government alone.
The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896, was in due course introduced and passed. This Act provided for the setting-up of a separate Department of State charged with the duty of estimating the values of real estate in the Dominion for taxation and other purposes of the General Government and for local rating purposes.
Having regard to the want of knowledge on the part of the public respecting the provisions of the Valuation of Land Act, and to the initiatory difficulties which had to be overcome in making valuations from information which, although not entirely new, was yet defective by reason of the unevenness of the old land-values, it may be affirmed that the objects of the Act have been fairly attained with comparatively little friction. Of course, inaccuracies and mistakes have occurred, and will occur, but these are inevitable in any system of valuation. They will, however, diminish gradually. Each successive revision of values furnishes a safer basis for a further advance towards greater accuracy in values at a greatly reduced cost.
The whole of the existing law relating to the valuation of land in New Zealand is contained in the Valuation of Land Act, 1908 (which is a consolidation of the Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896, and the Acts amending the same), the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1908, and the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, and the regulations made under these Acts.
Full information concerning the working of the Act is given in the 1914 issue of this book (pages 896–910).
General valuations of land for the whole of New Zealand were made periodically up to the year 1897–98. Since that year no general valuations for the whole Dominion have been made, but portions have been revalued from time to time. The figures in the following table showing valuations over a number of years therefore represent general valuations up to 1897 only, while for subsequent years the figures have been revised to include the latest valuations of small divisions.
Year. | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). |
---|---|---|
£ | £ | |
1878 | 99,566,679 | 62,573,868 |
1882 | 101,000,000 | .. |
1885 | 113,270,649 | .. |
1888 | 111,137,714 | 75,497,379 |
1891 | 122,225,029 | 75,832,465 |
1897 | 138,591,347 | 84,401,244 |
1902 | 154,816,132 | 94,847,727 |
1904 | 182,796,241 | 112,629,412 |
1905 | 197,684,475 | 122,937,126 |
1906 | 218,422,552 | 137,168,548 |
1907 | 236,644,536 | 149,682,689 |
1908 | 253,440,172 | 161,324,763 |
1909 | 271,516,022 | 172,759,948 |
1910 | 277,630,083 | 175,289,861 |
1911 | 293,117,065 | 184,062,798 |
1912 | 315,503,213 | 199,184,261 |
1913 | 340,559,728 | 212,963,468 |
1914 | 365,342,237 | 228,493,376 |
1915 | 371,076,683 | 230,705,147 |
1916 | 389,164,729 | 241,322,255 |
1917 | 405,466,071 | 251,087,708 |
Information covering the past ten years as to capital and unimproved values in the North and South Islands is given in the following table, which also shows the separate totals for counties, boroughs, and towns districts (independent of county jurisdiction). Summarized totals are also given.
CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS AND FOR THE WHOLE DOMINION. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | North Island. | South Island.* | New Zealand. | |||
Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | |
* Including Stewart Island and Chatham Islands. | ||||||
COUNTIES. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1908 | 93,251,795 | 63,032,429 | 69,038,155 | 51,269,297 | 162,289,950 | 114,301,726 |
1909 | 100,434,677 | 68,121,211 | 75,166,586 | 55,218,139 | 175,601,263 | 123,339,350 |
1910 | 102,947,079 | 69,161,564 | 74,754,540 | 55,399,156 | 177,701,619 | 124,560,720 |
1911 | 107,638,954 | 72,319,273 | 77,403,383 | 57,071,320 | 185,042,337 | 129,990,593 |
1912 | 117,099,194 | 78,574,769 | 81,014,944 | 60,239,117 | 198,114,138 | 138,813,886 |
1913 | 130,946,882 | 87,361,655 | 87,335,150 | 64,912,274 | 218,282,038 | 152,273,929 |
1914 | 136,142,912 | 90,361,877 | 93,708,093 | 69,484,292 | 229,851,005 | 159,846,169 |
1915 | 137,669,168 | 91,079,543 | 94,296,275 | 69,841,015 | 231,965,443 | 160,920,558 |
1916 | 146,242,118 | 97,379,015 | 96,811,084 | 71,199,250 | 243,053,202 | 168,578,265 |
1917 | 154,477,641 | 102,981,689 | 100,636,688 | 74,108,106 | 255,114,329 | 177,089,795 |
BOROUGHS. | ||||||
1908 | 54,527,281 | 30,807,242 | 34,141,376,14,827,575 | 88,668,657 | 45,634,817 | |
1909 | 57,227,864 | 32,334,028 | 35,795,030 | 15,405,830 | 93,022,894 | 47,739,858 |
1910 | 59,726,326 | 33,245,235 | 37,329,437 | 15,867,220 | 97,055,763 | 49,112,455 |
1911 | 65,159,196 | 35,551,071 | 39,649,805 | 16,766,347 | 104,809,001 | 52,317,418 |
1912 | 73,385,468 | 41,506,154 | 40,295,801 | 16,856,805 | 113,681,269 | 58,363,019 |
1913 | 76,763,298 | 41,734,848 | 42,207,280 | 17,354,970 | 118,970,578 | 59,089,818 |
1914 | 84,945,582 | 47,017,463 | 45,875,023 | 19,367,115 | 130,820,605 | 66,384,578 |
1915 | 87,671,609 | 48,150,309 | 46,038,663 | 19,396,948 | 134,310,272 | 67,547,257 |
1916 | 92,902,160 | 50,443,309 | 48,313,999 | 20,050,324 | 141,216,159 | 70,493,733 |
1917 | 96,207,345 | 51,510,819 | 48,770,852 | 20,018,500 | 144,978,197 | 71,529,319 |
TOWN DISTRICTS. | ||||||
1908 | 1,909,281 | 1,110,131 | 572,284 | 278,089 | 2,481,565 | 1,388,220 |
1909 | 2,286,857 | 1,396,478 | 605,008 | 284,262 | 2,891,865 | 1,680,740 |
1910 | 2,245,074 | 1,328,297 | 627,627 | 288,389 | 2,872,701 | 1,616,686 |
1911 | 2,591,833 | 1,439,866 | 673,894 | 314,921 | 3,265,727 | 1,754,787 |
1912 | 2,925,871 | 1,639,588 | 781,935 | 307,708 | 3,707,806 | 2,007,356 |
1913 | 2,487,087 | 1,228,438 | 820,025 | 371,283 | 3,307,112 | 1,599,721 |
1914 | 3,803,368 | 1,880,433 | 802,259 | 382,196 | 4,670,627 | 2,262,629 |
1915 | 3,916,101 | 1,854,576 | 884,867 | 382,756 | 4,800,968 | 2,237,332 |
1916 | 4,273,975 | 1,989,761 | 621,393 | 200,490 | 4,895,368 | 2,250,257 |
1917 | 4,732,948 | 2,207,633 | 640,597 | 260,961 | 5,373,545 | 2,468,594 |
GRAND TOTALS. | ||||||
1908 | 149,688,357 | 94,949,802 | 103,751,815 | 66,374,961 | 253,440,172 | 161,324,763 |
1909 | 159,949,398 | 101,851,717 | 111,566,624 | 70,908,231 | 271,516,022 | 172,759,968 |
1910 | 164,918,479 | 103,735,096 | 112,711,604 | 71,554,765 | 277,630,083 | 175,289,861 |
1911 | 175,389,983 | 109,310,210 | 117,727,082 | 74,752,588 | 293,117,065 | 184,062,798 |
1912 | 193,410,533 | 121,720,511 | 122,092,680 | 77,463,750 | 315,503,213 | 199,184,261 |
1913 | 210,197,267 | 130,324,941 | 130,362,461 | 82,638,527 | 340,559,728 | 212,903,468 |
1914 | 224,896,862 | 139,259,773 | 140,445,375 | 89,233,603 | 365,342,237 | 228,493,376 |
1915 | 229,256,878 | 141,084,428 | 141,819,805 | 89,620,719 | 371,076,683 | 230,705,147 |
1916 | 243,418,253 | 149,812,085 | 145,746,476 | 91,510,170 | 389,164,729 | 241,322,255 |
1917 | 255,417,934 | 156,700,141 | 150,048,137 | 94,387,567 | 405,466,071 | 251,087,708 |
The total valuations are given for counties and boroughs, and for town districts not forming parts of counties. The particulars for component parts of counties, being road districts, town districts forming parts of counties and portions of outlying country, will be found in Volume iv of “Statistics of New Zealand.”
TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL VALUE OF LAND WITH IMPROVEMENTS (AND DISTINGUISHING THE UNIMPROVED VALUE OF LAND) FOR ALL LANDS AND FOR RATEABLE PROPERTIES IN EACH COUNTY IN NEW ZEALAND AS AT THE 1ST APRIL, 1917, WITH THE AREA, POPULATION, NUMBER OF ASSESSMENTS ON VALUATION ROLL, AND THE YEAR IN WHICH THE VALUES WERE LAST REVISED. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County. | Area in Square Miles (including Interior Boroughs, &c.). | Population. Census 1916 (excluding Interior Boroughs, &c.). | Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll. | Gross Values. | System of Rating. | Rateable Values. | Values last revised as at 1st April in* | ||
Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | ||||||
* In cases where more than one year is shown in this column this revision of the county was carried out in sections, certain ridings, road districts, or town districts being revised, in the years stated. † Counties Act not wholly in force. | |||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | ||||||
Mongonui | 875 | 3,562 | 1,619 | 867,765 | 521,670 | U.V. | 739,153 | 421,410 | 1916 |
Whangaroa | 200 | 776 | 547 | 160,790 | 109,504 | C.V. | 139,560 | 90,734 | 1912 |
Bay of Islands | 848 | 3,600 | 3,014 | 1,069,740 | 743,529 | C.V. | 903,149 | 595,424 | 1912 |
Hokianga | 933 | 3,596 | 2,813 | 986,916 | 730,987 | U.V. | 725,168 | 481,722 | 1911 |
Whangarei | 894 | 8,095 | 4,046 | 2,249,908 | 1,245,090 | U.V. | 2,111,964 | 1,137,830 | 1914, 1917 |
Hobson | 626 | 4,217 | 1,699 | 1,259,857 | 783,913 | U.V. | 1,200,398 | 738,607 | 1913 |
Otamatea | 443 | 3,647 | 1,805 | 991,252 | 607,003 | C.V. | 934,740 | 560,396 | 1912 |
Rodney | 493 | 3,419 | 1,680 | 987,645 | 610,200 | C.V. | 982,206 | 583,599 | 1912 |
Waitemata | 630 | 7,476 | 3,720 | 2,627,544 | 1,809,175 | C.V. | 2,517,863 | 1,722,354 | 1912, '13, '14, '16 |
Eden | 30 | 16,841 | 4,793 | 4,189,762 | 2,639,235 | † | 3,790,662 | 2,422,309 | 1911, '13, '16, '17 |
Manukau | 197 | 6,158 | 2,056 | 2,830,723 | 1,932,605 | C.V. | 2,755,256 | 1,892,169 | 1911, '12, '13, '14 |
Franklin | 620 | 8,756 | 3,889 | 3,767,821 | 2,427,057 | C.V. | 3,713,316 | 2,418,061 | 1912, '13, '14, '16, '17 |
Great Barrier | 108 | 245 | 201 | 133,758 | 108,440 | U.V. | 128,776 | 103,763 | 1914 |
Islands— | |||||||||
Little Barrier, Waiheke, c. | .. | .. | 264 | 327,038 | 212,080 | Nil | 265,273 | 172,700 | 1913 |
Waikato | 613 | 0,564 | 1,737 | 2,725,828 | 1,874,878 | C.V. | 2,616,292 | 1,797,303 | 1912 |
Raglan | 855 | 4,027 | 2,346 | 3,168,069 | 2,074,533 | U.V. | 3,120,238 | 2,040,082 | 1916 |
Waipa | 284 | 6,109 | 2,188 | 3,036,676 | 2,030,480 | C.V. | 2,964,221 | 2,003,340 | 1913 |
Kawhia | 351 | 991 | 826 | 564,276 | 366,766 | U.V. | 534,975 | 340,323 | 1913 |
Awakino | 416 | 702 | 522 | 954,580 | 553,970 | U.V. | 901,805 | 504,125 | 1916 |
Waitomo | 1,115 | 5,181 | 2,770 | 2,251,345 | 1,493,816 | C.V. | 2,149,039 | 1,404,461 | 1913, 1916, 1917 |
Ohura | 527 | 2,382 | 974 | 1,044,661 | 672,868 | U.V. | 967,659 | 600,624 | 1913 |
Coromandel | 440 | 2,256 | 1,585 | 434,322 | 282,210 | C.V. | 367,576 | 232,201 | 1913 |
Thames | 498 | 4,690 | 2,242 | 1,514,155 | 1,099,128 | U.V. | 1,411,325 | 1,006,676 | 1913, 1916, 1917 |
Ohinemuri | 497 | 4,661 | 2,486 | 1,751,964 | 1,256,211 | C.V. | 1,578,369 | 1,114,566 | 1913,1917 |
Tauranga | 651 | 3,382 | 2,342 | 1,244,408 | 812,039 | U.V. | 1,132,842 | 711,964 | 1912 |
Piako | 404 | 4,079 | 1,203 | 3,332,257 | 2,281,772 | U.V. | 3,192,575 | 2,161,535 | 1917 |
Matamata | 942 | 3,903 | 1,173 | 1,517,239 | 964,342 | C.V. | 1,403,372 | 865,990 | 1911, 1916 |
Rotorua | 995 | 1,400 | 1,095 | 608,735 | 472,115 | C.V. | 479,023 | 375,915 | 1912 |
Whakatane | 1,550 | 2,054 | 1,509 | 1,342,653 | 954,656 | C.V. | 1,182,085 | 808,746 | 1913, 1916 |
Opotiki | 1,509 | 1,881 | 1,173 | 1,296,630 | 833,712 | U.V. | 1,175,457 | 717,668 | 1913 |
East Taupo | 2,470 | 515 | 936 | 415,266 | 249,332 | Nil | 283,651 | 123,762 | 1914 |
West Taupo | 1,438 | 2,351 | 1,216 | 1,976,992 | 1,436,216 | † | 1,629,904 | 1,156,175 | 1916 |
Islands— | |||||||||
Mayor and Motiti | .. | .. | .. | 19,415 | 12,141 | Nil. | 18,820 | 12,121 | 1917 |
Waiapu | 1,102 | 2,075 | 971 | 2,732,753 | 1,671,975 | C.V. | 2,567,727 | 1,558,188 | 1913 |
Waikohu | 896 | 3,013 | 945 | 2,692,467 | 1,568,914 | U.V. | 2,604,376 | 1,486,217 | 1912 |
Cook | 1,082 | 7,005 | 3,427 | 7,506,573 | 5,098,143 | C.V | 7,444,916 | 5,063,406 | 1912, '13, '14, '10 |
Wairoa | 1,893 | 2,332 | 1,560 | 3,035,396 | 1,921,634 | C.V. | 2,852,375 | 1,782,811 | 1913 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,985 | 9,585 | 3,900 | 7,764,278 | 5,945,428 | C.V. | 7,678,277 | 5,909,301 | 1911, '12, '13, '14 |
Waipawa | 440 | 3,084 | 1,271 | 2,952,038 | 2,093,751 | U.V. | 2,900,946 | 2,058,121 | 1916 |
Waipukurau | 85 | 667 | 257 | 721,637 | 534,743 | U.V. | 718,054 | 532,595 | 1916 |
Dannevirke | 414 | 4,538 | 1,594 | 3,314,267 | 2,178,894 | U.V. | 3,293,271 | 2,159,552 | 1916 |
Woodville | 154 | 1,819 | 817 | 1,380,846 | 962,391 | U.V. | 1,369,022 | 955,299 | 1914 |
Patangata | 718 | 2,080 | 1,009 | 4,761,396 | 3,700,830 | C.V. | 4,683,610 | 3,638,816 | 1912, 1917 |
Weber | 108 | 420 | 180 | 719,621 | 475,510 | U.V. | 716,614 | 474,535 | 1917 |
Clifton | 615 | 2,156 | 1,349 | 997,343 | 563,730 | C.V. | 963,051 | 533,222 | 1911 |
Taranaki | 386 | 7,100 | 3,012 | 2,262,603 | 1,270,159 | C.V. | 2,224,347 | 1,249,683 | 1912,1913 |
Egmont | 197 | 3,264 | 1,605 | 1,930,394 | 1,039,229 | C.V. | 1,876,892 | 1,007,068 | 1914 |
Stratford | 391 | 5,152 | 1,653 | 2,085,326 | 1,219,004 | U.V. | 2,036,148 | 1,184,480 | 1909 |
Whangamomona | 378 | 1,387 | 621 | 565,984 | 327,252 | U.V. | 519,715 | 283,110 | 1909 |
Waimate West | 75 | 2,029 | 499 | 1,415,526 | 1,120,254 | C.V. | 1,411,639 | 1,119,222 | 1913 |
Hawera | 195 | 4,599 | 1,580 | 2,574,518 | 1,929,232 | C.V. | 2,548,657 | 1,914,226 | 1910, 1913 |
Eltham | 201 | 3,393 | 887 | 1,995,554 | 1,356,388 | C.V. | 1,969,897 | 1,342,082 | 1914 |
Patea | 626 | 3,136 | 1,533 | 3,613,279 | 2,394,715 | C.V. | 3,529,712 | 2,328,744 | 1915 |
Waitotara | 447 | 2,415 | 981 | 2,677,241 | 1,827,322 | C.V. | 2,617,199 | 1,773,933 | 1914, 1916 |
Waimarino | 930 | 2,586 | 1,541 | 1,440,631 | 1,015,984 | U.V. | 1,262,674 | 841,671 | 1913 |
Wanganui | 627 | 3,397 | 1,440 | 2,751,848 | 1,743,785 | C.V. | 2,703,999 | 1,706,040 | 1913, 1916 |
Rangitikei | 1,144 | 7,525 | 3,167 | 6,585,594 | 4,307,024 | C.V. | 6,527,267 | 4,267,071 | 1908, '12, '14, '17 |
Kiwitea | 336 | 2,585 | 1,496 | 2,015,749 | 1,351,935 | C.V. | 1,988,262 | 1,333,134 | 1910, 1911 |
Pohangina | 295 | 1,581 | 986 | 1,221,019 | 810,566 | C.V. | 1,185,416 | 780,054 | 1911 |
Kaitieke | 590 | 2,784 | 787 | 1,492,609 | 983,871 | U.V. | 1,178,896 | 681,999 | 1917 |
Manawatu | 267 | 4,521 | 1,538 | 2,397,376 | 1,709,831 | C.V. | 2,377,014 | 1,701,003 | 1911, 1912 |
Oroua | 213 | 3,304 | 1,491 | 2,942,668 | 2,103,571 | C.V. | 2,929,469 | 2,098,904 | 1913, 1917 |
Kairanga | 190 | 4,124 | 1,145 | 3,002,676 | 2,189,322 | U.V. | 2,957,473 | 2,177,282 | 1912 |
Horowhenua | 499 | 6,120 | 2,442 | 3,557,170 | 2,540,649 | C.V | 3,421,774 | 2,448,353 | 1913, 1914 |
Islands— | |||||||||
Kapiti, Mana, and Somes | .. | .. | 17 | 17,984 | 13,378 | Nil | 10,454 | 9,378 | 1898 |
Chatham Islands | 375 | 219 | 201 | 286,373 | 195,957 | Nil | 281,017 | 195,393 | 1915 |
Pahiatua | 301 | 3,110 | 2,241 | 1,736,991 | 1,041,965 | U.V. | 1,706,815 | 1,020,916 | 1907 |
Akitio | 326 | 1,416 | 691 | 1,187,477 | 608,945 | U.V. | 1,171,611 | 600,322 | 1914 |
Castlepoint | 239 | 621 | 167 | 831,503 | 536,555 | C.V. | 828,398 | 535,993 | 1913 |
Eketahuna | 324 | 2,312 | 1,174 | 1,257,731 | 716,826 | U.V. | 1,194,501 | 683,771 | 1908,1910 |
Mauriceville | 136 | 771 | 441 | 547,256 | 309,429 | C.V. | 525,909 | 291,935 | 1914 |
Masterton | 586 | 3,746 | 1,298 | 2,843,686 | 1,874,217 | C.V. | 2,810,383 | 1,861,541 | 1909, 1910 |
Wairarapa South | 452 | 2,744 | 1,032 | 2,176,985 | 1,358,312 | U.V. | 2,139,875 | 1,338,501 | 1913 |
Featherston | 961 | 3,235 | 1,002 | 3,919,327 | 2,581,210 | U.V. | 3,853,993 | 2,531,943 | 1912, 1917 |
Hutt | 461 | 4,998 | 2,526 | 2,156,914 | 1,283,385 | C.V. | 1,911,891 | 1,180,290 | 1913, 1914 |
Makara | 101 | 2,976 | 967 | 1,045,417 | 499,758 | C.V. | 922,844 | 482,567 | 1916 |
Collingwood | 719 | 1,253 | 878 | 253,495 | 152,552 | U.V. | 209,409 | 115,883 | 1909 |
Takaka | 454 | 1,858 | 781 | 468,479 | 223,279 | U.V. | 412,381 | 175,316 | 1909,1917 |
Waimea | 1,662 | 9,334 | 3,853 | 3,172,272 | 1,784,046 | C.V. | 3,070,476 | 1,731,332 | 1916, 1917 |
Sounds | 473 | 1,201 | 867 | 792,701 | 478,675 | Nil | 756,143 | 444,982 | 1914 |
Marlborough | 1,931 | 6,915 | 2,615 | 3,208,334 | 2,432,911 | † | 3,121,490 | 2,369,522 | 1909, '11, '12, '13, '14 |
Awatere | 1,267 | 1,542 | 518 | 1,609,293 | 1,253,376 | U.V. | 1,594,611 | 1,245,513 | 1913 |
Kaikoura | 703 | 1,906 | 749 | 1,230,081 | 908,146 | C.V. | 1,200,020 | 902,601 | 1913 |
Buller | 1,818 | 5,773 | 3,062 | 1,412,727 | 731,973 | U.V. | 1,001,980 | 408,808 | 1913, 1916 |
Murchison | 1,640 | 1,251 | 862 | 777,819 | 470,749 | U.V. | 470,201 | 173,154 | 1916 |
Inangahua | 741 | 4,130 | 1,718 | 592,565 | 296,932 | U.V. | 393,969 | 121,245 | 1912 |
Grey | 1,452 | 5,510 | 2,450 | 993,899 | 648,504 | C.V. | 584,111 | 295,444 | 1912 |
Westland | 4,420 | 4,087 | 3,217 | 1,053,715 | 763,328 | C.V. | 591,690 | 328,946 | 1914 |
Cheviot | 322 | 1,224 | 661 | 1,474,979 | 1,185,491 | U.V. | 1,463,132 | 1,179,319 | 1913 |
Amuri | 2,362 | 1,836 | 615 | 1,986,983 | 1,630,071 | C.V. | 1,952,855 | 1,603,566 | 1911, 1912 |
Waipara | 901 | 2,058 | 713 | 3,158,589 | 2,698,749 | C.V. | 3,141,704 | 2,690,769 | 1914 |
Ashley | 311 | 728 | 348 | 850,332 | 702,180 | C.V. | 823,597 | 677,615 | 1916 |
Kowai | 160 | 1,914 | 911 | 1,191,310 | 939,033 | C.V. | 1,175,925 | 935,027 | 1914 |
Oxford | 324 | 1,756 | 932 | 872,099 | 694,054 | C.V. | 833,818 | 662,741 | 1912 |
Rangiora | 95 | 2,747 | 1,168 | 1,378,721 | 1,064,033 | C.V. | 1,363,202 | 1,058,508 | 1913, 1914 |
Eyre | 175 | 1,806 | 713 | 1,191,351 | 959,593 | C.V. | 1,185,539 | 957,566 | 1914 |
Waimairi | 74 | 11,914 | 4,589 | 3,066,296 | 1,725,365 | C.V. | 2,601,783 | 1,458,102 | 1909, 1911 |
Paparua | 136 | 4,716 | 1,608 | 2,131,702 | 1,573,133 | C.V. | 2,061,351 | 1,539,382 | 1917 |
Malvern | 248 | 2,757 | 1,286 | 1,935,425 | 1,533,543 | C.V. | 1,893,288 | 1,516,259 | 1914 |
Tawera | 932 | 847 | 326 | 345,429 | 270,636 | C.V. | 325,462 | 259,393 | 1907, 1909, 1910 |
Heathcote | 21 | 4,212 | 1,507 | 936,945 | 549,905 | C.V. | 877,410 | 532,525 | 1916, 1917 |
Halswell | 42 | 1,628 | 423 | 718,505 | 544,446 | C.V. | 688,635 | 534,981 | 1910, 1913 |
Selwyn | 977 | 1,423 | 603 | 1,725,307 | 1,395,207 | C.V. | 1,653,655 | 1,380,704 | 1917 |
Springs | 89 | 1,785 | 616 | 1,052,610 | 827,850 | C.V. | 1,011,222 | 824,847 | 1913 |
Ellesmere | 183 | 3,441 | 1,198 | 2,232,279 | 1,819,061 | C.V. | 2,198,038 | 1,806,486 | 1906, 1911 |
Mount Herbert | 59 | 405 | 194 | 571,179 | 469,254 | C.V. | 560,969 | 464,329 | 1917 |
Wairewa | 165 | 1,036 | 547 | 1,282,043 | 1,059,148 | C.V. | 1,264,559 | 1,045,703 | 1917 |
Akaroa | 163 | 1,982 | 805 | 1,515,717 | 1,204,157 | C.V. | 1,503,402 | 1,200,137 | 1909 |
Ashburton | 2,542 | 10,969 | 4,046 | 9,468,327 | 7,835,931 | C.V. | 9,381,596 | 7,792,633 | 1911, '12, '14, '17 |
Geraldine | 949 | 5,194 | 2,413 | 3,150,381 | 2,534,404 | C.V. | 3,122,456 | 2,518,609 | 1911, 1917 |
Levels | 273 | 4,618 | 2,040 | 3,048,087 | 2,434,853 | C.V. | 3,017,709 | 2,418,228 | 1914 |
Mackenzie | 2,537 | 2,868 | 1,096 | 2,134,458 | 1,674,971 | C.V. | 2,059,035 | 1,034,308 | 1911, 1912, 1913 |
Wairewa | 1,343 | 6,984 | 2,500 | 5,397,122 | 4,396,212 | U.V. | 5,330,027 | 4,357,215 | 1913, 1914 |
Waitaki | 2,333 | 9,694 | 3,913 | 4,128,220 | 3,178,019 | C.V. | 4,054,135 | 3,153,236 | 1909 |
Maniototo | 1,239 | 2,527 | 1,863 | 928,303 | 640,857 | C.V. | 903,566 | 631,096 | 1912, 1913 |
Waihemo | 336 | 1,446 | 807 | 575,410 | 416,268 | C.V. | 569,989 | 415,060 | 1908 |
Waikouaiti | 318 | 4,094 | 2,028 | 889,712 | 509,562 | C.V. | 764,747 | 491,448 | 1908 |
Peninsula | 37 | 1,793 | 1,475 | 514,276 | 290,463 | † | 481,213 | 286,149 | 1908, 1911 |
Taieri | 930 | 5,662 | 2,779 | 1,897,507 | 1,371,873 | C.V. | 1,861,524 | 1,360,674 | 1906, '07, '09, '17 |
Tuapeka | 1,365 | 5,123 | 2,619 | 1,909,834 | 1,357,276 | C.V. | 1,850,111 | 1,332,469 | 1911, 1912 |
Bruce | 503 | 4,763 | 2,248 | 1,506,701 | 1,040,613 | C.V. | 1,485,075 | 1,034,667 | 1907, '08, '09, '17 |
Clutha | 940 | 6,901 | 3,274 | 2,676,479 | 1,696,885 | C.V. | 2,601,188 | 1,656,691 | 1913, '14, '16, '17 |
Islands— | |||||||||
Quarantine and Goat | .. | .. | .. | 3,454 | 900 | Nil | .. | .. | .. |
Vincent | 2,684 | 3,930 | 1,896 | 962,228 | 637,289 | C.V. | 930,432 | 022,975 | 1914 |
Lake | 3,712 | 1,749 | 1,389 | 551,540 | 404,908 | C.V. | 509,833 | 372,016 | 1914, 1916 |
Fiord | 3,059 | 17 | 90 | 141,340 | 137,560 | Nil | 15,898 | 15,118 | 1897 |
Wallace | 3,696 | 8,736 | 3,900 | 3,739,313 | 2,561,316 | C.V. | 3,544,840 | 2,395,279 | 1913, 1914, 1917 |
Southland | 3,754 | 24,484 | 10,145 | 11,360,457 | 7,658,980 | U.V. | 11,174,120 | 7,558,733 | 1911, '13, '14, '16, '17 1904 |
Stewart Island | 665 | 349 | 295 | 167,105 | 129,749 | C.V. | 40,778 | 17,601 | 1904 |
Islands— | |||||||||
Antipodes, etc. | .. | .. | 7 | 13,880 | 13,880 | Nil | 12,005 | 12,005 | 1897 |
TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL VALUE OF LAND WITH IMPROVEMENTS (AND DISTINGUISHING THE UNIMPROVED VALUE OF LAND) FOR ALL LANDS AND FOR RATEABLE PROPERTIES IN EACH BOROUGH IN NEW ZEALAND AS AT THE 1ST APRIL, 1917, WITH THE AREA, POPULATION, NUMBER OF ASSESSMENTS ON VALUATION ROLL, AND THE YEAR IN WHICH THE VALUES WERE LAST REVISED. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roll No. | Borough. | Area, in Acres. | Population, Census 1916. | Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll. | Gross Values. | System of Rating. | Rateable Values. | Values last revised as at 1st April in | ||
Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | |||||||
1/1 | Whangarei | 2,038 | 3,294 | 869 | 657,989 | 346,466 | U.V. | 617,154 | 327,556 | 1911 |
41c | Dargaville | 2,788 | 1,776 | 893 | 418,815 | 235,190 | U.V. | 398,075 | 227,775 | 1915 |
55 | Birkenhead | 3,114 | 2,116 | 724 | 608,540 | 320,835 | U.V. | 588,845 | 309,095 | 1914 |
56 | Devonport | 745 | 7,613 | 1,934 | 1,572,733 | 655,915 | U.V. | 1,266,005 | 517,184 | 1911 |
57, 63, | Auckland | 6,992 | 64,951 | 17,389 | 24,581,407 | 14,245,144 | A.V. | 21,667,907 | 12,322,389 | 1912 |
65, 93 | 1913 | |||||||||
94, 100, 102 | 1914 | |||||||||
64 | Newmarket | 180 | 2,863 | 774 | 684,069 | 371,794 | A.V. | 656,674 | 352,799 | 1914 |
66 | Onehunga | 1,349 | 5,913 | 1,730 | 1,060,240 | 517,822 | U.V. | 1,000,215 | 487,182 | 1914 |
88A | Takapuna | 2,775 | 2,756 | 2,254 | 1,151,791 | 752,139 | C.V. | 1,120,876 | 738,654 | 1914 |
90 | Northcote | 1,200 | 1,651 | 532 | 335,703 | 184,153 | A.V. | 325,038 | 177,153 | 1913 |
96 | Mount Albert | 2,437 | 9,654 | 3,453 | 1,663,943 | 804,625 | C.V. | 1,615,878 | 777,460 | 1914 |
99 | Mount Eden | 1,422 | 12,555 | 3,187 | 2,439,175 | 1,017,780 | A.V. | 2,264,540 | 975,200 | 1916 |
117 | Otahuhu | 1,408 | 2,328 | 726 | 501,205 | 272,555 | C.V. | 469,265 | 255,140 | 1916 |
129A | Pukekohe | 3,510 | 1,533 | 533 | 389,071 | 216,401 | C.V. | 369,534 | 208,624 | 1912 |
140, 158A | Hamilton | 3,202 | 7,538 | 2,309 | 2,222,546 | 1,377,725 | U.V. | 2,017,149 | 1,232,228 | 1912, 1914 |
141 | Cambridge | 1,083 | 1,507 | 623 | 445,870 | 257,530 | A.V. | 394,190 | 229,765 | 1914 |
163 | To Awamutu | 1,520 | 1,064 | 314 | 307,635 | 179,696 | C.V. | 288,430 | 168,316 | 1913 |
166 | Thames | 2,680 | 3,273 | 954 | 444,320 | 183,550 | A.V. | 376,565 | 157,470 | 1914 |
167 | Tauranga | 875 | 1,685 | 687 | 290,271 | 143,527 | A.V. | 263,134 | 129,614 | 1912 |
176B | Paeroa | 2,780 | 1,376 | 650 | 193,276 | 84,843 | A.V. | 174,853 | 75,815 | 1913 |
177B | Waihi | 3,130 | 4,774 | 1,691 | 422,468 | 149,258 | A.V. | 388,925 | 139,380 | 1908 |
187 | Te Aroha | 2,965 | 1,452 | 401 | 350,660 | 162,020 | A.V. | 305,105 | 136,525 | 1916 |
192 | Rotorua (Town) | 4,140 | 2,845 | 275 | 779,080 | 471,762 | C.V. | 530,072 | 287,582 | 1911 |
199 | Opotiki | 770 | 1,073 | 438 | 273,267 | 153,086 | C.V. | 250,219 | 139,256 | 1913 |
201A | Taumarunui | 1,925 | 1,875 | 579 | 376,648 | 198,053 | U.V. | 341,965 | 179,700 | 1917 |
230 | Te Kuiti | 2,143 | 1,982 | 738 | 562,255 | 344,518 | U.V. | 527,174 | 311,957 | 1917 |
2/1 | Gisborne | 2,310 | 9,174 | 2,250 | 12,829,453 | 1,424,821 | U.V. | 2,616,638 | 1,302,814 | 1912 |
22 | Wairoa | 1,562 | 1,530 | 752 | 412,627 | 236,328 | U.V. | 380,455 | 224,918 | 1916 |
25, 33A | Napier | 1,160 | 12,704 | 2,781 | 3,396,593 | 1,669,576 | U.V. | 3,102,250 | 1,538,145 | 1916, 1917 |
26 | Hastings | 2,601 | 7,918 | 3,855 | 2,622,263 | 1,524,163 | U.V. | 2,539,039 | 1,478,331 | 1910 |
27 | Dannevirke | 1,270 | 3,336 | 1,192 | 799,576 | 380,678 | U.V. | 741,877 | 360,531 | 1911 |
28 | Woodville | 1,240 | 1,078 | 1,041 | 163,800 | 60,490 | U.V. | 140,238 | 53,901 | 1913 |
41 | Waipawa | 4,810 | 1,100 | 534 | 262,013 | 141,796 | U.V. | 247,906 | 135,069 | 1914 |
44A | Waipukurau | 1,046 | 1,167 | 471 | 244,642 | 133,198 | U.V. | 231,413 | 128,745 | 1908 |
61 | New Plymouth | 4,088 | 8,704 | 3,170 | 2,253,943 | 1,333,646 | A.V. | 2,029,960 | 1,193,976 | 1914 |
62 | Hawera | 750 | 3,375 | 71 | 844,607 | 419,762 | U.V. | 795,801 | 399,412 | 1917 |
63 | Patea | 1,430 | 1,010 | 390 | 148,131 | 57,330 | A.V. | 132,873 | 53,492 | 1914 |
70 | Waitara | 1,540 | 1,422 | 748 | 228,256 | 83,667 | U.V. | 218,478 | 80,212 | 1910 |
74 | Inglewood | 703 | 1,199 | 514 | 197,699 | 87,302 | U.V. | 178,888 | 76,178 | 1914 |
91 | Stratford | 1,920 | 2,713 | 1,882 | 563,080 | 241,718 | U.V. | 527,519 | 221,280 | 1912 |
97A | Eltham | 1,590 | 1,711 | 641 | 404,941 | 193,482 | C.V. | 387,460 | 185,962 | 1914 |
110, 120a | Wanganui | 4,944 | 14,380 | 3,845 | 3,152,914 | 1,916,716 | A.V. | 2,879,270 | 1,748,141 | 1911 |
117 | Marton | 1,160 | 1,650 | 815 | 350,875 | 144,223 | U.V. | 331,843 | 136,006 | 1913 |
118H | Ohakune | 3,224 | 1,371 | 491 | 114,988 | 43,240 | U.V. | 104,384 | 33,800 | 1912 |
125A | Taihape | 1,230 | 1,927 | 584 | 343,660 | 173,957 | C.V. | 301,039 | 149,685 | 1914 |
3/1 | Feilding | 2,450 | 3,438 | 1,251 | 853,415 | 431,710 | U.V. | 795,540 | 394,864 | 1916 |
2 | Palmerston North | 4,595 | 12,829 | 3,809 | 3,106,685 | 1,657,084 | U.V. | 2,913,270 | 1,558,458 | 1914 |
3 | Foxton | 1,240 | 1,772 | 604 | 273,254 | 115,902 | U.V. | 246,903 | 101,150 | 1916 |
4 | Onslow | 2,000 | 2,191 | 1,199 | 550,466 | 269,480 | U.V. | 525,613 | 258,191 | 1914 |
5 | Karori | 2,240 | 1,647 | 1,332 | 532,444 | 315,856 | U.V. | 491,666 | 287,556 | 1913 |
WELLINGTON— | ||||||||||
4A | Onslow portion | 9,650 | 73,305 | 486 | 363,631 | 205,740 | U.V. | 338,481 | 184,791 | 1913 |
5A | Karori portion | 872 | 518,442 | 217,145 | U.V. | 450,377 | 201,510 | 1913 | ||
7 | City portion | 11,585 | 17,876,484 | 9,705,859 | U.V. | 16,272,415 | 9,566,532 | 1914 | ||
8 | Kilbirnie | 7,549 | 3,557,070 | 1,480,536 | U.V. | 3,439,887 | 1,419,897 | 1913 | ||
9 | Island Bay portion | |||||||||
10 | Ohiro portion | |||||||||
24A | Levin | 1,330 | 1,630 | 1,024 | 309,463 | 148,006 | C.V. | 285,738 | 133,908 | 1914 |
29 | Pahiatua | 720 | 1,300 | 570 | 240,712 | 101,381 | U.V. | 230,334 | 98,877 | 1906 |
30 | Masterton | 2,350 | 5,894 | 1,840 | 1,341,593 | 573,922 | U.V. | 1,209,272 | 538,380 | 1907 |
31 | Carterton | 1,920 | 1,614 | 762 | 291,260 | 118,600 | C.V. | 270,658 | 111,573 | 1908 |
32 | Greytown | 3,907 | 1,186 | 464 | 200,774 | 84,353 | A.V. | 185,601 | 82,614 | 1911 |
33 | Lower Hutt | 3,255 | 4,893 | 3,124 | 1,452,074 | 841,451 | U.V. | 1,370,125 | 781,290 | 1911 |
34 | Petone | 1,060 | 7,115 | 2,099 | 1,459,412 | 679,812 | U.V. | 1,334,671 | 599,724 | 1911 |
42B | Eketahuna | 960 | 754 | 448 | 152,882 | 66,604 | U.V. | 140,384 | 61,914 | 1912 |
64A | Eastbourne | 1,380 | 952 | 786 | 211,144 | 102,149 | U.V. | 202,090 | 96,117 | 1914 |
66 | Miramar | 2,254 | 2,158 | 1,822 | 849,112 | 482,749 | U.V. | 766,737 | 426,592 | 1914 |
67 | Richmond | 2,300 | 872 | 247 | 211,856 | 113,231 | C.V. | 198,551 | 110,421 | 1917 |
68 | Nelson | 4,966 | 8,774 | 2,541 | 1,755,631 | 848,161 | A.V. | 1,626,801 | 790,930 | 1914 |
69 | Picton | 920 | 1,121 | 825 | 295,856 | 154,218 | C.V. | 262,116 | 131,937 | 1909 |
70 | Blenheim | 1,613 | 3,822 | 1,628 | 965,727 | 476,357 | U.V. | 892,271 | 436,173 | 1914 |
77 | Motueka | 5,960 | 1,475 | 426 | 199,423 | 89,669 | C.V. | 191,581 | 87,663 | 1909 |
98 | Westport | 760 | 4,067 | 1,340 | 750,887 | 380,965 | U.V. | 634,502 | 304,870 | 1910 |
99 | Greymouth | 2,130 | 4,863 | 1,590 | 843,394 | 270,737 | U.A. | 721,176 | 228,100 | 1911 |
100 | Brunner | 5,670 | 598 | 524 | 71,286 | 12,205 | A.V. | 20,835 | 9,343 | 1898 |
101 | Kumara | 842 | 623 | 459 | 34,006 | 6,052 | C.V. | 23,863 | 3,987 | 1904 |
102 | Hokitika | 2,000 | 2,091 | 1,110 | 256,611 | 78,679 | U.V. | 200,623 | 62,519 | 1907 |
103 | Ross | 3,955 | 491 | 340 | 23,266 | 5,828 | C.V. | 18,295 | 4,607 | 1909 |
115A | Runanga | 1,101 | 1,411 | 410 | 59,914 | 20,018 | U.V. | 47,787 | 11,948 | 1912 |
4/1 | Rangiora | 1,040 | 1,808 | 682 | 324,517 | 130,252 | U.V. | 301,042 | 123,577 | 1914 |
2 | Kaiapoi | 1,020 | 1,560 | 602 | 188,726 | 58,651 | A.V. | 174,091 | 56,631 | 1907 |
CHRISTCHURCH— | ||||||||||
25 | St. Albans portion | 5,923 | 54,925 | 4,364 | 2,560,510 | 924,440 | U.V. | 2,511,260 | 906,415 | 1914 |
26–30 | Central portion | 2,670 | 1,285,086 | 747,043 | U.V. | 1,879,136 | 617,367 | 1914 | ||
31 | Sydenham portion | 3,624 | 12,094,298 | 747,043 | U.V. | 1,879,136 | 617,367 | 1914 | ||
32, 32A | Linwood portion | 2,670 | 1,285,086 | 435,919 | U.V. | 1,251,641 | 424,874 | 1914 | ||
31A | Opawa portion | 361 | 151,855 | 67,345 | U.V. | 149,925 | 66,970 | 1917 | ||
31B | St. Martin's portion | 150 | 68,050 | 36,760 | U.V. | 67,795 | 36,595 | 1917 | ||
32B | Avonside portion | 232 | 120,405 | 52,355 | U.V. | 116,900 | 51,325 | 1917 | ||
33 | Woolston | 1,276 | 3,990 | 1,180 | 503,401 | 172,996 | U.V. | 478,431 | 166,486 | 1908 |
34 | New Brighton | 1,500 | 2,310 | 1,829 | 404,941 | 168,666 | U.V. | 390,641 | 162,696 | 1913 |
35 | Sumner | 4,876 | 2,287 | 1,301 | 575,357 | 272,930 | U.V. | 542,402 | 259,640 | 1913 |
36 | Lyttelton | 2,014 | 3,766 | 921 | 988,107 | 272,707 | A.V. | 435,087 | 172,367 | 1908 |
37 | Akaroa | 228 | 540 | 190 | 115,206 | 44,439 | C.V. | 94,572 | 37,228 | 1911 |
39E | Riccarton | 566 | 2,890 | 920 | 557,647 | 180,108 | U.V. | 499,437 | 160,293 | 1909 |
48, 48A | Spreydon | 1,295 | 4,289 | 1,616 | 620,045 | 235,350 | U.V. | 604,890 | 230,465 | 1914 |
63 | Ashburton | 680 | 2,808 | 964 | 517,343 | 205,585 | A.V. | 466,242 | 177,769 | 1905 |
64 | Timaru | 2,330 | 12,238 | 3,304 | 2,386,284 | 1,145,936 | U.V. | 2,235,774 | 1,072,571 | 1908 |
78 | Geraldine | 718 | 869 | 384 | 131,937 | 43,660 | C.V. | 118,517 | 38,584 | 1912 |
80, 80A | Temuka | 945 | 1,633 | 741 | 250,868 | 67,571 | C.V. | 214,304 | 57,394 | 1909 |
5/1 | Waimate | 649 | 1,867 | 640 | 316,906 | 99,146 | U.V. | 283,978 | 91,835 | 1910 |
2 | Oamaru | 1,111 | 5,140 | 1,538 | 879,118 | 290,261 | A.V. | 784,390 | 259,509 | 1910 |
3 | Hampden | 640 | 364 | 393 | 28,501 | 9,682 | C.V. | 24,225 | 8,102 | 1907 |
23 | Naseby | 113 | 276 | 184 | 20,963 | 2,583 | A.V. | 13,833 | 1,908 | 1912 |
24 | Palmerston | 900 | 752 | 462 | 90,804 | 24,376 | C.V. | 78,622 | 22,302 | 1913 |
25 | Waikouaiti | 1,952 | 611 | 602 | 77,059 | 28,112 | C.V. | 69,139 | 26,845 | 1908 |
44 | Port Chalmers | 485 | 2,615 | 529 | 361,711 | 117,892 | A.V. | 286,331 | 101,847 | 1907 |
45 | West Harbour | 1,670 | 1,631 | 864 | 214,480 | 74,398 | U.V. | 203,235 | 71,073 | 1907 |
DUNEDIN— | ||||||||||
46 | Valley portion | 14,570 | 55,256 | 13,903 | 661,418 | 213 | 127 | 630,516 | 203,370 | 1907 |
47 | Maori Hill portion | 439,222 | 186,600 | A.V. | 368,772 | 155,250 | 1914 | |||
48 | Roslyn portion | 1,049,722 | 348,081 | A.V. | 1,019,777 | 337,591 | 1908 | |||
49 | Mornington portion | 611,609 | 190,961 | A.V. | 590,924 | 184,921 | 1907 | |||
50, 51 | Leith portion | 3,395,039 | 1,442,105 | A.V. | 2,873,769 | 1,225,770 | 1909 | |||
52, 53 | Central portion | 4,164,901 | 1,767,635 | A.V. | 3,674,766 | 1,535,550 | 1907 | |||
54, 55 | Caversham portion | 1,681,312 | 454,033 | A.V. | 1,515,276 | 399,678 | 1907 | |||
64A | Bay portion | 390,521 | 159,963 | A.V. | 381,911 | 157,478 | 1911 | |||
56 | St. Kilda | 463 | 5,520 | 1,647 | 924,250 | 306,935 | U.V. | 880,890 | 290,250 | 1913 |
65 | Green Island | 804 | 1,841 | 676 | 269,816 | 65,625 | A.V. | 256,786 | 62,980 | 1909 |
66 | Mosgiel | 967 | 1,719 | 668 | 265,725 | 95,560 | U.V. | 243,025 | 91,600 | 1916 |
67 | Roxburgh | 400 | 449 | 220 | 37,725 | 5,959 | A.V. | 32,670 | 4,829 | 1912 |
68 | Lawrence | 640 | 837 | 553 | 111,994 | 30,304 | A.V. | 100,080 | 25,290 | 1905 |
69 | Tapanui | 124 | 322 | 145 | 33,225 | 9,075 | A.V. | 29,955 | 8,535 | 1909 |
70 | Milton | 297 | 1,317 | 431 | 183,383 | 56,001 | A.V. | 166,723 | 53,001 | 1907 |
71 | Balclutha | 568 | 1,409 | 501 | 223,943 | 82,708 | U.V. | 206,508 | 76,178 | 1911 |
72 | Kaitangata | 1,158 | 1,681 | 736 | 109,926 | 31,843 | A.V. | 99,055 | 29,408 | 1905 |
114 | Cromwell | 640 | 549 | 499 | 44,941 | 10,189 | A.V. | 38,841 | 8,507 | 1906 |
115 | Alexandra | 860 | 679 | 461 | 57,549 | 11,548 | A.V. | 51,221 | 10,033 | 1906 |
6/1 | Arrowtown | 390 | 307 | 180 | 21,519 | 3,375 | A.V. | 15,377 | 2,850 | 1905 |
2 | Queenstown | 923 | 657 | 267 | 65,595 | 14,564 | A.V. | 52,481 | 12,264 | 1905 |
20 | Gore | 1,353 | 3,551 | 1,448 | 692,275 | 275,717 | U.V. | 634,454 | 247,062 | 1911, 1913 |
21 | Mataura | 1,330 | 1,129 | 447 | 207,399 | 74,928 | A.V. | 195,963 | 70,333 | 1912 |
22 | Winton | 160 | 586 | 232 | 114,265 | 38,495 | U.V. | 102,251 | 35,120 | 1916 |
27 | Invercargill | 2,583 | 14,154 | 4,719 | 3,819,570 | 1,712,172 | U.V. | 3,378,620 | 1,488,052 | 1916 |
28 | Invercargill South | 2,280 | 1,712 | 788 | 276,701 | 136,405 | U.V. | 266,346 | 132,875 | 1914 |
29 | Riverton | 718 | 837 | 521 | 139,187 | 44,880 | A.V. | 120,048 | 42,063 | 1913 |
30 | Bluff | 2,006 | 1,823 | 680 | 295,314 | 100,990 | A.V. | 264,449 | 91,505 | 1909 |
TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL VALUE OF LAND WITH IMPROVEMENTS (AND DISTINGUISHING THE UNIMPROVED VALUE OF LAND) FOR ALL LANDS AND FOR RATEABLE PROPERTIES IN EACH TOWN DISTRICT (OUTSIDE THE JURISDICTION OF ANY COUNTY) IN NEW ZEALAND AS AT THE 1ST APRIL, 1917, WITH THE POPULATION, NUMBER OF ASSESSMENTS ON VALUATION ROLL, AND THE YEAR IN WHICH THE VALUES WERE LAST REVISED. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roll No. | Town District, independent of County (outside County Jurisdiction). | Population (Census 1916). | Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll. | Gross Values | System of Rating. | Rateable Values. | Values last revised as at 1st April in | ||
Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | ||||||
½4A | Hikurangi | 775 | 291 | 66,195 | 31,095 | U.V. | 63,245 | 29,905 | 1913 |
79B | Warkworth | 624 | 194 | 83,892 | 26,665 | C.V. | 77,372 | 25,085 | 1912 |
84 | Helensville | 837 | 261 | 114,310 | 37,900 | C.V. | 104,590 | 34,975 | 1911 |
92B | New Lynn | 1,041 | 268 | 199,420 | 105,055 | C.V. | 194,030 | 102,980 | 1917 |
105A | Ellerslie | 1,363 | 422 | 285,555 | 138,500 | U.V. | 263,535 | 128,480 | 1916 |
109A | Waiuku | 641 | 202 | 130,508 | 66,500 | C.V. | 123,568 | 64,380 | 1914 |
125 | Papakura | 641 | 288 | 122,369 | 68,764 | U.V. | 113,199 | 61,799 | 1912 |
143A | Huntly | 1,535 | 290 | 174,730 | 94,585 | U.V. | 167,210 | 92,065 | 1911 |
157 | Ngaruawahia | 755 | 301 | 132,788 | 94,238 | U.V. | 112,204 | 50,854 | 1913 |
184B | Te Puke | 565 | 127 | 102,649 | 45,325 | U.V. | 93,024 | 42,585 | 1915 |
186A | Morrinsville | 934 | 260 | 236,120 | 125,795 | U.V. | 221,150 | 120,155 | 1917 |
195C | Whakatane | 900 | 245 | 198,007 | 99,136 | C.V. | 184,587 | 89,996 | 1917 |
2/16 | Mangapapa | 1,140 | 555 | 269,689 | 122,846 | C.V. | 209,641 | 114,776 | 1913 |
32 | Taradale | 1,012 | 297 | 161,688 | 96,057 | C.V. | 157,843 | 95,187 | 1908 |
38A | Havelock North | 870 | 278 | 199,647 | 91,355 | C.V. | 178,007 | 87,983 | 1912 |
94 | Manaia | 606 | 402 | 116,038 | 51,711 | C.V. | 103,681 | 47,177 | 1916 |
111 | Waverley | 623 | 257 | 99,432 | 42,341 | U.V. | 89,387 | 38,936 | 1912 |
115A | Gonville | 2,693 | 789 | 559,822 | 221,029 | U.V. | 526,509 | 207,779 | 1912 |
115B | Castlecliff | 734 | 464 | 141,960 | 58,847 | C.V. | 136,180 | 54,827 | 1913 |
154 | Manunui | 813 | 149 | 71,363 | 25,848 | A.V. | 64,490 | 22,125 | 1917 |
118F | Raetihi | 508 | 296 | 93,772 | 41,897 | U.V. | 82,726 | 33,987 | 1913 |
118J | Rangataua | 410 | 171 | 34,790 | 9,803 | U.V. | 27,892 | 6,322 | 1913 |
125B | Mangaweka | 390 | 259 | 57,223 | 22,081 | C.V. | 50,154 | 19,081 | 1914 |
12G | Hunterville | 555 | 273 | 95,924 | 37,325 | C.V. | 86,058 | 33,448 | 1914 |
136 | Bull's | 483 | 177 | 57,961 | 23,788 | A.V. | 53,539 | 22,788 | 1908 |
3/25A | Otaki | 806 | 515 | 199,466 | 111,094 | C.V. | 191,139 | 107,680 | 1913 |
52B | Martinborough | 725 | 451 | 159,018 | 53,549 | U.V. | 145,437 | 51,899 | 1914 |
54 | Featherston | 1,159 | 335 | 131,827 | 32,540 | U.V. | 120,860 | 30,857 | 1909 |
59 | Johnsonville | 886 | 677 | 192,751 | 102,794 | U.V. | 182,709 | 97,719 | 1914 |
62A | Upper Hutt | 1,399 | 1,160 | 244,034 | 129,170 | U.V. | 226,864 | 124,435 | 1914 |
4/71 | Hampstead | 1,579 | 472 | 170,174 | 66,174 | C.V. | 159,014 | 65,234 | 1908 |
75 | Tinwald | 1,075 | 247 | 89,856 | 45,385 | C.V. | 85,022 | 43,175 | 1905 |
83 | Pleasant Point | 482 | 235 | 80,497 | 36,582 | C.V. | 71,307 | 33,517 | 1914 |
6/35 | Otautau | 696 | 327 | 128,839 | 50,197 | C.V. | 119,260 | 47,132 | 1912 |
39A | Lumsden | 530 | 380 | 47,727 | 12,043 | U.V. | 44,557 | 11,245 | 1914 |
52 | Wyndham | 647 | 275 | 123,504 | 50,580 | A.V. | 110,311 | 44,640 | 1912 |
Table of Contents
FROM the very earliest times New Zealand has inevitably been dependent upon foreign intercourse for its development and progress. The first European residents in New Zealand seem to have been the small party of sealers from Sydney who settled at Dusky Sound for ten months in 1792–93, and built there the first vessel made from local timber. The seals and whales of the South Seas seem to have attracted the first attention to the Islands as a convenient depot, and by 1800 there were established many little settlements where the blubber was tried out. In 1794 the timber trade was inaugurated by the visit of the “Fancy,” and the export of timber, mainly kahikatea (white-pine), rapidly grew to goodly proportions. The native flax (Phormium tenax) was also early recognized as a source of wealth, and a considerable export arose.
Thus, irregularly, the settlement of New Zealand went hand-in-band with external trade, and was, indeed, promoted by the hope of commercial gain. The small community which grew up mainly in the northern peninsula was adventurous and lawless in the extreme. The early exports were all local products as enumerated above, with the gruesome addition of the tattooed Maori heads, while the imports were mainly muskets and powder.
The arrival of the New Zealand Company's expedition in 1840 stimulated the development of a more stable trade—wool had been exported to Hobart in 1839—and gradually the exports and imports of New Zealand took on their modern form. In 1852 the young colony was granted representative government, and from that date there is an accurate record of the external trade of the country. By 1856 full responsible or cabinet government was established.
By 1853 the export of flax had been practically ruined owing to increased competition from other sources, and the amount exported in that year was negligible. Timber, however, retained its place as a principal export, supplying 31 per cent. (£93,000) of the total exports; while wool had increased to 22 per cent. (£66,507); the value of grain exported was small, only £19,000 (6 per cent.); oil amounted to £22,000, and potatoes to £30,000. The total exports in 1853 were £303,282, and the total imports £597,827.
The following table shows the increase in the total trade since the year 1853:—
TOTAL TRADE, IMPORTS, AND EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND, 1853–1917. | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Total Value. | Value per Head. | ||||||||||
Total Trade. | Imports. | Exports. | Total Trade. | Imports. | Exports. | |||||||
* Excluding gold (specie and bullion). | ||||||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
1853 | 901,110 | 597,828 | 303,282 | 30 | 0 | 9 | 19 | 18 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 2 |
1863 | 10,510,079 | 7,024,674 | 3,485,405 | 72 | 10 | 5 | 48 | 9 | 5 | 24 | 1 | 0 |
1873 | 12,075,058 | 6,464,687 | 5,610,371 | 41 | 19 | 3 | 22 | 9 | 4 | 19 | 9 | 11 |
1883 | 15,070,037 | 7,974,038 | 7,095,999 | 28 | 9 | 5 | 15 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 8 | 2 |
1893 | 15,896,879 | 6,911,515 | 8,985,364 | 24 | 0 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 0 | 13 | 11 | 9 |
1903 | 27,799,053 | 12,788,675 | 15,010,378 | 33 | 17 | 10 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
1904 | 28,040,042 | 13,291,694 | 14,748,348 | 33 | 3 | 8 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 17 | 9 | 1 |
1905 | 28,484,804 | 12,828,857 | 15,655,947 | 32 | 14 | 10 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 17 | 19 | 11 |
1906 | 33,306,540 | 15,211,403 | 18,095,137 | 37 | 3 | 9 | 16 | 19 | 8 | 20 | 4 | 1 |
1907 | 37,371,818 | 17,302,861 | 20,068,957 | 40 | 13 | 3 | 18 | 16 | 6 | 21 | 16 | 9 |
1908 | 33,788,778 | 17,471,284 | 16,317,494 | 35 | 15 | 1 | 18 | 9 | 9 | 17 | 5 | 4 |
1909 | 35,336,715 | 15,674,719 | 19,661,996 | 36 | 7 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 8 |
1910 | 39,231,792 | 17,051,583 | 22,180,209 | 39 | 10 | 4 | 17 | 3 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 10 |
1911 | 38,574,369 | 19,545,879 | 19,028,490 | 38 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 18 | 15 | 0 |
1912 | 42,747,155 | 20,976,574 | 21,770,581 | 41 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 3 | 9 | 20 | 19 | 1 |
1913 | 45,275,024 | 22,288,302 | 22,986,722 | 42 | 7 | 3 | 20 | 17 | 21 | 10 | 2 | |
1914 | 48,117,543 | 21,856,096 | 26,261,447 | 44 | 2 | 8 | 20 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 1 | 9 |
1915 | 53,477,746 | 21,728,834 | 31,748,912 | 48 | 12 | 10 | 19 | 15 | 2 | 28 | 17 | 8 |
1916 | 59,626,220 | 26,339,283 | 33,286,937 | 54 | 4 | 8 | 23 | 19 | 2 | 30 | 5 | 6 |
1917* | 51,602,418 | 20,919,259 | 30,683,159 | 46 | 19 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 8 | 27 | 18 | 4 |
A diagram showing the increase in the total external trade and in the population of the Dominion during the period 1853 to 1916 is given below. This diagram, which is constructed on what is known as the “ratio” method, takes the place of one previously published in the Year-book, which plotted the actual “quantity” increases from year to year, and accordingly tended to convey an erroneous impression as to the rate of increase in recent years. The chart now given shows each yearly movement as a percentage or ratio of the previous figure, and therefore gives a more correct view of the “speed” of progress.
A low and fluctuating level of trade was turned in 1860–63 into a rapidly increasing volume by the effect of the gold discoveries which occurred in the early “sixties.” Both imports and exports were stimulated, the former to feed and clothe an ever-increasing population, the latter by the export of gold.
Trade remained stationary till the expenditure of borrowed money brought the land-boom of the early “seventies.” A great temporary increase of trade was succeeded by violent fluctuations and but slowly increasing trade, as the effects of the bubble were slowly worked off. It is significant that from 1873 till 1895 the world level of prices was falling continuously, and this factor contributed not a little to the depression of New Zealand. Little headway could be made against a falling price of wool and a decreasing production of gold, which were the main features of those twenty years.
But in 1895 world prices began to rise, and the effect is seen immediately in the upward shoot of the external trade. On only three occasions has this upward tendency been checked—in 1908, when the commercial crisis which was felt in the Old World a year previously affected New Zealand; in 1913, on the occasion of another depression of trade; and again in 1917, as a result of shortage of shipping.
It will be seen from the diagram that since 1895 trade has increased much faster than has population. This is doubtless largely due to increasing prices. To some extent, however, it is probably a result of greater productivity and consequent increased purchasing-power.
The growth of population has been continuous throughout the history of New Zealand, and increasing numbers have naturally caused a development of overseas trade. For a long period, however, the external trade, while increasing absolutely, was declining relatively to population, and therefore attention has been directed to the per capita trade of the Dominion, as shown in the following diagram:—
The trade per head was fairly great in the early years, after 1853; but the amount was swelled by the relatively large imports which were necessary for the development of the young colony. The gold-discoveries raised the level both of imports and exports, and after 1870 the borrowing policy which was inaugurated greatly inflated trade, and especially imports. The highest level, apart from the abnormal years of the early “sixties,” was reached in 1874, and the consequent reaction saw an almost continuous decrease in the per capita trade both in imports and exports till 1895.
It is significant that the turning-point should have come in 1895, the year in which prices turned to rise all over the world. Since 1895 there has been an almost constant increase. Since the outbreak of war the total trade until 1917 has increased to a very considerable extent, with the result that the figures for 1916 constituted a record for the Dominion. This, of course, was largely if not entirely due to increased market values of both imports and exports.
The following comparison between trade in 1916 and in 1917 gives the figures exclusive of gold specie and bullion.
1916. | 1917. | |
---|---|---|
£ | £ | |
* Exclusive of gold specie and bullion. | ||
*Total trade | 57,402,398 | 51,602,418 |
* Imports | 25,315,483 | 20,919,259 |
* Exports | 32,086,915 | 30,683,159 |
The relation between imports and exports is of the greatest importance to a young country like New Zealand. In the very earliest years of occupation by Europeans the exports of phormium, timber, and skins were greatly in excess of the few imports, mainly muskets and gunpowder, a fact which is explained partly by the temporary residence of the traders and more by the weaker bargaining-power of the Maori. With the settlement of the regular colony in 1840 there was evident an inflation of imports occasioned by the amount of capital the new colonists brought in for the development of the country. From 1853 to 1870 there was an excess of imports, which, however, was tending to decrease.
A temporary excess of exports was changed in the early “seventies” by another great increase of imports, due to the borrowing policy inaugurated in that period. Except for a big decrease in 1880, imports continued to be greater than exports until 1886.
From that year onward there is a continued excess of exports, except for two bad years, 1908 and 1913. The divergence from 1886 to 1895 is most marked. Since 1895 the lines of imports and exports run almost parallel, as a reference to the smoothed curves given below will show; but fluctuations in exports always precede by a year similar fluctuations in imports.
The balance of trade is intimately bound up, in later years especially, with the large imports of capital which have been brought in to assist in the development of the country. This has already been made evident in discussing the balance of trade in early years. The excess of imports from 1853 to 1870, and again from 1872 to 1886, can definitely be traced to the importation of capital in those periods.
The excess of exports in later years consists mainly of profits, interest, and other charges on the debt of New Zealand, public, local, and private. Other items, such as remittances abroad and subsidies, also swell the balance of exports. The amount necessary in each year to pay the interest on the debt of New Zealand cannot be definitely stated, owing to the lack of data concerning the private investments in the Dominion.
The amount of interest payable on the public debt at the 31st March, 1917, was £5,168,318, but of this amount about one-third must be deducted for stock held in the Dominion (see section on “Public Finance”). Added to this there is the interest on local bodies' debts of approximately twenty-one millions (of which, however, only eight millions was raised abroad), and on the private debts of the Dominion, for which no statistics are available. It is evident that some five millions is needed each year to defray the charges on the various debts owing abroad.
Against this outgoing must be set the amount of new importations of capital in the shape of loans. While the expenditure on interest is fairly constant from year to year, the amount raised by new loans varies, and these variations are a big factor in the fluctuations of the balance of trade. The following table shows the comparison of this balance with the increase in the public debt since 1866:—
Period. | Annual Average. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imports.* | Exports.* | Excess of Imports.* | Excess of Exports.* | Increase of Net Debt.* | |
* In millions of pounds. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1866–70 | 5.01 | 4.53 | 0.48 | .. | 0.69 |
1871–75 | 6.37 | 5.43 | 0.94 | .. | 1.91 |
1876–80 | 7.43 | 6.02 | 1.41 | .. | 2.24 |
1881–85 | 7.84 | 6.75 | 1.09 | .. | 103 |
1886–90 | 6.30 | 8.09 | .. | 1.79 | 1.02 |
1891–95 | 6.71 | 9.17 | .. | 2.46 | 0.99 |
1896–1900 | 8.56 | 11.01 | .. | 2.45 | 1.26 |
1901–5 | 12.41 | 14.39 | .. | 1.98 | 2.22 |
1906–10 | 16.54 | 19.26 | .. | 2.72 | 1.62 |
1911–15 | 21.28 | 24.36 | .. | 3.08 | 5.33 |
There is no Mint in New Zealand, while there is a fairly considerable production of gold bullion. Gold therefore ranks as an ordinary export of the Dominion, along with wool, frozen meat, and dairy-produce. In earlier days this export of gold was much more important than now, amounting in 1863 to 70 per cent. of the total exports, from which figure it shrank steadily to 6 per cent. in 1913. The outbreak of hostilities in 1914 restricted export, and the percentage dropped to 3 ½ for that year, but rose to 5 ¼ in 1915, when large parcels were sent to the United States.
As all coin necessary for the commerce of the Dominion must be imported from abroad—silver from the United Kingdom and gold from Australia—the movement of specie affords a ready index of the state of trade. A bad year is reflected in an export of specie, while prosperous years show a steady inflow. A table is given showing imports and exports of specie during the ten years 1907–16. Figures relating to exports and imports of gold bullion and specie in 1917 are not available for publication.
Year. | Total Specie. | Balance. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Imported. | Exported. | In. | Out. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1907 | 763,154 | 7,316 | 755,838 | .. |
1908 | 224,122 | 242,289 | .. | 18,167 |
1909 | 857,257 | 25,845 | 831,412 | .. |
1910 | 303,360 | 27,736 | 275,624 | .. |
1911 | 763,271 | 48,305 | 714,966 | .. |
1912 | 399,995 | 258,955 | 141,040 | .. |
1913 | 634,670 | 176,359 | 458,311 | .. |
1914 | 711,869 | 7,522 | 704,347 | .. |
1915 | 1,070,114 | 318,090 | 752,024 | .. |
1916 | 1,293,880 | 5,880 | 1,288,000 | .. |
The amount of gold bullion exported is shown in the following table:—
Year. | Exports. | Percentage of Total Exports. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
To United Kingdom. | To Australia. | To other Countries. | Total. | ||
£ | £ | £ | £ | ||
1907 | 899,977 | 1,127,513 | .. | 2,027,490 | 10.10 |
1908 | 1,067,427 | 937,372 | .. | 2,004,799 | 12.29 |
1909 | 1,124,525 | 882,375 | .. | 2,006,900 | 10.21 |
1910 | 996,081 | 900,237 | .. | 1,896,318 | 8.55 |
1911 | 379,596 | 1,435,655 | .. | 1,815,251 | 9.54 |
1912 | 394,425 | 950,706 | .. | 1,345,131 | 6.18 |
1913 | 353,763 | 1,105,720 | 16 | 1,459,499 | 6.35 |
1914 | 159,499 | 735,811 | 57 | 895,367 | 3.41 |
1915 | 5,060 | 507,659 | 1,181,834 | 1,694,553 | 5.34 |
1916 | 134,827 | 510,499 | 553,886 | 1,199,212 | 6.01 |
It is customary to classify the trade of a country as “special” and “entrepôt,” according as it represents the exchange of domestic productions for imports for home consumption, or a mere transit trade. In many countries, such as Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom, the transit trade attains considerable importance, but New Zealand, owing to its geographical position, is precluded from developing in that direction. Her imports, except for a small forwarding trade to the Pacific islands, are for her own consumption, and the great bulk of her exports are commodities of domestic production.
The following table gives the proportion of special trade for the last ten years:—
Year. | Trade (excluding Specie). | Re-exports (included in two preceding columns). | Percentage Re-exports. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imports. | Exports. | Total. | To Imports | To Exports | ||
* Excluding gold. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | |||
1908 | 17,247,162 | 16,075,205 | 33,322,367 | 180,675 | 1.05 | 1.12 |
1909 | 14,817,462 | 19,636,151 | 34,453,613 | 173,215 | 1.17 | 0.88 |
1910 | 16,748,223 | 22,152,473 | 38,900,696 | 208,310 | 1.24 | 0.94 |
1911 | 18,782,608 | 18,980,185 | 37,762,793 | 198,287 | 1.06 | 1.04 |
1912 | 20,576,579 | 21,511,626 | 42,088,205 | 239,221 | 1.16 | 1.11 |
1913 | 21,653,632 | 22,810,363 | 44,463,995 | 232,473 | 1.07 | 1.02 |
1914 | 21,144,227 | 26,253,925 | 47,398,152 | 269,208 | 1.27 | 1.03 |
1915 | 20,658,720 | 31,430,822 | 52,089,542 | 392,690 | 1.90 | 1.25 |
1916 | ; 25,045,403 | 33,281,057 | 58,326,460 | 311,030 | 1.24 | 0.93 |
1917* | 20,742,124 | 30,613,184 | 51,355,308 | 499,090 | 2.41 | 1.63 |
Before comparisons may properly be made with the trade of other countries care must be taken to ensure that the statistics are comparable in their methods of compilation and definition.
The value of imports into New Zealand has, since 1916, been reckoned at the fair market value in the country of export at the time of exportation, plus 10 per cent. (see subsection C of this section); exports are valued f.o.b. In the United States and Canada, however, the value of imports also are calculated f.o.b., and the difference representing freight, insurance, and charges amounts to about 10 per cent. of the total value.
Again, in the United Kingdom the values both of imports and exports are obtained by assessment at current market prices in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of the “special” trade of various countries is shown in the table given below, which is reproduced from the Commonwealth Official Yearbook, 1916, page 568. Such a comparison (which covers in most eases the latest available year before the outbreak of the war) necessarily ignores many of the elements considered above, but gives a sufficiently accurate idea of the relative trade of the various countries. The figures for New Zealand relate to the calendar year 1915, those for the United Kingdom to the calendar year 1916, for Canada to the year ended 31st March, 1916, for the United States to the twelve months ended 30th June, 1915, for Australia to the year ended 30th June, 1916, and for Uruguay to the calendar year 1911, in all other cases the figures refer to the calendar year 1912.
Country. | Trade. | Trade per Inhabitant. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imports.* | Exports.* | Total.* | Imports. | Exports. | Total. | |||||||
* In thousands of pounds. | ||||||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
New Zealand | 21,023 | 31,043 | 52,066 | 19 | 2 | 5 | 28 | 4 | 10 | 47 | 7 | 3 |
United Kingdom | 851,544 | 506,546 | 1,358,090 | 19 | 2 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 10 | 30 | 10 | 8 |
Australia | 75,784 | 71,793 | 147,577 | 15 | 7 | 5 | 14 | 11 | 3 | 29 | 18 | 8 |
Canada | 105,795 | 154,502 | 260,297 | 12 | 3 | 5 | 17 | 15 | 3 | 29 | 18 | 8 |
United States of America | 344,146 | 605,289 | 949,435 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 2 |
Argentine Republic | 84,187 | 96,195 | 180,382 | 11 | 9 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 8 | 24 | 10 | 10 |
Austria - Hungary | 149,026 | 121,345 | 270,371 | 2 | 19 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 |
Belgium | 210,211 | 160,054 | 370,265 | 27 | 15 | 3 | 21 | 2 | 10 | 48 | 18 | 1 |
Brazil | 63,425 | 74,649 | 138,074 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 13 | 3 |
Denmark | 41,954 | 33,940 | 75,894 | 14 | 19 | 8 | 14 | 2 | 5 | 27 | 2 | 1 |
France | 350,482 | 281,495 | 631,977 | 8 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 1 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 8 |
German Empire | 541,675 | 447,392 | 989,067 | 8 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 3 | 14 | 19 | 0 |
Italy | 149,113 | 97,536 | 246,649 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 15 | 8 | 7 | 0 | 10 |
Japan | 66,007 | 57,972 | 123,979 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 5 |
Norway | 28,756 | 18,147 | 46,903 | 11 | 15 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 19 | 4 | 7 |
Portugal | 17,035 | 7,867 | 24,902 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 0 |
Spain | 42,089 | 41,826 | 83,915 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 |
Sweden | 44,095 | 42,257 | 86,352 | 7 | 17 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 8 | 2 |
Switzerland | 81,577 | 55,629 | 137,206 | 21 | 6 | 7 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 35 | 17 | 6 |
Uruguay | 9,333 | 8,840 | 18,173 | 7 | 18 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 1 | 15 | 8 | 7 |
New Zealand is seen to head the list as regards exports of domestic produce, Belgium taking second place. For imports of articles entered for consumption in the country itself, which in the case of such countries as the United Kingdom, Belgium, &c., includes raw material imported for manufacturing purposes. New Zealand is led only by Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
By themselves statistics of foreign trade are not a sure test of a country's prosperity, and they must always be interpreted with a knowledge of local conditions. An increase of imports may not be the result of increased purchasing-power, but may merely represent loans from another country, or even a failure of the home supply of certain commodities. Similarly, increased exports may mean greater productivity and increased purchasing-power, but they may also denote the payments on greatly increased liabilities.
In all countries the home trade is greatly in excess of the external trade, and in larger countries which are more self-contained a decrease in foreign trade may be due to development within the country itself. But New Zealand is far from self-contained, and from her position must attach a great importance to external trade. Under present conditions, only by export can a sufficient market be obtained for her rich resources, and only from abroad can be obtained the manufactures which are needed for common use. The development of the external trade since 1895 has been accompanied by increasing prosperity, and every advance in exports, followed in the next year by larger imports, represents an increase in the wealth of the Dominion.
IN New Zealand the Department of H.M. Customs requires for every pack-age exported a declared statement of the contents, value, and destination. Various measures are taken to safeguard the accuracy of these export entries, and the values especially are carefully checked by comparison with current prices. Since 1914 the statistics have been compiled in the Head Office of the Customs Department at Wellington instead of at the branch offices, and this centralization has given greater, opportunity for a more complete system of checking.
In all cases exports are valued “free on board at the port of shipment.” In many cases, however, the goods are not sold till arrival at their destination, and therefore values must be assessed in New Zealand with reference to current prices. It is possible, therefore, that an interim change in the markets overseas may to some extent falsify the values given to exports.
No account is taken in the export values of “ships' stores” except where they are shipped “ex warehouse”—that is, from a bonded store under Customs control. The exports of New Zealand produce are separated from re-exports of foreign goods.
The ultimate destination of the goods is distinguished as far as is practicable, but it is impossible to discover what proportion of the exports is intended for home consumption in the country of destination. Goods for transhipment on a through bill of lading are however, credited to the ultimate destination shown.
The following table gives particulars of the main exports from New Zealand during the last twenty years. Necessarily the table is only a summary, and fuller details will be found later in this subsection. In this table, however, the main commodities are shown separately, and the progress of the Dominion during the last two decades is strikingly illustrated.
The main feature of the table is the prominence given to the primary products of the soil. The extractive industries of New Zealand have always supplied the overwhelming bulk of the exports, and, though the proportion of the different classes has varied from time to time, there has never been any considerable or even noticeable export of manufactured goods.
Until 1914 the statistical tables included a heading “Manufactures,” which showed a considerable total value in each year, reaching £987,072 in 1913. Included in this group, however, was phormium, the value of which (excluding tow) was in 1913 £721,924; and, though the phormium is stripped and prepared in New Zealand, it leaves the Dominion as a raw fibre, which can hardly be termed a “manufacture.” Similarly, leather in 1913 amounted to £31,945, and copra was also included in this heading. There are some genuine manufactures exported, such as ale and beer, cordage, soap, and woollens, but their value is insignificant compared with the primary products.
Practically every item considered shows a great increase over the twenty years, and the total exports show a threefold increase in the period. This increase is practically continuous: there are two slight checks in 1901 and 1904, and more serious decreases in 1908 and 1911. The figures for 1917 are considerably below the record figures of the previous year.
Throughout this subsection figures relating to the export of gold (specie and bullion) during 1917 have, at the request of the Imperial Government, been withheld from publication.
EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE.—PASTORAL PRODUCE. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Wool. | Frozen Meat. | Butter. | Cheese. | Tallow. | Skins, Hides, and Pelts. | Other Pastoral Produce.* |
* The main items in this heading are bacon and hams, beef and pork (salted), live-stock preserved meats, sausage-skins and preserved milk. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1898 | 4,645,804 | 1,698,750 | 403,690 | 135,776 | 302,141 | 323,701 | 184,218 |
1899 | 4,324,627 | 2,088,856 | 571,799 | 141,818 | 311,649 | 386,606 | 184,381 |
1900 | 4,749,196 | 2,123,881 | 740,620 | 229,111 | 368,473 | 363,787 | 211,790 |
1901 | 3,699,103 | 2,253,262 | 822,406 | 238,685 | 351,710 | 364,701 | 238,550 |
1902 | 3,354,563 | 2,718,763 | 1,205,802 | 163,539 | 550,131 | 473,699 | 338,371 |
1903 | 4,041,274 | 3,197,043 | 1,318,067 | 194,998 | 517,871 | 566,178 | 239,532 |
1904 | 4,673,826 | 2,793,599 | 1,380,460 | 185,486 | 357,974 | 498,121 | 189,942 |
1905 | 5,381,333 | 2,694,432 | 1,408,557 | 205,171 | 347,888 | 675,201 | 208,939 |
1906 | 6,765,655 | 2,877,031 | 1,560,235 | 341,002 | 455,026 | 894,518 | 257,313 |
1907 | 7,657,278 | 3,420,664 | 1,615,345 | 662,355 | 560,965 | 1,055,650 | 273,447 |
1908 | 5,332,781 | 3,188,515 | 1,171,182 | 783,419 | 481,335 | 767,692 | 231,142 |
1909 | 6,305,888 | 3,601,093 | 1,639,380 | 1,105,390 | 648,452 | 1,018,103 | 316,959 |
1910 | 8,308,410 | 3,850,777 | 1,811,975 | 1,195,373 | 756,841 | 1,129,041 | 468,298 |
1911 | 6,491,707 | 3,503,406 | 1,576,917 | 1,192,057 | 607,257 | 911,519 | 467,695 |
1912 | 7,105,483 | 3,909,569 | 2,088,809 | 1,680,393 | 684,739 | 1,091,871 | 370,616 |
1913 | 8,057,620 | 4,449,933 | 2,061,651 | 1,770,297 | 663,088 | 1,199,375 | 317,181 |
1914 | 9,318,114 | 5,863,062 | 2,338,576 | 2,564,125 | 694,348 | 1,317,593 | 433,331 |
1915 | 10,387,875 | 7,794,395 | 2,700,625 | 2,730,211 | 780,828 | 1,450,276 | 690,398 |
1916 | 12,386,074 | 7,271,318 | 2,632,293 | 3,514,310 | 785,339 | 1,667,679 | 637,409 |
1917 | 12,175,366 | 5,982,404 | 2,031,551 | 3,949,251 | 553,016 | 1,861,817 | 776,194 |
EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE.—MINING AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Wheat. | Oats. | Other Agricultural Produce.* | Gold. | Coal. | Kauri gum. | Phormium Fibre and Tow. | Timber. |
* The main items in this heading are bran and sharps, chaff flour barley, beans and peas, maize, malt, hops, oatmeal, potatoes, and seeds. † Not available for publication. | ||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1898 | 2,463 | 87,924 | 320,290 | 1,080,691 | 50,381 | 586,767 | 75,146 | 164,723 |
1899 | 338,476 | 286,102 | 289,100 | 1,513,180 | 83,085 | 607,919 | 185,561 | 196,749 |
1900 | 351,494 | 552,270 | 326,801 | 1,439,602 | 98,136 | 622,293 | 333,802 | 232,174 |
1901 | 276,111 | 922,301 | 333,974 | 1,753,784 | 142,176 | 446,114 | 196,868 | 294,699 |
1902 | 31,074 | 666,664 | 348,248 | 1,951,426 | 154,747 | 450,223 | 539,390 | 208,005 |
1903 | 14,068 | 453,702 | 277,075 | 2,037,832 | 128,927 | 631,102 | 603,411 | 240,713 |
1904 | 126,035 | 212,724 | 220,484 | 1,987,501 | 139,898 | 501,817 | 714,147 | 254,021 |
1905 | 144,374 | 99,664 | 184,242 | 2,093,936 | 107,062 | 561,444 | 711,940 | 318,895 |
1906 | 9,915 | 76,981 | 183,646 | 2,270,904 | 122,614 | 522,486 | 812,712 | 304,941 |
1907 | 326 | 4,656 | 157,985 | 2,027,490 | 114,737 | 579,888 | 897,718 | 311,862 |
1908 | 344 | 108,997 | 156,389 | 2,004,799 | 85,846 | 372,798 | 420,520 | 375,235 |
1909 | 305,902 | 453,314 | 216,954 | 2,006,900 | 183,961 | 552,698 | 324,458 | 337,740 |
1910 | 216,657 | 44,299 | 220,566 | 1,896,318 | 259,562 | 465,044 | 480,519 | 407,658 |
1911 | 219,196 | 9,211 | 184,408 | 1,815,251 | 204,379 | 395,707 | 325,130 | 439,353 |
1912 | 95,702 | 483,756 | 481,147 | 1,345,131 | 216,170 | 401,305 | 407,903 | 490,508 |
1913 | 11,816 | 29,252 | 238,908 | 1,459,499 | 205,010 | 549,106 | 797,062 | 319,055 |
1914 | 3,580 | 165,930 | 278,894 | 895,367 | 282,163 | 497,444 | 492,230 | 422,550 |
1915 | 128 | 132,827 | 541,318 | 1,694,553 | 329,731 | 279,133 | 610,059 | 383,456 |
1916 | 17,835 | 30,200 | 135,680 | 1,199,212 | 326,553 | 339,882 | 1,078,632 | 381,488 |
1917 | 509 | 1,306 | 178,087 | † | 236,063 | 291,917 | 1,232,608 | 408,064 |
In the past twenty years the proportions of the principal exports have changed a good deal. Wool reached its maximum percentage, 47.9, in 1897, showed a tendency to decline till 1902, but has since partially regained its position. Frozen meat had in recent years supplied approximately 20 per cent. of the total exports, but the figures for 1915, owing to war demands, constituted a record. Both wool and frozen meat show a decline during 1917 on the figures of the previous year.
The main feature of the period has been the great advance, relatively and absolutely, of dairy-produce, which has increased over tenfold—viz., from £553,122 to £5,980,802. On the other hand, gold has decreased from approximately 10 per cent. to less than 3 2/3 per cent. of the total exports in 1916. Both phormium and agricultural produce show fluctuating exports, the latter reaching its highest percentage in 1899–1901, the period of the South African War.
The relative importance of the main commodities is shown on the graph given below, plotted on a uniform basis.
In the following table the exports are classified under the main industries, according to a broad division, to illustrate the relative importance of the pastoral, agricultural, mining, forest, and other industries as far as the export trade is concerned. It must be remembered that in a particular industry the home trade may be relatively more important than the external trade.
The table indicates a tendency for the Dominion to rely more and more upon the pastoral industry for her main exports. The four main products of that industry—wool, frozen meat, butter, and cheese—provide an ever-increasing proportion of the total quantity of goods shipped overseas. On the other hand, the proportion of minerals tends to fall, through decreasing exports of gold, and agricultural exports fluctuate with a downward tendency. It would seem that New Zealand is restricting her agriculture to a level just sufficient to provide for her own needs in the matter of foodstuffs, and only in exceptionally good years is there a surplus available for export.
TABLE SHOWING PROPORTIONS OF EXPORTS SUPPLIED BY THE MAIN INDUSTRIES. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Exports. | Percentage of Total Exports. | ||||||||
Pastoral. | Mining. | Agricultural. | Forest. | Other. | Pastoral. | Mining. | Agricultural. | Forest. | Other. | |
* Cannot be supplied, as figures in respect of gold are not available. | ||||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
1898 | 7,694,080 | 1,174,543 | 410,677 | 761,370 | 477,285 | 73.2 | 11.2 | 3.9 | 7.2 | 4.5 |
1899 | 8,009,736 | 1,644,101 | 913,678 | 817,743 | 553,077 | 67.1 | 13.8 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 4.6 |
1900 | 8,786,858 | 1,590,212 | 1,230,565 | 863,144 | 775,382 | 66.3 | 12.0 | 9.3 | 6.5 | 5.9 |
1901 | 7,969,197 | 1,969,963 | 1,532,386 | 754,457 | 655,421 | 61.9 | 15.3 | 11.9 | 5.9 | 5.0 |
1902 | 8,804,868 | 2,183,211 | 1,045,986 | 670,962 | 939,950 | 64.5 | 16.0 | 7.7 | 4.9 | 6.9 |
1903 | 10,074,963 | 2,265,604 | 744,845 | 885,257 | 1,039,709 | 67.1 | 15.1 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 6.9 |
1904 | 10,079,408 | 2,251,108 | 559,243 | 769,188 | 1,089,401 | 68.3 | 15.3 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 7.4 |
1905 | 10,921,521 | 2,329,858 | 428,280 | 891,410 | 1,084,878 | 69.8 | 14.9 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 6.9 |
1906 | 13,150,780 | 2,555,551 | 270,542 | 841,166 | 1,277,098 | 72.6 | 14.1 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 7.2 |
1907 | 15,245,704 | 2,344,903 | 162,967 | 904,486 | 1,410,897 | 76.0 | 11.7 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 7.0 |
1908 | 11,956,066 | 2,279,520 | 265,730 | 758,115 | 1,058,063 | 73.3 | 14.0 | 1.6 | 4.6 | 6.5 |
1909 | 14,635,265 | 2,378,775 | 976,170 | 905,930 | 765,856 | 74.4 | 12.1 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 3.9 |
1910 | 17,520,715 | 2,344,348 | 481,522 | 889,603 | 944,021 | 79.0 | 10.6 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 4.2 |
1911 | 14,750,558 | 2,165,137 | 412,815 | 843,310 | 856,670 | 77.5 | 11.4 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 4.5 |
1912 | 16,931,480 | 1,660,280 | 1,060,605 | 900,671 | 1,217,545 | 77.8 | 7.6 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 5.6 |
1913 | 18,519,145 | 1,791,777 | 279,976 | 874,110 | 1,521,714 | 80.6 | 7.8 | 1.2 | 3.8 | 6.6 |
1914 | 22,529,149 | 1,263,553 | 448,404 | 927,482 | 1,092,859 | 85.8 | 4.8 | 1.7 | 3.5 | 4.2 |
1915 | 26,534,608 | 2,149,217 | 674,273 | 674,533 | 1,716,281 | 83.6 | 6.8 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 5.4 |
1916 | 28,894,422 | 1,661,650 | 183,797 | 734,034 | 1,502,004 | 87.6 | 5.0 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 4.6 |
1917 | 27,329,599 | * | 179,902 | 711,188 | 1,593,046 | * | * | * | * | * |
The diagram given above shows clearly the relative importance in the external trade of the main classes of exports. The most noticeable feature is the extremely high proportion of the exports supplied by the pastoral industries. The percentage supplied by this group was high in the late “nineties,” but in the early years of the new century fell relatively, owing mainly to increased exports of agricultural and mining produce. Since 1901, however, the percentage increased almost continuously till 1914, when it reached more than 85 per cent. of the total. Yet another record was attained in 1916, when the exports of pastoral products amounted to over 87 per cent. of the total.
On the whole, mining products are growing less important to New Zealand, mainly because of the overwhelming increase of the pastoral products. In later years especially this tendency to diminish is noticeable.
Agricultural exports show an abnormal increase from 1899 to 1903, the period which covers the South African War, but since then their importance steadily declines Their lowest level (0.6 per cent. of total exports) was reached in 1916. Forest products, too, though steady, show a relative downward tendency, and therefore the strip representing them tapers toward the latter years.
Measured by their value in money the exports of 1916 constituted a record, the total being nearly 5 per cent. in advance of the previous year's and more than double that of 1906. Wool retained its leading position, and with £12,386,074 to its credit accounted for 37 per cent. of the Dominion's total sales abroad. Frozen meat stood at £7,271,318, a decrease of slightly over £500,000 when compared with the figure for the previous year.
The increased value was not in all cases an indication of increased output. The actual amount of wool exported in 1916 was 6 per cent. less than the quantity shipped in 1915, while the amount of frozen meat exported was over 7 per cent. short of the previous year's figure. A fuller reference to the effect of price-changes upon most of these main items will be found further on in this subsection.
As will be seen from the statement given below, the figures for 1917 were in most cases considerably below those for 1916. Frozen meat, butter, and tallow all show fairly large decreases.
The export of skins, hides and pelts, cheese, and phormium, however, increased by approximately 11 to 14 per cent. The export of all these commodities during 1917, however, decreased in actual quantities when compared with the previous year. The weight of wool exported fell off by 3.89 per cent., butter by 29.06 per cent., cheese by 671 per cent., and frozen meat by 26.43 per cent. In fact, all the main exports of the Dominion decreased considerably when compared on a quantity basis with the figures for 1916.
INCREASES OR DECREASES IN THE MAIN EXPORTS IN 1917. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Article. | Value. | Amount of | Percentage. | |||
1917. | 1916. | Increase. | Decrease. | Increase. | Decrease. | |
* Figures for gold not available. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
Wool | 12,175,366 | 12,386,074 | .. | 210,708 | .. | 1.70 |
Frozen meat | 5,982,404 | 7,271,318 | .. | 1,288,914 | .. | 17.73 |
Butter | 2,031,551 | 2,632,293 | .. | 600,742 | .. | 22.82 |
Cheese | 3,949,251 | 3,514,310 | 434,941 | .. | 12.38 | .. |
Tallow | 553,016 | 785,339 | .. | 232,323 | .. | 29.59 |
Skins, hides and pelts | 1,861,817 | 1,667,679 | 194,138 | .. | 11.64 | .. |
Wheat | 509 | 17,835 | .. | 17,326 | .. | 97.15 |
Oats | 1,306 | 30,200 | .. | 28,894 | .. | 95.68 |
Gold | * | 1,199,212 | * | * | * | * |
Coal | 236,063 | 326,553 | .. | 90,490 | .. | 27.72 |
Kauri-gum | 291,917 | 339,882 | .. | 47,965 | .. | 14.11 |
Phormium | 1,232,608 | 1,078,632 | 153,976 | .. | 14.28 | .. |
Timber | 408,064 | 381,488 | 26,576 | .. | 6.97 | .. |
In 1914 a new method of classification was adopted, and both imports and exports were divided into classes, which will in the future be adhered to in all statistical comparisons. The total exports of each class in 1917 are shown in the following table:—
No. | Class. | Domestic Produce. | Foreign Produce. |
---|---|---|---|
* Excluding gold (specie and bullion). | |||
£ | £ | ||
I | Foodstuffs of animal origin (excluding live animals) | 12,705,004 | 13,439 |
II | Foodstuffs of vegetable origin, and common salt | 200,052 | 27,621 |
III | Beverages (non-alcoholic), and substances used in making up the same | 499 | 15,131 |
IV | Spirits and alcoholic liquors | 1,501 | 11,865 |
V | Tobacco and preparations thereof | 5 | 19,510 |
VI | Live animals | 54,531 | 1,046 |
VII | Animal substances (mainly unmanufactured), not being foodstuffs | 14,041,671 | 64 |
VIII | Vegetable substances and non-manufactured fibres | 1,305,123 | 31,603 |
IXA | Apparel | 56,774 | 9,956 |
IXB | Textiles | 9,290 | 53,488 |
IXC | Manufactured fibres | 23,352 | 14,217 |
X | Oils, fats, and waxes | 570,246 | 12,654 |
XI | Paints and varnishes | 336 | 9,056 |
XII | Stones and minerals used industrially | 534,846 | 8,012 |
XIII | Specie | .. | 69,975 |
XIVA | Metal (unmanufactured and partly manufactured) and ores | 152,753 | 8,959 |
XIVB | Metal manufactures, other than machinery and machines | 4,420 | 23,059 |
XV | Machinery and machines | 8,502 | 23,179 |
XVIA | Indiarubber and manufactures thereof (not including tires) | 2,498 | 247 |
XVIB | Leather and manufactures thereof, including substitutes | 11,187 | 4,262 |
XVIIA | Timber | 408,121 | 204 |
XVIIB | Wood, cane, and wicker manufactures | 2,560 | 1,222 |
XVIII | Earthenware, china, glass, stoneware, cement, and cement materials | 6,855 | 2,203 |
XIXA | Paper | 1,142 | 2,858 |
XIXB | Stationery | 4,413 | 4,401 |
XX | Jewellery, timepieces, and fancy goods | 102 | 27,213 |
XXI | Optical, surgical, and scientific instruments | 3,155 | 11,318 |
XXIIA | Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares | 16,318 | 18,372 |
XXIIB | Manures | 355 | 451 |
XXIII | Miscellaneous | 27,293 | 73,505 |
Parcels-post | 31,215 | .. | |
Total* | 30,184,069 | 499,090 |
It will be seen that the great bulk of the exports fall into two classes—I, which includes butter and cheese, frozen meat, and fish; and VII, which includes wool, hides, skins, pelts, and hair. Mineral products fall under XII and XIVA, and timber under XVIIA; tallow is the main item in X, phormium, seeds, and fungus in VIII, while the main agricultural products are included in II.
The re-exports are clearly shown to be spread over various manufactured items, and, indeed, are mainly returned imports, since the genuine entrepôt trade is very small.
The principal items of export may conveniently be grouped under six definite heads, and for over forty years a decennial table has been published in the “Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand” using this method of summary. A comparative statement is given below for the past five years, following the classification therein adopted.
Practically all the main commodities are homogeneous articles, and it is therefore possible to give the quantities exported. For some purposes quantities are preferable to values, since the latter contain the variable element of price.
Articles. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Figures for gold for 1917 are not available for publication. | |||||
The mine— | |||||
Coal (tons) | 211,749 | 302,908 | 323,992 | 328,183 | 221,125 |
Gold (oz.) | 376,161 | 227,954 | 422,825 | 292,620 | * |
Silver (oz) | 975,616 | 599,162 | 957,541 | 787,053 | 787,152 |
Other minerals (tons) | 227 | 337 | 244 | 304 | 3,223 |
The fisheries— | |||||
Fish (cwt.) | 12,038 | 14,601 | 17,698 | 19,372 | 12,370 |
Oysters (doz.) | 361,225 | 302,163 | 283,735 | 178,354 | 30,900 |
Whalebone (lb.) | 6,272 | 3,024 | 896 | 896 | .. |
Whale-oil (gal.) | 247,831 | 44,616 | 40,397 | 22,740 | 46,151 |
The forest— | |||||
Fungus (cwt.) | 2,304 | 2,455 | 2,881 | 3,829 | 3,610 |
Kauri-gum (tons) | 8,780 | 8,473 | 4,575 | 5,456 | 4,594 |
Timber, sawn and hewn (sup. ft.) | 63,469,105 | 83,342,949 | 76,797,161 | 71,503,154 | 71,338,174 |
Pastoral products— | |||||
Bacon and hams (cwt.) | 1,020 | 1,389 | 3,469 | 2,646 | 1,359 |
Beef and pork, salted (cwt.) | 6,883 | 6,201 | 3,823 | 2,794 | 4,416 |
Butter (cwt.) | 372,258 | 434,067 | 420,144 | 358,632 | 254,397 |
Cheese (cwt.) | 611,663 | 863,776 | 817,258 | 949,416 | 885,743 |
Hides and skins (number) | 348,794 | 412,822 | 516,799 | 510,936 | 237,906 |
Live-stock— | |||||
Cattle (number) | 273 | 401 | 386 | 297 | 357 |
Horses (number) | 738 | 2,914 | 5,738 | 2,453 | 283 |
Sheep (number) | 11,803 | 8,066 | 8,396 | 7,241 | 5,158 |
Pigs (number) | 198 | 293 | 528 | 367 | 714 |
Preserved meats (cwt.) | 36,885 | 36,338 | 61,851 | 65,582 | 55,008 |
Frozen meats (cwt.) | 2,578,963 | 3,229,970 | 3,591,260 | 3,326,045 | 2,446,945 |
Sausage-skins (cwt.) | 30,801 | 40,322 | 44,707 | 22,612 | 18,132 |
Rabbit-skins (number) | 6,267,608 | 4,512,171 | 6,090,872 | 5,896,410 | 4,944,607 |
Sheep skins and pelts (number) | 8,171,275 | 8,525,611 | 9,093,850 | 8,335,570 | 6,528,053 |
Tallow (cwt.) | 454,860 | 490,300 | 535,260 | 449,440 | 251,980 |
Wool (lb.) | 186,533,036 | 220,472,898 | 196,570,114 | 185,506,859 | 178,274,486 |
Articles. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
Agricultural products— | |||||
Bran and sharps (tons) | 1,994 | 4,758 | 6,629 | 619 | 340 |
Chaff (tons) | 198 | 1,471 | 27,032 | 386 | 354 |
Flour (tons) | 206 | 62 | 173 | 131 | 744 |
Grain— | |||||
Barley (centals) | 2,374 | 27,317 | 11,153 | 429 | 911 |
Beans and peas (centals) | 203,999 | 183,032 | 121,165 | 50,501 | 66,705 |
Oats (centals) | 95,707 | 529,345 | 273,061 | 88,106 | 2,307 |
Wheat (centals) | 37,401 | 10,248 | 216 | 41,287 | 902 |
Hops (cwt.) | 4,447 | 3,476 | 4,336 | 4,358 | 2,805 |
Oatmeal (tons) | 12 | 30 | 18 | 11 | 16 |
Potatoes (tons) | 1,556 | 1,744 | 19,572 | 1,724 | 727 |
Seeds (grass and clover) (cwt) | 35,589 | 39,572 | 13,980 | 9,841 | 16,484 |
Miscellaneous— | |||||
Ale and beer (gal.) | 14,189 | 15,774 | 23,025 | 11,948 | 11,989 |
Cordage (cwt.) | 1,282 | 2,945 | 10,654 | 6,508 | 7,872 |
Leather (cwt.) | 4,450 | 5,138 | 6,678 | 3,499 | 845 |
Phormium fibre and (tons) tow | 28,092 | 23,928 | 26,685 | 32,252 | 26,016 |
Soap (cwt.) | 7,350 | 6,470 | 6,973 | 9,748 | 9,287 |
The values of these principal commodities are tabulated in the following pages, and the statement of exports is rendered complete by the addition of miscellaneous groups and the provision of totals for each group and for all combined.
Articles. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Figures for gold not available. | |||||
The mine— | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
Coal | 205,010 | 282,163 | 329,731 | 326,553 | 236,063 |
Gold | 1,459,499 | 895,367 | 1,694,553 | 1,199,212 | * |
Silver | 103,866 | 62,085 | 83,583 | 85,111 | 105,299 |
Other minerals | 23,402 | 23,938 | 29,350 | 50,774 | 28,972 |
Totals | 1,791,777 | 1,263,553 | 2,149,217 | 1,661,650 | 370,334 |
The fisheries— | |||||
Fish | 23,721 | 34,778 | 37,166 | 37,475 | 23,818 |
Oysters | 2,813 | 2,396 | 2,057 | 1,340 | 244 |
Whalebone | 1,537 | 1,243 | 250 | 280 | .. |
Whale-oil | 18,481 | 2,910 | 3,011 | 1,647 | 5,511 |
Other | 26,959 | 3,337 | 2,412 | 1,751 | 201 |
Totals | 73,511 | 44,664 | 44,896 | 42,493 | 29,774 |
The forest— | |||||
Fungus | 5,655 | 6,706 | 9,709 | 12,227 | 10,688 |
Kauri-gum | 549,106 | 497,444 | 279,133 | 339,882 | 291,917 |
Timber, sawn and hewn | 319,055 | 422,705 | 383,616 | 381,488 | 408,064 |
Other | 294 | 627 | 2,075 | 437 | 519 |
Totals | 874,110 | 927,482 | 674,533 | 734,034 | 711,188 |
Pastoral products— | |||||
Bacon and hams | 4,991 | 6,597 | 15,717 | 13,329 | 7,974 |
Beef and pork, salted | 11,220 | 10,318 | 7,227 | 5,647 | 11,310 |
Butter | 2,061,651 | 2,338,574 | 2,700,625 | 2,632,293 | 2,031,551 |
Cheese | 1,770,297 | 2,564,126 | 2,730,211 | 3,514,310 | 3,949,251 |
Hides and skins | 312,265 | 412,373 | 573,765 | 673,641 | 456,308 |
Live-stock— | |||||
Cattle | 3,515 | 6,056 | 7,357 | 5,612 | 11,381 |
Horses | 38,049 | 84,481 | 154,488 | 79,720 | 20,447 |
Sheep | 37,071 | 30,708 | 26,594 | 23,089 | 19,096 |
Pigs | 535 | 726 | 1,954 | 1,453 | 3,122 |
Other | 1,050 | 929 | 2,160 | 453 | 485 |
Preserved milk and cream | 359 | 791 | 20,388 | 23,780 | 153,538 |
Preserved meats | 108,995 | 111,217 | 223,666 | 249,519 | 278,753 |
Frozen meats | 4,449,933 | 5,863,062 | 7,794,395 | 7,271,318 | 5,982,404 |
Sausage-skins | 93,251 | 139,452 | 192,028 | 196,785 | 227,431 |
Rabbit-skins | 86,756 | 48,388 | 59,004 | 76,405 | 105,321 |
Sheep skins and pelts | 800,354 | 856,832 | 826,507 | 917,633 | 1,300,188 |
Tallow | 663,088 | 694,348 | 780,828 | 785,339 | 553,016 |
Wool | 8,057,620 | 9,318,114 | 10,387,875 | 12,386,074 | 12,175,366 |
Other | 18,145 | 42,060 | 38,819 | 38,022 | 42,657 |
Totals | 18,519,145 | 22,529,149 | 26,534,608 | 28,894,422 | 27,329,599 |
Agricultural products— | |||||
Bran and sharps | 8,097 | 19,582 | 52,051 | 3,702 | 2,111 |
Chaff | 1,153 | 7,609 | 154,552 | 2,727 | 2,917 |
Flour | 1,685 | 701 | 2,678 | 2,154 | 13,595 |
Fruits | 12,270 | 23,031 | 21,603 | 7,493 | 722 |
Grain and pulse— | |||||
Barley | 959 | 9,090 | 5,318 | 218 | 513 |
Beans and peas | 89,124 | 91,078 | 77,022 | 38,545 | 72,077 |
Oats | 29,252 | 165,930 | 132,827 | 30,200 | 1,306 |
Wheat | 11,816 | 3,580 | 128 | 17,835 | 509 |
Other | 787 | 333 | 168 | 723 | 839 |
Hops | 22,680 | 21,811 | 18,536 | 17,632 | 12,038 |
Oatmeal | 184 | 219 | 336 | 271 | 340 |
Onions | 4,110 | 6,419 | 7,475 | 3,778 | 9,814 |
Potatoes | 7,443 | 7,014 | 135,552 | 14,941 | 5,816 |
Seeds (grass and clover) | 60,492 | 73,551 | 42,314 | 34,266 | 48,635 |
Seeds (various) | 3,712 | 3,785 | 7,459 | 7,622 | 6,937 |
Other | 26,212 | 14,671 | 16,254 | 1,690 | 1,683 |
Totals | 279,976 | 448,404 | 674,273 | 183,797 | 179,902 |
Miscellaneous (including manufactures)— | |||||
Ale and beer | 1,383 | 1,743 | 3,223 | 1,661 | 1,456 |
Apparel | 1,397 | 11,875 | 37,606 | 36,589 | 55,808 |
Cement | 10,483 | 10,669 | 28,503 | 18,711 | 5,506 |
Cordage | 2,565 | 5,332 | 2,571 | 17,553 | 22,781 |
Foods, infants' and invalids | 15,301 | 39,099 | 45,297 | 37,890 | 31 |
Leather | 31,945 | 40,965 | 61,795 | 35,143 | 10,458 |
Phormium fibre and tow | 797,062 | 492,230 | 610,059 | 1,078,632 | 1,232,608 |
Soap | 8,882 | 7,935 | 9,260 | 12,393 | 14,846 |
Sugar | 11,151 | 8,347 | 24,663 | 48,183 | 62,102 |
Woollen manufactures | 11,213 | 13,755 | 18,592 | 19,504 | 8,780 |
Other | 148,348 | 139,226 | 115,515 | 153,252 | 148,896 |
Totals | 1,039,371 | 771,465 | 965,335 | 1,459,511 | 1,563,272 |
Total exports (domestic produce) | 22,577,890 | 25,984,717 | 31,042,862 | 32,975,907 | 30,184,069 |
Specie | 176,359 | 7,522 | 318,090 | 5,880 | 69,975 |
Re-exports | 232,473 | 269,208 | 387,960 | 305,150 | 429,115 |
Total exports | 22,986,722 | 26,261,447 | 31,748,912 | 33,286,937 | 30,683,159 |
The first exports from New Zealand went naturally to the earlier-developed sister colony, and for a considerable time Australia had a mono poly of our trade. In 1865 70 per cent., and even in 1871 44 per cent., of the total exports went to Australia. But since the establishment of direct shipping lines with the United Kingdom the Mother-land has absorbed the bulk of New Zealand exports, and four-fifths of the total exports now go to the United Kingdom. This proportion has been maintained, with but slight variations, for the last forty years. The total amount sent to Australia fluctuates considerably from year to year, rising if the products of the Commonwealth are reduced by drought. On the whole it tends to rise, but not in the same ratio as the total exports from New Zealand, of which it constituted only 4.06 per cent. in 1917.
In 1917 exports to the United States exceeded those to Australia, being 6.17 per cent. of the total. Canada follows Australia with 3.13 per cent. of the total exports.
The total for other countries was swollen in 1899–1902 by the abnormal diversion of trade caused by the South African War, but, apart from this period, shows a steady increase, as New Zealand's trade with outside countries naturally develops. Ceylon, the South African Union, and Hong Kong within the Empire, and France, Belgium, and Uruguay among foreign countries, are regular customers, though the war has dislocated their trade temporarily and given to Egypt an importance hitherto unknown. An interesting recent development is the growth of exports to Japan, which have risen from a modest £377 in 1911, £1,460 in 1912, and £2,901 in 1913, to £59,508 in 1914 and £137,464 in 1915, A slight check was, however, experienced in 1916, when the exports to Japan fell to £110,045. In 1917 the exports to Japan totalled only £4,388. This decrease was entirely due to the fact that no exports of wool to Japan were made during the year.
— | United Kingdom. | Australia. | Canada. | Pacific Islands.* | United States. | Germany. | Other Countries.† | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Includes Cook Islands prior to 1902. † The principal other countries are Hong Kong, India, Straits Settlements, Russia, Egypt, South African Union, France, Japan. ‡ Excluding gold (specie and bullion). | ||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1897 | 8,168,123 | 1,323,784 | 1,026 | 117,365 | 375,096 | 5,468 | 26,131 | 10,016,993 |
1898 | 8,265,499 | 1,475,157 | 3,716 | 108,315 | 623,133 | 17,244 | 24,891 | 10,517,955 |
1899 | 9,427,515 | 1,708,036 | 6,363 | 133,896 | 433,499 | 28,027 | 200,999 | 11,938,335 |
1900 | 10,259,342 | 1,858,582 | 287 | 183,641 | 458,796 | 24,186 | 461,327 | 13,246,161 |
1901 | 9,295,375 | 1,993,831 | 2,113 | 157,594 | 519,079 | 10,470 | 902,957 | 12,881,424 |
1902 | 9,450,648 | 2,684,350 | 7,366 | 159,214 | 489,964 | 9,389 | 844,046 | 13,644,977 |
1903 | 11,345,075 | 2,233,996 | 2,421 | 160,133 | 669,649 | 17,584 | 581,520 | 15,010,378 |
1904 | 11,876,273 | 1,817,622 | 15,961 | 166,767 | 598,921 | 23,931 | 248,873 | 14,748,348 |
1905 | 12,087,818 | 2,294,971 | 51,329 | 170,210 | 716,301 | 38,958 | 296,360 | 15,655,947 |
1906 | 14,047,176 | 2,882,522 | 29,815 | 188,755 | 642,792 | 54,952 | 249,125 | 18,095,137 |
1907 | 16,533,493 | 2,221,260 | 78,015 | 186,839 | 714,063 | 66,489 | 268,798 | 20,068,957 |
1908 | 13,143,780 | 2,103,161 | 24,051 | 203,581 | 326,415 | 40,191 | 476,315 | 16,317,494 |
1909 | 16,193,188 | 1,918,115 | 180,975 | 258,164 | 684,810 | 77,969 | 348,775 | 19,661,996 |
1910 | 18,633,118 | 2,010,751 | 160,842 | 296,244 | 553,603 | 205,931 | 319,720 | 22,180,209 |
1911 | 15,134,743 | 2,515,168 | 199,587 | 324,306 | 434,586 | 170,493 | 249,607 | 19,028,490 |
1912 | 16,861,256 | 2,848,664 | 542,271 | 338,621 | 620,988 | 254,703 | 304,078 | 21,770,581 |
1913 | 18,130,160 | 2,315,747 | 606,662 | 295,032 | 912,051 | 337,448 | 389,622 | 22,986,722 |
1914 | 21,383,891 | 1,928,410 | 595,611 | 326,025 | 1,028,054 | 456,163 | 543,293 | 26,261,447 |
1915 | 25,389,030 | 2,548,605 | 925,813 | 499,063 | 2,006,507 | 4 | 379,890 | 31,748,912 |
1916 | 26,869,988 | 2,191,545 | 691,986 | 368,069 | 2,493,987 | 5 | 671,357 | 33,286,937 |
1917‡ | 25,333,371 | 1,247,117 | 961,653 | 539,880 | 1,894,317 | 6 | 672,091 | 30,683,159 |
Included in the exports to the United Kingdom, however, are considerable quantities of wool and similar commodities which are shipped to London merely as a convenient depot, and which are retransferred to the Continent or America, The following figures, taken from the Board of Trade statement Cd. 8714, will show the extent to which the United Kingdom serves as a distributing centre for our exports:—
IMPORTS INTO AND RE-EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Article. | Imports from New Zealand. | Re-exports. | ||||||||
1912. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | |
* Re-exports greater than imports. | ||||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Butter | 2,148,192 | 1,351,285 | 2,100,958 | 2,693,808 | 2,727,645 | 267,900 | 206,465 | 193,273 | 81,469 | 83,322 |
Cheese | 1,882,840 | 1,685,472 | 2,432,117 | 3,081,465 | 3,352,195 | 3,272 | 3,861 | 11,462 | 25,773 | 32,758 |
Wheat | 124,227 | 23,210 | 3,726 | .. | 26,501 | 102 | 85 | 37 | .. | .. |
Oats | 123,466 | 41,818 | 123,216 | 39,133 | 31,450 | 1,137 | 313 | 130 | 151 | 23 |
Beef (fresh and frozen) | 429,624 | 393,429 | 944,459 | 2,176,621 | 2,824,664 | .. | 185 | 26,280 | 33,550 | 83,160 |
Mutton (fresh and frozen) | 4,555,786 | 4,965,310 | 5,435,128 | 7,669,945 | 8,416,301 | 5,444 | 4,482 | 85,502 | 14,603 | 74,294 |
Sausage skins, casings, and bladders | 125,119 | 167,565 | 189,641 | 129,686 | 39,161 | 122,699 | 131,189 | 169,879 | 112,656 | 8,814 |
Kauri-gum | 558,828 | 593,729 | 474,624 | 292,257 | 233,443 | 475,999 | 482,850 | 333,633 | 262,775 | 179,594 |
Hemp (dressed, undressed) and tow | 395,222 | 718,959 | 437,807 | 428,471 | 630,816 | 309,986 | 553,480 | 324,891 | 262,297 | 341,758 |
Copra | 133,206 | 161,183 | 42,701 | 96,506 | 43,949 | 110,012 | 81,321 | 22,690 | 7,215 | .. |
Sheep-skins (undressed) | 677,734 | 641,853 | 657,800 | 825,202 | 557,286 | 396,805 | 464,500 | 475,380 | 605,431 | 613,413* |
Rabbit-skins (undressed) | 103,561 | 92,149 | 51,827 | 41,259 | 50,119 | 21,751 | 15,299 | 13,425 | 4,516 | 13,588 |
Tallow (undressed) | 724,303 | 717,264 | 774,124 | 826,437 | 922,853 | 106,350 | 78,645 | 111,239 | 31,528 | 25,950 |
Wool (undressed) | 7,701,364 | 8,165,408 | 8,628,368 | 11,075,927 | 10,927,874 | 2,220,397 | 1,829,105 | 2,548,965 | 845,098 | 376,068 |
Total | 20,302,062 | 20,338,057 | 22,994,319 | 30,407,581 | 30,784,257 | 4,208,291 | 4,066,815 | 4,442,729 | 2,408,737 | 1,832,742 |
From this table it may be seen that the bulk of the re-exports consists of wool, which, to the value of nearly £2,000,000 annually, was redistributed in pre-war years from London to the manufacturing centres of Belgium, northern France, and Germany. This amounted to a big proportion of the Dominion's wool exports, averaging about 25 per cent.
Of late years there has evidently been an increasing tendency to reexport butter, but the highest value yet reached is £267,900. Practically all the cheese, wheat, oats, beef, and mutton is usually consumed in the United Kingdom itself, but war conditions appear to have caused a noticeable re-export of meat in 1914, 1915, and 1916.
The bulk of the kauri-gum, more than one-half of the phormium, most of the copra, and three-fourths of the sheep-skins are usually re-exported.
The re-exports of rabbit-skins and of tallow, both of which were relatively heavy in the earlier years, show a distinct tendency to decrease. The total re-exports in normal years amount to about £4,000,000 annually.
It would seem, then, that on the average only about four-fifths of the exports from New Zealand to the United Kingdom are retained in that country, and the remaining fifth is distributed to Europe and America. Even deducting this re-export trade, the Mother-country may be said to retain two-thirds of the total exports from the Dominion. The following table must be read subject to the remarks made above:—
DESTINATION OF EXPORTS, 1897–1917. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | United Kingdom. | British Colonies and Possessions. | Foreign Countries. | Total. |
* Excluding gold (specie and bullion). | ||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1897 | 8,168,123 | 1,380,502 | 468,368 | 10,016,993 |
1898 | 8,265,499 | 1,532,511 | 719,945 | 10,517,955 |
1899 | 9,427,515 | 1,850,239 | 660,581 | 11,938,335 |
1900 | 10,259,342 | 2,332,780 | 654,039 | 13,246,161 |
1901 | 9,295,375 | 2,907,412 | 678,637 | 12,881,424 |
1902 | 9,450,648 | 3,577,815 | 616,514 | 13,644,977 |
1903 | 11,345,075 | 2,821,608 | 843,695 | 15,010,378 |
1904 | 11,876,273 | 2,088,691 | 783,384 | 14,748,348 |
1905 | 12,087,818 | 2,591,802 | 976,327 | 15,655,947 |
1906 | 14,047,176 | 3,141,327 | 906,634 | 18,095,137 |
1907 | 16,533,493 | 2,559,631 | 975,833 | 20,068,957 |
1908 | 13,143,780 | 2,414,521 | 759,193 | 16,317,494 |
1909 | 16,193,188 | 2,449,691 | 1,019,117 | 19,661,996 |
1910 | 18,633,118 | 2,468,119 | 1,078,972 | 22,180,209 |
1911 | 15,134,743 | 2,966,952 | 926,795 | 19,028,490 |
1912 | 16,861,256 | 3,641,276 | 1,268,049 | 21,770,581 |
1913 | 18,130,160 | 3,135,957 | 1,720,605 | 22,986,722 |
1914 | 21,383,891 | 2,724,965 | 2,152,591 | 26,261,447 |
1915 | 25,389,030 | 3,694,453 | 2,665,429 | 31,748,912 |
1916 | 26,869,988 | 3,122,187 | 3,294,762 | 33,286,937 |
1917* | 25,333,371 | 2,420,639 | 2,929,149 | 30,683,159 |
The following table shows in more detail the exports for the five years ending with 1917, according to the countries of destination. The British possessions are stated first, according to geographical order, followed by foreign countries in the same order.
DESTINATION OF EXPORTS FROM NEW ZEALAND, 1913–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917.* |
* Excluding gold (specie and bullion). † Till 1914 included in Samoa. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
United Kingdom | 18,130,160 | 21,383,891 | 25,389,030 | 26,869,988 | 25,333,371 |
British Possessions. | |||||
Europe— | |||||
Gibraltar | 10,907 | 16,431 | 1 | .. | 2 |
Malta | 2 | .. | 13 | 4 | 8 |
10,909 | 16,431 | 14 | 4 | 10 | |
Asia— | |||||
Burma | 6 | 11 | 73 | 72 | .. |
Ceylon | 43,675 | 41,877 | 57,406 | 20,912 | 2,172 |
Hong Kong | 5,545 | 7,151 | 9,442 | 12,329 | 10,727 |
India | 729 | 1,512 | 1,000 | 32,203 | 14,385 |
Straits Settlements | 45 | 769 | 1,401 | 42,057 | 5,833 |
Other Asiatic possessions | 9 | 37 | 34 | 22 | .. |
50,009 | 51,357 | 69,353 | 107,595 | 33,117 | |
Africa— | |||||
Mauritius | 6 | 3 | 4 | 1 | .. |
South African Union | 61,651 | 60,826 | 11,350 | 6,681 | 1,588 |
Other African possessions | 64 | 48 | 14 | 19 | 4 |
61,721 | 60,877 | 11,368 | 6,701 | 1,592 | |
America— | |||||
British West Indies | 2 | 6 | .. | 5 | 3 |
Canada | 606,662 | 595,611 | 925,823 | 691,986 | 961,653 |
Other American possessions | 3 | 4 | 5 | 23 | 2 |
606,667 | 595,621 | 925,828 | 692,014 | 961,658 | |
Pacific islands— | |||||
Australia | 2,315,747 | 1,928,410 | 2,548,605 | 2,191,545 | 1,247,117 |
Fiji | 88,789 | 67,557 | 131,821 | 116,496 | 167,024 |
Other Pacific islands | 1,115 | 4,712 | 7,461 | 7,832 | 10,121 |
2,405,651 | 2,000,679 | 2,687,887 | 2,315,873 | 1,424,262 | |
Foreign Countries and Possessions. | |||||
Europe— | |||||
Austria | 2,809 | 1,260 | .. | .. | .. |
Belgium | 18,522 | 33,484 | 1 | 1 | .. |
France | 178,336 | 227,027 | 2,160 | 303,288 | 481,792 |
Germany | 337,448 | 456,163 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Hungary | 3 | 46 | .. | .. | .. |
Italy | 322 | 907 | 40 | 33 | 78 |
Netherlands | 3,986 | 749 | 3 | 1 | .. |
Norway | 25,295 | 35 | 9 | 2 | 2 |
Sweden | 733 | 599 | 2 | 9 | 21 |
Other European countries | 3,028 | 1,232 | 2,796 | 3,906 | 25,682 |
570,482 | 721,502 | 5,015 | 307,245 | 507,581 | |
Asia— | |||||
China | 124 | 167 | 204 | 167 | 180 |
Japan | 2,901 | 59,508 | 137,464 | 110,045 | 4,388 |
Other Asiatic countries | 523 | 198 | 173 | 227 | 734 |
3,548 | 59,873 | 137,841 | 110,439 | 5,302 | |
Africa— | |||||
Egypt | 3 | 51,786 | 120,415 | 125,936 | 157,358 |
Other African countries | 488 | 66 | 13 | 1 | 4 |
491 | 51,852 | 120,428 | 125,937 | 157,362 | |
America— | |||||
Argentina | 7,532 | 8,413 | 8,260 | 4,012 | 86 |
Brazil | 1,236 | 4,969 | 6,521 | 3,385 | .. |
United States of America | 912,051 | 1,028,054 | 2,006,507 | 2,493,987 | 1,894,317 |
Uruguay | 19,554 | 23,838 | 16,871 | 3,390 | .. |
Other American countries | 1,583 | 334 | 4,153 | 2,338 | 1,766 |
941,956 | 1,065,608 | 2,042,312 | 2,507,112 | 1,896,169 | |
Pacific islands— | |||||
German Samoa | 61,158 | 59,938 | 113,143 | 71,781 | 119,049 |
Hawaii | 5,911 | 12,262 | 17,702 | 12,6.7 | 3,634 |
Society Islands | 80,487 | 72,039 | 59,537 | 54,652 | 74,613 |
Tonga | 41,746 | 36,393 | 54,933 | 24,981 | 79,250 |
Tutuila† | .. | 1,025 | 300 | 424 | 2,075 |
Other foreign Pacific islands | 14,826 | 72,099 | 114,166 | 79,574 | 84,114 |
204,128 | 253,756 | 359,781 | 244,029 | 362,735 |
In the following table exports have been grouped in accordance with the classification adopted by the British Board of Trade in many of its tables. As might be expected, the classification shows that raw material (other than foodstuffs) is the largest of the five divisions, food, drink, and tobacco coming next. Many of the most important items in this latter class are raw materials also, and the table is a further illustration of the fact that New Zealand is essentially a primary-producing country. Exports of manufactures in 1917 constituted only 3.38 per cent. of the total. A similar table given in the Imports subsection of this book shows that the reverse is the case in respect of imports—namely, a preponderance of manufactured goods received into the Dominion.
Countries. | Food, Drink, and Tobacco. | Raw Materials and Articles mainly unmanufactured. | Articles wholly or mainly manufactured. | Miscellaneous and Unclassified (including Parcels-post). | Bullion and Specie.* | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Excluding gold. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
United Kingdom | 12,176,004 | 12,593,565 | 509,216 | 38,509 | 16,077 | 25,333,371 |
British Possessions. | ||||||
Europe— | ||||||
Gibraltar | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Malta | .. | .. | .. | 8 | .. | 8 |
Asia— | ||||||
Ceylon | 2,146 | .. | .. | 26 | .. | 2,172 |
Hong Kong | 76 | 10,214 | 329 | 108 | .. | 10,727 |
India | 8,305 | .. | 410 | 110 | 5,260 | 14,385 |
Straits Settlements | 77 | 3,839 | 1,844 | 73 | .. | 5,883 |
Africa— | ||||||
British East Africa Protectorate | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
British West Africa | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
South African Union | 693 | .. | 139 | 756 | .. | 1,588 |
America— | ||||||
British West Indies | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | 3 |
Canada | 58,757 | 839,455 | 62,024 | 1,417 | .. | 961,653 |
Newfoundland | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
Pacific Islands— | ||||||
Australia | 164,762 | 686,805 | 257,503 | 82,116 | 55,931 | 1,247,117 |
British Solomon Islands Protectorate | 1,754 | 141 | 878 | 1 | .. | 2,774 |
Fanning Island | 1,276 | .. | 159 | .. | 835 | 2,270 |
Fiji | 55,287 | 32,721 | 44,207 | 6,469 | 28,340 | 167,024 |
Gilbert and Ellice Islands | 1,606 | 1,550 | .. | .. | .. | 3,156 |
Maiden Island | 54 | .. | 105 | .. | .. | 159 |
Minor British Pacific is-lands | 34 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 34 |
Norfolk Island | 363 | 28 | 440 | 42 | .. | 873 |
Papua | 795 | .. | 59 | 1 | .. | 855 |
Foreign Countries and Possessions. | ||||||
Europe— | ||||||
Denmark | .. | .. | .. | 662 | .. | 662 |
France | 1,172 | 471,491 | 8,914 | 215 | .. | 481,792 |
Germany | .. | .. | .. | 6 | .. | 6 |
Greece | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
Iceland | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
Italy | .. | .. | .. | 78 | .. | 78 |
Norway | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
Russia | .. | 2,480 | 22,417 | .. | .. | 24,897 |
Sweden | .. | .. | .. | 21 | .. | 21 |
Switzerland | .. | .. | 45 | 65 | .. | 110 |
Turkey | .. | .. | .. | 9 | .. | 9 |
Asia— | ||||||
China | 8 | .. | 94 | 78 | .. | 180 |
Dutch Borneo | 51 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 51 |
Japan | .. | 1,990 | 2,360 | 68 | .. | 4,388 |
Java | 186 | .. | 302 | 3 | .. | 491 |
Malay States | .. | .. | .. | 24 | .. | 24 |
Philippine Islands | 18 | .. | 143 | 6 | .. | 167 |
Siam | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
Africa— | ||||||
Belgian Congo | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
Egypt | 157,114 | 226 | .. | 18 | .. | 157,358 |
Zanzibar | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
America— | ||||||
Argentina | .. | .. | 75 | 11 | .. | 86 |
Chile | .. | 1,390 | .. | 9 | .. | 1,399 |
Panama | .. | 367 | .. | .. | .. | 367 |
United States of America | 202,283 | 1,634,687 | 35,356 | 21,991 | .. | 1,894,317 |
Pacific Islands— | ||||||
German New Guinea | 106 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 107 |
German Samoa | 53,202 | 4,778 | 40,339 | 1,030 | 19,700 | 119,049 |
Guam | 11,120 | 43,092 | 5,721 | .. | .. | 59,933 |
Hawaii | 3,478 | 22 | 16 | 118 | .. | 3,634 |
New Caledonia | 19,586 | 600 | 112 | 4 | .. | 20,302 |
New Hebrides | 887 | 57 | 373 | 2 | .. | 1,319 |
Society Islands | 43,138 | 4,488 | 19,508 | 7,479 | .. | 74,613 |
Tonga | 28,462 | 4,011 | 24,958 | 719 | 21,100 | 79,250 |
Tuamotu Archipelago | 25 | 2,421 | 7 | .. | .. | 2,453 |
Tutuila | 1,800 | 57 | 197 | 21 | .. | 2,075 |
Totals | 12,994,627 | 16,340,475 | 1,038,220 | 162,594 | 147 243 | 30,683,159 |
Throughout the following tables figures in respect of exports of gold during 1917 have been omitted.
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED TO THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1913–17. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
* Includes horse-hides. † New headings, 1914. ‡ Not available for publication. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
I | 1 | Butter | 1,576,912 | 1,925,222 | 2,356,051 | 2,464,709 | 2,000,161 |
3 | Casein | .. | 1,091 | 3,577 | 10,214 | 12,564 | |
4 | Cheese | 1,760,814 | 2,551,758 | 2,676,396 | 3,488,222 | 3,851,915 | |
14 | Honey | 3,471 | 4,993 | 5,976 | 2,723 | 5,342 | |
Meats, poultry and game— | |||||||
19 | Beef, frozen | 283,199 | 979,614 | 1,623,380 | 2,118,906 | 1,981,140 | |
20 | Beef, salted | 40 | 2,018 | 27 | .. | .. | |
24 | Kidneys, frozen | 12,848 | 19,738 | 23,595 | 18,175 | 30,072 | |
25 | Lamb, whole carcases, frozen | 2,332,369 | 2,482,272 | 3,001,691 | 2,437,097 | 1,366,511 | |
27 | Meat-extract | 6,438 | 8,216 | 8,111 | 9,412 | 2,902 | |
28 | Mutton, whole carcases, frozen | 1,624,275 | 2,107,068 | 2,890,467 | 2,529,905 | 2,424,765 | |
29 | Mutton, joints, frozen | 31,728 | 33,202 | 73,936 | 22,523 | 8,616 | |
30 | Pork, frozen | 5,843 | 1,833 | 8,576 | 2,229 | 36,757 | |
32 | Potted and preserved | 38,499 | 42,064 | 166,506 | 166,502 | 192,964 | |
34 | Rabbits, frozen in skins | 74,514 | 68,270 | 91,848 | 55,696 | 24,891 | |
36 | Sausage casings and skins | 85,624 | 125,546 | 95,888 | 22,794 | .. | |
37 | Veal, frozen | 752 | 8,703 | 32,034 | 25,974 | 5,786 | |
38 | Other kinds, frozen | 7,337 | 12,745 | 24,154 | 39,452 | 33,660 | |
Milk and cream— | |||||||
40 | Preserved, condensed, etc. | 39 | 131 | 4,157 | 13,090 | 101,328 | |
41 | Provisions n.o.e. | 495 | 99 | 139 | 73 | 6,341 | |
Fruits— | |||||||
II | 59 | Bottled and preserved in syrup | 3 | 314 | 222 | 491 | 2,134 |
Grain and pulse— | |||||||
Unprepared— | |||||||
78 | Barley | 1 | 5,165 | 428 | 11 | 213 | |
79 | Beans and peas | 79,696 | 78,095 | 49,099 | 20,405 | 62,763 | |
81 | Oats | 329 | 141,590 | 4,008 | .. | .. | |
83 | Wheat | 10,965 | 2,910 | .. | 17,486 | .. | |
Prepared or manufactured— | |||||||
86 | Bran | 1,530 | 6,041 | 5 | .. | .. | |
101 | Hops | 7,845 | 2,089 | 8,688 | 11,321 | .. | |
102 | Infants' and invalids' foods n.o.e. | 4,188 | 12,332 | 9 | 38 | 6 | |
103 | Jams, jellies, and preserves | 24 | 100 | 297 | 1,431 | 4,485 | |
III | 139 | Cocoa-beans, uncrushed | .. | .. | 2,192 | 4,242 | 874 |
V | 168 | Cigarettes | 134 | 2,797 | 274 | 575 | 5,455 |
171 | Tobacco, manufactured, cut | 171 | 2,639 | 1,252 | 925 | 2,746 | |
VII | 192 | Hair, not made up | 4,847 | 5,126 | 6,128 | 5,278 | 1,747 |
Hides, pelts and skins, undressed— | |||||||
193 | Calf | 10,185 | 5,681 | 4,882 | 8,327 | 2,295 | |
194 | Cattle | 14,577* | 52,856 | 134,473 | 70,154 | 235,195 | |
196 | Rabbit | 85,580 | 46,140 | 40,416 | 55,261 | 15,161 | |
198 | Sheep, with wool | 182,228 | 179,408 | 77,365 | 46,002 | 610 | |
199 | Sheep, without wool | 410,853 | 432,596 | 652,901 | 381,143 | 364,750 | |
Wool— | |||||||
204 | Greasy | 5,706,024 | 6,612,226 | 6,829,868 | 7,983,784 | 8,671,533 | |
205 | Scoured | 772,819 | 740,148 | 1,100,790 | 1,193,789 | 1,316,604 | |
206 | Sliped | 770,257 | 947,623 | 1,582,516 | 1,622,683 | 1,384,681 | |
207 | Washed | 21,966 | 25,030 | 36,592 | 63,623 | 20,520 | |
VIII | 208 | Copra | 20,497 | 13,254 | 81,457 | 14,527 | 3,178 |
216 | Phormium tenax | 538,324 | 291,701 | 369,872 | 527,298 | 374,592 | |
217 | Rags | 3,680 | 2,637 | 2,052 | 1,407 | 2,042 | |
218 | Tow | 55,059 | 26,224 | 26,409 | 60,594 | 2,857 | |
223 | Seeds, grass and clover | 28,622 | 20,635 | 19,370 | 24,052 | 20,869 | |
225 | Seeds, other | 689 | 535 | 1,387 | 705 | 4,398 | |
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing n.o.e. | 1,511 | 10,709 | 19,461 | 35,066 | 54,793 |
X | 310 | Glycerine, unrefined | 2,789 | 1,656 | 1,443 | 3,302 | 2,165 |
313 | Lard and refined animal fats n.o.e. | 2,328 | 3,061 | 2,787 | 1,795 | 5,098 | |
Tallow— | |||||||
340 | Mutton-stock and oleomargarine | 81,543 | 96,050 | 113,123 | 99,084 | 118,020 | |
341 | Unrefined | 580,973 | 595,826 | 662,931 | 681,616 | 296,190 | |
XII | .. | Coal— | |||||
357 | Bunker | 143,413 | 149,239 | 196,249 | 121,734 | 117,414 | |
358 | Cargo | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
360 | Kauri-gum | 187,547 | 148,370 | 48,585 | 68,347 | 24,881 | |
XIVA | .. | Gold— | |||||
384 | Bar, dust, ingot, and sheet | 344,547 | 150,519 | 1,031 | 131,906 | ‡ | |
385 | Concentrates, slimes, tailings, &c. | 12,244 | 10,483 | 2,412 | 3,017 | ‡ | |
397 | Metals, scrap (except iron and steel), not being precious | 4,303 | 7,605 | 9,485 | 20,452 | 15,122 | |
XIV | 398 | Platinum—Bars, blocks, rods, etc. | .. | .. | .. | 12 | 5,720 |
400 | Scheelite | 3,046 | 4,344 | 25,140 | 49,070 | 28,972 | |
401 | Silver | 55,450 | 16,472 | 693 | 1,507 | 17,120 | |
XVIA | 574 | Indiarubber, old | 5,072 | 1,786 | 275 | 4,639 | 216 |
Leather— | |||||||
587 | Hide-leathers, crust or rough tanned, but undressed† | 30,869 | 5,823 | 6,142 | 198 | .. | |
588 | Dressed† | 668 | 3,851 | 4,623 | .. | ||
591 | Sheep-skins and lambskins n.o.e.† | 4,740 | 10,466 | 64 | .. | ||
592 | Sole, pump, and skirt leather† | 25,450 | 37,139 | 27,490 | 5,344 | ||
XVIIA | .. | Timber— | |||||
605 | Flitches, other† Sawn, n.o.e., rough— | .. | 16,635 | 10,693 | 390 | 2 | |
635 | Kauri† | .. | 5,430 | 3,835 | 3,037 | 1,599 | |
636 | New Zealand white-pine and kahikatea† | .. | 5,159 | 828 | 362 | .. | |
XXI | 733 | Surgical and dental instruments | 104 | 56 | 1,712 | 7,789 | 2,745 |
XXII | 788 | Sugar-of-milk† | .. | .. | 840 | 3,831 | 9,990 |
790 | Vanilla-beans† | .. | .. | 1,588 | 2,072 | 3,087 | |
XXIII | .. | Vehicles: Motors for road traffic, and materials therefor— | |||||
895 | Materials and parts, viz., rubber tires, covers, and tubes† | .. | 268 | 872 | 2,669 | 117 | |
902 | Miscellaneous — Manufactured | 198 | 3,658 | 2,385 | 2,692 | 679 | |
.. | Parcels-post | 33,350 | 26,449 | 19,577 | 20,380 | 13,237 |
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED TO OTHER COUNTRIES, 1913–17. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
* Includes horse-hides. | |||||||
Gibraltar. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
I | 19 | Beef, frozen | 6,836 | 6,626 | .. | .. | .. |
28 | Mutton, frozen | 4,071 | 3,839 | .. | .. | .. | |
Ceylon. | |||||||
I | 40 | Milk and Cream—Preserved, condensed, &c. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,05 |
II | 81 | Grain and pulse—Oats | 2,252 | 2,488 | 781 | 845 | .. |
XIVA | 401 | Silver | 40,951 | 39,263 | 56,492 | 19,892 | .. |
Hong Kong. | |||||||
VIII | 220 | Fungus | 5,151 | 6,343 | 9,140 | 11,572 | 10,214 |
South African Union. | |||||||
I | 1 | Butter | 48,641 | 51,356 | 1,206 | .. | .. |
4 | Cheese | 6,569 | 5,952 | 6,648 | 5,433 | .. | |
VIII | 223 | Seeds, grass and clover | 1,763 | 627 | .. | .. | .. |
Canada. | |||||||
I | 1 | Butter | 320,136 | 291,849 | 114,266 | 25,186 | 2,640 |
Meats— | |||||||
19 | Beef, frozen | 53,807 | 8,108 | 3 | .. | .. | |
30 | Pork, frozen | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9,188 | |
36 | Sausage casings and skins | 225 | 370 | 4,647 | 21,690 | 32,430 | |
II | 134 | Vegetables—Onions | 1,439 | 2,312 | 1,200 | 2,289 | 7,412 |
Hides, pelts, and skins—Undressed— | |||||||
VII | 193 | Calf | 29,081 | 30,018 | 46,708 | 35,162 | 11,481 |
194 | Cattle | 93,452* | 150,787 | 279,361 | 227,377 | 190,000 | |
196 | Rabbit | .. | 332 | 332 | .. | 30,968 | |
198 | Sheep, with wool | 33,294 | 31,994 | 52,233 | 75,650 | .. | |
199 | Sheep, without wool | 4,022 | 7,666 | 12,251 | 25,647 | 12,957 | |
Wool— | |||||||
204 | Greasy | 2,299 | 8,872 | 78,860 | 87,181 | 161,168 | |
205 | Scoured | 19,140 | 6,622 | 15,913 | 5,826 | .. | |
206 | Sliped | 24,322 | 31,981 | 98,888 | 93,492 | 149,369 | |
207 | Washed | 686 | 1,073 | 482 | 1,711 | .. | |
VIII | 216 | Phormium tenax | 1,070 | 4,677 | 5,635 | 61,925 | 196,557 |
X | 341 | Tallow, unrefined | .. | 27 | 126 | .. | 59,918 |
XII | 357 | Coals, bunker | 1,760 | 2,599 | 3,350 | 5,198 | 5,53.. |
360 | Kauri-gum | 4,618 | 2,114 | 4,550 | 14,591 | 79,412 | |
Australia. | 2 | ||||||
I | 1 | Butter | 62 | 3,262 | 200,125 | 116,550 | 11,557 |
4 | Cheese | 2,043 | 5,086 | 44,573 | 18,733 | 2,343 | |
9 | Fresh oysters | 2,813 | 2,396 | 2,032 | 1,340 | 244 | |
10 | Fish, fresh or preserved by cold process (other than oysters) | 18,835 | 21,741 | 27,653 | 29,623 | 19,549 | |
11 | Fish, preserved in tins or other airtight vessels | 5,309 | 13,177 | 12,200 | 8,566 | 4,744 | |
13 | Gelatine | .. | .. | 116 | 2,849 | 8,655 | |
16 | Bacon | 137 | 141 | 4,195 | 2,524 | 74 | |
21 | Hams | 488 | 1,080 | 5,877 | 5,558 | 405 | |
30 | Pork, frozen | .. | 2,364 | 9,001 | 17,047 | .. | |
32 | Meats, potted and preserved | 10,243 | 18,015 | 12,033 | 37,791 | 28,816 | |
36 | Sausage casings and skins | 2,486 | 4,791 | 8,025 | 7,463 | 1,817 | |
40 | Milk and cream—Preserved, condensed, &c. | 13 | 356 | 13,800 | 4,015 | 26,821 | |
II | 54 | Foods for animals—Chaff | .. | 3,742 | 152,030 | .. | 3 |
Grain and pulse—Unprepared— | |||||||
78 | Barley | 436 | 3,527 | 4,333 | 1 | .. | |
79 | Beans and peas | 6,298 | 9,066 | 21,831 | 15,960 | 9,005 | |
81 | Oats | 22,424 | 18,885 | 125,104 | 1,081 | 207 | |
Prepared or manufactured— | |||||||
86 | Bran | 14,663 | 19,594 | 29,553 | .. | 1 |
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Includes “ordinary,” 1913. † New heading, 1914. ¶ Includes horse-hides, 1913. § Not available for publication. ‖ Not including gold. | |||||||
Australia—continued | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
II | 101 | Hops | 14,529 | 19,522 | 9,661 | 6,016 | 11,649 |
102 | Infants' and invalids' foods n.o.e. | 11,143 | 26,949 | 45,870 | 37,502 | 85 | |
130 | Sugar, refined | 2 | .. | 2,564 | 7,924 | 25,421 | |
Vegetables— | |||||||
134 | Onions | 1,603 | 2,662 | 4,491 | 24 | .. | |
135 | Potatoes Spirits (beverages)— | 2,847 | 3,104 | 125,567 | 8,884 | .. | |
IV | 154 | Brandy | 135 | 428 | 153 | 3,144 | 980 |
158 | Whisky | 2,114 | 592 | 158 | 1,583 | 4,080 | |
VI | 175 | Cattle for stud purposes* | 524 | 1,654 | 2,827 | 1,500 | 6,129 |
Horses— | |||||||
176 | Ordinary† | 25,284 | 20,914 | 19,853 | 15,965 | ||
For stud purposes— | |||||||
177 | Entires† | 35,831 | 7,186 | 3,125 | 3,050 | 2,932 | |
178 | Mares† | 3,483 | 2,614 | 4,555 | 578 | ||
183 | Sheep for breeding purposes* | 24,676 | 20,145 | 16,997 | 16,531 | 13,439 | |
VII | 192 | Hair, not made up, other | 2,762 | 2,528 | 2,668 | 2,071 | 1,248 |
Hides, pelts, and skins—Undressed— | |||||||
193 | Calf | 8,538 | 10,096 | 11,426 | 23,047 | 6,073 | |
194 | Cattle* | 138,720 | 107,766 | 90,560 | 309,668 | 8,893 | |
196 | Rabbit | 1,157 | 822 | 4,046 | 6,397 | 3,842 | |
198 | Sheep, with wool | 1,006 | 3,668 | 2,133 | 571 | .. | |
199 | Sheep, without wool | 8,261 | 16,487 | 19,513 | 31,766 | 32,511 | |
201 | Horns, hoofs, and glue pieces | 1,625 | 1,754 | 1,373 | 1,577 | 1,074 | |
Wool— | |||||||
204 | Greasy | 43,735 | 8,612 | 88,902 | 33,730 | .. | |
206 | Sliped | 914 | 1,619 | 3,151 | 1,136 | .. | |
VIII | 216 | Phormium tenax | 102,222 | 96,672 | 139,411 | 163,402 | 146,893 |
218 | Tow | 10,067 | 9,771 | 11,912 | 13,304 | 30,243 | |
223 | Seeds, grass and clover | 21,500 | 54,832 | 24,223 | 7,199 | 24,824 | |
224 | Linseed | 4,914 | 4,672 | 1,034 | 18 | .. | |
225 | Seeds, other | 3,409 | 4,536 | 11,714 | 8,590 | 6,233 | |
IXA | 253 | Apparel—Hosiery | 574 | 1,760 | 10,278 | 7,113 | 174 |
Textiles— | |||||||
IXB | 264 | Blankets | 561 | 785 | 165 | 2,889 | 539 |
278 | Piece-goods n.o.e. | 582 | 446 | 772 | 691 | 3,224 | |
283 | Silks, satins, velvets, &c. | 696 | 1,464 | 508 | 1,029 | 4,914 | |
286 | Woollen, n.o.e., of pure or mixed wool* | 1,023 | 1,995 | 3,007 | 1,792 | 15,909 | |
288 | Rugs, woollen | 6,188 | 6,795 | 5,508 | 7,753 | 5,289 | |
Bags and sacks— | |||||||
IXC | 294 | Corn | 3,821 | 170 | 2,823 | 2,367 | 2,442 |
295 | Jute and hessian, n.o.e.† | .. | 7 | 4,126 | 2,818 | 5,757 | |
302 | Twine, binder | 4,965 | 1,531 | 18,921 | 15,154 | 18,494 | |
X | 318 | Oil, whale | 13,917 | 2,910 | 3,000 | 1,647 | 5,511 |
341 | Tallow, unrefined* | 7 | 35 | 2,594 | 391 | 21,355 | |
Coal— | |||||||
XII | 357 | Bunker | 7,769 | 25,868 | 34,222 | 41,661 | 30,091 |
358 | Cargo | 24,200 | 18,546 | 30 | 6,848 | 3,472 | |
360 | Kauri-gum | 3,933 | 1,720 | 594 | 2,129 | 1,130 | |
367 | Pumice-sand | 7,272 | 5,251 | 4,790 | 11,805 | 5,660 | |
XIVA | 379 | Bronze—Blocks, bars, &c. Gold— | .. | 2,995 | .. | .. | .. |
384 | Bar, dust, ingot, and sheet | 1,085,422 | 708,659 | 489,904 | 476,415 | § | |
385 | Concentrates, slimes, tailings, &c. | 21,327 | 27,757 | 17,735 | 36,292 | 2,688‖ | |
XIV | 397 | Metals, scrap (except iron and steel), not being precious | 2,143 | 2,545 | 687 | 1,245 | 879 |
491 | Silver | 1,806 | 3,171 | 36,297 | 46,925 | 80,205 | |
XIVB | 495 | Metals, manufactures, &c. n.o.e.† | 11,875 | 1,969 | 5,152 | 953 | 2,326 |
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Includes “ordinary,” 1913. † New heading, 1914. | |||||||
Australia—continued | |||||||
Machinery and machines— | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | ||
XV | 522 | Dairying, other* | 2,678 | 1,113 | 1,362 | 1,594 | 2,939 |
560 | Sewing-machines | 616 | 542 | 1,669 | 1,474 | 5,747 | |
570 | N.o.e.* | .. | 3,533 | 6,208 | 2,362 | 5,298 | |
XVIA | 574 | Indiarubber, old | 2,412 | 1,907 | 825 | 579 | 616 |
XVIB | 591 | Leather—Sheep-skins and lamb-skins n.o.e.† | .. | 2,314 | 1,259 | 2,427 | 15 |
Timber— | |||||||
XVIIA | 605 | Flitches, other† | .. | 7,712 | 12,734 | 6,383 | 4,168 |
Sawn, n.o.e., dressed— | |||||||
628 | Kauri | .. | 470 | 1,551 | 966 | 2,308 | |
Sawn, n.o.e., rough— | |||||||
632 | Beechwood† | .. | 4,058 | 969 | 2,686 | 2,514 | |
635 | Kauri† | .. | 89,230 | 56,254 | 78,958 | 77,200 | |
636 | New Zealand white-pine and kahikatea† | .. | 224,934 | 223,435 | 203,053 | 182,885 | |
638 | Rimu or red-pine† | .. | 53,915 | 60,944 | 69,748 | 109,587 | |
XVIII | 666 | Cement, building, Portland, and other structural | 4,481 | 7,542 | 23,937 | 14,767 | .. |
XIXB | 698 | Books, papers, music, printed, n.o.e. | 5,891 | 7,411 | 4,575 | 2,551 | 3,085 |
XX | 714 | Jewellery — Precious stones, unmounted | .. | .. | 63 | 17,634 | 23,746 |
XXI | 725 | Cinematographs, n.o.e.—Kinetoscopes† | 12,007 | 8,648 | 4,260 | 1,648 | 3,716 |
XXIIA | 751 | Cream of tartar | 41 | 722 | 1,730 | .. | 2,175 |
765 | Medicinal preparations—Drugs and druggists' sundries n.o.e. | 474 | 1,782 | 3,232 | 5,467 | 3,427 | |
788 | Sugar-of-milk | .. | 375 | 221 | 2,300 | 1,902 | |
XXIII | 870 | Blacking and boot-polish Vehicles, motor, for road traffic, and materials therefor— | 12 | 28 | 11 | 2,714 | 222 |
893 | Cars, motor | .. | 2,277 | 1,912 | 4,763 | 5,019 | |
895 | Rubber tires, covers, and tubes | .. | 4,176 | 3,637 | 4,898 | 20,024 | |
902 | Miscellaneous, manufactured | 240 | 16,878 | 24,303 | 32,185 | 27,549 | |
.. | Parcels-post | 12,757 | 10,703 | 7,822 | 9,203 | 10,848 | |
Fiji. | |||||||
I | 1 | Butter | 4,992 | 4,631 | 7,156 | 7,238 | 7,008 |
16 & 21 | Bacon and hams | 2,218 | 2,719 | 2,797 | 2,529 | 2,750 | |
32 | Meats, potted and preserved | 12,825 | 8,056 | 10,321 | 11,734 | 14,399 | |
II | 86 | Bran | 2,517 | 2,495 | 4,868 | 1,852 | 860 |
87 | Flour, wheaten | 972 | 141 | 445 | 1,185 | 5,066 | |
130 | Sugar, refined | 22 | 120 | 3,354 | 4,719 | 5,151 | |
135 | Potatoes | 2,457 | 2,204 | 2,895 | 4,350 | 3,813 | |
VI | 176 | Horses, ordinary | 1,193 | 1,869 | 1,886 | 1,099 | 1,627 |
182 | Sheep, ordinary | 1,973 | 1,158 | 2,431 | 2,330 | 2,283 | |
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing | 1,083 | 1,109 | 922 | 186 | 1,038 |
IXB | 278 | Piece-goods n.o.e. | 138 | 250 | 133 | 944 | 3,933 |
Bags and sacks— | |||||||
IXC | 295 | Jute and hessian, n.o.e.† | .. | .. | 1,624 | 1,944 | 2,573 |
X | 341 | Tallow, unrefined | 554 | 840 | 2,048 | 4,235 | 5,095 |
Coal— | |||||||
XII | 357 | Bunker | 2,470 | 6,773 | 14,054 | 6,279 | |
358 | Cargo | 13,116 | 5,464 | 3,353 | 1,943 | 5,592 | |
XIII | 375 | Silver (specie) | 8,600 | .. | 38,680 | 5,000 | 28,300 |
Timber— | |||||||
XVIIA | 628 | Sawn, n.o.e., dressed—Kauri† | .. | 2,032 | 2,151 | 2,215 | 2,034 |
635 | Sawn, n.o.e., rough—Kauri† | .. | 4,548 | 5,786 | 0,197 | 15,840 | |
XVIII | 666 | Cement, building, Portland, and other structural | 5,939 | 2,827 | 3,263 | 12,895 | 3,893 |
XXI | 725 | Cinematograph, bioscope, and kinetoscope films | .. | .. | 1,500 | 2,663 | 1,415 |
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Includes horse-hides, 1913. † Includes cargo coal, 1913. | |||||||
Austria. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
XII | 360 | Kauri-gum | 2,617 | 329 | .. | .. | .. |
Belgium. | |||||||
VII | 204 | Wool, greasy | 11,735 | 27,637 | .. | .. | .. |
XII | 360 | Kauri-gum | 5,120 | 1,519 | .. | .. | .. |
France. | |||||||
Wool— | |||||||
VII | 204 | Greasy | 173,961 | 218,252 | .. | 293,962 | 467,399 |
205 | Scoured | .. | .. | .. | 148 | 3,592 | |
X | 341 | Tallow, unrefined | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8,898 |
XII | 360 | Kauri-gum | 3,995 | 3,599 | 430 | .. | .. |
XIVA | 400 | Scheelite | .. | 3,562 | 1,550 | .. | .. |
Germany. | |||||||
I | 3 | Casein | 6,452 | 6,703 | .. | .. | .. |
36 | Sausage-skins | 2,640 | 7,619 | .. | .. | .. | |
VII | 198 | Skins, sheep, with wool | .. | 2,736 | .. | .. | .. |
204 | Wool, greasy | 277,938 | 396,793 | .. | .. | .. | |
VIII | 223 | Seeds, grass and clover | 1,655 | 1,821 | .. | .. | .. |
XII | 360 | Kauri-gum | 27,880 | 21,193 | .. | .. | .. |
XIVA | 400 | Scheelite | 16,139 | 13,007 | .. | .. | .. |
Japan. | |||||||
VII | 204 | Wool, greasy | 2,645 | 59,222 | 135,108 | 108,617 | .. |
Argentina. | |||||||
II | 67 | Apples | 6,463 | 7,872 | 5,352 | 1,882 | .. |
73 | Pears | 180 | .. | .. | .. | ||
VI | 183 | Sheep for breeding | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
United States. | |||||||
I | 1 | Butter | 95,857 | 44,773 | 500 | 26 | 8 |
19 | Beef, frozen | 338 | 29,478 | 90 | 1 | .. | |
25 | Lamb, whole carcases, frozen | 1 | 71,214 | 1,757 | .. | .. | |
28 | Mutton, whole carcases, frozen | 62 | 3,038 | 179 | .. | .. | |
32 | Meats, potted and preserved | 1,054 | 2,416 | 130 | 3 | .. | |
36 | Sausage casings and skins | 1,713 | 699 | 83,468 | 144,838 | 193,675 | |
37 | Veal, frozen | .. | 8,143 | 654 | .. | .. | |
II | 79 | Beans and peas | 1,692 | 2,686 | 5,751 | 685 | 496 |
III | 139 | Cocoa-beans, uncrushed | .. | .. | .. | 1,876 | 6,381 |
VI | 183 | Sheep for breeding purposes | .. | 1,073 | 1,351 | 1,723 | 2,338 |
Hides, pelts and skins—Undressed— | |||||||
VII | 193 | Calf | 2,141 | 4,523 | 3,171 | 462 | .. |
194 | Cattle* | 14,988 | 43,169 | 1,280 | .. | .. | |
196 | Rabbit | .. | 1,044 | 4,687 | 14,745 | 55,350 | |
198 | Sheep, with wool | 6,834 | 11,277 | 7,934 | 33,958 | .. | |
199 | Sheep, without wool | 153,753 | 168,448 | 2,177 | 322,891 | 889,360 | |
Wool— | |||||||
204 | Greasy | 228,693 | 203,914 | 388,562 | 831,668 | .. | |
205 | Scoured | .. | 4,291 | 14,880 | 52,078 | .. | |
206 | Sliped | .. | 15,216 | 11,038 | 7,121 | .. | |
VIII | 208 | Copra | 75 | 721 | .. | .. | 8,049 |
216 | Phormium tenax | 79,057 | 62,154 | 56,703 | 249,065 | 479,343 | |
218 | Tow | 12 | 1,021 | 66 | 1,432 | 2,067 | |
223 | Seeds, grass and clover | 7,742 | 1,945 | 505 | 4,954 | 16,968 | |
X | 341 | Tallow, unrefined | .. | 617 | .. | .. | 20,726 |
XII | 357 | Coal, bunker† | 2,972 | 10,404 | 4,963 | 19,612 | 16,106 |
360 | Kauri-gum | 308,456 | 316,200 | 222,856 | 253,316 | 183,508 |
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* German Samoa only in 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917. † Includes cargo coal, 1913. ‡ New heading, 1913. | |||||||
United States— continued | |||||||
XIVA | 384 | Gold—Bar. dust, ingot, and sheet | .. | .. | 1,181,834 | 536,960 | .. |
XIVB | 588 | Leather—Hide leather other than East India kip, dressed | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,649 |
Vehicles, motor, for road traffic, and materials therefor— | |||||||
XXIII | 895 | Rubber tires, Covers, and tubes | .. | 152 | 315 | 2,512 | 2,536 |
.. | .. | Parcels-post | 1,353 | 2,881 | 2,622 | 3,167 | 2,544 |
Uruguay. | |||||||
II | 67 | Apples | 3,941 | 8,994 | 6,733 | 1,956 | .. |
73 | Pears | 62 | .. | .. | .. | ||
VI | 183 | Sheep for breeding | 8,287 | 6,366 | 3,911 | 914 | .. |
VIII | 221 | Plants, trees, and shrubs | 3,432 | 4,182 | 515 | .. | .. |
Bismarck Archipelago. | |||||||
XII | 358 | Coal, cargo | 2,751 | 2,594 | .. | .. | .. |
Samoa*(Navigator Islands). | |||||||
I | 1 | Butter | 2,672 | 3,611 | 4,335 | 4,090 | 4,556 |
20 | Beef, salted | 8,286 | 5,406 | 5,637 | 4,052 | 5,848 | |
32 | Meats, potted and preserved | 11,966 | 12,568 | 12,557 | 13,699 | 16,686 | |
II | 54 | Food for animals—Chaff | 536 | 446 | 1,179 | 2,369 | 2,570 |
130 | Sugar, refined | 4,327 | 2,876 | 3,549 | 4,475 | 6,214 | |
IXB | 278 | Textile piece-goods n.o.e. | 7 | 1,495 | 2,223 | 2,700 | 6,257 |
XIII | 375 | Silver (specie) | .. | .. | 25,350 | .. | 19,700 |
XXIII | 816 | Arms, ammunition, and explosives—Cartridges n.o.e. | .. | 6 | .. | 2 | 8,005 |
875 | Soap, common bar (yellow and blue-mottled) | 1,525 | 1,916 | 2,140 | 4,226 | 4,317 | |
Hawaii (Sandwich Islands). | |||||||
I | 1 | Butter | 2,588 | 5,889 | 9, 536 | 8,140 | 60 |
19 | Beef, frozen | 2,643 | 5,349 | 2,206 | .. | 68 | |
40 | Milk and cream, preserved, condensed, &c. | .. | 8 | 589 | 2,026 | 2,622 | |
Society Islands. | |||||||
1 | Butter | 8,308 | 6,606 | 5, 754 | 4,805 | 3,492 | |
32 | Meats, potted and preserved | 16,403 | 14,620 | 7,521 | 11,813 | 11,947 | |
40 | Milk and cream, preserved, condensed, &c. | 2,982 | 4,209 | 3,371 | 5,186 | 3,605 | |
II | 87 | Flour, wheaten | 33 | 29 | 114 | 96 | 9,388 |
Sugar— | |||||||
129 | Raw | 962 | 1,539 | 1,345 | 2,872 | 3,137 | |
130 | Refined | 4,077 | 3,526 | 2,249 | 2,964 | 3,312 | |
VI | 174 | Cattle, ordinary | 2,265 | 3,451 | 3,024 | 2,228 | 3,987 |
179 | Pigs, ordinary | 36 | 252 | 1,143 | 914 | 2,120 | |
XII | 357 | Coal, bunker† | 2,724 | 1,543 | 3,214 | 2,202 | 2,080 |
XXI | 725 | Cinematograph, bioscope, and kinetoscope films‡ | 7,274 | 3,813 | 4,808 | 490 | 3,097 |
XXIII | 875 | Soap, common bar (yellow and blue mottled) | 6,393 | 5,162 | 5,291 | 7,010 | 8,663 |
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including pears in 1913. † Not available for publication. | |||||||
Tonga (Friendly Islands). | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
I | 20 | Beef, salted | 889 | 1,082 | 537 | 474 | 2,462 |
32 | Meats, potted and preserved | 7,885 | 8,839 | 9,356 | 3,602 | 10,499 | |
II | 43 | Biscuits, ships' plain | 3,224 | 2,148 | 3,066 | .. | 1,765 |
130 | Sugar, refined | 2,584 | 1,708 | 3,758 | .. | 3,557 | |
IXB | 278 | Cotton piece-goods n.o.e. | 1,079 | 1,293 | 1,215 | 1,934 | 6,897 |
X | 324 | Oil, kerosene | 1,748 | 1,728 | 1,843 | 2,164 | 2,602 |
XIII | 375 | Silver (specie) | .. | .. | 900 | .. | 21,100 |
Papua. | |||||||
I | 32 | Meats, potted and preserved | .. | 273 | 1,428 | 2,160 | 356 |
Egypt. | |||||||
I | 4 | Cheese | .. | .. | .. | .. | 93,257 |
Meats— | |||||||
19 | Beef, frozen | .. | .. | .. | .. | 25,128 | |
28 | Mutton, whole carcases, frozen | .. | .. | .. | .. | 33,404 | |
40 | Milk and cream, preserved, condensed, &c. | .. | 106 | 1,158 | 35 | 5,250 | |
41 | Provisions n.o.e. | .. | .. | 32 | 3,465 | .. | |
II | 81 | Oats | .. | 1,383 | .. | 27,466 | .. |
V | 171 | Tobacco, manufactured | .. | .. | 1,828 | 4,343 | 11 |
VI | 176 | Horses, ordinary | .. | 46,246 | 75,548 | 51,100 | .. |
XII | 357 | Coal, bunker | .. | .. | 31,355 | 26,307 | 226 |
Brazil. | |||||||
II | 67 | Fresh apples* | 153 | 4,549 | 5,891 | 3,378 | .. |
Coal— | |||||||
XII | 357 | Bunker | .. | 654 | 1,299 | 4,577 | 3,439 |
358 | Cargo | .. | .. | .. | 37,111 | 400 | |
India. | |||||||
I | 40 | Milk and cream, preserved, condensed, &c. | .. | .. | .. | 26 | 7,060 |
XIVA | 384 | Gold—Bar, dust, ingot, and sheet | .. | .. | .. | 16,926 | † |
401 | Silver—Bar, ingot, and sheet | .. | .. | .. | 13,543 | 5,260 | |
Switzerland | |||||||
.. | .. | Parcels-post | 366 | 210 | 23 | 2,398 | 65 |
Chile. | |||||||
XII | 357 | Coal, bunker | 1,417 | 265 | 4,031 | 2,293 | 1,390 |
Guam. | |||||||
V | 168 | Cigarettes | 10 | 833 | 235 | 451 | 3,023 |
Coal— | |||||||
XII | 357 | Bunker | .. | 3,449 | 31,014 | 31,023 | 25,627 |
358 | Cargo | .. | 55,312 | 2,065 | 10,149 | 17,465 | |
New Caledonia. | |||||||
I | 40 | Milk and cream, preserved, condensed, &c. | 2 | .. | .. | 3 | 2,719 |
II | 130 | Sugar, refined | .. | .. | 8,099 | 22,953 | 15,522 |
In order to give further detail concerning the destination of the main exports a number of tables are appended showing the details for five years for each of the principal articles.
DESTINATION OF MAIN EXPORTS, 1913–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country to which exported. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
* Not available for publication. | |||||
WOOL. | |||||
lb. | lb. | lb. | lb. | lb. | |
United Kingdom | 168,153,780 | 195,612,290 | 183,011,230 | 162,452,392 | 168,062,049 |
Canada | 872,260 | 906,829 | 2,881,566 | 2,508,349 | 3,620,449 |
Australia | 1,292,548 | 272,269 | 1,579,063 | 555,881 | .. |
Belgium | 308,551 | 695,850 | .. | .. | .. |
France | 4,254,506 | 5,686,732 | .. | 4,369,748 | 6,591,988 |
Germany | 6,907,786 | 10,305,579 | .. | .. | .. |
Japan | 61,638 | 1,821,999 | 2,998,791 | 2,182,035 | .. |
United States of America | 4,681,967 | 5,014,714 | 6,113,073 | 13,438,854 | .. |
Other countries | .. | 154,636 | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 186,533,036 | 220,472,898 | 196,583,723 | 185,507,259 | 178,274,486 |
FROZEN MEAT | |||||
Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
United Kingdom | 2,525,761 | 3,149,624 | 3,582,602 | 3,319,911 | 2,438,456 |
Canada | 43,447 | 8,663 | 221 | .. | 2,584 |
Pacific islands | 1,833 | 3,726 | 2,805 | 467 | 547 |
Australia | 13 | 869 | 4,603 | 5,667 | 11 |
Gibraltar | 7,371 | 7,088 | .. | .. | .. |
United States of America | 268 | 59,918 | 1,025 | .. | .. |
Egypt | .. | .. | .. | .. | 25,334 |
Other countries | .. | 85 | 4 | .. | .. |
Totals | 2,578,693 | 3,229,973 | 3,591,260 | 3,326,045 | 2,466,932 |
BUTTER. | |||||
United Kingdom | 288,224 | 361,381 | 371,959 | 336,412 | 250,721 |
South African Union | 8,318 | 8,941 | 200 | .. | .. |
Canada | 56,149 | 51,599 | 18,838 | 3,557 | 304 |
Pacific islands | 2,939 | 3,607 | 3,791 | 3,094 | 1,872 |
Australia | 11 | 560 | 25,269 | 15,566 | 1,499 |
United States of America | 16,616 | 7,917 | 87 | 3 | 1 |
Other countries | 1 | 62 | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 372,258 | 434,067 | 420,144 | 358,632 | 254,397 |
CHEESE. | |||||
United Kingdom | 608,933 | 859,986 | 803,917 | 942,773 | 865,152 |
South African Union | 2,088 | 1,917 | 1,971 | 1,574 | .. |
Pacific islands | 189 | 286 | 278 | 239 | 279 |
Australia | 391 | 1,483 | 10,729 | 4,682 | 314 |
Egypt | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19,975 |
Other countries | 62 | 104 | 363 | 148 | 31 |
Totals | 611,663 | 863,776 | 817,258 | 949,416 | 885,751 |
TALLOW. | |||||
Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
United Kingdom | 22,723 | 24,437 | 26,599 | 22,333 | 9,672 |
Pacific islands | 19 | 30 | 68 | 127 | 143 |
Australia | 1 | 2 | 92 | 12 | 464 |
Canada | .. | 1 | 4 | .. | 1,256 |
United States of America | .. | 12 | .. | .. | 375 |
Other countries | .. | 33 | .. | .. | 689 |
Totals | 22,743 | 24,515 | 26,763 | 22,472 | 12,599 |
HIDES (HORSE AND CATTLE). | |||||
Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | |
United Kingdom | 8,962 | 31,689 | 69,013 | 32,084 | 98,142 |
Canada | 60,196 | 82,034 | 150,758 | 114,488 | 72,633 |
Australia | 90,853 | 70,633 | 49,703 | 151,624 | 7,551 |
United States of America | 9,318 | 28,709 | 889 | .. | .. |
Other countries | 4 | 2,336 | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 169,333 | 215,401 | 270,363 | 298,196 | 178,326 |
RABBIT-SKINS. | |||||
United Kingdom | 6,196,639 | 4,278,542 | 5,323,176 | 4,819,597 | 879,483 |
Canada | .. | 43,431 | 98,400 | .. | 1,611,089 |
Australia | 68,869 | 45,842 | 255,241 | 225,551 | 201,822 |
United States of America | .. | 140,006 | 412,555 | 851,132 | 2,252,213 |
Other countries | 2,100 | 4,350 | 1,500 | 130 | .. |
Totals | 6,267,608 | 4,512,171 | 6,090,872 | 5,896,410 | 4,944,607 |
SHEEP SKINS AND PELTS. | |||||
United Kingdom | 6,213,562 | 5,870,438 | 8,375,638 | 4,141,630 | 1,786,153 |
Canada | 179,940 | 183,105 | 301,075 | 440,138 | 49,327 |
Australia | 109,182 | 300,661 | 374,333 | 433,370 | 205,809 |
United States of America | 1,667,252 | 2,139,614 | 42,804 | 3,320,394 | 4,486,764 |
Other countries | 1,339 | 31,793 | .. | 38 | .. |
Totals | 8,171,275 | 8,525,611 | 9,093,850 | 8,335,570 | 6,528,053 |
SAUSAGE-SKINS. | |||||
Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
United Kingdom | 28,356 | 35,374 | 34,120 | 6,511 | .. |
Canada | 52 | 45 | 322 | 2,295 | 2,390 |
Australia | 1,167 | 1,938 | 1,662 | 1,635 | 650 |
Germany | 757 | 2,394 | .. | .. | .. |
Russia | 280 | 408 | .. | .. | .. |
United States of America | 170 | 153 | 8,604 | 12,171 | 15,091 |
Other countries | 19 | 10 | .. | 1 | 1 |
Totals | 30,801 | 40,322 | 44,708 | 22,613 | 18,132 |
WHEAT. | |||||
Centals. | Centals. | Centals. | Centals. | Centals. | |
United Kingdom | 35,092 | 8,569 | .. | 40,570 | .. |
Pacific islands | 2,277 | 1,658 | 206 | 93 | 890 |
Australia | 34 | .. | 10 | 624 | 12 |
Other countries | .. | 21 | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 37,403 | 10,248 | 216 | 41,287 | 902 |
OATS. | |||||
United Kingdom | 1,064 | 450,146 | 8,257 | .. | .. |
Ceylon | 7,090 | 8,101 | 1,629 | 1,514 | .. |
South African Union | 1,487 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Pacific islands (other than Fiji) | 2,509 | 2,497 | 2,844 | 1,371 | 1,555 |
Australia | 75,609 | 63,358 | 258,202 | 2,393 | 398 |
Fiji | 1,270 | 330 | 279 | 278 | 419 |
Brazil | 906 | 442 | .. | .. | .. |
Uruguay | 5,018 | 890 | 713 | .. | .. |
Other countries | 754 | 3,581 | 1,137 | 82,550 | .. |
Totals | 95,707 | 529,345 | 273,061 | 88,106 | 2,372 |
BEANS AND PEAS. | |||||
Centals. | Centals. | Centals. | Centals. | Centals. | |
United Kingdom | 186,508 | 159,851 | 79,912 | 23,454 | 58,219 |
Canada | 1,277 | 1,174 | 60 | 1,961 | |
2,684 | |||||
South African Union | 367 | 390 | .. | 1 | .. |
Australia | 10,807 | 15,728 | 34,888 | 24,042 | 7,385 |
Fiji | 70 | 70 | 2 | 2 | 25 |
France | 120 | .. | .. | 498 | 176 |
United States of America | 2,434 | 5,114 | 6,018 | 711 | 476 |
Other countries | 2,416 | 705 | 285 | 202 | 106 |
Totals | 203,999 | 183,032 | 121,165 | 50,871 | 69,071 |
POTATOES. | |||||
Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
Pacific islands (other than Fiji) | 168 | 212 | 262 | 190 | 197 |
Australia | 874 | 958 | 18,145 | 1,029 | .. |
Fiji | 389 | 485 | 418 | 517 | 532 |
Argentine Republic | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Brazil | 122 | 45 | 95 | .. | .. |
Other countries | 3 | 44 | 655 | 2 | 10 |
Totals | 1,556 | 1,744 | 19,575 | 1,738 | 739 |
SEEDS (GRASS AND CLOVER). | |||||
Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
United Kingdom | 15,332 | 10,392 | 6,579 | 6,669 | 5,230 |
Canada | 287 | 257 | 424 | 60 | 351 |
Pacific islands (other than Fiji) | 1 | 1 | 26 | 5 | 1 |
South African Union | 613 | 198 | .. | .. | .. |
Australia | 12,802 | 26,702 | 7,809 | 2,212 | 8,398 |
Fiji | 3 | .. | .. | 3 | 1 |
Denmark | 62 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Germany | 922 | 901 | .. | .. | .. |
Argentine Republic | 22 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
United States of America | 5,150 | 1,121 | 242 | 1,475 | 5,111 |
Uruguay | 41 | .. | 1 | .. | .. |
Other countries | 345 | .. | .. | 2 | .. |
Totals | 35,580 | 39,572 | 15,081 | 10,426 | 19,092 |
GOLD. | |||||
Oz. | Oz. | Oz. | Oz. | Oz. | |
United Kingdom | 99,460 | 45,044 | 1,417 | 32,866 | * |
Australia | 276,696 | 182,896 | 126,922 | 127,345 | * |
Other countries | 5 | 14 | 294,498 | 132,409 | * |
Totals | 376,161 | 227,954 | 422,837 | 292,620 | * |
COAL. | |||||
Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
United Kingdom | 141,540 | 139,943 | 185,616 | 115,682 | 102,970 |
Canada | 1,760 | 2,050 | 3,350 | 5,330 | 5,532 |
Pacific islands (other than Fiji) | 16,983 | 14,009 | 12,900 | 5,724 | 9,166 |
Australia | 33,185 | 50,330 | 36,444 | 51,972 | 32,073 |
Fiji | 13,781 | 9,988 | 12,915 | 17,391 | 12,672 |
Egypt | .. | .. | 29,621 | 25,246 | 206 |
Argentine Republic | .. | .. | 1,400 | .. | .. |
Chile | 1,300 | 250 | 4,140 | 1,815 | 994 |
United States of America | 3,200 | 9,556 | 5,072 | 17,999 | 15,643 |
Guam | .. | 75,334 | 32,817 | 40,705 | 46,087 |
Other countries | .. | 1,448 | 1,993 | 49,811 | 3,500 |
Totals | 211,749 | 302,908 | 326,268 | 331,675 | 228,843 |
KAURI-GUM. | |||||
Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
United Kingdom | 3,390 | 3,335 | 1,172 | 1,516 | 620 |
Canada | 62 | 70 | 56 | 237 | 1,229 |
Australia | 80 | 19 | 9 | 31 | 11 |
Belgium | 126 | 34 | .. | .. | .. |
Austria-Hur | 112 | 14 | .. | .. | .. |
France | 45 | 42 | 5 | .. | .. |
Germany | 833 | 373 | .. | .. | .. |
Italy | 9 | 23 | .. | .. | .. |
Netherlands | 60 | 8 | .. | .. | .. |
Russia | 53 | 3 | 21 | 15 | 35 |
Sweden | 15 | 20 | .. | .. | .. |
United States of America | 3,995 | 4,531 | 3,312 | 3,649 | 2,689 |
Other countries | .. | 1 | .. | 8 | 10 |
Totals | 8,780 | 8,473 | 4,575 | 5,456 | 4,594 |
PHORMIUM FIBRE. | |||||
United Kingdom | 20,992 | 12,784 | 15,369 | 15,288 | 7,669 |
Canada | 51 | 255 | 237 | 1,444 | 3,538 |
Australia | 3,941 | 3,948 | 5,538 | 4,722 | 3,249 |
United States of America | 3,056 | 2,715 | 2,076 | 6,219 | 9,059 |
Other countries | 52 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Totals | 28,092 | 19,702 | 23,220 | 27,674 | 23,516 |
TIMBER (SAWN AND HEWN). | |||||
Sup. ft. | Sup. ft. | Sup. ft. | Sup. ft. | Sup. ft. | |
United Kingdom | 877,438 | 2,851,070 | 1,438,249 | 340,490 | 163,988 |
Pacific islands (other than Fiji) | 332,122 | 632,402 | 408,451 | 309,054 | 665,975 |
Australia | 62,052,406 | 78,874,633 | 73,811,328 | 69,168,629 | 68,725,732 |
Fiji | 192,240 | 961,080 | 1,173,899 | 1,692,821 | 1,801,860 |
Other countries | 14,899 | 23,763 | 360 | .. | .. |
Totals | 63,469,105 | 83,342,948 | 76,832,287 | 71,510,994 | 71,357,555 |
The forwarding trade of New Zealand has never at any time been of great significance, and the amount has on only five occasions (in 1907, 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917) exceeded a quarter of a million sterling. The proportion fluctuates but slightly, and is usually about 1 per cent. of the total exports (excluding specie). These items of re-exports consist partly of goods returned from New Zealand either as unsuitable or as finished with, though the bulk of the total amount is made up by various classes of machinery, hardware, metal manufactures, motor-cars, and also items such as apparel, books, tobacco, and spirits.
There is, however, a genuine entrepôt trade with the islands of the Pacific, the amount of which is still comparatively small. Exports to Cook Islands, which are treated as part of the Dominion, are not included in the figures of either exports or re-exports.
The amounts for the last twenty years of the re-exports of New Zealand are shown in the table below:—
RE-EXPORTS OF BRITISH, FOREIGN, AND OTHER COLONIAL PRODUCE (EXCLUDING SPECIE). | |
---|---|
£ | |
1897 | 144,955 |
1898 | 124,850 |
1899 | 123,682 |
1900 | 168,009 |
1901 | 179,350 |
1902 | 136,860 |
1903 | 133,734 |
1904 | 136,963 |
1905 | 138,539 |
1906 | 152,134 |
1907 | 278,503 |
1908 | 180,675 |
1909 | 173,215 |
1910 | 208,310 |
1911 | 198,287 |
1912 | 239,221 |
1913 | 232,473 |
1914 | 269,208 |
1915 | 387,960 |
1916 | 305,150 |
1917 | 429,115 |
The destination of this re-export trade is shown in the following table for 1913–17:—
Country. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
United Kingdom | 41,448 | 50,481 | 122,379 | 40,577 | 50,245 |
Australia | 96,181 | 136,308 | 144,104 | 144,406 | 217,168 |
Fiji | 12,430 | 11,546 | 18,991 | 24,480 | 36,434 |
Canada | 3,476 | 3,260 | 2,371 | 5,828 | 6,670 |
Germany | 2,148 | 753 | .. | .. | .. |
United States of America | 4,253 | 8,284 | 4,481 | 11,926 | 24,697 |
Tonga or Friendly Islands | 11,908 | 11,066 | 18,242 | 10,364 | 23,881 |
Samoa or Navigator Islands | 15,829 | 16,673 | 26,055 | 22,355 | 26,201 |
Tahiti or Society Islands | 29,483 | 22,779 | 19,523 | 14,665 | 18,019 |
Other countries | 15,317 | 8,058 | 31,814 | 30,549 | 25,800 |
Totals | 232,473 | 269,208 | 387,960 | 305,150 | 429,115 |
It is widely recognized that the price of wool and of the other principal exports has a vital bearing on the prosperity of New Zealand, and the following pages are an attempt to analyse the influence exerted upon the exports by these changes of prices. New Zealand has always been peculiarly dependent for her prosperity upon her external trade, and the early vicissitudes of the several settlements were caused in great part by the difficulty of finding an assured market for their products. After the gold-discoveries of the “sixties,” there was always a steady export of that metal; but the great development of sheep-farming caused the export of wool to outstrip and finally to overshadow gold. Before refrigeration these two commodities comprised the overwhelming bulk of New Zealand's exports—on the average from 90 to 95 per cent.
This was the position when, in the early “seventies,” the world level of prices began to fall, which it continued to do steadily till 1895. About this time the first alluvial deposits of gold began to work out, and exports constantly decreased. At the same time the price of wool fell ' lower and lower, so that the colony found both its great sources of wealth shrinking fast. An ambitious borrowing policy, followed by a period of land speculation, precipitated the country into the severest crisis it has yet experienced, and economic conditions became rapidly worse, till a long period of depression ended in the early “nineties” in a banking crisis.
All through this period the quantities of goods exported constantly increased. Refrigeration came in 1882, and frozen meat and dairy-produce added to the country's wealth. But the depressing influence of falling prices continually minimized the effect of the strenuous efforts at increased production, and the condition of the country remained unpromising.
The years 1895–96 saw a complete change, which can be ascribed only to two facts: the world level of prices began to rise, and the beneficial effects of refrigeration began to make themselves felt; so that from this period dates the prosperity of New Zealand. Under the stimulus of rising prices, which always benefit debtors and producers, exports have increased by leaps and bounds, as will be seen by a reference to the charts in the subsection on “Total Trade.” Following the increase of exports, there has been a great development of imports and of the home trade.
It is an economic axiom that rising prices tend to benefit producers, for the reason that all prices do not rise equally, and the main prices which lag behind the general level are the prices of the two biggest expenses of production — labour and capital. Hence the producer gets the benefit of rising prices for his produce, while his wages-bill and the interest on his borrowed capital do not increase so fast. It is the latter fact which is of value to New Zealand. The amount of interest which must be paid by New Zealand in each year (see subsection on “Total Trade”) is paid by the export of domestic produce, and is represented by a continued excess of exports over imports. In times of rising prices fewer bales of wool and carcases of mutton need be shipped each year to discharge this obligation.
At the same time New Zealand derives an extra benefit from the fact that her exports are rising faster than the average level of prices. Investigations into prices, not only in New Zealand but also in the older countries, show that raw materials and foodstuffs rise much faster than other commodities, and this feature is especially marked in animal pro ducts. In New Zealand Dr. McIlraith has demonstrated that prices of exports constantly rise faster than prices of imports.
All these influences, which are the principal effects of rising prices, tend to stimulate and increase production; but their exact extent can never be separated from the other causes of increased productivity: all that may be measured is the apparent effect upon the exports as disclosed by changing values. From these data it is possible to ascertain, with some accuracy what extra value has been added by the element of prices; but the important influences increasing productivity are not touched by this method.
Practically all the main exports of New Zealand are primary products, either raw materials or foodstuffs. From their nature it is possible in nearly every case to obtain the quantities exported as well as the values. It is then an easy matter of computation to find what the value would have been, assessing the quantities for each year at the prices of a selected base year or period, and by comparison with the actual values recorded to estimate the effect of price-changes.
This method is used by the Board of Trade and by the Commonwealth Statistician, and it is very suitable for application to New Zealand. Of the total exports of New Zealand produce, 99 per cent. can, for the purpose of the present inquiry, be treated in this fashion, leaving only 1 per cent. to be calculated pro rata. In all the following computations gold is necessarily treated separately, since its price is fixed and cannot change. Figures in respect of gold for the year 1917 are, however, not available for publication.
The first table given is based on the year 1901, and is useful for comparison with the similar figures published for Australia (Commonwealth Year-book for 1916, page 565).
EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE, SHOWING VALUES AS ACTUALLY RECORDED AND AS ASSESSED AT THE PRICES OF 1901. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Exports (excluding Gold). | Gold Bullion exported. | Total Exports (Domestic Produce). | Index Number of Export Values. | |||
Recorded Value. | Value at 1901 Prices. | Recorded Value. | Value at 1901 Prices. | Excluding Gold. | Total (Domestic Produce). | ||
* Not available for publication. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
1901 | 10,936,676 | 10,936,676 | 1,753,784 | 12,690,460 | 12,690,460 | 1000 | 1000 |
1902 | 11,547,173 | 11,649,294 | 1,951,426 | 13,498,599 | 13,600,720 | 991 | 992 |
1903 | 12,800,360 | 11,805,815 | 2,037,832 | 14,838,192 | 13,843,647 | 1084 | 1072 |
1904 | 12,614,286 | 10,797,317 | 1,987,501 | 14,601,787 | 12,784,818 | 1168 | 1142 |
1905 | 13,409,594 | 10,471,132 | 2,093,936 | 15,503,530 | 12,565,068 | 1281 | 1234 |
1906 | 15,569,442 | 11,384,110 | 2,270,904 | 17,840,346 | 13,655,014 | 1368 | 1306 |
1907 | 17,755,648 | 12,508,957 | 2,027,490 | 19,783,138 | 14,536,447 | 1419 | 1361 |
1908 | 13,889,731 | 11,366,102 | 2,004,799 | 15,894,530 | 13,370,901 | 1222 | 1189 |
1909 | 17,456,036 | 14,356,499 | 2,006,900 | 19,462,936 | 16,363,399 | 1216 | 1189 |
1910 | 20,047,845 | 15,013,367 | 1,896,318 | 21,944,163 | 16,939,685 | 1333 | 1295 |
1911 | 16,866,647 | 12,968,508 | 1,815,251 | 18,781,898 | 14,783,759 | 1308 | 1270 |
1912 | 19,927,274 | 14,821,997 | 1,345,131 | 21,272,405 | 16,167,128 | 1344 | 1316 |
1913 | 21,118,391 | 14,483,211 | 1,459,499 | 22,577,890 | 15,942,710 | 1468 | 1416 |
1914 | 25,089,350 | 17,072,531 | 895,367 | 25,984,717 | 17,967,898 | 1470 | 1446 |
1915 | 29,348,309 | 16,905,593 | 1,694,553 | 31,042,862 | 18,597,421 | 1736 | 1669 |
1916 | 31,776,695 | 15,831,875 | 1,199,212 | 32,975,907 | 17,031,087 | 2007 | 1936 |
1917 | 30,184,069 | 13,294,083 | * | * | * | 2270 | * |
In this table the base used is the same as that used in Australia; similar information is given in the “New Zealand Official Year-book” for 1914, pages 349–354, based on the year 1900, the base used by the Board of Trade.
The feature of the table is the constant rising tendency shown by the index number of export values, especially in recent years. This upward tendency is always retarded by the influence of gold, which does not change in price. In recent years, however, the influence of gold is becoming less, not only because the export is decreasing, but also because other exports are increasing very greatly. The comparison of the recorded value with that assessed at the prices of 1901 shows how much New Zealand benefits from this factor of rising prices.
In order to show the effect of changes in price from year to year, and particularly in the latter years, it is interesting to construct a series of index numbers basing the figures for each year upon the prices of the previous year. In this way it is possible to compare succeeding years directly, instead of comparing each year with a given base. The method used is the same, except that the base is changed.
EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE FOR EACH YEAR, 1901–17, SHOWING ACTUAL VALUES AND VALUES ASSESSED AT PRICES OF THE PREVIOUS YEAR. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Exports (excluding Gold). | Gold Bullion exported. | Total Exports (Domestic Produce). | Effect of Price-changes. | Index Number of Export Values. | ||||
Recorded Value. | Value at Prices of Previous Year. | Recorded Value. | Value at Prices of Previous Year. | Gain. | Loss. | Excluding Gold. | Total (Domestic Produce). | ||
* Not available for publication. | |||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
1901 | 10,936,676 | .. | 1,753,784 | 12,690,460 | .. | .. | .. | 1000 | 1000 |
1902 | 11,547,173 | 11,649,294 | 1,951,426 | 13,498,599 | 13,600,720 | .. | 102,121 | 991 | 992 |
1903 | 12,800,360 | 11,702,322 | 2,037,832 | 14,838,192 | 13,740,154 | 1,098,038 | .. | 1094 | 1080 |
1904 | 12,614,286 | 11,706,904 | 1,987,501 | 14,601,787 | 13,694,405 | 907,382 | .. | 1078 | 1066 |
1905 | 13,409,594 | 12,233,211 | 2,093,936 | 15,503,530 | 14,327,147 | 1,176,383 | .. | 1096 | 1082 |
1906 | 15,569,442 | 14,578,776 | 2,270,904 | 17,840,346 | 16,849,680 | 990,666 | .. | 1068 | 1059 |
1907 | 17,755,648 | 17,107,835 | 2,027,490 | 19,783,138 | 19,135,325 | 647,813 | .. | 1038 | 1034 |
1908 | 13,889,731 | 16,133,439 | 2,004,799 | 15,894,530 | 18,138,238 | .. | 2,243,708 | 861 | 876 |
1909 | 17,456,036 | 17,544,090 | 2,006,900 | 19,462,936 | 19,550,990 | .. | 88,054 | 995 | 995 |
1910 | 20,047,845 | 18,291,198 | 1,896,318 | 21,944,163 | 20,187,516 | 1,756,647 | .. | 1096 | 1087 |
1911 | 16,966,647 | 17,282,741 | 1,815,251 | 18,781,898 | 19,097,992 | .. | 316,094 | 982 | 983 |
1912 | 19,927,274 | 19,391,560 | 1,345,131 | 21,272,405 | 20,736,691 | 535,714 | .. | 1028 | 1026 |
1913 | 21,118,391 | 19,471,797 | 1,459,499 | 22,577,890 | 20,931,296 | 1,646,594 | .. | 1085 | 1079 |
1914 | 25,089,350 | 24,893,953 | 895,367 | 25,984,717 | 25,789,320 | 195,397 | .. | 1008 | 1008 |
1915 | 29,348,309 | 24,838,018 | 1,694,353 | 31,042,662 | 26,532,371 | 4,510,291 | .. | 1181 | 1170 |
1916 | 31,776,695 | 27,484,322 | 1,199,212 | 32,975,907 | 28,683,534 | 4,292,373 | .. | 1156 | 1149 |
1917 | 31,084,069 | 26,683,006 | * | * | * | 4,401,063 | .. | 1165 | * |
The comparison of each year with the preceding year brings out the advantage gained by a rise in prices. The gain shown represents the surplus value added by rising prices to the exports of any year, and, similarly, the loss shows how falling prices penalize New Zealand. The figures for the crisis years 1908–9, and for 1911, are eloquent of what falling prices would mean for the Dominion. The gain due to the rise of prices in 1915 amounted to upwards of £4,500,000—an unprecedented figure—and, taking this into account, the further increases of £4,300,000 in 1916 and £4,400,000 in 1917 are truly remarkable.
It has been noticed repeatedly that the calendar year is a bad period for which to calculate experts of New Zealand produce. These exports consist almost wholly of seasonal products, and the calendar year often splits the seasons. The largest export, wool, is sheared from the sheep in the early summer, and the wool-sales are held in December and January. Exports of any season's wool-clip are therefore divided between one year and the next in varying proportion. A favourable season or as in 1914, a sudden demand may cause a great increase of exports in the December quarter, with the result that the March quarter of the next year shows low figures. The wool trade invariably bases its calculations on each season's clip, not on calendar years.
The same argument holds good in the case of butter and cheese, which are almost wholly exported in December and March quarters. It is desirable, therefore, to tabulate New Zealand exports for years ending in June instead of December, since this division does not split the seasonal production of any main commodity, and more truly shows the results of each season as compared with previous seasons.
The following table gives this information for the principal items of export during each of the last nine “June” years:—
PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM NEW ZEALAND FOR YEARS ENDING 30TH JUNE, 1910 TO 1918 (INCLUSIVE). | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Article. | 1909–10. | 1910–11. | 1911–12. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. | 1914–15. | 1915–16. | 1916–17. | 1917–18. |
* Not available for publication. † Excluding gold (specie and bullion). | |||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
The mine— | |||||||||
Coal | 284,206 | 185,578 | 208,011 | 252,790 | 173,475 | 380,170 | 292,447 | 249,106 | 270,028 |
Gold | 1,948,212 | 1,898,910 | 1,710,021 | 1,232,725 | 1,485,920 | 438,234 | 2,134,256 | * | * |
Silver | 181,401 | 144,288 | 122,725 | 82,013 | 89,643 | 57,311 | 107,851 | 89,651 | 139,214 |
Fisheries— | |||||||||
Fish | 18,578 | 25,170 | 27,555 | 35,090 | 29,575 | 32,454 | 41,914 | 30,785 | 24,057 |
The forest— | |||||||||
Kauri-gum | 529,051 | 456,353 | 358,336 | 462,604 | 590,341 | 315,038 | 332,308 | 330,433 | 220,085 |
Timber (sawn and hewn) | 343,805 | 435,485 | 474,483 | 427,517 | 372,380 | 377,184 | 387,370 | 422,281 | 457,317 |
Pastoral products— | |||||||||
Beef, salted | 20,697 | 17,176 | 14,250 | 12,100 | 12,488 | 7,197 | 5,331 | 7,912 | 14,198 |
Butter | 1,712,659 | 1,685,033 | 1,891,235 | 2,027,822 | 2,197,662 | 2,336,862 | 2,805,152 | 2,767,150 | 3,232,788 |
Cheese | 1,275,148 | 1,093,715 | 1,496,730 | 1,914,238 | 2,317,970 | 2,277,509 | 3,345,314 | 3,982,089 | 4,010,842 |
Hides | 238,722 | 194,602 | 160,614 | 253,334 | 323,359 | 412,236 | 626,834 | 343,858 | 558,560 |
Live-stock | 133,219 | 236,030 | 145,490 | 81,086 | 83,310 | 235,265 | 119,245 | 54,265 | 66,239 |
Meat, preserved | 149,794 | 146,223 | 134,220 | 112,413 | 122,096 | 134,567 | 231,113 | 268,323 | 534,256 |
Meat frozen | 3,631,122 | 3,875,379 | 3,671,948 | 4,315,444 | 5,079,228 | 5,737,657 | 7,523,788 | 6,953,944 | 6,414,471 |
Sausage-skins | 75,517 | 73,105 | 80,491 | 93,343 | 132,039 | 165,527 | 217,709 | 212,110 | 243,745 |
Skins, rabbit | 115,429 | 123,547 | 72,911 | 118,482 | 90,350 | 32,981 | 56,078 | 79,182 | 258,246 |
Skins, sheep | 738,741 | 698,568 | 648,600 | 765,926 | 880,660 | 821,536 | 887,014 | 1,136,923 | 1,002,476 |
Tallow | 756,619 | 658,962 | 640,451 | 660,224 | 711,858 | 704,797 | 698,605 | 767,313 | 615,464 |
Wool | 7,962,669 | 7,164,844 | 6,965,416 | 8,217,644 | 8,262,153 | 9,907,670 | 12,127,697 | 10,628,359 | 9,519,199 |
Agricultural products— | |||||||||
Beans and peas | 65,869 | 74,348 | 68,222 | 116,815 | 80,704 | 72,609 | 66,172 | 40,804 | 97,902 |
Oats | 314,024 | 26,948 | 254,779 | 253,414 | 36,129 | 258,083 | 15,922 | 28,839 | 1,228 |
Wheat | 257,786 | 294,515 | 90,965 | 76,780 | 14,253 | 801 | 211 | 17,940 | 491 |
Hops | 19,079 | 12,276 | 28,040 | 14,293 | 24,106 | 15,249 | 18,474 | 18,792 | 6,129 |
Potatoes | 3,487 | 5,059 | 13,152 | 143,548 | 6,052 | 22,129 | 130,399 | 6,199 | 5,036 |
Seeds, grass and clover | 115,490 | 78,388 | 57,067 | 64,045 | 77,092 | 47,805 | 42,043 | 43,331 | 44,912 |
Miscellaneous— | |||||||||
Leather | 25,584 | 25,773 | 30,824 | 32,032 | 40,474 | 45,232 | 57,608 | 23,894 | 29,360 |
Phormium | 441,377 | 349,610 | 320,637 | 630,089 | 600,648 | 428,364 | 778,966 | 1,221,184 | 1,553,701 |
Other New Zealand produce | 369,990 | 326,867 | 461,460 | 528,004 | 483,533 | 642,790 | 712,192 | 646,821 | 794,428 |
Totals | 21,728,275 | 20,306,752 | 20,148,633 | 22,923,815 | 24,316,898 | 25,907,263 | 33,762,013 | †30,371,488 | †30,114,372 |
It was stated earlier in this subsection that the present period of price-movements began in 1895. Since that time the level of prices and exports has risen continuously, and this period is quite a distinct epoch in the economic history of New Zealand. A series of tables has accordingly been compiled to illustrate more definitely the effect of prices upon the exports, and therefore upon the prosperity of the Dominion, since 1890. The tables have been compiled throughout for June years.
The period 1890–99 has been chosen as the base in preference to any single year, since by obtaining the average of a period of years the effect of any temporary fluctuations cannot vitiate the results. The base has been chosen at the beginning of the period to be considered in order that the benefit New Zealand has received from a constantly rising price-level might more easily be seen. The decade 1890–99 is a good base, showing as it does both falling and rising prices, and is a fair level from which to begin comparisons.
The rise in prices is reflected by the following table of index numbers of export values for the principal commodities and all exports:—
(Base: Average annual value, 1890–99 = 1000.)
INDEX NUMBERS OF EXPORT VALUES OF THE PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FOR YEARS ENDING 30TH JUNE. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Wool. | Frozen Meat. | Butter. | Cheese. | Total Exports. | |
Excluding Gold. | All (Domestic) Produce. | |||||
* Export figures for gold are not available. | ||||||
1890–91 | 1158 | 1046 | 892 | 1023 | 1089 | 1081 |
1891–92 | 1132 | 1034 | 961 | 1097 | 1077 | 1069 |
1892–93 | 1018 | 1048 | 1100 | 1040 | 1031 | 1028 |
1893–94 | 1018 | 1031 | 1015 | 1055 | 1019 | 1017 |
1894–95 | 930 | 989 | 956 | 980 | 937 | 943 |
1895–96 | 1011 | 1027 | 979 | 889 | 1007 | 1006 |
1896–97 | 979 | 997 | 974 | 946 | 983 | 985 |
1897–98 | 940 | 924 | 1000 | 956 | 947 | 952 |
1898–99 | 875 | 985 | 998 | 1002 | 928 | 937 |
1899–1900 | 1006 | 993 | 1041 | 1065 | 1011 | 1010 |
1900–1 | 814 | 1033 | 1044 | 1136 | 930 | 938 |
1901–2 | 604 | 1067 | 1102 | 1055 | 893 | 907 |
1902–3 | 737 | 1165 | 1159 | 1272 | 990 | 991 |
1903–4 | 902 | 1227 | 1074 | 1108 | 1051 | 1044 |
1904–5 | 1110 | 1354 | 1075 | 1088 | 1158 | 1135 |
1905–6 | 1284 | 1301 | 1167 | 1233 | 1253 | 1215 |
1906–7 | 1351 | 1100 | 1195 | 1377 | 1293 | 1253 |
1907–8 | 1063 | 1290 | 1203 | 1370 | 1194 | 1165 |
1908–9 | 932 | 1275 | 1245 | 1371 | 1112 | 1099 |
1909–10 | 1208 | 1230 | 1229 | 1303 | 1235 | 1209 |
1910–11 | 1155 | 1330 | 1222 | 1303 | 1232 | 1206 |
1911–12 | 1101 | 1338 | 1317 | 1401 | 1224 | 1201 |
1912–13 | 1264 | 1493 | 1348 | 1427 | 1350 | 1325 |
1913–14 | 1238 | 1528 | 1307 | 1454 | 1349 | 1321 |
1914–15 | 1437 | 1810 | 1372 | 1526 | 1512 | 1499 |
1915–16 | 1941 | 1891 | 1682 | 1742 | 1808 | 1725 |
1916–17 | 1989 | 1974 | 1917 | 2116 | 1985 | * |
1917–18 | 2116 | 2146 | 1919 | 2244 | 2201 | * |
The values of the main exports were higher in 1890–91 than in the middle of the decade 1890–99, and for five or six years the fall is well marked. It is hard from a scrutiny of the index numbers for each item to fix on the turning-point, but the average for all exports puts it in 1894–95, thus corroborating other investigations into this subject.
Since this time, though there have been a good many fluctuations, particularly in wool, the general tendency has been very decidedly upward. The index number for all exports shows that in 1914 the immediate gain from rising prices was as much as 50 per cent., exports being worth half as much again as they would have been at the average prices of 1890–99. The year ending June, 1916, shows still steeper curves, which continued in 1917 and in 1918, indicating an increase of over 100 per cent. The most serious set-back was in 1907–8 and 1908–9.
The course of wool-values has shown remarkable fluctuations. The seasons 1900–1, 1901–2, and 1902–3 show exceptionally low prices; and again in 1908–9 wool is responsible for lowering the value of exports. Like most other exports, wool has shown very much higher values during the last three seasons.
Index numbers for cheese, frozen meat, and wool are all well over 2000, indicating that the export value per cwt. has more than doubled when compared with the base period. Butter shows a somewhat smaller advance.
Perhaps a better illustration of the effect of increased value will be found in the table given below, where the recorded values of exports are contrasted with values assessed on the basis of 1890–99 prices. Gold, which does not change in price, is necessarily calculated separately from the other commodities.
NEW ZEALAND EXPORTS FOR YEARS ENDING 30TH JUNE, SHOWING VALUES AS ACTUALLY RECORDED AND ASSESSED AT THE AVERAGE PRICES OF 1890–99. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Exports (excluding Gold). | Gold Bullion exported. | Total Exports (Domestic Produce). | Index Number of Export Values. | |||
Recorded Value. | Value at Prices of 1890–99. | Recorded Value. | Value at Prices of 1890–99. | Excluding Gold. | Total (Domestic Produce). | ||
* Figures in connection with the export of gold are not available for publication. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
1890–91 | 8,601,525 | 7,891,864 | 897,918 | 9,499,443 | 8,789,782 | 1089 | 1081 |
1891–92 | 8,504,738 | 7,894,711 | 923,663 | 9,428,401 | 8,818,374 | 1077 | 1069 |
1892–93 | 8,065,782 | 7,821,133 | 926,556 | 8,992,338 | 8,747,689 | 1031 | 1028 |
1893–94 | 7,839,783 | 7,690,658 | 950,946 | 8,790,729 | 8,641,604 | 1019 | 1017 |
1894–95 | 7,612,430 | 8,128,360 | 923,931 | 8,536,361 | 9,052,291 | 937 | 943 |
1895–96 | 8,062,459 | 8,007,754 | 1,117,918 | 9,180,377 | 9,125,672 | 1007 | 1006 |
1896–97 | 8,265,455 | 8,406,001 | 1,076,504 | 9,341,959 | 9,482,505 | 983 | 985 |
1897–98 | 9,156,551 | 9,664,411 | 997,978 | 10,154,529 | 10,662,389 | 947 | 952 |
1898–99 | 9,248,433 | 9,961,865 | 1,303,672 | 10,552,105 | 11,265,537 | 928 | 937 |
1899–1900 | 11,759,063 | 11,631,573 | 1,457,540 | 13,216,603 | 13,089,113 | 1011 | 1010 |
1900–1 | 10,853,168 | 11,671,369 | 1,589,632 | 12,442,800 | 13,261,001 | 930 | 938 |
1901–2 | 10,952,806 | 12,261,296 | 1,798,345 | 12,751,151 | 14,059,641 | 893 | 907 |
1902–3 | 12,863,848 | 12,993,919 | 2,039,797 | 14,903,645 | 15,033,716 | 990 | 991 |
1903–4 | 12,604,740 | 11,991,834 | 2,084,095 | 14,688,835 | 14,075,929 | 1051 | 1044 |
1904–5 | 13,252,055 | 11,440,392 | 1,974,739 | 15,226,794 | 13,415,131 | 1158 | 1135 |
1905–6 | 15,388,595 | 12,280,611 | 2,153,047 | 17,541,642 | 14,433,658 | 1253 | 1215 |
1906–7 | 17,134,134 | 13,251,715 | 2,106,889 | 19,241,023 | 15,358,604 | 1293 | 1253 |
1907–8 | 14,321,316 | 11,996,945 | 2,129,042 | 16,450,358 | 14,125,987 | 1194 | 1165 |
1908–9 | 16,196,819 | 14,568,412 | 1,944,652 | 18,141,471 | 16,513,064 | 1112 | 1099 |
1909–10 | 19,780,063 | 16,022,222 | 1,948,212 | 21,728,275 | 17,970,434 | 1235 | 1209 |
1910–11 | 18,407,842 | 14,938,728 | 1,898,910 | 20,306,752 | 16,837,638 | 1232 | 1206 |
1911–12 | 18,438,612 | 15,068,559 | 1,710,021 | 20,148,633 | 16,778,580 | 1224 | 1201 |
1912–13 | 21,691,090 | 16,066,627 | 1,232,725 | 22,923,815 | 17,299,352 | 1350 | 1325 |
1913–14 | 22,830,978 | 16,927,383 | 1,485,920 | 24,316,898 | 18,413,303 | 1349 | 1321 |
1914–15 | 25,469,029 | 16,842,014 | 438,234 | 25,907,263 | 17,280,248 | 1512 | 1499 |
1915–16 | 31,627,757 | 17,495,330 | 2,134,256 | 33,762,013 | 19,629,586 | 1808 | 1725 |
1916–17 | 30,371,488 | 15,303,688 | * | * | * | 1985 | * |
1917–18 | 30,114,372 | 13,682,199 | * | * | * | 2201 | * |
The graph, which illustrates the effect of prices on export values, is very illuminating in its course. Since the period 1890–99 is the base, and during those years the relative levels have been equated, the lines naturally run together. It will be noticeable, however, that for the first years, while the quantity exported remained about stationary, the value fell owing to falling prices.
The rate of increase in the last twenty years is very high, though broken in 1907–8 and 1911–12. Both the quantity exported and its value show great increases. The dotted line which shows the quantities assessed at the uniform values of 1890–99 varies in the same direction as the recorded value, and it is significant that the greatest fluctuations are apparently due to variations in the quantity exported.
The effect of rising prices is measured by the constantly increasing divergence of the two lines: war has so greatly accelerated the divergence that, whereas in 1914 (i.e., fifteen years after the base period) our exports were worth half as much again, in 1917 they have risen to more than double what they would have been at the prices of 1890–99.
This divergence has been plotted separately by a curve showing the index numbers of export values, the scale for which is charted on the right-hand side of the graph. The index number for 1917–18 (excluding gold) was 2201.
Similarly, the following table and the graphs attached show the divergence for the four main exports—wool, frozen meat, butter, and cheese:—
EXPORTS OF WOOL, FROZEN MEAT, BUTTER, AND CHEESE FOR YEARS ENDING 30TH JUNE, SHOWING VALUES AS ACTUALLY RECORDED AND AS ASSESSED AT THE AVERAGE PRICES OF 1890–99. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Wool. | Frozen Meat. | Butter. | Cheese. | ||||
Recorded Value. | Value at Average Prices, 1890–99. | Recorded Value. | Value at Average Prices, 1890–99. | Recorded Value. | Value at ' Average Prices, 1890–99. | Recorded Value. | Value at Average Prices, 1890–99. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1890–91 | 4,216,419 | 3,641,768 | 1,188,620 | 1,136,432 | 128,306 | 143,796 | 95,866 | 93,699 |
1891–92 | 4,229,683 | 3,735,461 | 1,140,571 | 1,103,579 | 198,363 | 206,478 | 91,670 | 83,578 |
1892–93 | 4,072,342 | 3,999,329 | 1,067,780 | 1,018,744 | 208,909 | 189,978 | 95,903 | 92,232 |
1893–94 | 4,353,415 | 4,274,711 | 1,054,537 | 1,022,559 | 303,951 | 299,575 | 106,280 | 100,779 |
1894–95 | 4,028,651 | 4,329,769 | 1,322,810 | 1,337,768 | 231,700 | 242,471 | 160,061 | 163,260 |
1895–96 | 4,393,574 | 4,345,449 | 1,276,232 | 1,243,269 | 250,885 | 256,159 | 121,993 | 137,210 |
1896–97 | 4,357,244 | 4,449,230 | 1,340,169 | 1,344,449 | 357,187 | 366,728 | 151,298 | 159,899 |
1897–98 | 4,732,542 | 5,032,162 | 1,691,546 | 1,831,138 | 404,049 | 404,127 | 136,146 | 142,455 |
1898–99 | 4,241,984 | 4,847,271 | 1,776,843 | 1,804,212 | 451,269 | 452,348 | 127,209 | 126,913 |
1899–1900 | 4,889,101 | 4,859,806 | 2,298,140 | 2,315,097 | 693,666 | 666,625 | 224,238 | 210,638 |
1900–1 | 3,890,573 | 4,781,059 | 2,193,494 | 2,122,519 | 858,543 | 822,599 | 239,325 | 210,630 |
1901–2 | 3,079,271 | 5,094,446 | 2,526,661 | 2,367,931 | 1,044,317 | 947,782 | 171,886 | 162,912 |
1902–3 | 4,034,712 | 5,475,277 | 3,310,073 | 2,840,937 | 1,211,223 | 1,045,407 | 186,412 | 146,500 |
1903–4 | 4,313,018 | 4,779,745 | 2,846,082 | 2,318,958 | 1,445,814 | 1,345,834 | 194,779 | 175,808 |
1904–5 | 5,468,566 | 4,927,285 | 2,714,026 | 2,003,709 | 1,417,984 | 1,319,133 | 180,215 | 165,619 |
1905–6 | 6,605,790 | 5,144,559 | 2,882,387 | 2,215,618 | 1,540,327 | 1,319,385 | 300,056 | 243,318 |
1906–7 | 7,415,486 | 5,487,427 | 3,143,764 | 2,858,903 | 1,631,174 | 1,365,022 | 568,058 | 412,533 |
1907–8 | 5,649,636 | 5,314,779 | 3,165,048 | 2,453,043 | 1,133,665 | 942,588 | 761,100 | 555,439 |
1908–9 | 5,965,283 | 6,397,453 | 3,775,990 | 2,961,113 | 1,491,837 | 1,198,433 | 977,353 | 712,921 |
1909–10 | 7,962,669 | 6,594,295 | 3,631,122 | 2,952,041 | 1,712,659 | 1,393,613 | 1,275,148 | 978,653 |
1910–11 | 7,164,844 | 6,202,335 | 3,875,379 | 2,914,507 | 1,685,033 | 1,378,474 | 1,093,715 | 839,158 |
1911–12 | 6,965,416 | 6,328,167 | 3,671,948 | 2,743,477 | 1,891,235 | 1,435,884 | 1,496,730 | 1,068,174 |
1912–13 | 8,217,644 | 6,503,545 | 4,315,444 | 2,890,424 | 2,027,822 | 1,504,318 | 1,914,238 | 1,341,035 |
1913–14 | 8,262,153 | 6,673,803 | 5,079,228 | 3,323,433 | 2,197,662 | 1,681,915 | 2,317,970 | 1,594,670 |
1914–15 | 9,907,670 | 6,893,420 | 5,737,657 | 3,169,706 | 2,336,862 | 1,702,856 | 2,277,509 | 1,492,725 |
1915–16 | 12,127,697 | 6,247,718 | 7,476,637 | 3,954,744 | 2,805,152 | 1,668,157 | 3,345,314 | 1,919,876 |
1916–17 | 10,628,359 | 5,842,668 | 6,953,944 | 3,481,347 | 2,767,150 | 1,443,410 | 3,982,089 | 1,881,560 |
1917–18 | 9,519,199 | 4,497,983 | 6,414,471 | 2,943,970 | 3,232,788 | 1,684,537 | 4,010,842 | 1,787,735 |
The following tables show the effect of the increases in prices in 1917, as compared with 1916, upon the principal exports of New Zealand produce as shown by the declared export values. The eight commodities selected account for well over 80 per cent. of the total exports (in 1916 over £28,500,000 out of £33,250,000, and in 1917 £27,000,000 out of £30,000,000). The yearly totals mentioned do not include gold.
In all of the main items quoted below the actual quantity exported shows a decrease on the figure for the previous year, yet in the case of cheese, phormium fibre, and sheep-skins (without wool) the value has increased by an amount which more than balances the decrease in quantity exported. Wool shows a decreased quantity of 178,274,486 lb.—3.90 per cent. less, while the corresponding value (£12,175,366) is but 1.70 per cent. less than that for 1916. Fluctuations in prices have affected frozen meat to a greater extent, the figures being 26.43 per cent. less for quantity, and 17.73 per cent. less for value. Butter shows a decrease in quantity amounting to 29.06 per cent., and in value 22.82 per cent. The value of cheese exported in 1917 constituted a record. Although the quantity was 6.71 per cent. less than in the previous year, the value increased by 16.08 per cent. Sheep-skins with wool have retired into insignificance as an export. Sheepskins without wool show a remarkable increase in value. For an export in quantity 12.71 per cent. less than in 1916, they exhibit an increase in value to the extent of 70.67 per cent. Tallow shows a decrease in quantity amounting to 43.93 per cent. when compared with the figure for the previous year. To some extent this was compensated for by increased prices, the value of exports being 29.58 per cent. below the 1916 figure. Phormium fibre is one of the most interesting of these main items. To begin with, the 1916 export was a record, being the first time that the export of that item had reached £1,000,000. This achievement was surpassed in 1917 by an export value representing an advance of 19.53 per cent. In quantity the export fell by 15.02 per cent.
Item. | 1916. | 1917. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value as recorded. | Value at 1916 Prices. | Increase. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | |||
Wool (lb.) | 185,506,859 | 12,386,074 | 178,274,486 | 12,175,366 | 11,903,177 | 272,189 |
Frozen meat (cwt.) | 3,326,045 | 7,271,318 | 2,446,945 | 5,982,404 | 5,349,451 | 632,953 |
Butter (cwt.) | 358,632 | 2,632,293 | 254,397 | 2,031,551 | 1,867,227 | 164,324 |
Cheese (cwt.) | 949,416 | 3,514,310 | 885,743 | 3,949,251 | 3,278,621 | 670,630 |
Skins (sheep, with wool) (lb.) | 3,082,838 | 156,184 | 15,687 | 610 | 764 | −154 |
Skins (sheep, without wool) (lb.) | 21,676,131 | 761,449 | 18,921,286 | 1,299,578 | 664,676 | 634,902 |
Tallow (ton) | 22,472 | 785,339 | 12,599 | 553,016 | 440,303 | 112,713 |
Phormium fibre (ton) | 27,674 | 1,001,725 | 23,516 | 1,197,396 | 1,059,905 | 137,491 |
.. | 28,508,692 | .. | 27,189,172 | 24,564,124 | 2,625,048 |
A comparison of the first half-year of 1918 with the corresponding period of 1917 follows:—
Item. | First Six Months, 1917. | First Six Months, 1918. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity. | Value as declared. | Quantity. | Value as declared. | Value on 1917 Basis. | Increase. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | |||
Wool (lb.) | 115,284,989 | 7,531,040 | 70,898,704 | 4,874,873 | 4,631,487 | 243,386 |
Frozen meat (cwt.) | 1,358,349 | 3,240,461 | 1,511,499 | 3,700,408 | 3,605,814 | 94,594 |
Butter (lb.) | 186,390 | 1,484,018 | 339,352 | 2,685,255 | 2,701,886 | −16,631 |
Cheese (lb.) | 608,533 | 2,705,696 | 599,156 | 2,767,287 | 2,664,003 | 103,284 |
Skins (sheep, with wool) (lb.) | 15,087 | 610 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Skins (sheep, without wool) (lb.) | 11,131,046 | 793,114 | 7,610,628 | 508,673 | 542,276 | −33,603 |
Tallow (ton) | 9,521 | 403,706 | 8,699 | 466,154 | 368,852 | 97,302 |
Phormium fibre (ton) | 12,214 | 550,505 | 14,932 | 906,900 | 673,010 | 233,890 |
.. | 16,709,150 | .. | 15,909,550 | 15,187,328 | 722,222 |
With the exception of frozen meat, butter, and phormium, the quantities exported continue to show the decline noticeable in each of the past three years. Nor is the decline wholly compensated for by rising prices, for the total value of the exports quoted is £800,000 less than that for the similar period of 1917, which in its turn was £1,100,000 less than the amount for the corresponding six months of 1916.
In the majority of cases (exceptions are butter and sheep-skins without wool) prices are seen to be still rising. This advance is responsible for the exports for the first half-year of 1918 being worth over £700,000 more than they would have been at the rates prevailing in the first half-year of 1917. Similar price-gains were £1,600,000 and £2,800,000 for the first six months of 1917 and 1916 respectively.
The following tables further illustrate the effect of prices on the New Zealand exports. These tables have been compiled with various twelve-monthly periods as bases. The gain to New Zealand on the eleven principal items quoted amounts to nearly £17,750,000 for the two years ended 31st March, 1917 and 1918, when assessed on the values for the same items in the calendar year 1913.
ELEVEN PRINCIPAL EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND FOR THE TWELVE-MONTHLY PERIODS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1917 AND 1918, SHOWING ACTUAL VALUES AND VALUES WHEN ASSESSED ON PRICES RULING IN THE CALENDAR YEAR 1913. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item. | Calendar Year 1913. | Year ended 31st March, 1917. | Year ended 31st March, 1918. | Difference for Two Years. | ||
Actual Value. | Value at 1913 Prices. | Actual Value. | Value at 1913 Prices. | |||
* The figures given for gold are for the calendar years 1913 and 1916 respectively. Figures re the export of gold have not been available since December, 1916. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Wool | 8,057,620 | 10,572,713 | 6,814,653 | 9,948,736 | 6,076,885 | 7,629,911 |
Mutton (frozen) | 1,630,332 | 2,535,134 | 1,826,334 | 2,618,499 | 1,660,155 | 1,667,144 |
Lamb (frozen) | 2,332,372 | 2,157,110 | 1,796,906 | 1,817,770 | 1,335,027 | 842,947 |
Beef (frozen) | 347,383 | 2,185,763 | 1,301,364 | 1,993,858 | 1,139,183 | 1,739,074 |
Butter | 2,061,651 | 2,787,487 | 1,970,403 | 2,507,546 | 1,752,607 | 1,572,023 |
Cheese | 1,770,297 | 3,100,168 | 2,235,493 | 4,461,957 | 2,851,314 | 2,475,318 |
Hides | 261,744 | 517,170 | 376,561 | 523,812 | 334,806 | 329,615 |
Tallow | 663,088 | 761,357 | 601,948 | 473,723 | 297,563 | 335,569 |
Phormium | 721,924 | 1,078,746 | 712,930 | 1,298,872 | 614,196 | 1,050,492 |
Timber | 318,767 | 420,116 | 389,876 | 418,966 | 355,533 | 93,673 |
Gold* | 1,495,499 | 1,199,212 | 1,199,212 | .. | .. | .. |
19,660,677 | 27,314,976 | 19,225,680 | 26,063,739 | 16,417,269 | 17,735,766 |
ELEVEN PRINCIPAL EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND FOR THE CALENDAR YEARS 1916 AND 1917, SHOWING ACTUAL VALUES AND VALUES WHEN ASSESSED AT PRICES RULING IN THE CALENDAR YEAR 1914. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item. | 1914. | 1916. | 1917. | Difference for Two Years. | ||
Actual Value. | Value at 1914 Prices. | Actual Value. | Value at 1914 Prices. | |||
* Not available for publication. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Wool | 9,318,114 | 12,386,074 | 7,840,302 | 12,175,366 | 7,534,631 | 9,186,507 |
Mutton (frozen) | 2,115,080 | 2,529,971 | 2,009,265 | 2,458,172 | 1,652,329 | 1,326,549 |
Lamb (frozen) | 2,554,517 | 2,437,100 | 2,147,916 | 1,366,514 | 1,044,627 | 611,071 |
Beef (frozen) | 1,029,529 | 2,119,057 | 1,662,589 | 2,007,393 | 1,495,586 | 968,275 |
Butter | 2,338,576 | 2,632,293 | 1,932,163 | 2,031,551 | 1,370,587 | 1,361,094 |
Cheese | 2,564,125 | 3,514,310 | 2,818,348 | 3,949,251 | 2,629,334 | 2,015,879 |
Hides | 358,618 | 605,668 | 495,167 | 435,579 | 296,892 | 249,188 |
Tallow | 694,348 | 785,339 | 636,483 | 553,016 | 356,846 | 345,026 |
Phormium | 455,214 | 1,001,725 | 639,407 | 1,197,396 | 543,336 | 1,016,378 |
Timber | 422,545 | 381,477 | 362,514 | 408,064 | 361,681 | 65,346 |
Gold | 895,367 | 1,199,212 | 1,199,212 | * | * | * |
22,746,033 | 29,592,226 | 21,743,366 | 26,582,302 | 17,285,849 | 17,145,313 |
ELEVEN PRINCIPAL EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND FOR THE TWELVE-MONTHLY PERIODS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1917 AND 1918, SHOWING ACTUAL VALUES AND VALUES WHEN ASSESSED ON PRICES RULING IN THE CALENDAR YEAR 1914. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item. | Calendar Year 1914. | Year ended 31st March, 1917. | Year ended 31st March, 1918. | Difference for Two Years. | ||
Actual Value. | Value at 1914 Prices. | Actual Value. | Value at 1914 Prices. | |||
* The figures given for gold are for the calendar years 1914 and 1916 respectively. Figures re the export of gold have not been available since December, 1916. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Wool | 9,318,114 | 10,572,713 | 6,667,538 | 9,948,736 | 5,945,698 | 7,908,213 |
Mutton (frozen) | 2,115,080 | 2,535,134 | 1,936,504 | 2,618,499 | 1,760,301 | 1,456,828 |
Lamb (frozen) | 2,554,517 | 2,157,110 | 1,863,726 | 1,817,770 | 1,384,671 | 726,483 |
Beef (frozen) | 1,029,529 | 2,185,763 | 1,694,025 | 1,993,858 | 1,482,916 | 1,002,680 |
Butter | 2,338,576 | 2,787,487 | 1,916,808 | 2,507,546 | 1,704,936 | 1,673,289 |
Cheese | 2,564,125 | 3,106,168 | 2,292,860 | 4,461,957 | 2,924,484 | 2,344,781 |
Hides | 358,618 | 517,170 | 405,588 | 523,812 | 360,614 | 274,780 |
Tallow | 694,348 | 761,357 | 584,765 | 473,723 | 289,069 | 361,246 |
Phormium | 455,214 | 1,078,746 | 640,978 | 1,298,872 | 552,209 | 1,184,431 |
Timber | 422,545 | 420,116 | 393,070 | 418,966 | 358,576 | 87,436 |
Gold* | 895,367 | 1,199,212 | 1,199,212 | .. | .. | .. |
22,746,033 | 27,314,976 | 19,595,074 | 26,063,739 | 6,763,474 | 17,020,167 |
The following table shows the total values of the exports from each port of New Zealand, arranged in order of magnitude, in 1917. In order to eliminate any temporary fluctuation an annual average has been taken over five-yearly periods since 1896 and contrasted with the figures for 1917.
The majority of the ports show decreases as compared with the previous year. In the case of Wellington. Auckland, Dunedin, and Invercargill exports in 1917 were less than in 1916 by £750,000, £750,000, £600,000, and £400,000 respectively. Several ports show increases, the principal in this respect being Napier, £600,000: Wanganui, £450,000; and Gisborne, £300,000.
Slight differences have been made in the order of importance for 1917. Wanganui (tenth in 1915) is now the fifth exporting port of the Dominion. Dunedin has fallen from fifth place to eighth. Greymouth, formerly thirteenth, now occupies the position of sixteenth. Westport and Tauranga have interchanged places.
It should be remembered that the totals shown for 1917 do not include gold exported, and, further, that as the gold export is confined to some seven or eight ports, all are not equally affected by gold-exclusion. Gold bullion is most largely exported from Auckland, Greymouth, and Dunedin.
EXPORTS FROM VARIOUS PORTS. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Port | Yearly Average of Quinquennial Periods, | Year 1917.* | |||
1896–1900. | 1901–5. | 1906–10. | 1911–15. | ||
* Excluding exports of gold, both bullion and specie. † Included in New Plymouth. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Wellington | 1,825,895 | 2,612,896 | 3,692,669 | 5,684,827 | 6,953,398 |
Auckland | 1,649,238 | 2,334,369 | 3,374,789 | 4,031,432 | 5,144,461 |
Lyttelton | 2,107,449 | 2,431,547 | 2,704,521 | 3,153,723 | 3,926,241 |
Napier | 950,614 | 944,293 | 1,674,638 | 2,000,657 | 3,216,055 |
Wanganui | 337,319 | 350,039 | 409,526 | 673,035 | 1,986,983 |
Invercargill | 700,580 | 888,637 | 1,173,801 | 1,442,996 | 1,754,897 |
Gisborne | 347,603 | 512,749 | 992,554 | 1,373,145 | 1,699,781 |
Dunedin | 1,155,387 | 1,488,901 | 1,500,952 | 1,619,348 | 1,618,931 |
New Plymouth | 351,452 | 400,357 | 554,135 | 591,212 | 1,038,769 |
Patea | 43,361 | 230,195 | 510,504 | 738,668 | 976,922 |
Timaru | 645,843 | 876,514 | 1,142,524 | 1,273,164 | 925,788 |
Waitara | † | 99,329 | 292,503 | 366,326 | 345,450 |
Wairau (including Picton) | 133,786 | 186,196 | 285,991 | 311,187 | 298,223 |
Nelson | 60,168 | 88,601 | 94,608 | 173,964 | 210,941 |
Oamaru | 247,180 | 239,419 | 225,308 | 259,294 | 201,052 |
Greymouth | 239,553 | 419,547 | 376,185 | 403,297 | 117,730 |
Kaipara | 112,311 | 150,817 | 138,023 | 124,830 | 96,121 |
Tauranga | 137 | .. | .. | 5,648 | 67,482 |
Westport | 38,501 | 75,769 | 58,533 | 59,070 | 41,739 |
Hokitika | 52,147 | 39,113 | 32,133 | 28,277 | 30,980 |
In 1901 a group of Pacific islands was annexed to New Zealand, and has since been administered by the Dominion. The islands are fertile and rich in tropical products, so that there is a growing trade between them and the Dominion proper. This trade is not regarded as external to New Zealand, but merely as interchange between different parts of the Dominion, and it is therefore not included in the account of the external trade. Separate returns are made of the transactions between the Dominion and its dependent islands, and these are summarized below.
TOTAL VALUE OF EXPORTS FROM NEW ZEALAND TO COOK AND OTHER ANNEXED ISLANDS SINCE 1901. | |
---|---|
Year. | Exports. |
£ | |
1901 | 21,849 |
1902 | 22,973 |
1903 | 27,965 |
1904 | 28,644 |
1905 | 29,098 |
1906 | 35,452 |
1907 | 38,288 |
1908 | 39,284 |
1909 | 40,204 |
1910 | 60,647 |
1911 | 56,131 |
1912 | 75,774 |
1913 | 72,046 |
1914 | 59,056 |
1915 | 55,459 |
1916 | 52,831 |
1917 | 53,449 |
The principal items of export to the islands in 1917 are next shown.
EXPORTS TO COOK ISLANDS, 1917. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class. | Item. | Article. | Quantity. | Value. | ||
Produce of New Zealand. | Other. | Total. | ||||
£ | £ | £ | ||||
I | 32 | Meats, potted and preserved | 1,467 cwt. | 6,691 | .. | 6,691 |
41 | Provisions n.o.e. | .. | 610 | 405 | 1,015 | |
II | 43 | Biscuits, ships' plain | 1,772 cwt. | 3,518 | .. | 3,518 |
87 | Flour, wheaten | 2,584 centals | 2,088 | 67 | 2,155 | |
130 | Sugar, refined | 2,335 cwt. | 2,362 | 34 | 2,396 | |
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready - made clothing n.o.e. | .. | 780 | 1,248 | 2,028 |
IXB | 278 | Cotton piece-goods n.o.e. | .. | .. | 2,262 | 2,262 |
267 | Drapery n.o.e. | .. | 155 | 1,676 | 1,831 | |
XII | 357 | Coal, bunker | 2,305 tons | 1,985 | 320 | 2,305 |
XVIIA | 635 | Timber, sawn, n.o.e., rough, kauri | 1,267,231 sup. ft. | 8,875 | .. | 8,875 |
XXIII | 875 | Soap, common bar | 739 cwt. | 1,207 | .. | 1,207 |
Further particulars regarding the trade of the Cook Islands will be found in the section of this book dealing with “Outlying Islands of New Zealand.”
The occupation of German Samoa by New Zealand troops in August, 1914, has led to a large expansion of the Dominion's trade with those islands. This development arose in the first place from the necessity for sending stores, &c., from New Zealand for the troops, but there is evidence now of a genuine interchange of commodities between New Zealand and the settlers in the Group. Exports from the Dominion to German Samoa in 1917 were valued at £119,049, spread over the various classes as follows:—
Class. | Value. |
---|---|
£ | |
I | 33,663 |
II | 17,262 |
III | 805 |
IV | 312 |
V | 1,015 |
VI | 1,010 |
VII | 4 |
VIII | 182 |
IX | 12,220 |
X | 3,477 |
XI | 388 |
XII | 2,111 |
XIII | 19,700 |
XIV | 2,779 |
XV | 647 |
XVI | 412 |
XVII | 3,075 |
XVIII | 1,741 |
XIX | 736 |
XX | 240 |
XXI | 570 |
XXII | 1,846 |
XXIII | 14,854 |
Total | 119,049 |
Dealing with individual items, the principal are found to be,—
Item. | Quantity. | Value. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Butter | 536 cwt. | 4,556 |
Bacon | 27,508 lb. | 1,352 |
Beef, salted | 2,419 cwt. | 5,848 |
Potted and preserved meat | 3,711 cwt. | 16,686 |
Milk and cream (preserved, &c.) | 39,646 lb. | 1,095 |
Flour, wheaten | 1,684 centals | 1,386 |
Chaff | 316 tons | 2,570 |
Sugar, refined | 6,071 cwt. | 6,214 |
Cotton (textile piece-goods) | .. | 6,257 |
Common bar soap | 2,690 cwt. | 4,317 |
AN exact and detailed account is kept of all imports of merchandise into New Zealand from overseas, and the Customs Department insists on full and accurate descriptions of all goods passing under its control. Entries must be passed and invoices presented for every package imported, and the quantities and values stated on the entries must be supported by declaration. The detailed nature of the tariff makes it essential that all goods should be described minutely under the tariff headings, and care is also taken to furnish statistical information concerning quantities. In the case of goods chargeable with specific duties the quantities are ascertained by examination in support of the invoices, but where no duty is involved the invoiced quantities are accepted.
Prior to 1916 the import value taken was the c.i.f. or landed value in New Zealand, thus including freight into the Dominion. For free goods and goods liable to specific duties this landed value in New Zealand was insisted upon. But the landed value for ad valorem goods was defined as the fair market value of the goods when sold for home consumption in the principal markets of the country whence imported, and at the time when imported, plus 10 per cent.—i.e., the f.o.b. invoice value, plus a uniform 10 per cent. to cover the cost of freight, &c. From and including the year 1916, however, the value shown for all merchandise imported is the fair market value in the country of export at the time of exportation, plus 10 per cent. Pair market value is accepted as the wholesale value, less all the usual trade discounts, but including all special discounts. Since 1914 the ordinary cash discount has been allowed, and the value of casing or packing may also be deducted if shown separately.
Passengers' baggage is omitted from the total of imports in each year, except where dutiable items are included. Personal luggage is exempt from duty upon declaration that the goods are personal property, not intended for sale, have been in use for twelve months, and do not exceed £100 in value.
The earliest trade in New Zealand, as of most colonies, consisted more of exploitation and appropriation by visiting traders than of regular exchange. The whalers and sealers brought with them sufficient provisions to last their season, and they were never more than passing visitors to the Islands. The first genuine import trade sprang up when the Maoris became sensible of the great wealth to be won by bartering their flax for iron and other treasures of the white man. Each tribe became anxious to secure the services of a pakeha-Maori, a white resident trader, to aid them in their exchanges, and several of these men were adopted into the different tribes. At the same time small permanent settlements began to spring up in the North. A new element was introduced when the Maori adopted the musket in preference to the old hand weapons, for the possession of firearms became a necessary precaution against the danger of extermination. Intertribal warfare was conducted on an ever-increasing scale, and muskets were the most prized of all possessions, so that when the chief Hongi returned from his visit to England in 1821 he changed all his valuable presents into firearms as soon as he reached Sydney.
In 1830 the imports into New Zealand from Sydney, according to a return quoted by the late Dr. McNab (“Historical Records of New Zealand,” Vol. I), were made up of the following items:—
TOTAL QUANTITIES, DESCRIPTION, AND VALUE OF GOODS EXPORTED FROM SYDNEY TO NEW ZEALAND FROM 1ST JANUARY TO 14TH AUGUST, 1830. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Description. | Quantity. | Value. | ||
£ | s. | d. | ||
Bread | 203 ½ cwt. | 260 | 0 | 0 |
Bricks | 7,000 | 10 | 5 | 0 |
Beer | 730 gallons | 75 | 0 | 0 |
Cedar | 1,793 ft. | 33 | 0 | 0 |
Cheese | 335 lb. | 14 | 0 | 0 |
Flour | 87,992 lb. | 787 | 0 | 0 |
Shingles | 24,970 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
Cartouche boxes | 142 | 39 | 0 | 0 |
Corks | 30 gross | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Earthen and glass ware | Sundry packs | 75 | 0 | 0 |
Flints | 12,000 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
Groceries | Sundry packs | 44 | 0 | 0 |
Gunpowder | 11,052 lb. | 862 | 0 | 0 |
Hardware | Sundry packs | 639 | 0 | 0 |
Muskets | 2,120 | 2,938 | 0 | 0 |
Rope | 80 cwt. | 220 | 0 | 0 |
Salt | 249 cwt. | 51 | 10 | 0 |
Tobacco-pipes | 65 gross | 26 | 0 | 0 |
Salt provisions | 87 cwt. | 200 | 0 | 0 |
Shot | 836 lb. | 8 | 0 | 0 |
Water-casks | 260 tons | 235 | 0 | 0 |
Slops | Sundry packs | 458 | 0 | 0 |
Staves | 3,400 | 300 | 0 | 0 |
Woollens | 1,426 yards | 104 | 0 | 0 |
Rice | 2,540 lb. | 21 | 0 | 0 |
Rum and whisky | 2,429 gallons | 424 | 0 | 0 |
Brandy and gin | 1,607 gallons | 300 | 0 | 0 |
Sugar | 7,149 lb. | 138 | 0 | 0 |
Tea | 1,696 lb. | 115 | 0 | 0 |
Tobacco | 5,062 lb. | 310 | 0 | 0 |
Horned cattle | 2 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
Blankets | 78 pairs | 76 | 0 | 0 |
Iron | 8 tons | 152 | 0 | 0 |
Linen | 2,700 yards | 220 | 0 | 0 |
Cutlasses | 50 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
Leather, manufactured | Sundry packs | 67 | 0 | 0 |
Wine | 120 gallons | 18 | 0 | 0 |
Sundries not enumerated above | .. | 297 | 0 | 0 |
Total | .. | £9,591 | 15 | 0 |
However, with the incoming of the regular colonists, trade assumed its more modern form, and the import of firearms was quickly overshadowed by the more peaceful requirements of the settlers. It was not for many years that the Maori finally gave up the appeal to force in order to sustain his claims or his rights; but since the second Maori War in the “sixties” the Natives have settled more and more into European habits.
Permanent settlement in 1840 rendered necessary the continued and increasing import of clothing, metals, and manufactures to sustain the colonists and to develop the colony. For many years after the first landing imports were greatly in excess of exports, and this excess represents the import of capital which was necessary to put the young colony on a firm footing. Especially in the early years, New Zealand, while supplying foodstuffs from her own resources, has been dependent upon the outside world for a great proportion of the manufactures necessary for development, and also of the luxuries and amenities of modern life.
The gold rushes brought a huge increase of population and also of imports, and reference to the subsection on “Total trade” will show the effect of the stimulus given by the gold discoveries. In the later “sixties” imports were declining; but the borrowing policy pursued in the “seventies” resulted once more in an increase of imports for a time. Violent fluctuations succeed, with a general tendency to diminish until, in sympathy with the increased exports, the value of imports rapidly increases from 1895. The worst check was received in 1909, following the bad year of exports in 1908. The figures for 1917 also show a substantial fall, largely due to shortage of shipping and restriction of exports from Europe.
The nature of the imports has changed little from the time of the first settlement in New Zealand, though new commodities have naturally been introduced, the principal groups of commodities being clothing and textiles, metals and machinery, sugar, tea, alcoholic liquors, tobacco, paper and stationery, and motor vehicles. The proportions of these imports have changed little for many years, except that motor vehicles have increased very rapidly during the last decade.
The following table shows the total imports for New Zealand during the last decade:—
IMPORTS, 1908–17. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Value. | Value per Head. | ||||||
Including Specie. | Excluding Specie. | Including Specie. | Excluding Specie. | |||||
* Excluding gold. | ||||||||
£ | £ | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
1908 | 17,471,284 | 17,247,162 | 18 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 5 | 0 |
1909 | 15,674,719 | 14,817,462 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 15 | 4 | 11 |
1910 | 17,051,583 | 16,748,223 | 17 | 3 | 6 | 16 | 17 | 5 |
1911 | 19,545,879 | 18,782,608 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 18 | 10 | 2 |
1912 | 20,976,574 | 20,576,579 | 20 | 3 | 9 | 19 | 16 | 1 |
1913 | 22,288,302 | 21,653,632 | 20 | 17 | 1 | 20 | 5 | 3 |
1914 | 21,856,096 | 21,144,227 | 20 | 0 | 11 | 19 | 7 | 10 |
1915 | 21,728,834 | 20,658,720 | 19 | 15 | 2 | 18 | 15 | 10 |
1916 | 26,339,283 | 25,045,403 | 23 | 19 | 2 | 22 | 15 | 7 |
1917* | 20,919,259 | 20,742,124 | 19 | 0 | 8 | 18 | 17 | 5 |
Throughout the following pages figures relating to the year 1917 are in all cases exclusive of gold. Particulars regarding both imports and exports of gold (specie and bullion) are, at the request of the Imperial Government, withheld from publication.
The main groups of imports according to the classification followed in the “Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand,” Volume ii, are given below for the five years 1913–17. Owing to the very varied nature of the import trade it is not possible to summarize it as satisfactorily as is possible with exports, and the classification is necessarily rough. The big totals for the general headings, such as “Other metals and manufactures,” indicate the difficulty of summarizing such varied articles.
MAIN GROUPS OF IMPORTS, 1913–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group of Principal Articles imported. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
* Includes methylated and perfumed spirits, and spirits of wine. * Excluding gold (specie and bullion). | |||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Apparel, including hats and caps | 1,554,361 | 1,438,838 | 1,172,998 | 1,675,782 | 1,346,505 |
Boots and shoes | 411,955 | 396,576 | 409,987 | 505,114 | 493,109 |
Drapery, haberdashery, linens, woollens, and other textiles | 2,403,178 | 2,382,911 | 2,470,036 | 3,703,338 | 2,783,291 |
Hosiery | 209,846 | 200,561 | 211,962 | 367,096 | 209,741 |
Silks | 97,591 | 140,261 | 201,854 | 293,101 | 277,962 |
Totals | 4,676,931 | 4,559,147 | 4,466,837 | 6,544,431 | 5,110,608 |
Iron and steel (pig, wrought, wire, &c., and galvanized) | 1,510,681 | 1,261,159 | 1,206,655 | 1,313,584 | 681,546 |
Railway and tramway plant | 269,412 | 164,198 | 288,536 | 94,842 | 44,007 |
Machinery | 1,039,307 | 967,568 | 893,383 | 948,858 | 777,353 |
Sewing and knitting machines | 54,971 | 43,948 | 47,013 | 50,789 | 62,946 |
Hardware and ironmongery | 472,137 | 408,654 | 309,754 | 390,840 | 294,951 |
Tools and implements (including agricultural) | 397,846 | 373,215 | 256,098 | 318,355 | 274,654 |
Nails | 58,272 | 58,592 | 61,829 | 101,740 | 66,092 |
Other metals and metal manufactures | 726,933 | 834,710 | 734,769 | 947,421 | 708,078 |
Totals | 4,529,559 | 4,112,044 | 3,798,037 | 4,166,429 | 2,909,627 |
Sugar | 812,528 | 699,307 | 1,069,096 | 986,766 | 1,136,722 |
Tea | 296,933 | 430,001 | 455,240 | 386,316 | 428,912 |
Totals | 1,109,461 | 1,129,308 | 1,524,336 | 1,373,082 | 1,565,634 |
Beer | 57,854 | 62,292 | 53,668 | 44,775 | 17,535 |
Spirits* | 398,225 | 413,427 | 405,628 | 743,510 | 528,797 |
Wine | 77,034 | 79,326 | 83,817 | 85,183 | 73,336 |
Tobacco | 466,159 | 614,029 | 533,876 | 717,822 | 446,308 |
Totals | 999,272 | 1,169,074 | 1,076,989 | 1,591,290 | 1,065,976 |
Paper | 377,494 | 378,535 | 386,996 | 590,530 | 485,300 |
Printed books | 248,668 | 252,160 | 233,058 | 258,125 | 236,267 |
Stationery | 232,960 | 224,099 | 198,590 | 269,308 | 207,789 |
Totals | 859,122 | 854,794 | 818,644 | 1,117,963 | 929,356 |
Miscellaneous (specified articles)— | |||||
Arms, ammunition, and explosives | 225,268 | 173,994 | 173,140 | 149,267 | 163,140 |
Automobiles, motorcars, and motor-cycles, and materials for | 1,021,613 | 1,158,143 | 1,037,079 | 1,668,895 | 1,254,608 |
Bags and sacks | 233,799 | 222,122 | 254,174 | 235,139 | 219,955 |
Bicycles and tricycles | 17,843 | 14,304 | 11,900 | 21,895 | 11,755 |
Bicycle and tricycle fittings | 116,020 | 41,048 | 96,369 | 105,431 | 80,204 |
Candles | 30,665 | 40,217 | 37,440 | 36,009 | 9,064 |
Canvas | 103,065 | 91,384 | 71,745 | 91,047 | 94,692 |
Carpeting and drug-geting | 100,984 | 101,442 | 78,327 | 128,214 | 82,703 |
Carts, carriages, and materials for | 81,161 | 92,782 | 68,525 | 47,273 | 41,573 |
Cement | 18,649 | 19,773 | 5,667 | 1,374 | 788 |
China, porcelain, earthenware, and Parian ware | 193,799 | 167,874 | 109,135 | 188,552 | 114,261 |
Coal | 466,286 | 558,564 | 344,495 | 189,526 | 214,152 |
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares | 442,614 | 639,038 | 680,122 | 890,980 | 741,776 |
Fancy goods and toys | 294,005 | 264,198 | 212,840 | 320,996 | 284,781 |
Fish (potted and preserved) | 90,545 | 92,058 | 87,736 | 92,821 | 104,819 |
Floorcloth and oilcloth | 145,172 | 92,165 | 81,079 | 101,337 | 54,482 |
Fruits (including fresh, preserved, bottled, and dried) | 322,101 | 375,358 | 410,842 | 458,417 | 493,733 |
Furniture, cabinet-ware, and upholstery | 110,493 | 49,914 | 31,152 | 41,012 | 32,072 |
Glass and glassware | 250,976 | 178,895 | 181,873 | 218,664 | 134,256 |
Leather and leather manufactures | 226,865 | 211,102 | 218,464 | 295,697 | 372,051 |
Manures | 377,422 | 512,193 | 476,584 | 342,580 | 328,762 |
Musical instruments and materials for | 164,021 | 150,453 | 124,025 | 157,188 | 116,062 |
Seeds | 148,277 | 157,815 | 327,290 | 219,502 | 294,520 |
Oil | 570,062 | 772,303 | 793,663 | 1,001,924 | 943,460 |
Timber | 504,931 | 404,582 | 305,685 | 166,817 | 160,914 |
Woolpacks and wool-pockets | 74,449 | 77,056 | 82,798 | 101,909 | 113,926 |
Total miscellaneous (specified articles) | 6,331,085 | 6,658,777 | 6,302,149 | 7,272,466 | 6,462,509 |
Other imports (excluding specie) | 3,148,202 | 2,661,083 | 2,671,728 | 2,979,742 | 2,698,414 |
Total imports (excluding specie) | 21,653,632 | 21,144,227 | 20,658,720 | 25,045,403 | 20,742,124 |
Specie imported | 634,670 | 711,869 | 1,070,114 | 1,293,880 | 177,135 |
Total imports | 22,288,302 | 21,856,096 | 21,728,834 | 26,339,283 | *20,919,259 |
As stated above, it is not possible to classify imports so completely as exports. There are two big groups of items, however, which are of dominating importance, and are, moreover, fairly homogeneous. The first, “Clothing and textiles,” comprises practically all woven articles; but the second, “Metals and machinery,” is not altogether complete, since there are many items in the “Miscellaneous” group which are metal manufactures. The other three groups are well defined, and the value imported in each is, on the whole, steady.
In the miscellaneous items the most noteworthy advance is that made by motor-cars and accessories; whereas prior to 1911 their value never exceeded £300,000 per annum, two years later it rose to over a million, and in 1916 amounted to £1,668,895.
The grand total of £26,339,283 shown for 1916 (over £4,600,000 more than in 1915) is very satisfactory, but it must be remembered that most (if not all) of this increase was attributable to higher prices ruling. No systematic investigation into the effects of higher prices on imports is possible, but a consideration of a few items would serve to show the trend of price-levels in 1915 and 1916. For instance, if the 131,248 dozen pairs of boots (valued at £394,684) imported in 1916 were valued on 1915 prices, the sum would amount to only £360,823, a clear gain for 1916 of £33,861. Similarly, oils imported in 1916 would have been worth about £80,000 less if valued on 1915 prices, and paper nearly £150,000 less. The decrease of over £5,400,000 in values of imports in 1917 as compared with 1916 accordingly indicates a greater reduction in quantity of imports than is shown by the figures given. As previously mentioned, this reduction is, of course, due to war conditions, and more particularly to the shortage of available shipping.
The increase in the last decade is shown by the following table, which, for each of the groups treated above, contrasts 1917 with 1907. A great increase will be evident in all the main items.
— | Years. | Annual Imports from | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United Kingdom. | British Possessions. | Foreign Countries. | Total | ||||
United States. | Germany. | Others. | |||||
* Excluding gold. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | ||
Textiles, boots and shoes, drapery and clothing | 1907 | 3,388,563 | 220,224 | 83,498 | 22,888 | 76,375 | 3,791,548 |
1917 | 3,783,199 | 265,781 | 303,671 | 30 | 757,927 | 5,110,608 | |
Iron and steel, machinery, hardware, tools, and other manufactures of iron and steel | 1907 | 2,616,684 | 357,003 | 472,572 | 65,855 | 71,667 | 3,583,781 |
1917 | 1,308,093 | 482,334 | 987,246 | 825 | 131,129 | 2,909,627 | |
Sugar and tea | 1907 | 854 | 832,633 | 4,701 | 84 | 438 | 839,710 |
1917 | 18 | 1,539,943 | 14,504 | .. | 11,169 | 1,565,634 | |
Beer, wine, spirits, and tobacco | 1907 | 450,015 | 144,728 | 169,355 | 10,959 | 30,732 | 805,789 |
1917 | 693,064 | 218,927 | 69,146 | 3 | 84,836 | 1,065,976 | |
Paper, books, and stationery | 1907 | 449,520 | 136,594 | 35,838 | 19,072 | 8,838 | 649,862 |
1917 | 462,869 | 257,404 | 149,813 | 56 | 59,214 | 929,356 | |
Miscellaneous articles | 1907 | 3,372,329 | 2,212,027 | 659,632 | 232,776 | 393,253 | 6,870,017 |
1917 | 2,169,626 | 3,163,830 | 2,769,899 | 1,402 | 1,056,166 | 9,160,923 | |
Specie | 1907 | 54 | 760,955 | .. | .. | 2,145 | 763,154 |
1917 | 177,135 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 177,135 | |
Total imports* | 1907 | 10,278,019 | 4,664,164 | 1,425,596 | 351,634 | 583,448 | 17,302,861 |
1917 | 8,594,010 | 5,928,219 | 4,294,279 | 2,316 | 2,100,441 | 20,919,259 |
Note.—In the above table import figures for 1907 are as for countries of shipment; those for 1917 are as for countries of origin.
The subjoined table exhibits the value of the imports received at each port in New Zealand during 1917, together with average annual values for the four preceding quinquennial periods. The general decrease in the value of imports in 1917 as compared with the previous year is shared in varying proportions between all the ports of the Dominion. Wellington, which showed a phenomenal increase in 1916, has fallen back by over £2,500,000.
In several cases the figures for 1917 have altered the relative positions of the ports. Invercargill displaces Napier for the position of fifth port, while Wanganui is now slightly ahead of Timaru, and New Plymouth shows a lead over Gisborne.
It will be observed that the number of ports participating in the direct importing trade of the Dominion is large. The four chief ports are far in advance of the rest, and amongst them the North shows a more rapid progress, so that now Lyttelton and Dunedin combined do not receive so much as either Wellington or Auckland.
The imports credited to each port consist of the goods actually landed over the wharf at that port, not, as in the case of exports, of the goods credited to the district in which they are produced. The figures given in the following table therefore represent the actual shipping import trade of each port, though from the central ports the goods are afterwards distributed over the country either by rail or by coastal shipping:—
IMPORTS BY PORTS. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Port. | Yearly Average of Quinquennial Periods. | 1917. | |||
1897–1901. | 1902–6. | 1907–11. | 1912–16. | ||
* Parcels-post now included under the headings of the various ports. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Wellington | 2,353,678 | 3,897,314 | 4,979,747 | 6,881,216 | 6,730,576 |
Auckland | 2,434,444 | 3,250,124 | 4,786,242 | 6,683,080 | 6,413,477 |
Lyttelton | 1,600,056 | 2,154,373 | 2,670,757 | 3,418,749 | 3,243,861 |
Dunedin | 1,914,319 | 2,112,128 | 2,467,786 | 2,783,086 | 2,563,524 |
Invercargill | 251,633 | 349,532 | 501,344 | 577,029 | 413,287 |
Napier | 201,157 | 261,940 | 417,597 | 570,557 | 401,783 |
Wanganui | 123,017 | 167,188 | 233,082 | 281,545 | 248,954 |
Timaru | 133,732 | 196,022 | 303,622 | 376,691 | 233,065 |
New Plymouth | 60,939 | 89,975 | 132,056 | 192,901 | 194,671 |
Gisborne | 40,054 | 70,519 | 143,521 | 201,660 | 147,040 |
Nelson | 133,467 | 133,812 | 126,836 | 147,835 | 91,898 |
Oamaru | 45,251 | 59,896 | 68,750 | 89,783 | 78,614 |
Greymouth | 52,640 | 74,203 | 108,370 | 101,552 | 60,436 |
Wairau (including Picton) | 14,016 | 25,028 | 38,297 | 54,825 | 41,726 |
Westport | 28,815 | 34,562 | 53,801 | 43,718 | 23,180 |
Patea | 14,037 | 20,411 | 27,520 | 30,072 | 21,092 |
Tauranga | 3,146 | 2,704 | 3,628 | 5,494 | 6,036 |
Hokitika | 14,696 | 13,989 | 17,126 | 10,768 | 5,005 |
Kaipara | 5,419 | 6,002 | 10,188 | 5,509 | 1,034 |
Parcels-post | 73,377 | 169,748 | 318,995 | * | * |
Totals | 9,497,893 | 13,089,470 | 17,409,265 | 22,637,817 | 20,919,259 |
Information as to the amount of certain principal articles of food and drink entered for home consumption on importation and ex warehouse is given in the tables which follow. The figures shown for beer include also beer manufactured in the Dominion on which excise duty was paid. In all other cases the articles specified are not produced (in the raw) in the Dominion, or, if so, only in very small quantities, so that the figures shown in the second of the tables practically represent the per capita consumption of the various commodities. Coffee-essence, of which £9,453 worth was entered for home consumption in 1917, is not included in the figures given for coffee.
TOTAL AMOUNTS ENTERED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Article. | Unit of Quantity. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
Tea | lb. | 7,070,429 | 9,937,248 | 9,148,578 | 7,977,963 | 8,793,057 |
Coffee, raw and roasted | lb. | 320,064 | 338,042 | 343,501 | 375,408 | 365,351 |
Cocoa and chocolate* | lb. | 597,656 | 555,292 | 774,880 | 685,639 | 235,213 |
Cocoa-beans | lb. | 504,215 | 669,211 | 574,965 | 1,124,373 | 1,011,811 |
Rice | lb. | 6,619,648 | 9,808,400 | 9,171,232 | 8,042,944 | 10,261,328 |
Sago and tapioca | lb. | 2,800,560 | 3,487,456 | 2,715,104 | 2,928,800 | 3,558,016 |
Currants, dried | lb. | 944,053 | 3,366,514 | 2,455,674 | 1,571,232 | 1,808,475 |
Raisins | lb. | 3,132,827 | 4,913,674 | 6,535,863 | 6,253,293 | 5,479,282 |
Figs, dates, and prunes | lb. | 2,976,075 | 3,166,768 | 3,851,558 | 2,758,546 | 2,415,312 |
Sugar | Cwt. | 1,291,020 | 1,012,899 | 1,333,649 | 1,246,457 | 1,368,056 |
Salt | Cwt. | 477,720 | 422,740 | 437,620 | 637,160 | 319,820 |
Spices | lb. | 608,367 | 757,216 | 705,530 | 717,584 | 892,798 |
Mustard | lb. | 254,053 | 239,500 | 236,618 | 332,365 | 154,640 |
Tobacco | lb. | 3,024,506 | 3,147,515 | 3,173,152 | 3,075,756 | 3,104,709 |
Beer | Gal. | 10,300,416 | 10,649,090 | 10,865,764 | 11,477,046 | 11,416,475 |
Wine | Gal. | 147,137 | 156,513 | 163,248 | 138,806 | 142,893 |
Spirits | Gal. | 869,124 | 877,173 | 932,547 | 769,964 | 750,729 |
AMOUNTS PER HEAD ENTERED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Article. | Unit of Quantity. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | Average of Five Years. |
* Not including chocolate confectionery. | |||||||
(a.) Including Maoris. | |||||||
Tea | lb. | 6.32 | 8.72 | 7.96 | 6.94 | 7.65 | 7.52 |
Coffee, raw and roasted | lb. | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.31 |
Cocoa and chocolate* | lb. | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.50 |
Cocoa-beans | lb. | 0.45 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 0.68 |
Rice | lb. | 5.92 | 8.60 | 6.98 | 7.00 | 8.93 | 7.49 |
Sago and tapioca | lb. | 2.50 | 3.06 | 2.36 | 2.55 | 3.10 | 2.71 |
Currants, dried | lb. | 0.84 | 2.95 | 2.14 | 1.37 | 1.57 | 1.77 |
Raisins | lb. | 2.81 | 4.31 | 5.69 | 5.44 | 4.77 | 4.60 |
Figs, dates, and prunes | lb. | 2.66 | 2.78 | 3.35 | 2.40 | 2.10 | 2.66 |
Sugar | lb. | 128.80 | 99.68 | 129.92 | 120.96 | 133.48 | 122.09 |
Salt | lb. | 48.16 | 41.44 | 42.56 | 61.60 | 31.36 | 40.32 |
Spices | lb. | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.64 |
Mustard | lb. | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.21 |
Tobacco | lb. | 2.70 | 2.76 | 2.76 | 2.68 | 2.70 | 2.72 |
Beer | Gal. | 9.21 | 9.34 | 9.46 | 9.99 | 9.94 | 9.59 |
Wine | Gal. | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 |
Spirits | Gal. | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.74 |
(b.) Excluding Maoris. | |||||||
Tea | lb. | 6.62 | 9.11 | 8.32 | 7.26 | 8.00 | 7.86 |
Coffee, raw and roasted | lb. | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
Cocoa and chocolate* | lb. | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.70 | 0.62 | 0.21 | 0.52 |
Cocoa-beans | lb. | 0.47 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 1.02 | 0.92 | 0.71 |
Rice | lb. | 6.19 | 9.00 | 8.32 | 7.32 | 9.34 | 8.03 |
Sago and tapioca | lb. | 2.62 | 3.20 | 2.47 | 2.66 | 3.24 | 2.84 |
Currants, dried | lb. | 0.88 | 3.09 | 2.23 | 1.43 | 1.65 | 1.86 |
Raisins | lb. | 2.93 | 4.51 | 5.94 | 5.69 | 4.99 | 4.81 |
Figs, dates, and prunes | lb. | 2.78 | 2.90 | 3.50 | 2.51 | 2.20 | 2.78 |
Sugar | lb. | 135.52 | 104.16 | 135.52 | 126.56 | 138.88 | 128.13 |
Salt | lb. | 50.40 | 43.68 | 44.80 | 64.96 | 32.48 | 47.26 |
Spices | lb. | 0.57 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.81 | 0.67 |
Mustard | lb. | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.22 |
Tobacco | lb. | 2.83 | 2.89 | 2.89 | 2.80 | 2.82 | 2.85 |
Beer | Gal. | 9.64 | 9.77 | 9.88 | 10.44 | 10.39 | 10.00 |
Wine | lb. | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
Spirits | lb. | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.77 |
Whilst the average consumption of the main items of food and drink is naturally very steady from year to year, the only figures which showed uninterrupted increase until 1917 were those for coffee and beer. These two items fell slightly in 1917 as compared with the previous year. Cocoa is evidently advancing in popular favour. The fluctuations in dried fruits are due to repeated wars in the part of the world from which they mainly come. The importation of sugar in 1915 more than redressed the balance of the previous year, when the Fiji crop was a partial failure.
In 1914 the statistics, both of imports and exports, were collected for the first time upon a new plan, a statistical classification being adopted, which assembles the items in well-defined classes, so that all similar commodities are grouped as far as may be. The advantages of a stereotyped classification of this kind over an alphabetical arrangement of items are obvious. In the preparation of the classes adopted, a good deal of weight has been attached to the recommendations of the Dominions Royal Commission which toured New Zealand in 1913. In a memorandum prepared for the Commission, Professor A. L. Bowley submitted a scheme for uniformity of statistical work within the Empire, and suggested that New Zealand statistics should follow as closely as possible the lines laid down by Australia. The advantages of similarity of treatment in Australia and New Zealand are apparent, and in the classification of imports and exports, as in other matters, the statistics of New Zealand are being made comparable with those of Australia as far as possible.
The main classes of imports in 1917 are presented below:—
IMPORTS BY CLASSES, 1917. | ||
---|---|---|
No. | Class. | Value in 1917. |
* Excluding gold. | ||
£ | ||
I | Foodstuffs of animal origin (excluding live animals) | 192,526 |
II | Foodstuffs of vegetable origin, and common salt | 2,609,457 |
III | Beverages (non-alcoholic) and substances used in making up the same | 510,248 |
IV | Spirits and alcoholic liquors | 621,306 |
V | Tobacco and preparations thereof | 446,308 |
VI | Live animals | 19,265 |
VII | Animal substances (mainly unmanufactured) not being foodstuffs | 22,875 |
VIII | Vegetable substances and non-manufactured fibres | 515,894 |
IXA | Apparel | 2,332,196 |
IXB | Textiles | 2,989,657 |
IXC | Manufactured fibres | 438,047 |
X | Oils, fats, and waxes | 1,046,811 |
XI | Paints and varnishes | 180,964 |
XII | Stones and minerals used industrially | 241,037 |
XIII | Specie | 177,135 |
XIVA | Metal unmanufactured, partially manufactured, and ores | 239,677 |
XIVB | Metal manufactures, other than machinery and machines | 1,654,523 |
XV | Machinery and machines | 956,132 |
XVIA | Indiarubber and manufactures thereof (not including tires) | 42,734 |
XVIB | Leather and manufactures thereof, including substitutes | 389,164 |
XVIIA | Timber | 160,914 |
XVIIB | Wood, cane, and wicker manufactures | 83,827 |
XVIII | Earthenware, china, glass, stoneware, cements and cement materials | 249,305 |
XIXA | Paper | 493,729 |
XIXB | Stationery | 435,627 |
XX | Jewellery, timepieces, and fancy goods | 398,071 |
XXI | Optical, surgical, and scientific instruments | 259,278 |
XXIIA | Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares | 741,776 |
XXIIB | Manures | 328,762 |
XXIII | Miscellaneous | 2,142,014 |
Total* | 20,919,259 |
From the above table it can be seen that New Zealand's largest group of imports in 1917 was that containing textiles (Class IXB). This group shows a decrease, as compared with 1916, of nearly £1,000,000, and this in spite of higher price-values ruling during 1917. The total for Group IX amounted in 1917 to £5,759,900, or 27.53 per cent. of all imports.
Class II shows an increase of over £300,000 when compared with the figure for the previous year. This increase is largely due to increases in the quantities and values of sugar, wheat, and flour imported.
With the exception of Class II and several of the less important classes, all groups show decreases as compared with the figures for 1916.
The import trade of the Dominion, though spread over more countries than the export trade, is yet confined mainly to the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States. In the days of the first settlement Australia was the source from which the young colony drew most of its supplies, and for a long period imports from Australia overshadowed imports from the United Kingdom. The proportion of imports from Australia has, however, tended to decrease steadily till from 60 per cent. in 1862 it has fallen to about 14 per cent. in recent years. It is noticeable, however, that in a year of low imports the proportion brought from Australia increases.
Most of the goods brought to New Zealand from overseas come from the United Kingdom, which in normal times supplies about 60 per cent. of the total imports. The proportion has fallen a good deal of recent years—in the “eighties” and “nineties” the figure was nearer 70 per cent. than 60 per cent. on the average.
The cause of this decline is to be found in the development of trade with other countries in quite recent years, particularly with Germany, the United States, Japan, and in a less degree with France, Belgium, Holland, and other European countries. The United States was sending goods to New Zealand practically from the foundation of the colony, and the share of the imports received from that country steadily increased, till in the first decade of the present century it was 11 or 12 per cent. But the adoption of Imperial preference seems to have caused a drop in the figure to about 7 per cent., though the proportion is steadily climbing again, and has now more than reached its old level. Trade with Germany developed steadily during the decade preceding the outbreak of war.
India captured the New Zealand jute-market in the early “eighties,” and since then there has been a regular import of corn-sacks, woolpacks, &c. In former times the colony imported its sugar from Mauritius, but after 1890 Fiji supplanted Mauritius, so that the imports from the Pacific islands are swelled to 4 per cent., while Mauritius practically disappears from the list of countries. Similarly the import of tea from China gave way about the same time to imports from Ceylon.
The present position is illustrated by the tables which follow. It will be seen that, while German trade has naturally ceased, and imports from the United Kingdom are less than in any year since 1905, the remaining six countries have maintained a high level. The figures for India and Fiji are the highest ever recorded.
IMPORTS FROM PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES, 1898–1917. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | United Kingdom. | Australia. | Canada. | India. | Ceylon. | Fiji. | United States. | Germany |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1898 | 5,148,833 | 1,158,865 | 71,491 | 202,295 | 113,813 | 320,886 | 800,411 | 153,102 |
1899 | 5,526,645 | 1,336,828 | 63,250 | 213,041 | 116,833 | 250,706 | 775,309 | 160,605 |
1900 | 6,504,484 | 1,776,978 | 41,165 | 256,779 | 123,333 | 364,510 | 1,061,873 | 182,074 |
1901 | 6,885,831 | 1,979,320 | 42,178 | 332,747 | 134,742 | 349,706 | 1,415,267 | 198,521 |
1902 | 6,851,452 | 1,715,295 | 53,374 | 286,061 | 125,891 | 327,972 | 1,318,937 | 210,560 |
1903 | 7,512,668 | 2,154,966 | 68,329 | 252,570 | 138,959 | 461,988 | 1,441,358 | 274,297 |
1904 | 7,982,340 | 1,893,036 | 113,485 | 276,106 | 172,759 | 516,539 | 1,527,915 | 308,804 |
1905 | 7,795,284 | 1,815,717 | 96,119 | 297,128 | 179,809 | 456,629 | 1,438,501 | 277,467 |
1906 | 9,003,229 | 2,775,312 | 157,088 | 290,725 | 189,288 | 378,050 | 1,405,781 | 336,960 |
1907 | 10,278,019 | 3,127,553 | 215,232 | 370,655 | 220,102 | 625,644 | 1,425,596 | 351,634 |
1908 | 10,441,837 | 2,841,426 | 268,259 | 345,180 | 210,675 | 557,709 | 1,643,937 | 389,531 |
1909 | 9,287,786 | 2,764,210 | 198,384 | 367,999 | 230,499 | 590,214 | 1,166,063 | 327,847 |
1910 | 10,498,771 | 2,359,393 | 261,402 | 399,991 | 248,476 | 580,084 | 1,399,737 | 391,795 |
1911 | 11,787,300 | 2,944,991 | 283,410 | 326,360 | 275,672 | 728,806 | 1,682,129 | 480,617 |
1912 | 12,499,787 | 2,583,887 | 394,249 | 395,298 | 289,008 | 764,790 | 2,049,618 | 653,230 |
1913 | 13,312,193 | 2,914,848 | 452,519 | 421,209 | 275,350 | 846,493 | 2,107,990 | 687,935 |
1914 | 11,985,946 | 3,376,371 | 479,140 | 486,978 | 394,444 | 738,751 | 2,282,966 | 620,400 |
1915 | 11,141,067 | 3,554,535 | 797,816 | 527,942 | 408,697 | 1,128,959 | 2,600,248 | 7,790 |
1916 | 13,869,455 | 4,002,171 | 757,286 | 572,257 | 366,753 | 1,053,754 | 3,969,925 | 4,287 |
1917 | 8,817,513 | 3,660,931 | 757,041 | 612,063 | 353,613 | 1,203,372 | 3,900,658 | 733 |
The next table gives greater detail, and shows all the main countries which shipped goods to New Zealand, arranged in geographical order. A quinquennial comparison is made so as to eliminate any temporary fluctuations.
IMPORTS FROM MAIN COUNTRIES, 1913–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
* Excluding gold. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
British Possessions. | |||||
United Kingdom | 13,312,193 | 11,985,946 | 11,141,067 | 13,869,455 | 8,817,513 |
Europe— | |||||
Gibraltar | 2 | 1 | 21 | 1 | 1 |
Malta | 283 | 74 | 270 | 98 | 15 |
285 | 75 | 291 | 99 | 16 | |
Asia— | |||||
Burma | 17,569 | 29,026 | 30,944 | 44,916 | 38,553 |
Ceylon | 275,350 | 394,444 | 408,697 | 366,753 | 353,613 |
Hong Kong | 14,747 | 32,472 | 27,809 | 29,041 | 20,677 |
India | 421,209 | 486,978 | 527,942 | 572,257 | 612,063 |
Straits Settlements | 68,484 | 57,499 | 43,328 | 51,418 | 62,678 |
Other Asiatic possessions | 779 | 452 | 36 | 189 | 1,509 |
798,138 | 1,000,871 | 1,038,756 | 1,064,575 | 1,089,093 | |
Africa— | |||||
South African Union | 7,796 | 33,229 | 42,654 | 71,300 | 56,392 |
Other African possessions | 109 | 13,513 | 14,119 | 685 | 4 |
7,905 | 46,742 | 56,773 | 71,985 | 56,396 | |
America— | |||||
British West Indies | 2,211 | 6,511 | 4,069 | 6,192 | 4,293 |
Canada via East Coast | 452,519 | 380,340 | 545,885 | 440,171 | 438,563 |
Canada via West Coast | 98,800 | 251,931 | 317,115 | 318,478 | |
Newfoundland | 149 | .. | 69 | 2,029 | 2,473 |
454,879 | 485,651 | 801,954 | 765,507 | 763,827 | |
Pacific Islands— | |||||
Australia | 2,914,848 | 3,376,371 | 3,554,535 | 4,002,171 | 3,660,931 |
Fiji | 846,493 | 738,751 | 1,128,959 | 1,053,754 | 1,203,372 |
Other Pacific islands | 13,508 | 15,377 | 4,802 | 5,915 | 154 |
3,774,849 | 4,130,499 | 4,388,296 | 5,061,840 | 4,864,457 | |
Foreign Countries. | |||||
Europe— | |||||
Austria | 17,863 | 11,228 | 458 | 259 | .. |
Belgium | 203,526 | 110,391 | 3,551 | 4,330 | 414 |
Denmark | 15,169 | 9,804 | 36,175 | 41,671 | 66,801 |
France | 150,777 | 147,877 | 132,201 | 113,352 | 33,731 |
Germany | 687,935 | 620,400 | 7,790 | 4,287 | 733 |
Greece | 10,907 | 25,043 | 20,793 | 31 | 2 |
Hungary | 489 | 551 | .. | .. | .. |
Italy | 65,425 | 55,315 | 94,839 | 103,486 | 79,414 |
Netherlands | 84,015 | 127,038 | 84,205 | 70,860 | 20,873 |
Norway | 53,850 | 67,771 | 76,291 | 62,467 | 43,343 |
Portugal | 5,551 | 6,008 | 4,806 | 6,165 | 771 |
Russia | 13,131 | 6,198 | 1,211 | 1,017 | 501 |
Spain | 14,928 | 14,518 | 9,951 | 14,456 | 3,751 |
Sweden | 93,093 | 79,817 | 94,916 | 102,760 | 99,299 |
Switzerland | 67,623 | 67,827 | 49,071 | 72,160 | 48,972 |
Turkey | 7,927 | 13,974 | 2,846 | .. | .. |
Other European countries | 1 | .. | .. | 9 | .. |
1,492,210 | 1,363,760 | 619,104 | 597,310 | 398,605 | |
Asia— | |||||
Asiatic Turkey | 17,215 | 32,805 | 5,953 | 6,110 | 7,359 |
China | 24,448 | 32,847 | 35,539 | 69,124 | 70,711 |
Japan | 151,106 | 187,501 | 304,322 | 562,974 | 628,822 |
Java | 50,490 | 57,412 | 32,660 | 40,622 | 34,490 |
Philippine Islands | 16,040 | 20,012 | 24,187 | 31,270 | 26,389 |
Sumatra | 30,289 | 135,843 | 183,450 | 109,240 | 87,967 |
Other Asiatic countries | 4,377 | 4,062 | 1,669 | 4,203 | 15,141 |
293,965 | 470,480 | 587,780 | 823,543 | 870,879 | |
Africa— | |||||
Egypt | 2,234 | 1,741 | 5,724 | 43,634 | 48,449 |
Other African countries | 156 | 39,004 | 11,620 | 23 | 3,144 |
2,390 | 40,745 | 17,344 | 43,657 | 51,593 | |
America— | |||||
Argentina | 3 | 23 | 1,452 | 81 | 209 |
Brazil | 124 | 165 | 145 | 170 | .. |
Chile | .. | 1 | 1,258 | 521 | 8,360 |
Cuba | 3,082 | 7,780 | 4,327 | 3,550 | 6,605 |
United States of America— | |||||
Via East Coast | 1,715,342 | 1,851,046 | 1,693,325 | 2,577,449 | 2,672,640 |
Via West Coast | 392,648 | 431,920 | 906,923 | 1,392,476 | 1,228,018 |
Other American Countries | 71 | 314 | 133 | 3,372 | 1,088 |
2,111,270 | 2,291,249 | 2,607,563 | 3,977,619 | 3,916,920 | |
Pacific Islands— | |||||
German Samoa | 1,823 | 8,049 | 52,045 | 19,317 | 16,301 |
Hawaii | 55 | 367 | 1,015 | 2,545 | 3,757 |
New Caledonia | 8,023 | 3 | 12,173 | 4,042 | 11,067 |
Society Islands | 14,305 | 19,423 | 29,189 | 10,950 | 16,137 |
Tonga | 15,708 | 12,122 | 29,853 | 4,145 | 1,409 |
Tuamotu Archipelago | .. | 100 | 45,578 | 22,664 | 41,271 |
Other Pacific islands | 304 | 14 | 53 | 30 | 8 |
40,218 | 40,078 | 169,906 | 63,693 | 89,950 | |
Antarctica | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 |
Grand total | 22,288,302 | 21,856,096 | 21,728,834 | 26,339,283 | 20,919,259* |
In 1914 a change was made in the system of compilation of trade statistics, and for the first time statistics of imports were obtained for countries of origin as well as countries of shipment. Before 1914 it was the practice to credit imports to the country from which the goods were shipped to the Dominion, and considerable care was taken to ensure that the original port of shipment was ascertained. But there was no means of discovering where the goods were actually made, and this was felt to be a great gap in the statistics. Arrangements were made accordingly, so that importers are now required to declare the country of origin as well as the country of shipment of all goods imported. The following table permits the study of imports under both headings:—
IMPORTS FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES IN 1917. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country. | Imports according to | |||
Country of Shipment. | Country of Origin. | |||
Value. | Per Cent. of Total. | Value. | Per Cent. of Total. | |
£ | £ | |||
United Kingdom | 8,817,513 | 42.15 | 8,594,004 | 41.08 |
British Possessions. | ||||
Europe— | ||||
Gibraltar | 1 | .. | .. | .. |
Malta | 15 | .. | 325 | .. |
16 | .. | 325 | .. | |
Asia— | ||||
Burma | 38,553 | 0.18 | 64,291 | 0.31 |
Ceylon | 353,613 | 1.69 | 397,419 | 1.90 |
Hong Kong | 20,677 | 0.10 | 15,211 | 0.07 |
India | 612,063 | 2.93 | 646,196 | 3.09 |
Straits Settlements | 62,678 | 0.30 | 69,446 | 0.33 |
Other Asiatic possessions | 1,509 | 0.01 | 2,894 | 0.01 |
1,089,093 | 5.21 | 1,195,457 | 5.71 | |
Africa— | ||||
British West Africa | .. | .. | 517 | .. |
Mauritius | 1 | .. | 1 | .. |
South African Union | 56,392 | 0.27 | 98,538 | 0.47 |
Other African possessions | 3 | .. | 31 | .. |
56,396 | 0.27 | 99,087 | 0.47 | |
America— | ||||
British West Indies | 4,293 | 0.02 | 14,486 | 0.07 |
Canada via East Coast | 438,563 | 2.10 | 771,952 | 3.69 |
Canada via West Coast | 318,498 | 1.52 | ||
Newfoundland | 2,473 | 0.01 | 2,665 | 0.01 |
Other American possessions | .. | .. | 40 | .. |
763,827 | 3.65 | 789,143 | 3.77 | |
Pacific Islands— | ||||
Australia | 3,660,931 | 17.50 | 2,636,149 | 12.60 |
Fiji | 1,203,372 | 5.75 | 1,198,589 | 5.73 |
Gilbert and Ellice Islands | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Other Pacific possessions | 154 | .. | 9,469 | 0.05 |
4,864,457 | 23.25 | 3,844,207 | 18.38 | |
Foreign Countries. | ||||
Europe— | ||||
Austria | .. | .. | 25 | .. |
Belgium | 414 | .. | 5,647 | 0.03 |
Denmark | 66,801 | 0.32 | 77,227 | 0.37 |
France | 33,731 | 0.16 | 258,574 | 1.24 |
Germany | 733 | 0.01 | 2,316 | 0.01 |
Greece | 2 | .. | 1,348 | 0.01 |
Italy | 79,414 | 0.38 | 164,930 | 0.79 |
Luxemburg | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Netherlands | 20,873 | 0.10 | 50,336 | 0.24 |
Norway | 43,343 | 0.21 | 52,935 | 0.25 |
Portugal | 771 | 0.01 | 7,267 | 0.03 |
Russia | 501 | .. | 11,010 | 0.05 |
Spain | 3,751 | 0.02 | 16,581 | 0.08 |
Sweden | 99,299 | 0.47 | 109,241 | 0.52 |
Switzerland | 48,972 | 0.23 | 206,329 | 0.99 |
Turkey | .. | .. | 61 | .. |
Other European countries | .. | .. | 145 | .. |
398,605 | 1.91 | 963,911 | 4.61 | |
Asia— | ||||
Asiatic Turkey | 7,359 | 0.04 | 12,477 | 0.06 |
China | 70,711 | 0.34 | 94,163 | 0.45 |
Dutch Borneo | 11,348 | 0.05 | 12,295 | 0.06 |
Japan | 628,822 | 3.00 | 693,808 | 3.32 |
Java | 34,490 | 0.17 | 47,180 | 0.23 |
Persia | 41 | .. | 575 | .. |
Philippine Islands | 26,389 | 0.12 | 27,915 | 0.13 |
Sarawak and Brunei | 443 | .. | 443 | .. |
Sumatra | 87,967 | 0.42 | 88,119 | 0.42 |
Other Asiatic countries | 3,309 | 0.02 | 4,686 | 0.02 |
870,879 | 4.16 | 981,661 | 4.69 | |
Africa— | ||||
Egypt | 48,449 | 0.23 | 45,134 | 0.22 |
Madagascar | 1 | .. | 230 | .. |
Morocco | 3 | .. | 1,522 | 0.01 |
Zanzibar | 94 | .. | 934 | .. |
Other African countries | 3,046 | 0.02 | 1,119 | 0.01 |
51,593 | 0.25 | 48,939 | 0.24 | |
America— | ||||
Alaska | 425 | .. | 449 | .. |
Brazil | .. | .. | 509 | .. |
Chile | 8,360 | 0.04 | 8,975 | 0.04 |
Cuba | 6,605 | 0.03 | 7,789 | 0.04 |
Guatemala | 107 | .. | 213 | .. |
United States of America— | ||||
Via East Coast | 2,672,640 | 12.78 | 4,294,279 | 20.53 |
Via West Coast | 1,228,018 | 5.87 | ||
Other American countries | 765 | .. | 3,333 | 0.02 |
3,916,920 | 18.72 | 4,315,547 | 20.63 | |
Pacific Islands— | ||||
German Samoa | 16,301 | 0.08 | 15,465 | 0.07 |
Hawaii | 3,757 | 0.01 | 3,979 | 0.02 |
New Caledonia | 11,067 | 0.05 | 11,024 | 0.05 |
Society Islands | 16,137 | 0.08 | 14,582 | 0.07 |
Tonga | 1,409 | 0.01 | 650 | 0.01 |
Tuamotu Archipelago | 41,271 | 0.20 | 41,271 | 0.20 |
Other Pacific islands | 8 | .. | 7 | .. |
89,950 | 0.43 | 86,978 | 0.42 | |
Antarctica | 10 | .. | .. | .. |
Grand total | 20,919,259 | 100.00 | 20,919,259 | 100.00 |
Direct shipments from the United Kingdom, it will be seen, exceed by over £200,000 the imports of goods manufactured in that country. In view, however, of the considerable quantity of British goods that enter New Zealand by way of Australia it would not be correct to take that figure as measuring the re-export trade done by Great Britain in goods from abroad intended for the Dominion.
Australia acts as a re-exporting centre for a certain proportion of goods received from Ceylon and India, just as Hong Kong does for Chinese goods. The British West Indies still produce considerably more of the imports than they ship direct. The 1917 figures for Canada are practically level. In the case of the United States, goods to the value of nearly £400,000 were imported indirectly in 1917.
The goods produced in European countries are often shipped via United Kingdom, and, as was expected, the total produce of these countries in every instance greatly exceeds the value shipped direct from their ports. The most important country, Prance, affords a good illustration of the position. Asiatic countries generally show similar results. Hong Kong and Australia take part of the Eastern entrepôt trade. United States seems to ship to New Zealand a considerable quantity of goods made in Canada.
In the exports subsection of this book it has been shown that New Zealand is a primary-producing country—i.e., her exports consist principally of raw materials. It was also pointed out that the largest proportion of imports was of manufactures. The following table, grouped in the same manner as the export table referred to, illustrates this statement. Of the total (£20,919,259), the United Kingdom supplied £8,594,004, or 41.08 per cent. Manufactured articles imported amounted to £15,067,058, of which the Mother-country supplied £7,246,967, or 48.10 per cent. The figures given refer to countries of origin.
Countries. | Food, Drink, and Tobacco. | Raw Materials and Articles mainly unmanufactured. | Articles wholly or mainly manufactured. | Miscellaneous and Unclassified. | Bullion and Specie.* | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Excluding gold. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
United Kingdom | 853,587 | 148,747 | 7,246,967 | 167,070 | 177,633 | 8,594,004 |
British Possessions. | ||||||
Europe— | ||||||
Malta | .. | .. | 325 | .. | .. | 325 |
Asia— | ||||||
Aden | 262 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 264 |
British North Borneo Protectorate | .. | .. | 2,616 | .. | .. | 2,616 |
Burma | 26,822 | .. | 37,469 | .. | .. | 64,291 |
Ceylon | 393,130 | 1,963 | 2,300 | 20 | .. | 397,419 |
Cyprus | 1 | .. | 13 | .. | .. | 14 |
Hong Kong | 12,909 | 751 | 1,551 | .. | .. | 15,211 |
India | 65,515 | 49,430 | 528,916 | 2,335 | .. | 646,196 |
Straits Settlements | 66,675 | 1,930 | 841 | .. | .. | 69,446 |
Africa— | ||||||
British East Africa Protectorate | 28 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28 |
British West Africa | 15 | .. | 502 | .. | .. | 517 |
Mauritius | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
Nyasaland Protectorate | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
South African Union | 16,823 | 31,264 | 50,433 | 18 | .. | 98,538 |
Southern Rhodesia | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 2 |
America— | ||||||
British Guiana | 40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 40 |
British West Indies | 12,924 | .. | 1,562 | .. | .. | 14,486 |
Canada | 88,761 | 21,470 | 617,325 | 44,396 | .. | 771,952 |
Newfoundland | .. | .. | 2,665 | .. | .. | 2,665 |
Pacific Islands— | ||||||
Australia | 1,018,105 | 432,943 | 1,150,763 | 33,668 | 670 | 2,636,149 |
British Solomon Islands Protectorate | .. | 1 | 3 | .. | .. | 4 |
Fiji | 1,198,163 | 252 | 173 | 1 | .. | 1,198,589 |
New Zealand | 115 | 35 | 941 | 7,721 | .. | 8,812 |
Norfolk Island | 89 | 104 | 1 | .. | .. | 194 |
Papua | .. | 459 | .. | .. | .. | 459 |
Foreign Countries and Possessions. | ||||||
Europe— | ||||||
Austria | .. | .. | 25 | .. | .. | 25 |
Belgium | .. | .. | 5,647 | .. | .. | 5,647 |
Bulgaria | .. | .. | 43 | .. | .. | 43 |
Crete | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
Denmark | 783 | .. | 10,404 | 66,040 | .. | 77,227 |
Prance | 53,695 | 559 | 197,296 | 7,024 | .. | 258,574 |
Germany | 8 | 71 | 2,237 | .. | .. | 2,316 |
Greece | 359 | .. | 989 | .. | .. | 1,348 |
Iceland | 40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 40 |
Italy | 23,384 | 37 | 140,698 | 811 | .. | 164,930 |
Netherlands | 26,555 | 5 | 20,454 | 3,322 | .. | 50,336 |
Norway | 22,515 | .. | 30,404 | 16 | .. | 52,935 |
Portugal | 5,856 | 1,396 | 15 | .. | .. | 7,267 |
Russia | 32 | .. | 6,096 | 4,882 | .. | 11,010 |
Spain | 5,334 | 10,387 | 860 | .. | .. | 16,581 |
Sweden | 248 | 7,157 | 93,106 | 8,730 | .. | 109,241 |
Switzerland | 8,705 | .. | 196,925 | 699 | .. | 206,329 |
Turkey | .. | .. | 61 | .. | .. | 61 |
Countries. | Food, Drink, and Tobacco. | Raw Materials and Articles mainly unmanufactured. | Articles wholly or mainly manufactured. | Miscellaneous and Unclassified. | Bullion and Specie.* | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Excluding gold. | ||||||
Asia— | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
Asiatic Turkey | 12,446 | .. | 31 | .. | .. | 12,477 |
China | 33,089 | 1,304 | 59,491 | 279 | .. | 94,163 |
Cochin-China | 226 | .. | 95 | .. | .. | 321 |
Dutch Borneo | .. | .. | 12,295 | .. | .. | 12,295 |
Formosa | .. | .. | 8 | .. | .. | 8 |
French India | .. | .. | 4 | .. | .. | 4 |
French Indo-Chinese Protectorates | .. | .. | 97 | .. | .. | 97 |
Japan | 22,680 | 31,365 | 633,545 | 6,218 | .. | 693,808 |
Java | 14,703 | 31,441 | 1,036 | .. | .. | 47,130 |
Malay States | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
Minor Dutch East Indies | 166 | 20 | 931 | .. | .. | 1,117 |
Persia | 141 | .. | 434 | .. | .. | 575 |
Philippine Islands | 4,574 | 23,340 | 1 | .. | .. | 27,915 |
Sarawak and Brunei | 443 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 443 |
Siam | 46 | 3,036 | 26 | .. | .. | 3,108 |
Siberia | .. | .. | .. | 30 | .. | 30 |
Sumatra | 294 | .. | 87,825 | .. | .. | 88,119 |
Africa— | ||||||
Algeria | .. | .. | 37 | .. | .. | 37 |
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan | .. | .. | 203 | .. | .. | 203 |
Cameroons | 227 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 227 |
Canary Islands | .. | .. | 39 | .. | .. | 39 |
Egypt | 128 | .. | 45,004 | 2 | .. | 45,134 |
French West Africa | 47 | .. | 11 | .. | .. | 58 |
Madagascar | 121 | 59 | 50 | .. | .. | 230 |
Madeira | 9 | .. | 224 | .. | .. | 233 |
Morocco | 1,236 | .. | 257 | 29 | .. | 1,522 |
Tripoli | .. | .. | 322 | .. | .. | 322 |
Zanzibar | 924 | .. | 10 | .. | .. | 934 |
America— | ||||||
Alaska | 449 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 449 |
Argentina | .. | .. | 160 | 58 | .. | 218 |
Bolivia | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | 3 |
Brazil | 338 | .. | 171 | .. | .. | 509 |
Chile | 12 | .. | 8,839 | 124 | .. | 8,975 |
Colombia | .. | .. | 1,094 | .. | .. | 1,094 |
Costa Pica | 62 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 62 |
Cuba | 7,741 | .. | 48 | .. | .. | 7,789 |
Dutch West Indies | .. | .. | 61 | .. | .. | 61 |
Ecuador | 218 | .. | 376 | .. | .. | 594 |
French West Indies | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | 3 |
Guatemala | 213 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 213 |
Mexico | .. | .. | 27 | 200 | .. | 227 |
Nicaragua | 429 | .. | .. | 40 | .. | 469 |
Panama Canal Zone | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
Paraguay | 20 | .. | 46 | .. | .. | 66 |
Peru | .. | .. | 95 | .. | .. | 95 |
Santo Domingo | .. | 426 | .. | .. | .. | 426 |
United States of America | 349,616 | 58,375 | 3,806,022 | 80,266 | .. | 4,294,279 |
Uruguay | 11 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 |
Venezuela | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | 3 |
Pacific Islands— | ||||||
German Samoa | 15,181 | 70 | 213 | 1 | .. | 15,465 |
German Solomon Islands | .. | .. | 4 | .. | .. | 4 |
Hawaii | 3,964 | .. | 15 | .. | .. | 3,979 |
New Caledonia | 493 | 59 | 10,467 | 5 | .. | 11,024 |
New Hebrides | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Society Islands | 8,062 | 929 | 5,519 | 72 | .. | 14,582 |
Tonga | 50 | 588 | 12 | .. | .. | 650 |
Tuamotu Archipelago | .. | .. | 41,271 | .. | .. | 41,271 |
Tutuila | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
Totals | 4,379,845 | 859,973 | 15,067,058 | 434,080 | 178,303 | 20,919,259 |
In order to give more detailed information concerning the trade of New Zealand with other countries the following tables have been compiled, giving the main items of import from all the principal countries with which New Zealand trades. The tables give a five-yearly comparison, and in order to do this it was necessary to take the value of goods shipped from each country, a value which does not necessarily agree with the amount produced in that country.
Account has been taken only of those items of a value of £5,000 or more, so that the tables are not made too complicated by the additions of great numbers of small items. The full details will be found in the “Statistics of New Zealand,” Volume ii.
PRINCIPAL IMPORTS. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
* New heading, 1914. † Not available for publication. † Heading altered in 1916. ‡ Including anti-friction metal, now Item 377A. ‡ Included under the various items. | |||||||
United Kingdom. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
I | 11 | Fish, preserved, in tins, etc. | 25,966 | 21,773 | 11,129 | 18,343 | 5,179 |
40 | Milk and cream, preserved, etc. | 6,556 | 21,283 | 7,042 | 6,448 | 448 | |
41 | Provisions n.o.e. | 17,129 | 19,815 | 17,802 | 22,298 | 5,139 | |
II | 44 | Biscuits, other | 6,211 | 6,120 | 3,517 | 4,166 | 628 |
46 | Cocoa-butter, etc. | 12,169 | 16,015 | 19,355 | 35,469 | 33,200 | |
Chocolate confectionery— | |||||||
48 | In fancy packages | 38,228 | 43,866 | 60,599 | 90,295 | 13,402 | |
49 | In plain trade packages | 11,034 | 12,071 | 12,958 | 10,464 | 2,306 | |
52 | Confectionery n.o.e. | 37,381 | 37,910 | 29,893 | 38,151 | 7,525 | |
58 | Foods for animals, n.o.e. | 3,005 | 3,297 | 6,096 | 3,643 | 916 | |
61 | Currants | 379 | 1,864 | 11,427 | 2,467 | .. | |
62 | Dates* | .. | 4,560 | 18,052 | 12,321 | 57 | |
Grain and pulse, prepared— | |||||||
88 | Maizena and cornflour | 16,743 | 16,830 | 21,291 | 29,470 | 6,684 | |
100 | Unenumerated | 6,507 | 5,704 | 5,925 | 5,111 | 1,552 | |
102 | Infants' and invalids' foods n.o.e. | 9,812 | 9,609 | 9,888 | 12,201 | 3,587 | |
103 | Jams, jellies, and preserves | 7,183 | 6,546 | 4,110 | 4,243 | 384 | |
107 | Mustard | 14,070 | 13,620 | 13,223 | 21,312 | 10,966 | |
108 | Nuts; edible—Almonds* | .. | 4,059 | 16,956 | 10,932 | 5,081 | |
112 | Oilmen's stores n.o.e. | 16,054 | 15,056 | 12,746 | 15,856 | 4,729 | |
117 | Sauces and chutneys | 11,793 | 10,892 | 9,015 | 11,692 | 5,398 | |
Salt— | |||||||
120 | Rock | 2,438 | 1,427 | 674 | 260 | ||
121 | Table preparations | 47,170 | 1,945 | 1,808 | 3,427 | 1,154 | |
122 | Other | 39,543 | 35,137 | 26,475 | 25,419 | ||
137 | Vinegar | 7,662 | 8,701 | 8,051 | 7,146 | 4,799 | |
III | 140 | Cocoa and chocolate | 29,335 | 30,626 | 64,133 | 59,793 | 10,835 |
142 | Coffee-essence | 18,399 | 16,947 | 11,404 | 18,875 | 7,070 | |
IV | 151 | Ale and beer, &c. | 54,348 | 59,500 | 50,691 | 42,756 | 16,633 |
Spirits, beverages— | |||||||
154 | Brandy | 24,735 | 16,470 | 12,074 | 24,866 | 19,552 | |
155 | Gin, geneva, and schnapps | 11,708 | 10,035 | 13,889 | 31,800 | 18,116 | |
156 | Rum | 3,666 | 3,656 | 4,215 | 5,973 | 4,914 | |
158 | Whisky | 284,248 | 283,239 | 246,144 | 495,425 | 388,941 | |
Spirits other than beverages— | |||||||
160 | Flavouring-essences | 11,403 | 10,796 | 9,165 | 16,125 | 10,984 | |
163 | Spirits, perfumed | 5,336 | 5,651 | 5,924 | 6,176 | 5,891 | |
Wine, fermented— | |||||||
166 | Sparkling | 10,827 | 5,920 | 5,602 | 6,873 | 12,108 | |
167 | Still | 18,594 | 10,040 | 9,444 | 12,568 | 9,691 | |
V | 168 | Cigarettes | 169,909 | 221,809 | 183,108 | 313,380 | 143,396 |
169 | Cigars | 7,461 | 7,817 | 7,376 | 8,548 | 6,173 | |
Tobacco, manufactured— | |||||||
171 | Cut | 66,872 | 95,148 | 91,457 | 126,103 | 75,715 | |
172 | Other | 4,839 | 831 | 101 | 1,039 | ||
VI | 177 | Horses—Entires* | .. | 5,015 | 10,950 | 275 | 1,436 |
VIII | 209 | Cork, cut | 4,532 | 9,778 | 13,781 | 18,865 | 10,710 |
211 | Engineers' cotton-waste | 10,887 | 7,784 | 9,211 | 6,348 | 6,021 | |
222 | Rosin | 1,574 | 1,595 | 3,905 | 5,706 | 88 | |
Seeds— | |||||||
223 | Grass and clover | 32,665 | 35,444 | 194,810 | 89,301 | 93,184 | |
225 | Other | 38,933 | 50,779 | 70,201 | 69,558 | 58,376 | |
227 | Starch | 9,148 | 9,197 | 7,484 | 13,303 | 2,165 | |
230 | Tannins-materials, crude, other | 658 | 5,119 | 8,671 | 32,945 | 5,356 | |
233 | Yarns, other | 19,226 | 22,941 | 34,114 | 51,430 | 38,704 | |
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing n.o.e. | 1,184,816 | 1,092,539 | 862,811 | 1,097,550 | 834,978 |
235 | Apparel made to order | 1,178 | 6,417 | 3,637 | 3,535 | 2,607 | |
Boots and shoes— | |||||||
236 | Children's 0–6 | 23,950 | 20,257 | 18,202 | 32,086 | 41,378 | |
239 | Goloshes, slippers, &c. | 17,172 | 18,665 | 17,899 | 18,196 | 13,300 | |
240 | Grindery | 30,950 | 30,803 | 25,898 | 47,836 | 27,043 | |
243 | Vamps, uppers, lace | 10,711 | 11,030 | 6,812 | 14,187 | 8,910 | |
244 | Other | 322,885 | 310,102 | 279,646 | 275,861 | 215,970 | |
245 | Corsets* | .. | 11,145 | 16,056 | 21,897 | 21,531 | |
246 | Furs and fur trimmings | 13,835 | 20,864 | 16,269 | 15,708 | 18,103 | |
247 | Gloves n.o.e.* | .. | 46,356 | 51,430 | 70,557 | 46,056 | |
Haberdashery— | |||||||
248 | Brace-elastic & brace-mounting | 921 | 3,366 | 3,321 | 5,829 | 3,865 | |
249 | Buttons, tapes, &c. | 49,437 | 46,951 | 38,562 | 51,435 | 34,613 | |
250 | Unenumerated | 921 | 16,931 | 18,401 | 26,373 | 20,750 | |
251 | Hats and caps | 114,632 | 119,916 | 101,496 | 101,012 | 83,507 | |
252 | Hatmakers' materials | 22,589 | 15,837 | 20,900 | 27,254 | 43,839 | |
253 | Hosiery | 206,264 | 192,990 | 197,277 | 296,513 | 162,202 | |
254 | Lace and laces n.o.e. | 42,287 | 44,598 | 35,627 | 37,650 | 32,550 | |
Millinery— | |||||||
256 | Other ornamental feathers | 13,713 | 12,653 | 8,674 | 6,486 | 3,339 | |
257 | Unenumerated | 92,344 | 89,526 | 77,861 | 83,076 | 63,258 | |
258 | Minor articles n.o.e. for making up apparel, &c. | 9,924 | 8,863 | 12,839 | 21,212 | 14,942 | |
259 | Ribbon and crape | 42,508 | 71,444 | 72,996 | 65,896 | 52,268 | |
260 | Tailors' trimmings | 80,971 | 69,353 | 64,236 | 82,544 | 43,349 | |
261 | Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades | 6,204 | 5,807 | 4,186 | 4,492 | 5,388 | |
262 | Umbrellas, parasols, &c., materials for making | 10,068 | 6,206 | 7,042 | 8,726 | 9,631 | |
IXB | 263 | Articles n.o.e., partly or wholly made up from textiles | 30,599 | 30,438 | 34,314 | 45,136 | 27,235 |
266 | Carpets, druggets, &c. | 95,981 | 95,810 | 71,273 | 119,089 | 75,647 | |
267 | Drapery n.o.e. | 309,885 | 251,412 | 210,229 | 273,911 | 163,874 | |
268 | Felt, sheathing | 6,314 | 6,187 | 11,850 | 8,380 | 1,037 | |
270 | Matting n.o.e. and mats | 8,738 | 7,990 | 6,729 | 9,225 | 3,354 | |
271 | Oilcloths, linoleum, and stair and oil baize* | .. | 89,189 | 80,506 | 99,038 | 50,275 | |
274 | Canvas, sailcloth, and unbleached double-warped duck | 94,091 | 82,911 | 56,418 | 68,754 | 68,154 | |
275 | Butter and cheese cloth | 8,278 | 7,603 | 12,844 | 18,047 | 14,577 | |
276 | Candle-wick | 7,984 | 6,325 | 6,105 | 9,492 | 10,422 | |
277 | Tubular woven cotton-cloth, for meat-wraps | 43,177 | 49,634 | 57,953 | 78,570 | 73,341 | |
278 | Cotton piece-goods n.o.e. | 831,504 | 736,062 | 870,838 | 1,381,350 | 1,044,319 | |
279 | Hessians n.o.e. and scrim | 42,115 | 45,917 | 23,509 | 42,571 | 31,641 | |
280 | Leather-cloth | 8,354 | 7,202 | 6,390 | 9,145 | 6,428 | |
281 | Linen piece-goods | 56,073 | 41,800 | 37,649 | 37,140 | 19,775 | |
283 | Silks, satins, velvets, and plushes | 36,135 | 55,673 | 79,685 | 107,221 | 67,227 | |
285 | Waterproof cloth | 6,326 | 5,850 | 4,860 | 5,886 | 3,598 | |
IXB | 286 | Woollen piece-goods n.o.e. | 385,145 | 345,091 | 325,786 | 826,278 | 519,305 |
287 | Textile piece-goods n.o.e. | 157,515 | 139,452 | 106,725 | 38,780 | 16,938 | |
Rugs— | |||||||
288 | Woollen | 25,047 | 11,424 | 7,720 | 8,461 | 6,455 | |
289 | Other | 10,880 | 13,077 | 17,641 | 7,355 | ||
290 | Sewing threads, silks, cotton, &c. | 67,115 | 67,147 | 81,156 | 109,547 | 131,174 | |
291 | Tents, tarpaulins, sails, &c. | 6,905 | 7,477 | 302 | 5,783 | 65 | |
Cordage and rope— | |||||||
IXC | 300 | Iron and steel | 42,700 | 34,047 | 25,018 | 32,351 | 18,784 |
301 | Unenumerated | 15,280 | 11,924 | 11,975 | 17,007 | 12,295 | |
309 | Twine n.o.e. | 29,514 | 28,307 | 31,601 | 49,289 | 51,713 | |
oils— | |||||||
X | 325 | Oils-Mineral, lubricating | 14,916 | 15,554 | 15,428 | 19,744 | 7,733 |
332 | Vegetable, linseed | 77,211 | 39,200 | 44,434 | 45,752 | 9,358 | |
338 | Oils (not essential) in vessels containing less than 1 gallon | 6,692 | 6,060 | 6,052 | 5,778 | 3,848 | |
343 | Paraffin-wax | 411 | 3,957 | 3,853 | 6,821 | 5,924 | |
Paints and colours— | |||||||
XI | 348 | Ground in oil or turpentine | 91,653 | 83,215 | 69,473 | 82,848 | 57,080 |
349 | Ships' antifouling composition* | .. | 2,082 | 2,414 | 8,786 | 4,664 | |
350 | Other | 33,749 | 32,641 | 30,823 | 42,132 | 26,766 | |
351 | Unenumerated | 14,802 | 12,461 | 12,355 | 16,727 | 9,352 | |
354 | Varnishes, lacquers, and gold-size | 18,198 | 15,234 | 13,951 | 16,721 | 10,759 | |
XII | 371 | Stone, other, dressed or polished | 7,222 | 8,403 | 5,739 | 9,271 | 7,182 |
Specie— | |||||||
XIII | 374 | Gold | .. | 21,000 | .. | .. | † |
375 | Silver | 80,655 | 6,900 | 211,111 | 264,445 | 165,170 | |
Iron and steel— | |||||||
XIVA | 388 | Bar, bolt, and rod | 248,087 | 172,196 | 135,499 | 172,173 | 62,567 |
391 | Pig | 42,587 | 38,675 | 26,448 | 17,648 | 6,491 | |
402 | Tin—ingots, pigs, bars, &c. | 13,735 | 15,489 | 6,757 | 4,594 | 2,789 | |
405 | Metal, unmanufactured, n.o.e.* | .. | 5,558‡ | 6,260‡ | 6,985‡ | 1,366 | |
XIVB | 408 | Bolts and nuts | 40,929 | 44,155 | 34,768 | 41,946 | 23,252 |
410 | Brass, plate and sheet, plain* | .. | 3,598 | 11,234 | 17,682 | 974 | |
414 | Chains and chain cables | 16,955 | 13,256 | 12,964 | 15,880 | 12,868 | |
416 | Copper, plate and sheet, plain* | .. | 19,629 | 20,821 | 20,903 | 6,578 | |
417 | Cutlery* | .. | 35,298 | 35,592 | 26,965 | 32,920 | |
422 | Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery n.o.e. | 361,730 | 273,709 | 206,157 | 247,540 | 146,044 | |
Iron and steel— | |||||||
423 | Angle and tee | 16,749 | 8,816 | 12,737 | 11,677 | 1,784 | |
424 | Channel and girders* | .. | 37,769 | 31,604 | 8,172 | 1,429 | |
426 | Hoop, black, n.o.e. | 28,632 | 20,833 | 22,718 | 45,793 | 21,081 | |
Plate and sheet— | |||||||
430 | Corrugated, galvanized | 329,293 | 249,101 | 268,430 | 180,451 | 22,731 | |
431 | Plain black | 87,460 | 47,186 | 50,633 | 51,304 | 7,716 | |
432 | Plain galvanized | 71,691 | 53,430 | 53,510 | 92,251 | 10,418 | |
Tubes, pipes, &c.— | |||||||
433 | Cast over 9 in. diam. | 12,301 | 2,957 | 492 | 130 | ||
434 | Castunder 9 in. diam. | 27,916 | 15,086 | 21,149 | 3,603 | ||
435 | Wrought over 6 in. diam. | 252,831 | 8,235 | 7,250 | 560 | 408 | |
436 | Wrought under 6 in. diam. | 162,804 | 161,164 | 153,626 | 66,039 | ||
Lamps, &c.— | |||||||
XIVB | 439 | Gas-mantles* | .. | 6,131 | 6,774 | 16,819 | 9,880 |
441 | Other | 37,092 | 25,075 | 20,247 | 17,366 | 12,953 | |
443 | Lead, sheet* | .. | 10,182 | 2,031 | 2,395 | 199 | |
Meters— | |||||||
447 | Electricity, household supply* | .. | 9,691 | 8,883 | 11,564 | 5,469 | |
448 | Gas, household supply* | .. | 17,920 | 19,882 | 13,689 | 9,279 | |
450 | Water* | .. | 6,244 | 8,920 | 2,670 | 187 | |
455 | Nails, other | 27,331 | 20,936 | 19,657 | 15,135 | 6,491 | |
456 | Plate and plated ware | 92,868 | 87,749 | 41,694 | 71,402 | 42,392 | |
458 | Printing-materials—Type and materials n.o.e. | 11,461 | 7,927 | 6,128 | 5,629 | 3,239 | |
Railway and tramway plant— | |||||||
461 | Bails, &c. | 104,156 | 183,789 | 18,910 | 3,153 | ||
462 | Wagons, cars, &c. | 66,445 | 8,943 | 2,691 | 1,527 | 550 | |
463 | Other | 34,707 | 56,096 | 51,663 | 8,901 | ||
464 | Refrigerating apparatus | 5,016 | 4,728 | 5,978 | 17,374 | 3,872 | |
465 | Rivets and washers | 11,655 | 10,176 | 10,485 | 15,927 | 6,848 | |
469 | Stoves and ranges, gas* | .. | 12,588 | 2,803 | 4,679 | 4,233 | |
472 | Tanks and cisterns | 17,875 | 17,089 | 13,589 | 16,592 | 7,970 | |
473 | Telephones and accessories* | .. | 11,793 | 26,412 | 16,391 | 6,850 | |
474 | Tinned sheets and plates, plain | 77,859 | 75,536 | 81,907 | 151,097 | 98,226 | |
476 | Tinware, other | 15,382 | 18,074 | 21,531 | 22,879 | 23,779 | |
481 | Spades, shovels, and forks | 11,495 | 11,794 | 6,563 | 9,415 | 6,260 | |
482 | Tools and implements, other | 73,231 | 54,846 | 38,296 | 43,389 | 32,056 | |
Wire— | |||||||
484 | Bare copper* | .. | 21,495 | 23,530 | 14,308 | 2,003 | |
Iron— | |||||||
485 | Fencing, barbed | 22,643 | 22,707 | 13,153 | .. | 48 | |
486 | Fencing, plain | 57,278 | 66,704 | 40,167 | 42,511 | 7,029 | |
487 | Telegraphic and telephonic | 10,678 | 4,747 | 8,554 | 1,368 | .. | |
488 | N.o.e.* | .. | 5,482 | 4,105 | 6,392 | 2,332 | |
489 | Netting | 53,245 | 56,182 | 27,148 | 13,212 | 810 | |
490 | Wove, &c.* | .. | 3,557 | 6,485 | 4,407 | 1,752 | |
491 | Other, plain | 4,013 | 9,929 | 7,908 | 4,976 | 3,137 | |
Metal manufactures, other— | |||||||
494 | Free | 87,824 | 15,929 | 16,879 | 31,816 | 11,377 | |
495 | 20 per cent. | 171,209 | 115,141 | 73,130 | 94,167 | 47,375 | |
Machinery— | |||||||
XV | 511 | Agricultural, other* | .. | 37,898 | 30,719 | 39,315 | 26,416 |
517 | Dairying—Cream-separators* | .. | 8,139 | 7,124 | 3,443 | 384 | |
Electrical— | |||||||
524 | Electric batteries and cells* | .. | 3,937 | 4,516 | 9,955 | 8,180 | |
525 | Generators, motors and transformers, &c. | 59,122 | 43,428 | 44,253 | 35,931 | ||
526 | Insulated cable and wire | 308,131 | 111,045 | 90,032 | 139,606 | 51,065 | |
527 | Lamps, &c. | 22,021 | 23,769 | 32,060 | 24,894 | ||
528 | Materials, &c. | 6,080 | 4,802 | 7,083 | 2,055 | ||
529 | N.o.e. | 65,077 | 66,107 | 76,168 | 51,627 | ||
Engines— | |||||||
531 | Gas, &c., for motorcars | 160,243 | 63,012 | 34,814 | 95 | 1,956 | |
532 | Gas, &c., other | 67,755 | 41,089 | 40,076 | 30,179 | ||
533 | Portable and traction | 20,673 | 15,804 | 2,160 | 1,449 | .. | |
535 | Steam n.o.e., 1,000 i.h.p. and under | 8,106 | 10,809 | 8,244 | 10,456 | 4,928 | |
536 | Boilers for, over 500 i.h.p. | 5,725 | .. | .. | .. | ||
537 | Boilers for, 500 i.h.p. and under* | .. | 3,416 | 13,389 | 9,698 | 4,183 | |
XV | 553 | Milling, unenumerated* | .. | 16,187 | 9,170 | 9,484 | 5,749 |
557 | Printing — Printing machines and presses* | .. | 18,750 | 18,147 | 10,744 | 854 | |
559 | Road rollers and graders* | .. | 7,157 | 5,697 | 5,641 | 628 | |
560 | Sewing-machines | 14,882 | 6,597 | 13,160 | 30,362 | 30,061 | |
561 | Tools — Engineers', machine and hand | 45,327 | 32,724 | 16,827 | 11,262 | 6,502 | |
562 | Typewriters | 5,764 | 5,504 | 4,397 | 3,645 | 950 | |
567 | Woollen-mill, unenumerated | 9,811 | 7,876 | 3,306 | 6,095 | 6,035 | |
569 | Unenumerated (5 per cent.) | 5,646 | 5,493 | 3,741 | 1,569 | 2,244 | |
570 | N.o.e. (20 per cent.) | 61,552 | 67,370 | 58,222 | 50,854 | 28,807 | |
571 | Materials for and parts of (dutiable)† | 759 | 4,869 | 2,666 | 24,018 | 9,111 | |
572 | Materials for parts of (free)† | 23,488 | 27,151 | 19,919 | 7,366 | 5,514 | |
XVIA | 573 | Indiarubber hose, tubing, and piping | 11,288 | 11,344 | 11,481 | 10,436 | 9,839 |
XVIB | 579 | Belting, other than leather | 35,006 | 26,862 | 22,091 | 38,153 | 38,554 |
Leather— | |||||||
585 | Goat and kid skins* | .. | 7,669 | 9,328 | 18,556 | 29,444 | |
592 | Sole, pump, and skirt leather* | .. | 38,259 | 3,903 | 5,411 | 644 | |
597 | Portmanteaux, trunks, and carpet-bags | 12,606 | 9,840 | 4,082 | 5,403 | 2,968 | |
Saddlery and harness— | |||||||
598 | Collar-check | 9,652 | 13,652 | 12,561 | 19,285 | 17,107 | |
600 | Saddlers' ironmongery | 25,076 | 15,634 | 11,437 | 18,232 | 16,531 | |
602 | N.o.e. (including whips) | 24,797 | 18,889 | 7,594 | 12,195 | 9,487 | |
603 | Unenumerated manufactures of leather | 4,703 | 4,798 | 6,312 | 7,506 | 5,986 | |
Furniture— | |||||||
XVIIB | 651 | Materials for — Blind webbing and tape, &c. | 8,115 | 7,840 | 5,950 | 10,747 | 8,661 |
653 | Unenumerated | 17,687 | 10,382 | 5,125 | 4,123 | 1,557 | |
661 | Woodenware and turnery n.o.e. | 14,205 | 11,807 | 12,302 | 6,749 | 6,080 | |
XVIII | 666 | Cement, building, Portland, and other structural | 18,429 | 19,252 | 5,407 | 1,183 | 763 |
667 | China, porcelain, and Parian ware | 39,015 | 28,957 | 21,981 | 39,604 | 17,271 | |
669 | Earthenware n.o.e. | 105,637 | 75,275 | 63,662 | 93,672 | 60,890 | |
Glass— | |||||||
671 | Bottles, plain, empty | 32,421 | 25,391 | 21,354 | 12,029 | 7,252 | |
673 | Crown, sheet and common window | 22,856 | 13,476 | 24,462 | 22,810 | 14,802 | |
674 | Glassware n.o.e. | 12,385 | 12,034 | 10,832 | 12,489 | 6,553 | |
676 | Mirrors and looking-glasses | 8,192 | 5,971 | 3,909 | 5,448 | 3,425 | |
678 | Plate, other | 22,297 | 12,625 | 16,253 | 14,969 | 9,869 | |
679 | Unenumerated* | .. | 6,430 | 5,601 | 5,605 | 3,984 | |
682 | Tiles n.o.e. — Flooring, wall, hearth, and garden* | .. | 10,771 | 7,129 | 13,360 | 5,925 | |
XIXA | 685 | Paper bags n.o.e. | 9,065 | 8,934 | 6,304 | 8,215 | 5,348 |
686 | Bookbinders' materials | 7,355 | 7,948 | 6,626 | 8,512 | 3,539 | |
689 | Cardboard boxes, materials for, other | 13,944 | 9,877 | 13,388 | 20,174 | 8,242 | |
692 | Paperhangings | 40,171 | 34,750 | 22,411 | 34,814 | 20,004 | |
Paper— | |||||||
693 | Printing | 114,446 | 99,995 | 92,990 | 165,334 | 78,036 | |
694 | Wrapping | 6,030 | 5,934 | 4,576 | 5,465 | 2,220 | |
695 | Writing | 54,497 | 49,331 | 51,154 | 110,432 | 39,666 | |
XIXB | 697 | Artists' materials* | .. | 5,887 | 6,201 | 6,156 | 5,024 |
698 | Books, papers, and music, printed, n.o.e. | 170,792 | 179,957 | 162,824 | 176,723 | 152,244 | |
699 | Calendars and showcards* | .. | 10,710 | 8,624 | 7,982 | 4,867 | |
703 | Handbills, circulars, &c. | 10,954 | 14,303 | 11,302 | 11,968 | 8,755 | |
704 | Inks, printing | 5,574 | 5,548 | 4,847 | 8,545 | 3,332 | |
706 | Stationery, manufactured | 61,021 | 50,049 | 42,349 | 49,089 | 26,766 | |
709 | Pictures, paintings, &c., n.o.e. | 8,773 | 6,705 | 3,303 | 4,690 | 4,053 | |
711 | Stationery n.o.e. | 66,090 | 58,262 | 53,647 | 89,792 | 51,175 | |
XX | 712 | Fancy goods and toys | 181,425 | 118,000 | 86,203 | 112,222 | 69,932 |
714 | Jewellery — Precious stones, cut, unmounted | 159 | 14,435 | 15,654 | 22,850 | 12,377 | |
715 | Jewellery, other | 5,926 | 52,318 | 37,501 | 50,511 | 38,794 | |
716 | Sporting, gaming, and athletic requisites n.o.e.* | .. | 31,655 | 26,963 | 12,993 | 10,885 | |
Timepieces— | |||||||
717 | Clocks | 7,792 | 6,254 | 1,677 | 2,430 | 230 | |
719 | Watches | 12,156 | 45,337 | 52,941 | 18,320 | 9,732 | |
721 | Tobacco-pipes, cigarette-cases, &c. | 23,519 | 29,366 | 29,207 | 31,664 | 32,639 | |
725 | Cinematograph, c., films* | .. | 13,465 | 15,759 | 24,050 | 7,489 | |
XXI | 728 | Microscopes and telescopes* | .. | 9,171 | 4,369 | 4,214 | 2,546 |
Photographic materials and goods— | |||||||
729 | Cameras and lenses | 6,303 | 8,390 | 4,783 | 4,305 | 2,355 | |
730 | Sensitized surfaces, &c. | 19,006 | 19,771 | 14,147 | 26,102 | 17,747 | |
Instruments— | |||||||
732 | Scientific n.o.e. | 6,756 | 5,989 | 4,207 | 5,250 | 2,677 | |
733 | Surgical and dental | 21,085 | 24,358 | 21,084 | 30,261 | 18,918 | |
XXII | 736 | Acid, boracic | .. | 3,156 | 2,394 | 4,115 | 5,436 |
XXIIA | 741 | Tartaric acid | 5,526 | 3,774 | 10,653 | 18,665 | 8,816 |
747 | Borax | 4,170 | 4,646 | 3,221 | 6,349 | 5,240 | |
750 | Chemicals and chemical preparations n.o.e. | 6,023 | 4,822 | 6,947 | 9,967 | 6,635 | |
751 | Cream of tartar | 1,733 | 1,685 | 19,506 | 14,543 | 16,709 | |
752 | Cyanide of potassium and sodium | 25,474 | 40,270 | 42,503 | 44,152 | 34,462 | |
753 | Dyes | 5,241 | 3,955 | 10,591 | 28,380 | 19,512 | |
757 | Disinfectants | 15,177 | 14,568 | 16,491 | 25,327 | 15,508 | |
759 | Insecticides and tree-washes n.o.e. | 2,339 | 6,434 | 4,486 | 8,053 | 2,883 | |
761 | Sheep-dip | 51,994 | 43,270 | 31,074 | 59,426 | 54,541 | |
765 | Medicinal preparations n.o.e. | 99,164 | 100,222 | 88,080 | 129,289 | 94,807 | |
768 | Oils, essential, other | 5,920 | 6,298 | 7,255 | 7,854 | 5,996 | |
772 | Perfumery — Toilet preparations | 18,365 | 20,638 | 23,885 | 24,796 | 18,265 | |
Soda— | |||||||
780 | Ash | 6,255 | 6,676 | 6,746 | 8,239 | 8,827 | |
781 | Bicarbonate and carbonate | 7,170 | 7,083 | 5,569 | 11,848 | 2,284 | |
782 | Caustic | 13,766 | 13,219 | 9,855 | 18,221 | 7,364 | |
791 | Drugs, other (free)* | .. | 4,283 | 7,054 | 7,753 | 4,155 | |
XXIIB | 798 | Basic slag and Thomas's phosphate* | .. | 67,817 | 40,113 | 21,359 | 195 |
803 | Superphosphates* | .. | 48,954 | 20,580 | 1,444 | .. | |
Arms, &c.— | |||||||
XXIII | 811 | Accoutrements | 1,848 | 3,460 | 9,168 | 2,504 | 2,288 |
815 | Cartridges, shot, 10–24 bore | 19,045 | 24,926 | 18,290 | 19,450 | 7,895 | |
816 | Cartridges n.o.e. | 1,228 | 1,034 | 489 | 240 | 23,188 | |
818 | Detonators | 4,942 | 1,707 | 6,873 | 3,929 | 4,424 | |
822 | Firearms for New Zealand Government (not ordnance stores) | 24,405 | 9,164 | 375 | .. | .. | |
XXIII | 824 | Firearms, other | 5,930 | 8,609 | 4,327 | 3,041 | 27,011 |
831 | Gelignite* | .. | 46,412 | 37,996 | 36,589 | 18,244 | |
833 | Lithofracteur, cordite, &c. | 9,810 | 1,470 | 5,831 | 3,381 | 3,150 | |
834 | Ordnance stores | 62,692 | 13,653 | 635 | 11,762 | 15,287 | |
835 | Powder, blasting | 15,872 | 17,049 | 19,114 | 13,042 | 13,549 | |
838 | A. and M.S. | 28,814 | 19,608 | 22,328 | 23,824 | 26,440 | |
839 | Asbestos sheets, slates, and tiles* | .. | 19,658 | 24,477 | 19,450 | 16,652 | |
842 | Blue, laundry | 6,217 | 8,999 | 9,855 | 11,400 | 10,462 | |
847 | Brushes, brush ware, and brooms | 41,882 | 36,948 | 23,207 | 27,864 | 23,477 | |
848 | Brushmakers' materials | 8,441 | 10,804 | 7,298 | 11,347 | 7,475 | |
849 | Candles | 18,953 | 23,806 | 19,129 | 24,138 | 5,802 | |
850 | Combs, hair and toilet | 3,588 | 2,110 | 2,950 | 5,550 | 3,380 | |
853 | Educational apparatus | 8,251 | 5,661 | 4,078 | 6,648 | 4,696 | |
Instruments, musical— | |||||||
859 | Pianos | 79,926 | 61,325 | 77,948 | 90,747 | 55,688 | |
860 | Pianolas, phonographs, &c.* | .. | 9,456 | 5,320 | 8,004 | 4,742 | |
861 | Records (pianolas, &c.)* | .. | 7,966 | 5,527 | 11,921 | 8,641 | |
862 | Other | 12,984 | 8,980 | 9,638 | 9,071 | 5,046 | |
Matches and vestas— | |||||||
863 | Wax | 17,184 | 22,257 | 13,735 | 16,150 | 12,915 | |
864 | Wooden | 7,312 | 7,013 | 7,368 | 8,141 | 446 | |
867 | Engine-packing | 13,437 | 11,587 | 11,657 | 15,478 | 10,020 | |
Polishes— | |||||||
870 | Blacking | 4,767 | 5,723 | 3,014 | 6,143 | 702 | |
871 | Blacklead | 6,520 | 5,343 | 10,275 | 8,946 | 7,161 | |
872 | Metal polishes* | .. | 5,169 | 4,389 | 6,741 | 3,811 | |
873 | Furniture, knife, and plate powder and polish | 5,664 | 3,980 | 3,000 | 8,779 | 2,748 | |
Soap— | |||||||
876 | Powder, &c. | 13,079 | 15,689 | 16,999 | 13,581 | 9,887 | |
877 | Unenumerated | 20,358 | 23,704 | 19,125 | 33,399 | 22,930 | |
882 | Bicycles and tricycles | 17,354 | 13,760 | 11,690 | 20,827 | 9,199 | |
883 | Rubber tires for* | .. | 14,327 | 21,360 | 22,786 | 16,389 | |
884 | Other materials (free)† | .. | 4,912 | 12,202 | 2,812 | 1,393 | |
885 | N.o.e.† | .. | 4,190 | 13,888 | 35,217 | 16,674 | |
886 | Motor bicycles and tricycles | 49,280 | 40,565 | 33,841 | 55,984 | 17,785 | |
887 | Rubber tires, covers for* | .. | 28,900 | 20,291 | 19,988 | 10,438 | |
888 | Other materials (free)† | .. | 21,465 | 1,662 | 24 | 45 | |
889 | Other† | .. | 18,569 | 1,084 | 7,824 | 4,228 | |
Motor vehicles— | |||||||
893 | Bodies for | 69,307 | 66,613 | 44,364 | 70,237 | 22,947 | |
894 | Chassis for | 270,857 | 281,551 | 163,048 | 102 | .. | |
895 | Materials for† | .. | 108,846 | 144,234 | 225,519 | 115,407 | |
Vehicles— | |||||||
899 | Axles, axle-arms, &c. | 19,343 | 9,500 | 6,631 | 7,683 | 4,834 | |
900 | Springs, &c. | 20,008 | 21,628 | 21,559 | 9,910 | 7,133 | |
902 | Miscellaneous (manufactured) | 25,129 | 11,126 | 14,950 | 20,663 | 14,208 | |
903 | Miscellaneous (unmanufactured) | 4,493 | 4,083 | 5,812 | 2,413 | 1,079 | |
Parcels-post | 364,191 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | .. | ||
Burma. | |||||||
II | 96 | Rice, dressed | 2,304 | 1,831 | 954 | 4,922 | 5,144 |
Wax— | |||||||
X | 343 | Paraffin | 3,551 | 9,468 | 8,137 | 24,947 | 28,318 |
XXIII | 849 | Candles | 11,465 | 16,297 | 18,182 | 10,596 | 2,819 |
Ceylon. | |||||||
II | 47 | Coconut, desiccated | 4,575 | 9,347 | 7,113 | 8,968 | 7,890 |
III | 139 | Cocoa-beans, uncrushed | 6,276 | 6,571 | 6,810 | 12,755 | 7,751 |
149 | Tea, in bulk | 258,476 | 372,795 | 388,742 | 338,515 | 333,950 | |
Hong Kong. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
II | 103 | Jams, jellies, and preserves | 3,763 | 7,516 | 4,324 | 7,277 | 8,277 |
IXB | 283 | Other silks, satins, &c. | 878 | 3,272 | 6,357 | 9,948 | 2,757 |
India. | |||||||
III | 143 | Coffee, raw | 1,934 | 3,246 | 5,394 | 5,084 | 4,567 |
149 | Tea, in bulk | 19,294 | 24,679 | 38,952 | 28,739 | 39,144 | |
IXB | 266 | Carpets and carpeting, &c. | 913 | 1,747 | 4,110 | 6,344 | 3,812 |
Bagging and sacking— | |||||||
272 | Hessian and jute | 32,285 | 43,307 | 43,076 | 45,292 | 36,634 | |
279 | Hessians and scrim | 12,964 | 11,080 | 18,606 | 33,719 | 56,994 | |
Bags and sacks— | |||||||
IXC | 294 | Corn-sacks | 194,046 | 183,170 | 189,164 | 177,366 | 164,602 |
295 | Jute and hessian n.o.e. | 25,987 | 30,595 | 46,817 | 49,740 | 48,767 | |
296 | Woolpacks | 74,213 | 75,691 | 81,444 | 101,640 | 112,648 | |
Oils, vegetable— | |||||||
X | 329 | Castor | 17,808 | 21,183 | 27,864 | 21,781 | 16,937 |
332 | Linseed | 4,157 | 7,088 | 6,749 | 16,759 | 11,051 | |
XII | 358 | Coal, cargo* | .. | 39,184 | .. | .. | 13,196 |
391 | Pig iron | 5,289 | 2,749 | 7,166 | 9,336 | 30,590 | |
XXIIB | 800 | Manures—Bonedust* | .. | 16,140 | 29,046 | 47,601 | 43,383 |
Straits Settlements. | |||||||
II | 59 | Fruits, bottled and preserved | 11,311 | 7,323 | 9,964 | 11,110 | 11,175 |
119 | Sago and tapioca | 17,328 | 17,422 | 16,525 | 22,474 | 29,434 | |
124 | Spices n.o.e., unground | 9,400 | 14,266 | 12,067 | 15,067 | 15,401 | |
XXIIB | 802 | Manures — Guano and rock phosphates* | .. | 13,257 | 1,260 | .. | .. |
Seychelles | |||||||
XXIIB | 802 | Manures — Guano and rock phosphates* | .. | 13,298 | 13,730 | .. | .. |
South African Union | |||||||
II | 80 | Maize* | .. | 723 | 7,158 | 973 | .. |
IV | 154 | Spirits — Beverages: brandy | .. | 4 | .. | 34,627 | 1,997 |
167 | Wine—Still | 5,437 | 5,324 | 6,589 | 11,015 | 8,054 | |
V | 171 | Tobacco, cut, manufactured | 297 | 2,192 | 5,436 | 5,459 | 748 |
VIII | 229 | Tanning-bark | 1,106 | 264 | 5,375 | 5,936 | 12,139 |
XII | 358 | Coal, cargo* | .. | 23,018 | .. | .. | 2,809 |
XX | 714 | Jewellery, precious stones, unmounted | .. | .. | 329 | 4,765 | 15,157 |
XXIII | 831 | Gelignite | .. | .. | 13,200 | 6,600 | .. |
Canada. | |||||||
I | 11 | Fish, preserved | 34,173 | 36,546 | 40,267 | 43,742 | 56,118 |
II | 67 | Fruits, fresh—Apples | 15,022 | 6,875 | 8,946 | 11,963 | 17,750 |
83 | Wheat | 1 | 1 | 139,153 | .. | .. | |
87 | Flour, wheaten | 30 | 359 | 31,539 | 2,223 | .. | |
VIII | 223 | Seeds, grass and clover | 8,021 | 9,694 | 11,637 | 6,657 | 44,109 |
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing n.o.e. | 11,289 | 16,754 | 8,605 | 8,898 | 28,421 |
245 | Corsets* | .. | 7,123 | 4,571 | 12,357 | 13,294 | |
XIVB | 388 | Iron and steel—Bar, bolt, and rod | .. | .. | 16,594 | 55,878 | 19,260 |
418 | Fencing-staples | 85 | 2,566 | 2,584 | 5,822 | 5,052 | |
436 | Iron pipes, wrought, under 6 in. diam.* | .. | 20,063 | 80,233 | 49,257 | 14,286 | |
455 | Nails, other* | .. | 4,411 | 13,442 | 48,943 | 30,192 | |
Iron wire, fencing— | |||||||
485 | Barbed | 982 | 5,257 | 1,687 | 3,853 | 5,946 | |
486 | Plain | 3,035 | 13,264 | 1,948 | 28,710 | 26,503 | |
488 | N.o.e. | .. | .. | 2,338 | 6,874 | 2,771 | |
Machinery, agricultural— | |||||||
XV | 499 | Drills and sowers | 7,179 | 15,097 | 2,962 | 2,019 | 4,957 |
507 | Reapers and binders | 15,621 | 2,103 | 8,097 | 13,324 | 7,888 | |
511 | Parts of* | .. | 7,504 | 5,701 | 5,248 | 6,743 | |
587 | Hide-leathers, undressed* | .. | 2,431 | 9,036 | 2,388 | 2,037 | |
592 | Sole leather, &c.* | .. | 2,799 | 9,618 | 9,146 | 11,984 | |
653 | Furniture, &c., n.o.e.* | .. | 4,444 | 6,638 | 4,982 | 3,117 | |
XIXA | 692 | Paperhangings | 5,307 | 5,443 | 5,050 | 7,792 | 5,386 |
Paper— | |||||||
693 | Printing | 103,606 | 122,889 | 149,238 | 119,046 | 174,596 | |
694 | Wrapping, unprinted | 1,616 | 4,606 | 12,522 | 9,447 | 10,420 | |
Motor vehicles— | |||||||
XXIII | 893 | Bodies for | 27,999 | 27,886 | 38,375 | 139,391 | 79,353 |
894 | Chassis for | 81,548 | 78,346 | 98,306 | .. | .. | |
895 | Motor-car materials and parts† | 2,368 | 917 | 11,905 | 58,265 | 42,315 | |
900 | Vehicles—Springs, &c. | 72 | 7,413 | 2,632 | 828 | 524 | |
Australia. | |||||||
I | 4 | Cheese | .. | .. | 648 | 3,764 | 5,672 |
11 | Fish, preserved, in tins | 689 | 954 | 514 | 1,337 | 10,859 | |
40 | Milk and cream, preserved, &c. | 11 | 267 | 7,866 | 2,248 | 18,479 | |
41 | Provisions n.o.e. | 3,304 | 2,602 | 3,358 | 4,378 | 7,945 | |
II | 46 | Cocoa-butter | 852 | 969 | 2,473 | 3,118 | 9,839 |
52 | Confectionery, unenumerated | 1,708 | 2,537 | 2,761 | 9,104 | 10,502 | |
Foods for animals— | |||||||
54 | Chaff | 6,381 | 114 | 80 | 77 | 6,206 | |
58 | N.o.e. | 2,518 | 1,307 | 2,493 | 1,746 | 5,433 | |
59 | Fruits, bottled and preserved in syrup | 746 | 1,537 | 1,650 | 711 | 16,360 | |
Fruits, dried— | |||||||
61 | Currants | 584 | 13,826 | 468 | 32,200 | 50,724 | |
62 | Dates | 692 | 862 | 125 | 664 | 5,081 | |
65 | Raisins | 6,526 | 17,929 | 14,955 | 51,989 | 46,758 | |
Fruits, fresh— | |||||||
67 | Apples* | .. | 7,821 | 572 | 4,161 | 96 | |
71 | Lemons | 7,328 | 6,458 | 5,040 | 3,319 | 2,744 | |
72 | Oranges* | .. | 10,546 | 12,740 | 11,624 | 17,196 | |
75 | Other* | .. | 14,909 | 20,532 | 23,089 | 16,934 | |
Grain and pulse, unprepared— | |||||||
78 | Barley | 1 | .. | 9 | 26,434 | 28,028 | |
79 | Beans and peas | 1,255 | 1,105 | 1,692 | 2,315 | 8,304 | |
80 | Maize | .. | 3,153 | 8,638 | 1,925 | 7,722 | |
81 | Oats | 260 | 3,383 | 3,151 | 43,023 | 84,099 | |
83 | Wheat | 24 | 24,841 | 23,288 | 15,357 | 213,633 | |
84 | Other | 6,631 | 3,046 | 1,300 | 2,261 | 6,869 | |
Prepared— | |||||||
87 | Flour, wheaten | 26,499 | 97,498 | 8,246 | 60,051 | 132,847 | |
88 | Maizena and cornflour | .. | 80 | 27 | 664 | 18,466 | |
95 | Pollard and sharps | 3,767 | 4,419 | .. | 9,058 | 218 | |
96 | Rice, dressed | 29,763 | 44,695 | 43,312 | 32,754 | 45,278 | |
97 | Rice, undressed | 1,935 | 611 | 2,248 | 2,017 | ||
98 | Rice-meal refuse | 4,806 | 7,645 | 11,700 | 9,263 | 9,709 | |
102 | Infants' and invalids' foods n.o.e. | 7,403 | 8,834 | 8,007 | 9,746 | 8,268 | |
105 | Macaroni and vermicelli | 2,301 | 3,588 | 4,910 | 4,406 | 5,836 | |
119 | Sago and tapioca | 486 | 235 | 172 | 655 | 5,982 | |
122 | Salt, other* | .. | 8,487 | 25,561 | 45,641 | 19,928 | |
124 | Spices n.o.e., unground | 2,424 | 1,480 | 1,386 | 3,130 | 5,925 | |
125A | Sugar—Glucose | 315 | 466 | 1,404 | 2,470 | 9,003 | |
130 | Sugar, refined | 11,122 | 16,697 | 8,395 | 8,928 | 9,384 | |
134 | Onions | 12,325 | 12,043 | 10,578 | 17,009 | 23,884 | |
135 | Potatoes | 73 | 65 | 38 | 15,698 | 234 | |
III | 140 | Cocoa and chocolate | 270 | 770 | 509 | 1,696 | 6,838 |
143 | Coffee, raw | 5,239 | 3,594 | 2,467 | 4,637 | 5,794 | |
149 | Tea, in bulk | 17,000 | 29,225 | 24,456 | 15,821 | 51,492 | |
Spirits — Beverages: | 3,845 | 7,310 | 20,158 | 16,750 | 25,759 | ||
IV | 158 | Whisky | |||||
164 | Spirits of wine | 8,012 | 10,357 | 10,890 | 11,135 | 12,123 | |
167 | Wine, still | 24,325 | 32,856 | 32,289 | 32,792 | 37,775 | |
Tobacco, manufactured— | |||||||
V | 171 | Cut | 119,022 | 96,333 | 91,687 | 98,607 | 109,420 |
172 | Other | 63,572 | 55,619 | 55,467 | 46,833 | ||
VI | 176 | Horses, ordinary* | .. | 7,012 | 9,834 | 7,628 | 9,953 |
194 | Hides, cattle, undressed* | .. | 1,936 | 20,537 | 23,805 | 494 | |
198 | Hides, sheep, with wool* | .. | 4,958 | 17,124 | 434 | 17 | |
VII | 204 | Wool, greasy | 4,477 | 20,650 | 7,987 | .. | .. |
VIII | 209 | Cork, cut | 1,041 | 2,188 | 2,617 | 5,731 | 6,432 |
221 | Plants, trees, and shrubs | 9,552 | 10,472 | 12,439 | 10,971 | 6,338 | |
223 | Seeds, grass and clover | 7,377 | 3,325 | 6,100 | 15,733 | 12,169 | |
Tanning-material, crude— | |||||||
229 | Bark | 28,797 | 27,195 | 28,020 | 27,863 | 28,852 | |
230 | Other | 3,058 | 3,829 | 4,817 | 10,899 | 4,883 | |
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing n.o.e. | 13,207 | 15,889 | 19,238 | 15,859 | 21,998 |
240 | Grindery | 7,938 | 13,881 | 12,795 | 17,743 | 22,954 | |
244 | Boots and shoes, other* | .. | 2,147 | 7,219 | 21,184 | 61,302 | |
251 | Hats and caps | .. | .. | .. | 5,029 | 5,642 | |
258 | Minor articles n.o.e, for making up apparel | 186 | 117 | 1,103 | 6,153 | 1,969 | |
263 | Articles n.o.e. partly or wholly made up from textiles | 703 | 580 | 2,670 | 8,336 | 6,461 | |
267 | Drapery n.o.e. | 4,781 | 4,682 | 8,108 | 6,526 | 6,281 | |
277 | Tubular woven, for meat-wraps | 553 | 4,138 | 5,770 | 9,635 | 572 | |
IXB | 278 | Cotton piece-goods n.o.e. | 15,104 | 19,037 | 30,185 | 30,656 | 32,186 |
281 | Linen piece-goods | 3,148 | 1,574 | 3,284 | 5,356 | 1,921 | |
283 | Other silks, satins, &c. | 3,629 | 4,401 | 4,638 | 6,403 | 17,151 | |
286 | Woollen piece-goods n.o.e. | 8,489 | 11,215 | 15,553 | 11,423 | 12,043 | |
295 | Bags and sacks, jute and hessian* | .. | 4,276 | 13,121 | 5,094 | 2,517 | |
300 | Cordage and rope—Iron and steel | 4,172 | 2,832 | 4,166 | 7,514 | 903 | |
X | 321 | Petroleum, crude, &c. | 4,210 | 3,567 | 5,632 | 2,819 | 2,840 |
Oils— | |||||||
325 | Mineral, lubricating | 6,614 | 11,169 | 10,063 | 23,596 | 26,603 | |
332 | Vegetable, linseed | 16 | 9 | 931 | 7,015 | 13,556 | |
339 | Stearine | 502 | 3,167 | 13,673 | 16,567 | 18,140 | |
XII | 358 | Coal, cargo | 466,286 | 459,243 | 338,131 | 189,526 | 189,798 |
Specie— | |||||||
XIII | 374 | Gold | 540,000 | 653,000 | 797,000 | 1,023,000 | † |
375 | Silver | .. | 27,100 | 10,000 | .. | 2,983 | |
XIVA | 381 | Copper—Angle, strip, tee, &c. | 13,098 | 13,266 | 14,462 | 5,632 | 1,542 |
388 | Iron and steel—Bar, bolt, and rod | 8,194 | 5,987 | 8,622 | 20,291 | 13,839 | |
391 | Pig Iron | 1,221 | 4,363 | 14,035 | 6,494 | 7,889 | |
393 | Lead—Pig and bar | 20,236 | 21,458 | 16,033 | 19,690 | 14,929 | |
402 | Tin—Ingot, pig, bar, &c. | 27,807 | 27,896 | 22,622 | 27,850 | 34,909 | |
XIVB | 410 | Brass—Plate and sheet, plain | 310 | 1,140 | 4,934 | 12,533 | 35,025 |
422 | Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery | 9,722 | 10,975 | 9,373 | 14,766 | 12,235 | |
Tubes, pipes, and fittings— | |||||||
434 | Cast, 9 in. and under in internal diameter* | .. | 880 | 1,564 | 5,428 | 8,498 | |
436 | Wrought, under 6 in.* | .. | 5,392 | 11,289 | 15,081 | 7,167 | |
443 | Sheet lead | 14,825 | 17,693 | 14,054 | 14,933 | 13,732 | |
455 | Nails, other* | .. | 244 | 414 | 7,061 | 1,878 | |
Railway and tramway plant, n.o.e.— | |||||||
XIVB | 461 | Rails | 1,342 | 2,429 | 3,355 | 5,917 | 5,646 |
463 | Other | 365 | 3,804 | 4,479 | 8,082 | 11,545 | |
Tinned sheets and plates— | |||||||
474 | Plain | 2,053 | 1,050 | 9,452 | 15,864 | 7,984 | |
475 | Tinsmiths' furniture | 39 | 138 | 367 | 8,055 | 56 | |
Wire— | |||||||
486 | Fencing, plain | 9 | 55 | 1,258 | 6,596 | 2,807 | |
489 | Netting | 640 | 351 | 9,874 | 8,568 | 3,596 | |
Metal manufactures, other— | |||||||
494 | Free | 7,570 | 7,806 | 8,306 | 5,053 | 8,798 | |
495 | 20 per cent. | 14,079 | 14,517 | 14,979 | 26,806 | 27,370 | |
Machinery: Agricultural— | |||||||
511 | Other, and parts of | 3,411 | 4,850 | 6,843 | 5,522 | 8,053 | |
Machines— | |||||||
XV | 522 | Dairying, other* | .. | 12,838 | 11,939 | 22,046 | 19,288 |
Electrical— | |||||||
525 | Generators, motors, and transformers* | .. | 4,352 | 4,801 | 7,144 | 9,814 | |
526 | Insulated cable and wire* | .. | 9,180 | 13,341 | 17,277 | 8,592 | |
529 | N.o.e.* | .. | 10,471 | 7,708 | 9,233 | 10,591 | |
532 | Engines—Gas, oil, and hot-air, other | 4,359 | 2,725 | 2,648 | 5,132 | 3,418 | |
560 | Sewing-machines | 1,643 | 4,619 | 9,363 | 9,294 | 18,495 | |
561 | Tools, engineers', c., machine and hand | 6,451 | 7,608 | 10,859 | 11,124 | 7,062 | |
562 | Typewriters | 7,527 | 6,842 | 3,748 | 5,076 | 2,557 | |
570 | Machines n.o.e. (20 per cent.) | 6,162 | 14,065 | 8,795 | 21,276 | 13,600 | |
572 | Materials for and parts of (free)† | 4,440 | 5,536 | 4,600 | 4,962 | 7,918 | |
Indiarubber— | |||||||
XVIA | 573 | Hose, tubing, &c. | 9,733 | 19,997 | 19,724 | 18,261 | 19,536 |
575 | Other (free) | 7,653 | 7,045 | 8,594 | 8,700 | 7,129 | |
Leather— | |||||||
XVIB | 580 | Belt, harness, &c.* | .. | 5,195 | 6,560 | 4,493 | 4,817 |
581 | Calf-skins, whole* | .. | 2,993 | 9,830 | 12,350 | 11,972 | |
585 | Goat and kid skins* | .. | 15,188 | 15,837 | 36,268 | 63,859 | |
587 | Hide, undressed* | .. | 801 | 6,146 | 899 | 708 | |
588 | Hide, dressed* | .. | 3,610 | 6,732 | 7,223 | 5,570 | |
589 | Japanned and enamelled* | .. | 3,264 | 7,728 | 8,578 | 13,469 | |
592 | Sole* | .. | 1,397 | 8,542 | 993 | 3,794 | |
Timber— | |||||||
Logs, hewn— | |||||||
XVIIA | 613 | Ironbark* | .. | 57,532 | 56,380 | 22,386 | 27,863 |
614 | Jarrah* | .. | 34,588 | 21,310 | 137 | 2,049 | |
617 | Other* | .. | 16,525 | 32,893 | 13,850 | 25,142 | |
618 | Logs, round—Ironbark* | .. | 20,337 | 13,721 | 9,455 | 7,528 | |
625 | Palings, split | 3,854 | 5,113 | 3,593 | 3,191 | 1,867 | |
Sawn, n.o.e., rough— | |||||||
633 | Ironbark* | .. | 19,445 | 15,275 | 5,779 | 4,782 | |
634 | Jarrah* | .. | 108,170 | 61,028 | 10,514 | 31,781 | |
639 | Other* | .. | 46,163 | 41,810 | 41,714 | 17,739 | |
XVIIB | 646 | Carriage materials—Shafts c., in the rough | 5,798 | 9,182 | 5,421 | 3,782 | 3,623 |
661 | Woodenware and turnery n.o.e. | 4,475 | 3,476 | 3,578 | 9,185 | 5,536 | |
671 | Glass and glassware — Bottles, plain, empty | 5,671 | 5,626 | 19,883 | 38,541 | 17,279 | |
XIXA | 698 | Books, papers, and music, printed, n.o.e. | 65,727 | 60,076 | 59,257 | 65,359 | 62,664 |
XIXB | 703 | Handbills, circulars, programmes, &c. | 5,126 | 7,482 | 7,359 | 9,735 | 13,100 |
706 | Stationery, manufactured, n.o.e. | 8,791 | 9,601 | 7,886 | 7,446 | 8,798 | |
XX | 712 | Fancy goods and toys | 31,106 | 7,945 | 5,027 | 9,696 | 13,623 |
714 | Jewellery — Precious stones, unmounted | .. | 42,578 | 22,851 | 35,044 | 57,513 | |
XXI | 725 | Cinematograph, &c., films* | .. | 22,321 | 28,158 | 57,606 | 66,863 |
730 | Sensitized surfaces, &c. | 5,025 | 7,519 | 9,200 | 11,453 | 12,972 | |
733 | Instruments, surgical and dental | 4,085 | 6,853 | 14,411 | 7,414 | 7,085 | |
XXIIA | 740 | Acid, sulphuric | 2,964 | 8,776 | 6,472 | 6,645 | 5,383 |
753 | Dyes | 3,682 | 4,401 | 5,953 | 12,189 | 17,679 | |
XXII | 755 | Glycerine, refined | 1,548 | 3,180 | 994 | 4,138 | 7,694 |
758 | Insecticides and tree-washes — Denatured red oils | 601 | 2,769 | 3,183 | 5,243 | 6,979 | |
Liquefied and compressed gases— | |||||||
762 | Anhydrous ammonia | 2,931 | 10,302 | 11,229 | 19,783 | 26,760 | |
763 | Other* | .. | 8,102 | 9,799 | 11,706 | 14,248 | |
765 | Medicinal preparations n.o.e. | 56,904 | 79,008 | 77,079 | 85,772 | 92,444 | |
772 | Perfumery—Toilet preparation | 6,126 | 8,078 | 9,653 | 11,143 | 12,851 | |
XXIIB | 792 | Ammonia, sulphate of* | .. | 7,315 | 10,328 | 5,423 | 2,994 |
795 | Gypsum* | .. | 10,203 | 13,712 | 8,037 | 3,681 | |
799 | Blood and bone* | .. | 7,512 | 5,207 | 4,966 | 1,485 | |
800 | Bonedust* | .. | 38,307 | 31,856 | 12,512 | 10,900 | |
802 | Guano and rock phosphates* | .. | 5,877 | 16,019 | 21,289 | 17,937 | |
803 | Superphosphates* | .. | 25,428 | 136,507 | 121,229 | 120,355 | |
XXIII | 833 | Lithofracteur, cordite, &c. | .. | .. | .. | 924 | 7,206 |
838 | Articles and materials suited only for and to he used only in the fabrication or repair of goods within the Dominion | .. | 1,969 | 3,727 | 3,491 | 7,265 | |
848 | Brushmakers' materials | 1,132 | 4,009 | 3,578 | 6,502 | 5,758 | |
860 | Pianolas, phonographs, &c.* | .. | 5,927 | 4,844 | 5,384 | 6,133 | |
861 | Records for pianolas, &c.* | .. | 8,486 | 7,823 | 7,673 | 5,845 | |
863 | Matches and vestas, wax | 217 | .. | .. | 9,457 | 12,291 | |
876 | Soap-powder, dry, &c.* | 1,977 | 3,549 | 6,772 | 7,046 | 9,010 | |
877 | Soap n.o.e. | 32,535 | 37,565 | 37,405 | 39,732 | 49,498 | |
883 | Bicycles, rubber tires for | 24,451 | 14,059 | 44,625 | 38,363 | 39,690 | |
887 | Motor bicycles, rubber tires for | 51,171 | 27,069 | 5,742 | 10,290 | 12,483 | |
Motor vehicles— | |||||||
893 | Bodies for | 728 | 2,069 | 3,431 | 6,136 | 11,687 | |
894 | Chassis for | 2,632 | 7,368 | 10,759 | 1,165 | .. | |
895 | Materials and parts for† | 728 | 61,367 | 76,233 | 74,561 | 102,540 | |
902 | Miscellaneous manufactures | 6,072 | 6,356 | 9,377 | 8,935 | 12,448 | |
Parcels-post | 52,304 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ||
Fiji. | |||||||
II | 68 | Fruits, fresh—Bananas* | .. | 81,038 | 64,925 | 86,796 | 93,128 |
129 | Sugar, raw | 778,066 | 650,630 | 1,043,486 | 959,455 | 1,102,951 | |
Malden Island. | |||||||
XXIIB | 802 | Manures — Guano and rock phosphates* | .. | 15,174 | 4,664 | .. | .. |
Belgium. | |||||||
II | 48 | Chocolate confectionery, in fancy packages | 3,725 | 6,998 | .. | .. | .. |
XV | 526 | Machinery, electric—Insulated cable and wire* | .. | 5,971 | .. | .. | .. |
Glass— | |||||||
XVIII | 673 | Crown, sheet, and common window | 29,610 | 16,688 | ... | 2,025 | .. |
678 | Plate, other | 20,490 | 8,168 | .. | .. | .. | |
France. | |||||||
IV | 154 | Spirits—Brandy | 12,933 | 23,752 | 33,284 | 35,647 | 5,381 |
166 | Wine, sparkling | 10,238 | 13,290 | 18,551 | 10,612 | 2,399 | |
VIII | 222 | Rosin | 4,534 | 3,814 | 3,387 | 5,419 | 1 |
223 | Grass and clover seeds | 13 | 892 | 8,571 | 977 | 1,840 | |
IXB | 283 | Silk, satins, c. | 8,216 | 10,100 | 224 | 403 | 128 |
X | 339 | Stearine | 6,352 | 6,864 | .. | .. | .. |
XVIII | 683 | Tiles—Glass or earthen, roofing* | .. | 17,420 | .. | 3,902 | .. |
XXIIA | 751 | Cream of tartar | 17,358 | 18,987 | 41,244 | 31,702 | 7,435 |
XXIII | 894 | Motor vehicles, chassis for | 13,295 | 10,403 | 2,746 | .. | .. |
Germany. | |||||||
VIII | 223 | Seeds—Grass and clover | 31,163 | 20,265 | .. | .. | .. |
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing n.o.e. | 5,650 | 8,515 | 233 | 46 | 18 |
IXB | 267 | Drapery n.o.e. | 5,718 | 5,956 | 272 | 219 | .. |
XIVB | 422 | Hardware, hollow - ware, and ironmongery | 28,923 | 15,043 | 147 | 31 | .. |
486 | Iron wire, fencing, plain | 5,822 | 8,332 | 1,604 | .. | .. | |
XV | 526 | Machinery, electric—Insulated cable and wire* | .. | 15,040 | .. | .. | .. |
XVIII | 667 | China, porcelain, and Parian ware | 12,055 | 6,958 | 68 | 33 | .. |
Glass and glassware— | |||||||
671 | Bottles, plain, empty | 30,079 | 17,887 | .. | 1,591 | .. | |
674 | Glassware n.o.e. | 15,924 | 10,699 | 52 | .. | 2 | |
XIXA | 687 | Butter - paper, waxed paper, &c. | 3,347 | 5,341 | 181 | 144 | 42 |
XX | 712 | Fancy goods and toys | 52,404 | 27,471 | 843 | 379 | 88 |
XXIIA | 751 | Cream of tartar | 20,136 | 21,351 | .. | .. | .. |
753 | Dyes | 5,645 | 5,322 | 25 | .. | 216 | |
XXIIB | 798 | Basic slag and Thomas's phosphate | 45,869 | 46,532 | 225 | .. | .. |
803 | Superphosphates | 62,267 | 885 | .. | .. | ||
805 | Kainit | 7,996 | .. | .. | .. | ||
807 | Sulphate of potash | 16,936 | .. | .. | .. | ||
808 | Manures, other | 6,336 | .. | .. | .. | ||
XXIII | 839 | Asbestos—Sheets, plates, and tiles* | .. | 6,304 | .. | 53 | .. |
859 | Pianos | 51,871 | 31,661 | 332 | .. | .. | |
Motor-cars— | |||||||
894 | Chassis for | 3,098 | 5,413 | 362 | .. | .. | |
895 | Materials for | 67,352 | 59,222 | .. | .. | .. | |
Parcels-post | 11,566 | † | † | † | † | ||
Greece. | |||||||
II | 61 | Fruits, dried—Currants | 8,335 | 21,669 | 20,539 | 31 | .. |
Italy. | |||||||
II | 108 | Nuts—Almonds, shelled or unshelled | 11,058 | 13,359 | 7,459 | 5,104 | 10,456 |
IXA | 251 | Hats and caps | 12,230 | 7,105 | 11,405 | 11,908 | 11,939 |
XII | 364 | Marble, dressed | 4,302 | 3,977 | 4,199 | 5,188 | 2,779 |
XXIIA | 751 | Cream of tartar | .. | .. | 19,033 | 25,022 | 13,327 |
XXIII | 839 | Asbestos* | .. | 122 | 5,658 | 5,959 | .. |
863 | Matches and vestas (wax) | .. | 1,003 | 1,498 | 2,970 | 14,623 | |
895 | Vehicles, motor—Materials for‡ | .. | 2,669 | 6,376 | 14,300 | 727 | |
Netherlands | |||||||
II | 46 | Cocoa-butter | 5,247 | 8,192 | 723 | 643 | 364 |
III | 140 | Cocoa and chocolate | 28,292 | 25,269 | 16,007 | 11,893 | 790 |
IV | 155 | Spirits—Geneva, gin, and schnapps | 17,330 | 17,339 | 30,810 | 35,546 | 6,752 |
XV | 527 | Electrical lamps* | .. | 1,491 | 6,731 | 5,153 | 4,883 |
XXIIB | 803 | Manures — Superphosphates* | .. | 37,925 | 8,322 | .. | .. |
Norway. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
I | 11 | Fish, preserved | 17,978 | 24,771 | 28,098 | 20,792 | 17,926 |
231 | Wood-pulp* | .. | 4,309 | 5,078 | 1,463 | .. | |
XXIIA | 748 | Calcium carbide | 24,362 | 29,198 | 25,784 | 24,870 | 2,144 |
Spain. | |||||||
VIII | 209 | Cork, cut | 10,315 | 6,594 | 4,757 | 9,611 | 3,490 |
Sweden. | |||||||
VIII | 231 | Wood-pulp* | .. | 2,934 | 4,829 | 9,726 | 6,957 |
XIVB | 422 | Hardware, hollow-ware, etc. | 1,600 | 1,853 | 2,362 | 5,909 | 3,710 |
473 | Telephones and accessories* | .. | 16,904 | 12,540 | 1,127 | 9,343 | |
XV | 517 | Machinery, dairying — Cream-separators* | .. | 20,304 | 30,944 | 37,806 | 43,316 |
XXIIA | 748 | Carbide of calcium | 5,680 | 7,357 | 4,027 | 4,398 | 1,697 |
XXIII | 838 | A. and M.S. | 1,139 | 766 | 2,472 | 8,677 | 8,180 |
864 | Matches, wooden | 1,306 | 1,291 | 1,757 | 3,896 | 5,266 | |
Switzerland. | |||||||
II | 48 | Chocolate confectionery in fancy packages | 38,010 | 50,440 | 40,271 | 16,126 | 387 |
IXB | 267 | Drapery n.o.e. | 1,523 | 4,538 | 615 | 7,001 | 3,573 |
XX | 719 | Watches | 1,841 | 1,262 | 3,512 | 39,863 | 36,541 |
Asiatic Turkey. | |||||||
Fruits, dried— | |||||||
II | 62 | Dates* | .. | 6,660 | 3,363 | 4,862 | 7,346 |
65 | Raisins* | 9,816 | 17,414 | 1,588 | .. | .. | |
China. | |||||||
IXA | 254 | Lace and laces n.o.c. | 150 | 1,000 | 1,335 | 6,487 | 14,575 |
IXB | 283 | Silk piece-goods n.o.e. | 12,233 | 12,421 | 19,572 | 38,539 | 23,628 |
Japan. | |||||||
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing n.o.e. | 12,003 | 13,410 | 15,671 | 55,910 | 50,478 |
249 | Haberdashery—Buttons, tapes, &c. | 1,845 | 6,620 | 7,829 | 12,694 | 9,369 | |
251 | Hats and caps | 1,897 | 2,982 | 3,985 | 17,535 | 33,343 | |
253 | Hosiery | 69 | 541 | 1,032 | 11,286 | 4,027 | |
IXB | 267 | Drapery n.o.e. | 9,090 | 11,294 | 9,757 | 15,322 | 13,846 |
270 | Matting n.o.e., and mats | 2,064 | 2,315 | 3,203 | 5,199 | 5,486 | |
274 | Canvas, sailcloth, c. | .. | .. | .. | 6,435 | 11,736 | |
278 | Cotton piece-goods n.o.e. | 14,683 | 12,828 | 16,104 | 63,494 | 55,999 | |
283 | Silks, satins, and velvets | 35,417 | 52,352 | 90,062 | 126,185 | 162,312 | |
289 | Rugs, other* | .. | 1,465 | 3,279 | 12,473 | 6,775 | |
XII | 358 | Coal, cargo* | .. | 7,875 | .. | .. | 5,303 |
XIVB | 422 | Hardware, hollow-ware, &c. | 526 | 532 | 524 | 5,878 | 3,185 |
XV | 526 | Electrical—Insulated cable and wire* | .. | .. | .. | 8,853 | 10,048 |
XVIIA | 639 | Timber, rough - sawn, n.o.e.* | .. | 2,369 | 8,907 | 16,870 | 14,789 |
XVIII | 667 | China, porcelain, and Parian ware | 1,197 | 1,521 | 2,487 | 11,148 | 5,359 |
669 | Earthenware n.o.e. | 917 | 1,381 | 1,254 | 7,569 | 8,527 | |
671 | Bottles, plain, empty* | .. | 1,914 | 11,298 | 10,795 | 14,170 | |
674 | Glassware n.o.e. | .. | 110 | 3,232 | 21,513 | 9,004 | |
689 | Cardboard boxes—Materials for, other | 865 | 1,552 | 2,590 | 6,006 | 5,969 | |
XX | 712 | Fancy goods and toys | 8,373 | 11,956 | 19,092 | 38,410 | 39,688 |
XXIIB | 789 | Sulphur | 9,905 | .. | 7,057 | 8,756 | 14,141 |
803 | Manures — Superphosphates* | .. | 24,526 | 51,956 | 17,417 | 19,088 | |
XXIII | 847 | Brushes, brushware, and brooms | 2,865 | 4,030 | 4,835 | 9,411 | 8,930 |
864 | Matches, wooden | .. | .. | 5,275 | 4,839 | 1,982 | |
Java. | |||||||
II | 130 | Sugar, refined | 910 | 10,581 | 105 | .. | .. |
VIII | 214 | Kapok | 47,993 | 42,785 | 27,859 | 37,437 | 29,370 |
Philippine Islands. | |||||||
VIII | 213 | Hemp | 9,549 | 13,842 | 19,903 | 27,476 | 22,765 |
Sumatra. | |||||||
X | 319 | Oils, mineral—Benzine* | .. | 135,120 | 173,740 | 105,625 | 84,742 |
324 | Kerosene | .. | .. | 8,310 | 2,349 | .. | |
Madagascar. | |||||||
XXIIB | 802 | Manures—Guano and rock phosphates* | .. | 9,255 | 11,458 | .. | .. |
Portuguese East Africa. | |||||||
XII | 358 | Coal, cargo* | .. | 29,240 | .. | .. | 3,046 |
Cuba. | |||||||
V | 169 | Cigars | .. | 7,780 | 4,327 | 3,516 | 6,604 |
United States of America. | |||||||
I | 11 | Fish, preserved, in tins | 4,368 | 1,610 | 4,163 | 4,304 | 12,821 |
36 | Sausage casings and skins | 23,016 | 20,766 | 16,612 | 19,531 | 25,758 | |
II | 46 | Cocoa-butter, &c. | 1,048 | 1,199 | 3,805 | 10,548 | 7,507 |
52 | Confectionery n.o.e. | 4,591 | 5,780 | 8,583 | 5,998 | 3,065 | |
59 | Fruits, bottled and preserved in syrup | 25,492 | 19,275 | 27,177 | 33,600 | 22,567 | |
Fruits, dried— | |||||||
60 | Apples and apricots* | .. | 8,983 | 10,372 | 10,560 | 14,211 | |
64 | Prunes* | .. | 11,648 | 18,590 | 10,726 | 21,763 | |
65 | Raisins | 24,582 | 25,290 | 89,640 | 90,102 | 95,524 | |
Fruits, fresh— | |||||||
67 | Apples* | .. | 14,626 | 10,339 | 9,369 | 2,500 | |
71 | Lemons* | .. | 667 | 4,439 | 5,166 | 3,792 | |
72 | Oranges* | .. | 9,307 | 13,117 | 14,602 | 10,198 | |
Grain and pulse, unprepared— | |||||||
78 | Barley | .. | .. | 7,235 | 1 | .. | |
81 | Oats | .. | .. | 11,080 | 16 | .. | |
Grain and pulse, prepared or manufactured— | |||||||
87 | Flour, wheaten | .. | .. | 58,292 | 121 | .. | |
88 | Maizena and cornflour | 5,950 | 8,234 | 7,911 | 6,022 | 6,802 | |
122 | Salt, other* | .. | 8,977 | 5,925 | 4,062 | 1,491 | |
125 | Sugar—Glucose | 8,767 | 9,752 | 10,270 | 13,402 | 13,926 | |
III | 139 | Cocoa-beans, uncrushed | 746 | 956 | 1,433 | 3,320 | 5,269 |
V | 168 | Cigarettes | 6,307 | 6,805 | 4,629 | 2,971 | 1,410 |
Tobacco, manufactured— | |||||||
171 | Cut | 74,799 | 46,199 | 34,725 | 38,301 | 22,404 | |
172 | Other | 40,361 | 42,149 | 49,062 | 19,680 | ||
VIII | 222 | Rosin | 10,793 | 5,354 | 5,486 | 3,377 | 9,282 |
223 | Seeds—Grass and clover | 16,295 | 24,197 | 7,961 | 15,947 | 55,453 | |
230 | Tanning-materials, other | 662 | 333 | 1,508 | 6,525 | 5,671 | |
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing n.o.e. | 42,154 | 28,239 | 22,089 | 39,711 | 29,962 |
240 | Grindery n.o.e. | 10,198 | 8,676 | 9,869 | 18,060 | 16,695 | |
241 | Gum boots | 10,174 | 8,595 | 9,292 | 7,779 | 10,380 | |
244 | Boots, other | 6,555 | 8,023 | 7,618 | 26,219 | 32,572 | |
245 | Corsets* | .. | 17,201 | 24,962 | 27,987 | 16,544 | |
253 | Hosiery | 1,010 | 2,340 | 12,160 | 54,440 | 36,394 | |
IXB | 274 | Canvas, sail-cloth, c. | 4,997 | 4,888 | 12,761 | 12,699 | 7,555 |
275 | Butter and cheese cloth | 4,403 | 4,635 | 3,099 | 6,094 | 2,293 | |
278 | Cotton piece-goods n.o.e. | 19,001 | 31,716 | 66,683 | 98,574 | 93,206 | |
290 | Sewing silks and cottons n.o.e. | 5,333 | 4,396 | 3,228 | 7,636 | 5,537 | |
311 | Axle-greases and other solid lubricants* | .. | 4,151 | 2,996 | 6,252 | 4,237 | |
Oils— | |||||||
Mineral— | |||||||
X | 319 | Benzine* | .. | 156,878 | 158,027 | 264,427 | 269,447 |
320 | Benzoline* | .. | 3,860 | 2,195 | 6,964 | 4,621 | |
323 | Gasoline* | .. | 3,243 | 12,335 | 14,158 | 57,232 | |
324 | Kerosene | 105,851 | 159,339 | 175,802 | 155,387 | 133,842 | |
325 | Lubricating | 30,584 | 41,014 | 31,949 | 72,573 | 62,142 | |
326 | Motor-spirit n.o.e.* | .. | 114,909 | 51,729 | 152,553 | 168,153 | |
Vegetable— | |||||||
334 | Turpentine | 14,726 | 6,438 | 13,489 | 15,706 | 10,598 | |
336 | Other* | .. | 5,664 | 6,381 | 10,562 | 10,182 | |
338 | Not essential, in vessels less than 1 gallon | 3,881 | 3,234 | 4,164 | 8,647 | 5,836 | |
343 | Wax, paraffin | 15,546 | 12,840 | 12,681 | 13,723 | 10,081 | |
XI | 348 | Paints, ground in oil or turpentine | 2,461 | 5,718 | 10,005 | 22,107 | 21,091 |
350 | Paints and colours, mixed ready for use | 9,831 | 12,213 | 10,420 | 17,530 | 13,157 | |
354 | Varnishes, lacquers, &c. | 4,195 | 4,206 | 3,118 | 5,509 | 4,903 | |
XIVB | 410 | Brass, plate and sheet, plain* | .. | 2,100 | 10,644 | 888 | 11,136 |
418 | Fencing-staples | 6,808 | 10,420 | 7,124 | 10,076 | 8,786 | |
422 | Hardware, hollow-ware, &c. | 63,919 | 61,655 | 48,760 | 80,951 | 82,446 | |
428 | Iron for pipes, spiral* | .. | .. | 11,846 | 2,774 | 4,598 | |
430 | Corrugated iron | 3,646 | 3,653 | 7,399 | 13,113 | 12,012 | |
432 | Plain galvanized iron | 4,377 | 2,678 | 7,399 | 7,082 | 13,508 | |
436 | Iron and steel pipes—Wrought, 6 in. and under* | .. | 6,434 | 2,389 | 6,711 | 15,382 | |
441 | Lamps, other* | .. | 8,937 | 7,443 | 13,195 | 14,579 | |
455 | Nails, other | 25,691 | 22,731 | 19,268 | 14,282 | 14,958 | |
473 | Telephones and accessories therefor* | .. | 2,267 | 3,857 | 6,642 | 15,591 | |
Tinware— | |||||||
474 | Tinned sheets and plates, plain | 227 | 344 | 3,483 | 14,772 | 23,962 | |
Tools and implements— | |||||||
477 | Axes and hatchets | 5,467 | 10,816 | 6,805 | 3,906 | 4,070 | |
482 | Other | 62,258 | 56,100 | 42,216 | 63,548 | 66,654 | |
Wire— | |||||||
485 | Fencing, barbed | 15,141 | 27,543 | 18,904 | 18,261 | 23,844 | |
486 | Fencing, plain | 37,100 | 46,816 | 47,213 | 53,579 | 45,665 | |
488 | N.o.e | 659 | 488 | 2,935 | 10,574 | 8,770 | |
490 | W...-wove, expanded-metal lathing, etc.* | .. | 5,120 | 3,145 | 4,376 | 1,968 | |
493 | Zinc, plain, sheet | 19 | 660 | 6,166 | 16,892 | 10,168 | |
495 | Metal manufactures, other (20 per cent.) | 43,672 | 41,606 | 28,174 | 39,627 | 45,275 | |
Machinery— | |||||||
Agricultural implements— | |||||||
XV | 499 | Drills, &c. | 8,921 | 8,920 | 5,805 | 4,370 | 4,186 |
505 | Ploughs | 7,301 | 5,927 | 4,658 | 7,944 | 6,344 | |
507 | Reapers, &c. | 9,133 | 8,522 | 7,776 | 11,321 | 4,908 | |
511 | Other* | .. | 19,020 | 10,017 | 19,709 | 18,911 | |
514 | Cash-registers | 12,001 | 11,565 | 12,044 | 6,826 | 4,897 | |
Electrical— | |||||||
524 | Electric batteries and cells* | .. | 2,563 | 1,581 | 6,468 | 17,485 | |
525 | Generators, motors, &c.* | .. | 17,020 | 24,275 | 32,898 | 25,244 | |
526 | Insulated cable-wire* | .. | 1,045 | 3,408 | 6,088 | 7,054 | |
527 | Lamps* | .. | 5,894 | 6,370 | 6,938 | 16,116 | |
529 | N.o.e.* | .. | 22,003 | 26,686 | 49,135 | 51,840 | |
XV | 531 | Gas, oil, and hot-air engines* | .. | 2,509 | 9,996 | .. | 533 |
532 | Engines, gas, &c., other | 23,725 | 16,719 | 13,891 | 20,547 | 22,341 | |
533 | Portable and traction engines | 2,943 | 867 | 1,179 | 9,524 | 18,285 | |
546 | Locomotives | 1,075 | 2,907 | 34,000 | .. | 1,253 | |
553 | Mining, unenumerated* | .. | 3,390 | 14,299 | 4,817 | 4,231 | |
558 | Printing—Typesetting and casting* | .. | 11,414 | 4,151 | 1,207 | 3,130 | |
560 | Sewing-machines | 24,831 | 24,135 | 21,931 | 8,661 | 10,082 | |
561 | Tools—Engineers', &c., machine and hand | 17,134 | 14,785 | 12,136 | 24,292 | 24,401 | |
562 | Typewriters | 10,495 | 10,821 | 7,711 | 17,083 | 19,105 | |
570 | N.o.e. (20 per cent.) | 18,418 | 16,569 | 24,628 | 26,047 | 34,681 | |
571 | Materials for, &c., (dutiable)† | 937 | 1,300 | 2,317 | 12,677 | 18,460 | |
572 | Materials for, &c. (free)† | 5,842 | 7,678 | 7,081 | 3,817 | 4,343 | |
Leather— | |||||||
XVIB | 585 | Goat and kid skins* | .. | 6,474 | 8,744 | 18,112 | 11,132 |
589 | Japanned and enamelled* | .. | 3,790 | 3,081 | 10,258 | 9,914 | |
592 | Sole, pump, and skirt* | .. | 984 | 29,904 | 30,661 | 38,906 | |
Timber, sawn, n.o.e., rough— | |||||||
XVIIA | 637 | Oregon pine* | .. | 45,199 | 20,574 | 18,544 | 8,011 |
639 | Other* | .. | 26,784 | 14,919 | 13,382 | 10,871 | |
XVIIB | 653 | Furniture n.o.e. | 8,605 | 6,362 | 4,056 | 4,420 | 2,315 |
655 | Handles for tools, other* | .. | 9,970 | 7,334 | 10,174 | 5,509 | |
657 | Mouldings and panels for picture-frames, &c. | 7,230 | 6,527 | 1,925 | 2,594 | 2,200 | |
661 | Woodenware n.o.e. | 17,484 | 10,136 | 7,734 | 7,535 | 3,945 | |
Glass and glassware— | |||||||
XVIII | 671 | Bottles, plain, empty | 4,645 | 3,538 | 10,160 | 13,846 | 9,506 |
673 | Glass, Crown, sheet, and common | .. | 1 | 14,181 | 20,154 | 12,436 | |
674 | Glassware n.o.e. | 8,811 | 5,930 | 7,204 | 7,209 | 4,799 | |
675 | Glass jars, plain* | .. | 6,780 | 5,835 | 4,449 | 593 | |
678 | Glass, plate, other | 3 | .. | 11,658 | 8,392 | 10,083 | |
XIXA | 687 | Butter-paper | 22 | 38 | 9,527 | 9,914 | 14,147 |
689 | Cardboard boxes, materials for, other | 5,633 | 5,534 | 13,010 | 17,376 | 12,440 | |
695 | Writing-paper, not leas than “Demy” | 1,465 | 2,473 | 1,358 | 20,573 | 16,557 | |
XIXB | 698 | Books, papers, and music, printed, n.o.e. | 9,969 | 11,416 | 10,558 | 15,487 | 20,945 |
703 | Handbills, circulars, &c. | 1,652 | 2,662 | 3,384 | 6,936 | 6,907 | |
709 | Pictures, c., n.o.e. | 3,048 | 3,970 | 4,908 | 5,846 | 3,795 | |
711 | Stationery n.o.e. | 5,240 | 5,618 | 4,596 | 13,510 | 18,147 | |
XX | 712 | Fancy goods and toys | 11,652 | 6,291 | 10,458 | 21,529 | 24,007 |
Timepieces— | |||||||
717 | Clocks | 16,153 | 9,641 | 11,416 | 15,131 | 9,117 | |
719 | Watches | 2,715 | 4,676 | 4,216 | 8,859 | 7,146 | |
XXI | 725 | Cinematograph, &c., films* | .. | 695 | 2,772 | 15,191 | 19,929 |
728 | Microscopes and telescopes* | .. | 1,260 | 2,684 | 10,383 | 15,021 | |
Photographic materials, &c.— | |||||||
729 | Cameras | 2,477 | 2,399 | 4,710 | 10,310 | 21,204 | |
730 | Sensitized surfaces | 2,021 | 1,248 | 2,501 | 14,981 | 17,367 | |
733 | Instruments, surgical and dental | 7,477 | 22,089 | 22,740 | 30,799 | 12,883 | |
XXIIA | 751 | Cream of tartar | .. | 1,934 | 17,019 | 9,463 | 29,081 |
765 | Medicinal preparations, &c., n.o.e. | 20,551 | 22,057 | 15,709 | 27,453 | 22,393 | |
772 | Perfumery—Toilet preparations | 11,566 | 8,861 | 8,325 | 25,988 | 13,038 | |
XXII | 782 | Soda, caustic | 28 | 172 | 2,175 | 2,865 | 11,023 |
XXIII | 814 | Cartridges, 25 calibre and under* | .. | 6,889 | 9,759 | 10,490 | 6,658 |
815 | Cartridges, shot (10 to 24 bore) | 41 | 49 | 2 | 549 | 8,767 | |
824 | Firearms, other | 6,400 | 7,016 | 9,423 | 11,655 | 5,431 | |
838 | A. and M.S. | 2,950 | 1,504 | 2,046 | 6,991 | 19,430 | |
859 | Pianos | 2,821 | 819 | 1,931 | 3,843 | 6,123 | |
860 | Pianolas, &c. | .. | 1,205 | 390 | 4,170 | 5,823 | |
867 | Packing, engine | 3,640 | 3,510 | 4,450 | 6,558 | 7,623 | |
876 | Soap-powder, dry, &c. | 3,812 | 6,455 | 7,418 | 7,942 | 85 | |
877 | Soap n.o.e. | 13,020 | 14,711 | 10,359 | 20,006 | 1,964 | |
886 | Motor bicycles and tricycles* | .. | 2,103 | 14,523 | 44,483 | 40,005 | |
887 | Rubber tires and tubes for* | .. | 364 | 1,994 | 6,796 | 7,251 | |
Motor vehicles— | |||||||
893 | Bodies for | 57,051 | 68,204 | 56,665 | 588,379 | 525,357 | |
894 | Chassis for | 146,237 | 192,015 | 186,876 | 1,849 | 127 | |
895 | Materials for† | 23,923 | 24,697 | 98,088 | 327,145 | 245,242 | |
900 | Vehicles—Springs and other materials | 2,671 | 7,484 | 10,349 | 3,294 | 5,832 | |
902 | Miscellaneous manufactures | 14,659 | 10,461 | 17,927 | 27,766 | 20,734 | |
Parcels-post | 22,666 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | ||
Society Islands. | |||||||
II | 72 | Fresh fruit—Oranges* | .. | 8,407 | 6,362 | 2,842 | 7,978 |
VIII | 208 | Copra | 2,479 | 2,744 | 15,358 | 2,482 | 416 |
XXIIA | 790 | Vanilla-beans | 3,687 | 6,352 | 5,219 | 3,117 | 4,780 |
Tonga (Friendly Islands). | |||||||
VIII | 208 | Copra | 3,206 | 10,422 | 29,168 | 1,232 | 390 |
German Samoa. | |||||||
III | 139 | Cocoa-beans, uncrushed | 746 | 3,653 | 2,273 | 16,061 | 13,172 |
Gilbert and Ellice Islands. | |||||||
XXIIB | 802 | Guano and rock phosphates* | .. | .. | .. | 5,720 | .. |
Tuamotu Archipelago. | |||||||
XXIIB | 802 | Guano and rock phosphates* | .. | .. | 45,578 | 22,664 | 41,271 |
Egypt. | |||||||
XXIIC | 804 | Phosphates, other* | .. | .. | .. | 39,032 | 43,217 |
Denmark. | |||||||
XXIII | 838 | A. and M.S. | 3,733 | 1,894 | 6,374 | 24,227 | 48,898 |
A small group of Pacific islands' was annexed to the Dominion on the 11th June, 1901, and has since been administered as the “Cook and other annexed islands.” The following table shows the growth of the import trade from this group—previous figures are included with those for the other Pacific islands:—
Year. | Imports. |
---|---|
£ | |
1902 | 32,163 |
1903 | 38,708 |
1904 | 45,517 |
1905 | 44,179 |
1906 | 63,477 |
1907 | 61,922 |
1908 | 67,483 |
1909 | 73,469 |
1910 | 90,039 |
1911 | 92,382 |
1912 | 105,943 |
1913 | 109,095 |
1914 | 94,620 |
1915 | 87,890 |
1916 | 63,702 |
1917 | 72,470 |
The principal articles imported for the past five years are as follows:—
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
Fruits, fresh— | |||||||
II | 68 | Bananas | 37,443 | 24,770 | 15,049 | 29,376 | |
72 | Oranges | 82,223 | 34,005 | 28,321 | 26,033 | 21,155 | |
74 | Tomatoes, plums, &c. | 568 | 4,359 | 7,541 | 3,632 | ||
75 | Other | 1,328 | 6,040 | 1,114 | 1,934 | ||
Nuts— | |||||||
109 | Coconuts | 570 | 1,502 | 804 | 565 | 676 | |
111 | Other | 326 | 97 | .. | .. | .. | |
135 | Potatoes | 819 | 224 | 143 | 821 | 290 | |
III | 143 | Coffee, raw | 638 | 500 | 870 | 1,337 | 120 |
VII | 202 | Pearlshell | .. | 566 | .. | .. | .. |
VIII | 208 | Copra | 19,673 | 13,149 | 17,051 | 7,560 | 11,704 |
220 | Fungus | 216 | 157 | 61 | 1,259 | 315 | |
IXA | 251 | Hats and caps | 1,277 | 1,979 | 2,073 | 979 | 773 |
XIII | 374 | Specie—Gold | 350 | 500 | .. | .. | .. |
XXI | 725 | Cinematograph-films | .. | 1,524 | 2,418 | 825 | 1,705 |
IT was natural that the tariff should early promise a means of obtaining a sure revenue for the colony, and the first Customs Ordinance was proclaimed in 1841 by the Governor, Captain Hobson, with the advice of the Legislative Council. This Ordinance, which repealed the New South Wales Ordinance then in force in these Islands, was the first of two long series of enactments dealing with Customs law and the tariff of Customs duties. The Customs law has been constantly revised and extended, Acts being passed in 1858, 1868, 1882, 1892, 1908, and revised, extended, and consolidated by the Customs Duties Act of 1914, and further extended by the Finance Acts of 1915 and 1917.
The first tariff, contained in the Ordinance of 1841, covered only a few items, and may be given in full as a type of all the early tariffs. It is noteworthy that, folio-wing the old mercantilist policy of colonial administration, preference was given to certain products of the Motherland. The full schedule of duties was as follows:—
£ | s. | d. | |
Spirits or strong waters, not being the produce of the United Kingdom, of any British possession in America, or of New South Wales, or of Van Diemen's Land, per proof gallon | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Spirits or strong waters, the produce of United Kingdom, of any British possession in America, or of New South Wales, or of Van Diomen's Land, per proof gallon | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Wine, for every hundred pounds' value | 15 | 0 | 0 |
Tobacco, unmanufactured, per pound | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Tobacco, manufactured, except cigars and snuff, per pound | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cigars and snuff, per pound | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Tea, sugar, flour, meal, wheat, rice, and other grain and pulse, for every hundred pounds' value | 5 | 0 | 0 |
On all other goods (except goods the produce and manufacture of the United Kingdom, or of New South Wales, or of Van Diemen's Land), for every hundred pounds' value | 10 | 0 | 0 |
In 1844 alterations were made in the direction of increasing most of the duties, while the preference to the United Kingdom was dropped. A very interesting item was the duty of 30 per cent. imposed “On all guns or weapons of any description, or gunpowder, or any munition of war,” evidently imposed to check the growing import of firearms for the Maoris. The rate of duty on all unspecified goods, except personal baggage, living animals, and specie, was 5 per cent.
In 1846 again preference was introduced by the imposition of a duty of 12 ½ per cent. on all foreign unspecified goods, while similar British goods paid only 10 per cent. At the same time there appears the germ of the later free list, five items—glass bottles, bullion, live animals, books, and seeds and bulbs—being proclaimed free of duty.
The tariff of 1851 was the first elaborate scale of duties, and is noticeable for the liberal use of ad valorem duties, mainly at the rate of 10 per cent., though cottons, woollens, &c., were charged by the yard, calico by the bolt, and trousers by the pair.
The first tariffs seem to have been purely for revenue purposes, and there is little protective design in them. The number of commodities chargeable with duty was few, and as time went on successive Governments continually raised the rates on these revenue-producing articles. There is a constant succession of increases in the duty levied on spirits, from the 4s. per gallon of the first tariff to the 18s. per gallon of 1917, and there are similar increases in tobacco, wines, beer, &c.—indeed, in all the high-duty goods. On the other hand, sugar and tea, which at first paid a duty of 5 per cent., by 1856 were paying much higher rates at ½ d. per pound and 3d. per pound respectively. Two years later the duties had been raised to ld. per pound and 4d. per pound, and in 1864 tea was charged 6d. per pound. These rates remained till in 1878 sugar was reduced again to ½ d. per pound, and in 1907 made free, while the tariff of 1895 reduced the duty on tea to 4d., and that of 1900 to 2d., British tea being eventually placed on the free list by the tariff of 1903.
In 1856 the first Gold Duty Act was passed, empowering the Governor to collect an export duty on gold at the rate of 2s. 6d. per ounce. This rate was amended by various Acts; but in 1890 the Gold Duty Abolition Act was passed, and at system of rating in mining districts substituted for the export duty as far as the South Island was concerned. The Gold Duty Act, 1908, consolidated and repealed all previous enactments. An export duty was also imposed on timber by Acts of 1901 and 1903.
Excise duties were levied in 1881 on the manufacture of tobacco and perfumery in bond, and the amount of revenue derived from this source, though still small, has constantly increased. While sugar was liable to duty, excise was collected from the warehouses where sugar was refined; but since 1907 this revenue has disappeared. A duty was imposed on New Zealand beer in 1880, and this duty, though charged at a low rate, yields, a considerable sum each year. There are no distilleries in the Dominion.
The first definite attempt at reciprocity was made in 1870, when the Colonial Reciprocity Act gave power to the Government to make reciprocal agreements with the Australian States, including Tasmania; but this Act failed to receive the Royal assent and consequently lapsed.
In 1895, however, the Customs Duties Reciprocity Act received the Royal assent, and ratified an agreement which had been tentatively proposed with South Australia, besides giving power to the Government to make further agreements with the other Australian States. In 1907 the New Zealand and South African Customs Treaty was negotiated, and there is a steady interchange of products under this agreement.
Imperial preference proper was introduced in New Zealand by the Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act, 1903, which followed the lead given by Canada.
At first only a few items were covered by the extra duties levied upon goods of foreign origin; but the Tariff Act of 1907 extended this additional preferential duty to a great number of items.
The general tariff of 1864 comprised many items, but the duties were levied for revenue primarily; the rates were low, and were mostly specific duties, even drapery being charged at per cubic foot. Amendments of the tariff, mostly small and affecting only a few items, followed rapidly in 1866, 1867, 1871, 1873; but in 1878 some sweeping changes were made, particularly the reduction of sugar from 1d. per pound to ½ d., and similar reductions on many foodstuffs, while tools were also made free of duty. Another Act in 1879 added a few dutiable articles—in this case, however, chargeable with ad valorem duty; and the Act of 1881 was similar. All these changes were revised and consolidated in the Customs Duties Consolidation Act, 1882, which also extended the range of the tariff a good deal. The tariff of 1888 was distinguished by a more liberal use of ad valorem duties, the most usual rate being 20 per cent., as against 10 per cent. in the earliest years, while a primage duty was also levied.
With the year 1895 the tariff takes on its distinctive modern form, marked by the preponderance of ad valorem duties and a definitely protective intention. The scope of the tariff was greatly widened so as to enumerate in detail a number of new items, and there were many reductions, principally of the duties on foodstuffs such as dried fruits and cocoa.
The process of subdivision and protection then begun was continued in 1900, when further steps were taken in the direction of a free breakfast-table; and another notable remission was made, the duty on kerosene being abolished.
In 1907 the Customs tariff was completely revised and some important alterations made. Among articles placed upon the free list were: Sugar, molasses and treacle, currants, raisins, figs, dates, prunes, unground spices, mustard, maizena, cornflour, almonds and nuts (excepting walnuts), carbonate and bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, infants' foods, forfar, dowlas and flax-sheeting, vegetable oils, fencing staples and standards, sheet lead; gas, electricity, and water meters; rubber and pneumatic tires for carriages. Children's boots Nos. 0–6 and tea in bulk were admitted free if of British manufacture or growth.
Increased rates of ordinary duty were imposed on certain articles, among which were: Flavouring essences n.o.e., medicinal preparations, drugs and druggists' sundries, candles, paraffin wax, hosiery, cash-registers, cartridges (shot), 10–24 bore, cartridge-cases, certain sizes of iron and fibre pipes, mouldings and panels.
Tea, the produce of British dominions, if in packages of 5 lb. in weight or over was admitted free: when put up in packages under 5 lb. there was a duty of 2d per pound. The preferential duty on tea of foreign growth was 2d. per pound if in packages of 5 lb. in weight or over, and 2/5 d. per pound if in packages of a less weight than 5 lb.
The Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1909, imposed a surtax of 1 per cent. on the amount of duty payable on tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, and of 2 ½ per cent. on the amount of duty payable on all other dutiable goods. This surtax remained in operation until the 31st March, 1911.
The Customs revenue for 1916 was increased by the sum of £197,466 in consequence of the preferential tariff, but the exemption in favour of British-grown tea has resulted in a considerable loss of revenue. The duty collected on all tea imported in 1903 was £43,606, while in 1916 only £623 was received. In 1917, however, as a result of the increased rates imposed in that year, the amount rose to £36,651. Sugar and molasses, from which the duty has been removed, yielded an average annual revenue of £194,000 during the years 1903–7.
In 1915 again changes were made in the rates of duty levied on certain articles, in order to meet the extraordinary expenses of the war. The principal changes were: The duty was raised on spirits from 16s. to 17s. per gallon; gas and oil engines were made subject to 10 per cent., plus an additional preferential 10 per cent. if foreign, instead of being free and 20 per cent. preferential as before; electric motors, transformers, and lamps were charged 10 per cent. plus 10 per cent., instead of 10 per cent. plus 5 per cent.; and motor-cars were charged 10 per cent. plus 10 per cent. preferential surtax, whereas before the chassis was free and the body was liable to 20 per cent. duty. On the other hand, the 20 per cent. on bicycles was reduced to 10 per cent.
At the same time a primage duty of 1 per cent. was levied on all goods imported, with the exception of a few small classes of exempted articles. In addition, power was taken to gazette at any time an extra surtax of 50 per cent. on any goods which may be specified, when they are the produce or manufacture of any country now at war with His Majesty. Power was also taken to impose an excise duty on aerated waters, cordials, and other beverages, subject to a report by an officer of Customs to be appointed as a Commission to inquire into the advisability of controlling and regulating this manufacture.
The excise duties on spirituous tinctures, which formerly paid 12s. per gallon, were raised to 13s. per gallon, and finally (on 2nd August, 1917) to 14s. per gallon. The beer duty was altered so as to increase according to the specific gravity of the worts used, the rate being 3 ¾ d. per gallon when the specific gravity does not exceed 1,047, and increasing by 1/16 d. per gallon for every unit of specific gravity up to 1,055, and by ⅛ d. thereafter. The specific gravity of distilled water at 60° F. is taken as 1,000, and the specific gravity of the worts determined in relation thereto. On 2nd August, 1917, the minimum rate of duty for beer was increased from 3 ¾ d. to 4 ¾ d. per gallon, and further (on 15th September, 1917) to 5 ¾ d. with a maximum of 6d. per gallon.
On 2nd August, also, as part of the scheme of additional war taxation, further increases were made in the rates of duties to be levied on certain items of import. These increases were somewhat more accentuated in some cases by the Finance Act, 1917, which received the assent of the Governor-General on the 15th September of that year. The now scale of duties for these items is shown in the following table:—
Tariff Heading. | Rate of Duty. | |
---|---|---|
General. | Preferential. | |
Fruits, preserved in juice or syrup | 25 per cent. ad valorem | 12 ½ per cent. ad valorem. |
Fruits, preserved in juice or syrup fortified with alcohol to any extent exceeding 33 per cent. of proof spirit | 25 per cent. ad valorem, with an additional duty of 18s. the proof gallon of juice or syrup | 12 ½ per cent. ad valorem. |
Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of 33 per cent. of proof spirit, but not exceeding the strength of proof | 18s. the liquid gallon. | |
Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of proof | 18s. the proof gallon. | |
Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, the strength of which can be ascertained by Sykes's hydrometer or other instrument | 18s. the proof gallon. | |
(No allowance beyond 16.5 underproof shall be made for spirits or spirituous mixtures of a less strength than 16.5 underproof.) | ||
Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, not otherwise enumerated, when not exceeding the strength of proof | 18s. the liquid gallon. | |
Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, not otherwise enumerated, when exceeding the strength of proof | 18s. the proof gallon. | |
(Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, in bottles, or jars in cases, shall be charged as follows:—viz., two gallons and under as two gallons; over two gallons and not exceeding three as three gallons; over three gallons and not exceeding four as four gallons; and so on for any greater quantity contained in any case: provided that with the sanction of the Collector the foregoing restriction need not be applied to absolute alcohol, spirits of wine, spirits for scientific, medicinal, perfumery, or toilet purposes, or to trade samples.) | ||
Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, in combination with other ingredients, and although thereby coming under any other designation excepting medicinal preparations otherwise enumerated | 18s. the liquid gallon. | |
Wine of any kind containing more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit | 18s. the liquid gallon. | |
Wine, sparkling, containing not more than 40 per cent of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity | 15s. the gallon. | |
Essences, flavouring, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit | 18s. the liquid gallon. | |
Cigars, including the weight of every band, wrapper, or attachment to any cigar | 12s. the pound. | |
Snuff | 12s. the pound. | |
Cigarettes, not exceeding in weight 2 ½ lb. per 1,000 | 25s. 6d. the 1,000. | |
Cigarettes not otherwise enumerated | 10s. 6d. the pound. | |
Tea not otherwise enumerated | 5d. the pound | 2d. the pound. |
Tea, in bulk—viz., in packages of 5 lb. or over net weight of tea | 3d. the pound | 2d. the pound. |
All articles not otherwise enumerated, made of textile, felt, or other piece-goods, or of any combination of the same wholly or partly made up or manufactured, and not being apparel or clothing either wholly or partly made up | 20 per cent. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem. |
Drapery not otherwise enumerated | 20 per cent. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem. |
Flags | 20 per cont. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem. |
Haberdashery not otherwise enumerated | 20 per cent. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem. |
Lace, and laces, not otherwise enumerated | 20 per cent. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem. |
Ribbons and crape, all kinds | 20 per cent. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem. |
Rugs, woollen, cotton, opossum, or other | 20 per cent. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem. |
Textile piece-goods not otherwise enumerated, including silks, satins, velvets, plushes, not otherwise enumerated, composed of pure silk, or of silk mixed with any other material, in the piece, and including also imitation silks, composed of any material or substance whatsoever | 20 per cent. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem. |
Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades | 20 per cent. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem. |
Yarns not otherwise enumerated | 20 per cent. ad valorem | 10 per cent. ad valorem |
Apparel, and ready-made clothing, not otherwise enumerated | 25 per cent. ad valorem | 12 ½ per cent. ad valorem. |
Feathers, ornamental (including ostrich); artificial flowers, leaves, and sprays | 25 per cent. ad valorem | 12 ½ per cent. ad valorem. |
Furs, and fur trimmings | 25 per cent. ad valorem | 12 ½ per cent. ad valorem. |
Hats of all kinds (including straw hats), also caps | 25 per cent. ad valorem | 12 ½ per cent. ad valorem. |
Hosiery not otherwise enumerated | 25 per cent. ad valorem | 12 ½ per cent. ad valorem. |
Millinery of all kinds, including trimmed hats, caps, and bonnets | 25 per cent. ad valorem | 12 ½ per cent. ad valorem. |
Apparel made to the order or measurement of residents in New Zealand, and intended for the individual use of such residents, whether imported by the residents themselves or otherwise | 40 per cent. ad valorem | 20 per cent. ad valorem. |
Apparel—viz, Volunteer clothing made to measurements sent from New Zealand | 40 per cent. ad valorem | 20 per cent. ad valorem. |
Of the above items, that which most nearly concerns the people as a whole is tea. The previous rate for tea was (in bulk) free from British possessions, with a preferential surtax of 2d. per pound on the produce of foreign countries. Tea in packages of under 5 lb. was previously 2d. per pound, with a preferential rate of a further 2/5 d.
The rates of duty levied by the tariff now in force are divided into two classes, specific and ad valorem. The specific class includes 18s. per gallon on spirits; 30s. per gallon on perfumed spirits; 12s. per pound on cigars and snuff; 25s. 6d. per 1,000, of 2 ½ lb. and under, on cigarettes; also 3s. 6d. per pound on manufactured and 2s. on unmanufactured tobacco. Sparkling wine is charged 15s. a gallon; Australian, 5s.; other kinds, 6s.; ale and beer, 2s. The duty on cocoa, chocolate, chicory, and roasted coffee is 3d. per pound. Opium is charged 40s. per pound; but this article, in a form suitable for smoking, cannot now be legally imported. Ad valorem duties range from 5 to 40 per cent. on the value of the goods, 20 per cent. being the commonest rate.
In addition to the beer duty referred to above there are also excise duties of 1s. per pound on tobacco; 4s. per pound on cigars and snuff; 9d. per pound on medicinal preparations (with exceptions) containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, which, if loss than 50 per cent., would be free. Toilet preparations subject to 18s. per liquid gallon on importation are charged 14s. the liquid gallon, or when subject to 25 per cent. duty, 6s. per gallon. Other excise duties are 14s. per gallon on culinary and flavouring essences, and 20s. on perfumed spirits. The excise duty on cigarettes made in 'New Zealand is now (from the 15th September, 1917) 5s. 6d. per pound on machine-made and 4s. per pound on hand-made cigarettes. All packages of manufactured tobacco must be labelled before leaving the manufactory, and it is necessary to obtain warrants to use cutting-machines for cutting duty-paid manufactured tobacco for sale (or to be used in the manufacture of cigarettes by hand), and to manufacture cigarettes by hand, under certain conditions.
In the earlier years of New Zealand's history the revenue derived from Customs and excise duties produced a greater proportion of the revenue than it does to-day. There has been a constant tendency for this proportion to decrease, and the table given below will show that, even in the last twenty years, this tendency has been very noticeable.
AMOUNT OF CUSTOMS AND EXCISE REVENUE, EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL TAXATION AND TOTAL REVENUE OF NEW ZEALAND. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ending 31st March. | Total Revenue. | Total Taxation. | Customs and Excise Duties. | ||
Amount. | Percentage of Total Revenue. | Percentage of Total Taxation. | |||
£ | £ | £ | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
1899 | 5,258,228 | 2,707,099 | 2,041,231 | 38.82 | 75.40 |
1900 | 5,699,618 | 2,891,126 | 2,187,859 | 38.39 | 75.67 |
1901 | 5,906,916 | 3,042,890 | 2,266,032 | 38.36 | 74.47 |
1902 | 6,152,839 | 3,113,079 | 2,291,349 | 37.24 | 73.61 |
1903 | 6,447,435 | 3,277,964 | 2,426,043 | 37.63 | 74.01 |
1904 | 7,130,117 | 3,649,601 | 2,698,046 | 37.84 | 73.93 |
1905 | 7,347,197 | 3,754,379 | 2,728,193 | 37.13 | 72.67 |
1906 | 7,650,098 | 3,841,596 | 2,795,546 | 36.54 | 72.77 |
1907 | 8,478,957 | 4,264,555 | 3,048,622 | 35.96 | 71.49 |
1908 | 9,063,989 | 4,645,754 | 3,217,538 | 35.50 | 69.26 |
1909 | 9,001,185 | 4,377,761 | 2,917,462 | 32.41 | 66.64 |
1910 | 9,238,917 | 4,180,516 | 2,786,490 | 30.16 | 65.63 |
1911 | 10,297,273 | 4,837,322 | 3,145,929 | 30.55 | 65.03 |
1912 | 11,061,161 | 5,296,590 | 3,398,143 | 30.72 | 64.16 |
1913 | 11,734,276 | 5,606,829 | 3,531,761 | 30.10 | 62.99 |
1914 | 12,229,661 | 5,918,034 | 3,553,785 | 29.06 | 60.05 |
1915 | 12,451,945 | 5,880,811 | 3,294,943 | 26.46 | 56.03 |
1916 | 14,507,530 | 7,266,966 | 3,524,063 | 24.29 | 48.49 |
1917 | 18,355,194 | 10,549,654 | 4,037,628 | 22.00 | 38.27 |
1918 | 20,206,222 | 12,340,853 | 3,601,383 | 17.82 | 29.18 |
Though the Customs revenue has increased greatly, the table shows that other forms of taxation and other sources of revenue have increased still faster, so that the proportion of taxation and of revenue furnished by the Customs duties constantly decreases. This relative decrease has been due in part to the extension of the governmental services in the Dominion increasing the revenue apart from taxation, to the greater use of direct taxation, and to the remissions and reductions of duty which have been made from time to time. These reductions have been mainly in foodstuffs, so that the tariff has tended towards the ideal of a free breakfast-table. The following tables bring out these reductions very clearly.
Of the total Customs duties collected in 1917, only £174,430 was derived from foods and non-alcoholic drinks. The amount is somewhat more than half that derived from this source in 1891, while the percentage to the total has decreased from 20.05 in 1891 to 5.50 in 1917. The tables hereunder show the amounts and percentages collected at intervals of five years, 1891–1911, and in each year since 1911 in respect of (1) foods and non-alcoholic drinks, (2) clothing and textiles, (3) alcoholic drinks and tobacco, and (4) all other articles. Excise duties on alcoholic liquors, tobacco, &c., are not included.
PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF IMPORTS FROM WHICH CUSTOMS REVENUE DERIVED. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Amount of Duty derived from | Total. | |||
Foods and Nonalcoholic Drinks. | Clothing and Textiles. | Alcoholic Drinks and Tobacco. | All other Articles. | ||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1891 | 312,809 | 276,072 | 651,680 | 320,141 | 1,560,702 |
1896 | 329,622 | 322,947 | 715,019 | 400,264 | 1,767,852 |
1901 | 321,625 | 434,112 | 928,176 | 512,853 | 2,196,766 |
1906 | 369,964 | 610,873 | 1,130,837 | 787,429 | 2,899,103 |
1911 | 147,456 | 682,710 | 1,286,601 | 1,048,890 | 3,165,657 |
1912 | 158,077 | 708,853 | 1,395,837 | 1,072,952 | 3,335,719 |
1913 | 146,938 | 790,862 | 1,408,977 | 1,078,649 | 3,425,426 |
1914 | 165,998 | 822,373 | 1,459,464 | 906,780 | 3,354,615 |
1915 | 155,292 | 727,869 | 1,515,903 | 745,264 | 3,144,328 |
1916 | 170,009 | 985,335 | 1,390,322 | 1,036,227 | 3,581,893 |
1917 | 174,430 | 794,443 | 1,397,267 | 805,400 | 3,171,540 |
PERCENTAGE OF EACH CLASS TO THE TOTAL DUTY COLLECTED. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Percentage of Total Duty collected on | |||
Foods and Nonalcoholic Drinks. | Clothing and Textiles. | Alcoholic Drinks and Tobacco. | All other Articles. | |
Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
1891 | 20.05 | 17.69 | 41.75 | 20.51 |
1896 | 18.64 | 18.27 | 40.45 | 22.64 |
1901 | 14.64 | 19.76 | 42.25 | 23.35 |
1906 | 12.76 | 21.07 | 39.01 | 27.16 |
1911 | 4.66 | 21.57 | 40.64 | 33.13 |
1912 | 4.74 | 21.25 | 41.84 | 32.17 |
1913 | 4.29 | 23.09 | 41.13 | 31.49 |
1914 | 4.95 | 24.51 | 43.51 | 27.03 |
1915 | 4.94 | 23.15 | 48.21 | 23.70 |
1916 | 4.75 | 27.51 | 38.81 | 28.93 |
1917 | 5.50 | 25.05 | 44.06 | 25.39 |
The total taxation on imports in 1917 is £454,608 less than in 1916. Most of the items show decreases when compared with 1916, the only items showing increases being wine, cigars, cigarettes and snuff, tobacco, opium, and tea.
The Customs and excise duties received during the last five years are shown in detail in the table given below, which also shows the rate of revenue per head of mean population, inclusive and exclusive of Maoris, for each year considered.
CUSTOMS AND EXCISE REVENUE, 1913–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
* Minus quantity. † Parcels-post included under respective heads for these years. | |||||
Customs Duties. | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
Spirits | 704,548 | 712,446 | 762,694 | 665,182 | 659,477 |
Wine | 39,198 | 41,796 | 42,258 | 34,950 | 35,812 |
Ale, beer, etc. | 29,922 | 29,285 | 26,005 | 22,932 | 8,063 |
Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff | 229,278 | 247,144 | 258,494 | 262,695 | 287,777 |
Tobacco | 413,135 | 425,455 | 423,435 | 401,598 | 403,591 |
Coffee, cocoa, etc. | 8,171 | 7,636 | 10,214 | 9,062 | 3,261 |
Tea | 472 | 796 | 574 | 623 | 36,651 |
Opium | 56 | 18 | 22 | 17 | 21 |
Other goods by weight | 218,930 | 217,655 | 190,121 | 195,351 | 141,089 |
Other goods ad valorem | 1,559,647 | 1,526,774 | 1,315,611 | 1,854,262 | 1,498,805 |
Other duties | 141,526 | 145,610 | 114,901 | 135,221 | 96,993 |
Parcels-post | 80,547 | † | † | † | † |
Primage | .. | .. | 46,576 | 241,118 | 196,863 |
Surtax | *4 | 1 | *22 | .. | .. |
Totals, Customs duties | 3,425,426 | 3,354,616 | 3,190,883 | 3,823,011 | 3,368,403 |
Excise Duties. | |||||
Tinctures—New Zealand | 6,253 | 7,504 | 7,815 | 8,557 | 9,892 |
Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff—New-Zealand-manufactured | 269 | 298 | 331 | 399 | 543 |
Tobacco — New - Zealand - manufactured | 683 | 488 | 583 | 1,452 | 3,478 |
Beer—New Zealand | 125,015 | 129,453 | 137,225 | 189,671 | 219,594 |
Totals, excise duties | 132,220 | 137,743 | 145,954 | 200,079 | 233,507 |
Revenue from Customs duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris) | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. |
3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 18 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |
Ditto (including Maoris) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 18 | 10 | 2 | 15 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 18 | 8 |
Revenue from excise duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris) | 0 | 2 | 5.7 | 0 | 2 | 6.3 | 0 | 2 | 7.9 | 0 | 3 | 7.7 | 0 | 4 | 2.9 |
Ditto (including Maoris) | 0 | 2 | 4.4 | 0 | 2 | 5.0 | 0 | 2 | 6.5 | 0 | 3 | 5.8 | 0 | 4 | 0.8 |
The increasing Customs revenue shown in the pre-war years suffered a check in 1914, followed by further diminution in 1915. This was due not to drink and tobacco, but to other goods, particularly those imported subject to ad valorem duties, which in 1915 fell off to £250,000 below 1913. The figure for 1916, however, showed a considerable increase over that for 1915, though it fell again in 1917.
The following table furnishes a general view of the ratio of Customs revenue to imports since 1895, which is taken as the base-year:—
CUSTOMS REVENUE COMPARED WITH IMPORT VALUES FROM 1895. | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Imports. | Revenue. | Percentage of Revenue on Total Imports. | Index Numbers of Customs Revenue compared with Imports. | |||||||||
Value. | Value per Head. | Amount. | Actual Value per Head. | Value per Head at 1895 Ratio. | |||||||||
* Imports are given exclusive of gold. | |||||||||||||
£ | £ | s. | d. | £ | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | Per Cent. | ||
1895 | 6,400,129 | 9 | 4 | 10 | 1,619,970 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 25.31 | 1000 |
1896 | 7,137,320 | 10 | 1 | 11 | 1,765,073 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 2 | 11 | 1 | 24.73 | 977 |
1897 | 8,055,223 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 1,912,161 | 2 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 6 | 23.74 | 938 |
1898 | 8,230,600 | 11 | 3 | 7 | 1,961,726 | 2 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 7 | 23.83 | 942 |
1899 | 8,739,633 | 11 | 13 | 1 | 2,042,002 | 2 | 14 | 5 | 2 | 19 | 0 | 23.36 | 923 |
1900 | 10,646,096 | 13 | 18 | 10 | 2,170,354 | 2 | 16 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 20.39 | 805 |
1901 | 11,817,915 | 15 | 3 | 10 | 2,191,798 | 2 | 16 | 4 | 3 | 16 | 11 | 18.55 | 733 |
1902 | 11,326,723 | 14 | 3 | 11 | 2,285,043 | 2 | 17 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 10 | 20.17 | 797 |
1903 | 12,788,675 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 2,501,896 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 18 | 11 | 19.56 | 773 |
1904 | 13,291,694 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 2,650,189 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 19 | 8 | 19.94 | 788 |
1905 | 12,828,857 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 2,652,666 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 14 | 8 | 20.68 | 817 |
1906 | 15,211,403 | 16 | 19 | 8 | 2,899,103 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 19.06 | 753 |
1907 | 17,302,861 | 18 | 16 | 6 | 3,079,422 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 15 | 4 | 17.80 | 703 |
1908 | 17,471,284 | 18 | 9 | 9 | 2,903,086 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 7 | 16.62 | 656 |
1909 | 15,674,719 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 2,653,617 | 2 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 16.93 | 669 |
1910 | 17,051,583 | 17 | 3 | 6 | 2,954,989 | 2 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 17.33 | 685 |
1911 | 19,545,879 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 3,165,657 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 16.20 | 640 |
1912 | 20,976,574 | 20 | 3 | 9 | 3,335,719 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 15.90 | 628 |
1913 | 22,288,302 | 20 | 17 | 1 | 3,425,426 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 15.37 | 607 |
1914 | 21,856,096 | 20 | 0 | 11 | 3,354,616 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 15.35 | 606 |
1916 | 21,728,834 | 19 | 15 | 2 | 3,190,883 | 2 | 18 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 14.68 | 580 |
1916 | 26,339,283 | 23 | 19 | 2 | 3,823,011 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 14.51 | 573 |
1917* | 20,919,259 | 19 | 0 | 8 | 3,368,403 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 16.10 | 636 |
With regard to the above table, it may be explained that the figures given in the column “Value per head at 1895 ratio” indicate the amount of revenue per head of population which would have been obtained had the same high ratio of Customs taxation been levied as prevailed in 1895. The last two columns in the table show clearly the substantial decline in the proportion which the Customs revenue bears to the value of the imports.
With slight interruptions in 1902, 1905, 1909, 1910, 1914, and 1915 the imports increased annually in both total and per capita values, until in 1916 the total was over four timed as much as that of 1895. The figures for 1917, however, show a considerable decrease when compared with those for 1916.
In the same period the Customs revenue has more than doubled, whilst the advance in population was only about 60 per cent. It is plain, therefore, that the Customs taxation per head has been increasing steadily in sympathy with the greater imports, and in spite of a steady movement towards diminishing the relative duty payable.
In 1895 the proportion of revenue to the total imports was one-fourth; in 1917 it had fallen to approximately one-sixth. The tariff of 1903 and the further changes made in 1907, together with the financial circumstances of 1908, may account for such interruptions as are noticeable in this generally steady diminution. As will be seen later in this subsection, duty-free goods are in recent years, being imported more rapidly than those on which duty is levied.
CUSTOMS REVENUE BY CLASSES OF IMPORTS, 1917. | |||||
Class. | Items. | Articles. | Revenue collected. | ||
General. | Additional Preferential. | Total. | |||
£ | £ | £ | |||
I | 1–41 | Foodstuffs of animal origin (excluding live animals) | 35,581 | 3,681 | 39,262 |
II | 42–137 | Foodstuffs of vegetable origin, and common salt | 87,163 | 5,186 | 92,349 |
III | 138–130 | Beverages (non-alcoholic) and substances used in making up same | 40,617 | 2,202 | 42,819 |
IV | 151–167 | Spirits and alcoholic liquors | 705,870 | 29 | 705,899 |
V | 168–173 | Tobacco and preparations thereof | 691,368 | 691,368 | |
VI | 174–186 | Live animals | 41 | .. | 41 |
VII | 187–207 | Animal substances (mainly unmanufactured) not being foodstuffs | 273 | 8 | 281 |
VIII | 208–233 | Vegetable substances and non-manufactured fibres | 10,015 | 1,365 | 11,380 |
IXA | 234–262 | Apparel | 500,932 | 21,017 | 521,949 |
IXB | 263–291 | Textiles | 241,681 | 14,357 | 256,038 |
IXC | 292–309 | Manufactured fibres | 15,628 | 828 | 16,456 |
X | 310–344 | Oils, fats, and waxes | 40,502 | 4,740 | 45,242 |
XI | 345–355 | faints and varnishes | 9,691 | 853 | 10,544 |
XII | 356–372 | Stones and minerals used industrially | 3,533 | 24 | 3,557 |
XIII | 373–375 | Specie | .. | .. | .. |
XIVA | 376–405 | Metal unmanufactured, partially manufactured, and ores | .. | 1,485 | 1,485 |
XIVB | 406–495 | Metal manufactures, other than machinery and machines | 118,896 | 26,711 | 145,607 |
XV | 496–572 | Machinery and machines | 56,915 | 21,802 | 78,717 |
XVIA | 573–576 | Indiarubber, and manufactures thereof (not including tires) | 52 | 415 | 467 |
XVIB | 577–603 | Leather, and manufactures thereof, including substitutes | 13,143 | 1,387 | 14,530 |
XVIIA | 604–641 | Timber | 8,115 | .. | 8,115 |
XVIIB | 642–661 | Wood, cane, and wicker manufactures | 12,087 | 2,076 | 14,163 |
XVIII | 662–683 | Earthenware, china, glass, stoneware, cements and cement materials | 26,806 | 3,599 | 30,405 |
XIXA | 684–696 | Paper | 4,456 | 5,086 | 9,542 |
XIXB | 697–711 | Stationery | 33,659 | 3,968 | 37,627 |
XX | 712–722 | Jewellery, timepieces, and fancy goods | 61,745 | 11,502 | 73,247 |
XXI | 723–734 | Optical, surgical, and scientific instruments | 1,548 | 4,987 | 6,535 |
XXIIA | 733–791 | Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares | 62,418 | 8,808 | 71,226 |
XXIIB | 792–810 | Manures | .. | .. | .. |
XXIII | 811–903 | Miscellaneous | 167,065 | 75,624 | 242,689 |
Totals | 2,949,800 | 221,740 | 3,171,540 |
Slightly less than one-fourth of the Customs revenue collected during 1917 was furnished by spirits and alcoholic liquors (£705,899). Tobacco (£691,368) is next in importance, unless (as may very properly be done) the three divisions of Class IX are taken together. This group includes all items of clothing, drapery, hosiery, millinery, &c., and paid a total duty of £794,443, nearly £200,000 less than in 1916. Metal manufactures with £145,607 rank below the “miscellaneous” total. This latter class, which covers several large items such as arms, brushware, candles, soap, and motorcars, has £242,689 to its credit as a revenue-producing class.
Two classes (manures and specie) are entirely duty-free, and a good number contribute very little to the revenue. The additional surtax on foreign goods by which New Zealand extends preference to British imports is levied mainly on the metals comprised in Classes XIVA and XV, and to a less degree on the miscellaneous class, and on fancy goods, drugs, vegetable foods, and earthenware. The total surtax, however, compared with the revenue derived from the general tariff, does not amount to a very large sum, and in 1917 was only 7 per cent. of the total duties.
The main item from which excise revenue is derived is beer, which, however, pays only a few pence per gallon, as against the import duty of 2s. per gallon, so that the quantity of beer brewed in New Zealand is very much greater than the quantity imported. There are, besides, small but growing manufactures of tinctures and of tobacco which yield a certain amount of excise revenue. The following table shows the amounts of duty collected in respect of these manufactures during the past five years:—
EXCISE DUTIES, 1913–17. | |||||
Item. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Beer | 125,015 | 129,453 | 137,225 | 189,671 | 219,594 |
Culinary and flavouring essences, spirituous | 2,452 | 3,514 | 3,402 | 4,167 | 4,096 |
Medicinal preparations over 50 per cent. proof spirit | 2,669 | 2,946 | 3,097 | 2,915 | 3,181 |
Perfumed spirits | 945 | 924 | 1,117 | 1,439 | 2,430 |
Toilet preparations | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Toilet spirituous | 187 | 120 | 199 | 36 | 185 |
Cigarettes made by hand | .. | 23 | .. | .. | .. |
Cigarettes manufactured by machinery | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Cigars and snuff | 269 | 275 | 331 | 399 | 543 |
Tobacco, manufactured | 683 | 488 | 583 | 1,452 | 3,478 |
Totals | 132,220 | 137,743 | 145,954 | 200,079 | 233,507 |
The next table gives the imports of free and dutiable goods arranged according to the statistical classification. The main features of the table are the overwhelming proportion of dutiable goods in the classes containing alcoholic liquors, tobacco, animal products, and apparel, and the high proportion of free goods in non-alcoholic beverages (mainly tea), stones and minerals, (mainly coal), specie, raw metals, paper, and manures.
FREE AND DUTIABLE GOODS BY CLASSES, 1917. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Class. | Value of Imports. | Duty collected. | Percentage of Total. | ||
Free. | Dutiable. | Free. | Dutiable. | |||
* Excluding gold. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | ||
I | Foodstuffs of animal origin (excluding live animals) | 55 | 192,471 | 39,262 | 0.03 | 99.97 |
II | Foodstuffs of vegetable origin, and common salt | 2,021,893 | 587,564 | 92,349 | 77.48 | 22.52 |
III | Beverages (non-alcoholic) and substances used in making the same | 327,528 | 182,720 | 42,819 | 64.19 | 35.81 |
IV | Spirits and alcoholic liquors | 52 | 621,254 | 705,899 | 0.01 | 99.99 |
V | Tobacco and preparations thereof | 935 | 445,373 | 691,368 | 0.21 | 99.79 |
VI | Live animate | 10,745 | 8,520 | 41 | 55.77 | 44.23 |
VII | Animal substances (mainly unmanufactured) not being foodstuffs | 20,903 | 1,972 | 281 | 91.38 | 8.62 |
VIII | Vegetable substances and non-manufactured fibres | 460,035 | 55,859 | 11,380 | 89.17 | 10.83 |
IXA | Apparel | 340,442 | 1,991,754 | 521,949 | 14.60 | 83.40 |
IXB | Textiles | 1,756,822 | 1,232,835 | 256,038 | 58.76 | 41.24 |
IXC | Manufactured fibres | 361,082 | 76,965 | 16,456 | 8243 | 17.57 |
X | Oils, fats, and waxes | 837,027 | 209,784 | 45,242 | 79.96 | 20.04 |
XI | Paints and varnishes | 23,236 | 152,728 | 10,544 | 15.60 | 84.40 |
XII | Stones and minerals, used industrially | 226,881 | 14,156 | 3,557 | 94.13 | 5.87 |
XIII | Specie* | 177,135 | .. | .. | 100.00 | .. |
XIVA | Metal, unmanufactured ores* | 231,688 | 7,989 | 1,485 | 96.67 | 3.33 |
XIVB | Metal manufactures, other than machinery | 922,156 | 732,367 | 145,607 | 55.74 | 44.26 |
XV | Machinery and machines | 510,479 | 445,653 | 78,717 | 53.39 | 46.61 |
XVIA | Indiarubber and manufactures thereof | 40,391 | 2,343 | 467 | 94.52 | 5.48 |
XVIB | Leather and manufactures thereof | 230,455 | 158,709 | 14,530 | 56.67 | 43.33 |
XVIIA | Timber | 90,385 | 70,529 | 8,115 | 56.17 | 43.83 |
XVIIB | Wood, cane, and wicker manufactures | 25,614 | 58,213 | 14,163 | 30.56 | 69.44 |
XVIII | Earthenware, &c. | 116,134 | 133,171 | 30,405 | 46.58 | 53.42 |
XIXA | Paper | 445,692 | 48,037 | 9,542 | 90.27 | 9.73 |
XIXB | Stationery | 278,867 | 156,760 | 37,627 | 64.02 | 35.98 |
XX | Jewellery, timepieces, and fancy goods | 87,999 | 310,072 | 73,247 | 2211 | 77.89 |
XXI | Optical, surgical, and scientific instruments | 206,618 | 52,660 | 6,535 | 79.69 | 20.31 |
XXIIA | Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares | 446,293 | 295,483 | 71,226 | 60.17 | 39.83 |
XXIIB | Manures | 328,762 | .. | .. | 100.00 | .. |
XXIII | Miscellaneous | 947,352 | 1,194,662 | 242,689 | 44.23 | 55.77 |
11,478,656 | 9,440,603 | 3,171,540 | 54.87 | 45.13 |
By classifying the different rates of duty as is done in the following table it will be found that even if specie is excluded, on the average a little over half the imports into New Zealand are duty-free, while the value of goods which are liable to specific duties is about one-seventh. The most usual ad valorem rates are 20 per cent. and 25 per cent. The 15 - per - cent. figures are composed mainly of the imports of boots, while the 30 - per - cent. figures consist of the value of goods which are liable to 20 per cent. general duty plus an additional preferential duty of 10 per cent.
IMPORTS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO RATE OF DUTY, 1913–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate of Duty. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
* Included under the various heads. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Free (excluding specie) | 11,274,502 | 11,356,092 | 11,819,569 | 12,789,639 | 11,301,521 |
Specific duties | 3,141,808 | 3,208,506 | 3,007,981 | 3,742,150 | 2,995,395 |
Ad valorem duties— | |||||
5 per cent. | 64,450 | 69,380 | 58,321 | 57,683 | 28,524 |
10 per cent. | 145,682 | 126,793 | 321,028 | 583,390 | 387,617 |
14 11/20 per cent. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | .. |
15 per cent. | 366,584 | 360,722 | 316,684 | 303,043 | 282,475 |
19 2/5 per cent. | 18 | 123 | 81 | 173 | 271 |
20 per cent. | 3,518,697 | 3,422,382 | 3,035,260 | 4,713,363 | 3,042,690 |
22 ½ per cent. | 48,777 | 51,059 | 41,291 | 69,854 | 69,137 |
24 per cent. | 46,122 | 71,173 | 63,240 | 51,875 | 9,883 |
24 ¼ per cent. | 1 | 79 | 52 | 269 | 173 |
25 per cent. | 2,030,150 | 2,012,502 | 1,730,835 | 2,262,780 | 1,478,009 |
30 per cent. | 738,153 | 664,592 | 459,082 | 649,149 | 1,062,883 |
33 ¾ per cent. | 4,343 | 4,467 | 3,958 | 7,772 | 12,787 |
37 ½ per cent. | 131,661 | 110,903 | 93,102 | 135,303 | 380,824 |
40 per cent. | 1,209 | 6,668 | 4,119 | 3,862 | 2,788 |
60 per cent. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 62 |
7,096,347 | 6,900,843 | 6,116,044 | 8,838,520 | 6,758,113 | |
Parcels-post (various) | 473,143 | * | * | * | * |
Specie | 634,670 | 711,869 | 1,070,114 | 1,293,880 | 177,135 |
Totals | 22,288,302 | 21,856,096 | 21,728,834 | 26,339,283 | 20,919,259 |
The value of boots imported is included under both specific and ad. valorem duties: 1913, £332,168; 1914, £321,214; 1915, £295,883; 1916, £324,906; 1917, £312,905.
As already stated, general tariff revisions were made in 1895 and 1907. The table following shows for the years immediately preceding and following these changes, and for 1917, the value of free and dutiable imports, the percentage admitted free of duty, and the duty per cent. on dutiable imports and on all merchandise imported:—
— | 1894. | 1896. | 1906. | 1908. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including excise duties levied on certain imports manufactured in bond. | |||||
Merchandise— | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
Free | 1,871,772 | 2,263,091 | 5,476,949 | 8,658,111 | 11,301,521 |
Dutiable | 4,118,405 | 4,772,288 | 8,826,221 | 8,589,051 | 9,440,603 |
Imports (less specie) | 5,990,177 | 7,035,379 | 14,303,170 | 17,247,162 | 20,742,124 |
Percentage of free | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. |
merchandise | 31.25 | 32.17 | 38.29 | 50.20 | 54.49 |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Total net duty received* | 1,572,467 | 1,767,852 | 2,903,131 | 2,907,151 | 3,382,316 |
Duty, per cent. of imports— | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. |
(a.) On dutiable imports | 38.18 | 37.04 | 32.89 | 33.85 | 35.83 |
(b.) On all merchandise | 26.25 | 25.13 | 20.30 | 1686 | 16.31 |
The average rate levied on dutiable goods in 1917 was thus approximately 9 per cent. higher than before the tariff revision of 1907, although the average on all merchandise shows a decrease of nearly 20 per cent. The proportion of imported merchandise free of duty amounted to 54.49 per cent. in 1917, the corresponding figure for 1916 being 51.07 per cent., and for 1906, 38.29 per cent.
There has been a reciprocal arrangement with British South Africa since 1907, by which New Zealand admits certain goods, mainly wine and tobacco, at reduced rates of duty, in return for similar concessions granted by the South African Union. The following table shows the growth of trade since 1907:—
Year. | Imports. | Exports. | |
---|---|---|---|
According to Country of Shipment. | According to Country of Origin. | ||
* Not available. | |||
£ | £ | £ | |
1907 | 1,067 | * | 63,717 |
1908 | 5,494 | * | 86,465 |
1909 | 6,221 | * | 121,931 |
1910 | 7,443 | * | 45,555 |
1911 | 9,936 | * | 43,755 |
1912 | 13,733 | * | 83,229 |
1913 | 7,796 | * | 61,651 |
1914 | 33,229 | 98,437 | 60,826 |
1915 | 42,654 | 55,826 | 11,279 |
1916 | 71,300 | 105,000 | 6,681 |
1917 | 56,392 | 98,538 | 1,588 |
Prior to 1914 the figures for imports represent only the value of goods shipped from South Africa. In 1917 the value of imports produced there was £98,538. Very little of this trade, however, comes within the scope of the reciprocal treaty, as the following table will show:–
IMPORTS INTO NEW ZEALAND UNDER THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICAN RECIPROCAL TARIFF. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class. | Item. | Article. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
I | 11 | Fish, in airtight vessels | 40 | 232 | 162 | .. | .. |
II | 80 | Maize | .. | 723 | 8,376 | 973 | .. |
IV | 166 | Wine, sparkling | .. | .. | .. | 14 | 86 |
167 | Wine, still | 5,437 | 5,445 | 6,594 | 11,015 | 8,082 | |
V | 168 | Cigarettes | .. | 481 | 166 | 61 | 1 |
169 | Cigars | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | |
171 | Tobacco, cut | 297 | 2,341 | 5,436 | 5,459 | 748 | |
172 | Tobacco, other | 102 | 18 | .. | .. | ||
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing | .. | 43 | 52 | 265 | 65 |
246 | Furs and fur trimmings Ornamental feathers— | .. | .. | .. | .. | 107 | |
256 | Ostrich n.o.e. | 126 | 462 | 711 | 687 | 282 | |
IXB | 263 | Articles n.o.e. partly or wholly made up from textiles | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | 3 |
IXB | 267 | Drapery n.o.e. | .. | 9 | 22 | 37 | 46 |
270 | Matting n.o.e. and mats | .. | 1 | .. | 5 | 85 | |
283 | Piece-goods: Silks, &c. | .. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
288 | Rugs, woollen | .. | .. | 7 | 4 | .. | |
289 | Rugs, other | .. | 2 | 20 | 12 | 47 | |
XIVB | 422 | Hardware, hollow - ware, &c. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
456 | Plate and plated ware | .. | .. | 1 | 21 | .. | |
XVIB | 602 | Saddlery and harness n.o.e.: | .. | .. | .. | 6 | .. |
XVIII | 667 | China, porcelain, and Parian ware | .. | .. | .. | 1 | |
XIXA | 703 | Handbills, circulars, &c. | 2 | 1 | 6 | 5 | |
XIXB | 709 | Pictures, paintings, and photographs n.o.e. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
XX | 712 | Fancy goods and toys | .. | 87 | 7 | 60 | 74 |
715 | Jewellery, other | .. | 4 | 10 | 3 | 3 | |
721 | Tobacco - pipes, cases, cigarette-papers, &c. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8 | |
XXII | 773 | Perfumery n.o.e. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
XXIII | 847 | Brushes, brushware, and brooms | .. | .. | 2 | 4 | .. |
NOTE.—Figures in the above table refer to country of shipment for 1913, and country of origin for later years.
Though the preferential tariff of New Zealand covers a considerable number of items, the amount of revenue obtained from it is not of great importance. The following table shows the extent of the imports which are affected by preference, by giving the percentage of the total imports and of foreign imports so affected. It will be seen that the proportions increased after the tariff changes of 1903 and 1907, but show a tendency to decrease in normal years.
IMPORTS AFFECTED BY PREFERENTIAL SURTAX. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Value of Imports. | Imports on which Surtax was paid. | Percentage of | |||
Total. | British Empire. | Foreign Countries. | Total Imports. | Foreign Imports. | ||
£ | £ | £ | £ | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
1903 | 12,788,675 | 10,648,142 | 2,140,533 | 1,752 | 0.01 | 00.08 |
1904 | 13,291,694 | 11,029,694 | 2,262,000 | 487,867 | 3.67 | 21.57 |
1905 | 12,828,857 | 10,709,642 | 2,119,215 | 599,764 | 4.68 | 28.30 |
1906 | 15,211,403 | 12,890,016 | 2,321,387 | 620,600 | 4.08 | 26.73 |
1907 | 17,302,861 | 14,942,183 | 2,360,678 | 658,027 | 3.98 | 27.87 |
1908 | 17,471,284 | 14,780,276 | 2,691,008 | 895,007 | 5.12 | 33.26 |
1909 | 15,674,719 | 13,554,962 | 2,119,757 | 842,407 | 5.37 | 39.74 |
1910 | 17,051,583 | 14,465,824 | 2,585,759 | 1,000,267 | 5.87 | 38.68 |
1911 | 19,545,879 | 16,497,340 | 3,048,539 | 1,159,342 | 5.93 | 38.03 |
1912 | 20,976,574 | 17,073,272 | 3,903,302 | 1,337,182 | 6.37 | 34.26 |
1913 | 22,288,302 | 18,348,249 | 3,940,053 | 1,325,057 | 5.95 | 33.63 |
1914 | 21,856,096 | 17,649,784 | 4,206,312 | 1,228,207 | 5.62 | 29.20 |
1915 | 21,728,834 | 17,727,137 | 4,001,697 | 1,321,853 | 6.08 | 33.03 |
1916 | 26,339,283 | 20,833,461 | 5,506,822 | 2,071,175 | 7.86 | 37.61 |
1917 | 20,919,259 | 15,591,302 | 5,327,957 | 2,251,428 | 10.77 | 42.26 |
The system of recording imports was changed in 1914, and for that year statistics are given of the countries of origin as well as the countries of shipment, so that in future years it will be possible to get better comparisons of the value of goods produced each year in the various countries with which New Zealand trades. Previously the imports credited to any country were those shipped to New Zealand from that country, and it is evident that more foreign goods come into New Zealand than are shipped direct.
A list is attached of the principal items of import which are subject to the additional preferential tariff. Only the bigger items are included, and these are arranged in the statistical order followed elsewhere in this volume.
PRINCIPAL ITEMS PAYING PREFERENTIAL SURTAX, 1917. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class. | Item. No | Item. | Imports from | Surtax. | ||
British Empire. | Foreign Countries. | Rate. | Amount. | |||
£ | £ | £ | ||||
I | 5 | Eggs in shell | 254 | 2,367 | 10% | 237 |
7 | Eggs liquid, white and yolk | .. | 5,426 | 10% | 569 | |
11 | Fish, preserved in tins, &c. | 65,383 | 38,521 | Various | 2,355 | |
41 | Provisions n.o.e. | 12,759 | 2,485 | 10% | 257 | |
Confectionery— | ||||||
II | 48 | Chocolate in fancy packages | 8,754 | 9,883 | 4% | 668 |
58 | Foods for animals n.o.e. | 4,528 | 3,058 | 10% | 367 | |
59 | Fruits, bottled and preserved in syrup | 27,345 | 28,543 | 12 ½% | 3,528 | |
101 | Hops | 196 | 659 | 3d. lb. | 217 | |
III | 140 | Cocoa and chocolate | 7,661 | 12,332 | 3/5 d. lb. | 321 |
149A | Tea in bulk | 278,698 | 7,810 | 2d. lb. | 1,456 | |
149B | Tea in bulk | 139,147 | 2,855 | 2d. lb. | 287 | |
VII | 209 | Cork, cut | 8,865 | 13,390 | 10% | 1,337 |
IXA | 234 | Apparel and ready-made clothing n.o.e. | 825,491 | 117,266 | 12 ½% | 4,821 |
Boots and shoes— | ||||||
239 | Goloshes, overshoes, &c. | 18,778 | 4,563 | 11 ¼% | 509 | |
243 | Vamps, uppers, and laces | 9,030 | 8,110 | 11 ¼% | 919 | |
244 | Other | 274,599 | 38,306 | Various | 4,152 | |
245 | Corsets | 34,705 | 16,716 | 12 ½% | 641 | |
247 | Gloves | 21,154 | 31,804 | 12 ½% | 1,248 | |
251 | Hats and caps | 83,240 | 58,618 | 12 ½% | 2,692 | |
253 | Hosiery | 160,037 | 49,702 | 12 ½% | 2,270 | |
254 | Lace and laces n.o.e. | 19,420 | 34,080 | 10% | 1,453 | |
257 | Millinery, unenumerated | 57,449 | 15,661 | 12 ½% | 373 | |
259 | Ribbons and crape | 3,089 | 50,892 | 10% | 1,667 | |
XIB | 263 | Articles n.o.e. partly or wholly made up of textiles | 23,282 | 8,813 | 10% | 360 |
267 | Drapery n.o.e. | 119,763 | 76,504 | 10% | 3,032 | |
Piece-goods, cotton— | ||||||
275 | Butter and cheese cloth | 14,598 | 2,293 | 20% | 459 | |
283 | Other silks, satins, velvets, c. | 14,494 | 263,421 | 10% | 10,181 | |
IXC | 301 | Cordage and rope n.o.e. | 12,881 | 2,231 | 10% | 230 |
309 | Twine, other | 49,564 | 4,014 | 10% | 409 | |
X | 311 | Axle-greases and other solid lubricants | 2,557 | 4,535 | 10% | 481 |
325 | Mineral, lubricating oil | 8,593 | 79,745 | 1 ½d. gal. | 4,097 | |
XI | 351 | Paints and colours, unenumerated | 11,990 | 2,789 | 10% | 289 |
XIVA | 388 | Iron and steel—Bar, bolt, or rod | 91,337 | 7,989 | 20% | 1,485 |
XIVB | 417 | Metal manufactures—Cutlery (including table spoons and forks) | 33,068 | 2,610 | 10% | 258 |
420 | Fire-extinguishers, hand | 1,247 | 3,084 | 10% | 306 | |
422 | Hardware, hollow - ware, ironmongery, n.o.e. | 160,331 | 93,657 | 10% | 9,315 | |
Iron and steel— | ||||||
XIVB | 423 | Angle and tee | 2,543 | 2,388 | 20% | 480 |
426 | Hoop, black, n.o.e. | 21,138 | 2,563 | 20% | 512 | |
430 | Plate and sheet, corrugated and galvanized | 5,369 | 30,477 | 4 4/5d. cwt. | 358 | |
XIVB | 431 | Plate and sheet, plain black | 11,258 | 12,111 | 20% | 2,457 |
436 | Tubes, wrought, 6 in. and under in internal diameter | 82,004 | 9,114 | 20% | 1,840 | |
437 | N.o.e. | 6,934 | 1,173 | Various | 239 | |
441 | Lamps (not electric), &c., other | 14,286 | 15,776 | 10% | 1,567 | |
455 | Nails, other than dog-spikes | 34,816 | 16,590 | 1s. cwt. | 602 | |
456 | Plate and plated ware | 42,040 | 5,637 | 10% | 462 | |
458 | Printing-materials—Type and materials n.o.e. | 4,753 | 2,165 | 10% | 222 | |
461 | Railway and tramway plant n.o.e.—Rail?, &c. | 7,035 | 4,493 | 20% | 977 | |
470 | Stoves and ranges, oil | 556 | 2,349 | 10% | 232 | |
490 | Wire-wove, expanded-metal fencing, electric-welded fencing | 3,041 | 1,999 | 10% | 201 | |
495 | Metal manufactures n.o.e. (20% ad val.) | 171,907 | 50,794 | 10% | 5,009 | |
XV | 522A | Machinery—Dairying, other | 11,151 | 6,307 | 10% | 631 |
Electrical— | ||||||
524 | Electric batteries and cells | 2,012 | 15,586 | 10% | 1,518 | |
525 | Generators, motors, and transformers | 35,891 | 30,659 | 10% | 3,025 | |
527 | Lamps | 21,937 | 26,543 | 10% | 2,654 | |
529 | N.o.e. | 34,717 | 28,355 | 10% | 2,842 | |
532 | Engines, other | 32,604 | 25,132 | 10% | 2,470 | |
533 | Engines, Portable and traction | 658 | 18,285 | 10% | 1,828 | |
540 | Flying-machines | 1,920 | .. | 10% | 206 | |
Machinery— | ||||||
557 | Printing, and presses | 2,015 | 3,018 | 10% | 302 | |
569 | Unenumerated (5% ad val.)—viz., rope and twine making, &c. | 3,403 | 3,196 | 10% | 332 | |
570 | N.o.e. (20% ad val.) | 38,305 | 37,006 | 10% | 3,193 | |
571C | Materials for, and parts of (dutiable), No. 514 | 8,741 | 18,238 | 10% | 1,802 | |
XVIA | 573 | Rubber hose, tubing, and piping | 27,645 | 2,085 | 20% | 414 |
XVIB | 579 | Belting, other (including canvas and rubber) | 41,725 | 5,546 | 10% | 553 |
597 | Portmanteaux, trunks, and carpetbags | 4,789 | 3,655 | 12 ½% | 451 | |
XVIIB | 643 | Basketware and wickerware | 423 | 3,849 | 10% | 388 |
Furniture— | ||||||
652 | Picture and photograph frames and mounts | 3,762 | 2,276 | 10% | 227 | |
653 | N.o.e. | 5,353 | 4,981 | 12 ½% | 617 | |
661 | Wooden ware and turnery n.o.e. | 18,092 | 7,540 | 10% | 751 | |
XVIII | 667 | China, porcelain, and Parian ware | 17,259 | 5,892 | 10% | 601 |
669 | Earthenware n.o.e. | 60,954 | 9,332 | 10% | 989 | |
674 | Glassware n.o.e. | 7,697 | 16,504 | 10% | 1,696 | |
676 | Mirrors and looking-glasses | 2,852 | 1,893 | 12 ½% | 237 | |
XIXA | 685 | Paper bags n.o.e. | 4,219 | 2,781 | 12 ½% | 359 |
693 | Paper printing | 228,627 | 21,771 | 20% | 4,372 | |
694 | Paper wrapping, unprinted | 12,502 | 6,214 | 2s. 6d cwt. | 324 | |
Stationery— | ||||||
XIXB | 699 | Calendars and show-cards | 6,795 | 2,061 | 12 ½% | 250 |
703 | Handbills, circulars, and programmes; printed advertisement-matter n.o.e. etc. | 16,076 | 11,610 | 3/5 d. lb. | 331 | |
704 | Inks, printing | 4,906 | 2,522 | 10% | 254 | |
706 | Stationery, manufactured, n.o.e. | 34,866 | 5,257 | 12 ½% | 675 | |
XIXB | 707 | Stationery n.o.e. | 39,905 | 23,060 | 10% | 2,280 |
Jewellery, timepieces, and fancy goods— | ||||||
XX | 712 | Fancy goods and toys | 71,562 | 78,284 | 10% | 7,759 |
715 | Jewellery, other | 39,568 | 2,260 | 10% | 241 | |
717 | Timepieces, clocks | 200 | 10,113 | 10% | 969 | |
Tobacco-pipes and smokers' requisites— | ||||||
721 | Tobacco-pipes and cases, and cigarette-papers, etc. | 14,625 | 23,850 | 10% | 2,424 | |
XXI | 729 | Cameras | 3,193 | 24,699 | 10% | 2,459 |
730 | Sensitized surfaces, and albumenized paper | 27,811 | 19,986 | 10% | 1,996 | |
731 | Photographic materials and goods n.o.e. | 2,275 | 3,605 | 10% | 338 | |
XXIIA | 750 | Chemicals and chemical preparations n.o.e. | 7,344 | 3,023 | 10% | 291 |
765 | Medicinal preparations, drugs and druggists' sundries n.o.e., c. | 155,554 | 55,939 | 10% | 5,808 | |
772 | Perfumery: Toilet preparations | 28,726 | 17,066 | 12 ½% | 2,493 | |
Arms, ammunition, and explosives— | ||||||
XXIII | 814 | Cartridges, 25 calibre and under | 37 | 6,658 | 10% | 665 |
815 | Cartridges, Shot (10–24 bore) | 8,148 | 8,997 | 1s. 3d. per 100 | 987 | |
816 | Cartridges, N.o.e. | 118 | 3,953 | 10% | 395 | |
824 | Firearms, other | 2,332 | 5,506 | 10% | 545 | |
847 | Brushes, brushware, and brooms | 22,391 | 15,694 | 12 ½% | 2,070 | |
Instruments, musical and other— | ||||||
857 | Materials for and parts of | 3,757 | 3,958 | 10% | 387 | |
859 | Pianos | 56,614 | 7,711 | 10% | 780 | |
860 | Pianolas, phonographs, and other instruments (mechanical) | 7,885 | 9,456 | 10% | 937 | |
861 | Records for pianolas, gramaphones, etc. | 11,116 | 3,761 | 10% | 373 | |
862 | Other | 3,459 | 4,851 | 10% | 430 | |
Matches and vestas— | ||||||
863 | Wax | 21,706 | 18,223 | Various | 1,603 | |
864 | Wooden | 550 | 9,615 | 6d. per gross | 1,651 | |
872 | Brass and similar metal polishes | 4,487 | 2,084 | 10% | 207 | |
873 | Furniture, knife, and plate powder and polish | 5,101 | 3,926 | 10% | 383 | |
877 | Soap n.o.e. | 71,998 | 2,638 | 12 ½% | 505 | |
886 | Motor bicycles and tricycles | 17,902 | 41,631 | 10% | 4,127 | |
889 | Materials and parts n.o.e. | 4,599 | 4,030 | 10% | 405 | |
893A | Cars, buses, carriages, and vehicles, motor | 103,096 | 534,203 | 10% | 53,324 | |
895A | Materials and parts, other | 19,574 | 45,034 | 10% | 4,472 | |
898 | Vehicles: Perambulators and go-carts | 1,667 | 3,288 | 10% | 329 |
As will be seen from the four preceding subsections, the war has considerably influenced the external trade of the Dominion, the increase in values having tended to obscure the decrease in quantities imported and exported.
Circumstances arising out of the war have made necessary the adoption of a series of measures designed with a view to preventing trade with Germany and her allies, and to conserving for use within the British dominions all foodstuffs and other raw materials required for the proper and efficient conduct of the war. The principal war measures affecting trade are set out in the following pages.
On the day following the outbreak of war a Proclamation of His Majesty the King formally warned British subjects against contributing to or participating or assisting in the floating of any loan raised on behalf of the Emperor of Germany, or advancing money or entering into any contract with the Kaiser or his Government, or otherwise aiding, abetting, or assisting them. This Proclamation was subsequently applied to Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.
The Proclamation of the 5th August, usually referred to as the Trading with the Enemy Proclamation No. 1, was superseded by the Trading with the Enemy Proclamation No. 2, of the 9th September, which more fully sets out the law and policy with regard to trading with the enemy. The expression “enemy” was stated to mean any person or body of persons of whatever nationality resident or carrying on business in the enemy country, but not to include persons of enemy nationality who are neither resident nor carrying on business therein. By a later Proclamation the term was extended to include incorporated companies or bodies of persons, wherever incorporated, carrying on business in the enemy country.
Proclamation No. 2 contained a list of prohibitions, British subjects being warned by this and an amending Proclamation of the 8th October, 1914—
Not to pay any sum of money to or for the benefit of an enemy:
Not to compromise or give security for the payment of any debt or other sum of money with or for the benefit of an enemy:
Not to act on behalf of an enemy in drawing, accepting, paying, presenting for acceptance or payment, negotiating, or otherwise dealing with any negotiable instrument:
Not to accept, pay, or otherwise deal with any negotiable instrument which is held by or on behalf of an enemy (provided that this prohibition shall not be deemed to be infringed by any person who has no reasonable ground for believing that the instrument is held by or on behalf of an enemy):
Not to enter into any new transaction, or complete any transaction already entered into, with an enemy in any stocks, shares, or other securities:
Not to make or enter into any new marine, life, fire, or other policy or contract of insurance (including reinsurance) with or for the benefit of an enemy; nor to accept or give effect to any insurance of any risk arising under any policy or contract of insurance (including reinsurance) made or entered into with or for the benefit of an enemy before the outbreak of war; and in particular, as regards treaties or contracts of reinsurance current at the outbreak of war to which an enemy is a party or in which an enemy is interested, not to cede to the enemy or to accept from the enemy under any such treaty or contract any risk arising under any policy or contract of insurance (including reinsurance) made or entered into after the outbreak of war, or any share in any such risk:
Not directly or indirectly to supply to or for the use or benefit of, or obtain from, an enemy country or an enemy any goods, wares, or merchandise; nor directly or indirectly to supply to or for the use or benefit of, or obtain from, any person any goods, wares, or merchandise for or by way of transmission to or from an enemy country or an enemy; nor directly or indirectly to trade in or carry any goods, wares, or merchandise destined for or coming from an enemy country or an enemy:
Not to permit any British ship to leave for, enter, or communicate with any port or place in an enemy country:
Not to enter into any commercial, financial, or other contract or obligation with or for the benefit of an enemy:
Not to enter into any transactions with an enemy if and when they are prohibited by an Order in Council made and published on the recommendation of a Secretary of State (Order of the Governor or Governor-General in Council in case of overseas Dominions), even though they would otherwise be permitted by law or by this or any other Proclamation.
The Proclamation and its amendment provided that where an enemy has a local branch in British, Allied, or neutral territory not being neutral territory in Europe transactions by or with such branch are not transactions by or with the enemy; this provision, however, not to extend to insurance business. Payments by or on account of enemies arising out of business transacted before the outbreak of war were not prohibited.
The Proclamations referred to had all the force of law in the Dominion, and, supplementary to them, a Trading with the Enemy Act, a short measure of some six sections, was passed on the 2nd November, 1914. This Act and its amendment of 1915 gave authority and specified procedure for prosecutions for offences in regard to trading with the enemy, and laid down penalties for comparatively minor offences without in any way affecting the force of the Royal Proclamations declaring certain acts to be treason.
The extension to Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria of the prohibition of trading has been noted above. A Royal Proclamation of the 16th February, 1915, brought within the scope of the prohibition all territory in hostile occupation (e.g., Belgium), and at the same time forbade inhabitants of territory in British occupation to trade with the enemy.
A further Royal Proclamation of the 25th June, 1915, gazetted in New Zealand on the 15th July, extended all previous Proclamations to apply to trading with persons or firms of enemy nationality in China, Siam, Persia, or Morocco, as if such persons or firms were resident or carrying on business in an enemy country. Liberia and Portuguese East Africa were added to the list of countries on the 10th November, 1915.
By Royal Proclamation dated 27th November, 1917, it was declared that, as from that date. Proclamations in force relating to trading with the enemy should apply to persons of enemy nationality who have been removed from British Dominions and are interned in neutral countries, in the same manner as such Proclamations apply to persons resident or carrying on business in an enemy country.
The prohibitions contained in the various Royal Proclamations referred to above do not apply to “anything which shall be expressly permitted by our license, or by the license given on our behalf by a Secretary of State, or the Board of Trade, whether such licenses be especially granted to individuals or be announced as applying to classes of persons.” The power to grant licenses may be exercised by the Governor-General in Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, and by the Governor in other overseas possessions. In accordance with this power a general license permitting the payment of any fees necessary for obtaining the grant or renewal of patents, or the registration of designs or trademarks, or the renewal of such registration in an enemy country was given by Gazette notice of the 25th March, 1915. License was similarly given to pay any such fees on account of an enemy for similar matters in New Zealand.
Regulations under the War Regulations Act, made by Order in Council of the 17th December, 1914, formally prohibited communication by letter, telegram, or otherwise, whether directly or indirectly, with any person or firm being or carrying on business in any enemy country. These regulations made it illegal to act as an intermediary in respect of such correspondence, and it was further forbidden to send out of or bring into New Zealand, other than through the Post Office, any letter or written matter that in the ordinary course of correspondence or business would have been transmitted through the Post Office. By the same regulations the Postmaster-General was given authority to forbid the forwarding or delivery by post or transmission by telegraph of postal packets and telegrams addressed to or intended for any person or firm supposed to be engaged in any business undertaking, correspondence, or communications injurious to the public safety or to the effective conduct of military or naval operations.
In accordance with this authority, notices have been published in the New Zealand Gazette from time to time forbidding correspondence with many persons and firms, mostly domiciled outside of New Zealand.
By an Order in Council of the 9th August, 1915, regulations were made under the War Regulations Act in respect of enemy firms doing business in New Zealand. Power was given the Attorney-General to prohibit such a firm from continuing to carry on business in the Dominion under a name, description, or representation calculated to mislead the public as to the persons interested in the business.
Any such prohibition practically means that the firm concerned must cease to carry on business, as by earlier regulations an alien enemy who is a member of a firm which changes its designation is deemed to have committed the offence of using a name other than that by which he was known at the date of the commencement of the war. The matter is, however, subject to the exercise of discretionary powers conferred on the Minister of Internal Affairs.
In order that a proper control might be exercised over enemies and enemy firms in the Dominion, regulations were made on the 3rd April, 1916, dealing with the question of enemy property. The Public Trustee was appointed Custodian of Enemy Property, and was empowered to obtain full information concerning any property in which an enemy or enemy company was interested in any way. All persons in possession of or managing or controlling any such property on the 16th April, 1916, were required to notify the fact, with full particulars, not later than the 1st May, and any persons subsequently acquiring possession, management, or control of enemy property must notify within fourteen days. All rents, dividends, interest, shares of profits, and other income owing or payable to an enemy is to be paid to the Public Trustee, who may also demand payment of other moneys owing to an enemy if he deems this course expedient in the public interest. Property or business may not be transferred from an enemy to another person without the consent of the Attorney-General, and in case of any such transfer the income or proceeds shall be deemed still payable to an enemy.
The second portion of these regulations dealt further with the question of trading with enemy firms domiciled outside of the actual enemy country. No trade may be done with a firm incorporated in or having its chief place of business in enemy territory and carrying on business elsewhere than in the British dominions. It was provided, however, that trading with a branch of any such firm shall not be deemed to be trading with such firm if the branch is carrying on business exclusively within the British dominions. The Attorney - General was given power to declare persons and firms carrying on business either in New Zealand or elsewhere to be enemies in cases where such business is exclusively or substantially for the benefit or under the control of an alien enemy not resident in New Zealand, or of an enemy company. A similar power was given with regard to firms engaged in any business undertaking injurious to the interests of His Majesty in respect of the present war. Any such declaration prevents trade or other business dealings with the person or firm concerned.
By the same regulations it was laid down that no company in which an enemy is interested can be incorporated under the Companies Act or can commence operations in New Zealand, and an alien enemy may not carry on business in the Dominion unless domiciled or carrying on business before the 16th April, 1916.
Further restrictions were imposed on the activities of enemies resident in the Dominion by regulations made on the 2nd May, 1916, when alien enemies were forbidden to engage in foreign trade. Enemy shareholders in New Zealand companies were dealt with at some length, the Attorney-General being given power to order shares of such persons to be vested in the Public Trustee, and disposed of by sale, the proceeds being invested without the interest being payable to the enemy person concerned. A company incorporated in New Zealand in which an enemy, enemy company, or alien enemy (other than a natural - born British subject) possesses any substantial interest may be declared by the Attorney-General to be an enemy. The control of enemy businesses had been placed in the hands of the Public Trustee by regulations gazetted early in the war. The regulations of the 3rd April, 1916, dealt also with this matter, and finally the powers of the Public Trustee as Controller of the business of any person, firm, or company declared to be an enemy were defined by regulations of the 11th May, 1916
On the 28th July, 1915, Parliament passed an Act to provide for the cancellation of contracts with the enemy. Under this Act the Attorney-General may declare any contract made with an enemy, or in which an enemy is interested, to be an enemy contract. Any such declaration has the effect of nullifying the contract, without prejudice to any rights or liabilities in respect of part-performance. In accordance with this power the Attorney-General declared a contract between the New Zealand Casein Company and a German firm to be an enemy contract. Under this contract the company had been bound to supply all its output of casein up to the 31st May, 1916, to the German firm.
Lists of articles declared by Royal Proclamation to be contraband of war have been gazetted from time to time since the outbreak of the war. All prior lists were consolidated in and superseded by one gazetted on the 17th September, 1917, in pursuance of Royal Proclamation of the 2nd July, 1917. The list, correct to 30th June, 1918, reads as follows:—
ABSOLUTE CONTRABAND.
Abrasive materials (see emery); acetic acid and acetates; acetic anhydride; acetic ether; acetones, and raw or finished materials usable for their preparation; aircraft of all kinds, including aeroplanes, airships, balloons, and their component parts, together with accessories and articles suitable for use in connection with aircraft; albumen; alcohols, including fusel-oil and wood-spirit and their derivatives and preparations; alumina, and salts of alumina; aluminium, and its alloys; ammonia; ammonia liquor; ammonium salts; aniline and its derivatives; animals, saddle, draught, and pack, suitable, or which may become suitable, for use in war; antimony, and the sulphides and oxides of antimony; apparatus which can be used for the storage or projecting of compressed or liquefied gases, flame, acids, or other destructive agents capable of use in warlike operations, and their component parts; armour plates; arms of all lands, including arms for sporting purposes, and their component parts; arsenic and its compounds; arsenical ore; asbestos; asphalt; balata (see rubber); bamboo; barbed wire, and the implements for fixing and cutting the same; barium chlorate and perchlorate; barium sulphate (barytes); bauxite; benzine (see mineral oils); benzol, and its mixtures and derivatives; bitumen; bleaching-powder; bone-black; bones in any form, whole or crushed; bone-ash; borax, boric acid, and other beron compounds: bromine; cadmium, cadmium alloys, and cadmium-ore; calcium acetate-nitrate, and carbide; calcium sulphate; camp equipment, articles of, and their component parts; camphor; capsicum; carbolic acid (see phenol); carbon disulphide; carbon, halogen compounds of; carborundum (see emery); carbonyl chloride (see phosgene); cartridges (see projectiles); caustic potash; caustic soda; celluloid; cerium, and its alloys and compounds; charges (see projectiles); cheques (see gold); chloride of lime; chlorides, metallic (except chloride of sodium) and metalloidic; chlorine; chromium and its alloys, salts, compounds, and ores: clothing and equipment of a distinctively military character; cobalt and its alloys, salts, compounds, and ores; copper-pyrites, and other copper-ores; copper (unwrought and part wrought), copper wire, alloys and compounds of copper; cork, including cork-dust; corundum (see emery); cotton (raw), linters, cotton-waste, cotton yarns, cotton piece-goods, and other cotton products capable of being used in the manufacture of explosives; coupons (see gold); credit notes (see gold); cresol and its mixtures and derivatives; cyanamide; debit notes (see gold); diamonds suitable for industrial purposes; electrical appliances adapted for use in war and their component parts; electrolytic iron; emery, corundum, carborundum, and all other abrasive materials, whether natural or artificial, and the manufactures thereof; equipment (see clothing); explosives, materials used in the manufacture of; explosives, specially prepared for use in war; fatty acids; feldspar; ferro-alloys of all kinds; ferro-silicon; fibres (vegetable), and yarns made therefrom; financial documents (see gold); flax; forges (field), and their component parts; formic acid and formates: formic ether; fusel-oil (see alcohols); gases for war purposes and materials for production thereof; glycerine; gold, silver, paper money, securities, negotiable instruments, cheques, drafts, orders, warrants, coupons, letters of 'credit, delegation, or advice, credit and debit notes, or other documents which in themselves, or if completed, or if acted upon by the recipient, authorize, confirm, or give effect to the transfer of money, credit, or securities; gold-beater's skin; gun-mountings and their component parts; gutta-percha (see rubber); hæmatite iron-ore, hæmatite pig iron; hair, animal, of all kinds, and tops and noils and yarns of animal hair; harness, of all kinds, of a distinctively military character; hemp; hides of cattle, buffaloes, and horses; hydrochloric acid; implements and apparatus designed exclusively for the manufacture of munitions of war, or for the manufacture or repair of arms or of war material for use on land or sea; incendiary materials for war-purposes; insulating materials, raw and manufactured; iodine and its compounds; iridium and its alloys and compounds; iron (electrolytic); iron pyrites; kapok; lathes, machines, and tools, capable of being employed in the manufacture of munitions of war; lead and lead-ore; leather, undressed or dressed, suitable for saddlery, harness, military boots, or military clothing; leather belting, hydraulic leather, pump leather; letters of credit, delegation, or advice (see gold); light-producing materials for war purposes; limbers and limber-boxes and their component parts; lithium (see strontium); lubricants; machines (see lathes); manganese and manganese-ore; manganese dioxide; maps and plans of any place within the territory of any belligerent, or within the area of military operations, on a scale of 4 miles to 1 in., or any larger scale, and reproductions on any scale, by photography or otherwise, of such maps or plans; mercury; metallic sulphites and thiosulphates; mineral oils, including benzine and motor-spirit; molybdenum and molybdenite; monazite sand; motor-spirit (see mineral oils); motor vehicles of all kinds and their component parts and accessories; naphtha (see solvent naphtha); naphthalene and its mixtures and derivatives; negotiable instruments (see gold); nickel and its alloys, salts, compounds, and ores; nitrates of all kinds; nitric acid; oleum (see sulphuric acid); orders (see gold); osmium and its alloys and compounds; oxalic acid and oxalates; palladium and its alloys and compounds; paper money (see gold); peppers; phenates; phenol (carbolic acid) and its mixtures and derivatives; phosgene (carbonyl chloride); phosphorus and its compounds; photographic films, plates, and paper, sensitized; pitch; platinum and its alloys and compounds; potassium salts; powder specially prepared for use in war; projectiles, charges, cartridges, and grenades of all kinds, and their component parts; prussiate of soda; quebracho-wood (see tanning-substances); quillaia-bark; ramie; range-finders and their component parts; rattans; resinous products; rhodium and its alloys and compounds; rubber (including raw, waste, and reclaimed rubber, solutions and jellies containing rubber, and any other preparation containing balata and gutta-percha, and the following varieties of rubber, viz.—Borneo, Guayule, Jelutong, Palembang, Pontianac, and all other substances containing caoutchouc), and goods made wholly or partly of rubber; ruthenium and its alloys and compounds: sabadilla-seeds and preparations thereof; searchlights and their component parts; securities (sec gold); selenium; silk, artificial, and the manufactures thereof; silk in all forms and the manufactures thereof; silk cocoons; silver (see gold); skins of calves, pigs, sheep, goats, and deer; smoke-producing materials for war purposes; soap; soda lime; sodium; sodium chlorate and perchlorate; sodium cyanide; solvent naphtha and its mixtures and derivatives; starch; steel containing tungsten or molybdenum; strontium and lithium compounds and mixtures containing the same; submarine sound-signalling apparatus; sulphur; sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid, fuming sulphuric acid (oleum); sulphuric ether; talc; tanning - substances of all kinds, including quebracho-wood and extracts for use in tanning: tantalum and its alloys, salts, compounds, and ores; tar; thiosulphates (see metallic sulphites); thorium and its alloys and compounds; tin, chloride of tin, tin-ore; titanium and its salts and compounds, titanium - ore; toluol and its mixtures and derivatives; tools (see lathes); tungsten and its alloys and compounds, tungsten-ores; turpentine (oil and spirit); tires for motor vehicles and for cycles, together with articles or materials especially adapted for use in the manufacture or repair of tires; uranium and its salts and compounds, uranium-ore; urea; vanadium and its alloys, salts, compounds, and ores; vegetable fibres (see fibres); wagons, military, and their component parts; warrants (see gold); warships (including boats and their component parts of such a nature that they can only be used on a vessel of war); waxes of all kinds; wire, barbed (see barbed wire); wire, steel and iron; wood-spirit (see alcohols); wood-tar and wood-tar oil; woods of all kinds capable of use in war; wool (raw, combed, or carded), wool-waste, wool tops and noils, woollen or worsted yarns; xylol and its mixtures and derivatives; zinc and its alloys; zinc-ore; zirconia; zirconium and its alloys and compounds.
CONDITIONAL CONTRABAND.
Algæ, lichens, and mosses; barrels and casks (empty) of all kinds and their component parts; bladders; boots and shoes suitable for use in war; casein; casings; casks (see barrels); charcoal (see fuel); chronometers; clothing and fabrics for clothing suitable for use in war; docks, floating, and their component parts, parts of docks; explosives not specially prepared for use in war; field-glasses; foodstuffs; forage and feeding-stuffs for animals fuel (including charcoal) other than mineral oils; furs utilizable for clothing suitable for use in war; gelatine and substances used in the manufacture thereof; glue and substances used in the manufacture thereof; guts; harness and saddlery; horseshoes and shoeing materials; lichens (see algæ); mosses (see algæ); nautical instruments of all kinds; oils and fats (animal, fish, and vegetable) other than those capable of use as lubricants, and not including essential oils: oleaginous seeds, nuts, and kernels; powder not specially prepared for use in war; railway materials, both fixed and rolling-stock; sausage-skins; skins utilizable for clothing suitable for use in war; sponges, raw and prepared; telegraphs, materials for; telephones, materials for; telescopes; vehicles of all kinds, other than motor-vehicles, available for use in war, and their component parts; vessels, craft, and boats of all kinds; wireless telegraphs, materials for; yeast.
Under section 47 of the Customs Act, 1913, the Governor-General has power to issue Orders in Council prohibiting the exportation of any goods which in his opinion may, if exported, be used for any purpose of war.
Accordingly, on the 4th August, 1914, immediately on the outbreak of war, an Order in Council was issued prohibiting the export of coal from New Zealand. This was followed the next day by a Proclamation prohibiting the export of specie. On the 7th August a Royal Proclamation set forth the law and policy with regard to trading with the enemy, and this Proclamation was restated and extended on the 15th August, and again amended on the 15th September and 12th October. This Proclamation was extended to Austria-Hungary on the 15th September, and to Turkey on the 9th November. Section 24 of the Regulation of Trade and Commerce Act, passed on the 10th August, 1914, extended the powers given to the Governor-General under the Act of 1913, so that if it was necessary in the public interest to prohibit the exportation of any goods, such exportation might be prohibited by Order in Council.
Following the prohibitions of coal and specie came an Order in Council dated the 7th August, 1914, which forbade the export of the following articles, except to other parts of the Empire for naval or military use:—
Acetone; aeroplanes, airships, balloons of all kinds, and their component parts; animals (pack, saddle, and draught) suitable for use in war; arms (rifled) of all kinds, and their component parts; benzol; carbons required for searchlights; cartridges, charges, of all kinds, and their component parts; chrome and ferro-chrome; cloth, hempen; copper, ores or unwrought, all kinds; cotton suitable for use in the manufacture of explosives; cotton-waste; creosote; dimethylaniline; engines and lorries, internal combustion, capable of carrying a load of 25 cwt. and upwards, whole or in parts; fuel oil-shale; fulminate of mercury, gunpowder; nets (torpedo); nickel and ferro-nickel; oil (coal-tar); oil (olive), oil (blast-furnace); oil (mineral lubricating); petroleum (fuel-oil); petroleum (gas-oil); petroleum, spirit or motor-spirit (including shell-spirit); projectiles of all kinds, and their component parts; sacks (coal); silk cloth, silk braid, silk thread suitable for cartridges; silk noils; surgical dressings and bandages; toluol; zinc.
On the next day a further Order in Council prohibited the export to all foreign ports in Europe and on the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas, with the exception of those of France, Russia (except the Baltic ports), Spain, and Portugal, of the following goods:—
Aluminium; aluminium alloys; armour-plates; armour quality castings, and similar protective material; asbestos; cables (telegraph and telephone); camp equipment, articles thereof; cannon and other ordnance, and parts thereof; carbolic acid; carriages and mountings for cannon and other ordnance and for machine guns, and parts thereof; coal, steam, large; compasses and parts thereof (including fittings such as binnacles); cresol and nitro-cresol; engine and boiler packings; explosives of all kinds; fuel, unmanufactured; implements and apparatus designed exclusively for the manufacture of munitions of war, for the manufacture or repair of arms or of war material for use on land and sea; indiarubber sheet, vulcanized; manganese; mercury; mica; mineral jellies; mines and parts thereof; molybdenum; nitrate of ammonium; nitrate of potassium; nitrate of sodium; nitrate of toluol; nitric acid; picric acid and its components; range-finders and parts thereof; rope, steel, wire, and hawsers; saltpetre; sounding-machines and gear; steam-vessels, lighters, and barges, of all descriptions; sulphuric acid; swords, bayonets, and other arms (not being firearms and parts thereof); pin, pin plates; torpedo-tubes, torpedoes, and parts thereof; tungsten; vanadium; four-wheeled wagons capable of carrying 1 ton and over; two-wheeled carts capable of carrying 15 cwt. and over; harness and saddlery of all kinds; barbed wire; horse and pony shoes; material for telegraph, wireless telegraph, and telephones; field-glasses; telescopes; railway materials (both fixed and rolling-stock); men's marching and shooting boots; heliograph: portable forges; farriers', carpenters', wheelers', and saddlers' tools (transport service); glycerine; alcohol, as covering rectified spirits; uniform clothing and military equipment, accoutrements; walnut wood of scantling which could be made into rifle-butts and fore-ends.
On the 10th August, 1914, the export of flour and oatmeal, and of wheat, oats, and other cereals, was prohibited; but on the 13th oats, barley, linseed, beans, and peas were permitted to be exported to any part of the British dominions. On the 3rd November it was prohibited to export wool, except to the British Empire or the Allied countries, except by permission of the Minister of Customs, and the same Order in Council also prohibited the export to European ports, except those of the Allies, of the following goods:—
All foodstuffs for man and feeding-stuffs for animals, and all raw material for the same; aluminium; arms of all kinds, including arms for sporting purposes, and their distinctive component parts; articles of camp equipment, and their distinctive component parts; armour-plates; aeroplanes, airships, balloons, and aircraft of all kinds, and their component parts, together with accessories and articles recognizable as intended for use in connection with balloons and aircraft; barbed wire, and implements for fixing and cutting the same; chrome-ore; clothing and equipment of a distinctively military character; clothing, fabrics for clothing, and boots and shoes suitable for use in war; copper, unwrought; ferro-chrome; ferro-silica; field-glasses, telescopes, chronometers, and all kinds of nautical instruments; fuel, other mineral oils; lubricants; glycerine; gold and silver in coin and bullion; paper money; gun-mountings, limber-boxes, limbers, military wagons, field-forges, and their distinctive component parts; harness and saddlery; hæmatite iron-ore and hæmatite pig iron; hides of all kinds, dry or wet; pig-skins, raw or dressed; leather, undressed or dressed, suitable for saddlery, harness, or military boots; horse-shoes and shoeing-materials; implements and apparatus designed exclusively for the manufacture of munitions of war, for the manufacture or repair of arms or war material for use on land and sea; iron-pyrites; lead (pig, sheet, or pipe); mineral oils and motor-spirit; motor vehicles of all kinds, and their component parts: motor-tires; nickel-ore and nickel; powder and explosives; projectiles, charges, and cartridges of all kinds, and their distinctive component parts; railway materials, both fixed and rolling-stock, and materials for telegraphs, wireless telegraphs, and telephones; range-finders, and their distinctive component parts; saddle, draught, and pack animals suitable for use in war; sulphur; sulphuric acid; vehicles of all kinds (other than motor vehicles) available for use in war, and their component parts; vessels, craft, and boats of all kinds; floating-docks, parts of docks, and their component parts; warships, including boats, and their distinctive component parts of such a nature that they can only be used on a vessel of war; woolled sheep-skins.
On the 14th December, 1914, hides and sheep-skins were subjected to the same regulations as wool; and on the 17th December, 1914, the export of forage—that is, grass, clover, or oaten hay, oaten chaff, and bran—except by permission of the Minister of Defence, was prohibited.
By regulations under the War Regulations Act gazetted on the 26th January, 1915, a statutory declaration showing ultimate destination of exports shipped to any place other than British territory was stipulated for. An exemption was made in the case of goods shipped to Tahiti.
On the 22nd February, 1915, the export of whale-oil other than to the United Kingdom and Australia was prohibited, and next day another Order in Council prohibited the export of frozen mutton or lamb, chilled or frozen beef, or tinned meat except to the United Kingdom, or in the case of other countries with the express permission of the Minister of Customs. A similar prohibition in the case of veal and rabbits was gazetted on the 8th March, 1915.
About this time (1st March) the purchase and export of meat was undertaken by the New Zealand Government on behalf of the Home Government. This matter is referred to at greater length later on in this subsection.
The export of vessels, boats, and craft of all kinds to any destination other than the United Kingdom or a British possession or protectorate was prohibited on the 8th March, except in cases where the consent of the Minister of Marine is first obtained. The purpose of this Order in Council was to prevent the transfer of British and colonial ships to foreign owners or foreign registers.
The export of oats, except with Ministerial consent, was prohibited on the 8th March, and on the 1st April an Order in Council was made revoking all former Orders in Council which prohibited export, and providing for a revised list of prohibitions and restrictions. Articles dealt with in these lists were placed in four categories according to the extent of the prohibition.
To any destination, except with the consent of the Minister of Customs: Coal; flour; oatmeal; wheat; oats; forage (that is to say, grass, clover, or oaten-sheaf hay, oaten-sheaf chaff, and bran).
To any destination other than the United Kingdom, except with the consent of the Minister of Customs: Frozen mutton and lamb; chilled and frozen beef or veal; rabbits; tinned meats.
To any destination other than the United Kingdom and British possessions and protectorates, except with the consent of the Minister of Customs: Wool; hides, skeep-skins, calf-skins, pig-skins, pelts; barley, linseed, beans, peas; extract of meat; leather, dressed or undressed, suitable for saddlery, harness, military boots, or military clothing; scheelite; whale-oil; petroleum; rubber and goods made of rubber; copper, copper-ore, alloys of copper; graphite; woollen cloth suitable for uniform clothing; woollen yarns; woollen jerseys, jackets, gloves, socks, and men's woollen underwear of all kinds; blankets and horse-rugs; vessels, boats, and craft; all goods (not otherwise specifically referred to in any of the schedules to this Order in Council) which are for the time being contraband of war (whether absolute or conditional) under any Proclamation or Order in Council issued by His Majesty.
To foreign ports in Europe or the Mediterranean and Black Seas other than those of France, Russia (except Baltic ports), Belgium, Spain, and Portugal: Bladders, casings, and sausage-skins; kauri-gum and other resinous products; sulphur; flax (Phormium tenax); provisions and victuals which may be used as food for man; foodstuffs for animals; oleaginous seeds, nuts, and kernels; animal and vegetable oils and fats suitable for use in the manufacture of margarine; cakes and meals made from oleaginous seeds, nuts, and kernels; seeds, clover and grass; bags and sacks of all kinds; asbestos; copra.
By an Order in Council of the 23rd August, 1915, Italy was added to the list of countries in category (d) not included in the prohibition.
The whole of the items given above in category (a) with the exception of coal were transferred to category (c) by an Order in Council of the 22nd November, 1915.
Further prohibitions to any destination, except with the consent of the Minister of Customs, were made on the 3rd May and 21st June in respect of butter and potatoes. Both were revoked by Order in Council of the 11th September. 1915.
War regulations made by Order in Council of the 19th July, 1915, authorized Collectors of Customs, on receipt of a warrant or telegraphic instructions from a military authority, to refuse the clearance of a ship. Collectors were also given authority to refuse the clearance in cases where there was reason to suspect that articles whose export was prohibited or restricted were being shipped as stores with the intention of not being so used, but of being actually exported to other countries.
On the 29th July, 1915, the export of sheep and cattle, save with the consent of the Minister of Customs, was prohibited.
On the 2nd August, 1915, the export of scheelite was absolutely prohibited. Shortly afterwards, at the request of the Imperial Government, all supplies of scheelite were requisitioned, and the whole of the ore produced is now shipped Home to the Imperial Supply Board.
Both export and import of uncut diamonds, except with the Minister's consent, were prohibited on the 22nd November, 1919, but a general permission to export or import was given shortly afterwards on the following conditions:—
Not to be exported or imported otherwise than through the registered post:
Not to be exported to or imported from any countries other than the United Kingdom or Australia:
In case of export, Collector of Customs to be applied to in writing at least three days prior to intended date of delivery to Post Office.
A general permission to import unset diamonds sent direct from France by registered post was given on the 3rd August, 1916.
The export to Holland of goods of all classes, save with the permission of the Minister of Customs, was prohibited as from the 6th December, 1915. Similar prohibitions in the case of China and Siam followed on the 13th December, and Switzerland was added on the 1st March, 1916.
A notice in the Gazette of the 20th December, 1915, defined the procedure to be followed in connection with the export to the United States of hides and skins, other than woolled or haired sheep and goat skins, which still remained exportable only to the United Kingdom and British possessions or protectorates Hides and skins other than those mentioned could only be exported (to the United States) to the British Consuls-General at New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and San Francisco for account of approved consignees.
On the 31st January, 1916, tallow was added to the list of articles whose export to any place other than the United Kingdom was prohibited unless with the consent of the Minister of Customs.
The exportation of hides weighing more than 45 lb. was prohibited on the 2nd February, 1916. Another Order in Council, of the 29th March, 1916, still further restricted trade in hides by permitting the export of hides weighing less than 45 lb. and calf-skins only to the United Kingdom and Australia. Further amendments in respect to this matter are referred to in the following pages.
Steps to conserve stocks of leather for manufacturing purposes within the Dominion were taken on the 15th February, 1916. Leather, dressed or undressed, suitable for saddlery, harness, military boots, or military clothing had been exportable only to British countries (except with the consent of the Minister of Customs) since the 1st April, 1916, but now leather of all kinds, dressed or undressed, and leather beltings, were declared to be non-exportable to any destination except with consent. Three days later, however, it was notified that leather or leather belting not suitable for military purposes or domestic consumption in New Zealand might be exported to the United Kingdom and British possessions.
The prohibition in the case of wool was extended on the 7th March, 1916, when, instead of British countries as hitherto, only the United Kingdom was left on the list of destinations to which export could be made without consent.
Copra and oleaginous seeds, nuts, and kernels were similarly on the 13th March declared exportable only to the United Kingdom, instead of to Britain and Allied countries as formerly.
The Order in Council of the 1st April, 1915, and all Orders in Council subsequent to that date dealing with the prohibition of export were revoked on the 10th April, 1916, and a revised and consolidated list of prohibitions was issued. The category “Foreign ports in Europe, &c.,” was abolished, and a new one added—viz., “United Kingdom and Australia”—already brought in by the Order in. Council of the 29th March referred to above. The various prohibitions under the new main Order in Council are as follows:—
Any destination: Coal; sheep; cattle; scheelite; hides of 45 lb. weight or more; leather of all kinds, dressed or undressed; leather belting; unset diamonds.
Any destination other than the United Kingdom: Frozen mutton and lamb; chilled and frozen beef and veal; rabbits; tinned meats; tallow; wool; woolled sheep-skins; copra; oleaginous seeds, nuts, and kernels.
Any destination other than the United Kingdom and Australia: Hides less than 45 lb. in weight; calf-skins.
Any destination other than the United Kingdom and British possessions and protectorates: Sheep-skins (without wool), pig-skins, pelts; barley, linseed, beans, peas; flour; oatmeal; wheat; oats; forage (that is to say, oaten-sheaf hay, oaten-sheaf chaff, and bran); extracts of meat; whale-oil; petroleum; rubber and goods made of rubber; copper, copper-ore, alloys of copper; graphite; woollen cloth suitable for uniform clothing; woollen yarns; woollen jerseys, jackets, gloves, socks, and men's woollen underwear of all kinds; blankets and horse-rugs; vessels, boats, and craft; bladders, casings, and sausage-skins; kauri-gum and other resinous products; sulphur; flax (Phormium tenax); provisions and victuals which may be used as food for man; animal and vegetable oils and fats suitable for use in the manufacture of margarine; cakes and meals made from oleaginous seeds, nuts, and kernels; seeds, clover and grass; bags and sacks of all kinds; asbestos; pepper; capsicums; all goods (not otherwise specifically referred to in any of the foregoing schedules to this Order in Council) which are for the time being contraband of war (whether absolute or conditional) under any Proclamation or Order in Council issued by His Majesty.
For export of any of these items to countries other than those specified the consent of the Minister of Customs must first be obtained.
By Gazette notice of the 12th March, 1917, subsection (c) above was revoked so that hides (of all weights) and calf-skins could not be exported to any destination except with the consent of the Minister. The export of hides and calf-skins rejected by the Government buyers was, however, still allowed, and Ministerial consent in such cases was unnecessary.
The Order in Council of the 10th April, 1916 also declared that no exports of any kind, except with the consent of the Minister of Customs, can be made to any destination other than the following: The United Kingdom; British possessions and protectorates; France; Japan; United States of America; Argentine; Brazil; Uruguay; certain Pacific islands.
The export of sheep - skins (with or without wool), pig - skins, and pelts was further restricted on the 24th July, 1916, these articles being thereafter exportable to the United Kingdom only, unless the consent of the Minister was otherwise obtained. Platinum was added to these items on the 2nd September, 1916.
The export of scrap iron to any destination without consent was prohibited on the 9th August, 1916, this prohibition being extended to cover all scrap metal as from the 13th August, 1917. The same restriction was placed on the export of wattle-bark on the 2nd September, 1916.
On the 18th September, 1916, the embargo on the export of sheep-skins (without wool), pig-skins, and pelts was removed so as to permit their exportation to the United Kingdom, or to “any part of His Majesty's dominions.” A regulation of the same date prohibited the export of rennet, save with the consent of the Minister of Customs.
By an Order in Council of the 13th October, 1916, butter and cheese were prohibited exports, unless manufactured at a factory in respect of which an export license had been issued.
The following cheeses were, however, permitted to be exported to the United Kingdom and British possessions from the 12th June, 1917: Stilton cheese; Cheddar cheese (third grade); Cheddar cheese (first or second grade) of less size than that known as “export cheese”; dairy cheese.
The Order in Council of the 10th April, 1916, was amended on the 18th November, 1916, by prohibiting the export of wool to any destination without the consent of the Minister.
By an Order in Council dated the 29th January, 1917, sheep-skins and pelts became prohibited exports without the consent of the Minister of Customs. The scheme of purchase by Government gazetted on 1st February, 1917, was amended by notice dated 12th March, 1917. These amendments were consolidated, and the scheme regazetted on the 1st February, 1918. Various regulations have also been made from time to time under the War Regulations Act dealing with the sale and purchase of sheep-skins other than to or by Government.
During the twelve months ended 30th June, 1918, further considerable amendments and additions have been made to the fist of articles the export of which is prohibited or restricted.
From 6th August, 1917, the export of bicarbonate of soda and empty glass and earthenware bottles and jars to any destination without consent was prohibited. All classes of scrap metal were covered by the prohibition issued on 16th August, while chemicals, drugs, and their preparations were also added to the prohibited export list on that date. On the same date also the export of postage-stamps to any destination other than the United Kingdom and British possessions was prohibited.
On 30th August, 1917, a prohibition was issued against the export of salt to any destination without consent. On 17th September iron wire, wire nails, staples, and manufactured articles of metal generally were added to that list. Paints and colours followed on 19th November; roofing - materials on 3rd December; pork, bacon, and ham on 22nd December; plate and sheet glass on 14th January, 1918; and live pigs and manures on 31st January.
From 11th February, 1918, the export of materials for gelatine and glue making was similarly prohibited. On 18th March bags, bagging, sacks, hessian, jute, and linen piece-goods were added to the list. During April the position regarding export and Government purchase of hides was materially altered. On the 16th April Gazette notices were issued revoking the prohibition against sale and purchase of hides and calf-skins otherwise wan to or by the New Zealand Government. On the same day the export of hides and calf-skins of all classes to any destination was definitely prohibited, save with the consent of the Minister. This prohibition was, in effect, merely in substitution of the Order in Council of 12th March, 1917.* Finally, notice was given on 16th April that Government purchase would cease as from 28th March. Since that date notification has been given that applications for export licenses would be favourably considered.
* See previous page.
By Gazette notice dated the 4th February, 1918, the Government announced its intention to undertake the purchase of the exportable surplus of butter and cheese, and a scheme of purchase was set out in that notice. Purchasing operations, however, actually commenced in November. 1917. On the 16th April, 1918, the Government purchase of butter was temporarily suspended in order that local requirements might be satisfied. On the same date the maximum prices per pound wholesale and retail were fixed at 1s. 5d. and 1s. 8d. respectively.
Another notice issued on the 16th April prohibited the export of electrical material to any destination without the consent of the Minister of Customs. A similar prohibition with regard to oils of every description was issued on 13th May, and empty casks were likewise dealt with by notice dated 4th June, 1918. The export of peas was similarly prohibited as from 24th June.
A summarized list is given below showing goods the exportation of which from New Zealand was at the 30th June, 1918, prohibited except by special authority.
Goods the exportation of which is prohibited to any destination, except by special authority:—
Bags, bagging, sacks, sacking, and piece-goods of jute, hessian, or linen; bottles and jars, empty; butter; casks, empty; cattle; cheese; chemicals, drugs, and chemical preparations; coal; electrical goods—viz., machinery, furniture, fittings, instruments, materials, and appliances for the generation, transmission, application, or utilization of electricity or of electric power of any description whatever, including carbon in block, sheet, or rod, mica, vulcanite, or other insulating-material, and rubber or guttapercha solutions; game, or the skin or the feathers thereof; stag heads or antlers; gold; hide pieces, sinews, glue pieces, face pieces, leg pieces, hide trimmings, lugs, and similar goods for the manufacture of gelatine and glue; hides and calf-skins; leather belting; leather of all kinds, dressed or undressed; “Malthoid,” “Ruberoid,” and similar roofing-materials, and felt and sheetings for roofing or damp-courses; manufactured articles of metal; manures of every description; Maori antiquities; oils; oysters, rock; paints and colours; peas; plate and sheet glass; pork, bacon, and hams, also live pigs; rennet; salt; scheelite; scrap metal; sheep; unset diamonds; wattle-bark; wheat, oats, and other cereals; flour, oatmeal, crushed oats, rolled oats, and similar preparations; wool, sheep-skins, and pelts.
Goods the exportation of which is prohibited to any other destination than the United Kingdom, except with the consent of the Minister of Customs:—
Chilled and frozen beef and veal; copra; frozen mutton and lamb; oleaginous seeds (not including linseed), nuts, and kernels; platinum (ore, metal, or scrap); rabbits; sapphires or rubies, natural or synthetic; tallow; tinned meats.
Goods the exportation of which is prohibited to any other destination than the United Kingdom and British possessions and protectorates, except with the consent of the Minister of Customs:—
All goods (not otherwise specifically referred to in the foregoing) which are for the time being contraband of war (whether absolute or conditional) under any Proclamation or Order in Council issued by His Majesty; animal and vegetable fats suitable for use in the manufacture of margarine; asbestos; beans; bladders, casings, and sausage-skins; blankets and horse-rugs; cakes and meals made from oleaginous seeds, nuts, and kernels; capsicums; copper, copper-ore, alloys of copper; extracts of meat; flax (Phormium tenax); forage—that is to say, oaten-sheaf hay, oaten-sheaf chaff, and bran; graphite; kauri-gum and other resinous products; linseed; pepper; postage-stamps; provisions and victuals which may be used as food for man; rubber and goods made of rubber; seeds (clover and grass); vessels, boats, and craft; woollen cloth suitable for uniform clothing; woollen jerseys, jackets, gloves, socks, and men's woollen underwear of all kinds; woollen yarns.
All destinations except the following:—
The United Kingdom; British possessions and protectorates; Argentine; Brazil; France; Japan; United States of America; Uruguay; the islands of the Pacific Ocean contained in the area bounded by a line commencing at the point of intersection of the fifteenth degree of north latitude and the one-hundred-and-thirty-fifth degree of west longitude, and proceeding due south to the point of intersection of the thirtieth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-thirty-fifth degree of west longitude, and thence due west to the point of intersection of the thirtieth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-thirty-fifth degree of east longitude, thence due north to the point of intersection of the fifteenth degree ' of north latitude and the one-hundred-and-thirty-fifth degree of east longitude, thence due east to the starting-point at the intersection of the fifteenth degree of north latitude and the one-hundred-and-thirty-fifth degree of west longitude.
As shown in the subsection dealing with imports, the value of imports was less in 1914 than in 1913, and again less in 1915 than in 1914, in spite of the fact that prices were much higher in the war years than formerly. In 1916, however, there was a substantial increase over the 1915 figures, while 1917 saw a marked decrease to a level lower than in any year since 1911. The falling-off of imports is directly attributable to the' war, just as is the great increase in the total value of exports, but in a different way. All trade with Germany and other enemy countries has naturally ceased; neutral countries are busy supplying the increasing requirements of the belligerents; the United Kingdom has prohibited the export of many articles; there is a shortage of shipping; the population of the Dominion is stationary or actually decreasing, due to the despatch of men to the war and the falling-off of immigration;' and, lastly, prohibitive prices and the general unsettled state of affairs are having their effect on the importation of many commodities.
New Zealand has done little in the matter of prohibiting or regulating imports, its principal efforts in this connection being in the direction of preventing enemy goods being imported through neutral countries
By an Order in Council of the 26th January, 1915, it was laid down that for articles imported from Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, or Italy a certificate of origin signed by a British Consul or consular agent in the country concerned must be furnished. Italy was subsequently removed from this list of countries.
Along with the Order in Council was published a notice exempting carbide of calcium, tar and pitch, strawboard, butter-paper, and manurial salts from the necessity of a certificate of origin. This exemption was subsequently cancelled.
Additional regulations with the same end in view were made on the 24th July, 28th August, and 13th October, 1916. By these it was made illegal for goods to be imported without a license (issued by the Comptroller of Customs) from any country other than the United Kingdom, British possessions, or territory in the occupation of British Forces, or from the United States, France, or Japan. If the Comptroller of Customs has reason to believe or suspect that goods imported are of enemy production or consignment he may refuse the issue of a license. The necessity of having this license was revoked by an Order in Council of the 20th November, 1916.
For goods imported from Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, and Switzerland a “certificate of origin and interest” is required. Such a certificate must be signed by a British consular officer in the country from which the goods are imported, and must be to the effect that it has been proved to the satisfaction of the certifying officer that the goods have not been produced in enemy territory, and that no enemy has any interest in the goods. A certificate of interest similarly must be furnished in the case of goods imported from other foreign countries, with the exception of France, Italy, Russia, Japan, Roumania, Portugal, China, Siam, the United States, and French possessions in the South Pacific.
Power is given to Collectors of Customs to detain goods until the certificate referred to is produced or proof given that no certificate is required.
The prohibition of the import and export of uncut diamonds is referred to in the portion of this subsection dealing with the prohibition of exports. There have been a few other instances of prohibition of imports, reference to which follows.
By regulations made by Order in Council of the 20th September, 1915, under the War Regulations Act, firearms and ammunition were declared importable only in pursuance of a permit by a Superintendent or Inspector of Police, and the same provision extended to the sale and purchase of firearms and ammunition. Later, authority was given for a permit in respect of purchase and sale being signed by a sergeant of police or by a constable in charge of a country station. An Order in Council dated the 2nd April, 1918, provided that the above-mentioned regulations should apply to explosives in the same manner as to ammunition.
On the 10th February, 1916, it was notified that the Imperial Government would not permit high-speed tools to be exported to any person in New Zealand except with the approval of the Dominion's Minister of Customs, and that on the part of the Minister approval would not be granted, in cases where merchants desire to hold stocks for sale. The notice was cancelled on the 7th July, 1916, and another published to cover all small tools made from high-speed or carbon steel, including all cutting-tools and fittings which are not an integral part of a machine tool.
On the 22nd February, 1916, explosives containing more than 50 per cent. of nitro-glycerine were forbidden entry into the Dominion unless with the consent of the Minister of Customs acting on the recommendation of the Chief Inspector of Explosives.
The prohibition of the import of oxydonors, oxygenators, and oxypathors on the 29th March, 1916, does not come under the heading of war prohibitions.
The importation from Australia of the cream-of-tartar substitute known as klepalo was prohibited on the 16th August, 1916.
Soap (of foreign manufacture) was made a prohibited import on the 18th September, 1916, but on the 6th November an amendment was made so as to allow the import of soap from France to continue.
A general prohibition of import of all goods produced or manufactured in enemy territory was made and gazetted on the 26th September, 1916. Goods were of enemy origin if not less than 25 per cent. of the fair market value thereof originally came from or was produced in enemy territory. By an Order in Council of the 10th April, 1917, 25 per cent. was altered to 5 per cent.
It was announced by Gazette notice dated 6th June, 1917, that the Minister of Customs had granted general permission for the importation from Belgium of goods finally manufactured in that country, provided that not more than 25 per cent. of fair market value had its source in enemy territory, and provided also that certain conditions (as laid down in August, 1915) were fully complied with.
By an Order in Council dated the 12th November, 1917, the importation of wheat, flour, bran, and pollard was prohibited save with the consent of the Minister of Customs given on the recommendation of the Board of Trade.
A prohibition (gazetted on the 22nd November, 1917) against the importation of preparations purporting to be remedies for drink and drug habits was not a war measure, but was made under the provisions of the Customs Act, 1913.
A full list of prohibited imports as at the 30th June, 1918, is given:—
Copies of works imported in breach of section 21 of the Copyright Act, 1913; opium in any form suitable for smoking; opium, or any article or preparation containing opium for the importation of which a permit is required under the Opium Act, 1908, and which is imported otherwise than in pursuance of such a permit; every article the sale of which in New Zealand would be an offence against the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1908; all indecent documents within the meaning of the Indecent Publications Act, 1910, and all other indecent or obscene articles; false or counterfeit money or banknotes, and any money not being of the established standard in weight or fineness, and any coin intended for circulation in New Zealand and not being legal tender in New Zealand; rags and certain second-hand clothing; “Optanine” (an article used in brewing in the place of hops); “flock,” unless the importer satisfies the District Health Officer by declaration or otherwise that such flock has been manufactured from pure “mill puff” or “mill waste”; animals or birds for the purpose of sport or acclimatization or game, also noxious animals, birds, insects, or reptiles, without the consent in writing of the Minister of Internal Affairs; foxes, venomous reptiles, hawks, vultures, or any beasts or birds of prey; goods imported in breach of the Patents, Designs, and Trade-marks Act, 1908; rabbits and hares (into Chatham Islands only); matches made with white or yellow phosphorus; goods manufactured or produced wholly or in part by prison labour, or which have been made within or in connection with any prison, gaol, or penitentiary; also goods similar in character to those produced in such institutions, or by an agent of such person, firm, or corporation, or when such goods were originally purchased from or transferred by any such contractor; fruit or plants affected with disease, or attempted to be introduced contrary to the regulations relating to the importation of fruit and plants; the virus of any disease of live-stock (whether the virus is or is not in an attenuated form), except with the consent of the Minister of Agriculture; stock (including hides, skins, hair, &c.) if diseased, or attempted to be introduced contrary to the regulations relating to the importation thereof; goods imported in breach of the Poisons Act, the Explosive and Dangerous Goods Act, or of any regulations made thereunder; waterproof Economite patent soles for boots and shoes; cooking-utensils coated or lined with lead or with alloy containing lead; * newspapers and periodicals—viz., Direct Action, Solidarity, Ross's Monthly, The Masses (U.S.A.), The Gaelic American, Atlanta American, Atlanta Georgian, Boston American, Chicago American, Chicago Examiner, Los Angeles Examiner, Los Angeles Herald, Morgan Journal, New York American, New York Deutsches Journal, New York Evening Journal, San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Sunday American, Sunday Georgian, Cosmopolitan Magazine, Good Housekeeping Magazine, Harper's Bazaar, Hearst's Magazine, Motor Magazine, Motor Boating Magazine, Ross's Magazine, Bull (illustrated paper); * all printed matter published or printed, or purporting to be published or printed, by or on behalf of the society known as “The Industrial Workers of the World”; * Sanatogen; * diamonds unset; * Klepalo (cream-of-tartar substitute) (from Australia); oxydonors, oxygenators, or oxypathors, or similar instruments and appliances; * explosives containing more than 50 per cent. of nitro-glycerine; boots, shoes, slippers, and sandals the sale of which in New Zealand would be an offence against the Footwear Regulation Act, 1913; * goods imported in breach of the Trading with the Enemy Act or the regulations under the War Regulations Act; * soap (except soap made in British possessions, France, Italy, or Japan); Violetta high-frequency generator, and advertising matter relating thereto; * goods produced or manufactured in enemy territory (goods are deemed to be so manufactured or produced if not less than 5 per cent. of their fair market value has its source in enemy territory); Kugelmann's remedies, and advertising matter relating thereto; Vitadatio, and advertising matter relating thereto; hop aromas, preparations, flavours, substitutes, and similar preparations; * gas-mantles of foreign manufacture; *wheat, flour, bran, and pollard; electric or galvanic apparatus known as Pulvermacher's electrical body battery, Pulvermacher's galvanic dry combined bands, Pulvermacher's No. 34 electro-galvanic deafness chain, or any electric or galvanic apparatus vended by or on account of the Electrological Institute (J. L. Pulvermacher and Co., Limited), 56 Ludgate Hill, London E.C., and all written or printed advertising matter relating solely or principally to such apparatus.
* Signifies that prohibition is enacted tinder special war legislation.
War Regulations made on the 11th October, 1915, gave the Minister of Defence power to prohibit the sale of any book or other publication containing matter the publication of which he deems injurious to the public interest. A person having a prohibited book in his possession must not allow it to be read or examined by any other person.
The following books had their sale prohibited by Gazelle notice on the 29th November, 1915, in accordance with this authority: Jane's “Fighting Ships”; Jane's “The World's Warships”; Jane's “Warships at a Glance”; Jane's “Naval Recognition Book (British ships)” (all published by Sampson, Low, Marston, and Co., Limited); “Fleets of the World” (published by Eveleigh Nash); “The Naval Pocket-book” (published by Thacker and Co.).
A further list of prohibitions, gazetted on the 9th March, 1916, is as follows: The International Socialist Review; The Fatherland; Issues and Events; newspapers or other periodicals printed wholly or partly in the German language and published or purporting to be published in the United States of America.
The importation of the newspapers Direct Action and Solidarity, and all other printed matter published by the society known as the Industrial Workers of the World, had been prohibited by an Order in Council of the 20th September, 1915. The sale of these publications was prohibited by. Gazette notice dated the 30th November, 1917. This list was added to by an Order in Council of the 21st October, 1916, containing the following names of periodicals:—
Atlanta American, Atlanta Georgian, Boston American, Chicago American, Chicago Examiner, Los Angeles Examiner, Los Angeles Herald, Morgan Journal, New York American, New York Deutches Journal, New York Evening Journal, San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Sunday American, Sunday Georgian, Cosmopolitan Magazine, Good Housekeeping Magazine, Harper's Bazaar, Hearst's Magazine, Motor Magazine, Motor Boating Magazine, Ross's Magazine, Bull (illustrated newspaper).
The newspaper known as The Gaelic American was prohibited on the 16th January, 1917, and by Gazette notice of the 16th March, 1917, The Masses and the magazine The Delineator were added. An Order in Council dated the 16th April, 1918, removed the prohibition against the last-named publication.
On the 4th July, 1918, a prohibition was gazetted against the sale of a book entitled The Black Prophet, as well as all books or publications containing or purporting to contain extracts from such book. On the same date a similar prohibition was issued against the sale of a periodical publication called The Green Ray published at Dunedin.
Closely allied with the question of the prohibition of exports from and imports into New Zealand is the prohibition of imports into and exports from the United Kingdom. From time to time schedules of articles so prohibited have been published in the New Zealand Gazette for the information of exporters and importers. The list of prohibited exports and imports (especially exports) have assumed large proportions, but New Zealand's trade with the United Kingdom is not greatly affected thereby. The lists are too long to publish here, and the reader is referred to the volumes of the New Zealand Gazette.
Especially in the early months of the war the diversion of vessels for use as transports or otherwise in connection with the war had a serious effect on trade. Many of the vessels required for the conveyance of Australian and New Zealand troops to the front were vessels which had been specially provided with insulated space for the conveyance of butter and meat to the United Kingdom, and it was with difficulty that the demand for space was met and the Dominion's surplus output placed on the Home market.
As the war has progressed, a regular system of transports has been arranged without interfering with trade requirements to any serious extent, but in order to ensure that there will be no delay in the despatch of reinforcement drafts through inability to obtain transports the Minister of Defence has power, under regulations made by Order in Council of the 17th January, 1916, to requisition any vessel at a New Zealand port for use as a transport.
Publication of shipping intelligence was prohibited by an Order in Council dated the 9th January, 1917. This regulation made it an offence to publish any information in respect of any ship whose journey lay wholly or partly north of the Equator. The regulation of the 9th January, 1917, was revoked on the 5th February, 1917, and another substituted, but the essential points remained the same. Further regulations under an Order in Council dated the 2nd April, 1917, amended the regulations previously in force in such manner that the restriction of publication of shipping intelligence now applies to all seagoing ships other than those exclusively engaged in the coastal trade of New Zealand.
Early in 1915 the Imperial Government took steps to secure for its troops and its civilian population the whole of New Zealand's supplies of mutton, lamb, and beef available for export. A request for the assistance of the New Zealand Government was received on the 17th February, and a fortnight later a system had been arranged and came into operation whereby there was to be no further private export of these items of frozen produce, but all future exports would be of meat purchased and shipped by the New Zealand Government on behalf of the Home Government.
Conferences were held with representatives of the freezing and shipping companies, and an agreement satisfactory to all concerned was come to as to the scheme generally, the prices to be paid, the charges for storage, and the system of inspection and grading. The schedule of prices as fixed at the time and as revised from the 20th October, 1916, is as follows:—
Description. | Prices operating from 3rd March, 1915, to 19th October, 1916. | Prices ops-rating from 20th October, 1916. |
---|---|---|
d. | d. | |
Wethers, first quality, 72 lb. and under | 4 ½ | 5 ⅜ |
Wethers, first quality, over 72 lb. | 4 ¼ | 5 ⅛ |
Wethers, first quality, over 85 lb. and up to 98 lb. (subject to special approval of Inspector) | 4 | 4 7/8 |
Wethers, first quality, second quality | 4 ¼ | 5 ⅛ |
Ewes, first quality, 72 lb. and under | 4 | 4 7/8 |
Ewes, first quality, over 72 lb. | 3 ¾ | 4 5/8 |
Ewes, first quality, second quality | 3 ¾ | 4 5/8 |
Lamb, specially prime and Canterbury quality, 42 lb. and under | 5 5/8 | 6 ½ |
Lamb, first quality, 42 lb. and under | 5 ½ | 6 ⅜ |
Lamb, first quality, over 42 lb. | 5 ¼ | 6 ⅛ |
Lamb, second quality | 5 ¼ | 6 ⅛ |
Beef, prime ox | 4 ¾ | 5 |
Beef, second and heifer | 4 ½ | 4 ¾ |
Beef, boning in quarters | 4 | 4 ¼ |
Beef, cow, prime | 4 ½ | 4 ¾ |
Beef, cow, second | 4 | 4 ¼ |
Beef, boneless | 5 | 5 ¼ |
(Odd hind quarters ¼ d. above and odd fore quarters ¼ d. below schedule prices.) | ||
Mutton, legs | 5 ½ | 6 ⅜ |
Mutton, shoulders | 4 ½ | 5 ⅜ |
Mutton, loins | 4 ½ | 5 ⅜ |
Mutton, haunches | 5 | .. |
A condition applying to the prices fixed on the 20th October, 1916, was that they should operate for at least three months after the termination of the war, and that the storage rate previously paid should be reduced by 25 per cent. as from the 1st November, 1916. Important amendments with regard to storage charges, insurance, delivery, and transfer of ownership were embodied in an agreement completed in December, 1917. Provision was also made in this agreement for the withdrawal from storage of meat required for local consumption.
Between the 3rd March, 1915, and the 30th June, 1918, 2,102,040 quarters of beef, 7,614,673 carcases of mutton, and 9,104,484 carcases of lamb had been shipped under the Government-purchase scheme, the quantities shipped from the various ports being as shown in the table following. The total payments to 30th June, 1918, in respect of meat purchases amounted to £27,266,513.
SHIPMENTS OF MEAT UNDER IMPERIAL-PURCHASE SCHEME, 3RD MARCH, 1915, TO 30TH JUNE, 1918. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Port of Shipment. | Quarters Beef. | Carcases Mutton. | Carcases Lamb. |
Whangarei | 113,002 | 25,585 | 7,456 |
Auckland | 415,275 | 137,715 | 226,250 |
Tokomaru Bay | 27,226 | 250,397 | 109,423 |
Gisborne | 148,243 | 853,857 | 367,016 |
Napier | 155,566 | 1,042,223 | 731,232 |
Waitara | 210,255 | 152,164 | 111,963 |
New Plymouth | 21,483 | 21,804 | 11,912 |
Wanganui | 151,388 | 399,142 | 237,920 |
Wellington | 447,254 | 2,179,408 | 1,864,370 |
Totals, North Island | 1,689,752 | 5,062,295 | 3,667,542 |
Nelson | 12,186 | 37,132 | 54,120 |
Picton | 1,099 | 85,242 | 120,334 |
Lyttelton | 122,000 | 1,015,432 | 2,456,494 |
Timaru | 26,750 | 461,246 | 1,452,380 |
Oamaru | .. | 92,586 | 154 223 |
Dunedin | 70,324 | 377,952 | 568,168 |
Bluff | 179,929 | 482,788 | 631,223 |
Totals, South Island | 412,288 | 2,552,378 | 5,436,942 |
Grand totals | 2,102,040 | 7,614,673 | 9,104,484 |
Practically the whole of the beef and wether mutton sent Home is used by the Army. The ewe mutton and lamb is sold for consumption by the civil population.
Towards the end of October, 1915, the New Zealand Government was asked by the Imperial Government to requisition for Army purposes 15,000 tons of cheese at 7 ¼d. per pound f.o.b., to be delivered in monthly quantities, from October, 1915, to the end of May, 1916. Requisitions were accordingly made on a pro rata basis on the various cheese-factories, and 189,502 crates, valued at £917,748, were duly forwarded.
In the 1916–17 season, again, the Imperial Government requisitioned on New Zealand for cheese, and on this occasion arrangements were made to purchase the whole of the output of cheese available for export, the prices fixed being 9 ½d. per pound f.o.b. for first grade, and 9 ¼d. for second grade. Under the arrangements for that season 518,326 crates, valued at £3,295,557, were shipped to the United Kingdom.
After prolonged negotiations the total exportable surplus for the season 1917–18 was purchased by the Imperial Government at 10d. per pound for first-grade and 9 ¾d. per pound for second-grade cheese. Dairy cheese was also accepted at 8 ½d. and 8d. per pound for first and second grades respectively. Shipments for the latter season to 30th June, 1918, totalled 396,137 crates.
The sum paid for this cheese, together with advances on cheese awaiting shipment at the above date, amounted to £4,496,303.
Supplies of condensed milk have also been purchased in New Zealand by the Imperial Government. Between the 27th November, 1916, and the 31st March, 1917, the shipments made aggregated 19,998 cases, valued at £21,381. During the year ended 31st March, 1918, 39,159 cases were shipped, for which the sum of £41,689 has been paid.
For the first time since the commencement of the present war the Dominion's output of butter was requisitioned by the Imperial Government as from the 20th November, 1917. The prices paid are as follows: Creamery butter, first grade, 157s. per cwt.; second grade, 1s. per cwt. less for each grade-point by which the butter falls below first grade. Whey butter and dairy butter, 133s. 8d. per cwt.; second grade, ½d. per lb. less. Milled butter, 124s. 4d. per cwt.; second grade, ½d. per lb. less.
It was also arranged that 50 per cent. of any profit resulting from the sale of the butter in the United Kingdom should be distributed to producers through the New Zealand Government.
The shipments to 30th June, 1918, totalled 599,833 boxes. Payments to that date, including advances on butter awaiting shipment, amounted to £2,770,777.
In October, 1917, arrangements were completed by the Imperial Government for the purchase of considerable quantities of “Glaxo” (dried milk) from the manufacturers m the Dominion.
At 31st March, 1918, 66,958 56 lb. tins had been purchased at a cost of £234,353. Of this quantity, 56,278 tins had been shipped, and the balance (10,680 tins) was awaiting shipment.
The demand for tungstic acid occasioned by the war drew the attention of the Imperial Government to New Zealand's small but useful supplies of scheelite, most of the output of which in years prior to the war had been forwarded to Germany. Accordingly on the 6th September, 1915, notice was given that all supplies were to be requisitioned by the Imperial Government. All persons having scheelite in their possession were required to notify the fact to the Mines Department, and all supplies since the date mentioned have been bought on behalf of the Imperial Government and shipped to London. The price fixed was £2 15s. per unit—i.e., per 1-per-cent. tungstic trioxide in respect of ore assaying at least 65 per cent., with a reduction in cases where the assay fell below that point down to 50 units per ton.
From the 1st January, 1917, an additional allowance was made to shippers to cover increased freight and insurance charges. On the 1st January, 1918, the price was increased to £3 per unit for ore assaying 65-per-cent. tungstic acid, together with an allowance of 3s. 10d. per unit to cover increased charges since the requisition commenced. From the 1st May, 1918, the price was again increased to £3 8s. per unit—this, however, to cover the allowance previously given.
Up to the 30th June, 1918, 542 tons of ore had been shipped, purchase-payments to that date totalling £108,238. The fillip given to the scheelite industry in New Zealand will be seen from the fact that at the time of the inauguration of the scheme only five recognized companies were in operation, but supplies are now furnished by no fewer than forty syndicates, companies, and private producers.
At the request of the Imperial Government, the Dominion Government made arrangements for the purchase of the 1916–17 wool-clip for war purposes. A Proclamation requisitioning the whole of the season's clip was gazetted on the 21st December, 1916, and up to the 30th June, 1917, 482,704 bales had been valued, of which 287,039 bales had been shipped. Payments made to that date by the New Zealand Government on behalf of the Imperial Government aggregated £11,113,945, not including £1,014,414 paid to freezing companies on account of slipe wool, also purchased for the Home authorities.
The prices paid for the wool-clip were fixed at a 55-per-cent. advance on those ruling in 1913–14. The scale of qualities and values (to which 55 per cent. must be added) is as follows:—
Description of Wool. | Ranges of Values per Pound according to Quality. |
---|---|
Superior merino combings | From 12d. to 14 ½d. |
Medium to good merino | From 9 ¾d. to 11 ½d. |
Inferior merino | From 8 ½d. to 9 ½d. |
Superior half-bred | From 12d. to 14d. |
Medium to good half-bred | From 9 ¾d. to 12d. |
Inferior half-bred | From 9d. to 10d. |
Superior crossbred | From 10 ½d. to 12d. |
Medium to good crossbred | From 9d. to 11d. |
Inferior crossbred | From 7 ¾d. to 9d. |
Lincoln and Leicester | From 8 ¾d. to 10 ½d. |
Lambs, good | From 11d. to 13d. |
Lambs, medium | From 9d. to 10 ¾d. |
The purchase of the 1917–18 clip was made on the same terms as for the previous season, minor alterations only being made in the procedure as to valuation, shipping, &c. as formerly carried out.
At the 30th June, 1918, the position with regard to wool (inclusive of figures for the 1916–17 season) was as follows:—
Number of bales valued | 1,027,799 |
Number of bales shipped | 552,223 |
Number of bales of greasy wool available for scouring or shipment | 475,576 |
Number of bales of greasy wool delivered to scourers for treatment | 164,660 |
Total payments made (in respect of 1,023,497 bales) | £24,463,966 |
Arrangements have been made by which wool has been made available for use in local mills and for despatch to allied Governments.
In addition to the above greasy wool a considerable quantity of slipe wool (from freezing companies) has been dealt with. At the 30th June, 1918, £2,719,504 had been paid for 155,104 bales purchased since the commencement of operations on the 31st March, 1917.
The purchase of sheep-skins by the New Zealand Government on behalf of the Imperial Government commenced on the 5th February, 1917. The scale of prices on which purchases are made is as follows:—
Skins. | Merino. | Half-bred. | Fine Crossbred. | Coarse Crossbred. |
---|---|---|---|---|
d. | d. | d. | d. | |
Three-quarter to full-woolled sound | 10 ½–11 ½ | 13–14 | 12–13 | 11 ½–12 ½ |
Half-woolled sound | 8 ¾–9 ¾ | 11–12 | 10 ½–11 ½ | 10–11 ½ |
Short to quarter-woolled sound | 7 ½–8 ½ | 9 ¼–10 ¾ | 9 ¼–10 ¾ | 8 ½–10 ¾ |
Shorn sound | 5 ¾–6 ¾ | 8–9 | 8 ½–9 ½ | 8–10 |
Lamb-skins sound | 11–12 ½ |
All skins with damaged or faulty pelts are valued at prices proportionate to those shown above. After purchase, the skins are allocated to fellmongers for treatment, the resultant slipe wool and pelts being shipped to the United Kingdom.
The payment to fellmongers for their services was increased as from the 1st November, 1917, to the following rates:—
Fellmongering | 2 ¼d. per pound on the weight of wool. |
Curing pelts | 3s. 9d. per dozen pelts (casks extra). |
At the 30th June, 1918, the number of skins purchased and distributed to fellmongers was 2,476,182. The total payments to that date amounted to £919,697.
All hides and calf-skins produced from the 1st March, 1917, to the 28th March, 1918, were purchased by the Imperial Government on the following scale of values, f.o.b. ocean steamers:—
Per lb. | ||
s. | d. | |
Ox-hides, first quality, over 45 lb., up to freezing companies' best standard | 1 | 1 |
Others, first quality | 1 | 0 |
Ox-hides, second quality | 0 | 11 ½ |
Cow-hides, first quality, up to freezing companies' best standard | 1 | 0 |
Others, first quality | 0 | 11 |
Cow-hides, second quality | 0 | 10 ½ |
Bull-hides, good quality | 0 | 9 |
All other grades and qualities were taken at relative valuations.
The requirements of local tanners have been met by granting permits for the purchase at the appraised prices of necessary supplies from hides submitted for Government valuation. Hides for the military requirements of other Governments have also been released at schedule rates plus 11 per cent. to cover valuation expenses.
Owing to increasing difficulties in obtaining shipping space, and also to the fact that prices at which hides had been purchased in the Dominion were higher than elsewhere, the Imperial Government discontinued the requisition as from 28th March, 1918.
From the commencement of the requisition in March, 1917. to the 30th June, 1918, the number of hides purchased was 370,958, the member shipped to the United Kingdom 149,143, and the number sold to tanners and other Governments 139,796. The total payments to the above-mentioned date in respect of hides purchased by the Imperial Government amounted to £704,577.
Table of Contents
THE number and tonnage of the registered vessels belonging to the several ports of registry in the Dominion on the 31st December, 1917 (distinguishing sailing-vessels and steamers), were as under:—
Ports. | Sailing-vessels. | Steam-vessels. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vessels. | Gross Tonnage. | Net Tonnage. | Vessels. | Gross Tonnage. | Net Tonnage. | |
Auckland | 126 | 8,667 | 7,417 | 197 | 23,051 | 12,031 |
Napier | 4 | 266 | 253 | 30 | 3,887 | 2,282 |
Wellington | 13 | 3,161 | 2,886 | 39 | 11,426 | 5,791 |
Nelson | 7 | 189 | 152 | 15 | 2,797 | 1,320 |
Lyttelton | 12 | 3,713 | 3,615 | 17 | 5,066 | 2,364 |
Timaru | 1 | 733 | 690 | 1 | 942 | 488 |
Dunedin | 19 | 7,255 | 7,047 | 65 | 67,252 | 40,224 |
Invercargill | 2 | 372 | 344 | 12 | 1,262 | 592 |
Totals | 184 | 24,356 | 22,404 | 376 | 115,683 | 65,092 |
Auckland is the port of registry of the majority of the vessels forming New Zealand's “mosquito” fleet, the average net tonnage of the 323 vessels on the Auckland register being only 60 tons. At Dunedin most of the vessels of the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand are registered. Shortly after the outbreak of war, however, many of the principal vessels of this company were transferred to the London register, the large decrease in 1914 as compared with 1913, shown in the next table, being due to this cause.
Year. | Sailing-vessels. | Steam-vessels. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vessels. | Gross Tonnage. | Net Tonnage | Vessels. | Gross Tonnage | Net Tonnage. | |
1908 | 315 | 46,874 | 44,366 | 325 | 181,525 | 107,323 |
1909 | 262 | 42,384 | 40,163 | 327 | 188,230 | 110,677 |
1910 | 254 | 40,894 | 38,631 | 352 | 192,637 | 112,475 |
1911 | 244 | 37,710 | 35,651 | 361 | 196,374 | 114,973 |
1912 | 242 | 36,558 | 34,308 | 374 | 208,887 | 121,772 |
1913 | 225 | 33,931 | 31,619 | 391 | 220,186 | 127,691 |
1914 | 197 | 22,714 | 20,984 | 384 | 135,838 | 77,901 |
1915 | 196 | 23,546 | 21,762 | 385 | 126,549 | 71,695 |
1916 | 190 | 23,664 | 21,853 | 390 | 124,833 | 70,442 |
1917 | 184 | 24,356 | 22,404 | 376 | 115,683 | 65,092 |
The tonnage of sailing-vessels on the register has decreased rapidly during recent years, though a slight improvement is shown for 1915, 1916, and 1917, due probably to the demand for vessels to replace those used for war purposes.
During the year 1917 a total of 543 vessels direct from oversea ports were entered inwards in the Dominion: this number is 31 less than the corresponding figure for 1916. The year 1912 saw a total entry of 677 vessels, but the following year's strike and then the war have told against subsequent progress. Vessels entered outwards numbered 666 in 1912, 635 in 1913, 657 in 1914, 649 in 1915, 574 in 1916, and 547 in 1917. It will be noticed that the total arrivals in the two years 1913 and 1914 were 1,291, and the departures 1,292, the figures of departures for 1914 being swelled by the inclusion of a number of vessels detained at ports of the Dominion at the end of 1913 on account of the strike and the consequent delay in loading.
The actual effects of the two disturbances on oversea shipping, however, cannot be accurately gauged. Of late years the number of vessels engaged in the oversea trade has not increased to any great extent; the tendency is rather for vessels of a larger size to be employed in the New Zealand trade, in order to cope with the growing imports and exports of the-Dominion, and for the purposes of the passenger traffic. The number of vessels entered inwards and cleared outwards in 1907 was 1,260, of an aggregate tonnage of 2,479,648 tons—an average of 1,968 tons. The 1,090 vessels in 1917 aggregated 2,787,658 tons, the average being 2,557 tons. Dealing with steamships only (895 in 1907 and 971 in 1917), the average tonnage is found to be 2,580 and 2,814 tons respectively.. The number of sailing-vessels arriving and departing decreased from 365 in 1907 to 119 in 1917, the aggregate tonnage falling in the same time from 170,548 to 55,007 tons.
The number and tonnage of vessels entered and cleared during each of the last ten years, separating steam from sailing, are as shown in the following table:—
OVERSEA SHIPPING, 1908–17. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Entered. | Cleared. | ||||||
Vessels. | Tonnage. | Vessels. | Tonnage. | |||||
Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | |
1908 | 475 | 183 | 1,269,044 | 92,003 | 463 | 193 | 1,231,193 | 100,112 |
1909 | 445 | 160 | 1,186,393 | 77,542 | 437 | 159 | 1,172,478 | 81,400 |
1910 | 475 | 134 | 1,317,284 | 71,747 | 464 | 124 | 1,299,082 | 68,125 |
1911 | 499 | 122 | 1,417,943 | 64,435 | 498 | 126 | 1,402,103 | 65,299 |
1912 | 582 | 95 | 1,619,411 | 52,681 | 572 | 94 | 1,620,057 | 48,573 |
1913 | 563 | 82 | 1,692,929 | 46,056 | 559 | 76 | 1,658,457 | 41,350 |
1914 | 567 | 79 | 1,676,840 | 48,009 | 582 | 75 | 1,735,601 | 46,380 |
1915 | 581 | 57 | 1,613,679 | 27,746 | 585 | 64 | 1,604,050 | 31,883 |
1916 | 520 | 54 | 1,418,991 | 29,526 | 534 | 56 | 1,461,597 | 29,996 |
1917 | 485 | 58 | 1,378,676 | 27,100 | 486 | 61 | 1,353,975 | 27,907 |
Tables are given showing the number and tonnage of British, colonial, and foreign vessels entered and cleared in each of the ten years 1908 to 1917.
VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED, 1908–17. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | British. | Colonial. | Foreign. | Total. | ||||
Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | |
Entered. | ||||||||
1908 | 193 | 684,144 | 419 | 629,428 | 46 | 47,475 | 658 | 1,361,047 |
1909 | 155 | 587,235 | 407 | 633,813 | 43 | 42,887 | 605 | 1,263,935 |
1910 | 186 | 703,244 | 385 | 643,128 | 38 | 42,659 | 609 | 1,389,031 |
1911 | 169 | 707,573 | 409 | 727,969 | 43 | 46,836 | 621 | 1,482,378 |
1912 | 153 | 672,289 | 462 | 931,811 | 62 | 67,992 | 677 | 1,672,092 |
1913 | 171 | 765,943 | 430 | 905,034 | 44 | 68,008 | 645 | 1,738,985 |
1914 | 191 | 791,529 | 398 | 847,910 | 57 | 85,410 | 646 | 1,724,849 |
1915 | 314 | 1,145,609 | 290 | 439,292 | 34 | 56,524 | 638 | 1,641,425 |
1916 | 255 | 998,388 | 283 | 388,961 | 36 | 61,168 | 574 | 1,448,517 |
1917 | 249 | 1,008,759 | 262 | 336,027 | 32 | 60,990 | 543 | 1,405,776 |
Cleared. | ||||||||
1908 | 194 | 682,357 | 408 | 594,842 | 54 | 54,106 | 656 | 1,331,305 |
1909 | 152 | 572,384 | 406 | 641,055 | 38 | 40,439 | 596 | 1,253,878 |
1910 | 181 | 688,143 | 371 | 637,513 | 36 | 41,551 | 588 | 1,367,207 |
1911 | 169 | 693,665 | 412 | 726,655 | 43 | 47,082 | 624 | 1,467,402 |
1912 | 152 | 680,774 | 459 | 930,627 | 55 | 57,229 | 666 | 1,668,630 |
1913 | 171 | 748,769 | 420 | 886,440 | 44 | 64,598 | 635 | 1,699,807 |
1914 | 194 | 826,358 | 407 | 867,184 | 56 | 88,439 | 657 | 1,781,981 |
1915 | 317 | 1,138,873 | 293 | 437,388 | 39 | 59,672 | 649 | 1,635,933 |
1916 | 259 | 1,027,088 | 294 | 400,646 | 37 | 63,859 | 590 | 1,491,593 |
1917 | 253 | 995,346 | 261 | 327,822 | 33 | 58,714 | 547 | 1,381,882 |
British and colonial vessels have shown a steady rise in tonnage over the period under review, and the tonnage of foreign vessels has also risen in the past few years. This tendency to increase has, of course, been checked during the prevalence of war conditions.
The nationality of the foreign-owned vessels entered inwards and cleared outwards in 1907 and 1917 is as follows:—
FOREIGN VESSELS, 1907 AND 1917. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationality. | 1907. | 1917. | ||||||
Entered. | Cleared. | Entered. | Cleared. | |||||
Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | |
American | 9 | 34,884 | 9 | 34,884 | 22 | 38,984 | 22 | 38,984 |
Danish | 1 | 1,071 | 2 | 1,447 | 1 | 2,234 | 1 | 2,234 |
French | 3 | 4,598 | 4 | 4,738 | 1 | 762 | 3 | 999 |
German | 3 | 3,731 | 3 | 3,731 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Italian | 2 | 2,827 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Japanese | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 11,592 | 5 | 11,592 |
Norwegian | 32 | 21,446 | 28 | 18,005 | 1 | 2,345 | 1 | 2,345 |
Swedish | 1 | 337 | 1 | 337 | 2 | 5,073 | 1 | 2,560 |
Dutch | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 51 | 68,894 | 47 | 63,142 | 32 | 60,990 | 33 | 58,714 |
Particulars of the number and net tonnage of vessels entered and cleared between New Zealand and various countries during the years 1907 and 1917 are given below:—
Country. | 1907. | 1917. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entered. | Cleared. | Entered. | Cleared. | |||||
No. | Tonnage. | No. | Tonnage. | No. | Tonnage. | No. | Tonnage. | |
United Kingdom | 98 | 405,143 | 88 | 383,935 | 61 | 308,932 | 84 | 428,799 |
India | 6 | 17,461 | 2 | 6,677 | 8 | 25,217 | 1 | 2,719 |
Straits Settlements | .. | .. | 1 | 1,229 | 1 | 1,281 | 3 | 3,709 |
Mauritius | 1 | 337 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
South African Union | 1 | 595 | 1 | 3,843 | 3 | 10,306 | .. | .. |
Canada | 5 | 9,737 | 6 | 14,065 | 20 | 112,969 | 13 | 77,730 |
Australia | 424 | 607,807 | 441 | 693,638 | 297 | 614,055 | 317 | 654,237 |
British Solomon I. Protectorate | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1,049 |
Fiji | 34 | 53,612 | 32 | 48,460 | 33 | 50,077 | 29 | 38,732 |
Gilbert and Ellice Islands | 1 | 1,616 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 4,962 |
Maiden Island | 7 | 4,850 | 5 | 2,814 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Norfolk Island | 3 | 1,209 | 3 | 1,209 | 2 | 806 | 2 | 806 |
France | 2 | 1,989 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Germany | 1 | 2,273 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Norway | 1 | 749 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Japan | 1 | 2,149 | .. | .. | 5 | 11,733 | 2 | 4,694 |
Philippine Islands | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1,021 |
Java | 1 | 227 | .. | .. | 2 | 2,428 | .. | .. |
Sumatra | ||||||||
Egypt | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 4,962 | 4 | 20,582 |
Portuguese East Africa | 1 | 979 | .. | .. | 2 | 5,948 | .. | .. |
Argentina | 1 | 617 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Peru | .. | .. | 1 | 2,290 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Chile | 7 | 15,518 | 9 | 21,762 | .. | .. | 4 | 12,124 |
Panama Canal Zone | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3,629 | ||
United States of America | 32 | 99,564 | 10 | 26,149 | 72 | 205,440 | 31 | 50,540 |
Caroline Islands | .. | .. | 2 | 1,409 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
“Guam” | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7 | 23,368 | 20 | 52,437 |
New Caledonia | 4 | 6,907 | 2 | 1,524 | 8 | 4,489 | 5 | 689 |
Bismarck Archipelago | 1 | 3,140 | 1 | 831 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Society Islands | 1 | 1,288 | 2 | 1,050 | 12 | 9,816 | 18 | 11,720 |
Surprise Island | 4 | 3,495 | 1 | 1,030 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Tonga | 8 | 13,004 | 8 | 12,467 | 1 | 97 | 3 | 138 |
Tuamotu Archipelago | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 13,466 | 5 | 11,565 |
Antarctica | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 386 | .. | .. |
Totals | 645 | 1,254,266 | 615 | 1,225,382 | 543 | 1,405,776 | 547 | 1,381,882 |
The net tonnage of oversea shipping entered and cleared at the various ports during the years 1907 and 1917 is given in the next table. Vessels arriving from abroad are recorded at the first port of call, and those departing oversea are cleared at the port from which they finally sail.
Port. | 1907. | 1917. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Entered. | Cleared. | Entered. | Cleared. | |
Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
Auckland | 540,718 | 320,229 | 752,407 | 379,747 |
Kaipara | 12,205 | 37,283 | 1,450 | 17,194 |
Tauranga | .. | .. | 493 | 493 |
Gisborne | 6,323 | 7,025 | 2,126 | .. |
New Plymouth | 197 | .. | 4,135 | 1,240 |
Waitara | .. | .. | 15,663 | .. |
Wanganui | 1,982 | 5,755 | 18,830 | 5,280 |
Wellington | 396,771 | 468,060 | 397,460 | 783,433 |
Napier | 7,045 | 6,877 | 8,199 | 2,333 |
Wairau (including Picton) | 5,408 | 2,160 | 1,219 | .. |
Nelson | 994 | .. | 1,315 | .. |
Westport | 9,543 | 32,489 | 4,244 | 17,387 |
Greymouth | 1,698 | 6,754 | 200 | 25,309 |
Lyttelton | 34,741 | 58,865 | 71,956 | 29,308 |
Timaru | 4,680 | 10,684 | 12,131 | .. |
Oamaru | 3,657 | 2,530 | 327 | .. |
Dunedin | 65,950 | 113,625 | 87,100 | 94,102 |
Bluff | 162,354 | 153,046 | 26,521 | 26,056 |
Totals | 1,254,266 | 1,225,382 | 1,405,776 | 1,381,882 |
The extensive coast, line and numerous harbours of New Zealand facilitate travelling and the distribution of goods by sea. The total tonnage of coastwise shipping, as shown below, includes that of oversea vessels which, after entry at the first port of arrival, proceed to other ports within the Dominion for the purpose of delivering and loading cargo, each movement, until the final sailing, being recorded as coastwise shipping.
COASTWISE SHIPPING, 1908–17. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Entered. | Cleared. | ||||||
Vessels. | Tonnage. | Vessels. | Tonnage. | |||||
Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | |
1908 | 21,259 | 4,448 | 11,825,857 | 251,983 | 21,170 | 4,379 | 11,795,607 | 256,133 |
1909 | 20,924 | 4,467 | 11,706,700 | 241,974 | 20,956 | 4,425 | 11,730,052 | 244,554 |
1910 | 22,272 | 4,500 | 11,839,244 | 242,652 | 22,217 | 4,478 | 11,848,680 | 241,302 |
1911 | 23,092 | 4,024 | 12,060,227 | 206,427 | 23,064 | 4,033 | 12,026,951 | 208,820 |
1912 | 23,654 | 3,843 | 12,451,499 | 180,698 | 23,622 | 3,870 | 12,457,316 | 181,718 |
1913 | 21,937 | 3,764 | 11,332,143 | 173,494 | 21,922 | 3,733 | 11,330,078 | 172,715 |
1914 | 23,019 | 3,880 | 12,217,206 | 175,757 | 23,026 | 3,846 | 12,154,108 | 179,761 |
1915 | 21,890 | 3,204 | 10,918,580 | 133,102 | 21,927 | 3,202 | 10,899,058 | 133,519 |
1916 | 21,228 | 3,092 | 9,919,576 | 129,253 | 21,156 | 3,131 | 9,713,698 | 127,182 |
1917 | 18,503 | 2,283 | 8,172,124 | 93,845 | 18,403 | 2,295 | 8,164,407 | 95,808 |
The decrease in 1913 as compared with 1912 is largely accounted for by the strike during the latter part of the year. Many coastal vessels were laid up for several weeks during the strike period. Coastwise shipping naturally reflects on a larger scale the effects of the war noticeable in overseas shipping. That' this is so will be more readily understood if it be observed that the normal rate of progress from year to year is much greater in the overseas shipping. Despite the difference of ten years (during which there might be expected to be a large increase in shipping—commensurate with the Dominion's developments in other directions), there is a big drop shown in the coastwise shipping handled in 1917 as compared with 1907. Auckland alone of all the ports mentioned handled shipping to the extent that might have been expected. Whangarei shows an increase of about 40 per cent. over 1907. All other ports of any importance, with the exception of Wanganui, indicate decreases when compared with 1907.
In the next table is given information showing tonnage of vessels entered and cleared coastwise at each port in the years 1907 and 1917:—
TONNAGE ENTERED AND CLEARED AT VARIOUS PORTS, 1907 AND 1917. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ports. | 1907. | 1917. | ||
Tonnage entered. | Tonnage cleared | Tonnage entered. | Tonnage cleared. | |
Auckland | 923,485 | 1,100,767 | 728,070 | 1,120,811 |
Onehunga | 213,655 | 213,005 | 106,051 | 103,656 |
Thames | 119,896 | 121,153 | 89,071 | 88,603 |
Coromandel | 28,605 | 28,717 | 12,823 | 12,744 |
Whitianga | .. | .. | 11,320 | 10,194 |
Whangaparapara | .. | .. | 4,923 | 4,923 |
Whangarei | 141,980 | 142,525 | 197,277 | 201,288 |
Russell | 47,010 | 47,010 | 51,233 | 44,397 |
Whangaroa | 44,672 | 45,168 | 46,629 | 46,681 |
Mangonui | 25,465 | 25,381 | 27,939 | 27,560 |
Hokianga | 28,241 | 27,946 | 21,199 | 12,332 |
Herekino | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Whangape | .. | .. | 1,289 | 889 |
Kaipara | 45,648 | 15,597 | 18,978 | 5,999 |
Tauranga | 53,320 | 51,728 | 49,962 | 49,866 |
Gisborne | 620,585 | 619,945 | 432,577 | 434,842 |
New Plymouth | 281,631 | 281,328 | 141,860 | 138,478 |
Waitara | 82,623 | 83,358 | 31,116 | 46,824 |
Patea | 17,032 | 16,955 | 15,655 | 15,824 |
Wanganui | 132,067 | 127,403 | 165,539 | 169,918 |
Foxton | .. | .. | 12,593 | 12,593 |
Wellington | 2,290,970 | 2,198,781 | 2,144,952 | 1,734,462 |
Napier | 756,708 | 744,001 | 483,152 | 488,879 |
Wairau | 20,489 | 20,489 | 11,437 | 11,437 |
Picton | 389,889 | 388,867 | 280,721 | 281,940 |
Nelson | 381,816 | 383,412 | 284,016 | 286,318 |
Westport | 590,468 | 570,483 | 373,176 | 360,707 |
Greymouth | 341,219 | 333,557 | 266,265 | 241,839 |
Hokitika | 3,455 | 3,380 | 2,191 | 2,235 |
Lyttelton | 1,878,747 | 1,852,602 | 1,339,658 | 1,375,820 |
Timaru | 392,490 | 385,623 | 198,077 | 209,067 |
Oamaru | 153,458 | 150,928 | 89,780 | 90,107 |
Dunedin | 873,077 | 831,086 | 506,266 | 507,686 |
Bluff | 357,906 | 357,334 | 120,144 | 121,296 |
Chatham Islands | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 11,241,607 | 11,169,029 | 8,265,969 | 8,260,215 |
Viewed from the standpoint of shipping handled in 1917, Wellington is the principal port of the Dominion, followed by Auckland and Lyttelton. Wellington and Lyttelton are the termini of the daily inter-island ferry service, and to this fact is due a large part of the coastwise shipping entered and cleared from these two ports. The table which follows summarizes the shipping of the principal ports of the Dominion for the year 1917. A comparison with the figures for 1916 brings out the fact that there was a decrease in the total tonnage handled in all of the ports mentioned.
Port. | Oversea. | Coastwise. | Total. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entered. | Cleared. | Entered. | Cleared. | ||
Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
Wellington | 397,460 | 783,433 | 2,144,952 | 1,734,462 | 5,060,307 |
Auckland | 752,407 | 379,747 | 728,070 | 1,120,811 | 2,981,035 |
Lyttelton | 71,956 | 29,308 | 1,339,658 | 1,375,820 | 2,816,742 |
Dunedin | 87,100 | 94,102 | 506,266 | 507,686 | 1,195,154 |
Napier | 8,199 | 2,333 | 483,152 | 488,879 | 972,563 |
Gisborne | 2,126 | .. | 432,577 | 434,842 | 869,545 |
Westport | 4,244 | 17,387 | 373,176 | 360,707 | 755,514 |
Greymouth | 200 | 25,309 | 266,265 | 241,839 | 533,613 |
Nelson | 1,315 | .. | 284,046 | 286,318 | 571,679 |
Wairau (including Picton) | 1,219 | .. | 280,721 | 281,940 | 563,880 |
Bluff | 26,521 | 26,056 | 120,144 | 121,296 | 294,017 |
Timaru | 12,131 | .. | 198,077 | 209,067 | 419,275 |
Information as to pilotage, port charges, wharfage rates, &c., at these and certain other ports of the Dominion is given in the 1914 issue of this book. Particulars concerning the graving-docks at Auckland, Lyttelton, and Port Chalmers (2), and the patent slips at Wellington and Lyttelton, will be found in the same issue.
The coast-line and harbours of New Zealand are fairly well provided with lighthouses, and more are being added from time to time. A list of the various lighthouses, with particulars as to the lights at each, is given.
LIGHTHOUSES. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Light. | Name of Lighthouse. | Order of Apparatus. | Fixed, Flashing, or Revolving. | Interval of Revolution or Flash. | Height, in Feet, above High Water. | Colour of Light. | Distance visible in Nautical Miles. | Colour of Lighthouse. |
The lighthouses marked thus (†), under the control of the Marine Department, have been equipped with flags and lamps for day and night signalling by the Morse code, and lightkeepers and signalmen at these places are now competent to receive and transmit messages. Those places marked thus (*) are connected with the telegraph system of the Dominion by telephone. The following-mentioned signal-stations may also be communicated with by the Morse code: Pouto (Kaipara), Manukau Heads, Hokianga Heads, and Picton Harbour. | ||||||||
1 | †* Cape Maria van Diemen | 1st order dioptric | Revolving | 1 minute | 330 | White | 25 | White. |
* | ... | Fixed | ... | ... | Red, to show over Columbia Reef | ... | .... | |
2 | †* Cape Brett | 1st order dioptric | Group, 2 fl. | 30 seconds | 510 | White | 30 ½ | White. |
3 | Marotiri (Chickens) | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | ¼ sec. fl., 3 1/12 sec. ecl. | 480 | White | 20 | White. |
4 | Sugarloaf Islet (Whangarei) | Aga (U.) | Flashing | 2 sec. A., 20 sec. ecl. | 61 | White | 13 | White |
5 | † Mokohinou | 1st order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 385 | White | 27 | White. |
6 | † Cuvier Island | 1st | Revolving | 30 seconds | 390 | White | 27 | White |
6A | Flat Rock (building) | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | 9 seconds | 40 | White | 10 | Concrete ben. |
7 | †* Tiritiri | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 300 | White, with red are over Flat Rock | 24 | Rod. |
7A | Channel Island | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | ½ sec. fl., 2 sec. ecl. ½ sec. ft., 10 sec. ecl. | 260 | White | 20 | White, |
8 | Bean Rock | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | 1 sec. fl., 4 sec. ecl. | 50 | White, rod, green | 10 | White. |
9 | Rangitoto Beacon | Pintsch's patent gaslight (U.) | Occulting | 5 seconds | 68 | White, showing 5 sec. flash and 5 sec. obscured | 12 | Red end white, vertical. |
10 | Ponui Passage | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | ¼ sec. fl., 1 2/3 sec. ecl. | 50 | White and red | 10 | White. |
10A | Tauranga Harbour entrance | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | ¼ sec. fl., 2 2/3 sec. ecl. | 14 | White and red | 5 | Beacon. |
11 | †* East Cape | 2nd order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 362 | White flash | 26 | White. |
Tokomaru Bay Leading-lights | ... | Fixed | ... | 126 | Red and white | 10 | ... | |
99 | ||||||||
12 | Tuahine Point | Aga light (U.) | Occulting | 2 sec. fl. 6 sec. ecl. | 53 | White | 13 | White. |
13 | Gisborne Leading-lights | Dioptric side-lights | Fixed | ... | 60, 40 | White and Red | 5 | White. |
14 | † Portland Island | 2nd order dioptric | Revolving | 30 seconds | 300 | White | 24 | White. |
† Portland Island | ... | Fixed | ... | ... | Red, over Bull Rock | ... | ... | |
15 | Napier | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | 1 ½ sec. fl., 8 ½ sec. ecl. | 160 | White | 19 | White. |
16 | Napier Leading-lights | ... | Fixed | ... | 70, 50 | White and red | 7 | White. |
17 | * Castle Point | 2nd order incand'nt | Group fl., 3 fl. | 45 seconds | 170 | White | 19 ½ | White |
18 | †* Cape Palliser | 2nd order dioptric | Group, 2 fl. | 30 seconds | 258 | White; interval of 3 sec. between flashes | 23 | White |
19 | * Pencarrow Head | 2nd Order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 322 | White | 25 | White |
20 | * Pencarrow Head | Wigham ben. lamp (U.) | Fixed | ... | 32 | White and red | 10 | White |
21 | * Somes Island | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 95 | White, red, and green | 15 ½ | White |
22 | * Manawatu River | Ordinary lamp | Fixed | ... | 44 | White | 5 | Flagstaff white. |
23 | Wanganui River | Aga light (U.) | Fixed | ... | 65 | White | 8 | Flagstaff white. |
24 | Patea | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | 0.3 sec., fl., 2.7 sec. ecl. | 130 | White | 12 | Flagstaff white |
25 | †* Cape Egmont | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 103 | White | 16 | White. |
26 | New Plymouth Leading-lights | 4th and 5th order port light | Fixed | ... | 100, 45 | Red | 16,10 | White |
27 | Waitara | 6th order port light | Fixed | ... | 70 | White | 8 | Flagstaff white. |
28 | †* Manukau | 3rd order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 385 | White | 27 | Brown. |
†* Manukau | 5th order port light | Fixed | ... | 70 | White and green | 10 | White. | |
29 | †* Kaipara | 2nd order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 278 | White | 23 ½ | Red. |
30 | * Hokianga | 6th order port light | ... | ... | 152 | White | 8 | White. |
31 | * Nelson | Aga light (U.) | Fixed | ... | 60 | White, with red arc | 13 | White. |
31A | Okuri Point (building) | Occulting | 0.75 sec. fl., ecl. 3 sec. | 80 | White, with red are over Reef Barrels | 6 | White. | |
32 | * French Pass | 6th order port light | Fixed | ... | 12 | White and red, with white light on beacon | 8 | White. |
33 | †* Stephen Island | 1st order dioptric | Group fl., 2 fl. | 30 seconds | 600 | White | 32 ½ | White. |
34 | Jackson Head | Aga light (U.) | Occulting | 3 sec. fl., 3 sec. ecl. | 55 | ... | 10 | Concrete ben. |
35 | Dieffenbach Point (Queen Charlotte Sound) | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | 0.3 sec. fl., 2.7 sec. ecl. | 39 | White | 5 | White. |
36 | † The Brothers | 2nd order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 253 | White | 23 | White. |
Fixed | ... | ... | Red are over Cook Rock | ... | ... | |||
36A | Karori Rock | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | ½ sec. fl., 3 ½ sec. ecl. | 65 | White, with red arcs | 13 ½ | Concrete tower |
37 | Tory Channel Leading-lights | 5th order port light | Fixed | ... | 86, 22 | White | 10 | White. |
38 | * Wairan River | 6th order port light | Fixed | ... | 38 | White | 8 | Flagstaff. |
39 | †* Cape Campbell | 2nd order dioptric | Revolving | 1 minute | 155 | White | 18 ½ | White. |
40 | * Godley Head | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 450 | White | 29 | White |
41 | †* Akaroa Head | 2nd order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 270 | White | 23 | White |
42 | Timaru | 5th order port light | Fixed | ... | 85 | Red and green | 10 | White |
43 | Jack's Point | 4th order dioptric | Occulting | 10 seconds | 94 | White | 15 ½ | White |
44 | Oamaru | 5th order dioptric | Flashing | 14 seconds | 120 | White | 10 | Light stone |
45 | † Moeraki | 3rd order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 170 | White | 19 ½ | White. |
46 | †* Taiaroa Head | 3rd order dioptric | Fixed | 196 | Red | 20 ½ | White. | |
47 | Otago Harbour Entrance, N. Mole Light | Wigham bcn. light (U.) | Fixed | ... | 29 | Green | 5 | White. |
48 | †* Cape Saunders | 2nd order dioptric | Revolving | 1 minute | 210 | White | 21 | White. |
49 | †* Nugget Point | 1st order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 250 | White | 22 ½ | White. |
50 | † Waipapapa Point | 2nd order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 70 | White | 14 | White. |
51 | †* Dog Island | 1st order catadioptric | Revolving | 30 seconds | 150 | White | 18 ½ | White & black bands. |
52 | †* Centre Island | 1st order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 265 | White, with red arcs | 23 | White. |
53 | †* Puysegur Point | 1st order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 180 | White, with red arcs | 20 | White. |
54 | Hokitika | 5th order dioptric | Fixed | 10 seconds | 122 | White | 10 | White. |
55 | Greymouth | Aga light (U.) | Flashing | 2 sec. fl., 5 sec. ecl. | 62 | White | 10 | Flagstaff. |
56 | †* Cape Foulwind | 2nd order dioptric | Revolving | 30 seconds | 238 | White | 22 | White. |
57 | Westport | Aga light (U.) | Occulting | ... | 50 | White | 8 | Flagstaff. |
58 | * Karamea | 6th order port light | Fixed | ... | 50 | White | 8 | Flagstaff. |
59 | † Kahurangi Point | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | ... | 110 | White, with red sector | 16 | White. |
60 | †* Farewell Spit | 2nd order dioptric | Revolving | 1 minute | 97 | White, with red are over Spit end | 16 | Upper part white & lower part red. |
NOTE—The distance visible of lights of greater power than 5th order dioptric is calculated in nautical miles as seen from a height of 15 ft. above the sea. In very clear weather the lower-order lights may be seen at a greater distance than is given in this table.
Table of Contents
THE history and progress of railways in New Zealand was specially de scribed in the Year-book of 1894, as was also the line partly built by the New Zealand Midland Railway Company. An account of the line lately belonging to the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company was published in the Year-book for 1895.
In the year 1860 a contract was let for the construction of the first New Zealand railway. Up to the year 1870 there were only 46 miles of railway in operation. In that year the construction of railways came to be part of the public-works policy just then initiated, and the Railways Act of 1870 authorized certain lines to be made and surveys of others. In 1876 the abolition of the provinces placed the earlier-constructed railways in the hands of the General Government. At that time there were 718 miles open for traffic.
In December, 1908, the State acquired by purchase the railway between Wellington and Longburn, 84 miles in length, completed in 1886 by the Wellington–Manawatu Railway Company. The entire railway system, with the exception of a few miles of private lines used for specific purposes, such as the carriage of coal, timber, or stone, is now owned and controlled by the State.
The State railway system of New Zealand comprised at the 31st March last 2,993 miles of line open for traffic, divided into nine distinct sections as follows:—
Section. | Length. |
---|---|
Miles. | |
North Island main line | 1,135 |
Whangarei | 74 |
Kaihu | 20 |
Gisborne | 49 |
South Island main line | 1,405 |
Westland | 157 |
Westport | 36 |
Nelson | 61 |
Picton | 56 |
Total | 2,993 |
The gauge is 3 ft. 6 in., and all lines have been uniformly constructed to that standard. For main lines the standard rail is 70 lb. per lineal yard; for branch lines 52 lb. to 56 lb. per lineal yard, with 88 miles of 40 lb. and 45 lb. per yard. Sleepers are of Australian hardwood (ironbark or jarrah), or of New Zealand totara or silver-pine.
Since 1901 all carriages and wagons required for use on the State railways have been manufactured in the railway workshops of the Dominion. The locomotives also are now all built in the Dominion, mostly in the railway workshops. A new passenger locomotive, Class AB, was brought into operation during 1915, and has been adopted as a standard type. This is a simple superheated tender-engine of the “Pacific” type—weight in working trim, 79 tons; tractive power, 20,000 lb. The AB locomotive is of sufficient power to be also easily adapted for use as a goods engine. The standard goods locomotive used is of the four-cylinder balanced compound type, weighs 94 tons, and has a tractive power of 29,840 lb. Standard carriages are 50 ft. in length, fitted with chair seats to accommodate forty-four passengers, and lighted by the Pintsch-gas system. All rolling-stock is fitted with the Westinghouse brake.
Information as to the rolling-stock in use on the State railways of Australia and New Zealand is given in the following table:—
ROLLING-STOCK, STATE RAILWAYS OF AUSTRALASIA. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
State. | Year ended | Locomotives. | Passenger Vehicles. | Wagons and Brake-vans. |
Number. | Number. | Number. | ||
Victoria | 30th June, 1917 | 812 | 1,612 | 20,160 |
New South Wales | 30th June, 1917 | 1,275 | 1,624 | 22,373 |
Queensland | 30th June, 1917 | 652 | 789 | 14,018 |
South Australia | 30th June, 1917 | 485 | 625 | 9,074 |
Western Australia | 30th June, 1917 | 424 | 409 | 10,050 |
Tasmania | 30th June, 1917 | 80 | 175 | 1,794 |
New Zealand | 31st March, 1918 | 624 | 1,488 | 22,517 |
The following statement shows the number of miles of Government railways open in the Dominion, the number of train-miles travelled and of passengers carried, and the tonnage of goods traffic for the past twenty years:—
Year ended 31st March. | Length open (Miles). | Train-mileage. | Passengers. | Season Tickets issued. | Goods and Live-stock.* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* The equivalent tonnage for live-stock has been given. | |||||
Tons. | |||||
1899 | 2,090 | 3,968,708 | 4,955,553 | 55,027 | 2,744,441 |
1900 | 2,104 | 4,187,893 | 5,468,284 | 63,335 | 3,251,716 |
1901 | 2,212 | 4,620,971 | 6,243,593 | 82,921 | 3,461,331 |
1902 | 2,235 | 5,066,360 | 7,356,136 | 100,778 | 3,667,039 |
1903 | 2,291 | 5,443,333 | 7,575,390 | 118,431 | 3,918,261 |
1904 | 2,328 | 5,685,399 | 8,306,383 | 129,919 | 4,259,217 |
1905 | 2,374 | 6,107,079 | 8,514,112 | 140,453 | 4,185,468 |
1906 | 2,407 | 6,413,573 | 8,826,382 | 147,989 | 4,415,166 |
1907 | 2,458 | 6,755,454 | 9,600,786 | 165,504 | 4,824,563 |
1908 | 2,474 | 7,051,274 | 9,756,716 | 185,174 | 5,070,176 |
1909 | 2,674 | 7,458,236 | 10,457,144 | 192,547 | 5,135,408 |
1910 | 2,717 | 7,889,166 | 11,141,142 | 199,371 | 5,490,018 |
1911 | 2,753 | 8,141,075 | 11,200,613 | 222,104 | 5,863,674 |
1912 | 2,798 | 8,371,687 | 11,891,134 | 236,957 | 5,887,908 |
1913 | 2,851 | 9,016,224 | 13,123,879 | 265,259 | 6,246,128 |
1914 | 2,854 | 9,319,268 | 13,355,893 | 287,037 | 6,019,633 |
1915 | 2,945 | 9,383,420 | 13,565,772 | 302,912 | 6,453,472 |
1916 | 2,970 | 9,356,522 | 14,201,506 | 330,622 | 6,370,945 |
1917 | 2,970 | 9,146,331 | 14,173,115 | 355,832 | 6,239,172 |
1918 | 2,993 | 7,468,646 | 11,408,156 | 322,487 | 5,742,968 |
The principal commodities carried on the State railways during each of the past twenty years were,—
Year ended 31st March. | Wool. | Timber. | Grain. | Minerals. | Cattle. | Sheep and Pigs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Information not available. | ||||||
Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Number. | Number. | |
1899 | 97,396 | 310,266 | 420,071 | 1,147,353 | 55,878 | 2,552,745 |
1900 | 104,621 | 334,677 | 764,033 | 1,218,698 | 65,063 | 2,559,836 |
1901 | 96,519 | 380,803 | 772,571 | 1,366,241 | 72,868 | 2,463,250 |
1902 | 101,873 | 427,153 | 813,345 | 1,443,792 | 83,458 | 2,780,019 |
1903 | 116,309 | 436,008 | 718,376 | 1,604,426 | 102,461 | 3,883,177 |
1904 | 101,316 | 509,712 | 820,453 | 1,744,323 | 107,435 | 3,826,646 |
1905 | 107,625 | 493,327 | 732,480 | 1,806,360 | 110,924 | 3,490,752 |
1906 | 116,086 | 534,533 | 772,258 | 1,938,548 | 119,311 | 3,441,387 |
1907 | 128,161 | 567,835 | 770,706 | 2,135,446 | 133,031 | 4,776,223 |
1908 | 120,593 | 616,892 | 739,568 | 2,319,913 | 150,751 | 4,719,087 |
1909 | 137,916 | 582,860 | 793,793 | 2,342,048 | 159,884 | 5,329,115 |
1910 | 151,051 | 523,845 | 1,044,468 | 2,486,121 | 176,412 | 5,253,692 |
1911 | 143,247 | 627,107 | 1,013,298 | 2,655,250 | 210,848 | 6,071,670 |
1912 | 141,607 | 718,414 | 949,556 | 2,676,783 | 207,546 | 5,601,711 |
1913 | 147,735 | 695,060 | 1,181,899 | 2,760,983 | 221,595 | 5,524,935 |
1914 | 155,709 | 676,858 | 1,050,395 | 2,551,614 | 254,291 | 7,006,268 |
1915 | 162,002 | 621,963 | 1,103,352 | 2,988,028 | 314,219 | 7,086,461 |
1916 | 154,633 | 625,866 | 1,061,987 | 2,831,959 | 371,529 | 7,387,269 |
1917 | * | 579,428 | * | 2,787,523 | 402,769 | 7,269,544 |
1918 | * | 523,784 | * | 2,572,576 | 362,134 | 6,502,090 |
The total cost of construction of open lines up to the 31st March, 1918, was £36,001,432. The amount spent on lines in course of construction and not handed over to the Working Railways Department for traffic purposes was £2,796,731, making the total capital invested in State railways £38,798,163. The figures for each of the past five years are given.
CAPITAL INVESTED IN STATE RAILWAYS, 1913–14 TO 1917–18. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | 1913–14. | 1914–15. | 1915–16. | 1916–17. | 1917–18. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Lines open for traffic | 32,355,087 | 34,133,825 | 34,857,882 | 35,378,664 | 36,001,432 |
Lines under construction | 2,625,489 | 1,999,330 | 2,477,198 | 2,808,509 | 2,796,731 |
Totals | 34,980,576 | 36,133,155 | 37,335,080 | 38,187,173 | 38,798,163 |
The railways of New Zealand have been looked upon more as adjuncts to the settlement of the country and the development of its natural resources than as an investment from which large profits should directly accrue. For many years a profit of 3 per cent. was regarded as sufficient, and any excess over this rate was followed by reductions in passenger charges or in freights. Consequent on the extension of settlement and the soundness of the Dominion's industries, a higher rate than 3 per cent. has been aimed at in recent years. The rate looked for in 1909–10 was 3 ¾ per cent., in 1910–11 4 per cent., followed in 1911–12 by a return to 3 ¾ per cent. These rates were obtained, as will be seen from the table following. The rates for 1913–14 and 1914–15 fell below expectations, a result due in the earlier year to the extended strike which obtained during nearly three months of the year and to the outbreak of smallpox in the North Island, and in the later year to the outbreak of the European War. In 1916–16 and 1916–17, however, there were considerable increases, bringing the revenue up to 4 ¾ per cent. and 5 ¼ per cent. respectively. These increases are largely due to the increased scale of fares, &c., now ruling.
The gross revenue from lines open for traffic during the financial year ended the 31st March, 1918, was £4,687,700, a decrease of £113,110 on the amount realized for the previous year. The net revenue amounted to £1,644,793, equivalent to a return of 4.60 per cent. on the capital invested in lines open for traffic.
Information as to the revenue of the railways during each of the past twenty years is given in the following table:—
RAILWAY REVENUE, 1898–99 TO 1917–18. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Gross Revenue from | Total Gross Revenue. | Net Revenue. | Percentages of Net Revenue to Capital Cost. | |||||
Passenger-fares. | Parcels, Luggage, and Mails. | Goods and Livestock. | Rents and Miscellaneous. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | |||
1899 | 475,553 | 66,418 | 882,077 | 45,617 | 1,469,665 | 539,928 | 3 | 5 | 10 |
1900 | 515,020 | 68,488 | 985,723 | 54,660 | 1,623,891 | 571,533 | 3 | 8 | 5 |
1901 | 544,976 | 72,712 | 1,051,694 | 57,854 | 1,727,236 | 599,389 | 3 | 9 | 8 |
1902 | 621,019 | 79,561 | 1,110,575 | 63,431 | 1,874,586 | 622,349 | 3 | 8 | 6 |
1903 | 625,698 | 87,273 | 1,189,101 | 71,966 | 1,974,038 | 630,623 | 3 | 6 | 1 |
1904 | 704,660 | 110,151 | 1,293,169 | 72,661 | 2,180,641 | 741,917 | 3 | 11 | 8 |
1905 | 738,158 | 115,051 | 1,277,976 | 78,046 | 2,209,231 | 716,331 | 3 | 6 | 0 |
1906 | 786,873 | 142,642 | 1,346,038 | 74,151 | 2,349,704 | 728,465 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
1907 | 892,053 | 151,913 | 1,498,686 | 81,948 | 2,624,600 | 812,118 | 3 | 9 | 1 |
1908 | 912,978 | 176,876 | 1,582,328 | 89,756 | 2,761,938 | 812,179 | 3 | 6 | 8 |
1909 | 1,011,658 | 187,040 | 1,630,704 | 100,124 | 2,929,526 | 814,711 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
1910 | 1,171,040 | 192,585 | 1,772,547 | 113,618 | 3,249,790 | 1,080,316 | 3 | 16 | 0 |
1911 | 1,223,412 | 193,789 | 1,961,078 | 115,903 | 3,494,182 | 1,190,910 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
1912 | 1,319,114 | 203,334 | 2,032,785 | 121,276 | 3,676,509 | 1,210,613 | 3 | 19 | 7 |
1913 | 1,461,873 | 215,209 | 2,157,686 | 136,234 | 3,971,002 | 1,265,393 | 4 | 0 | 9 |
1914 | 1,450,480 | 236,761 | 2,209,398 | 146,689 | 4,043,328 | 1,163,005 | 3 | 12 | 3 |
1915 | 1,482,382 | 227,521 | 2,249,399 | 146,155 | 4,105,457 | 1,185,002 | 3 | 10 | 7 |
1916 | 1,722,702 | 236,705 | 2,423,493 | 165,456 | 4,548,356 | 1,637,473 | 4 | 14 | 4 |
1917 | 1,873,048 | 243,832 | 2,498,862 | 185,068 | 4,800,810 | 1,873,946 | 5 | 5 | 11 |
1918 | 1,802,597 | 254,110 | 2,465,241 | 165,752 | 4,687,700 | 1,644,793 | 4 | 11 | 11 |
The revenue from passenger-fares during the year 1917–18 represented an expenditure on railway travel of £1 11s. 3d. per head of mean population, including Maoris. The total revenue was equal to £4 1s. 4d. per capita.
A table is added showing information as to railway revenue in each of the Australian States for the year ended the 30th June, 1917. Figures for New Zealand for the year 1917–18 are also given.
REVENUE OF STATE RAILWAYS IN AUSTRALASIA, 1916–17. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State. | Average Miles of Line worked. | Train-miles run (,000 omitted). | Gross Revenue (,000 omitted). | Net Revenue. | |||
Amount (,000 omitted). | Per Train-mile. | Per Cent. of Capital. | |||||
* Year ended 31st March, 1918. | |||||||
£ | £ | s | d. | ||||
Queensland | 5,067 | 10,729 | 3,832 | 838 | 1 | 6 ¾ | 2.17 |
New South Wales | 4,312 | 20,301 | 8,380 | 2,465 | 2 | 5 | 3.50 |
Victoria | 4,104 | 14,022 | 5,953 | 2,153 | 3 | 1 | 3.86 |
South Australia | 2,193 | 5,731 | 2,274 | 548 | 1 | 11 | 3.06 |
Western Australia | 3,370 | 4,500 | 1,877 | 429 | 1 | 11 | 2.46 |
Tasmania | 557 | 1,080 | 341 | 51 | 0 | 11 ½ | 1.04 |
New Zealand* | 2,977 | 7,469 | 4,688 | 1,645 | 4 | 5 | 4.60 |
Expenditure on State railways open for traffic during the year ended the 31st March, 1918, amounted to £3,042,907, or 64.91 per cent. of the gross revenue. The figures for each of the past twenty years are as follows:—
Year ended 31st March. | Expenditure. | |
---|---|---|
Amount. | Per Cent. of Revenue | |
£ | ||
1899 | 929,737 | 63.26 |
1900 | 1,052,358 | 64.80 |
1901 | 1,127,847 | 65.30 |
1902 | 1,252,237 | 66.80 |
1903 | 1,343,415 | 68.05 |
1904 | 1,438,724 | 65.98 |
1905 | 1,492,900 | 67.58 |
1906 | 1,621,239 | 69.00 |
1907 | 1,812,482 | 69.06 |
1908 | 1,949,759 | 70.59 |
1909 | 2,114,815 | 72.19 |
1910 | 2,169,474 | 66.76 |
1911 | 2,303,272 | 65.92 |
1912 | 2,465,896 | 67.07 |
1913 | 2,705,609 | 68.13 |
1914 | 2,880,323 | 71.24 |
1915 | 2,920,455 | 71.14 |
1916 | 2,910,883 | 64.00 |
1917 | 2,926,864 | 60.97 |
1918 | 3,042,907 | 64.91 |
The expenditure under various heads for each of the past ten years has been as follows:—
Year ended 31st March. | Maintenance of Way. | Locomotive Power. | Carriages and Wagons. | Traffic. | Lake Wakatipu Steamers | Head and Departmental Offices. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1909 | 656,154 | 628,410 | 165,850 | 605,940 | 5,058 | 92,445 | 2,114,815 |
1910 | 620,008 | 669,559 | 163,833 | 615,033 | 5,139 | 95,902 | 2,169,474 |
1911 | 693,445 | 695,062 | 180,221 | 631,380 | 5,029 | 98,135 | 2,303,272 |
1912 | 735,546 | 743,443 | 209,039 | 670,631 | 5,997 | 101,240 | 2,465,896 |
1913 | 765,860 | 833,146 | 226,146 | 768,936 | 6,619 | 104,902 | 2,705,609 |
1914 | 763,207 | 921,564 | 232,745 | 838,222 | 7,046 | 117,539 | 2,880,323 |
1915 | 738,550 | 954,868 | 228,145 | 870,392 | 6,085 | 122,415 | 2,920,455 |
1916 | 740,349 | 934,737 | 225,968 | 889,991 | 6,377 | 113,461 | 2,910,883 |
1917 | 720,840 | 937,780 | 238,868 | 904,318 | 6,602 | 118,466 | 2,926,864 |
1918 | 710,655 | 962,222 | 283,248 | 954,142 | 7,664 | 124,976 | 3,042,907 |
The sum of the items for the first year shown (1909) exceeds the total by an amount of £39,042, this being a credit recovery not allocated to the branches of expenditure to which it relates.
The number of men employed in operating the State railways at the 31st March, 1918, was 13,002. The staff is divided into two divisions—namely, the first or clerical division and the second or out-of-door division—and is further classed in four branches, as shown in the following table, which gives the number of employees in March of each of the past ten years:—
RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
As at 31st March. | General. | Traffic. | Maintenance. | Locomotive. | Totals. |
1909 | 460 | 3,899 | 4,544 | 3,602 | 12,505 |
1910 | 648 | 3,758 | 3,847 | 3,971 | 12,224 |
1911 | 671 | 3,848 | 4,228 | 4,134 | 12,881 |
1912 | 673 | 4,064 | 4,308 | 4,478 | 13,523 |
1913 | 718 | 4,469 | 4,240 | 4,786 | 14,213 |
1914 | 600 | 4,676 | 3,952 | 4,948 | 14,176 |
1915 | 632 | 4,753 | 4,065 | 5,164 | 14,614 |
1916 | 693 | 5,041 | 3,931 | 5,303 | 14,968 |
1917 | 675 | 4,798 | 3,586 | 4,649 | 13,708 |
1918 | 660 | 4,612 | 3,410 | 4,320 | 13,002 |
Railway employees are under a system of classification; first introduced in 1896, and revised at various times since then. In 1896 the minimum rate of pay for adult employees was 6s. per diem. The minimum has been raised from time to time, until at present no married man receives less −9s. per diem.
Appeal Boards (one in each Island) have been constituted to hear and -....ess grievances of men dissatisfied with decisions respecting the with–ding of annual increments, promotion, loss of status, or breaches of discipline involving fines in excess of £2. Each Board consists of a Magistrate and two members of the Railway service elected by the members thereof. The Minister of Railways has the power of veto in respect of any decision of the Board.
A superannuation fund in connection with the Railway service was established in 1903. Full information concerning this is given in the section dealing with Pensions and Superannuation Funds.
The history of railways in New Zealand has been one of comparative freedom from accidents of a serious nature. The most serious was the Rakaia accident of 1899, wherein four persons were killed and several injured. The Whangamarino accident of the 27th May, 1914, resulted in three persona being killed and others injured. A table is given dealing with railway accidents during each of the past ten years.
RAILWAY ACCIDENTS, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended To 31st March. | To Passengers. | To Employees. | To Others. | Fatal. | Serious. | Minor. | Totals. |
1909 | 24 | 673 | 25 | 29 | 5 | 688 | 722 |
1910 | 14 | 708 | 19 | 25 | 11 | 705 | 741 |
1911 | 28 | 722 | 36 | 35 | 3 | 748 | 786 |
1912 | 18 | 806 | 22 | 23 | 6 | 817 | 846 |
1913 | 8 | 868 | 39 | 22 | 5 | 888 | 915 |
1914 | 18 | 1,008 | 25 | 27 | 4 | 1,020 | 1,051 |
1915 | 15 | 973 | 28 | 28 | 7 | 981 | 1,016 |
1916 | 28 | 919 | 27 | 33 | 6 | 935 | 974 |
1917 | 25 | 852 | 22 | 24 | 8 | 867 | 899 |
1918 | 11 | 765 | 29 | 22 | 13 | 770 | 805 |
Of the persons meeting with fatal accidents in 1917–18, 3 were passengers, 5 employees, and 14 neither passengers nor employees. Of the non-fatal accidents, 26 were classified as train accidents, 173 as accidents on line (other than train-running), 94 as shunting accidents, 262 as accidents on wharves and in sheds, and 228 as accidents in railway workshops.
Table of Contents
THE Post and Telegraph Department is really a “Service” rather than a “Department” By reason of its ramifications it has probably greater potentialities for usefulness to the public than any other organization, and in New Zealand very full use is made of it.
Around the money-order and savings-bank accounts as a nucleus there has been built up a system of accounting which receives from all the departments of the Post and Telegraph service various revenues which are due to the Treasury, and, in addition to this, includes a vast amount of work for other Departments of the State.
In connection with the Post Office Savings-bank, information concerning which is given in the portion of this book dealing with banking, the Department receives interest-bearing deposits from the public, and invests the money received in liquid securities, not dealing in any way with land or actively participating in commercial ventures. In its money-order and postal-note business it issues drafts on places both within and beyond New Zealand, and pays drafts drawn on New Zealand either by its own agencies or by the agencies of foreign countries with which it has relations.
It receives amounts for credit of almost every Department in the Government service, and clears them from its central office in Wellington. In fact, it performs for the general public and the State various duties which, in quite another sphere of activity, are usually performed by a commercial bank. On account of the small- of the majority of its transactions, the business, which bulks very large even from the “£ s. d.” point of view, is very much larger from the standpoint of the number of transactions involved, which run into millions in each of the main divisions of the business.
A very large business is done both for the Public Trust Office and the State Advances Office in connection with the receipt and payment of moneys throughout the Dominion, amounting in the case of the former Office to about £2,100,000, and in that of the latter to about £2,910,000. Payments of all kinds, including advances on mortgages, are made upon vouchers prepared and certified in the Head Offices of these Departments, and transmitted to the Accountant's Office, General Post Office, for payment. On the other hand, lodgments are received at any money-order office in the Dominion of any moneys whatever that may be due to the Public Trustee or to the State Advances Office. A very large number of vouchers is paid on behalf of the Treasury. Last year these amounted in value to about £6,250,000. This system has been extended by making provision for the prompt payment through the Post Office of all claims against the General Government of sums of £5 and under, without pre-audit and without reference to the central authority. This is very much appreciated by small creditors, enabling them, as it does, to receive payment immediately after completion of the service.
In addition to the items mentioned where the Post Office acts as the agent or intermediary, there is a very considerable number of others, including such diverse matters as the collection of fees under the Arms Act, sale of fishing and game licenses, collection of Customs duty on parcels received from abroad, collection of goldfields revenue, collection of premiums for the Government Insurance Department, the payment of old-age, widows', and military pensions, Imperial pensions, and Public Servants' superannuation allowances, the collection of machinery fees, of amounts for the National Provident Fund, of fees in connection with the registration of births, deaths, and marriages, of valuation revenue, of land and income tax, orchard-tax, beer duty, workers' dwellings instalments, and industrial-schools receipts. All these entail special knowledge on the part of the officers dealing with them, and special classes of accounts. This is particularly the case in connection with the payment of both Imperial and old-age pensions, where the rules governing the payments are elaborate and intricate. There is probably no country in the world where the machinery of the Post Office is put to a greater or more varied use. Its system and methods are so flexible that there are practically no limits to the extension of its functions. This is exemplified by the use made of it since the outbreak of war. The Post Office pays the allotments of members of the Expeditionary Forces, war pensions, and separation allowances to dependants, and also arranges the payment of wages to wounded and sick soldiers not in camp. The number of payments for the year ended 31st March, 1918, was 765,487, for £3,689,358, and is increasing monthly as each reinforcement draft leaves the Dominion. Facilities have also been afforded to soldiers who do not wish to allot to dependants to deposit their deferred pay with the Post Office Savings-bank, special accounts being opened for each man taking advantage of this privilege.
When the New Zealand Government decided to float the £2,000,000 public-works loan in 1915 the Postal Department acted as the agent of the Treasury, and received applications and lodgments at all the 800 money-order offices throughout the Dominion. The debentures were subsequently delivered to investors through the same channel.
In connection with the flotation of the big war loans in 1916, 1917, and 1918 the Postal Department again aided the Treasury in the same manner as was done in 1915, and in addition undertook at the very shortest notice an entirely new scheme—viz., the sale of short-dated scrip designated war-loan certificates. This paper was disposed of in two denominations—viz., £1 and £10 for 16s. and £8 respectively in the case of loans for five years, and for 13s. and £6 10s. in respect of investments for a period of ten years, the difference between the sale price and maturity value representing compound interest at 4 ½ per cent. for five years. Considering the fact that the flotation was an entirely new departure, the sales may be regarded as highly satisfactory, a sum in the vicinity of £4,000,000 having been raised in this manner to date. In order to provide a repository for the safe keeping of war-loan certificates purchased by persons having no -table accommodation, the Post Office further set up a system whereby it took custody, without charge, of all certificates tendered until the date of maturity. A very large proportion of the purchasers of the war-loan certificates took advantage of the facilities offered.
The Post Office has also set up a system of safe deposits at the principal money-order offices in the Dominion. For a nominal fee debentures, wills, insurance policies, or any paper or parchment documents may be deposited for safe custody.
For the distribution and collection of the forms under the National Registration and Military Service Acts also the machinery of the Postal Department has been largely utilized. In the larger centres forms of registration under the National Registration Act were delivered and collected by a house-to-house canvass, and all post-offices had supplies of forms for the use of men required to register, and provided facilities for the filling-in of the forms. There was no house-to-house canvass in the ease of the Military Service Act, but post-offices kept supplies of the various forms of enrolment, notification of change of address, and application - for - enrolment certificate, and Postal officials were authorized to give all assistance required in connection with the filling-in of the forms. The distribution of the certificates of enrolment was also made through post-offices.
A further extension of the activities of the Postal Department was made in connection with the population census of October, 1916, the distribution and collection of the householders' schedules being undertaken by the Department on behalf of the Census and Statistics Office. In addition special periodic censuses of stocks of coal, oil, tinplates, &c., have been collected by the Post and Telegraph Department on behalf of the Census and Statistics Office.
Apart from the advantages which are enjoyed by the public under the Post Office system of the collection and disbursement of public moneys there is a very distinct benefit to the State, as the work is performed at a fractional part of the cost which would be incurred under other conditions.
An idea of the volume of business transacted for the other branches of the Public Service may be formed from the following figures in connection with the work performed for some of the principal Departments for the year ended 31st December, 1917:—
Receipts. | £ |
---|---|
Advances to settlers | 1,444,137 |
Public Trust | 1,047,408 |
Beer duty | 15,133 |
Customs duty | 97,723 |
Government Life Insurance | 268,254 |
Income-tax | 2,749,398 |
Land-tax | 1,012,496 |
Machinery inspection | 11,549 |
National Provident Fund | 28,920 |
Public Service superannuation | 195,612 |
Registration of births | 2,713 |
Valuation revenue | 7,041 |
Fishing licenses | 1,302 |
Game licenses | 3,837 |
Industrial schools | 4,770 |
Teachers' superannuation | 75,085 |
Payments. | £ |
---|---|
Advances to settlers | 1,461,323 |
Public Trust | 1,041,870 |
Pensions paid— | |
Imperial | 30,167 |
Military | 47,293 |
Miners' | 11,816 |
Old age | 564,183 |
Widows' | 49,628 |
War | 377,291 |
Public Service superannuation | 215,853 |
National Provident Fund | 29,794 |
Teachers' superannuation | 71,201 |
The total amount received by the Post Office from all sources was £61,970,010, and the total paid out £62,875,941.
The receipts and payments of the Post and Telegraph Department for the financial year 1917–18 are shown in the following table:—
RECEIPTS. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item. | Postal. | Telegraph. | Total. | ||||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
Postages | 930,371 | 14 | 4 ½ | .. | 930,371 | 14 | 4 ½ | ||
Money-order and postal-note commission | 26,225 | 16 | 9 | .. | 26,225 | 16 | 9 | ||
Money-order commission received from foreign offices | 784 | 3 | 1 | .. | 784 | 3 | 1 | ||
Private box and bag fees | 16,747 | 11 | 2 | .. | 16,747 | 11 | 2 | ||
Miscellaneous receipts | 1,897 | 16 | 8 ½ | 62,642 | 8 | 2 ½ | 64,540 | 4 | 11 |
Paid telegrams | .. | 454,222 | 9 | 0 ½ | 454,222 | 9 | 0 ½ | ||
Telephone exchanges | .. | 344,368 | 10 | 0 | 344,368 | 10 | 0 | ||
Totals | 976,027 | 2 | 1 | 861,233 | 7 | 3 | 1,837,260 | 9 | 4 |
PAYMENTS. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item. | Postal. | Telegraph. | Total. | ||||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
Salaries (classified officers) | 243,620 | 2 | 3 | 428,649 | 0 | 0 | 672,269 | 2 | 3 |
Salaries (country Postmasters and telephonists, and contributions to Railway Department) | 20,800 | 0 | 0 | 40,345 | 0 | 0 | 61,145 | 0 | 0 |
Conveyance of mails by sea | 56,817 | 2 | 4 | .. | 56,817 | 2 | 4 | ||
Conveyance of inland mails | 113,678 | 16 | 1 | .. | 113,678 | 16 | 1 | ||
Conveyance of mails by railway | 80,319 | 3 | 5 | .. | 80,319 | 3 | 5 | ||
Money-order commission credited to foreign offices | 2,301 | 10 | 1 | .. | 2,301 | 10 | 1 | ||
Maintenance of telegraph and telephone lines | .. | 124,379 | 11 | 3 | 124,379 | 11 | 3 | ||
Miscellaneous | 168,218 | 1 | 9 | 210,317 | 18 | 5 | 378,536 | 0 | 2 |
Totals | 685,754 | 15 | 11 | 803,691 | 9 | 8 | 1,489,446 | 5 | 7 |
Balance of receipts over payments | 290,272 | 6 | 2 | 57,541 | 17 | 7 | 347,814 | 3 | 9 |
Totals | 976,027 | 2 | 1 | 861,233 | 7 | 3 | 1,837,260 | 9 | 4 |
There were 2,346 post-offices in New Zealand at the end of 1917, a decrease of 33 during the year.
The table following gives information covering the past five years as to number of post-offices and numbers of articles posted and delivered. Letters and letter-cards, with the exception of 1916, show a steady increase, while the number of parcels handled in 1917 shows a very large increase on the number for 1913.
POSTAL BUSINESS, 1913–17. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Post-offices open at End of Year. | Articles posted and delivered. | ||||
Letters and Letter-cards. | Post-cards. | Books and Pattern packets. | Parcels. | Newspapers. | ||
1913 | 2,383 | 223,961,200 | 10,462,894 | 56,127,684 | 4,275,834 | 43,572,759 |
1914 | 2,396 | 233,901,320 | 10,585,042 | 65,709,908 | 5,055,147 | 43,779,983 |
1915 | 2,402 | 242,547,859 | 9,242,792 | 57,693,130 | 5,724,576 | 41,311,535 |
1916 | 2,379 | 242,121,361 | 8,133,697 | 48,868,537 | 6,085,103 | 41,807,999 |
1917 | 2,346 | 245,796,945 | 7,549,867 | 44,934,218 | 6,314,875 | 40,366,792 |
The average number of letters, &c., posted in the Dominion per head of the mean population in each of the past ten years is as shown in the next table:—
ARTICLES POSTED PER HEAD OF MEAN POPULATION, 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Letters and Letter-cards. | Post-cards. | Books and Parcels. | Newspapers. | Totals. |
1908 | 91.37 | 6.58 | 26.46 | 20.14 | 144.55 |
1909 | 95.98 | 6.32 | 26.29 | 20.48 | 149.07 |
1910 | 97.14 | 5.83 | 30.04 | 18.51 | 151.52 |
1911 | 97.85 | 5.35 | 31.28 | 18.66 | 153.14 |
1912 | 102.06 | 5.00 | 31.52 | 18.89 | 157.47 |
1913 | 101.91 | 4.36 | 28.14 | 17.81 | 152.22 |
1914 | 105.01 | 4.51 | 33.37 | 18.15 | 161.04 |
1915 | 111.53 | 3.77 | 31.40 | 16.94 | 163.64 |
1916 | 109.54 | 3.20 | 25.80 | 17.20 | 155.74 |
1917 | 110.27 | 3.00 | 24.47 | 16.60 | 154.34 |
During recent years the Post Office has made very substantial extensions in the establishment of rural-mail deliveries. Many of these are performed by officers mounted on motor-cycles. By means of such deliveries it has been possible to give settlers living in the back country an efficient service.
The facilities afforded for the transmission of parcels through the Post Office to places within and without the Dominion have proved of much convenience to the public. The regulations admit of parcels up to 11 lb. in weight being sent to almost all the important countries of the world, and up to 28 lb. in weight for inland parcels for or from places served the whole way by railway or steamer.
The following table shows the number of parcels exchanged with the United Kingdom, the Australian States, &c., in 1916 and 1917:—
Country | Number of Parcels. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Received. | Despatched. | |||
1916. | 1917. | 1916. | 1917. | |
United Kingdom and foreign countries, via London | 116,432 | 105,368 | 23,964 | 33,810 |
Queensland | 982 | 913 | 1,034 | 956 |
New South Wales | 18,446 | 16,087 | 12,814 | 11,593 |
Victoria | 8,525 | 9,609 | 3,572 | 3,613 |
South Australia | 566 | 550 | 487 | 557 |
Western Australia | 438 | 362 | 496 | 452 |
Tasmania | 418 | 217 | 711 | 697 |
Fiji | 311 | 406 | 1,054 | 1,143 |
Tonga | 41 | 43 | 344 | 425 |
Canada | 1,864 | 1,836 | 785 | 593 |
United States of America | 23,236 | 32,904 | 2,087 | 1,793 |
Uruguay | .. | .. | 66 | .. |
Cape of Good Hope | 889 | 1,375 | 74 | 113 |
Natal | .. | .. | 337 | 283 |
India | 2,500 | 1,293 | 1,108 | 697 |
Ceylon | 524 | 237 | 629 | 83 |
Straits Settlements | 117 | 103 | 78 | 101 |
Hong Kong | 1,048 | 1,241 | 154 | 164 |
N.Z. Expeditionary Force | 2,516 | 891 | 251,164 | 392,235 |
Tahiti | .. | 7 | 214 | 337 |
Totals | 178,853 | 173,442 | 301,172 | 449,645 |
The declared value of the parcels received from places outside the Dominion during 1917 was £580,126, on which the Customs duty amounted to £107,433.
The number and weight of parcels dealt with—i.e., the total posted plus the foreign received—from 1908 to 1917 are given below:—
Year. | Number. | Weight. |
---|---|---|
lb. | ||
1908 | 970,153 | 3,367,116 |
1909 | 1,148,471 | 3,903,227 |
1910 | 1,306,932 | 4,533,770 |
1911 | 1,741,736 | 6,037,050 |
1912 | 1,764,534 | 5,998,602 |
1913 | 2,231,733 | 7,783,252 |
1914 | 2,619,995 | 9,561,599 |
1915 | 3,002,788 | 11,792,760 |
1916 | 3,282,564 | 13,521,485 |
1917 | 3,468,981 | 15,077,460 |
Special house-to-house deliveries of parcels are in force in many of the principal towns.
There are (January, 1918) 241 publications on the register of newspapers for New Zealand. Of these, GO are published daily, 26 three times a week, 31 twice a week, 67 once a week, 7 fortnightly, 2 four-weekly, and 48 monthly. The figures for each postal district are as follows:—
Postal District. | Daily. | Three Times per Week. | Twice par Week. | Weekly. | Fortnightly. | Monthly. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including 1 four-weekly. | |||||||
Auckland | 6 | 3 | 7 | 28 | 2 | 9 | 55 |
Thames | 4 | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | 1 | 10 |
Gisborne | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 |
Napier | 4 | 3 | .. | 3 | .. | 1 | 11 |
New Plymouth | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 10 |
Wanganui | 4 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 9 |
Wellington | 10 | 8 | 1 | 10 | 2 | 19* | 50 |
Blenheim | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
Nelson | 2 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | 6 |
Westport | 2 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 3 |
Greymouth | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Hokitika | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 |
Christchurch | 5 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 26 |
Timaru | 3 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 |
Oamaru | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Dunedin | 2 | .. | 4 | 9 | 1 | 8* | 24 |
Invercargill | 3 | .. | 5 | 9 | .. | .. | 17 |
Totals | 60 | 26 | 31 | 67 | 7 | 50 | 241 |
The number of offices open for the transaction of money-order business at the end of 1917 was 809.
During 1917, 642,683 money-orders, for a total sum of £3,476,646, were issued at the various post-offices. The money-orders from places beyond New Zealand and payable in the Dominion numbered 46,161, for the amount of £168,711.
The number of offices open for the sale of postal notes at the end of 1917 was 1,024: 2,166,597 postal notes were sold, value £638,246. The notes paid numbered 2,150,613, value £632,101.
British postal orders issued in the Dominion during the year numbered 93,058, of a value amounting to £55,489. Those paid numbered 29,587, and represented £16,809.
The first Government telegraph-lines in New Zealand were constructed by the provincial authorities.
The Canterbury Provincial Government opened a line between Christchurch and Lyttelton in the beginning of the year 1863. On the 12th February, 1864, the Southland Provincial Government opened a line between Invercargill and the Bluff. The General Government subsequently acquired both the above-named lines, and further established communication by wire between Dunedin and Invercargill, also Dunedin and Christchurch, on the 25th May, 1865.
Messrs. Driver and McLean, merchants, of Dunedin, erected a private line between Dunedin and Port Chalmers, which was opened to the public in 1861, and acquired by the General Government some time after the opening of through communication between Lyttelton, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Bluff referred to above.
There were 13,687 miles of telegraph and interurban telephone line open at the end of March, 1918, carrying 50,291 miles of wire. There were 11,624,720 telegrams transmitted during the year; of these, the private and Press messages numbered 11,510,710, which, together with telephone-exchange and other telegraph receipts, yielded a revenue of £861,233.
There were 62 central telephone exchanges and 218 sub-exchanges on the 31st March, 1918. The number of connections, including extensions, increased from 62,523 in March, 1917, to 67,763 in March, 1918. The subscriptions to these exchanges during the financial year amounted to £344,368.
The capital expended on the equipment, &c., of the several telephone exchanges up to the 31st March, 1918, was £2,019,892.
At the 31st March, 1882, there were 116 direct connections to exchanges, the gross revenue from which was £613; in 1892 the connections numbered 3,083, with a gross revenue of £18,571; in 1902 the connections were 9,260, gross revenue £62,151; in 1912 the connections were 31,475, gross revenue £179,123; while at the 31st March, 1918, the connections had reached 53,501, with a gross revenue of £344,368.
The foregoing, which refers more particularly to telephone-exchange connections, indicates the extent to which public telephonic demands have increased, especially during the last sixteen years.
The telephone, moreover, has been largely availed of in extending rapid communication to outlying places which could not economically have been served by telegraph.
With the growth of the system there arose a demand for telephone facilities between centres of population, and that class of business in this Dominion, as in other countries, has necessitated the provision of a large number of circuits at considerable expenditure to meet requirements. For the year ended the 31st March, 1900, the number of bureau communications—i.e., public conversations by telephone paid for by fees—was 197,292, of a value of £5,482. These had reached 1,423,093 in number, of a value of £32,112, for the year ended the 31st March, 1909; and at the 31st March, 1918, the number had risen to 5,040,672 for the year then ended, and were of a value of £150,566. This class of business, it will be seen, has more than quadrupled itself in value in the short period of nine years.
The number of telephone exchanges in the Dominion in 1900, including central and sub-exchanges, was 40. In 1907 the number was 105, and last year 280.
The total miles of wire connected with exchanges in the Dominion in 1900 were 6,343; in 1907, 15,076; in 1917, 142,469; and in 1918, 154,799.
Originally the system was worked by single aerial wires, but these were replaced some years ago at the more important exchanges by aerial and subterranean lead-covered cables. The system of subterranean cables and metallic telephone circuits is being largely extended.
The telephone-exchange system in use is generally of the magneto type, branching multiple switchboards being installed in the principal exchanges. In three installations the common battery system is in operation. Automatic telephones have been introduced to some extent, and contracts are being executed for the installation of automatic exchanges at four of the principal cities and at six less important places.
By the “party” line system of telephone-exchange service several persons may share a common line. This has, on account of the considerable reduction in rental charges, been largely availed of, particularly by those whose premises are situated at a distance from the exchange.
The first coin-in-slot telephones erected in the Dominion were installed at Wellington on the 17th August, 1910. There are now 263 such instruments in use in the Dominion, 27 of these having been installed during the past year.
The percentage of telephones to the population of the Dominion and of the four principal centres on the 31st March, 1918, was as follows:—
Dominion | 6.09 |
Auckland | 6.17 |
Wellington | 8.56 |
Christchurch | 6.85 |
Dunedin | 7.33 |
The first wireless installation in New Zealand was placed in the tower of the General Post Office at Wellington in June, 1910, and experiments were carried out with different systems. Later on a “Telefunken” 2 ½ k.w. set was installed, and a wireless-telegraph office opened for commercial work on the 26th July, 1911. On the 14th October, 1912, the G.P.O. station was replaced by one of 2 ½ k.w. upon Mount Wakefield, immediately behind the City of Wellington. Full details concerning this and other radio-telegraph stations, and of the history of radio-telegraphy in New Zealand, are given in the 1915 issue of the Year-book.
The radio business transacted by the New Zealand coast stations during the past six years was as follows:—
Year ended 31st March. | Forwarded. | Received. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Messages. | Words. | Value. | Messages. | Words. | Value | |
* Calendar year ended 31st December preceding. | ||||||
£ | £ | |||||
1913* | 909 | 8,803 | 355 | 1,665 | 14,705 | 596 |
1914* | 1,405 | 16,818 | 565 | 2,776 | 27,867 | 1,048 |
1915 | 2,418 | 47,998 | 1,077 | 4,656 | 64,284 | 2,067 |
1916 | 3,076 | 61,759 | 2,296 | 4,666 | 71,291 | 2,763 |
1917 | 3,018 | 63,872 | 3,023 | 4,651 | 73,149 | 3,032 |
1918 | 2,851 | 60,393 | 3,082 | 4,338 | 73,050 | 3,330 |
The above table does not include free (service) messages.
The New Zealand coast stations are all reliably connected with the land-line systems. Complete arrangements exist for the prompt transmission of wireless telegrams over them, and for ensuring that distress-signals shall be immediately communicated to the proper authorities.
The cable opened for traffic between New Zealand and Australia and Fiji on the 9th April, 1902, was completed to Bamfield, Vancouver Island, on the 31st October following, and opened for international business on the 8th December, 1902.
The route is from Auckland to Vancouver, via Norfolk Island, Fiji, and Fanning Island. The Australian connection is at Norfolk Island. The deep-sea portion of the Vancouver - Fanning Island cable is stated to be the longest in the world. Following the opening of the cable a much faster service with America and Europe has resulted.
Direct communication between Auckland and Sydney was established on the 31st December, 1912, thus giving the Pacific Cable Board an alternative route to Australia.
Table of Contents
THE Crown lands are administered under the authority of the Land Act, 1908, by the Minister of Lands at Wellington, his executive officer being the Under-Secretary of Lands, who is the permanent head of the Department of Lands and Survey. New Zealand is divided into ten land districts, each being under the local direction of a Commissioner of Crown Lands and a Land Board. The Commissioner's office is known as the principal land office, and in some of the larger districts there are one or more local land offices. It is with these land offices the selector has to transact all business, from the first consultation of the maps to the final receipt of the Crown title.
The names of the land districts and of the towns where the principal office of each is situated are as under:—
Land District. | Principal Land Office situated at |
---|---|
Auckland | Auckland. |
Taranaki | New Plymouth. |
Hawke's Bay | Napier. |
Wellington | Wellington. |
Nelson | Nelson. |
Marlborough | Blenheim. |
Westland | Hokitika. |
Canterbury | Christchurch |
Otago | Dunedin. |
Southland | Invercargill |
Commissioners of Crown Lands are executive officers of the land districts, having largo discretionary powers under the Act. Each is the Chairman of the Land Board of his district, and transacts all its routine business in the sale, letting, and occupation of Crown lands. The Commissioners deal with trespassers and intruders (persons and cattle), removing the former and prosecuting the owners of the latter; they recover all penalties, ascertain the boundaries of Crown lands, enforce all contracts for the disposition of Crown lands, recover rents and other moneys, deal with determinable contracts, prosecute and defend suits, and do whatever is necessary in the course of their duties. They are also Conservators of State Forests for their respective land districts.
A Land Board consists of five members—viz., the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the district (who is ex officio Chairman), three members nominated by the Governor-General, and one member elected by the Crown tenants of the district.
The Boards transact all business connected with the sale, letting, disposal, and occupation of Crown lands, and all matters connected with the management and control of the public lands in their hands. They are the sole judges of the fulfilment of conditions in leases and licenses, and they can declare them forfeit. All meetings are open to the Press and public, with certain limitations.
A selector may purchase for cash, or may select for occupation with right of purchase or for renewable lease. Every applicant must be of the age of seventeen years or upwards, and must apply for Crown land solely for his own use and benefit, and not directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any other person, whilst, including the land he applies for, he is not to be the owner, holder, or occupier under any tenure of more than one year's duration, either severally or jointly or in common with any other person or persons, of any land anywhere in New Zealand exceeding in the whole 5,000 acres of land, computed as follows:—
Every acre of first-class land is reckoned as 7 ½ acres;
Every acre of second-class land is reckoned as 2 ½ acres;
Every acre of third-class land is reckoned as 1 acre.
The annual rental payable for occupation - with - the - right - of - purchase selections is 5 per cent. on the cash price of the land, and for lands selected for renewable lease the annual rental is 4 per cent. on the cash price of the land.
Applications for unsurveyed lands are received up to the maximum area for contiguous lands only. Such applications must conform to a general scheme approved by the Land Board, and extend in every instance to the back lines, unless otherwise approved; and approval of all applications is subject to the right of the Crown to make reserves for public purposes and to lay off roads. The cost of survey must be deposited with the application, but the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Land Board, dispense with such deposit.
Crown lands are divided into the following classes:—
Town and village lands the upset prices of which are, respectively, not less than £20 and £3 per acre. Such lands are sold by auction, or leased for any term up to ten years, or disposed of on a renewable lease for a thirty-three years term at a rent of 5 per cent. on the value of the land.
Suburban lands the upset price of which may not be less than £2 an acre. These lands are also sold by auction or leased as aforesaid.
Rural lands, which may be disposed of at not less than £1 per acre for first-class, 10s. an acre for second-class, and 5s. per acre for third-class lands. Such lands may be sold or leased by auction, or sold or leased on application. No rural section may be larger than 666 acres in extent if first-class land, 2,000 acres if second-class land, or 5,000 acres if third-class land, whether offered by auction or application.
Crown land may be selected and occupied under the following tenures and systems:—
Town, suburban, and village lands—
For cash, by public auction;
By lease for terms up to ten years;
By renewable lease for thirty-three years.
Rural land (unimproved), (under optional system)—
For cash, by application;
Occupation with right of purchase for twenty-five years;
Renewable lease for sixty-six years.
Village settlements—
Under the three foregoing tenures of optional system.
Improved-farm settlements (rural land)—
Under special conditions, and either (a) on occupation-with-right-of-purchase license or (b) on renewable lease.
Special settlements (rural land)—
On renewable lease for sixty-six years and under special regulations.
Land-for-settlement estates (improved rural and pastoral land)—
Under renewable lease for thirty-three years, with limited right to acquire freehold.
Pastoral land—
By small-grazing-run lease for twenty-one years, with right of renewal (maximum area, 20,000 acres);
By pastoral license on terms up to twenty-one years, as follows: (a) Pastoral lands suitable exclusively for pasturage, and not capable of being used with profit in areas of a carrying-capacity of less than 5,000 sheep; and (b) pastoral agricultural lands, with areas not exceeding 5,000 acres.
Land within mining districts—
On pastoral licenses under special regulations, with right to acquire the freehold or exchange to a renewable lease;
On occupation leases under special regulations, with similar rights as to purchase of freehold and exchange.
Miscellaneous—
Temporary occupation on terms up to five years;
Sale, or occupation, for special purposes;
Outlying land.
Full particulars are given in the Crown Lands Guide, issued periodically and obtainable at any Land Office, as to the conditions of lease and occupation. A certain amount of improvements is required to be effected on rural land purchased for cash, or held under occupation-with-right-of-purchase or renewable-lease tenures, and residence is compulsory for certain periods on many Crown leaseholds. Rebate of rent is given in many cases when the half-yearly instalment of rent is paid within thirty days of its becoming due. Applications for mortgage, transfer, and sublease of a Crown leasehold have to be approved by the Land Board of the district in most cases.
National Endowments may be disposed of under renewable lease, small-grazing-run lease, or pastoral license. The freehold of the land cannot be acquired, but in other respects they are subject to the conditions of the Land Act.
Education Endowments are available for leasing under the Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1910, modifying the Education Reserves Act, 1908, which permits of a lease being granted under the Public Bodies' Leases Act, 1908, as well as under the Land Act, 1908. The freehold of the land cannot be acquired.
Public Reserves not vested in trustees or a local authority may be leased under the Public Reserves and Domains Amendment Act, 1911, for any term not exceeding twenty-one years, with right of renewal for a further term. The freehold of the land cannot be acquired.
During the year ended 31st March, 1918, an area of 271,325 acres of land was offered for selection under the various tenures provided by the Land Act, Laud for Settlements Act, and Education Reserves Acts.
Under the optional system an area of 3,377 acres was advertised, and was practically all selected.
Under renewable lease an area of 11,173 acres was offered, 6,823 acres being settlement land of which the lessees have the right to acquire the freehold, and 4,350 acres national endowment. The pastoral-run area comprised 218,670 acres, and small grazing-runs 13,840 acres.
In addition to the above a total area of 70,882 acres of Crown, settlement, and national-endowment lands was set apart for selection by discharged soldiers under the ordinary tenures of the Land Act and the Land for Settlements Act, and the special tenures of the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Act. Fuller particulars regarding these lands will be found at the end of this subsection.
The total selections during the year covered an area of 895,655 acres by 1,487 selectors. These figures include, however, 75 purchases of small town and suburban sections, aggregating 429 acres, offered for sale at auction. The ordinary Crown lands holdings represented 467,035 acres, land for settlements and Cheviot Estate 49,838 acres, national endowment 371,609 acres, and educational 7,173 acres.
Of the lands selected in 1917–18, 188,635 acres were selected on settlement conditions, representing 907 of the total of 1,487 selections referred to above. The area mentioned includes all lands sold for cash or selected on the deferred-payment system, small grazing-runs, and leases under the following tenures: Renewable lease, occupation with right of purchase, mining districts land occupation leases, education-endowment leases, and pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations.
The number of selections under settlement conditions during the past ten years is as follows:—
Year ended 31st March. | Sold for Cash. | Deferred-payment Licenses. | Leases and Licenses (Ordinary Settlement). | Small Grazing-runs. | Totals. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1909 | 382 | .. | 1,554 | 10 | 1,946 |
1910 | 381 | .. | 1,357 | 45 | 1,783 |
1911 | 274 | .. | 1,304 | 22 | 1,600 |
1912 | 409 | .. | 1,281 | 23 | 1,713 |
1913 | 358 | .. | 1,240 | 10 | 1,608 |
1914 | 312 | .. | 1,293 | 4 | 1,609 |
1915 | 289 | 18 | 997 | 6 | 1,310 |
1916 | 319 | 11 | 884 | 12 | 1,226 |
1917 | 313 | 37 | 868 | 16 | 1,234 |
1918 | 180 | 14 | 708 | 5 | 907 |
The acreage represented by the selections included in the foregoing table is as follows:—
Year ended 31st March. | Sold for Cash. | Deferred-payment Licenses. | Lenses and Licenses (Ordinary Settlement). | Small Graziug-runs. | Totals. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
1909 | 42,194 | .. | 464,705 | 28,989 | 535,888 |
1910 | 8,886 | .. | 341,686 | 298,494 | 649,066 |
1911 | 9,547 | .. | 292,260 | 128,764 | 430,571 |
1912 | 6,096 | .. | 379,552 | 144,617 | 530,265 |
1913 | 4,640 | .. | 348,752 | 37,749 | 391,141 |
1914 | 5,948 | .. | 364,543 | 14,691 | 385,182 |
1915 | 5,743 | 27 | 258,312 | 14,803 | 278,885 |
1916 | 7,097 | 486 | 251,822 | 150,514 | 409,919 |
1917 | 5,414 | 680 | 231,477 | 135,691 | 373,262 |
1918 | 4,696 | 992 | 151,854 | 31,093 | 188,635 |
Dealing with the figures for 1917–18 it is seen that, of the 907 selections under settlement conditions, 123 were under 1 acre in extent, and 295 between 1 acre and 50 acres. The classification is as follows:—
Size of Holdings. | Sold for Cash. | Deferred-payment Licenses. | Leases and Licenses (Ordinary Settlement). | Small Grazing-runs. | Totals. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acres. | |||||
Under 1 | 51 | 1 | 71 | .. | 123 |
1–50 | 112 | 9 | 174 | .. | 295 |
51–250 | 13 | 3 | 271 | .. | 287 |
251–500 | 3 | 1 | 105 | .. | 109 |
501–1,000 | 1 | .. | 66 | .. | 67 |
Over 1,000 | .. | .. | 21 | 5 | 26 |
Totals | 180 | 14 | 708 | 5 | 907 |
The following table shows in a condensed form the area of Crown land held at 31st March, 1918, the yearly rental payable, and the area made freehold:—
Tenure. | Total Number of Selectors. | Total Area held. | Total Yearly Rental or Instalment Payable. | Total Area made Freehold. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Purchasers. | Area. | ||||
Acres. | £ | Acres. | |||
Cash lands | .. | .. | .. | .. | 13,189,250 |
Deferred payment | 727 | 158,113 | 24,767 | 9,774 | 1,143,531 |
Perpetual lease | 434 | 41,730 | 1,950 | 2,903 | 831,222 |
Occupation with right of purchase | 5,554 | 1,665,041 | 123,865 | 2,937 | 801,120 |
Lease in perpetuity | 9,054 | 1,912,973 | 226,945 | 2,010 | 386,757 |
Renewable lease | 4,826 | 1,490,231 | 230,505 | 126 | 27,586 |
Agricultural lease | 16 | 541 | 23 | 1,475 | 140,896 |
Homestead | .. | .. | .. | 525 | 80,453 |
Mining districts land occupation leases | 710 | 23,618 | 1,564 | 34 | 1,290' |
Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations | 916 | 214,335 | 5,768 | 28 | 6,515 |
Small grazing-runs | 874 | 2,640,094 | 94,546 | 29 | 35,022 |
Pastoral runs | 659 | 10,188,458 | 80,244 | .. | .. |
Miscellaneous leases and licenses | 6,182 | 1,321,819 | 39,017 | .. | .. |
29,952 | 19,656,953 | 829,194 | .. | 16,643,642 | |
Thermal - spring leases (Rotorua) | 326 | 3,653 | 2,114 | .. | .. |
Education endowments— | |||||
Primary | 3,199 | 763,748 | 81,824 | .. | .. |
Secondary | 414 | 38,768 | 9,041 | .. | .. |
Totals | 3,613 | 802,516 | 90,865 | .. | .. |
Grand totals | 33,891 | 20,463,122 | 922,173 | .. | 16,643,642 |
Other endowment lands | 841 | 360,020 | 17,797 | .. | .. |
A statement of land open for selection or available for future settlement as at the 31st March, 1918, is next given. The greater part of the area shown as remaining for future disposal comprises rugged and mountainous country suitable only for pastoral purposes in large areas.
LANDS AVAILABLE FOR FUTURE SETTLEMENT. | ||
---|---|---|
District. | Total Area open for Selection. | Total Area remaining for Future Disposal, exclusive of Land shown in Preceding Column. |
Acres. | Acres. | |
Auckland | 230,358 | 1,165,107 |
Hawke's Bay | 25,325 | 128,818 |
Taranaki | 16,758 | 185,290 |
Wellington | 26,713 | 216,630 |
Nelson | 34,485 | 1,210,906 |
Marlborough | 11,826 | 106,802 |
Westland | 476,052 | 211,707 |
Canterbury | 1,860 | 119,189 |
Otago | 10,685 | 174,701 |
Southland | 21,986 | 281,215 |
Totals | 856,048 | 3,790,365 |
Much of the land legislation of recent years has been in the direction of preventing large areas of good land from being acquired or retained by a single individual. The land-for-settlements system of New Zealand, whereby the State purchases properties from private individuals for subdivision into small farms, has been fully dealt with in the 1915 and previous issues of the Year-book, and some statistics of the system are given a little farther on in this subsection. The Land Laws Amendment Acts of 1912 and 1913 went further in the direction of encouraging or compelling subdivision of land held in large areas.
Part III of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, makes provision for agreements between the Minister of Lands and the owner in fee-simple of any land for the subdivision of that land, and for the disposal by public tender of the allotments by way of sale or by way of lease with right of purchase. On the execution of any such agreement the Minister may advance the moneys required for rendering the land available for settlement, including the cost of subdivision and survey and the cost of the construction of roads and bridges. In the case of a sale, the agreement may provide for the payment of the purchase-money by annual instalments extending over a period of from ten to twenty years, with interest on the amount for the time being unpaid not exceeding 5 per cent. per annum. In the case of a lease, the term shall be for twenty-one years, and the lessee shall have the right at any time during the currency of the lease to purchase the allotment at a price to be named in the tender. The rent payable under the lease must not exceed 5 per cent. per annum of the price so named in the tender.
Section 49 provides for similar agreements between the Minister and the owners of Native freehold land in respect of the disposition by sale or lease of that land. In pursuance of such agreement a proportion (not exceeding one-third) of the proceeds may be paid over to the Native owners, and the balance is payable into a Native Land Trust Account to be invested upon trust for such Native owners.
In Part VI of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913, provision is made whereby the Minister of Lands may at any time in writing notify an owner of land that such land or a portion thereof is required for purposes of settlement. The owner is thereupon required, within six months after such notice has been gazetted, to notify the Minister whether he elects (a) to himself subdivide and offer the land for sale in subdivisions, or (b) to enter into an agreement with the Minister under the provisions of Part III of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912 (as described in the preceding paragraph), or (c) that the land shall be taken compulsorily under the Land for Settlements Act.
If the owner himself elects to subdivide the land he is required within three years to subdivide, road, and offer the land for sale by public auction or private contract at reasonable upset prices and upon reasonable terms and conditions. If, on the other hand, he elects to enter into an agreement with the Minister he must do so within six months of such election.
If the owner does not elect to do either of the above things, the land may at any time within five years be taken compulsorily on payment of compensation.
In Part VII of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913, provision is made for compulsorily taking private land (not within a borough or town district) in cases where in the opinion of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners such land has been acquired by way of aggregation, and where such aggregation is contrary to the public interest. Compensation is payable for all land so taken.
The land taken in this manner is offered to the public under renewable lease (thirty-three years) at reasonable rentals and in suitable areas.
The following is an extract from the Annual Report of the above Department for the year ended 31st March, 1918.
The operations of the Department have been entirely confined to the purchase of lands for discharged soldiers.
The number of properties considered during the year was 499, of an area of 451,935 acres. This is very much below that of the previous year, but still much above the average. The properties were widely distributed, and none were of any great extent. As usual, many were found to be quite unsuitable, and the prices asked were in several instances nearly double the taxable value.
There has been a considerable number of single farms purchased for discharged soldiers, under section 3, Discharged Soldiers Settlement Amendment Act, 1917. The bulk of these, however, have been taken up since the 1st April.
The area purchased for selection during the year was 40,296 acres, at a cost of £440,296, and for individual soldiers 481 acres, at a cost of £6,700.
Generally the prices now ruling are such that it is found next to impossible to secure land at a price, even without the addition of the necessary charges, that will leave any great margin for working, consequently only the most experienced and energetic soldiers can look for the success they deserve.
A table is given showing for each land district the number and area of estates purchased to the 31st March, 1918, together with information as to purchase-money and incidental expenses.
SUMMARY OF ESTATES ACQUIRED UP TO THE 31ST MARCH, 1918. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Land District. | Number. | Area. | Purchase-money. | Incidental Expenses, Improvements, Roads, &c. |
Acres. | £ | £ | ||
Auckland | 46 | 312,775 | 741,225 | 99,841 |
Hawke's Bay | 39 | 244,328 | 1,576,030 | 111,219 |
Taranaki | 8 | 7,122 | 129,964 | 8,510 |
Wellington | 46 | 88,923 | 835,846 | 84,717 |
Marlborough | 13 | 216,187 | 643,859 | 57,806 |
Nelson | 4 | 27,363 | 34,730 | 5,080 |
Westland | 2 | 5,125 | 8,343 | 2,959 |
Canterbury | 122 | 409,076 | 2,784,901 | 124,404 |
Otago | 50 | 251,444 | 1,314,345 | 105,754 |
Southland | 16 | 84,592 | 366,973 | 27,914 |
Totals | 346 | 1,646,935 | 8,436,216 | 628,204 |
The transfer of certain areas from Crown to settlement lands, and the adjustment of areas to account for ascertained surpluses or deficiencies, brings the total area to 1,808,282 acres at the 31st March, 1918. Of this, 116,171 acres have been sold for cash or made freehold, the total purchase-money being £406,092; and 21,577 acres are occupied by roads or by reserves unlet. At the 31st March, 1918, 5,699 selectors were holding a total of 1,567,192 acres, the annual rental for which amounts to £396,505; and the remaining 103,151 acres, of a yearly value of £12,818, were unlet. The figures for each land district are as follows:—
POSITION OF LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS AT THE 31ST MARCH, 1918. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land District. | Net Area acquired. | Area occupied by Roads, &c. | Area unlet. | Area purchased for Cash or made Freehold. | Lands occupied on Leasehold. | |
Area. | Number of Selectors. | |||||
Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Number. | |
Auckland | 310,237 | 6,987 | 76,190 | 74,602 | 152,458 | 876 |
Hawke's Bay | 244,439 | 2,266 | 2 | 13,148 | 229,020 | 714 |
Taranaki | 7,094 | 62 | .. | 851 | 6,181 | 82 |
Wellington | 88,396 | 886 | 2,750 | 3,591 | 81,169 | 526 |
Nelson | 34,501 | 766 | 5,891 | 966 | 26,878 | 39 |
Marlborough | 228,220 | 2,682 | 4,325 | 4,554 | 216,471 | 480 |
Westland | 5,125 | 98 | .. | 2 | 5,025 | 31 |
Canterbury | 561,412 | 4,050 | 2,594 | 7,979 | 546,789 | 1,704 |
Otago | 237,708 | 2,831 | 2,718 | 3,191 | 228,968 | 941 |
Southland | 91,150 | 949 | 8,681 | 7,287 | 74,233 | 306 |
Totals | 1,808,282 | 21,577 | 103,151 | 116,171 | 1,567,192 | 5,699 |
The Land for Settlements Account at the 31st March 1918 stands as under:—
Dr. | £ |
---|---|
Loans current | 7,856,487 |
Rents, etc., received | 4,511,195 |
Sales of settlement lands | 480,517 |
Sales of workers' dwellings | 27,286 |
Receipts under Land Act, section 191 | 9,313 |
Receipts under Land Act, section 177 | 59,701 |
Sale of Crown lands | 749,248 |
Interest on investments | 12,017 |
Recoveries | 285 |
Premium on loan | 117 |
Four-per-cent. stock created to cover expenses of raising loan | 349 |
£13,706,515 | |
Cr | £ |
Purchase-money | 8,436,216 |
Incidental expenses | 711,265 |
Interest | 3,672,217 |
Sinking fund | 609,549 |
Land Laws Amendment Act, section 63 | 170,171 |
Unauthorized expenditure | 25,873 |
Balance | 81,224 |
£13,706,515 |
On the 1st January, 1910, the Land Settlement Finance Act, which is described fully in the 1915 issue of this book, came into force. The associations incorporated now number forty-six.
The completion of the Otaikarangi Land-settlement Finance Association, near Whangarei, Auckland, is the only transaction during the year. The increase in value has placed the associations generally in a sound position, and many members are selling out at large goodwill.
Under the provisions of the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Act, 1915, and amendments, any person is entitled to the benefits of the Act who has been a member of a New Zealand Naval or Expeditionary Force, has served beyond New Zealand in connection with the present war, has returned to New Zealand, and has received an honourable discharge, together with any person who immediately prior to the commencement of the present war was a bona fide resident of New Zealand, and has also served during the present war with some portion of His Majesty's Naval or Military Forces (not being Forces raised in New Zealand), and has received an honourable discharge therefrom. In addition, all discharged members of an Expeditionary Force who, having been classed as medically fit for service beyond the seas, have served as members of that Force in a camp of military training and remained attached to that camp on the 12th November, 1918 (being the date of the cessation of hostilities with Germany), are entitled to apply for advances or private land under sections 2 or 3 of the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Amendment Act, 1917. (See paragraphs headed “Private Land” and “Financial Assistance.”)
Any discharged soldier wishing to take up land should obtain a provisional application form, answer the questions thereon, and forward it to the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the land district in which he desires to settle. Provisional application forms may be obtained at any land office or from the Discharged Soldiers' Information Department, Wellington. On receipt of a provisional application the Commissioner will supply the applicant with information regarding all available Crown Lands in his land district, and the Land Board will endeavour to place the applicant on a suitable holding.
There is power to dispose of land under the ordinary tenures of the Land Act, 1908, and the Land for Settlements' Act, 1908—i.e., for cash, or occupation with right of purchase, or on renewable lease under the former Act, and renewable lease under the latter Act, also under the “special tenures” of the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Act, 1915, which are cash, deferred payment, or a renewable lease with a purchasing clause. The various tenures mentioned may be explained as under, and are given under two headings—viz., “Ordinary Tenures” and “Special Tenures.”
Cash.—In all cases of purchase of land for cash the applicant is required to pay one-fifth of the purchase-money at the date of the sale, and the balance, with the Crown-grant fee, within thirty days from the date of the approval of the application.
Occupation with Right of Purchase.—Term, twenty-five years; rental, 5 per cent. on the capital value of the land; right of purchase after the license has been held six years, provided the residence and improvement conditions have been complied with. If the licensee does not acquire the freehold prior to the expiration of the term of twenty-five years he has a prior right to a renewable lease.
Renewable Lease under the Land Act.—Term, sixty-six years, with a perpetual right of renewal; rental, 4 per cent. on the capital value of the land. Land selected under this tenure immediately becomes national endowment, and there is no right to the freehold.
Renewable Lease under the Land for Settlements Act.—Term, thirty-three years, with perpetual right of renewal; rental, 4 ½ per cent. on the capital value of the land. Right of purchase at any time during the currency of the lease. Purchase of the freehold may be made on the deferred-payment system if desired.
Cash.—The remarks already made under “Cash” heading apply to cash selections under “Special Tenures.”
Deferred Payment under Special Tenures.—Term, twenty years; licensee to deposit 5 per cent. of the purchase-money, and thereafter pay the balance of 95 per cent. by equal annual payments, together with interest at 5 per cent., payable half-yearly, on all outstanding balances. The licensee has the right to pay off the whole or any part of the outstanding money at any time during the currency of the license.
Renewable Lease with Purchasing Clause under Special Tenures.—Term may be for any period not exceeding thirty-three years in the case of settlement land, and sixty-six years in the case of Crown land, with perpetual rights of renewal for thirty-three years or sixty-six years as the case may be. Freehold may be acquired any time during the currency of the lease. Purchase of the freehold may be made on the deferred-payment system if desired.
Under section 3 of the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Amendment Act, 1917, one or more discharged soldiers may apply to the Land Board with a view to the acquisition by the Crown on their behalf of any private land. The Land Board, however, cannot deal with such application until an offer in writing to sell the land to the Crown has been submitted to the Board by the owner of the land. It can then consider the application and offer, and forward them to the Minister of Lands with such recommendations as it thinks proper. The Minister may thereupon refer the offer to the Land Purchase Board for consideration, and if the land or any part thereof is acquired by the Crown, it may then be disposed of under the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Act to the applicant. (See also under heading of “Financial Assistance.”)
The Minister may set land apart for the purpose of soldiers' dwellings, and may erect suitable buildings thereon. The land and dwellings may then be disposed of to discharged soldiers in the same manner generally as in the case of workers by the Workers' Dwellings Act, 1910.
No transfer of land selected under the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Act will be permitted for a period of ten years, except with the approval of the Land Board and the Minister of Lands.
Section 2 of the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Amendment Act, 1917, provides that financial assistance may be given to discharged soldiers for the following purposes: (a) The purchase of private or Native land; (b) the acquisition by assignment or transfer of the lease of any land administered by a Land Board; and (c) the discharge of any mortgage affecting any land owned by a discharged soldier or held by him under license or lease from a Land Board. The maximum amount for any of these purposes that may be advanced to any one person is £2,500. Repayment of advances may be secured by flat mortgage for ten years, with interest at 5 per cent., or by instalment mortgage extending over a period of thirty-six years and a half, with an annual charge of 6 per cent., which includes interest and sinking fund.
If assistance is required for the purchase of a residential site with dwelling thereon, an advance not exceeding £1,000 may be made, or, in the event of the site being owned by the applicant, an advance not exceeding £750 may be made towards the erection of a dwelling thereon. Repayment of advances may be secured by flat mortgage for ten years, with interest at 5 per cent., or by instalment mortgage extending over a period of twenty-five years and a half, with an annual charge of 7 per cent., which includes interest and sinking fund.
Valuation fees are payable with applications.
In addition, financial assistance may be given to discharged soldiers who own freehold land or are the lessees or licensees of any land administered by a Land Board, for any of the following purposes: The clearing, fencing, draining, and general improvement (including erection of buildings) of the land, and the purchase of plant, stock, implements, seeds, trees, &c. Except in the case of a house to be built on other than rural land, the maximum total amount that may be advanced for all the foregoing purposes is £500 (not more than £250 of this being for a dwelling and other buildings) unless there be special circumstances in which the amount would be inadequate, when the Minister may authorize an additional advance not exceeding £250.
Advances are secured by a first mortgage over the land, with the addition, at the option of the Minister, of a bill of sale over the stock, implements, &c. The rate of interest is 5 per cent.
Advances for improvements or buildings may be made by progress-payments up to 75 per cent. of the value of any work done.
Applications for assistance, giving full particulars, must be made to the Land Board for the district in which the land affected is situated. Before making its recommendation the Board will require the applicant to appear personally before it, or before such person as it may appoint. No application for an advance to assist in the purchase of land can be considered unless accompanied by an option to purchase the fee-simple, or lease, or license, as the case may be.
At the 31st March, 1918, advances amounting to £190,911, to 668 settlers, had been authorized.
In special cases, where circumstances warrant it, remission or postponement of rent may be made.
Postponements of rental amounting to £9,610 were granted to 119 settlers during the year ended the 31st March, 1918.
The total amount remaining postponed at the close of the year was £10,024.
The following table shows the total area proclaimed under the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Act, 1915. Of the total area proclaimed, ordinary Crown lands amounted to 241,892 acres, Cheviot Estate to 3,453 acres, land for settlements to 107,194 acres, and national-endowment land to 41,680 acres.
District. | Under Section 3 of the Act. (Ordinary Tenures.) | Under Section 4 of the Act. (Special Tenures.) | Total Area proclaimed. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
For the Year ended 31st March, 1918. | Total to 31st March, 1918. | For the Year ended 31st March, 1918. | Total to 31st March, 1918. | For the Year ended 31st March, 1918. | Total to 31st March, 1918. | |
Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
Auckland | 24,985 | 31,810 | 13,608 | 50,869 | 38,593 | 82,679 |
Hawke's Bay | 9,251 | 13,812 | 3,767 | 63,493 | 13,018 | 77,305 |
Taranaki | .. | 8,340 | 1,126 | 1,126 | 1,126 | 9,466 |
Wellington | .. | 1,591 | 5,136 | 72,603 | 5,136 | 74,194 |
Nelson | 906 | 12,350 | .. | 3,786 | 906 | 16,136 |
Marlborough | .. | .. | 708 | 8,682 | 708 | 8,682 |
Westland | 2 135 | 8,492 | .. | 149 | 2,135 | 8,641 |
Canterbury | 1,255 | 61,528 | 124 | 2,341 | 1,379 | 63,869 |
Otago | 53 | 19,476 | 3,211 | 26,530 | 3,264 | 46,006 |
Southland | 915 | 1,843 | 3,702 | 5,398 | 4,617 | 7,241 |
Totals | 39,500 | 159,242 | 31,382 | 234,977 | 70,882 | 394,219 |
During the year ended 31st March, 1918, 513 applications were made under the provisions of the Discharged Soldiers Settlement Act, and allotments were made in the case of 313 applicants. The following table shows the number of applications for land in each of the several land districts of the Dominion, and also the number of applications granted, together with the area of such grants:—
District. | Applications. | Allotments. | |
---|---|---|---|
Number. | Area. | ||
Acres. | |||
Auckland | 111 | 91 | 15,880 |
Hawke's Bay | 79 | 57 | 28,772 |
Taranaki | 58 | 11 | 2,173 |
Wellington | 176 | 90 | 25,847 |
Nelson | 12 | 7 | 1,810 |
Marlborough | 11 | 9 | 3,071 |
Westland | 5 | 5 | 1,864 |
Canterbury | 29 | 21 | 14,698 |
Otago | 12 | 10 | 3,016 |
Southland | 20 | 12 | 6,231 |
Totals | 513 | 313 | 103,362 |
An aggregate area of 1,128 acres (representing nine allotments) was sold. The remaining 102,264 acres (304 allotments) were let under leases and licensee.
By section 24 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1915, it is provided that any duly authorized agent of a member of a New Zealand Expeditionary Force may apply on behalf of that member for any land that may be open for application under either the Land Act, 1908, or the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, at any time while the said member is absent from New Zealand on military service. Such applicants, and also applicants who have at any time been members of a New Zealand Expeditionary Force, shall at any ballot be entitled to the same preference as that accorded to married men who have families dependent on them or single men who have been twice unsuccessful at a ballot, and the age-limit of 21 years is abolished in the case of soldier applicants who have been engaged on military service beyond New Zealand.
Up to the 31st March sixty-nine soldiers had been granted a total area of 138,452 acres under the provisions of this section.
By sections 23 and 24 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1915, and Part II of the War Legislation Amendment Act, 1916, the Minister of Lands is empowered to grant exemption from rent to Crown tenants during their term of service and until six months after discharge. The Minister is also empowered to grant remission or postpone date of payment of interest falling due on account of balance of purchase-money due under licenses to acquire land on' deferred payment from the Crown, and to postpone the due dates of instalments of principal, and extend the terms of such licenses for a period not exceeding three years.
Applications under both of these provisions are considered by the Land Board, which recommends what concession should be granted in each case, and the Minister then decides. The amount actually remitted up to the 31st March, 1918, was £15,695, whilst twenty-five lessees were granted postponements of rental aggregating £788 during the year ended 31st March, 1918.
NATIVE lands and Native affaire generally are administered by the Native Department, with several subsidiary branches, the duties of each being as indicated below.
The Head Office controls the general administration of the Department, while the purchase of lands by the Native Land Purchase Board is also conducted through the Head Office.
The Native Land Court is the Court of Record of Titles, and deals, inter alia, with the partition and exchange of Native lands, succession, probate and letters of administration, consolidation of interests, incorporation of owners, and alienation.
The work of the Native Land Court is divided into seven Court districts, as follows:—
District. | Location. |
---|---|
Tokerau | North Auckland. |
Waikato-Maniapoto | South Auckland. |
Waiariki | Bay of Plenty. |
Tairawhiti | Gisborne. |
Ikaroa | Wellington and Hawke's Bay. |
Aotea | Wanganui and Taranaki. |
South Island | South Island (office at Wellington). |
Maori Land Boards, of which there are seven, all located in the North Island, are concerned with the confirmation and approval of alienations, the administration of Native lands by way of sale or lease, and the administration of estates as farms. The Boards also act as agents for beneficial owners, and receive and pay out rents and purchase-moneys.
The Registrars of the Native Land Courts are also the administrative officers of the Maori Land Boards of the various districts.
The boundaries of the Court and Maori Land Board Districts are conterminous.
Maori Councils elected for defined districts, and composed of Natives, supervise matters generally affecting the Maori settlements and kaingas, more particularly as regards sanitary arrangements.
The terms “partition” and “individualization” as applied to Native Land Court dealings are often confused. To individualize is to partition in severalty, and not merely to define relative interests, which may be done without further partition. To partition is to cut out certain interests in a block of land, and may not necessarily be for an individual. The term “customary land,” which is also sometimes misunderstood, is applied to land not yet clothed with a Native Land Court title. Customary land was formerly known as papatupu land.
All dealings with Native land are now determined by the provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, which consolidated and repealed most of the numerous previous Acts, and came into force on the 31st March, 1910, and by the provisions of amending Acts passed in subsequent years. Full information concerning the Act and its amendments is given in the 1915 and previous issues of this book.
Particulars of the business dealt with by the Native Land Court during the twelve months ended 31st March, 1918, are as follows:—
Number of sittings | 128 |
Number of cases notified | 17,693 |
Number of cases for which orders were made | 5,950 |
Number of cases dismissed | 2,682 |
Number of cases adjourned sine die | 8,685 |
Number of partitions made | 1,247 |
Area affected (acres) | 238,673 |
Number of investigations of title | 10 |
Area affected (acres) | 1,892 |
Number of succession orders made | 4,764 |
Number of other orders made | 3,309 |
During the year 1,450 acres were disposed of by lease and 862 acres by Bale, as against 11,261 acres by lease and 20,179 acres by sale in the previous year.
With regard to Native freehold land, the Boards during the year approved of 566 leases, comprising 134,219 acres, and confirmed 1,139 transfers (apart from sales to the Crown) affecting 119,236 acres of freehold land. The figures disclose an increase of 32 leases and 41,916 acres over the previous year's totals in respect of land leased, and a decrease of 56 transfers and 18,146 acres with regard to land sold.
During the year some 95 blocks, comprising 91,627 acres, were proclaimed Crown land. The actual purchases made during the year totalled an area of 143,445 acres, as compared with 143,528 acres acquired during the previous period. In the Urewera Reserve an area of 64,603 acres was secured, making the Crown purchases in the Urewera total 248,108 acres as at the 31st March last.
During the eight years which have elapsed since the coming into operation of the Native Land Act, 1909, the total sum expended upon the purchase of Native lands through the Native Land Purchase Board has amounted to £1,577,007 19s. 6d. The total area of Native land alienated by way of sale during the eight years is approximately 2,016,044 acres, and of this total an area of some 809,005 acres has been acquired on behalf of the Crown.
PRIOR to 1870 conveyancing in New Zealand was based upon the English laws of real property as existing at the date of the constitution of the colony, varied in some important particulars by the Conveyancing Ordinance of 1842 and other colonial legislation, now embodied in the Property Law Act, 1908. Considerable areas of land in all parts of the Dominion are still held and dealt with under this system. Although provision is, made for the registration of deeds affecting such land, registration is no guarantee of their validity, and a purchaser has to rely for the security of his title upon the skill and care of his legal adviser.
By the Land Transfer Act, 1870, the system of title by registration was introduced. This principle had long been in vogue in parts of central Europe, but was unknown in the British dominions until its introduction into the Australasian Colonies in 1856 by Sir Robert Torrens, after whom it is popularly known as the Torrens system. It was first introduced by him into South Australia, and was afterwards adopted by the other colonies. The title to land under this system is not affected by the execution of documents. Registration is the fundamental principle, and it is only on registration that any interest passes. The Land Transfer Department assumes all responsibility for the registration, and any person named in the register as taking an interest under a registered instrument acquires a practically indefeasible title.
Provision has existed since 1841 and is now contained in the Deeds Registration Act, 1908, for the registration of deeds and instruments affecting land which is not subject to the provisions of the Land Transfer Act. Registration is not essential to the validity of the instrument, but it is highly important as a record and to secure priority. The Act provides that every deed shall be void as against any person claiming for valuable consideration under any subsequent deed duly registered unless the earlier deed was registered before the subsequent one.
The Department is not responsible for the form or matter of the instruments registered beyond seeing that they are duly stamped and contain a sufficient description of the land to identify it.
Instruments are registered by being first entered in the “Book of Primary Entry,” from which the registration number is taken. Particulars are then inserted in the “Index Book” under the heading of the land affected, and they are then copied in extenso into the “Record Books.”
Provision is also made for the deposit of instruments in the Deeds Registry Office for safe custody and reference, and such deposit operates as a release from any covenant for production.
The Deeds Index and all recorded and deposited instruments are open to public inspection, and certified copies may be obtained on payment of the prescribed fees, which are given in full in the Year-book for 1914.
A table is given containing information concerning the registration of deeds during the year ended 31st March, 1918.
DEEDS REGISTRATION, 1917–18. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
District. | Deeds | Fees. | |||
Unrecorded on 31st March, 1917. | Received for Registration during the Year ended 31st March, 1918. | Registered during the same Period. | Unrecorded on 31st March, 1918. | ||
Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | £ | |
Auckland | 233 | 5,982 | 5,978 | 237 | 5,764 |
Taranaki | 12 | 655 | 646 | 21 | 587 |
Wellington | 41 | 1,988 | 1,741 | 288 | 1,859 |
Hawke's Bay | 79 | 1,083 | 1,070 | 92 | 1,093 |
Poverty Bay | .. | 48 | 45 | 3 | 43 |
Nelson | 7 | 728 | 732 | 3 | 645 |
Marlborough | 40 | 342 | 376 | 6 | 329 |
Canterbury | 48 | 1,084 | 1,082 | 50 | 1,022 |
Otago | 30 | 1,559 | 1,552 | 37 | 1,454 |
Southland | 39 | 412 | 402 | 49 | 393 |
Westland | .. | 49 | 49 | .. | 37 |
Totals | 529 | 13,930 | 13,673 | 786 | 13,226 |
The land-transfer system in New Zealand originated, as stated above, with the Land Transfer Act, 1870. This was re-enacted with amendments as the Land Transfer Act, 1885, and this again gave place to the consolidated Land Transfer Act, 1908. Some amendments were effected by the Land Transfer Amendment Act, 1913, and the Act as amended has been re-enacted under the Statutes Compilation Act as the Land Transfer Act, 1915.
The land subject to the Land Transfer Act comprises all land alienated from the Crown since 1870, all land included in any order under the Native Land Acts vesting such land in any person in freehold tenure, and all land vested in any person in fee-simple by virtue of any Act of the General Assembly, besides land which has been brought under the Act on the application of the proprietors after investigation and acceptance of the title by the Department.
Full information concerning the land-transfer system is given in the 1914 and preceding issues of this book, together with the scale of fees payable under the Land Transfer Act.
The first of the tables which follow shows for the year 1917–18 the applications to bring land under the Land Transfer Act.
APPLICATIONS UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1917–18. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District. | Town and Suburban. | Country. | ||||
Number. | Area. | Value. | Number. | Area. | Value. | |
Acres. | £ | Acres. | £ | |||
Auckland | 32 | 24 | 38,715 | 74 | 18,799 | 195,598 |
Taranaki | 11 | 8 | 8,652 | 6 | 309 | 6,682 |
Wellington | 22 | 11 | 52,957 | 22 | 21,782 | 159,349 |
Hawke's Bay | 8 | 16 | 24,925 | 4 | 10,954 | 133,309 |
Poverty Bay | 3 | .. | 330 | 4 | 1,511 | 12,971 |
Nelson | 1 | .. | 300 | 10 | 577 | 8,385 |
Marlborough | 5 | 2 | 1,154 | 6 | 29,125 | 123,483 |
Canterbury | 35 | 24 | 30,859 | 28 | 2,888 | 81,109 |
Otago | 27 | 13 | 55,929 | 8 | 2,593 | 17,863 |
Southland | 5 | 1 | 1,830 | 5 | 850 | 10,689 |
Westland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 149 | 99 | 215,651 | 167 | 89,388 | 749,438 |
Information as to applications during each of the past ton years is given in the next table.
APPLICATIONS UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Applications. | |||
Number. | Area. | Value. | ||
Town and Suburban | Country. | |||
Acres. | Acres. | £ | ||
1909 | 617 | 526 | 9,157 | 1,061,537 |
1910 | 565 | 376 | 64,697 | 821,306 |
1911 | 705 | 324 | 3,054 | 1,229,990 |
1912 | 571 | 330 | 65,028 | 1,078,124 |
1913 | 656 | 398 | 108,945 | 1,561,589 |
1914 | 563 | 156 | 123,712 | 1,361,042 |
1915 | 478 | 159 | 105,180 | 1,247,905 |
1916 | 428 | 185 | 64,914 | 1,215,552 |
1917 | 409 | 133 | 37,447 | 1,029,143 |
1918 | 316 | 99 | 89,388 | 965,089 |
The following table shows the number of certificates issued for the past ten years. Included in the totals are those certificates issued in lieu of Crown grants, 2,125 being the number for 1917–18.
CERTIFICATES ISSUED, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | |
---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Number. |
1909 | 10,570 |
1910 | 9,525 |
1911 | 11,645 |
1912 | 12,907 |
1913 | 13,075 |
1914 | 12,867 |
1915 | 11,074 |
1916 | 10,525 |
1917 | 10,350 |
1918 | 10,230 |
Tables next follow showing transfers registered under the Land Transfer Act in each district during the year ended 31st March last, and in the whole Dominion for each of the past ten years.
TRANSFERS REGISTERED, 1917–18. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District. | Town and Suburban. | Country. | ||||
Number. | Area. | Consideration-money. | Number. | Area. | Consideration-money. | |
Acres. | £ | Acres. | £ | |||
Auckland | 3,184 | 2,028 | 1,042,299 | 3,179 | 760,121 | 3,487,903 |
Taranaki | 614 | 32 | 31,064 | 704 | 92,881 | 1,197,717 |
Wellington | 3,309 | 1,493 | 1,491,895 | 1,097 | 257,939 | 3,106,771 |
Hawke's Bay | 716 | 653 | 442,135 | 438 | 157,850 | 1,135,743 |
Poverty Bay | 267 | 188 | 134,304 | 225 | 77,330 | 531,697 |
Nelson | 187 | 95 | 58,517 | 251 | 54,763 | 119,013 |
Marlborough | 94 | 88 | 27,082 | 107 | 94,672 | 264,606 |
Canterbury | 1,945 | 516 | 836,789 | 886 | 213,028 | 2,175,466 |
Otago | 1,025 | 479 | 386,459 | 527 | 157,905 | 665,692 |
Southland | 592 | 527 | 144,626 | 474 | 134,271 | 775,725 |
Westland | 55 | 57 | 9,751 | 63 | 7,610 | 28,380 |
Totals | 11,998 | 6,156 | 4,594,921 | 7,951 | 2,008,370 | 13,488,713 |
TRANSFERS REGISTERED, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Number. | Area. | Consideration-money. | |
Town and Suburban. | Country. | |||
Acres. | Acres. | £ | ||
1909 | 19,096 | 6,000 | 1,925,218 | 12,209,843 |
1910 | 17,277 | 5,623 | 1,457,395 | 9,820,261 |
1911 | 22,157 | 7,394 | 1,958,709 | 14,285,759 |
1912 | 24,297 | 7,298 | 2,391,004 | 17,405,278 |
1913 | 24,495 | 7,471 | 2,616,821 | 17,325,730 |
1914 | 23,983 | 7,333 | 2,206,268 | 16,307,637 |
1915 | 21,381 | 6,206 | 2,129,973 | 17,206,248 |
1916 | 22,394 | 7,073 | 2,414,007 | 22,264,623 |
1917 | 22,187 | 79,316 | 2,676,691 | 34,288,831 |
1918 | 19,949 | 6,156 | 2,008,370 | 18,083,634 |
One of the most notable differences between the present system of land-transfer and the former is in respect of the form of a mortgage. Under the old system the mortgagor conveyed the land to the mortgagee subject to a right to a reconveyance or “equity of redemption” on repayment of the money. Under the Act no transfer of the property takes place, but a charge only is created, the mortgagee being specially empowered to sell the land in the event of default being made in payment. A simple receipt by the mortgagee for the amount secured releases the land from the encumbrance. Provision is made, similar to that contained in the Property Law Act, for sale through the Registrar of the Supreme Court in the event of the mortgagee desiring to buy in the mortgaged land.
During the year ended 31st March, 1918, mortgages to the number of 15,899, and representing an amount of £14,879,640, were registered under the Land Transfer Act. The figures for each land - registration district were as follows:—
MORTGAGES REGISTERED UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1917–18. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District. | Town and Suburban. | Country. | ||||
Number. | Area. | Amount secured. | Number. | Area. | Amount secured. | |
Acres. | £ | Acres. | £ | |||
Auckland | 1,926 | 1,173 | 785,747 | 2,705 | 946,597 | 2,952,894 |
Taranaki | 375 | 148 | 186,641 | 853 | 239,373 | 1,061,303 |
Wellington | 2,231 | 1,019 | 1,017,291 | 1,384 | 564,803 | 2,462,031 |
Hawke's Bay | 445 | 479 | 264,773 | 552 | 256,381 | 1,040,237 |
Poverty Bay | 242 | 154 | 119,529 | 241 | 265,539 | 717,379 |
Nelson | 165 | 135 | 58,665 | 225 | 63,320 | 126,103 |
Marlborough | 59 | 64 | 19,816 | 123 | 117,913 | 195,220 |
Canterbury | 1,254 | 352 | 490,925 | 1,179 | 567,346 | 1,951,044 |
Otago | 628 | 269 | 226,365 | 411 | 285,087 | 483,802 |
Southland | 318 | 294 | 100,662 | 506 | 245,109 | 591,645 |
Westland | 37 | 31 | 9,818 | 40 | 8,049 | 17,747 |
Totals | 7,680 | 4,118 | 3,280,235 | 8,219 | 3,559,517 | 11,599,405 |
A table showing information for each of the past ten years is also given.
MORTGAGES REGISTERED UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Number. | Area. | Amount secured. | |
Town and Suburban. | Country. | |||
Acres. | Acres. | £ | ||
1909 | 20,715 | 5,904 | 4,174,036 | 14,650,466 |
1910 | 19,955 | 5,379 | 3,734,962 | 13,611,123 |
1911 | 23,397 | 6,069 | 4,485,402 | 16,896,484 |
1912 | 25,127 | 8,033 | 4,784,883 | 19,128,732 |
1913 | 23,883 | 10,965 | 5,549,385 | 18,643,708 |
1914 | 23,988 | 5,642 | 4,862,163 | 18,080,701 |
1915 | 21,795 | 5,393 | 4,036,464 | 16,378,727 |
1916 | 20,545 | 4,872 | 4,608,014 | 18,428,772 |
1917 | 18,803 | 4,342 | 3,714,395 | 17,604,524 |
1918 | 15,899 | 4,118 | 3,559,517 | 14,879,640 |
In regard to mortgages under the Land Transfer Act, a table is added showing the total amount remaining secured by such mortgages on the 31st March, 1918.
LAND TRANSFER ACT.—MORTGAGES REMAINING ON 31ST MARCH, 1918. | |
---|---|
District. | Amount. |
£ | |
Auckland | 24,860,807 |
Taranaki | 10,888,378 |
Wellington | 33,262,098 |
Hawke's Bay | 13,468,105 |
Poverty Bay | 4,527,894 |
Nelson | 2,279,485 |
Marlborough | 2,134,661 |
Canterbury | 25,127,386 |
Otago | 7,469,486 |
Southland | 8,407,609 |
Westland | 449,813 |
Total | 132,875,722 |
The total, £132,875,722, represents a net increase of £5,236,738 during the year, the amount of mortgages paid off since 1st April, 1917, being £9,642,902 as against mortgages registered amounting to £14,879,640, shown above.
In addition to the mortgages under the Land Transfer Act, a considerable number are registered under the Deeds Registration Act. During the year ended the 31st March, 1918, the total mortgages registered were 19,346, representing £18,126,924, so that the registrations of mortgages under the Deeds Registration Act numbered 3,447, for an amount of £3,247,284.
The total amount represented by the mortgages on the register under the Land Transfer and Deeds Registration Acts on the 1st April, 1917, was £132,271,840. Those added during the year were for an amount of £18,126,924, and those discharged (16,600 in number), for £11,614,517, leaving the total at the 31st March, 1918, at £138,784,247, a net increase of £6,512,407 during the year.
It should be explained that the amounts quoted in respect of mortgages do not represent the true amounts of advances secured by deed. In cases where the property mortgaged is situated in more than one registration district the deed is registered for the full amount in each district, and thus there is some degree of duplication. On the other hand, mortgages are not all registered, those given in security for temporary loans, stock and crop liens, bills of sale, and chattels—transfers not being included in the figures.
The total amounts represented in the mortgages registered and paid off in each registration district during 1916–17 and 1917–18 were,—
District. | 1916–17. | 1917–18. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mortgages registered. | Mortgages discharged. | Mortgages registered. | Mortgages discharged. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
Auckland | 5,430,621 | 2,600,699 | 4,992,441 | 2,244,128 |
Poverty Bay | 835,520 | 508,142 | 931,708 | 561,229 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,766,061 | 1,207,750 | 1,663,271 | 1,015,267 |
Taranaki | 1,597,162 | 863,241 | 1,397,686 | 828,785 |
Wellington | 5,051,786 | 3,274,197 | 4,043,099 | 3,035,738 |
Nelson | 364,942 | 265,529 | 283,438 | 198,149 |
Marlborough | 449,978 | 266,664 | 283,180 | 294,404 |
Canterbury | 3,432,649 | 2,482,052 | 2,842,575 | 1,967,321 |
Otago | 1,102,845 | 797,308 | 868,400 | 819,624 |
Southland | 980,641 | 697,144 | 791,461 | 623,162 |
Westland | 44,669 | 31,277 | 29,665 | 26,710 |
Totals | 21,056,874 | 12,994,003 | 18,126,924 | 11,614,517 |
A comparison of the monthly totals of mortgages registered for the years ended the 31st March, 1917 and 1918, is next given.
MORTGAGES REGISTERED EACH MONTH, 1916–17 AND 1917–18. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Month. | Number. | Amount. | ||
1916–17. | 1917–18. | 1916–17. | 1917–18. | |
£ | £ | |||
April | 1,581 | 1,342 | 1,449,975 | 1,483,872 |
May | 2,040 | 1,866 | 1,920,733 | 1,762,008 |
June | 1,969 | 1,763 | 1,930,926 | 1,737,254 |
July | 2,250 | 1,903 | 2,180,769 | 1,929,282 |
August | 2,295 | 1,952 | 2,273,961 | 2,140,923 |
September | 1,947 | 1,693 | 1,979,868 | 1,473,854 |
October | 2,072 | 1,741 | 1,934,073 | 1,449,670 |
November | 1,945 | 1,640 | 1,618,162 | 1,390,868 |
December | 1,655 | 1,357 | 1,494,551 | 1,282,997 |
January | 1,300 1,521 | 1,176 | 1,117,113 | 1,016,206 |
February | 1,521 | 1,384 | 1,334,585 | 1,074,009 |
March | 1,843 | 1,529 | 1,822,158 | 1,385,981 |
Totals | 22,418 | 19,346 | 21,056,874 | 18,126,924 |
Classified according to the various rates of interest, the amounts in the mortgage-deeds registered during 1916–17 and 1917–18 were,—
Rate per Cent. | 1916–17. | 1917–18. |
---|---|---|
£ | £ | |
0 | 1,217 | 4,420 |
¾ | 850 | .. |
1 | 150 | 300 |
1 ½ | .. | 250 |
2 | 3,025 | 300 |
2 1/10 | 3,400 | 75 |
2 ½ | .. | 1,825 |
3 | 10,365 | 925 |
3 ½ | .. | 9,700 |
3 3/5 | 6,477 | 652 |
3 ¾ | 469 | 8,000 |
4 | 25,000 | 27,641 |
4 ¼ | 90 | .. |
4 1/6 | 525 | 2,607 |
4 ½ | 83,562 | 105,798 |
4 ¾ | 12,578 | 568 |
5 | 3,443,095 | 2,498,079 |
5 ¼ | 101,088 | 107,929 |
5 3/10 | .. | 3,700 |
5 ½ | 6,767,462 | 5,652,310 |
5 3/5 | 2,875 | .. |
5 ¾ | 380,504 | 348,108 |
5 5/6 | 5,000 | .. |
6 | 6,281,749 | 5,777,932, |
6 ⅛ | 2,000 | 3,620 |
6 1/6 | 1,500 | 8,895 |
6 ¼ | 65,976 | 71,300 |
6 3/3 | .. | 263 |
6 ½ | 835,743 | 971,453 |
6 ¾ | 1,775 | 3,170 |
6 4/5 | .. | 4,000 |
7 | 765,047 | 718,298 |
7 ¼ | .. | 3,000 |
7 5/16 | 500 | 1,500 |
7 ½ | 126,207 | 155,585 |
7 ¾ | 450 | 7,000 |
7 4/5 | .. | 1,315 |
8 | 599,875 | 471,566 |
8 ¼ | .. | 1,500 |
8 ½ | 15,093 | 13,130 |
9 | 41,767 | 37,677 |
9 ½ | 2,140 | .. |
9 ¾ | 150 | .. |
10 | 166,443 | 106,471 |
12 | 4,077 | 165 |
12 ½ | 50 | 324 |
15 | 350 | 150 |
20 | 71 | 75 |
30 | 44 | .. |
33 ¼ | 60 | .. |
40 | 50 | .. |
Unspecified | 1,298,025 | 995,348 |
Totals | 21,056,874 | 18,126,924 |
Comparison of the foregoing with the amounts at the various rates of interest in the mortgages registered during 1895–96 shows the flowering of the rates that has taken place:—
Year 1895–96, | |
---|---|
£ | |
26,285 | in small sums at less than 5 per cent. |
833,226 | at from 5 per cent. to 5 ¼ per cent. |
732,764 | at 5 ½ per cent. |
116,600 | at 5 ¾ per cent. |
1,372,261 | at from 6 per cent. to 6 ¼ per cent. |
371,896 | at from 6 ½ per cent. to 6 ¾ per cent. |
599,542 | at from 7 per cent. to 7 ¼ per cent. |
111,651 | at 7 ½ per cent. |
382,348 | at 8 per cent. |
173,416 | in small sums at rates above 8 per cent. |
853,801 | at rates not specified. |
£5,573,790 |
THE area of land in occupation in 1918, omitting holdings of less than 1 acre in extent and those within the boundaries of boroughs, was returned at 43,212,079 acres, or 467,360 acres in excess of the area for the year 1917. The number of holdings was 79,536 in 1917, and 80,146 in 1918.
The number of holdings returned at each of the past five collections is shown below, classified according to area:—
OCCUPIED LANDS.—HOLDINGS. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area, in Acres. | 1908–9. | 1910–11. | 1915–16.* | 1916–17.* | 1917–18.* |
* Exclusive of boroughs. | |||||
1 to 10 inclusive | 21,927 | 18,075 | 15,454 | 15,832 | 15,735 |
11 to 50 inclusive | 12,360 | 12,151 | 12,748 | 13,097 | 13,232 |
51 to 100 inclusive | 7,780 | 7,948 | 9,122 | 9,399 | 9,479 |
101 to 200 inclusive | 10,206 | 10,746 | 12,159 | 12,609 | 12,698 |
201 to 320 inclusive | 6,831 | 7,083 | 7,972 | 8,157 | 8,217 |
321 to 640 inclusive | 7,828 | 8,466 | 9,572 | 9,800 | 9,940 |
641 to 1,000 inclusive | 3,202 | 3,611 | 3,895 | 4,022 | 4,120 |
1,001 to 5,000 inclusive | 4,090 | 4,780 | 5,284 | 5,540 | 5,623 |
5,001 to 10,000 inclusive | 458 | 526 | 517 | 562 | 565 |
10,001 to 20,000 inclusive | 235 | 264 | 277 | 281 | 291 |
20,001 to 50,000 inclusive | 151 | 136 | 165 | 173 | 185 |
Over 50,000 acres | 84 | 90 | 64 | 64 | 61 |
Totals | 75,152 | 73,876 | 77,229 | 79,536 | 80,146 |
The holdings shown include Crown lands leased for pastoral purposes, Amounting in 1918 to a total area, of 12,847,972 acres.
Holdings of from 1 to 10 acres in extent appear to have decreased in number between 1908–9 and 1911, and again between 1911 and 1916 and between 1917 and 1918, but it must be borne in mind that the 1916, 1917, and 1918 figures do not include boroughs. There is also to be remembered the fact that many holdings of 5 or 10 acres near population centres are cut up into building-sites, which, being almost invariably less than 1 acre in extent, are not included in subsequent collections.
Of a total of 80,146 holdings in 1918, 38,446, or 47.97 per cent., were from 1 to 100 acres in extent; 51,144, or 63.81 per cent., were from 1 to 200 acres; and 59,361, or 74.07 per cent., were from 1 to 320 acres in size. The total number over 320 acres was only 20,785, or 25.93 per cent. of the whole, thus indicating a considerable degree of moderately close settlement, although the area of the holdings over the 320–acres limit necessarily shows as very large in a table which includes the Crown pastoral leases.
The acreage of occupied holdings, including Crown pastoral leases, at each of the past five collections is shown in the next table, classified according to holdings of various areas.
OCCUPIED LANDS: ACREAGES. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sizes of Holdings, in Acres. | 1908–9. | 1910–11. | 1915–16.* | 1916–17.* | 1917–18.* |
* Exclusive of boroughs. | |||||
Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
1 to 10 inclusive | 88,749 | 81,397 | 69,390 | 72,071 | 72,413 |
11 to 50 inclusive | 346,453 | 335,056 | 358,726 | 368,068 | 372,509 |
51 to 100 inclusive | 611,622 | 618,980 | 708,228 | 730,703 | 737,054 |
101 to 200 inclusive | 1,544,963 | 1,628,608 | 1,812,196 | 1,873,968 | 1,890,152 |
201 to 320 inclusive | 1,769,875 | 1,818,087 | 2,054,917 | 2,096,827 | 2,114,802 |
321 to 640 inclusive | 3,582,822 | 3,872,809 | 4,355,985 | 4,465,009 | 4,525,386 |
641 to 1,000 inclusive | 2,618,008 | 2,931,721 | 3,149,598 | 3,242,427 | 3,330,364 |
1,001 to 5,000 inclusive | 8,088,931 | 9,388,126 | 10,366,504 | 10,911,716 | 11,015,761 |
5,001 to 10,000 inclusive | 3,193,571 | 3,525,514 | 3,593,266 | 3,929,618 | 3,949,500 |
10,001 to 20,000 inclusive | 3,234,480 | 3,751,346 | 3,880,927 | 3,975,105 | 4,091,022 |
20,001 to 50,000 inclusive | 4,781,801 | 4,157,740 | 5,126,470 | 5,442,567 | 5,727,399 |
Over 50,000 acres | 8,343,074 | 8,128,742 | 5,785,986 | 5,636,640 | 5,385,717 |
Totals | 38,204,349 | 40,238,126 | 41,262,193 | 42,744,719 | 43,212,079 |
The number of occupied holdings in each land district and the total acreage of such holdings in 1918 are shown in the next table.
OCCUPIED HOLDINGS IN LAND DISTRICTS, 1917–18. | ||
---|---|---|
Land District. | Number of Holdings. | Area in Occupation. |
Acres. | ||
Auckland | 23,366 | 7,147,571 |
Hawke's Bay | 6,181 | 4,570,223 |
Taranaki | 6,261 | 1,705,800 |
Wellington | 10,902 | 4,790,085 |
Nelson | 3,757 | 1,301,037 |
Marlborough | 1,965 | 2,549,456 |
Westland | 1,428 | 1,782,397 |
Canterbury | 12,827 | 8,300,597 |
Otago | 7,913 | 7,857,974 |
Southland | 5,546 | 3,206,939 |
Totals | 80,146 | 43,212,079 |
The occupied holdings of the North Island considerably outnumber those of the South Island, the numbers being—North Island, 46,710: South Island, 33,436. For the year 1917 the returns showed 46,064 holdings for the North Island, against 33,472 for the South.
The number of holdings and the total and average areas of these is given below for each county in the Dominion for the 1918 collection of agricultural and pastoral statistics. The average area of holdings ranges from 15.26 acres in the closely settled Eden County to 9,013.50 acres in Fiord The average for the Dominion was 539.17 acres, and of the 125 counties 44 were over and 81 under this average. The average area of holdings in the South Island is nearly double that for the North Island, being 747.65 acres as against 389.93 acres.
TABLE SHOWING THE AVERAGE AREAS OF HOLDINGS IN EACH COUNTY IN THE DOMINION. | |||
---|---|---|---|
County. | Number of Holdings. | Total Area occupied. | Average Area of Holdings. |
Land District of Auckland. | |||
Acres. | Acres. | ||
Mongonui | 571 | 293,152 | 513.40 |
Whangaroa | 201 | 76,005 | 378.13 |
Bay of Islands | 869 | 251,232 | 289.10 |
Hokianga | 636 | 275,470 | 433.13 |
Whangarei | 1,530 | 426,213 | 278.57 |
Hobson | 594 | 316,637 | 533.06 |
Otamatea | 660 | 231,783 | 351.19 |
Rodney | 921 | 259,517 | 281.78 |
Waitemata | 2,290 | 281,258 | 122.82 |
Eden | 1,198 | 18,281 | 15.26 |
Great Barrier | 90 | 43,661 | 485.12 |
Manukau | 1,334 | 157,433 | 118.02 |
Franklin | 1,751 | 276,896 | 158.14 |
Waikato | 1,152 | 280,293 | 243.31 |
Raglan | 878 | 442,154 | 503.59 |
Waipa | 1,121 | 162,728 | 145.16 |
Kawhia | 204 | 96,134 | 471.25 |
Awakino | 153 | 169,257 | 1,106.25 |
Waitomo | 1,056 | 509,925 | 482.88 |
Coromandel | 506 | 209,982 | 414.98 |
Thames | 843 | 164,698 | 195.37 |
Ohinemuri | 820 | 148,825 | 181.49 |
Tauranga | 811 | 226,887 | 279.76 |
Piako | 886 | 206,252 | 232.79 |
Matamata | 752 | 398,247 | 529.58 |
Rotorua | 357 | 183,508 | 514.03 |
Whakatane | 387 | 164,966 | 426.27 |
Opotiki | 216 | 262,056 | 1,213.22 |
East Taupo | 132 | 328,175 | 2,486.17 |
West Taupo | 447 | 285,946 | 639.70 |
Totals, Auckland | 23,366 | 7,147,571 | 305.90 |
Land District of Hawkes Bay. | |||
Waiapu | 362 | 494,079 | 1,364.86 |
Waikohu | 370 | 519,051 | 1,402.84 |
Cook | 1,150 | 635,348 | 552.48 |
Wairoa | 421 | 740,077 | 1,757.90 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,650 | 1,039,064 | 629.74 |
Waipukurau | 130 | 62,706 | 482.35 |
Waipawa | 550 | 270,711 | 492.20 |
Woodville | 337 | 74,796 | 221.95 |
Dannevirke | 778 | 246,664 | 317.05 |
Patangata | 360 | 420,772 | 1,168.81 |
Weber | 73 | 66,955 | 917.19 |
Totals, Hawke's Bay | 6,181 | 4,570,223 | 739.40 |
Land District of Taranaki. | |||
Ohura | 505 | 262,864 | 520.52 |
Clifton | 404 | 233,466 | 577.89 |
Taranaki | 1,392 | 190,400 | 136.78 |
Egmont | 662 | 127,029 | 191.89 |
Stratford | 851 | 184,626 | 216.95 |
Whangamomona | 241 | 161,251 | 669.09 |
Waimate West | 386 | 44,858 | 116.21 |
Hawera | 724 | 108,499 | 149.86 |
Eltham | 506 | 115,836 | 228.92 |
Patea | 590 | 276,971 | 469.44 |
Totals, Taranaki | 6,261 | 1,705,800 | 272.45 |
Land District of Wellington. | |||
Waitotara | 530 | 202,583 | 382.23 |
Wanganui | 635 | 331,378 | 521.86 |
Waimarino | 398 | 432,389 | 1,086.40 |
Kaitieke | 414 | 169,466 | 409.34 |
Rangitikei | 1,338 | 606,867 | 453.56 |
Kiwitea | 429 | 192,917 | 449.69 |
Pohangina | 249 | 107,769 | 432.81 |
Kairanga | 797 | 103,674 | 130.08 |
Oroua | 546 | 111,575 | 204.35 |
Manawatu | 582 | 128,256 | 220.37 |
Horowhenua | 987 | 226,337 | 229.32 |
Pahiatua | 621 | 166,095 | 267.46 |
Akitio | 202 | 203,253 | 1,006.20 |
Castlepoint | 78 | 157,337 | 2,017.14 |
Eketahuna | 398 | 174,687 | 438.91 |
Mauriceville | 121 | 41,017 | 338.98 |
Masterton | 566 | 314,958 | 556.46 |
Wairarapa South | 479 | 222,491 | 464.49 |
Featherston | 431 | 463,941 | 1,076.43 |
Hutt | 775 | 193,813 | 250.08 |
Makara | 243 | 58,268 | 239.79 |
Chatham Islands | 83 | 181,014 | 2,180.89 |
Totals, Wellington | 10,902 | 4,790,085 | 439.38 |
Land District of Nelson. | |||
Collingwood | 237 | 145,701 | 614.77 |
Takaka | 344 | 101,400 | 294.77 |
Waimea | 1,936 | 631,684 | 326.28 |
Buller | 614 | 119,015 | 193.84 |
Murchison | 382 | 236,643 | 619.48 |
Inangahua | 244 | 66,594 | 272.93 |
Totals, Nelson | 3,757 | 1,301,037 | 346.30 |
Land District of Marlborough. | |||
Sounds | 293 | 241,976 | 825.86 |
Marlborough | 1,116 | 938,011 | 840.51 |
Awatere | 245 | 949,570 | 3,875.80 |
Kaikoura | 311 | 419,899 | 1,350.16 |
Totals, Marlborough | 1,965 | 2,549,456 | 1,297.43 |
Land District of Westland. | |||
Grey | 521 | 448,983 | 861.77 |
Westland | 907 | 1,333,414 | 1,470.14 |
Totals, Westland | 1,428 | 1,782,397 | 1,248.18 |
Land District of Canterbury. | |||
Cheviot | 218 | 188,159 | 863.11 |
Amuri | 272 | 1,245,195 | 4,577.92 |
Waipara | 351 | 529,374 | 1,508.19 |
Ashley | 167 | 349,997 | 2,095.79 |
Oxford | 318 | 162,454 | 510.86 |
Kowai | 284 | 96,730 | 340.60 |
Rangiora | 501 | 56,326 | 112.43 |
Eyre | 313 | 89,276 | 285.23 |
Waimairi | 1,401 | 27,556 | 19.67 |
Paparua | 739 | 69,952 | 94.66 |
Malvern | 329 | 140,179 | 426.08 |
Tawera | 82 | 325,242 | 3,966.37 |
Heathcote | 335 | 10,285 | 30.70 |
Halswell | 255 | 24,468 | 95.95 |
Selwyn | 208 | 448,458 | 2,156.05 |
Springs | 309 | 49,257 | 159.41 |
Ellesmere | 539 | 117,727 | 218.42 |
Mount Herbert | 86 | 34,476 | 400.88 |
Wairewa | 199 | 84,399 | 424.12 |
Akaroa | 415 | 102,958 | 248.09 |
Ashburton | 1,949 | 1,279,591 | 656.54 |
Geraldine | 966 | 407,685 | 422.03 |
Levels | 838 | 157,742 | 188.24 |
Mackenzie | 421 | 1,376,896 | 3,270.54 |
Waimate | 1,332 | 926,215 | 695.36 |
Totals, Canterbury | 12,827 | 8,300,597 | 647.12 |
Land District of Otago. | |||
Waitaki | 1,614 | 1,385,399 | 858.36 |
Maniototo | 540 | 817,849 | 1,514.54 |
Waihemo | 302 | 229,623 | 760.34 |
Waikouaiti | 463 | 170,480 | 368.21 |
Peninsula | 252 | 20,552 | 81.56 |
Taieri | 853 | 571,123 | 669.55 |
Tuapeka | 852 | 783,917 | 920.09 |
Bruce | 833 | 317,888 | 381.62 |
Clutha | 1,157 | 493,121 | 426.21 |
Vincent | 625 | 1,667,135 | 2,667.42 |
Lake | 422 | 1,400,887 | 3,319.64 |
Totals, Otago | 7,913 | 7,857,974 | 993.05 |
Land District of Southland. | |||
Fiord | 2 | 18,027 | 9,013.50 |
Wallace | 1,491 | 1,149,627 | 771.04 |
Southland | 3,917 | 2,000,157 | 510.63 |
Stewart Island | 136 | 39,128 | 287.71 |
Totals, Southland | 5,546 | 3,206,939 | 578.24 |
Totals, Dominion | 80,146 | 43,212,079 | 539.17 |
The extent of land occupied as shown in the returns according to tenure is tabulated for each land district. The acreage in the fifth column of the statement is apparently short of the actual facts, judging from the figures shown in the table of. “Crown Tenants,” as given in the report of the Lands Department. The difference lies in what has been returned for Crown pastoral leases to the agricultural-statistics collectors and the areas on which rent is paid given by the Lands Department.
OCCUPATION OF LAND: TENURE, 1918. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land District. | Total of Holdings. | Freehold (occupied by Owner). | Leased from Private Individuals or Public Bodies. | Leased from Natives. | Held from Crown under Different Tenures. | Tenure not specified. |
Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
Auckland | 7,147,571 | 4,382,527 | 446,193 | 608,137 | 1,710,690 | 24 |
Hawke's Bay | 4,570,223 | 2,543,847 | 421,861 | 701,884 | 902,631 | .. |
Taranaki | 1,705,800 | 743,739 | 316,277 | 138,225 | 497,544 | 10,015 |
Wellington | 4,790,085 | 2,985,795 | 564,498 | 422,676 | 816,995 | 121 |
Nelson | 1,301,037 | 598,540 | 78,808 | 13,230 | 610,459 | .. |
Marlborough | 2,549,456 | 804,250 | 60,456 | 35,224 | 1,649,526 | .. |
Westland | 1,782,397 | 147,487 | 37,257 | 5,569 | 1,591,748 | 336 |
Canterbury | 8,300,597 | 3,061,027 | 803,213 | 12,945 | 4,423,357 | 55 |
Otago | 7,857,974 | 1,604,817 | 337,195 | 6,727 | 5,909,235 | .. |
Southland | 3,206,939 | 1,387,955 | 264,975 | 4,865 | 1,549,144 | .. |
Totals | 43,212,079 | 18,259,984 | 3,330,733 | 1,949,482 | 19,661,329 | 10,551 |
A big percentage of the area held from the Crown is represented by Crown pastoral leases. In 1891 the area of Crown pastoral leases, according to the returns of the Lands Department, was 11,915,580 acres; in 1911, 11,001,333 acres; in 1916, 10,642,507 acres; in 1917, 10,289,113 acres; and in 1918, 10,188,458 acres. The total area of land in occupation in the respective years was 31,867,505 acres, 40,238,126 acres, 41,262,193 acres, 42,744,719 acres, and 43,212,079 acres.
Lands occupied cannot be properly compared with the returns of Crown lands alienated or in process of alienation, for certain lands have passed into the hands of Europeans which were never made waste lands of the Crown. Similarly, occupation of land must not be confused with ownership, a good deal of land being held which is unused and unoccupied.
From the tables following, which are compiled from the ownership entries in the valuation rolls of the Dominion, it will be seen that of the total area of New Zealand (sixty-six million acres) there was held as freehold on 31st March, 1910, more than nineteen and a half millions of acres of rural lands. The balance is in the hands of owners of urban lands, the Crown, Native owners, local bodies, church, education, friendly societies, and other public bodies. The number of freeholders of country lands (i.e., exclusive of those in boroughs and townships), with the area held, and the capital and unimproved values of same on 31st March, 1910, was as follows:—
Size of Holdings, in Acres. | Number of Owners. | Total Area. | Capital Value. | Unimproved Value. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acres. | £ | £ | ||
5 and under 320 | 36,234 | 3,457,551 | 39,426,890 | 26,224,383 |
320 and under 640 | 5,394 | 2,422,803 | 18,177,896 | 13,049,185 |
640 and under 1,000 | 2,063 | 1,618,609 | 11,179,793 | 8,087,573 |
1,000 and under 2,000 | 1,748 | 2,487,571 | 14,967,929 | 11,034,208 |
2,000 and under 5,000 | 1,006 | 3,966,195 | 16,733,307 | 12,612,376 |
5,000 and under 10,000 | 306 | 2,113,081 | 9,214,768 | 6,934,896 |
10,000 and under 20,000 | 121 | 1,661,381 | 6,044,068 | 4,665,446 |
20,000 and under 30,000 | 28 | 683,368 | 1,984,990 | 1,508,004 |
30,000 and under 40,000 | 5 | 175,001 | 313,003 | 232,999 |
40,000 and under 50,000 | 6 | 262,565 | 331,727 | 196,091 |
50,000 and under 100,000 | 11 | 727,156 | 723,084 | 565,858 |
100,000 and under 150,000 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
150,000 and over | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 46,922 | 19,575,281 | 119,097,455 | 85,111,019 |
NUMBER OF FREEHOLDERS (EXCLUSIVE OF THOSE IN BOROUGHS OR TOWNSHIPS), WITH SIZES OF HOLDINGS. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sizes of Holdings, in Acres. | Number of Freeholders in | ||||||
1883. | 1886. | 1889. | 1892. | 1902. | 1906. | 1910. | |
5 and under 320 | 25,407 | 28,521 | 31,324 | 32,211 | 34,800 | 35,200 | 36,234 |
320 and under 640 | 2,695 | 2,982 | 3,189 | 3,553 | 4,735 | 5,107 | 5,394 |
640 and under 1,000 | 931 | 1,043 | 1,035 | 1,143 | 1,580 | 1,862 | 2,063 |
1,000 and under 2,000 | 816 | 916 | 906 | 992 | 1,369 | 1,553 | 1,748 |
2,000 and under 5,000 | 465 | 509 | 507 | 566 | 775 | 864 | 1,006 |
5,000 and under 10,000 | 203 | 220 | 221 | 208 | 260 | 278 | 306 |
10,000 and under 20,000 | 141 | 151 | 134 | 148 | 123 | 129 | 121 |
20,000 and under 30,000 | 49 | 43 | 50 | 45 | 40 | 40 | 28 |
30,000 and under 40,000 | 23 | 31 | 26 | 30 | 21 | 14 | 5 |
40,000 and under 50,000 | 11 | 5 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 |
50,000 and under 100,000 | 19 | 25 | 18 | 20 | 18 | 12 | 11 |
100,000 and under 150,000 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | .. | .. |
150,000 and over | 2 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 1 | .. |
Totals | 30,764 | 34,450 | 37,432 | 38,935 | 43,735 | 45,068 | 46,922 |
Prior to the year 1906 the areas of freehold lands under 10,000 acres were not classified, but it is possible to compare the areas above that quantity as held in 1889, 1906, and 1910. Still excluding lands in the hands of Native owners, local bodies, church, education, friendly societies, and other public bodies, the figures are,—
1889. | 1906. | 1910. | |
---|---|---|---|
Area, in Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. |
10,000 and under 20,000 | 1,911,154 | 1,817,562 | 1,661,381 |
20,000 and under 30,000 | 1,221,829 | 1,002,816 | 683,368 |
30,000 and under 40,000 | 921,435 | 474,822 | 175,001 |
40,000 and under 50,000 | 570,646 | 353,100 | 262,565 |
50,000 and under 75,000 | 723,459 | 490,507 | 560,250 |
75,000 and under 100,000 | 522,590 | 342,493 | 166,906 |
100,000 and under 150,000 | 241,423 | .. | .. |
150,000 and over | 1,389,664 | 223,242 | .. |
It would appear from the above that there has been a reduction in the total held in areas of 10,000 acres and over of 2,797,658 acres during the period 1889 to 1906, and a further reduction of 1,195,071 acres during the period 1906 to 1910, or a total reduction of 3,992,729 acres between 1889 and 1910. The average area held by owners of 10,000 acres and upwards shows a steady decrease since 1889, as follows:—
Average Area held. | |
---|---|
Year. | Acres. |
1889 | 30,009 |
1892 | 29,924 |
1902 | 28,312 |
1906 | 23,061 |
1910 | 20,523 |
Table of Contents
COMMENCING with the 1915–16 season, a complete system of collection of agricultural statistics' has been inaugurated. Police officers were appointed Sub-enumerators for this purpose, and a personal canvass was carried out throughout the Dominion, all holdings comprising an area of 1 acre or over being visited with the exception of those situated within borough boundaries. Information regarding the live-stock within borough boundaries was collected in conjunction with the taking of the census in October, 1916, and as these figures will vary but little from year to year it is proposed to continue to use them as a factor in ascertaining the total live-stock in each county until another census is taken.
In the seasons previous to and inclusive of 1908–9 complete statistics were collected annually; in 1909–10 full statistics were not collected, but the area under the principal grain and root crops was ascertained, and an estimate made of the yields; for 1910–11 complete statistics were collected in conjunction with the census of 1911. In the four succeeding seasons returns were collected by post regarding the acreage and yield of the principal crops; the figures for these seasons should be taken as fairly reliable estimates only, and, if anything, below the actual results.
Since the inauguration of the present system of collection the figures have been given by land districts instead of provincial districts, which in reality no longer exist. The boundaries of the old provincial districts being to a great extent merely arbitrary lines, it was considered advisable to adopt land-district boundaries, which follow the natural features of the country.
Full results of the annual collection of agricultural and pastoral statistics are gazetted as soon as the tabulation is completed, and are also published in Volume iii of “Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand.” In most instances only summarized results can be given in this book.
The total area of the Dominion (excluding the Cook and other Pacific islands annexed in 1901) is 66,292,232 acres, and of this 17,386,160 acres were in cultivation. The area in cultivation per inhabitant (including Maoris) of the Dominion is 15.15 acres, as against 14.85 acres in 1917 and 15.37 acres in 1911.
The following table gives a summary of the area in cultivation and occupation for the season 1917–18:—
AREA IN CULTIVATION AND IN OCCUPATION, 1917–18. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land District. | In Grain and Pulse Crops. | In Grasses and Clovers (for Hay or Seed), and Green and Root Crops. | In Fallow. | In Grasses and Clovers not cut for Hay or Seed. | In Vineyards and Orchards. | In Market Gardens, Nurseries, and Seed-gardens. | In Private Gardens and Pleasure-grounds. | In Plantations (not Native Bush). | Total Area in Cultivation. | In Tussock or Native Grass, and Unimproved Land. | Total Area in Occupation. |
Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
Auckland | 22,045 | 99,731 | 30,378 | 3,162,366 | 10,117 | 1,138 | 9,818 | 11,450 | 3,347,043 | 3,800,528 | 7,147,571 |
Hawke's Bay | 17,986 | 38,334 | 895 | 2,876,300 | 2,782 | 232 | 4,828 | 7,130 | 2,948,487 | 1,621,736 | 4,570,223 |
Taranaki | 7,050 | 59,390 | 643 | 1,214,540 | 296 | 26 | 1,860 | 746 | 1,284,551 | 421,249 | 1,705,800 |
Wellington | 31,276 | 75,354 | 693 | 3,311,652 | 1,446 | 654 | 7,525 | 6,750 | 3,435,350 | 1,354,735 | 4,790,085 |
Nelson | 13,415 | 10,448 | 644 | 317,193 | 10,696 | 104 | 1,446 | 178 | 354,124 | 946,913 | 1,301,037 |
Marlborough | 29,014 | 14,295 | 1,972 | 369,519 | 1,099 | 55 | 1,608 | 3,372 | 420,934 | 2,128,522 | 2,549,456 |
Westland | 582 | 2,611 | 33 | 130,518 | 96 | 7 | 434 | 2,363 | 136,644 | 1,645,753 | 1,782,397 |
Canterbury | 470,948 | 279,062 | 21,816 | 2,021,495 | 2,797 | 618 | 14,822 | 9,938 | 2,831,496 | 5,469,101 | 8,300,597 |
Otago | 147,455 | 155,277 | 17,061 | 1,054,839 | 5,124 | 115 | 6,601 | 11,799 | 1,398,271 | 6,459,703 | 7,857,974 |
Southland | 79,398 | 149,644 | 3,656 | 989,712 | 252 | 43 | 4,747 | 1,808 | 1,229,260 | 1,977,679 | 3,206,939 |
Totals | 819,169 | 884,146 | 77,791 | 15,448,134 | 34,705 | 2,992 | 53,689 | 65,534 | 17,386,160 | 25,825,919 | 43,212,079 |
The principal crops grown in New Zealand are wheat, oats, barley, turnips, potatoes, rye-grass, and cocksfoot. Considerable areas of peas are grown in Marlborough and Canterbury, and of maize in the Bay of Plenty district. A table showing the acreage under wheat, oats, barley, rye-grass, and cocksfoot (for threshing), and potatoes during the past ten seasons is given.
Season. | Wheat. | Oats. | Barley. | Rye-grass. | Cocksfoot. | Potatoes. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
1908–9 | 252,391 | 406,908 | 48,853 | 50,126 | 32,705 | 29,919 |
1909–10 | 311,000 | 377,000 | 41,500 | 56,550 | 29,500 | 30,500 |
1910–11 | 322,167 | 302,827 | 33,491 | 46,706 | 41,918 | 29,023 |
1911–12 | 215,528 | 403,668 | 31,644 | 77,535 | 38,297 | 28,248 |
1912–13 | 189,869 | 386,786 | 37,486 | 63,031 | 34,007 | 23,480 |
1913–14 | 166,774 | 361,741 | 32,022 | 55,936 | 25,935 | 29,164 |
1914–15 | 229,600 | 287,561 | 18,347 | 50,533 | 17,551 | 21,887 |
1916–16 | 329,207 | 212,688 | 30,204 | 43,095 | 13,293 | 29,809 |
1916–17 | 218,942 | 177,332 | 29,648 | 79,224 | 16,147 | 26,169 |
1917–18 | 280,978 | 156,202 | 18,860 | 70,220 | 16,595 | 22,854 |
Tables are also given showing the average and total yields of these crops during the same period.
AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season. | Wheat. | Oats. | barley. | Rye-grass. | Cocksfoot. | Potatoes. |
Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.* | lb. | Tons. | |
1908–9 | 34.75 | 46.46 | 39.67 | 32.53 | 144.35 | 6.52 |
1909–10 | 28.00 | 37.00 | 31.00 | 33.00 | 151.00 | 6.00 |
1910–11 | 25.73 | 33.41 | 27.68 | 25.00 | 140.00 | 4.87 |
1911–12 | 33.69 | 48.71 | 39.65 | 28.36 | 182.12 | 5.13 |
1912–13 | 27.28 | 35.12 | 36.75 | 23.15 | 238.37 | 6.29 |
1913–14 | 31.37 | 40.75 | 37.65 | 19.64 | 191.11 | 5.39 |
1914–15 | 28.94 | 39.77 | 32.53 | 21.03 | 135.50 | 6.06 |
1915–16 | 21.59 | 35.98 | 27.15 | 18.45 | 118.65 | 4.32 |
1916–17 | 23.22 | 30.29 | 25.60 | 14.57 | 118.17 | 5.11 |
1917–18 | 24.23 | 31.64 | 30.15 | 19.18 | 138.73 | 4.38 |
TOTAL YIELDS. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season. | Wheat. | Oats. | Barley. | Rye-grass. | Cocksfoot. | Potatoes. |
* Of 20 lb. † The figures for 1911–12 to 1914–15 (inclusive) do not represent actual results, but were obtained by applying to ascertained average yields per acre the areas stated by growers to be intended for threshing. It would appear, however, that in many eases farmers included under the heading “Oats for threshing” areas which were intended or used for chaffing or other purposes. The yields given are therefore probably overstated. | ||||||
Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels.* | lb. | Tons. | |
1908–9 | 8,772,790 | 18,906,788 | 1,938,452 | 1,630,615 | 4,721,1591 | 195,206 |
1909–10 | 8,661,100 | 13,804,000 | 1,304,000 | 1,894,650 | 4,451,0001 | 180,509 |
1910–11 | 8,290,221 | 10,118,917 | 927,112 | 1,167,650 | 5,868,520 | 141,510 |
1911–12 | 7,261,138 | 19,662,668† | 1,254,684 | 2,198,893 | 6,974,650 | 144,912 |
1912–13 | 5,179,626 | 13,583,924† | 1,377,610 | 1,458,947 | 8,106,249 | 147,689 |
1913–14 | 5,231,700 | 14,740,946† | 1,205,628 | 1,098,835 | 4,956,438 | 157,194 |
1914–15 | 6,644,336 | 11,436,301† | 596,828 | 1,062,810 | 2,378,160 | 132,635 |
1915–16 | 7,108,360 | 7,653,208 | 820,174 | 795,415 | 1,577,285 | 128,808 |
1916–17 | 5,083,277 | 5,371,249 | 758,935 | 1,154,084 | 1,008,038 | 133,718 |
1917–18 | 6,807,536 | 4,942,759 | 568,702 | 1,355,613 | 2,410,557 | 100,596 |
In addition to the crops shown, returns have been collected of the following, the acreage for 1917–18 being as shown:—
Acreage, | |
---|---|
1917–18. | |
Maize for threshing | 8,764 |
Peas and beans | 11,685 |
Crested dogstail | 2,417 |
Red clover | 6,907 |
White clover | 3,722 |
Chewing's fescue | 4,372 |
Turnips | 450,819 |
Mangolds | 8,712 |
Green fodder (including rape) | 180,867 |
Wheat at one time ranked much higher in the list of staple products of New Zealand than it now does. In the “eighties” and “nineties” much more wheat was produced than could be consumed in the Dominion, and a heavy export trade grow up, the quantity exported in 1883 being 4,897,540 bushels, and in 1890 4,467,026 bushels. Of later years the country has been showing a decided tendency towards dairy-farming, and the relative importance of wheat has greatly declined. On only three occasions since 1900—namely, in 1909, 1910, and 1911—has the annual export of wheat reached 1,000,000 bushels. In some years the export has been practically nil. It is very seldom, however, that the country's production is insufficient for its own requirements, though in 1898 imports amounted to 60,860 bushels and exports to only 10,090 bushels. In 1914 again the production was insufficient to meet requirements, and considerable importations had to be made, some of this at the expense of the State, and similar circumstances arose in connection with the past two seasons, the amount of wheat imported in 1917 being 719,977 bushels.
A table is given showing the area under wheat for threshing in each year since 1874.
AREA UNDER WHEAT, 1874 TO 1917. | |
---|---|
Year. | Acres. |
1874 | 105,673 |
1875 | 90,804 |
1876 | 141,614 |
1877 | 243,406 |
1878 | 264,861 |
1879 | 270,198 |
1880 | 324,949 |
1881 | 365,715 |
1882 | 390,818 |
1883 | 377,706 |
1884 | 270,043 |
1885 | 173,891 |
1886 | 253,025 |
1887 | 357,359 |
1888 | 362,153 |
1889 | 335,861 |
1890 | 301,460 |
1891 | 402,273 |
1892 | 381,245 |
1893 | 242,737 |
1894 | 148,575 |
1895 | 245,441 |
1896 | 258,608 |
1897 | 315,801 |
1898 | 399,034 |
1899 | 269,749 |
1900 | 208,084 |
1901 | 167,474 |
1902 | 195,255 |
1903 | 230,959 |
1904 | 258,896 |
1905 | 222,183 |
1906 | 206,185 |
1907 | 193,031 |
1908 | 252,391 |
1909 | 311,000 |
1910 | 322,167 |
1911 | 215,528 |
1912 | 189,869 |
1913 | 166,774 |
1914 | 229,600 |
1915 | 329,207 |
1916 | 218,942 |
1917 | 280,978 |
The following shows the area in wheat, and the yield (total and per acre), in each State of the Commonwealth of Australia and in New Zealand for the season 1916–17:—
State. | Wheat Crop. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Acres. | Bushels. | Bushels per Acre. | |
Queensland | 227,778 | 2,463,141 | 10.82 |
New South Wales (including Federal Territory) | 3,521,331 | 36,743,500 | 10.43 |
Victoria | 3,125,692 | 51,162,438 | 16.37 |
South Australia | 2,765,383 | 43,830,972 | 15.85 |
Western Australia | 1,567,607 | 16,103,220 | 10.27 |
Tasmania | 27,789 | 348,330 | 12.53 |
Totals for Commonwealth | 11,235,580 | 150,651,601 | 13.41 |
New Zealand | 218,942 | 5,083,277 | 23.22 |
Grand totals | 11,454,522 | 155,734,878 | 13.59 |
The yield per acre in Australia is never very high as compared with New Zealand, as the table following will show; but the smallness of the yield in 1914–15 is abnormal, being very little in excess of that of 1902–3, the “great drought” year. The average yield per acre in the Commonwealth and in the Dominion since and including that period is as follows:—
Average Yield per Acre. | ||
---|---|---|
Harvest of | Australia. | New Zealand. |
Bushels. | Bushels. | |
1902 | 7.54 | 24.76 |
1903 | 2.40 | 38.37 |
1904 | 13.32 | 34.26 |
1905 | 8.70 | 35.36 |
1906 | 11.19 | 30.60 |
1907 | 11.10 | 27.18 |
1908 | 8.29 | 28.84 |
1909 | 11.89 | 34.75 |
1910 | 13.73 | 28.00 |
1911 | 12.90 | 25.73 |
1912 | 9.64 | 33.69 |
1913 | 12.53 | 27.28 |
1914 | 11.13 | 31.37 |
1915 | 2.58 | 28.94 |
1916 | 14.34 | 21.59 |
1917 | 13.22 | 23.19 |
From figures published in the “Year-book of Agricultural Statistics,” compiled by the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, it is possible to estimate approximately the total wheat crop of the world for 1914 (Northern Hemisphere) and 1914–15 (Southern Hemisphere). All of the principal wheat-growing countries of the world are included, but in a few cases figures for 1914 or 1914–15 are not available, and the latest year for which statistics have been published is taken. In some instances the figures shown are liable to revision. The total production of the world for the season may be set down as approximately 1,150,000,000 quintals (of 220.46 lb.) The principal countries contributing to this total are,—
Country. | Quintals (of 220.46 lb.). |
---|---|
United States | 242,499,187 |
Russia | 207,699,318 |
France | 87,156,800 |
India | 84,880,566 |
Austria-Hungary | 62,017,333 |
Italy | 46,115,000 |
Argentine Republic | 45,800,000 |
Turkey (Europe and Asia) | 44,811,672 |
Canada | 43,893,965 |
Germany | 39,719,950 |
Spain | 31,594,489 |
United Kingdom | 17,015,323 |
Rumania | 12,599,745 |
Bulgaria | 12,500,000 |
Algeria | 10,028,504 |
Egypt | 8,935,297 |
Australasia | 8,276,402 |
Chile | 6,203,000 |
Japan | 5,889,955 |
Serbia | 4,167,194 |
Belgium | 3,802,699 |
Portugal | 3,224,971 |
Sweden | 2,305,790 |
Denmark | 1,575,194 |
Netherlands | 1,464,175 |
Mexico | 1,194,400 |
The extent of land returned as having been sown for grain in 1917–18 was 156,202 acres, as against 177,524 acres in the preceding year. The area of land in oats for chaff, hay, or ensilage in 1917–18 was 311,316 acres.
The yield per acre was in 1917 30.26 bushels, and in 1918 31.64 bushels, and the quantity of grain produced was 5,371,436 bushels and 4,942,759 bushels for the respective years.
New Zealand has no regular export of oats, and in some years has practically no surplus available for export. The quantity exported in 1891 and succeeding years was as follows:—
Year. | Export of Oats. Bushels. |
---|---|
1891 | 4,052,414 |
1892 | 3,830,444 |
1894 | 1,963,288 |
1896 | 2,247,053 |
1898 | 816,210 |
1900 | 5,818,648 |
1901 | 10,514,924 |
1903 | 4,956,330 |
1904 | 2,693,417 |
1905 | 1,076,916 |
1906 | 734,997 |
1907 | 36,693 |
1908 | 972,896 |
1909 | 5,133,473 |
1910 | 444,586 |
1911 | 72,826 |
1912 | 4,123,920 |
1913 | 239,268 |
1914 | 1,323,362 |
1915 | 682,652 |
1916 | 220,265 |
1917 | 5,930 |
The oat crop for 1915–16 in the States of the Commonwealth of Australia was as follows:—
Acres. | Bushels. | Bushels per Acre. | |
---|---|---|---|
Queensland | 339 | 2,454 | 7.24 |
New South Wales | 58,449 | 1,344,138 | 23.00 |
Federal Capital Territory | 97 | 1,560 | 16.08 |
Victoria | 353,932 | 9,328,894 | 26.36 |
South Australia | 126,529 | 2,134,374 | 16.87 |
Western Australia | 104,086 | 1,538,092 | 14.78 |
Tasmania | 78,212 | 2,189,467 | 27.99 |
Totals for Commonwealth | 721,644 | 16,538,979 | 22.92 |
The area under barley for the season 1917–18 was 18,860 acres, the crop amounting to 568,702 bushels, an average of 30.15 bushels per acre. In 1916–17 the area under barley was 29,646 acres, and the yield 738,050 bushels, or 24.89 bushels per acre.
The returns for 1917–18 show that there were 8,151 acres sown for grain, being an increase of 1,772 acres from the area for the previous season (6,359 acres). The yield in 1918 was 367,701 bushels of corn, an average of 45.09 bushels per acre, and in 1917 274,283 bushels, an average of 43.13 bushels per acre. With the exception of a few acres in the South, maize is grown only in the North Island. In 1917–18 the Land District of Auckland had 4,960 acres; Hawke's Bay, 3,094 acres; Taranaki, 13 acres; Wellington, 29 acres; Marlborough, 3 acres; and Canterbury, 52 acres.
The area under peas and beans for threshing in the season 1917–18 was 11,685 acres, yielding 312,582 bushels. The area under these crops in 1916–17 was 11,905 acres.
New Zealand has a considerable export of peas and beans, the figures for the past ten years being,—
EXPORT OF PEAS AND BEANS. | |
---|---|
Year. | Bushels. |
1908 | 90,751 |
1909 | 181,517 |
1910 | 198,527 |
1911 | 332,227 |
1912 | 464,609 |
1913 | 339,998 |
1914 | 305,053 |
1915 | 201,942 |
1916 | 84,168 |
1917 | 111,175 |
The area under potatoes in 1917–18 was 22,854 acres, yielding a return of 100,596 tons, or at a rate of 4.38 tons per acre, against 26,156 acres in 1916–17 and 133,642 tons (or 5.11 tons per acre).
These figures do not include areas of less than a quarter of an acre, so that a considerable quantity of potatoes grown for private use has not been taken into account.
The following table shows the average yield per acre of potatoes in each of the Australian States and in New Zealand from 1910–11 to 1914–15. Later figures for Australia are not available.
AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF POTATOES, 1910–11 to 1914–15. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
State. | 1910–11. | 1911–12. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. | 1914–15. |
Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
Queensland | 1.88 | 1.70 | 1.86 | 1.64 | 1.91 |
New South Wales | 2.72 | 1.74 | 2.69 | 2.76 | 1.34 |
Victoria | 2.60 | 2.50 | 4.02 | 2.37 | 2.89 |
South Australia | 3.06 | 3.06 | 3.85 | 3.05 | 2.36 |
Western Australia | 3.27 | 3.44 | 2.62 | 3.40 | 3.08 |
Tasmania | 2.67 | 2.85 | 2.95 | 2.61 | 2.50 |
Federal Territory | .. | 1.83 | 1.35 | 1.47 | 1.88 |
Commonwealth | 2.64 | 2.31 | 3.25 | 2.53 | 2.41 |
New Zealand | 4.87 | 5.13 | 6.29 | 5.39 | 6.06 |
Turnips form a most important crop in a sheep-breeding country such as New Zealand, and in 1917–18 the area under this crop was 450,819 acres, while there were 8,712 acres of mangolds.
The figures for these crops for 1916–17 were 526,283 acres and 9,073 acres respectively.
There were 499 acres under hops in 1917–18, 490 acres of this area being in the Nelson Land District. The total produce amounted to 692,085 lb.
Previous to 1916 the official statistics of the growing of tobacco were not collected since 1895. In 1889, 34 acres were being cultivated; in 1890, 25 acres; in 1891, 16 acres; in 1892, 6 acres; in 1893, 4 acres; in 1894, 4 acres; in 1895, 5 acres. In 1916, and again in 1917, the New Zealand Tobacco Company (Limited), Napier, returned 100 acres as under this crop. No tobacco was grown by this company in 1918, as the abundant crops obtained during the previous seasons were sufficient to fill manufacturing requirements up to 1919.
Certain localities which are free from frosts are eminently suited for this crop, which can be grown to advantage in young orchards, between the rows of fruit-trees.
Large areas in various parts of New Zealand are covered with Phormium tenax, the fibre of which is largely used for rope-making, &c. At the census of 1916 there were seventy-six mills in operation, employing 1,257 hands. The export of fibre and tow during each of the past ten years was as follows:—
PHORMIUM EXPORTED, 1908–17. | ||
---|---|---|
Year. | Fibre. | Tow. |
Tons. | Tons. | |
1908 | 17,403 | 3,846 |
1909 | 14,318 | 2,974 |
1910 | 20,645 | 4,501 |
1911 | 17,366 | 3,283 |
1912 | 18,641 | 3,388 |
1913 | 28,092 | 6,299 |
1914 | 19,702 | 4,226 |
1915 | 23,220 | 3,465 |
1916 | 27,674 | 4,578 |
1917 | 23,516 | 2,500 |
The area in orchard in 1917–18 (exclusive of that within borough boundaries) was 34,452 acres; in 1916–17 there were 33,974 acres exclusive of boroughs. Orchards within boroughs aggregated 2,443 acres in 1916, these being the latest figures available.
The following table gives particulars, by land districts, of areas for private use and for commercial purposes:—
AREA IN ORCHARD, 1917–18. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Land District. | For Private Use only. | For Commercial Purposes. | Total Area in Orchard. | |
Not bearing. | Bearing. | |||
Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
Auckland | 3,597 | 3,040 | 3,303 | 9,940 |
Hawke's Bay | 468 | 948 | 1,315 | 2,731 |
Taranaki | 238 | 11 | 45 | 294 |
Wellington | 757 | 185 | 504 | 1,446 |
Nelson | 456 | 5,986 | 4,252 | 10,694 |
Marlborough | 331 | 544 | 208 | 1,083 |
Westland | 55 | 8 | 33 | 96 |
Canterbury | 1,028 | 811 | 953 | 2,792 |
Otago | 743 | 2,326 | 2,055 | 5,124 |
Southland | 225 | 6 | 21 | 252 |
Dominion | 7,898 | 13,865 | 12,689 | 34,452 |
Commercial orchards are defined as “those producing fruit for sale to the value of £50 and upwards annually, or, if not yet in full bearing, that are calculated to produce fruit for sale to that value when in full bearing.” Private orchards consist chiefly of small areas the produce of which is consumed principally on the holding, or, if sold, does not aggregate an annual value of £50. Larger areas which, through age, disease, or other cause, are incapable of producing a yearly revenue of the stipulated amount are also included in private orchards.
Large areas are continually being planted in fruit-trees, especially in the Nelson Land District, where tracts of land which until recently bore nothing but stunted manuka, and were looked upon as practically useless, have now been proved to be eminently suitable for growing fruit, particularly apples. A good market exists locally for choice clean fruit, but as the large areas recently planted come into bearing, growers will have to look to outside markets to take the surplus, and it is hoped that the export of fruit will become in time one of the largest in the Dominion.
The Agricultural Department assists orchardists by supplying information on fruitgrowing generally, and as to the most up-to-date methods to adopt for the control of diseases and insect pests, pruning, &c. Practical demonstrations of pruning, spraying, and the grading and packing of fruit are given regularly by the Orchard Instructors attached to the Department.
Co-operative fruit-testing plots are established in various parts of the Dominion. These plots are for the purpose of—
Ascertaining which varieties of fruit are best adapted to particular districts:
Demonstrating various methods of pruning:
Conducting modified manurial experiments.
Extensive experiments have been carried out in the growing of tomatoes and the control of diseases affecting them, many thousands of pounds having been lost through failure of the tomato crops grown under glass during the last few years. The results of these experiments have proved of great value, and have enabled growers to adopt successful methods for the production of large and profitable crops.
The total acreage in vineyards outside of borough boundaries is 253 acres. The growing of outdoor grapes is chiefly confined to the districts situated between the North Cape and Hawke's Bay. The greater portion of the crop is used for wine-making, but a considerable quantity of outdoor-grown grapes is sold for table use.
Copies of full plans and specifications of a cool store capable of holding 4,000 cases of fruit have been prepared by the Department of Agriculture, and are supplied free on application.
The canning of fruit is also another important feature of the fruit industry. Plans and specifications for the building and equipment of a factory capable of turning out 4,000 cans per day are also available, free of charge, for those contemplating the erection of a factory.
State aid to the fruit-preserving industry is provided for by the Fruit-preserving Industry Act, 1913, whereby not more than £25,000 may be raised in any year for the purpose of making advances for the establishment of cold stores for fruit and of fruit-canning works, and otherwise for the assistance of the fruitgrowing industry. The advances during the financial year 1914–15 totalled £10,000.
The Orchard-tax Act, 1916, provides for the levying of a tax of 1s. per acre on commercial orchards (with a minimum of 2s. 6d.), the proceeds to be paid over to the New Zealand Fruitgrowers' Federation (Limited), and to be expended in aid of the fruitgrowing industry. This Act is to remain in force until 1921.
The area under rye-grass for seed in the season 1917–18 was 70,220 acres, yielding 1,355,613 bushels of 20 lb., or a rate of 19.18 bushels per acre.
In cocksfoot there were 16,595 acres, which yielded 2,410,557 lb., or an average of 138.73 lb. per acre. The area in the previous season was 16,134 acres, and the total yield 1,907,043 lb., the average yield per acre being 118.20 lb. The area returned by farmers as being under cocksfoot is decreasing steadily, having been 41,918 acres in 1910–11. Much of the waste land of the Dominion is laid down in cocksfoot, including a large proportion of the land enclosed with the State railway-lines. Much of this is harvested, but no record of the amount obtained from this source is kept.
New Zealand is essentially suited for grazing purposes. Wherever there is light and moisture English grasses thrive when the natural bush and fern are cleared off—in fact, the white clover gradually overcomes the fern; and, from the mildness of the winter season, there are few places where there is not some growth even in the coldest months of the year. In all parts of the Dominion stock live, although in varying condition, without other food than such as they can pick up. Sown-grass land, as might be expected, heads the list of cultivations.
At the beginning of the year 1918 there were 15,448,134 acres under artificial grasses, an increase of 476,409 acres over the area in 1917.
Seeds for sowing pasture lands are used much as in Great Britain, the following being a common mixture: Perennial rye-grass, 25 lb. to 30 lb. per acre; cocksfoot, 2 lb.; alsike, 2 lb.; timothy, 3 lb.; cowgrass, 2 lb.; red clover, 2 lb.; white clover, 2 lb.; rape, 1 lb.: total, 39 lb. to 44 lb. per acre. Pastures are renewed at intervals of from four to eight years, according to the nature of the land.
The following shows the acreage in sown grasses in each State of Australia and in New Zealand for the 1915–16 season:—
Acres. | |
---|---|
Queensland | 305,186 |
New South Wales | 1,247,029 |
Victoria | 1,182,995 |
South Australia | 25,443 |
Western Australia | 9,119 |
Tasmania | 675,335 |
Federal Territory | 70 |
New Zealand | 14,734,889 |
It will be observed that the acreage of land under sown grasses is far greater in New Zealand than in the whole of Australia and Tasmania. When compared in size with the States of Australia, New Zealand is not large—about one-thirtieth of their total area—but in respect of grazing capabilities the relative importance of this country is much greater. Australia is generally unsuitable, owing to conditions of climate, for the growth of English grasses, and the amount of feed produced by the natural grasses throughout the year is very much less per acre than is obtained from the sown-grass lands in New Zealand; indeed, it may be said that the average productiveness of grass land is about nine times as great here as in Australia, or, in other words, that land in New Zealand covered with English grasses may be considered equal for grazing purposes to an area of Australian land about nine times as great.
In addition to the artificially sown pastures, the returns for 1917–18 show that 16,029,154 acres in tussock or native grass belonged to the occupied holdings, and were available for stock-feeding by the sheep and cattle farmers.
A COMPARATIVE table is presented showing the increase in live-stock since the year 1858. The figures are taken from the census as far as 1891 and for 1911, but for 1895–96 and following years up to 1910 the results of the enumeration made annually by the Department of Agriculture have been made use of. No enumeration was taken from 1911 to 1915, except as regards sheep.
Year. | Horses. | Asses and Mules. | Cattle. | Sheep. | Goats. | Pigs. | Poultry. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Not enumerated. | |||||||
1858 | 14,912 | 122 | 137,204 | 1,523,324 | 11,797 | 40,734 | * |
1861 | 28,275 | 153 | 193,285 | 2,761,383 | 12,191 | 43,270 | 236,098 |
1864 | 49,409 | 339 | 249,760 | 4,937,273 | 12,005 | 61,276 | 378,414 |
1867 | 65,715 | 323 | 312,835 | 8,418,579 | 11,964 | 115,104 | 676,065 |
1871 | 81,028 | 397 | 436,592 | 9,700,629 | 12,434 | 151,460 | 872,174 |
1874 | 99,859 | 267 | 494,917 | 11,704,853 | 14,276 | 123,921 | 1,058,198 |
1878 | 137,768 | 241 | 578,430 | 13,069,338 | 14,243 | 207,337 | 1,323,542 |
1881 | 161,736 | 362 | 698,637 | 12,985,085 | 11,223 | 200,083 | 1,566,114 |
1886 | 187,382 | 297 | 853,358 | 16,564,595 | 10,220 | 277,901 | 1,679,021 |
1891 | 211,040 | 348 | 831,831 | 18,128,186 | 9,055 | 308,812 | 1,790,070 |
1895–96 | 237,418 | 426 | 1,047,901 | 19,826,604 | * | 239,778 | * |
1896–97 | 249,813 | 434 | 1,138,067 | 19,138,493 | * | 209,834 | * |
1897–98 | 252,834 | 393 | 1,209,165 | 19,687,954 | * | 186,027 | * |
1898–99 | 258,115 | 534 | 1,203,024 | 19,673,725 | * | 193,512 | * |
1899–00 | 261,931 | 459 | 1,222,139 | 19,348,506 | * | 249,751 | * |
1900–1 | 266,245 | 480 | 1,256,680 | 19,355,195 | * | 250,975 | * |
1901–2 | 279,672 | 406 | 1,361,784 | 20,233,099 | * | 224,024 | * |
1902–3 | 286,955 | 464 | 1,460,663 | 20,342,727 | * | 193,740 | * |
1903–4 | 298,714 | 468 | 1,593,547 | 18,954,553 | * | 226,591 | * |
1904–5 | 314,322 | 448 | 1,736,850 | 18,280,806 | * | 255,320 | * |
1905–6 | 326,537 | 429 | 1,810,936 | 19,130,875 | * | 249,727 | * |
1906–7 | 342,608 | 451 | 1,851,750 | 20,108,471 | * | 242,273 | 3,191,604 |
1907–8 | 352,832 | 425 | 1,816,299 | 20,983,772 | * | 241,128 | * |
1908–9 | 363,259 | 519 | 1,773,326 | 22,449,053 | * | 245,092 | * |
1909 | * | * | * | 23,480,707 | * | * | * |
1910 | * | * | * | * | 24,269,620 | * | * |
1911 | 404,284 | 404 | 2,020,171 | 23,996,126 | * | 348,754 | 3,693,137 |
1912 | * | * | * | 23,750,153 | * | * | * |
1913 | * | * | * | 24,191,810 | * | * | * |
1914 | * | * | * | 24,798,763 | * | * | * |
1915 | * | * | * | 24,901,421 | * | * | * |
1916 | 371,331 | 246 | 2,417,491 | 24,788,150 | 17,601 | 297,501 | 3,465,638 |
1917 | 373,600 | 320 | 2,575,230 | 25,270,386 | 18,235 | 283,770 | * |
1918 | 378,050 | 253 | 2,869,465 | 26,538,302 | 17,730 | 258,694 | * |
The following diagram will give an idea of the large increase in the number of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs since 1858:—
Explanation of Graph.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height the number of animals, as follows: Sheep, one million; cattle, one hundred thousand; horses and pigs, each fifty thousand.
TABLE SHOWING FOR EACH COUNTY THE NUMBER OF LIVE-STOCK AS AT 31ST JANUARY, 1918. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County. | Horses. | Asses and Mules. | Dairy Cows. | Total Cattle (including figures in previous Column). | Number of Sheep shorn, 1917–18. | Number of Lambs tailed, 1917–18. | Sheep (including Lambs) as at 30th April, 1918. | Pigs. | Goats. | |
Angora. | Other. | |||||||||
LAND DISTRICT OF AUCKLAND. | ||||||||||
Mongonui | 2,305 | .. | 6,284 | 21,620 | 36,439 | 13,326 | 46,609 | 1,873 | .. | 207 |
Whangaroa | 534 | .. | 1,287 | 5,336 | 14,550 | 6,083 | 15,544 | 435 | 55 | 207 |
Bay of Islands | 3,540 | 3 | 7,251 | 31,095 | 65,614 | 29,002 | 89,270 | 2,178 | 181 | 81 |
Hokianga | 2,909 | .. | 7,881 | 41,471 | 79,302 | 36,854 | 88,806 | 2,315 | 6 | 30 |
Whangarei | 5,692 | 9 | 18,602 | 69,721 | 100,873 | 40,706 | 90,560 | 4,372 | 286 | 274 |
Hobson | 2,583 | 1 | 8,092 | 37,352 | 88,449 | 40,619 | 103,855 | 1,591 | 16 | 40 |
Otamatea | 2,757 | 1 | 8,335 | 36,808 | 76,212 | 37,395 | 70,424 | 2,316 | 34 | .. |
Rodney | 3,070 | 2 | 7,082 | 33,139 | 90,230 | 30,934 | 88,176 | 1,535 | 110 | 337 |
Waitemata | 3,904 | 8 | 9,015 | 28,281 | 51,765 | 20,722 | 65,443 | 2,713 | 50 | 335 |
Eden | 4,880 | 7 | 4,091 | 8,503 | 1,341 | 170 | 2,306 | 2,577 | 14 | 33 |
Great Barrier | 98 | .. | 275 | 708 | 7,442 | 3,333 | 9,108 | 38 | 18 | .. |
Manukau | 3,554 | 23 | 13,462 | 31,028 | 70,810 | 29,633 | 57,776 | 2,443 | 107 | 171 |
Franklin | 6,634 | 1 | 26,309 | 62,565 | 52,119 | 27,473 | 56,238 | 9,293 | 405 | 104 |
Waikato | 6,362 | 1 | 25,097 | 62,077 | 63,117 | 29,471 | 57,971 | 5,504 | 159 | 46 |
Raglan | 4,793 | .. | 7,236 | 57,042 | 247,997 | 111,975 | 201,504 | 2,934 | 155 | 638 |
Waipa | 5,233 | .. | 20,868 | 51,463 | 47,346 | 24,686 | 37,024 | 5,895 | 202 | 94 |
Kawhia | 746 | .. | 1,703 | 5,707 | 43,702 | 16,539 | 51,817 | 748 | .. | .. |
Awakino | 1,005 | .. | 1,057 | 14,073 | 88,259 | 29,026 | 94,195 | 440 | .. | .. |
Waitomo | 6,072 | 1 | 12,516 | 56,122 | 182,575 | 92,011 | 180,057 | 5,226 | .. | .. |
Coromandel | 943 | .. | 2,063 | 8,790 | 36,074 | 14,943 | 43,304 | 470 | 14 | 18 |
Thames | 2,056 | .. | 9,140 | 26,013 | 7,861 | 3,458 | 4,086 | 2,838 | .. | 4 |
Ohinemuri | 2,914 | 1 | 11,255 | 30,812 | 15,556 | 9,839 | 6,881 | 3,168 | 28 | 163 |
Tauranga | 4,607 | .. | 13,413 | 42,224 | 18,708 | 8,420 | 16,777 | 3,351 | 16 | 8 |
Piako | 4,574 | 1 | 21,862 | 53,086 | 55,058 | 23,896 | 43,559 | 4,528 | 44 | 28 |
Matamata | 4,631 | .. | 16,815 | 50,865 | 61,932 | 31,722 | 25,319 | 3,416 | 2 | 9 |
Rotorua | 1,745 | 2 | 2,044 | 10,052 | 15,803 | 7,986 | 18,721 | 1,036 | 1 | 2 |
Whakatane | 2,670 | 2 | 6,821 | 27,910 | 44,975 | 19,458 | 51,482 | 1,838 | .. | .. |
Opotiki | 1,613 | .. | 2,581 | 11,139 | 130,562 | 50,547 | 171,613 | 1,173 | .. | 2 |
Bast Taupo | 1,262 | .. | 444 | 4,880 | 32,729 | 13,136 | 17,019 | 1,121 | .. | .. |
West Taupo | 2,857 | .. | 6,624 | 27,882 | 40,741 | 12,890 | 39,222 | 2,540 | 2 | 1 |
Totals | 96,513 | 63 | 279,505 | 947,764 | 1,868,141 | 816,253 | 1,844,666 | 79,905 | 1,905 | 2,832 |
LAND DISTRICT OF HAWKE'S BAY. | ||||||||||
Waiapu | 4,606 | 84 | 3,253 | 44,862 | 660,908 | 306,272 | 760,519 | 2,190 | 20 | 283 |
Waikohu | 3,201 | 1 | 1,207 | 51,623 | 614,217 | 308,524 | 705,824 | 755 | 50 | .. |
Cook | 8,140 | 1 | 6,614 | 78,506 | 991,711 | 445,129 | 1,098,883 | 2,755 | 2 | .. |
Wairoa | 5,125 | 2 | 1,405 | 40,029 | 664,530 | 231,502 | 781,384 | 1,249 | 12 | 1 |
Hawke's Bay | 8,065 | 6 | 7,611 | 64,691 | 1,078,319 | 459,587 | 1,150,285 | 3,324 | 189 | 505 |
Waipukurau | 765 | .. | 895 | 6,178 | 109,470 | 53,771 | 123,722 | 342 | .. | .. |
Waipawa | 2,802 | .. | 3,393 | 29,418 | 392,284 | 185,788 | 451,634 | 1,369 | 8 | 3 |
Woodville | 1,151 | .. | 5,810 | 16,234 | 89,985 | 43,852 | 102,177 | 1,336 | 4 | .. |
Dannevirke | 2,869 | 1 | 11,681 | 37,466 | 314,309 | 170,456 | 332,219 | 2,528 | 14 | 2 |
Patangata | 2,861 | .. | 1,412 | 53,433 | 703,218 | 316,761 | 674,314 | 372 | 23 | .. |
Weber | 415 | .. | 6 | 7,375 | 112,605 | 43,561 | 127,377 | 47 | .. | .. |
Totals | 40,000 | 95 | 43,287 | 429,815 | 5,731,556 | 2,565,203 | 6,308,338 | 16,267 | 322 | 794 |
LAND DISTRICT OF TARANAKI. | ||||||||||
Ohura | 2,088 | 2,523 | 21,903 | 183,576 | 72,624 | 168,809 | 991 | 120 | .. | |
Clifton | 2,0.89 | .. | 7,379 | 27,625 | 112,897 | 40,433 | 104,274 | 1,928 | .. | 331 |
Taranaki | 5,43 | .. | 28,623 | 64,500 | 56,788 | 32,456 | 45,133 | 6,985 | 134 | 3,409 |
Egmont | 2,585 | .. | 18,572 | 42,375 | 11,918 | 4,805 | 13,258 | 3,571 | .. | .. |
Stratford | 3,262 | .. | 22,820 | 49,775 | 114,877 | 40,871 | 104,826 | 5,837 | 6 | 311 |
Whangamomona | 876 | .. | 1,359 | 9,502 | 112,250 | 35,506 | 104,288 | 301 | 40 | 166 |
Waimate West | 1,562 | .. | 15,687 | 26,433 | 4,030 | 1,085 | 3,889 | 4,406 | 11 | 3 |
Hawera | 2,694 | .. | 19,315 | 38,147 | 80,989 | 33,449 | 81,492 | 5,582 | 1 | 4 |
Eltham | 2,130 | .. | 18,893 | 36,027 | 69,152 | 24,223 | 60,971 | 4,693 | 31 | 37 |
Patea | 3,400 | 1 | 12,468 | 37,796 | 293,278 | 90,003 | 273,279 | 3,346 | 6 | 3 |
Totals | 26,010 | 1 | 147,639 | 354,083 | 1,039,755 | 375,455 | 960,219 | 37,640 | 349 | 4,264 |
LAND DISTRICT OF WELLINGTON. | ||||||||||
Waitotara | 2,495 | 6 | 7,089 | 22,753 | 219,765 | 84,945 | 226,388 | 1,564 | 16 | 30 |
Wanganui | 3,346 | .. | 5,419 | 38,440 | 586,932 | 224,069 | 536,273 | 1,046 | 74 | 9 |
Waimarino | 2,220 | .. | 2,584 | 17,867 | 297,191 | 103,781 | 304,659 | 1,174 | .. | 3 |
Kaitieke | 1,265 | 1 | 2,145 | 12,219 | 133,745 | 52,910 | 128,843 | 1,117 | .. | 73 |
Rangitikei | 7,832 | 3 | 12,961 | 68,686 | 867,004 | 420,025 | 1,001,889 | 3,809 | 220 | 15 |
Kiwitea | 2,312 | .. | 4,556 | 23,679 | 290,178 | 153,28.6 | 331,373 | 1,623 | 1 | 33 |
Pohangina | 1,312 | 2 | 2,764 | 12,882 | 157,596 | 91,869 | 165,709 | 822 | 4 | 15 |
Kairanga | 3,195 | 1 | 12,582 | 32,695 | 126,657 | 68,467 | 127,887 | 3,205 | 3 | 56 |
Oroua | 2,378 | 1 | 7,101 | 18,865 | 160,488 | 112,143 | 171,068 | 1,772 | .. | 6 |
Manawatu | 2,980 | .. | 14,287 | 34,325 | 95,890 | 58,968 | 136,966 | 4,064 | 12 | 19 |
Horowhenua | 3,451 | .. | 13,689 | 39,910 | 151,873 | 67,492 | 148,773 | 4,694 | 16 | 11 |
Pahiatua | 2,058 | .. | 9,418 | 32,224 | 201,375 | 107,721 | 222,477 | 2,572 | 2 | 12 |
Akitio | 1,255 | .. | 920 | 23,040 | 273,125 | 106,754 | 296,340 | 208 | .. | .. |
Castlepoint | 791 | .. | 318 | 15,327 | 187,796 | 80,556 | 200,425 | 91 | 12 | .. |
Eketahuna | 1,736 | .. | 6,760 | 23,482 | 194,814 | 113,712 | 111,049 | 1,631 | 2 | 3 |
Mauriceville | 294 | .. | 1,173 | 5,081 | 57,856 | 36,985 | 70,288 | 296 | 3 | .. |
Masterton | 3,428 | 1 | 3,430 | 35,909 | 412,028 | 205,674 | 533,824 | 845 | 2 | 5 |
Wairarapa South | 2,325 | .. | 7,753 | 26,466 | 220,787 | 117,942 | 207,942 | 1,587 | 21 | 17 |
Featherston | 3,562 | 1 | 7,215 | 50,372 | 453,796 | 215,139 | 484,889 | 3,491 | 1 | 2 |
Hutt | 2,074 | 4 | 5,594 | 15,120 | 157,803 | 57,768 | 156,513 | 1,739 | 194 | 30 |
Makara | 1,663 | 3 | 2,935 | 6,024 | 71,654 | 28,131 | 81,4.80 | 1,693 | 41 | 9 |
Chatham Islands | 882 | .. | 159 | 1,210 | 73,897 | 27,590 | 79,110 | 93 | 354 | 9 |
Totals | 52,854 | 23 | 130,852 | 556,576 | 5,392,250 | 2,535,927 | 5,724,165 | 39,136 | 978 | 357 |
LAND DISTRICT OF NELSON. | ||||||||||
Collingwood | 433 | .. | 2,073 | 6,843 | 16,122 | 6,486 | 17,587 | 895 | .. | 6 |
Takaka | 783 | .. | 2,702 | 6,194 | 52,683 | 26,072 | 55,621 | 1,953 | 73 | 41 |
Waimea | 5,627 | .. | 6,419 | 17,701 | 290,131 | 121,553 | 329,267 | 3,346 | 762 | 1,207 |
Buller | 9.97 | .. | 4,214 | 10,527 | 6,224 | 2,594 | 4,924 | 1,608 | 18 | 16 |
Murchison | 72- | .. | 1,782 | 8,714 | 44,057 | 19,981 | 54,689 | 1,327 | 9 | 47 |
Inangahua | 578 | .. | 1,962 | 3,006 | 10,234 | 5,634 | 11,182 | 836 | 14 | 125 |
Totals | 9,143 | .. | 19,252 | 54,985 | 419,451 | 182,320 | 473,270 | 9,965 | 876 | 1,442 |
LAND DISTRICT OF MARLBOROUGH. | ||||||||||
Sounds | 533 | .. | 1,974 | 5,337 | 169,178 | 80,914 | 174,018 | 2,308 | 61 | 210 |
Marlborough | 3,948 | .. | 6,658 | 16,146 | 315,918 | 122,647 | 356,675 | 3,189 | 369 | 815 |
Awatere | 1,760 | .. | 489 | 7,937 | 296,588 | 125,563 | 302,964 | 421 | .. | .. |
Kaikoura | 1,364 | .. | 1,793 | 6,618 | 185,408 | 85,484 | 204,003 | 992 | 2 | 54 |
Totals | 7,605 | .. | 10,914 | 36,038 | 967,092 | 414,608 | 1,037,660 | 6,910 | 432 | 1,079 |
LAND DISTRICT OF WESTLAND. | ||||||||||
Grey | 1,307 | .. | 4,619 | 14,985 | 31,599 | 12,790 | 28,643 | 1,841 | 826 | 783 |
Westland | 1,964 | .. | 4,910 | 22,642 | 31,173 | 16,070 | 38,264 | 1,602 | .. | 38 |
Totals | 3,271 | .. | 9,529 | 37,627 | 62,772 | 28,860 | 66,907 | 3,443 | 826 | 819 |
LAND DISTRICT OF CANTERBURY | ||||||||||
Cheviot | 1,295 | .. | 1,012 | 4,706 | 172,423 | 92,269 | 198,301 | 355 | .. | 1 |
Amuri | 2,544 | .. | 831 | 8,336 | 343,205 | 156,137 | 444,145 | 397 | .. | 6 |
Waipara | 2,718 | .. | 1,145 | 5,111 | 357,835 | 209,328 | 409,599 | 438 | .. | .. |
Ashley | 1,056 | .. | 400 | 2,529 | 110,965 | 54,749 | 118,514 | 169 | .. | 8 |
Oxford | 1,608 | .. | 1,173 | 3,417 | 86,328 | 32,925 | 129,114 | 624 | .. | 6 |
Kowai | 1,724 | .. | 1,650 | 4,150 | 75,348 | 50,698 | 103,953 | 1,000 | .. | 1 |
Rangiora | 2,405 | 1 | 2,731 | 7,008 | 38,713 | 26,857 | 53,125 | 1,887 | 5 | 13 |
Eyre | 1,810 | .. | 1,851 | 3,977 | 52,208 | 35,589 | 68,592 | 1,918 | .. | .. |
Waimairi | 2,465 | .. | 3,647 | 6,108 | 5,077 | 2,698 | 8,415 | 2,413 | 6 | 12 |
Paparua | 2,672 | .. | 2,467 | 4,924 | 39,543 | 18,211 | 45,639 | 2,236 | 3 | 4 |
Malvern | 2,281 | .. | 1,199 | 2,832 | 114,643 | 64,189 | 167,774 | 1,275 | .. | .. |
Tawera | 714 | .. | 444 | 1,773 | 89,241 | 40,355 | 98,806 | 373 | .. | .. |
Heathcote | 1,996 | .. | 1,337 | 2,192 | 9,490 | 3,071 | 11,934 | 891 | 1 | 7 |
Halswell | 1,079 | 1 | 2,225 | 4,637 | 18,019 | 9,613 | 18,138 | 1,031 | .. | 20 |
Selwyn | 1,551 | .. | 779 | 2,764 | 178,096 | 89,331 | 238,796 | 481 | .. | .. |
Springs | 1,353 | .. | 2,141 | 4,747 | 27,602 | 20,708 | 33,478 | 1,467 | 1 | 1 |
Ellesmere | 3,335 | .. | 4,108 | 9,965 | 74,914 | 51,661 | 93,838 | 5,305 | 4 | 22 |
Mount Herbert | 358 | .. | 873 | 3,737 | 45,284 | 30,932 | 43,769 | 189 | 105 | 2 |
Wairewa | 737 | .. | 1,776 | 7,665 | 75,536 | 57,457 | 82,128 | 794 | 1 | 9 |
Akaroa | 1,175 | .. | 6,255 | 24,567 | 88,076 | 57,063 | 107,245 | 1,331 | 73 | .. |
Ashburton | 13,023 | 10 | 7,997 | 18,473 | 779,877 | 454,992 | 986,097 | 5,435 | .. | 7 |
Geraldine | 5,280 | 17 | 4,481 | 12,818 | 244,335 | 145,230 | 337,657 | 2,510 | 4 | 18 |
Levels | 4,775 | .. | 3,237 | 9,104 | 132,763 | 88,573 | 216,758 | 1,683 | 2 | 1 |
Mackenzie | 3,204 | 12 | 1,444 | 5,404 | 401,935 | 203,603 | 488,613 | 851 | 31 | .. |
Waimate | 8,349 | 4 | 4,906 | 15,614 | 498,975 | 279,779 | 631,514 | 3,342 | .. | 2 |
Totals | 69,507 | 45 | 60,109 | 176,558 | 4,060,431 | 2,296,009 | 5,135,942 | 38,395 | 236 | 140 |
LAND DISTRICT OF OTAGO. | ||||||||||
Waitaki | 7,912 | 11 | 9,126 | 22,186 | 576,402 | 283,455 | 639,314 | 3,361 | .. | .. |
Maniototo | 2,599 | 11 | 1,460 | 4,539 | 276,258 | 112,195 | 317,358 | 241 | .. | .. |
Waihemo | 1,423 | .. | 1,439 | 3,261 | 9,232 | 48,344 | 139,729 | 435 | .. | .. |
Waikouaiti | 1,851 | 1 | 4,751 | 9,722 | 74,642 | 33,773 | 83,991 | 1,622 | .. | .. |
Peninsula | 735 | .. | 2,893 | 5,154 | 4,640 | 3,224 | 6,126 | 394 | .. | .. |
Taieri | 6,387 | .. | 7,538 | 22,565 | 211,712 | 82,483 | 226,008 | 2,691 | 1 | 11 |
Tuapeka | 4,589 | .. | 3,081 | 10,698 | 408,860 | 178,434 | 473,381 | 1,216 | .. | 6 |
Bruce | 5,345 | .. | 5,055 | 14,656 | 192,554 | 100,028 | 252,139 | 1,792 | .. | .. |
Clutha | 6,624 | 1 | 7,609 | 23,236 | 309,342 | 173,684 | 391,024 | 2,295 | .. | 6 |
Vincent | 3,037 | .. | 1,505 | 5,080 | 285,709 | 113,643 | 318,015 | 772 | .. | 1 |
Lake | 1,585 | .. | 1,348 | 5,909 | 206,331 | 61,392 | 250,206 | 705 | 4 | 3 |
Totals | 42,087 | 24 | 45,805 | 127,006 | 2,645,682 | 1,190,655 | 3,097,291 | 15,524 | 5 | 27 |
LAND DISTRICT OF SOUTHLAND. | ||||||||||
Fiord | 1 | .. | 4 | 8 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. |
Wallace | 7,434 | 1 | 9,618 | 35,994 | 431,482 | 204,380 | 530,551 | 2,852 | .. | 21 |
Southland | 23,518 | 1 | 36,610 | 112,689 | 1,127,582 | 582,906 | 1,355,501 | 8,636 | 2 | 12 |
Stewart Island | 77 | .. | 91 | 322 | 3,506 | 1,591 | 3,792 | 19 | .. | 12 |
Totals | 31,030 | 2 | 46,323 | 149,013 | 1,562,570 | 788,877 | 1,889,844 | 11,509 | 2 | 45 |
Totals for Dominion | 378,050 | 253 | 793,215 | 2,869,465 | 23,749,700 | 11,194,167 | 26,538,302 | 258,694 | 5,931 | 11,799 |
Interesting information as to the average number of horses and cattle, and of the number of sheep shorn, per 1,000 acres in each county is given in the following statement:—
AVERAGE NUMBER OF HORSES AND CATTLE, AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHEEP SHORN, PER 1,000 ACRES IN EACH COUNTY (EXCLUDING INTERIOR BOROUGHS). | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County. | Total Area occupied. | Horses (as at 31st January, 1918). | Cattle (as at 31st January, 1918). | Dairy COWS (as at 31st January, 1918), (included in “Cattle” in previous Columns). | Sheep shorn, Season 1917–18. | ||||
Total Number. | Average Number per 1,000 Acres. | Total Number. | Average Number per 1,000 Acres. | Total Number. | Average Number per 1,000 Acres. | Total Number. | Average Number per 1,000 Acres. | ||
Acres. | |||||||||
Land District of Auckland. | |||||||||
Mongonui | 293,152 | 2,292 | 7.82 | 21,616 | 73.74 | 6,282 | 21.43 | 36,439 | 124.30 |
Whangaroa | 76,005 | 518 | 6.82 | 5,331 | 70.14 | 1,284 | 16.89 | 14,550 | 191.43 |
Bay of Islands | 251,232 | 3,496 | 13.92 | 31,014 | 123.45 | 7,204 | 28.67 | 65,614 | 261.17 |
Hokianga | 275,470 | 2,909 | 10.56 | 41,471 | 150.55 | 7,881 | 28.61 | 79,302 | 287.88 |
Whangarei | 426,213 | 5,352 | 12.56 | 69,238 | 162.45 | 18,370 | 43.10 | 100,478 | 235.75 |
Hobson | 316,637 | 2,531 | 7.99 | 37,025 | 116.93 | 8,068 | 25.48 | 88,269 | 278.77 |
Otamatea | 231,783 | 2,757 | 11.89 | 36,808 | 158.80 | 8,335 | 35.96 | 76,212 | 328.81 |
Rodney | 259,517 | 3,057 | 11.78 | 33,107 | 127.57 | 7,073 | 27.25 | 90,230 | 347.68 |
Waitemata | 281,258 | 3,458 | 12.29 | 27,578 | 98.05 | 8,613 | 30.62 | 51,759 | 184.03 |
Eden | 18,281 | 1,654 | 90.48 | 7,131 | 390.08 | 3,366 | 184.13 | 1,218 | 66.63 |
Great Barrier | 43,661 | 97 | 2.22 | 708 | 16.22 | 275 | 6.30 | 7,442 | 170.45 |
Manukau | 157,433 | 3,382 | 21.48 | 30,791 | 195.58 | 13,332 | 84.68 | 70,809 | 449.77 |
Franklin | 276,896 | 6,264 | 22.62 | 60,977 | 220.22 | 25,437 | 91.86 | 51,471 | 185.89 |
Waikato | 280,293 | 6,017 | 21.47 | 61,738 | 220.26 | 24,888 | 88.79 | 63,099 | 225.12 |
Raglan | 442,154 | 4,762 | 10.77 | 57,042 | 129.01 | 7,236 | 16.37 | 247,997 | 560.88 |
Waipa | 162,728 | 4,950 | 30.42 | 51,046 | 313.69 | 20,678 | 127.07 | 46,440 | 285.38 |
Kawhia | 96,134 | 746 | 7.76 | 5,707 | 59.37 | 1,703 | 17.71 | 43,702 | 454.59 |
Awakino | 169,257 | 1,000 | 5.91 | 14,068 | 83.12 | 1,054 | 6.23 | 88,259 | 521.45 |
Waitomo | 509,925 | 5,818 | 11.41 | 55,923 | 109.67 | 12,427 | 24.37 | 181,701 | 356.33 |
Coromandel | 209,982 | 928 | 4.42 | 8,785 | 41.84 | 2,060 | 9.81 | 36,074 | 171.80 |
Thames | 164,698 | 1,868 | 11.34 | 25,963 | 157.64 | 9,109 | 55.31 | 7,861 | 47.73 |
Ohinemuri | 148,825 | 2,421 | 16.27 | 30,012 | 201.66 | 10,844 | 72.86 | 15,384 | 103.37 |
Tauranga | 226,887 | 4,292 | 18.92 | 41,956 | 184.92 | 13,236 | 58.34 | 18,707 | 82.45 |
Piako | 206,252 | 4,359 | 21.13 | 52,655 | 255.29 | 21,654 | 104.99 | 54,927 | 266.31 |
Matamata | 398,247 | 4,618 | 11.60 | 50,846 | 127.67 | 16,804 | 42.19 | 61,932 | 155.51 |
Rotorua | 183,508 | 1,423 | 7.75 | 9,918 | 54.05 | 1,958 | 10.67 | 15,718 | 85.65 |
Whakatane | 164,966 | 2,670 | 16.19 | 27,910 | 169.19 | 6,821 | 41.35 | 44,975 | 272.63 |
Opotiki | 262,056 | 1,437 | 5.48 | 10,973 | 41.87 | 2,482 | 9.47 | 130,562 | 498.22 |
East Taupo | 328,175 | 1,232 | 3.75 | 4,837 | 14.74 | 417 | 1.27 | 32,729 | 99.73 |
West Taupo | 285,946 | 2,715 | 9.49 | 27,434 | 95.94 | 6,518 | 22.79 | 40,369 | 141.18 |
Totals | 7,147,571 | 89,023 | 12.46 | 939,608 | 131.46 | 275,409 | 38.53 | 1,864,229 | 260.82 |
Land, District of Hawke's Bay. | |||||||||
Waiapu | 494,079 | 4,597 | 9.30 | 44,846 | 90.77 | 3,239 | 6.56 | 660,908 | 1,337.66 |
Waikohu | 519,051 | 3,197 | 6.16 | 51,622 | 99.45 | 1,206 | 2.32 | 614,217 | 1,183.35 |
Cook | 635,348 | 7,626 | 12.00 | 78,376 | 123.36 | 6,533 | 10.28 | 991,697 | 1,560.87 |
Wairoa | 740,077 | 4,821 | 6.51 | 39,702 | 53.65 | 1,173 | 1.58 | 663,868 | 897.03 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,039,064 | 7,228 | 6.96 | 64,208 | 61.79 | 7,334 | 7.06 | 1,077,975 | 1,037.45 |
Waipukurau | 62,706 | 645 | 10.29 | 5,991 | 95.54 | 800 | 12.76 | 109,234 | 1,742.00 |
Waipawa | 270,711 | 2,532 | 9.35 | 28,899 | 106.75 | 3,226 | 11.92 | 387,872 | 1,432.79 |
Woodville | 74,796 | 1,056 | 14.12 | 16,014 | 214.10 | 5,659 | 75.66 | 89,977 | 1,202.97 |
Dannevirke | 246,664 | 2,692 | 10.91 | 37,278 | 151.13 | 11,554 | 46.84 | 314,270 | 1,274.08 |
Patangata | 420,772 | 2,819 | 6.70 | 53,287 | 126.64 | 1,357 | 3.23 | 703,218 | 1,671.26 |
Weber | 66,955 | 415 | 6.20 | 7,375 | 110.15 | 6 | 0.09 | 112,605 | 1,681.80 |
Totals | 4,570,223 | 37,628 | 8.23 | 427,598 | 93.56 | 42,087 | 9.21 | 5,725,841 | 1,252.86 |
Land District of Taranaki. | |||||||||
Ohura | 262,864 | 2,015 | 7.67 | 21,877 | 83.23 | 2,506 | 9.53 | 183,576 | 698.37 |
Clifton | 233,466 | 2,080 | 8.91 | 27,625 | 118.33 | 7,379 | 31.61 | 112,897 | 483.57 |
Taranaki | 190,400 | 4,654 | 24.44 | 63,349 | 332.72 | 27,922 | 146.65 | 56,325 | 295.82 |
Egmont | 127,029 | 2,583 | 20.33 | 42,374 | 333.58 | 18,571 | 146.19 | 11,918 | 93.82 |
Stratford | 184,626 | 2,979 | 16.14 | 49,424 | 267.70 | 22,580 | 122.30 | 114,755 | 621.55 |
Whangamomona | 161,261 | 851 | 5.28 | 9,454 | 58.63 | 1,326 | 8.22 | 112,250 | 696.12 |
Waimate West | 44,858 | 1,556 | 34.69 | 26,402 | 588.57 | 15,663 | 349.17 | 4,030 | 89.84 |
Hawera | 108,499 | 2,567 | 23.66 | 37,939 | 349.67 | 19,172 | 176.70 | 80,959 | 746.17 |
Eltham | 115,836 | 1,968 | 16.99 | 35,336 | 305.05 | 18,431 | 159.11 | 68,960 | 595.32 |
Patea | 276,971 | 3,222 | 11.63 | 37,597 | 135.74 | 12,386 | 44.72 | 293,038 | 1,058.01 |
Totals | 1,705,800 | 24,475 | 14.35 | 351,377 | 205.99 | 145,936 | 85.55 | 1,038,708 | 608.93 |
Land District of Wellington. | |||||||||
Waitotara | 202,583 | 1,901 | 9.38 | 20,859 | 102.97 | 6,278 | 30.99 | 215,191 | 1,062.24 |
Wanganui | 331,378 | 3,346 | 10.10 | 38,440 | 116.00 | 5,419 | 16.35 | 586,932 | 1,771.19 |
Waimarino | 432,389 | 2,089 | 4.83 | 17,286 | 39.98 | 2,289 | 5.29 | 296,925 | 686.71 |
Kaitieke | 169,466 | 1,265 | 7.46 | 12,219 | 72.10 | 2,145 | 12.66 | 133,745 | 789.21 |
Rangitikei | 606,867 | 7,510 | 12.38 | 68,389 | 112.69 | 12,771 | 21.04 | 865,454 | 1,426.10 |
Kiwitea | 192,917 | 2,312 | 11.98 | 23,679 | 122.74 | 4,556 | 23.62 | 290,178 | 1,504.16 |
Pohangina | 107,769 | 1,307 | 12.13 | 12,882 | 119.53 | 2,764 | 25.65 | 157,596 | 1,462.35 |
Kairanga | 103,674 | 2,468 | 23.81 | 31,623 | 305.02 | 11,855 | 114.35 | 126,128 | 1,216.58 |
Oroua | 111,575 | 2,056 | 18.43 | 18,387 | 164.79 | 6,758 | 60.57 | 160,150 | 1,435.36 |
Manawatu | 128,256 | 2,908 | 22.67 | 34,033 | 265.35 | 14,123 | 110.12 | 95,874 | 747.52 |
Horowhenua | 226,337 | 3,213 | 14.20 | 39,321 | 173.73 | 13,324 | 58.87 | 151,839 | 670.85 |
Pahiatua | 166,095 | 1,971 | 11.87 | 32,144 | 193.53 | 9,375 | 56.44 | 201,359 | 1,212.31 |
Akitio | 203,253 | 1,255 | 6.17 | 23,040 | 113.36 | 920 | 4.53 | 273,125 | 1,343.77 |
Castlepoint | 157,337 | 791 | 5.03 | 15,327 | 97.42 | 318 | 2.02 | 187,796 | 1,193.59 |
Eketahuna | 174,687 | 1,635 | 9.36 | 23,294 | 133.35 | 6,649 | 38.06 | 193,897 | 1,109.97 |
Mauriceville | 41,017 | 294 | 7.17 | 5,081 | 123.88 | 1,173 | 28.60 | 57,856 | 1,410.54 |
Masterton | 314,958 | 3,064 | 9.73 | 35,608 | 113.06 | 3,235 | 10.27 | 411,774 | 1,307.39 |
Wairarapa South | 222,491 | 2,129 | 9.57 | 26,070 | 117.17 | 7,469 | 33.57 | 220,589 | 991.45 |
Featherston | 463,941 | 3,384 | 7.29 | 49,727 | 107.18 | 6,756 | 14.56 | 451,608 | 973.42 |
Hutt | 193,813 | 1,602 | 8.27 | 14,442 | 74.52 | 5,131 | 26.47 | 157,200 | 811.09 |
Makara | 58,268 | 636 | 10.92 | 4,925 | 84.62 | 2,081 | 35.71 | 69,151 | 1,186.77 |
Chatham Islands | 181,014 | 882 | 4.87 | 1,210 | 6.68 | 159 | 0.88 | 73,897 | 408.24 |
Totals | 4,790,085 | 48,018 | 10.02 | 547,986 | 114.40 | 125,548 | 26.21 | 5,378,264 | 1,122.79 |
Land District of Nelson. | |||||||||
Collingwood | 145,701 | 426 | 2.92 | 6,837 | 46.92 | 2,068 | 14.19 | 16,122 | 110.65 |
Takaka | 101,400 | 775 | 7.64 | 6,189 | 61.04 | 2,698 | 26.61 | 52,683 | 519.56 |
Waimea | 631,684 | 4,624 | 7.32 | 16,197 | 25.64 | 5,485 | 8.68 | 285,006 | 451.18 |
Buller | 119,015 | 884 | 7.43 | 10,347 | 86.94 | 4,253 | 35.73 | 6,081 | 51.09 |
Murchison | 236,643 | 723 | 3.06 | 8,711 | 36.81 | 1,780 | 7.52 | 44,057 | 186.17 |
Inangahua | 66,594 | 561 | 8.42 | 4,985 | 74.86 | 1,949 | 29.27 | 10,234 | 153.68 |
Totals | 1,301,037 | 7,993 | 6.14 | 53,266 | 40.94 | 18,233 | 14.01 | 414,183 | 318.35 |
Land District of Marlborough. | |||||||||
Sounds | 241,976 | 492 | 2.03 | 5,236 | 21.64 | 1,927 | 7.96 | 168,753 | 697.40 |
Marlborough | 938,011 | 3,649 | 3.89 | 15,759 | 16.80 | 6,400 | 6.82 | 315,874 | 336.75 |
Awatere | 949,570 | 1,741 | 1.83 | 7,919 | 8.34 | 477 | 0.50 | 296,588 | 312.34 |
Kaikoura | 419,899 | 1,364 | 3.25 | 6,618 | 15.76 | 1,793 | 4.27 | 185,408 | 441.55 |
Totals | 2,549,456 | 7,246 | 2.84 | 35,532 | 13.94 | 10,597 | 4.16 | 966,623 | 379.15 |
Land District of Westland. | |||||||||
Grey | 448,983 | 1,001 | 2.23 | 14,617 | 32.33 | 4,388 | 9.77 | 31,336 | 69.79 |
Westland | 1,333,414 | 1,740 | 1.30 | 22,089 | 16.57 | 4,640 | 3.48 | 30,438 | 22.83 |
Totals | 1,782,397 | 2,741 | 1.54 | 36,606 | 20.64 | 9,028 | 5.07 | 61,774 | 34.66 |
Land District of Canterbury. | |||||||||
Cheviot | 188,159 | 1,288 | 6.85 | 4,699 | 24.97 | 1,006 | 5.35 | 172,423 | 916.37 |
Amuri | 1,245,195 | 2,500 | 2.01 | 8,302 | 6.67 | 804 | 0.65 | 343,205 | 275.62 |
Waipara | 529,374 | 2,676 | 5.06 | 5,085 | 9.61 | 1,124 | 2.12 | 357,835 | 675.96 |
Ashley | 349,997 | 1,046 | 2.99 | 2,526 | 7.22 | 399 | 1.14 | 110,965 | 317.05 |
Oxford | 162,454 | 1,601 | 9.86 | 3,417 | 21.03 | 1,173 | 7.22 | 86,328 | 531.40 |
Kowai | 96,730 | 1,710 | 17.68 | 4,130 | 42.70 | 1,635 | 16.90 | 75,348 | 778.95 |
Rangiora | 56,326 | 2,173 | 38.58 | 6,831 | 121.28 | 2,598 | 46.12 | 38,660 | 686.36 |
Eyre | 89,276 | 1,692 | 18.95 | 3,877 | 43.43 | 1,795 | 20.11 | 52,208 | 584.79 |
Waimairi | 27,556 | 2,346 | 85.14 | 6,016 | 218.32 | 3,595 | 130.46 | 5,077 | 184.24 |
Paparua | 69,952 | 2,637 | 37.70 | 4,853 | 69.38 | 2,411 | 34.47 | 39,543 | 565.29 |
Malvern | 140,179 | 2,281 | 16.27 | 2,832 | 20.20 | 1,199 | 8.55 | 114,643 | 817.83 |
Tawera | 325,242 | 706 | 2.17 | 1,771 | 5.45 | 442 | 1.36 | 89,241 | 274.38 |
Heathcote | 10,285 | 569 | 55.32 | 1,446 | 140.59 | 859 | 83.52 | 6,899 | 670.78 |
Halswell | 24,468 | 914 | 37.35 | 4,492 | 183.59 | 2,128 | 86.97 | 17,587 | 718.78 |
Selwyn | 448,468 | 1,551 | 3.46 | 2,764 | 6.16 | 779 | 1.74 | 178,096 | 397.13 |
Springs | 49,257 | 1,353 | 27.47 | 4,747 | 96.37 | 2,141 | 43.47 | 27,602 | 560.37 |
Ellesmere | 117,727 | 3,334 | 28.32 | 9,853 | 83.69 | 4,108 | 34.89 | 74,914 | 636.34 |
Mount Herbert | 34,476 | 352 | 10.21 | 3,734 | 108.31 | 870 | 25.23 | 45,284 | 1,313.49 |
Wairewa | 84,399 | 703 | 8.33 | 7,649 | 90.63 | 1,765 | 20.91 | 75,536 | 894.99 |
Akaroa | 102,958 | 1,127 | 10.95 | 24,506 | 238.02 | 6,207 | 60.29 | 88,056 | 855.26 |
Ashburton | 1,279,591 | 12,735 | 9.95 | 18,321 | 14.32 | 7,895 | 6.17 | 779,876 | 609.47 |
Geraldine | 407,685 | 5,017 | 12.31 | 12,633 | 30.99 | 4,376 | 10.73 | 244,258 | 599.13 |
Levels | 157,742 | 4,311 | 27.33 | 8,913 | 56.50 | 3,098 | 19.64 | 132,762 | 841.64 |
Mackenzie | 1,376,896 | 3,204 | 2.33 | 5,404 | 3.92 | 1,444 | 1.05 | 401,935 | 291.91 |
Waimate | 926,215 | 8,233 | 8.89 | 15,497 | 16.73 | 4,833 | 5.22 | 498,975 | 538.72 |
Totals | 8,300,597 | 66,059 | 7.96 | 174,298 | 21.00 | 58,684 | 7.07 | 4,057,256 | 488.79 |
Land District of Otago. | |||||||||
Waitaki | 1,385,399 | 7,605 | 5.49 | 21,773 | 15.72 | 8,877 | 6.41 | 576,402 | 416.05 |
Maniototo | 817,849 | 2,543 | 3.11 | 4,485 | 5.48 | 1,433 | 1.75 | 276,258 | 337.79 |
Waihemo | 229,623 | 1,326 | 5.77 | 3,150 | 13.72 | 1,367 | 5.95 | 99,005 | 431.16 |
Waikouaiti | 170,480 | 1,672 | 9.81 | 9,293 | 54.51 | 4,492 | 26.35 | 74,639 | 437.82 |
Peninsula | 20,552 | 731 | 35.57 | 5,146 | 250.39 | 2,887 | 140.47 | 4,640 | 225.77 |
Taieri | 571,123 | 4,313 | 7.55 | 20,250 | 35.46 | 6,107 | 10.69 | 211,178 | 369.76 |
Tuapeka | 783,917 | 4,345 | 5.54 | 10,390 | 13.25 | 2,921 | 3.73 | 408,740 | 521.41 |
Bruce | 317,888 | 4,926 | 15.50 | 14,094 | 44.34 | 4,748 | 14.94 | 192,464 | 605.45 |
Clutha | 493,121 | 6,516 | 13.21 | 23,065 | 46.77 | 7,500 | 15.21 | 309,342 | 627.31 |
Vincent | 1,667,135 | 2,851 | 1.71 | 5,038 | 3.02 | 1,468 | 0.88 | 285,709 | 171.38 |
Lake | 1,400,887 | 1,479 | 1.06 | 5,824 | 4.16 | 1,301 | 0.93 | 206,329 | 147.28 |
Totals | 7,857,974 | 38,307 | 4.87 | 122,508 | 15.59 | 43,101 | 5.49 | 2,644,706 | 336.56 |
Land District of Southland. | |||||||||
Fiord | 18,027 | 1 | 0.06 | 8 | 0.44 | 4 | 0.22 | .. | .. |
Wallace | 1,149,627 | 7,346 | 6.39 | 35,823 | 31.16 | 9,526 | 8.29 | 431,479 | 375.32 |
Southland | 2,000,157 | 22,631 | 11.31 | 111,157 | 55.57 | 35,763 | 17.88 | 1,126,771 | 563.34 |
Stewart Island | 39,128 | 76 | 1.94 | 316 | 8.08 | 90 | 2.30 | 3,506 | 89.60 |
Totals | 3,206,939 | 30,054 | 9.37 | 147,304 | 45.93 | 45,383 | 14.15 | 1,561,756 | 486.99 |
Totals for Dominion | 43,212,079 | 351,544 | 8.14 | 2,836,083 | 65.63 | 774,006 | 17.91 | 23,713,340 | 548.77 |
The following table gives the number of the principal kinds of livestock in Australasia for the year 1916:—
State. | Sheep. | Cattle. | Horses. | Pigs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
New South Wales | 32,498,046 | 2,400,104 | 718,232 | 280,869 |
Victoria | 12,576,587 | 1,175,098 | 514,403 | 254,436 |
Queensland | 15,524,293 | 4,765,657 | 697,517 | 129,733 |
South Australia | 3,800,000 | 212,000 | 275,000 | 70,000 |
Western Australia | 5,501,046 | 865,497 | 169,478 | 90,850 |
Tasmania | 1,702,579 | 179,360 | 42,620 | 53,033 |
Northern Territory | 47,520 | 420,362 | 21,674 | 500 |
Federal Territory | 102,683 | 5,666 | 1,310 | 289 |
Totals for Commonwealth | 71,752,754 | 10,023,744 | 2,440,234 | 879,710 |
New Zealand | 24,788,150 | 2,417,491 | 371,331 | 297,501 |
The Dominion is eminently suited for sheep breeding, practically every description of sheep finding a favourable local habitat. In the hilly and down country of the South Island the merino has been bred for very many years, and was the original sheep depastured. In fact, the merino ewe furnished the foundation of the crossbred stock which has made Canterbury mutton famous on British meat-markets. In the early days of the Canterbury meat trade the English Leicester of the original type was the favourite ram for putting to the merino ewe. Of later years the Lincoln has been largely employed to cross with the merino, and black-faced rams have been further employed to put to the crossbred ewes. In the North Island the Romney sheep, which suits the rather moist climate of this portion of the Dominion, has become the most popular sheep; it is also increasing in numbers in the South Island. The Lincoln and Border Leicester are also favoured in both Islands, while the Southdown is displacing other breeds for fat-lamb production throughout the Dominion.
A table appears on p. 524 giving the predominating breed of sheep in each county in the Dominion, together with the average weight of fleece obtained in the past three years.
From the table following it will be seen that the flocks of the North Island increased from 5,285,907 sheep in the year 1886 to 10,009,731 in 1906 and 13,880,799 in 1916, or at the rate of 89.37 per cent. in the first twenty years of the period, and of 38.67 per cent. between 1906 and 1916; 1917 shows an increase of 4.94 per cent. over the preceding year, and 1918 a further increase of 1.31 per cent.
The number of sheep in the South Island has fluctuated considerably, decreases from previous years having occurred in 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, and 1917; 1918 shows an increase of 19.13 per cent. over 1886.
Year. | North Island. | South Island. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
1886 | 5,285,907 | 9,888,356 | 15,174,263 |
1909 | 12,193,211 | 11,287,496 | 23,480,707 |
1910 | 12,917,662 | 11,351,958 | 24,269,620 |
1911 | 12,814,353 | 11,181,773 | 23,996,126 |
1912 | 12,618,089 | 11,132,064 | 23,750,153 |
1913 | 13,145,445 | 11,046,365 | 24,191,810 |
1914 | 13,155,958 | 11,642,805 | 24,798,763 |
1915 | 13,315,916 | 11,585,505 | 24,901,421 |
1916 | 13,880,799 | 10,907,351 | 24,788,150 |
1917 | 14,567,128 | 10,703,258 | 25,270,386 |
1918 | 14,758,278 | 11,780,024 | 26,538,302 |
There was an increase of 4,089,249 in the total number of sheep between 1908 and 1918, representing a rate of 18.22 per cent. in the ten years, while the increase during the past year amounts to 5.02 per cent.
In the table given above the Chatham Islands are included in the South Island, as they form portion of the Canterbury-Kaikoura Sheep District. In dealing with land districts, however, they are included with Wellington.
Of the land districts, Hawke's Bay had most sheep in 1918, Wellington come next, and Canterbury occupied the third place. The particulars given below show that in eight of the ten land districts the figures for 1918 show increases on those of 1917 amounting in the aggregate to 1,297,962 decreases in Taranaki and Marlborough, however, reducing the net increase to 1,267,916.
Land District. | No. of Sheep in 1917. | No. of Sheep in 1918. | Increase. | Decrease. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Auckland | 1,820,180 | 1,844,666 | 24,486 | .. |
Hawke's Bay | 6,217,216 | 6,308,338 | 91,122 | .. |
Taranaki | 979,754 | 960,219 | .. | 19,545 |
Wellington | 5,622,543 | 5,724,165 | 101,622 | .. |
Nelson | 458,904 | 473,270 | 14,366 | .. |
Marlborough | 1,048,161 | 1,037,660 | .. | 10,501 |
Westland | 61,436 | 66,907 | 5,471 | .. |
Canterbury | 4,441,429 | 5,135,942 | 694,523 | .. |
Otago | 2,895,985 | 3,097,291 | 201,306 | .. |
Southland | 1,724,778 | 1,889,844 | 165,066 | .. |
Totals | 25,270,386 | 26,538,302 | 1,267,916 | .. |
The number of breeding-ewes and the total number of sheep in each county on the 30th April, 1918, are detailed in the next table.
TABLE SHOWING FOR EACH COUNTY THE NUMBER OF BREEDING-EWES AND THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SHEEP ON THE 30TH APRIL, 1918. | ||
---|---|---|
Sheep, April, 1918. | ||
County. | Total (including Lambs). | Breeding-ewes (included in previous Column). |
Mongonui | 46,609 | 20,872 |
Whangaroa | 15,544 | 8,049 |
Bay of Islands | 89,270 | 45,474 |
Hokianga | 88,806 | 43,381 |
Whangarei | 90,560 | 42,177 |
Hobson | 103,855 | 47,387 |
Otamatea | 70,424 | 32,626 |
Rodney | 88,176 | 36,516 |
Waitemata | 65,443 | 28,098 |
Eden | 2,306 | 186 |
Great Barrier | 9,108 | 4,984 |
Manukau | 57,776 | 27,414 |
Franklin | 56,238 | 27,645 |
Waikato | 57,971 | 27,755 |
Raglan | 201,504 | 99,542 |
Waipa | 37,024 | 20,261 |
Kawhia | 51,817 | 31,386 |
Awakino | 94,195 | 38,759 |
Waitomo | 180,057 | 91,641 |
Coromandel | 43,304 | 23,581 |
Thames | 4,086 | 1,422 |
Ohinemuri | 6,881 | 3,641 |
Tauranga | 16,777 | 5,022 |
Piako | 43,559 | 20,693 |
Matamata | 25,319 | 11,160 |
Rotorua | 18,721 | 10,213 |
Whakatane | 51,482 | 21,304 |
Opotiki | 171,613 | 68,435 |
East Taupo | 17,019 | 11,054 |
West Taupo | 39,222 | 12,768 |
Totals, Auckland L.D. | 1,844,666 | 863,446 |
Waiapu | 760,519 | 373,040 |
Waikohu | 705,824 | 343,130 |
Cook | 1,098,883 | 509,972 |
Wairoa | 781,385 | 341,962 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,150,285 | 492,107 |
Waipukurau | 123,722 | 53,752 |
Waipawa | 451,634 | 192,953 |
Woodville | 102,177 | 48,404 |
Dannevirke | 332,219 | 161,117 |
Patangata | 674,314 | 325,173 |
Weber | 127,377 | 50,012 |
Totals, Hawke's Bay L.D. | 6,308,338 | 2,891,622 |
Ohura | 168,809 | 72,355 |
Clifton | 104,274 | 42,182 |
Taranaki | 45,133 | 21,341 |
Egmont | 13,258 | 4,159 |
Stratford | 104,826 | 51,519 |
Whangamomona | 104,288 | 42,206 |
Waimate West | 3,889 | 1,708 |
Hawera | 81,492 | 34,491 |
Eltham | 60,971 | 27,908 |
Patea | 273,279 | 102,113 |
Totals, Taranaki L.D. | 960,219 | 399,982 |
Waitotara | 226,388 | 99,193 |
Wanganui | 536,273 | 217,891 |
Waimarino | 304,659 | 130,012 |
Kaitieke | 128,843 | 64,197 |
Rangitikei | 1,001,889 | 466,037 |
Kiwitea | 331,373 | 173,622 |
Pohangina | 165,709 | 89,428 |
Kairanga | 127,887 | 62,244 |
Oroua | 171,068 | 96,615 |
Manawatu | 136,966 | 63,246 |
Horowhenua | 148,773 | 68,163 |
Pahiatua | 222,477 | 112,804 |
Akitio | 296,340 | 126,848 |
Castlepoint | 200,425 | 97,301 |
Eketahuna | 111,049 | 62,523 |
Mauriceville | 70,288 | 43,722 |
Masterton | 533,824 | 262,791 |
Wairarapa South | 207,942 | 106,617 |
Featherston | 484,889 | 222,704 |
Hutt | 156,513 | 82,131 |
Makara | 81,480 | 42,914 |
Chatham Islands | 79,110 | 35,174 |
Totals, Wellington L.D. | 5,724,165 | 2,726,177 |
Collingwood | 17,587 | 8,011 |
Takaka | 55,621 | 32,348 |
Waimea | 329,267 | 178,605 |
Buller | 4,924 | 2,951 |
Murchison | 54,689 | 25,376 |
Inangahua | 11,182 | 6,945 |
Totals, Nelson L.D. | 473,270 | 254,236 |
Sounds | 174,018 | 100,587 |
Marlborough | 356,675 | 173,957 |
Awatere | 302,964 | 151,375 |
Kaikoura | 204,003 | 117,751 |
Totals, Marlborough L.D. | 1,037,660 | 543,670 |
Grey | 28,643 | 14,323 |
Westland | 38,264 | 20,672 |
Totals, Westland L.D. | 66,907 | 34,995 |
Cheviot | 198,301 | 120,206 |
Amuri | 444,145 | 217,313 |
Waipara | 409,509 | 245,409 |
Ashley | 118,514 | 63,658 |
Oxford | 129,114 | 71,733 |
Kowai | 103,953 | 58,137 |
Rangiora | 53,125 | 30,827 |
Eyre | 68,592 | 39,761 |
Waimairi | 8,415 | 5,523 |
Paparua | 45,639 | 18,383 |
Malvern | 167,774 | 80,131 |
Tawera | 98,806 | 50,724 |
Heathcote | 11,934 | 4,156 |
Halswell | 18,138 | 10,055 |
Selwyn | 238,796 | 128,236 |
Springs | 33,478 | 20,900 |
Ellesmere | 93,838 | 59,187 |
Mount Herbert | 43,769 ! | 31,372 |
Wairewa | 82,128 | 59,354 |
Akaroa | 107,245 | 67,235 |
Ashburton | 986,097 | 550,415 |
Geraldine | 337,657 | 198,376 |
Levels | 216,758 | 105,548 |
Mackenzie | 488,613 | 271,875 |
Waimate | 631,514 | 345,259 |
Totals, Canterbury L.D. | 5,135,942 | 2,853,773 |
Waitaki | 639,314 | 355,528 |
Maniototo | 317,358 | 156,023 |
Waihemo | 139,729 | 77,301 |
Waikouaiti | 83,991 | 49,744 |
Peninsula | 6,126 | 5,119 |
Taieri | 226,008 | 107,751 |
Tuapeka | 473,381 | 203,519 |
Bruce | 252,139 | 120,523 |
Clutha | 391,024 | 192,680 |
Vincent | 318,015 | 163,196 |
Lake | 250,206 | 108,363 |
Totals, Otago L.D. | 3,097,291 | 1,539,747 |
Wallace | 530,551 | 264,440 |
Southland | 1,355,501 | 647,990 |
Stewart Island | 3,792 | 1,956 |
Totals, Southland L.D. | 1,889,844 | 914,386 |
Totals for Dominion | 26,538,302 | 13,022,034 |
NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1906, 1911, 1916, 1917, AND 1918. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size of Flocks. | 1906. | 1911. | 1916. | 1917. | 1918. |
Under 500 | 11,793 | 11,463 | 11,818 | 11,812 | 11,562 |
500 and under 1,000 | 3,431 | 4,366 | 4,911 | 5,071 | 5,603 |
1,000 and under 2,500 | 2,558 | 3,703 | 4,344 | 4,279 | 4,747 |
2,500 and under 5,000 | 782 | 1,130 | 1,299 | 1,375 | 1,407 |
5,000 and under 10,000 | 394 | 540 | 566 | 629 | 622 |
10,000 20,000 | 213 | 216 | 202 | 176 | 187 |
20,000 and upwards | 94 | 75 | 41 | 38 | 40 |
Totals | 19,265 | 21,493 | 23,181 | 23,380 | 24,168 |
The average size of the flocks is found to have been 1,081 sheep in 1896, 1,044 in 1906, 1,116 in 1911, 1,089 in 1916, 1,081 in 1917, and 1,098 in 1918.
The number of the different classes composing the flocks in April, 1918, was as follows:—
— | North Island. | South Island. | Total in Dominion. |
---|---|---|---|
Stud sheep (entered in Flock-book)— | |||
Merino | .. | 15,418 | 15,418 |
Lincoln | 43,830 | 4,320 | 48,150 |
Romney | 87,747 | 43,495 | 131,242 |
Border Leicester | 1,117 | 33,690 | 34,807 |
English Leicester | 1,044 | 23,746 | 24,790 |
Shropshire | 994 | 3,020 | 4,014 |
Southdown | 15,629 | 8,708 | 24,337 |
Corriedale | .. | 30,688 | 30,688 |
Other breeds | 377 | 959 | 1,336 |
Totals | 150,738 | 164,044 | 314,782 |
Sheep of a distinctive breed, but not entered in Flock-book— | |||
Merino | 54,190 | 1,031,365 | 1,085,555 |
Lincoln | 339,868 | 32,175 | 372,043 |
Romney | 2,254,593 | 677,086 | 2,931,679 |
Border Leicester | 9,229 | 186,538 | 195,767 |
English Leicester | 5,011 | 150,446 | 155,457 |
Shropshire | 5,110 | 13,572 | 18,682 |
Southdown | 27,182 | 7,417 | 34,599 |
Corriedale | 31,573 | 436,935 | 468,508 |
Half-bred | 10,716 | 901,629 | 912,345 |
Other breeds | 11,930 | 7,066 | 18,996 |
Totals | 2,749,402 | 3,444,229 | 6,193,631 |
Flock sheep— | |||
Crossbreds and others not otherwise enumerated | 11,858,138 | 8,171,751 | 20,029,889 |
Grand totals | 14,758,278 | 11,780,024 | 26,538,302 |
The following table gives the predominating breed of sheep and the average weight of fleece for each county in the Dominion in 1916, 1917, and 1918:—
Reference.—M., Merino. L.. Lincoln. R., Romney. B.L., Border Leicester. E.L.. English Leicester. Shp., Shropshire. Sd., Southdown. C., Corriedale. Hb., Half-bred. O., Other breeds.
TABLE SHOWING THE PREDOMINATING BREED OF SHEEP AND THE AVERAGE WEIGHT OF FLEECE FOR EACH COUNTY IN THE DOMINION FOR THE YEARS 1916, 1917, AND 1918. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County. | 1915–16. | 1916–17. | 1917–18. | |||
Predominating Breed of Sheep. | Average Weight of Fleece. | Predominating Breed of Sheep. | Average Weight of Fleece. | Predominating Breed of Sheep. | Average Weight of Fleece. | |
LAND DISTRICT OF AUCKLAND. | ||||||
lb. | lb. | lb. | ||||
Mongonui | R. | 7.41 | R. | 6.96 | R. | 6.29 |
Whangaroa | R. | 6.79 | R. | 5.31 | R. | 5.36 |
Bay of Islands | R. | 7.93 | R. | 6.22 | R. | 6.14 |
Hokianga | R. | 6.34 | R. | 6.29 | R. | 6.42 |
Whangarei | R. | 6.63 | R. | 6.78 | R. | 6.57 |
Hobson | R. | 7.92 | R. | 7.59 | R. | 6.45 |
Otamatea | Shp. | 7.71 | R. | 7.24 | R. | 6.82 |
Rodney | R. | 7.03 | R. | 7.05 | R. | 7.05 |
Waitemata | R. | 6.79 | R. | 7.00 | R. | 6.71 |
Eden | R. | 6.78 | R. | 6.38 | R. | 6.63 |
Great Barrier | R. | 6.51 | R. | 5.98 | R. | 6.19 |
Manukau | R. | 5.46 | R. | 6.78 | R. | 6.86 |
Franklin | L. | 6.80 | R., L. | 7.30 | R. | 7.01 |
Waikato | R. | 7.06 | R. | 7.10 | R. | 6.83 |
Raglan | R. | 7.24 | R. | 7.02 | R. | 7.01 |
Waipa | R. | 7.44 | R. | 7.47 | R. | 7.14 |
Kawhia | R. | 6.64 | R. | 5.54 | R. | 6.07 |
Awakino | R. | 7.01 | R. | 6.32 | R. | 6.41 |
Waitomo | R. | 5.32 | R. | 6.48 | R. | 6.66 |
Coromandel | R. | 6.08 | R. | 5.41 | R. | 5.95 |
Thames | R. | 6.28 | R. | 6.34 | R. | 6.63 |
Ohinemuri | R. | 7.02 | R. | 6.68 | R. | 6.91 |
Tauranga | R. | 5.77 | R. | 6.54 | R. | 6.73 |
Piako | R. | 8.02 | R. | 7.10 | R. | 7.28 |
Matamata | E.L., R. | 7.61 | R. | 6.69 | E.L., R. | 7.10 |
Rotorua | R. | 6.10 | R. | 6.49 | R. | 5.65 |
Whakatane | R. | 6.60 | R. | 7.77 | R. | 6.84 |
Opotiki | R. | 6.25 | R. | 6.06 | R. | 6.80 |
East Taupo | R. | 5.80 | R. | 6.62 | R. | 5.85 |
West Taupo | M. | 6.54 | R. | 6.06 | L. | 5.85 |
Totals | .. | 6.86 | .. | 6.72 | .. | 6.68 |
LAND DISTRICT OF HAWKE'S BAY. | ||||||
Waiapu | R. | 7.57 | R. | 7.73 | R. | 6.98 |
Waikohu | R. | 8.28 | R. | 8.42 | R. | 7.72 |
Cook | R. | 8.02 | R. | 8.26 | R. | 7.70 |
Wairoa | R. | 7.74 | R. | 7.50 | R. | 7.23 |
Hawke's Bay | R. | 7.28 | R. | 8.71 | R. | 7.95 |
Waipukurau | R. | 8.58 | R. | 8.31 | R. | 7.81 |
Waipawa | R. | 6.86 | R. | 8.06 | R. | 7.50 |
Woodville | L., R. | 8.41 | R., L. | 8.76 | R., L. | 8.36 |
Dannevirke | R. | 8.96 | R. | 8.65 | R. | 8.02 |
Patangata | R. | 7.55 | R. | 9.25 | R. | 8.27 |
Weber | L., R. | 6.71 | R. | 9.88 | R. | 8.98 |
Totals | .. | 7.73 | .. | 8.39 | .. | 7.63 |
LAND DISTRICT OF TARANAKI. | ||||||
Ohura | R. | 7.13 | R. | 6.71 | R. | 6.56 |
Clifton | R. | 6.68 | R. | 6.45 | R. | 6.00 |
Taranaki | R. | 6.99 | R. | 6.67 | R. | 6.03 |
Egmont | R. | 7.12 | R. | 6.46 | R. | 6.91 |
Stratford | R. | 6.44 | R. | 6.68 | R. | 6.38 |
Whangamomona | R. | 6.38 | R. | 5.95 | R. | 5.83 |
Waimate West | Crossbred | 7.91 | R. | 7.53 | Sd. | 6.79 |
Hawera | L., R. | 4.87 | L., R. | 7.92 | R. | 7.46 |
Eltham | L., R. | 6.31 | R. | 7.12 | R. | 6.59 |
Patea | L. | 7.68 | L. | 7.27 | R. | 7.53 |
Totals | .. | 6.83 | .. | 6.88 | .. | 6.72 |
LAND DISTRICT OF WELLINGTON. | ||||||
Waitotara | R., L. | 7.00 | R. | 7.37 | R. | 7.47 |
Wanganui | L., E. | 7.65 | R. | 7.86 | R. | 7.40 |
Waimarino | R. | 7.10 | R. | 6.88 | R. | 6.69 |
Kaitieke | R. | 6.12 | R. | 6.37 | R. | 6.08 |
Rangitikei | R. | 7.06 | R. | 7.85 | R. | 7.36 |
Kiwitea | R. | 7.78 | R. | 7.79 | R. | 7.48 |
Pohangina | R. | 7.60 | R. | 8.41 | R. | 7.58 |
Kairanga | R. | 8.97 | R. | 8.18 | R. | 8.35 |
Oroua | R. | 8.07 | R. | 8.30 | R. | 8.22 |
Manawatu | Sd., R. | 8.08 | R. | 7.64 | R. | 8.01 |
Horowhenua | R. | 6.52 | R. | 6.98 | R. | 6.96 |
Pahiatua | R., L. | 8.23 | R. | 8.78 | L., R. | 8.17 |
Akitio | R. | 8.72 | R. | 8.82 | R. | 8.71 |
Castlepoint | R. | 8.66 | R. | 9.78 | R. | 8.83 |
Eketahuna | R. | 8.80 | R. | 8.22 | R. | 8.25 |
Mauriceville | R., L. | 8.70 | L., R. | 8.81 | L., E. | 8.48 |
Masterton | R. | 8.10 | R. | 9.21 | R. | 8.72 |
Wairarapa South | R. | 8.71 | R. | 8.76 | R. | 8.47 |
Featherston | R. | 9.11 | R. | 9.19 | R. | 9.21 |
Hutt | R. | 7.97 | R. | 7.19 | R. | 6.73 |
Makara | R. | 7.71 | R. | 7.56 | R. | 8.51 |
Chatham Islands | R. | 6.86 | R. | 7.03 | R. | 7.03 |
Totals | .. | 7.98 | .. | 8.14 | .. | 7.85 |
LAND DISTRICT OF NELSON. | ||||||
Collingwood | R. | 6.85 | R. | 6.87 | R. | 6.22 |
Takaka | R. | 6.03 | R. | 5.75 | R. | 5.94 |
Waimea | R. | 5.70 | R. | 5.49 | R. | 5.60 |
Buller | R. | 5.05 | R. | 4.92 | R. | 5.72 |
Murchison | R. | 5.62 | R. | 5.18 | R. | 5.77 |
Inangahua | R. | 5.61 | R. | 5.41 | R. | 5.45 |
Totals | .. | 5.77 | .. | 5.61 | .. | 5.69 |
LAND DISTRICT OF MARLBOROUGH. | ||||||
Sounds | R. | 6.10 | R. | 6.41 | R. | 6.68 |
Marlborough | M. | 6.86 | M. | 6.64 | M. | 7.06 |
Awatere | M. | 7.13 | M. | 8.31 | M. | 7.84 |
Kaikoura | R., E.L. | 6.05 | M. | 7.14 | Hb. | 6.46 |
Totals | .. | 6.60 | .. | 7.21 | .. | 7.12 |
LAND DISTRICT OF WESTLAND. | ||||||
Grey | R. | 5.01 | R. | 5.41 | R. | 5.81 |
Westland | R. | 5.90 | R. | 6.03 | R. | 6.07 |
Totals | .. | 5.46 | .. | 5.75 | .. | 5.94 |
LAND DISTRICT OF CANTERBURY. | ||||||
Cheviot | M., O. | 5.96 | O., M. | 7.71 | Hb. | 7.05 |
Amuri | M. | 7.09 | M. | 7.46 | M. | 7.01 |
Waipara | O. | 6.66 | O. | 7.40 | Hb., C. | 7.55 |
Ashley | O. | 6.31 | O. | 6.48 | C. | 6.93 |
Oxford | E.L., Sd., O. | 6.01 | O., M., B.L. | 6.97 | Hb., M. | 6.43 |
Kowai | Sd., E.L., B.L. | 6.41 | O. | 7.28 | Hb. | 7.34 |
Rangiora | E.L., Sd., B.L., Shp. | 6.65 | Shp., E.L., B.L. | 7.22 | Hb. | 7.42 |
Eyre | Sd. | 7.02 | M. | 7.49 | Hb. | 7.26 |
Waimairi | B.L., E.L. | 6.91 | E.L., Sd. | 7.93 | Hb. | 7.90 |
Paparua | E.L., Sd., Shp. | 5.99 | O., M. | 7.38 | Hb., M. | 8.04 |
Malvern | E.L., Sd. | 7.81 | M., O. | 7.67 | E.L., M. | 7.14 |
Tawera | E.L., M. | 6.40 | M., O. | 6.83 | M., Hb. | 7.23 |
Heathcote | E.L. | 6.88 | E.L. | 7.66 | E.L. | 8.11 |
Halswell | E.L. | 7.53 | E.L. | 7.35 | E.L. | 8.21 |
Selwyn | EX., M. | 8.77 | M., E.L. | 8.17 | M. | 7.70 |
Springs | E.L., Sd. | 6.99 | E.L., Sd. | 7.43 | Kb. | 7.78 |
Ellesmere | Sd., E.L. | 7.01 | M. | 7.44 | Hb., M. | 7.74 |
Mount Herbert | E.L. | 6.99 | E.L. | 8.28 | B.L. | 8.03 |
Wairewa | E.L. | 6.64 | E.L. | 7.28 | E.L. | 7.19 |
Akaroa | E.L. | 7.40 | E.L. | 8.08 | E.L. | 8.03 |
Ashburton | M. | 6.42 | M. | 7.24 | Hb. | 7.34 |
Geraldine | E.L. | 5.97 | E.L. | 6.94 | E.L. | 6.86 |
Levels | B.L. | 6.82 | B.L., E.L. | 7.66 | B.L. | 7.38 |
Mackenzie | R., M. | 6.60 | M. | 6.63 | M. | 7.38 |
Waimate | B.L., O. | 6.96 | O. | 7.25 | C. | 7.29 |
Totals | .. | 6.99 | .. | 7.28 | .. | 7.31 |
LAND DISTRICT OF OTAGO. | ||||||
Waitaki | B.L. | 6.78 | M. | 7.16 | M. | 6.78 |
Maniototo | M., R. | 6.72 | B.L., R., M. | 7.19 | R., M. | 7.03 |
Waihemo | B.L., O., E.L., R. | 5.82 | R. | 5.98 | R. | 6.34 |
Waikouaiti | O. | 6.12 | O. | 6.37 | C. | 6.30 |
Peninsula | B.L. | 6.29 | B.L. | 7.17 | B.L. | 6.83 |
Taieri | R. | 6.22 | R. | 6.12 | R. | 6.07 |
Tuapeka | R, O. | 6.94 | O., R. | 7.35 | C., R. | 7.35 |
Bruce | B.L., R. | 6.31 | B.L., R. | 6.66 | R. | 705 |
Clutha | R. | 6.69 | R. | 7.19 | R. | 7.22 |
Vincent | M. | 6.63 | M. | 7.45 | M. | 7.04 |
Lake | R., M. | 5.98 | M. | 6.47 | M. | 6.33 |
Totals | .. | 6.90 | .. | 6.98 | .. | 6.87 |
LAND DISTRICT OF SOUTHLAND. | ||||||
Fiord | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wallace | R. | 5.91 | R. | 6.32 | R. | 6.81 |
Southland | R. | 7.84 | R. | 6.98 | R. | 6.94 |
Stewart Island | O., R. | 4.62 | R. | 6.27 | R. | 5.53 |
Totals | .. | 7.27 | .. | 6.79 | .. | 6.90 |
Dominion | .. | 7.31 | .. | 7.58 | .. | 7.32 |
Figures showing sheep and lambs slaughtered for food purposes during each of the last ten years, together with the exports of frozen mutton and lamb, are given in the tables following:—
SHEEP. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Sheep slaughtered for Food Purposes. | Frozen Mutton exported. | ||
Number. | Weight. | Number of Carcases, including Pieces at 60 lb. to a Sheep. | Weight. | |
Cwt. | Cwt. | |||
1909 | 2,830,453 | 1,516,314 | 1,866,531 | 927,429 |
1910 | 2,793,878 | 1,496,720 | 1,775,090 | 883,361 |
1911 | 3,372,150 | 1,806,509 | 2,193,665 | 1,068,881 |
1912 | 3,189,527 | 1,708,675 | 1,867,828 | 912,926 |
1913 | 3,306,588 | 1,771,386 | 2,208,330 | 1,092,692 |
1914 | 4,019,831 | 2,153,570 | 2,557,639 | 1,271,935 |
1915 | 3,999,460 | 2,139,889 | 2,522,448 | 1,244,399 |
1916 | 4,018,578 | 2,152,809 | 2,939,611 | 1,498,843 |
1917 | 3,601,284 | 1,929,259 | 2,409,899 | 1,228,696 |
1918 | 3,631,344 | 1,945,363 | 2,150,505 | 1,118,014 |
Total for 10 years | 34,763,093 | 18,620,494 | 22,491,546 | 11,247,176 |
LAMBS. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Sheep slaughtered for Food Purposes. | Frozen Mutton exported. | ||
Number. | Weight. | Number of Carcases, including Pieces at 60 lb. to a Sheep. | Weight. | |
Cwt. | Cwt. | |||
1909 | 3,332,218 | 1,071,070 | 2,629,817 | 873,061 |
1910 | 3,675,676 | 1,181,467 | 3,356,702 | 1,049,113 |
1911 | 4,044,953 | 1,301,056 | 3,839,922 | 1,167,980 |
1912 | 3,192,108 | 1,026,034 | 3,093,091 | 932,835 |
1913 | 3,505,986 | 1,126,924 | 2,956,249 | 901,146 |
1914 | 4,338,180 | 1,394,415 | 3,854,348 | 1,186,638 |
1915 | 4,471,861 | 1,597,093 | 3,692,003 | 1,120,682 |
1916 | 4,091,085 | 1,314,991 | 3,750,590 | 1,152,736 |
1917 | 3,431,943 | 1,103,125 | 2,797,290 | 838,569 |
1918 | 2,695,443 | 1,443,987 | 2,048,612 | 623,022 |
Totals for 10 years | 36,779,453 | 12,560,162 | 32,018,624 | 9,845,782 |
In addition to the figures of slaughterings given above there are the killings by farmers for their own use. During the 1917–18 season farmers killed 596,917 sheep and 48,438 lambs for food, and on the basis of these figures it is estimated that about 5,500,000 sheep, representing a weight of 330,000,000 lb., and 500,000 lambs, of a weight of 18,000,000 lb., were killed by farmers for local consumption during the ten years shown. This gives a total of approximately 1,350,000,000 lb., equal to an average annual consumption per head of population, including Maoris, of over 120 lb.
The number of sheep in the several States of the Commonwealth of Australia and in New Zealand for the years 1900, 1905, 1910, 1915, and 1916 was as follows:—
1900. | 1905. | 1910. | 1915. | 1916. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including Northern Territory. † Figures for April following. | |||||
Queensland | 10,339,185 | 12,535,231 | 20,331,838 | 15,950,154 | 15,524,293 |
New South Wales | 40,020,506 | 39,506,764 | 45,560,969 | 32,874,359 | 32,498,046 |
Victoria | 10,841,790 | 11,455,115 | 12,882,665 | 10,545,632 | 12,576,587 |
South Australia* | 5,283,247 | 6,339,542 | 6,324,717 | 3,744,747 | 3,847,520 |
Western Australia | 2,434,311 | 3,120,703 | 5,158,516 | 4,831,727 | 5,501,046 |
Tasmania | 1,683,956 | 1,583,561 | 1,788,310 | 1,624,450 | 1,702,579 |
Federal Territory | .. | .. | .. | 134,679 | 102,683 |
New Zealand† | 19,355,195 | 19,130,875 | 23,996,126 | 24,788,150 | 25,270,386 |
Total, Australasia | 89,958,190 | 93,671,791 | 116,043,141 | 94,493,898 | 97,023,140 |
According to the Year-book of the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, the following figures represented the latest information (1916) available as to the number of sheep in the various countries concerned at the time of the publication of the volume. The figure shown for France does not include the number of sheep in territory occupied by the enemy at the time of the enumeration, while that for Turkey covers both Turkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia.
Country. | Number of Sheep. |
---|---|
Argentina | 81,485,149 |
Russia | 76,404,792 |
Australia | 69,244,603 |
United States of America | 48,483,000 |
South African Union | 35,710,843 |
British India | 31,443,727 |
United Kingdom | 28,770,692 |
Turkey | 27,094,678 |
New Zealand | 24,788,150 |
Spain | 16,012,277 |
Italy | 13,824,000 |
Uruguay | 11,482,251 |
France | 10,845,280 |
Austria-Hungary | 8,987,959 |
Algeria | 8,810,739 |
Bulgaria | 8,632,388 |
Brazil | 7,204,920 |
British East Africa Protectorate | 6,555,000 |
Roumania | 5,269,493 |
Germany | 5,073,478 |
French Morocco | 4,715,371 |
Chile | 4,557,800 |
Serbia | 3,818,997 |
Portugal | 3,072,988 |
Canada | 1,965,101 |
Wool is the most important product of New Zealand. The annual value of the export is over a third of the value of the total exports of the Dominion, the figures for 1916 and 1917 being,—
1916. | 1917. | |
---|---|---|
£ | £ | |
* Exclusive of gold (specie and bullion). | ||
Wool | 12,386,074 | 12,175,366 |
Total exports of New Zealand produce | 32,975,907 | 30,184,069* |
The quantity of wool exported in 1917 was 178,274,486 lb., a decrease of 7,232,373 lb. as compared with the quantity exported in the previous year. The annual production of wool for the past twenty years, taking the exports for the twelve months immediately preceding the commencement of shearing, and adding thereto the quantity used in the Dominion for manufacturing purposes, is shown in the next table, but no addition has been made for wool on sheep-skins exported, nor for loss in scouring and washing.
Year ended 30th September. | Quantity exported. | Quantity purchased by Local Mills. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
lb. | lb. | lb. | |
1899 | 143,644,203 | 4,258,505 | 147,902,708 |
1900 | 144,829,515 | 3,223,392 | 148,052,907 |
1901 | 143,064,789 | 4,629,924 | 147,694,713 |
1902 | 155,652,563 | 4,203,312 | 159,855,875 |
1903 | 160,919,693 | 5,294,652 | 166,214,345 |
1904 | 141,031,699 | 5,191,451 | 146,223,150 |
1905 | 146,889,767 | 3,651,343 | 150,541,110 |
1906 | 152,765,232 | 4,372,472 | 157,137,704 |
1907 | 164,006,579 | 4,116,722 | 168,123,301 |
1908 | 163,930,722 | 4,779,198 | 168,709,920 |
1909 | 187,619,181 | 5,202,821 | 192,822,002 |
1910 | 194,472,934 | 5,642,113 | 200,115,047 |
1911 | 184,854,149 | 6,048,164 | 190,902,313 |
1912 | 189,553,723 | 6,284,114 | 195,837,837 |
1913 | 195,353,533 | 6,823,545 | 202,177,078 |
1914 | 196,499,896 | 6,846,960 | 203,346,856 |
1915 | 208,908,118 | 6,628,019 | 215,536,137 |
1916 | 200,119,016 | 8,772,467 | 208,891,483 |
1917 | 162,043,634 | 7,590,445 | 169,634,079 |
1918 | 110,054,315 | 6,776,434 | 116,830,749 |
The following summary is interesting as showing the various classes of wool purchased by the New Zealand mills. For 1917–18 greasy wool represents over 98 per cent. of the total. Nearly half of the wool used at mills is shown to be half-bred, slightly less than one-third crossbred, and slightly less than one-fifth merino.
CLASS OF WOOL PURCHASED BY WOOLLEN-MILLS, 1917–18. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
— | Merino. | Half-bred. | Crossbred. | Totals. |
lb. | lb. | lb. | lb. | |
Greasy | 1,298,733 | 3,278,356 | 2,065,911 | 6,643,000 |
Scoured | 4,750 | 26,566 | 7,890 | 39,206 |
Sliped | .. | 53,327 | 40,901 | 94,228 |
Totals, 1917–18 | 1,303,483 | 3,358,249 | 2,114,702 | 6,776,434 |
Totals, 1916–17 | 1,417,169 | 3,022,073 | 3,151,203 | 7,590,445 |
The percentages of greasy, scoured, and washed wool to the total Quantities exported during the last ten years are,—
Year. | Greasy. | Scoured and sliped. | Washed. |
---|---|---|---|
Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
1908 | 81.60 | 17.35 | 1.05 |
1909 | 82.40 | 17.09 | 0.51 |
1910 | 83.48 | 16.27 | 0.25 |
1911 | 80.63 | 19.16 | 0.21 |
1912 | 80.96 | 18.77 | 0.27 |
1913 | 83.28 | 16.43 | 0.29 |
1914 | 83.45 | 16.28 | 0.27 |
1915 | 78.62 | 21.09 | 0.29 |
1916 | 79.27 | 20.24 | 0.49 |
1917 | 81.77 | 18.07 | 0.16 |
The following diagram shows the increase in the weight of wool exported since 1882, also the great expansion of the frozen-meat trade in the same period:—
Most of the leading breeds of the cattle of Great Britain are represented in the Dominion by herds bred on sound lines, though the beef-breeds of later years are not making much headway owing to the advance taking place in dairying operations. There are still very many fine Shorthorn herds of the beef type, while Aberdeen-Angus and Hereford cattle are also bred. There are herd-books for each of these breeds.
The breeding of dairy cattle has made considerable progress in recent years. A special Jersey herd-book has been in existence for some time, and herd-book societies are now well established for the Holstein, Ayrshire, and milking Shorthorn breeds as well. The various societies have heartily co-operated in a scheme for establishing registers of merit in connection with purebred dairy cattle, giving a great fillip to the breeding of purebred dairy stock. The ordinary dairy-farmer is encouraged to use purebred bulls and thereby to assist materially in raising the standard of the dairy stock of the country. He is now coming to appreciate the value of herd-testing work, and thus, knowing the really profitable cows in his herd, will be anxious to secure a bull which will enable them to perpetuate their good qualities.
An important factor responsible for the improved position of dairy cattle in New Zealand is the milking-machine, which is making the farmer more independent of hired labour. The farms generally are on a fairly large scale, but with the increasing price of land there is a gradual tendency towards smaller farms and the keeping of fewer but better cows. Also, there is a growing realization of the necessity of a more liberal system of feeding, particularly in the direction of growing special fodder crops to maintain the milk-flow at all seasons of the year. Generally, dairy-farming in New Zealand is being conducted on a sound and profitable basis, and the outlook for the industry is most encouraging.
A policy which has been partly responsible for placing the breeding of dairy cattle on up-to-date principles has been the establishment of purebred herds at three of the State experimental farms, and there breeding them according to an exact record of performance. High-priced stock have been imported in order that the foundation herds at the farms may be of the best quality. The milk of all the cattle is daily weighed and periodically tested, official check tests being conducted by experts of the Dairy Division of the Agriculture Department. The yearling bulls from these State milk-record herds command high values. The appreciation of the farming community for this officially tested stock has been chiefly responsible for the gratifying manner in which private breeders of pedigree stock have participated in the official register - of - merit scheme of the Department and the herd-book societies. In the season of 1910–11 the Department established a model herd-testing association in the Wairarapa district, carrying out the work of testing and of recording results free of all charge to the farmers taking part. This had the effect of creating at once wide interest in the important herd-testing movement, and the following season model associations were established in several leading dairying districts. This was intended not only to demonstrate the value of herd-testing when properly conducted and with full comparative records published at the end of the season, but also to encourage farmers to establish co-operative testing associations on their own account. The object was achieved, and many associations are now in operation.
Details for 1918 for each land district are given in the next table.
TABLE SHOWING DETAILS OF CATTLE FOR EACH LAND DISTRICT IN THE DOMINION AS AT 31ST JANUARY, 1918. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land District. | Dairy Cattle. | Other Cattle. | Total Cattle. | ||||||||
Bulls of all Ages. | Cows and Heifers over Two Years Old. | Total Dairy Cattle. | Balls of all Ages. | Cows and Heifers over Two Years Old. | Heifers under Two Years Old. | Steers over Two Years Old. | Steers under Years Old. | Total other Cattle. | |||
In Milk. | Dry. | ||||||||||
Auckland | 12,876 | 247,177 | 32,328 | 292,381 | 3,906 | 110,217 | 215,095 | 133,276 | 192,889 | 655,383 | 947,764 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,545 | 37,925 | 5,362 | 44,832 | 5,297 | 144,624 | 78,175 | 86,436 | 70,451 | 384,983 | 429,815 |
Taranaki | 6,275 | 139,698 | 7,941 | 153,914 | 799 | 30,924 | 87,474 | 26,042 | 54,930 | 200,169 | 354,083 |
Wellington | 5,299 | 117,434 | 13,418 | 136,151 | 4,973 | 115,961 | 106,530 | 107,846 | 85,115 | 420,425 | 556,576 |
Totals, North Island | 25,995 | 542,234 | 59,049 | 627,278 | 14,975 | 401,726 | 487,274 | 353,600 | 403,385 | 1,660,960 | 2,288,238 |
Nelson | 819 | 16,696 | 2,556 | 20,071 | 275 | 6,183 | 12,971 | 5,394 | 10,091 | 34,914 | 54,985 |
Marlborough | 582 | 9,620 | 1,294 | 11,496 | 148 | 5,287 | 8,367 | 4,107 | 6,633 | 24,542 | 36,038 |
Westland | 395 | 7,747 | 1,782 | 9,924 | 227 | 6,980 | 7,734 | 5,820 | 6,942 | 27,703 | 37,627 |
Canterbury | 2,513 | 53,082 | 7,027 | 62,622 | 665 | 16,963 | 38,878 | 26,082 | 31,348 | 113,936 | 176,558 |
Otago | 2,123 | 38,998 | 6,807 | 47,928 | 443 | 13,047 | 27,412 | 17,649 | 20,527 | 79,078 | 127,006 |
Southland | 2,005 | 42,184 | 4,139 | 48,328 | 770 | 19,318 | 33,828 | 16,679 | 30,090 | 100,685 | 149,013 |
Totals, South Island | 8,437 | 168,327 | 23,605 | 200,369 | 2,528 | 67,778 | 129,190 | 75,731 | 105,631 | 380,858 | 581,227 |
Totals, Dominion | 34,432 | 710,561 | 82,654 | 827,647 | 17,503 | 469,504 | 616,464 | 429,331 | 509,016 | 2,041,818 | 2,869,465 |
The total number of cattle in the Dominion at the enumeration of 1918 was 2,869,465, as against 2,575,230 in 1917. The comparative figures for the two years, according to the classification in use, are as follows:—
1917. | 1918. | |
---|---|---|
Dairy cattle— | ||
Bulls of all ages | 34,962 | 34,432 |
Cows and heifers over two years old | 777,439 | 793,215 |
Other cattle— | ||
Bulls of all ages | 14,968 | 17,503 |
Cows and heifers over two years old | 431,715 | 469,504 |
Heifers under two years old | 522,677 | 616,464 |
Steers over two years old | 389,954 | 429,331 |
Steers under two years old | 403,515 | 509,016 |
Totals | 2,575,230 | 2,869,465 |
The greater proportion of the large increase in cattle appears in the Auckland, Hawke's Bay, and Wellington Land Districts, the figures for each district being as follows:—
Land District. | Increase. |
---|---|
Auckland | 101,724 |
Hawke's Bay | 64,361 |
Taranaki | 16,856 |
Wellington | 55,070 |
Nelson | 3,500 |
Marlborough | 5,734 |
Westland | 519 |
Canterbury | 24,705 |
Otago | 5,035 |
Southland | 16,731 |
Total increase | 294,235 |
Out of a total of 2,869,465 cattle, the North Island is shown to have had 2,288,238, or 79.74 per cent., while the South Island had 581,227, or 20.26 per cent. The dairy cows and heifers intended for dairying in the North Island numbered 601,283, or 75.80 per cent., and in the South Island 191,932, or 24.20 per cent.
In connection with the enumeration of live - stock in 1918 information was collected as to breeds of cattle, horses, and pigs in addition to the usual details of age, sex, &c. The results of this enumeration are, as regards cattle, given below. Horses and pigs appear under their respective headings later in this volume.
TABLE SHOWING FOR EACH LAND DISTRICT IN THE DOMINION (EXCLUSIVE OF INTERIOR BOROUGHS) THE NUMBER OF CATTLE AS AT 31ST JANUARY, 1918, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO BREED, SEX, AND AGE. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land District (Excluding Interior Boroughs). | Bulls of All Ages for Stud. | Cows and Heifers over Two Years Old. | Heifers under Two Years Old. | Steers over Two Years Old. | Steers under Two Years Old. | Total. |
Purebred Jersey. | ||||||
Auckland | 470 | 727 | 310 | .. | 40 | 1,547 |
Hawke's Bay | 135 | 167 | 63 | .. | 6 | 371 |
Taranaki | 885 | 1,062 | 571 | .. | 1 | 2,519 |
Wellington | 454 | 642 | 340 | .. | 4 | 1,440 |
Nelson | 32 | 74 | 15 | 13 | 4 | 138 |
Marlborough | 21 | 40 | 15 | 1 | .. | 77 |
Westland | 7 | .. | .. | .. | 7 | |
Canterbury | 30 | 43 | 15 | .. | .. | 88 |
Otago | 9 | 16 | 6 | .. | .. | 31 |
Southland | 5 | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | 10 |
Totals | 2,048 | 2,774 | 1,337 | 14 | 55 | 6,228 |
Purebred Alderney. | ||||||
Auckland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Hawke's Bay | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Taranaki | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wellington | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Nelson | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Marlborough | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Westland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Canterbury | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Otago | 1 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Southland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 5 |
Purebred Friesian (Holstein). | ||||||
Auckland | 348 | 837 | 402 | .. | 60 | 1,647 |
Hawke's Bay | 35 | 24 | 19 | .. | .. | 78 |
Taranaki | 268 | 265 | 211 | .. | .. | 744 |
Wellington | 240 | 499 | 185 | 9 | .. | 933 |
Nelson | 12 | 27 | 2 | .. | .. | 41 |
Marlborough | 15 | 19 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 43 |
Westland | 8 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 9 |
Canterbury | 77 | 131 | 35 | 6 | 2 | 251 |
Otago | 26 | 38 | 21 | .. | .. | 85 |
Southland | 53 | 98 | 40 | .. | 11 | 202 |
Totals | 1,082 | 1,939 | 920 | 16 | 76 | 4,033 |
Purebred Ayrshire. | ||||||
Auckland | 52 | 140 | 58 | .. | .. | 250 |
Hawke's Bay | 19 | 2 | .. | .. | 21 | |
Taranaki | 87 | 133 | 104 | .. | .. | 324 |
Wellington | 86 | 236 | 113 | .. | .. | 435 |
Nelson | 6 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 10 |
Marlborough | 1 | 4 | 4 | .. | .. | 9 |
Westland | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | |
Canterbury | 6 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 10 |
Otago | 19 | 60 | 25 | .. | 3 | 107 |
Southland | 41 | 76 | 35 | .. | .. | 152 |
Totals | 318 | 659 | 339 | .. | 3 | 1,319 |
Purebred Shorthorn. | ||||||
Auckland | 575 | 960 | 413 | .. | 59 | 2,007 |
Hawke's Bay | 142 | 438 | 144 | 42 | 21 | 787 |
Taranaki | 113 | 164 | 44 | .. | .. | 321 |
Wellington | 338 | 641 | 179 | .. | 1 | 1,159 |
Nelson | 13 | 10 | .. | 1 | .. | 24 |
Marlborough | 9 | 39 | .. | .. | 2 | 50 |
Westland | 16 | 19 | .. | .. | .. | 35 |
Canterbury | 246 | 251 | 88 | 20 | 10 | 615 |
Otago | 29 | 40 | 18 | .. | 7 | 94 |
Southland | 69 | 62 | 17 | .. | .. | 148 |
Totals | 1,550 | 2,624 | 903 | 63 | 100 | 5,240 |
Purebred Hereford. | ||||||
Auckland | 110 | 148 | 47 | .. | .. | 305 |
Hawke's Bay | 480 | 762 | 247 | 41 | 1,530 | |
Taranaki | 63 | 97 | 47 | .. | 207 | |
Wellington | 479 | 1,153 | 392 | 6 | 3 | 2,033 |
Nelson | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Marlborough | 4 | 15 | .. | .. | .. | 19 |
Westland | 13 | 2 | 20 | .. | .. | 35 |
Canterbury | 44 | 35 | 14 | .. | .. | 93 |
Otago | 41 | 8 | .. | .. | .. | 49 |
Southland | 219 | 355 | 146 | .. | .. | 720 |
Totals | 1,455 | 2,575 | 913 | 47 | 3 | 4,993 |
Purebred Polled Angus. | ||||||
Auckland | 36 | 10 | 4 | .. | .. | 50 |
Hawke's Bay | 310 | 487 | 192 | 325 | 60 | 1,374 |
Taranaki | 5 | 1 | 3 | .. | .. | 9 |
Wellington | 161 | 244 | 59 | .. | .. | 464 |
Nelson | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 |
Marlborough | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Westland | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Canterbury | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Otago | 12 | 98 | 46 | .. | 32 | 188 |
Southland | 4 | 6 | .. | .. | .. | 10 |
Totals | 538 | 846 | 304 | 325 | 92 | 2,105 |
Purebred Devon. | ||||||
Auckland | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8 |
Hawke's Bay | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Taranaki | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wellington | 9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9 |
Nelson | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Marlborough | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Westland | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Canterbury | 3 | 10 | .. | .. | .. | 13 |
Otago | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Southland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals | 22 | 10 | .. | .. | .. | 32 |
Other Purebred Cattle. | ||||||
Auckland | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Hawke's Bay | 1 | 25 | 2 | .. | .. | 28 |
Taranaki | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wellington | 6 | 5 | 13 | .. | .. | 24 |
Nelson | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Marlborough | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Westland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Canterbury | 6 | 11 | 8 | .. | .. | 25 |
Otago | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Southland | 3 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 5 |
Totals | 21 | 41 | 25 | .. | .. | 87 |
Total Purebred Cattle. | ||||||
Auckland | 1,600 | 2,822 | 1,234 | .. | 159 | 5,815 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,122 | 1,905 | 667 | 408 | 87 | 4,189 |
Taranaki | 1,421 | 1,722 | 980 | .. | 1 | 4,124 |
Wellington | 1,773 | 3,420 | 1,281 | 15 | 8 | 6,497 |
Nelson | 73 | 115 | 17 | 14 | 4 | 223 |
Marlborough | 52 | 117 | 24 | 2 | 5 | 200 |
Westland | 47 | 22 | 20 | .. | .. | 89 |
Canterbury | 416 | 485 | 160 | 26 | 12 | 1,099 |
Otago | 138 | 263 | 116 | .. | 42 | 559 |
Southland | 394 | 600 | 242 | .. | 11 | 1,247 |
Totals | 7,036 | 11,471 | 4,741 | 465 | 329 | 24,042 |
Crossbred with Predominating Strain of Jersey and other Channel Island Breeds. | ||||||
Auckland | 1,348 | 57,532 | 27,993 | 2,554 | 9,765 | 99,192 |
Hawke's Bay | 474 | 21,218 | 8,688 | 536 | 3,077 | 33,993 |
Taranaki | 1,779 | 65,704 | 31,937 | 583 | 7,554 | 107,557 |
Wellington | 1,377 | 45,866 | 19,270 | 2,134 | 6,269 | 74,916 |
Nelson | 189 | 6,170 | 3,064 | 381 | 1,489 | 11,293 |
Marlborough | 79 | 3,098 | 1,214 | 110 | 486 | 4,987 |
Westland | 84 | 2,730 | 1,048 | 85 | 356 | 4,303 |
Canterbury | 283 | 8,269 | 3,398 | 133 | 1,066 | 13,149 |
Otago | 135 | 2,567 | 1,129 | 102 | 319 | 4,252 |
Southland | 75 | 990 | 405 | 11 | 124 | 1,605 |
Totals | 5,823 | 214,144 | 98,146 | 6,629 | 30,505 | 355,247 |
Crossbred with Predominating Strain of Friesian (Holstein). | ||||||
Auckland | 1,491 | 27,265 | 17,016 | 4,203 | 12,210 | 62,185 |
Hawke's Bay | 250 | 3,907 | 2,287 | 1,341 | 1,615 | 9,400 |
Taranaki | 1,382 | 26,537 | 15,078 | 1,577 | 11,309 | 55,883 |
Wellington | 995 | 18,185 | 9,878 | 2,611 | 5,912 | 37,581 |
Nelson | 172 | 1,003 | 1,015 | 130 | 579 | 2,899 |
Marlborough | 104 | 686 | 681 | 10 | 385 | 1,866 |
Westland | 57 | 754 | 389 | 71 | 416 | 1,687 |
Canterbury | 460 | 4,613 | 3,193 | 341 | 1,586 | 10,193 |
Otago | 263 | 2,755 | 1,842 | 254 | 979 | 6,093 |
Southland | 368 | 4,463 | 3,091 | 214 | 2,119 | 10,255 |
Totals | 5,542 | 90,168 | 54,470 | 10,752 | 37,110 | 198,042 |
Crossbred with Predominating Strain of Ayrshire.. | ||||||
Auckland | 132 | 3,572 | 1,716 | 246 | 1,093 | 6,759 |
Hawke's Bay | 72 | 1,363 | 600 | 105 | 406 | 2,546 |
Taranaki | 133 | 2,909 | 1,579 | 30 | 738 | 5,389 |
Wellington | 224 | 5,318 | 2,100 | 132 | 768 | 8,542 |
Nelson | 50 | 1,710 | 744 | 175 | 357 | 3,036 |
Marlborough | 39 | 615 | 198 | 28 | 156 | 1,036 |
Westland | 24 | 524 | 258 | 75 | 158 | 1,039 |
Canterbury | 41 | 1,814 | 635 | 97 | 264 | 2,851 |
Otago | 194 | 6,510 | 2,414 | 183 | 759 | 10,060 |
Southland | 144 | 5,342 | 1,957 | 278 | 837 | 8,558 |
Totals | 1,053 | 29,677 | 12,201 | 1,349 | 5,536 | 49,816 |
Crossbred with Predominating Strain of Shorthorn. | ||||||
Auckland | 10,847 | 271,222 | 151,766 | 115,620 | 155,624 | 705,079 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,577 | 61,519 | 23,438 | 35,386 | 23,908 | 145,828 |
Taranaki | 2,060 | 72,016 | 34,121 | 21,291 | 33,271 | 162,759 |
Wellington | 3,412 | 109,276 | 44,402 | 68,749 | 44,375 | 270,214 |
Nelson | 472 | 13,424 | 6,618 | 4,062 | 6,388 | 30,964 |
Marlborough | 359 | 9,752 | 5,114 | 2,973 | 4,746 | 22,944 |
Westland | 243 | 7,355 | 3,179 | 3,541 | 3,496 | 17,814 |
Canterbury | 1,664 | 55,640 | 28,215 | 21,001 | 25,325 | 131,845 |
Otago | 1,308 | 36,535 | 17,719 | 13,071 | 14,558 | 83,191 |
Southland | 1,126 | 38,318 | 20,559 | 10,588 | 19,045 | 89,636 |
Totals | 23,068 | 675,057 | 335,131 | 296,282 | 330,736 | 1,660,274 |
Crossbred with Predominating Strain of Hereford. | ||||||
Auckland | 654 | 8,041 | 5,263 | 4,941 | 5,449 | 24,348 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,750 | 44,784 | 20,506 | 22,594 | 19,936 | 109,570 |
Taranaki | 141 | 2,349 | 1,170 | 1,332 | 905 | 5,897 |
Wellington | 1,418 | 29,954 | 15,495 | 21,898 | 15,471 | 84,236 |
Nelson | 71 | 620 | 417 | 186 | 478 | 1,772 |
Marlborough | 60 | 945 | 578 | 727 | 504 | 2,814 |
Westland | 126 | 3,611 | 2,189 | 1,566 | 2,024 | 9,516 |
Canterbury | 160 | 3,230 | 1,930 | 3,882 | 2,133 | 11,335 |
Otago | 248 | 5,099 | 2,345 | 2,671 | 2,694 | 13,057 |
Southland | 560 | 10,506 | 5,351 | 4,394 | 6,106 | 26,917 |
Totals | 5,188 | 109,139 | 55,244 | 64,191 | 55,700 | 289,462 |
Crossbred with Predominating Strain of Polled Angus. | ||||||
Auckland | 265 | 4,371 | 2,188 | 1,623 | 2,226 | 10,673 |
Hawke's Bay | 1,471 | 38,478 | 16,486 | 20,355 | 17,113 | 93,903 |
Taranaki | 49 | 636 | 336 | 493 | 174 | 1,688 |
Wellington | 686 | 13,206 | 6,773 | 7,128 | 6,571 | 34,364 |
Nelson | 15 | 217 | 176 | 63 | 175 | 646 |
Marlborough | 8 | 51 | 22 | 13 | 50 | 144 |
Westland | 4 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 6 |
Canterbury | 57 | 497 | 163 | 68 | 150 | 935 |
Otago | 101 | 985 | 465 | 191 | 252 | 1,994 |
Southland | 13 | 374 | 148 | 128 | 162 | 825 |
Totals | 2,669 | 58,817 | 26,757 | 30,062 | 26,873 | 145,178 |
Other Crossbred Cattle (principally for Dairy Purposes). | ||||||
Auckland | 108 | 6,906 | 3,309 | 608 | 2,211 | 13,142 |
Hawke's Bay | 29 | 6,704 | 2,583 | 365 | 1,472 | 11,153 |
Taranaki | 9 | 4,528 | 1,291 | 174 | 472 | 6,474 |
Wellington | 69 | 13,225 | 4,327 | 939 | 2,716 | 21,276 |
Nelson | 2 | 896 | 402 | 83 | 251 | 1,634 |
Marlborough | 8 | 515 | 324 | 46 | 149 | 1,042 |
Westland | 8 | 729 | 266 | 96 | 191 | 1,290 |
Canterbury | 26 | 1,011 | 590 | 162 | 370 | 2,159 |
Otago | 26 | 1,155 | 439 | 253 | 565 | 2,438 |
Southland | 30 | 3,569 | 1,295 | 358 | 917 | 6,169 |
Totals | 315 | 39,238 | 14,826 | 3,084 | 9,314 | 66,777 |
Other Crossbred Cattle (principally for Beef Purposes). | ||||||
Auckland | 62 | 3,399 | 2,627 | 3,186 | 3,617 | 12,891 |
Hawke's Bay | 46 | 6,836 | 2,533 | 5,181 | 2,745 | 17,341 |
Taranaki | .. | 451 | 397 | 539 | 391 | 1,778 |
Wellington | 45 | 2,657 | 1,386 | 4,052 | 2,423 | 10,563 |
Nelson | .. | 204 | 207 | 206 | 284 | 901 |
Marlborough | 2 | 89 | 120 | 192 | 143 | 546 |
Westland | 1 | 192 | 179 | 331 | 200 | 903 |
Canterbury | 12 | 274 | 248 | 342 | 416 | 1,292 |
Otago | 3 | 219 | 102 | 811 | 174 | 1,309 |
Southland | 22 | 488 | 478 | 608 | 669 | 2,265 |
Totals | 193 | 14,809 | 8,277 | 15,448 | 11,062 | 49,789 |
Total Crossbred Cattle. | ||||||
Auckland | 14,907 | 382,308 | 211,878 | 132,981 | 192,195 | 934,269 |
Hawke's Bay | 5,669 | 184,809 | 77,121 | 85,863 | 70,272 | 423,734 |
Taranaki | 5,553 | 175,130 | 85,909 | 26,019 | 54,814 | 347,425 |
Wellington | 8,226 | 237,687 | 103,631 | 107,643 | 84,505 | 541,692 |
Nelson | 971 | 24,244 | 12,643 | 5,286 | 10,001 | 53,145 |
Marlborough | 659 | 15,751 | 8,251 | 4,099 | 6,619 | 35,374 |
Wetland | 547 | 15,897 | 7,508 | 5,765 | 6,841 | 36,558 |
Canterbury | 2,703 | 75,348 | 38,372 | 26,026 | 31,310 | 173,759 |
Otago | 2,278 | 55,825 | 26,455 | 17,536 | 20,300 | 122,394 |
Southland | 2,338 | 64,050 | 33,284 | 16,579 | 29,979 | 146,230 |
Totals | 43,851 | 1,231,049 | 605,052 | 427,797 | 506,836 | 2,814,585 |
Total Cattle (Purebred and Crossbred). | ||||||
Auckland | 16,507 | 385,130 | 213,112 | 132,981 | 192,354 | 940,084 |
Hawke's Bay | 6,791 | 186,714 | 77,788 | 86,271 | 70,359 | 427,923 |
Taranaki | 6,974 | 176,852 | 86,889 | 26,019 | 54,815 | 351,549 |
Wellington | 9,999 | 241,107 | 104,912 | 107,658 | 84,513 | 548,189 |
Nelson | 1,044 | 24,359 | 12,660 | 5,300 | 10,005 | 53,368 |
Marlborough | 711 | 15,868 | 8,275 | 4,101 | 6,624 | 35,579 |
Westland | 594 | 15.9 | 7,528 | 5,765 | 6,841 | 36,647 |
Canterbury | 3,119 | 7.833 | 38,532 | 26,052 | 31,322 | 174,858 |
Otago | 2,416 | 56,088 | 26,571 | 17,536 | 20,342 | 122,953 |
Southland | 2,732 | 64,650 | 33,526 | 16,579 | 29,990 | 147,477 |
Totals | 50,887 | 1,242,520 | 609,793 | 428,262 | 507,165 | 2,838,627 |
Boroughs | 1,048 | 20,199 | 6,671 | 1,069 | 1,851 | 30,838 |
Grand totals | 51,935 | 1,262,719 | 616,464 | 429,331 | 509,016 | 2,869,465 |
The following table shows the number and weight of cattle slaughtered for food purposes in each of the past ten years, together with the weight of beef exported:—
Year ended 31st March. | Cattle slaughtered for Food Purposes. | Weight of Beef exported. | |
---|---|---|---|
Number. | Weight. | ||
* Not available. | |||
Cwt. | Cwt. | ||
1909 | 273,269 | 1,951,921 | 373,390 |
1910 | 300,800 | 2,148,571 | 478,930 |
1911 | 286,256 | 2,044,686 | 500,022 |
1912 | 237,696 | 1,697,829 | 210,629 |
1913 | 259,935 | 1,856,679 | 260,880 |
1914 | 299,409 | 2,139,529 | 325,593 |
1915 | 347,353 | 2,481,093 | 716,289 |
1916 | 369,647 | 2,640,336 | 750,938 |
1917 | 385,129 | 2,750,921 | 1,008,689 |
1918 | 341,300 | 2,437,857 | * |
Totals for 10 years | 3,100,794 | 22,149,422 | * |
In addition to these figures there were 2,969 bullocks and cows and 1,605 calves slaughtered by farmers for local consumption during the year ended the 31st January, 1918.
The Dairy Industry Act, 1908, a consolidation of previous legislation, provides for the appointment of inspectors of dairy stock and factories or other places used for the manufacture of dairy-produce, and power is given to condemn or forbid their use, if necessary. The sale of unwholesome milk or other dairy-produce is prohibited, and provision is made for the inspection, grading, and shipping of all such produce exported. Provision is made for the framing of regulations for the registration of dairies, licensing of persons carrying on the manufacture or sale of the produce, registration of trade-marks or brands, and for inspection and grading. A fine not exceeding £50 may be inflicted for any offence under this part of the Act.
Authority is given for. State advances to dairy companies, on the security of their assets, for the purposes of acquiring land or of erecting buildings and machinery for carrying on the manufacture of dairy-produce. Loans are repayable by equal half-yearly instalments within fifteen years, and bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum.
The Act also provides for the registration of co-operative dairy companies, and shareholders are protected in the event of certain contingencies.
A short amending Act was passed in 1915, but does not affect the main points of the measure as summarized.
The census of industrial manufacture showed that during the year ended 31st March, 1916, 603,470 cwt. of butter was produced by butter-factories in the Dominion. The quantity exported during this period amounted to 398,440 cwt., which leaves for local consumption 205,030 cwt. This figure, without taking into consideration the small quantity of butter made privately on farms, approximates very nearly to a consumption of 20 lb. per head of population (including Maoris), which has formerly been used in computing the estimated local consumption.
Returns from cheese-factories give the quantity manufactured during the twelve months ended 31st March, 1916, as 805,103 cwt.
The number of butter and cheese factories in each district as in April, 1918, with the previous season's output for export, is, next shown. The districts shown do not in all cases correspond exactly with the land districts of the same name.
District. | Number of Factories. | Skimming-stations. | Forwarded for Export, 1917–18. | Number of Suppliers. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Butter. | Cheese. | Butter. | Cheese. | Butter. | Cheese. | ||
Tons. | Tons. | ||||||
Auckland | 55 | 54 | 41 | 12,005 | 7,501 | 10,488 | 1,159 |
Hawke's Bay | 11 | 24 | 7 | 704 ½ | 3,059 | 1,535 | 747 |
Taranaki | 35 | 115 | 73 | 3,537 ½ | 21,289 | 1,572 | 2,950 |
Wellington | 22 | 74 | 26 | 2,818 ¼ | 9,028 | 2,603 | 1,803 |
Nelson | 7 | 5 | 2 | 395 | 376 | 565 | 125 |
Marlborough | 4 | 7 | .. | 115 | 854 | 361 | 205 |
Westland | 7 | 3 | 4 | 278 | 238 | 420 | 45 |
Canterbury | 11 | 16 | 20 | 1,102 ½ | 1,405 ½ | 2,771 | 455 |
Otago and Southland | 10 | 104 | 7 | 746 ¾ | 8,774 | 2,861 | 2,694 |
Totals, 1918 | 162 | 402 | 180 | 21,202 ½ | 52,524 ½ | 23,176 | 10,183 |
Totals, 1917 | 164 | 392 | 234 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals, 1916 | 173 | 381 | 332 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals, 1915 | 167 | 330 | 345 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals, 1914 | 181 | 293 | 374 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals, 1913 | 174 | 276 | 409 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals, 1912 | 172 | 224 | 427 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals, 1911 | 185 | 218 | 431 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals, 1910 | 189 | 194 | 417 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals, 1909 | 193 | 152 | 419 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Totals, 1908 | 196 | 147 | 438 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
In addition to the above, in April, 1918, there were 23 private dairies for butter and 18 for cheese, also 41 packing-houses.
The total export of butter and cheese in the past twenty years, and the total quantity of each commodity sent to the United Kingdom, are tabulated.
Year. | Total Export of Butter. | Butter exported to the United Kingdom. | Total Export of Cheese. | Cheese exported to the United Kingdom. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
1898 | 96,801 | 80,814 | 68,711 | 41,412 |
1899 | 136,086 | 121,502 | 69,440 | 40,901 |
1900 | 172,583 | 165,871 | 102,849 | 81,908 |
1901 | 201,591 | 170,903 | 104,294 | 74,510 |
1902 | 253,998 | 170,207 | 74,746 | 50,325 |
1903 | 285,106 | 249,016 | 74,780 | 64,661 |
1904 | 314,360 | 299,171 | 84,526 | 82,046 |
1905 | 305,722 | 282,275 | 88,562 | 85,653 |
1906 | 320,225 | 306,739 | 131,206 | 129,321 |
1907 | 328,441 | 314,081 | 236,833 | 234,517 |
1908 | 229,971 | 211,242 | 280,798 | 276,212 |
1909 | 321,108 | 301,693 | 400,607 | 398,619 |
1910 | 356,535 | 345,400 | 451,915 | 449,167 |
1911 | 302,387 | 283,505 | 439,174 | 435,616 |
1912 | 378,117 | 316,857 | 577,070 | 572,562 |
1913 | 372,258 | 288,224 | 611,663 | 608,933 |
1914 | 434,067 | 361,381 | 863,776 | 859,986 |
1915 | 420,144 | 371,959 | 817,258 | 803,917 |
1916 | 358,632 | 336,412 | 949,416 | 942,773 |
1917 | 254,397 | 250,721 | 885,751 | 865,152 |
Exports of butter to countries other than the United Kingdom in 1917 include 1,499 cwt. to Australia, whilst 19,975 cwt. of cheese was shipped to Egypt.
The quantities of butter and cheese exported continued about equal till the close of the year 1895. During the period 1896–1907 butter assumed the lead, reaching its maximum of comparative importance in 1903, in which year the export was nearly four times that of cheese. A remarkable rise then took place in the cheese exports, and the increase in the exports continued so rapidly that 1917 saw the quantity of cheese more than treble that of butter.
The number of horses is shown for seven census years,—
Census Years. | Number of Horses. | Numerical Increase. | Increase per Cent. |
---|---|---|---|
* Decrease. | |||
1886 | 187,382 | .. | .. |
1891 | 211,040 | 23,658 | 12.63 |
1896 | 237,418 | 26,378 | 12.50 |
1901 | 266,245 | 28,827 | 12.14 |
1906 | 326,537 | 60,292 | 22.65 |
1911 | 404,284 | 77,747 | 23.81 |
1916 | 371,331 | −32,953* | −8.15* |
A detailed table by land districts for the year 1918 is given below, from which it will be seen that Auckland has the most horses, Canterbury being second.
HORSES. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land District (excluding Interior Boroughs). | Stallions for Stud. | Geldings over Two Years Old. | Dry Mares over Two Years Old. | Mares with Foal at Foot or to foal this Season. | Fillies under Two Years Old. | Colts or Geldings under Two Years Old. | Other Horses, and Horses unspecified. | Total. |
Thoroughbred. | ||||||||
Auckland | 100 | 350 | 346 | 189 | 140 | 120 | 73 | 1,318 |
Hawke's Bay | 69 | 268 | 273 | 200 | 107 | 79 | 20 | 1,016 |
Taranaki | 23 | 116 | 113 | 42 | 36 | 31 | .. | 361 |
Wellington | 86 | 476 | 551 | 255 | 199 | 159 | 46 | 1,772 |
Nelson | 8 | 23 | 22 | 2 | 3 | 2 | .. | 60 |
Marlborough | 3 | 31 | 32 | 5 | 4 | 2 | .. | 77 |
Westland | 9 | 16 | 16 | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | 46 |
Canterbury | 55 | 260 | 312 | 106 | 69 | 65 | 19 | 886 |
Otago | 40 | 130 | 114 | 100 | 54 | 32 | 15 | 485 |
Southland | 14 | 102 | 116 | 25 | 24 | 21 | 4 | 306 |
Totals | 407 | 1,772 | 1,895 | 928 | 637 | 511 | 177 | 6,327 |
Draught. | ||||||||
Auckland | 279 | 14,052 | 11,673 | 1,547 | 1,462 | 1,243 | 156 | 30,412 |
Hawke's Bay | 103 | 4,679 | 3,759 | 597 | 465 | 410 | 208 | 10,221 |
Taranaki | 67 | 3,780 | 2,903 | 301 | 269 | 225 | 35 | 7,580 |
Wellington | 128 | 6,130 | 5,531 | 810 | 643 | 514 | 105 | 13,861 |
Nelson | 14 | 1,652 | 1,566 | 189 | 116 | 125 | 16 | 3,678 |
Marlborough | 34 | 1,569 | 1,485 | 107 | 125 | 94 | 3 | 3,417 |
Westland | 7 | 333 | 303 | 63 | 52 | 16 | 17 | 791 |
Canterbury | 135 | 19,575 | 17,399 | 1,567 | 2,344 | 1,894 | 285 | 43,199 |
Otago | 98 | 10,917 | 10,529 | 965 | 1,402 | 1,034 | 152 | 25,097 |
Southland | 57 | 9,612 | 8,968 | 759 | 1,093 | 897 | 45 | 21,431 |
Totals | 922 | 72,299 | 64,116 | 6,905 | 7,971 | 6,452 | 1,022 | 159,687 |
Other Breeds (Harness and Saddle). | ||||||||
Auckland | 148 | 24,044 | 20,118 | 2,718 | 2,684 | 2,258 | 1,568 | 53,538 |
Hawke's Bay | 58 | 10,696 | 9,319 | 1,556 | 1,438 | 1,210 | 1,180 | 25,457 |
Taranaki | 13 | 6,658 | 7,193 | 576 | 688 | 543 | 203 | 15,874 |
Wellington | 51 | 13,142 | 13,122 | 1,571 | 1,443 | 1,194 | 824 | 31,347 |
Nelson | 12 | 1,852 | 1,836 | 122 | 226 | 135 | 79 | 4,262 |
Marlborough | 11 | 1,565 | 1,649 | 140 | 161 | 131 | 33 | 3,690 |
Westland | 8 | 809 | 733 | 107 | 84 | 77 | 50 | 1,868 |
Canterbury | 63 | 9,260 | 8,733 | 748 | 813 | 694 | 1,029 | 21,340 |
Otago | 24 | 5,421 | 5,082 | 386 | 632 | 466 | 696 | 12,707 |
Southland | 20 | 3,260 | 3,359 | 357 | 532 | 375 | 235 | 8,138 |
Totals | 408 | 76,707 | 71,144 | 8,281 | 8,701 | 7,083 | 5,897 | 178,221 |
Ponies under Fourteen Hands. | ||||||||
Auckland | 31 | 1,773 | 1,801 | 181 | 191 | 184 | 261 | 4,422 |
Hawke's Bay | 17 | 375 | 494 | 92 | 57 | 53 | 20 | 1,108 |
Taranaki | 11 | 286 | 456 | 60 | 74 | 37 | 27 | 951 |
Wellington | 19 | 491 | 488 | 68 | 35 | 47 | 76 | 1,224 |
Nelson | 1 | 20 | 35 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 76 |
Marlborough | 4 | 42 | 80 | 3 | 9 | 6 | .. | 144 |
Westland | 1 | 27 | 25 | 2 | .. | 5 | 4 | 64 |
Canterbury | 27 | 427 | 428 | 58 | 49 | 50 | 118 | 1,157 |
Otago | 8 | 196 | 169 | 13 | 26 | 16 | 36 | 464 |
Southland | 4 | 116 | 107 | 22 | 10 | 14 | 21 | 294 |
Totals | 123 | 3,753 | 4,083 | 505 | 459 | 413 | 568 | 9,904 |
Total (All Breeds). | ||||||||
Auckland | 558 | 40,219 | 33,938 | 4,635 | 4,477 | 3,805 | 2,058 | 89,690 |
Hawke's Bay | 247 | 16,018 | 13,845 | 2,445 | 2,067 | 1,752 | 1,428 | 37,802 |
Taranaki | 114 | 10,840 | 10,665 | 979 | 1,067 | 836 | 265 | 24,766 |
Wellington | 284 | 20,239 | 19,692 | 2,704 | 2,320 | 1,914 | 1,051 | 48,204 |
Nelson | 35 | 3,547 | 3,459 | 319 | 353 | 263 | 100 | 8,076 |
Marlborough | 52 | 3,207 | 3,246 | 255 | 299 | 233 | 36 | 7,328 |
Westland | 25 | 1,185 | 1,077 | 176 | 137 | 98 | 71 | 2,769 |
Canterbury | 280 | 29,522 | 26,872 | 2,479 | 3,275 | 2,703 | 1,451 | 66,582 |
Otago | 170 | 16,664 | 15,894 | 1,464 | 2,114 | 1,548 | 899 | 38,753 |
Southland | 95 | 13,090 | 12,550 | 1,163 | 1,659 | 1,307 | 305 | 30,169 |
Totals | 1,860 | 154,531 | 141,238 | 16,619 | 17,768 | 14,459 | 7,664 | 354,139 |
Boroughs | 158 | 11,080 | 6,875 | 622 | 406 | 3,022 | 1,748 | 23,911 |
Grand totals | 2,018 | 165,611 | 148,113 | 17,241 | 18,174 | 17,481 | 9,412 | 378,050 |
In addition, there were 253 asses and mules in the Dominion, classified as follows:—
ASSES AND MULES. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land District (excluding Interior Boroughs). | Stallions for Stud. | Geldings over Two Years Old. | Dry Mares over Two Years Old. | Mares with Foal at Foot or to foal this Season. | Fillies under Two Years Old. | Colts or Geldings under Two Years Old. | Other Asses and Mules, and Asses and Mules unspecified. | Total. |
Auckland | 3 | 20 | 13 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 55 |
Hawke's Bay | 13 | 41 | 34 | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 92 |
Taranaki | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wellington | 1 | 14 | 6 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 22 |
Nelson | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Marlborough | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Westland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Canterbury | .. | 26 | 8 | 1 | .. | 1 | 6 | 42 |
Otago | .. | 21 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 24 |
Southland | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Totals | 17 | 124 | 63 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 237 |
Additional (Boroughs) | 16 | |||||||
Grand total | 263 |
The following table shows the number and classification of pigs in the Dominion in 1918. Their numbers have decreased from 283,770 to 258,694 since 1917.
PIGS. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Land District (excluding Interior Boroughs). | Boars of All Ages for Stud. | Sows of All Ages used or intended for Breeding. | Other Pigs. | Total. |
Pure Berkshire. | ||||
Auckland | 1,333 | 4,543 | 18,385 | 24,261 |
Hawke's Bay | 246 | 985 | 3,752 | 4,983 |
Taranaki | 594 | 1,185 | 4,679 | 6,458 |
Wellington | 650 | 1,823 | 6,007 | 8,480 |
Nelson | 104 | 347 | 1,289 | 1,740 |
Marlborough | 125 | 367 | 1,508 | 2,000 |
Westland | 49 | 167 | 651 | 867 |
Canterbury | 631 | 2,827 | 11,086 | 14,544 |
Otago | 150 | 532 | 1,064 | 1,746 |
Southland | 108 | 361 | 1,062 | 1,531 |
Totals | 3,990 | 13,137 | 49,483 | 66,610 |
Pure Yorkshire. | ||||
Auckland | 110 | 413 | 946 | 1,469 |
Hawke's Bay | 31 | 82 | 203 | 316 |
Taranaki | 35 | 152 | 233 | 420 |
Wellington | 83 | 273 | 393 | 749 |
Nelson | 16 | 73 | 154 | 243 |
Marlborough | 11 | 81 | 220 | 312 |
Westland | 4 | 30 | 80 | 114 |
Canterbury | 38 | 178 | 335 | 551 |
Otago | 136 | 445 | 1,022 | 1,603 |
Southland | 88 | 337 | 1,014 | 1,439 |
Totals | 552 | 2,064 | 4,600 | 7,216 |
Other Purebred Pigs. | ||||
Auckland | 59 | 356 | 1,224 | 1,639 |
Hawke's Bay | 19 | 42 | 118 | 179 |
Taranaki | 42 | 194 | 394 | 630 |
Wellington | 36 | 169 | 421 | 626 |
Nelson | 12 | 30 | 141 | 183 |
Marlborough | 5 | 61 | 121 | 187 |
Westland | 4 | 20 | 96 | 120 |
Canterbury | 23 | 137 | 329 | 489 |
Otago | 7 | 37 | 96 | 140 |
Southland | 12 | 69 | 126 | 207 |
Totals | 219 | 1,115 | 3,066 | 4,400 |
Crossbred. | ||||
Auckland | 637 | 5,303 | 45,492 | 51,432 |
Hawke's Bay | 139 | 1,156 | 9,286 | 10,581 |
Taranaki | 352 | 2,895 | 26,500 | 29,747 |
Wellington | 294 | 2,839 | 24,782 | 27,915 |
Nelson | 88 | 705 | 6,649 | 7,442 |
Marlborough | 33 | 554 | 3,701 | 4,288 |
Westland | 50 | 175 | 1,881 | 2,106 |
Canterbury | 100 | 1,749 | 20,548 | 22,397 |
Otago | 64 | 671 | 10,307 | 11,042 |
Southland | 81 | 645 | 7,362 | 8,088 |
Totals | 1,838 | 16,692 | 156,508 | 175,038 |
Totals (All Breeds). | ||||
Auckland | 2,139 | 10,615 | 66,047 | 78,801 |
Hawke's Bay | 435 | 2,265 | 13,359 | 16,059 |
Taranaki | 1,023 | 4,426 | 31,806 | 37,255 |
Wellington | 1,063 | 5,104 | 31,603 | 37,770 |
Nelson | 220 | 1,155 | 8,233 | 9,608 |
Marlborough | 174 | 1,063 | 5,550 | 6,787 |
Westland | 407 | 392 | 2,708 | 3,207 |
Canterbury | 792 | 4,891 | 32,298 | 37,981 |
Otago | 357 | 1,685 | 12,489 | 14,531 |
Southland | 289 | 1,412 | 9,564 | 11,265 |
Totals | 6,599 | 33,008 | 213,657 | 253,264 |
Boroughs | 116 | 632 | 4,682 | 5,430 |
Grand totals | 6,715 | 33,640 | 218,339 | 258,694 |
During the ten years ended the 31st March, 1918, 1,876,001 pigs were slaughtered in New Zealand for food purposes, the weight of pork, bacon, and hams being 2,177,502 cwt. Little of this was exported, and it is estimated that 96.5 per cent. was consumed in the Dominion. Figures showing the slaughter for each of the ten years are given below:—
Year ended 31st March. | Number of Pigs. | Weight of Pork, Bacon, and Hams. |
---|---|---|
Cwt. | ||
1909 | 139,810 | 162,279 |
1910 | 113,491 | 131,731 |
1911 | 163,307 | 189,553 |
1912 | 232,091 | 269,391 |
1913 | 192,407 | 223,330 |
1914 | 191,797 | 222,622 |
1915 | 241,683 | 280,525 |
1916 | 219,041 | 254,244 |
1917 | 202,834 | 235,432 |
1918 | 179,540 | 208,395 |
The number of Angora goats was 5,931, a decrease of 905 since 1917. Other goats increased by 400 during the period, the number in 1918 being 11,799.
The number of poultry in New Zealand at the taking of the 1916 census was ascertained to be 3,468,000, a decrease of 225,137 from the number for the year 1911 (3,693,137).
Details as to kind, age, and sex, and a comparison with previous years, are given below:—
– | 1916. | Total, 1916. | Total, 1911. | Total, 1906. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reared in a Previous Season. | Reared in Current Season. | |||||
Male Birds. | Female Birds. | |||||
Fowls | 198,056 | 2,308,928 | 634,370 | 3,141,354 | 3,215,031 | 2,784,269 |
Ducks | 32,907 | 145,399 | 42,502 | 220,808 | 329,230 | 281,999 |
Turkeys | 13,268 | 37,315 | 5,938 | 56,521 | 97,933 | 77,101 |
Geese | 9,231 | 20,791 | 16,933 | 46,955 | 45,389 | 44,300 |
Other poultry | .. | .. | .. | 2,362 | 5,554 | 3,935 |
In the North Island 74,848 householders owned 1,866,608 poultry, in the South Island (including Stewart Island and Chatham Islands) the numbers were 59,313 and 1,596,024 respectively, and in other adjacent islands 73 and 3,006. These figures are exclusive of poultry other than fowls, ducks, turkeys, and geese.
Bees were first introduced into New Zealand in 1839, and after early vicissitudes bee-farming has steadily increased. The census returns of 1916 show that there were 8,244 households keeping bees in the Dominion, the number of colonies being 57,540. Honey exported during 1916 amounted to 144,029 lb., valued at £2,787.
The Department of Agriculture maintains four apiary instructors and inspectors who give practical instruction in management, preparation of products for market, &c. The grading of honey for export is now compulsory.
Regulations have recently been gazetted under the Apiaries Amendment Act, 1913, requiring all beekeepers to make application to the Director of the Horticultural Division, Department of Agriculture, for registration of their apiaries. Re-registration is to be effected in 1920, and every third year thereafter. In the case of apiaries being established or transferred from one beekeeper to another, application for registration of such establishment or transfer must be made within twenty-one days of such establishment or transfer.
Table of Contents
NEW ZEALAND possesses a large variety of trees in its native forests, there being no fewer than eighty-six different species known to botanists. The majority of these are, unfortunately, through various causes, of little use for commercial purposes to any great extent, and, as a matter of fact, the following trees are practically the staple supply of the timber trade: Kauri, totara, rimu (red-pine), kahikatea (white-pine), matai (black-pine). The puriri, mire, silver-pine, and the various birches (or beeches, as they should be properly designated) are the only other trees which are used to any extent for general purposes.
Most of the indigenous trees suitable for conversion into marketable timber are slow of growth, and the steps that have been taken in regard to New Zealand forests have been in the direction of conserving the existing supply as far as practicable, while allowing sawmilling to proceed under conditions that ensure the greatest possible use being made of the timber.
Future requirements are also being provided for by planting annually about 2,500 acres of the most suitable exotic timber-yielding trees.
One of the earlier methods of inducing the planting of suitable trees was by means of “land grants”—a settler being given a free grant of Crown land if he planted a certain portion of his freehold land in suitable trees. In Canterbury, where the system came into force in the early “seventies,” as much as 2 acres of Crown lands for 1 acre put down, in plantation was sometimes granted, and every inducement was offered to the settlers to put down part of their farms in plantations. Several large plantations may be seen in North Canterbury that were established by means of this method, and settlers are now, in many instances, getting good returns for their timber, the Pinus insignis trees being cut down for their timber, which is used extensively for fruit-cases, for outbuildings, and even in a few cases for the construction of dwellings. As, however, the system referred to did not meet the growing needs of the country, it was discontinued, and it came to pass that the methods of State afforestation that had proved so successful in older countries eventually came to be adopted in New Zealand.
As a first step, three experimental plantations of various trees, aggregating about 15 acres, were started by the Government on the Kaingaroa Plains, between Taupo and Rotorua. Another plantation of 15 acres was started at Tarukonga, on the Rotorua Railway line, and another of 6 acres at Mamaku, not far away. These latter plantations were for the purpose of providing timber for railway requirements. Part of the Rotorua Town Belt was also planted.
Encouraged by the success of these preliminary experiments, a Forestry Branch of the Department of Lands was started in 1896, and three nurseries were established—two at Tapanui and Ranfurly, in the Otago District of the South Island, and the other at Whakarewarewa, near Rotorua, in the North Island. The idea was conceived that coincident with railway-extension one or two central nurseries in each Island were sufficient for the growth of nursery stock, which could be distributed at various places in the district, according as circumstances warranted the extension of the system. Later on another nursery was formed at Hanmer, in the Canterbury District (South Island). The establishment of nurseries in certain other localities was also undertaken, but from various causes these nurseries have been discontinued.
Up to and including the financial year 1915–16 the expenditure on State afforestation was provided out of the rents and royalties received from State forest reserves, supplemented latterly by an annual contribution from the Consolidated Fund. A new departure was made in 1916–17, when provision was made in the Finance Act (section 50) enabling the Minister of Finance to borrow £50,000 for forestry purposes, and during that year £10,000 was raised and placed to the credit of the State Forests Account. A further £28,100 was borrowed in 1917–18, the receipts for which year included also a sum of £2,762 received from sales of thinnings, &c., from plantations, sales of sheep, wool, &c., the last-mentioned item being a result of the policy adopted of grazing sheep on fire-breaks in certain plantations in the South Island, a policy which has, moreover, had the effect of keeping the grass down and saving expenditure on ploughing.
A statement showing receipts and expenditure during the year 1917–18 is appended.
STATE FORESTS ACCOUNT. | |
---|---|
Receipts. | |
£ | |
Balance brought forward at commencement of year | 2,530 |
Rents, royalties, and fees from State forest reserves | 10,537 |
Proceeds from nurseries and plantations— | £ |
Thinnings | 871 |
Trees and seeds sold to farmers | 911 |
Sales of sheep, wool, &c. | 770 |
Miscellaneous grazing-fees | 210 |
2,762 | |
Debentures issued under section 50, Finance Act, 1916 | 28,100 |
£43,929 | |
Expenditure. | |
£ | |
Salaries, wages, and supplies, £ &c, charged to nurseries and plantations | 38,593 |
Sundry expenses—Travelling-expenses, postages, &c. | 690 |
War bonus | 1,581 |
40,864 | |
Management expenses of State forests | 987 |
New Zealand Loans Act, 1908 — Printing debentures | 1 |
Interest recouping the Consolidated Fund in respect of debentures issued | 902 |
Balance at 31st March, 1918 | 1,175 |
£43,929 |
Owing to the youth of the plantations and the immaturity of the timber therein, but little return has yet been derived from them, but it is hoped that in a few years time a revenue may be received, which will increase as larger thinnings are available for disposal. A fair market has been found for thinnings from the larch plantations at Rotorua, and small thinnings from the South Island plantations have been satisfactorily disposed of. These thinnings are utilized partly as mine-props and partly as firewood, as well as for fencing purposes.
On the 31st March, 1918, there were nearly fifteen million trees in the four nurseries of the Forestry Branch of the Department of Lands, and five and a quarter million trees had been sent out during the preceding twelve months. A total area of 32,645 acres had been planted with seventy-one and a quarter million trees in State plantations, the addition for the year being 2,663 acres. The expenditure for the year 1917–18 included £10,780 on the nurseries and £28,276 on the plantations.
Summaries of the operations in nurseries and plantations to the 31st March, 1918, are given.
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS IN NURSERIES FROM 1896 TO 1918. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name of Nursery. | Total Expenditure. | Estimated Number of Trees raised. | Output of Trees. | ||||
Tree-growing. | Maintenance. | Buildings, &c. | Total. | To Plantations. | To Outside Places. | ||
* Now closed. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | ||||
Rotorua | 52,224 | 6,612 | 11,831 | 70,667 | 60,786,674 | 54,893,338 | 1,571,836 |
Tapanui | 29,052 | 828 | 5,310 | 35,190 | 25,253,039 | 14,774,168 | 1,117,238 |
Ranfurly | 15,737 | 396 | 3,383 | 19,516 | 8,316,037 | 5,300,538 | 390,407 |
Hanmer Springs | 14,584 | 665 | 3,288 | 18,437 | 18,440,142 | 10,133,880 | 566,154 |
Starborough* | 6,399 | .. | 2,857 | 9,256 | 3,059,610 | 1,965,095 | 1,094,515 |
Kurow* | 960 | .. | 2,110 | 3,070 | 172,460 | .. | 172,460 |
Totals | 118,956 | 8,401 | 28,779 | 156,136 | 116,027,962 | 87,067,019 | 4,912,610 |
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS IN PLANTATIONS FROM 1896 TO 1918. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name of Plantation. | Trees. | Total Expenditure. | Total Area planted. | Average Cost per Acre planted. | |||||
Number received from Nursery. | Number raised from Seed sown in situ. | Number used to replace Losses. | Total Number in Plantations. | ||||||
* Data not available. † Experimental. | |||||||||
£ | Acres. | £ | s. | d. | |||||
North Island. | |||||||||
Whakarewarewa | 20,396,416 | 109,725 | 3,773,730 | 16,732,411 | 66,505 | 7,966 | 4 | 15 | 2 |
Waiotapu | 24,080,272 | 83,121 | 4,866,134 | 19,297,259 | 54,621 | 7,704 | 4 | 10 | 0 |
Kaingaroa | 9,682,928 | .. | 1,400,375 | 8,282,553 | 18,700 | 4,922 | 2 | 11 | 6 |
Puhipuhi | 3,020,764 | .. | 2,020,764 | 1,000,000 | 12,961 | 1,200 | 4 | 7 | 0 |
South Island. | |||||||||
Conical Hills | 10,710,376 | .. | 1,424,080 | 9,286,296 | 32,458 | 3,533 ½ | 4 | 16 | 10 |
Pukerau | 780,860 | .. | 12,300 | 768,560 | 3,311 | 536 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
Dusky Hill | 3,038,897 | .. | 858,060 | 2,180,837 | 15,050 | 745 ¾ | 11 | 16 | 7 |
Greenvale | 581,220 | .. | .. | 581,220 | 3,932 | 377 | 4 | 7 | 1 |
Waitahuna | 42,025 | .. | 11,500 | 30,525 | 246 | 11 | 8 | 0 | 8 |
Gimmerburn | 936,235 | .. | 783,339 | 152,896 | 2,951 | 88 | 12 | 17 | 8 |
Naseby | 4,233,128 | .. | 542,625 | 3,690,503 | 12,227 | 1,485 | 4 | 11 | 0 |
Hanmer Springs | 9,239,408 | .. | 1,507,224 | 7,732,184 | 26,562 | 2,886 ½ | 5 | 9 | 6 |
Balmoral | 872,447 | .. | .. | 872,447 | 7,472 | 456 | 6 | 9 | 1 |
Tekapo | 48,000 | .. | .. | 48,000 | 177 | 29 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
Dumgree | 1,679,765 | .. | 1,110,125 | 569,640 | 12,465 | 209 | * | ||
Galloway† | 6,930 | .. | 3,050 | 3,880 | 69 | 2 | .. | ||
Omarama† | 4,390 | .. | .. | 4,390 | 70 | 2 | .. | ||
Raincliff | .. | .. | .. | 50,000 | 1,105 | 206 | .. | ||
Totals | 89,354,061 | 192,846 | 18,313,306 | 71,283,601 | 270,882 | 32,358 ¾ | .. |
The Government's proposal to assist farmers in tree-planting was authorized by section 69 of the Reserves and other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act, 1915, and the sum of £1,000 was voted by Parliament to cover expenses in connection with raising and supplying the trees. Price-lists, application-forms, and regulations governing the matter have been issued for general information. As the advantages of the scheme become better known it is expected that a very large number of farmers will apply for trees. In addition to the great value on farms of shelter plantations, the increasing scarcity and enhanced prices of fencing and firewood timber are every year making it more necessary for farmers to plant trees to produce these requisites.
It is not, of course, expected that the planting of trees by farmers for farm purposes will add appreciably to the supply of timber that will be required for building and construction purposes. This supply, if we are not to be dependent on foreign countries, must be provided by the State, and possibly to some extent by public bodies, who may find it an advantage to grow timber-trees on water-catchment areas.
The total number of trees disposed of to farmers during the year was 487,560, which were valued at £949 10s. 9d.
The following extract from the Annual Report of the Forestry Branch of the Lands Department for the year 1916–17 shows how rapidly the indigenous timber forests of New Zealand are disappearing:—
Without a survey it is impossible to give the area of land carrying commercial forest, nor, except in the case of kauri, can more than a guess be made of the amount of the various milling-timbers that our forests contain. Kauri is our most valuable milling-timber, but if the present annual rate (52,000,000 ft.) of cutting is continued our supply will not last more than seven years.
The largest output of timber is from the Auckland Land District, but it is estimated that at the past rate of conversion the present stand of all timbers in that district will not last twenty years. In the Taranaki and Hawke's Bay Districts there are only a few small areas of milling forests left, whilst in the Wellington Land District the milling forest, which is confined to the Waimarino, will last a little more than a decade.
In the South Island there is no milling forest left in the Canterbury Land District; in Nelson and Marlborough the area is very small; in the Otago District the milling forest produces scarcely enough timber for the present local consumption; in Southland there is still a fair area of milling forest, but the Commissioner of Crown Lands estimates that the red-pine will be exhausted in about twenty-eight years, and the white-pine in about sixteen years. This estimate does not, however, allow for the largely increased demands on Southland forests that will be the result of the exhaustion of the supplies in other districts. Black-pine and totara are not plentiful, but occur sporadically in the forest. Beech is' plentiful, but, being what is technically termed a hard wood, it cannot fully take the place of soft woods. The largest forest of commercial timber is now in Westland, but the Commissioner for that district estimates that the milling-timbers (rimu and white-pine) will at the present rate of cutting last only about twenty years.
The great expansion that has occurred in recent years in the dairy and fruit industries, together with the great demand that there has been in Australia for our white-pine, has caused heavy cuttings to be made of this timber. The forests of pure white-pine that used to exist on the extensive swamp lands of the Auckland District have almost gone, and the time is close at hand when the white-pine scattered in our mixed-timber forests will be insufficient to supply the demand.
Puriri and silver-pine, both so valuable for railway-sleepers, have almost gone, and their place is now being taken by imported Australian hardwoods, or ferro-concrete. Except in the case of hardwoods, the exhaustion of the supply of one kind of timber usually results in an increased use of other supplies of an inferior timber, or in the importation of a foreign timber technically as useful but generally more expensive.
During the year ended 31st March, 1916, New Zealand timber-mills handled logs containing an aggregate of 308,568,278 superficial feet. The various timbers represented were,—
Sup. ft. | |
---|---|
* Not indigenous. | |
Kauri | 49,707,738 |
Rimu (red-pine) | 134,462,145 |
Kahikatea (white-pine) | 85,353,955 |
Matai (black-pine) | 11,609,669 |
Totara | 10,983,352 |
Beech | 5,710,060 |
Tawa | 623,342 |
Taraire | 490,077 |
Puriri | 50,000 |
Rata | 31,300 |
Silver-pine | 18,000 |
Pukatea | 3,300 |
Yellow-pine | 2,400 |
Pinus insignis* | 25,000 |
Undefined | 9,497,940 |
Total | 308,568,278 |
The figures given in the next table show that the mills of the Auckland Provincial District dealt with almost exactly half of the total:—
Provincial District. | Sup. ft. |
---|---|
Auckland | 153,519,599 |
Taranaki | 5,756,073 |
Hawke's Bay | 5,197,800 |
Wellington | 44,023,020 |
Marlborough | 2,498,715 |
Nelson | 5,768,111 |
Westland | 62,532,986 |
Canterbury | .. |
Otago | 4,455,499 |
Southland | 24,816,475 |
Total | 308,568,278 |
Table of Contents
UP to the present time New Zealand's fisheries can scarcely be said to have attained to national importance. With a few exceptions, the fishing-grounds so far worked have been those within easy reach of the principal centres. Beyond them is an immense extent of grounds, a few sections of which have been partly prospected, but of the greater part practically nothing is known regarding the value and extent of its fish-supply.
The 1914 issue of this book contains a short summary of the various fishing-grounds worked, giving information as to the kinds of fish caught in the different sections. A short résumé of experimental trawling operations, which show that the waters round the coast of the Dominion are well stocked with fish, is also given, and in the 1915 and 1916 issues reference is made to the visit of the Canadian Commissioner of Fisheries and his recommendations for the better utilization of New Zealand's fish-supplies.
A site for a marine fish-hatchery was selected at Purakanui, Otago, in 1900, but this being found unsuitable for its intended purpose, another site was chosen at Portobello, in Otago Harbour. The erection of the hatchery was carried out by a Board set up to superintend the work of the hatchery, funds being provided by the State, and grants being made by the Otago Institute, the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and a number of acclimatization societies. The State makes an annual grant towards the maintenance of the hatchery, the buildings and equipment of which have also been added to from time to time.
Experiments have been carried out with a view to introducing English food-fishes to New Zealand waters, and these have been very successful as regards the three species dealt with so far—viz., lobsters, edible crabs, and turbot. Much valuable work has also been done in the direction of hatching the spawn of various indigenous fishes and in making a study of their life, habits.
The principal oyster-beds round the coast of New Zealand are those situated in Foveaux Strait, between South and Stewart Islands, and the rock-oyster beds on the east and west coasts of the Auckland peninsula. The Foveaux Strait beds are very extensive, and are considered to be inexhaustible. An official prospecting cruise was carried out in respect of these beds in 1904, resulting in a number of new beds being discovered and reliable information being ascertained concerning the areas and qualities of the various beds.
During the 1917 season 25,140 sacks of oysters, valued at £12,548, were picked from the Foveaux Strait beds. Of these, 720 sacks, containing 42,900 dozen oysters, valued at £338, were exported to Australia. The export for the year was affected by the reduction of the steamer traffic to Melbourne.
The rock-oyster beds of Auckland were worked for many years under a variety of systems, including the leasing of the beds to individuals and the licensing of pickers to take oysters on payment of a fee, but owing to stripping of the beds close seasons had frequently to be proclaimed. For some years an export duty of 6d. per hundredweight was payable on all North Island oysters exported, and in 1899 the export of rock-oysters and also of mangrove-oysters was absolutely prohibited. A further atop towards conserving the beds was taken in 1908, when the picking of rock-oysters from the North Island beds was undertaken by the State, private picking being prohibited. A table is given showing the quantity and value of oysters picked and sold by the State during each of the last seven years; also the cost of picking and selling, this item including interest and depreciation on the cost of the oil-launches used by the Inspectors. It will be seen that a profit accrues to the State, and the scheme has, moreover, resulted in the conservation of the beds.
Season. | Oysters sold. | Prices realized. | Cost of picking and selling. |
---|---|---|---|
Sacks. | £ | £ | |
1911 | 4,782 | 3,013 | 2,447 |
1912 | 7,728 | 5,212 | 4,065 |
1913 | 9,069 | 6,168 | 4,798 |
1914 | 8,361 | 5,762 | 4,087 |
1915 | 9,396 | 6,715 | 5,475 |
1916 | 8,172 | 5,693 | 4,282 |
1917 | 10 357 | 6,890 | 5 819 |
Most of the rock-oysters are marketed in Auckland, the price per sack charged there last season being 13s. 6d. Parcels of five dozen are sold at 1s., and parcels of sixteen dozen at 3s.
Mangrove-oysters grow on the roots of the mangrove-trees in the northern part of Auckland, but there is no market for them in New Zealand. As stated above, the export of mangrove and rock oysters has been prohibited for some years past. An inspection of the beds during 1915 showed that the quantities of these oysters were not nearly 30 great as was thought.
Various attempts were made about fifteen years ago to form artificial oyster-beds, but none of these met with success. A further attempt to plant rock-oysters in the Marlborough Sounds has been made recently, and, so far as can be seen at present, this has resulted successfully. A planting of Foveaux Strait oysters in Cook Strait was made last June, and the work is to be continued this year.
In the earlier part of the nineteenth century New Zealand was the centre of an important whale-fishery, many whaling-stations being established in the North of Auckland and in Cook and Foveaux Straits. The industry gradually declined in importance until at present only two or three stations remain. At Whangamumu, North Auckland, a whaling-steamer, fitted with the most modern appliances for killing and handling whales, has been placed in commission, and a very serviceable whaling plant has been established. The whales caught in this locality are mostly of the hump-back variety. Fifty-two were taken last season, yielding 240 tons of oil and 40 tons of bonedust, of a total value of £6,040. Whaling operations are also carried on from Kaikoura and Tory Channel, in Marlborough. The value of the product of the Marlborough whale-fisheries in 1917 (263 tons of oil and 1 ton of whalebone) was £7,449, the number of whales caught being forty-six.
An attempt to revive the whaling industry on a large scale was made some few years ago, and a fleet of vessels was sent out from Norway, but their operations did not meet with the success anticipated.
A close season for seals existed in New Zealand from the end of August, 1894, until 1913, but owing to poaching, which it was found impossible to stop, the seals did not increase to any great extent. It was proposed a few years ago to grant licenses for the right to take seals, one of the conditions of which was that a royalty should be paid on each skin. Tenders were invited for the licenses, but none were received. At present the taking of seals is prohibited.
As early as 1867 attempts were made to introduce English brown trout into New Zealand. The first attempt was not successful, but from ova imported in the two following years and hatched at Opoho the bulk of the trout now inhabiting the streams and lakes of the Dominion have descended. In later years Loch Leven and Scottish brown trout were introduced, as also rainbow trout, perch, carp, and tench.
Beginning in 1874, various attempts were made to introduce salmon into New Zealand. Up to 1889, ova of Atlantic salmon to the number of 474,000 had been imported and the fry liberated in the Aparima and other rivers considered suitable in the South Island, but no salmon have been caught in those rivers. Similarly, quinnat-salmon fry were liberated in the Waitaki and a few other rivers from 1875 to 1880, but up to 1900 none of the fish had been caught. Beginning with 1901, several more shipments of quinnat-ova were imported by the Government, and at length, in 1905, several specimens of this fish were taken in the Waitaki River, as well as in Oamaru Bay. Every season since 1905 the quinnat salmon have returned to the Waitaki in increasing numbers, and they are now firmly established as an adjunct to the Dominion's freshwater fisheries. Last season 1,537,000 quinnat-ova were collected—1,437,000 at Hakataramea and 100,000 from the Dobson River. Of these, 25,000 were supplied to the Tasmanian Government, 500,000 were used to stock the Hokitika River, 500,000 to begin stocking the Wairau River, Marlborough, end 500,000 to stock the Clutha. The fish have now extended along the east coast as far as the Waiau-ua River in the north and the Taieri in the south.
Ova of the sock-eye or blue-back salmon were imported in 1902, and specimens of this fish were caught in 1907. Further efforts to introduce the Atlantic salmon in the Waiau River (Southland) have also been made in recent years, but at present it is impossible to say whether or not these attempts have met with success.
Several shipments of whitefish-ova have been made since 1898, the fry being liberated in Lakes Kanieri and Tekapo. Reports as to the fish having been seen are received from time to time, but so far as is known none have yet been caught.
Trout from Lakes Taupo and Rotorua are now marketed, principally in Auckland, by the Government. During the 1917–18 season 38,217 trout, of a total weight of over 46 tons and a value of £1,727, were sold to the public.
Municipal fish-markets have been established at Wellington and Auckland with a view to bringing the fisherman and the public into closer contact, and enabling the former to dispose of his catch at a figure which ensures a good return to himself and is reasonable from the point of view of the public.
The market is under the management of a Markets Committee appointed by the City Council. The office and premises are situate at Hobson Street Wharf, where the two Municipal trawlers discharge their loads of fish. Two motor-lorries are engaged delivering the fish to the various hotels and fish-shops in Auckland City and suburbs, while an increasing trade is also being done with country districts. At the market facilities are provided for handling and treating fish, and for the performance of necessary work in connection with the industry. The premises comprise a trawling-shed (where nets are repaired and new nets made), store-rooms, receiving and cleaning sheds, boiler-house, seven smoke-houses, refrigerating-chamber, and a shed for treating rabbit-skins.
The staff at the wholesale market consists of a manager, book-keeper, and office staff; two smokers, eighteen cleaners, oysterman, and two motor-drivers.
The market is open from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, and a night staff is provided for receiving, cleaning, and smoking fish for the next day's business. The sales at the wholesale market for the year ending 31st March, 1918, totalled £14,962. In addition, at the retail premises in Queen Street, conducted by a manager, four salesmen, cashier, and oyster-opener, the turnover was £9,433 16s. 5d.
The following statement shows the quantity and variety of fish handled during the twelve months ended 31st March, 1918:—
The s.t. “Cowan,” as a result of twelve months' trawling, brought in 14,034 baskets of about 100 lb. each of mixed fish (chiefly schnapper): total, 626 tons 10 cwt. 2 qr. 6 lb., at a cost of £9 per ton.
The s.t. “Simplon,” for nine and a half months' work, caught 19,160 baskets: total 855 tons 7 cwt. 1 qr. 18 lb., at a cost of £8 10s. per ton.
Additional supplies from co-operative societies, fishermen, and others are as follows:—
— | Bundles. | Purchase Price. | Selling Price. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
s. | d. | s. | d. | ||
Schnapper (24 lb. bundles) | 2,440 bundles | 2 | 6 | 3 | 6 |
Flounder (large) | 5,011 bundles | 3 | 6 | 4 | 0 |
Flounder (small) | 7,120 dozen | 1 | 6 | 1 | 9 |
Mullet (Auckland) | 394 dozen | 6 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
Mullet (Auckland) | 1,120 dozen | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Mullet (Onehunga) | 369 dozen | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Mullet (Kaipara) | 3,343 dozen | 1 | 6 | 2 | 6 |
Trevalli | 17 ½ dozen | 1 | 6 | 2 | 0 |
Gurnard | 68 dozen | 0 | 6 | 0 | 9 |
Trout | 10,240 lb. | 0 | 4 ½ | 0 | 6 |
Trout | 9,463 lb. | 0 | 3 ½ | 0 | 4 |
Crayfish | 188 dozen | 20 | 0 | 22 | 6 |
Shrimps | 184 lb. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
Mussels | 31 bags | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
Piper | 961 dozen | 0 | 4 | 0 | 5 |
Dabs | 190 dozen | 0 | 6 | 0 | 9 |
Hapuku | 6,425 lb. | 0 | 3 ½ | 0 | 4 ½ |
Whitebait | 2,178 lb. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
Oysters | 287 sacks | 13 | 0 | 13 | 6 |
Mixed fish: dogfish, dory, bream, butterfish, tarakihi, &c. | 570 dozen | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6 |
Rabbits | 6,053 pairs | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
For several years the Municipal Fish-market was conducted by the City Corporation in a building situated on Jervois Quay, near the water front. The building has now been let for a term under conditions enabling the Corporation to control the retail sales by arranging that prices shall not exceed the following scale:—
d. | |
---|---|
Hapuku (groper) | 5 per lb. |
Hake | 6 per lb. |
Warehou | 3 per lb. |
Flat fish | 10 per lb. |
Blue cod (smoked) | 10 per lb. |
Blue cod | 6 per lb. |
Schnapper | 5 per lb. |
Kingfish | 4 per lb. |
Gurnard | 3 per lb. |
Tarakihi | 3 per lb. |
Moki | 3 per lb. |
Butterfish (according to size) | 6 to 1s. 6d. each. |
Crayfish (according to size) | 3 to 1s. each. |
Oysters | 6 per dozen. |
The building is open on Saturdays from 6.30 a.m. to 4 p.m., and on other week-days from 6.30 a.m. to 6.30 p.m.
The registration and licensing of fishing-boats and of boats engaged in taking oysters was made compulsory in July, 1904. A table is appended showing the number licensed at the various ports of the Dominion in each of the past five years:—
FISHING-BOATS LICENSED, 1913–17, | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Port. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
Auckland | 341 | 389 | 216 | 284 | 136 |
Blenheim | 4 | 6 | 12 | 7 | 12 |
Bluff | 86 | 81 | 70 | 66 | 57 |
Chatham Islands | .. | .. | 14 | 20 | 14 |
Dunedin | 88 | 91 | 94 | 92 | 73 |
Gisborne | 15 | 28 | 17 | 17 | 23 |
Greymouth | 9 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 12 |
Hokianga | 18 | 15 | 26 | 27 | 15 |
Hokitika | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Invercargill | 34 | 42 | 44 | 42 | 23 |
Kaiapoi | .. | .. | 40 | .. | 36 |
Kaipara | 43 | 42 | 54 | 35 | 22 |
Karamea | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. |
Kawhia | .. | .. | 5 | .. | .. |
Lyttelton | 221 | 261 | 174 | 158 | 48 |
Mangonui | 13 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Napier | 57 | 51 | 65 | 68 | 53 |
Nelson | 70 | 83 | 72 | 69 | 60 |
New Plymouth | 18 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 20 |
Oamaru | 31 | 28 | 34 | 32 | 29 |
Picton | 36 | 32 | 26 | 22 | 20 |
Rangiora | .. | .. | 14 | .. | 10 |
Russell | 55 | 67 | 75 | 47 | 35 |
Southbridge | .. | .. | 11 | .. | 19 |
Tauranga | 20 | 32 | 41 | 13 | 20 |
Thames | 41 | 57 | 60 | 48 | 30 |
Timaru | 23 | 26 | 27 | 23 | 22 |
Wanganui Wellington | 7 | 13 | 17 | 15 | 6 |
Westport | 16 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 10 |
Totals | 1,297 | 1,459 | 1,330 | 1,220 | 885 |
Provision exists in the Fisheries Act, 1908, whereby owners of boats and fish-curers may be required to make returns to the Marine Department in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed by the Governor-General in Council, but advantage of this provision has not yet been taken to enable information to be collected as to quantity of fish caught.
A table has been compiled by the Chief Inspector of Fisheries showing the various kinds of fish caught and the approximate quantity and value of fish landed at the different fishing-ports for the year ended the 31st March, 1918. The figures are as follows:—
Port. | Kinds of Fish caught. | Total Weight. | Total Value. |
---|---|---|---|
* Not available. † Included in figures for Auckland. | |||
Cwt. | £ | ||
Russell | Mullet, schnapper, crayfish, kahawai, king-fish, garfish, tarakihi | 2,300 | 2,050 |
Hokianga | Mullet, schnapper, kahawai, hapuku | * | * |
Whangarei | Mullet, schnapper, hapuku, flounder | 3,000 | 2,000 |
Kaipara | Mullet, schnapper, flounder | 5,600 | 3,260 |
Auckland | Schnapper, flounder, trevalli, tarakihi, moki, gurnard, triggerfish | 114,480 | 39,305 |
Thames | Flounder, schnapper | † | † |
Tauranga | Schnapper, kahawai, trevalli | * | .. |
Gisborne | Schnapper, flounder, sole, gurnard, kingfish | 4,470 | 5,224 |
Napier | Gurnard, blue cod, red cod, mullet, flounder, sole, butterfish, horse-mackerel, schnapper, hapuku, moki, trumpeter, ling, barracouta, kingfish, trevalli, warehou, crayfish | 22,500 | 14,143 |
New Plymouth | Schnapper, gurnard, kahawai, hapuku, herring, crayfish, whitebait | * | * |
Wanganui | Schnapper, blue cod, hapuku, flounder, mullet, kahawai | 230 | 618 |
Foxton | Flounder, schnapper, whitebait | * | * |
Wellington | Hapuku, hake, schnapper, tarakihi, kahawai, trumpeter, blue cod, red cod, flounder, sole, warehou | 17,200 | 15,300 |
Picton | Blue cod, flounder, butterfish | 2,000 | 1,700 |
Blenheim | Sole, tarakihi, red cod, ling, flounder, moki, turbot, brill, crayfish, whitebait | 700 | 800 |
Nelson | Flounder, sole, hapuku, butterfish, schnapper, moki, warehou | 276 ½ | 281 |
Westport | Hapuku, schnapper, blue cod, kahawai, sole, herring, flounder, whitebait, crayfish | †918 | 1,648 |
Greymouth | Sole, flounder, hapuku, schnapper, red cod, ling herring | 128 ½ | 327 |
Hokitika | Whitebait, herring, groper, cod, kahawai, ling, flounder, sole, schnapper, elephant-fish | †160 ¼ | 938 |
Kaikoura | Hapuku, trumpeter, moki, ling, blue cod, sole, flounder | 4,000 | 4,200 |
Rangiora | Whitebait, flounder, herring | †58 ¼ | 641 |
Kaiapoi | Whitebait, flounder, herring, kahawai | †432 ½ | 2,120 |
New Brighton | Whitebait | * | * |
Southbridge | Flounder, red cod | 300 | 1,400 |
Lyttelton | Groper, ling, red cod, conger-eel, flounder, sole, trevalli, herring, garfish, butterfish, moki | 12,400 | 12,250 |
Akaroa | Groper, blue cod, red cod, trevalli, moki, butterfish, flounder, sole, ling, crayfish | 2,280 | 1,892 |
Timaru | Groper, sole, brill, barracouta, kingfish, gurnard, ling, red cod | 7,200 | 7,200 |
Oamaru | Groper, red cod, moki, blue cod, barracouta, warehou | 6,389 | 3,425 |
Moeraki | Ditto | 2,640 | 2,040 |
Dunedin and Port Chalmers | Groper, trumpeter, mullet, garfish, bream, kingfish, ling, blue cod, red cod, barracouta, moki, tarakihi, trevalli | 37,200 | 31,611 |
Invercargill | Blue cod, groper, trout | 660 ½ | 900 |
Bluff | Blue cod, groper, trout, flounder, trevalli | 5,911 | 8,571 |
Stewart Island | Blue cod, groper, butterfish, moki | 5,389 ½ | 6,116 |
Chatham Islands | Blue cod. hapuku | 5,954 ½ | 5,216 |
Totals | 264,841 | 175,176 |
In addition, the produce of the oyster-fisheries was valued at £19,438, and of the whale-fisheries at £12,489.
A further table is given below showing the number of steam trawlers, oil engine trawlers, and other vessels employed in line and net fishing, with the number of fishermen employed, and approximately the total number of persons engaged in the fishing industry at each port for the year ended the 31st March, 1918:—
Name of Port. | Steam Trawlers. | Oil-engine Trawlers. | Line- and Net-fishing Vessels. | Number of Fishermen employed. | Persons employed in various Ways in connection with the Industry. | Total Number of Persons employed. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Whitebait-fishing. † Including Kaiapoi. Styx, New Brighton, Southbridge, and Akaroa. | ||||||
Russell | .. | .. | 35 | 70 | 50 | 120 |
Hokianga | .. | .. | 15 | 20 | 12 | 32 |
Whangarei | .. | .. | 5 | 10 | 5 | 15 |
Kaipara | .. | .. | 22 | 40 | .. | 40 |
Auckland | 6 | .. | 130 | 247 | 530 | 777 |
Thames | .. | .. | 30 | 60 | 15 | 75 |
Tauranga | .. | .. | 20 | 20 | .. | 20 |
Gisborne | 2 | .. | 21 | 56 | 6 | 62 |
Napier | 9 | .. | 35 | 92 | 18 | 110 |
New Plymouth | .. | .. | 20 | 30 | 10 | 40 |
Wanganui | .. | 3 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 18 |
Foxton | .. | .. | 9 | 10 | .. | 10 |
Wellington | 2 | .. | 75 | 152 | 135 | 287 |
Picton | 1 | .. | 19 | 50 | .. | 50 |
Blenheim | .. | 6 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 12 |
Nelson | 1 | .. | 59 | 20 | 20 | 40 |
Westport | 2 | 8 | 8 | 20 | .. | 20 |
Greymouth | 1 | 2 | 9 | 15 | .. | 15 |
Hokitika | .. | .. | 1 | 88* | 12* | 100 |
Kaikoura | .. | .. | 6 | 15 | .. | 15 |
Rangiora | .. | .. | 10 | 12 | .. | 12 |
Lyttelton and Sumner† | 4 | 19 | 118 | 184 | .. | 184 |
Timaru | 1 | 8 | 13 | 32 | 8 | 40 |
Oamaru and Moeraki | .. | .. | 29 | 42 | .. | 42 |
Dunedin and Port Chalmers | 2 | 2 | 69 | 129 | 81 | 210 |
Invereargill | .. | .. | 23 | 50 | .. | 50 |
Bluff | 4 | .. | 53 | 115 | .. | 115 |
Stewart Island | .. | .. | 29 | 60 | 8 | 68 |
Chatham Islands | .. | .. | 14 | 32 | 23 | 55 |
Grand totals | 35 | 57 | 888 | 1,689 | 945 | 2,630 |
Included in New Zealand produce exported during the past five years were,—
Item. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Fish | 23,721 | 34,778 | 37,166 | 37,475 | 23 818 |
Oysters | 2,813 | 2,396 | 2,057 | 1,340 | 244 |
Whalebone | 1,537 | 1,243 | 250 | 280 | .. |
Whale-oil | 18,481 | 2,910 | 3,011 | 1,647 | 5,511 |
Ambergris | 26,800 | 920 | .. | .. | .. |
Other products of fisheries | 159 | 2,417 | 2,412 | 1,751 | 210 |
Totals | 73,511 | 44,664 | 44,896 | 42,493 | 29,783 |
The value of fish imported in 1917 was £104,803.
Table of Contents
BY order of the Imperial Government the publication of particulars regarding the export of gold is prohibited until the end of the war. The annual gold-mining statistics formerly given in the Year-book are therefore omitted from this issue.
The yield of silver to the end of 1917 amounted to £2,286,792 in value, the value of that exported in 1917 being £105,299.
Of other minerals, the value of the output to the same date amounts to £43,911,355, of which kauri-gum has yielded £18,169,939, and coal £25,060,806.
The quantities and values of metals and minerals, other than gold, obtained during the year 1917, and the total value of mining produce since 1853, are,—
1917. | Total Value since 1853. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Oz. | £ | £ | |
Silver | 787,152 | 105,299 | 2,286,792 |
Tons. | |||
Copper-ore | 6 | 163 | 19,372 |
Chrome-ore | .. | .. | 38,002 |
Antimony-ore | .. | .. | 54,941 |
Manganese-ore | .. | .. | 61,905 |
Hæmatite ore | .. | .. | 469 |
Tungsten-ore | 161 | 28,972 | 230,522 |
Sulphur (crude) | 1/10 | 2 | 13,241 |
Mixed minerals | 2,351 | 6,679 | 231,556 |
Coal | 2,068,419 | 1,186,710 | 25,060,806 |
Kauri-gum | 4,594 | 291,917 | 18,167,939 |
Shale | .. | .. | 7,236 |
In the case of silver and certain of the other minerals mentioned, the figures refer to the export.
The total value of the mineral production of Australia and New Zealand to the end of the year 1915 is shown in the following table:—
State. | Gold. | Silver and Lead. | Copper. | Tin. | Coal. | Other Minerals. | Totals. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Inclusive of kauri-gum, £17,536,140. | |||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
New S'th Wales | 61,190,370 | 71,328,237 | 12,891,943 | 10,282,811 | 80,020,454 | 22,918,878 | 258,632,693 |
Victoria | 296,703,957 | 224,799 | 218,590 | 804,041 | 3,301,772 | 535,025 | 301,788,184 |
Queensland | 78,466,975 | 2,453,027 | 15,156,018 | 8,814,042 | 6,606,636 | 2,561,297 | 114,057,995 |
South Australia | 1,001,021 | 311,685 | 29,214,272 | ... | ... | 2,093,648 | 32,650,626 |
N'th'n Territory | 2,093,877 | 78,665 | 345,458 | 382,869 | ... | 56,835 | 2,957,704 |
W'st'n Australia | 125,258,153 | 927,337 | 1,384,208 | 1,212,467 | 1,509,592 | 94,489 | 130,386,246 |
Tasmania | 7,739,417 | 6,766,659 | 11,838,220 | 13,056,191 | 656,601 | 261,004 | 40,318,092 |
Commonwealth | 572,453,770 | 82,120,409 | 71,048,709 | 34,552,421 | 92,095,055 | 28,521,176 | 880,791,540 |
New Zealand | 84,648,463 | 2,096,382 | 19,209 | ... | 22,610,067 | 18,074,675* | 127,448,796 |
Totals | 657,102,233 | 84,216,791 | 71,067,918 | 34,552,421 | 114,705,122 | 46,595,851* | 1008,240,336 |
Gold-mining operations in New Zealand are divided into three branches, viz.: (1) Quartz-mining, (2) alluvial mining, and (3) dredging.
The most important gold-mining operations in New Zealand consist in the working of quartz lodes and the extraction of the precious metals therefrom. Quartz-mining is conducted on a considerable scale in the North Island in the Ohinemuri County, and to a less extent in the Thames and Coromandel Counties. The mountain-ranges and hills of andesite and other volcanic rocks which form the Hauraki Goldfields are intersected by lodes containing gold and silver. In the South Island quartz-mining operations are carried on in the Reefton and Blackwater districts, also to a small extent in the Wakamarina Valley (Marlborough). In Otago the only quartz-mining operations of importance are in connection with the working of quartz-mines in which scheelite is associated with gold.
Alluvial gold is found chiefly on the west coast of the South Island and in Otago, where mining operations have been conducted over an area of 17,000 square miles. On the West Coast the auriferous alluvium originated from the weathering and denudation of the gold-bearing lodes during countless ages. The rich leads or defined placers of auriferous wash are the result of concentration. The first transportation of auriferous gravel from the mountains was by streams, and following this the glaciers carried much material from the interior seawards. During the advance and retreat of these glaciers immense masses of drift were deposited all over the low lands and even high up on the lower hills. Since glacial times the rivers have continued the movement of auriferous gravel from the interior to the sea. In Otago the conditions are different—the alluvial gold rests in the hollows of the denuded surface of the schistose rocks, from which it has most probably been derived.
The method of working these deposits depends on the depth of the superincumbent strata and the elevation at which they occur; for if there is ample fall and a good supply of water hydraulic sluicing has been generally adopted; but where the material is mainly or partly below water-level, and is comparatively free from hard boulders or hard matrix, hydraulic sluicing and elevating or dredging is employed.
This system of gold - mining, which originated in New Zealand, is generally employed upon rivers and streams and at places where the sluicing method may not be advantageously applied owing to absence of water-supply or to excessive water in the deposits. Gold-dredging is rapidly declining in importance, the number of productive dredges having decreased from 167 during 1906 to thirty-five during 1917.
The greatest weekly output by a New Zealand gold-dredge was attained by the “Lady Ranfurly” during six days ended the 4th November, 1904, when operating on the River Molyneux (Clutha), 1,273 oz. of gold being obtained. This dredge was owned by the Electric. Gold-dredging Company, which at the end of 1914 had produced by dredging gold to the value of £227,233, of which £130,643 was distributed as dividends.
The following table shows the result of dredge-mining operations in New Zealand from 1907 to 1916 inclusive:—
Year. | Total Number of Dredges working | Value of Production. | Average Production per Dredge. | Dividend-paying Dredges owned by Registered Companies. | Number of Persons employed. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Dividends. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | ||||
1907 | 128 | 419,634 | 3,278 | 65 | 89,707 | 1,150 |
1908 | 123 | 373,818 | 3,039 | 47 | 75,800 | 1,013 |
1909 | 111 | 327,676 | 2,952 | 37 | 56,788 | 893 |
1910 | 104 | 315,237 | 3,031 | 35 | 51,918 | 838 |
1911 | 93 | 297,900 | 3,203 | 31 | 45,318 | 775 |
1912 | 87 | 257,333 | 2,958 | 28 | 38,841 | 694 |
1913 | 74 | 195,848 | 2,646 | 11 | 18,750 | 621 |
1914 | 64 | 191,112 | 2,986 | 16 | 23,080 | 491 |
1915 | 52 | 164,605 | 3,165 | 21 | 26,333 | 427 |
1916 | 45 | 125,317 | 2,785 | 10 | 9,915 | 392 |
The gold-yield of Australia and New Zealand (in fine ounces) during the years 1900, 1905, 1910, and 1915 was as follows:—
1900. | 1905. | 1910. | 1915. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fine Ounces. | Fine Ounces. | Fine Ounces. | Fine Ounces. | |
* Including Northern Territory. | ||||
Queensland | 676,026 | 592,622 | 441,402 | 249,711 |
New South Wales | 252,116 | 274,267 | 188,857 | 132,498 |
Victoria | 760,319 | 747,163 | 570,363 | 329,068 |
South Australia* | 19,418 | 18,086 | 11,703 | 7,066 |
Western Australia | 1,414,312 | 1,955,317 | 1,470,633 | 1,210,112 |
Tasmania | 74,445 | 73,540 | 37,048 | 18,547 |
New Zealand | 338,912 | 492,954 | 446,431 | 398,932 |
Totals | 3,535,548 | 4,153,949 | 3,166,437 | 2,345,934 |
The value is as follows: 1900, £15,018,040; 1905, £17,644,846; 1910, £13,450,158; 1915, £9,964,892.
Even allowing for the effects of the war, it is evident that the annual output for Australia and New Zealand is decreasing to a very considerable extent. The output for each of the ten years 1906–15 was,—
Year. | Fine Ounces. |
---|---|
1906 | 3,979,222 |
1907 | 3,659,039 |
1908 | 3,546,285 |
1909 | 3,439,818 |
1910 | 3,166,437 |
1911 | 2,911,409 |
1912 | 2,642,604 |
1913 | 2,551,028 |
1914 | 2,265,990 |
1915 | 2,345,934 |
The following figures showing the world's gold-production are taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States:—
World's Gold-production, 1896–1916. | |
---|---|
Year. | Fine Ounces. |
* Subject to revision. | |
1896 | 9,783,914 |
1897 | 11,420,068 |
1898 | 13,877,806 |
1899 | 14,837,775 |
1900 | 12,315,135 |
1901 | 12,625,527 |
1902 | 14,354,680 |
1903 | 15,852,620 |
1904 | 16,804,372 |
1905 | 18,396,451 |
1906 | 19,471,080 |
1907 | 19,977,260 |
1908 | 21,422,244 |
1909 | 21,965,111 |
1910 | 22,022,180 |
1911 | 22,348,313 |
1912 | 22,549,335 |
1913 | 22,249,596 |
1914 | 21,240,416 |
1915 | 22,758,808 |
1916 | 22,107,669* |
Nearly the whole of the silver-production of New Zealand, amounting in value at the end of 1917 to £2,286,792, was obtained from the refinement of bullion from the quartz-mines, principally from those of the Hauraki Goldfield, where the two precious metals are found alloyed as an electrum, the ratio of the two metals in the alloy varying greatly. No other silver-mining operations have been carried out profitably in this country.
Scheelite, one of the principal ores of tungsten, is mined at the gold-scheelite-quartz mines near Glenorchy, Paradise, Macrae's, Mount Highlay, Stoneburn, and Barewood, Otago; also at Wakamarina Valley, Marlborough; at which places milling and concentrating plants have been installed.
The quantity of tungsten-ore exported during 1917 amounted to 161 tons, valued at £28,972, as compared with 266 tons, valued at £49,070, in 1916.
The following statement shows the quantity and value of scheelite exported since the year 1899:—
Year. | Quantity exported. | Value. |
---|---|---|
Tons. | £ | |
1899 | 32 | 2,788 |
1900 | 54 | 2,635 |
1901 | 2 | 83 |
1902 | 39 | 1,200 |
1903 | 42 | 1,439 |
1904 | 17 | 791 |
1905 | 28 | 1,848 |
1906 | 55 | 3,407 |
1907 | 137 | 15,486 |
1908 | 68 | 6,055 |
1909 | 58 | 4,263 |
1910 | 143 | 15,070 |
1911 | 138 | 11,853 |
1912 | 135 | 13,347 |
1913 | 221 | 22,933 |
1914 | 204 | 21,498 |
1915 | 194 | 27,784 |
1916 | 266 | 49,070 |
1917 | 161 | 28,972 |
Totals | 1,994 | 230,522 |
There has been considerable activity in mining and prospecting for tungsten-ore in the form of scheelite, due to the commandeering of all British supplies by the Imperial Government at a fixed import price (since May, 1918) of £3 8s. per 1 per cent. of tungstic acid in the shipment, c.i.f. London or Liverpool, being quite double the average price for several years previous to the war.
The quantity of tungsten-ore mined during 1917 was 199 ½ tons (value £37,863).
The principal operations have been carried out in the locality of Glenorchy, where the lodes occur in the mica-schist of Mount Judah, in the Richardson Range, which flanks the lake to the eastward. The area over which these lodes occur and mining operations, are in progress is considerable, extending from the Junction Mine, a few miles to the east of Glenorchy, at an altitude of about 3,500 ft. above Lake Wakatipu, northward about twelve miles to Mount Albert Mine, near Paradise, on the Dart River. At numerous points in this distance scheelite-quartz lodes have been found at altitudes varying up to 5,000 ft. above the lake. All the lodes developed, belong to the class of replacement fissure lodes in which a zone of country rock lying between two more or less parallel fissures has become crushed and contorted by wall-movement, and more or less silicified and partially replaced by quartz and calcite containing scheelite and a little gold.
Almost every known variety of iron-ore has been discovered in New Zealand. At Parapara, near Nelson, immense quantities of limonite ore occur on the surface of the ground. Another deposit, about 60 ft. thick, is that on the west side of Mount Peel. This ore contains 66 per cent. of metallic iron, and is said to have been traced a distance of three miles, beyond which point it is reported to swell out to as much as a mile in. width. A deposit of limonite and glauconite occurs on the western slope of Mount Royal, Otago. It contains about 37 per cent. of the metal, and owing to its accessible position close to a railway this deposit is of importance.
Samples of outcrop ore taken from the Parapara deposit some years ago were found to contain 51.38 per cent. of metallic iron. By means of prospecting-drives during 1913 more definite information concerning the ore was obtained, and the samples analysed showed the percentage of metallic iron to be 45.02. A comparison of the surface ore and ore taken from the drives is given.
Outcrop Ore: Average of 28 Samples. Per Cent. | Ore from Drives: Average of 15 Samples. Per Cent. | |
---|---|---|
Silica | 9.56 | 16.42 |
Alumina | 3.36 | 5.39 |
Ferric oxide | 71.25 | 64.32 |
Ferrous oxide | 1.94 | .. |
Manganous oxide | 0.65 | 0.71 |
Lime | 0.51 | .. |
Magnesia | 0.10 | 0.16 |
Titanium-oxide | 0.63 | 0.49 |
Phosphoric anhydride | 0.35 | 0.31 |
Sulphuric anhydride | 0.21 | 0.18 |
Carbon-dioxide | 0.10 | 0.46 |
Alkalies | 0.08 | |
Water, and loss on ignition | 11.84 | 11.56 |
100.58 | 100.00 | |
Equivalents. | ||
Metallic iron | 51.38 | 45.02 |
Phosphorus | 0.15 | 0.13 |
Sulphur | 0.08 | 0.075 |
The Parapara deposit occurs about a mile south-west of the Parapara River. It is estimated that the main deposit contains nearly 64,000,000 tons of ore, but in the absence of any system of prospecting this estimate must not be regarded as in any way conclusive. There is a large deposit of nearly pure crystalline limestone on the banks of the Parapara River which would be valuable as a flux for use in blast furnaces.
Another class of deposit consists of magnetic ironsand, more or less titaniferous, which occurs along the seashore in the neighbourhood of New Plymouth, in the North Island. This has originated through the disintegration of hornblende-andesites and their tufas, which occur very extensively near New Plymouth around the volcanic cone of Mount Egmont. It is quite impossible to give any definite idea of the quantity of this ironsand; undoubtedly, however, it exists in immense quantities, and is measurable in millions of tons.
Between the years 1869 and 1918 there have been several attempts made to smelt Taranaki ironsand.
Near the Breakwater, New Plymouth, the New Zealand Iron-ore Smelting Company (Limited), which was formed for working the beach ironsand, commenced smelting during the latter part of 1917, but the results not then being entirely satisfactory operations were suspended to enable alterations to be made to the plant. During September, 1918, smelting was resumed, and an improved pig iron was obtained in grades varying from grey to white.
The following is a brief description of the process of manufacture: The ironsand from the beach is dried and magnetically concentrated. It is then mixed with 10 per cent. of its weight of coking-coal, and the mixture is ground in a Fuller mill. From this mill the mixture is elevated to an eggette machine, which turns out eggettes without any binder being added. These eggettes are gently roasted in a small vertical oven. It is considered important not to heat too strongly at this stage. The furnace-charge consists of 2,000 lb. eggettes (with a considerable proportion of fines) containing 50 per cent. of iron, 2000 lb. Westport coke, 700 lb. limestone (from Napier), and 300 lb. road-metal (andesite). When the furnace is working well this charge is given every hour or less, and takes about fifteen hours to go through. The hotblast has a temperature of about 1,000° F., and has a pressure at the blower of 20 oz. and at the tuyeres of 16 oz. The height of the blast-furnace is 46 ft. 3 in. over all. The diameter at the top is 6 ft., at the bosches 9 ft., and at the hearth 4 ft. Air heated by waste gases is utilized for a hotblast. This furnace has a water-jacket and water-cooled tuyeres.
The following is an analysis of the ironsand after magnetic concentration:—
* Equivalent to phosphorus, 0.30 per cent. † Equivalent to metallic iron, 56.36 per cent. | |
---|---|
Silica (SiO2) | 5.40 |
Alumina (AlO3) | 1.53 |
Lime (CaO) | 1.81 |
Magnesia (MgO) | 2.80 |
Phosphoric anhydride* | 0.69 |
Titanium-dioxido (TiO2) | 10.45 |
† Ferrous oxide (FeO) | 28.71 |
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) | 48.61 |
100.00 |
Ores of copper are found in New Zealand in no fewer than thirty-two localities, but during the past fifty years attempts at their successful exploitation have been unprofitable, the total recorded copper-production at the end of 1917 amounting in value to only £19,209. Prior to the inauguration of systematic records there was a considerable production from mines on Great Barrier and Kawau Islands.
Copper-mines have been worked on Kawau and Great Barrier Islands in the Hauraki Gulf, and on the Dun Mountain, near Nelson. Underground prospecting has been carried on near Kaeo, Whangaroa; at Maharahara, near Woodville; and at Mount Radiant, near Karamea; but no conclusive results have been obtained.
Manganese-ore has been found at Otau, Wairoa, Bay of Islands, Purua Bay, Mangapai, Otonga, Waihoke Island, and Taieri Mouth. Many years ago a considerable amount of manganese-ore was mined at Tikiora, near Bay of Islands. At a later period operations were carried on at Waiheke Island, distant about twelve miles from Auckland. On that island manganese-ore may be traced for several miles, where it occurs in massive but bunchy form and of excellent quality, bulk analyses returning 56.5 per cent. metallic manganese. Some thousands of tons have been exported, but it is supposed that fluctuating prices prevented expansion of this industry. The total quantity of manganese-ore exported to the end of 1917 amounted to 19,364 ½ tons, value £61,905.
After several unsuccessful attempts, extending over a number of years, to work our cinnabar-deposits in the Auckland Province, satisfactory and profitable results have been obtained by the Whangarei Cinnabar Mining Company, whose mine and furnace are situated at Puhipuhi, about twenty-eight miles by road from Whangarei.
This company, having installed a furnace at its mine, has successfully treated two trial parcels of ore with the following results: 1917–68 tons of ore yielded 1,500 lb. of mercury; 1918–130 tons of ore yielded 2,625 lb. of mercury. This mercury sold at 5s. and 7s. per pound respectively f.o.b. Auckland. It is estimated that there are 3,000 tons of ore in sight for stoping. Cinnabar-prospecting operations have also been carried out in the locality by two other small parties. The number of persons employed at the North Auckland cinnabar-mines is sixteen.
For the purpose of encouraging the cinnabar-mining industry the Government on the 1st August, 1917, published in the New Zealand Gazette a notice that a bonus of 4d. per pound would be paid on the production of the first 100,000 lb. of good marketable retorted quicksilver, free from impurities, from any mine in New Zealand on the following conditions:—
That at least one-half of the quantity is produced on or before the 31st March, 1920, and the remaining half on or before the 31st March, 1921.
The first instalment of the bonus will be paid when 50,000 lb. of quicksilver has been produced as stipulated to the satisfaction of an officer to be appointed by the Minister of Mines, and on whose certificate alone the bonus will be paid.
In the event of more than one person producing the required quantities of quicksilver before the dates named, inquiry will be made by the officer above referred to, when, if it is found that each applicant is equally entitled to a bonus, the amount will be divided in proportion to the quantities produced by each applicant, but in no case shall any bonus be paid until at least 50,000 lb. of quicksilver has been produced in the aggregate.
Cassiterite in the form of “stream-tin” occurs near Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, where it has been worked to some extent. “Lode-tin” has been found in the same locality, and is now being prospected. Small quantities of cassiterite have also been detected in the stream-gravels of the Reefton, Greymouth, and Westport districts. Among other localities in which traces of tin occur are Wet Jacket Arm (Otago) and Campbell Island.
In the published lists of minerals of New Zealand platinum is stated to occur in several places associated generally with gold in gravel. It is only from Southland, however, that platinum has been mined and exported.
The Customs Department has not kept any separate record of the quantity and value of platinum entered for exportation, the value of this metal exported being included in a general total of exports by parcel-post, by which means platinum has generally been despatched from the Dominion.
In Southland native platinum occurs in auriferous wash, and is distributed on the beaches and coastal terraces from Blue Cliffs, west of Invercargill, to Longbeach, Waikawa River, east of Invercargill, over a distance of about ninety-two miles. It is probable that the platiniferous sands of Southland have been derived from serpentine or other olivine-bearing rocks, which are known to occur in Fiordland. In Russia and in Lapland platinum has been found in a matrix of serpentine (altered peridotite).
Native platinum has been obtained in payable quantities from claims at Cameron Creek, Groveburn, Orepuki, Pahi, Round Hill, Steel Head, Bushy Point, Waipapa, Otara Beach, Twelve-mile Beach, and Waikawa. The coarsest and heaviest samples have been obtained from west of the Waiau River, that obtained east of Otara being extremely fine. Direct from the gold-saving mats at the alluvial workings at the Waikoau River, Rowallen, as high a proportion as 1 oz. platinum to 3 oz. gold has been obtained.
The platinum is collected by miners as a residue, after amalgamation, of alluvial gold, and is reduced by further washing to about a 50–per-cent. concentrate, the remainder of the concentrate being chiefly iridosmine (osmiridium).
During the earlier and more prosperous era of gold-mining alluvial miners did not save the platinum, as the banks would not give more than a few shillings per ounce for mat concentrates of platinum and osmium-iridium; consequently by far the greater proportion collected on the gold-saving matting at alluvial claims was thrown away. As years passed the price increased; about 1907 it reached £6 per ounce for new refined platinum; during 1917 it was quoted on the London metal-market at £14 10s. per ounce.
The following are the results of assays of concentrates taken direct from the gold-saving mats of Smith's Claim, Round Hill: No. 1 sample—Gold per ton of concentrate, 55 oz.; platinum per ton of concentrate, 72 oz. No. 2 sample—Gold per ton of concentrate, 15 oz.; platinum per ton of concentrate, 51.5 oz.
The following is the result of an assay of a sample of concentrate from rich wash from the Otara Claim: Osmiridium, 15 dwt. 7 gr. per ton; platinum, 7 dwt. 14 gr. per ton; gold, 4 dwt. 22 gr. per ton; monazite, 2.07 per cent.; thoria, 0.67 per cent.
Native sulphur in sufficient quantity to be profitably worked is known to occur only in the thermal districts of the North Island, near Rotorua and Lake Taupo, and at White Island. With the exception of the small lake deposit on White Island, all the known native sulphur in payable quantity occurs in the form of pockets in pumice, or sinter around fumaroles or thermal springs (from which it has been sublimed in crystalline form), and as black sulphur. The fumarolic deposits, although of high grade generally, are inextensive when compared with those of massive form in seams or in veins as extensively worked in Japan, Sicily, and North America.
The only recent operations in connection with the sulphur-deposits were carried out at Rotorua, near the Postmaster Bath at the southern shore of the lake, by the New Zealand Drug Company, who obtained during 1917 1,120 tons from pockets in the sinter. To the end of that year 4,841 tons of crude sulphur were obtained from the same locality. During 1916 the company was granted a three-years lease of Section 3 of the Sanatorium Reserve for sulphur-mining purposes at a royalty of 15s. per ton The sulphur is used at the chemical-works of the company.
Prior to 1898 there was no separate record kept of the quantity of native sulphur exported, this being included under the heading of “mixed minerals” in the official statistics, but the quantity was not large. The following quantities have since been exported:—
Tons. | Value. | |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
1898 | 1,765 | 4,097 |
1899 | 1,227 | 3,483 |
1900 | 1,692 | 4,824 |
1901 | 143 | 360 |
1902 | 100 | 475 |
Since 1902 the small quantity of sulphur produced has been used at chemical-works in the Dominion. Owing to the nature of the deposits and to transport difficulties it is unlikely that sulphur can be exported at a price to compete with the supplies of the above-mentioned countries.
Coal, varying in grade from anthracite to lignite, occurs in many parts of New Zealand. In proportion to the present yearly consumption of somewhat under 2,500,000 tons (10 to 15 per cent. of which is in normal times imported), the supply may be considered relatively large, but in comparison with probable future needs it is decidedly small. It is likely, indeed, that the proved coal resources of the Dominion will be practically exhausted within a hundred years.
The following is an approximate estimate of the proved and probable coal in New Zealand:—
Class of Coal. | Proved. | Probable. | Possible. |
---|---|---|---|
Imperial Tons. | Imperial Tons. | ||
Anthracite | Very little.. | Very little.. | Small. |
Bituminous | 269,000,000 | 450,000,000 | Moderate. |
Semi-bituminous | 114,000,000 | 341,000,000 | Moderate. |
Brown | 234,500,000 | 728,000,000 | Large. |
Lignite | 278,500,000 | 839,000,000 | Large. |
Totals | 896,000,000 | 2,358,000,000 | Large. |
From this estimate the production to date (46,173,033 tons) and the coal lost by being left in the mines has to be deducted. No individual coal-seam has yet been traced for more than a few miles in any direction. The variations in thickness are extraordinary. There are many instances of seams 10 ft. to 20 ft. thick thinning to 1 ft. or 2 ft. in distances of a quarter of a mile or less. The following instances of thick seams may be mentioned: In the Waikato district (Auckland), 50 ft. to 60 ft. of brown coal; in the Buller-Mokiliinui district (Nelson), 53 ft. of bituminous coal; in the Kaitangata, district (Otago), 30 ft. or more of brown coal; at Coal Creek, near Roxburgh, Central Otago, 80 ft. (or, according to Professor Park, 100 ft.) of lignite; at Nightcaps (Southland), 36 ft. of brown coal.
In New Zealand the difficulties in settling the relative ages of the principal coalfields are such that for many years the subject has been a controversial one. The known facts may be summarized as follows: In south-east Otago (Waikawa, Catlin's River) and in Southland (Hokonui Hills) small seams of coal occur in Jurassic rocks, but in no case is a workable seam known to be present. The chief coal-bearing rocks are probably of early Tertiary age, but late Cretaceous coal-seams almost certainly occur. There are also considerable quantities of lignite of Miocene, Pliocene, and possibly even Pleistocene age.
The following is a table showing the output of coal from each coalfield:—
Name of Coalfield. | Output during 1917. | Approximate Total Output up to 31st December, 1917. |
---|---|---|
Tons. | Tons. | |
North Auckland | 101,320 | 3,613,954 |
Waikato (including Mokau) | 369,318 | 4,929,983 |
Nelson | 19,616 | 328,287 |
Buller | 652,183 | 15,053,254 |
Inangahua | 14,766 | 279,275 |
Grey | 460,213 | 9,170,671 |
Canterbury | 18,063 | 736,660 |
Otago | 274,306 | 9,127,443 |
Southland | 158,634 | 2,919,063 |
Totals | 2,068,419 | 46,158,590 |
The following statement shows the tons of coal and shale raised, persons employed, lives lost by accidents in or about coal-mines, &c., from 1898 to 1917:—
Year. | Output. | Persons employed above and below Ground. | Tons raised per each Person employed Underground. | Lives lost. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per Million Tons raised. | Per Thousand Persons employed. | Number by Accident. | ||||
* All the principal collieries were rendered idle by the strike during November and December. † Year of Ralph's (Huntly) explosion. | ||||||
1898 | 907,033 | 2,003 | 627 | 1.10 | 0.49 | 1 |
1899 | 975,234 | 2,153 | 609 | 3.07 | 1.39 | 3 |
1900 | 1,093,990 | 2,460 | 593 | 3.65 | 1.62 | 4 |
1901 | 1,239,686 | 2,754 | 600 | 2.42 | 1.09 | 3 |
1902 | 1,365,040 | 2,885 | 655 | 1.46 | 0.69 | 2 |
1903 | 1,420,229 | 2,852 | 665 | 2.81 | 1.40 | 4 |
1904 | 1,537,838 | 3,288 | 609 | 2.60 | 1.21 | 4 |
1905 | 1,585,756 | 3,269 | 651 | 3.78 | 1.83 | 6 |
1906 | 1,729,536 | 3,692 | 687 | 3.46 | 1.62 | 6 |
1907 | 1,831,009 | 3,910 | 662 | 6.55 | 3.07 | 12 |
1908 | 1,860,975 | 3,894 | 641 | 2.68 | 1.28 | 5 |
1909 | 1,911,247 | 4,191 | 633 | 3.65 | 1.79 | 7 |
1910 | 2,197,362 | 4,599 | 634 | 7.28 | 3.55 | 16 |
1911 | 2,066,073 | 4,290 | 706 | 6.77 | 3.26 | 14 |
1912 | 2,177,615 | 4,328 | 681 | 4.13 | 2.08 | 9 |
1913* | 1,888,005 | 4,250 | 590 | 3.18 | 1.38 | 6 |
1914 | 2,275,614 | 4,734 | 639 | 21.53 | 10.35 | 49† |
1915 | 2,208,624 | 4,156 | 711 | 4.07 | 2.16 | 9 |
1916 | 2,257,135 | 3,988 | 750 | 2.65 | 1.50 | 6 |
1917 | 2,068,419 | 3,983 | 715 | 1.93 | 1.00 | 4 |
Totals to date | 46,173,033 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 329 |
The State Coal-mines Act of 1901 provided for the acquisition and working of State coal-mines in New Zealand under the direct control of the Minister of Mines.
The gross capital expenditure on the State coal-mines up to the 31st March, 1918, amounted to £359,730, and no less than £208,400 of this amount has now been written off out of profits for depreciation, &c., being nearly 58 per cent. of the total capital embarked. The present book value of the assets is loss than £150,000, but the actual value is largely in excess of that sum.
Owing to the approaching exhaustion of the present Point Elizabeth State Mine it has become necessary to secure another suitable colliery to take its place.
An area of coal-bearing land in the Waikato district has recently been under consideration, and an option has been obtained over it. The land is now being carefully bored and otherwise tested.
A valuable extension of the Point Elizabeth coal-measure has, however, recently been proved in the low coastal lulls to the north of the Point Elizabeth Colliery, towards Nine-mile Creek. Boring is still in progress in this area, but sufficient evidence has already been obtained to justify the statement that a workable coal-seam of superior quality and easy of access has been proved, and that the area exceeds 200 acres. The coal-seam, which is probably identical with that mined at Point Elizabeth, varies in thickness up to 22 ft.
The output from the Point Elizabeth and Liverpool State collieries during 1917 was 266,267 tons, of which 119,411 tons was produced from the Point Elizabeth Colliery, and 146,856 tons from the Liverpool Colliery. The State coal business during the year ended the 31st March, 1918, resulted in a profit of £24,467, as compared with a profit of £18,521 during the previous year. The average price realized for State coal during the twelve months was £1 2s. 4d. per ton, as compared with 19s. 4.76d. per ton for the preceding year.
According to the figures published in the Statistical Abstract of the United States the world's coal-production in the five years 1910 to 1914 was as shown below. The quantity is stated in short tons (of 2,000 lb.).
Short Tons. | |
---|---|
1910 | 1,141,600,000 |
1911 | 1,309,600,000 |
1912 | 1,377,000,000 |
1913 | 1,478,000,000 |
1914 | 1,346,000,000 |
A table in the Statistical Abstract issued by the United Kingdom Board of Trade places the total production in 1912 at 1,244,700,000 metric tons (of 2,204 lb.). The principal contributors to this total are,—
1,000 Metric Tons. | |
---|---|
* 1911 figures. † Estimated. | |
United States | 484,997 |
United Kingdom | 264,670 |
Germany | 255,810 |
Austria-Hungary | 52,522 |
France | 41,308 |
Russia | 26,423* |
Belgium | 22,972 |
Japan | 19,640 |
India | 14,947 |
China | 13,190† |
Canada | 13,170 |
Australia | 11,921 |
Included in the totals for Germany and Austria-Hungary are 80,935,000 and 35,422,000 tons of lignite respectively. The figures for United States and France also include a small proportion of lignite.
Drilling for petroleum has been carried on in Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, and Westland. The principal operations were those of the Taranaki Oil-wells (Limited), situated at Moturoa and Waitara; six boreholes have been drilled at the former place and two at the latter, the greatest depth attained being 4,040 ft., at Moturoa. This company gained the Government bonus of £7,500 for the production of the first 1,000,000 gallons of marketable crude oil, and £1,250 for the first 250,000 gallons of refined oil.
The deepest oil-prospecting bore in the Dominion is that of the Taranaki Oil Lands Company (Limited), at Moturoa, where a depth of 5,140 ft. has been attained, and drilling operations are still being continued.
The petroleum industry of New Zealand has not so far proved profitable, the yields of oil hitherto obtained being too small to cover expenses. To encourage the industry the Government has paid by way of bonus, loans, or subsidy over £20,000, and is still assisting.
During 1917 the quantity of kauri-gum exported amounted to 4,594 tons, value £291,917, as compared with 5,456 tons, value £339,882, during 1916. The total value of kauri-gum exported to the end of the year 1917 amounted to £18,167,939.
The European market for this fossil resin—used in the manufacture of varnish and linoleum—being greatly restricted by the present war, new but smaller markets have been obtained. The Kauri-gum Industry Act, 1914, providing for State purchase of gum from diggers and the disposal of the gum, has served a useful purpose in enabling the industry to keep going in spite of the disorganization occasioned by the war.
During the year the distillation of kauri-gum oil from peat in North Auckland was renewed after a lapse of years. The peat yields from 20 to 30 gallons of oil per ton. About 25 per cent. of the product is stated to resemble petrol, and it is being used to propel motor-cars and launches.
At Clarendon and Milburn, Otago, considerable deposits of phosphate rock were discovered in 1902, and have since been actively worked. A thin bed of phosphatic rock has recently been identified at Kaikoura and Amuri Bluff, in Marlborough. A similar bed occurs near Port Robinson. Phosphatic nodules are found in the Kaikorai Valley (near Dunedin), at Weka Pass (North Canterbury), and elsewhere. A limestone containing 10.6 per cent. of tricalcic phosphate occurs in the neighbourhood of Onewhero, Waikato district. Other districts where phosphatic material of good quality, though, so far as known, not in commercial quantity, is found are Amberley, Dipton, Oamaru, Waimate, Wangapeka, Clarence Valley, Tutira Block (Mangaharuru Survey District, Hawke's Bay), and Whangarei.
Phosphatic minerals, the most common of which is the hydrous iron phosphate, vivianite, have been discovered in numerous other localities besides those mentioned above, but commercially these occurrences are of little importance.
The only operations in connection with the quarrying of phosphate were those of the Ewing Phosphate Company at Clarendon, Otago, which produced during last year 5,050 tons, the total output of this company being 107,522 tons. The total output from other phosphate-quarries in the Clarendon-Milburn district to the end of 1917 was about 5,470 tons.
The mineral nephrite, the “pounamu” of the Maori, more popularly known as one of the varieties of “greenstone,” whenever observed in situ, occurs as rounded segregations in talc or talc-serpentine rocks. These segregations vary up to 2 ft. or even more in lateral dimension. As a rule they average less than 1 ft. in width. So far as known, the mineral has only been found in its original locus in the Griffin Range, Turiwhate Survey District, North Westland.
Pounamu is a deep-green semi-transparent mineral with dark opaque patches. With the wearing-away of the enclosing matrix the segregations are freed as rounded masses, and were once transported by the Arahura, Taramakau, and other glaciers, and are now found as boulders in the glacial debris along the lower streams of the Arahura and Taramakau Valleys. From boulders all greenstone ornaments have hitherto been manufactured.
New Zealand possesses a great variety of handsome and durable building-stones scattered throughout both Islands. In Auckland there is basalt, andesite, porphyrite, and quartz biotite-diorite, known in the building trade as Coromandel “granite,” a hard, coarsely crystalline rock capable of taking a fine polish. Besides these rocks are the Whangarei limestone and Raglan stone, the former an excellent building-stone, the latter a good freestone. Taranaki has the hornblende andesites of New Plymouth and Mount Egmont, and Wellington the andesites of Ruapehu.
In Nelson there is the granite of Tata Island and Tonga Bay and the marble and crystalline limestones of the Pikikiruna (Riwaka) Range. Marble of fine quality from a quarry on the last-named range is now being used for the new Parliamentary Buildings at Wellington. West Nelson and Westland are well provided with granites and limestones of good quality, well adapted for building purposes; and in the Griffin Range, North Westland, there is found an abundance of finely coloured serpentine, unsurpassed as a decorative stone. Building-stone is scarce in Marlborough, but Canterbury is well supplied, having an abundance of Lyttelton bluestone (andesite) and Mount Somers stone, a limestone of exceptional quality. In Otago there is an abundance of excellent building-stone, ranging from the well-known Oamaru stone to the granite, gneiss, and limestones of Fiordland, all close to deep water. In Southland there is the so-called Ruapuke “granite,” the norite of the Bluff, and the granites of Stewart Island.
The principal buildings in New Zealand have been constructed in stone from local quarries.
The following table shows the number of quarries under the Stone-quarries Act, 1910, the number of persons ordinarily employed thereat, and the annual output of crude stone:—
Provincial District | Number of Working Quarries under the Act. | Number of Persons ordinarily employed. | Output of Crude Stone during 1917. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stone of Gravel for Macadamizing or Ballast. | Stone for Harbour-works. | Building-stone. | Limestone for Agriculture. | Limestone for Cement or Mortar. | Phosphate for Agriculture. | For other Purposes. | |||
Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |||
Auckland | 60 | 438 | 404,283 | 69,795 | .. | 4,746 | 95,187 | .. | .. |
Hawke's Bay | 6 | 59 | 7,784 | 13,222 | 1,970 | .. | 6,240 | .. | .. |
Taranaki | 24 | 62 | 31,430 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Wellington | 15 | 102 | 36,999 | .. | .. | .. | 7,250 | .. | .. |
Marlborough | 2 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 312 | .. | .. | .. |
Nelson | 5 | 68 | 2,400 | 28,254 | 1,200 | 700 | 25,278 | .. | |
Westland | 2 | 7 | 5,184 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Canterbury | 14 | 101 | 66,668 | 51,574 | 2,531 | 2,644 | 3,765 | .. | 3,124 |
Otago | 17 | 103 | 57,672 | 17,316 | 208 | 36,501 | 16,870 | 5,050 | .. |
Southland | 6 | 55 | 7,841 | .. | 140 | 24,958 | 127 | .. | .. |
Totals | 151 | 1,000 | 620,261 | 180,161 | 6,409 | 69,861 | 154,717 | 5,050 | 3,124 |
The following is a summary of accidents (and their causes) which took place in metalliferous mines during 1917:—
Inspection District. | Explosives. | Falls of Ground. | In Shafts. | Miscellaneous Underground. | Surface. | About Dredges. | Total. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Killed. | Seriously Injured. | Killed. | Seriously Injured. | Killed. | Seriously Injured. | Killed. | Seriously Injured. | Killed. | Seriously Injured. | Killed. | Seriously Injured. | Killed. | Seriously Injured. | |
Northern | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 5 | 4 |
West Coast | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Southern | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. |
Totals | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | 7 | 5 |
These figures represent a rate of 2.03 fatalities per 1,000 persons employed.
The following is a summary of accidents during 1917, with their causes:—
— | Fatal Accidents. | Serious Non-fatal Accidents. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Separate Fatal Accidents. | Number of Deaths. | Number of Separate Non-fatal Accidents. | Number of Persons injured, including those injured by Accidents which proved Fatal to their Companions. | |
Explosions of fire-damp | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Falls of ground | 1 | 1 | 6 | 6 |
Explosives | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Haulage | 1 | 1 | 10 | 10 |
Miscellaneous— | ||||
Underground | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 |
On surface | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
Totals | 3 | 4 | 23 | 23 |
The proportion of deaths by accident in or about coal-mines during 1917 was 1.93 per million tons raised and 1 per 1,000 persons employed. On two occasions only during the history of coal-mining in New Zealand has the annual proportion been less. This result compares most favourably with those obtained in Great Britain, which generally stands ahead of all other countries as regards the low proportion of fatal colliery accidents. For comparison it may be stated that during the past four years at British collieries fatal accidents per 1,000 persons employed amounted to 1.53, 1.35, 0.73, and 1.22 respectively, and per million tons of coal raised 4.84, 3.75, 3.64, and 4.36.
The following is a summary of accidents which look place during 1917 at stone-quarries and places within the operation of the Stone-quarries Act:—
Cause of Accident. | Number of Accidents. | Number of Persons. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fatal. | Serious. | Killed. | Seriously Injured. | |
Explosives | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
Falls of ground | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Falling from face, or during ascent or descent | 1 | .. | 1 | .. |
Miscellaneous | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
Totals | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
During the year ended 31st March.. 1918, nine approved prospecting parties were granted subsidies amounting to £1,933, of which £882 was expended during the year. In addition to this, £518 granted during previous years was expended by fifteen other parties. Upon these operations sixty-seven persons were engaged intermittently during the year. The results disclosed were in some cases very encouraging, resulting in one instance in the installation of an up-to-date dredging plant, and in another to the formation of a sluicing company which is already expending considerable capital.
In addition to subsidized prospecting parties, financial aid towards prospecting deep levels which was given during the previous year to two West Coast companies produced encouraging results, especially in the case of the North Blackwater Mine.
Since 1905, when statutory provision was made for advances by way of loans for mining development, six companies have been assisted by grants of loans aggregating £35,225, of which £33,573 has been paid by the State as the mining operations have proceeded and in accordance with the conditions upon which such loans were granted. It cannot be stated that there is any evidence that the mining industry has benefited by these loans, and no company so assisted has paid a dividend.
The opening-up by roads of remote or inaccessible mining fields still continues; and when the rugged character of many of these fields is taken into consideration it will be found that the mining industry is now well served as regards roads and bridges. Mining being generally the pioneer for agriculture, the roads constructed in some of the older mining fields are more used by farmers than by miners.
The expenditure on roads and tracks by subsidies and direct grants during the financial year ended the 31st March, 1918, amounted to £6,911.
The Waimea–Kumara and Mount Ida water-races, which render possible hydraulic mining in the Kumara district, Westland, and the Naseby district, Central Otago, supplied seventy miners with water for sluicing during 1917, by which gold to the value of about £15,075 was obtained. The average earnings per mine for the past year, after deducting the sum paid for Government water, amounted to £180, and from this must be deducted all expenditure on plant, rent, &c.
For the year ended 31st March, 1918, the sum received for water sold amounted to £2,430, and the expenditure on the upkeep of the races amounted to £3,221.
The capital expenditure upon these races exceeds £250,000, and, as the expenditure in maintenance has for some years exceeded the cash received for water sold, no interest on capital or depreciation has been provided.
Three diamond drills of Sohram-Harker type, with a boring-capacity of 2,500 ft., 1,500 ft., and 500 ft. respectively, one diamond drill of Sullivan CN type, capacity 800 ft., also three Keystone traction placer drills of 350 ft. capacity, are lent out by the Government to mining companies and local bodies free of charge. The borrowers have, however, to keep the machines in good order, and pay all expenses and wages in connection therewith, including those of the Government Superintendent of the drill.
During the year Government drills were extensively used by hirers, and much useful exploration was carried out.
There are Government subsidized schools of mines at Coromandel, Thames, Waihi, Karangahake, Bluntly, Westport, and Reefton.
For the year ended 31st March, 1918, the expenditure by the Mines Department on schools of mines amounted to £4,553. The total expenditure of these schools, exclusive of subsidies paid to the University of Otago School of Mines, amounted on the 31st March, 1918, to £74,943.
Examinations are held by the Board of Examiners annually of candidates for certificates as first-class and second-class mine-managers, battery, superintendents, and dredgemasters under the Mining Act, 1908, and for certificates as first-class and second-class mine-managers, underviewers, and firemen and deputies under the Coal-mines Act, 1908. No candidate is permitted to present himself for examination unless he holds an authority from the Secretary to the Board of Examiners stating that his certificates of service comply with the Acts and regulations, and have been accepted by the Board.
As required by the Coal-mines Act, 1908, the owner of every coal-mine contributes ½d. per ton on all coal sold, for the relief of coal-miners who may be injured whilst working, and for the relief of families of coal-miners who may be killed or injured. The proceeds of this levy are administered partly by the Public Trustee, under the above title, and partly by miners' medical associations, under the title of “Sick and Accident Fund.”
The following is a statement of the accounts of that part of the fund administered by the Public Trustee during the last two financial years:—
Year ended 31st March, 1917. | Year ended 31st March, 1918. | |
---|---|---|
£ | £ | |
Contributions | 1,980 | 1,655 |
Allowances on account or accidents, &c. | 1,427 | 1,193 |
Balance | 8,172 | 8,980 |
By the passing of the Miner's Phthisis Act, 1915, the Gold-miners Relief Fund was abolished; and provision is now made in the new Act for a pension of £1 per week being paid to a married man or a widower with young children, and 15s. per week to a single man, who is or becomes totally incapacitated for work owing to minor's phthisis contracted while working as a miner in New Zealand. In addition to this, the widow of any pensioner under the Act who dies from that disease is entitled to a pension of 12s. 6d. per week for two years. Funeral expenses to the extent of £20 are also provided for. A duty of 3d. per ounce on all gold exported is reserved for these pensions, and the Act is administered by the Commissioner under the Pensions Act, 1913.
Table of Contents
ALTHOUGH abundant water-power is available throughout New Zealand, comparatively little use had been made of it before 1900, but since then the development has been very extensive, and promises to be still more extensive in the early future. The Public Works Act of 1908 vests the sole right to use the water-power of the Dominion in His Majesty, subject to any existing rights, and gives the Government the right to develop such power, or to delegate such power to any local authority, or, outside a mining district, to any person or company, subject to conditions. Advantage has been taken of this in several cases, the right in the case of local authorities being issued free of royalty, and in the case of private individuals developing water-power for electrical distribution subject to a royalty of ½0d. per unit generated.
The following table shows the actual horse-power in use in the various districts at the 31st March, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, and 1918:—
1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1918. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including Nelson North. † Excluding Nelson North, now included in Marlborough. | |||||
Auckland | 13,640 | 12,933 | 12,153 | 15,206 | 15,113 |
Hawke's Bay | .. | 9 | 35 | 55 ½ | 90 |
Taranaki | 2,782 | 2,853 | 2,968 | 3,122 | 3,255 |
Wellington | 389 | 663 | 711 | 713 | 749 |
Marlborough | 202 | 174 | 291* | 127 ¼* | 88* |
Nelson | 680 | 640 | 583† | 554 ½† | 548† |
Westland | 3,662 | 3,595 | 3,579 | 3,609 | 3,611 |
Canterbury | 1,167 | 9,682 | 9,642 | 9,040 ½ | 12,468 |
Otago | 10,617 | 10,555 | 10,735 | 10,789 | 10,625 |
Southland | 1,817 | 1,912 | 1,921 | 1,925 | 1,939 |
Totals | 34,956 | 43,016 | 42,618 | 45,141 ¾ | 48,487 |
The following table gives the analysis of the purposes for which this water-power was employed as on the 31st March, 1918:—
WATER-POWER IN USE ON THE 31ST MARCH, 1918. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
District. | Mining. | Electric Supply. | Flax-mills. | Sawmills. | Flour-mills. | Dairying. | Construction-works. | Freezing-works. | Paper-mills. | Miscellaneous. | Totals. |
Auckland North | 2,680 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 20 | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 2,846 |
Auckland | 1,944 | 612 | 10 | 17 | .. | 30 | 126 | 10 | .. | 97 | 2,846 |
Auckland South | .. | 9,410 | 145 | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 9,562 |
Hawke's Bay | .. | 34 | .. | 15 | .. | 12 | .. | .. | .. | 28 ½ | 89 ½ |
Taranaki | .. | 2,046 | 20 | 30 | 30 | 939 | .. | 24 | .. | 166 | 3,255 |
Wellington Nth. | .. | 452 | 50 | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 505 |
Wellington | .. | 55 ½ | .. | 45 | .. | 62 ½ | .. | .. | .. | 81 | 244 |
Marlborough Nelson North | 11 ½ | 10 | 26 | 16 | 20 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 88 ½ |
Nelson South | 269 ½ | 158 | 6 | 54 | .. | 12 | .. | .. | .. | 48 ½ | 548 |
Westland | 1,175 | 1,745 | 27 | 37 | .. | .. | 600 | .. | .. | 27 | 3,611 |
Canterbury | .. | 12,028 ½ | 82 | .. | 127 | 15 | .. | .. | .. | 90 | 12,342 ½ |
Canterbury Sth. | .. | 32 | 30 | .. | 54 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 126 |
Otago | 139 | 10,025 ½ | 37 | .. | 116 ½ | 29 | .. | .. | .. | 278 ½ | 10,625 ½ |
Southland | 115 | 26 ½ | 46 | 29 | 45 | .. | .. | 1,200 | 450 | 27 ½ | 1,939 |
Totals | 6,334 | 36,635 | 479 | 243 | 392 ½ | 1,125 ½ | 726 | 1,234 | 450 | 868 | 48,487 |
The following table gives details of the chief installations from which power is distributed for public supply. Of the sixteen stations mentioned, eleven are operated by local authorities, two by the State, two by private companies, and one by a private individual.
Locality. | Supply Authority. | Power installed. | Distance transmitted: Miles. | Voltage of Transmission. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H.P. | K.W. | ||||
* Lake Coleridge works. † Waipori works. | |||||
Canterbury* | State | 8,000 | 6,000 | 65 | 66,000 |
Dunedin† | City Council | 8,000 | 6,000 | 32 | 35,000 |
Rotorua | State | 380 | 200 | 13 | 6,600 |
Hawera | Electric Light Company | 400 | 250 | 12 | 5,000 |
Stratford | Borough Council | 150 | 90 | 2 | 2,000 |
New Plymouth | Borough Council | 1,150 | 785 | 5 | 6,600 |
Ingle wood | Borough Council | 200 | 120 | 3 | 3,200 |
Patea | Borough Council | 67 | 45 | 4 | 3,000 |
Te Aroha | Borough Council | 255 | 150 | 3 | 3,000 |
Ohakune | Borough Council | 160 | 120 | 1 | 2,400 |
Tauranga | Borough Council | 213 | 160 | 18 | 11,000 |
Akaroa | Borough Council | 50 | 30 | 1 | 220 |
Taihape | Borough Council | 133 | 100 | 2 | 460 |
Mangaweka | Town Board | 47 | 35 | 3 | 2,400 |
Brightwater | Private individual | 53 | 40 | 4 | 2,500 |
Reefton | Electric Supply Company | 80 | 60 | 1 | 230 |
The Lake Coleridge works are referred to below. Of the others, the only one of any size is the power-station of the Dunedin City Council on the Waipori River, thirty-two miles from the city. This plant was started in 1907 with two units of 1,000 kilowatts (1,340 h.p.) each. Two more similar units were added in 1910, and two more were installed in 1913, which brings the total capacity up to 6,000 kilowatts (8,000 h.p.). The retail rates charged range from 5d. to 1d. per unit for lighting, and from 2d. to ½d. per unit for power purposes.
The output for the year 1917–18 was as follows:—
Units sold: | Average Price per Unit. | |
---|---|---|
Number | d. | |
Private lighting | 2,188,423 | 3.48 |
Public lighting | 391,558 | 0.74 |
Power and heating | 7,185,546. | 0.78 |
Tramways | 2,626,024 | 0.72 |
Total supply | 12,391,551 | 1.38 |
The total outlay to the 31st March, 1918, was £495,919, including distribution; the total revenue for the year ended the 31st March, 1918, £71,289; and the total expenditure, including interest, sinking fund, depreciation, and renewal funds, £58,217, leaving a net profit of £13,072. The number of consumers supplied was 7,325, and the total capacity of all connections to the mains at the 31st March, 1918, was 16,860 kilowatts.
The Aid to Water-power Works Act of 1910 empowered the State to establish hydro-electric-supply installations, and the first is now in operation at Lake Coleridge, in the Southern Alps, sixty-five miles west of Christ-church. This plant has been designed for a total capacity of 12,000 kilowatts (16,000 h.p.), but natural features of the lake and adjacent rivers allow of a very large extension of the supply up 'to 58,000 h.p. The transmission-line is constructed in duplicate by separate routes to Christ church, thus ensuring continuity of supply, each line having a capacity of 5,000 kw. The present plant capacity is 8,000 h.p., but further plant of 4,000 h.p. capacity is now on order for extensions. The population to be served is over 110,000, and a large demand for power is being made. Contracts have already been made for the bulk supply to the Christchurch City Council and some fifteen other local bodies for retail distribution, the Christchurch Tramway Board, and the power-supply to the large meat-freezing works and dairy factories, tanneries, flour-mills, woollen-mills, and other factories and industries of Canterbury. The contract entered into with the Christchurch City Council provides for a charge for the first 300 kilowatts (400 h.p.) of £8 13s. 4d. per annum per kilowatt of maximum load (equivalent to £6 10s. per horse-power), and all over 300 kilowatts at £5 per annum per kilowatt of maximum load (equivalent to £3 15s. per horse-power). This enables the Council to retail it to the public for lighting at 5d. per unit, flat rate, or 6d. per unit for forty hours of maximum demand and 1d. per unit thereafter, and at 1 ½d. per unit for power in small units, and special rates ranging from ½d. to ¼d. per unit for special contracts.
The growth of the supply and the general financial results are as follows:—
Results of Operation for | First Year, ending March, 1916. | Second Year, ending March, 1917. | Third Year, ending March, 1918. |
---|---|---|---|
Capital outlay | £320,330 | £366,984 | £389,754 |
Working costs | £9,383 | £12,889 | £14,449 |
Interest 4 per cent. | £11,398 | £13,743 | £14,871 |
Depreciation 2 per cent. | £5,386 | £6,078 | £7,013 |
Total costs | £26,167 | £32,710 | £36,333 |
Total revenue | £8,518 | £20,754 | £32,092 |
Maximum load, kw.— | |||
Power-house | 1,372 | 4,366 | 5,438 |
Substation | 1,220 | 3,900 | 4,800 |
Units output— | |||
Power-house | 4,860,260 | 14,774,960 | 22,403,660 |
Substation | 4,128,232 | 12,934,230 | 20,539,430 |
Total units sold | 3,994,767 | 11,664,961 | 19,844,676 |
Average weekly load facto: per cent.— | |||
Power-house | 44.3 | 52.9 | 58.0 |
Substation | 43.3 | 53.1 | 58.4 |
Working cost per unit sold | 0.56d. | 0.265d. | 0.175d. |
Capital charge per unit sold | 1.01d. | 0.41d. | 0.265d. |
Total cost per unit sold | 1.57d. | 0.675d. | 0.44d, |
Revenue per unit sold | 0.51d. | 0.45d. | 0.388d. |
To the above costs must be added the cost of retailing by the various local authorities.
A large and comprehensive scheme is now under consideration for the supply of electrical energy in the North Island, with the object of making it generally available, as far as possible, to all the towns and districts throughout the Island, and it is anticipated that advantage will be taken of the facilities offered to work the railways by electricity, and to promote a system of light railways throughout the country districts now suffering from lack of communication because of the difficulty of obtaining stone for surfacing the roads.
Water-power is extensively used for hydraulic mining in New Zealand, and to a smaller extent for hydro-electric transmissions and for water-motors installed to drive mining machinery.
During 1917 water was used for sluicing auriferous alluvium at 232 claims, employing 787 persons, in Otago and Southland, and on the West Coast. The quantity of water utilized per claim ranges up to about 40 cubic feet per second. Most of the sources of water-supply are privately owned, but on the West Coast and in Central Otago the Government has constructed, and now maintains, very extensive water-races for the use of miners.
On the West Coast the Waimea–Kumara Government water-races, in length about forty-five miles, have a capacity of 220 cubic feet per second. The cost of construction has been approximately £250,000, and the value of the gold obtained by use of the water is about £1,400,000. In Central Otago the Mount Ida Government water-races, in length about twenty-two miles, have a capacity of 51 cubic feet per second; the cost of these races to the Government has been about £80,000. The water is generally sold from Government races at a charge per hour of 2 ½d. per “sluice head,” which is equivalent to a flow of 1 cubic foot per second. Of recent years the cash received for water sold has been less than the cost of upkeep of the races. Power from water-motors is used in the Reefton district at the Progress Mines for milling and ore-reduction, and in Central Otago on three gold-dredges.
There are three hydro-electric mining transmissions. On the Waikato River the Waihi Gold-mining Company has installed a 9,000 h.p. plant at Horahora Falls, near Cambridge, a distance of fifty miles from the mines, and reduction-works at Waihi and Waikino. The transmission pressure is 50,000 volts. The power is used for winding, air-compressors, reduction-works, lighting, and other purposes, The company has the right to supply local authorities en route with power for public distribution.
At Kanieri Forks, near Hokitika, there is a hydro-electric-power station, formerly the property of Ross Goldfields (Limited), but recently purchased by the Kanieri Forks Power Company. The water-supply is carried by races from Lake Kanieri, and from the Pelton wheels at the power-house 675 h.p. is obtainable.
From the Fraser River, near Alexandra, Otago, water is taken by the Earnscleugh Gold-mining Company for hydro-electric power for its two gold-dredges, 300 electrical horse-power being utilized.
In addition to the developed power in New Zealand there is a practically unlimited amount of undeveloped power. A table in the 1914 issue of this book gave particulars concerning the more important available water-powers over 1,000 horse-power, showing also the nearest market consisting of a city or an actual or potential port. A considerable number of these are suitable for general industrial development, but the largest ones, as a rule being in the unsettled portions of the South Island and near the deep-water sounds, are particularly suitable for utilization in connection with electro-chemical or electro-metallurgical industries.
Table of Contents
As on previous occasions, a census of manufactories and works was taken in conjunction with the population census of 1916, and the summarized results are given in the following pages with comparative figures for previous censuses. It should be mentioned, to avoid misunderstanding, that the statistics do not purport to include all “factories” registered under the Factories Act, the figures showing the results of returns collected only from manufactories and works employing over two hands. In a number of cases where work was carried on by the same manufacturer in separate buildings a considerable distance from one another, each building would be registered as a distinct “factory,” but only one census return might be furnished. For instance, in the case of a butter-factory with, say, a dozen or more creameries separating and supplying cream, each creamery would be registered as a separate “factory,” but the particulars for all might be included in one census return. Certain industries also which are registered as factories (bakers, blacksmiths, &c.) do not furnish returns for census purposes. The collection of 1916 followed as closely as possible the lines of previous census collections.
The first statement given shows at a glance the principal points of comparison between the 1916 and 1911 censuses. The operations of the Government Printing Office and the Railway Workshops are excluded.
MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS, 1910–11 AND 1915–16. | |||
---|---|---|---|
1910–11. Number. | 1915–16. Number. | Increase. Number. | |
* Decrease. | |||
Number of establishments | 4,402 | 4,670 | 268 |
Hands employed— | |||
Males | 42,267 | 43,970 | 1,703 |
Females | 13,967 | 13,853 | −114* |
Totals | 56,234 | 57,823 | 1,589 |
Wages paid— | £ | £ | £ |
To males | 4,865,426 | 5,868,788 | 1,003,362 |
To females | 706,844 | 785,716 | 78,872 |
Totals | £5,572,270 | £6,354,504 | £1,082,234 |
H.p. | H.p. | H.p. | |
Horse-power | 100,587 | 146,051 | 45,464 |
£ | £ | £ | |
Cost of materials used or operated on | 20,810,211 | 31,317,969 | 10,507,758 |
Value of all manufactures or produce (including repairs) | 31,729,002 | 45,454,184 | 13,725,182 |
Total approximate value of— | |||
Land | 3,890,921 | 4,536,614 | 645,693 |
Buildings | 5,174,890 | 6,814,141 | 1,639,251 |
Machinery and plant | 7,665,548 | 10,600,821 | 2,935,273 |
Totals | £16,731,359 | £21,951,576 | £5,220,217 |
The number of establishments continues to show an increase, in keeping with the growing population of the Dominion. The figures for each of the last five censuses are as follows:—
1896 | 2,459 |
1901 | 3,680 |
1906 | 4,186 |
1911 | 4,402 |
1916 | 4,670 |
In reference to the large increase shown between 1896 and 1901 it should be explained that in 1901 a number of industries not included at previous censuses were enumerated for the first time: these were tailoring, dressmaking and millinery, shirtmaking, and monumental masonry. These industries had in 1901 a total of 517 establishments, employing 5,121 hands and giving an aggregate output valued at £711,984. New industries have been added from time to time at later enumerations, notably electric tramways, electric-current supply, and electrical engineering.
Of the 4,670 establishments returned in 1916, 2,691 were situated in the North Island, 1,236 of these being in the Auckland Provincial District. Reference to the following summary will show that while the total increase for the Dominion between 1911 and 1916 was 268, Auckland alone showed an increase of 302. Five of the ten provincial districts are seen to have decreased as regards number of establishments in operation.
Provincial District. | 1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1916. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Auckland | 573 | 752 | 885 | 934 | 1,236 |
Taranaki | 128 | 267 | 247 | 253 | 246 |
Hawke's Bay | 147 | 160 | 214 | 251 | 256 |
Wellington | 396 | 707 | 846 | 982 | 953 |
Marlborough | 50 | 61 | 61 | 95 | 57 |
Nelson | 154 | 198 | 236 | 214 | 156 |
Westland | 47 | 78 | 112 | 107 | 105 |
Canterbury | 448 | 648 | 696 | 724 | 776 |
Otago | 516 | 809 | 889 | 549 | 579 |
Southland | 293 | 306 | |||
Totals | 2,459 | 3,680 | 4,186 | 4,402 | 4,670 |
Details of the number of establishments connected with the various industries are next given for each provincial district for 1916.
INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS, 1916. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class. | Number of Industries in Provincial Districts. | Total Number of Industries. | |||||||||
Auckland. | Taranaki. | Hawke's Bay | Wellington. | Marlborough. | Nelson. | Westland. | Canterbury. | Otago. | Southland. | ||
Animal food— | |||||||||||
Meat freezing and preserving works | 11 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 45 |
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 10 | 1 | 28 |
Fish curing and preserving works | 8 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | 14 |
Butter and cheese factories | 64 | 61 | 21 | 69 | 7 | 10 | 5 | 32 | 29 | 50 | 348 |
Condensed-milk factories | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 4 |
Vegetable food— | |||||||||||
Grain-mills | 4 | 1 | .. | 5 | 2 | 2 | .. | 22 | 15 | 2 | 53 |
Biscuit-factories | 5 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 12 |
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works | 7 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 3 | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | 16 |
Sugar - boiling and confectionery works | 8 | .. | 1 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 4 | 1 | 22 |
Sugar-refining works | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Baking-powder factories | 5 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 7 |
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants— | |||||||||||
Breweries | 5 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 55 |
Malthouses | 3 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | .. | 18 |
Colonial-wine making | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 |
Aerated-water factories | 37 | 10 | 9 | 32 | .. | 7 | 7 | 23 | 11 | 7 | 143 |
Coffee and spice works | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | 4 | 1 | 11 |
Tobacco and cigarette works | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories | 5 | .. | 1 | 5 | .. | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | .. | 20 |
Animal matters (not otherwise classed)— | |||||||||||
Soap and candle works | 4 | .. | 1 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 3 | .. | 18 |
Glue-factories | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 |
Sausage-casing factories | 3 | .. | 1 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 3 | .. | 16 |
Boiling-down and manure works | 8 | 1 | 3 | 6 | .. | 1 | .. | 10 | 5 | .. | 34 |
Working in wood— | |||||||||||
Cooperages and packing-case factories | 5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | 21 |
Sawmills, sash and door factories | 74 | 12 | 19 | 49 | 6 | 32 | 31 | 20 | 18 | 31 | 292 |
Woodware and turnery factories | 26 | 4 | 3 | 25 | .. | 1 | .. | 9 | 2 | 3 | 73 |
Vegetable produce for fodder— | |||||||||||
Grain-crushing establishments | 3 | .. | 1 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 11 |
Seed-dressing establishments | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 5 | 8 | 6 | 22 |
Paper-manufacture— | |||||||||||
Paper-mills | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Paper-bag and box factories | 6 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 1 | 12 |
Gasworks | 12 | 3 | 7 | 12 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 56 |
Electric light and supply works | 11 | 6 | 4 | 5 | .. | 3 | .. | 7 | 1 | 5 | 42 |
Electric tramways | 2 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 |
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c— | |||||||||||
Lime and cement works | 5 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 7 | .. | 16 |
Stone crushing and cutting | 12 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 7 | .. | 20 |
Asphalt-works | 2 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
Brick, tile, and pottery works | 17 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 8 | 5 | 74 |
Monumental masonry | 4 | 1 | .. | 4 | .. | 2 | .. | 6 | 2 | 2 | 21 |
Glass-bevelling and leadlights | 6 | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | 1 | 13 |
Electroplating-works | 2 | .. | .. | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 8 |
Pumice-works | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Concrete-block and fibrous-plaster works | 12 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 2 | .. | 22 |
Metals, other than gold or silver— | |||||||||||
Tinned - plate and sheet - metal works | 35 | 4 | 9 | 30 | .. | 2 | 3 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 115 |
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c. | 8 | .. | .. | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 5 | 2 | 22 |
Engineering-works | 45 | 3 | 6 | 33 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 22 | 19 | 4 | 142 |
Electrical-engineering works | 6 | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 2 | 14 |
Rangemaking-works | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 3 | .. | 10 |
Wirework-factories | 2 | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
Fencing-standard making | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
Precious metals— | |||||||||||
Jewellery-making and watch-repairing | 13 | .. | 6 | 20 | .. | 3 | 2 | 18 | 9 | 2 | 73 |
Books and publications— | |||||||||||
Printing and bookbinding offices | 80 | 13 | 13 | 58 | 3 | 9 | 5 | 36 | 33 | 16 | 266 |
Musical instruments— | |||||||||||
Musical-instrument factories | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 4 |
Ornaments, minor art products— | |||||||||||
Picture-frame makers | 6 | .. | 2 | 8 | .. | .. | .. | 11 | .. | 1 | 28 |
Basket and perambulator factories | 4 | .. | 1 | 10 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 5 | .. | 22 |
Equipment for sports and games— | |||||||||||
Billiard-table works | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 4 |
Designs, medals, type, and dies— | |||||||||||
Engraving and stamp-making | 3 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 6 |
Ammunition and explosives— | |||||||||||
Ammunition, explosives, and fireworks makers | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 5 |
Machines, tools, and implements— | |||||||||||
Agricultural-machinery works | 2 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | 5 | 3 | 3 | 16 |
Brush and broom factories | 7 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 12 |
Carriages and vehicles— | |||||||||||
Coachbuilding-works | 86 | 24 | 16 | 46 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 57 | 49 | 21 | 313 |
Motor and cycle works | 12 | 3 | 8 | 44 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 61 | 23 | 11 | 172 |
Harness, saddlery, and leather-ware— | |||||||||||
Saddlery and harness factories | 48 | 12 | 10 | 22 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 31 | 10 | 11 | 151 |
Leather-goods makers | 2 | .. | .. | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 3 | .. | 12 |
Tanning, fellmongery, and wool-scouring establishments | 10 | 5 | 6 | 7 | .. | 3 | .. | 19 | 5 | 4 | 59 |
Ships, boats, and their equipment— | |||||||||||
Ship- and boat-building yards | 21 | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 3 | 3 | .. | 31 |
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories | 11 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 41 |
Furniture— | |||||||||||
Furniture and cabinetmaking | 87 | 20 | 10 | 60 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 35 | 21 | 10 | 257 |
Blindmaking | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 5 |
Mattress-factories | 7 | .. | .. | 9 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | 19 |
Rug and mat making | 1 | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | 7 |
Chemicals and by-products— | |||||||||||
Varnish and paint factories | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 4 |
Ink-factories | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Starch-factories | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 5 |
Chemical-works | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 7 | .. | 24 |
Sheep-dip works | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 |
Match-factories | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 |
Boot-polish factories | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Textile fabrics— | |||||||||||
Woollen-mills | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 4 | .. | 10 |
Flock-mills | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 4 |
Dress— | |||||||||||
Tailoring establishments | 145 | 32 | 25 | 98 | 10 | 16 | 10 | 72 | 64 | 24 | 496 |
Dressmaking and millinery establishments | 66 | 6 | 22 | 79 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 74 | 52 | 28 | 339 |
Boot and shoe factories | 61 | 4 | 11 | 37 | .. | 3 | .. | 28 | 14 | 8 | 166 |
Clothing and waterproof factories | 20 | 1 | .. | 24 | .. | .. | .. | 20 | 16 | 2 | 83 |
Hosiery-factories | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 3 | 1 | 10 |
Umbrella-factories | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 5 |
Fibrous materials— | |||||||||||
Rope and twine works | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
Bag and sack works | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | .. | 4 |
Flax-mills | 27 | 2 | .. | 16 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 9 | 76 |
Returns not included in above | 6 | 1 | .. | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 13 |
Totals | 1236 | 246 | 256 | 953 | 57 | 156 | 105 | 776 | 579 | 306 | 4670 |
The next table shows, according to industries, the number of works established during each of the last six years and for various periods of years prior to 1910:—
Industry. | Number established in | Total. | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prior to 1860. | 1860–9. | 1870–9. | 1880–9. | 1890–9. | 1900–4. | 1905–9. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | Not stated. | ||
Meat-freezing | 1 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 11 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 4 | 1 | 45 |
Bacon-curing | .. | 3 | .. | 2 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 2 | 28 |
Fish-curing | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 5 | 2 | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 14 |
Butter and cheese | .. | 1 | 4 | 20 | 78 | 48 | 58 | 19 | 21 | 26 | 18 | 8 | 22 | 25 | |
Condensed milk | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 4 |
Grain-mills | 6 | 5 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 11 | 53 |
Biscuits | 4 | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12 |
Fruit-preserving | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | .. | 1 | 16 |
Confectionery | 1 | 1 | .. | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | 3 | 22 |
Sugar-refining | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Baking-powder | .. | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 7 |
Brewing | 4 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 6 | 55 |
Malting | 3 | 2 | 5 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 18 |
Colonial wine | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 |
Aerated water | 2 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 12 | 27 | 20 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 27 | 143 |
Coffee and spice | .. | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 11 |
Tobacco and cigarettes | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar | 1 | .. | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 20 |
Soap and candle | .. | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 18 |
Glue | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Sausage-casings | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 8 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 16 |
Boiling-down and manures | .. | 6 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | 5 | 34 |
Cooperages and packing-cases | .. | 1 | 2 | 6 | 4 | .. | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | 21 |
Sawmills | 3 | 5 | 22 | 27 | 35 | 39 | 53 | 14 | 11 | 18 | 16 | 10 | 12 | 27 | 292 |
Woodware and turnery | .. | 2 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 73 |
Grain-crushing.. | .. | 1 | 3 | .. | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 11 | |
Grass-seed dressing | .. | .. | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 22 |
Paper-mills | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
Paper bag and box | 1 | .. | 2 | 2 | .. | 5 | 5 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 12 |
Gasworks | .. | 5 | 15 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 3 | 56 |
Electric light and supply | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 42 |
Electric tramways | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | 3 | 9 |
Stone-crushing | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | 3 | 2 | .. | 2 | 3 | 20 |
Lime and cement | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7 | 16 |
Asphalt | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 3 |
Brick, tile, and pottery | 2 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 10 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 11 | 74 |
Monumental masonry | .. | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21 |
Glass-works | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 13 |
Electroplating | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Pumice-works | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Concrete and fibrous plaster | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 2 | .. | 2 | 2 | 2 | .. | 22 |
Tinned-plate and sheet-metal works | 3 | 5 | 7 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 22 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | .. | 4 | 12 | 115 |
Iron and brass | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 22 |
Engineering-works | 3 | 11 | 17 | 11 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 142 |
Electrical engineering | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | 14 |
Rangemaking | 1 | .. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 10 |
Wireworking | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 11 |
Printing | 7 | 29 | 42 | 27 | 48 | 20 | 30 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 19 | 266 |
Musical instruments | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 4 |
Picture-frames | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 28 |
Baskets and perambulators | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 22 |
Billiard-tables | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Engraving and stamp-making | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 6 |
Ammunition and explosives | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 5 |
Agricultural machinery | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 16 |
Brush and broom | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 4 | .. | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 12 |
Coach building | 5 | 16 | 27 | 51 | 53 | 29 | 28 | 15 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 57 | 313 |
Motor and cycle works | .. | 1 | .. | 5 | 28 | 11 | 38 | 6 | 6 | 21 | 12 | 10 | 22 | 12 | 172 |
Saddlery and harness | 1 | 4 | 11 | 28 | 25 | 14 | 28 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 23 | 151 |
Leather | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 6 | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 12 |
Industry. | Number established in | Total. | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prior to 1860. | 1860–9. | 1870–9. | 1880–9. | 1890–9. | 1900–4. | 1905–9. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | Not stated. | ||
Tanning and fellmongery | .. | 5 | 5 | 18 | 14 | 2 | 8 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 | .. | 3 | 59 |
Ship and boat building | 2 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | .. | 2 | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 | 3 | 31 |
Sail, tent, and oilskin | 2 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 5 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | 3 | 5 | 41 |
Furniture and cabinetmaking | 3 | 8 | 15 | 22 | 36 | 26 | 46 | 11 | 10 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 11 | 26 | 257 |
Blinds | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 |
Mattress-factories | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 19 |
Rug and mat | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7 |
Paint and varnish | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Ink-factories | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
Starch | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 |
Chemical-works | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 | 2 | 24 |
Sheep-dip | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 |
Match-factories | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
Polishes | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Woollen-mills | .. | .. | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 |
Flock-mills | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Tailoring | 4 | 12 | 18 | 37 | 64 | 61 | 102 | 26 | 16 | 25 | 36 | 27 | 21 | 17 | 496 |
Dressmaking | 5 | 16 | 18 | 42 | 32 | 24 | 59 | 21 | 17 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 26 | 31 | 339 |
Boot and shoe | 2 | 5 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 19 | 26 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 21 | 166 |
Hosiery-factories | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 10 |
Umbrella-factories | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 |
Clothing | 3 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 8 | 15 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 11 | 83 |
Rope and twine | .. | .. | 3 | .. | 3 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 10 |
Bag and sack | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
Flax-mills | .. | .. | 2 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 76 |
Jewellery | .. | 2 | 6 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 73 |
Miscellaneous | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | .. | 2 | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | 3 | 18 |
Totals | 73 | 204 | 349 | 510 | 683 | 524 | 748 | 186 | 150 | 197 | 215 | 159 | 182 | 490 | 4,670 |
Of the total number of industries (4,670) in operation at the census of 1916, 2,222 were under individual ownership. Public registered companies owned 445 of these works, or 9.50 per cent. of the whole, while the value of the manufactures or products of these 445 amounted to £21,623,870, or 47.57 per cent. of the total output. A summary is given showing figures for the various works as classified according to character of organization.
TABLE SHOWING CHARACTER OF ORGANIZATION OF MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Character of Organization. | Number of Works. | Hands employed. | Power. | Cost of Materials used or operated upon. | Value of Manufactures or Products. | ||
Number. | Wages. | Number using. | Horsepower. | ||||
£ | £ | £ | |||||
Individual | 2,222 | 11,670 | 1,220,103 | 1,230 | 12,413 | 3,135,221 | 5,371,479 |
Firm or limited partnership | 1,042 | 8,728 | 954,771 | 1,022 | 11,976 | 2,054,222 | 3,881,718 |
Public registered company | 445 | 20,081 | 2,356,475 | 2,070 | 58,260 | 16,332,219 | 21,623,870 |
Private registered company | 595 | 13,752 | 1,609,930 | 1,038 | 18,775 | 3,884,061 | 6,833,220 |
Co-operative and miscellaneous | 366 | 3,592 | 513,225 | 681 | 44,617 | 5,912,246 | 7,743,897 |
Total | 4,670 | 57,823 | 6,654,504 | 6,041 | 146,041 | 31,317,969 | 45,454,184 |
The two following tables give information as to capital of (1) private registered companies and (2) public registered companies:—
TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL OF PRIVATE REGISTERED COMPANIES. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Industry. | Number of Private Companies. | (a.) Amount of Subscribed Capital, including all Classes of Shares. | (b.) Amount of Paid-up Capital. | (c.) Amount of Loan Capital—i.e., Debentures and Fixed Loan. | (d.) Amount of Paid-up Shares issued to Vendors, included in (b). |
£ | £ | £ | £ | ||
Ham and bacon curing | 5 | 85,000 | 83,051 | 26,750 | 45,900 |
Butter and cheese factories | 14 | 50,726 | 40,878 | 10,850 | 5,000 |
Grain-mills | 8 | 131,500 | 116,500 | 7,217 | 55,000 |
Breweries | 9 | 387,006 | 381,106 | 100,000 | 58,380 |
Malthouses | 5 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 8,176 | 9,500 |
Aerated-water factories | 9 | 61,550 | 56,000 | 9,039 | 25,000 |
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar works | 8 | 50,750 | 50,100 | 3,352 | 9,250 |
Soap and candle works | 6 | 47,500 | 37,925 | 4,500 | 22,050 |
Boiling-down works | 4 | 144,850 | 124,850 | 1,000 | 350 |
Cooperages | 6 | 167,913 | 157,504 | 34,000 | 27,338 |
Sawmilling | 72 | 859,616 | 764,830 | 92,564 | 233,555 |
Woodware and joinery | 12 | 189,692 | 174,245 | 16,875 | 24,189 |
Grass-seed dressing | 4 | 24,000 | 24,000 | .. | 6,000 |
Brick, tile, and pottery works | 8 | 86,625 | 77,975 | 19,115 | 18,000 |
Glass-bevelling and leadlights | 5 | 13,695 | 12,695 | .. | 3,050 |
Iron and brass foundries | 6 | 27,724 | 26,124 | 1,081 | 14,650 |
Tinned - plate and sheet-metal works | 13 | 91,829 | 90,829 | 8,500 | 40,619 |
Engineering-works | 40 | 419,008 | 400,594 | 19,731 | 81,925 |
Electrical engineering | 4 | 21,150 | 20,950 | 200 | 20,000 |
Printing-offices | 66 | 660,292 | 562,299 | 46,933 | 203,258 |
Agricultural machinery | 7 | 152,590 | 105,074 | 44,000 | .. |
Coachbuilding | 12 | 44,100 | 41,380 | .. | 9,000 |
Motor and cycle works | 20 | 95,500 | 87,083 | 6,134 | 51,750 |
Saddlery and harness works | 9 | 72,267 | 63,237 | 2,763 | 19,829 |
Tanneries and fellmongery-works | 13 | 116,352 | 92,071 | 11,419 | 52,003 |
Furniture-factories | 27 | 106,100 | 91,450 | 20,270 | 24,325 |
Woollen-mills | 4 | 266,666 | 209,999 | 6,700 | 100,000 |
Tailoring establishments | 22 | 87,219 | 75,844 | 11,035 | 15,819 |
Dressmaking and millinery | 44 | 43,050 | 42,750 | 1,032 | 6,500 |
Boot and shoe factories | 16 | 152,713 | 111,543 | 9,409 | 56,900 |
Clothing and waterproof factories | 18 | 103,560 | 96,890 | 1,124 | 23,000 |
Flax-milling | 8 | 143,000 | 121,000 | 10,860 | 11,600 |
Rope and twine works | 4 | 27,055 | 26,555 | 11,420 | 11,600 |
Industries not included above | 74 | 606,545 | 570,222 | 53,975 | 237,961 |
Industries less than four of one kind | 13 | 173,930 | 137,492 | 99,035 | 38,540 |
Totals | 595 | 5,751,073 | 5,115,045 | 699,059 | 1,561,841 |
TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL OF PUBLIC REGISTERED COMPANIES. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Industry. | Number of Public Companies. | (a.) Amount of Subscribed Capital, including all Classes of Shares. | (b.) Amount of Paid-up Capital. | (c.) Amount of Loan Capital—i.e., Debentures and Fixed Loan. | (d.) Amount of Paid-up Shares issued to Vendors, included in (b). |
£ | £ | £ | £ | ||
Meat-freezing | 34 | 2,392,780 | 1,887,977 | 385,847 | 190,150 |
Ham and bacon curing | 4 | 125,119 | 95,975 | .. | 10,000 |
Butter and cheese factories | 27 | 176,965 | 143,021 | 3,905 | 3,369 |
Grain-mills | 10 | 252,190 | 228,006 | 17,750 | 5,500 |
Biscuit-factories | 7 | 105,234 | 103,162 | 40,802 | 20,007 |
Fruit-preserving | 5 | 66,900 | 62,895 | 5,300 | 21,560 |
Breweries | 9 | 697,656 | 107,451 | 5,000 | 66,801 |
Malthouses | 5 | 123,000 | 122,000 | .. | 12,750 |
Aerated-water factories | 9 | 48,701 | 36,112 | 5,000 | 8,796 |
Coffee and spice works | 4 | 31,000 | 27,000 | .. | 11,000 |
Boiling-down works | 14 | 365,066 | 292,701 | 17,830 | 40,200 |
Sawmilling | 29 | 1,421,331 | 978,004 | 125,585 | 171,120 |
Woodware and Joinery | 7 | 73,674 | 43,869 | 4,939 | 11,935 |
Grass-seed dressing | 8 | 38,000 | 34,000 | 3,000 | .. |
Gasworks | 24 | 1,564,186 | 1,362,996 | 260,550 | 23,856 |
Electric light and supply | 7 | 151,965 | 147,837 | 33,650 | 4,337 |
Lime and cement works | 7 | 349,240 | 317,740 | 41,000 | 32,900 |
Brick, tile, and pottery works | 11 | 148,129 | 143,753 | 27,849 | 25,500 |
Tinned - plate and sheet-metal works | 7 | 51,007 | 48,757 | .. | 18,000 |
Engineering-works | 10 | 340,676 | 325,781 | 67,345 | 63,130 |
Printing-offices | 27 | 768,810 | 654,308 | 109,592 | 109,960 |
Agricultural machinery | 4 | 66,358 | 61,850 | 1,300 | 24,000 |
Saddlery and harness works | 4 | 84,000 | 82,000 | 12,000 | 16,000 |
Tanneries and fellmongery works | 5 | 86,222 | 56,222 | 85,000 | .. |
Sail, tent, and oilskin making | 5 | 11,450 | 10,025 | .. | .. |
Furniture-factories | 12 | 57,795 | 53,045 | 9,529 | 29,786 |
Mattress-making | 5 | 11,481 | 10,596 | 1,000 | 9,248 |
Woollen-mills | 6 | 652,777 | 560,748 | 63,087 | 80,000 |
Tailoring establishments | 5 | 29,000 | 27,000 | 4,500 | 16,000 |
Dressmaking and millinery | 31 | 66,670 | 61,139 | 6,100 | 32,250 |
Boot and shoe factories | 9 | 188,341 | 174,476 | 4,277 | 20,819 |
Clothing and waterproof factories | 7 | 28,000 | 28,000 | .. | 10,000 |
Rope and twine works | 4 | 42,835 | 42,695 | 8,000 | 35,250 |
Industries not included above | 65 | 4,620,455 | 3,923,576 | 558,899 | 181,495 |
Industries, less than four of one kind | 18 | 205,469 | 178,135 | 12,103 | 29,622 |
Totals | 445 | 15,442,482 | 12,432,852 | 1,920,739 | 1,387,341 |
The approximate value of the land utilized as factory premises shows a further satisfactory rise for the quinquennium. The value of the buildings and of the machinery and plant shows a much greater rate of increase, the increased utilization of machinery being a gratifying feature of the returns.
The figures for each of the past five censuses are,—
Year. | Land. | Buildings. | Machinery. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1896 | 1,063,989 | 1,743,073 | 2,988,955 | 5,796,017 |
1901 | 1,980,428 | 2,575,679 | 3,852,457 | 8,408,564 |
1906 | 3,264,862 | 3,851,902 | 5,392,522 | 12,509,286 |
1911 | 3,980,921 | 5,174,890 | 7,665,548 | 16,731,359 |
1916 | 4,536,614 | 6,814,141 | 10,600,821 | 21,951,576 |
The most remarkable feature of the statistics of employees for 1916 is the fact that at the 31st March, 1916, eighteen months after the outbreak of war and only eight months before the taking of the first ballot under the Military Service Act, the number of female employees was actually less than at the corresponding date in 1911. It is evident that women and girls, the utilization of whose services in ever-increasing proportion has been necessitated by the war, have been drawn to the clerical branches of employment rather than to the industrial. Probably this trend towards clerical work had been going on for some years previously.
While male hands decreased from 44,946 in 1906 to 42,267 in 1911, female hands increased in the same time from 11,413 to 13,967. Between 1911 and 1916, however, male hands increased by 1,703, while female hands decreased by 114, the net increase being 1,589, representing a rate of 2.83 per cent., as against a corresponding rate of increase of 6.09 per cent. in the number of establishments.
The number of hands employed in the principal industries at each of the last five censuses is as shown below. The industries are ranged in the order of their importance as reckoned by the number of employees in 1916.
Industry. | 1895–96. | 1900–1. | 1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meat freezing and preserving works | 2,037 | 2,282 | 3,260 | 4,095 | 5,982 |
Sawmills, sash and door factories | 4,059 | 6,812 | 9,111 | 6,877 | 5,870 |
Clothing and boot and shoe factories | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5,831 |
Printing and bookbinding establishments (excluding Government Printing Office) | 2,351 | 3,134 | 3,898 | 4,222 | 4,202 |
Dressmaking and millinery | .. | 2,888 | 3,039 | 4,128 | 3,645 |
Tailoring establishments | .. | 1,621 | 2,997 | 4,225 | 3,132 |
Iron and brass foundries, machinists, engineering (excluding Government Railway Workshops) | 1,642 | 3,397 | 3,706 | 3,747 | 2,783 |
Electric tramways | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1,954 |
Woollen-mills | 1,416 | 1,693 | 1,549 | 1,410 | 1,897 |
Furniture and cabinetmaking works | 496 | 1,310 | 1,528 | 1,689 | 1,821 |
Butter and cheese factories | 576 | 1,188 | 1,484 | 1,504 | 1,814 |
Coachbuilding | 807 | 1,185 | 1,465 | 1,439 | 1,393 |
Flax-mills | 647 | 1,698 | 4,076 | 1,244 | 1,257 |
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments | 1,629 | 1,963 | 1,336 | 1,372 | 1,187 |
Biscuit-factories | 425 | 667 | 587 | 381 | 920 |
Brick, tile, and pottery works | 455 | 838 | 1,254 | 966 | 855 |
Breweries and malthouses | 560 | 827 | 821 | 848 | 822 |
Woodware and turnery factories | 81 | 156 | 304 | 30 | 781 |
Agricultural-machinery factories | 581 | 586 | 793 | 646 | 756 |
Motor and cycle works | 125 | 395 | 452 | 315 | 649 |
Gasworks | 295 | 572 | 954 | 757 | 598 |
Saddlery and harness factories | 266 | 652 | 544 | 594 | 587 |
Lime and cement works | 79 | 184 | 280 | 456 | 550 |
Aerated-water factories | 347 | 452 | 586 | 570 | 505 |
Tinned-plate and sheet-metal works | 289 | 337 | 473 | 414 | 475 |
Sugar-boiling and confectionery | 69 | 305 | 571 | 729 | 463 |
Industry. | 1895–96. | 1900–1. | 1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ship- and boat-building yards | 108 | 211 | 237 | 589 | 402 |
Cooperages and packing-cases | 76 | 138 | 116 | 171 | 390 |
Grain-mills | 419 | 515 | 540 | 424 | 388 |
Boiling-down works | .. | .. | .. | .. | 351 |
Sugar-refining | 160 | 256 | 228 | 338 | 297 |
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works | 193 | 172 | 311 | 289 | 278 |
Jewellery | .. | .. | .. | .. | 247 |
Soap and candle works | 190 | 232 | 238 | 252 | 244 |
Sausage-casing factories | 56 | 98 | 151 | 174 | 239 |
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories | 143 | 231 | 163 | 224 | 236 |
Rangemaking-works | .. | 193 | 230 | 271 | 235 |
Rope and twine works | 150 | 192 | 195 | 190 | 235 |
Electric light and supply | .. | 52 | 118 | 170 | 223 |
Chemical-works | 114 | 95 | 178 | 98 | 213 |
Ham and bacon curing | 123 | 196 | 224 | 201 | 199 |
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories | 74 | 151 | 219 | 143 | 168 |
Brush and broom factories | 92 | 128 | 154 | 133 | 165 |
Ammunition and explosives | 90 | 105 | 130 | 85 | 162 |
Paper-bag and box factories | 86 | 81 | 100 | 240 | 152 |
Paper-mills | 84 | 98 | 116 | 100 | 146 |
Match-factories | 121 | 183 | 206 | 188 | 136 |
Hosiery-factories | 133 | 282 | 374 | 527 | 127 |
Mattress-factories | 15 | 55 | 53 | 128 | 123 |
Basket and perambulator factories | 76 | 118 | 148 | 157 | 114 |
Glass-bevelling and leadlights | 6 | 9 | 14 | 84 | 100 |
Condensed-milk factories | 10 | 33 | 58 | 56 | 94 |
Concrete and fibrous-plaster works | .. | .. | .. | 66 | 86 |
Fish curing and preserving works | 75 | 137 | 106 | 59 | 79 |
Bag and sack factories | 22 | 6 | 36 | 45 | 74 |
Baking-powder factories | 19 | 29 | 25 | 68 | 68 |
Coffee and spice works | 119 | 78 | 120 | 66 | 62 |
Leather-goods makers | 13 | 22 | 4 | 39 | 61 |
Pumice-works | 20 | 28 | 12 | 20 | 55 |
Wirework-factories | .. | .. | .. | 64 | 53 |
Glue-factories | .. | .. | .. | .. | 52 |
Picture-frame makers | .. | 22 | 34 | 37 | 48 |
Seed-dressing establishments | 7 | 60 | 92 | 110 | 46 |
Billiard-table works | 2 | 7 | 25 | 35 | 41 |
Umbrella-factories | .. | .. | .. | 61 | 37 |
Grain-crushing establishments | 212 | 266 | 197 | 37 | 35 |
Electroplate-works | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29 |
Starch-factories | 27 | 32 | 25 | 24 | 25 |
Blindmaking | 45 | 51 | 35 | 34 | 22 |
Flock-mills | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21 |
Wool rug and mat making | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21 |
Boot-polish factories | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19 |
Varnish and paint | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19 |
Engraving and stamp-making | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15 |
Musical-instrument factories | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12 |
As might be expected in a time of increasing prosperity, with the resultant increases in prices and wages, the total and average wages paid to employees in 1915–16 were considerably higher than in 1910–11. The figures for each of the past five census years are as given in the following statement. In connection with these it should be noted that whereas the employees are returned as at the end of the year, the wages shown are those paid throughout the year, whether to the same or to a greater or less number of employees. Further, the wages are not entirely those of adults, but cover all employees, including boys and girls, the averages being lowered considerably on this account.
EMPLOYEES AND WAGES. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Census Year. | Males. | Females. | ||||||||
Number. | Total Wages. | Average Yearly Earnings. | Number. | Total Wages. | Average Yearly Earnings. | |||||
£ | £ | s. | d. | £ | £ | s. | d. | |||
1896 | 22,986 | 1,776,076 | 77 | 5 | 4 | 4,403 | 131,516 | 29 | 17 | 5 |
1901 | 36,292 | 2,972,193 | 81 | 17 | 11 | 10,555 | 330,454 | 31 | 6 | 2 |
1906 | 44,946 | 3,979,593 | 88 | 10 | 10 | 11,413 | 478,026 | 41 | 17 | 8 |
1911 | 42,267 | 4,865,426 | 115 | 1 | 3 | 13,967 | 706,844 | 50 | 12 | 2 |
1916 | 43,970 | 5,868,788 | 133 | 9 | 6 | 13,853 | 785,716 | 56 | 14 | 4 |
The following table, showing for provincial districts the number of engines, &c., driven by the various kinds of motive power, will be of interest. When compared with the census of 1911 a large increase is apparent in the figures for electricity, as well as in the total number of engines and the amount of horse-power.
TABLE SHOWING MOTIVE POWER EMPLOYED IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Provincial District. | Number of Works. | Motive Power employed; Number of Engines, &c., driven by | Amount of Horsepower. | |||||||
Steam. | Water. | Gas. | Oil. | Horse. | Hand. | Electricity. | Total. | |||
Auckland | 1,236 | 553 | 37 | 243 | 80 | .. | 2 | 712 | 1,627 | 54,237 |
Taranaki | 246 | 339 | 86 | 17 | 18 | .. | .. | 99 | 559 | 5,326 |
Hawke's Bay | 256 | 126 | 3 | 54 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 76 | 279 | 5,668 |
Wellington | 953 | 355 | 11 | 222 | 41 | .. | 1 | 589 | 1,219 | 31,587 |
Marlborough | 57 | 31 | 1 | 8 | 3 | .. | .. | 14 | 57 | 1,400 |
Nelson | 156 | 93 | 9 | 31 | 12 | .. | .. | 35 | 180 | 4,135 |
Westland | 105 | 112 | 8 | 18 | 1 | .. | .. | 3 | 142 | 2,649 |
Canterbury | 776 | 229 | 22 | 123 | 27 | .. | .. | 471 | 872 | 19,949 |
Otago | 579 | 206 | 52 | 59 | 21 | .. | 3 | 444 | 785 | 12,372 |
Southland | 306 | 187 | 7 | 34 | 20 | .. | .. | 73 | 321 | 8,718 |
Totals, 1915–16 | 4,670 | 2,231 | 236 | 809 | 239 | 3 | 7 | 2,516 | 6,041 | 146,041 |
Totals, 1910–11 | 4,402 | 2,221 | 230 | 872 | 231 | 4 | 61 | 1,163 | 4,782 | 100,587 |
The value of output for the year 1915–16 was returned at £45,454,184, being an increase of £13,725,182 on the total for 1910–11 (£31,729,002). Reference to the individual tables for principal industries given at the end of this section will show that this enormous increase is due almost entirely to higher prices now ruling, quantities of the various articles produced by different industries showing in the main but little advance on the results for 1910–11.
As pointed out on previous occasions, a certain amount of duplication is unavoidable in arriving at the total value of output of the manufacturing industries of a country. To take timber as an example, it will be seen that the rough sawn timber is treated as the output of the bush sawmill, and on being sent to the resawing and planing mill becomes included in the value of materials used, the prepared timber being again included at its full value in the output totals. Leather is valued in the tanning returns, and some part of it again in the boot and saddlery returns, while the value of cloth produced by woollen-mills and utilized by clothing-factories is also necessarily twice included.
For comparison between one census and another, however, the figures are quite correct. And in cases such as those mentioned, where values are twice counted, the cost of materials used is similarly overstated, so that it is quite proper to deduct the cost of materials from the value of output to arrive at what may be called the net value of the manufacture (£14,136,215 for 1915–16). To arrive at an approximate estimate as to profits it is necessary to deduct from this the amount expended on wages (£6,654,504), as well as interest and depreciation on £21,951,576 invested in land, buildings, machinery, and plant, together with taxes, insurance, and other incidental expenses.
The succeeding statement shows the most important industries in operation in 1915–16, ranged in order of the values of their output for 1915–16, and compared with the results obtained for the years 1910–11, 1905–6, 1900–1, and 1895–96.
TOTAL VALUE OF ALL MANUFACTURES OR PRODUCE, INCLUDING REPAIRS. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Industry. | 1895–96. | 1900–1. | 1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Meat freezing and preserving works | 1,652,275 | 3,834,891 | 4,928,545 | 7,422,187 | 12,613,571 |
Butter and cheese factories | 501,274 | 1,535,150 | 2,581,639 | 3,919,184 | 7,524,904 |
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments | 1,237,252 | 1,888,107 | 1,836,310 | 2,036,770 | 2,755,283 |
Grain-mills | 874,656 | 682,884 | 1,058,686 | 1,248,001 | 1,985,914 |
Sawmills, sash and door factories | 898,807 | 1,268,689 | 2,128,766 | 2,699,888 | 1,898,526 |
Clothing and boot and shoe factories | 649,414 | 897,299 | 848,377 | 1,126,998 | 1,709,689 |
Printing establishments (not including Government Printing Office) | 389,124 | 704,285 | 1,067,827 | 1,377,926 | 1,697,381 |
Iron and brass foundries, boilermaking, machinists &c., (not including Government Railway Workshops) | 302,815 | 870,864 | 813,563 | 1,125,640 | 1,008,367 |
Tailoring establishments | .. | 301,356 | 578,416 | 936,237 | 828,840 |
Breweries and malthouses | 418,830 | 659,298 | 645,637 | 787,532 | 807,631 |
Gasworks | 199,025 | 290,567 | 386,920 | 623,209 | 804,414 |
Electric tramways | .. | .. | .. | 548,842 | 750,893 |
Woollen-mills | 302,423 | 359,382 | 397,348 | 377,713 | 717,638 |
Furniture and cabinetmaking factories | 85,327 | 241,024 | 328,185 | 497,681 | 578,560 |
Dressmaking and millinery establishments | .. | 312,436 | 331,268 | 575,059 | 568,472 |
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments | 86,022 | 159,564 | 253,937 | 371,621 | 524,929 |
Coachbuilding-works | 148,969 | 216,077 | 294,818 | 396,012 | 487,824 |
Flax-mills | 32,546 | 203,492 | 557,808 | 284,399 | 470,774 |
Biscuit-factories | 118,979 | 197,989 | 225,476 | 168,122 | 445,747 |
Boiling-down works | .. | .. | .. | .. | 423,988 |
Electric light and supply works | .. | 23,234 | 82,030 | 124,951 | 305,875 |
Tinned-plate and sheet-metal works | 63,723 | 98,587 | 127,150 | 160,584 | 300,387 |
Soap and candle works | 152,298 | 158,649 | 178,556 | 268,635 | 277,053 |
Agricultural-machinery factories | 102,054 | 138,094 | 199,741 | 222,040 | 266,256 |
Lime and cement works | 15,881 | 45,142 | 107,675 | 184,686 | 264,667 |
Saddlery and harness factories | 63,735 | 147,626 | 140,813 | 220,364 | 259,507 |
Aerated-water factories | 98,609 | 151,811 | 189,561 | 250,571 | 256,957 |
Woodware and turnery factories | 18,276 | 37,552 | 110,225 | 12,602 | 243,652 |
Brick, tile, and pottery factories | 66,140 | 122,230 | 216,550 | 235,220 | 233,904 |
Cooperages | 19,233 | 37,521 | 38,124 | 73,807 | 193,090 |
Motor and cycle works | 18,817 | 65,047 | 75,991 | 92,141 | 189,482 |
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works | 33,235 | 88,580 | 138,635 | 259,498 | 169,478 |
Rope and twine works | 52,400 | 87,863 | 100,753 | 104,325 | 161,447 |
Grass-seed-dressing establishments | .. | 241,239 | 270,028 | 275,693 | 153,926 |
Fruit-preserving and jam-making factories | 36,108 | 58,092 | 98,032 | 135,506 | 152,888 |
Condensed-milk factories | .. | .. | .. | .. | 145,848 |
Sausage-casing factories | 13,472 | 30,674 | 37,045 | 65,278 | 135,833 |
Ship- and boat-building yards | 25,233 | 45,811 | 66,572 | 143,019 | 130,870 |
Chemical-works | 75,320 | 64,834 | 95,390 | 49,866 | 127,010 |
Baking-powder factories | 10,153 | 18,163 | 16,352 | 46,954 | 122,593 |
Jewellery and watch repairing | .. | .. | .. | .. | 98,078 |
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories | 30,166 | 44,854 | 45,321 | 92,249 | 97,990 |
Ammunition and explosives | .. | .. | .. | .. | 97,409 |
Bag and sack factories | .. | .. | .. | 50,871 | 92,901 |
Rangemaking-works | .. | 53,307 | 64,271 | 82,600 | 83,776 |
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories | 13,417 | 38,082 | 56,326 | 62,726 | 78,527 |
Mattress-factories | 1,850 | 16,296 | 17,892 | 46,915 | 69,496 |
Brush and broom factories | 23,363 | 21,131 | 36,345 | 33,303 | 64,538 |
Hosiery-factories | 9,357 | 31,265 | 67,538 | 140,442 | 62,828 |
Fish curing and preserving works | 10,292 | 25,173 | 28,109 | 29,002 | 62,530 |
Paper-bag and box factories | 7,698 | 14,217 | 11,941 | 62,051 | 46,944 |
Coffee and spice works | 74,339 | 45,628 | 60,758 | 32,261 | 45,095 |
Grain-crushing establishments | 78,497 | 169,313 | 139,060 | 48,398 | 42,543 |
Glass-bevelling and lead-lights | .. | .. | 5,123 | 26,327 | 41,441 |
Leather-goods makers | .. | 5,483 | 12,064 | 16,585 | 30,759 |
Basket and perambulator factories | 11,920 | 17,942 | 34,103 | 40,025 | 30,040 |
Concrete and fibrous-plaster works | .. | .. | .. | 16,907 | 28,751 |
Wirework-factories | .. | .. | .. | 31,991 | 28,095 |
Picture-frame making | .. | 5,771 | 16,296 | 14,135 | 21,635 |
Billiard-table factories | .. | .. | 10,417 | 20,165 | 20,155 |
Flock-mills | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19,430 |
Starch-factories | .. | .. | .. | .. | 18,749 |
Umbrella-factories | .. | .. | .. | 22,885 | 17,248 |
Boot-polish factories | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16,891 |
Varnish and paint factories | .. | 6,732 | .. | 16,260 | 13,187 |
Certain particulars relating to the various industries for the year 1915–16 are given in the following table, which shows the industries arranged in classes according to their nature. Where there are fewer than four establishments in any industry the amount of wages, cost of materials operated on, and value of output, property, and plant, is omitted so as not to allow of details of individual establishments being identified.
Fuller details of the principal industries are given after this table.
DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nature of Industries. | Total Number of Industries. | Number of Hands employed. | Wages paid. | Amount of Power employed (Horsepower). | Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1915–16. | Value of all Manufactures or Produce for the Year 1915–16*. | Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant. | ||||
Males. | Females | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | ||||||
* For fuller particulars respecting the industries see special tables in this section and in census volume. ‡ Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified. † Particulars in reference to the Government Printing Office and the Government Railway Workshops are not included in the table. | |||||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | ||||||
Animal food— | |||||||||||
Meat freezing and preserving works | 45 | 5,932 | 50 | 5,982 | 767,369 | 2,954 | 770,323 | 28,767 | 10,554,905 | 12,613,571 | 2,631,142 |
Ham- and bacon-curing works | 28 | 198 | 1 | 199 | 32,364 | 90 | 32,454 | 974 | 405,799 | 524,929 | 130,005 |
Fish curing and preserving works | 14 | 76 | 3 | 79 | 11,342 | 37 | 11,379 | 124 | 8,967 | 62,530 | 28,991 |
Butter and cheese factories | 348 | 1,744 | 70 | 1,814 | 252,473 | 3,487 | 255,960 | 12,794 | 6,168,907 | 7,524,904 | 1,175,671 |
Condensed-milk factories | 4 | 80 | 14 | 94 | 10,178 | 1,031 | 11,209 | 96 | 95,064 | 145,848 | 49,937 |
Vegetable food— | |||||||||||
Grain-mills | 53 | 372 | 16 | 338 | 58,842 | 802 | 59,644 | 3,750 | 1,833,249 | 1,985,914 | 397,720 |
Biscuit-factories | 12 | 497 | 423 | 920 | 54,188 | 20,310 | 74,498 | 553 | 259,417 | 445,747 | 182,087 |
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works | 16 | 175 | 103 | 278 | 15,910 | 4,684 | 20,594 | 284 | 115,761 | 152,888 | 67,318 |
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works | 22 | 185 | 278 | 463 | 18,175 | 13,455 | 31,630 | 298 | 109,954 | 169,478 | 73,148 |
Sugar-refining works† | 1 | 297 | .. | 297 | .. | .. | .. | 1,517 | .. | .. | .. |
Baking-powder factories | 7 | 49 | 19 | 68 | 4,209 | 943 | 5,152 | 54 | 92,768 | 122,593 | 18,457 |
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants— | |||||||||||
Breweries | 55 | 730 | 5 | 735 | 119,202 | 548 | 119,750 | 1,810 | 325,804 | 635,488 | 523,776 |
Malthouses | 18 | 87 | .. | 87 | 14,102 | .. | 14,102 | 109 | 146,627 | 172,143 | 75,009 |
Colonial-wine making | 2 | 8 | .. | 8 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. |
Aerated-water factories | 143 | 492 | 13 | 505 | 62,544 | 730 | 63,274 | 554 | 69,165 | 256,957 | 229,470 |
Coffee and spice works | 11 | 36 | 26 | 62 | 3,765 | 1,524 | 5,289 | 122 | 34,919 | 45,095 | 28,266 |
Tobacco and cigarette works† | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | .. | .. | .. | 7 | .. | .. | .. |
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar making | 20 | 104 | 64 | 168 | 12,258 | 3,499 | 15,757 | 249 | 51,341 | 78,527 | 63,646 |
Animal matters (not otherwise classed)— | |||||||||||
Soap and candle works | 18 | 216 | 28 | 244 | 29,601 | 1,479 | 31,080 | 404 | 191,832 | 277,053 | 73,598 |
Glue-factories† | 2 | 36 | 16 | 52 | .. | .. | .. | 225 | .. | .. | .. |
Sausage-casing factories | 16 | 239 | .. | 239 | 28,985 | .. | 28,985 | 11 | 86,065 | 135,833 | 16,974 |
Boiling-down and manure works | 34 | 350 | 1 | 351 | 35,769 | 39 | 35,808 | 1,154 | 273,096 | 423,988 | 251,939 |
Working in wood— | |||||||||||
Cooperages and packing-case factories | 21 | 388 | 2 | 390 | 50,080 | 208 | 50,288 | 963 | 107,612 | 193,090 | 346,951 |
Sawmills, sash and door factories | 292 | 5,870 | .. | 5,870 | 678,028 | .. | 678,028 | 16,816 | 996,484 | 1,898,526 | 2,329,454 |
Woodware and turnery factories | 73 | 781 | .. | 781 | 79,446 | .. | 79,446 | 1,567 | 122,094 | 243,652 | 170,731 |
Vegetable produce for fodder— | |||||||||||
Grain-crushing establishments | 11 | 35 | .. | 35 | 3,477 | .. | 3,477 | 174 | 33,128 | 42,543 | 15,660 |
Seed-dressing establishments | 22 | 46 | .. | 46 | 4,543 | .. | 4,543 | 297 | 123,241 | 153,926 | 59,135 |
Paper-manufacture— | |||||||||||
Paper-mills† | 3 | 107 | 39 | 146 | .. | .. | .. | 1,041 | .. | .. | .. |
Paper-bag and box factories | 12 | 54 | 98 | 152 | 6,860 | 4,851 | 11,711 | 101 | 21,447 | 46,944 | 31,843 |
Gasworks | 56 | 592 | 6 | 598 | 95,672 | 741 | 96,413 | .. | 244,346 | 804,414 | 1,382,077 |
Electric light and supply works | 42 | 219 | 4 | 223 | 30,727 | 257 | 30,984 | 33,459 | 256,124 | 305,875 | 852,475 |
Electric tramways | 9 | 1,954 | .. | 1,954 | 315,946 | .. | 315,946 | .. | 363,853 | 750,893 | 1,775,241 |
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.— | |||||||||||
Stone crushing and cutting plants | 20 | 172 | .. | 172 | 24,514 | .. | 24,514 | 697 | .. | 44,014 | 61,491 |
Lime and cement works | 16 | 550 | .. | 550 | 65,558 | .. | 65,558 | 6,854 | 113,276 | 264,667 | 327,753 |
Brick, tile, and pottery works | 74 | 855 | .. | 855 | 109,449 | .. | 109,449 | 3,263 | .. | 233,904 | 350,206 |
Asphalt-works† | 3 | 28 | .. | 28 | .. | .. | .. | 39 | .. | .. | .. |
Monumental-masonry works | 21 | 94 | .. | 94 | 13,656 | .. | 13,656 | 149 | 14,012 | 44,849 | 26,775 |
Leadlight - making and glass-bevelling | 13 | 98 | 2 | 100 | 11,903 | 114 | 12,017 | 77 | 18,279 | 41,441 | 21,022 |
Electroplating-works | 8 | 27 | 2 | 29 | 2,896 | 141 | 3,037 | 38 | 1,875 | 9,014 | 13,167 |
Pumice-works† | 1 | 55 | .. | 55 | .. | .. | .. | 280 | .. | .. | .. |
Concrete and fibrous - plaster works | 22 | 86 | .. | 86 | 11,895 | .. | 11,895 | 19 | 12,627 | 28,751 | 23,542 |
Metals, other than gold or silver— | |||||||||||
Tinned-plate and sheet-metal works | 115 | 475 | .. | 475 | 78,995 | .. | 78,995 | 458 | 157,853 | 300,387 | 193,186 |
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c. | 22 | 270 | .. | 270 | 40,586 | .. | 40,586 | 684 | 53,608 | 124,871 | 65,607 |
Engineering-works† | 142 | 2,478 | 35 | 2,513 | 311,152 | 2,652 | 313,804 | 3,322 | 361,480 | 883,496 | 668,431 |
Electrical-engineering works | 14 | 89 | 2 | 91 | 8,045 | 82 | 8,127 | 244 | 11,951 | 25,745 | 14,257 |
Rangemaking-works | 10 | 235 | .. | 235 | 29,985 | .. | 29,985 | 306 | 29,309 | 83,776 | 74,493 |
Wirework-factories | 11 | 53 | .. | 53 | 6,251 | .. | 6,251 | 49 | 13,482 | 28,095 | 17,055 |
Fencing-standard making | 5 | 8 | .. | 8 | 520 | .. | 520 | 18 | 4,579 | 5,424 | 4,315 |
Precious metals— | |||||||||||
Jewellery-making and watch-repairing | 73 | 235 | 12 | 247 | 30,905 | 710 | 31,615 | 53 | 41,466 | 98,079 | 84,608 |
Books and publications— | |||||||||||
Printing and bookbinding offices† | 266 | 3,292 | 910 | 4,202 | 544,627 | 47,855 | 592,482 | 4,240 | 432,712 | 1,697,831 | 1,601,078 |
Musical-instrument factories | 4 | 12 | .. | 12 | 1,328 | .. | 1,328 | 14 | 654 | 2,666 | 4,086 |
Ornaments, minor art products— | |||||||||||
Picture-frame makers | 28 | 41 | 7 | 48 | 4,942 | 313 | 5,255 | 12 | 10,558 | 21,635 | 21,367 |
Basket and perambulator factories | 22 | 95 | 19 | 114 | 10,352 | 1,048 | 11,400 | .. | 12,530 | 30,040 | 17,588 |
Equipment for sports and games— | |||||||||||
Billiard-table works | 4 | 41 | .. | 41 | 6,547 | .. | 6,547 | 61 | 9,937 | 20,155 | 14,444 |
Designs, medals, type, and dies— | |||||||||||
Engraving and stampmaking | 6 | 14 | 1 | 15 | 1,720 | 52 | 1,772 | 63 | 876 | 5,523 | 7,133 |
Ammunition and explosives— | |||||||||||
Ammunition, explosives, and fireworks makers | 5 | 43 | 119 | 162 | 8,736 | 7,985 | 16,721 | 110 | 45,073 | 97,409 | 35,114 |
Machines, tools, and implements— | |||||||||||
Agricultural machinery works | 16 | 756 | .. | 756 | 99,49 | .. | 99,491 | 629 | 108,307 | 266,256 | 140,866 |
Brush and broom factories | 12 | 116 | 49 | 165 | 11,582 | 2,389 | 13,971 | 236 | 29,310 | 64,538 | 31,081 |
Carriages and vehicles— | |||||||||||
Coachbuilding-works | 313 | 1,389 | 4 | 1,393 | 163,856 | 156 | 164,012 | 1,018 | 186 249 | 487,824 | 371,358 |
Motor and cycle works | 172 | 632 | 17 | 649 | 55,219 | 945 | 56,164 | 562 | 65,742 | 189,482 | 284,225 |
Harness, saddlery, and leather-ware— | |||||||||||
Saddlery and harness factories | 151 | 519 | 68 | 587 | 66,689 | 4,245 | 70,934 | 56 | 141,455 | 259,507 | 156 690 |
Leather-goods makers | 12 | 39 | 22 | 61 | 5,211 | 1,424 | 6,635 | 6 | 18,193 | 30,759 | 13,160 |
Tanneries, fellmongery, and wool-scouring | 59 | 1,187 | .. | 1,187 | 146,532 | .. | 146,532 | 1,890 | 2,215,417 | 2,755,283 | 470,549 |
Ships, boats, and their equipment— | |||||||||||
Ship- and boat-building yards | 31 | 402 | .. | 402 | 56,514 | .. | 56,514 | 362 | 47,308 | 130 870 | 90 022 |
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories | 41 | 107 | 129 | 236 | 13,578 | 7,218 | 20,796 | 62 | 60,611 | 97,990 | 44,083 |
Furniture— | |||||||||||
Furniture and cabinetmaking | 257 | 1,727 | 94 | 1,821 | 267,672 | 5,386 | 273,058 | 1,853 | 253,054 | 578,560 | 403,853 |
Blindmaking | 5 | 11 | 11 | 22 | 945 | 1,236 | 2,181 | 17 | 3,319 | 7,696 | 6,461 |
Mattress-factories | 19 | 87 | 36 | 123 | 9,490 | 1,668 | 11,158 | 143 | 45,577 | 69,496 | 31,650 |
Rug and mat making | 7 | 13 | 8 | 21 | 1,296 | 586 | 1,882 | 14 | 4,546 | 8,611 | 5,602 |
Chemicals and by-products— | |||||||||||
Ink-factories‡ | 1 | 5 | .. | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Starch-factories | 5 | 19 | 6 | 25 | 2,464 | 269 | 2,733 | 80 | 9,525 | 18,749 | 6,116 |
Chemical-works | 24 | 108 | 105 | 213 | 12,789 | 4,672 | 17,461 | 166 | 69,903 | 127,010 | 72,276 |
Paint and varnish works | 4 | 15 | 4 | 19 | 2,622 | 165 | 2,787 | 89 | 7,824 | 13,187 | 10,845 |
Sheep-dip works | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 10 | .. | .. | .. |
Match-factories | 2 | 13 | 123 | 136 | .. | .. | .. | 143 | .. | .. | .. |
Boot-polish factories | 4 | 5 | 14 | 19 | 652 | 574 | 1,226 | 8 | 10,051 | 16,891 | 4,541 |
Textile fabrics— | |||||||||||
Woollen-mills | 10 | 751 | 1,146 | 1,897 | 107,753 | 79,983 | 187,736 | 3,080 | 411,632 | 717,638 | 427,984 |
Flock-mills | 4 | 16 | 5 | 21 | 1,938 | 278 | 2,216 | 140 | 10,082 | 19,430 | 3,326 |
Dress— | |||||||||||
Tailoring establishments | 496 | 1,123 | 2,009 | 3,132 | 167,538 | 126,621 | 294,159 | 58 | 333,446 | 828,840 | 564,744 |
Dressmaking and millinery | 339 | 91 | 3,554 | 3,645 | 13,519 | 191,986 | 205,505 | 136 | 267,855 | 568,472 | 363,060 |
Boot and shoe factories | 166 | 1,455 | 802 | 2,257 | 192,382 | 46,449 | 238,831 | 831 | 441,292 | 801,572 | 295,024 |
Hosiery-factories | 10 | 11 | 116 | 127 | 2,106 | 6,773 | 8,879 | 43 | 40,938 | 62,828 | 16,916 |
Umbrella-factories | 5 | 13 | 24 | 37 | 2,169 | 1,223 | 3,392 | 4 | 11,073 | 17,248 | 6,385 |
Clothing and waterproof factories | 83 | 534 | 3,040 | 3,574 | 72,491 | 163,811 | 236,302 | 488 | 560,380 | 908,117 | 218,917 |
Fibrous materials— | |||||||||||
Rope and twine factories | 10 | 226 | 9 | 235 | 26,186 | 370 | 26,556 | 1,084 | 99,620 | 161,447 | 73,258 |
Bag and sack works | 4 | 17 | 57 | 74 | 2,070 | 2,078 | 4,148 | 104 | 68,339 | 92,901 | 7,450 |
Flax-mills | 76 | 1,253 | 4 | 1,257 | 164,081 | 179 | 164,260 | 3,316 | 174,573 | 470,774 | 442,164 |
Value of industries of which less than four of any one sort are shown in the returns | .. | .. | .. | .. | 75,839 | 12,093 | 87,932 | .. | 1,163,149 | 1,348,269 | 704,060 |
Returns not included in the above | 13 | 28 | 5 | 33 | 3,497 | 318 | 3,815 | 86 | 21,093 | 28,718 | 57,471 |
Totals, census 1915–16 | 4,670 | 43,970 | 13,853 | 57,823 | 5,868,788 | 785,716 | 6,654,504 | 146,041 | 31,317,969 | 45,454,184 | 21,951,576 |
Totals, census 1910–11 | 4,402 | 42,267 | 13,967 | 56,234 | 4,865,426 | 706,844 | 5,572,270 | 100,587 | 20,810,211 | 31,729,002 | 16,731,359 |
Totals, census 1905–96 | 4,186 | 44,946 | 11,413 | 56,359 | 3,979,593 | 478,026 | 4,457,619 | 60,335 | 13,163,692 | 23,444,235 | 12,509,286 |
The war has given a greatly increased fillip to this growing industry,' which has for many years past held the premier position as regards value of output. The figures given below speak for themselves, but attention may be drawn to (1) the enormous increase in the value of output, £13,037,559 in 1915–16 as against £5,884,939 in 1910–11; (2) the greatly enhanced values of all classes of frozen meat; (3) the expansion of the beef killing and freezing branch of the industry; and (4) the increase in the utilization of all parts of the animal, as evidenced by a comparison of the quantity of manures produced in 1915–16 compared with previous years.
1905–6 | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 56 | 64 | 79 | |
Hands employed | 3,260 | 4,095 | 6,333 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 283,916 | 459,650 | 806,131 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 9,625 | 16,897 | 29,921 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 126,174 | 196,327 | 253,225 |
Buildings | £ | 732,802 | 845,159 | 1,583,642 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 644,631 | 774,944 | 1,046,214 |
Frozen sheep— | ||||
Carcases | No. | 1,355,934 | 2,000,131 | 2,854,424 |
Value | £ | 1,023,385 | 1,337,407 | 2,983,561 |
Frozen lambs— | ||||
Carcases | No. | 2,258,211 | 3,858,003 | 4,147,421 |
Value | £ | 1,407,761 | 2,260,844 | 3,271,278 |
Frozen mutton and lamb pieces— | ||||
Quantity | Cwt. | 15,598 | 41,452 | 22,442 |
Value | £ | 23,210 | 49,807 | 52,205 |
Frozen beef— | ||||
Quantity | Cwt. | 160,133 | 461,852 | 1,027,035 |
Value | £ | 154,988 | 520,734 | 2,229,171 |
Frozen rabbits— | ||||
Quantity | No. | 2,632,874 | 2,830,076 | 2,716,211 |
Value | £ | 60,329 | 60,523 | 80,164 |
Preserved meats— | ||||
Quantity | Cwt. | 44,453 | 52,527 | 96,054 |
Value | £ | 88,719 | 140,610 | 270,736 |
Tallow— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 13,910 | 19,267 | 24,967 |
Value | £ | 316,532 | 561,261 | 848,407 |
Bonedust— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 5,870 | 6,356 | 6,121 |
Value | £ | 28,859 | 39,174 | 41,672 |
Other manures— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 6,410 | 4,845 | 74,576 |
Value | £ | 28,349 | 31,473 | 321,472 |
Neatsfoot and trotter oil— | ||||
Quantity | Gal. | 32,938 | 44,804 | 85,026 |
Value | £ | 3,879 | 4,420 | 22,858 |
Bones, horns, hoofs, &c.— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 240 | 44 | 154 |
Value | £ | 1,276 | 1,277 | 1,753 |
Other products—Value | £ | 62,790 | 877,729 | 2,914,282 |
Total value of output | £ | 3,200,077 | 5,884,939 | 13,037,559 |
This is one of several industries which show a decrease in the number of works but a considerable increase in value of output and in other respects. There appears to have been for some reason a falling-off in the quantity of bacon and hams in 1915 as compared with 1910, though more pigs were dealt with. The output of lard, however, shows a substantial increase.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
* Not shown separately; | ||||
Number of— | ||||
Works | 52 | 42 | 28 | |
Hands employed | 224 | 201 | 199 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 22,222 | 27,055 | 32,454 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 532 | 678 | 974 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 21,098 | 18,342 | 27,884 |
Buildings | £ | 35,130 | 51,814 | 66,058 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 22,738 | 33,110 | 36,063 |
Pigs dealt with— | ||||
Number | * | 109,423 | 122,006 | |
Value | £ | 186,375 | 274,060 | 372,793 |
Value of other material used | £ | * | 11,294. | 33,006 |
Hams and bacon—Quantity | Cwt. | 67,822 | 132,007 | 101,580 |
Lard—Quantity | lb. | 364,896 | 370,533 | 787,001 |
Total value of output | £ | 253,937 | 371,621 | 524,929 |
Only fourteen fish curing and preserving works were returned in 1916, as against twenty in 1911, but there was a considerable increase in the value of fish cured and tinned. The figures for 1915 were £34,541 for fish cured, and £27,483 for fish canned, the corresponding totals for 1910 being £22,599 and £5,929 respectively. The total value of all products of the establishments rose from £29,002 to £62,530. The fish-canning industry is apparently beginning to make some headway.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 21 | 20 | 14 | |
Hands employed | 106 | 59 | 79 | |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 5,555 | 6,017 | 6,308 |
Buildings | £ | 7,155 | 7,069 | 8,598 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 7,662 | 7,638 | 14,085 |
Fish cured—Value | £ | 11,859 | 22,599 | 34,541 |
Fish canned—Value | £ | 2,736 | 5,929 | 27,483 |
Value of other products | £ | 13,514 | 474 | 506 |
Total value of output | £ | 28,109 | 29,002 | 62,530 |
Comparison of the results shown by the returns collected at the census of 1906 with that of 1901 showed great development, and a similar development between 1905 and 1910 was shown by the census of 1911. Enormous further expansion of the industry is shown by the results of the last census. The number of factories increased by only ten during the five years, but the value of the output in 1915 rose to £3,605,720 over the amount for 1910. The figures are £7,524,904 for 1915 and £3,919,184 for 1910.
The produce of factory-made butter for 1910 was set down at 541,851 cwt., and for 1915 at 603,470 cwt., while cheese made increased from 474,111 cwt. to 603,470 cwt. in the same period. While butter shows an increase of nearly one-third during the ten years 1905–15, the output of cheese was more than five times as great in 1915 as in 1905.
By far the greater number of butter and cheese factories are in the North Island. Taranaki, formerly the “butter” province of New Zealand, now goes in mainly for cheese-production. Auckland turned out in 1915 more than half the total output of butter for the Dominion, but as a cheese-producer was exceeded by Taranaki, Wellington, and Otago. Wellington is the second largest producer both of butter and of cheese.
The money invested for purposes of this industry in land, buildings, machinery, and plant has largely increased. Full particulars are given in the subjoined table:—
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Factories | 264 | 338 | 348 | |
Hands employed | 1,484 | 1,504 | 1,814 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 131,123 | 170,065 | 255,960 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 3,759 | 5,995 | 12,794 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 56,008 | 110,360 | 101,930 |
Buildings | £ | 215,178 | 381,308 | 525,003 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 345,080 | 462,454 | 548,738 |
Value of materials used | £ | 2,062,215 | 3,304,993 | 6,168,907 |
Butter produced— | ||||
Quantity | Cwt. | 462,666 | 541,851 | 603,470 |
Value | £ | 2,195,681 | 2,685,103 | 4,344,372 |
Cheese produced— | ||||
Quantity | Cwt. | 150,061 | 474,111 | 805,103 |
Value | £ | 362,684 | 1,199,677 | 3,088,949 |
Value of other produce | £ | 23,274 | 34,404 | 91,583 |
Total value of all produce | £ | 2,581,639 | 3,919,184 | 7,524,904 |
Some further interesting details collected in 1911 and 1916 are as follows:—
1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Number of separators— | |||
At home | 2,418 | 11,079 | |
At butter-factories | 850 | 770 | |
Butter-fat separated— | |||
At home | lb. | 5,643,260 | 24,521,298 |
At butter-factories | lb. | 44,054,558 | 29,706,410 |
Milk received by cheese-factories | lb. | 523,321,631 | 886,373,030 |
Fat, received | lb. | 20,824,440 | 30,927,108 |
Home separating is seen to have made enormous strides during the five years.
The result of the inquiry regarding this industry is to show that so far as it relates to number of mills and hands employed there has been a decrease during the past five years. There has, however, been an increase as regards value of materials operated on, and of output. The flour produced in 1915 was given as 107,242 tons, as against 105,939 tons in 1910, an increase of only 1,303 tons, but the value of flour in 1915 was nearly two-thirds greater than in 1910. The value of the output of all kinds, which includes meal, was returned for 1915 as £1,976,914, and for 1910 as £1,248,001.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Mills | 77 | 66 | 53 | |
Hands employed | 540 | 424 | 382 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 57,335 | 50,984 | 58,885 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 3,188 | 3,624 | 3,638 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 71,870 | 81,513 | 68,014 |
Buildings | £ | 160,799 | 153,668 | 146,199 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 178,889 | 172,539 | 177,107 |
Wheat used—Quantity | Bush. | 4,352,544 | 5,165,763 | 5,101,102 |
Total grain—Value | £ | 835,477 | 1,040,762 | 1,826,009 |
Flour produced | Tons | 95,528 | 105,939 | 107,242 |
Oatmeal produced | Tons | 7,247 | 6,758 | 5,602 |
Other products—Value | £ | 144,188 | 192,502 | 287,380 |
Total value of output | £ | 1,058,686 | 1,248,001 | 1,976,914 |
This industry shows a decided advance on the figures of five years age in all respects. Biscuit-factories are still few in number, but they employ a comparatively large number of hands, and their output is not insignificant. Included in the output for 1915, however, is a considerable amount of confectionery, probably as much in value as the output shown further on for confectionery-works.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 12 | 9 | 12 | |
Hands employed | 587 | 381 | 920 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 33,881 | 30,092 | 74,498 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 389 | 448 | 553 |
Approximate value Land | £ | 26,131 | 14,000 | 29,981 |
Buildings | £ | 42,440 | 29,780 | 57,371 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 52,795 | 46,194 | 94,735 |
Value of materials used | £ | 110,396 | 98,460 | 259,417 |
Biscuits made— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 4,133 | 5,667 | 5,863 |
Value | £ | 178,646 | 158,253 | 223,957 |
Other products—Value | £ | 46,830 | 9,869 | 221,790 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 225,476 | 168,122 | 445,747 |
This industry appears to have declined considerably during the five years 1910 to 1915. There were 33 works in the former year, and only 22 in the latter, a decrease of 11. The value of the manufactured articles, which for the year 1905 reached the sum of £138,635, was returned for 1910 as £259,498, but for 1915 as only £169,478. Besides the output included in these returns, a certain amount of confectionery is included in “other products” in the biscuit-factory table. The confectionery and sugar-boiling works used 3,836 tons of sugar, valued at £55,488, during the year 1910, together with other materials valued at £88,343, but in 1915 only 2,023 tons of sugar (£39,426) and £70,528 worth of other materials.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 36 | 33 | 22 | |
Hands employed | 571 | 729 | 463 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 29,410 | 47,722 | 41,630 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 22,840 | 27,300 | 14,262 |
Buildings | £ | 26,654 | 51,311 | 23,851 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 34,258 | 62,463 | 35,035 |
Sugar used— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 2,350 | 3,836 | 2,023 |
Value | £ | 44,703 | 55,488 | 39,426 |
Other materials used—Value | £ | 44,252 | 88,343 | 70,528 |
Total value of output | £ | 138,635 | 259,498 | 169,478 |
Only 16 factories were returned in 1916, as against 22 in 1911 and 24 in 1906, but the value of the works has increased considerably, as have also the output and the wages-bill. It is noticeable that while jam-making shows a substantial rise in volume, fruit-preserving has fallen away.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
* Not shown separately. | ||||
Number of— | ||||
Works | 24 | 22 | 16 | |
Hands employed | 311 | 289 | 278 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 12,203 | 16,727 | 20,594 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 10,828 | 11,179 | 12,410 |
Buildings | £ | 20,021 | 23,297 | 30,504 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 11,468 | 20,985 | 24,404 |
Fruit used | Tons | * | 2,173 | 1,572 |
Value of— | ||||
Fruit used | £ | * | 32,828 | 46,577 |
Sugar and other ingredients | £ | * | 57,420 | 69,184 |
Fruit bottled or preserved | £ | 9,537 | 22,871 | 8,843 |
Jams and jellies made— | ||||
Quantity | Cwt. | 46,396 | 49,661 | 63,101 |
Value | £ | 83,520 | 88,281 | 126,720 |
Other preserves—Value | £ | 4,975 | 24,354 | 17,325 |
Total value of output | £ | 98,032 | 135,506 | 152,888 |
The number of breweries in the Dominion shown in the census returns for 1916 was somewhat fewer than that returned five years previously, but the quantity of beer manufactured was considerably greater.
While in the year 1910, 9,582,790 gallons of ale were brewed, the output for 1915 amounted to 10,493,129 gallons, being an increase of nearly 1,000,000 gallons in the five-year period. In addition, 489,972 gallons of stout, valued at £29,058, and other products of the value of £6,608 were produced in 1910, and 756,219 gallons of stout (£42,880) and other products valued at £6,407 in 1915. The value of the total output in 1910 amounted to £634,759, and in 1915 to £635,488.
The quantities of beer on which excise duty was paid were—for 1915, 10,605,714 gallons, and for 1910 9,399,440 gallons. These quantities are in close agreement with those returned at the corresponding censuses as manufactured.
The imported beer entered at the Customs for home consumption increased in quantity only from 218,270 gallons in 1905 to 271,590 gallons in 1910, and decreased again to 260,050 gallons in 1915, which shows that the colonial-made beer has practically displaced the beer brought from abroad.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
* Apparently understated. † Not shown separately. ‡ Included in total brewings. | ||||
Number of— | ||||
Breweries | 72 | 60 | 55 | |
Hands employed | 731 | 741 | 735 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 92,308 | 109,544 | 119,750 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 703 | 1,378 | 1,810 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 82,590 | 130,932 | 104,454 |
Buildings | £ | 156,541 | 208,543 | 218,237 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 95,800 | 159,882 | 201,085 |
Malt used | Bush. | 447,065 | 547,139 | 554,092 |
Hops used | Cwt. | 5,155 | 5,992 | 5,621 |
Sugar used | Cwt. | 15,518* | 32,759 | 32,343 |
Ale brewed | Gal. | 7,634,362 | 9,582,790 | 10,493,129 |
Stout brewed | Gal. | † | 489,972 | 756,219 |
Ale bottled‡ | Doz. qts. | † | 588,955 | 626,325 |
Stout bottled‡ | Doz. qts | † | 168,035 | 235,532 |
Value of output | £ | 572,579 | 634,759 | 635,488 |
The number of malthouses returned in 1916 was 18, as against 28 in 1911 and 22 in 1906. The output more than doubled between 1905 and 1910, the figures for the respective years being £73,058 and £152,773, while in 1915 a further increase to £172,143 was recorded, in spite of the decrease in the number of malthouses. The increase in value of output between 1910 and 1915, however, is due entirely to a rise in price, the malt produced in 1915 amounting to 489,574 bushels, as against 509,391 bushels in 1910.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
* Not available. | ||||
Number of— | ||||
Malthouses | 22 | 28 | 18 | |
Hands employed | 90 | 107 | 87 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 8,673 | 13,777 | 14,102 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 59 | 114 | 109 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 15,618 | 21,715 | 19,421 |
Buildings | £ | 49,050 | 67,513 | 44,100 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 10,139 | 24,942 | 11,488 |
Barley used | Bush. | * | 519,815 | 503,773 |
Malt produced | Bush. | * | 509,391 | 489,574 |
Value of output | £ | 73,058 | 152,773 | 172,143 |
This industry appears to be unique in that the value of output has increased between the years 1910–11 and 1915–16 at a much lower rate than the quantity. There is, however, reason to believe that the quantities were understated at the earlier census. The value of manufactures increased from £250,571 in 1910 to only £256,957 in 1915, while, on the other hand, large increases in quantity of output returned are recorded. In 1915, 2,564,074 dozen of aerated waters, 90,306 dozen of cordials, and 296,603 dozen of hop-beer were produced, the corresponding figures for 1910 being 1,780,163 dozen, 36,399 dozen, and 95,400 dozen respectively.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 123 | 124 | 143 | |
Hands employed | 586 | 570 | 505 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 49,617 | 62,937 | 63,274 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 57,083 | 71,737 | 59,791 |
Buildings | £ | 52,128 | 62,904 | 71,245 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 57,259 | 66,324 | 98,434 |
Aerated waters—Quantity | Doz. | 2,220,174 | 1,780,163 | 2,564,074 |
Cordials—Quantity | Doz. | 37,945 | 36,399 | 90,306 |
Hop-beer—Quantity | Doz. | 106,607 | 95,400 | 296,613 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 189,561 | 250,571 | 256,957 |
This industry employed 104 males and 64 females in 1906, the numbers for 1911 being 80 and 63 respectively. Sauces and pickles with other condiments and vinegar were manufactured to the value of £78,527 in 1915, an increase of £15,801 over the amount made five years before.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 27 | 23 | 20 | |
Hands employed | 219 | 143 | 168 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 11,163 | 10,084 | 15,757 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 14,483 | 11,176 | 16,979 |
Buildings | £ | 22,842 | 16,995 | 29,653 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 7,657 | 6,580 | 17,004 |
Value of materials used | £ | 31,466 | 38,846 | 51,341 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 56,326 | 62,726 | 78,527 |
The output in 1915–16 included 53,868 dozen pints of pickles (valued at £18,209), 152,004 dozen pints of sauces (£32,772), and 471,500 gallons of vinegar (£19,146). Vegetables used totalled 2,344,503 lb., valued at £12,510, and, in addition, 284,938 lb. of spices, valued at £6,731, and acid, of a value of £8,706, were used.
The value of manufactures of all kinds at these works reached the sum of £268,635 in 1910 and £277,053 in 1915. The soap made in 1915 was 8,240 tons, or 631 tons more than that produced five years previously. The making of candles, however, decreased, according to the returns, the output for 1910 being 3,520,205 lb., valued at £75,047, and for 1915 3,111,462 lb., valued at £65,689. The industry appears to be just holding its own.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 19 | 20 | 18 | |
Hands employed | 238 | 252 | 244 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 21,853 | 28,390 | 31,080 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 9,447 | 16,459 | 18,977 |
Buildings | £ | 27,533 | 44,562 | 21,458 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 31,586 | 31,588 | 33,163 |
Soap manufactured— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 5,791 | 7,609 | 8,240 |
Value | £ | 107,012 | 149,970 | 186,177 |
Candles manufactured— | ||||
Quantity | lb. | 1,930,544 | 3,520,205 | 3,111,462 |
Value | £ | 48,385 | 75,047 | 65,689 |
Other manufactures—Value | £ | 23,159 | 51,802 | 25,187 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 178,556 | 268,635 | 277,053 |
Included in “Other manufactures” in 1915 were soda crystals (1,872 tons, valued at £9,636) and glycerine (65 tons, £2,781.)
These numbered 21 in 1916, as against 20 in 1911 and 22 in 1906. The manufacture of casks would appear to have doubled somewhat during the last five years, judging from the comparison given below. Kegs went up by nearly 200 per cent. between 1905 and 1910, but relapsed badly in the next five years. Butter-boxes also show a decided increase, while cheese cases and crates manufactured in 1915 numbered 463,789, as against 184,343 in 1910 and only 10,645 in 1905.
The total value of the manufacture of all kinds increased by well over 100 per cent. during the last five years. This industry appears to cater almost entirely for the dairy factories.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 22 | 20 | 21 | |
Hands employed | 116 | 171 | 390 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 9,503 | 14,991 | 50,288 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 10,283 | 9,915 | 43,718 |
Buildings | £ | 7,200 | 9,104 | 139,409 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 9,253 | 14,862 | 163,824 |
Manufactures— | ||||
Kegs | No. | 11,297 | 32,028 | 2,104 |
Casks | No. | 37,936 | 36,859 | 72,243 |
Butter-boxes | No. | 212,776 | 512,414 | 719,378 |
Cheese cases and crates | No. | 10,645 | 184,343 | 463,789 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 38,124 | 73,807 | 193,090 |
The great development of this industry between 1901 and 1906 was not maintained at a similar rate during the five years preceding the census of 1911, though the value of the total output showed an increase of £571,122, the figures for 1910 being £2,699,888, as against £2,128,766 for 1905. Most of this increase, however, was due to higher prices, as there were decreases in the quantities of sawn timber and of mouldings in 1910, which were not compensated for by an increase in the quantity of flooring and skirting.
As might have been expected, the census of 1916 showed an all-round decrease in the activities of the sawmilling industry, but it is impossible to say whether this is due entirely to war conditions, or whether the industry is declining on account of the approaching exhaustion of the Dominion's timber reserves.
The value of the output for the mills is far greater in the Auckland Provincial District than in any other, the order being as follows:—
Value of Output of Sawmills. | ||
---|---|---|
1910. | 1915. | |
* Including Southland, £159,044 in 1910 and £146,850 in 1915. | ||
Auckland | 1,194,953 | 838,701 |
Wellington | 558,573 | 343,612 |
Westland | 173,670 | 210,407 |
Otago* | 230,594 | 199,945 |
Canterbury | 127,761 | 105,327 |
Hawke's Bay | 122,041 | 81,816 |
Nelson | 103,691 | 56,296 |
Taranaki | 94,613 | 46,904 |
Marlborough | 93,992 | 15,518 |
Totals | £2,699,888 | 1,898,526 |
Some further comparative figures for the last three censuses are given below. The details obtained in 1916 in respect of employees and wages were in somewhat different form to those ascertained at preceding inquiries, and cannot be properly compared with them. The number of employees in the mills themselves in 1916 was 3,473, with an annual wages-sheet of £465,013. In addition, 2,397 men were employed in the bush on contract work and otherwise, their wages totalling £213,015. A further £253,958 over and above wages was also expended on contracts.
1905–6. | 1916–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
* Not comparable (see letterpress). † Not shown separately. | ||||
Number of— | ||||
Mills | 444 | 534 | 292 | |
Hands employed | 9,111 | 6,877 | * | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 834,927 | 774,402 | * |
Horse-power | H.p. | 13,278 | 19,484 | 16,816 |
Approximate value of Land | £ | 373,313 | 340,968 | 311,427 |
Buildings | £ | 181,899 | 283,122 | 190,453 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 649,631 | 826,436 | 1,458,468 |
Tramways | £ | † | 356,102 | 369,106 |
Sawn timber— | ||||
Quantity | Ft. | 336,470,930 | 296,033,017 | 251,097,312 |
Value | £ | 1,442,950 | 1,725,827 | 1,330,831 |
Posts, rails, &c.—Value | £ | 12,297 | 56,778 | 12,659 |
Resawing, planed, flooring, skirting, &c.— | ||||
Quantity | Ft. | 51,588,812 | 56,770,537 | 41,752,156 |
Value | £ | 517,954 | 435,986 | 397,313 |
Moulding— | ||||
Quantity | Ft. | 12,148,474 | 10,896,134 | 4,057,358 |
Value | £ | 56,027 | 80,056 | 22,890 |
Doors and sashes—Value | £ | 99,538 | 150,302 | 49,599 |
Joinery, undescribed | £ | † | 250,939 | 85,234 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 2,128,766 | 2,699,888 | 1,898,526 |
The operations of the gasworks in the Dominion for the year 1915 still show such expansion as must be considered highly satisfactory, and this notwithstanding the increased use of electricity in substitution for gas.
There were 56 gasworks at the time of the census of 1916, employing 598 hands, as against 48 with 757 hands in 1911. The quantity of gas generated in 1915 shows a big increase on the figures for 1910, being 2,776,461,583 cubic feet, as compared with 2,074,566,794 cubic feet. The output of coke and tar also increased considerably during the five years.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
* Not shown. | ||||
Number of— | ||||
Works | 38 | 48 | 56 | |
Hands employed | 954 | 757 | 598 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 113,785 | 93,150 | 96,413 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 132,188 | 151,101 | 157,127 |
Buildings | £ | 135,919 | 174,858 | 194,046 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 1,107,134 | 753,428 | 1,030,904 |
Quantity of coal used | Tons | * | 161,162 | 214,425 |
Value of coal used | £ | 134,474 | 176,306 | 244,346 |
Some further particulars ascertained in 1911 and 1916 are as follows:—
1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gas made—Quantity | C. ft. | 2,074,566,794 | 2,776,461,583 |
Gas sold— | |||
Quantity | C. ft. | 1,881,867,919 | 2,424,909,290 |
Value | £ | 500,299 | 644,558 |
Coke sold— | |||
Quantity | Tons | 58,960 | 65,723 |
Value | £ | 60,718 | 76,412 |
Tar sold— | |||
Quantity | Gal. | 1,643,765 | 1,957,142 |
Value | £ | 30,575 | 43,711 |
Other receipts | £ | 31,617 | 39,733 |
Total receipts | £ | 623,200 | 804,414 |
Total expenditure | £ | 494,297 | 642,358 |
The following figures showing the purposes for which the gas was utilized may also be of interest, in spite of the large proportion included in the “undefined” class:—
1910–11. | 1915–16. | |
---|---|---|
Cubic Feet. | Cubic Feet. | |
Street lighting | 67,288,559 | 85,529,879 |
General lighting | 228,348,935 | 636,941,925 |
Heating and cooking | 126,380,810 | 182,974,070 |
Motive power | 62,296,500 | 55,446,725 |
Undefined | 1,397,553,115 | 1,464,016,691 |
Total | 1,88,867,919 | 2,424,909,290 |
Under the heading “general fighting” in 1915 there were 41,171 consumers, and a further 60,028 in the “undefined” section, making a total of 101,199 consumers of gas for fighting purposes. Street lamps to the number of 7,701 were served. Gas-stoves numbered 24,027, gas-fires 6,320, and gas-engines 954. The horse-power of the latter aggregated 4,030 h.p.
The number of works returned at the census of 1916 was 42, as against only 14 in 1911. The hands employed increased from 170 to 223, and the amount of wages paid from £23,969 to £30,984. The units generated during 1910 aggregated 18,392,733, and the units sold 12,419,940. The corresponding figures for 1915 were—units generated, 37,456,763; units sold, 26,779,314. The total revenue for 1910 amounted to £124,951, and for 1915 £305,875. The alternating-current system was in operation in 12 cases, and the direct system in 30.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 13 | 14 | 42 | |
Hands employed | 118 | 170 | 223 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 17,627 | 23,969 | 30,984 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 6,029 | 16,780 | 33,459 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 48,245 | 83,032 | 130,378 |
Buildings | £ | 51,222 | 86,983 | 151,792 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 223,961 | 234,666 | 570,305 |
Full details concerning this industry are not available for 1905–6, but comparisons between 1910–11 and 1915–16 in respect of the items given below show the increasing use that is being made of electricity in the Dominion for various purposes.
1910–11. | 1915–16. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Units sold. | Revenue. | Units sold. | Revenue. | |
* Figures for 1910–11 incomplete. The total units sold were returned at 12,419,940. | ||||
£ | £ | |||
Street lighting | 808,167 | 11,481 | 1,574,827 | 22,966 |
General lighting | 2,963,967 | 88,383 | 8,257,608 | 174,162 |
Heating and cooking | 46,903 | 554 | 632,964 | 6,878 |
Motive power | 6,294,568 | 16,529 | 16,313,915 | 89,354 |
Totals | 10,113,605* | 116,947 | 26,779,314 | 293,360 |
In 1915–16, 61 are lamps and 8,384 incandescent lamps were in use; consumers under the “general fighting” heading numbered 22,031, with a total of 654,941 incandescent lamps and 30 are lamps. “Heating and cooking” consumers numbered 4,485, and 1,490 electric motors of a total of 19,733 h.p. were served.
In 1916 the number of electric tramways in operation was 9, 7 of these being municipally owned. These employed 1,954 hands, and had 432 motorcars and 74 trailers in use. The car-miles run during the year were 10,797,384, and the passengers carried totalled 109,538,171. The lines open consisted of 142 miles of single track and 55 miles of double track.
During the year 25,412,079 units were generated, 1,607,965 units being sold for other purposes. The revenue for the year was £750,893, and the expenditure £679,799, including sinking-fund payments, depreciation, interest, &c. Capital outlay to the end of the year amounted to £1,972,424.
Although fewer works were in operation in 1916 than in 1906 or 1911, a decided increase in number of hands and in value of output is recorded. This industry, though not yet of large dimensions, shows steady progress.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 20 | 17 | 16 | |
Hands employed | 280 | 456 | 550 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 34,249 | 53,934 | 65,558 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 1,175 | 3,586 | 6,854 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 17,565 | 45,289 | 32,242 |
Buildings | £ | 23,539 | 43,650 | 54,274 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 75,642 | 166,675 | 241,237 |
Value of materials used | £ | 36,251 | 80,882 | 113,276 |
Total value of manufactures | £ | 107,675 | 184,686 | 264,667 |
These works employed 855 hands in 1916, as against 966 in 1911, and the number of building-bricks made decreased from 62,735,239 to 48,383,234 in the quinquennium. There were also firebricks made to the number of 998,090 in 1915, and 877,028 in 1910. The value of bricks of all kinds made in 1910 was £131,594, and in 1915 £118,778. The value of pottery made, including drainpipes, rose from £92,125 to £115,126, while the total value of all the manufactures fell from £235,220 to £233,904. This industry appears to be on the decline.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 125 | 94 | 74 | |
Hands employed | 1,254 | 966 | 855 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 99,246 | 112,328 | 109,449 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 1,496 | 3,039 | 3,263 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 96,001 | 97,890 | 107,815 |
Buildings | £ | 83,367 | 103,501 | 127,286 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 94,463 | 124,899 | 115,105 |
Bricks manufactured— | ||||
Common | No. | 69,785,911 | 62,735,239 | 48,383,234 |
Fire | No. | 774,281 | 877,028 | 998,090 |
Total value | £ | 150,200 | 131,594 | 118,778 |
Value of pottery manufactured | £ | 52,193 | 92,125 | 115,126 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 216,550 | 235,220 | 233,904 |
Considerable development is observed in respect of this industry. The value of the manufacture rose from £98,587 in 1900 to £127,150 in 1905, to £160,584 in 1910, and to £300,387 in 1915. In 1895 the value of the goods was only £63,723. The number of hands increased from 414 to 475 between 1910 and 1915.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 54 | 65 | 115 | |
Hands employed | 473 | 414 | 475 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 36,467 | 40,493 | 78,995 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 36,792 | 39,072 | 77,568 |
Buildings | £ | 23,657 | 38,564 | 62,729 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 19,821 | 20,953 | 52,889 |
Value of materials used | £ | 68,802 | 76,942 | 157,853 |
Total value of manufactures and repairs | £ | 127,150 | 160,584 | 300,387 |
Twenty-two works were in operation in 1916, employing 270 hands. No comparison with former years is possible, owing to boilermaking-works having been included in this class up to and including 1911. Figures for the 1916 census are as follows:—
Number of— | ||
Works | 22 | |
Hands employed | 270 | |
Amount of— | ||
Wages paid | £ | 40,586 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 684 |
Approximate value of— | ||
Land | 25,190 | |
Buildings | £ | 16,699 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 23,718 |
Value of materials used or operated on | £ | 53,608 |
Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 124,871 |
Here again no proper comparison can be made with preceding census years, on account of an alteration in the classification.
Number of— | ||
Works | 142 | |
Hands employed | 2,513 | |
Amount of— | ||
Wages paid | £ | 313,804 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 3,322 |
Approximate value of— | ||
Land | £ | 228,808 |
Buildings | £ | 158,932 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 280,691 |
Value of materials used | £ | 361,480 |
Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 883,496 |
Particulars in reference to the Government Railway Workshops are not included, figures for 1915–16 not being obtainable.
It is necessary to remark previously to considering the figures given that, for the sake of obtaining true comparisons, particulars relating to the Government Printing Office have been omitted. To arrive at the full measure of the printing and bookbinding industry as in 1915–16, 565 hands should be added, with £110,653 value of output.
The number of establishments (other than the Government Printing Office) increased from 241 in 1911 to 266 in 1916, but the number of hands employed decreased from 4,222 to 4,202. Female hands increased from 660 in 1906 to 789 in 1911 and 910 in 1916. The linotypes used in 1911 numbered 216, and the monolines in operation were 26, while in 1916 the number of linotypes returned was 292, and of monolines 13. The value of output increased in the five years from £1,377,926 to £1,697,831.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of works | 239 | 241 | 266 | |
Hands employed— | ||||
Males | No. | 3,238 | 3,433 | 3,292 |
Females | No. | 660 | 789 | 910 |
Wages paid— | ||||
Males | £ | 374,872 | 454,812 | 544,627 |
Females | £ | 25,940 | 35,434 | 47,855 |
Approximate value of land, buildings, machinery, and plant | £ | 920,022 | 1,302,497 | 1,601,078 |
Value of all manufactures | £ | 1,067,827 | 1,377,926 | 1,697,831 |
Value of materials used | £ | 272,857 | 314,763 | 432,712 |
During 1915, 23,615,551 lb. of paper for newspapers and 4,411,368 lb. for job-printing were used, these quantities being nearly double the corresponding totals for 1910 (12,280,789 lb. and 2,331,341 lb. -respectively).
The total value of all manufactures, including repairs, increased from £222,040 in 1910 to £266,256 in 1915. The number of works decreased from 19 to 16, but the hands employed increased by 110.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 29 | 19 | 16 | |
Hands employed | 793 | 646 | 756 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 79,042 | 81,026 | 99,491 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 419 | 426 | 629 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 27,878 | 42,914 | 43,173 |
Buildings | £ | 30,791 | 30,006 | 36,993 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 36,798 | 45,711 | 60,700 |
Value of all materials used | £ | 91,043 | 81,237 | 108,307 |
Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 199,741 | 222,040 | 266,256 |
Repairs in 1915 represented only £22,075 of the total shown for value of manufactures, including repairs.
The value of the manufactures and repairs rose from £396,012 in 1910 to £487,824 in 1915, an increase of £91,812, or at a rate of 23 per cent. The number of works returned in 1916 was 313, as against only 180 in 1911, but it would appear that a large proportion of the factories in 1916 were only small establishments. The number of hands employed actually shows a decrease.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 183 | 180 | 313 | |
Hands employed | 1,465 | 1,439 | 1,393 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 116,204 | 149,806 | 164,012 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 395 | 657 | 1,018 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 116,916 | 142,414 | 184,485 |
Buildings | £ | 97,238 | 127,754 | 132,888 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 37,563 | 50,806 | 53,985 |
Value of materials used | £ | 122,384 | 156,829 | 186,249 |
Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 294,818 | 396,012 | 487,824 |
The number of motor and cycle works returned in 1916 was 172, as against only 71 in 1911, the increase being due to the rapid spread of repairing-garages throughout the country. The value of manufactures, including repairs, rose from £92,141 for the year 1910 to £189,482 for 1915, or at a rate of 106 per cent. The value of land, buildings, machinery, and plant was also much higher in 1916 than in 1911.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 97 | 71 | 172 | |
Hands employed | 452 | 315 | 649 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 30,831 | 30,366 | 56,164 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 38,020 | 71,266 | 133,464 |
Buildings | £ | 33,664 | 58,244 | 118,323 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 11,982 | 15,367 | 32,438 |
Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 75,991 | 92,141 | 189,482 |
This industry continues to show steady expansion, though the value of output is still insignificant.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 106 | 117 | 151 | |
Hands employed | 544 | 594 | 587 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 42,213 | 62,482 | 70,934 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 65,038 | 76,913 | 84,431 |
Buildings | £ | 36,554 | 54,995 | 59,459 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 7,082 | 11,066 | 12,800 |
Value of materials used | £ | 72,662 | 114,993 | 141,455 |
Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 140,813 | 220,364 | 259,507 |
The value of output for 1915–16 was made up as follows: Harness, £81,792; saddles, £44,147; horse-collars, £14,469; other products (including repairs), £119,099.
Although the number of works decreased from 79 to 59 during the five years 1906–11, the value of manufactures and products was £718,513 more in 1915 than in 1910. Hands employed decreased by 185.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 99 | 79 | 59 | |
Hands employed | 1,336 | 1,372 | 1,187 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 102,506 | 136,875 | 146,532 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 980 | 1,927 | 1,890 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 48,386 | 46,305 | 64,118 |
Buildings | £ | 80,380 | 124,894 | 226,526 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 53,916 | 90,257 | 179,905 |
Value of materials used | £ | 1,261,026 | 1,788,772 | 2,215,417 |
Total value of manufactures and produce | £ | 1,836,310 | 2,036,770 | 2,755,283 |
Further particulars ascertained in 1911 and 1916 are as follows:—
1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | ||
£ | £ | ||||
Materials operated on— | |||||
Sheep-skins | No. | 4,440,392 | 683,170 | 4,340,811 | 1,080,349 |
Greasy wool | lb. | 19,386,969 | 609,945 | 13,112,883 | 608,272 |
Hides, pelts, &c. | No. | 2,835,289 | 398,173 | 1,021,786 | 426,428 |
Bark used— | |||||
New Zealand | Tons | 626 | 4,383 | 415 | 2,214 |
Other | Tons | 2,544 | 25,697 | 3,308 | 34,334 |
Other materials used | .. | 67,404 | .. | 63,820 | |
Output— | |||||
Scoured and sliped wool | lb. | 25,281,998 | 1,159,820 | 25,084,466 | 1,747,946 |
Pelts | No. | 1,155,488 | 105,305 | 1,789,237 | 162,607 |
Leather | lb. | 4,762,803 | 326,471 | 5,681,228 | 503,890 |
Basils | lb. | 236,825 | 14,285 | 371,602 | 32,094 |
Pickled pelts | No. | 2,944,360 | 204,394 | 1,298,377 | 135,797 |
Other products | .. | 226,495 | .. | 172,949 |
This industry is small but useful, catering mainly for the fishing industry, most of the output being boats, launches, &c. Only four vessels of over 50 tons were built during 1915–16, as against eight in 1910–11.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Establishments. | 30 | 29 | 31 | |
Hands employed | 237 | 589 | 402 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 20,889 | 69,415 | 56,514 |
Total value of manufactures and repairs | £ | 66,572 | 143,019 | 130,870 |
Number of vessels built | 334 | 310 | 237 |
In 1911 there were 34 establishments employing 224 hands, and in 1916 41 establishments and 236 hands. The annual production is still less than £100,000 in value.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 29 | 34 | 41 | |
Hands employed | 163 | 224 | 236 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 11,205 | 18,287 | 20,796 |
Sails manufactured | No. | 489 | 1,505 | 369 |
Tents and flies manufactured | No. | 6,048 | 15,921 | 15,119 |
Oilskins manufactured | No. | 15,920 | 31,773 | 29,779 |
Horse and cow covers manufactured | No. | 11,345 | 15,292 | 21,574 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 45,321 | 92,249 | 97,990 |
In this branch of industrial work a substantial increase took place during the five years' operations. The value of the output, which was £497,681 in 1910, rose to £578,560 in 1915. There were 1,821 hands employed in 1916, being an increase of 132 on the number for 1911.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Factories | 172 | 207 | 257 | |
Hands employed | 1,528 | 1,689 | 1,821 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 134,584 | 178,042 | 273,058 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 98,966 | 134,279 | 170,313 |
Buildings | £ | 99,373 | 138,039 | 154,522 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 41,036 | 55,364 | 79,018 |
Value of materials used | £ | 157,484 | 215,031 | 253,054 |
Total value of manufactures | £ | 328,185 | 497,681 | 578,560 |
There were 10 woollen-mills in operation in the Dominion in 1915–16, employing 1,897 persons—751 males and 1,146 females. These factories therefore provide more occupation for women and girls than for the male sex
The value of manufactures shown for 1915 is nearly double that for 1910. The increase in value, however, was not accompanied by a correspondingly great increase in quantity, being mainly due to the higher prices ruling.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
Hands employed | 1,549 | 1,410 | 1,897 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 105,036 | 137,161 | 187,736 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 1,945 | 2,641 | 3,080 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 9,003 | 7,694 | 10,549 |
Buildings | £ | 110,297 | 100,941 | 161,205 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 188,459 | 180,454 | 256,230 |
Scoured wool used— | ||||
Quantity | lb. | 3,835,064 | 3,092,777 | 4,096,048 |
Value | £ | 167,291 | 214,387 | 354,688 |
Output— | ||||
Tweed | Yards | 1,300,471 | 1,160,686 | 1,256,847 |
Flannel | Yards | 1,368,268 | 1,140,794 | 1,353,088 |
Blankets | Pairs | 59,572 | 67,201 | 111,452 |
Rugs and shawls | No. | 23,780 | 49,073 | 25,467 |
Yarn | lb. | 259,067 | 260,397 | 183,125 |
Total value | £ | 397,348 | 377,713 | 717,638 |
This industry employs 3,574 hands, and is therefore of considerable importance in the matter of labour, especially that of the female sex, of whom 3,040 are employed.
The value of all manufactures for the year 1915 was returned at £908,117, and for 1910 £507,125, the increase for the quinquennium being £400,992, or at the rate of 80 per cent. This industry owes part at least of its present Prosperity to the demand for uniforms, &c., for troops.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of works. | 23 | 69 | 83 | |
Number of hands employed— | ||||
Males | 375 | 477 | 534 | |
Females | 1,539 | 2,470 | 3,040 | |
Amount of wages paid— | ||||
Males | £ | 38,045 | 52,957 | 72,491 |
Females | £ | 67,516 | 116,695 | 163,811 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 32,985 | 63,036 | 73,241 |
Buildings | £ | 42,493 | 92,285 | 110,122 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 15,163 | 39,160 | 35,554 |
Output— | ||||
Suits | No. | 101,113 | 196,825 | 608,570 |
Shirts | Doz. | 45,239 | 94,249 | 127,426 |
Caps and hats | Doz. | 5,895 | 23,861 | 65,885 |
Other garments | No. | 35,265 | 356,190 | 106,236 |
Total value | £ | 308,943 | 507,125 | 908,117 |
At the census of 1916 returns were obtained from 10 hosiery-factories, employing 11 males and 116 females, as against 14 factories and 49 male and 478 female hands in 1911. The value of the output amounted to only £62,828, as against £140,442 in 1910.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 10 | 14 | 10 | |
Hands employed | 374 | 527 | 127 | |
Amount of wages paid | £ | 21,960 | 36,702 | 8,879 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 4,248 | 4,077 | 3,615 |
Buildings | £ | 5,513 | 32,067 | 5,455 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 26,936 | 56,015 | 7,846 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 67,588 | 140,442 | 62,828 |
The total value of all manufactures as brought out is £801,572 for 1915, an increase of £181,699. The volume of output, however, shows a slight decrease during the five years on the figures for 1910. The number of factories in 1916 was considerably more than double that for 1911, duo to the inclusion of many small shops employing only two or three hands and not greatly affecting the total value of output.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 72 | 74 | 166 | |
Number of hands employed— | ||||
Males | 1,518 | 1,359 | 1,455 | |
Females | 688 | 713 | 802 | |
Amount of wages paid— | ||||
Males | £ | 142,826 | 154,244 | 192,382 |
Females | £ | 28,669 | 43,549 | 46,449 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 46,409 | 61,602 | 99,614 |
Buildings | £ | 50,170 | 74,751 | 98,642 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 57,412 | 90,704 | 96,768 |
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Manufactures— | ||||
Boots and shoes | Pair | 1,081,644 | 1,324,477 | 1,332,929 |
Slippers | Pair | 89,378 | 68,040 | 58,560 |
Shoe-ettes | Pair | 20,000 | 98,644 | 79,997 |
Uppers | Pair | 38,410 | 17,464 | 7,400 |
Leggings | Pair | 1,468 | 2,279 | 425 |
Total value | £ | 501,065 | 619,873 | 801,572 |
A gratifying feature of the figures for 1915–16 is the increased use that is being made of New Zealand leather, as indicated by the following comparative statement:—
1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|
New Zealand leather— | |||
Purchased by measurement | Ft. | 1,331,274 | 1,636,882 |
Purchased by weight | lb. | 2,267,060 | 2,587,382 |
Total value | £ | 190,336 | 309,282 |
Imported leather— | |||
Purchased by measurement | Ft. | 1,771,193 | 1,015,869 |
Purchased by weight | lb. | 135,298 | 172,354 |
Total value | £ | 86,854 | 75,456 |
This industry is one of ups and downs. It was in the lowest depths of depression at the time of the census of 1896, only 52 mills being in operation, and the hands employed numbering only 484 men and 163 boys. Returns for 1901 showed a revival in the mills to 101 in operation, with 1,519 men and 179 boys; while in 1906 there were 240 mills, with a total of 4,076 employees. The census returns for 1911, however, showed only 81 mills in operation during April of that year, with 1,244 persons employed thereat. In 1916 the industry was in a comparatively good condition again, as although only 76 mills were in operation, the output, thanks mainly to the higher prices ruling, was valued at £470,774, against £284,399 in 1910–11.
The most important particulars given in the returns are tabulated below:—
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 240 | 81 | 76 | |
Hands employed | 4,076 | 1,244 | 1,257 | |
Amount of— | ||||
Wages paid | £ | 227,646 | 143,895 | 164,260 |
Horse-power | H.p. | 3,087 | 2,516 | 3,316 |
Approximate value of— | ||||
Land | £ | 192,471 | 236,306 | 307,669 |
Buildings | £ | 43,751 | 31,197 | 48,426 |
Machinery and plant | £ | 119,618 | 75,135 | 86,069 |
Raw material used— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 199,171 | 126,034 | 155,629 |
Value | £ | 185,894 | 73,835 | 174,573 |
Fibre dressed— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 22,128 | 15,130 | 17,696 |
Value | £ | 544,070 | 270,530 | 447,909 |
Tow produced— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 2,439 | 2,396 | 2,423 |
Value | £ | 13,738 | 13,869 | 22,865 |
Total value of output | £ | 557,808 | 284,399 | 470,774 |
The number of these works increased from 8 in 1911 to 10 in 1916, and the number of hands employed also increased somewhat. The output shows a considerable increase as regards both quantity and value. As to materials used, phormium comes by far the first, 5,215 tons being utilized in 1915, against only 215 tons of manila.
1905–6. | 1910–11. | 1915–16. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of— | ||||
Works | 10 | 8 | 10 | |
Hands employed | 195 | 190 | 235 | |
Materials used— | ||||
Phormium— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 1,568 | 5,267 | 5,215 |
Value | £ | 35,165 | 44,040 | 75,074 |
Manila— | ||||
Quantity | Tons | 363 | 558 | 215 |
Value | £ | 16,524 | 14,469 | 11,642 |
Total value of all manufactures | £ | 100,753 | 104,325 | 161,647 |
The manufactures in 1915 included 1,749 tons of rope, 1,601 tons of twine, and 248 tons of other products.
Table of Contents
ISSUES of this book for some few years prior to 1915 contain a schedule of the Acts in force coming within the definition of “labour laws,” together with those statutes now repealed and incorporated in existing laws. Detailed references to the principal labour laws are also given. Considerations of space prevent the repetition of the descriptive letterpress in this issue of the Year-book.
The business dealt with by the Arbitration Court and Conciliation Councils during the year ended the 31st March, 1918, may be summarized as follows:—
Number of Cases. | |
---|---|
Industrial agreements | 45 |
Recommendations of Conciliation Councils | 123 |
Awards of Arbitration Court | 114 |
The number of cases brought before Magistrates during the year ended the 31st March, 1918, in regard to enforcement of awards was 288.
The awards and agreements in force as at the 31st March, 1918, totalled 541.
The table following shows the work performed by Commissioners and Councils of Conciliation during the year ended the 31st March, 1918:—
— | Industrial District. | Total. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Northern and Taranaki. | Wellington, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland. | Canterbury, and Otago and Southland. | ||
1. Number of industrial agreements arrived at and filed with Clerk of Awards— | ||||
Through Councils (i.e., without reference to Arbitration Court) | 10 | 2 | 2 | 14 |
Through Commissioners | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
2. Number of recommendations of Conciliation Councils fully accepted and forwarded to Court to be made into awards | 24 | 27 | 34 | 85 |
3. Number of recommendations substantially accepted and forwarded to Court to be made into awards | 10 | 7 | 6 | 23 |
123 | ||||
4. Number of other disputes referred to Court in which no recommendation was made | 9 | 3 | 6 | 18 |
Totals | 54 | 39 | 48 | 141 |
The above table shows that out of 141 disputes dealt with by them 123 (or 87 per cent.) were settled or substantially settled by the Commissioners and Councils of Conciliation.
Certain decisions of special interest made by the Arbitration Court during the year ended the 31st March, 1918, are briefly referred to in the following terms in the Annual Report of the Labour Department:—
In consequence of a dispute in respect of certain work being done on board one of the Union Steamship Company's steamers, the union instructed all engineers to refuse to work overtime in any shop in Otago until further notice. The Court, in a memorandum to the undermentioned award, considered that the union's action was wholly unjustifiable and unreasonable, resulting in both loss and inconvenience to employers. The Court therefore decided to mark its disapproval of such action by refusing to continue the preference of employment which the members of the union had hitherto enjoyed. (Otago and Southland Engineers' Award Vol. xviii, p. 1180.)
With a view to encouraging apprentices to attend Technical Colleges and qualify for proficiency certificates in regard to the particular trade in which they are engaged, the Court has made provision in several awards for the payment of increased wages to apprentices so qualifying. In most of the Carpenters' awards filed during the year the Court has imposed on apprentices the duty of attending Technical Colleges where such are reasonably accessible. The Court has also directed that attendance fees shall be refunded to an apprentice by his employer in each term in which his attendance is not less than 70 per cent. of the maximum possible. In some awards an innovation has been made in requiring the employers to send their apprentices to Technical Schools for certain hours during working-time.
Returns of the number and membership of industrial unions of employers and workers are compiled for the calendar year, and the following table shows the numbers of industrial unions, together with the numbers of members, in the various industrial districts of the Dominion on the 31st December, 1917:—
Industrial District. | Employers. | Workers. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unions. | Membership. | Unions. | Membership. | |
Northern (Auckland) | 40 | 1,208 | 98 | 21,057 |
Taranaki | 6 | 127 | 12 | 455 |
Wellington | 33 | 812 | 86 | 26,565 |
Marlborough | 1 | 45 | 7 | 312 |
Nelson | 2 | 14 | 7 | 275 |
Westland | 4 | 50 | 18 | 2,966 |
Canterbury | 26 | 2,140 | 65 | 10,052 |
Otago and Southland | 33 | 994 | 89 | 11,191 |
Totals | 145 | 5,390 | 382 | 72,873 |
Four new unions of employers were registered, but the membership decreased by 164 as compared with last year, while the number of workers' unions has increased by four, and the total membership by 1,485.
The number under each heading on the 31st December of each year from 1907 to 1917 inclusive is shown in the following table:—
NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIP OF UNIONS, 1907–17. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Employers. | Workers. | ||
Unions. | Membership. | Unions. | Membership. | |
1907 | 121 | 3,630 | 310 | 45,614 |
1908 | 122 | 3,918 | 325 | 49,347 |
1909 | 120 | 3,702 | 308 | 54,519 |
1910 | 118 | 4,262 | 308 | 57,091 |
1911 | 118 | 4,251 | 307 | 55,629 |
1912 | 123 | 4,410 | 322 | 60,622 |
1913 | 134 | 4,700 | 372 | 71,544 |
1914 | 149 | 5,819 | 403 | 73,991 |
1915 | 141 | 5,718 | 389 | 67,661 |
1916 | 141 | 5,554 | 378 | 71,388 |
1917 | 145 | 5,390 | 382 | 72,873 |
The number of registered factories in the Dominion on the 31st March, 1918, was 12,485, employees thereat numbering 79,653. Those figures show an increase on those for the previous year amounting to 30 in the number of factories and 1,465 in the number of workers. The following table shows the number of factories and employees in the Dominion for the past five years:—
Year. | Number of Factories. | Number of Workers. |
---|---|---|
1913–14 | 13,469 | 87,517 |
1914–15 | 13,937 | 88,812 |
1915–16 | 13,214 | 83,011 |
1916–17 | 12,455 | 78,188 |
1917–18 | 12,485 | 79,653 |
A table is given showing the number of accidents in factories during the past five years.
ACCIDENTS IN FACTORIES, 1913–14 TO 1917–18. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Slight. | Moderate. | Serious. | Fatal. | Total. |
1913–14 | 879 | 165 | 52 | 8 | 1,104 |
1914–15 | 747 | 171 | 46 | 3 | 967 |
1915–16 | 837 | 160 | 65 | 3 | 1,065 |
1916–17 | 938 | 144 | 84 | 5 | 1,171 |
1917–18 | 509 | 317 | 65 | 10 | 901 |
Several disturbances of minor importance have been reported during the year, affecting such workers as wharf labourers, tunnel workers (Otira), certain female assistants in the employ of the Colonial Ammunition Company, Borough Council employees at Eltham, Thames engineers, and the Dunedin and Port Chalmers engineers who refused to work overtime on essential troopship work.
Miners.—The proceedings referred to in the last issue of this book as being taken against the Blackball miners resulted in the union being fined £1, and each striker 1s.; the Department of Labour agreeing, on account of the promise of the men to avoid further trouble, to ask for a nominal penalty.
The following is a short statement of the more serious industrial difficulties that required attention during the period:—
Coal-miners.—There was considerable unrest amongst all the miners of the Dominion, and cessations of work (lasting from two days to two months) were more or less frequent, especially in the latter part of 1917. The mines were idle on several occasions, for different reasons. There were many districts affected, particularly the Nelson, Westland, and Auckland provinces. There was no action taken against any of the strikers, but nine officials of the Coal-miners' Federation, which represents practically all the coal-miners of New Zealand, were proceeded against for encouraging the continuance of a seditious strike, seven of them being sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, and two to three months.
Wellington Gasworks (Retort-house) Employees.—After a month's idleness, during which other men filled the strikers' places, the original workmen were reinstated, and on being prosecuted for taking part in an unlawful strike they were each fined £5.
Flax-millers (Manawatu).—Eighty men were on strike for fourteen days because of a dispute concerning wages. They were prosecuted for taking part in an unlawful strike, and fines of £1 were inflicted in twenty-four cases, the other cases being dismissed, the Magistrate holding that as the paddockers were contractors they were not? “workers” within the meaning of the Act. One man was fined £10, he being considered the ringleader in the trouble.
Freezing-chamber Hands (Gisborne).—The places of these men were filled by others, the strikers being re-engaged later. Eleven men were prosecuted under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, and a fine of £3 was imposed on each; the remainder were prosecuted under the War Regulations, and a similar fine was imposed in each case.
Slaughtermen (Wanganui).—Seventeen slaughtermen refused to work until two non-unionists were dismissed. This was done, and work resumed. Proceedings were taken under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, and in eleven cases a fine of £5 each was imposed. In the remaining cases the Inspector was nonsuited.
Seamen and Firemen.—The “mosquito fleet” at Wellington and other ports was held up for about six weeks owing to the refusal of the seamen to sail with less than two men in a watch. Two of the union officials were prosecuted for inciting a seditious strike, and were sentenced to three months' imprisonment.
A detailed reference to the Shops and Offices Act was made in the 1914 and previous issues of this book. During the year-1917–18 there were 128 prosecutions under the Act. Convictions were obtained in 124 of these.
Seven hundred and six notices of intention to erect scaffolding were received by the Department of Labour during the year ended the 31st March, 1918. Fifty-five accidents were reported under the Act. Of this number one was fatal; the remaining fifty-four were of minor character, and were not due to faulty scaffolding or gear. Eight prosecutions were made under the provisions of the Act, resulting in convictions in each case.
During the year ended the 31st March, 1918, forty-two cases were dealt with under this Act, as compared with thirty-seven during the previous year.
The Footwear Regulation Act, 1913, provides that—
No person shall manufacture for sale, or sell, offer, or expose for sale, or have in his possession for sale, any boots or shoes the soles of which consist wholly or partly of leather, or any imitation of leather, or of any material having the appearance of leather, unless—
The soles thereof are of leather without admixture or addition other than of materials used for filling spaces, shanks, or rubber outsoles, or, in the case of ladies' fancy or evening footwear, of heels of wood or celluloid; or
A statement of the material or materials composing the soles thereof is conspicuously and legibly stamped upon or impressed into the outer surface of the sole of each boot or shoe.
During 1917–18 Court proceedings were instituted in one case for a breach of the above Act, and a fine of £10 was imposed.
During the year the Munitions and Supplies Department has been assisted by Inspectors of Footwear, who have supervised the manufacture of military boots, and have also co-operated with the Customs Department in the inspection of basils and other leathers not required for military purposes.
The co-operative system of carrying out public works as applied to railway and road formation was adopted by the Government in 1891, and is still continued. During the period 1891 to 1912 the principal works of this class undertaken by the State were carried out almost entirely by this means. The system worked very well, but latterly altered conditions and the attitude of a section of the workmen rendered it advisable to reintroduce to some extent the direct contract system, and both systems of carrying out work are now in force.
The co-operative contract system is somewhat as follows: When a length of railway or road is to be constructed on the co-operative principle the formation-work is divided into sections the size of which depends upon the difficulty of the work. Plans and a simple specification of the work are prepared, also an estimate of the cost based on the rate of wages ruling in the district for similar work. The work, at a price reckoned at so much per unit of quantity or measurement, is offered to a party of men, who, if they accept, become the contractors. The work done by the men is measured periodically, and full payment made to the party, who divide the money amongst themselves according to the time worked by each workman. The engineer in charge of the work has a certain amount of discretion and control in respect of the character of the men employed, the progress of the work, hours of labour, &c.
The constitution of the party is left very much to the men themselves, and they have power, subject to approval of the engineer, to ballot out any member who proves himself undesirable or inefficient. The Department supplies the men with materials, explosives, c., at cost price.
When the work is lot by direct contract, tenders are publicly invited, but the sections of work included in each contract are more extensive than under the co-operative system, yet not too large to enable parties of working contractors to tender.
The number of labourers and artisans employed under the co-operative system during each month of the year ended the 31st March, 1918, was as follows:—
Month. | Roads. | Railways. | Other Works. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|---|
April, 1917 | 928 | 1,201 | 338 | 2,467 |
May, | 851 | 1,179 | 396 | 2,426 |
June, | 831 | 1,185 | 380 | 2,396 |
July, | 785 | 1,226 | 458 | 2,469 |
August, | 736 | 1,187 | 345 | 2,268 |
September, | 740 | 1,152 | 340 | 2,232 |
October, | 737 | 1,104 | 342 | 2,183 |
November, | 736 | 1,063 | 369 | 2,168 |
December, | 679 | 989 | 349 | 2,017 |
January, 1918 | 739 | 869 | 350 | 1,958 |
February, | 852 | 917 | 366 | 2,135 |
March, | 837 | 902 | 329 | 2,068 |
The (monthly) average number of men employed in each year since 1891–92 was as follows:—
Year ended 31st March. | Roads. | Railways, Buildings, &c. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
1892 | 261 | 527 | 788 |
1893 | 280 | 842 | 1,122 |
1894 | 933 | 1,015 | 1,948 |
1895 | 1,103 | 962 | 2,065 |
1896 | 1,572 | 764 | 2,336 |
1897 | 1,459 | 854 | 2,313 |
1898 | 1,552 | 890 | 2,442 |
1899 | 1,613 | 1,194 | 2,807 |
1900 | 1,825 | 1,243 | 3,068 |
1901 | 1,820 | 2,090 | 3,910 |
1902 | 1,894 | 2,673 | 4,567 |
1903 | 1,319 | 1,733 | 3,052 |
1904 | 1,493 | 2,305 | 3,798 |
1905 | 1,407 | 2,119 | 3,526 |
1906 | 3,440 | 2,345 | 5,785 |
1907 | 2,393 | 4,614 | 7,007 |
1908 | 2,132 | 3,000 | 5,132 |
1909 | 3,482 | 4,031 | 7,513 |
1910 | 1,762 | 3,929 | 5,691 |
1911 | 1,920 | 3,450 | 5,370 |
1912 | 3,128 | 3,418 | 6,546 |
1913 | 2,730 | 3,098 | 5,828 |
1914 | 1,964 | 1,944 | 3,908 |
1915 | 2,494 | 2,234 | 4,728 |
1916 | 1,863 | 3,345 | 5,208 |
1917 | 965 | 1,875 | 2,840 |
1918 | 788 | 1,444 | 2,232 |
The total number of men for whom employment has been found by the Department of Labour up to the end of March, 1918, is as given in the following statement, which also shows the number of persons dependent upon the men assisted:—
Year ended 31st March. | Men. | Dependants. |
---|---|---|
* Ten months only. | ||
1892* | 2,593 | 4,729 |
1893 | 3,874 | 7,802 |
1894 | 3,341 | 7,942 |
1895 | 3,030 | 8,883 |
1896 | 2,871 | 8,424 |
1897 | 1,718 | 4,719 |
1898 | 2,035 | 4,928 |
1899 | 2,115 | 4,759 |
1900 | 2,147 | 4,471 |
1901 | 3,124 | 5,432 |
1902 | 1,830 | 2,747 |
1903 | 3,704 | 5,934 |
1904 | 2,860 | 3,085 |
1905 | 3,130 | 3,425 |
1906 | 6,712 | 7,351 |
1907 | 7,393 | 4,187 |
1908 | 6,305 | 4,408 |
1909 | 10,391 | 7,510 |
1910 | 8,506 | 10,164 |
1911 | 7,102 | 8,454 |
1912 | 5,735 | 4,233 |
1913 | 5,848 | 5,122 |
1914 | 5,645 | 4,295 |
1915 | 7,515 | 8,342 |
1916 | 5,978 | 8,097 |
1917 | 2,966 | 3,518 |
1918 | 2,952 | 3,675 |
121,420 | 156,636 |
Of the 121,420 men assisted to 31st March, 1918, 42,873 were married men and 78,547 single men or widowers. Private employment was found for 56,454, while the remaining 64,966 went to works of various kinds for the General Government.
In each of the four chief centres of population—Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin—women's employment branches of the Labour Department were established in June, 1908. In January, 1909, a branch was opened at Nelson. Each branch is in charge of an experienced female officer, and every assistance is given, free of charge, to women seeking employment. During the year ended the 31st March, 1918, work was found for 1,692 women, making a total of 21,897 women assisted since the initiation of the system. In most cases the employment is domestic service.
Table of Contents
THE Advances to Settlers Office was established by an Act passed in 1894. An administrative officer called the Superintendent was appointed early in the following year, and a Board set up to advise and co-operate with the Superintendent. Advances can be granted only with the consent of the Board.
The capital fund was limited to £3,000,000, which was to be raised within two years after the passing of the Act at an annual rate of interest not higher than 4 per cent. The first issue of £1,500,000 realized £94 8s. 9d. per £100 stock. The minimum advance was fixed at £25, and the maximum at £2,500, repayable in thirty-six years and a half by half-yearly instalments of 3 per cent. on the amount borrowed.
The legislation has been amended at different times, and is now embodied in the State Advances Act, 1913. It authorizes the borrowing of moneys for the purpose of lending to settlers, workers, and local authorities. Each year there may be borrowed for advances to settlers £1,500,000, to workers £750,000, and to local authorities £1,000,000.
Full information concerning the system of advances is given in the 1914 issue of the Year-book, and more summarized information in the 1915 issue.
From the inception of the scheme of advances to settlers in 1894, applications have been received to the number of 62,325 for loans totalling £25,425,025. The Advances Board authorized loans of £17,712,295 to 47,938 applicants, the total actual payments to 31st March, 1918, being £17,607,460, of which £9,443,300 has been repaid in respect of principal. A table is given showing the business to date and for each of the past ten years.
ADVANCES TO SETTLERS, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Applications received. | Loans authorized. | Amount advanced. | Amount repaid. | ||
Number. | Amount. | Number. | Amount. | |||
£ | £ | £ | £ | |||
1909 | 4,471 | 2,050,252 | 3,078 | 1,202,995 | 1,493,836 | 559,163 |
1910 | 4,131 | 1,539,150 | 3,201 | 1,038,340 | 1,095,120 | 545,528 |
1911 | 4,957 | 2,122,749 | 3,571 | 1,282,880 | 1,204,310 | 728,714 |
1912 | 5,355 | 2,593,084 | 4,610 | 2,191,300 | 2,235,495 | 1,018,286 |
1913 | 3,187 | 1,164,225 | 2,114 | 749,590 | 937,435 | 698,938 |
1914 | 3,604 | 1,400,248 | 2,390 | 878,855 | 978,395 | 710,590 |
1915 | 3,870 | 1,826,265 | 2,100 | 749,040 | 1,136,475 | 754,810 |
1916 | 2,507 | 982,800 | 2,022 | 746,630 | 814,555 | 713,177 |
1917 | 1,619 | 660,975 | 1,412 | 515,270 | 589,975 | 643,761 |
1918 | 1,228 | 511,532 | 984 | 353,465 | 367,160 | 501,009 |
Totals to 31st March, 1918 | 62,325 | 25,425,025 | 47,938 | 17,712,295 | 17,607,460 | 9,443,300 |
Not all the advances to settlers are made by the Advances to Settlers Branch of the State Advances Office. Part of the business shown in the above table relates to the Public Debt Sinking Funds Branch and the Advances Office Sinking Fund Branch. The advances to settlers authorized by these three branches during 1917–18 are as follows:—
Branch. | Advances authorized. | |
---|---|---|
Number. | Amount. | |
£ | ||
Advances to Settlors | 871 | 286,395 |
Public Debt Sinking Funds | 2 | 1,015 |
Advances Office Sinking Fund | 111 | 66,055 |
Totals | 984 | £353,465 |
The advances authorized in each provincial district during the year, and the total to 31st March, 1918, are next shown.
Provincial District. | Advances authorized, 1917–18. | Total Advances authorized to 31st March, 1918. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number. | Amount. | Number. | Amount. | |
£ | £ | |||
Auckland | 423 | 147,125 | 16,032 | 5,479,163 |
Taranaki | 58 | 22,820 | 5,240 | 2,427,929 |
Hawke's Bay | 40 | 18,345 | 2,311 | 759,115 |
Wellington | 221 | 84,640 | 11,226 | 4,404,213 |
Marlborough | 19 | 7,250 | 1,239 | 517,105 |
Nelson | 14 | 3,600 | 870 | 270,595 |
Westland | 6 | 2,200 | 896 | 233,865 |
Canterbury | 124 | 40,630 | 4,526 | 1,523,550 |
Otago— | ||||
Otago portion | 32 | 11,440 | 2,472 | 951,295 |
Southland portion | 47 | 15,415 | 3,126 | 1,145,465 |
Totals | 984 | 353,465 | 47,938 | 17,712,295 |
Dealing now only with the operations of the Advances to Settlers Branch, it is seen that during the year 1917–18 the advances authorized numbered 871, representing a total amount of £286,395. The number of borrowers and the sums actually advanced during the year, classified according to amount, were,—
Category. | Number of Advances. | Amount advanced. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Not exceeding £500 | 630 | 212,275 |
Exceeding £500, but not exceeding £1,000 | 93 | 65,005 |
Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding £2,000 | 16 | 21,450 |
Totals | 739 | £298,730 |
The nature of the security upon which these advances were made was as follows:—
Security. | Number of Advances. | Amount advanced. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Freehold | 471 | 187,650 |
Leasehold | 260 | 107,190 |
Freehold and leasehold combined | 8 | 3,890 |
Totals | 739 | £298,730 |
The advances outstanding, classified according to amount, are as follows:—
Category. | Number of Advances. | Amount outstanding. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Not exceeding £500 | 15,020 | 3,136,904 |
Exceeding £500, but not exceeding £1,000 | 3,095 | 2,198,882 |
Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding £2,000 | 1,301 | 1,790,988 |
Exceeding £2,000, but not exceeding £3,000 | 178 | 460,563 |
Totals | 19,594 | £7,587,337 |
The nature of the security for the total amount of advances outstanding on the 31st March, 1918, was,—
Security. | Number of Advances. | Amount outstanding. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Freehold | 11,984 | 5,432,980 |
Leasehold | 7,351 | 1,999,124 |
Freehold and leasehold combined | 259 | 155,233 |
Totals | 19,594 | £7,587,337 |
The average freehold advance is £453, the average leasehold advance £272, and the average of advances secured on both freehold and leasehold combined £599. Corresponding figures for the year ended the 31st March, 1917, are freehold, £458; leasehold, £277; and combined freehold and leasehold, £650.
The number and amounts of current advances on rural and urban and suburban land are,—
Number | Amount. | |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
On rural land | 12,354 | 4,956,308 |
On urban and suburban land | 7,240 | 2,631,029 |
Totals | 19,594 | £7,587,337 |
The average rural advance is £401, and the average urban and suburban advance is £363.
The gross profits for the year ended the 31st March, 1918, were £61,671, and the cost of management £9,920, being 0.107 per cent., or 2s. 2d. per £100 on the capital employed. The net profits amounted to £51,112.
The liabilities and assets at the 31st March, 1918, of the Settlers Branch of the State Advances Office were,—
Liabilities. | £ | s. | d. |
---|---|---|---|
Sundry loans | 9,283,193 | 1 | 10 |
Temporary advances from Public Debt Sinking Fund Branch | 517,000 | 0 | 0 |
Temporary advances from Advances Office Sinking Fund Account | 210,000 | 0 | 0 |
Advances Suspense Account | 12,120 | 6 | 9 |
Fire Loss Suspense Account | 1,118 | 10 | 0 |
Suspense Account | 3,045 | 4 | 11 |
Reserve Fund | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
Interest payable on loans, accrued but not due | 74,810 | 9 | 11 |
Interest payable on deposits, accrued but not due | 5 | 13 | 2 |
Profit and Loss Account | 415,661 | 5 | 3 |
£10,566,954 | 11 | 10 | |
Assets. | £ | s. | d. |
Investment Account— | |||
Less total repayments | 7,570,486 | 18 | 7 |
Plus mortgage instalments overdue—principal | 16,850 | 2 | 4 |
Total principal owing by mortgagors at 31st March, 1918 | 7,587,337 | 0 | 11 |
Mortgage instalments overdue—interest | 38,633 | 16 | 9 |
Interest on mortgages, accrued but not due | 83,880 | 1 | 5 |
Temporary advances to Workers Branch | 285,000 | 0 | 0 |
Temporary Advances to Local Authorities Branch | 30,000 | 0 | 0 |
Temporary investments | 1,494,605 | 13 | 2 |
Interest on temporary investments, accrued but not due | 16,351 | 12 | 8 |
Loan Charges Account | .. | ||
Insurance Premiums Account | 592 | 14 | 5 |
Office Furniture and Equipment Account | 1,244 | 5 | 6 |
Sinking Funds— | |||
Public Trustee | 302,904 | 13 | 9 |
Advances Office Sinking Fund Account | 450,648 | 5 | 10 |
Public Debt Sinking Fund Branch | 5,447 | 10 | 0 |
Cash in hand and in bank at 31st March, 1918 | 270,308 | 17 | 5 |
£ 10,566,954 | 11 | 10 |
The total of the advances to workers up to the 31st March, 1918 (including moneys repaid and again advanced), was £3,473,250.
The applications received for loans during the year ended the 31st March, 1918, numbered 555, the aggregate amount required being £197,738. Advances authorized numbered 411, representing a total amount of £129,710. The advances actually granted during the year numbered 378, for an aggregate of £125,855. The tenures upon which these loans were made were,—
Tenure. | Number of Loans. | Aggregate Amount. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Freehold | 362 | 122,760 |
Leasehold | 16 | 3,095 |
Totals | 378 | £125,855 |
The total number of loans and the aggregate amount authorized in each provincial district from the inception of the system to the 31st March, 1918, are as follows:—
Provincial District. | Number of Applications. | Amount of Advances authorized. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Auckland | 3,790 | £ 1,097,340 |
Taranaki | 395 | 108,985 |
Hawke's Bay | 812 | 232,580 |
Wellington | 3,188 | 961,730 |
Marlborough | 394 | 113,630 |
Nelson | 222 | 54,995 |
Westland | 194 | 42,030 |
Canterbury | 2,943 | 894,105 |
Otago— | ||
Otago portion | 915 | 255,965 |
Southland portion | 426 | 111,705 |
Totals | 13,279 | 3,873,065 |
The total amount advanced to the end of the financial year was £3,473,250, and the net amount outstanding at the same date was £2,636,790, secured upon the following tenures:—
Tenure. | Number of Loans outstanding. | Aggregate Amount outstanding. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Freehold | 8,933 | 2,530,736 |
Leasehold | 578 9,511 | 106,054 |
Totals | £2,636,790 |
The following table gives particulars of the transactions for each of the past ten years, and the total transactions since the passing of the Government Advances to Workers Act on the 29th October. 1906:—
ADVANCES TO WORKERS, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Applications received. | Loans authorized. | Amount advanced. | Amount repaid. | ||
Number. | Amount. | Number. | Amount. | |||
£ | £ | £ | £ | |||
1909 | 1,784 | 472,989 | 1,220 | 307,495 | 298,184 | 18,792 |
1910 | 2,028 | 550,651 | 1,854 | 470,425 | 362,353 | 26,295 |
1911 | 2,125 | 660,892 | 1,521 | 473,530 | 407,760 | 47,925 |
1912 | 2,223 | 750,772 | 1,900 | 612,910 | 543,840 | 78,853 |
1913 | 1,805 | 574,493 | 1,254 | 397,175 | 449,260 | 84,771 |
1914 | 1,599 | 528,240 | 1,200 | 339,200 | 272,860 | 80,933 |
1915 | 1,492 | 462,065 | 1,129 | 337,690 | 313,025 | 110,110 |
1916 | 1,079 | 383,365 | 953 | 297,630 | 275,680 | 115,535 |
1917 | 734 | 266,740 | 658 | 210,995 | 214,965 | 127,450 |
1918 | 555 | 197,738 | 411 | 129,710 | 125,855 | 139,465 |
Total to 31st March, 1918 | 16,734 | 5,199,555 | 13,279 | 3,873,065 | 3,473,250 | 836,460 |
The financial position of the Advances to Workers Branch of the State Advances Office as on the 31st March, 1918, is shown in the following table:—
ADVANCES TO WORKERS BRANCH: LIABILITIES AND ASSETS, 31ST MARCH, 1918. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Liabilities. | |||
£ | s. | d. | |
Sundry loans | 2,419,346 | 14 | 1 |
Temporary loan from Settlers Branch | 285,000 | 0 | 0 |
Interest payable on loans, accrued but not due | 24,922 | 11 | 8 |
Advances Suspense Account | 3,105 | 0 | 0 |
Fire Loss Suspense Account | 320 | 0 | 0 |
Suspense Account | 826 | 2 | 10 |
Reserve Fund, being net profits transferred | 18,693 | 2 | 5 |
£2,752,213 | 11 | 0 | |
Assets. | |||
Investment Account— | £ | s. | d. |
Less total repayments | 2,627,872 | 12 | 9 |
Plus mortgage instalments overdue—principal | 8,916 | 18 | 11 |
Total principal owing by mortgagors at 31st March, 1918 | 2,636,789 | 11 | 8 |
Mortgage instalments overdue—interest | 13,905 | 14 | 3 |
Interest on mortgages, accrued but not due | 30,679 | 18 | 6 |
Loan Charges Account | 30,000 | 0 | 0 |
Insurance Premiums Account | 288 | 9 | 7 |
Sinking Funds— | |||
Advances Office Sinking Fund Account | 22,552 | 5 | 9 |
Public Trustee | 2,715 | 17 | 9 |
Public Debt Sinking Fund Branch | 2,379 | 10 | 0 |
Cash in hand and in bank at 31st March, 1918 | 12,902 | 3 | 6 |
£2,752,213 | 11 | 0 |
During the eight years which have elapsed since the system of State advances to local authorities was initiated, 1,421 applications under this head have been received for loans totalling £5,870,459. Loans authorized, 1,003 in number, have aggregated £3,040,609, of which £2,969,290 has been actually advanced. Repayments to 31st March, 1918, have totalled £206,414, leaving an indebtedness of £2,762,876 in respect of principal moneys. Figures for each of the eight years and to date are as follows:—
ADVANCES TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES, 1910–11 TO 1917–18. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Applications received. | Loans authorized. | Amount advanced. | Amount repaid. | ||
Number. | Amount. | Number. | Amount. | |||
£ | £ | £ | £ | |||
1911 | 429 | 3,572,585 | 193 | 947,770 | 405,195 | 1,172 |
1912 | 257 | 1,184,133 | 227 | 1,047,484 | 790,485 | 8,010 |
1913 | 93 | 136,513 | 87 | 181,795 | 494,135 | 20,781 |
1914 | 167 | 166,165 | 72 | 84,970 | 259,430 | 29,600 |
1915 | 77 | 222,070 | 48 | 254,430 | 237,285 | 29,800 |
1916 | 170 | 263,858 | 164 | 238,970 | 285,410 | 35,192 |
1917 | 118 | 154,025 | 103 | 127,135 | 152,310 | 38,874 |
1918 | 110 | 171,110 | 109 | 158,055 | 128,150 | 41,681 |
Totals to 31st March, 1918 | 1,421 | 5,870,459 | 1,003 | 3,040,609 | 2,969,290 | 206,414 |
As in the case of advances to settlers, advances to local authorities are made from three distinct sources—viz., the funds of the Advances to Local Authorities Branch of the State Advances Office, the Public Debt Sinking Funds, and the Advances Office Sinking Fund. Of the £128,150 advanced in 1917–18 as shown above, only £4,855 came from the Local Authorities Branch, the Advances Office Sinking Fund contributing £16,600, and the Public Debt Sinking Funds £106,695. Of the amount outstanding at 31st March, the Public Debt Sinking Funds claimed £559,865, and the Advances Office Sinking Fund £60,138.
A statement of the liabilities and assets of the Local Authorities Branch as at the 31st March, 1918, is appended.
Liabilities. | £ | s. | d. |
---|---|---|---|
Sundry loans | 2,775,529 | 0 | 0 |
Money received from Treasury in accordance with section 72, Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913 | 3,912 | 7 | 3 |
Temporary loans from Settlers Branch | 30,000 | 0 | 0 |
Interest on loan - moneys, accrued but not due | 36,385 | 6 | 7 |
£2,845,826 | 13 | 10 | |
Assets. | £ | s. | d. |
Investment Account, less total repayments-Local bodies | 2,095,285 | 6 | 10 |
Section 70, Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913 | 44,828 | 17 | 1 |
Plus mortgage instalments overdue—principal— | |||
Local bodies | 2,631 | 14 | 9 |
Section 70, Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913 | 127 | 12 | 6 |
Total balance of principal owing on mortgages | 2,142,873 | 11 | 2 |
Interest on mortgages— | |||
Local bodies—Overdue at 31st March, 1918 | 5,900 | 17 | 1 |
Accrued but not due at 31st March, 1918 | 18,286 | 4 | 10 |
Section 70—Overdue at 31st March, 1918 | 345 | 1 | 6 |
Accrued but not due at 31st March, 1918 | 425 | 19 | 1 |
Loan Charges Account | 39,113 | 5 | 0 |
Temporary investments | 390,188 | 12 | 3 |
Interest accrued but not due on temporary investments | 6,751 | 12 | 9 |
Sinking Funds— | |||
Public Trustee | 48,461 | 0 | 5 |
Advances Office Sinking Fund Account | 104,841 | 9 | 5 |
Public Debt Sinking Funds Branch | 5,345 | 0 | 0 |
Profit and Loss Account | 57,819 | 6 | 11 |
Cash in hand and in bank at 31st March, 1918 | 25,474 | 13 | 5. |
£2,845,826 | 13 | 10 |
The Workers' Dwellings Act, 1905, made provision for the erection by the State of workers' dwellings on Crown lands purchased for that purpose. It was laid down that the cost of construction must not exceed £300, and the dwellings were to be disposed of to workers on a weekly tenancy or by way of lease for a period of fifty years, with right of renewal. The rent fixed by the Act was to be at the rate of 5 per cent. on the capital value of the dwellings, plus insurance and rates. Provision was also made for a worker to acquire the freehold of the dwelling in one of three ways—viz., by a cash payment after a twenty-five years lease; by monthly payments over periods of thirty-two or forty-one years; or by taking out a life-insurance policy (with the State Office) covering a term of twenty-five, thirty-two, or forty-one years, the policy-moneys to be paid to the State on maturity.
By an amendment passed shortly after the principal Act the maximum cost of construction was raised to £350 in the case of a wooden dwelling, or £400 for a dwelling of brick, stone, or concrete.
A worker was defined in the Act of 1905 as one who is landless and whose earnings do not exceed £156 per annum. The maximum of annual earnings was increased in 1906 to £200, but in 1910 a new Workers' Dwellings Act was passed which fixed the maximum at £175.
The Act of 1910 contained other important alterations in the law relating to workers' dwellings. The maximum capital value was set down at £600, and a new system of disposal of the dwellings was instituted. Dwellings could be let on a weekly or monthly tenancy at a rental of 6 per cent., plus rates and insurance, or leased for a term of twenty-one years, with right of renewal. In cases where the worker desired to acquire the freehold, he could do so on the instalment system—viz., by weekly, fortnightly, or monthly payments for a period of 25 ½ years, instalments being calculated at 7 per cent. (5 per cent. on account of interest and 2 per cent. on account of principal accumulating at compound interest). An initial deposit of £10 was payable, and the purchaser could reduce the term of 25 ½ years by at any time paying off the principal the sum of £7 or any multiple thereof.
In 1914 a further amendment was passed for the purpose of facilitating the administration of the Act. In lieu of the Boards formerly constituted in the various land districts, a Central Board has been constituted in Wellington, with District Boards in the various centres where agencies of the Department of Labour are established.
The maximum capital value of a worker's dwelling was by the amendment extended from £600 to £750. This extension has been necessitated mainly by the fact that workers' dwellings are now being erected on rural allotments of about 5 acres, with a maximum unimproved value of land of £250.
Instead of the first instalment of £10 being required when application for a dwelling is made, only £1 is now necessary in the first instance, and the remaining £9 is called for as soon as it is decided to erect a dwelling for the applicant. Provision has also been made, in the case of a concrete or brick dwelling, to extend the period for the repayment of the principal from 25 ½ to 36 ½ years.
The number of dwellings erected under the original Act was 126, and up to the 31st March, 1918, 514 had been erected under the Act of 1910, while 8 were in course of construction, making a total of 648, including five dwellings purchased after erection.
The whole of the 126 dwellings erected under the 1905 Act were leased or let after their erection to applicants for same, but most of these have since the passing of the 1910 Act been disposed of under the instalment-purchase system provided in the latter Act. The whole of the dwellings erected under the 1910 Act were built for applicant purchasers.
The number of workers' dwellings erected and purchased during the year 1917–18 was 21. Of this number 11 were in course of erection on the 31st March, 1917. Owing to the largely increased cost of building-material and the difficulty experienced in obtaining tenders at a reasonable figure, it was found necessary to considerably curtail the programme laid down at the beginning of the year; in many instances the tenders received were so high as to be quite prohibitive, and it was deemed unwise in the interests of the applicants themselves to accept them and erect the dwellings. In addition to the eight dwellings mentioned as being in course of erection on 31st March, 1918, tenders have been accepted for the erection of six five-roomed dwellings at Kilbirnie, Wellington, and for one at Masterton.
The total instalments payable during the year ended 31st March, 1918, were £24,120. The total amount received from tenants during the year, including arrears, was £23,605, arrears outstanding at the end of March totalling £1,529, an average of £2 7s. 4d. per dwelling. Arrears to the extent of £641 were, however, paid off in April, reducing the average per dwelling to £1 7s. 4d. The arrears are, except in two cases, more than covered by the payments off principal.
Table of Contents
THE law relating to old-age, military, and widows' pensions is contained in the Pensions Act, 1913, a consolidation of previous enactments, and in the Pensions Amendment Act, 1914. The history of legislation dealing with old-age pensions is given in previous issues of this book.
The qualifications for the old-age pension are briefly as follows:—
The applicant, if a male, must have reached the age of sixty-five, or, if a female, must have reached the age of sixty.
NOTE.—The pension age has been reduced to fifty-five for women and to sixty for men where the applicant is the parent of two or more children under fourteen years of age for the maintenance of whom he (or she) is responsible. The pension payable in such cases may be any sum up to £13 per annum, in addition to the ordinary pension payable as set out hereunder.
The applicant must have resided continuously in New Zealand for the past twenty-five years.
NOTE.—Continuous residence is not interrupted by absences not exceeding two years. An additional six months' period of absence is allowed for every additional year's residence in excess of the twenty-five years immediately preceding the date of application, provided that the applicant has resided in New Zealand during the twelve months immediately preceding the said date of application. In the case of a seaman continuous residence is not interrupted by absences on board a ship registered in New Zealand, provided the applicant establishes the fact that his home is in New Zealand.
The applicant must not during the past twelve years have been imprisoned for four months or on four occasions for an offence punishable by twelve months' imprisonment.
The applicant must not during the past twenty-five years have been imprisoned for five years for any offence.
The applicant must not during the past twelve years have deserted his wife (or husband, as the case may be) and children.
The applicant must have lived a sober and reputable life during the past year.
The yearly income of the applicant, if single, must not reach £60, and, if married, £100.
The net value of accumulated property must not be £260 or over.
The applicant must not have deprived himself or herself of property or income to qualify for a pension.
All residents of New Zealand who fulfil the necessary conditions are eligible for the old-age pension, with the exception of—
Maoris who receive votes other than pensions out of the grant appropriated by the Civil List Act, 1908.
Aliens.
Naturalized subjects who have not been naturalized one year.
Chinese or other Asiatics, whether naturalized or not, and whether British subjects by birth or not.
The term “alien” is deemed not to include a woman who ceased to be a British subject by reason of marriage with an alien who is since deceased, or from whom she is legally separated.
All applications for pensions are referred to a Stipendiary Magistrate for determination. The Magistrate, who is required to hear each case in chambers, has power to dispense with the personal attendance of the applicant if he is satisfied that the documentary evidence in support of the claim is sufficient to establish it.
The Magistrate intimates his decision to the Commissioner of Pensions, who, if the pension is allowed, issues a pension-certificate for the amount granted, without which no payment can be made.
The term of a pension is for twelve months only, and an application for renewal is required to be made each year. The first of twelve monthly instalments is due on the 1st day of the month following the granting of the pension by the Magistrate. Payment is made through the Post Office.
Though the due date of each instalment falls on the 1st of the month, payment may be made on any day between the 23rd of the preceding month and the 1st day of the following month.
The original Act of 1898 provided for a pension of £18 per annum, or 6s. 11d. per week. This amount was, however, increased to £26 per annum (i.e., 10s. a week or £2 3s. 4d. a month) by the Amendment Act of 1905.
(NOTE.—Under the Finance Act, 1917, every person in receipt of an old-age pension is paid an additional 5s. a week, or £13 per annum. This provision operates until twelve months after the present war with Germany has ceased.)
The full pension of £26 is reducible by—
£1 for every complete £1 of income over £34. (2.) £1 for every complete £10 of net accumulated property.
£1 for every year or part of a year by which the age of the applicant is less than sixty-five years.
The income of a married applicant for pension purposes is considered to be half of the joint incomes of husband and wife. The joint incomes of a married couple must not exceed, with pension added, the sum of £100.
Income includes free board and lodging up to £26 per annum, but does not include—
Sick allowance or funeral benefits paid by a friendly society.
Relief by way of charity, or gifts from relatives, up to £52 in any year.
Pensions granted under the War Pensions Act, 1915.
Capital expended for the benefit of the applicant, or the wife or husband of the applicant.
Property received on the intestacy or under the will of a deceased husband or wife.
The income chargeable is that received during the twelve months preceding the date of application, the Magistrate having power to exempt all personal earnings earned at a rate not exceeding £2 a week, provided it is shown to his satisfaction that owing to loss of employment or any other cause such earnings have ceased. Income being received when an application is lodged at the rate of the disqualifying amount—i.e., £60 for a single person and £100 for a married person—is a bar to the granting of a pension
Net accumulated property is the capital value of all real and personal property owned by an applicant, other than life-assurance policies and annuities, or other life interests in the capital sum of which the applicant has no interest beyond the income derived therefrom, less the following deductions:—
The amount of mortgage existing on the property.
£340 from the home, including furniture and personal effects.
£50 from any other property.
The net accumulated property of a husband or wife for pension purposes is half of the total net accumulated properties of both.
The pension is not affected by any increase in the value of property used exclusively as a home, which is taken at the valuation obtaining at the date of the original grant of the pension.
Provision is made for including transferred property, or property disposed of by will by the husband or wife of an applicant, in the computation of the pension.
To ascertain whether a pensioner is entitled to a renewal of his pension he is required each year, shortly before the expiry of the certificate held by him, to furnish a statement of his income during the past year and also of his property. On receipt of this statement the Registrar proceeds to verify the contents, and then submits it to the Magistrate, who investigates it in the same manner as an original claim, the pensioner being required to attend at the discretion of the Magistrate. The decision of the Magistrate is notified to the Commissioner, who issues a fresh pension-certificate for the amount for which the pension is renewed, and authorizes payment for another twelve months.
If a person is physically unfit to draw his pension in person he may apply to the Commissioner to have an agent appointed to collect instalments. Any authority issued to such an agent holds good only for the pension-certificate for any one year, but it may be renewed each year when the pension itself is renewed.
A pension granted to a person maintained in a charitable institution is paid to the governing body of the institution on production of an authority signed by the local Registrar. A fresh authority is required each month in cases of this nature.
When any person to whom a pension has already been granted is committed to a mental hospital, the instalments of such pension are payable to the Mental Hospitals Department. An inmate of a mental hospital, however, cannot lodge an original claim for a pension.
The pension, being for the personal support of the pensioner, is absolutely inalienable, whether by way of assignment, charge, execution, bankruptcy, or otherwise howsoever.
An old-age pension is not payable in addition to a Widow's pension or a military pension for Maori War veterans.
No payment is made of an instalment which falls due while a pensioner is in gaol or out of New Zealand.
On the death of a pensioner the portion of the instalment accruing to date of death, together with any unpaid instalment then payable, may be paid if applied to defray funeral expenses, or, in the case of a pensioner in a charitable institution, towards cost of maintenance.
If the Commissioner has reason to believe that any pension has been improperly obtained he may suspend payment and cause an inquiry to be held before a Magistrate, who has full power to act.
If during the currency of a pension-certificate a pensioner, or the wife or husband of a pensioner, becomes possessed of property or income in excess of the amount allowed by law, the Commissioner may apply to the Magistrate to have the pension cancelled or varied. A Magistrate has power on his own initiative to review any previous decision and to cancel or amend any pension-certificate.
Any person who by a wilfully false statement obtains or attempts to obtain a pension to which he is not entitled is liable to six months' imprisonment or to a fine of £50, as also is any person who aids or abets such person.
It is an offence to receive money in consideration of the procuring of a pension for any person; and it is also an offence to refuse to answer any question concerning an applicant or any statement contained in an application, the penalty being a fine not exceeding £10 in each case.
Where it has been found that a pensioner has been overpaid, and the Magistrate is of opinion that such overpayment was obtained by fraud, the pensioner is liable, in addition to imprisonment, to a penalty of double the amount paid in excess.
If on the death of a pensioner, or the wife or husband of a pensioner, it is found that either of them was possessed of property in excess of the amount allowed by law in respect to the amount of pension granted, double the amount of pension so overpaid may be recovered from the estate.
If a pensioner is convicted of drunkenness or of any offence punishable by imprisonment for one month or more, or misspends, wastes, or lessens his estate, the Commissioner is empowered to pay the instalments of pension to an agent for the benefit of the pensioner, or to suspend the pension for such period as he deems fit.
Any person otherwise qualified to receive a pension who owns property on which he resides, and which does not permit of the granting of a full pension, may qualify for the full pension by transferring the said property to the Public Trustee. The pensioner is permitted to reside on the property rent-free during his lifetime, but he must pay all rates and charges thereon. If a husband and wife, both being pensioners, are living together, and one dies, the survivor is permitted to continue to reside on the property. On the death of both pensioner and survivor, or where the pensioner is no longer entitled to a pension, the Public Trustee shall sell the property, and, after deducting from the proceeds of the sale the amount of pension paid as a consequence of the transfer of the property, together with his commission and interest at the rate of 4 per cent., shall pay the balance to the person or persons entitled thereto. Provision is made for a pensioner, or survivor, or next-of-kin paying such amounts as aforesaid at any time, with a view to obtaining a retransfer of the property and obviating a sale.
The number of old-age pensions in force on the 31st March, 1918, was 19,960, an increase of 263 on the figures for the previous year. The annual liability was £740,849, being an average of £37 per pension. The total payment in respect of old-age pensions during the year was £643,177. The number in force at the end of each year since the institution of the system, the total amount paid during each year, and the annual cost per head of population are as follows:—
At 31st March, | Pensioners. | Amount. | Cost per Head of Population. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
* Including allowance under Finance Act, 1917. | ||||
£ | s. | d. | ||
1899 | 7,443 | 3,124 | 0 | 1 |
1900 | 11,285 | 157,342 | 4 | 1 |
1901 | 12,405 | 197,292 | 5 | 1 |
1902 | 12,776 | 207,468 | 5 | 3 |
1903 | 12,481 | 210,140 | 5 | 2 |
1904 | 11,926 | 203,164 | 4 | 10 |
1905 | 11,770 | 195,475 | 4 | 6 |
1906 | 12,582 | 254,367 | 5 | 8 |
1907 | 13,257 | 314,184 | 6 | 10 |
1908 | 13,569 | 325,199 | 6 | 11 |
1909 | 14,396 | 336,760 | 6 | 11 |
1910 | 15,320 | 362,496 | 7 | 4 |
1911 | 16,020 | 383,393 | 7 | 7 |
1912 | 16,649 | 406,256 | 7 | 10 |
1913 | 16,509 | 415,761 | 7 | 10 |
1914 | 18,050 | 416,776 | 7 | 7 |
1915 | 19,352 | 460,814 | 8 | 5 |
1916 | 19,804 | 479,339 | 8 | 9 |
1917 | 19,697 | 480,230 | 8 | 9 |
1918 | 19,960 | 643,177 | 11 | 8* |
The total payments to the 31st March, 1918, aggregated £6,452,757.
The Widows' Pensions Act, 1911, came into operation on the 1st January, 1912. The scope of this Act was widened by an Amendment Act passed in 1912, further amendments being embodied in the Act of 1913 consolidating the law relating to old-age, widows', and military pensions.
Applicants for widows' pensions must be British subjects of good character, and applications require to be lodged with the local Registrar of Pensions, and to be investigated by a Magistrate, who alone has power to grant pensions. The term “widow” includes a woman whose husband is detained in a mental hospital.
The maximum pension payable is £12 per annum to a widow with one child under fourteen years of age, with £6 per annum added for each additional child under fourteen. The term “child” includes a stepchild or a child legally adopted during the lifetime of the husband of the applicant.
(NOTE.—Under the Finance Act, 1917, every person in receipt of a widow's pension is paid an additional £6 per annum for each child on whose behalf a pension is already payable. This provision operates until twelve months after the present war with Germany has ceased.)
For children born before the arrival of their parents in New Zealand ten years' residence is required. A child born during the temporary absence of its mother from New Zealand, however, is not debarred from the benefits of the Act.
The foregoing rates of pension are subject to a deduction of £1 for every £1 of the annual income of the widow and her children under fourteen in excess of £30. Such annual income, however, does not include personal earnings which do not exceed £100, nor the exemptions shown on page 651 for old-age-pension purposes.
Property which produces no income, or an income of less than 5 per cent. of its value, is deemed to produce an income of at least 5 per cent. of such value, and such amount is included in the computation of the annual income.
Property does not include furniture and personal effects, nor property used as a home up to £340 in value. The pension is not affected by any increase in the valuation of the home, which is charged at the valuation obtaining at the date of the original granting of the pension.
The Act does not apply to aliens, or to Chinese or other Asiatics. Similarly to old-age pensions, all payments are made through the Post Office. In practically every other respect the same conditions as apply to an old-age pension apply to a widow's pension.
The pension ceases on remarriage, and is not payable outside of New Zealand.
Provision is also made for continuance of the pension, after the death of a widow, to the guardian of her children.
The receipt of a war pension does not debar a widow from receiving this class of pension.
The number of pensions in force under this head on the 31st March, 1918, was 2,192, the annual value of these being £73,872. The gross payments during the year were £57,952.
The figures for each year since the institution of the system of widows' pensions are as follows:—
Year ended 31st March. | Number at End of Year. | Annual Value, £ | Annual Payments, £ |
---|---|---|---|
* Two months. † Including allowance under Finance Act, 1917. | |||
1912 | 788 | 14,863 | 1,963* |
1913 | 1,313 | 24,768 | 22,114 |
1914 | 1,540 | 29,320 | 27,077 |
1915 | 1,788 | 34,975 | 31,619 |
1916 | 1,890 | 37,042 | 36,357 |
1917 | 2,024 | 39,386 | 38,016 |
1918 | 2,192 | 73,872 | 57,952† |
The Military Pensions Act, 1912, was enacted to provide for payment of an annual pension of £36 to veterans of the Maori War who have been awarded the New Zealand War Medal for active service in such war. This Act is now embodied in the Pensions Act of 1913 above referred to, which consolidates the law relating to old-age, widows', and military pensions.
The qualifications of an applicant for this pension are as follows:—
He must have resided in New Zealand for the ten years immediately preceding the date of his application.
He must not have been imprisoned during the same period for any offence punishable by imprisonment for two years.
He must not during the same period have deserted or failed to provide for his wife and children.
He must be of good character and sober habits.
Unlike the old-age and widows' pensions, which require to be determined by a Stipendiary Magistrate, the military pension is obtained by applying direct to the Commissioner of Pensions at Wellington.
(NOTE.—Under the Finance Act, 1917, every person in receipt of a military pension whose gross income, with pension and allowance included, does not exceed £200 per annum is paid such allowance not exceeding £13 per annum as will make up £200 per annum. This provision operates until twelve months after the present war with Germany has ceased.)
The number of pensions in force on the 31st March, 1918, was 1,153, representing an annual value of £53,208. The payments on account of military pensions during the year aggregated £50,734. The figures for each year since the Act of 1912 came into force are,—
Year ended 31st March. | Number at End of Year. | Annual Value, £ | Annual Payments, £ |
---|---|---|---|
* Including allowance under Finance Act, 1917. | |||
1913 | 568 | 19,026 | 3,681 |
1914 | 1,240 | 44,640 | 29,447 |
1915 | 1,388 | 49,968 | 47,616 |
1916 | 1,323 | 47,623 | 48,273 |
1917 | 1,232 | 44,352 | 45,674 |
1918 | 1,153 | 53,208 | 50,734* |
A Miner's Phthisis Act was passed by the Legislature on the 11th October, 1915, providing for a pension to any miner who is totally incapacitated for work owing to miner's phthisis (pneumoconiosis) contracted while working as a miner in New Zealand.
The rates of pension payable are—
To a married man or widower with children under 14, £1 a week.
To a single man or widower without children under 14, 15s. a week.
The qualifications for this class of pension are—
The applicant must have been a British subject for one year.
The applicant must have resided in New Zealand for five years immediately prior to application.
The applicant must have been employed as a miner in New Zealand for two years and a half.
The applicant must not have deserted wife or children, nor have been convicted for any offence punishable by imprisonment for two years.
The applicant must be of sober habits and good moral character.
The widow of any miner who is entitled to a pension under this Act and dies of miner's phthisis is entitled to claim a pension of 12s. 6d. a week for two years. The reasonable cost of the burial of a miner dying of minor's phthisis is also payable under this Act.
All applications are determined by the Commissioner of Pensions at Wellington.
Instalments of pensions are not payable outside of New Zealand.
(NOTE.—Under the Finance Act, 1917, every person in receipt of a miner's pension is paid an additional 5s. a week, or £13 per annum. This provision operates until twelve months after the present war with Germany has ceased.)
THE War Pensions Act, 1915, amended in 1916 and 1917, provides for the payment of pensions on the conditions hereinafter set out:—
To disabled members of the New Zealand Forces.
To dependants of disabled, deceased, or missing members of the New Zealand Forces.
“Member of the Forces” may include—
A member of any New Zealand Expeditionary Force raised for service beyond New Zealand in the present war.
A member of any New Zealand Naval Force raised for service beyond New Zealand in the present war.
A member of the New Zealand Army Nursing Service who, while domiciled in New Zealand, has served beyond New Zealand in the present war and was in the pay of the New Zealand Government.
A member of the New Zealand Defence or Naval Forces temporarily attached to any other portion of His Majesty's Forces who has served beyond New Zealand in the present war and was in receipt of pay from the Imperial Government.
Any person, not being a member of any New Zealand Expeditionary or Naval Force, who, while domiciled in New Zealand, has served beyond New Zealand in the present war and was in receipt of pay from the New Zealand Government.
Any person, not being a member of any New Zealand Expeditionary Force, who has been engaged on active military service in any capacity in New Zealand in connection with the present war.
A “dependant” may be wife, child, father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, stepfather, stepmother, grandchild, brother, sister, or mother-in-law, and, except wife or child, must have been wholly or in part dependent upon a member of the Forces at any time during the twelve months immediately preceding the date on which the said member joined the Forces.
A “dependant” may, however, include a father or mother who was not actually dependent during the said twelve months, but is without adequate means of support.
A “child” means a person under the age of sixteen years, being a son, daughter, stepson, stepdaughter, or illegitimate child of a member of the Forces, or a child legally adopted by such member before he became a member of the Forces.
The death or disablement of any member of the Forces must occur in the course of his military service in connection with the present war.
Death or disablement may have taken place in New Zealand or after departure from New Zealand.
The pension may, however, be refused to a disabled applicant if any wilful misconduct contributed to the disablement.
Forms of application, which may be obtained direct from the Commissioner of Pensions at Wellington, or from any Registrar of Pensions, must be lodged, when completed, with the Registrar of Pensions in the district in which the applicant resides.
There are three forms of application—one for a disabled member, one for the wife of a disabled soldier or the widow of a deceased soldier, and one for any other dependant.
Claims should be lodged by disabled members of the Forces and their wives within six months after the termination of appointment or date of discharge, and, in the case of death, by any dependant within six months after the date of the notification of such death.
All claims are forwarded to the Commissioner of Pensions at Wellington and recorded by him.
Where the applicant is the wife of a Native member of the Forces, married according to Maori custom, a certificate relating to such marriage must be supplied by a Judge, Commissioner, or Registrar of the Native Land Court. This should, if possible, be sent in with the application.
The amount of pension payable is determined by the War Pensions Board, located in Wellington.
In deciding any claim by a disabled soldier the Board is required to take into account only the extent to which the applicant is incapacitated. The receipt of income or the possession of any property is not a test of eligibility for a disability pension.
The Board may, when satisfied that a disabled member requires the services of an attendant, increase the pension by £1 a week.
In regard to claims by dependants other than by widows of soldiers and their children, the Board is required to inquire into the property and income from all sources of the applicant.
In the case of disablement the pension dates from the termination of the appointment or from the date of discharge, or, if the claim is not lodged within the time allowed by law, from such date as the Board may decide.
In the case of death the pension dates from the date of death, and, where a member is missing, from the date on which he was so reported, unless the claim has not been lodged in accordance with law, when the Board may decide upon any other date. Where an allotment of pay has been continued to the applicant after date of casualty, the payments made are treated as instalments of the pension granted.
Should a missing member eventually be reported as living, power is given to withdraw the pension, and, if necessary, to adjust matters by deduction from the accumulated pay of the member.
Should the circumstances of any pensioner or applicant for pension alter, the Board may review its determination, except that the permanent pension granted to a soldier for disablement cannot be reduced on account of any change in earning-capacity.
Any pension may be cancelled by the Board on the conviction of the pensioner for any offence punishable by imprisonment for three months or upwards. The Act provides for a fine of £100 or twelve months' imprisonment for attempted fraud.
Pensions are absolutely inalienable by law, whether by way of sale, assignment, charge, execution, or insolvency.
The applicant is informed of the Board's decision by the Commissioner of Pensions.
Where the wife or children are receiving pensions, any other dependant (such as father or mother) may not receive more than three-fourths of the amount payable to the wife.
Where there is no wife or child, any other dependant may receive the full amount payable to a wife, but not more than the actual amount received during the year preceding the date on which the disabled, deceased, or missing member joined the Forces.
The pension payable to a widowed Mother of a deceased or disabled soldier who was her sole support is the same as that payable to the widow or wife of the soldier without children.
Power is given to the Board to grant a pension to any person, not necessarily a relative, who satisfies the Board that material loss has been sustained by the death or disablement of a soldier, and who has not adequate means of support.
To a disabled member of the Forces the maximum amount of pension payable ranges from £2 a week for a private to £3 5s. a week for a general; to the wife of a disabled member of the Forces, from £1 a week for the wife of a private to £1 12s. 6d. a week for the wife of a general; to the widow of a deceased or missing member, from £1 10s. a week in the case of a private to £3 10s. a week in the case of a general, with an additional 10s. a week if there are children in receipt of a pension.
The maximum for any child under sixteen years of age, whether in respect of death or disablement, is 10s. a week. The Board may continue the pension to a female child until the age of seventeen years, and to any infirm child for a longer period. Any orphan or motherless child may be granted a pension of 15s. a week.
A pension granted to the widow of a soldier ceases on her remarriage, as also does the pension of any female dependant; but the Board may grant to the widow in that event any amount up to two years' pension as a gratuity.
Capitalized sums in lieu of pensions may be granted at the discretion of the Board.
Power is given under the Act to the Minister to continue voluntary allotments of pay after the date on which the member of the Forces dies, or is reported missing, until such time as the Board determines the rights of the person receiving such pay to a pension, but not for a longer period than thirteen weeks.
The wife and children may receive a pension payable in respect of the death of a member of the Forces at any time within seven years of the receipt of any wounds or injury, or the commencement of disease responsible for death and contracted in the service.
When a pension is granted a pension-certificate is issued to the applicant, which must be produced before payment can be made by the paying-officer.
Pensions are paid by monthly instalments at the post-office nearest to the residence of the pensioner.
Instalments, which fall due on the 1st of the month, may be collected on any day between the 23rd of the month preceding due date and the 1st of the month following due date. If not so collected, and the authority has been returned by the Post Office, application may be made for the amount to the local Registrar of Pensions or Postmaster, or to the Commissioner at Wellington.
If a pensioner is unable to collect the instalments in person on account of disablement, age, or infirmity, an agent may be appointed on application being made direct to the Commissioner or through the local Registrar or Postmaster.
Pensions may be granted and paid to a member of the Forces, or to the father, mother, wife, or children of any such member, but not to any other dependant, while resident out of New Zealand.
In Australia, Canada, and South Africa payment is made by the Pensions authorities on behalf of the New Zealand Government; in Great Britain all payments are made through the High Commissioner in London; and in outlying places of the world payment is made by money-order.
Special provisions embodied in the 1917 Amendment Act are as follows:—
If the War Pensions Board is satisfied that the amount of pension paid to a disabled member of the Forces, together with any pension paid to his wife, children, or other dependants, and the average amount of which he is deemed to be capable of earning is not sufficient to enable the member to live according to the standard of comfort enjoyed before the war, the Board may grant a supplementary pension up to £1 a week, provided that the total pension payable in respect of his disablement shall not exceed £5 a week.
If for the purpose of undergoing medical treatment a partially disabled soldier in receipt of pension is required to live away from home, the War Pensions Board may increase the pensions payable to himself and his dependants to the maximum pensions payable for total disablement or to the amount which would be payable under the preceding paragraph, whichever is the greater.
Where a disabled member of the Forces in receipt of a pension is, under authority from the Director-General of Medical Services, an inmate of a hospital or other institution, the maximum amount that shall be paid to him by way of pension either directly or by arrangement with the authorities of the institution shall be 10s. a week, and any balance shall be retained and paid to him on his discharge from the institution, or paid, at the discretion of the War Pensions Board, to the wife or such other dependant as may be determined.
If a partially disabled soldier in receipt of pension is in regular employment, and it is necessary that he should continue to receive medical treatment, the War Pensions Board may grant him a special allowance not exceeding £1 a week in consideration of any loss of wages and any expense that he may be put to in connection with such treatment.
If the War Pensions Board is satisfied that the amount receivable by the widow of a member of the Forces and her children is not sufficient to enable them to maintain themselves in accordance with the standard of comfort enjoyed before the war, the Board may grant a supplementary pension not exceeding 15s. a week, provided that the total amount payable does not exceed £4 a week.
Where a bona fide resident of New Zealand, who was a member of His Majesty's Naval or Military Reserve Forces or enlisted in New Zealand for service in the Imperial Forces, is in receipt of a war pension from the Imperial Government which is not equal to the pension payable under the New Zealand Acts, the War Pensions Board may increase such pension to the amount that would be payable if the said resident was a member of the New Zealand Forces. Similarly, the pension payable to any dependant of such soldier may be increased up to the level of the New Zealand rates.
The wife of a soldier married within two years after her husband's discharge from the Forces is entitled to claim a pension in the case of total disablement or of partial disablement where the soldier is incapacitated for full employment. Marriages outside of New Zealand are not recognized after disablement without proof of engagement before the husband's departure from New Zealand.
The pensions payable are set out in detail in the following schedules:—
RATES OF PENSION IN CASE OF DEATH. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bank or Rating. | Weekly Pension. | ||||||
To the Wife without a Child. | To Wife with a Child or Children. | To each Child. | |||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | s. | |
Private, bombardier, lance-corporal, trooper, gunner, driver, sapper, trumpeter, bugler | 1 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Able seaman and equivalent ratings | |||||||
Corporal | 1 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 |
Farrier, shoeing-smith, saddler, or fitter (If bombardier, lance-corporal, gunner, or private) | |||||||
Lance-sergeant (not paid as such) | |||||||
Leading seaman and equivalent ratings | |||||||
Sergeant, farrier-corporal, shoeing-smith corporal, saddler-corporal, corporal-fitter, farrier-sergeant, saddler-sergeant, armourer-sergeant, sergeant-fitter | 1 | 12 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
Lance-sergeant (paid as such) | |||||||
Petty officer and equivalent ratings | |||||||
Squadron, battery, or company sergeant-major, quartermaster-sergeant, colour-sergeant, staff sergeant, pay-clerk | 1 | 14 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 10 |
Chief petty officer and equivalent ratings | |||||||
Regimental sergeant-major, regimental quarter-master-sergeant | 1 | 15 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 10 |
Warrant officer and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
2nd lieutenant, lieutenant (Army) | 2 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 15 | 0 | 10 |
Commissioned warrant officer and equivalent ranks; sub-lieutenant and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
Captain (Army) | 2 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Lieutenant under eight years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
Major | 2 | 17 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 10 |
Lieutenant of eight years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
Lieutenant-colonel | 3 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 0 | 10 |
Captain under three years' seniority and equivalent ranks; commanders and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
Colonel | 3 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 18 | 0 | 10 |
Captain of three years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
Brigadier-general, major-general | 3 | 10 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Commodores, first and second class; rear-admiral and other equivalent ranks |
RATES OF PENSION IN CASE OF DISABLEMENT. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank or Rating. | Maximum Weekly Pension. | ||||||
To the Member. | To the Wife. | To each Child. | |||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d | s. | |
Private, bombardier, lance - corporal, trooper, gunner, driver, sapper, trumpeter, bugler | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Able seaman and equivalent ratings | |||||||
Corporal | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Farrier, shoeing-smith, saddler, or fitter (If bombardier, lance-corporal, gunner, or private) | |||||||
Lance-sergeant (not paid as such) | |||||||
Leading seaman and equivalent ratings | |||||||
Sergeant, farrier-corporal, shoeing-smith corporal, saddler-corporal, corporal-fitter, farrier-sergeant, saddler-sergeant, armourer-sergeant, sergeant-fitter | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Lance-sergeant (paid as such) | |||||||
Petty officer and equivalent ratings | |||||||
Squadron, battery, or company sergeant-major, quartermaster-sergeant, colour-sergeant, staff sergeant, pay-clerk | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Chief petty officer and equivalent ratings | |||||||
Regimental sergeant-major, regimental quartermaster-sergeant | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Warrant officer and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
2nd lieutenant, lieutenant (Army) | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 10 |
Commissioned warrant officer and equivalent ranks; sub-lieutenant and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
Captain (Army) | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Lieutenant under eight years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
Major | 2 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 10 |
Lieutenant of eight years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
Lieutenant-colonel | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 6 | 10 |
Captain under three years' seniority and equivalent ranks; superiors (Navy) | |||||||
Colonel | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 6 | 10 |
Captain of three years' seniority and equivalent ranks (Navy) | |||||||
Brigadier-general, major-general | 3 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 6 | 10 |
Commodores, first and second class; rear-admiral and other equivalent ranks |
The gross annual value of war pensions in force at 31st March, 1918, amounted to £904,383, representing an average annual pension of £62. Of the total annual value, temporary pensions to soldiers amounted to £572,023. Permanent soldiers' pensions represented an annual value of £43,703.
Details regarding the war pensions in force at the 31st March, 1918, are given in the following table:—
Class of Pension. | In Force at 31st March, 1918. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Number. | Annual Value. | Average Pension. | |
* Including the pensions of 1,386 children. † Including the pensions of 988 children. | |||
£ | £ | ||
Soldiers (permanent and upwards of twelve months) | 900 | 43,703 | 48 |
Widows (including children's pensions) | 1,099 | 133,547* | 121 |
Other dependants (on account of death) | 3,265 | 109,619 | 33 |
Soldiers (temporary) | 8,405 | 572,023 | 68 |
Wives and parents on account of disablement | 828 | 45,491† | 54 |
Totals | 14,497 | 904,383 | 62 |
Information as to number and rate of war pensions in force at 31st March, 1918, is given in the following table:—
TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF WAR PENSIONS IN FORCE AT EACH RATE ON 31ST MARCH, 1918.
Rate (nearest £1). | Soldiers (Permanent and upwards of Twelve Months). | Soldiers (Temporary). | Wives and Parents on Account of Disablement. | On Account of Death. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Widows (including Children's Pensions). | Parents and other Dependants. | ||||
£ £ | |||||
301–340 | .. | .. | .. | 6 | .. |
276–300 | .. | .. | .. | 10 | .. |
251–275 | .. | .. | .. | 12 | .. |
241–250 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
231–240 | .. | .. | 1 | 16 | .. |
221–230 | .. | .. | .. | 10 | .. |
211–220 | .. | .. | .. | 8 | .. |
201–210 | .. | 1 | .. | 37 | .. |
191–200 | .. | .. | .. | 19 | .. |
181–190 | .. | .. | 3 | 72 | .. |
171–180 | .. | 1 | .. | 5 | .. |
161–170 | .. | 1 | .. | 37 | .. |
151–160 | 5 | 13 | 11 | 107 | .. |
141–150 | .. | .. | 3 | 11 | .. |
131–140 | 1 | 9 | 20 | 249 | .. |
121–130 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. |
111–120 | .. | 56 | 18 | 34 | 2 |
104–110 | 6 | 2,203 | 33 | 10 | 3 |
96–100 | .. | 3 | 5 | .. | 6 |
90–95 | 8 | 136 | 13 | 2 | 2 |
88 | 5 | .. | .. | 5 | .. |
84 | 2 | 4 | 9 | .. | .. |
83 | 41 | .. | .. | 28 | .. |
81 | .. | .. | 3 | 21 | 2 |
78 | 87 | 1,361 | 94 | 278 | 67 |
72 | 5 | 1 | .. | .. | .. |
71 | 5 | 1 | 3 | .. | .. |
68 | 1 | 1 | 4 | .. | .. |
65 | 56 | 631 | 41 | 3 | 41 |
62 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
58 | 12 | .. | 26 | .. | 7 |
55 | .. | .. | 3 | .. | 1 |
52 | 234 | 2,316 | 137 | 18 | 222 |
48 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 1 |
47 | 11 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
45 | 2 | .. | 19 | .. | 3 |
44 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
42 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 15 |
41 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
40 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 20 |
39 | 147 | 668 | 122 | 16 | 945 |
35 | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. |
34 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
32 | 18 | .. | 34 | .. | 9 |
30 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
26 | 226 | 984 | 187 | 81 | 1,849 |
21 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
20 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 8 |
19 | 14 | 4 | 22 | .. | 26 |
18 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 |
15 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
13 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 1 | 11 |
12 and under | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | 11 |
Totals | 900 | 8,405 | 828 | 1,099 | 3,265 |
The question of providing pensions for the public and semi-public servants of the Dominion on their retirement has received a good deal of attention in recent years. The schemes now in force embrace the State Railways (1903), Public Service (1908) including Police (1899), and Teachers (1906), while the various local bodies are empowered to establish schemes under the Local Authorities Superannuation Act, 1908.
The Public Service Superannuation Act, 1907, now embodied in the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Act, 1908, which with its amendments includes all branches of the Public Service except the Railway Department and so much of the Education Department as is included in Part IX of the Education Act, 1908 (mainly Inspectors and teachers of public schools), came into force on the 1st January, 1908. The scheme, although optional on the part of public servants permanently employed at that date, is compulsory on all persons appointed thereafter.
The principal benefits are—
A pension for every year of service equal to one-sixtieth of the average annual salary for the last three years, payable (a) after forty years' service, or (b) at age sixty-five, or (c) on retirement owing to ill health. The maximum pension is not to exceed two-thirds of the salary, or, in the case of entrants after the 24th December, 1909, £300 per annum.
A pension of £18 per annum to the widow of a contributor or pensioner during widowhood, and £13 per annum for each child under the age of fourteen.
Females may retire after thirty years' service or at the age of fifty-five, while the retiring age may be reduced in certain cases for both males and females. Special pensions may be given in the case of a member of the Police Force for injuries received on duty.
The contributions vary with the ago on joining the fund: For ages under thirty they are 5 per cent. of the salary; ages thirty and under thirty-five, 6 per cent.; thirty-five and under forty, 7 per cent.; forty and under forty-five, 8 per cent.; forty-five and under fifty, 9 per cent.; fifty and over, 10 per cent.
On the 31st December, 1917, there were 13,784 contributors paying £146,039 per annum into the fund. The pensioners at the same date numbered 1,373, and were entitled to £100,389 per annum, made up as follows:—
Number. | Pension. | |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Retired for age or length of service | 640 | 81,658 |
Retired for ill health | 120 | 8,822 |
Police injured on duty | 5 | 530 |
Widows | 295 | 5,310 |
Children | 313 | 4,069 |
1,373 | £100,389 |
The following table contains particulars of the public servants who were contributing to the fund at the end of the year 1917, grouped according to their respective rates of contribution:—
Rate per Cent. of Contribution as provided by the Act. | Number. | Annual Salary. | Annual Contributions. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male. | Female. | Total. | |||
£ | £ | ||||
5 | 8,044 | 1,366 | 9,410 | 1,311,293 | 65,564 |
6 | 1,344 | 163 | 1,507 | 333,395 | 20,004 |
7 | 1,005 | 99 | 1,104 | 262,404 | 18,369 |
8 | 702 | 84 | 786 | 201,389 | 16,111 |
9 | 530 | 36 | 566 | 158,300 | 14,247 |
10 | 395 | 16 | 411 | 117,444 | 11,744 |
Totals | 12,020 | 1,764 | 13,784 | 2,384,225 | 146,039 |
The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st December, 1917, were as follows:—
Revenue. | £ |
---|---|
Amount of fund at beginning of year | 896,568 |
Members' contributions—Under section 29 (ordinary) | 145,942 |
Transfers from other superannuation funds | 290 |
Government contribution | 48,000 |
Interest | 49,378 |
Fines, &c. | 306 |
£1,140,484 | |
Expenditure. | £ |
Retiring-allowances— | |
To members | 85,071 |
To widows and children | 8,579 |
Contributions returned— | |
Under section 46, Amendment Act (left service) | 19,618 |
Under section 42 or 43 (death) | 5,915 |
Under section 32 (ee) | 752 |
Under section 32 (f) | 1,437 |
Under section 38 (retirement) | 759 |
Transfers to other superannuation funds (section 48) | 175 |
Interest paid: Section 2, Amendment Act, 1909 | 44 |
Expenses— | |
Salaries | 919 |
Office expenses | 228 |
Public Trustee's charges | 1,234 |
Election Expenses | 6 |
Post Office charges | 50 |
Medical fees | 74 |
Board members' travelling-expenses | 20 |
Amount of fund at end of year | 1,015,603 |
£1,140,484 |
The assets and liabilities of the fund as at 31st December last are set out in the following statement:—
BALANCE-SHEET AT THE 31ST DECEMBER, 1917. | |
---|---|
Liabilities. | £ |
Fund as per Revenue Account | 1,015,603 |
Retiring and other allowances due, in course of payment— | |
Members | 1,937 |
Widows and children | 190 |
Refunds of contributions due, in course of payment— | |
Under section 46, Amendment Act (left service) | 1,054 |
Under section 42 or 43 (death) | 1,629 |
Transfers to other funds due, in course of payment (section 48) | 4 |
Expenses due, in course of payment— | |
Salaries | 176 |
Office expenses | 6 |
Post Office charges | 50 |
Public Trustee's charges | 495 |
Valuation fees due to Valuation Department | 20 |
Unclaimed Account (contributions, &c.) | 806 |
Contributions paid in advance and in error | 2,418 |
£1,024,388 | |
Assets. | £ |
Amount invested by the Board | 976,404 |
Contributions due, in course of transmission— | |
Under section 29 (ordinary) | 2,500 |
Recoveries due in course of transmission | 90 |
Interest due and accrued | 17,895 |
Bank balance | 23,169 |
Balance in hand of Postal Department | 1,207 |
Balance in hands of Public Trustee | 3,123 |
£1,024,388 |
The Government Actuary, in his report on the actuarial examination of the fund for the first triennium, recommended that the State subsidy be increased from £23,000 to £48,000 per annum during the succeeding triennium. By the amending Act mentioned above parliamentary sanction was given to the increased payment as from the 1st January, 1913. The increase in the subsidy was necessitated through officers retiring, with service for which they had paid no contributions, the basis of the scheme being that the State should pay for these pensions except in so far as they were provided for by the members' contributions.
The Actuary's report on the second triennium, covering the period from the 1st January, 1911, to the 31st December, 1913, sets out the position of the fund at the end of 1913, and gives an estimate of the pensions falling due during 1914, 1915, and 1916. The estimated amounts of the pensions for the three years are set down as £66,664, £74,665, and £83,058 respectively. If the amounts provided by contributions are deducted, the State subsidies required on this basis would be £60,163, £66,286, and £72,516. The Actuary advised that, in addition to the annual subsidy of £48,000 hitherto paid, further subsidies of £12,000, £18,000, and £25,000 would be necessary in 1914, 1915, and 1916, or an average of £18,000 for the three years. The subsidies paid to the fund so far have in reality been old payments in a new guise, taking the place of compensation for loss of office and gratuities; for, while the State's total contribution to the fund for the six years ended the 31st December, 1913, was £156,500, the compensation the pensioners would have been entitled to if they had not accepted pensions was £149,554. This sum is computed only to the date these pensioners joined the fund, whereas if there had been no fund there would have been further compensation from that date to the date of retirement, bringing the sum in excess of the actual subsidy.
The report of the Superannuation Board for the year 1917 shows that up to the end of that year the total amount saved to the Consolidated Fund since the initiation of the superannuation scheme has been £248,402, the State subsidies to the fund aggregating £348,500, or £100,098 in excess of the actual saving referred to, which is reckoned only to the date the contributors joined the fund.
There has also been a great saving in gratuities to widows and children of public servants, for while these amounted to £37,091 for the eight years prior to the establishment of the fund,' for the next succeeding eight years they amounted to only £6,065, or a decrease of over £31,000.
The Police Provident Fund, which was established on the 1st December, 1899, under the Police Provident Act, 1899, was merged in the Public Service Superannuation Fund on the 1st April, 1910, and members of the Police Force contributing at that date now pay the same contributions and receive the same benefits (plus the special allowance if injured on duty) as other members of the Public Service.
The Teachers' Superannuation Act, which was passed by Parliament on the 31st October, 1905, and came into force on the 1st January, 1906, was amended by a supplementary Act on the 29th October, 1906.
Every person who at the date of the coming into operation of the principal Act was permanently employed for not less than twenty hours a week in the Education service had the option of electing within six months to become a contributor to the fund. Those who so elected became “original members,” and, as such, are entitled to special benefits. A person who did not so elect to join the fund at its commencement might, however, be allowed to join it on certain conditions to be imposed by the Superannuation Board. All teachers in public schools and in Native and other schools under the control of the Education Department who were subsequently permanently employed were compelled to become contributors as from date of appointment; other persons in the Education service had the option of becoming contributors.
On the 10th October, 1908, the former Acts were repealed by the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908, Part I, and the benefits were brought into line with those of the Public Service Superannuation Fund; existing contributors, however, were allowed six months in winch to elect to remain subject to the provisions of the former Acts if they so desired. On the 24th December, 1909, this Act was amended, providing among other things for the extension of time allowed in which to make the election referred to above to the 30th June, 1910; the amending Act also fixed a maximum retiring-allowance of £300 per annum in the case of persons who become contributors to the fund after the passing of the Act (24th December, 1909).
The chief difference between the Act of 1908 and the former Acts affected the basis of calculation of the retiring-allowance of a contributor. The retiring-allowance is to be one-sixtieth of the average rate of salary received during the three years next preceding retirement, for each year of service, provided that in no case may the allowance exceed two-thirds of that salary: under the former Acts the basis had been one-sixtieth of the total salary received by the contributor during the period of contributing to the fund (or, in other words, one-sixtieth of his average salary for each year of service during the whole period of contribution), and, in addition, in the case of original members, one one-hundred-and-twentieth of the salary during the years of service between the 1st January, 1878, and the 1st January, 1906, with a further proviso that in no case should an original member receive a retiring-allowance of less than £52 per annum.
By the same Act of 1908 the right to be admitted at a future date was taken away from those persons employed on the 1st January, 1906, as teachers in public schools or under the Education Department, and also from those persons who, being first permanently employed in other branches of the Education service after the 1st January, 1906, had the option of joining within six months after the date of appointment but did not do so. By the Amendment Act of 1912, however, the first-named persons were given a further opportunity of joining the fund. They had to make an election before the 30th June, 1913, if they wished to join, the regulations under the Act providing that contributions had to be paid as from the 1st January, 1906, together with 5 per cent. compound interest thereon.
By the amending Act of 1912 the definition of “Education service” was extended so as to admit of the members of the staffs of universities joining the fund. Any person in the employ of the University of New Zealand, the Auckland University College, Victoria University College, Canterbury College, the University of Otago, or the Canterbury Agricultural College at the date of the passing of the Act (7th November, 1912) had the option of joining, this option to be exercised before the 1st July, 1913. Any person first permanently employed on the staff of any of those institutions after the passing of the Act is compelled to become a contributor. The basis of calculation of the retiring-allowance in the case of persons appointed under the provision in respect of universities differs from that of contributors under the Act of 1908. The retiring-allowance is one-sixtieth of the average rate of salary for the three years next preceding retirement, for each year or part of a year of contribution to the fund, together with a one-hundred-and-twentieth part of such salary for each complete year of service between the 1st January, 1878, and the date of the passing of the Act (7th November, 1912). These allowances are subject to the limitation of a maximum of £300 prescribed by the amending Act of 1909.
With the extension of the benefits to employees of universities, Education service to which the fund applies now includes service in any capacity for not less than 20 hours per week—
Under an Education Board; or
Under the governing body of a secondary school; or
Under the managers of associated classes under Part VII of the Education Act, 1908; or
Under the Education Department in the case of Inspectors of Schools or of Inspectors, managers, or visiting officers of industrial schools, or of teachers of any schools under the control of that Department; or
Under the University of New Zealand, or under the Auckland University College, Victoria College, the University of Otago, Canterbury College, or the Canterbury Agricultural College.
There are a few slight differences between the Public Service and the Teachers' Funds, the chief being that (1) the service of the teachers need not be continuous; (2) no pensions are payable on retirement for ill health unless the service exceeds fifteen years; and (3) in the case of reduction of status owing to age or infirmity, there is no provision that the pension must be computed on the higher salary as in the Public Service Fund.
The Government subsidy to the fund is £17,000 per annum. The total subsidies paid to the fund by the Government amounted on 31st December, 1917, to £118,000.
On the 31st December, 1917, there were 4,792 contributors, the annual contributions amounting to £58,414.
The retiring and other allowances were 634, representing a charge of £47,479 per annum, made up of—
Number. | Amount of Pension. | |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
Retired for age or length of service | 39 | 38,245 |
Retired for ill health | 79 | 6,632 |
Widows | 94 | 1,705 |
Children | 69 | 897 |
634 | £47,479 |
The income and expenditure for the year ended the 31st December, 1917, were as follows:—
Income. | £ |
---|---|
To Balance 31st Dec., 1916 | 381,158 |
Contributions of members | 58,070 |
Government subsidy | 17,000 |
Interest— | |
Ordinary — Public Trustee | 16,745 |
Bonus—Public Trustee | 1,544 |
On arrears of contributions | 210 |
Contributions transferred from other funds | 182 |
£474,909 | |
Expenditure. | £ |
By Retiring and other allowances | 45,122 |
Contributions refunded— | |
On voluntary retirement | 5,185 |
On death of contributor | 2,850 |
On lapse of membership | 884 |
Contributions transferred to other funds | 87 |
Administration expenses— | |
Clerical assistance | 250 |
Commission, G.P.O. | |
per Revenue Account | 147 |
Medical fees | 31 |
Travelling - expenses of Board members | 79 |
Office expenses | 49 |
Balance 31st Dec., 1917 | 420,225 |
£474,909 |
The balance-sleet of the Teachers' Superannuation Fund as at the 31st December, 1917, reads as follows:—
Liabilities. | £ |
---|---|
Fund as per Revenue Account 420,225 Retiring and other allowances due and unpaid | 615 |
Refunds of contributions on death of contributor due and unpaid | 1,120 |
Administration expenses due and unpaid— | |
Clerical assistance | 250 |
Commission, G.P.O. | 146 |
Medical fees | 4 |
Travelling expenses of Board members | 8 |
Office expenses | 1 |
Unclaimed contributions | 611 |
Contributions overpaid and paid in error | 116 |
£423,096 | |
Assets. | £ |
Amount in hands of Public Trustee | 416,007 |
Amount in transit | 1,000 |
Amount in hands of G.P.O. | £4875 |
Less vouchers in course of payment | 4641 |
234 | |
Contributions of members— | |
In transit | 2,538 |
Due and outstanding | 2,452 |
Interest on arrears of contributions accrued and Out standing | 865 |
£423,096 |
The Government Actuary, in his report containing the results of an actuarial examination of the fund for the triennium 1914–16, estimated that the amounts required for pensions during the next three years would be—1917, £47,229; 1918, £52,155; 1919, £57,066. Contributions paid by those benefiting would provide only a small proportion of the cost, leaving the State to contribute balances of £39,954, £43,423, and £46,837 in the respective years. The Actuary reported that, in addition to the annual subsidy of £17,000 at present being paid, further subsidies of £23,000 in 1917, £26,000 in 1918, and £30,000 in 1919 would be required. As in the case of the Public Service scheme, the amount of pension purchased by the contributions is very small, but the proportion to the total is already increasing. Most of the pensions in either scheme are for long periods of service, with, of course, only short periods of contribution.
The Government Railways Superannuation Fund was established on the 1st January, 1903, by the Government Railways Superannuation Fund Act, 1902, now embodied in the Government Railways Act, 1908.
The pension is here also one-sixtieth of the annual rate of pay for every year of service, but the retiring age is sixty for both males and females, instead of ages sixty-five and fifty-five respectively as in the Public Service. The only other differences of importance are that the annual allowances to-widows and children are paid only on the death of contributors before retiring on a pension, and that the pension is computed on the last salary except where the contributor has served in a lower grade within the previous five years, in which case the average for seven years is taken.
The contributions originally were: For ages not exceeding thirty when the first contribution became payable, 3 per cent.; ages thirty and under thirty-five, 4 per cent.; thirty-five and under forty, 5 per cent.; forty and under forty-five, 6 per cent.; forty-five and under fifty, 7 per cent.; fifty and over, 10 per cent.
These contributions are still payable by members who joined the scheme-prior to the 1st January, 1908, but for those who joined subsequently the contributions are the same as are payable under the Public Service scheme.
The number of contributors on the 31st March, 1918, was 11,250, and at that date there were 1,622 persons on the fund, drawing annual allowances amounting to £98,324.
The revenue and expenditure for the year ended the 31st March, 1918, were—
Revenue. | £ |
---|---|
Balance brought forward on 1st April, 1917 | 377,585 |
Members' contributions | 80,792 |
Members' contributions on account of casual service | 458 |
Fines | 345 |
Government contribution | 25,000 |
Interest received (with bonus) | 17,322 |
Donation, H.E. the Governor-General | 10 |
£501,512 | |
Expenditure. | £ |
Retiring-allowances to— | |
Members | 86,461 |
Widows and children | 9,251 |
Payments under section 86 (c) | 308 |
Contributions refunded | 31,848 |
Fines refunded | 3 |
Travelling-expenses of members of Board | 39 |
Contributions transferred to Public Service Superannuation Fund | 201 |
Public Trust Office charges | 303 |
Amount of Fund at close of year | 373,098 |
£501,512 |
The balance-sheet of the fund as at the 31st March, 1918, was—
Liabilities. | £ |
---|---|
Fund as per Revenue Account above | 373,098 |
Life allowances not paid | 1,020 |
Widows' allowances not paid | 73 |
Contributions due to be refunded not paid | 599 |
£374,790 | |
Assets. | £ |
In hands of Public Trustee | 362,702 |
Contributions and fines in transit | 6,461 |
Arrears of contributions due by members in respect to casual service | 5,627 |
£374,790 |
The Local Authorities Superannuation Act, 1908, which came into force on the 10th October, 1908, applies to Borough Councils. County Councils, Town Boards, Road Boards, Harbour Boards, Charitable Aid Boards, tramway companies, or any body possessing rating powers over any district.
The benefits and contributions are the same as in the Public Service Fund. Under the Act of 1908 a contributor's service prior to joining the fund was not counted for pension purposes. By an amendment passed in 1912, however, local authorities were empowered, when establishing superannuation funds, to grant in respect of prior service an additional retiring-allowance not exceeding 1/60 th of the annual salary for each year of such prior service.
So far as can be ascertained, only three local authorities have so far initiated superannuation schemes under the authority of the statute—namely, Wellington Harbour Board, Auckland Harbour Board, and Buller County Council., The subsidies payable by the respective local authorities are as follows:—
Wellington Harbour Board: 65 per cent. of the members' contributions, equivalent to 5 per cent. of the salaries.
Auckland Harbour Board: 60 per cent. of the members' contributions, equivalent to 4 per cent. of the salaries.
Buller County Council: 80 per cent. of the members' contributions, equivalent to 7 per cent. of the salaries.
Payments to the various funds during each of the four years ended 1916 are as follows:—
Payment to Fund by | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local Authority. | Year. | Employees. | Local Authority. | ||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | ||
Wellington Harbour Board | 1913 | 2,450 | 15 | 9 | 1,592 | 19 | 6 |
1914 | 3,623 | 17 | 11 | 2,353 | 11 | 2 | |
1915 | 3,595 | 9 | 9 | 2,337 | 1 | 6 | |
1916 | 3,805 | 8 | 10 | 2,475 | 10 | 5 | |
Auckland Harbour Board | 1913 | 319 | 11 | 9 | 191 | 15 | 0 |
1914 | 694 | 13 | 2 | 416 | 15 | 11 | |
1915 | 713 | 16 | 7 | 428 | 5 | 11 | |
1916 | 707 | 6 | 4 | 424 | 7 | 10 | |
Buller County Council | 1913 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 23 | 2 | 3 |
1914 | 166 | 10 | 5 | 124 | 14 | 2 | |
1915 | 172 | 18 | 4 | 149 | 16 | 9 | |
1916 | 225 | 18 | 5 | 161 | 1 | 5 |
The National Provident Fund was established by Act in 1910, and came into operation on the 1st March, 1911. The fund is administered by a Board composed of the Hon. the Minister of Finance as Chairman and four members appointed by the Governor-General, one of whom is the Superintendent of the fund.
The main object of the scheme is to provide for annuities in old ago, This is supplemented by benefits for the protection of the family from birth to old age.
The system is open to any person between the ages of sixteen and forty-five years residing in New Zealand, and whose average income during the three years prior to joining has not exceeded £250 per annum. There is no medical examination on entry, and the method of joining is extremely simple, the applicant having merely to fill in a form at a postal money-order office or local office of the Fund, and pay a first weekly contribution.
The following benefits are payable:—
After contributing for twelve months, a payment not exceeding £6 for medical attendance and nursing on the birth of a contributor's child or children.
After contributing for five years, an allowance, after three months incapacity to work, of 7s. 6d. per week for each child of a contributor under fourteen years of age. Payable independent of any allowances due from friendly societies. No contributions payable while in receipt of incapacity allowance.
After contributing for five years, an allowance, on the death of a contributor, of 7s. 6d. per week for each child until fourteen years of age, and 7s. 6d. for the widow so long as any child is under fourteen years of age.
On reaching age sixty, a pension of 10s., 20s., 30s., or 40s., per week, according to the scale of contributions. The payment of this pension will not affect any rights under the Old-age Pensions Act.
The maternity allowance is payable only if the combined income of a contributor and wife or husband does not exceed £200 per annum at the time of claim, but this limitation does not debar from the other benefits. The incapacity allowance is not to exceed the pecuniary loss which, in the opinion of the Board, the contributor has probably suffered during incapacity, and the income of a contributor during incapacity, independent of the fund, is not to exceed the rate of £4 per week.
The contributions range from 9d. per week at age sixteen last birthday, 1s. 1d. at age twenty-two, 1s. 4d. at twenty-five, and so on to age forty-five, for the 10s. pension, the rate being two, three, or four times as much if a higher pension is applied for. A contributor may decrease his pension after entry, or he may increase it at any time whilst he is under the ago of forty-five years.
The contributions are payable in weekly sums at any postal money-order office or local office of the Fund; but, as any number of contributions may be paid at one time, contributors have the choice of paying weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, yearly, or at irregular intervals.
In the event of a contributor leaving the fund or dying, all contributions (less any benefits received) are returnable. If a contributor dies before the first five years are completed his representatives receive the contributions he has paid, less anything he received during lifetime. Should he die after age sixty, before receiving in benefits a sum equal to the contributions paid in during his lifetime, the difference is returnable to his representatives; and, further, if the allowances paid for widow and children do not exhaust the contributions, his representatives are entitled to the residue. If a contributor dies before sixty, leaving a widow and no children, all the contributions are returnable, less benefits paid out.
The latitude allowed for arrears is very wide, and covers a period of eighteen months, but after six months a fine equal to one-eighth of the contributions is to be paid.
Moneys payable out of the fund cannot be assigned in any way, nor, on the death of a contributor, be used as assets for purposes of payment of his debts or liabilities.
The benefits under the Act are guaranteed by the State, which subsidizes the contributions to the extent of one-fourth of the amount paid into the fund.
An important extension of the fund was authorized by the amending Act of 1914 whereby the employees of local authorities, &c., could be enrolled in the fund for superannuation purposes.
A further amendment was incorporated in the Finance Act, 1916, whereby approved friendly societies were granted a maternity allowance and offered annuities on reduced terms and under special tables.
The result of the fund's operations up to the end of the seventh year is indicated in the following table:—
At End of— | Number of Contributors. | Annual Rate of Contribution payable. | Amount of Fund. |
---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | ||
1911 | 550 | 3,172 | 1,826 |
1912 | 2,660 | 11,727 | 10,038 |
1913 | 5,791 | 22,719 | 29,327 |
1914 | 6,858 | 26,520 | 53,718 |
1915 | 8,101 | 31,875 | 83,000 |
1916 | 9,847 | 38,664 | 122,361 |
1917 | 12,124 | 56,707 | 176,210 |
A total amount of £14,786 was paid out through the fund for the year ended the 31st December, 1917, in respect of maternity grants, the amount to contributors being £4,054, and to the members of approved friendly societies, £10,732.
The Revenue Account of the fund for the year ended 31st December, 1917, is as follows:—
REVENUE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1917. | |
---|---|
Revenue. | £ |
Amount of fund at beginning of year | 122,361 |
Contributions | 41,817 |
Interest | 5,901 |
Fines | 292 |
Benefits refunded by deduction | 370 |
Government contribution under section 25 | 10,165 |
Refund of maternity claims by the State | 14,786 |
Refunds unclaimed | 721 |
£196,413 | |
Expenditure. | £ |
Maternity claims (section 18) | 4,054 |
Maternity claims (approved friendly societies) | 10,732 |
Refund of contributions on lapse, reduction, and withdrawal | 3,588 |
Death: Refund of contributions | 1,649 |
Allowances | 71 |
Pensions | 109 |
Amount of Fund at end of year | 176,210 |
£196,413 |
The balance-sheet of the fund as at the end of the year 1917 is also given:—
BALANCE-SHEET AS AT 31ST DECEMBER, 1917. | |
---|---|
Liabilities. | £ |
* Included in Revenue Account. | |
Fund as per Revenue Account | 176,210 |
Claims due and in course of payment*— | |
Maternity | 2,343 |
Death | 954 |
Allowances | 10 |
Pensions | 29 |
Refunds in suspense | 3,049 |
Deposits on incomplete applications to join fund | 7 |
Suspense account | 33 |
Contributions prepaid | 2,617 |
£185,252 | |
Assets. | £ |
Invested with Public Trustee | 160,724 |
Balance with Post Office | 491 |
Balances in transit | 527 |
Contributions outstanding or in course of transmission*— | |
(a.) Contributions in course of transmission | 1,394 |
(b.) Contributions due but not overdue | 6,564 |
(c.) Contributions overdue | 1,658 |
Government subsidy due under Act | 10,165 |
Refund due in respect of maternity claims* | 2,420 |
Fines due | 207 |
One-half contributions of members of Expeditionary Forces due by the State* | 1,102 |
£185,252 |
Table of Contents
THE Banking Act, 1908, consolidates the law of New Zealand relating to the general business of banking in the Dominion. The Act provides that the incorporation of banks by Royal Charter shall be as effectual within New Zealand as Acts of the General Assembly. The number of directors is prescribed, and authority given to any bank to increase its capital on a resolution of the shareholders. Transfers of shares on which there is any liability must be approved by the directors or their duly appointed attorney or attorneys. Every bank trading in the Dominion is required to furnish quarterly statements of its business, for publication in the Gazette. A sworn copy of an entry in the books of a bank shall in all legal proceedings be evidence of such entry, and a bank is not required in any legal proceedings to which it is not a party to produce its books before a Court, unless ordered by a Judge for special cause. Provision is made for bank holidays, and for the destruction of cheques, drafts, bills of exchange, or promissory notes after the expiration of ten years from the date or due date of such documents.
Part II of the Bills of Exchange Act, 1908, consolidates the law relating to cheques on a bank.
The Companies Act, 1908, with the exception of Part IX (re companies incorporated outside New Zealand), and also of the provisions relating to branch registers, does not apply to banking companies formed within and operating only within the Dominion.
There are six banks of issue trading in New Zealand, two of these institutions, the Bank of New Zealand and the National Bank of New Zealand, being incorporated by special Acts of the General Assembly of the Dominion. The Bank of New Zealand has branches in London, Australia, Fiji, and Samoa, while its branches and agencies within the Dominion number 196. The other five banks have between them 216 establishments within the Dominion, making a total of 412, or an average of one bank to every 2,664 inhabitants, excluding Maoris.
The paid-up capital of the above banks, their reserve funds, and the rate and amount of their last dividend as on the 31st December, 1917, were as follows:—
Bank. | Paid-up Capital. | Rate per Cent. per Annum of Last Dividend and Bonus. | Amount of Last Half-yearly Dividend and Bonus. | Reserve Fund. |
---|---|---|---|---|
* Dividend for full year. | ||||
Bank of New Zealand— | £ | Per Cent. | £ | £ |
4-per-cent. stock guaranteed by New Zealand Government | 529,988 | .. | .. | .. |
“A” preference shares issued to the Crown (Act of 1903) | 500,000 | 10 | 237,500* | 2,246,595 |
“B” preference shares issued to the Crown (Act of 1913) | 250,000 | 15 | ||
Ordinary shares | 1,000,000 | 12 and bonus of 3 per cent. | ||
Union Bank of Australia (Limited) | 2,000,000 | 10 and bonus of 2 per cent. for half-year | 140,000 | 2,193,133 |
Bank of New South Wales | 3,904,860 | 10 | 195,243 | 2,875,000 |
Bank of Australasia | 2,000,000 | 14 and bonus of 12s. per share | 170,000 | 2,997,850 |
National Bank of New Zealand (Limited) | 750,000 | 12 per cent. per annum for half-year, and bonus of 1 per cent. | 52,500 | 814,254 |
Commercial Bank of Australia (Limited)— | ||||
Ordinary | 95,659 | .. | .. | .. |
Preference | 2,117,350 | 4 (preference only) | 42,347 | 9,406 |
The development of banking in New Zealand since the year 1857 has been very great. Taking for each year the average of the four quarters' returns made up by the banks of issue, the figures for 1857, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, and each of the past five years are,—
Year. | Deposits. | Advances. | Assets. | Liabilities. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1857 | 343,316 | .. | 419,860 | 432,494 |
1870 | 3,127,769 | 4,547,217 | 6,315,354 | 3,819,670 |
1880 | 8,538,935 | 11,300,404 | 14,220,275 | 9,550,177 |
1890 | 12,368,610 | 14,096,446 | 17,735,259 | 13,356,598 |
1900 | 15,570,610 | 12,084,744 | 17,314,535 | 16,964,582 |
1910 | 24,968,761 | 19,772,656 | 26,398,927 | 26,742,081 |
1913 | 25,733,187 | 24,005,038 | 30,708,932 | 27,591,099 |
1914 | 27,640,507 | 25,222,127 | 32,502,312 | 29,808,349 |
1915 | 31,433,653 | 24,590,171 | 33,209,484 | 34,448,272 |
1916 | 37,757,917 | 26,989,644 | 37,015,486 | 41,977,619 |
1917 | 42,930,713 | 33,808,309 | 44,979,615 | 48,541,961 |
In 1880 the deposits of these banks were £18 per head of the mean population; in 1890, £19.92; in 1900, £20.39; in 1910, £25.15; and in 1911, £26.37. In 1912, however, the average fell to £24.66, and in 1913 (the strike year) a further fall is recorded, the rate per head being £24.08. The years 1914 and 1915 show a recovery, the rates being £25.35 and £28.59 respectively, while for 1916 the rate has jumped to £34.34. In 1917 it rose to the high level of £39.06. The ratio of advances to deposits, which was 132.34 per cent. in 1880, reached its maximum in 1883, when it stood at 173.35 per cent. The proportion since that year fell, till in 1903 it was only 75.96 per cent. The 1916 rate (71.48) was the lowest ever recorded. The rate for 1917 (78.75), though still very low, shows a substantial increase on the figure for 1916.
In 1886 the average amount of advances made by the banks was £15,853,420, equal to £27.23 per head of the mean population. The advances gradually declined in amount and proportion to population until 1891, when they were in value £11,549,145, or £18.34 per head. In 1897 advances stood at £10,892,111, or £15.09 per head, which is the lowest average since the year 1872. There was then a continuous rise both in amounts of advances and in rates per head of population until 1908, for which year the figures were £22,495,576, or £23.80 per head. After 1908 the amounts fluctuated, but the tendency was still to rise. The total amount for 1917 (£33,808,309) is by far the highest yet reached. The rate per head for 1917 (£30.76) also constitutes a record, the next highest rate being that of 1878 (£30.53). The largest amount of discounts in any year was £6,061,959 in 1879, a rate of £13.53 per head. In the previous year had occurred the highest rate—£14.22 per head. From 1879 there was a fall, year by year, until 1896, when the sum was £1,756,791, or £2.49 per head, since when the ratio has fluctuated between £2.45 and £1.29 per head, the last nine years showing the lowest figures, the rate per head being less than £2 in each of those years. Both amount and rate for 1917 are lower than in any previous year. This inflation of deposits and advances during recent years is, of course, a direct result of war conditions.
The liabilities of the banks of issue for the last ten years are shown in the table following, the figures given referring to New Zealand business only. The liabilities shown represent the average of the four quarters of the year, with the exception that in the figures for 1912 only the last quarter is taken in respect of the Commercial Bank of Australia, as this institution did not commence operations in the Dominion until fairly late in that year.
Year. | Notes in Circulation. | Bills in Circulation. | Balances due to other Banks. | Deposits. | Total Liabilities. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1908 | 1,615,109 | 93,300 | 81,741 | 21,821,753 | 23,611,903 |
1909 | 1,577,558 | 93,582 | 60,565 | 21,996,621 | 23,728,326 |
1910 | 1,626,094 | 93,603 | 53,622 | 24,968,761 | 26,742,080 |
1911 | 1,677,842 | 113,582 | 69,257 | 26,765,122 | 28,625,803 |
1912 | 1,714,667 | 111,877 | 59,721 | 25,622,083 | 27,508,348 |
1913 | 1,674,333 | 108,518 | 75,061 | 25,733,187 | 27,591,099 |
1914 | 1,998,386 | 96,012 | 73,444 | 27,640,507 | 29,808,349 |
1915 | 2,846,277 | 105,759 | 62,580 | 31,433,653 | 34,448,272 |
1916 | 4,049,527 | 96,468 | 73,707 | 37,757,917 | 41,977,619 |
1917 | 5,410,957 | 105,895 | 94,396 | 42,930,713 | 48,541,961 |
The average assets, as shown below, for the periods corresponding to those above include Colonial Government securities, which in 1917 amounted to £4,960,560.
Year. | Coin and Bullion. | Notes and Bills discounted. | Debts due, exclusive of Bad Debts. | All other Assets. | Total Assets. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1908 | 4,840,942 | 2,235,209 | 18,937,599 | 3,084,817 | 29,098,567 |
1909 | 4,947,096 | 1,928,178 | 17,149,854 | 2,912,137 | 26,937,265 |
1910 | 5,035,764 | 1,741,984 | 16,698,015 | 2,923,164 | 26,398,927 |
1911 | 5,195,333 | 1,792,261 | 19,467,467 | 2,978,553 | 29,433,614 |
1912 | 5,338,295 | 1,847,016 | 21,062,101 | 2,948,988 | 31,196,400 |
1913 | 5,204,266 | 1,951,665 | 20,950,633 | 2,602,368 | 30,708,932 |
1914 | 5,712,751 | 1,843,217 | 22,407,029 | 2,539,315 | 32,502,312 |
1915 | 6,781,006 | 1,471,808 | 22,167,162 | 2,789,506 | 33,209,483 |
1916 | 7,393,917 | 1,484,356 | 23,427,562 | 4,709,651 | 37,015,486 |
1917 | 8,072,279 | 1,414,585 | 27,433,164 | 8,059,587 | 44,979,615 |
The total amount of deposits, the amount per head of population, the total advances, and the ratio of advances to deposits, caking the average of the four quarters for each of the past ten years, are as follows: —
Year. | Deposits. | Advances. | ||||
Total Amount. | Per Head of Population. | Total Amount. | Ratio to Deposits. | |||
£ | £ | s. | d. | £ | Per Cent. | |
1908 | 21,821,753 | 23 | 1 | 10 | 22,495,576 | 103.08 |
1909 | 21,996,621 | 22 | 10 | 2 | 20,386,367 | 92.68 |
1910 | 24,968,761 | 25 | 3 | 0 | 19,772,656 | 79.19 |
1911 | 26,765,122 | 26 | 7 | 5 | 22,601,863 | 84.45 |
1912 | 25,622,083 | 24 | 13 | 2 | 24,268,634 | 94.72 |
1913 | 25,733,187 | 24 | 1 | 7 | 24,005,038 | 93.28 |
1914 | 27,640,507 | 25 | 7 | 0 | 25,222,127 | 91.25 |
1915 | 31,433,653 | 25 | 11 | 10 | 24,590,171 | 78.23 |
1916 | 37,757,917 | 34 | 6 | 10 | 26,989,644 | 71.48 |
1917 | 42,930,713 | 39 | 1 | 2 | 33,808,309 | 78.75 |
Deposits per head of population in banks of issue in each of the Australian States during the past five years are shown. Figures for New Zealand are also given by way of comparison.
DEPOSITS PER HEAD IN BANKS OF ISSUE IN AUSTRALASIA, 1913–17. | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | ||||||||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
Queensland | 33 | 1 | 3 | 36 | 14 | 11 | 39 | 16 | 2 | 37 | 9 | 1 | 42 | 17 | 8 |
New South Wales | 31 | 14 | 9 | 34 | 18 | 10 | 36 | 8 | 10 | 42 | 19 | 0 | 44 | 19 | 7 |
Victoria | 34 | 6 | 10 | 37 | 5 | 4 | 37 | 18 | 6 | 42 | 0 | 6 | 46 | 10 | 3 |
South Australia | 27 | 1 | 8 | 28 | 17 | 2 | 26 | 19 | 0 | 31 | 6 | 3 | 36 | 15 | 8 |
Western Australia | 20 | 6 | 11 | 22 | 12 | 6 | 23 | 7 | 2 | 25 | 11 | 8 | 27 | 12 | 2 |
Tasmania | 26 | 15 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 12 | 5 | 30 | 9 | 7 | 30 | 15 | 2 |
Northern Territory | 26 | 17 | 10 | 36 | 7 | 8 | 41 | 9 | 1 | 45 | 10 | 9 | 64 | 7 | 1 |
Total Commonwealth | 31 | 6 | 1 | 34 | 4 | 7 | 35 | 6 | 8 | 39 | 5 | 5 | 42 | 14 | 3 |
New Zealand | 24 | 1 | 7 | 25 | 7 | 0 | 25 | 11 | 10 | 34 | 6 | 10 | 39 | 1 | 2 |
The graphs in the following diagram show the amounts of liabilities, assets, and deposits of banks of issue in New Zealand each year from 1857 to 1917:—
The Banking Act, 1908, deals with the issue of notes generally. The Governor-General may empower any bank to issue and circulate notes, subject to the provisions and restrictions contained in the charter or letters patent under which such bank is incorporated; all such notes to be payable in gold only at the office of the bank at the place of issue, and to be a first charge on all assets of the bank.
The private Acts of the Bank of New Zealand and the National Bank of New Zealand (Limited) contain the following clause: “That the total amount of promissory notes payable on demand, issued and in circulation within the Dominion, shall not at any time exceed the amount of coin, bullion, and public securities which shall for the time being be held by the same corporation within the Dominion; nor shall the proportion of coin be less than one-third part of the amount of the coin, bullion, and public securities so hold by the said corporation within the Dominion.”
On the 5th August, 1914, an amendment to the Banking Act was passed empowering the Governor-General in Council, from time to time, to make a Proclamation declaring “that the notes payable on demand by any bank therein named, and then issued or thereafter to be issued or reissued within New Zealand under any lawful authority in that behalf, shall during the period limited by the Proclamation be everywhere within New Zealand a good and legal tender of money to the amount therein expressed to be payable.” Conditions governing the issue of such Proclamation are laid down, and the bank may be required to give adequate security that it will redeem the notes in gold on the expiration of the period covered by the Proclamation. Provision is also made for payment by the State Treasury in case of default by the bank. During the period any such Proclamation is in force, gold must not be exported except with the consent of the Minister of Finance, and any gold exported or attempted to be exported in breach of this provision is to be forfeited.
Immediately on the passing of the amendment referred to, Great Britain being then at war with Germany, a Proclamation was gazetted declaring notes of all six banks of issue doing business in New Zealand to be legal tender from the 6th August to the 6th September, 1914. Further extensions for short periods were made from time to time until the end of 1917, when the notes of the six banks were declared legal tender until the 31st December, 1922
In connection with the Post Office in New Zealand a savings-bank is conducted. The minimum deposit receivable, except in certain specified cases, is 1s., and no interest is given on any sum less than £1 or in excess of £1,000. Prior to the 1st January, 1914, the maximum amount on which interest was payable was £600. Interest on sums up to £300 must not exceed 5 per cent. per annum, and on sums between £300 and £1,000 4 per cent. is the maximum allowable.
The number of post-offices open for the transaction of savings-bank business at the end of 1917 was 791.
There were 82,200 new accounts opened in 1917, and 53,921 accounts were closed during the year. The total number of open accounts at the end of 1917 was 566,351, or one in every 1.94 of the population, excluding Maoris.
The deposits received during the year amounted to £17,106,529, and the withdrawals to £14,461,169, the excess of deposits over withdrawals having thus been £2,645,360. The total sum standing at credit of all accounts on the 31st December, 1917, was £29,196,390, which gave an average of £51 11s. to the credit of each open account. Information for each of the past ten years is given below.
POST OFFICE SAVINGS-BANK. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Number of Depositors at End of Year. | Total Amount of Deposits during Year. | Total Amount of Withdrawals during Year. | Excess of Deposits over Withdrawals. | Total Amount to Credit of Depositors at End of Year. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | ||
1908 | 342,077 | 9,674,075 | 9,417,820 | 256,255 | 12,159,294 |
1909 | 359,714 | 9,611,120 | 9,499,320 | 111,800 | 12,666,898 |
1910 | 380,585 | 10,708,939 | 9,695,515 | 1,013,424 | 14,104,990 |
1911 | 405,566 | 11,627,368 | 10,662,046 | 965,322 | 15,543,187 |
1912 | 432,199 | 11,725,183 | 11,449,711 | 275,472 | 16,330,257 |
1913 | 458,594 | 11,286,702 | 11,041,454 | 245,248 | 17,131,414 |
1914 | 483,262 | 11,904,323 | 10,603,018 | 1,301,305 | 19,048,029 |
1915 | 509,085 | 13,706,057 | 11,294,974 | 2,411,083 | 22,166,338 |
1916 | 538,072 | 15,576,408 | 12,957,420 | 2,618,988 | 25,603,209 |
1917 | 566,351 | 17,106,529 | 14,461,169 | 2,645,360 | 29,196,390 |
The Post Office Savings-bank commenced operations on the 1st February, 1867, and the progress of the establishment since that date is shown on the next page in graphical representation, the curves representing number of open accounts, total amount to credit, and average amount to credit respectively.
This diagram shows clearly the large increase in the business of the Post Office Savings-bank during recent years.
During the past thirty years (since 1887) the total amount standing to the credit of depositors at the end of each year has in no case shown a decrease, while the total increase over that period in the amount standing to credit of depositors is no less than £27,383,305—from £1,813,085 in 1887 to £29,196,390 in 1917.
Another pleasing feature of the diagram is the substantial and fairly steady increase in the average amount standing to the credit of each depositor.
The number of open accounts (as on the 31st December) for five years, classified according to amounts at credit, is as follows:—
Amount. | 1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not exceeding £20 | 329,669 | 347,464 | 356,968 | 369,769 | 382,689 |
Exceeding £20 and up to £50 | 47,387 | 47,722 | 55,186 | 57,216 | 59,680 |
Exceeding £50 and up to £100 | 31,196 | 33,354 | 36,047 | 39,715 | 43,392 |
Exceeding £100 and up to £200 | 26,109 | 27,499 | 29,759 | 34,498 | 39,813 |
Exceeding £200 and up to £300 | 11,406 | 12,011 | 13,555 | 15,443 | 17,243 |
Exceeding £300 and up to £400 | 5,989 | 6,707 | 7,346 | 8,690 | 9,330 |
Exceeding £400 and up to £500 | 3,107 | 3,534 | 3,891 | 4,775 | 5,152 |
Exceeding £500 and up to £600 | 1,986 | 2,239 | 2,638 | 3,149 | 3,628 |
Exceeding £600 | 1,745 | 2,732 | 3,695 | 4,817 | 5,424 |
Totals | 458,594 | 483,262 | 509,085 | 538,072 | 566,351 |
Accounts above the £600 mark in 1917 included 2,163 between £600 and £700, 1,042 between £700 and £800, 724 between £800 and £900, 560 between £900 and £1,000, and 935 over £1,000.
The securities standing in the name of the Postmaster-General on account of the Post Office Savings-bank Fund on the 31st December, 1917, represented a nominal value of £28,489,412. Most of this fund is invested in securities of the New Zealand General Government. A summary of the investments is as follows:—
£ | s. | d. | |
---|---|---|---|
In New Zealand Government securities | 27,395,863 | 11 | 1 |
In local bodies' securities | 1,022,150 | 0 | 0 |
In other securities | 71,398 | 4 | 9 |
Total | £28,489,411 | 15 | 10 |
There are five savings-banks not connected with the Post Office. The total amount deposited in them during the year ended the 31st March, 1918, was £1,764,723, of which the deposits by Maoris comprised £351. The withdrawals reached the sum of £1,551,836, or £212,887 less than the deposits. The total amount to the credit of the depositors at the 31st March, 1918, was £2,720,709, of which sum £476 belonged to Maoris. Figures for ten years are as follows:—
PRIVATE SAVINGS-BANKS, 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Number of Depositors at End of Year. | Total Amount of Deposits during Year. | Total Amount of Withdrawals during Year. | Excess of Deposits over Withdrawals. | Total Amount to Credit of Depositors at End of Year. |
* Fifteen months ended 31st March following. † Twelve months ended 31st March following. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | ||
1908 | 46,868 | 1,124,510 | 1,121,285 | 3,225 | 1,352,972 |
1909 | 49,056 | 1,168,735 | 1,169,654 | −919 | 1,398,512 |
1910 | 51,534 | 1,338,336 | 1,269,973 | 68,363 | 1,515,525 |
1911 | 54,036 | 1,420,321 | 1,337,586 | 82,735 | 1,651,275 |
1912* | 71,728 | 1,824,606 | 1,833,390 | −8,784 | 1,713,283 |
1913† | 74,120 | 1,478,309 | 1,461,510 | 16,799 | 1,792,108 |
1914† | 75,941 | 1,358,876 | 1,340,760 | 18,116 | 1,876,725 |
1915† | 78,024 | 1,449,938 | 1,327,364 | 122,574 | 2,072,602 |
1916† | 81,900 | 1,631,065 | 1,374,114 | 256,951 | 2,412,465 |
1917† | 85,191 | 1,764,723 | 1,551,836 | 212,887 | 2,720,709 |
The minus sign (-) represents excess of withdrawals over deposits. |
The deposits in the savings-banks of the Commonwealth on the 31st March, 1917, and of New Zealand on the 31st December, 1916 (Post Office), and on the 31st March, 1917 (private), are shown in the table following. The Australian figures are taken from the Quarterly Summary of Australian Statistics issued by the Commonwealth Statistician. In calculating the deposits per head of population in New Zealand Maoris were omitted from the population, although the total amount on deposit includes deposits by them. The amount deposited by Maoris is very small in proportion to the number of Maoris in the Dominion. Their inclusion would lower the rate per head to £24 7s. 1d.
State. | Number of Depositors. | Amount on Deposit at End of Year. | Average Amount per Depositor at End of Year. | Deposits to Credit per Head of population. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | ||
New South Wales | 855,949 | 38,359,483 | 44 | 16 | 5 | 20 | 12 | 9 |
Victoria | 856,566 | 29,457,857 | 34 | 7 | 10 | 21 | 1 | 0 |
Queensland | 273,663 | 13,833,590 | 50 | 11 | 0 | 20 | 13 | 3 |
South Australia | 312,646 | 10,460,992 | 33 | 9 | 3 | 24 | 4 | 7 |
Western Australia | 163,615 | 5,480,872 | 33 | 10 | 0 | 17 | 15 | 0 |
Tasmania | 89,620 | 2,620,098 | 29 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 2 | 3 |
Total, Commonwealth | 2,552,059 | 100,212,892 | 39 | 5 | 5 | 20 | 11 | 1 |
New Zealand | 619,972 | 28,015,674 | 45 | 3 | 9 | 25 | 9 | 1 |
If the total deposits in the banks of issue at the end of the year be assumed to be equal to the average deposits for the four quarters of the year, then it may be affirmed that, exclusive of Government moneys, the deposits in the said banks of issue and in the two classes of savings-banks amounted at the end of 1917 to £66,801,817, representing an average of £60 17s. 2d. per head of population, or, including Maoris, £58 4s. 5d. per head. In addition, there are the deposits with the building societies, referred to further on in this book, and it is known that there were also deposits with financial companies of which no particulars have been collected.
Table of Contents
AT the close of the year 1917 the following life-assurance offices were represented in New Zealand:—
The Australian Temperance and General Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited).
The Australian Mutual Provident Society.
The Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited).
The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States.
The Mutual Life and Citizens' Assurance Company (Limited).
The National Mutual Life Association of Australasia (Limited).
The New York Life Insurance Company.
The Norwich Union Life Insurance Company.
The Provident Life Assurance Company.
The Yorkshire Insurance Company.
The Life Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government.
The New Zealand Government and the Provident are the only purely New Zealand institutions, five of the societies having their head offices in Australia, two in England, and two in the United States of America.
The Provident Life Assurance Company and four of the Australian offices transact both ordinary life and industrial business. Several of the companies, including the New Zealand Government Office, have branches for assurance against accident.
The following table shows the total ordinary life-assurance business in force in the Dominion at the end of each of the ten years from 1908 to 1917:—
ORDINARY LIFE ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS, 1908–17. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Number of Policies in Force, including Annuities. | Amount insured. | Annuities per Annum. | Annual Premium Income, including Annuities. |
£ | £ | £ | ||
1908 | 127,721 | 31,447,101 | 32,759 | 1,005,984 |
1909 | 133,558 | 32,629,734 | 34,369 | 1,040,303 |
1910 | 137,514 | 33,816,736 | 34,686 | 1,073,010 |
1911 | 143,652 | 35,323,742 | 37,009 | 1,116,772 |
1912 | 150,079 | 37,162,918 | 45,975 | 1,164,699 |
1913 | 153,654 | 38,566,688 | 44,636 | 1,199,047 |
1914 | 156,218 | 39,654,784 | 46,939 | 1,229,398 |
1915 | 160,568 | 40,967,147 | 39,112 | 1,274,667 |
1916 | 164,245 | 42,153,414 | 38,279 | 1,330,855 |
1917 | 164,145 | 42,885,433 | 37,856 | 1,372,278 |
Similar information to the above is given respecting the industrial business of the companies operating in New Zealand.
INDUSTRIAL ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS, 1908–17. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Number of Policies in Force, including Annuities. | Amount insured. | Annuities per Annum. | Annual Premium Income, including Annuities. |
£ | £ | £ | ||
1908 | 49,435 | 1,188,920 | 888 | 69,822 |
1909 | 56,269 | 1,366,985 | .. | 81,999 |
1910 | 64,119 | 1,608,793 | 16 | 96,394 |
1911 | 72,194 | 1,887,111 | 16 | 113,421 |
1912 | 80,419 | 2,158,273 | .. | 130,691 |
1913 | 87,603 | 2,422,161 | .. | 148,928 |
1914 | 93,488 | 2,598,905 | .. | 163,164 |
1915 | 99,740 | 2,811,255 | .. | 181,533 |
1916 | 109,667 | 3,180,011 | .. | 206,495 |
1917 | 118,823 | 3,532,075 | .. | 233,620 |
The number of ordinary life policies in force in 1907 was 122,924, so that the increase in number during the ten years was 33.53 per cent., while in the industrial business the number of policies increased by 170.74 per cent. in the period, the number in force in 1907 having been 43,889. Taking both classes of life assurance together, the policies increased in number by 69.63 per cent. in the decennium, as compared with an increase in the total population of 18.09 per cent. during the same period. A statement of the income and outgo of all the companies operating in the Dominion, so far as ordinary business only is concerned, further illustrates the large increase in the business for the ten years.
ORDINARY LIFE ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS.—INCOME AND OUTGO. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Receipts and Expenditure | Expenses of Management. | ||||
Total Receipts, excluding Transfers. | Total Expenditure, excluding Transfers. | Excess of Receipts. | Total. | Proportion to Premium Receipts. | Proportion to Total Receipts. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
1908 | 1,488,975 | 933,066 | 555,909 | 167,188 | 16.77 | 11.23 |
1909 | 1,556,282 | 970,808 | 585,474 | 172,325 | 16.83 | 11.07 |
1910 | 1,717,820 | 961,198 | 756,622 | 166,367 | 15.78 | 9.68 |
1911 | 1,679,576 | 1,100,297 | 579,279 | 177,078 | 16.06 | 10.54 |
1912 | 1,756,183 | 1,127,743 | 628,440 | 184,108 | 15.90 | 10.48 |
1913 | 1,794,353 | 1,101,013 | 693,340 | 182,666 | 15.41 | 10.18 |
1914 | 1,911,446 | 1,311,661 | 599,785 | 179,261 | 14.80 | 9.38 |
1915 | 1,922,485 | 1,397,434 | 525,051 | 176,715 | 14.05 | 9.19 |
1916 | 2,016,607 | 1,558,320 | 458,287 | 174,683 | 13.20 | 8.66 |
1917 | 2,091,512 | 1,804,647 | 286,865 | 173,407 | 12.63 | 8.29 |
The general expense rate, which in 1910 fell for the first time below 10 per cent., shows throughout the ten years the general decrease which might be expected to accompany the growing volume of the business; and in the premium-expense rate there is even a more marked decline, the rate having decreased from 16.84 per cent. in 1907 to 12.63 per cent. in 1917. Results under similar headings are given in the next table for industrial assurance:—
INDUSTRIAL ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS.—INCOME AND OUTGO. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Receipts and Expenditure. | Expenses of Management. | ||||
Total Receipts, excluding Transfers. | Total Expenditure, excluding Transfers. | Excess of Receipts. | Total. | Proportion to Premium Receipts. | Proportion to Total Receipts. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
1908 | 77,894 | 46,734 | 31,160 | 34,455 | 56.28 | 44.23 |
1909 | 76,763 | 55,185 | 21,578 | 40,121 | 55.57 | 52.26 |
1910 | 93,971 | 60,871 | 33,100 | 43,554 | 51.62 | 46.35 |
1911 | 107,238 | 70,224 | 37,014 | 52,508 | 51.88 | 48.96 |
1912 | 126,897 | 79,505 | 47,392 | 59,357 | 49.42 | 46.78 |
1913 | 145,283 | 103,587 | 41,696 | 62,277 | 45.22 | 4287 |
1914 | 158,974 | 94,553 | 64,421 | 65,513 | 43.05 | 41.21 |
1915 | 177,319 | 93,973 | 83,346 | 66,041 | 39.22 | 37.24 |
1916 | 200,903 | 109,452 | 91,451 | 71,778 | 37.79 | 35.72 |
1917 | 232,895 | 128,468 | 104,427 | 77,921 | 35.49 | 33.46 |
This class of business has only recently attained any magnitude in the Dominion. The expense rate is exceedingly high, as is common with industrial assurance.
The New Zealand liabilities of all the institutions in respect of their ordinary life business at the end of 1917 were as follows:—
£ | |
---|---|
Life assurance and annuity funds | 14,599,838 |
Depreciation, reserve, and other special funds | 313,379 |
Other liabilities | 548,067 |
Total | £15,461,284 |
At the same date the liabilities of the industrial branch of the Provident Life Assurance Company and the Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society were,—
£ | |
---|---|
Capital | 21,000 |
Funds | 138,262 |
Other liabilities | 5,611 |
Total | £164,873 |
The three other companies transacting both ordinary life and industrial assurance business did not show separate returns for their industrial branches.
The assets balance the liabilities in every case, and are stated as follows:—
Ordinary Assurance. | Industrial Assurance * | |
---|---|---|
* Two companies only; figures for other companies included under “ordinary assurance.” | ||
£ | £ | |
Mortgages on property | 7,460,749 | 22,911 |
Loans on policies | 2,165,467 | 1,951 |
Government securities | 2,695,037 | 10,517 |
Other investments | 1,415,841 | 68,435 |
Cash | 254,272 | 4,586 |
Other assets | 1,469,918 | 56,473 |
Totals | £15,461,284 | £164,873 |
The Life Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government had at the end of 1917 policies in force to the number of 53,058, including 402 annuities. The total sum assured is £12,884,531, to which should be added reversionary bonuses amounting to £1,304,243, making the total business £14,188,774. The policies in force represent an annual premium income of £387,312.
The total income for 1917 was £645,277, of which £383,727 was premium income, £11,224 annuity purchase-money, and £250,326 interest (less land and income tax).
During the year 984 policies became claims by the deaths of policyholders, the amounts payable totalling £263,773; and 644 policies matured for £159,605. The total sum which has been paid in respect of claims by death and survival since the foundation of the Department forty-eight years ago has amounted to £6,539,580.
The total assurance, annuity, and endowment funds, apart from a special investment reserve of £288,825, now stand at £5,199,320.
On the 31st December, 1917, the total assets amounted to £5,602,871, and were invested as shown in the following statement, which also gives the distribution of the assets at the end of the previous year for purposes of comparison:—
Class of Investment. | At 31st December, 1916. | At 31st December, 1917. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Amount. | Percentage of Total Assets. | Amount. | Percentage of Total Assets. | |
£ | £ | |||
Mortgages on freehold property | 3,227,796 | 58.9 | 3,141,294 | 56.1 |
Loans on policies | 809,533 | 14.8 | 780,976 | 13.9 |
Government securities | 855,900 | 15.6 | 1,055,900 | 18.9 |
Local bodies' debentures | 210,487 | 3.8 | 209,277 | 3.7 |
Landed and house property | 134,930 | 2.5 | 134,898 | 2.4 |
Miscellaneous assets | 131,882 | 2.4 | 130,064 | 2.3 |
Cash in hand and on current account | 111,204 | 2.0 | 150,462 | 2.7 |
Totals | 5,481,732 | 100.0 | 5,602,871 | 100.0 |
A detailed statement of the liabilities and assets as at the 31st December, 1917, is also given.
BALANCE-SHEET OF THE GOVERNMENT LIFE INSURANCE DEPARTMENT ON THE 31ST DECEMBER, 1917. | |
---|---|
Liabilities. | £ |
Total Assurance, Annuity, and Endowment Funds (as per Revenue Account) | 5,199,320 |
Claims admitted (proofs not yet completed) | 110,590 |
Annuities | 181 |
Commission | 12 |
Medical fees | 216 |
Premium and other deposits | 2,848 |
Fire-insurance moneys in suspense | 600 |
Sundry accounts owing | 279 |
Investment Fluctuation Deserve | 288,825 |
£5,602,871 | |
Assets. | £ |
Loans on policies | 780,976 |
Government securities— £ | |
Consolidated stock | 625,900 |
Debentures issued under the District Railways Purchasing Act 1885 Extension and Amendment Act, 1886 | 40,000 |
Debentures issued under the authority of the Finance Act, 1915 | 40,000 |
War bonds issued under the authority of the Finance Act, 1916 | 200,000 |
Inscribed stock authorized under the War Purposes Loan Act, 1917 | 150,000 |
1,055,900 | |
Municipal Corporation debentures | 117,289 |
County securities | 9,127 |
Harbour Board debentures | 36,900 |
Town Board debentures | 25,450 |
Road Board debentures | 18,500 |
Drainage Board debentures | 2,061 |
Landed and house property | 133,121 |
Landed and house property (lease hold) | 1,776 |
Mortgages on property | 3,141,294 |
Properties acquired by foreclosure | 3,223 |
Overdue premiums on policies in force | 4,977 |
Outstanding premiums due but not overdue | 37,814 |
42,791 | |
Overdue interest | 2,303 |
Outstanding interest due | |
but not overdue | 8,591 |
Interest accrued but not due | 69,827 |
80,721 | |
Agents' balances | 3,330 |
Cash in hand and on current account | 150,462 |
£5,602,871 |
The triennial valuation of the liabilities was again made as at the 31st December, 1914. After adding a further sum of £99,704 to the Investment Fluctuation Reserve, there remained a surplus of £216,712, of which £205,291 was divided among the policyholders by way of bonus, and the balance of £11,421 carried forward. As on former occasions, the surplus divided was allotted as a compound reversionary bonus on the sum assured and bonuses in force, thus giving bonuses increasing with the duration of the policies to those policyholders who had not surrendered their previous bonuses. The bonuses' allotted range from 20s. to 34s. per cent. per annum on the sum assured.
The cash surplus divided, £205,291, represents additions to the policies payable at death or on maturity of £322,090. Since the inception of the Department in 1870, £2,016,676 in cash has been distributed by way of bonus, the corresponding addition to the sums assured being £3,568,310.
The progress of the Department during the last three years, when compared with the four previous trienniums in respect of total business in force, is as follows: —
Triennium. | Number of Policies. | Sums assured. | Reversionary Bonuses. | Annual Premiums. |
---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | ||
1903–05 | 45,137 | 10,468,316 | 954,751 | 319,221 |
1906–08 | 47,033 | 10,955,749 | 1,068,950 | 331,830 |
1909–11 | 49,376 | 11,514,657 | 1,168,620 | 348,285 |
1912–14 | 52,273 | 12,550,465 | 1,246,610 | 370,882 |
1915–17 | 53,058 | 12,884,531 | 1,304,243 | 387,377 |
The new business undertaken during the same periods also shows an increase in each succeeding triennium.
NEW BUSINESS OF TRIENNIUM. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Triennium. | Number of Policies. | Sums assured. | Annual Premiums. |
£ | £ | ||
1903–05 | 9,526 | 2,112,927 | 70,428 |
1906–08 | 9,739 | 2,261,787 | 72,803 |
1909–11 | 10,476 | 2,487,472 | 77,477 |
1912–14 | 11,721 | 3,197,694 | 89,715 |
1915–17 | 10,129 | 2,709,163 | 90,017 |
At the close of the year 1917 there were thirty-three insurance offices doing accident business in the Dominion. Returns of receipts and expenditure have been submitted by all but two of these offices, and the figures are given in the next table. The table relates only to the accident business transacted by the various offices within the Dominion.
ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN NEW ZEALAND.—RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE, 1917. | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Office. | Receipts. | Expenditure. | ||||||||||||||||
Premiums. | Other Receipts. | Total. | Claims paid. | Other Payments. | Total. | |||||||||||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
* Figures not available. | ||||||||||||||||||
Alliance | 5,388 | 14 | 5 | .. | 5,388 | 14 | 5 | 1,006 | 4 | 9 | 2,931 | 8 | 11 | 3,937 | 13 | 8 | ||
Atlas | 4,591 | 0 | 11 | .. | 4,591 | 0 | 11 | 2,531 | 18 | 10 | 2,157 | 0 | 11 | 4,688 | 19 | 9 | ||
British Traders | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||||||||||
Colonial Mutual | 3,145 | 12 | 3 | 1,137 | 5 | 11 | 4,282 | 18 | 2 | 1,214 | 13 | 0 | 1,571 | 19 | 0 | 2,786 | 12 | 0 |
Commercial Union | 15,997 | 9 | 8 | .. | 15,997 | 9 | 8 | 6,495 | 4 | 10 | 8,555 | 8 | 10 | 15,050 | 13 | 8 | ||
Eagle, Star, and British Dominions | 915 | 9 | 11 | .. | 915 | 9 | 11 | .. | 620 | 13 | 4 | 620 | 13 | 4 | ||||
Farmers' Co-operative | 1,259 | 2 | 11 | .. | 1,259 | 2 | 11 | 522 | 2 | 2 | 600 | 4 | 5 | 1,122 | 6 | 7 | ||
Guardian | 5,145 | 11 | 11 | .. | 5,145 | 11 | 11 | 2,219 | 12 | 7 | 2,972 | 13 | 6 | 5,192 | 6 | 1 | ||
Liverpool and London and Globe | 7,670 | 14 | 6 | .. | 7,670 | 14 | 6 | 2,557 | 12 | 10 | 3,244 | 10 | 8 | 5,802 | 3 | 6 | ||
London and Lancashire | 8,611 | 2 | 7 | 258 | 15 | 0 | 8,869 | 17 | 7 | 3,270 | 0 | 2 | 3,770 | 10 | 8 | 7,040 | 10 | 10 |
Mutual Life and Citizens | 14,627 | 11 | 3 | .. | 14,627 | 11 | 3 | 6,387 | 4 | 1 | 6,881 | 15 | 0 | 13,268 | 19 | 1 | ||
National | 17,422 | 18 | 8 | .. | 17,422 | 18 | 8 | 7,751 | 8 | 4 | 6,620 | 14 | 9 | 14,372 | 3 | 1 | ||
New Zealand | 64,575 | 8 | 4 | .. | 64,575 | 8 | 4 | 39,586 | 4 | 6 | 23,537 | 2 | 8 | 63,123 | 7 | 2 | ||
North British and Mercantile | 1,833 | 11 | 8 | .. | 1,832 | 11 | 8 | 763 | 13 | 4 | 777 | 9 | 2 | 1,541 | 2 | 6 | ||
Northern | 4,960 | 10 | 0 | 408 | 0 | 0 | 5,368 | 10 | 0 | 1,464 | 17 | 8 | 2,220 | 8 | 9 | 3,685 | 6 | 5 |
Norwich and London | 13,846 | 13 | 8 | 190 | 0 | 0 | 14,036 | 13 | 8 | 8,740 | 10 | 3 | 5,655 | 5 | 8 | 14,395 | 15 | 11 |
Ocean | 25,386 | 12 | 3 | .. | 25,386 | 12 | 3 | 13,924 | 19 | 9 | 10,644 | 3 | 11 | 24,569 | 3 | 8 | ||
Phœnix | 2,891 | 10 | 7 | .. | 2,891 | 10 | 7 | 607 | 6 | 8 | 1,477 | 14 | 3 | 2,085 | 0 | 11 | ||
Provident Life | 570 | 15 | 11 | 18 | 2 | 0 | 583 | 17 | 11 | 238 | 7 | 6 | 180 | 4 | 9 | 418 | 12 | 3 |
Queensland | 8,533 | 12 | 1 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 8,933 | 12 | 1 | 3,899 | 19 | 5 | 3,094 | 0 | 6 | 6,993 | 19 | 11 |
Royal | 11,550 | 17 | 8 | .. | 11,550 | 17 | 8 | 7,329 | 12 | 8 | 4,845 | 14 | 3 | 12,175 | 6 | 11 | ||
Royal Exchange | 12,145 | 12 | 5 | .. | 12,145 | 12 | 5 | 5,391 | 7 | 2 | 5,115 | 9 | 2 | 10,506 | 16 | 4 | ||
Sawmillers' Mutual | 2,962 | 6 | 6 | 514 | 5 | 11 | 3,476 | 12 | 5 | 1,739 | 12 | 7 | 847 | 16 | 2 | 2,587 | 8 | 9 |
South British | 48,818 | 10 | 10 | .. | 48,818 | 10 | 10 | 30,929 | 7 | 2 | 16,941 | 4 | 7 | 47,871 | 1 | 9 | ||
Standard | 23,229 | 8 | 2 | .. | 23,229 | 8 | 2 | 11,931 | 9 | 11 | 10,727 | 13 | 7 | 22,659 | 3 | 6 | ||
Sun | 1,640 | 2 | 8 | .. | 1,640 | 2 | 8 | 281 | 10 | 1 | 599 | 6 | 2 | 880 | 16 | 3 | ||
Taranaki Farmers | 228 | 18 | 0 | .. | 228 | 18 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 10 | 156 | 7 | 0 | 191 | 7 | 10 | ||
Union | 4,340 | 6 | 8 | .. | 4,340 | 6 | 8 | 2,870 | 9 | 6 | 1,953 | 16 | 11 | 3,924 | 6 | 5 | ||
Union Insurance Society of Canton | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||||||||||||
United | 3,083 | 18 | 9 | .. | 3,083 | 18 | 9 | 1,770 | 2 | 10 | 1,815 | 8 | 4 | 3,585 | 11 | 2 | ||
Victoria | 10,480 | 9 | 0 | .. | 10,480 | 9 | 0 | 3,843 | 5 | 2 | 4,927 | 16 | 0 | 8,771 | 1 | 2 | ||
Yorkshire | 3,190 | 6 | 5 | .. | 3,190 | 6 | 5 | 939 | 10 | 5 | 953 | 12 | 10 | 1,893 | 3 | 3 | ||
Insurance Department of New Zealand Government | 22,058 | 3 | 7 | 2,450 | 5 | 11 | 24,508 | 9 | 6 | 9,269 | 4 | 9 | 6,015 | 12 | 6 | 15,285 | 7 | 3 |
Totals | 351,103 | 4 | 2 | 5,376 | 14 | 9 | 356,479 | 18 | 11 | 179,513 | 13 | 9 | 141,513 | 7 | 2 | 321,027 | 0 | 11 |
The Accident Branch of the Government Insurance Department was opened in 1901. General accident business is undertaken, but the branch was opened more especially with a view to relieve employers of labour of the liability imposed upon them by the Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900, particulars of which are given in the 1915 issue of this book.
The Department's policies cover the full liability of an employer to his workmen under the Workers' Compensation Act, and the liability under common law to the extent of £500 per man.
Personal-accident policies are also issued securing amounts for accidental death and permanent total or partial disablement, and weekly allowances during temporary disablement.
The premium income and claims of the Accident Branch since the commencement of business have been as follows:—
Year. | Gross Premium Income. | Claims. |
---|---|---|
* From 7th June to 31st December. | ||
£ | £ | |
1901* | 11,856 | 2,428 |
1902 | 14,100 | 7,364 |
1903 | 24,381 | 13,230 |
1904 | 23,768 | 12,105 |
1905 | 23,970 | 11,242 |
1906 | 20,815 | 13,720 |
1907 | 21,477 | 11,288 |
1908 | 20,898 | 11,926 |
1909 | 26,337 | 12,805 |
1910 | 21,364 | 12,522 |
1911 | 20,756 | 10,497 |
1912 | 23,513 | 12,016 |
1913 | 23,677 | 11,492 |
1914 | 22,284 | 9,633 |
1915 | 23,466 | 9,092 |
1916 | 22,378 | 10,698 |
1917 | 22,115 | 9,270 |
The funds, assets, and liabilities of the Government Insurance Department belonging to its Accident Insurance Branch are kept separate and distinct from the main life-insurance business, and powers are vested in the Governor-General to make regulations in regard to tables fixing rates of premium and other details for the conduct of the Accident Insurance Branch.
The funds at the end of 1917 amounted to £29,212, an increase of £9,223 during the year, while the Reserve Fund constituted under section 20 of the Government Accident Insurance Act, 1908, remained at £62,596. The total assets at the end of the year amounted to £113,983.
The assets and liabilities on the 31st December, 1917, were as Follows:—
Liabilities, | £ |
---|---|
Accident Funds as per Revenue Account | 29,212 |
Claims admitted (proofs not yet completed) | 9,000 |
Commission | 166 |
Premium and other deposits | 81 |
Reserve for unearned premiums | 9,927 |
Investment Fluctuation Reserve | 3,000 |
Reserve Fund constituted under section 20 of the Government Accident Insurance Act, 1908 | 62,597 |
£113,983 | |
Assets. | £ |
Debentures issued under authority of the Finance Act, 1915. | . 10,000 |
War bonds issued under authority of the Finance Act, 1916 | 10,000 |
Inscribed stock authorized under the War Purposes Loan Act, 1917 | 7,500 |
Mortgages on property | 69,800 |
Overdue interest | £110 |
Outstanding interest due but not overdue. | 128 |
Interest accrued but not due | 1,204 |
1,442 | |
Agents' balances | 678 |
Sundry accounts owing | 799 |
Cash in hand and on current account | 13,764 |
£113,983 |
At the end of the year 1917 twenty-nine companies and four associations, besides the New Zealand State Fire Insurance Office, were carrying on the business of fire insurance in the Dominion, seven of the companies, as well as all four of the associations, being New Zealand institutions. The full list is as follows:—
Alliance Assurance Company (Limited).
Atlas Assurance Company (Limited).
Australian Alliance Assurance Company.
British Traders Insurance Company (Limited).
Commercial Union Assurance Company (Limited).
Eagle, Star, and British Dominions General Insurance Company (Limited) of London.
Excess Insurance Company (Limited).
Farmers' Co-operative Fire and Marine Insurance Association of New-Zealand (Limited).
Guardian Assurance Company (Limited).
Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Company (Limited).
London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Company (Limited).
National Insurance Company of New Zealand (Limited).
New Zealand Insurance Company (Limited).
North British and Mercantile Insurance Company.
Northern Assurance Company (Limited).
Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society (Limited).
Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation (Limited).
Phoenix Assurance Company (Limited).
Queensland Insurance Company (Limited).
Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation of London.
Royal Insurance Company (Limited).
South British Insurance Company (Limited).
Standard Fire and Marine Insurance Company of New Zealand (Limited).
State Fire Insurance Office.
Sun Insurance Office.
Union Assurance Society (Limited).
Union Insurance Society of Canton (Limited).
United Insurance Company (Limited).
Victoria Assurance Company (Limited).
Yorkshire Insurance Company (Limited).
Hawke's Bay Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Association.
Otago Farmers' Union Mutual Fire Insurance Association.
Taranaki Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Association.
Wellington Farmers' Union Mutual Fire Insurance Association.
In the year 1903 an Act was passed “to establish a State Fire Insurance Office and to make other provisions for the insurance and protection of insurable property in New Zealand against loss or damage by fire.” This Act came into operation on the 4th January, 1905, when the State Fire Insurance Office opened for public business.
As a consequence of the operations of the State Fire Office, the rates on trade risks and the like have been reduced by 10 per cent., and those on dwellings, offices, and similar risks by 33 ¼ per cent.
The premium income, after deducting premiums on reinsurances during the ten years 1908–17, was as follows:—
Year. | Amount of Premium Income. |
---|---|
£ | |
1908 | 26,657 |
1909 | 33,281 |
1910 | 40,552 |
1911 | 47,745 |
1912 | 54,380 |
1913 | 59,418 |
1914 | 64,646 |
1915 | 71,166 |
1916 | 77,609 |
1917 | 85,321 |
The premium rates have remained unaltered during the above years. Debentures to the amount of £2,000 were raised under the authority of the Act governing the Office, but have now been redeemed. The Office has the sum of £68,196 invested in Government debentures and Consols, exclusive of war bonds mentioned below. The accumulated funds amount to £182,645, an increase of £26,686 over the figures for 1916.
The net profits for the year 1917, after appropriating a sum of £3,085 to reserve for unearned premiums and £1,000 to a special Investments Fluctuation Reserve, were £22,601, as against £35,697 for 1916. This decrease is wholly due to the payment of £13,924 as income-tax in respect of profits for 1916. This is the first year in which income-tax has been levied on the profits of the Office. The total accumulated profit at the 31st December, 1917, amounted to £144,517.
The loss-ratio of 32 per cent. for the year is remarkably low, and is considerably less than the average loss-ratio for the whole fire-insurance business of the Dominion. It cannot be expected, however, that this low loss-ratio will be maintained.
The total cover (new and renewals) issued during the year amounted to the large sum of over £22,000,000.
The total assets of the Office at the close of 1917 amounted to £208,220, the increase for the year being £41,340.
Investments at the 31st December, 1917, amounted to £152,608. Of this sum £55,000 was invested during the year in New Zealand Government 4 ½–per-cent. war bonds, and since the close of the year a further £30,000 has been invested in war bonds.
In view of the present strong financial position of the Office the State Fire Insurance Board has determined, under the provisions of the State Fire Insurance Amendment Act, 1912, to grant as early as possible a bonus to policyholders on premiums paid. The sum of £8,000 out of the profits for 1916 has been set aside for this purpose and to cover costs of making the assessment.
The balance-sheet of the State Fire Insurance Office as at the 31st December, 1917, is appended.
Liabilities. | £ |
---|---|
Capital authorized by the State Fire Insurance Act, 1908 | 100,000 |
Less not raised | 100,000 |
Reserve Fund | 113,915 |
Reserve for bonus to policy holders | 8,000 |
Investment Fluctuation Reserve Fund | 4,000 |
Reserve for unearned premiums | 34,129 |
Premiums and other deposits | 320 |
Outstanding fire losses | 3,166 |
Government taxes | 13,924 |
Other amounts owing by the Office— | £ |
Reinsurance premiums due | 6,235 |
Commission | 1,274 |
Rent | 180 |
Printing, stationery, and advertising | 14 |
Postages and sundry charges | 462 |
8,165 | |
Fire-insurance funds, as per Revenue Account | 22,601 |
£208,220 | |
Assets. | £ |
Government war bonds and stock | 55,000 |
Government debentures and Consols | 68,196 |
Mortgages on property | 2,600 |
Freehold land and buildings | 26,812 |
Outstanding premiums | 5,714 |
Interest accrued but not due | 1,513 |
Rent accrued but not due | 19 |
Cash in Bank of New Zealand at Wellington or in transit to Wellington | 47,910 |
Imprest Account balances— | £ |
Head Office | 178 |
Auckland | 28 |
Christchurch | 74 |
Dunedin | 105 |
Palmerston North | 3 |
New Plymouth | 68 |
456 | |
£208,220 |
Every foreign company—i.e., a company registered or established out of New Zealand, and including a local company whose chief office is situated out of the Dominion—which proposes to commence in New Zealand the business of life insurance, whether conjointly or; not with any other class of business, must deposit with the Public Trustee a sum of not less than £5,000 nor more than £50,000 in cash or approved securities. The amount of deposit is calculated on the total amount assured by current policies at the rate of £5,000 deposit for every £100,000 assured until the maximum deposit is reached,
A foreign company proposing to carry on fire- and marine-insurance business in the Dominion must first obtain from the Public Trustee a certificate in the form prescribed authorizing the company to transact its business for a period of twelve months from the date of the certificate. The certificate is renewable annually, provided the Public Trustee is satisfied that the company is financially sound.
Accident insurance or insurance business of any' class not previously mentioned may be transacted in New Zealand by a foreign company, provided the company deposit with the Public Trustee the sum of £10,000 in cash or approved securities. If the company carries on a life-assurance business as well as accident insurance the last-mentioned deposit must be made in addition to that described in the first paragraph.
All cash deposited with the Public Trustee as deposit shall bear interest, which is payable to the company making the deposit.
Table of Contents
THE various Acts relating to the custody and administration of the public moneys and securities are now consolidated in the Public Revenues Act, 1908. All public moneys, excepting those payable to or received by the Post Office, the Government Insurance Office, the Public Trust Office, the Commissioners of the Public Debt Sinking Funds, the New Zealand State Advances Office, the State Fire Insurance Office, and the deposits under the New Zealand Consols Act, are paid into one account at the bank called the “Public Account,” and are carried to one or other of the following accounts or funds in the books of the Treasury:—
The Consolidated Fund.
The Public Works Fund.
Separate accounts or funds created under any special Act.
The main Consolidated Fund Account records the ordinary public revenue and expenditure. There are certain subsidiary accounts to this fund which come under the third head in the above category. The Public Works Fund Account contains receipts from loans or aids from the Consolidated Fund and the expenditure on public works, immigration, or special services legally chargeable to that account.
The financial year commences on the 1st day of April and ends on the 31st day of March. The revenue of any financial year is the money received into the Public Account at the bank at Wellington within the year; the expenditure is the money paid at the Treasury within the year, and the money paid by imprestees of which accounts are received at the Treasury within the year. Imprests not accounted for at the end of a financial year are included in the accounts of the following year.
At the end of each financial year the Appropriation Acts lapse, but the Minister of Finance is authorized for a period of three months from the commencement of the next financial year to pay money in respect of any service, provided the amount does not exceed the unexpended balance voted for that purpose in the previous year, together with an amount equal to one-fourth of such vote.
The usual practice is for Parliament to meet at the end of June in each year, and vote supplies from month to month until the estimated expenditure for the year has been approved and the annual Appropriation Act is passed.
In the audit of expenditure both the pre-audit and post-audit systems are in operation. Pre-audit is applied to vouchers in respect of payments on account of salaries of new appointees, temporary officers, and officers claiming more than one month's salary at any time; interest, loan transactions, and return of deposits; on account of unauthorized expenditure; or chargeable against the accounts of local bodies. Post-audit is applied to all other payments.
Vouchers must be certified as correct by the proper officer, and forwarded by him to the Head of his Department for approval. Vouchers subject to pre-audit are then forwarded to the Audit Office, and on being found correct are sent on to the Treasury to be entered on requisitions for payment. Vouchers subject to post-audit are transmitted by the Head of the Department direct to the Treasury. Payment is made by the Treasury, and the claim is afterwards submitted for audit.
The total revenue and expenditure of the Consolidated Fund Account for the financial years ended the 31st March, 1909 to 1918, is shown in the following table, together with the excess of revenue for each year and the amount of such excess transferred to the Public Works Fund in the succeeding year:—
Year ended 31st March. | Revenue. | Expenditure. | Excess of Revenue over Expenditure. | Amount of Excess transferred to the Public Works Fund. |
---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1909 | 9,001,986 | 8,785,513 | 216,473 | 800,000 |
1910 | 9,238,917 | 8,990,922 | 247,995 | .. |
1911 | 10,297,273 | 9,343,106 | 954,167 | 800,000 |
1912 | 11,061,161 | 10,340,368 | 720,793 | 500,000 |
1913 | 11,734,271 | 11,032,038 | 652,233 | 750,000 |
1914 | 12,229,661 | 11,825,864 | 403,797 | 675,000 |
1915 | 12,451,945 | 12,379,803 | 72,142 | 350,000 |
1916 | 14,507,530 | 12,493,107 | 2,014,423 | .. |
1917 | 18,355,194 | 14,058,770 | 4,296,424 | .. |
1918 | 20,206,222 | 15,120,288 | 5,085,934 | .. |
Totals, 10 years | 129,084,160 | 114,419,779 | 14,664,381 | 3,875,000 |
To the amount of excess revenue for the ten years must be added the sum of £767,849 brought forward from the financial year ended the 31st March, 1908, and an amount of £14,960, representing sinking funds set free (£2,607 in 1915–16 and £12,353 in 1916–17), making a total of £15,447,190. Deducting the total amount transferred to the Public Works Fund, and a sum of £11,400 for redemption of debentures (in 1913–14), there remains a balance of £11,560,788 which has been carried forward to the current year's account. Of this large balance £8,770,380 is invested in London in Imperial Government securities as a special reserve to meet any possible sudden demands resulting from the war.
The total amount of excess revenue transferred to the Public Works Fund during the twenty-seven financial years ended the 31st March, 1918, was £10,305,000.
An analysis of the revenue received during each of the past ten financial years is made in the next table.
CONSOLIDATED FUND.—REVENUE. 1908–9 TO 1918–19. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Revenue derived from | Total Revenue | |||
Taxation. | Services. | Crown Lands. | Other Sources. | ||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1909 | 4,377,761 | 4,047,034 | 222,857 | 354,334 | 9,001,986 |
1910 | 4,180,516 | 4,420,096 | 269,730 | 368,575 | 9,238,917 |
1911 | 4,837,322 | 4,743,056 | 310,894 | 406,001 | 10,297,273 |
1912 | 5,296,590 | 4,987,088 | 311,156 | 466,327 | 11,061,161 |
1913 | 5,606,829 | 5,379,966 | 313,923 | 433,553 | 11,734,271 |
1914 | 5,918,034 | 5,551,913 | 262,846 | 496,868 | 12,229,661 |
1915 | 5,880,811 | 5,706,929 | 318,393 | 545,812 | 12,451,945 |
1916 | 7,266,966 | 6,423,452 | 311,969 | 505,143 | 14,507,530 |
1917 | 10,549,654 | 6,885,422 | 301,758 | 618,360 | 18,355,194 |
1918 | 12,340,853 | 6,729,524 | 306,136 | 829,709 | 20,206,222 |
Totals, 10 years | 66,255,336 | 54,874,480 | 2,929,662 | 5,024,682 | 129,084,160 |
Revenue under the head of “Taxation” includes Customs and excise duties, land-tax, income-tax, death duties, a tax on bank-note issue, and totalizator-taxes. Revenue from “Services” consists of Railway, Post, Telegraph, and Telephone receipts, and certain fees paid in return for special services. Revenue from “Crown Lands” includes proceeds of sales up to and including 1912–13, but not for subsequent years. The other items in Crown Lands Revenue are rents and national-endowment net revenue. The amounts shown under “Other Sources” include miscellaneous revenue and sundry amounts recovered in respect of expenditure of previous years.
During the war period the total revenue shows in each year very large increases—that for 1915–16 being over two millions, for 1916–17 nearly four millions, and for 1917–18 nearly two millions. These increases are due in great part to increased taxation, as set out in the next subsection; but partly also to increased charges for certain public services, notably railway fares and postal and telegraphic charges.
The total revenue per head of population, and the amounts per head derived from taxation and from other sources, during the past ten years are shown in the following table:—
REVENUE PER HEAD OF POPULATION, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Revenue per Head derived from | Total Revenue per Head. | |||||||
Taxation. | Other Sources. | ||||||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d | £ | s. | d. | |
1909 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 17 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 11 |
1910 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 11 |
1911 | 4 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 |
1912 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 5 | 13 | 1 | 10 | 16 | 11 |
1913 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 1 | 11 | 4 | 3 |
1914 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 17 | 4 | 11 | 7 | 4 |
1915 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 7 | 5 |
1916 | 6 | 12 | 1 | 6 | 11 | 7 | 13 | 3 | 8 |
1917 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 16 | 13 | 11 |
1918 | 11 | 3 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 18 | 6 | 4 |
Expenditure out of the Consolidated Fund is grouped under two main headings by the Treasury, “Permanent” and “Annual.” Permanent appropriations, as the name implies, are those fixed by special Acts of the Legislature. Annual appropriations are voted each year by resolution of Parliament, and include the cost of the business undertakings of the State. In the following table this grouping has not been adopted, as it is considered more desirable to show the growth of the main items of expenditure during the last ten financial years: —
Year ended 31st March. | Amount expended on | Total Expenditure. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Working Railways. | Post and Telegraph. | Education. | Interest, &c., on Public Debt. | Other Expenses. | ||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1909 | 2,120,987 | 806,293 | 874,818 | 2,258,365 | 2,725,050 | 8,785,513 |
1910 | 2,168,189 | 855,862 | 936,875 | 2,397,462 | 2,632,534 | 8,990,922 |
1911 | 2,270,851 | 911,529 | 984,854 | 2,458,452 | 2,717,420 | 9,343,106 |
1912 | 2,467,713 | 986,527 | 1,072,992 | 2,656,344 | 3,156,787 | 10,340,368 |
1913 | 2,817,141 | 1,066,922 | 1,148,897 | 2,717,013 | 3,332,065 | 11,082,038 |
1914 | 3,004,181 | 1,170,883 | 1,206,678 | 2,887,981 | 3,556,141 | 11,825,864 |
1915 | 2,881,087 | 1,245,224 | 1,288,795 | 3,071,448 | 3,893,249 | 12,379,803 |
1916 | 2,964,006 | 1,294,712 | 1,441,398 | 3,190,798 | 3,602,193 | 12,493,107 |
1917 | 2,871,977 | 1,368,490 | 1,525,106 | 4,032,885 | 4,260,312 | 14,058,770 |
1918 | 3,067,658 | 1,487,145 | 1,581,600 | 4,430,779 | 4,553,106 | 15,120,288 |
The “Other Expenses” group includes old-age pensions, which amounted to £345,630 in 1908–9 and to £642,611 in 1917–18. The charges of the public debt are found to have absorbed 25.09 per cent. of the revenue in 1908–9 (excluding amounts received by alienation of Crown lands) and 21.93 per cent. in 1917–18.
The total receipts of the Consolidated Fund for the financial year 1917–18, including a balance of £6,474,854 brought forward from the previous year, were £26,681,076, and the total expenditure for the same period was £15,120,288, leaving the large balance of £11,560,786 to carry forward.
CONSOLIDATED FUND.—RECEIPTS, 1917–18. | ||
---|---|---|
From taxation— | £ | £ |
Customs | 3,364,308 | |
Excise | 237,075 | |
Land-tax | 1,385,708 | |
Income-tax | 5,619,561 | |
Death duties | 805,511 | |
Bank-note-issue tax | 162,328 | |
Totalizator-tax | 213,932 | |
Other taxes | 552,430 | |
12,340,853 |
From services— | £ | £ |
---|---|---|
Railways | 4,668,273 | |
Postal | 976,027 | |
Telegraph | 516,865 | |
Telephone | 344,368 | |
Other services | 223,991 | |
6,729,524 | ||
Land revenue— | ||
Rents, Grown lands | 205,643 | |
Net revenue from national - endowment lands (1916–17) | 100,493 | |
306,136 | ||
Miscellaneous | 829,709 | |
Total | £20,206,222 |
Taxation represented 61.07 per cent. of the total revenue for the year 1917–18, and services contributed 33.30 per cent. For the last financial year preceding the war (1913–14) the proportions were 48.39 per cent. and 45.40 per cent. respectively.
The amount shown as net revenue from national-endowment lands represents the money received from that source during the previous financial year. The method adopted is to place the amount received under this head each year to a separate account, and, after deducting necessary expenses, to transfer the balance to the Consolidated Fund Account. Of this balance 70 per cent. is expended on education, and 30 per cent. on old-age pensions.
CONSOLIDATED FUND.—EXPENDITURE, 1917–18. | ||
---|---|---|
£ | £ | |
Charges of the public debt (excluding interest and sinking fund charges paid out of separate accounts) | .. | 4,430,779 |
Pensions and allowances— | ||
Old-age pensions | 642,611 | |
Widows' pensions | 57,931 | |
Military pensions | 569,481 | |
Miners' pensions | 8,572 | |
Civil pensions and allowances | 30,151 | |
Civil Service, Railway, and Teachers' Superannuation Funds | 90,000 | |
1,398,746 | ||
Payment to local bodies— | ||
Subsidies | 163,431 | |
Endowments revenue | 64,060 | |
Under the Land Act | 48,831 | |
Other payments | 563 | |
276,885 | ||
Public instruction— | ||
Elementary | 960,252 | |
Secondary and higher | 173,313 | |
Manual and technical | 84,546 | |
Training of teachers | 49,500 | |
Native schools | 36,575 | |
Industrial schools | 38,641 | |
School buildings | 129,402 | |
Departmental and miscellaneous | 98,413 | |
National-endowment revenue not included above | 70,345 | |
1,640,987 | ||
Judicial and legal— | £ | £ |
Administration of justice | 136,142 | |
Police | 261,325 | |
Prisons | 66,280 | |
463,747 | ||
Railways working-expenses | 3,069,255 | |
Postal and Telegraph services | 1,487,145 | |
Defence (including naval defence) | 470,337 | |
Other expenditure— | ||
Departmental | 1,870,485 | |
Miscellaneous | 11,922 | |
1,882,407 | ||
Total | £15,120,288 |
A comparison of the revenue of the Consolidated Fund for the year 1917–18 with that of the previous year, together with the percentage which each item bears to the totals, and the increase or decrease, as the case may be, is given in the table following.
CONSOLIDATED FUND.—REVENUE FOR 1917–18, COMPARED WITH 1916–17. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head of Revenue. | Revenue of Consolidated Fund. | Increase for 1117–18. | ||||
1916–17. | Per Cent. of Total. | 1917–18. | Per Cent. of Total. | Numerical. | Per Cent. | |
* Decrease. | ||||||
Taxation— | £ | £ | £ | |||
Customs and excise | 4,037,628 | 22.00 | 3,601,383 | 17.82 | −436,245* | −10.80* |
Land | 713,118 | 3.88 | 1,385,708 | 6.86 | 672,590 | 94.32 |
Income | 4,262,126 | 23.22 | 5,619,561 | 27.81 | 1,357,435 | 31.85 |
Death duties | 570,040 | 3.11 | 805,511 | 3.99 | 235,471 | 41.31 |
Other taxes | 966,742 | 5.27 | 928,690 | 4.60 | −38,052* | −3.94* |
Services— | ||||||
Railways | 4,836,275 | 26.35 | 4,668,273 | 23.10 | −168,002* | −3.47* |
Postal | 964,793 | 5.25 | 976,027 | 4.83 | 11,234 | 1.16 |
Telegraph | 527,249 | 2.87 | 516,865 | 2.56 | −10,384* | −1.96* |
Telephone | 317,275 | 1.73 | 344,368 | 1.70 | 27,093 | 8.54 |
Other services | 239,830 | 1.31 | 223,991 | 1.11 | −15,839* | −6.60* |
Land revenue | 301,758 | 1.64 | 306,136 | 1.51 | 4,378 | 1.45 |
Miscellaneous | 618,360 | 3.37 | 829,709 | 4.11 | 211,349 | 34.18 |
Totals | 18,355,194 | 100.00 | 20,206,222 | 100.00 | 1,851,028 | 10.08 |
The expenditure of the Consolidated Fund Account for the last two financial years is presented in the next table in similar form to the above.
CONSOLIDATED FUND.—EXPENDITURE FOR 1917–18, COMPARED WITH 1916–17. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head on Expenditure. | Expenditure of Consolidated Fund | Increase for 1917–18 | ||||
1916–17. | Per Cent. of Total. | 1917–18 | Per Cent. of Total. | Numerical. | Per Cent. | |
* Decrease. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | ||||
Charges of the public debt | 4,032,885 | 28.69 | 4,430,779 | 29.30 | 397,894 | 9.87 |
Pensions and allowances | 874,423 | 6.23 | 1,398,746 | 9.25 | 524,323 | 59.96 |
Payment to local bodies | 288,069 | 2.05 | 276,885 | 1.83 | −11,184* | −3.88* |
Public instruction | 1,525,106 | 10.85 | 1,640,987 | 10.85 | 115,881 | 7.60 |
Judicial and legal | 440,838 | 3.13 | 463,747 | 3.07 | 22,909 | 5.20 |
Railways working-expenses | 2,871,977 | 20.43 | 3,069,255 | 20.30 | 197,278 | 6.87 |
Postal and Telegraph services | 1,368,490 | 9.73 | 1,487,145 | 9.84 | 118,655 | 867 |
Defence (including naval) | 474,922 | 3.38 | 470,337 | 3.11 | −4,585* | −0.97* |
Other expenditure | 2,182,060 | 15.52 | 1,882,407 | 12.45 | −299,653* | −13.73* |
Totals | 14,058,770 | 100.00 | 15,120,288 | 100.00 | 1,061,518 | 7.55 |
The receipts of this account consist mainly of the proceeds of loans raised for the construction of public works. From time to time the fund has been aided by substantial transfers of surplus revenue from the Consolidated Fund Account. The receipts for the last ten years are shown in the next table.
PUBLIC WORKS FUND.—RECEIPTS, TEN YEARS. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Amounts received. | Total Receipts. | ||
From Loans. | Transfers from Consolidated Fund. | Other Sources. | ||
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1909 | 2,813,790 | 800,000 | 14,480 | 3,628,270 |
1910 | 2,091,090 | .. | 2,607 | 2,093,697 |
1911 | 2,590,140 | 800,000 | 6,508 | 3,396,648 |
1912 | 744,307 | 500,000 | 12,149 | 1,256,456 |
1913 | 2,420,685 | 750,000 | 130,044 | 3,300,729 |
1914 | 2,763,884 | 675,000 | 39,867 | 3,478,751 |
1915 | 1,857,742 | 350,000 | 16,749 | 2,224,491 |
1916 | 3,166,830 | .. | 20,324 | 3,187,154 |
1917 | 1,095,000 | .. | 10,837 | 1,105,837 |
1918 | 1,025,100 | .. | 66,095 | 1,091,195 |
Included in amounts received from “Other Sources” in 1912–13 is the sum of £25,000 which was formerly held in the Deposit Account for the purchase of permanent-way material; also £86,970, receipts under section 16 of the Reserves and other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act, 1912. This column for 1913–14 includes a further amount of £21,890, receipts under the Act mentioned.
During the year 1908–9 the Wellington–Manawatu Railway was 'taken over by the State, and a loan of £1,000,000 was raised for that purpose. In addition to the amounts shown above, the sum of £6,430,000 was transferred during the years 1891–92 to 1907–8 from the Consolidated Fund Account to the Public Works' Fund. The next table shows the expenditure at intervals of five years from 1884–85 to 1904–5, and for each of the last ten financial years upon services winch are charged to the fund. As will be seen further on, the whole of what may be termed public works are not included in this account.
EXPENDITURE ON SERVICES PROVIDED FOR BY THE PUBLIC WORKS FUND. | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Immigration. | Railways. | Roads. | Development of Mining. | Telegraph Extension. | Public Buildings. | Lighthouses, &c. | Other Services. | Totals. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1885 | 57,148 | 663,063 | 317,043 | 8,029 | 25,799 | 117,361 | 34,033 | 114,251 | 1,336,727 |
1890 | 867 | 289,572 | 84,126 | 284 | 16,346 | 35,473 | 9,434 | 46,362 | 482,464 |
1895 | 101 | 247,545 | 164,833 | 5,865 | 19,229 | 54,190 | 3,145 | 9,578 | 504,486 |
1900 | 385 | 417,937 | 285,532 | 21,815 | 26,771 | 115,427 | 9,026 | 116,330 | 993,223 |
1905 | 6,482 | 811,994 | 230,012 | 6,258 | 79,298 | 116,678 | 5,990 | 97,446 | 1,354,158 |
1909 | 15,077 | 2,278,327 | 481,976 | 32,859 | 163,033 | 285,521 | 19,217 | 87,885 | 3,363,895 |
1910 | 17,002 | 1,279,807 | 367,230 | 18,598 | 123,422 | 276,949 | 16,683 | 116,706 | 2,216,397 |
1911 | 9,441 | 1,184,083 | 270,648 | 10,845 | 111,868 | 325,613 | 8,427 | 137,766 | 2,058,691 |
1912 | 11,681 | 1,178,969 | 430,647 | 21,245 | 147,692 | 349,655 | 12,576 | 187,915 | 2,340,380 |
1913 | 14,694 | 1,179,554 | 376,078 | 10,644 | 251,375 | 445,142 | 16,785 | 254,646 | 2,548,918 |
1914 | 33,914 | 1,144,756 | 382,097 | 4,889 | 392,648 | 369,600 | 9,059 | 423,835 | 2,760,798 |
1915 | 33,219 | 1,156,073 | 514,798 | 2,384 | 288,395 | 417,000 | 17,131 | 308,364 | 2,737,364 |
1916 | 10,010 | 1,205,287 | 424,637 | 6,602 | 249,554 | 335,774 | 13,673 | 337,675 | 2,583,212 |
1917 | 6,533 | 846,983 | 219,794 | 4,592 | 203,311 | 251,431 | 13,768 | 239,101 | 1,775,513 |
1918 | 3,856 | 607,931 | 135,642 | 27 | 213,955 | 229,288 | 2,976 | 206,162 | 1,401,837 |
The receipts and expenditure of the fund during the financial year ended 31st March, 1918, were as under:—
PUBLIC WORKS FUND.—RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE, 1917–18. | ||
---|---|---|
Receipts— | £ | £ |
Balance, 31st March, 1917 | 718,225 | |
Debentures issued under Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1914 | 45,100 | |
Debentures issued under Finance Acts, 1916 and 1917 | 825,000 | |
Debentures issued under the Railways Improvement Authorization Act, 1914 | 95,000 | |
Debentures issued under the Aid to Water-power Works Act, 1910 | 60,000 | |
1,025,100 | ||
Recoveries on account of expenditure of previous years | 43,492 | |
Receipts under the Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement Act, 1910 | 4,109 | |
Receipts in connection with the Ellesmere and Forsyth Reclamation and Akaroa Railway Trust Account | 1,595 | |
Receipts under State Supply of Electrical Energy Act, 1917 | 16,899 | |
66,095 | ||
Total | £1,809,420 | |
Expenditure— | £ | £ |
Railways | 607,931 | |
Roads | 135,642 | |
Public buildings | 229,288 | |
Telegraph extension | 213,955 | |
Contingent defence | 6,714 | |
Immigration | 3,856 | |
Development of mining | 27 | |
Lighthouses, harbour-works, and harbour-defences | 2,976 | |
Tourist and health resorts | 932 | |
Lands improvement | 1,838 | |
Development of water-power | 26,734 | |
Irrigation and water-supply | 11,650 | |
Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers improvement | 25,521 | |
Plant, material, and stores | 6,810 | |
Departmental | 127,962 | |
Charges and expenses of raising and renewing general public-works loans | 1 | |
Transferred to Public Works Fund under State Supply of Electrical Energy Act, 1917, and included in item of “Recoveries” shown on receipt side | 21,113 | |
1,422,950 | ||
Balance, 31st March, 1918 | 386,470 | |
Total | £1,809,420 |
The expenditure on roads out of the Public Works Fund does not comprise all of the moneys spent under that head by the General Government. Between 1896–97 and 1910–11 the sum of £469,236 was expended on construction of roads to open up Crown lands out of the moneys raised for loans to local bodies.
Further expenditure on the construction of roads to open up Crown lands includes amounts of £45,690 in 1910–11, £49,739 in 1911–12, £47,951 in 1912–13, £63,245 in 1913–14, £92,975 in 1914–15, £47,974 in 1915–16, £24,730 in 1916–17, and £43,996 in 1917–18. During the four years 1910–11 to 1913–14 these payments were made from a separate account entitled the Opening-up Crown Lands for Settlement Account. This account was abolished during 1914–15, and the balance transferred to the Land for Settlements Account, out of winch the amounts shown above for 1914–15 and succeeding years were paid.
Roads to open national endowment lands are paid for out of the National Endowment Account, the amount paid in 1916–17 being £6,787. There was no expenditure in 1917–18 under this heading.
The roading of lands purchased for closer settlement is made a charge upon the Land for Settlements Account, and is included in the value upon which the rentals of those lands are based. The reclamation by drainage and opening up by means of roads of an area of the Hauraki Plains is provided for out of moneys borrowed for that purpose and shown in a separate account.
The accounts included under this heading in some cases comprise revenue of different kinds mixed up with loan-money, while others are merely records of transactions which of their nature cannot be considered as properly belonging to the Public Account. Among the former may be counted the State Forests and State Coal-mines Accounts, and among the latter the accounts of local bodies, which consist of revenue collected on behalf of and paid over to local authorities, and the Deposit Accounts, consisting partly of moneys held in trust and partly of moneys held in suspense for various reasons. The transactions of these accounts or funds are shown in the tables following:—
TREASURY BILLS ACCOUNT. | |
---|---|
Dr. | £ |
Treasury Bills issued during year | 400,000 |
Total | £400,000 |
Cr. | £ |
Treasury Bills redeemed during year | 400,000 |
Total | £400,000 |
STATE FORESTS ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Rents from lands set apart | 13,299 |
Debentures issued | 28,100 |
Total | £41,399 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Expenses of nurseries, tree-planting and forest conservation | 41,852 |
Interest on debentures | 902 |
Total | £42,754 |
STATE COAL-MINES ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Proceeds of sale of coal | 313,859 |
Total | £313,859 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Working-expenses and development | 260,052 |
Interest on debentures | 8,714 |
Total | £268,763 |
SCENERY-PRESERVATION ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Rents | 343 |
Total | £343 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Scenery-preservation | 1,501 |
Total | £1,501 |
NAVAL DEFENCE ACT ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Nil. | |
Total | Nil. |
Expenditure. | £ |
Expenditure under the Act | 118 |
Total | £118 |
LOCAL BODIES ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Revenue received on account of local bodies— | |
Fees, fines, &c. | 6,228 |
Endowments of land, &c. | 1,409 |
Goldfields revenue | 12,602 |
Gold duty | 15,534 |
Counties separate account | 148 |
Advance Account— | |
Amounts repaid by local bodies | 20,247 |
Total | £56,168 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Revenue paid over to local bodies— | |
Fees, fines, &c. | 6,237 |
Endowments of land, &c. | 2,140 |
Goldfields revenue | 10,516 |
Gold duty | 14,319 |
Counties separate account | 134 |
Advance Account— | |
Sundry payments made on behalf of local bodies | 20,025 |
Total | £53,371 |
This account deals with revenue collected for and paid over to local Authorities, also sundry payments made on behalf of such authorities and refunded by them.
DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS. | |
---|---|
Receipts. | £ |
Lodgments | 36,496,610 |
Total | £36,496,610 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Withdrawals | 35,733,534 |
Total | £35,733,534 |
This account consists of moneys to be applied to specific purposes under various Acts, collections on behalf of local institutions, and miscellaneous items in suspense. The purchase of supplies by the Imperial Government was responsible for the greater portion of the receipts and expenditure of the account in 1917–18, as is evidenced by the following figures:—
Item. | Receipts. | Expenditure. |
---|---|---|
£ | £ | |
Wool-supply | 16,650,000 | 16,323,225 |
Wool-supply (pelts) | 32,160 | 31,799 |
Meat-supply | 8,933,026 | 9,052,391 |
Butter-supply | 2,600,000 | 2,227,471 |
Cheese-supply | 4,760,000 | 4,876,554 |
Canned-rabbits supply | 43,000 | 42,955 |
Frozen-rabbits supply | 21,250 | 3,926 |
Scheelite-supply | 35,000 | 32,329 |
Condensed-milk supply | 41,917 | 41,689 |
Glaxo-supply | 272,572 | 248,385 |
Jam-supply | 977 | 1,953 |
Hides-supply | 585,000 | 571,485 |
Totals | £33,974,902 | £33,454,162 |
CHEVIOT ESTATE ACCOUNT. | |
---|---|
Receipts. | £ |
Rents from land | 17,677 |
Bales | 82 |
Interest on securities | 2,429 |
Total | £20,188 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Interest on loans | 8,866 |
Total | £8,866 |
The operations of this account during each of the five financial years ended 31st March, 1914–18, and the total transactions to the latter date, are shown in the table following:—
Head. | Year ended 31st March. | Total to 31st March, 1918. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1918. | ||
Receipts— | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
Loans raised | 306,588 | 136,078 | 60,000 | 300,000 | 140,000 | 6,854,578 |
Advances made by State Advances Office | 163,878 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1,003,875 |
Sale of lands | 139,566 | 293,867 | 345,598 | 267,714 | 221,917 | 1,272,265 |
Rents, &c. | 342,278 | 312,827 | 337,288 | 340,077 | 353,172 | 4,579,301 |
Total receipts | 952,310 | 742,772 | 742,886 | 907,791 | 715,089 | 13,710,019 |
Expenditure— | ||||||
Land-purchases | 560,497 | 356,686 | 100,506 | 595,419 | 446,996 | 8,436,220 |
Transfer to Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account | 34,171 | 51,000 | 45,000 | .. | 40,000 | 170,171 |
Interest on loans | 266,205 | 287,225 | 288,728 | 267,073 | 322,925 | 3,672,218 |
Payment to sinking fund | 48,910 | 41,937 | 41,871 | 38,153 | 28,216 | 609,549 |
Incidental expenses | 25,902 | 36,142 | 26,514 | 24,924 | 52,296 | 740,637 |
Total to expenditure | 935,685 | 772,990 | 502,619 | 925,569 | 890,433 | 13,628,795 |
The whole of the annual contributions to the sinking fund were formerly paid to the Public Trustee for investment. By section 26 of the State Advances Act, 1913, however, it was provided that future contributions should be paid to the Public Trustee only in respect of loans not obtained from any Department of the Public Service. For loans from the State Advances and other Departments the sinking-fund contributions are to be paid to the Consolidated Fund in terms of the Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910.
For some years there was a special account for the opening-up of Crown lands for settlement. This has now been abolished, and the money in the account transferred to the Land for Settlements Account. The money is still to be devoted to the same purposes, and is kept in a separate subsidiary account. The operations of this account for the year 1917–18 are,—
Receipts. | £ |
---|---|
Amount set aside under section 63 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913 | 40,000 |
Revenue under section 63 of Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913 | 14,936 |
Total | £54,936 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Roads to open up lands for settlement | 43,996 |
Interest | 7,981 |
Total | £51,977 |
NATIVE LAND SETTLEMENT ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Debentures issued | 225,000 |
Amount received for surveys | 25,981 |
Land-sales | 19,840 |
Rents, &c. | 27,808 |
Repayment of advances by Maori Land Boards | 2,290 |
Total | £300,919 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Expenditure under the Act | 223,393 |
Native - land - purchase expenses | 2,081 |
Interest | 64,879 |
Charges and expenses of raising loans | 1 |
Total | £290,354 |
CONVERSION ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Nil. | |
Total | Nil. |
Expenditure. | £ |
Rent and office expenses | 365 |
Total | £365 |
This account, called into existence by the war, has now assumed immense proportions, the expenditure from it for the financial year ended 31st March, 1918, being greater than that of the Consolidated Fund. Apart from voluntary contributions to the fund in the early months of the war, the expenditure has been met entirely by loans aggregating over 46 millions of pounds, much of which has been raised in the Dominion.
The account is made the medium for remittances between soldiers and their relatives, but these do not greatly affect the totals on either side of the ledger. The operations of the account for the last three financial years and the total since its creation in 1914–15 are given in the following statement. There was a credit balance of £7,149,402 at 31st March, 1918.
Head. | Year ended 31st March, | Total to 31st March, 1918. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1916. | 1917. | 1918. | ||
Receipts— | £ | £ | £ | £ |
Loans raised | 6,659,506 | 17,812,890 | 19,459,700 | 46,232,096 |
Contributions towards War Expenses Fund | 6,780 | 5,405 | 1,157 | 172,479 |
Remittances to and from soldiers | 1,214 | 84,248 | 139,503 | 239,965 |
Pay Warrants Account | 19,400 | .. | .. | 19,400 |
Totals | 6,701,900 | 17,902,543 | 19,600,360 | 46,663,940 |
Expenditure— | ||||
War expenditure | 5,712,892 | 14,139,956 | 16,803,799 | 38,808,483 |
Relief expenditure | 72,500 | 129,245 | 11,493 | 233,238 |
Remittances to and from soldiers | 3,322 | 46,889 | 124,813 | 175,024 |
Pay Warrants Account | 19,344 | 5 | 3 | 19,352 |
Expenses of raising loans | 129,506 | 75,323 | 73,612 | 278,441 |
Totals | 5,937,564 | 14,391,418 | 17,013,720 | 39,514,538 |
An Act of the General Assembly, passed in 1908, authorizes the construction of works necessary for the drainage, reclamation, and opening up for settlement of a block of swampy land, part of the Hauraki Plains. The Act provides for borrowing the funds required to carry out the work, and lays down that the future revenues of the land recovered shall be applied to the repayment of the moneys so raised. The transactions for each of the last five years and the total to date are given in the following table:—
Head. | Year ended 31st March, | Total to 31st March, 1918. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1918. | ||
Receipts— | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
Land sales, leases, &c. | 8,135 | 10,449 | 11,540 | 19,631 | 18,255 | 85,549 |
Transfers from Local Bodies Account | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 31,000 |
Advances made by New Zealand State Advances Office | 10,000 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 95,000 |
Transfer from State Advances Office | .. | 771 | .. | .. | .. | 771 |
Debentures issued | 5,000 | 9,000 | 11,000 | .. | .. | 25,000 |
Totals | 23,135 | 20,220 | 22,540 | 19,631 | 18,255 | 237,320 |
Expenditure— | ||||||
Reclamation, drainage, and road-construction | 18,993 | 16,609 | 14,334 | 13,937 | 22,151 | 209,375 |
Payment of principal and interest | 2,475 | 3,791 | 3,997 | 4,469 | 4,438 | 26,579 |
Totals | 21,468 | 20,400 | 18,331 | 18,406 | 26,589 | 235,954 |
Under the Land Act, 1908, the net revenues from certain areas of Crown lands are applied to educational purposes and to payment of old-age pensions in the proportion of 70 per cent. and 30 per cent. respectively. From the gross revenue is deducted any expenditure which may be incurred in the construction of roads, and also any sums which by law have been appropriated to local authorities out of the rents. The transactions during the year ended 31st March, 1918, were,—
Receipts. | £ |
---|---|
Rents, etc. | 114,121 |
Total | £114,121 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Payments under the Act | 105,790 |
Total | £105,790 |
WORKERS' DWELLINGS ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Sale of dwellings under section 16 of Act | 18,056 |
Total | £18,056 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Nil. | |
Total | Nil. |
This account has now been separated from the State Advances Account proper (section 4 of the Mining Amendment Act, 1913). The operations of the account for the year 1917–18 are shown.
Receipts. | £ |
---|---|
Interest on advances | 16 |
Repayments of principal | 25 |
Total | £41 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Interest | 1,322 |
Total | £1,322 |
RANGITAIKI LAND DRAINAGE ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Receipts under the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Act, 1910 | 7 |
Receipts under the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Act, 1913 | 120 |
Compensation for land taken | 2,200 |
Debentures issued | 22,000 |
Total | £24,327 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Land-drainage | 21,232 |
Expenses of raising loans | 1 |
Total | £21,233 |
BANK OF NEW ZEALAND ACTS 1903 AND 1913 ACCOUNT. | |
Dr. | £ |
Investment Account | 875,000 |
Total | £875,000 |
Cr. | £ |
Preference shares of the Bank of New Zealand | 375,000 |
Total | £875,000 |
Shares representing £375,000 were added to this account during the year 1914–15 in accordance with section 6 of the Bank of New Zealand Act, 1913.
RESERVE FUND ACCOUNT. | |
---|---|
Dr. | £ |
Investment Account | 800,000 |
Total | £800,000 |
Cr. | £ |
Securities | 800,000 |
Total | £800,000 |
NEW ZEALAND CONSOLS ACCOUNT. | |
Dr. | £ |
Cash in Deposit Account | 107 |
Investment Account | 475,885 |
Total | £475,992 |
Cr. | £ |
Cash in Deposit Account | 7 |
Investment Account | 475,985 |
Total | £475,992 |
The Kauri-gum Industry Amendment Act, 1914, authorizes the Minister of Lands to act as agent for the disposal of kauri-gum on behalf of the gum-diggers, thus affording a measure of relief for the industry during the war period. The Minister may advance to diggers up to one-half of the estimated value of the gum, the balance, loss deductions for insurance, storage, &c., being paid over when the Minister sells the gum.
Receipts. | £ |
---|---|
Sale of gum | 28,121 |
Total | £28,121 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Expenditure under the Act | 18,368 |
Total | £18,368 |
SWAMP LAND DRAINAGE ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Debentures issued | 10,000 |
Total | £10,000 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Drainage of swamp lands | 9,047 |
Total | £9,047 |
FRUIT-PRESERVING INDUSTRY ADVANCES ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Debentures issued | 21,800 |
Repayment of principal and interest | 7,086 |
Total | £28,886 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Advances | 23,510 |
Total | £23,510 |
DISCHARGED SOLDIERS SETTLEMENT ACCOUNT. | |
Receipts. | £ |
Debentures issued | 124,000 |
Repayment of principal and interest | 10,177 |
Total | £134,177 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Advances | 109,918 |
Expenditure under section 9 of Act | Cr. 331 |
Expenses of raising loans | 1 |
Total | £109,588 |
Section 22 of the Appropriation Act, 1917, authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise sums not exceeding £120,000 for the purpose of providing additional cold storage in New Zealand.
Receipts. | £ |
---|---|
Debentures issued | 23,250 |
Total | £23,250 |
Expenditure. | £ |
Advances | 20,750 |
Total | £20,750 |
The cash balances and investments of the foregoing accounts as on 31st March, 1918, are shown in the following table:—
Account. | Cash. | Investments. | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Cr. | £ | £ | £ |
Consolidated Fund (ordinary revenue) | 2,790,407 | 8,770,381 | 11,560,788 |
State Forests | 1,175 | .. | 1,175 |
State Coal-mines | 113,218 | .. | 113,218 |
Scenery-preservation | 3,190 | .. | 3,190 |
Local Bodies | 12,766 | .. | 12,766 |
Deposit Accounts | 2,654,096 | 1,459,794 | 4,113,890 |
Public Works Fund (proper) | 295,540 | .. | 295,540 |
Railways Improvement Authorization Act, 1914 | 13,163 | .. | 13,163 |
Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement | 11,285 | 30,000 | 41,285 |
Electric Supply | 36,482 | .. | 36,482 |
Cheviot Estate | 19,843 | 100,000 | 119,843 |
Land for Settlements | 81,224 | .. | 81,224 |
Land for Settlements (opening up Crown lands for settlement) | 3,598 | .. | 3,598 |
Native-land Settlement | 43,027 | .. | 43,027 |
Conversion Account | 7,738 | .. | 7,738 |
War Expenses | 3,928,348 | 3,221,054 | 7,149,402 |
Hauraki Plains Settlement | 1,365 | .. | 1,365 |
National Endowment | 108,824 | .. | 108,824 |
Workers' Dwellings | 39,533 | 25,000 | 64,533 |
Mining Advances | 5,799 | .. | 5,799 |
Rangitaiki Land Drainage | 4,270 | .. | 4,270 |
Bank of New Zealand (preference shares) | .. | 875,000 | 875,000 |
Reserve Fund | .. | 800,000 | 800,000 |
New Zealand Consols | 7 | 475,985 | 475,992 |
Kauri-gum Industry | 20,931 | .. | 20,931 |
Swamp Drainage | 5,388 | .. | 5,388 |
Fruit-preserving Industry Advances | 6,258 | .. | 6,258 |
Cold-storage Advances | 2,500 | .. | 2,500 |
Discharged Soldiers Settlement | 31,434 | .. | 31,434 |
Totals | 10,241,409 | 15,757,214 | 25,998,623 |
The State Advances Account, which is administered directly by the Advances Board, is not included in the above statement, nor is the Loans Redemption Account. In addition there are the funds of the Government Life Insurance Department, the State Fire Insurance Department, and the Public Trust Office, which are administered by the Departments concerned. Reference to the working of these Departments will be found elsewhere in this book.
ALL revenue collected by means of taxation is applied to general purposes. Customs duties on imported goods, excise duties on beer and also on a few minor items, constitute the indirect taxation, land and income taxes, death duties, a tax on bank-note issues, duty on cheques and receipts for payments being the main source of revenue by direct taxation. Particulars of the collections during the past ton years, under the main headings, are shown in the following table:—
Year ended 31st March. | Amount of Taxation derived from | Total. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Customs and Excise Duties. | Land-tax. | Income-tax. | Death Duties. | Other Taxes. | ||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1909 | 2,917,462 | 604,901 | 321,044 | 260,238 | 274,116 | 4,377,761 |
1910 | 2,786,490 | 642,270 | 316,835 | 192,014 | 242,907 | 4,180,516 |
1911 | 3,145,929 | 628,723 | 407,235 | 323,783 | 331,652 | 4,837,322 |
1912 | 3,398,143 | 647,015 | 448,935 | 361,186 | 441,311 | 5,296,590 |
1913 | 3,531,761 | 728,636 | 462,994 | 458,265 | 425,173 | 5,606,829 |
1914 | 3,553,785 | 767,451 | 554,271 | 613,751 | 428,776 | 5,918,034 |
1915 | 3,291,943 | 799,641 | 540,318 | 796,232 | 449,677 | 5,880,811 |
1916 | 3,524,063 | 1,048,356 | 1,392,119 | 610,350 | 692,078 | 7,266,966 |
1917 | 4,037,628 | 713,118 | 4,262,126 | 570,040 | 966,742 | 10,549,654 |
1918 | 3,601,383 | 1,385,708 | 5,619,561 | 805,511 | 928,690 | 12,340,853 |
The percentage under each heading to the total amount collected for each year is as under:—
Year ended 31st March. | Proportion per Cent. derived from | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Customs and Excise Duties. | Land-tax. | Income-tax. | Death Duties. | Other Direct Taxes. | |
Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
1909 | 66.64 | 13.82 | 7.33 | 5.95 | 6.26 |
1910 | 65.63 | 15.13 | 7.46 | 4.52 | 7.26 |
1911 | 65.03 | 13.00 | 8.42 | 6.69 | 6.86 |
1912 | 64.16 | 12.21 | 8.48 | 6.82 | 8.33 |
1913 | 62.99 | 13.00 | 8.26 | 8.17 | 7.58 |
1914 | 60.05 | 12.97 | 9.37 | 10.37 | 7.24 |
1915 | 56.03 | 13.60 | 9.19 | 13.54 | 7.64 |
1916 | 48.49 | 14.43 | 19.16 | 8.40 | 9.52 |
1917 | 38.27 | 6.76 | 40.40 | 5.40 | 9.17 |
1918 | 29.18 | 11.23 | 45.54 | 6.53 | 7.52 |
Some remarkable alterations in percentages are noticed during the last two years, due to the war taxation referred to in detail below.
The revenue from taxation per head of mean population during the past ten years is shown in the next table:—
REVENUE FROM TAXATION PER HEAD OF MEAN POPULATION, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Including Maoris. | Excluding Maoris. | ||||
£ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
1909 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 11 |
1910 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
1911 | 4 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 11 |
1912 | 4 | 19 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 10 |
1913 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 2 |
1914 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 0 |
1915 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 5 |
1916 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 1 |
1917 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 |
1918 | 10 | 14 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 9 |
As was inevitable with a war of the magnitude of that in which New Zealand was engaged, additional taxation had to be imposed to meet deficiencies and to provide interest and sinking-fund payments on the new and rapidly mounting indebtedness incurred on account of the extraordinary expenditure of the war.
During the session of 1914 no war taxation was imposed, but in each of the three succeeding sessions legislation has been passed providing for heavier taxation. Apart also from increases, the incidence of the war taxation was modified in the sessions of 1916 and 1917 in accordance with the dictates of experience, the aim of the Legislature having been to place the taxation in such a way as to make the direct effect as little oppressive as possible on those least able to bear additional burdens, and to remove inequalities and anomalies as these were seen to exist.
Naturally income has borne the brunt of the increased taxation, as being best able to do so on account of the higher profits made during the war period, and also because of the ease of collection, and of the existence of the necessary machinery. It should be noted that, in contradistinction to the policy adopted in Great Britain, no reduction has been made in the minimum income (£300) subject to income-tax.
The war taxation imposed in 1915 covered a fairly wide range. An additional 33 ¼ per cent. was added to the former rates of income-tax, and the incidence of this branch of taxation was extended to cover incomes derived from land and mortgages of land, which were formerly assessed for land-tax but not for income-tax. Under the new rates land-tax was still payable on mortgages, but whatever was paid as land-tax was to be deducted from the amount of income-tax payable. The intention was that the increased taxation would fall on those making increased profits from the sale of wool, meat, and dairy-produce. The land-tax on mortgages was increased from ¾ d. to 1d. in the pound on the capital value, and the graduated land-tax was increased by 50 per cent.
Additional Customs duties were placed on a number of items of import, including spirits, wined, and flavouring-essences; bicycles, motorcycles, carriages, &c., and their fittings; and electric machinery, gas-, oil-, and hot-air engines, &c. A primage duty of 1 per cent. of the value of goods imported (with certain exceptions) was also imposed.
In place of the former system of assessing and collecting beer duty a new system was brought in, with a new scale of fees. The duty was to be calculated according to the specific gravity of the worts used in the production of the beer. For a specific gravity not exceeding 1,047 (reckoned in relation to water at 60° Fahrenheit, taken as 1,000) the duty was fixed at 3 ¾d. per gallon; the rate was increased by 1/16 d. for every unit above 1,047 but not exceeding 1,055, and by ⅛ d. for every unit above 1,055. The graduated scale was introduced partly with a view to encouraging the brewing of light beer. The former duty was a uniform one of 3d. per gallon.
Numerous new and additional stamp duties were also imposed. Contracts for the sale of land were made chargeable with the same duty as if they were actual conveyances. Mortgages and transfers of mortgages, formerly exempt from stamp duty, were made dutiable to the extent of 5s. for every £100 or part of £100, and 10s. became payable on the discharge of a mortgage. The duty on a deed of assignment became £3 instead of £2 10s. as formerly; the duty on receipts, cheques, bills of exchange, and promissory notes was increased from 1d. to 2d.; and the general schedule of stamp duties was revised, and many duties were increased by amounts representing 3d. in the shilling, 6d. in the half-crown, 1s. in 5s., and 2s. 6d. in 10s. on the former rates. The tax on the bank-note issue was increased from 10s. to 15s. per £100. One per cent. of stakes won in respect of horse-racing was made payable to the Commissioner of Stamps, and a tax of 6d. was imposed on totalizator dividends in addition to the former percentage payable on totalizator investments and gate receipts.
Various amendments were made to the Death Duties Act, not, however, in the direction of imposing extra taxation in the aggregate, but involving only alterations in respect of exemptions.
In addition to the war taxation referred to, the charges for certain public services were increased with a view to counteracting the effect of anticipated deficiencies in revenue. The scale of ordinary passenger-fares on the railways was increased by 1d. in the shilling, and second-class excursion fares were raised to approximately 1 ¼d. per mile return, as against 1d. under the former scale. An additional charge of 2d. was placed on every ticket for excursion fares, whether first or second class. An increase of 10s. was made in all rates chargeable on goods, parcels, luggage, horses, &c., and on charges in respect of railway wharves and Lake Wakatipu steamers. Postage charges were increased by ½ d. on all articles posted, with the exception of newspapers and of letters, &c., addressed to countries the rates of postage to which are the maximum rates chargeable under the International Postal Convention. The minimum charge for telegrams was fixed at 8d. (formerly 6d.), and an extra 2d. was made payable on all telegrams, and as an additional inland charge on cablegrams.
The principal item in the additional war taxation of the 1916 session was the imposition of an excess-profits duty of 45 per cent. on excess income in the year 1915–16 as compared with the “standard” income, this tax being additional to the ordinary and special income-tax payable. Standard income might be taken at the option of the taxpayer as—
The average income of the three years ended 31st March, 1914, 1913, and 1912:
The average income of any two of these three years:
The income of any one of the three years:
Seven-and-a-half per cent. of the capital employed at 1st April, 1915, in the production of income, plus such additional amount, not exceeding £600, as the Commissioner of Taxes deems just and reasonable as remuneration of the personal exertion of the taxpayer.
It was laid down that where, in the opinion of the Commissioner of Taxes, standard income could not be arrived at in any of the first three ways mentioned it must be ascertained in the fourth way. Increases and deductions equal to 7 ½ per cent. of the difference were provided for in cases where the capital for the income year was greater or less than that employed in the production of the standard income. Losses in the three years ended 31st March, 1915, and cases of hardship of certain specified classes, were to be taken into account. The excess-profits duty was not payable on salaries and wages, nor on incomes of less than £300. The tax charged was not to be more than the amount by which the assessable income exceeded £300.
In addition to the excess-profits duty all incomes (with the usual exemptions) were subjected to further taxation, an extra 6d. in the pound over and above the rates imposed in 1915 being placed on assessable incomes up to £900, and an extra 1s. on incomes above £900.
The tax on mortgages of land was definitely converted from land-tax to income-tax.
Further slight increases in certain stamp duties were also made in 1916.
The excess-profits duty levied in 1916 was not reimposed in 1917, experience having brought to light almost insuperable difficulties in ascertaining exactly the actual profits resulting from the war. The tax was also found to be inequitable in its operation, and in its place was substituted a comprehensive system of progressive land and income tax, with a special war-tax on incomes. Details of the new system, with the rates of duty payable, are given farther on in this subsection.
Customs duties were again increased in 1917 in respect of certain items, which are given in detail in the section of this book dealing with trade. The general rate of beer duty imposed in 1915, was increased from 3 ¾d. to 5 ¾d. in cases where the specific gravity does not exceed 1,047, with an additional 1/16 d. for every extra unit up to and including 1,051. Additional rates of excise duty were also imposed on tobacco manufactured in New Zealand. Gold held by banks on behalf of the Imperial Government was made chargeable with the usual gold duty on receipt of the purchase-money instead of on export, perhaps many months afterwards, as had been the case. This alteration in respect to gold duty is to remain in force only until six months after the end of the war.
A new form of tax imposed in 1917 is the amusements-tax, payable on payments for admission to entertainments, with certain specified exceptions. “Entertainment” is defined as “any exhibition, performance, amusement, game, or sport to which persons are admitted for payment.” No duty is payable where the charge for admission is not more than 6d. The rates of duty are as follow:—
Payment for Admission (exclusive of Amount of Tax). | Tax payable. |
---|---|
d. | |
Exceeding 6d. but not exceeding 2s. 6d. | 1 |
Exceeding 2s. 6d. but not exceeding 5s. | 2 |
Exceeding 5s. but not exceeding 7s. 6d. | 3 |
Exceeding 7s. 6d. but not exceeding 12s. 6d. | 6 |
Exceeding 12s. 6d.— | |
For the first 12s. 6d. | 12 |
For every additional 10s. or part of 10s. | 12 |
No alterations in the laws relating to taxation were made during the year 1918.
During the year ended 31st March, 1918, the sum of £3,364,308 was collected, after deduction of drawbacks, for duty on imported goods, and £237,075 for excise duties, a total of £3,601,383. The amount of revenue derived from these sources for each of the past ten years is shown below.
Year ended 31st March. | Customs Duties. | Excise Duties. | Total. |
---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | |
1909 | 2,801,248 | 116,214 | 2,917,462 |
1910 | 2,671,121 | 115,369 | 2,786,490 |
1911 | 3,027,829 | 118,100 | 3,145,929 |
1912 | 3,279,012 | 119,131 | 3,398,143 |
1913 | 3,407,538 | 124,223 | 3,531,761 |
1914 | 3,426,744 | 127,041 | 3,553,785 |
1915 | 3,167,283 | 127,660 | 3,294,943 |
1916 | 3,366,171 | 157,892 | 3,524,063 |
1917 | 3,849,675 | 187,953 | 4,037,628 |
1918 | 3,364,308 | 237,075 | 3,601,383 |
The revenue from Customs and excise duties in 1907–8 was £3,217,538, and the increase for the ten years is £383,845, or 11.93 per cent. In the ten calendar years corresponding to the same period the value of imports (excluding specie) increased from £17,802,861 to £20,919,259, or at the rate of 20.90 per cent. Generally speaking, in spite of slight increases in Customs and excise duties referred to above as part of the war taxation, the average rate of duty has not increased during the ten years, the increases of 1915 scarcely counteracting the remissions and decreases of 1907. The increase in the total duties collected is thus entirely due to the increased prosperity of the country as reflected by its trade. The decrease in imports in 1914 as compared with 1913, it will be seen, brought a corresponding decrease in Customs duties collected, but the additional imposts referred to above have made their impression on the Customs taxation figures of 1915–16, in spite of a further fall in the total value of imports for 1915.
The Customs duties collected in 1916–17 showed a substantial increase as a result of increased imports, but with the fall in imports during the following year the duties collected fell back to approximately the figure of 1915–16.
For a fuller discussion of Customs taxation than can be given here the reader is referred to the section of this book dealing with Commerce.
Except in regard to minor details, the system of land and income taxation in force in 1915 had remained unaltered for many years. Probably the only noteworthy point was the gradual hardening-up of the graduated land-tax, designed to prevent aggregation of land and to compel the cutting-up of large estates rather than to secure additional revenue.
The war taxation of 1915, however, not only included increased rates of 33 ¼ per cent. in the case of income-tax, ¼d. in the pound in the case of land-tax payable on mortgages, and 50 per cent. in the case of graduated land-tax, but also involved an important change of principle. Among the incomes formerly exempt from income-tax are those derived directly from land, but income-tax is now payable on such incomes, including those derived from mortgages of land. In the case of mortgages, however, the income-tax is reduced by such amount as has been paid for land-tax, provided such amount does not exceed the total amount of income-tax.
With the exception of the abolition of the land-tax on mortgages and the substitution of an income-tax in its place, the principles of land-tax assessment were not altered in 1916, nor were the rates increased, but an entirely new scheme, the excess-profits tax (described above), was brought into operation in respect of income-tax, the 1915 system remaining also, with increased rates, for ordinary income-tax.
The excess-profits tax being found inequitable and otherwise unsatisfactory, a system of progressive land and income tax, with a special war tax on incomes, was adopted in 1917, and was continued in 1918.
Land-tax is assessed on the unimproved value of the land after allowing certain exemptions as set out below. As the law now stands an owner of land the unimproved value of which does not exceed £1,500 is allowed an exemption of £500, and where the unimproved value lies between £1,500 and £2,500 there is a similar exemption, diminished, however, by £1 for every £2 over the £1,500 mark, so that no exemption is allowable when the £2,500 is reached. Where the land is subject to a registered mortgage an alternate scale of deductions is provided—viz., £1,500 in cases where the unimproved value does not exceed £3,000, and the same amount diminished by £1 for every £2 above £3,000 when the unimproved value lies between £3,000 and £6,000. Where the capital value of the mortgage is less than the amount of deduction provided, such capital value is to be deducted instead. In lieu of the exemptions mentioned, the Commissioner of Taxes has discretionary powers to grant relief in certain specified cases of hardship. Subject to deductions provided, lessees and life tenants are liable to tax, and joint owners are to be assessed jointly as regards the land held in conjunction, and also severally in respect of each owner's interest in such land and any other land. This also applies to the shareholders in a company owning land.
The progressive land-tax, now substituted for the former double system of ordinary and graduated tax, ranges from 1d. to 7d. in the pound. The 1d. rate applies in cases where the unimproved value on which tax is payable does not exceed £1,000, and the rate is increased by ¼2,000 of a penny for every pound in excess of £1,000, up to the maximum of 7d. These rates were virtually increased for the years 1917–18 and 1918–19 by the imposition of a super-tax of 50 per cent., the minimum rate for the year being thus 1 ½d. and the maximum 10 ½d. A further 50-per-cent. increase on the total rates is imposed in the case of absentees, including shareholders in companies, but not in the case of the companies themselves.
Income-tax is payable on the full incomes of registered companies and of absentees, and in other cases on incomes in excess of £300 per annum. Formerly a deduction of £300 was made from the income in all cases (except for companies and absentees) when computing the amount of tax payable, but the full deduction is now made only when the income does not exceed £600. Between £600 and £900 the exemption is reduced by £1 for every £1 above £600, and no exemption at all is allowed for incomes above £900. Certain specified incomes are wholly exempt from taxation, and a further £25 is deductible from assessable income for each child under sixteen years of age. Sundry other deductions are also provided.
The rates of progressive income-tax for the years 1917–18 and 1918–19 range from 6d. to 3s. in the case of persons and firms, and from 1s. to 3s. for companies. The 6d. rate for persons and firms applies where the taxable income is not more than £400, and the 1s., rate for companies where the taxable income does not exceed £1,600, the rates being increased by ½00 part of a penny for every additional pound until the maximum tax of 3s. in the pound is reached. Income derived by holders of company debentures from such debentures bears a uniform tax of 1s., plus a special war tax of 1s. 6d.
The special war tax also applies to assessable income in excess of £300 of all other income-tax payers. For incomes up to £400 the rate of special war tax is 9d. in the pound, and this is increased by ¾00 of a penny for every additional pound of income, but so as not to exceed 4s. 6d. in the pound. The maximum total rate of income-tax is thus 7s. 6d. in the pound.
A now feature of the land and income taxation laws of the Dominion was the provision in the Finance Act, 1917, for an additional penal tax in cases where the taxpayer had not contributed to the war loan in proportion to his income. The Act made it the duty of every taxpayer whose taxable income for the year ended 31st March, 1916, exceeded £700 to subscribe to the war loan of 1917–18, on notice being served by the Commissioner of Taxes, an amount equal to three times the amount of land and income tax payable for the year 1916–17. This provision was renewed for the following year by the Finance Act (No. 2) of 1918.
The income-tax for the year ended the 31st March, 1918, amounted to £5,619,561, and the land-tax to £1,385,708. The number of income-tax payers was 37,949, as against only 30,230 in the preceding year. Land-tax payers numbered 51,275, as against 35,859 in 1916–17.
The total number of land- and income-tax payers for each of the past ton years was,—
NUMBER OF TAXPAYERS. | ||
---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Land-tax. | Income-tax. |
1909 | 30,855 | 10,839 |
1910 | 33,162 | 11,175 |
1911 | 33,516 | 11,303 |
1912 | 35,273 | 12,207 |
1913 | 38,232 | 13,167 |
1914 | 40,889 | 14,277 |
1915 | 44,270 | 13,967 |
1916 | 45,409 | 20,072 |
1917 | 35,859 | 30,230 |
1918 | 51,275 | 37,949 |
The revenue derived from land-tax and income-tax during each of the past ten years is as shown below.
LAND AND INCOME TAX, 1908–9 TO 1917–18. | ||
---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Land-tax. | Income-tax. |
£ | £ | |
1909 | 604,901 | 321,044 |
1910 | 642,270 | 316,835 |
1911 | 628,723 | 407,235 |
1912 | 647,015 | 448,935 |
1913 | 728,636 | 462,994 |
1914 | 767,451 | 554,271 |
1915 | 799,641 | 540,318 |
1916 | 1,048,356 | 1,392,119 |
1917 | 713,118 | 4,262,125 |
1918 | 1,385,708 | 5,619,561 |
In 1917 the dual system of land taxation (ordinary and graduated) was superseded by a single graduated tax, which in 1917–18 yielded the sum of £1,385,708.
Particulars of the amounts collected under the three classes (ordinary, graduated, and absentee) during the ten years 1907–8 to 1916–17 are as given in the following table:—
LAND TAX, 1907–8 to 1916–17. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Year ended 31st March. | Land-tax. | ||
Ordinary. | Graduated. | Absentee. | |
* Included in preceding column. | |||
£ | £ | £ | |
1908 | 346,166 | 186,000 | 5,680 |
1909 | 389,844 | 209,248 | 5,809 |
1910 | 417,668 | 220,044 | 4,558 |
1911 | 416,426 | 209,493 | 2,804 |
1912 | 439,398 | 205,114 | 2,503 |
1913 | 475,281 | 251,275 | 2,080 |
1914 | 506,407 | 258,135 | 2,909 |
1915 | 547,959 | 249,193 | 2,489 |
1916 | 696,930 | 351,426 | * |
1917 | 347,913 | 365,205 | * |
The effect of the increased rates in 1915–16, 1916–17, and 1917–18 is clearly shown by the table of revenue from land and income tax given above. Land-tax collected during 1915–16 is 30 per cent. above that of 1914–15, while income-tax is £300,000 more than the combined totals of 1913–14 and 1914–15. The fall in the amount of land-tax in 1916–17 was due to the alteration in system referred to above, whereby income derived from mortgages of land now bears income-tax instead of land-tax as formerly. The increase in land-tax collected in 1917–18 is a result of the increased rates levied under the provisions of the Finance Act, 1917.
Under the Death Duties Act, 1909, an estate duty is levied upon the final balance of all property of a deceased person which is situated in New Zealand at his death in excess of the value of £500. In the case of any estate the final balance of which does not exceed £10,000, any interest acquired by the wife of the deceased up to the value of £5,000 is exempt from estate duty, but the rate of duty on the whole estate must be determined before the deduction is made. The following is the scale of duties:—
Net Value of Estate, | Rate of Duty. |
---|---|
£ £ | Per Cent. |
500 to 1,000 | 1 |
1,000 to 2,000 | 2 |
2,000 to 3,000 | 2 ½ |
3,000 to 4,000 | 3 |
4,000 to 5,000 | 3 ¼ |
5,000 to 6,000 | 3 2/3 |
6,000 to 7,000 | 4 |
7,000 to 8,000 | 4 ¼ |
8,000 to 9,000 | 4 2/3 |
9,000 to 10,000 | 5 |
10,000 to 12,000 | 5 ¼ |
12,000 to 14,000 | 5 2/3 |
14,000 to 16,000 | 6 |
16,000 to 18,000 | 6 ¼ |
18,000 to 20,000 | 6 2/3 |
20,000 to 25,000 | 7 |
On estates exceeding £25,000 the rate of duty progresses by one-third of 1 per cent. for each successive £5,000, but the maximum rate must not exceed 15 per cent.
Succession duty is payable by any person who acquires a beneficial interest in the estate of a deceased person either by will or by intestacy, according to the following scale:—
Per Cent. | |
---|---|
Wife of deceased | 2 |
Husband | 2 |
Child, grandchild, or other descendant | 2 |
Relatives in degree not more remote than fourth | 5 |
Others | 10 |
No duty is payable by the wife of deceased where the succession does not exceed £20,000, nor by a child, grandchild, or other descendant where the amount is not more than £5,000. Where duty is payable it is levied on the full amount of the succession, but must not be greater than the amount by which the succession exceeds £20,000 or £5,000, as the case may be.
In all other cases duty is not payable in respect of any succession the value of which does not exceed £200, and the duty payable on any succession in excess of that sum is not to be greater than the amount by which the succession exceeds £200.
Excepting in the case of wife, or of children, grandchildren, or other descendants, if the value of the succession exceeds £20,000 any such excess is charged with double the rate of the ordinary duty. Charitable trusts are exempt from succession duty.
The wife or lineal descendant of a soldier who has met his death on account of the war is allowed an exemption to the extent of £5,000 in addition to the exemptions mentioned above, duty to be payable on the residue only. A lineal ancestor is also exempt up to £5,000, but in this case, where the succession exceeds £5,000, the duty is payable on the full amount, but must not be more than the amount by which the succession exceeds £5,000.
A gift means any disposition of property which is made otherwise than by will, whether with or without an instrument in writing, without fully adequate consideration in money or its equivalent. The duty payable is as follows:—
On a gift which together with the value of all other gifts made at the same time, or within twelve months previously or subsequently by the same donor to the same or any other beneficiary, otherwise than by way of a charitable trust, does not exceed the value of £1,000, no duty shall be charged.
On gifts exceeding the value of £1,000, 5 per cent. Antenuptial marriage settlements and charitable gifts are exempt from duty.
Death duties are due and payable to the Commissioner of Stamps within six months from the death of the deceased, and gift duties at the time the gift is made.
The revenue received from death duties during each of the past ten years was,—
Year ended 31st March. | Amount, £ |
---|---|
1909 | 260,238 |
1910 | 192,014 |
1911 | 323,783 |
1912 | 361,186 |
1913 | 458,265 |
1914 | 613,751 |
1915 | 796,232 |
1916 | 610,350 |
1917 | 570,040 |
1918 | 805,511 |
Full information concerning the law as to the use of the totalizator in New Zealand is given in Section XXXI of this book (Miscellaneous). The Government tax on totalizator investments is 2 ½ per cent. of the gross amount passed through the machines. Prior to the 1st March, 1910, the percentage was 1 ½.
A tax of 1 per cent. has from the 1st November, 1915, been imposed on the total value of all stakes, and 6d. in the pound or part of a pound on totalizator dividends, in addition to the tax on totalizator investments.
The following table shows for each of the last twenty years the number of totalizator licenses issued, the amount of investments by the public, and the amount paid to the Treasury as a percentage of such investments. The amounts shown as “Percentage paid to Treasury” represent the amounts paid in respect of the race meetings held during the year as shown, but do not in all cases coincide with the amount of totalizator revenue received during the financial year, for the reason that the percentage in respect of race meetings held late in March may not be paid to the Treasury until after the end of the financial year.
Financial Year. | Number of Totalizator Licenses issued for Meetings held during Financial Year. | Days. | Percentage paid to Treasury. | Total Amount invested by the Public. |
---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | |||
1898–99 | 144 | 250 | 13,695 | 912,969 |
1899–1900 | 154 | 278 | 15,983 | 1,065,580 |
1900–1 | 153 | 278 | 17,541 | 1,168,732 |
1901–2 | 165 | 309 | 19,040 | 1,275,813 |
1902–3 | 148 | 276 | 19,734 | 1,274,102 |
1903–4 | 151 | 282 | 20,486 | 1,357,263 |
1904–5 | 156 | 294 | 21,571 | 1,437,431 |
1905–6 | 158 | 298 | 22,898 | 1,555,638 |
1906–7 | 159 | 303 | 27,651 | 1,837,095 |
1907–8 | 152 | 292 | 29,996 | 1,999,757 |
1908–9 | 157 | 307 | 27,964 | 1,834,333 |
1909–10 | 167 | 323 | 29,645 | 2,030,426 |
1910–11 | 144 | 287 | 48,338 | 1,933,534 |
1911–12 | 142 | 264 | 72,184 | 2,887,371 |
1912–13 | 148 | 265 | 86,095 | 3,600,465 |
1913–14 | 126 | 231 | 92,260 | 3,690,390 |
1914–15 | 141 | 255 | 110,733 | 4,429,320 |
1915–16 | 180 | 285 | 119,379 | 4,775,120 |
1916–17 | 171 | 279 | 127,387 | 5,095,480 |
1917–18 | 135 | 205 | 110,845 | 4,433,816 |
In addition to the amount shown above as percentage paid to the Treasury in 1917–18, the sum of £99,754 was received as dividend duty and £3,101 as tax on stakes.
The racing year ends on the 31st July, and the position as regards the last six years is hotter shown in the next table, which gives figures for July years. Information as to gate-money, licenses, &., is also given. Figures for racing prior to 1911–12 are not obtainable.
Racing Year. | Number of Totalizator Licenses issued. | Days. | Amount invested on Totalizator by the Public. | Amount of Gate-money, Licenses, etc. | Amounts paid to Treasury. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As Tax on Investments. | From Gate-money, Licenses, etc. | |||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | |||
1911–12 | 138 | 250 | 2,898,596 | 90,921 | 72,465 | 2,273 |
1912–13 | 138 | 250 | 3,538,188 | 102,686 | 88,455 | 2,567 |
1913–14 | 138 | 250 | 4,188,594 | 123,932 | 104,714 | 3,099 |
1914–15 | 151 | 262 | 4,450,331 | 129,388 | 111,258 | 3,235 |
1915–16 | 175 | 281 | 4,796,515 | 133,700 | 119,913 | 3,343 |
1916–17 | 163 | 280 | 5,040,594 | 128,868 | 126,015 | 3,222 |
1917–18 | 131 | 189 | 4,421,175 | 108,444 | 110,529 | 2,711 |
Local governing authorities have power under various Acts of the Legislature to impose taxes for general or special purposes as sot out in another section of this book. The amount of revenue collected for local purposes during ten years is shown below.
Year ended 31st March. | Local Revenue derived from | Total. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
General Rates. | Special and Separate Rates. | Licenses and other Taxes. | ||
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1908 | 949,139 | 407,119 | 110,340 | 1,466,598 |
1909 | 970,225 | 420,473 | 111,195 | 1,501,893 |
1910 | 1,058,447 | 467,860 | 108,470 | 1,634,777 |
1911 | 1,118,112 | 474,489 | 108,234 | 1,700,835 |
1912 | 1,156,718 | 521,159 | 113,106 | 1,790,983 |
1913 | 1,252,717 | 546,582 | 169,468 | 1,968,767 |
1914 | 1,359,776 | 645,862 | 181,896 | 2,187,534 |
1915 | 1,484,430 | 655,495 | 185,569 | 2,325,494 |
1916 | 1,607,764 | 747,391 | 187,065 | 2,542,220 |
1917 | 1,695,572 | 838,967 | 185,611 | 2,720,150 |
Of recent years there has been great activity in local enterprise, the necessary funds being provided partly out of general rates, but mainly by borrowing, interest on loans and payments to sinking funds being secured in most cases by special rates. The increase in the amount of general rates collected during the ten years 1906–7 to 1916–17 was £805,861, or 90 per cent.; special and separate rates increased by £495,630, or 144 per cent.; and total rates by £1,301,491, or 105 per cent. Licenses and other taxes show an increase for the ten years of £80,123, or 76 per cent.
A table is given setting out in greater detail the taxation by local authorities during the year ended the 31st March, 1917.
REVENUE FROM LOCAL TAXATION, 1916–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local Bodies. | Rates. | Licenses. | Other Taxes. | Total. | |
General. | Special and Separate. | ||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Counties | 842,153 | 132,181 | 21,337 | 20,910 | 1,016,581 |
Boroughs | 605,702 | 624,298 | 62,092 | 72,708 | 1,364,800 |
Town Boards | 27,385 | 17,057 | 4,611 | 1,636 | 50,689 |
Road Boards | 83,653 | 11,023 | 762 | 1,091 | 96,529 |
River Boards | 8,792 | 4,093 | .. | .. | 12,885 |
Land Drainage Boards | 14,295 | 7,572 | .. | .. | 21,867 |
Harbour Boards | 41,617 | .. | .. | .. | 41,617 |
City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 71,817 | 34,570 | .. | 458 | 106,845 |
Tramway Boards | .. | 4,168 | .. | .. | 4,168 |
Water-supply Boards | 158 | 4,005 | 6 | .. | 4,169 |
Totals | 1,695,572 | 838,967 | 88,808 | 96,803 | 2,720,150 |
EARLY in the history of the settlement of New Zealand the necessity for financial assistance to open up the forest-clad rugged country was made apparent. In the year 1856 the first Loan Act was passed by the General Assembly, and under that authority £500,000 was raised. In addition to the requirements for necessary initial public works, the opposition to settlement by the Maoris, resulting in active hostilities, compelled considerable borrowing. At the conclusion of the Maori War the work of road and railway construction was mainly carried on under the administration of Provincial Councils, who exercised control over expenditure within their respective districts, the General Government being responsible for undertakings of a national character. Under this system of divided responsibility no general and comprehensive scheme of public works could be carried out.
Up to the end of the year 1870 the General Government had borrowed £4,543,316, while the debt of the Provincial Councils amounted to £3,298,575. In that year the General Government brought forward a public-works and immigration policy, by which it was proposed to raise a loan of ten millions for the construction of main trunk railways, roads, and other public works of importance to the country as a whole, as well as for the promotion of settlement on a large scale, the expenditure to be spread over a period of ton years. This policy was accepted by the Legislature, and embodied in the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870. The necessity for local railways and other works soon caused the original proposals to be exceeded, and to a far greater amount than was at first contemplated. Broadly stated, the system of opening up the lands in advance of settlement was adopted, the State retaining the ownership and control of facilities for transport and communication.
In 1892 the General Government began the repurchase of lands already alienated. The money required for this purpose has been borrowed, but the rentals obtained by the leasing of the lands are sufficient for the payment of interest and sinking fund on the amount raised. In 1894 the Advances to Settlors Act was passed, authorizing the raising of loans for advances on the security of real estate. This was followed by the Advances to Workers Act in 1906. A considerable amount has been borrowed for these purposes, but both interest and sinking funds are derived from the special revenues, and thus are not a charge upon the Consolidated Fund. In order to assist local governing bodies to obtain money at low rates of interest the General Government has borrowed over six millions. Under this scheme the advances are repaid to the State by instalments.
The money composing the debt has been borrowed on the security of the public revenues. No portion of the public estate is pledged for payment of either principal or interest.
The Minister of Finance may raise loans when authorized by Parliament so to do, by the issue of debentures, or scrip, or stock, in New Zealand or elsewhere at his discretion, and may prescribe the mode and conditions of repayment of loans, the rates of interest (not exceeding the maximum rate fixed by the authorizing Act), and the times and places of the payment of principal and interest respectively. Power is given to convert debentures or scrip into consolidated stock, and the Minister may specify the terms of conversion at the time when a loan is raised, or arrange that terms shall be subsequently agreed upon. For the purpose of paying off or renewing at maturity any debenture, scrip, or other security, now debentures or other securities may be issued and disposed of if necessary. Authority also exists for the conversion of loan-money which has not yet matured.
The gross and not indebtedness of the General Government, the amount of sinking fund accrued, and the rate of indebtedness per head of population, for each of the past twenty years, is given in the following table:—
As at 31st March. | Estimated or Census Population. | Amount of Debentures and Stock in Circulation. | Gross Indebtedness per Head of European Population. | Amount of Sinking Fund accrued. | Net Indebtedness. | Net Indebtedness per Head of European Population. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | s. | d. | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | ||
1899 | 746,673 | 46,938,006 | 62 | 17 | 3 | 857,279 | 46,080,727 | 61 | 14 | 4 |
1900 | 758,616 | 47,874,452 | 63 | 2 | 2 | 944,375 | 46,930,077 | 61 | 17 | 3 |
1901 | 772,719 | 49,591,245 | 64 | 3 | 7 | 1,033,494 | 48,557,751 | 62 | 16 | 10 |
1902 | 789,994 | 52,966,447 | 67 | 0 | 11 | 1,128,816 | 51,837,631 | 65 | 12 | 4 |
1903 | 814,842 | 55,899,019 | 68 | 12 | 0 | 1,357,739 | 54,541,280 | 66 | 18 | 8 |
1904 | 838,954 | 57,522,215 | 68 | 11 | 4 | 1,500,687 | 56,021,528 | 66 | 15 | 6 |
1905 | 864,971 | 59,912,000 | 69 | 5 | 4 | 1,650,718 | 58,261,282 | 67 | 7 | 2 |
1906 | 889,968 | 62,191,040 | 69 | 17 | 7 | 1,661,519 | 60,529,521 | 68 | 0 | 3 |
1907 | 913,873 | 64,179,040 | 70 | 4 | 7 | 2,042,068 | 62,136,972 | 67 | 19 | 10 |
1908 | 937,587 | 66,453,897 | 70 | 17 | 6 | 1,268,361 | 65,185,536 | 69 | 10 | 6 |
1909 | 968,313 | 70,938,534 | 73 | 5 | 2 | 1,479,224 | 69,459,310 | 71 | 14 | 8 |
1910 | 987,481 | 74,890,645 | 75 | 16 | 10 | 1,503,225 | 73,387,420 | 74 | 6 | 4 |
1911 | 1,008,468 | 81,078,122 | 80 | 7 | 11 | 1,754,486 | 79,323,636 | 78 | 13 | 2 |
1912 | 1,031,500 | 84,353,913 | 81 | 15 | 7 | 2,160,603 | 82,193,310 | 79 | 13 | 8 |
1913 | 1,061,748 | 90,060,763 | 84 | 16 | 5 | 2,603,642 | 87,457,121 | 82 | 7 | 5 |
1914 | 1,089,827 | 99,730,427 | 91 | 10 | 2 | 3,063,992 | 91,689,835 | 84 | 2 | 8 |
1915 | 1,100,586 | 100,059,910 | 90 | 18 | 4 | 3,178,055 | 96,644,455 | 87 | 16 | 3 |
1916 | 1,100,406 | 109,637,397 | 99 | 12 | 8 | 3,679,964 | 105,957,433 | 96 | 5 | 9 |
1917 | 1,101,166 | 129,836,105 | 117 | 18 | 2 | 4,263,590 | 125,572,515 | 114 | 0 | 9 |
1918 | 1,104,783 | 150,840,055 | 136 | 10 | 8 | 4,971,605 | 145,868,450 | 132 | 0 | 8 |
The gross indebtedness at the 31st March, 1914, includes the sum of £4,976,600 raised at the end of the year 1913–14 for redemption of debentures falling due early in 1914-15; and the sum of £237,400 raised on the 30th March, 1915, for redemptions on the 1st April, 1915, is included in the figure for 1914–15. The net indebtedness does not include these amounts.
In issues of the Year-book prior to 1912, in addition to the customary deduction made for sinking funds accrued, the gross debt was further reduced for the years 1903 to 1911 by taking off the amount of Government securities in which the New Zealand Consols deposits are invested, as well as the value of the preference shares held by the Government in the Bank of New Zealand, which was £500,000 up to 1914, but has now been increased by the sum of £375,000, representing 4–per-cent. inscribed stock created and issued to the bank under the authority of section 6 of the Bank of New Zealand Act, 1913. For the years 1908 to 1911, the cost price of securities (£800,000) purchased for a reserve to meet any unexpected financial contingency was also similarly deducted from the gross debt. In 1912, however, the Government decided that as these items are not strictly sinking funds proper they should not be included in official statements of the Dominion's sinking funds, and they are now accordingly omitted. In order that the above table may show a proper comparison of the growth of the accrued sinking fund, the total net indebtedness, and the net indebtedness per head of population, the last three columns have been recast for the years 1903 to 1911, the figures for all the years shown being thus put on the same basis.
In regard to the Investments of New Zealand Consols deposits in Government securities, it may be stated that the amounts so invested during the ten years 1908–9 to 1917–18 were as follows:—
Year ended 31st March, | Amount. |
---|---|
£ | |
1909 | 377,765 |
1910 | 303,840 |
1911 | 335,240 |
1912 | 347,180 |
1913 | 348,960 |
1914 | 348,960 |
1915 | 425,485 |
1916 | 475,885 |
1917 | 475,885 |
1918 | 475,985 |
These sums represent the amount of the public debt held by the New Zealand Government itself for those years.
In considering the indebtedness of a country it is important to know whether the money borrowed has been utilized for productive or for unproductive purposes. New Zealand's public debt expenditure is usually divided into four classes, as follows:—
Directly reproductive undertakings.
Investments.
Indirectly productive public utilities.
Unproductive.
Much of the money borrowed is obtained for specific purposes and can be accurately placed in one or other of the four classes shown. On the other hand, however, general public-works loans are obtained to cover the cost of a number of undertakings ranging from railways (directly productive) to public buildings (unproductive). As the Public Works Fund receives from time to time transfers from the Consolidated Fund, and as no distinction is made between expenditure out of revenue and expenditure out of loan, it is necessary to allocate the loan-money over the various items according to the total expenditure on each. The result is accurate enough for practical purposes.
The indebtedness as at 31st March, 1918, allocated to its various items in the four classes referred to, is shown in the following statement. The figures for the last financial year are also given.
Increase during 1917–18. | Total Indebtedness at 31st March, 1918. | |
---|---|---|
* Decrease. | ||
(a.) Directly reproductive undertakings,— | £ | £ |
Railways | 429,242 | 31,641,186 |
Railways improvement | 95,000 | |
Telegraphs and telephones | 101,529 | 3,098,849 |
Lighthouses and harbours | 2,577 | 644,759 |
Tourist and health resorts | 807 | 181,772 |
State forests | 28,100 | 38,100 |
State coal-mines | .. | 227,601 |
Water-power development | 60,000 | 427,920 |
Total (class a) | 717,255 | 36,260,187 |
(b.) Investments,— | ||
Advances to settlers | .. | 9,283,196 |
Advances to workers | 75,000* | 2,419,347 |
Advances to local authorities | .. | 2,775,528 |
Mining Advances | .. | 26,500 |
Kauri-gum industry advances | .. | 47,000 |
Fruit-preserving industry advances | 21,800 | 46,700 |
Cold-storage advances | 23,250 | 23,250 |
Land for settlements | 140,000 | 7,769,523 |
Discharged soldiers settlement | 121,000 | 160,000 |
Native-land settlement | 225,000 | 1,905,031 |
Opening up Crown lands | .. | 347,911 |
Hauraki Plains settlement | .. | 120,000 |
Rangitaiki drainage | 22,000 | 120,000 |
Purchase of Native lands | .. | 2,715,217 |
Loans to local bodies | .. | 3,507,000 |
Investment of New Zealand Consols | .. | 475,992 |
Bank of New Zealand shares | .. | 875,000 |
Reserve Fund securities | .. | 800,000 |
Total (class b) | 481,050 | 33,417,195 |
(c.) Indirectly productive,— | ||
Roads and bridges | 117,440 | 9,254,724 |
Lands improvement | 1,591 | |
Irrigation and water-supply | 10,087 | |
Swamp drainage | 10,000 | |
Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers improvement | .. | |
Development of mining | 23 | 908,717 |
Immigration | 3,338 | 2,560,896 |
Totals (class c) | 142,479 | 12,724,337 |
Increase during 1917–18. | Total Indebtedness at 31st March, 1918. | |
(d.) Unproductive,— | £ | £ |
Public buildings | 197,653 | 7,434,395 |
Scenery preservation | .. | 89,000 |
Maori War | .. | 2,357,000 |
Contingent defence | 5,813 | 3,747,931 |
Naval defence | .. | |
War of 1914–18 | 19,459,700 | 46,185,234 |
Deficiencies in revenue, charges and expenses of raising loans, provincial liabilities, &c. | .. | 8,624,776 |
Total (class d) | 19,663,166 | 68,438,336 |
Grand total | £21,003,950 | £150,840,055 |
In considering the increase of the public debt the financial year 1890–91 has been generally selected as the basis of comparison, because that year marks the beginning of a period during which the functions of the State have been widely extended, most notably as regards financial assistance to settlers, workers, and local bodies, the repurchase of alienated lands, the working of coal-mines, and the establishment of State fire and accident insurance offices. In every department these new activities, as well as the old, have been directly successful, while the indirect benefits, though admittedly great, are incapable of measurement. A considerable portion of the annual interest on the debt, although paid out of the Consolidated Fund, does not fall upon the whole taxpaying community, the revenue derived from several of the more important undertakings being sufficient to meet the interest on the money borrowed in respect of them.
The increase of the gross public debt since the 31st March, 1891, amounts to £112,009,705. Excluding war expenditure, referred to later, the largest item in the increase is £9,283,196 raised for advances to settlers, with which should be classed advances to workers (£2,419,347), and to local authorities (£2,775,528). In addition to this latter amount, £3,507,000 was raised for loans to local bodies prior to the inauguration of the present system of making such loans through the State Advances Office. These four items, as well as a number of smaller ones, represent investments by the Government bearing interest and lent on continually improving security, the principal being repaid by instalments. Other considerable items which may be considered as interest-bearing investments are those under the heads “Land for settlements,” “Native-land purchases,” “Lands improvement,” “New Zealand Consols,” “Bank of New Zealand shares,” and “Reserve Fund securities.”
The advent of the war has created a second point of demarcation in the Dominion's loan expenditure. The great demands for money for war purposes have compelled a postponement of all but urgently necessary public works and the temporary cessation of borrowings for advances to settlers, workers, and local authorities. The following statement sets out the indebtedness for the various purposes, (1) as at 31st March, 1891, (2) between 31st March, 1891, and 31st March, 1914, and (3) since 31st March, 1914:—
EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC DEBT. | |||
---|---|---|---|
— | Up to 3lst March, 1891. | From 31st March, 1891, to 31st March, 1914. | Since 3lst March, 1914. |
* Decrease. | |||
Directly reproductive undertakings,— | £ | £ | £ |
Railways | 14,580,000 | 13,841,301 | 3,219,882 |
Telegraphs and telephones | 769,000 | 1,439,884 | 889,965 |
Lighthouses and harbours | 484,000 | 128,971 | 31,788 |
Tourist and health resorts | .. | 168,995 | 12,777 |
State coal-mines | .. | 225,000 | 2,601 |
State forests | .. | .. | 38,100 |
Development of water-power | .. | 218,920 | 209,000 |
Totals | 15,833,000 | 16,023,074 | 4,404,113 |
Investments,— | |||
Advances to settlers | .. | 8,677,325 | 605,871 |
Advances to workers | .. | 2,536,927 | *117,580 |
Advances to local authorities | .. | 2,568,067 | 207,461 |
Land for settlements | .. | 7,230,093 | 539,430 |
Discharged soldiers settlement | .. | .. | 160,000 |
Opening up lands for settlement | .. | 251,911 | 96,000 |
Native-land settlement | .. | 929,600 | 975,431 |
Guaranteed mining advances | .. | 15,000 | 11,500 |
Kauri-gum industry advances | .. | .. | 47,000 |
Fruit-preserving industry advances | .. | .. | 46,700 |
Cold-storage advances | .. | .. | 23,250 |
Hauraki Plains settlement | .. | 100,000 | 20,000 |
Rangitaiki drainage | .. | 45,000 | 75,000 |
Purchase of Native lands | 1,546,000 | 1,169,217 | .. |
Loans to local bodies | 325,000 | 3,182,000 | .. |
Investment of New Zealand Consols | .. | 475,992 | .. |
Bank of New Zealand shares | .. | 500,000 | 375,000 |
Reserve Fund securities | .. | 800,000 | .. |
Totals | 1,871,000 | 28,481,132 | 3,065,063 |
Indirectly productive,— | |||
Roads, bridges, and land-improvement | 5,106,000 | 2,869,334 | 1,148,303 |
Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement | .. | 100,000 | .. |
Swamp drainage | .. | .. | 21,000 |
Irrigation and water-supply | .. | .. | 10,087 |
Immigration | 2,459,000 | 62,878 | 39,018 |
Development of mining | 571,000 | 325,992 | 11,725 |
Totals | 8,136,000 | 3,358,204 | 1,230,133 |
Unproductive,— | |||
Public buildings | 1,800,000 | 4,643,556 | 990,839 |
Maori War | 2,357,000 | .. | .. |
War of 1914–18 | .. | .. | 46,185,234 |
Defence | 1,638,000 | 2,082,011 | 27,920 |
Scenery-preservation | .. | 74,000 | 15,000 |
Deficiencies in revenue, charges and expenses of raising loans, provincial liabilities, and miscellaneous | 7,195,350 | 1,261,500 | 167,926 |
Totals | 12,990,350 | 8,061,067 | 47,386,919 |
Grand totals | 38,830,350 | 55,923,477 | 56,086,228 |
The tremendous, though necessary, increase in unproductive expenditure during the four war years is more clearly illustrated in the following table, showing the percentages of the various classes to the total for each of the three periods:—
Class. | Percentage of Indebtedness. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prior to 31st March, 1891. | Between 31st March, 1891 and 1914. | As at 31st March, 1914. | Since 31st March, 1914. | As at 31st March, 1918. | |
(a.) Reproductive expenditure | 40.78 | 28.65 | 33.62 | 7.85 | 24.04 |
(b.) Investments | 4.82 | 50.93 | 32.03 | 5.47 | 22.15 |
(c.) Indirectly productive expenditure | 20.95 | 6.01 | 12.13 | 2.19 | 8.44 |
(d.) Unproductive expenditure | 33.45 | 14.41 | 22.22 | 84.49 | 45.37 |
Totals | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The directly interest-earning portion of the debt amounts to 46.19 per cent. of the total debt, and is represented by assets which are of much greater value than the amount of borrowed money spent upon them, a considerable amount of surplus ordinary revenue having been expended from time to time on railways and other public services, as well as other moneys of the nature of special receipts. The small proportion represented by unproductive loan-money raised during the period 1891 to 1914 (14.41 per cent.) is in strong contrast to the similar proportion for the period 1914 to 1918 (84.49 per cent.).
The whole of the public debt as stated in the foregoing tables comprises inscribed stocks and debentures with varying periods of currency. Treasury bills issued in anticipation of revenue have not been included in the total. The following table shows the relative increase of the different classes of securities during the past ten financial years:—
Year ended 31st March. | Inscribed Stock. | Debentures. | Total. | Treasury Bills outstanding (not included in preceding Columns). |
---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1909 | 50,109,257 | 20,829,277 | 70,938,534 | 250,000 |
1910 | 51,364,868 | 23,525,777 | 74,890,645 | 100,000 |
1911 | 54,832,570 | 26,245,552 | 81,078 122 | .. |
1912 | 55,626,235 | 28,727,678 | 84,353,913 | .. |
1913 | 59,960,105 | 30,100,658 | 90,060,763 | .. |
1914 | 66,076,250 | 33,654,177 | 99,730,427 | .. |
1915 | 68,008,389 | 32,051,521 | 100,059,910 | .. |
1916 | 68,689,630 | 40,947,767 | 109,637,397 | .. |
1917 | 68,689,935 | 61,146,170 | 129,836,105 | .. |
1918 | 77,760,485 | 73,079,570 | 150,840,055 | .. |
Until comparatively recent years the largo proportion of the productive power of the Dominion diverted to the construction of railways, roads, &c., and engaged in the preparation of land for farming, necessitated the borrowing of capital from abroad; but of late the accumulation of savings, chiefly of small sums deposited in the savings-banks, has enabled the Government to raise considerable amounts from time to time locally. With the exception of advances from the Imperial Government, the large war loans of 1916 and 1917 were raised entirely in the Dominion.
Between the 31st March, 1908, and the corresponding date in 1918, the amount raised (and remaining outstanding) in London increased from 51 to 88 ½ millions, while that raised in New Zealand increased from 11 ½ to 58 ¾ millions. The amount raised in Australia is negligible. The following table shows, of the total amount outstanding in each of the past ten years, the amount raised in London, Australia, and New Zealand:—
PUBLIC DEBT, WHERE RAISED.
Year ended 31st March. | Inscribed Stock. | Debentures. | Total. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
London. | New Zealand. | London. | Australia | New Zealand. | ||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1909 | 49,630,684 | 478,573 | 5,000,414 | 3,869,800 | 11,959,063 | 70,938,534 |
1910 | 50,954,744 | 410,124 | 6,778,914 | 4,113,985 | 12,632,878 | 74,890,645 |
1911 | 54,370,404 | 462,166 | 7,851,414 | 4,213,985 | 14,180,153 | 81,078,122 |
1912 | 55,152,124 | 474,111 | 8,852,750 | 4,213,985 | 15,660,943 | 84,353,913 |
1913 | 59,484,214 | 475,891 | 9,445,250 | 4,213,985 | 16,441,423 | 90,060,763 |
1914 | 65,600,259 | 475,991 | 13,024,050 | 4,286,800 | 16,343,327 | 99,730,427 |
1915 | 67,532,398 | 475,991 | 8,877,603 | 3,979,000 | 19,194,918 | 100,059,910 |
1916 | 68,213,639 | 475,991 | 13,251,109 | 3,520,650 | 24,176,008 | 109,637,397 |
1917 | 68,213,943 | 475,992 | 15,663,875 | 3,385,650 | 42,096,645 | 129,836,105 |
1918 | 68,213,943 | 9,546,542 | 20,493,875 | 3,385,650 | 49,200,045 | 150,840,055 |
The percentage of the total debt raised in each of the markets and outstanding in 1907–8 and 1917–18 was,—
1907–8. | 1917–18. | |
---|---|---|
Market. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. |
London | 76.98 | 58.81 |
New Zealand | 17.67 | 38.95 |
Australia | 5.35 | 2.24 |
100.00 | 100.00 |
A summary of the loans outstanding on the 31st March, 1918, showing the amounts falling due in each financial year is given.
Due Date: Year ending 31st March. | Amount. |
---|---|
* Overdue. | |
£ | |
1915 | 2,500* |
1918 | 1,600* |
1919 | 1,705,865 |
1920 | 3,767,945 |
1921 | 10,105,457 |
1922 | 6,361,890 |
1923 | 8,222,956 |
1924 | 2,260,300 |
1925 | 552,992 |
1926 | 383,410 |
1927 | 56,400 |
1928 | 1,542,500 |
1930 | 30,100,403 |
1931 | 5,940,040 |
1936 | 17,730 |
1937 | 1,000 |
1938 | 3,000 |
1939 | 12,063,450 |
1940 | 17,568,932 |
1941 | 781,815 |
1942 | 2,807,600 |
1946 | 17,074,121 |
1948 | 895,000 |
1949 | 1,423,600 |
1950 | 1,106,500 |
1963 | 10,884,628 |
Unspecified | 15,208,421 |
Total | £150,840,055 |
The amounts that have matured or will mature during the current financial year, with their due dates, are as follows:—
Due Date. | £ |
---|---|
* Overdue. | |
1914, July 15 | 2,500* |
1918, January 1 | 1,600* |
1918, April 1 | 171,000 |
1918, May 1 | 295,000 |
1918, June 1 | 50,000 |
1918, June 30 | 5,190 |
1918, August 1 | 100,000 |
1918, October 1 | 134,000 |
1918, October 15 | 5,200 |
1918, November 1 | 8,600 |
1918, December 1 | 61,600 |
1919, January 1 | 498,025 |
1919, February 1 | 281,000 |
1919, March 1 | 10,000 |
1919, March 31 | 86,250 |
Total | £1,709,965 |
Of the total amount of public debt outstanding at the end of March, 1918, over fifteen millions bore interest at the rate of 5 per cent., thirty-four millions at 4 ½ per cent., and over sixty-six millions at 4 per cent. Only £34,729,928, or 23.02 per cent. of the total, bore interest at a lower rate than 4 per cent., as against 48.39 per cent. of the total at 31st March, 1914. The following are the rates of interest payable on the whole public debt:—
Rates of Interest. | Amount at each Rate. |
---|---|
£ | |
5 per cent. | 15,602,500 |
4 ½ per cent. | 34,015,996 |
4 ¼ per cent. | 55,100 |
4 per cent. | 66,432,431 |
3 ¾ per cent. | 1,715,800 |
3 ½ per cent. | 23,267,898 |
3 per cent. | 9,746,230 |
Overdue | 4,100 |
Total | £150,840,055 |
The total amount of interest payable to bondholders on the full amount of the public debt (excluding interest on £4,100 shown as overdue) is £6,141,590, which gives an average rate of £4 1s. 5d. per £100. On the total public debt outstanding on the 31st March, 1891, the average interest charge was £4 10s. 3d. per £100. During the period 1890–91 to 1917–18, therefore, the average rate is found to have declined by 8s. 10d. per £100. There was, however, an increase of 7s. per £100 in 1917–18 as compared with 1913–14.
The foregoing refers to interest payable to bondholders only, and has nothing to do with sinking-fund requirements, which are included in the whole annual charge of the public debt.
The actual payments during the past twenty years for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund are shown in the following table, together with the rate per head of population and the percentage of ordinary and territorial revenue absorbed by the public-debt charges:—
Year ended 31st March. | Amounts actually paid for Interest and Sinking Fund out of the Consolidated Fund. | Rate per Head of Mean Population. | Percentage of Revenue absorbed by Public-debt Charges. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Public Debt. | Treasury Bills. | Total. | |||||||
Interest. | Sinking Fund. | Total. | Interest. | ||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | ||
1899 | 1,689,749 | 44,651 | 1,734,400 | 33,068 | 1,767,468 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 33.61 |
1900 | 1,674,618 | 46,073 | 1,720,691 | 28,703 | 1,749,394 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 31.07 |
1901 | 1,671,552 | 46,364 | 1,717,916 | 27,700 | 1,745,616 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 29.83 |
1902 | 1,722,819 | 47,724 | 1,770,543 | 33,396 | 1,803,939 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 29.80 |
1903 | 1,817,701 | 50,464 | 1,868,165 | 32,814 | 1,900,979 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 29.77 |
1904 | 1,875,376 | 53,408 | 1,928,784 | 29,179 | 1,957,963 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 27.89 |
1905 | 1,914,296 | 54,933 | 1,969,229 | 24,500 | 1,993,729 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 27.53 |
1906 | 2,006,537 | 56,167 | 2,062,704 | 24,500 | 2,087,204 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 27.52 |
1907 | 2,048,990 | 97,351 | 2,146,341 | 25,751 | 2,172,092 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 25.86 |
1908 | 2,085,018 | 81,842 | 2,166,860 | 20,559 | 2,187,419 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 24.15 |
1909 | 2,149,739 | 91,438 | 2,241,177 | 17,188 | 2,258,365 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 25.09 |
1910 | 2,282,182 | 95,124 | 2,377,306 | 20,156 | 2,397,462 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 25.95 |
1911 | 2,381,000 | 54,104 | 2,435,104 | 23,348 | 2,458,452 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 23.87 |
1912 | 2,446,493 | 198,388 | 2,644,881 | 11,459 | 2,656,340 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 24.02 |
1913 | 2,506,025 | 202,757 | 2,708,782 | 8,231 | 2,717,013 | 2 | 11 | 11 | 23.15 |
1914 | 2,649,796 | 221,726 | 2,871,512 | 16,468 | 2,887,980 | 2 | 13 | 8 | 23.61 |
1915 | 2,788,513 | 247,570 | 3,036,083 | 35,365 | 3,071,448 | 2 | 16 | 1 | 24.67 |
1916 | 2,868,533 | 257,036 | 3,145,569 | 45,229 | 3,190,798 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 21.99 |
1917 | 3,701,040 | 326,924 | 4,027,964 | 4,921 | 4,032,885 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 21.97 |
1918 | 3,935,118 | 494,699 | 4,429,817 | 962 | 4,430,779 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 21.93 |
The above amounts shown as interest and sinking fund do not comprise the whole of the interest and sinking fund paid in respect of moneys raised by way of loans. For loans raised for the purposes of State advances to settlers, workers, local authorities, &c., and under the Land for Settlements Acts, the interest, although made a charge upon the Consolidated Fund, is recovered from the receipts derived from the leasing of the lands or from instalments paid by borrowers. Other loan-money coming within the same category is that raised for State coal-mines, Native-land settlement, the purchase of the Cheviot Estate, the Rangitaiki land drainage, the Hauraki Plains settlement, and the Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers improvement.
The amount of interest charged and recovered during last year in respect of the loan-money raised for the purposes stated was £937,058. The details are as follows:—
£ | |
---|---|
Land for settlements (including opening up Crown lands for settlement) | 330,790 |
Advances to settlers | 318,718 |
Advances to workers | 91,732 |
Advances to local authorities | 103,196 |
Mining advances | 1,323 |
State coal-mines | 8,714 |
Native-land settlement | 64,879 |
Cheviot Estate | 8,866 |
Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers improvement | 3,500 |
Hauraki Plains settlement | 4,438 |
State forests | 902 |
£937,058 |
Such interest does not become a burden upon the taxpayer, and consequently is not included in the figures upon which the rate per head of mean population is calculated.
The amount actually paid for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund during 1917–18 was £397,894 more than that for the previous year, and the rate of charge per head of population shows an increase of 7s.
From time to time in the earlier financial history of the Dominion sinking funds were created in respect of various loans. These loans have now all been paid off, with the exception of an item of £2,500 which matured on the 15th July, 1914, as part of a loan of £266,300 raised under the New Zealand Loan Act, 1863, but which has not yet been paid off A sinking fund of £2,607, which covered this loan, was credited to the Consolidated Fund during 1915–16, and is held to meet the debentures when presented.
More recently provision was made for sinking funds for the repayment of loans raised for local bodies and for war and defence loans. A sinking fund was also provided for in the case of the loans raised under the Naval Defence Act, 1909. All of these funds are invested with the Public Trustee.
Another class of sinking fund which has come into existence in later years may more correctly be termed an “internal reserve fund,” because the accumulations are immediately converted into capital, although kept apart in the accounts. Part of the surplus revenue of the various accounts of the State Advances Department, equal to 1 per cent. of the loan liabilities at the end of each financial year, is set apart? as a sinking fund.
The whole of the public debt for which no special sinking fund exists has now been provided for by the Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910, referred to in detail below.
On the 31st March, 1918, the accrued sinking funds amounted to £4,971,605, made up as follows:—
£ | |
---|---|
New Zealand Loan Act, 1863 | 2,500 |
Government loans to local bodies | 799,601 |
War and defence loans | 192,691 |
War loans (1914–18) | 375,734 |
Naval Defence Act, 1909 | 519,221 |
State-advances loans | 1,052,472 |
Land for settlements | 760,542 |
Native-land settlement | 11,977 |
Guaranteed mining advances | 671 |
Hauraki Plains settlement | 2,176 |
Opening up Crown lands for settlement | 3,417 |
Rangitaiki land drainage | 904 |
Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910 | 1,249,699 |
£4,971,605 |
A scheme making provision to repay the existing public debt, with application to future borrowings, was embodied in the Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910. This Act provides for the setting-apart each year, on the certificate of the Controller and Auditor-General, out of the Consolidated Fund an amount equal to the sum which, if invested at compound interest at 4 per cent. per annum for seventy-five years, would repay the whole of the public debt as at the preceding 31st March. In this manner, for every loan raised in the future an additional proportional amount will be contributed to the fund to enable such new loan to be extinguished at the expiry of seventy-five years from the date of issue.
After the 31st March, 1915, the interest, instead of being calculated at 4 per cent., is to be the actual average net interest earned by the funds invested under the Act during the previous three years.
The annual payment will be increased—(a) for every new loan, by an amount needed to extinguish it in seventy-five years; (b) in case the fund at any time fails to earn 4 per cent., by an amount which will supply the deficiency.
The fund is administered by a Board constituted under the Act, and must be invested in loans to settlers, to workers, and to local authorities. It is expressly forbidden to invest any of the moneys in New Zealand Government securities. If at any time the funds cannot be invested as above stated the Board may purchase at or below par, and cancel, any New Zealand Government stock or debentures charged upon the consolidated revenue. In order to preserve the continuity of the fund it is provided that in the event of any stock or debentures being redeemed before the expiry of the seventy-five years there shall be paid annually out of the Consolidated Fund into the Sinking Fund Account a sum sufficient to compensate for the loss of earnings of the money so expended. There is also a provision that if the earnings of the fund should fall below 4 per cent. any deficiency must be made good out of the Consolidated Fund Account.
The most prominent features of the scheme are—(1) the mode of investment, which is intended to prevent any improper use being made of the accumulations, (2) the provision for preserving the continuity of the fund by the adjustment of the annual contributions, and (3) the automatic action of the fund whereby the total debt existing at any given date will be extinguished in seventy-five years from such date.
No further payments are to be made to the Public Trustee on account of the sinking funds of the war and defence and local bodies' loans, but the accumulated capital of these funds remains invested with him as at the date of the passing of the Act, the interest being paid by him to the Consolidated Fund each year.
The contributions to the fund to the 31st March, 1918, amounted to £1,103,413, interest, &c., bringing the amount to the credit of the fund to £1,249,699. The payments to the fund in each of the seven years which have elapsed since the passing of the Act were,—
Year ended 31st March, | £ |
---|---|
1912 | 144,885 |
1913 | 149,343 |
1914 | 151,572 |
1915 | 169,404 |
1916 | 161,870 |
1917 | 171,301 |
1918 | 155,038 |
The amount required to be set aside during the financial year 1918–19 is £143,301.
The decrease in the amount set aside in 1915–16, as compared with 1914–15, is due to the fact that in terms of section 10 of the Act the interest used in the calculation for 1915–16 was taken as the actual average net rate of interest earned during the preceding three years (£4 4s. 3d. per cent.), as against 4 per cent. in previous years. The decrease in the amount set aside in 1917–18, as compared with the amount set aside in 1916–17, was due to the higher rate of interest ruling. The average net rate for the three years ended the 31st March, 1918, has been ascertained to be £4 12s. 1 ¼d. per cent., and this rate was used in the computation of the amount due to be set aside in 1918–19.
The sum of £159,394 was at the 31st March, 1918, invested in mortgages to settlers, and £559,865 to local authorities. The former amount bears interest at 5 per cent., reducible to 4 ½ per cent. if instalments are paid within fourteen days of due date. Of the £559,869 advanced to local authorities, part bears interest at 4 ⅛ per cent., and the balance at 4 ½ per cent.
The highest and lowest London prices for the New Zealand 4-, 3 ½-, and 3-per-cent. stock, taken over a range of twenty years, are quoted.
QUOTATIONS, NEW ZEALAND STOCK. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | 4-per-cents. (1943–63.) | 4-per-cents. (1929.) | 3 ½ per-cents. (1940.) | 3-per-cents. (1945.) | ||||
Highest. | Lowest. | Highest. | Lowest. | Highest. | Lowest. | Highest. | Lowest. | |
1898 | .. | .. | 116 7/8 | 108 | 109 7/8 | 103 | 101 ½ | 96 ½ |
1899 | .. | .. | 116 ½ | 105 ½ | 109 | 102 | 99 ¼ | 94 ¼ |
1900 | .. | .. | 113 ¼ | 109 | 106 ¾ | 103 ⅜ | 98 ½ | 95 ¼ |
1901 | .. | .. | 115 ⅜ | 110 ¾ | 109 ¾ | 104 ⅛ | 99 ½ | 93 ⅛ |
1902 | .. | .. | 113 ¼ | 109 | 109 ½ | 102 ⅛ | 97 | 93 5/8 |
1903 | .. | .. | 110 ⅛ | 105 | 104 ¾ | 99 ½ | 96 | 88 |
1904 | .. | .. | 107 ½ | 104 ½ | 101 ½ | 96 ¾ | 90 | 86 ¼ |
1905 | .. | .. | 110 ¼ | 105 ¼ | 100 ⅛ | 97 5/8 | 89 7/8 | 89 ½ |
1906 | .. | .. | 110 ¾ | 104 5/8 | 102 ½ | 98 ⅜ | 91 ¼ | 87 ¼ |
1907 | .. | .. | 108 ¼ | 103 ¼ | 101 | 98 | 89 ¾ | 84 |
1908 | .. | .. | 109 5/8 | 105 ⅛ | 101 | 98 ¼ | 90 ½ | 85 ¾ |
1909 | .. | .. | 108 ⅜ | 104 ¾ | 99 ¾ | 97 ⅜ | 88 ⅜ | 85 5/8 |
1910 | .. | .. | 106 ¾ | 103 | 99 | 94 ¼ | 88 ⅜ | 84 ¾ |
1911 | .. | .. | 106 ¾ | 102 ⅛ | 98 ½ | 95 ¼ | 87 7/8 | 85 |
1912 | .. | .. | 105 | 100 | 97 ¾ | 90 ⅜ | 87 ¾ | 794 |
1913 | 101 | 96 ⅜ | 102 ½ | 95 ½ | 91 7/8 | 87 ¾ | 80 ¾ | 76 ¼ |
1914 | 100 ⅜ | 96 ¼ | 103 ⅛ | 98 | 92 ¾ | 87 | 834 | 77 |
1915 | 97 ½ | 95 | 99 ⅛ | 95 | 87 ½ | 83 ¼ | 77 ¾ | 76 |
1916 | 95 ⅛ | 77 | 95 | 83 ¾ | 83 ⅜ | 69 | 76 | 62 |
1917 | 82 5/8 | 76 | 86 ½ | 81 ¼ | 74 ½ | 69 | 64 ⅜ | 60 |
The following figures show the gross and net public debt of each State of the Australian Commonwealth, and of the Commonwealth itself, on the 30th June, 1917, and of New Zealand on the 31st March, 1917:—
State. | Gross Indebtedness. | Accrued Sinking Funds. | Net Indebtedness. | Indebtedness per Head. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gross. | Net. | ||||||||
£ | £ | £ | £ | s. | d | £ | s. | d. | |
* Information not available. † Excluding £7,500,000 borrowed by the Commonwealth on behalf of the States. | |||||||||
New South Wales | 138,138,347 | 463,629 | 137,674,718 | 73 | 18 | 6 | 73 | 13 | 9 |
Victoria | 78,125,395 | 1,981,903 | 76,143,492 | 55 | 14 | 0 | 54 | 4 | 4 |
Queensland | 61,303,136 | 354 284 | 60,948,852 | 89 | 19 | 7 | 89 | 9 | 2 |
South Australia | 39,364,280 | 1,545,213 | 37,819,067 | 91 | 11 | 4 | 88 | 6 | 7 |
Western Australia | 40,914,826 | 5,035,963 | 35,878,863 | 132 | 12 | 3 | 116 | 5 | 9 |
Tasmania | 14,671,640 | 765,489 | 13,906,151 | 74 | 7 | 0 | 70 | 8 | 9 |
Total, Australian States | 372,517,624 | 10,146,481 | 362,371,143 | 76 | 1 | 9 | 74 | 0 | 3 |
Commonwealth † | 150,939,819 | * | * | 30 | 16 | 7 | * | ||
Total Commonwealth and States | 523,457,443 | * | * | 106 | 18 | 4 | * | ||
New Zealand | 129,836,105 | 4,263,590 | 125,572,515 | 117 | 18 | 2 | 114 | 0 | 9 |
New Zealand has a greater per capita debt than any of the Australian States, with the exception of Western Australia. The gross indebtedness of the Dominion is £11 per head greater than that of Australia, but if full information as to the net indebtedness of the Commonwealth were available it would probably be found that the net debt per head in New Zealand approximates a little more closely to that of Australia than is indicated by the figures of gross indebtedness.
Table of Contents
THE investigation of price-changes was undertaken by the Statistical Office of New Zealand early in 1914. Retail prices were collected and tabulated for each year since 1891, and the results of the inquiry, together with a full discussion of the method adopted, were published in the “Report on the Cost of Living in New Zealand, 1891–1914.” A summary of this publication was given in the Year-book for 1915.
The following pages on the subject of retail prices are divided into three divisions, the first dealing with average prices during 1917, the second with index numbers of prices for that year, and the third division covering a general survey of price movements from 1891 to 1917.
The following tables give the average retail prices of the commodities considered in the following pages, for the year 1917:—
AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES IN 1917. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Town. | Bread. | Flour. | Oatmeal. | Rice. | Sago. | Tapioca. | Tea. |
Per 2 lb. loaf. d. | Per 25 lb. bag. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | |
Auckland | 5.00 | 57.50 | 3.21 | 2.67 | 3.89 | 3.90 | 20.31 |
Wellington | 5.42 | 58.15 | 3.24 | 2.89 | 3.95 | 3.92 | 21.00 |
Christchurch | 4.65 | 53.50 | 2.99 | 3.03 | 4.11 | 4.11 | 20.41 |
Dunedin | 4.17 | 52.96 | 3.04 | 2.63 | 4.04 | 4.01 | 20.84 |
Whangarei | 5.00 | 59.13 | 3.27 | 2.96 | 4.40 | 4.46 | 22.29 |
Hamilton | 4.42 | 58.97 | 3.32 | 3.63 | 4.54 | 4.57 | 19.25 |
Rotorua | 4.75 | 62.85 | 3.45 | 3.12 | 4.70 | 4.72 | 21.40 |
Waihi | 5.00 | 55.33 | 3.17 | 2.90 | 4.01 | 4.01 | 21.28 |
Gisborne | 5.25 | 60.25 | 3.16 | 2.91 | 4.16 | 4.15 | 21.28 |
Napier | 5.33 | 59.33 | 3.14 | 3.10 | 4.49 | 4.49 | 23.17 |
Dannevirke | 5.00 | 59.75 | 3.11 | 3.04 | 3.85 | 3.63 | 23.29 |
New Plymouth | 5.08 | 54.56 | 3.06 | 2.41 | 3.73 | 3.81 | 20.43 |
Wanganui | 4.94 | 55.58 | 3.14 | 2.58 | 3.84 | 3.84 | 20.50 |
Taihape | 5.04 | 62.50 | 3.10 | 3.13 | 4.08 | 4.00 | 20.00 |
Palmerston North | 4.87 | 56.22 | 3.22 | 2.79 | 3.83 | 3.83 | 20.25 |
Masterton | 5.00 | 58.17 | 3.29 | 3.00 | 3.98 | 3.98 | 23.23 |
Blenheim | 4.67 | 59.63 | 3.25 | 3.15 | 4.08 | 4.13 | 23.33 |
Nelson | 4.92 | 56.25 | 3.06 | 3.00 | 3.96 | 4.00 | 21.42 |
Greymouth | 4.33 | 59.44 | 2.97 | 3.10 | 4.35 | 4.32 | 22.33 |
Ashburton | 4.29 | 54.00 | 2.96 | 2.81 | 4.15 | 4.15 | 19.28 |
Timaru | 5.00 | 54.00 | 3.01 | 2.77 | 3.94 | 3.94 | 19.88 |
Oamaru | 4.63 | 55.38 | 3.30 | 3.00 | 4.42 | 4.42 | 20.50 |
Alexandra | 5.00 | 55.58 | 3.34 | 3.16 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 23.33 |
Gore | 4.50 | 60.44 | 3.38 | 3.49 | 4.76 | 4.78 | 20.21 |
Invercargill | 4.50 | 56.25 | 2.96 | 2.83 | 4.13 | 4.10 | 21.50 |
Town. | Coffee. | Cocoa. | Sugar. | Salt. | Pepper. | Jam. | Honey. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per lb. d. | Per ¼ lb. tin. d. | 56lb. bag. d. | Per lb. d. | Per ¼ lb d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | |
Auckland | 20.17 | 9.88 | 140.80 | 1.21 | 5.58 | 6.39 | 8.85 |
Wellington | 19.80 | 11.89 | 161.56 | 1.45 | 6.07 | 6.55 | 8.46 |
Christchurch | 20.23 | 12.64 | 155.22 | 1.36 | 504 | 6.68 | 7.72 |
Dunedin | 19.92 | 11.67 | 156.40 | 1.44 | 4.96 | 6.86 | 7.71 |
Whangarei | 20.00 | 12.08 | 147.59 | 1.48 | 5.48 | 6.92 | 9.28 |
Hamilton | 17.67 | 12.47 | 15247 | 1.63 | 5.60 | 7.17 | 9.21 |
Rotorua | 20.11 | 1308 | 167.18 | 1.73 | 5.96 | 7.32 | 9.81 |
Waihi | 20.25 | 11.67 | 145.82 | Ml | 5.72 | 6.20 | 9.03 |
Gisborne | 21.93 | 12.20 | 147.81 | 1.62 | 5.86 | 6.75 | 9.14 |
Napier | 22.25 | 12.49 | 153.02 | 1.51 | 5.85 | 6.48 | 8.17 |
Dannevirke | 21.04 | 12.50 | 167.23 | 1.33 | 5.17 | 6.27 | 8.27 |
New Plymouth | 19.99 | 11.56 | 141.16 | 1.38 | 4.51 | 6.02 | 8.32 |
Wanganui | 21.38 | 10.25 | 148.12 | 1.39 | 5.53 | 6.07 | 8.56 |
Taihape | 23.67 | 12.00 | 157.73 | 1.58 | 5.83 | 7.00 | 10.54 |
Palmerston North | 21.49 | 10.31 | 158.23 | 1.56 | 5.53 | 6.89 | 8.78 |
Masterton | 20.79 | 12.07 | 160.61 | 1.38 | 6.03 | 6.70 | 8.17 |
Blenheim | 21.50 | 13.82 | 160.75 | 1.44 | 6.00 | 7.00 | 6.96 |
Nelson | 20.50 | 11.73 | 158.07 | 1.60 | 5.33 | 6.58 | 8.17 |
Greymouth | 20.52 | 12.98 | 153.85 | 1.68 | 6.00 | 6.71 | 7.58 |
Ashburton | 22.00 | 11.95 | 160.67 | 1.25 | 5.00 | 5.95 | 8.11 |
Timaru | 20.33 | 12.79 | 149.33 | 1.21 | 5.00 | 5.96 | 8.67 |
Oamaru | 20.50 | 11.54 | 157.99 | 1.55 | 5.79 | 6.38 | 8.96 |
Alexandra | 24.50 | 12.79 | 172.20 | 1.67 | 6.17 | 6.46 | 8.55 |
Gore | 22.02 | 12.95 | 160.10 | 1.76 | 602 | 7.01 | 8.58 |
Invercargill | 20.63 | 12.04 | 1158.10 | 1.73 | 5.46 | 6.06 | 8.02 |
Town. | Golden Syrup. | Treacle. | Raisins. | Currants. | Apricots. | Peaches. | Pears. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per 2 lb. tin. d. | Per 2 lb. tin. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per 2 ½ lb. tin. d. | Per 2 ½ lb. tin. d. | Per 2 ½ lb. tin. d. | |
Auckland | 5.90 | 5.14 | 7.36 | 8.17 | 14.79 | 13.56 | 14.27 |
Wellington | 6.56 | 6.24 | 7.51 | 8.38 | 13.00 | 12.99 | 13.57 |
Christchurch | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.57 | 7.78 | 12.75 | 12.81 | 13.65 |
Dunedin | 6.24 | 5.39 | 7.09 | 7.75 | 12.94 | 13.09 | 14.41 |
Whangarei | 6.57 | 6.04 | 8.35 | 9.16 | 14.37 | 14.40 | 14.98 |
Hamilton | 7.18 | 6.58 | 8.13 | 8.64 | 13.17 | 13.58 | 13.75 |
Rotorua | 7.22 | 6.85 | 8.97 | 9.25 | 15.23 | 15.35 | 15.39 |
Waihi | 6.00 | 5.82 | 7.87 | 8.45 | 13.75 | 13.92 | 14.39 |
Gisborne | 7.03 | 6.19 | 7.87 | 8.38 | 13.54 | 13.63 | 14.48 |
Napier | 7.71 | 6.76 | 8.45 | 8.26 | 13.66 | 13.64 | 14.71 |
Dannevirke | 7.50 | 7.42 | 7.69 | 8.14 | 13.46 | 13.29 | 14.17 |
New Plymouth | 6.00 | 5.80 | 6.64 | 7.16 | 12.63 | 12.79 | 13.17 |
Wanganui | 6.33 | 6.33 | 6.97 | 7.89 | 13.42 | 13.45 | 14.22 |
Taihape | 7.42 | 6.42 | 8.33 | 833 | 14.92 | 14.92 | 15.08 |
Palmerston North | 7.22 | 6.22 | 7.72 | 7*53 | 13.08 | 13.36 | 13.89 |
Masterton | 7.12 | 6.57 | 7.62 | 7.02 | 13.73 | 13.73 | 14.90 |
Blenheim | 7.00 | 7.29 | 7.79 | 7.79 | 12.79 | 14.08 | 14.58 |
Nelson | 7.13 | 6.63 | 7.23 | 847 | 13.33 | 13.33 | 14.93 |
Grey mouth | 7.58 | 6.71 | 7.52 | 8.38 | 12.90 | 12.94 | 13.52 |
Ashburton | 6.75 | 7.29 | 7.43 | 13.25 | 13.42 | 14.58 | |
Timaru | 6.56 | 5.77 | 6.00 | 7.65 | 13.02 | 13.02 | 13.17 |
Oamaru | 7.00 | 6.00 | 8.17 | 8.29 | 13.75 | 13.75 | 15.33 |
Alexandra | 8.54 | 7.50 | 8.75 | 8.58 | 13.13 | 13.13 | 14.13 |
Gore | 7.36 | 8.67 | 8.49 | 8.61 | 13.90 | 13.90 | 15.11 |
Invercargill | 6.92 | 6.21 | 6.75 | 7.96 | 13.04 | 13.25 | 14.29 |
Town. | Prunes (dried). | Apricots (dried). | Potatoes. | Onions. | Salmon. | Herrings. | Starch. |
Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per 14 lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per 1 lb. tin. d. | Per lb. tin. d. | Per lb. d. | |
Auckland | 6.92 | 13.56 | 15.00 | 2.79 | 13.62 | 11.50 | 7.64 |
Wellington | 7.71 | 13.52 | 18.62 | 3.12 | 16.04 | 12.81 | 7.79 |
Christchurch | 6.72 | 12.56 | 14.82 | 3.03 | 14.89 | 12.68 | 7.91 |
Dunedin | 7.34 | 10.78 | 13.91 | 2.64 | 16.25 | 12.35 | 7.11 |
Whangarei | 7.81 | 14.97 | 16.90 | 2.91 | 13.17 | 12.27 | 7.75 |
Hamilton | 7.71 | 13.58 | 17.25 | 3.54 | 12.64 | 11.50 | 7.67 |
Rotorua | 8.28 | 14.38 | 21.11 | 3.57 | 15.75 | 13.62 | 8.27 |
Waihi | 7.79 | 13.80 | 16.21 | 3.09 | 12.89 | 13.08 | 7.53 |
Gisborne | 7.92 | 13.23 | 18.94 | 3.11 | 14.38 | 13.52 | 7.46 |
Napier | 8.56 | 14.33 | 18.87 | 1.65 | 16.90 | 14.23 | 7.84 |
Dannevirke | 8.04 | 12.94 | 23.83 | 3.17 | 13.96 | 12.85 | 7.33 |
New Plymouth | 7.44 | 12.43 | 15.72 | 2.40 | 11.04 | 11.40 | 7.14 |
Wanganui | 8.37 | 14.75 | 13.89 | 2.63 | 12.65 | 13.97 | 7.25 |
Taihape | 8.29 | 14.50 | 18.00 | 3.33 | 13.83 | 15.00 | 7.17 |
Palmerston North | 7.85 | 13.39 | 16.81 | 2.92 | 13.00 | 13.61 | 7.72 |
Masterton | 7.98 | 13.65 | 16.75 | 3.17 | 14.04 | 13.42 | 7.95 |
Blenheim | 7.54 | 11.79 | 18.88 | 2.77 | 15.58 | 12.58 | 8.92 |
Nelson | 8.00 | 13.08 | 18.46 | 2.73 | 13.42 | 13.13 | 7.13 |
Greymouth | 7.83 | 11.64 | 15.98 | 3.04 | 13.27 | 12.73 | 8.13 |
Ashburton | 7.22 | 11.92 | 16.58 | 2.11 | 15.39 | 13.36 | 7.45 |
Timaru | 6.88 | 10.02 | 14.46 | 2.75 | 14.95 | 12.42 | 7.50 |
Oamaru | 8.13 | 13.00 | 13.90 | 2.71 | 15.71 | 14.04 | 7.63 |
Alexandra | 8.63 | 14.67 | 16.42 | 2.39 | 18.04 | 14.42 | 8.17 |
Gore | 8.46 | 13.22 | 15.07 | 3.05 | 16.39 | 14.13 | 8.85 |
Invercargill | 7.54 | 11.33 | 14.83 | 2.74 | 15.47 | 13.67 | 7.29 |
Town. | Blue. | Soap. | Tobacco. | Milk. | Butter (Factory) | Cheese. | Eggs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per lb. d. | Per bar (30 to cwt) d. | Per lb. d. | Per quart. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per doz. d. | |
Auckland | 10.48 | 10.77 | 71.56 | 5.00 | 19.33 | 13.65 | 22.10 |
Wellington | 11.36 | 11.62 | 73.76 | 5.42 | 19.36 | 12.89 | 25.84 |
Christchurch | 11.02 | 10.85 | 73.29 | 4.67 | 19.28 | 12.68 | 19.72 |
Dunedin | 10.51 | 12.25 | 70.37 | 4.67 | 19.55 | 12.16 | 20.89 |
Whangarei | 11.26 | 10.54 | 72.50 | 4.04 | 19.58 | 13.77 | 18.94 |
Hamilton | 11.50 | 12.40 | 73.39 | 4.67 | 19.03 | 13.32 | 21.69 |
Rotorua | 11.90 | 10.93 | 75.45 | 4.25 | 19.31 | 13.87 | 25.98 |
Waihi | 11.28 | 11.40 | 69.55 | 4.92 | 19.03 | 12.50 | 21.25 |
Gisborne | 11.35 | 12.03 | 73.91 | 5.00 | 19.13 | 13.89 | 21.79 |
Napier | 10.94 | 10.71 | 75.75 | 4.75 | 19.41 | 14.33 | 24.67 |
Dannevirke | 9.96 | 11.50 | 73.04 | 4.67 | 18.88 | 11.92 | 17.54 |
New Plymouth | 10.08 | 10.70 | 68.77 | 4.92 | 18.36 | 11.44 | 21.56 |
Wanganui | 10.00 | 10.56 | 72.45 | 5.08 | 18.56 | 12.22 | 23.11 |
Taihape | 11.25 | 11.58 | 76.50 | 5.25 | 18.17 | 12.00 | 24.17 |
Palmerston North | 10.92 | 10.78 | 72.00 | 4.75 | 18.03 | 12.10 | 22.00 |
Masterton | 11.63 | 9.98 | 77.77 | 4.33 | 19.37 | 11.98 | 22.92 |
Blenheim | 11.88 | 12.08 | 75.13 | 4.79 | 18.71 | 12.00 | 18.13 |
Nelson | 10.77 | 10.27 | 72.79 | 5.00 | 18.75 | 12.50 | 20.29 |
Greymouth | 12.00 | 9.58 | 74.63 | 4.33 | 18.98 | 13.75 | 24.94 |
Ashburton | 11.39 | 11.50 | 73.00 | 5.00 | 19.19 | 12.47 | 16.39 |
Timaru | 9.50 | 11.75 | 70.25 | 4.00 | 18.83 | 12.00 | 18.13 |
Oamaru | 12.00 | 12.10 | 73.21 | 4.92 | 19.38 | 13.67 | 17.71 |
Alexandra | 12.00 | 14.93 | 74.08 | 5.00 | 19.35 | 14.04 | 20.23 |
Gore | 11.51 | 12.06 | 73.82 | 5.00 | 19.85 | 12.23 | 16.68 |
Invercargill | 10.21 | 11.17 | 72.13 | 5.17 | 19.38 | 12.96 | 19.50 |
Town. | Bacon (Sh'ld'r) | Bacon (Middle Cut). | Ham. | Beef (Sirloin) | Beef (Brisket) | Beef (Prime Ribs). | Beef (Rump Steak). | Beef (Top Side) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Auckland | 9.59 | 15.75 | 15.34 | 8.93 | 4.79 | 7.86 | 11.67 | 7.62 |
Wellington | 10.44 | 16.64 | 15.76 | 8.53 | 4.98 | 7.27 | 11.02 | 7.08 |
Christchurch | 10.87 | 15.95 | 15.26 | 8.74 | 6.27 | 7.83 | 10.68 | 8.03 |
Dunedin | 15.10 | 15.92 | 16.17 | 8.11 | 5.90 | 7.11 | 10.48 | 8.38 |
Whangarei | 10.78 | 15.63 | 14.85 | 9.58 | 4.88 | 8.21 | 12.00 | 8.21 |
Hamilton | 9.81 | 15.64 | 16.58 | 8.29 | 5.50 | 7.29 | 10.00 | 7.29 |
Rotorua | 13.10 | 15.64 | 15.61 | 9.25 | 6.17 | 7.58 | 12.00 | 7.54 |
Waihi | 10.36 | 14.28 | 14.40 | 9.25 | 6.63 | 8.25 | 12.00 | 9.00 |
Gisborne | 11.76 | 16.55 | 15.69 | 9.00 | 7.83 | 8.00 | 12.00 | 8.04 |
Napier | 9.97 | 15.80 | 15.17 | 8.88 | 7.38 | 7.88 | 11.88 | 8.71 |
Dannevirke | 12.48 | 15.50 | 14.63 | 8.25 | 6.56 | 7.65 | 9.63 | 7.98 |
New Plymouth | 9.39 | 11.90 | 11.22 | 8.96 | 6.04 | 7.71 | 11.28 | 8.00 |
Wanganui | 10.63 | 14.42 | 14.62 | 8.96 | 7.98 | 7.98 | 11.62 | 8.17 |
Taihape | 12.33 | 15.33 | 15.17 | 8.83 | 6.75 | 7.83 | 11.75 | 9.33 |
Palmerston North | 11.54 | 15.36 | 15.02 | 9.00 | 6.96 | 8.03 | 11.69 | 8.81 |
Masterton | 11.38 | 16.12 | 15.61 | 8.69 | 6.90 | 7.97 | 10.95 | 8.01 |
Blenheim | 9.79 | 16.25 | 16.46 | 7.79 | 7.50 | 7.71 | 8.92 | 7.58 |
Nelson | 10.75 | 15.58 | 15.79 | 8.21 | 6.79 | 7.21 | 9.17 | 7.29 |
Greymouth | 13.19 | 15.75 | 15.08 | 8.75 | 6.75 | 8.00 | 9.67 | 8.00 |
Ashburton | 15.56 | 16.42 | 15.56 | 9.00 | 7.00 | 7.25 | 11.25 | 9.00 |
Timaru | 13.21 | 15.46 | 14.79 | 9.03 | 6.90 | 8.03 | 10.80 | 8.86 |
Oamaru | 16.25 | 16.25 | 16.08 | 9.88 | 6.88 | 8.88 | 11.88 | 9.88 |
Alexandra | 15.70 | 16.92 | 15.88 | 8.00 | 6.42 | 7.50 | 9.75 | 8.42 |
Gore | 16.07 | 15.99 | 16.45 | 8.19 | 6.90 | 7.41 | 11.14 | 9.14 |
Invercargill | 15.71 | 15.67 | 15.25 | 8.10 | 6.81 | 6.95 | 11.03 | 9.11 |
Town. | Beef (Stewing Steak). | Beef (Corned Round). | Beef (Corned Roll). | Beef (Corned Brisket) | Mutton (Leg). | Mutton (Sh'ld'r) | Mutton (Loin). | Mutton (Neck). |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | |
Auckland | 7.83 | 8.11 | 7.15 | 4.68 | 7.95 | 6.58 | 7.95 | 6.08 |
Wellington | 7.18 | 7.75 | 6.49 | 5.67 | 7.48 | 6.25 | 6.98 | 4.76 |
Christchurch | 7.39 | 8.46 | 7.82 | 7.73 | 7.65 | 6.71 | 7.18 | 5.05 |
Dunedin | 7.53 | 8.27 | 7.30 | 5.79 | 7.34 | 6.07 | 7.17 | 5.91 |
Whangarei | 8.58 | 9.00 | 7.92 | 4.92 | 8.75 | 7.29 | 8.58 | 6.17 |
Hamilton | 6.00 | 7.29 | 6.79 | 6.50 | 7.14 | 7.08 | 7.08 | 6.54 |
Rotorua | 8.21 | 7.25 | 7.33 | 6.25 | 9.08 | 7.71 | 8.52 | 7.79 |
Waihi | 8.00 | 8.25 | 7.25 | 6.31 | 9.13 | 8.00 | 9.33 | 7.00 |
Gisborne | 8.96 | 8.17 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 7.48 | 6.48 | 7.48 | 4.48 |
Napier | 7.92 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 7.41 | 8.00 | 6.13 | 7.00 | 5.08 |
Dannevirke | 6.46 | 7.69 | 7.79 | 6.54 | 8.06 | 7.38 | 7.83 | 6.31 |
New Plymouth | 8.00 | 8.00 | 7.38 | 7.17 | 8.96 | 7.65 | 7.96 | 6.00 |
Wanganui | 8.61 | 8.06 | 8.06 | 7.98 | 8.17 | 7.06 | 8.33 | 7.01 |
Taihape | 8.83 | 8.50 | 8.33 | 8.33 | 9.75 | 7.75 | 8.75 | 6.50 |
Palmerston North | 8.19 | 8.06 | 8.06 | 7.72 | 8.03 | 7.00 | 8.00 | 6.07 |
Masterton | 7.90 | 8.00 | 7.19 | 6.76 | 8.03 | 7.06 | 7.82 | 5.86 |
Blenheim | 7.46 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.50 | 7.21 | 6.44 | 7.08 | 6.21 |
Nelson | 6.33 | 7.33 | 7.29 | 6.81 | 7.06 | 6.13 | 6.58 | 5.63 |
Greymouth | 7.17 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 6.75 | 8.75 | 8.29 | 8.13 | 7.38 |
Ashburton | 7.33 | 8.25 | 7.63 | 6.67 | 7.50 | 7.13 | 7.38 | 5.38 |
Timaru | 7.29 | 8.92 | 8.03 | 7.61 | 7.68 | 6.81 | 7.08 | 5.25 |
Oamaru | 8.88 | 9.88 | 8.88 | 6.88 | 8.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 6.50 |
Alexandra | 7.42 | 8.00 | 7.00 | 6.33 | 7.75 | 6.79 | 7.28 | 6.78 |
Gore | 8.19 | 9.00 | 8.00 | 6.85 | 7.85 | 6.68 | 7.44 | 6.74 |
Invercargill | 8.17 | 8.17 | 7.17 | 6.38 | 7.74 | 7.11 | 7.12 | 6.29 |
Town. | Mutton (Chops). | Pork (Leg). | Pork (Loin). | Pork (Belly). | Pork (Chops). | Tripe | Saus'ges Tripe. (Pork) | Sans'ges (Beef). |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | Per lb. d. | |
Auckland | 8.89 | 8.56 | 9.43 | 9.14 | 9.98 | 7.64 | 7.08 | 6.00 |
Wellington | 7.61 | 8.95 | 9.35 | 9.33 | 10.15 | 5.85 | 7.62 | 4.87 |
Christchurch | 7.64 | 10.07 | 10.23 | 10.55 | 11.02 | 6.75 | 7.70 | 4.66 |
Dunedin | 7.49 | 10.75 | 10.91 | 10.91 | 11.28 | 7.56 | 6.03 | 4.63 |
Whangarei | 9.71 | 8.42 | 9.42 | 9.25 | 10.42 | 7.92 | 7.50 | 6.08 |
Hamilton | 8.00 | 8.29 | 8.58 | 8.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 8.00 | 6.00 |
Rotorua | 9.25 | 8.75 | 8.75 | 8.75 | 9.54 | 8.00 | 8.75 | 6.00 |
Waihi | 9.25 | 9.25 | 9.25 | 9.25 | 10.25 | 7.00 | 9.00 | 8.00 |
Gisborne | 8.92 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 1000 | 7.67 | 8.08 | 6.08 |
Napier | 7.83 | 10.17 | 10.17 | 10.17 | 11.00 | 7.08 | 8.08 | 6.00 |
Dannevirke | 9.00 | 8.29 | 8.29 | 8.29 | 9.29 | 6.00 | 6.50 | 6.00 |
New Plymouth | 8.96 | 9.08 | 9.08 | 9.08 | 9.08 | 6.18 | 8.04 | 6.00 |
Wanganui | 9.00 | 9.17 | 9.17 | 9.17 | 9.95 | 6.17 | 8.84 | 6.00 |
Taihape | 9.25 | 8.75 | 8.75 | 8.75 | 8.75 | 7.58 | 9.00 | 6.25 |
Palmerston North | 8.97 | 8.00 | 9.00 | 9.03 | 9.97 | 6.97 | 8.00 | 6.00 |
Masterton | 8.37 | 9.03 | 9.03 | 9.03 | 9.63 | 6.00 | 8.06 | 5.92 |
Blenheim | 7.21 | 8.25 | 8.25 | 8.25 | 9.08 | 6.50 | 6.67 | 4.83 |
Nelson | 7.10 | 8.50 | 8.50 | 8.54 | 8.54 | 6.08 | 7.21 | 5.96 |
Greymouth | 8.58 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.33 | 6.88 | 8.38 | 6.08 |
Ashburton | 8.38 | 9.38 | 9.38 | 9.38 | 9.71 | 7.33 | 8.00 | 6.67 |
Timaru | 7.46 | 10.08 | 10.08 | 9.67 | 10.33 | 8.00 | 8.15 | 5.71 |
Oamaru | 8.00 | 10.13 | 10.13 | 10.13 | 1013 | 8.00 | .. | 6.00 |
Alexandra | 7.58 | 7.80 | 7.67 | 7.67 | 7.67 | 8.00 | .. | 6.00 |
Gore | 8.11 | 9.33 | 9.33 | 9.33 | 10.22 | 8.00 | 8.08 | 6.03 |
Invercargill | 8.00 | 9.25 | 9.25 | 8.83 | 9.95 | 7.75 | 8.08 | 6.41 |
HOUSE-RENT IN 1917. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Town. | 3 Rooms or under. | 4 Rooms. | 5 Rooms. | 6 Rooms. | 7 Rooms. | 8 Rooms. | 9 Rooms and over. |
d. | d. | d. | d. | d. | d. | d. | |
Auckland | 92.77 | 133.64 | 179.10 | 204.45 | 255.41 | 289.10 | 393.37 |
Wellington | 132.54 | 176.17 | 211.56 | 265.49 | 342.23 | 400.16 | 704.27 |
Christchurch | 80.71 | 128.55 | 179.38 | 205.01 | 248.00 | 286.08 | 410.34 |
Dunedin | 84.90 | 125.77 | 163.55 | 207.78 | 257.81 | 288.80 | 387.80 |
Whangarei | 88.20 | 134.76 | 165.08 | 173.05 | 189.00 | 240.00 | 355.50 |
Hamilton | 104.70 | 149.23 | 201.63 | 257.12 | 348.11 | 331.50 | 453.00 |
Rotorua | 82.84 | 133.73 | 184.88 | 222.25 | 225.00 | 315.00 | 360.00 |
Waihi | 51.32 | 82.96 | 103.45 | 116.06 | 145.50 | 165.00 | 240.00 |
Gisborne | 115.75 | 155.56 | 195.29 | 225.66 | 245.77 | 344.20 | 294.00 |
Napier | 95.10 | 148.75 | 182.87 | 225.66 | 289.51 | 276.25 | 342.86 |
Dannevirke | 51.75 | 97.30 | 123.19 | 174.80 | 205.78 | 254.50 | 285.00 |
New Plymouth | 88.77 | 128.36 | 179.60 | 219.75 | 250.99 | 277.13 | 284.92 |
Wanganui | 111.00 | 132.46 | 178.45 | 220.23 | 268.73 | 291.90 | 351.78 |
Taihape | 147.00 | 19200 | 211.64 | 240.00 | 270.00 | .. | .. |
Palmerston North | 97.47 | 133.01 | 177.88 | 206.68 | 240.81 | 287.40 | 335.00 |
Masterton | 74.57 | 125.54 | 156.40 | 191.85 | 211.00 | 333.75 | 383.50 |
Blenheim | 62.43 | 114.49 | 153.43 | 168.55 | 202.55 | 199.84 | 222.50 |
Nelson | 86.50 | 129.40 | 181.82 | 184.31 | 206.53 | 250.00 | 316.01 |
Greymouth | 53.04 | 101.65 | 131.99 | 159.91 | 192.67 | 235.50 | 255.00 |
Ashburton | 64.40 | 117.28 | 149.88 | 175.79 | 244.50 | 222.00 | .. |
Timaru | 76.34 | 123.23 | 168.13 | 224.32 | 235.12 | 279.00 | 319.72 |
Oamaru | 67.80 | 102.04 | 160.62 | 178.61 | 225.00 | 240.00 | .., |
Alexandra | 60.00 | 93.09 | 117.97 | 142.50 | 168.00 | .. | .. |
Gore | 84.52 | 101.52 | 138.93 | 174.56 | 208.80 | 231.38 | 307.50 |
Invercargill | 64.00 | 113.50 | 150.02 | 175.76 | 194.44 | 220.65 | 320.00 |
The price quotations on which the preceding figures are based, and upon which index numbers are regularly calculated, are collected each month in twenty-five towns of the Dominion, which were selected as being representative of New Zealand as a whole. These twenty-five towns are distributed over both Islands, from Whangarei in the North to Invercargill in the South, and represent coastal and inland districts and large and small centres. Returns of prices are collected by the local Inspector of Factories from representative retailers, and index numbers are computed in the Census and Statistics Office, Wellington.
The average prices for each town, together with index numbers, are published each month in the “Monthly Abstract of Statistics.”
The index numbers given below as quarterly are based on the average prices of the three months in the quarter, so that they differ materially from the prices current at the end of the quarters.
In order to make the index numbers for these towns comparable in every respect, and also comparable with the index numbers given for the four chief centres since 1908, the same base has been retained—viz., the average annual aggregate expenditure in the four chief centres in the five years 1909–13.
The following tables are comparable both horizontally and vertically, since each column has the same base. Horizontally they show variations in time, vertically variations according to locality.
In comparing different quarters, consideration must be given to the influence of seasonal fluctuations in price and consumption of some commodities, including such important articles as milk, butter, potatoes, eggs.
It will be noted that the commodities considered are almost exclusively articles of food, divided into three groups—groceries, dairy-produce, and meat. Figures regarding house-rents are also given.
While consideration of these items does not by any means cover the whole field of household expenditure, the results shown afford a reliable indication of the general course of food-prices and rentals in this country. Information is also given regarding the movement of the prices of fuel and lighting.
The only remaining important item entering into the cost of living is expenditure on clothing. No statistical record, however, can be obtained in connection with expenditure under this heading, on account of the varied and changing qualities and fashions of clothing sold.
Changes in clothing-prices do not affect the cost of living generally to any considerable extent, since the cost of actual clothing necessities represents only a small proportion of the total expenditure, and expenditure on clothing is, in fact, largely dependent on the surplus income left after the needs for food and housing have been satisfied.
It may therefore be claimed that the following figures regarding expenditure on food and house-rents afford a reliable indication of the variation in the cost of living.
GROUP I.—GROCERIES.—TWENTY-FIVE REPRESENTATIVE TOWNS. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Index Numbers for each Quarter of 1917, and for the Average of the Four Quarters of 1917 and of 1916, for Twenty-five Representative Towns in New Zealand. | ||||||
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | ||||||
Town. | First Quarter, 1917. | Second Quarter, 1917. | Third Quarter, 1917. | Fourth Quarter, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1916. |
Auckland | 1240 | 1252 | 1264 | 1315 | 1268 | 1196 |
Wellington | 1379 | 1339 | 1830 | 1432 | 1395 | 1269 |
Christchurch | 1321 | 1239 | 1267 | 1287 | 1279 | 1197 |
Dunedin | 1316 | 1197 | 1234 | 1243 | 1248 | 1192 |
Whangarei | 1299 | 1315 | 1351 | 1395 | 1340 | 1285 |
Hamilton | 1340 | 1311 | 1277 | 1326 | 1314 | 1298 |
Rotorua | 1367 | 1378 | 1448 | 1469 | 1416 | 1320 |
Waihi | 1289 | 1293 | 1315 | 1345 | 1311 | 1271 |
Gisborne | 1390 | 1325 | 1389 | 1438 | 1386 | 1277 |
Napier | 1364 | 1378 | 1397 | 1475 | 1404 | 1293 |
Dannevirke | 1378 | 1364 | 1430 | 1535 | 1427 | 1306 |
New Plymouth | 1271 | 1235 | 1245 | 1318 | 1267 | 1208 |
Wanganui | 1271 | 1239 | 1268 | 1304 | 1271 | 1,177 |
Taihape | 1370 | 1353 | 1382 | 1418 | 1381 | 1309 |
Palmerston North | 1327 | 1304 | 1331 | 1330 | 1323 | 1239 |
Masterton | 1385 | 1356 | 1382 | 1407 | 1383 | 1297 |
Blenheim | 1401 | 1376 | 1334 | 1378 | 1372 | 1274 |
Nelson | 1364 | 1308 | 1317 | 1373 | 1341 | 1262 |
Greymouth | 1280 | 1276 | 1282 | 1317 | 1289 | 1235 |
Ashburton | 1368 | 1214 | 1230 | 1260 | 1268 | 1219 |
Timaru | 1326 | 1243 | 1250 | 1286 | 1276 | 1198 |
Oamaru | 1347 | 1252 | 1268 | 1312 | 1395 | 1227 |
Alexandra | 1446 | 1380 | 1403 | 1427 | 1414 | 1355 |
Gore | 1364 | 1287 | 1326 | 1336 | 1328 | 1217 |
Invercargill | 1320 | 1239 | 1270 | 1285 | 1279 | 1166 |
Dominion weighted average | 1314 | 1277 | 1297 | 1333 | 1305 | 1219 |
The weighted average index number for the Dominion shows an increase of 86 points in 1917 over the average for the previous year. The increase, to a varying extent, has been common to each of the twenty-five towns covered by the inquiry. Wellington maintains its position with considerably higher grocery-prices than prevail in the other three chief centres. It should be pointed out that movements as between succeeding quarters are by no means uniform. The effect of seasonal fluctuations in prices of such commodities as potatoes and onions renders it necessary that comparisons should be made either between corresponding quarters of the two years or between the average of the four quarters as given in the above table.
GROUP II.—DAIRY-PRODUCE.—TWENTY-FIVE REPRESENTATIVE TOWNS. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Index Numbers for each Quarter of 1917, and for the Average of the Four Quarters of 1917 and of 1916, for Twenty-five Representative Towns in New Zealand. | ||||||
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | ||||||
Town. | First Quarter, 1917. | Second Quarter, 1917. | Third Quarter, 1917. | Fourth Quarter, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1916. |
Auckland | 1336 | 1408 | 1350 | 1352 | 1362 | 1288 |
Wellington | 1375 | 1491 | 1419 | 1415 | 1425 | 1350 |
Christchurch | 1308 | 1399 | 1316 | 1247 | 1318 | 1251 |
Dunedin | 1285 | 1396 | 1340 | 1382 | 1351 | 1263 |
Whangarei | 1226 | 1293 | 1265 | 1269 | 1263 | 1215 |
Hamilton | 1284 | 1424 | 1337 | 1291 | 1334 | 1254 |
Rotorua | 1254 | 1375 | 1356 | 1333 | 1330 | 1291 |
Waihi | 1283 | 1379 | 1322 | 1303 | 1322 | 1234 |
Gisborne | 1249 | 1426 | 1360 | 1335 | 1343 | 1308 |
Napier | 1255 | 1422 | 1386 | 1380 | 1361 | 1203 |
Dannevirke | 1226 | 1367 | 1327 | 1333 | 1313 | 1203 |
New Plymouth | 1207 | 1312 | 1263 | 1278 | 1265 | 1137 |
Wanganui | 1296 | 1435 | 1322 | 1298 | 1338 | 1247 |
Taihape | 1304 | 1425 | 1398 | 1330 | 1364 | 1288 |
Palmerston North | 1210 | 1401 | 1295 | 1296 | 1301 | 1208 |
Masterton | 1241 | 1328 | 1292 | 1373 | 1309 | 1205 |
Blenheim | 1237 | 1375 | 1316 | 1296 | 1306 | 1229 |
Nelson | 1320 | 1385 | 1324 | 1309 | 1335 | 1307 |
Greymouth | 1249 | 1388 | 1384 | 1262 | 1321 | 1238 |
Ashburton | 1293 | 1388 | 1347 | 1348 | 1344 | 1266 |
Timaru | 1211 | 1288 | 1217 | 1218 | 1234 | 1267 |
Oamaru | 1285 | 1420 | 1361 | 1367 | 1358 | 1285 |
Alexandra | 1356 | 1426 | 1409 | 1408 | 1400 | 1349 |
Gore | 1337 | 1399 | 1355 | 1360 | 1363 | 1294 |
Invercargill | 1295 | 1487 | 1436 | 1267 | 1371 | 1252 |
Dominion weighted average | 1312 | 1413 | 1350 | 1335 | 1353 | 1274 |
The index numbers for the dairy-produce group again show substantial increases over the previous year. The Dominion weighted index number advanced during 1917 by 79 points, and the increase was shared by all centres with the single exception of Timaru.
This group is subject to much greater seasonal influences than are the groceries or meat groups. The fluctuation in prices of milk and butter, in accordance with the supply at different periods of the year, invariably brings about a high index number in the June quarter, to be followed by a fall in the September quarter's figures.
Wellington and Alexandra show the highest prices of dairy-produce, while the least expensive are Timaru, Whangarei, and New Plymouth.
GROUP III.—MEAT.—TWENTY-FIVE REPRESENTATIVE TOWNS. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Index Numbers for each Quarter of 1917, and for the Average of the Four Quarters of 1917 and of 1916, for Twenty-five Representative Towns in New Zealand. | ||||||
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 =1000.) | ||||||
Town. | First Quarter, 1917. | Second Quarter, 1917. | Third Quarter, 1917. | Fourth Quarter, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1916. |
Auckland | 1467 | 1459 | 1466 | 1608 | 1500 | 1413 |
Wellington | 1327 | 1348 | 1394 | 1452 | 1380 | 1274 |
Christchurch | 1393 | 1414 | 1466 | 1524 | 1449 | 1313 |
Dunedin | 1352 | 1395 | 1428 | 1491 | 1417 | 1283 |
Whangarei | 1542 | 1598 | 1618 | 1683 | 1610 | 1402 |
Hamilton | 1356 | 1388 | 1388 | 1426 | 1390 | 1292 |
Rotorua | 1524 | 1573 | 1576 | 1721 | 1599 | 1380 |
Waihi | 1616 | 1616 | 1616 | 1705 | 1638 | 1491 |
Gisborne | 1604 | 1519 | 1471 | 1475 | 1517 | 1470 |
Napier | 1464 | 1495 | 1495 | 1499 | 1488 | 1338 |
Dannevirke | 1427 | 1427 | 1441 | 1479 | 1444 | 1349 |
New Plymouth | 1537 | 1534 | 1556 | 1581 | 1552 | 1406 |
Wanganui | 1579 | 1588 | 1570 | 1564 | 1575 | 1394 |
Taihape | 1677 | 1643 | 1631 | 1572 | 1631 | 1403 |
Palmerston North | 1533 | 1542 | 1556 | 1552 | 1546 | 1426 |
Masterton | 1475 | 1491 | 1509 | 1515 | 1498 | 1329 |
Blenheim | 1291 | 1308 | 1442 | 1490 | 1353 | 1177 |
Nelson | 1231 | 1327 | 1361 | 1406 | 1331 | 1173 |
Greymouth | 1552 | 1542 | 1541 | 1555 | 1548 | 1463 |
Ashburton | 1424 | 1427 | 1482 | 1597 | 1483 | 1385 |
Timaru | 1417 | 1414 | 1509 | 1571 | 1478 | 1331 |
Oamaru | 1630 | 1630 | 1630 | 1588 | 1620 | 1455 |
Alexandra | 1352 | 1415 | 1469 | 1495 | 1433 | 1277 |
Gore | 1480 | 1492 | 1499 | 1608 | 1520 | 1475 |
Invercargill | 1455 | 1458 | 1457 | 1594 | 1491 | 1455 |
Dominion weighted average | 1422 | 1435 | 1463 | 1534 | 1464 | 1348 |
This group shows a greater increase over the base period (1909–13) than either of the other two food groups, while the increase in the index number for 1917 over that for 1916 is shown to be 116 points.
Of the four chief centres Auckland has much the highest number, being 120 points in advance of Wellington, and approximately 80 and 50 points higher than Dunedin and Christchurch respectively. Prices in the three latter centres are somewhat lower than the average for the Dominion as a whole.
The largest increase over 1916, as between the chief towns, has taken place in Christchurch and Dunedin, the lowest increase being shown by Auckland. Waihi meat-prices were the highest in the Dominion, Nelson prices being the lowest, the difference between the index numbers of the two towns on the average of the four quarters of 1917 amounting to over 300 points.
THREE FOOD GROUPS.—TWENTY-FIVE REPRESENTATIVE TOWNS. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Index Numbers for each Quarter of 1917, and for the Average of the Four Quarters of 1917 and of 1916, for Twenty-five Representative Towns in New Zealand. | ||||||
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | ||||||
Town. | First Quarter, 1917. | Second Quarter, 1917. | Third Quarter, 1917. | Fourth Quarter, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1916. |
Auckland | 1340 | 1359 | 1353 | 1424 | 1369 | 1292 |
Wellington | 1360 | 1395 | 1398 | 1435 | 1397 | 1289 |
Christchurch | 1342 | 1336 | 1346 | 1458 | 1371 | 1250 |
Dunedin | 1321 | 1306 | 1325 | 1360 | 1328 | 1239 |
Whangarei | 1365 | 1406 | 1422 | 1464 | 1414 | 1309 |
Hamilton | 1332 | 1364 | 1329 | 1352 | 1344 | 1286 |
Rotorua | 1394 | 1443 | 1470 | 1524 | 1458 | 1328 |
Waihi | 1399 | 1423 | 1419 | 1428 | 1417 | 1340 |
Gisborne | 1453 | 1415 | 1410 | 1427 | 1426 | 1350 |
Napier | 1373 | 1428 | 1428 | 1461 | 1423 | 1288 |
Dannevirke | 1360 | 1386 | 1410 | 1469 | 1406 | 1297 |
New Plymouth | 1347 | 1355 | 1355 | 1398 | 1364 | 1259 |
Wanganui | 1382 | 1403 | 1383 | 1391 | 1390 | 1267 |
Taihape | 1459 | 1469 | 1470 | 1450 | 1462 | 1336 |
Palmerston North | 1370 | 1408 | 1399 | 1398 | 1394 | 1296 |
Masterton | 1382 | 1396 | 1404 | 1436 | 1405 | 1286 |
Blenheim | 1325 | 1353 | 1367 | 1397 | 1361 | 1230 |
Nelson | 1308 | 1332 | 1333 | 1369 | 1336 | 1242 |
Greymouth | 1366 | 1392 | 1394 | 1385 | 1384 | 1313 |
Ashburton | 1370 | 1327 | 1343 | 1395 | 1359 | 1287 |
Timaru | 1330 | 1312 | 1331 | 1367 | 1335 | 1259 |
Oamaru | 1429 | 1420 | 1413 | 1418 | 1420 | 1318 |
Alexandra | 1393 | 1403 | 1427 | 1446 | 1417 | 1327 |
Gore | 1397 | 1383 | 1392 | 1434 | 1402 | 1323 |
Invercargill | 1360 | 1391 | 1372 | 1386 | 1377 | 1285 |
Dominion weighted average | 1350 | 1362 | 1365 | 1402 | 1370 | 1275 |
It will be remembered that the Dominion weighted average for Group I shows an increase of 86 points over 1916, while Groups II and III have increased 79 points and 116 points respectively. The three groups in combination show an increase in the Dominion weighted average of 95 points. Over the year 1917 Dunedin was the cheapest town for foodstuffs, while Taihape was the dearest.
The data for rent is not collected monthly, as is the information with reference to retail prices, but is received half-yearly in February and August from the same towns as are dealt with above. Rent figures quoted for any quarter of the year are therefore the figures obtained at the previous half-yearly inquiry.
Changes in rents are relatively infrequent, and it is neither necessary nor advisable to attempt to measure movements over short periods, from the fact that leases, infrequent changes of residence, and the difficulty of departing from customary rents all tend to make the movement of the general level of rents comparatively slow.
Commencing with August, 1916, a new system of collection of information with regard to rentals has been instituted, persons or firms collecting rents being required to state the actual number of houses of each class (according to the number of rooms) for which rents are collected, and the aggregate rent receivable from such houses. Previously, house agents were asked to state what was in their opinion the predominating rent for each class of house, and while the information thus obtained was approximately correct, it did not possess the mathematical exactness of the new system.
The figures for each of the towns, according to returns collected in February and August, 1917, are given below, together with similar information for the previous year:—
HOUSE-RENT.—TWENTY-FIVE REPRESENTATIVE TOWNS. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Index Numbers for 1916 and 1917 for House-rent in Twenty-five Towns of New Zealand. | |||||
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | |||||
Town. | February, 1916. | August, 1916.* | February, 1917. | August, 1917.* | Average for year 1917. |
* System changed. | |||||
Auckland | 925 | 976 | 945 | 958 | 952 |
Wellington | 1311 | 1218 | 1235 | 1281 | 1258 |
Christchurch | 911 | 854 | 868 | 878 | 873 |
Dunedin | 922 | 880 | 860 | 847 | 854 |
Whangarei | 811 | 829 | 821 | 855 | 838 |
Hamilton | 882 | 905 | 1040 | 1084 | 1062 |
Rotorua | 972 | 913 | 903 | 938 | 921 |
Waihi | 612 | 541 | 517 | 511 | 514 |
Gisborne | 939 | 988 | 974 | 979 | 977 |
Napier | 839 | 912 | 973 | 914 | 944 |
Dannevirke | 694 | 692 | 692 | 918 | 805 |
New Plymouth | 1052 | 912 | 924 | 954 | 939 |
Wanganui | 850 | 950 | 999 | 974 | 987 |
Taihape | 974 | 984 | 962 | 945 | 954 |
Palmerston North | 921 | 882 | 890 | 903 | 897 |
Masterton | 753 | 862 | 930 | 869 | 900 |
Blenheim | 846 | 685 | 936 | 756 | 846 |
Nelson | 1058 | 819 | 892 | 949 | 921 |
Greymouth | 713 | 728 | 740 | 718 | 729 |
Ashburton | 799 | 791 | 743 | 750 | 747 |
Timaru | 881 | 869 | 860 | 854 | 857 |
Oamaru | 867 | 726 | 711 | 714 | 713 |
Alexandra | 480 | 477 | 477 | 477 | 477 |
Gore | 694 | 691 | 722 | 745 | 734 |
Invercargill | 905 | 766 | 764 | 766 | 765 |
Dominion weighted average | 964 | 912 | 951 | 962 | 957 |
As was anticipated, the new system brought about a reduction in the index number for rent for the second half-year of 1916 as compared with the first half of that year. A number of towns show increases, notably Auckland, Wanganui, and Gisborne, but those are outweighed by large, decreases shown in other centres, with the result that the Dominion weighted index number fell from 964 in February, 1916, to 912 in August of that year. It must be emphasized, however, that this fall in the index number was probably entirely brought about by the change in system. There is no conclusive evidence to show that there has been any actual decrease in rents, and indications point to the conclusion that rents over the Dominion as a whole remained at about the same level throughout the year.
Under the old method whereby figures were based on the opinions of house agents, small fluctuations were either not disclosed at all or were magnified. There was an undoubted tendency to base statements on the rentals at which houses had recently been let or relet, thus ignoring the great majority of existing rentals.
As a result of the adoption of the new method, information was received in August, 1916, as to the actual rentals of 11,447 houses, and on such information reliable figures can be compiled from year to year. In February and August, 1917, the number of houses covered by the inquiry totalled 12,396 and 12,622 respectively. For the reason, however, that no comparison can properly be made between the figures for February and August, 1916, or between rent figures for 1916 and 1917 and previous years, the table usually compiled to show the combined index numbers for the three food groups and rent has been omitted. No accurate comparison could be made between 1916 or 1917 and previous periods if rent figures were combined with those for the food groups, and, accordingly, the food-prices alone must be used as an indication of the increase in the cost of living.
Although the cost of housing represents a substantial proportion of the household expenditure, any variation in rentals does not affect more than a small proportion of the population, and a reliable indication of the increase in cost of living can therefore be obtained by neglecting consideration of rentals which, as previously mentioned, show little movement over comparatively short periods. It must be mentioned, however, that in the total expenditure of the average household the steadiness of housing-costs has the effect of reducing the influence of the movement of food-prices. In other words, when only a portion of the budget shows a fluctuation, the effect over the whole budget is not so great as an inspection of the variations in food-prices alone would lead one to believe.
Moreover, no absolute comparison as to costs of living between different towns is afforded by consideration confined solely to food-prices. The difference between the level of rents in, say, Wellington and Alexandra, or even between Wellington and Auckland, is of such importance as to completely change the relative positions of various towns when rent is taken into consideration together with food-prices.
Notwithstanding these disadvantages, however, food-prices must be used for the present as the sole available and reliable means of arriving at an estimate of the variation in the cost of living. For later periods the comparability of rent figures will again be established, and that item of the cost of living can again be used in conjunction with food-costs.
The following table is included simply as an illustration of the different levels of prices in each of the twenty-five towns considered. Similar figures may easily be compiled for the various quarters by working from the index numbers and equating 1000 to 20s. The purchasing-power of money in the average of the five years 1909–13 in the four centres is taken as the base and equated to 20s., the indices being worked out proportionately. The amounts displayed in the table may be compared vertically but not horizontally, since the various groups have different bases.
AMOUNT REQUIRED TO PURCHASE IN TWENTY-FIVE REPRESENTATIVE TOWNS IN 1917 WHAT WOULD HAVE COST 20S. IN THE AVERAGE OF THE FOUR CHIEF CENTRES, 1909–13. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Town. | Group I. Groceries. | Group II. Dairy-produce. | Group III. Meat. | Groups I–III. Food Groups. | House-rent.* | |||||
s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | |
* Based on average of figures for February and August, 1917. | ||||||||||
Auckland | 25 | 4 ¼ | 27 | 3 | 30 | 0 | 27 | 4 ½ | 19 | 0 ½ |
Wellington | 27 | 10 ¾ | 28 | 6 | 27 | 7 ¼ | 27 | 11 ¼ | 25 | 2 |
Christchurch | 25 | 7 | 26 | 4 ¼ | 29 | 0 | 27 | 5 | 17 | 5 ½ |
Dunedin | 24 | 11 ½ | 27 | 0 ¼ | 28 | 4 | 26 | 6 ¾ | 17 | 1 |
Whangarei | 26 | 9 ½ | 25 | 3 | 32 | 2 ½ | 28 | 3 ¼ | 16 | 9 |
Hamilton | 26 | 3 ¼ | 26 | 8 ¼ | 27 | 9 ½ | 26 | 10 ½ | 21 | 3 |
Rotorua | 28 | 3 ¾ | 26 | 7 ¼ | 32 | 0 | 29 | 2 | 18 | 5 |
Waihi | 26 | 2 ¾ | 26 | 5 ¼ | 32 | 9 ½ | 28 | 4 | 10 | 3 ½ |
Gisborne | 27 | 8 ¾ | 26 | 10 ¼ | 30 | 4 ¼ | 28 | 6 ¼ | 19 | 6 ½ |
Napier | 28 | 1 | 27 | 2 ¾ | 29 | 9 ½ | 28 | 5 ½ | 18 | 10 ½ |
Dannevirke | 28 | 6 ½ | 26 | 3 | 28 | 10 ¾ | 28 | 1 ½ | 16 | 1 ¼ |
New Plymouth | 25 | 4 | 25 | 3 ½ | 31 | 0 ½ | 27 | 3 ¼ | 18 | 9 ¼ |
Wanganui | 25 | 5 | 26 | 9 | 31 | 6 | 27 | 9 ½ | 19 | 9 |
Taihape | 27 | 7 ½ | 27 | 3 ¼ | 32 | 7 ¾ | 29 | 3 | 19 | 1 |
Palmerston North | 26 | 5 ½ | 26 | 0 ¼ | 30 | 11 ¼ | 27 | 10 ½ | 17 | 11 ¼ |
Masterton | 27 | 8 | 26 | 2 ¼ | 29 | 11 ¾ | 28 | 1 ¼ | 18 | 0 |
Blenheim | 27 | 5 ¼ | 26 | 1 ½ | 27 | 8 | 27 | 2 ¾ | 16 | 11 |
Nelson | 26 | 9 ¾ | 26 | 8 ½ | 26 | 7 ½ | 26 | 8 ¾ | 18 | 5 |
Greymouth | 25 | 9 ¼ | 26 | 5 | 30 | 11 ¾ | 27 | 8 ¼ | 14 | 7 ½ |
Ashburton | 25 | 4 ¼ | 26 | 10 ½ | 29 | 8 ¼ | 27 | 2 ¼ | 14 | 11 ½ |
Timaru | 25 | 6 ¼ | 24 | 8 ¼ | 29 | 6 ¾ | 26 | 8 ½ | 17 | 1 ¾ |
Oamaru | 27 | 10 ¾ | 27 | 2 | 32 | 5 | 28 | 4 ¾ | 14 | 3 ¼ |
Alexandra | 28 | 3 ¼ | 28 | 0 | 28 | 8 | 28 | 4 | 9 | 7 |
Gore | 26 | 6 ¾ | 27 | 3 | 30 | 5 | 28 | 0 ½ | 14 | 8 ½ |
Invercargill | 25 | 7 | 27 | 5 | 29 | 10 | 27 | 6 ½ | 15 | 4 |
Dominion weighted average | 26 | 1 ¼ | 27 | 0 ¾ | 29 | 3 ¼ | 27 | 4 ¾ | 19 | 1 ¾ |
NOTE.—Figures are comparable vertically but not horizontally. |
To see at a glance the positions occupied by the various towns in order of “cost of living,” a diagram is given in the form of what may be called “cost-of-living” thermometers, whereon each town is shown opposite a point corresponding to its index number in the table referring to expenditure on the three food groups, for the four quarters of 1917. The thermometers not only show the relative positions of the towns from the point of view of higher or lower “cost of living,” but also give a good indication of the increases or decreases in any town throughout the year.
To obtain a general estimate of the course of prices for the whole Dominion it has been necessary to obtain a weighted average of the index numbers for each town. It is obvious that it would not be strictly correct to obtain a simple average of the prices in Alexandra, with a population of less than 700, and in Auckland, with a population of over 134,000. Prices in each town have therefore been weighted in accordance with the number of people concerned, and a composite index number has been obtained, which, though artificial, represents the average level of retail prices in the Dominion.
The twenty-five towns considered have a total population of approximately half that of New Zealand, and they are therefore fully representative of the Dominion. The four chief centres, which include a third of the Dominion's population, account for about 70 per cent. of the population of the twenty-five towns, so that their influence in the Dominion index number is naturally predominating. This, however, is justifiable, since the chief centres not only comprise a great part of the people of the Dominion, but also set the standard which is generally followed throughout the country.
The Dominion weighted index number obtained is shown in the table below:—
Group. | First Quarter, 1917. | Second Quarter, 1917. | Third Quarter 1917. | Fourth Quarter, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1916. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groceries | 1314 | 1277 | 1297 | 1333 | 1305 | 1219 |
Dairy-produce | 1312 | 1413 | 1350 | 1335 | 1353 | 1274 |
Meat | 1422 | 1435 | 1463 | 1534 | 1464 | 1348 |
Three food groups | 1350 | 1362 | 1365 | 1402 | 1370 | 1275 |
House-rent | 951 | 951 | 962 | 962 | 957 | 938 |
A comparison between the yearly figures for 1917 and 1916, as shown in the last two columns, affords a clear indication of the extent to which prices have moved. As previously mentioned, the greatest advance during 1917 is shown by the meat group, while both dairy-produce and grocery prices have also risen considerably. The figures relating to house-rent should be read subject to comments made on pages 752 and 753.
An inspection of the quarterly figures discloses the substantial seasonal fluctuations in prices of dairy-produce and groceries, and the comparatively steady increase throughout the year in prices of meat.
Taking the three food groups together, the seasonal movements are less marked and the increase is fairly steady and continuous, being greatest as between the third and fourth quarters of the year.
The following table gives a comparison between price-levels during 1917 in the four chief centres and in the twenty-one smaller towns from which information is collected:—
Group. | Weighted Average of Four Chief Centres. | Weighted Average of Twenty-one Smaller Centres. | Difference in Index Numbers. |
---|---|---|---|
Groceries | 1298 | 1326 | + 28 |
Dairy-produce | 1365 | 1324 | −41 |
Meat | 1444 | 1492 | + 48 |
Three food groups | 1369 | 1387 | + 18 |
House-rent | 990 | 879 | −111 |
These figures indicate that there is no very considerable difference between the general level of food-prices in the four chief towns and in the average of the twenty-one smaller centres, higher grocery and meat prices in the small towns being offset by lower prices for dairy-produce. House accommodation, however, as may be expected, is considerably cheaper in the country towns than in the more closely populated cities.
Until April, 1917, detailed information with reference to war increases in prices was published each month in the Journal of the Department of Labour. Since that date, however, these figures have been given in the “Monthly Abstract of Statistics” published by the Census and Statistics Office. For full details, reference should accordingly be made to those publications, which give the latest available information on the subject. It is advisable, however, to shortly indicate here the advance in prices in 1917 over those ruling at the outbreak of war.
TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE IN FOOD-PRICES RULING DURING 1917 OVER PRICES RULING ON 31ST JULY, 1914. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group. | First Quarter, 1917. | Second. Quarter, 1917. | Third Quarter, 1917. | Fourth Quarter, 1917. | Average of Year, 1917. | |||||
Index Number. | Percentage Increase.* | Index Number. | Percentage Increase.* | Index Number. | Percentage Increase.* | Index Number. | Percentage Increase.* | Index Number. | Percentage Increase.* | |
* Over July, 1914. | ||||||||||
Groceries (index number, July, 1914: 1033) | 1314 | 27.19 | 1277 | 23.62 | 1297 | 25.56 | 1333 | 29.04 | 1305 | 26.33 |
Dairy-produce (index number, July, 1914: 1057) | 1312 | 24.12 | 1413 | 33.67 | 1350 | 27.72 | 1335 | 26.30 | 1353 | 28.00 |
Meat (index number, July, 1914: 1126) | 1422 | 26.29 | 1435 | 27.44 | 1463 | 29.93 | 1534 | 36.23 | 1464 | 30.00 |
Three food groups (index number, July, 1914: 1070) | 1350 | 26.16 | 1362 | 27.29 | 1365 | 27.57 | 1402 | 31.02 | 1370 | 28.04 |
It will be seen that, over the average for the year, food-prices show an increase since the outbreak of war of 28 per cent., while the increase? of the various groups show no very considerable differences beyond those indicated by the quarterly figures recording seasonal fluctuations.
The following general survey of the course of retail prices over a number of years has been brought up to date by the inclusion of the figures for 1917:—
GROUP I.—GROCERIES. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
INDEX NUMBERS FOR FOUR CHIEF CENTRES, 1908–17. | |||||
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | |||||
Year. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Average of Four Centres. |
1908 | 1024 | 1017 | 971 | 985 | 999 |
1909 | 1007 | 985 | 927 | 972 | 973 |
1910 | 1036 | 1017 | 964 | 1039 | 1014 |
1911 | 981 | 989 | 934 | 968 | 968 |
1912 | 1050 | 1013 | 986 | 1039 | 1022 |
1913 | 1064 | 1029 | 964 | 1036 | 1023 |
1914 | 1041 | 1122 | 1055 | 1085 | 1076 |
1915 | 1172 | 1227 | 1210 | 1219 | 1207 |
1916 | 1196 | 1269 | 1197 | 1192 | 1214 |
1917 | 1268 | 1395 | 1279 | 1248 | 1298 |
The outstanding feature illustrated by this diagram is, of course, the substantial advance in prices since the outbreak of war. The year 1916, however, saw a slight decline in prices in Christchurch and Dunedin as compared with the previous year.
The close relation between prices in the four chief centres is clearly illustrated by the sympathetic movement of the graph-lines.
The items grouped under the heading “Groceries” are varied in nature, and may be treated in three subgroups as under:—
Group 1A.—Groceries, excluding bread, flour, oatmeal, potatoes, onions, and sugar.
Group 1B.—Bread, flour, oatmeal, potatoes, and onions.
Group 1C.—Sugar.
The fundamental distinction is that the items comprising Group 1A are almost wholly imported from overseas, while those in the second are almost wholly produced and consumed in the country. Sugar is not strictly a product of New Zealand, the raw material being imported and refined in the Dominion, but it is such an important commodity that it has been deemed advisable to treat it separately. The prices of the first two subgroups follow quite different courses, as may be seen from the following table and graph. It is evident that the five home products not only fluctuate more, but have risen considerably during the period covered. A cyclical movement may also be traced in the prices of the five home products.
ANNUAL AND QUINQUENNIAL INDEX NUMBERS OF RETAIL PRICES OF THE GROUPS 1A (GENERAL GROCERIES) AND 1B (BREAD, FLOUR, OATMEAL, POTATOES, AND ONIONS), AVERAGED OVER THE FOUR CHIEF CENTRES, 1908–17. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Annual Index Numbers. | Quinquennial Index Numbers. | ||
General Groceries. | Bread, Flour, Oatmeal, Potatoes, and Onions. | General Groceries. | Bread, Flour, Oatmeal, Potatoes, and Onions. | |
1908 | 1000 | 1029 | 1002 | 1033 |
1909 | 986 | 981 | 996 | 1002 |
1910 | 990 | 1053 | 994 | 1005 |
1911 | 992 | 937 | 1000 | 1000 |
1912 | 1002 | 1027 | 1015 | 1023 |
1913 | 1029 | 1001 | 1033 | 1083 |
1914 | 1063 | 1098 | 1055 | 1159 |
1915 | 1078 | 1355 | 1091 | 1235 |
1916 | 1101 | 1314 | .. | .. |
1917 | 1205 | 1406 | .. | .. |
The price of sugar has been greatly influenced by the Customs tariff, and the effect of this influence is especially noticeable after the adoption of the new tariff of 1907. In that year prices immediately dropped in all the four centres, owing to the removal of the last ½d.-per-pound duty on this commodity. Since 1910, however, prices have risen considerably, so that the index number for 1917 stands higher than at any other time in the preceding ten years.
INDEX NUMBERS SHOWING THE VARIATIONS IN THE RETAIL PRICES OF SUGAR IN THE FOUR CHIEF CENTRES OF NEW ZEALAND, 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Average of Four Centres. |
1908 | 851 | 944 | 974 | 870 | 910 |
1909 | 881 | 913 | 961 | 883 | 910 |
1910 | 946 | 987 | 1003 | 974 | 978 |
1911 | 941 | 965 | 1045 | 972 | 981 |
1912 | 1045 | 1029 | 1115 | 1078 | 1092 |
1913 | 1117 | 980 | 1071 | 1094 | 1065 |
1914 | 983 | 1055 | 1145 | 1025 | 1052 |
1915 | 1191 | 1211 | 1290 | 1228 | 1230 |
1916 | 1208 | 1310 | 1304 | 1294 | 1279 |
1917 | 1219 | 1399 | 1344 | 1354 | 1329 |
The prices of commodities included in the dairy-produce group Lave shown an almost continuous increase since 1891—an increase which during the war period has been considerably accelerated. The year 1916 disclosed a greater and more rapid movement than took place in any previous year for which prices are recorded. The increase in 1917 has also been a substantial one.
INDEX NUMBERS FOR FOUR CHIEF CENTRES, 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | |||||
Year. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Average of Four Centres |
1908 | 993 | 1057 | 991 | 1038 | 1020 |
1909 | 974 | 975 | 912 | 972 | 958 |
1910 | 965 | 996 | 920 | 997 | 970 |
1911 | 986 | 1018 | 948 | 1021 | 993 |
1912 | 998 | 1076 | 992 | 1052 | 1029 |
1913 | 1028 | 1124 | 1003 | 1044 | 1050 |
1914 | 1026 | 1117 | 1010 | 1064 | 1054 |
1915 | 1140 | 1196 | 1133 | 1146 | 1154 |
1916 | 1288 | 1350 | 1251 | 1263 | 1288 |
1917 | 1362 | 1425 | 1318 | 1351 | 1364 |
The index numbers for the meat group disclose no exceptional movement beyond the increase brought about by war conditions. Auckland continues to maintain its position considerably in advance of the other three centres, while Dunedin prices have gradually risen until in 1917 they are above those of Wellington.
INDEX NUMBERS FOR FOUR CHIEF CENTRES, 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | |||||
Year. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Average of Four Centres. |
1908 | 1064 | 973 | 1031 | 817 | 971 |
1909 | 1084 | 1026 | 984 | 824 | 980 |
1910 | 1047 | 1029 | 980 | 851 | 977 |
1911 | 1052 | 1034 | 995 | 900 | 995 |
1912 | 1033 | 1024 | 1034 | 915 | 1001 |
1913 | 1104 | 1139 | 1027 | 917 | 1047 |
1914 | 1266 | 1116 | 1121 | 1127 | 1158 |
1915 | 1293 | 1205 | 1191 | 1190 | 1220 |
1916 | 1413 | 1274 | 1313 | 1283 | 1321 |
1917 | 1500 | 1380 | 1449 | 1417 | 1437 |
The index numbers given in the following table have been compiled from records of prices of the three separate food groups in such manner as to show the movement of the general level of food-prices, care being taken to give each group its duo importance:—
INDEX NUMBERS FOR FOUR CHIEF CENTRES, 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | |||||
Year. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Average of Four Centres. |
1908 | 1030 | 1011 | 996 | 940 | 994 |
1909 | 1026 | 997 | 943 | 922 | 972 |
1910 | 1023 | 1016 | 960 | 965 | 991 |
1911 | 1006 | 1011 | 958 | 957 | 983 |
1912 | 1032 | 1031 | 1004 | 1000 | 1017 |
1913 | 1069 | 1089 | 995 | 997 | 1037 |
1914 | 1114 | 1119 | 1067 | 1094 | 1098 |
1915 | 1206 | 1216 | 1176 | 1191 | 1197 |
1916 | 1291 | 1290 | 1249 | 1244 | 1268 |
1917 | 1369 | 1397 | 1346 | 1328 | 1360 |
It will be noted that food-prices in the four centres, as recorded by the above index numbers, move with considerable uniformity, although the extent of the movement varies as between the different cities.
In pre-war years food-prices were slightly higher in Auckland and Wellington than in the two southern centres, this being mainly due to the difference in prices of agricultural products (flour, oatmeal, &c.), and meat; and while all four centres have experienced substantial increases in prices since the commencement of the war, Dunedin and Christchurch still show lower index numbers than either Auckland or Wellington.
The following table brings into prominence the high level of weekly rentals in Wellington as compared with the other three centres. Between 1908 and 1911 rents were comparatively steady, a slight increase in Auckland being balanced by decreases in Wellington and Christchurch. From 1911 onward, however, the average of the four centres shows an upward tendency.
As previously explained, the figures for 1916 and 1917 are not fully comparable with those for earlier years.
INDEX NUMBERS FOR FOUR CHIEF CENTRES, 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | |||||
Year. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Average of Four Centres. |
* Not fully comparable with previous years (see page 752). | |||||
1908 | 901 | 1208 | 949 | 899 | 989 |
1909 | 914 | 1186 | 937 | 899 | 984 |
1910 | 933 | 1185 | 926 | 907 | 988 |
1911 | 948 | 1167 | 917 | 911 | 986 |
1912 | 1020 | 1172 | 914 | 922 | 1007 |
1913 | 1032 | 1254 | 924 | 933 | 1036 |
1914 | 1032 | 1272 | 947 | 940 | 1048 |
1915 | 942 | 1283 | 929 | 926 | 1020 |
1916* | 951 | 1265 | 883 | 901 | 1000 |
1917* | 952 | 1258 | 873 | 854 | 984 |
The great increase in house-rent in each of the four centres is unmistakably represented in the graph given on the following page. How far this increase in rent represents the improvement in the style of houses, better building, more conveniences, greater ornament, and how far it represents an increase of site-values due to increasing population it is impossible to determine.
Auckland and Wellington, it is interesting to notice, have shown the greatest and most continuous increases in rent; and these are the towns which have increased most in population. Dunedin, which has increased least in population, shows the steadiest movement of rent, while Christchurch seems to have had a boom in 1906, and falling rents thereafter till 1912.
The figures given above indicate a slight decrease in house-rents during the past two or three years, but, as previously mentioned, the figures for 1916 and 1917 are not fully comparable with those for previous years. Over the Dominion as a whole there has apparently been little movement during recent years in the general level of house-rents.
Explanation of Graph.—The base of each small square represents a year's interval, and the vertical height differences of 25 in the index numbers.
NOTE.—System of collection changed in 1916 (see page 752).
Considerable difficulties are met with in any attempt to follow accurately the course of prices in this group. It has, in fact, been impossible to settle on any list of commodities which were used during the period under review in anything approaching comparable proportions in the four chief centres. The comparative usages of electric light, gas, kerosene, and candles vary greatly even between the four centres. Coal, too, presents a difficulty for comparative purposes in the several different classes of coal commonly used in the different towns.
However, a small group of seven items—coal, coke, firewood, kerosene, gas for lighting, electricity for lighting, and candles—has been considered, and prices in the four chief centres have been collected for as many past years as possible. Complete index numbers for this group have been compiled since 1907, and are set out in the following table:—
INDEX NUMBERS OF COSTS OF FUEL AND LIGHTING (GROUP V) FOR FOUR CHIEF CENTRES, 1907–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | |||||
Year. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Average of Four Centres. |
1907 | 840 | 1110 | 1063 | 887 | 975 |
1908 | 879 | 1110 | 1053 | 908 | 988 |
1909 | 899 | 1097 | 1079 | 896 | 993 |
1910 | 898 | 1054 | 1075 | 896 | 981 |
1911 | 899 | 1053 | 1074 | 893 | 980 |
1912 | 919 | 1091 | 1117 | 920 | 1012 |
1913 | 928 | 1101 | 1150 | 960 | 1035 |
1914 | 971 | 1160 | 1174 | 905 | 1052 |
1915 | 991 | 1155 | 1172 | 964 | 1071 |
1916 | 1100 | 1202 | 1252 | 1072 | 1157 |
1917 | 1283 | 1335 | 1489 | 1214 | 1330 |
Over the average of the four centres a considerable advance in the index numbers of this group has been noticeable since 1911. This movement is common to all four cities, and was particularly rapid as between 1916 and 1917, when the general index number increased by 173 points.
Among the commodities considered in the fuel and light group, coal is by far the most important, and changes in its price are therefore worthy of special consideration.
It is possible to gain complete data of coal-prices throughout the whole period, and these are shown in the table and graph on the next page. Though coal is largely used all over the Dominion, the varieties of coal in different localities vary greatly. Following the method used throughout this investigation, the retail prices considered have been the predominant or most frequent prices of the quality or grade most usually sold. It will be noticed that Auckland and Dunedin prices of coal have generally been considerably lower than those of Christchurch and Wellington. This is due to the use of local brown coals—Waikato in Auckland, and Kaitangata and Green Island in Dunedin. Prices of coal in Auckland and Dunedin have, however, advanced considerably during 1917, so that Auckland prices were in that year higher than those of Wellington. Christ-church prices have also made a substantial advance.
INDEX NUMBERS OF RETAIL PRICES OF COAL IN THE FOUR CHIEF CENTRES OF NEW ZEALAND, 1908–17. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | |||||
Year. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Average of Four Centres. |
1908 | 894 | 1125 | 1039 | 837 | 974 |
1909 | 923 | 1103 | 1096 | 837 | 990 |
1910 | 923 | 1039 | 1096 | 837 | 974 |
1911 | 923 | 1039 | 1096 | 837 | 974 |
1912 | 952 | 1089 | 1154 | 873 | 1017 |
1913 | 966 | 1096 | 1197 | 923 | 1046 |
1914 | 1039 | 1212 | 1212 | 865 | 1082 |
1915 | 1042 | 1188 | 1212 | 952 | 1099 |
1916 | 1165 | 1203 | 1289 | 1084 | 1185 |
1917 | 1356 | 1271 | 1594 | 1237 | 1365 |
INDEX NUMBERS FOR AUCKLAND, WELLINGTON, CHRISTCHURCH, DUNEDIN, AND FOR AVERAGE OF FOUR CENTRES FOR EACH YEAR, 1906–15. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000.) | |||||
Year. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. | Average of Four Centres. |
1906 | 978 | 1085 | 1005 | 933 | 1000 |
1907 | 975 | 1084 | 984 | 919 | 991 |
1908 | 981 | 1086 | 978 | 924 | 992 |
1909 | 983 | 1069 | 941 | 913 | 977 |
1910 | 989 | 1081 | 947 | 943 | 990 |
1911 | 984 | 1071 | 942 | 939 | 984 |
1912 | 1027 | 1085 | 969 | 970 | 1013 |
1913 | 1055 | 1152 | 968 | 973 | 1037 |
1914 | 1083 | 1177 | 1021 | 1035 | 1079 |
1915 | 1105 | 1240 | 1081 | 1090 | 1129 |
As previously explained, it is not possible to compile figures for 1916 or 1917 incorporating rent figures with those of the food groups to show a correct comparison between that year and previous years, since an alteration was made in 1916 in the system of collecting information with reference to weekly rents.
Comparisons between the years shown on the above table (1906–15) are, however, quite valid.
INDEX NUMBERS OF RETAIL PRICES OF ALL GROUPS OF COMMODITIES IN THE AVERAGE OF THE FOUR CHIEF CENTRES, 1908–17. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Base: Average aggregate annual expenditure, four chief centres, 1909–13 = 1000. | ||||||
Year. | Group I: Groceries. | Group II: Dairy-products. | Group III: Meat. | Groups I–III: Food Groups. | Group IV: House-rent. | Group V: Fuel and Light. |
* Rent figures for 1916 and 1917 not fully comparable with those for previous years. | ||||||
1908 | 999 | 1020 | 971 | 994 | 989 | 988 |
1909 | 973 | 958 | 980 | 972 | 984 | 993 |
1910 | 1014 | 970 | 977 | 991 | 988 | 981 |
1911 | 968 | 993 | 995 | 983 | 986 | 980 |
1912 | 1022 | 1029 | 1001 | 1017 | 1007 | 1012 |
1913 | 1023 | 1050 | 1047 | 1037 | 1036 | 1035 |
1914 | 1076 | 1054 | 1158 | 1098 | 1048 | 1052 |
1915 | 1201 | 1154 | 1222 | 1197 | 1020 | 1071 |
1916* | 1214 | 1288 | 1321 | 1268 | 1000 | 1157 |
1917* | 1298 | 1364 | 1437 | 1360 | 984 | 1330 |
The following table, which is based on the average of the index numbers of the four chief centres as set out in the preceding table, gives an indication (in money figures) of the extent to which prices have risen during the period 1908–17. The table shows the amount necessary, on the average, to purchase the same quantity of foodstuffs, house accommodation, and fuel and light as would have cost 20s. on the average in the four chief centres during the base period 1909–13.
Year. | Group I: Groceries. | Group II: Dairy-products. | Group III: Meat. | Groups I–III: Food Groups | Group IV: House-rent. | Group V: Fuel and Lighting. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | |
1908 | 19 | 11 ¾ | 18 | 4 ¾ | 19 | 5 | 19 | 10 ½ | 19 | 9 ¼ | 19 | 9 |
1909 | 19 | 5 ½ | 19 | 2 | 19 | 7 ¼ | 19 | 5 ¼ | 19 | 8 ¼ | 19 | 10 ¼ |
1910 | 20 | 3 ¼ | 18 | 10 ¾ | 19 | 6 ½ | 19 | 9 ¾ | 19 | 9 | 19 | 7 ½ |
1911 | 19 | 4 ¼ | 19 | 10 ¼ | 19 | 10 ¾ | 19 | 8 | 19 | 8 ¾ | 19 | 7 ¼ |
1912 | 20 | 5 ¼ | 20 | 7 | 20 | 0 ¼ | 20 | 4 | 20 | 1 ¾ | 20 | 3 |
1913 | 20 | 5 ¼ | 21 | 0 | 20 | 11 ¼ | 20 | 9 | 20 | 8 ¾ | 20 | 8 ½ |
1914 | 21 | 6 ¼ | 21 | 1 | 23 | 2 | 21 | 11 ½ | 20 | 11 ½ | 21 | 0 ½ |
1915 | 24 | 0 ¼ | 23 | 1 | 24 | 5 ¼ | 23 | 11 ¼ | 20 | 4 ¾ | 21 | 5 |
1916 | 24 | 3 ¼ | 25 | 9 | 26 | 5 | 25 | 4 ¼ | 20 | 0 | 23 | 1 ½ |
1917 | 25 | 11 ½ | 27 | 3 ½ | 28 | 9 | 27 | 2 ½ | 19 | 8 ¼ | 26 | 7 ¼ |
NOTE.—These figures are comparable vertically but not horizontally. See above re figures for rent. |
The general increase in prices has materially reduced the purchasing, power of the sovereign, as is shown by the following table, which sets out the relative “worth” in terms of commodities (but stated for convenience in terms of money) represented by a sovereign during the years 1908–17. The average “worth” in the years 1909–13 has been taken as a base and equated to 20s. The figures throughout are based on the average prices of the four chief centres.
Year. | Group I: Groceries. | Group II: Dairy-products. | Group III: Meat. | Groups I–III: Food Groups. | Group IV: House-rent. | Group V: Fuel and Lighting. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | |
1908 | 20 | 0 ¼ | 19 | 7 ¼ | 20 | 7 ¼ | 20 | 1 ½ | 20 | 2 ¾ | 20 | 3 |
1909 | 20 | 6 ¾ | 20 | 10 ½ | 20 | 5 | 20 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 20 | 1 ¾ |
1910 | 19 | 8 ¾ | 20 | 7 ½ | 20 | 5 ¾ | 20 | 2 ¼ | 20 | 3 | 20 | 4 ¾ |
1911 | 20 | 8 | 20 | 4 ¾ | 20 | 1 ¼ | 20 | 4 ½ | 20 | 3 ½ | 20 | 5 |
1912 | 19 | 6 ¾ | 19 | 5 ¼ | 19 | 11 ¾ | 19 | 8 | 19 | 10 ¼ | 19 | 9 ¼ |
1913 | 19 | 6 ½ | 19 | 0 ½ | 19 | 1 ¼ | 19 | 3 ½ | 19 | 3 ¾ | 19 | 4 |
1914 | 18 | 7 | 18 | 11 ¾ | 17 | 3 ¼ | 18 | 2 ½ | 19 | 1 | 19 | 0 |
1915 | 16 | 7 ¾ | 17 | 4 | 16 | 4 ½ | 16 | 7 ¾ | 19 | 7 ¼ | 18 | 8 |
1916 | 16 | 5 ¾ | 15 | 6 ½ | 15 | 1 ½ | 15 | 9 ¼ | 20 | 0 | 17 | 31 |
1917 | 15 | 5 | 14 | 8 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 8 ½ | 20 | 4 | 15 | 0 ½ |
NOTE.—These figures are comparable vertically but not horizontally. |
In the consideration of this table care must be taken that the figures are given their correct significance. In short, they represent—in money figures—the worth (or purchasing-power) of a sovereign expended in purchasing the commodities shown at the heads of the columns.
Another fact which must be noted is that the figures shown in this table will not rise or fall to equal extent with any movements shown in the index number, and the percentage rise or fall will not be the same both in this table and in the table of index numbers.
This may be explained by pointing out that an index number of 1333 would represent in the above table approximately 15s., 1000 being equal to 20s. In that case prices are 33 ¼ per cent. higher than previously; or, in other words, the sovereign will purchase only 75 per cent. of the amount of goods for which it could have been exchanged in the “base” period. It will accordingly be seen that the index number will reach 2000 before the purchasing-power of money has fallen another 5s.—i.e., from 15s. to 10s.—and would move as high as 4000 before the purchasing-power of the sovereign fell to 5s. On the other hand, a falling index number will move relatively less rapidly than would the corresponding figure indicating the increasing purchasing-power of the sovereign.
TABLE SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE COSTS OF AN ASSUMED WEEKLY HOUSE HOLD CONSUMPTION OF CERTAIN FOODSTUFFS, AND THE RENT OF A FOUR-ROOMED HOUSE, 1891–1917.
(Based on the average of the four chief centres.) | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commodity. | Quantity. | Average Cost, 1591. | Average Cost, 1901. | Average Cost, 1906. | Average Cost, 1911. | Average Cost, 1916. | Average Cost, 1917. | ||||||||||||
Groceries— | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
Bread | 7.2 lb. loaves | 0 | 1 | 10 ½ | 0 | 1 | 9 ½ | 0 | 1 | 9 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 6 ½ | 0 | 2 | 9 ¾ |
Flour | 3 lb. | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 ½ | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 ¾ |
Oatmeal | 1 lb. | 0 | 0 | 1 ½ | 0 | 0 | 1 ½ | 0 | 0 | 1 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
Rice | 1 lb. | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 ½ | 0 | 0 | 2 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 2 ½ | 0 | 0 | 2 ½ | 0 | 0 | 2 ¾ |
Tea | ½ lb. | 0 | 1 | 0 ½ | 0 | 0 | 10 ½ | 0 | 0 | 9 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 ¼ |
Cocoa | ⅛ lb. | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 ½ | 0 | 0 | 5 ¾ |
Sugar | 3 lb. | 0 | 0 | 8 ½ | 0 | 0 | 7 ½ | 0 | 0 | 7 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 8 ¾ |
Jam | 2 lb. | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 9 ½ | 0 | 1 | 0 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 1 ¼ |
Raisins | ½ lb. | 0 | 0 | 4 ½ | 0 | 0 | 3 ½ | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 3 ¾ |
Potatoes | 14 lb. | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 7 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 10 ½ | 0 | 1 | 5 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 3 ½ |
Totals | .. | 0 | 6 | 7 ½ | 0 | 6 | 2 ½ | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 ½ | 0 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 7 |
Increase per cent. over 1891 | .. | .. | −6.29 | 5.6 | −6.29 | 24.53 | 29.56 | ||||||||||||
Dairy-produce— | |||||||||||||||||||
Milk | 7 pts. | 0 | 0 | 11 ½ | 0 | 0 | 11 ½ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 5 ¼ |
Butter | 3 lb. | 0 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 2 ½ | 0 | 3 | 3 ¼ | 0 | 3 | 7 ½ | 0 | 4 | 8 ¼ | 0 | 4 | 10 ¼ |
Cheese | ¼ lb. | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 3 ¼ |
Bacon | 1 lb. | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 2 ½ | 0 | 1 | 4 |
Totals | .. | 0 | 4 | 6 ½ | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 ¼ | 0 | 5 | 8 ½ | 0 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 10 ¾ |
Increase per cent. over 1891 | .. | .. | 10.09 | 14.22 | 25.69 | 65.14 | 73.85 | ||||||||||||
Meat— | |||||||||||||||||||
Beef— | |||||||||||||||||||
Sirloin | 3 lb. | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 ½ | 0 | 1 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 ½ | 0 | 2 | 1 ¾ |
Stewing-steak | 2 lb. | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 ½ | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
Corned roll | 1 lb. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 ½ | 0 | 0 | 4 ½ | 0 | 0 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 7 ¼ |
Sausages | 2 lb. | 0 | 0 | 7 ½ | 0 | 0 | 7 ½ | 0 | 0 | 7 ½ | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 9 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Mutton— | |||||||||||||||||||
Leg | 3 lb. | 0 | 1 | 0 ½ | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 8 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 10 ¾ |
Shoulder | 2 lb. | 0 | 0 | 6 ½ | 0 | 0 | 7 ½ | 0 | 0 | 8 ½ | 0 | 0 | 8 ½ | 0 | 0 | 11 ½ | 0 | 1 | 0 ¾ |
Chops | 2 lb. | 0 | 0 | 9 ½ | 0 | 0 | 10 ½ | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 3 ¾ |
Totals | .. | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 6 ½ | 0 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 9 | 1 ¼ |
Increase per cent. over 1891 | .. | .. | 7.69 | 15.38 | 20.77 | 55.38 | 68.08 | ||||||||||||
Rent | 4 rooms | 0 | 7 | 11 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 4 | 0 | 12 | 3 ¾ | 0 | 11 | 9 |
Increase per cent. over 1891 | .. | .. | 36.84 | 56.84 | 55.79 | 55.53 | 48.41 | ||||||||||||
Totals of budget | .. | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 10 ½ | 1 | 10 | 10 ¼ | 1 | 10 | 9 ½ | 1 | 16 | 5 ¾ | 1 | 17 | 4 |
Increase per cent. over 1891 | .. | .. | 13.78 | 25.94 | 25.68 | 48.89 | 52.38 | ||||||||||||
The minus sign (-) signifies a decrease. |
The above assumed weekly budget has been drawn up mainly with the object of setting out the percentage increases in prices of those commodities which may be classed as absolute necessities, bulking largely in the regimen of families of small income. It is not intended that this should be taken as an estimate of the amount of food required properly to sustain a family, and there are, without doubt, a considerable number of commodities in common use which have not been included above. The foods shown in the budget, however, may be said to be indispensable, and it is for the purpose of showing the increase in the cost of such commodities that the budget is published.
During the year 1917 a system for the regular collection of information regarding wholesale prices was put into operation, and this will be continued for future years. It is intended that a system of index numbers, recording the movements of wholesale prices, shall be established when necessary data for some years past has been collected.
For the present, however, nothing more than the average prices (based on returns of actual prices as quoted by wholesale traders) can be given. The average prices of a considerable number of important commodities for the four quarters of 1917 are shown in the following table:—
CURRENT WHOLESALE PRICES, 1917.
Article or Commodity. | Unit of Quantity. | First Quarter, 1917. | Second Quarter, 1917. | Third Quarter, 1917. | Fourth Quarter, 1917. | Average of Four Quarters, 1917. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Christchurch prices only. † Christchurch and Dunedin prices averaged. ‡ Auckland prices only. NOTE.—Where not otherwise stated, prices represent the average of the four chief centres. * Auckland prices only. | ||||||||||||||||
Agricultural Produce. | ||||||||||||||||
Wheat*— | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d; | £ | s. | d. | |
Tuscan | per bushel | 0 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 8 ¼ |
Hunters | per bushel | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 9 |
Velvet | per bushel | 0 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 0 | 10 | |
Fowl | per bushel | 0 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 9 |
Oats†— | ||||||||||||||||
Garton's A | per bushel | 0 | 3 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 3 | 11 ¾ | 0 | 4 | 5 ¾ | 0 | 4 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 4 | 0 ¼ |
Garton's B | per bushel | 0 | 3 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 3 | 10 ¾ | 0 | 4 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 4 | 1 ¼ | 0 | 3 | 10 ½ |
Sparrowbills | per bushel | 0 | 3 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 4 | 0 ¾ | 0 | 4 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 4 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 4 | 0 ¾ |
Barley†— | ||||||||||||||||
Malting | per bushel | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 8 ½ | 0 | 5 | 6 |
Feed | per bushel | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 6 |
Cocksfoot* (M.D.) | Per lb | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 3 ¼ |
Rye-grass†— | ||||||||||||||||
Italian (M.D.) | Per bushel | 0 | 5 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 8 ¾ |
Perennial (M.D.) | Per bushel | 0 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 6 | 10 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 11 | 0 | 6 | 8 ½ |
Potatoes | Per ton | 8 | 0 | 6 ¾ | 6 | 1 | 2 ¾ | 5 | 1 | 8 ¾ | 4 | 11 | 6 ½ | 5 | 18 | 9 ¼ |
Onions | Per ton | 8 | 12 | 3 ¾ | 10 | 6 | 5 ¼ | 18 | 16 | 10 ¼ | 28 | 6 | 8 ¾ | 16 | 10 | 7 |
Maize‡ | Per bushel | 0 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 6 ½ | 0 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 10 ¼ |
Milling Products. | ||||||||||||||||
Flour | Per ton | 14 | 19 | 5 | 15 | 3 | 0 ½ | 15 | 4 | 0 ½ | 14 | 19 | 5 | 15 | 1 | 5 ¾ |
Bran | Per ton | 4 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 5 ¼ | 4 | 4 | 5 ½ | 4 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 ¾ |
Pollard | Per ton | 6 | 10 | 11 ¼ | 6 | 17 | 7 ¾ | 7 | 6 | 2 ¼ | 7 | 8 | 4 ¾ | 7 | 0 | 9 ½ |
Oatmeal | Per ton | 18 | 5 | 11 ½ | 21 | 1 | 7 ¾ | 21 | 10 | 2 ½ | 21 | 7 | 9 | 20 | 11 | 4 ¾ |
Wool, Hides, Skins, and Tallow, Butter and Cheese. | ||||||||||||||||
Wool— | ||||||||||||||||
Merino, medium to good† | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ |
Merino, inferior† | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Half-bred, medium to good† | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 4 ¾ |
Half-bred, inferior† | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 2 ¾ |
Crossbred, medium to good | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 3 ½ | 0 | 1 | 3 ½ | 0 | 1 | 3 ½ | 0 | 1 | 3 ½ | 0 | 1 | 3 ½ |
Crossbred inferior | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Hides— | ||||||||||||||||
Ox, heavy | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Ox, medium | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Ox, light | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 11 ½ | 0 | 0 | 11 ½ | 0 | 0 | 11 ½ | 0 | 0 | 11 ½ | 0 | 0 | 11 ½ |
Cow, heavy | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cow, medium | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
Cow, light | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 10 ½ | 0 | 0 | 10 ½ | 0 | 0 | 10 ½ | 0 | 0 | 10 ½ | 0 | 0 | 10 ½ |
Yearling | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
Calf | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 11 ½ | 0 | 0 | 11 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 11 ¾ |
Tallow | Per cwt. | 1 | 7 | 5 ¾ | 1 | 7 | 10 ¾ | 1 | 10 | 3 ¼ | 1 | 11 | 6 ¾ | 1 | 9 | 3 ¾ |
Butter | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 5 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 5 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 5 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 6 |
Cheese | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 10 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
General Merchandise. | ||||||||||||||||
Tinned Fruits— | ||||||||||||||||
Apricots, 2 ½ lb. tins | Per doz. | 0 | 10 | 1 ¼ | 0 | 11 | 7 ¼ | 0 | 11 | 9 | 0 | 13 | 4 ¼ | 0 | 11 | 8 ½ |
Teaches, 2 ½ lb. tins | Per doz. | 0 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 12 | 1 ¾ | 0 | 12 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 13 | 5 ¾ | 0 | 12 | 0 ¾ |
Tears, 2 ½ lb. tins | Per doz. | 0 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 0 ¼ | 0 | 13 | 1 ¼ | 0 | 14 | 4 ¼ | 0 | 13 | 1 ¾ |
Dried Fruits— | ||||||||||||||||
Currants | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 6 ½ | 0 | 0 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 7 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 8 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 7 ¼ |
Sultanas | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 8 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 8 ¼ |
Prunes | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 5 ½ | 0 | 0 | 6 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 6 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 6 ¼ |
Herrings | Per doz. 1 lb. tins | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 11 | 1 ¼ | 0 | 11 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 12 | 4 | 0 | 11 | 5 ½ |
Salmon | Ditto | 0 | 12 | 0 ½ | 0 | 12 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0 ¾ | 0 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 5 ¾ |
Sardines | Per doz. ½ lb. tins | 0 | 11 | 9 ½ | 0 | 12 | 3 ½ | 0 | 12 | 9 ¾ | 0 | 12 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 5 ¼ |
Coffee | Per lb | 0 | 1 | 5 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 5 ½ | 0 | 1 | 5 ½ | 0 | 1 | 5 ½ | 0 | 1 | 5 ½ |
Cocoa | Per lb | 0 | 3 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 3 | 5 ½ | 0 | 3 | 9 ¼ | 0 | 3 | 7 ¾ | 0 | 3 | 6 ¾ |
Tea | Per lb | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 5 |
Sugar, No. 1A | Per ton | 22 | 17 | 9 | 22 | 18 | 1 ½ | 23 | 13 | 2 | 23 | 14 | 1 ¼ | 23 | 5 | 9 ½ |
Golden syrup, 2 lb. tins | Per doz. | 0 | 5 | 3 ½ | 0 | 5 | 3 ½ | 0 | 5 | 7 ¼ | 0 | 5 | 7 ¾ | 0 | 5 | 5 ½ |
Treacle | Per doz. | 0 | 4 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 0 ¾ | 0 | 5 | 1 ½ | 0 | 4 | 11 |
Sago | Per cwt. | 1 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 2 ¼ | 1 | 12 | 9 ¾ | 1 | 16 | 1 ½ | 1 | 11 | 8 ½ |
Tapioca | Per cwt. | 1 | 10 | 3 ¾ | 1 | 11 | 3 ½ | 1 | 15 | 6 ¼ | 1 | 18 | 0 ¼ | 1 | 13 | 9 ½ |
Rice | Per cwt. | 0 | 18 | 6 ½ | 0 | 18 | 10 ¼ | 1 | 0 | 2 ¾ | 1 | 2 | 6 ½ | 1 | 0 | 0 ½ |
Salt— | ||||||||||||||||
Common | Per ton | 6 | 10 | 2 ½ | 6 | 16 | 5 ½ | 8 | 10 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 ¾ | 8 | 19 | 2 ¼ |
Table, 7 lb. bags | Per ton | 8 | 9 | 5 ¼ | 8 | 17 | 9 ¼ | 10 | 17 | 9 ¼ | 16 | 6 | 11 | 11 | 2 | 11 ¾ |
Cream of tartar | Per lb. | 0 | 2 | 1 ½ | 0 | 2 | 3 ¾ | 0 | 2 | 8 ½ | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 ¾ |
Carbonate of soda | Per cwt. | 0 | 16 | 7 ½ | 0 | 17 | 10 ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Vinegar | Per gallon | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 ½ | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Mustard | Per lb. | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 ¾ | 0 | 2 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 2 | 1 ¼ |
Pepper | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 3 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 4 ¼ |
Starch | Per cwt. | 2 | 12 | 9 ½ | 2 | 13 | 8 ¼ | 2 | 15 | 1 | 2 | 15 | 0 ½ | 2 | 14 | 1 ¾ |
Soap (New Zealand) | Per ton | 28 | 10 | 0 | 29 | 2 | 6 | 29 | 7 | 6 | 30 | 17 | 11 ¼ | 29 | 9 | 5 ¾ |
Blue | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 8 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Candles, wax | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 10 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 9 ¾ |
Tobacco, plug (duty paid) | Per lb. | 0 | 5 | 11 | 0 | 5 | 11 ¾ | 0 | 6 | 3 ¼ | 0 | 6 | 5 ¼ | 0 | 6 | 1 ¾ |
Kerosene (per case, 8 ¼ gal.) | Per case | 0 | 12 | 1 ¼ | 0 | 12 | 11 ½ | 0 | 14 | 0 ½ | 0 | 15 | 6 ½ | 0 | 13 | 8 |
Ham | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 0 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 1 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 1 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 1 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 1 ½ |
Bacon | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 0 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 1 ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Lard | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 10 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 10 ¾ |
Honey | Per lb. | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 8 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 7 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 8 ¼ |
Corn-sacks | Per doz. | 0 | 10 | 10 ½ | 0 | 10 | 10 ½ | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 0 | 11 | 0 ¼ |
Woolpacks | Each | 0 | 4 | 1 ¼ | 0 | 4 | 1 ¼ | 0 | 4 | 2 ½ | 0 | 4 | 2 ½ | 0 | 4 | 2 |
Ironmongery and Bricks. | ||||||||||||||||
Iron— | ||||||||||||||||
Pig, mixed, No. 1 | Per ton | 12 | 11 | 8 | 13 | 1 | 8 | 14 | 8 | 4 | 15 | 15 | 0 | 13 | 19 | 2 |
Bar | Per ton | 27 | 16 | 3 | 28 | 19 | 7 | 31 | 5 | 0 | 31 | 9 | 2 ½ | 29 | 17 | 6 ¼ |
Angle and tee | Per ton | 31 | 15 | 0 | 32 | 17 | 1 | 35 | 12 | 11 | 37 | 2 | 9 | 34 | 6 | 11 ¼ |
Plate | Per ton | 39 | 6 | 8 | 45 | 8 | 4 | 62 | 10 | 0 | 74 | 12 | 3 ½ | 55 | 9 | 4 |
Hoop | Per ton | 36 | 18 | 4 | 38 | 9 | 2 | 44 | 5 | 0 | 48 | 15 | 0 | 42 | 1 | 10 ½ |
Corrugated galvanized, 26 gauge | Per ton | 43 | 12 | 6 | 51 | 12 | 6 | 68 | 18 | 4 | 80 | 13 | 9 ½ | 61 | 4 | 3 ½ |
Fencing-wire, No. 8 | Per ton | 31 | 10 | 10 | 36 | 18 | 4 | 43 | 7 | 11 | 46 | 1 | 1 | 39 | 9 | 6 ½ |
Nails, 4 in. wire | Per cwt. | 1 | 13 | 5 | 1 | 15 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 2 ½ | 2 | 7 | 7 ¼ | 1 | 19 | 6 ½ |
Zinc, sheet | Per ton | 127 | 10 | 0 | 128 | 16 | 8 | 134 | 16 | 8 | 150 | 19 | 2 | 135 | 10 | 7 ½ |
Lead, sheet | Per ton | 40 | 15 | 6 ¾ | 41 | 13 | 4 | 44 | 12 | 6 | 44 | 13 | 6 ½ | 42 | 18 | 8 ¾ |
Tinned plates, I.C. coke | Per box of 108 lb. | 2 | 8 | 5 ¼ | 2 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 3 ¾ | 3 | 10 | 10 ½ | 2 | 18 | 1 ¼ |
Copper, sheet | Per ton | 336 | 3 | 4 | 354 | 13 | 6 ¾ | 354 | 13 | 6 3/1 | 355 | 8 | 5 | 350 | 4 | 8 ½ |
Lime | Per cwt. | 0 | 3 | 6 ¼ | 0 | 3 | 6 ¼ | 0 | 3 | 6 ¼ | 0 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 7 |
Cement | Per ton | 4 | 4 | 6 ¾ | 4 | 4 | 11 ¼ | 4 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1 ½ | 4 | 4 | 10 ¼ |
White-lead | Per ton | 69 | 9 | 2 | 71 | 1 | 8 | 80 | 2 | 2 ½ | 101 | 5 | 3 ¼ | 80 | 9 | 7 |
Linseed-oil, raw | Per gallon | 0 | 5 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 6 | 2 ½ | 0 | 8 | 0 ¾ | 0 | 11 | 8 ¾ | 0 | 7 | 10 ¾ |
Bricks | Per 1,000 | 2 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 6 | 2 | 15 | 6 | 2 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 15 | 2 ¼ |
Leather and Calico. | ||||||||||||||||
Sole, New Zealand | Per lb. | 0 | 2 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 2 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 4 ½ |
Sole, imported | Per lb. | 0 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 9 ¾ | 0 | 3 | 10 ½ | 0 | 3 | 11 ½ | 0 | 3 | 9 ¾ |
Kip, New Zealand | Per lb. | 0 | 2 | 10 ¾ | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 ¾ | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 ½ |
Split kip, New Zealand | Per lb. | 0 | 1 | 8 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 8 ½ | 0 | 1 | 8 ½ | 0 | 1 | 8 ½ | 0 | 1 | 8 ½ |
Chronic calf, imported | Per ft. | 0 | 1 | 10 ½ | 0 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 11 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 11 |
Chrome sides, New Zealand | Per ft. | 0 | 1 | 4 ¼ | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ | 0 | 1 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 4 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 4 ½ |
Glace kid, imported | Per ft. | 0 | 1 | 10 ¾ | 0 | 1 | 11 ½ | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 ¼ | 0 | 2 | 0 ¾ |
Horrockses' “A1” calico | Per run. yd; | 0 | 0 | 7 ½ | 0 | 0 | 7 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 8 ½ |
Crewdson's No. 2 calico | Ditto | 0 | 0 | 8 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 9 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 10 ¼ | 0 | 0 | 10 ¾ | 0 | 0 | 9 ¾ |
Crockery. | ||||||||||||||||
London, W. and G. cups and saucers | Per doz. | 0 | 9 | 9 ½ | 0 | 10 | 0 ½ | 0 | 10 | 3 ½ | 0 | 10 | 6 ½ | 0 | 10 | 2 |
Norwich, W. and G. cups and saucers | Per doz. | 0 | 11 | 5 ¼ | 0 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 3 ¾ | 0 | 11 | 9 ¾ |
Worcester shape, gold edge, London size | Per doz. | 0 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 6 ½ | 0 | 11 | 10 3/2 |
Worcester shape, gold edge, Irish size | Per doz. | 0 | 14 | 9 | 0 | 14 | 9 | 0 | 15 | 1 ½ | 0 | 15 | 5 ¾ | 0 | 15 | 0 ¼ |
Worcester shape, gold edge, breakfast size | Per doz. | 0 | 15 | 6 | 0 | 15 | 6 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 16 | 0 ¾ |
White granite and semi-porcelain dinnerware, 10 in. plate | Per doz. | 0 | 7 | 7 ½ | 0 | 7 | 7 ½ | 0 | 8 | 1 ½ | 0 | 8 | 7 ¼ | 0 | 8 | 0 |
White granite toilet sets, six pieces, size 9 | Per set | 0 | 17 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 18 | 8 ¼ | 0 | 19 | 2 ¼ | 1 | 0 | 4 ¼ | 0 | 18 | 11 ½ |
Tumblers, quart, plain, heavy bottom | Per doz. | 0 | 4 | 4 ½ | 0 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 7 ½ | 0 | 5 | 0 ½ | 0 | 4 | 7 ¾ |
Coal. | ||||||||||||||||
New Zealand, screened | Per ton | 1 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 11 | 1 | 13 | 10 ¼ | 1 | 14 | 5 ½ | 1 | 12 | 7 ¼ |
New Zealand, unscreened | Per ton | 1 | 5 | 8 ½ | 1 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 6 ½ | 1 | 9 | 9 ¼ | 1 | 8 | 1 |
New Zealand, small | Per ton | 0 | 16 | 4 ¼ | 0 | 17 | 3 ½ | 0 | 18 | 10 ½ | 0 | 19 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 11 |
Newcastle, screened | Per ton | 1 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 17 | 7 ½ | 1 | 17 | 7 ½ | 1 | 16 | 8 ¼ |
Timber. | ||||||||||||||||
Kauri, heart, 1st grade* | Per 100 sup. ft. | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 3 ¾ |
Kauri, heart, 2nd grade* | Ditto | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 ½ |
Kauri, heart, 3rd grade* | Ditto | 0 | 12 | 7 | 0 | 15 | 9 | 0 | 15 | 9 | 0 | 17 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 3 ½ |
Rimu, clean heart | Ditto | 1 | 8 | 4 ¼ | 1 | 10 | 2 ¼ | 1 | 10 | 2 ¼ | 1 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 10 | 0 ¾ |
Rimu, bridge quality | Ditto | 1 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 10 ½ | 1 | 1 | 10 ½ | 1 | 2 | 11 ¼ | 1 | 1 | 10 ¾ |
Rimu, O.B. | Ditto | 0 | 16 | 4 | 0 | 17 | 2 ¾ | 0 | 17 | 4 | 0 | 17 | 9 ½ | 0 | 17 | 2 |
Matai, heart | Ditto | 1 | 5 | 10 ½ | 1 | 7 | 4 ½ | 1 | 7 | 9 ½ | 1 | 10 | 5 ¾ | 1 | 7 | 10 ½ |
Matai, O.B. | Ditto | 0 | 18 | 9 ¾ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 ¾ | 1 | 1 | 11 ¾ | 1 | 0 | 3 ¾ |
Totara, heart, bridge quality | Ditto | 1 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 14 | 2 ¾ | 1 | 16 | 2 ¾ | 1 | 13 | 10 ¾ |
Totara, O.B. | Ditto | 1 | 2 | 6 ¼ | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 ¾ | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
White-pine | Ditto | 0 | 16 | 9 | 0 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 11 ½ | 0 | 18 | 2 ½ |
Oregon, merchantable | Ditto | 1 | 6 | 4 ¼ | 1 | 8 | 4 ½ | 1 | 11 | 5 ¼ | 1 | 13 | 2 ½ | 1 | 9 | 10 ¼ |
Jarrah, sawn | Ditto | 1 | 13 | 9 | 1 | 13 | 6 ¾ | 1 | 15 | 3 | 1 | 17 | 5 ½ | 1 | 15 | 0 |
Ironbark, hewn | Ditto | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 10 ½ | 2 | 5 | 8 ¾ |
Chemicals. | ||||||||||||||||
Boracic acid | Per cwt. | 5 | 11 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 3 | 5 | 17 | 1 ½ | 6 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 2 ¾ |
Carbolic acid, crude | Per gallon | 0 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 6 ¾ | 0 | 7 | 6 ¼ |
Tartaric acid | Per lb. | 0 | 3 | 9 ¾ | 0 | 3 | 11 ¼ | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 ½ | 0 | 3 | 11 ¾ |
Alum | Per cwt | 1 | 19 | 0 ¾ | 2 | 0 | 11 ¼ | 2 | 3 | 2 ¼ | 2 | 0 11 ¼ | 2 | 1 | 6 ½ | |
Caustic soda | Per cwt | 3 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 1 ½ | 3 | 11 | 1 ¼ |
Cod-liver oil | Per gallon | 1 | 6 | 3 ¾ | 1 | 6 | 3 ¾ | 1 | 6 | 3 ¾ | 1 | 6 | 8 ¼ | 1 | 6 | 5 |
Epsom salts | Per cwt. | 1 | 17 | 6 ¾ | 1 | 17 | 6 ¾ | 1 | 17 | 6 ¾ | 1 | 17 | 6 ¾ | 1 | 17 | 6 ¾ |
Jeyes' fluid | Per 5-gal. drum | 1 | 15 | 11 ¾ | 1 | 15 | 11 ¾ | 1 | 17 | 2 ¼ | 1 | 17 | 2 ¼ | 1 | 16 | 7 |
Resin | Per cwt. | 1 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 0 |
Saltpetre | Per cwt. | 4 | 6 | 7 ½ | 4 | 6 | 7 ½ | 4 | 6 | 7 ½ | 4 | 3 | 11 ¾ | 4 | 5 | 11 ½ |
Sulphur, ground | Per cwt. | 1 | 12 | 6 ¾ | 1 | 15 | 0 ¾ | 1 | 14 | 3 ¾ | 1 | 14 | 8 | 1 | 14 | 2 |
Bluestone | Per cwt. | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 ½ | 4 | 2 | 4 ¼ |
Manures. | ||||||||||||||||
Superphosphate, 39–43 per cent. | Per ton | 6 | 15 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 7 | 8 | 1 ½ |
Superphosphate, 36–38 per cent. | Per ton | 6 | 15 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 9 |
Guano, 60-per-cent. analysis | Per ton | 5 | 13 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 3 ¾ | 6 | 4 | 10 ½ | 6 | 10 | 9 ¾ | 6 | 2 | 3 |
Basic slag | Per ton | 6 | 13 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 13 | 4 | 6 | 16 | 8 | 6 | 15 | 10 |
Bonedust, pure | Per ton | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 15 | 7 ½ | 10 | 7 | 9 ¾ | 10 | 10 | 3 ¾ | 10 | 0 | 7 ½ |
Sulphate of potash | Per ton | 41 | 3 | 4 | 44 | 10 | 0 | 51 | 3 | 4 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 14 | 2 |
Sulphate of ammonia | Per ton | 21 | 3 | 4 | 22 | 16 | 8 | 29 | 13 | 4 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 18 | 4 |
Nitrate of soda | Per ton | 22 | 13 | 4 | 2 | 13 | 4 | 32 | 15 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 5 | 5 |
Kainit | Per ton | 7 | 12 | 6 | 7 | 17 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 14 | 4 ½ |
The following table shows the average export prices of mutton (per pound) in the Canterbury District during the three quarters of 1917, and also the average for 1916:—
Item. | Average of Four Quarters, 1916. | First Quarter, 1917. | Second Quarter, 1917. | Third Quarter, 1917. | Average of Three Quarters, 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
d. | d. | d. | d. | d. | |
Prime lambs up to 42 lb. | 7 ¾ | 8 ½ | 9 ¼ | 9 ⅜ | 9 |
Prime wethers up to 72 lb. | 5 5/8 | 6 ½ | 7 ⅛ | 7 ⅜ | 7 |
Prime ewes up to 72 lb. | 5 ⅛ | 6 | 6 5/8 | 6 7/8 | 6 ½ |
NOTE.—Figures for the fourth quarter of 1917 are not available. |
It will be noticed that a steady increase in prices took place during 1917.
From information furnished by the High Commissioner for New Zealand in London it has been found possible to compile a table of wholesale prices of New Zealand meat in the London market, which, in the absence of complete and reliable statistics of wholesale meat-prices in New Zealand, is published here as indicating the considerable advances in prices in 1916 and 1917 as compared with those of the previous year.
LONDON PRICES OF NEW ZEALAND MEAT.
Month. | Lamb, per lb. | Mutton, per lb. | Beef, per lb. (Hindquarters*). | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. | |
* Forequarters average ¾d. per lb. less than hindquarters. | |||||||||
d. | d. | d. | d. | d. | d. | d. | d. | d. | |
January | 7 1/16 | 7 9/16 | 9 ½ | 5 9/16 | 7 ½ | 8 ⅜ | 6 ⅜ | 6 ⅛ | 8 |
February | 7 ¾ | 8 | 10 | 5 7/8 | 7 5/8 | 8 7/8 | 6 9/16 | 6 ½ | 9 |
March | 7 7/8 | 8 5/16 | 10 | 6 | 7 11/16 | 8 7/8 | 6 ½ | 6 ½ | 9 |
April | 7 15/16 | 8 ¾ | 10 | 6 3/16 | 7 7/8 | 8 7/8 | 6 5/8 | 7 | 9 |
May | 7 11/16 | 8 15/16 | 10 | 6 3/16 | 8 7/16 | 8 7/8 | .. | 7 ¼ | .. |
June | 8 ⅜ | 9 ½ | 10 | 7 3/16 | 8 5/8 | 8 7/8 | .. | 7 ¾ | .. |
July | 8 ¼ | 9 ½ | 10 | 7 3/16 | 8 5/8 | 9 | 7 ½ | 6 ⅜ | .. |
August | 8 ⅛ | 9 ½ | 10 | 6 15/16 | 8 5/8 | 8 7/8 | 7 ½ | 5 5/8 | 10 |
September | 8 ⅛ | 9 ½ | 10 | 7 ⅜ | 8 5/8 | 8 7/8 | .. | 5 7/8 | .. |
October | 8 ⅛ | 9 ½ | 10 | 7 ⅜ | 8 ⅜ | 8 7/8 | .. | 7 3/16 | .. |
November | 7 9/16 | 9 ½ | 10 | 7 ⅛ | 8 ⅜ | 8 7/8 | .. | 7 ⅛ | .. |
December | 7 7/16 | 9 ½ | .. | .. | 8 ⅜ | .. | 6 ½ | 7 9/16 | .. |
For butter and cheese prices also recourse has been had to the periodic reports of the High Commissioner, giving prices of the principal New Zealand commodities on the London market. The wholesale prices of New Zealand butter and cheese in London are given for each month of 1015, 1916, and 1917 in the next table:—
LONDON PRICES OF NEW ZEALAND BUTTER AND CHEESE
Month. | Butter, per Cwt. | Cheese, per Cwt. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1915. | 1916. | 1917. | 1915. | 1916. | ||||||
* Commandeered from this date onward by Imperial Government. | ||||||||||
s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | |
January | 139 | 0 | 148 | 0 | 202 | 0 | 87 | 0 | 96 | 9 |
February | 135 | 0 | 154 | 6 | 215 | 4 | 88 | 0 | 96 | 3 |
March | 139 | 0 | 162 | 9 | 219 | 9 | 93 | 0 | 100 | 6 |
April | 135 | 0 | 163 | 0 | 207 | 3 | 93 | 0 | 104 | 3 |
May | 142 | 0 | 167 | 0 | 202 | 6 | 94 | 0 | 113 | 3 |
June | 141 | 0 | 169 | 3 | 191 | 0 | 97 | 0 | 107 | 9 |
July | .. | 168 | 9 | 199 | 6 | 83 | 0 | 91 | 6 | |
August | .. | 178 | 3 | 207 | 0 | 75 | 0 | 97 | 0 | |
September | .. | 190 | 3 | .. | 76 | 0 | 104 | 9 | ||
October | .. | 198 | 6 | 224 | 0 | 76 | 6 | 111 | 0 | |
November | 162 | 0 | 202 | 6 | .. | 83 | 0 | 113 | 6 | |
December | 156 | 0 | 211 | 9 | 252 | 0 | 91 | 0 | * |
The following chart indicates the level of wholesale prices of New Zealand butter on the London market, week by week, since September, 1913. Unfortunately the information is not quite complete, partly on account of the fact that on various occasions no quotations for New Zealand butter were available.
NOTE.—The vertical intervals represent prices in shillings per cwt. Breaks in graph-lines due to lack of quotations.
It will be readily seen that prices in each succeeding year have been generally in advance of the previous year's quotations, although the increase has been by no means steady. Prices during 1916–17 were considerably higher than in 1915–16, and during February and March, 1917, reached the exceptional level of between 220 and 230 shillings per cwt.
In March, 1915, the Imperial Government requisition of frozen beef, mutton, and lamb came into operation. Since that time the New Zealand output of various other commodities has also been purchased by the British Government.
Full particulars regarding the prices paid for these commodities, together with other information on the subject, will be found in Subsection E of Section XIII of this book.
Under the provisions of the Cost of Living Act, 1915, a Board of Trade, consisting of three members, was set up in March, 1916. The Board is empowered—
To investigate and report to the Governor-General upon any case in which it is alleged that there has been an infringement of any of the provisions of the Commercial Trusts Act, 1910;
To inquire into and report to the Governor-General upon matters affecting the cost of living, or upon any other question referred to it by the Governor-General relating to the supply, demand, or price of commodities;
To inquire into and report upon any complaint that the price of any class of goods is unreasonably high;
To consider, inquire into, and report upon any question relating to the trade, commerce, or business of New Zealand which may be referred to it by the Governor-General;
To institute inquiries in reference to markets for goods produced or manufactured in New Zealand, to report the result of such inquiries, and to make recommendations to the Governor-General in regard to trade with other countries;
To make recommendations for legislation in relation to matters referred to it for consideration; and
Generally to advise the Governor-General as to how the trade, industries, and commerce of New Zealand can be best encouraged, developed, and protected.
The activities of the Board were first directed towards inquiring into the question of supplies and prices of commodities in common use. Wheat, flour, and bread were first dealt with, and after extensive inquiries had been made, and conferences held between the Board and wheat - growers, millers, and merchants, it was eventually agreed that prices for the 1916–17 wheat crop should be fixed as follows:—
SCALE OF MAXIMUM PRICES FOR WHEAT PER BUSHEL.
Wheat sold for delivery in February, March, or April, 1917:— | s. | d. |
---|---|---|
Pearl and Velvet | 5 | 9 |
Hunters | 5 | 8 |
Tuscan | 5 | 7 |
Wheat sold for delivery in May, 1917:— | ||
Pearl and Velvet | 5 | 9 ½ |
Hunters | 5 | 8 ½ |
Tuscan | 5 | 7 ½ |
Wheat sold for delivery in June, 1917:— | ||
Pearl and Velvet | 5 | 10 |
Hunters | 5 | 9 |
Tuscan | 5 | 8 |
Wheat sold for delivery in July, 1917:— | ||
Pearl and Velvet | 5 | 10 ½ |
Hunters | 5 | 9 ½ |
Tuscan | 5 | 8 ½ |
Wheat sold for delivery later than July, 1917:— | ||
Pearl and Velvet | 5 | 11 |
Hunters | 5 | 10 |
Tuscan | 5 | 9 |
NOTE.—These prices are f.o.b. nearest port. |
During 1917 it was found necessary to arrange for the purchase by the Government of 1,000,000 bushels of Australian wheat, and this together with the New Zealand harvest was sufficient to fill all requirements. The price paid for the Australian wheat was 5s. 6d. per bushel, f.o.b.
For wheat grown during the season 1917–18 the Government had previously guaranteed a price of 5s. 10d. per bushel, and as the purchase of that season's wheat otherwise than by the Government was prohibited, an organization, headed by the Wheat Controller, was set up in Christchurch to transact the necessary business of purchase and distribution.
On account of unfavourable weather, however, the harvest for 1917–18 did not realize expectations, and the Government were forced to purchase 4,000,000 bushels of Australian wheat to make up that year's shortage and the anticipated shortage for the following year.
By an Order in Council of the 16th April, 1918, the previous fixed prices of flour, bran, and pollard were slightly increased.
The maximum price of flour, f.o.b., nearest port, when such port is Lyttelton, Timaru, or Oamaru, was fixed at £15 10s. per ton. When the nearest port is a port other than those mentioned, an addition, to represent sea freight from Lyttelton, was allowed. Under similar conditions the prices of bran and pollard were fixed at £5 10s. and £7 10s respectively.
In March, 1918, an Order in Council was issued fixing the price of bread throughout New Zealand at the standard prices ruling on the 4th March. Power was given to the Board of Trade to authorize increases in prices in cases where changing circumstances might justify such increases.
The prices (per 4 lb. loaf) fixed for the four chief centres were,—
Auckland and Wellington—Cash over counter, 10d.; delivered, 11d.
Christchurch and Dunedin—Cash over counter, 9 ½d.; delivered, 10d
Meat was another important commodity which engaged the attention of the Board during 1916 and 1917. It was generally found, however, that retail prices, though high, were reasonable, being based on the wholesale prices, which, in their turn, were based on Imperial Government purchase prices.
In Auckland, however, retail prices were considered to be higher than was justifiable, with the result that two Government meat - depots were opened in that city, delivery being eliminated, and bedrock prices being charged. These shops were carried on as State meat-depots for nearly twelve months, when the master butchers of Auckland agreed to reduce prices if the privilege of drawing necessary supplies from Imperial stores was granted. On this being agreed to, the State shops were closed. Butchers in all centres have been allowed to draw upon the Imperial stores for any necessary supplies. It is claimed that the Board's action has tended towards the steadying of retail prices throughout the Dominion.
The Board was successful in June, 1916, in arriving at an arrangement with the Sugar Company whereby the company would supply the New Zealand market at a price of £21 per ton, No. 1A., f.o.b. Auckland, until the 30th June, 1917. On account of increased costs of production and transport, however, the price agreed upon has, during the past year, been increased to £22 10s. This price is to hold good until the 30th June, 1919. This price is quite reasonable, being much below prices ruling in Australia, Great Britain, or the United States, even after duty is taken into consideration.
During the year a scheme for restricting increases in prices of groceries was put into operation. Prices of a large number of general groceries were fixed as at the 1st March, 1918, and all advances in prices have been made subject to the Board's consent.
Among a number of matters which were the subject of investigation by the Board there may be mentioned—
The Dominion supplies and prices of fish.
The production and export of white-pine timber.
The standardization of footwear.
The supply and prices of petrol, coal-gas, milk, fish, bacon and ham, eggs, barbed wire, corrugated iron, &c.
It is a matter for regret that no comprehensive information is available as to the rates of wages or earnings of the working population of the Dominion. It is hoped that this branch of the statistical work of the country will be comprehensively undertaken at an early date.
In the course of a special inquiry made in September, 1918, however, a general review of wages and earnings during the war period was made, and a synopsis of the information collected is given below.
Rates of wages in July, 1914, and in July, 1918, were extracted from awards of the Arbitration Court and from registered industrial agreements covering most of the leading industries and trades of the Dominion. Most of the awards, however, cover different classes and grades of labour, with varying wage rates, and the figures given below are therefore intended to show, as nearly as can be ascertained, the increase in wage rates over all occupations in the trade or industry in question.
Increases paid as war bonuses have in each case been included, since they are of the nature of temporary increments to cease at certain fixed periods after the termination of the war.
In arriving at the general percentage increase (shown by these figures as 17.55 per cent.) each trade or occupation has been “weighted” in accordance with the number of employees concerned.
APPROXIMATE PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN WAGE RATES, JULY, 1914, TO JULY, 1918.
Occupations. | Percentage Increase. |
---|---|
Aerated-water workers | 8.31 |
Bakers | 20.50 |
Bootmakers—Female | 14.50 |
Bootmakers—Male | 12.50 |
Bricklayers | 12.46 |
Brewery employees | 19.05 |
Butchers—General hands | 20.90 |
Butchers—Shopmen | 13.12 |
Carpenters | 11.11 |
Coachworkers | 9.09 |
Coal-miners | 18.00 |
Drivers | 20.00 |
Electrical workers | 20.60 |
Engineers | 20.45 |
Fellmongers | 13.19 |
Flour-mill employees | 14.83 |
Freezing-workers | 16.92 |
Furniture-makers | 21.93 |
Grocers' assistants | 27.75 |
Labourers (General) | 13.84 |
Painters | 4.54 |
Plasterers | 10.89 |
Plumbers | 11.11 |
Printing machinists | 7.69 |
Seamen | 29.10 |
Shearers | 37.50 |
Slaughtermen | 9.09 |
Storemen (retail soft-goods) | 10.00 |
Tailoresses | 10.00 |
Timber-workers | 17.39 |
Waterside workers | 27.89 |
Woollen-mill employees—Female | 27.22 |
Woollen-mill employees—Male | 19.96 |
Weighted average of above occupations, 17.55 per cent. |
In the, compilation of the preceding table it has been noticed that there has been a tendency towards higher increases in the low-paid trades than in those occupations which were already well paid. High percentage increases are also shown in the industries essential to the carrying-on of the war, and in which conditions apparently prevailed which made possible the payment of larger increases than were granted in trades detrimentally affected by war.
The increase in wages, however, does not adequately represent the increase in earnings. Enlistments in the Forces and the demand for labour for war work have so affected the labour-market that employment is much more regular than previously, while a considerable amount of overtime is being worked in various industries. This has undoubtedly had the effect of increasing earnings to a greater extent than that shown by wages rates. Another influence which has benefited certain classes of workers has been the drawing into skilled or semi-skilled employment of men who were previously working at lower-paid trades, and, in fact, the general scarcity-demand for labour has tended towards raising wage rates themselves above those fixed by awards of the Court.
A valuable indication of the extent to which earnings have increased during the war period is afforded by official figures furnished to the Census and Statistics Office by local governing bodies. The statement given on the next page has been compiled from those returns for the years ending the 31st March, 1915, 1916, 1917, and 1918, and covers the earnings of employees the great majority of whom are unskilled. Unfortunately, information for earlier years is not available.
RATES OF EARNINGS OF UNSKILLED LABOUR AS SHOWN BY RETURNS OF LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES FOR YEARS ENDING 31ST MARCH, 1915, 1916, 1917, AND 1918.
Year ending 31st March. | Permanent Employees. | Casual Employees. | Totals. | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Employees. | Amount paid in Wages. | Average Annual Earnings per Employee. | Number of Employees. | Amount paid in Wages. | Average Annual Earnings per Employee. | Number of Employees. | Amount paid in Wages. | Average Annual Earnings per Employee. | |||||||
* Figures for 1918 are based on the returns of a number of the most important local bodies only. Complete information for the Dominion is not yet available. | |||||||||||||||
£ | £ | s. | d. | £ | £ | s. | d. | £ | £ | s. | d. | ||||
1915 | 6,522 | 982,988 | 150 | 10 | 0 | 5,455 | 707,295 | 129 | 10 | 0 | 11,977 | 1,690,283 | 141 | 0 | 0 |
1916 | 6,198 | 966,710 | 156 | 0 | 0 | 4,643 | 672,880 | 145 | 0 | 0 | 10,841 | 1,639,590 | 151 | 0 | 0 |
1917 | 6,268 | 1,020,716 | 163 | 0 | 0 | 4,265 | 681,057 | 160 | 0 | 0 | 10,533 | 1,701,773 | 161 | 10 | 0 |
1918* | 2,231 | 386,813 | 173 | 10 | 0 | 2,396 | 406,748 | 170 | 0 | 0 | 4,627 | 793,561 | 171 | 10 | 0 |
Percentage increase in average annual earnings, 1915–18: Permanent employees, 15.3; casual employees, 31.3; permanent and casual, 21.6.
The average annual earnings for both permanent and casual employees for 1914–15 was £141. Three years later 1917–18) the average had risen to £171 10s., an increase of 21.6 per cent.
Table of Contents
THE 1914 issue of this book contains a fairly detailed account of the Public Trust Office, dealing with its constitution, the powers and duties of the Public Trustee, and the various classes of business undertaken by the Office.
The Office is designed mainly to afford, at low rates of commission, a secure and convenient recourse in every case where a person residing either in New Zealand or abroad, and desiring to form a trust or appoint an agent or attorney in the Dominion, may be in doubt or difficulty as to the choice of a trustee, executor, agent, or attorney. The Office is also designed to relieve those who may be appointed trustees of property in the Dominion, or who, after having accepted the trusts of such property, may, for various reasons, be unwilling or unable to undertake or continue the administration.
The constitution of the Office was altered by the Public Trust Office Amendment Act, 1917, which provided for the creation of a Public Trust Office Board, consisting of the Public Trustee and two Assistant Public Trustees, to administer the Office.
The Act also constitutes a Public Trust Office Investment Board, the sole function of which is to control the investment of Office funds. It consists of the Minister of Finance, the Public Trustee and the Assistant Public Trustees, the Government Insurance Commissioner, the Valuer-General, and the Superintendent of the State Advances Office.
The Public Trust Office has been in operation since 1873. At the end of that year the number of estates administered by the Office was 257, of a total value of £17,500; by the 31st March, 1890, the number had risen to 1,678, of a value of £1,240,097; and at the 31st March, 1918, was 13,746, of a value of £10,358,685. The figures for each year up to 1917–18 (with the exception of 1916–17) are as given in the table following. For the year 1916–17 the particulars were not extracted, and the information is accordingly not available.
Calendar Year ended 31st December. | Number. | Value. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
1873 | 257 | 17,500 |
1874 | 293 | 28,930 |
1875 | 347 | 42,163 |
1876 | 412 | 59,720 |
1877 | 575 | 67,675 |
1878 | 627 | 73,940 |
1879 | 713 | 96,315 |
1880 | 770 | 117,980 |
1881 | 836 | 150,750 |
1882 | 911 | 204,545 |
1883 | 1,024 | 317,680 |
1884 | 1,082 | 392,315 |
1885 | 1,190 | 457,620 |
1886 | 1,293 | 576,010 |
1887 | 1,304 | 715,860 |
1888 | 1,483 | 954,675 |
1889 | 1,561 | 1,130,960 |
1890 | 1,678 | 1,240,097 |
1891 | 1,825 | 1,252,625 |
1892 | 1,912 | 1,284,745 |
1893 | 2,022 | 1,450,918 |
Financial Year ended 31st March. | Number. | Value. |
---|---|---|
£ | ||
* Not available. | ||
1895 | 2,086 | 1,562,269 |
1896 | 2,236 | 1,806,953 |
1897 | 2,334 | 1,898,163 |
1898 | 2,413 | 1,950,314 |
1899 | 2,491 | 2,110,316 |
1900 | 2,667 | 2,192,594 |
1901 | 2,898 | 2,326,954 |
1902 | 3,049 | 2,467,614 |
1903 | 3,314 | 2,706,785 |
1904 | 3,470 | 3,152,882 |
1905 | 3,685 | 3,577,355 |
1906 | 3,977 | 4,009,992 |
1907 | 4,276 | 4,590,157 |
1908 | 4,718 | 4,065,989 |
1909 | 4,946 | 4,644,795 |
1910 | 5,466 | 5,184,840 |
1911 | 5,966 | 5,477,675 |
1912 | 6,456 | 5,951,231 |
1913 | 7,225 | 6,782,532 |
1914 | 7,588 | 7,288,447 |
1915 | 8,026 | 7,942,158 |
1916 | 8,734 | 8,217,500 |
1917 | * | * |
1918 | 13,746 | 10,358,685 |
Up to 1893 the end of the Public Trust Office year was reckoned as the 31st December, but since then the end of the financial year has been adopted.
The above table does not include the following classes of accounts and funds: Investment agencies; sinking funds; pension funds; Maori Land Board funds; funds under the Land Settlement Finance Act, 1909; Office funds; miscellaneous funds; miscellaneous Native accounts; Office premises, furniture, &c.
The following was the total number of estates, accounts, &c., in the Public Trust Office on the 31st March, 1913 to 1918:—
Class. | Number of Estates and Accounts. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
On 31st March, 1913. | On 31st March, 1914. | On 31st March, 1915. | On 31st March, 1916. | On 31st March, 1918. | |
Wills and trusts | 2,455 | 2,921 | 3,354 | 3,945 | 7,704 |
Investment agencies | 221 | 284 | 394 | 472 | 441 |
Intestates' estates | 1,828 | 1,747 | 1,818 | 1,971 | 2,339 |
Mental patients' estates | 1,953 | 1,877 | 1,900 | 1,880 | 2,739 |
Convicts' estates | 17 | 19 | 15 | 18 | 32 |
Native reserves | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 99 |
West Coast Settlement reserves | 460 | 460 | 460 | 460 | 460 |
Unclaimed lands and property | 418 | 420 | 385 | 366 | 373 |
Sinking funds | 242 | 408 | 506 | 582 | 635 |
Pension funds | 8 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 11 |
Land Settlement Finance Act, 1909 | 35 | 38 | 44 | 45 | 44 |
Miscellaneous | 99 | 105 | 154 | 120 | 239 |
Miscellaneous Native accounts | 666 | 839 | 893 | 934 | 1,477 |
Totals | 8,496 | 9,223 | 10,029 | 10,898 | 16,593 |
NOTE.—On the 31st March, 1917, the total was 13,612, but details are not available. |
The value of these estates and accounts was as shown in the next table:—
Class. | Value of Estates and Accounts. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
On 31st March, 1913. | On 31st March, 1914. | On 31st March, 1915. | On 31st March, 1916. | On 31st March, 1918. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
Wills and trusts | 4,366,450 | 4,771,855 | 5,271,616 | 5,418,994 | 7,002,691 |
Investment agencies | 162,362 | 199,984 | 250,064 | 356,643 | 476,400 |
Intestates' estates | 474,072 | 590,456 | 698,674 | 787,183 | 1,265,522 |
Mental patients' estates | 524,095 | 509,442 | 570,561 | 602,023 | 689,855 |
Convicts' estates | 8,450 | 6,485 | 7,239 | 17,231 | 8,791 |
Native reserves | 430,000 | 430,600 | 430,000 | 430,000 | 430,000 |
West Coast Settlement reserves | 940,000 | 940,000 | 940,000 | 940,000 | 940,000 |
Miscellaneous Native accounts | 213,027 | 233,449 | 248,075 | 255,053 | 283,767 |
Unclaimed lands and property | 39,465 | 40,209 | 24,068 | 22,069 | 21,826 |
Sinking funds | 2,300,603 | 2,408,337 | 2,508,574 | 2,597,242 | 3,326,535 |
Pension, funds | 997,284 | 1,208,825 | 1,442,772 | 820,334 | 1,026,262 |
Land Settlement Finance Act, 1909 | 465,516 | 501,493 | 566,046 | 556,539 | 560,652 |
Maori Land Board funds | 75,347 | 117,850 | 185,134 | 272,732 | 345,674 |
Miscellaneous funds | 94,963 | 118,935 | 198,359 | 234,299 | 446,149 |
Office funds | 94,604 | 120,125 | 151,161 | 192,463 | 219,100 |
Office premises, furniture, &c. | 82,073 | 85,438 | 88,593 | 95,939 | 109,807 |
Totals | 11,268,311 | 12,282,883 | 13,580,936 | 13,598,744 | 17,153,031 |
NOTE.—On the 31st March, 1917, the total was £15,065,583, but details are not available. |
The capital funds of the Public Trust Office invested amounted on the 31st March, 1918, to £8,836,909. The investments are as follows:—
1918. | |
---|---|
£ | |
New Zealand Government securities | 690,270 |
Land Settlement Finance Act debentures | 77,194 |
Local bodies' debentures | 1,161,101 |
Mortgages of real estates | 6,500,334 |
Freehold property and furniture | 109,808 |
Advances to estates and accounts | 295,154 |
Fixed deposits | 3,048 |
£8,836,909 |
The not profits of the Office during each of the past ten years are shown below:—
Year ended 31st March. | Net Profits. |
---|---|
£ | |
1909 | 10,850 |
1910 | 11,738 |
1911 | 11,241 |
1912 | 25,919 |
1913 | 27,551 |
1914 | 29,222 |
1915 | 32,508 |
1916 | 46,108 |
1917 | 58,862 |
1918 | 68,603 |
There were 112 registered building societies in operation during the financial year 1917–18. Of these, 76 were terminable societies and 36 were permanent.
The dates upon which these societies close their accounts vary considerably within the year, but the figures given below may be taken as corresponding to the periods stated. The liabilities and assets of all the societies at the close of each of the past five financial years were as follows:—
LIABILITIES OF BUILDING AND INVESTMENT SOCIETIES, 1913–14 TO 1917–18.
Year. | To Shareholders (including Reserve Funds and Undivided Profits) | Deposits. | To Bankers and other Creditors. | Total Liabilities. |
---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1913–14 | 2,151,098 | 612,170 | 105,476 | 2,868,744 |
1914–15 | 2,205,326 | 644,230 | 111,621 | 2,961,177 |
1915–16 | 2,290,473 | 674,512 | 126,160 | 3,091,145 |
1916–17 | 2,277,072 | 725,469 | 138,399 | 3,140,940 |
1917–18 | 2,290,924 | 717,188 | 181,092 | 3,189,204 |
ASSETS OF BUILDING AND INVESTMENT SOCIETIES, 1913–14 TO 1917–18. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Advances on Mortgage. | Other Investments. | Cash in Hand and on Deposit. | Total Assets. |
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
1913–14 | 2,715,771 | 67,739 | 85,234 | 2,868,744 |
1914–15 | 2,772,569 | 75,066 | 113,542 | 2,961,177 |
1915–16 | 2,893,956 | 87,577 | 109,612 | 3,091,145 |
1916–17 | 2,927,859 | 89,904 | 123,177 | 3,140,940 |
1917–18 | 2,971,119 | 100,103 | 117,982 | 3,189,204 |
During the year ended 31st December, 1917, 261 joint-stock companies were registered, with a total nominal capital of £5,367,201, including 129 private companies, with a nominal capital of £929,001.
The following table gives the total number of companies and the aggregate nominal capital registered during each of the five years 1913–17:—
JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES REGISTERED, 1913–17.
Year. | Number of Companies registered. | Aggregate Nominal Capital. |
---|---|---|
1913 | 282 | 6,658,722 |
1914 | 226 | 4,987,526 |
1915 | 304 | 4,431,830 |
1916 | 258 | 4,072,803 |
1917 | 261 | 5,367,201 |
The Registrar of Friendly Societies received returns for the year 1917 from 730 lodges, courts, tents, &c., having a membership at the end of the year of 68,771. The number of members of these 730 lodges, &c., at the beginning of the year was 70,686. A decrease in membership of 1,915 is thus recorded, largely the result of the service with the Forces of many young men who would otherwise have become members.
The total value of the assets of these societies was £2,052,753, of which the value of the sick and funeral benefit funds was £1,898,129.
The receipts during the year on account of the Sick and Funeral Funds amounted to £360,827, and the expenditure to £273,508, of which the sick-pay to members reached the sum of £76,633. In addition to the sick-pay, the sum of £69,169 was paid out of the Medical and Management Expenses Fund for attendance given and medicine supplied to the members and their families.
The total membership and funds of the 730 lodges, courts, &c., and of the various orders at 31st December, 1917, was.—
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—MEMBERSHIP AND FUNDS. 1917.
Name of Order. | Number of Members. | Total Worth of Funds. |
---|---|---|
Independent Order of Odd Fellows, M.U. | 21,231 | 866,532 |
Independent Order of Odd Fellows of New Zealand | 6,557 | 142,211 |
National Independent Order of Odd Fellows | 404 | 5,817 |
British United Order of Odd Fellows | 131 | 3,832 |
Ancient Order of Foresters | 15,582 | 483,060 |
Ancient Order of Shepherds | 50 | 1,271 |
United Ancient Order of Druids | 15,663 | 322,493 |
Independent Order of Rechabites | 3,823 | 95,058 |
Sons and Daughters of Temperance | 617 | 24,608 |
Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society | 3,288 | 46,273 |
Protestant Alliance Friendly Society of Australasia | 863 | 26,946 |
Eden Temperance Benefit Friendly Society | 35 | 2,774 |
Fountain of Friendship Lodge, Auckland | 527 | 31,878 |
Totals | 68,771 | 2,052,753 |
The next table shows the progress of, the friendly societies of New Zealand during ten years:—
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—MEMBERSHIP AND FUNDS, 1908–17.
Year. | Number of Lodges tabulated. | Number of Members. | Total Funds. | Average Capital. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | s. | d. | |||
1908 | 505 | 58,517 | 1,123,886 | 19 | 4 | 1 |
1909 | 567 | 64,428 | 1,266,297 | 19 | 13 | 1 |
1910 | 609 | 68,006 | 1,367,282 | 20 | 2 | 1 |
1911 | 658 | 71,771 | 1,441,353 | 20 | 1 | 8 |
1912 | 664 | 73,243 | 1,553,339 | 21 | 4 | 2 |
1913 | 681 | 73,691 | 1,643,177 | 22 | 6 | 0 |
1914 | 717 | 74,074 | 1,744,456 | 23 | 11 | 0 |
1915 | 728 | 73,027 | 1,852,355 | 25 | 7 | 4 |
1916 | 727 | 70,360 | 1,954,940 | 27 | 15 | 8 |
1917 | 730 | 68,771 | 2,052,753 | 29 | 17 | 0 |
The value of the various funds and the way in which they are invested will be seen by reference to the following table. The funds include those* of the central bodies.
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—FUNDS AND ASSETS ON 31ST DECEMBER, 1917.
Funds. | — |
---|---|
£ | |
Sick and Funeral Funds | 1,829,531 |
Surplus Appropriation Funds, &c. | 68,598 |
Management Funds, goods, &c. | 102,349 |
Widows' and Orphans' Funds | 16,090 |
Distress, Benevolent Funds, | 36,185 |
Total | 2,052,753 |
Assets. | — |
Investments at interest | 1,731,365 |
Value of land and buildings | 205,981 |
Cash not bearing interest | 68,746 |
Value of goods Other assets | 13,779 29,450 |
Owing by Management Fund | 3,432 |
Total | 2,052,753 |
Interest-bearing investments form 84 per cent. of the total assets. The net income from investments credited to the Sick and Funeral Funds during the year 1917 was £86,147, the average rate of interest earned, being 4.94 per cent., as compared with 5.00 per cent. in 1916.
Particulars are given of the number of members, the amount of accumulated capital, and the average capital per member of the friendly societies in the States of Australasia arranged in order of membership. The figures for Western Australia are as at the 31st December, 1915. Figures, for the other States are based on returns to the 31st December, 1916.
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES IN AUSTRALASIA.—MEMBERSHIP AND FUNDS.
State. | Number of Lodges. | Number of Members. | Amount of Funds. | Capital per Member. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | s. | d. | |||
New South Wales. | 1,862 | 180,092 | 1,989,576 | 11 | 0 | 11 |
Victoria | 1,522 | 157,889 | 2,912,178 | 18 | 8 | 11 |
New Zealand | 727 | 70,360 | 1,954,940 | 27 | 15 | 8 |
South Australia | 591 | 65,540 | 1,278,109 | 19 | 10 | 0 |
Queensland | 558 | 51,130 | 849,194 | 16 | 12 | 2 |
Tasmania | 196 | 22,464 | 248,430 | 11 | 1 | 2 |
Western Australia | 291 | 19,339 | 251,741 | 13 | 0 | 4 |
Section 101 of the Friendly Societies Act, 1909, provides that no member of a friendly society shall lose or forfeit any interest he may have in any such society or suffer any fine for non-attendance at meetings occasioned by the performance of his military duties. The departure of many members to the front thus throw a heavy burden upon the societies, especially since the Act did not permit rules to be adopted dealing with the matter as widely as became necessary. In November, 1914, a short Act was passed enabling rules to be registered providing for the postponement or waiver of payment of contributions by (a) any member who was or thereafter became a member of the Defence Forces of New Zealand on active service, or (b) any other member during any period of unemployment occasioned by the present war. The Government also undertook to subsidize the reinsurance of death benefits of soldier members on active service to the extent of paying one-half of the premiums. The subsidy was granted to societies whether they reinsured this benefit with outside insurance companies or carried the risk on their own Funeral Funds. On this account the sum of £11,867 was paid to the various friendly societies as the State's share of the liability under this system up to the 30th September, 1916.
As the number of members on active service rapidly increased and the liability assumed correspondingly augmented proportions, the Government decided to establish a Departmental Reinsurance Fund. This fund began operations as from the 1st October, 1916, being administered by a Board consisting of the Hon. the Minister of Finance, the Hon the Minister in Charge of Friendly Societies, and the Registrar. The premium rate to be charged is fixed by the Board on consideration of reports from the Actuary as required from time to time. The societies pay into the fund one-half of the premium rate which had been so fixed, the State finding the remaining moiety. In the case of any profit at the close of the war the surplus is to be distributed pro rata amongst the participating societies and the Government; while, on the other hand, should the premium rate prove insufficient and a deficiency be shown, a levy pro rata will be struck for the proportion due from all parties to the scheme. This reinsurance method has been adopted by practically the whole of the societies of the Dominion. For the year ended 31st March, 1918, the total premiums paid and due from societies were £14,305, to which is to be added the pound-for-pound subsidy of the State, making a total revenue in the fund of £28,610. During the same period claims paid and credited amounted to £20,165.
A scheme for the extension of State benefits to members of friendly societies, on special terms, was embodied in the Finance Act, 1916 (Part IX). The objects of this Part of the Act are,—
To enlarge the administration of maternity assistance by extending its operations to members of provident organizations:
To extend the State's propaganda for the establishment of a contributory system of provision for old age:
To enable friendly societies to secure a provision in old age for their members at specially low rates, and at the same time relieve their funds in respect of aged-sickness liability.
The conditions of “approval” of friendly societies for participation in these benefits were by the Act to be determined by the National Provident Fund Board. In adopting terms of “approval” the Board was to a certain extent bound by the financial obligations the Act itself imposed, as it was clear that only societies whose funds were established on actuarial principles would be able to conform to requirements. The well-known affiliated societies, such as the Odd Fellows, Foresters, Druids, Rechabites, &c., had no difficulty in satisfying the Board in this respect. In the case of societies which were unable to hold their annual meetings before the end of the year the Board was empowered to grant “provisional approval” to extend only to the time of the first annual meeting at which the “model” rules could be made by the society for registration. Most of the societies were able to obtain “provisional approval” in time for the coming into operation of the Act—1st January, 1917—and thus at once secure for their members the maternity allowance. In those societies whose organization did not permit of “approval” by that date steps were taken to become approved as soon afterwards as possible. By the 1st July, 1916, every actuarially valued society in the Dominion had become either “approved” or “provisionally approved.”
Issues of the Year-book up to 1908 contained estimates of the private wealth of the Dominion based on the assumption that the wealth of the living is proportionately equal to that left by the dead. In making these estimates no consideration was taken of the ages of the deceased or of the age-constitution of the living. This was seen to be a serious defect, as the younger (and more numerous) section of the population do not possess the same amount of accumulated wealth as those at the more advanced ages. Accordingly, the old system of estimating the private wealth of the community was abandoned, and steps were taken for the adoption of a better method by ascertaining the ages of deceased persons leaving estates.
In lieu of obtaining merely the total amounts of estates certified for stamp duty, arrangements were made for obtaining the name and date of death of each deceased person whose estate was dealt with by the Stamp Office. Where it is possible, the age also is now supplied; in other cases it is ascertained by reference to the death registers. By a system of cards, tables have now been prepared for the ten years 1908–17, giving for quinquennial age-groups the number and value of estates, the average wealth per person dying, and the total estimated private wealth. From the following table compiled from the estates and deaths of the ten years it will be seen that the estimated private wealth of the Dominion amounted on 31st December, 1917, to £376,332,763, or an average of £343 per head of population, excluding Maoris. Estates left by Maoris are excluded from the calculation.
The average wealth of persons of twenty years of age and over (practically the adult population) is found to be £593.
ESTIMATED PRIVATE WEALTH, 1917.
Age, in Years. | Number of Estates certified (1908–17). | Total Amount, including Allowance for Unrecorded Estates. | Number of Deaths registered (1908–1917). | Average Wealth per Person dying. | Estimated Population 31st Dec., 1917. | Estimated Private Wealth. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
£ | £ | £ | ||||
Under 5 | 23 | 2,355 | 20,130 | 1170 | 135,220 | 15,821 |
5 and under 10 | 13 | 1,905 | 2,153 | 0.8848 | 125,762 | 120,122 |
10 and under 15 | 21 | 4,137 | 1,378 | 3.0022 | 111,812 | 335,772 |
15 and under 20 | 94 | 26,375 | 1,987 | 13.2738 | 93,595 | 1,242,361 |
20 and under 25 | 645 | 412,742 | 2,970 | 138.9704 | 74,030 | 10,287,979 |
25 and under 30 | 938 | 675,401 | 3,729 | 181.1212 | 85,199 | 15,431,345 |
30 and under 35 | 1,115 | 1,232,270 | 4,012 | 307.1461 | 89,824 | 27,589,091 |
35 and under 40 | 1,290 | 1,391,692 | 4,294 | 324.1015 | 86,617 | 28,072,700 |
40 and under 45 | 1,289 | 2,024,776 | 3,855 | 525.2337 | 67,956 | 35,692,781 |
45 and under 50 | 1,588 | 3,412,198 | 4,053 | 841.8944 | 62,193 | 52,359,938 |
50 and under 55 | 1,704 | 4,089,803 | 4,358 | 938.4586 | 46,191 | 43,349,350 |
55 and under 60 | 2,154 | 6,617,678 | 4,973 | 1,330.7215 | 35,161 | 46,789,499 |
60 and under 65 | 2,531 | 6,422,876 | 5,669 | 1,132.9822 | 29,378 | 33,284,751 |
65 and under 70 | 3,181 | 11,819,788 | 7,409 | 1,595.3284 | 21,295 | 33,972,518 |
70 and under 75 | 3,748 | 12,537,917 | 8,712 | 1,439.1548 | 15,537 | 22,360,148 |
75 and under 80 | 3,385 | 12,407,815 | 8,514 | 1,457.3426 | 10,800 | 15,739,300 |
80 and under 85 | 2,217 | 7,505,064 | 5,853 | 1,282.2294 | 1,995 | 6,404,736 |
85 and under 90 | 950 | 4,460,629 | 2,745 | 1,625.0015 | 1,785 | 2,900,628 |
90 and under 95 | 249 | 1,057,134 | 831 | 1,306.2238 | 209 | 273,419 |
95 and over | 61 | 348,956 | 220 | 1,586.1636 | 55 | 87,239 |
Totals | 27,194 | 76,481,511 | 97,845 | 781.6599 | 1,097,644 | 376,332,763 |
The table well illustrates the defect of the old system. The average value of estates of persons under 20 years of age, who comprise over 40 per cent. of the living population, is only a little over £1, while in the group 75 to 80 years the average is £1,457, and at 85 to 90 £1,625.
The number of estates dealt with during the nine years 1908–17 is equal to only about 27 per cent. of the deaths registered during that period; and as most persons leave some estate, however small, it is necessary to make an allowance for estates which have not passed through the Stamp Office. In this connection it should be noted that estates below £200 in value are exempt from stamp and succession duty, though in many cases estates of a lower value than £200 are dealt with, being passed for probate and for the granting of letters of administration. The allowance made for unrecorded estates in the calculations shown above is 10 per cent., which has been regarded as approximately correct.
It should be noted that the estimate is that of the private wealth in the Dominion, whether owned by residents of the Dominion or by others, and does not, moreover, include estates belonging to New-Zealanders but situated in other countries.
Further investigation into the method adopted in past years has, however, revealed a slight weakness consequent upon the adoption of the system of adding—under all age-groups—an amount equal to 10 per cent. of the value of recorded estates.
Under that method the average amount allowed for each unrecorded estate of persons dying at early ages is very low, while the 10-per-cent. allowance for advanced ages gives an excessive amount.
These two factors, however, balance one another, with the result that although the estimate of the private wealth of young persons is too low and of older persons too high, the total for all ages appears to be approximately correct.
As a further test of the matter, the figures for the years 1908–17 have been compiled using, instead of the uniform 10-per-cent. allowance for unrecorded estates, a fixed allowance increasing from £20 for the age-group 15 to 20 years to £100 at ages 35 to 40, with a similar allowance of £100 for all unrecorded estates over that age. No allowance at all was made for estates of persons under 15 years of age.
This computation gives, on the total, only a slightly different result from that obtained by the previous method, although the results for the individual age-groups show considerable variation when the two methods are compared.
The following table shows the results obtained by the two methods:—
Age, in Years. | Total Private Wealth. | Excess in Favour of | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Using-10-per-cent.-allowance Method. | Using Fixed-allowance Method. | First Method. | Second Method. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | |
Under 5 | 15,821 | 14,387 | 1,434 | .. |
5 and under 10 | 120,122 | 101,176 | 18,946 | .. |
10 and under 15 | 335,772 | 305,253 | 30,519 | .. |
15 and under 20 | 1,242,361 | 2,912,751 | .. | 1,670,390 |
20 and under 25 | 10,287,979 | 11,670,815 | .. | 1,382,836 |
25 and under 30 | 15,431,345 | 17,854,575 | .. | 2,423,230 |
30 and under 35 | 27,589,091 | 30,269,817 | .. | 2,680,726 |
35 and under 40 | 28,072,700 | 31,580,203 | .. | 3,507,503 |
40 and under 45 | 35,692,781 | 36,971,326 | .. | 1,278,545 |
45 and under 50 | 52,359,938 | 51,382,463 | 977,475 | .. |
50 and under 55 | 43,349,350 | 42,220,597 | 1,128,753 | .. |
55 and under 60 | 46,789,499 | 44,529,047 | 2,260,452 | .. |
60 and under 65 | 33,284,751 | 31,896,291 | 1,388,460 | .. |
65 and under 70 | 33,972,518 | 32,099,321 | 1,873,197 | .. |
70 and under 75 | 22,360,148 | 21,213,045 | 1,147,103 | .. |
75 and under 80 | 15,739,300 | 14,959,068 | 780,232 | .. |
80 and under 85 | 6,404,736 | 6,132,922 | 271,814 | .. |
85 and under 90 | 2,900,628 | 2,753,658 | 146,970 | .. |
90 and under 95 | 273,419 | 263,200 | 10,219 | .. |
95 and over | 87,239 | 83,283 | 3,956 | .. |
Totals | 376,332,763 | 379,213,198 | 2,880,435 | .. |
A point that should be borne in mind in regard to both sets of figures given above is that no distinction is made between the wealth of males and that of females. As it is generally understood that the average for males is higher than that for females, and as of the estates passed for probate in 1917 those of males represented three-fourths of the number and more than four-fifths of the total value, it would appear that greater accuracy would be obtained by treating the estates of the two sexes separately. This has been done for the single year 1917, information for previous years not being available, and the results appear to bear out this contention, although it is unsafe to accept without reserve the figures for any one year, which might be unduly influenced by the inclusion of one or two exceptionally large estates.
The figures arrived at for 1917 by treating the sexes separately, and by taking the two together (the 10-per-cent.-allowance method being used in both cases), show the following discrepancy:—
(1.) Sexes taken separately— | £ |
---|---|
Males | 472,906,981 |
Females | 82,787,677 |
Total | 555,694,658 |
(2.) Sexes taken together | 603,282,932 |
Difference | £47,588,274 |
It is accordingly intended that in future years separate records shall be kept relating to the two sexes, in order that a more accurate estimate may be made when information for several years is accumulated.
A table is given showing the number of estates finally passed during 1916 and 1917, classified according to amount. Estates of Maoris are included.
Amount. | Number of Estates. | Aggregate Net Value. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1916. | 1917. | 1916. | 1917. | |
£ | £ | £ | ||
Under 500 | 1,338 | 1,652 | 320,880 | 379,610 |
500 and under 1,000 | 609 | 794 | 431,464 | 559,013 |
1,000 and under 2,000 | 527 | 553 | 750,599 | 793,102 |
2,000 and under 3,000 | 222 | 246 | 541,158 | 607,588 |
3,000 and under 4,000 | 130 | 139 | 449,460 | 478,215 |
4,000 and under 5,000 | 78 | 99 | 347,047 | 441,891 |
5,000 and under 7,500 | 108 | 139 | 653,061 | 854,369 |
7,500 and under 10,000 | 62 | 72 | 526,910 | 622,112 |
10,000 and under 15,000 | 64 | 70 | 791,860 | 831,823 |
15,000 and under 20,000 | 28 | 35 | 466,553 | 591,786 |
20,000 and over | 58 | 74 | 2,587,531 | 3,583,459 |
Totals | 3,224 | 3,873 | 7,866,523 | 9,742,977 |
In the 1915 issue of this book some interesting figures as to incomes of taxpayers for the year 1914–15 and certain earlier years were published. Similar information for the years 1915–16, 1916–17, and 1917–18 has not been compiled.
No later statements than those published in the 1915 issue of this book have been compiled in respect of the value of public and Native property in the Dominion, nor of the total value of the production of the Dominion.
The present Act dealing with these subjects was passed in 1911 and came into force on the 1st July, 1912. An amending Act passed in 1914 enables the Governor-General in Council to order the avoidance or suspension of patents or trade-marks of subjects of a State at war with His Majesty. No applications by such enemy subjects are accepted or patents issued; and a special license permitting the payment of renewal fees has now been revoked. Extension of time for filing documents or paying fees may be granted to any person who has been prevented from doing so by circumtances arising from the present war.
By an Order in Council of the 21st December, 1916, power was given the Registrar to prohibit the publication of any invention or design the publication of which in his opinion would not be of advantage owing to the exigencies of the present war. He could also prohibit application being made in any neutral or enemy country, and no application could be made in an allied country or any part of His Majesty's dominions without the permission of such person as the Minister of Defence might appoint.
It was further provided that no application could be lodged for the grant of a patent or the registration of a design in any foreign country or within the British dominions unless notice of intention so to do, accompanied by a provisional specification or specimen, had been deposited, nor until the expiration of one month after notice had been received. If during this period the Registrar is satisfied that, on account of the war, publication should be withheld, he may take similar action to that outlined above. Amended regulations provided that in certain cases, with the permission of the Registrar, application for registration could nevertheless be made before the expiration of one month.
Application for a patent may be made by the actual inventor, his nominee or assignee, and either by himself or in conjunction with other persons.
The unauthorized importer of an invention is not entitled to apply.
An invention to be patentable must not have been published or used in New Zealand prior to the date of application for patent, or, in a case where priority is claimed under the International Convention, before the date of the first foreign application. In accordance with the International Convention a person, by applying in one country belonging thereto, may obtain for his applications in the other countries of the Convention the official date of the first application, provided they are made within twelve months thereof. An application must contain a declaration to the above effect, and must be accompanied by a specification, either complete or provisional. In the former case a fee of £1 is payable, in the latter one of 10s. A complete specification must be left within nine months of the date of application, and if it is not accepted within a year of such date the application is void. Extensions of one and three months respectively to allow for filing and acceptance may be granted on application.
The specification, on receipt, is examined so far as the resources of the office permit. A search is made regarding the novelty of the invention, but such investigation is very restricted, more particularly is this so under present conditions.
Should a specification be accepted, the acceptance is advertised and the particulars are open to public inspection. Notice of opposition may be given within two months of the advertisement. From the Registrar's decision in such circumstances there is an appeal to the Supreme Court.
A fee of £2 is charged on the sealing of a patent. Except in special cases, a patent must be sealed within fifteen months after the date of application.
The date of a patent is the date of application, and the rights exist for fourteen years. An extension of seven (in very exceptional cases, fourteen) years may be obtained, the procedure being by petition to the Supreme Court.
Renewal fees of £3 and £6 are payable at or before the expiry of the third and sixth years respectively from the date of commencement of the patent.
After a patent has been in existence for three years any party interested may petition the Court, alleging that the reasonable requirements of the public in respect of the patent are not being satisfied. If such statement be proved, then compulsory licenses to manufacture may be issued or the patent may be revoked.
Only persons registered as such, may practise as patent agents or attorneys. Applicants for registration are examined, and, if successful, are registered, the registration being subject to an annual fee of one guinea.
There were 1,329 applications for letters patent during 1917, 68 more than the number received in 1916; 789 were left with provisional specifications, and 540 with complete specifications; while 355 complete specifications were lodged in respect of applications with which provisional specifications had been previously filed: making a total of 1,684 specifications, as compared with 1,483 for 1916, and 2,051 (the greatest number for any year) in 1913.
The total number of applications received up to the 31st December, 1917, was 39,648, and the patents in force in New Zealand at that date numbered 4,258.
The total number of applications in respect of patents, designs, and trademarks for the year has only slightly increased from the number in 1915, which, as a result of the war, was the lowest received for some years.
1913. | 1914. | 1915. | 1916. | 1917. |
---|---|---|---|---|
2,627 | 2,316 | 1,953 | 2,040 | 2,038 |
In the next table are shown the various countries, residents of which applied for patents in New Zealand during the year 1917. Owing to applications being received from joint applicants resident in different countries, also from applicants giving two addresses, the figures total more than the actual number of applications received.
Applications for Patents in New Zealand, 1917. | |
---|---|
Country. | Number. |
New Zealand | 884 |
Australia | 215 |
Great Britain | 117 |
Canada | 9 |
Argentina | 1 |
United States of America | 82 |
Denmark | 1 |
Norway | 8 |
Sweden | 7 |
Italy | 1 |
Holland | 2 |
France | 4 |
Any person claiming to be the proprietor of a new and original design applicable to the pattern, shape, or configuration of any article of manufacture may, upon payment of a fee of 5s., apply to have such design registered. If registered, the design is copyright for a term of five years. A further term of five years may be obtained on application and payment of double the original fee, and a third term of five years may, in the discretion of the Registrar, be allowed on application in the manner prescribed.
Designs are not open to public inspection during the currency of the registration, or such shorter period as may be authorized.
Eighty-three applications were received in 1917, the corresponding figure for 1916 being 113.
A trade-mark must be registered in respect of particular goods or classes of goods. Section 64 of the Patents, &c., Act, 1911, sets forth the essentials of a registrable trade-mark. The procedure for obtaining registration is largely the same as that for obtaining a patent. A fee of 10s. is payable on application, and one of £1 on registration.
Registration is effective for a period of fourteen years; but, on payment of prescribed fees, may be renewed for like periods indefinitely. No action for infringement can be taken in respect of an unregistered trade-mark.
Assignments and transmissions of a registered trade-mark may be entered on the register. Such trade-marks, in general, pass only with the goodwill of the business concerned.
The table below, which covers the period 1897 to 1917, shows for each year the number of applications for registration of designs and trademarks:—
Designs and Trade-marks.—Applications for Registration, 1897–1917. | ||
---|---|---|
Year. | Designs. | Trademarks. |
1897 | 13 | 361 |
1898 | 10 | 343 |
1899 | 12 | 328 |
1900 | 15 | 348 |
1901 | 18 | 379 |
1902 | 28 | 412 |
1903 | 26 | 447 |
1904 | 24 | 592 |
1905 | 54 | 607 |
1906 | 36 | 702 |
1907 | 57 | 684 |
1908 | 79 | 685 |
1909 | 51 | 703 |
1910 | 46 | 818 |
1911 | 21 | 861 |
1912 | 44 | 779 |
1913 | 65 | 787 |
1914 | 55 | 687 |
1915 | 89 | 565 |
1916 | 113 | 666 |
1917 | 83 | 619 |
The total number of applications during 1917 in respect of trade-marks was 619, and the fees received totalled £1,825 16s. The increase in the amount received in fees from this source is a result of the falling-due of the renewal fees in respect of all marks registered prior to 1890.
Of the 619 applications, 250 were made by residents of New Zealand, 147 came from Great Britain, 105 from the United States, and 83 from Australia.
One application was received for the suspension of registration of a trademark of alleged enemy proprietary, but was refused.
The Inspection of Machinery Act makes provision for the inspection of all steam boilers and digesters, hydraulic, electric, and other lifts, and of any prime mover such as gas, oil, and air engines used to drive machinery on land, also of machinery used on vessels afloat that are not self-propelled.
It also provides for the issue of certificates to those who pass the prescribed examination for land engineers and engine-drivers in charge of boilers and machinery, for winding-engine drivers for mining purposes, for drivers employed on locomotives working on railway-lines not under the control of the Government Working Railways Department, and for the drivers of traction-engines on roads. Certificates are also issued to electric-tram drivers as provided by the Tramways Amendment Act, 1910. The issue of these certificates is controlled by a Board of Examiners set up by the Act, the Chairman being the Chief Inspector of Machinery.
During the year ended 31st March, 1918, the following certificates were issued:—
Boiler certificates | 7,034 | |
Machinery certificates | 14,154 | |
21,188 | ||
Extra first-class engineers' certificates | 2 | |
First-class stationary-engine drivers' certificates | 52 | |
Second-class stationary-engine drivers' certificates | 165 | |
Locomotive and traction-engine drivers' certificates | 183 | |
Winding-engine drivers' certificates | 10 | |
Electric-tram drivers' certificates | 130 | |
542 | ||
21,730 |
The National Efficiency Board was constituted on the 27th February, 1917, with the following purposes in view:—
To enable the Government to make provision for the organization and development of industries, for the enforcement of public and private economy, and generally for increasing national efficiency; and
To determine what further legislation (if any) it is necessary or expedient to pass with reference to the matters aforesaid or any of them.
Full information regarding the constitution and operations of the Board was given on pages 736 to 741 of the 1917 issue of this book.
The Minister of Internal Affairs may, on the application of any racing club, grant to such racing club a license to use the totalizator or wagering-machine at horse-race meetings held under the control or management of such club, subject to the following conditions:—
The license shall be revocable at any time the Minister thinks fit to determine the same. No more than three totalizators shall be used by the club at any one time, and none outside the race-grounds within the control of the club. The machine must be under the care and management of some competent person appointed by the club, and under the direct supervision of the stewards.
Every license shall be issued in respect of a single race meeting, and shall specify the number of days on which the totalizator may be used at that meeting. The aggregate number of days on which the totalizator may be used by racing clubs in any one year was fixed in 1910 at 250, and the number of days for any one race meeting must not exceed four.
By a short amendment to the Gaming Act passed in 1914 authority was given for the Minister of Internal Affairs to grant in a year not more than thirty-one additional totalizator licenses to clubs not holding such licenses. The additional licenses were to be allocated as follows:—
To racing clubs, not more than | 15 |
To hunt clubs | 8 |
To trotting clubs | 8 |
Beginning with the racing season 1917–18, a reduction of the number of days racing in each season has been imposed, such reduction to continue during the currency of the war. The number of days on which the totalizator may be used in any one year has been reduced by ninety-four days (racing days, seventy-four; trotting days, twenty).
A race meeting at which the totalizator is authorized to be used on four days shall not extend over a longer period than eight consecutive days; meetings at which the totalizator is authorized to be used on three days shall not extend over a period of six consecutive days; and a race meeting at which the totalizator is authorized to be used for two days shall not extend over a longer period than four consecutive days; and on expiry of any such maximum period the license to use the totalizator shall lapse: Provided that when at any race meeting a racing club is compelled by inclement weather or any extraordinary circumstances to postpone any racing to a later day, it is lawful for the club to extend that race meeting over such longer period as is rendered necessary.
Racing clubs must not accept any totalizator investments by telegram or telephone, and no investment may be received otherwise than in money, bank-notes, or cheque before or at the time of investment. No investment shall be received from any person under the ago of twenty-one years, and any member, agent, or servant of a racing club who permits or authorizes to be received an investment on the totatlizator made by any person under twenty-one years is guilty of an offence, and is liable to a line not exceeding £100; and any person who falsely represents himself as being of the age of twenty-one or upwards is liable to a fine not exceeding £50. The publication of dividends (except on the racecourse) is prohibited, and racing tips and the “double” totalizator are abolished. The totalizator must be closed not later than the time advertised for the starting of a race.
Information as to totalizator licenses issued, amount of investment by the public, and amount paid to the Treasury as percentage of investments is given in the portion of this book dealing with taxation.
Table of Contents
MOST of the statistical information given elsewhere in this book relates only to the three principal islands of the Dominion, with their adjacent islands and islets. There are, however, a number of outlying islands included within the boundaries of the Dominion, and brief descriptions of these are now given.
The outlying group of the CHATHAM ISLANDS, lying between the parallels of 43° 30' and 44° 30' south latitude, and the meridians of 175° 40' and 177° 15' west longitude, 480 statute miles east-south-east from Wellington and 536 miles eastward of Lyttelton, consists of two principal islands and several unimportant islets. They were discovered by Lieutenant Broughton and named by him in honour of the Earl of Chatham. The largest island (Chatham Island) contains about 222,490 acres, of which an irregularly shaped lake or lagoon absorbs 45,960 acres. About one-quarter of the surface of the land is covered with forest, the rest with fern or grass. The hills nowhere rise to a groat height. Pitt Island is the next in size; the area is 15,330 acres. The greater portion of both islands is used for grazing sheep, the only other industry carried on to any extent being fishing. The islands are connected with the mainland by wireless telegraph, and there is also steamship communication at fairly regular intervals. The population at the census of 1916 consisted of 219 Europeans and 258 Maoris.
The KERMADEC GROUP of islands is situated between 29° 10' and 31° 30' south latitude, and between 177° 45' and 179° west longitude. They are named the Raoul or Sunday Island, Macaulay Island, Curtis Islands, and L'Espérance or French Rock. The principal island, Sunday, is 600 miles distant from Auckland, and lies a little more than half-way to Tonga, but 100 miles to the eastward of the direct steam route to that place. It is 300 miles eastward of the steam route to Fiji, and 150 miles westward of the steam route from Auckland to Rarotonga. Macaulay Island (named after the father of Lord Macaulay) and Curtis Islands were discovered in May, 1788, by Lieutenant Watts, in the “Penrhyn,” a transport ship. The remainder of the group was discovered in 1793 by Admiral Bruni d'Entrecasteaux. The Admiral gave the name of “Kermadec” to the whole group of islands, after the captain of his consort ship “L'Espérance,” and the name of the Admiral's ship, “La Recherché,” was given to the largest island. The name so given was not continued, but that of “Raoul” has taken its place, which would appear to have been given after the sailing-master of the “La Recherche,” whoso name was Joseph Raoul. The name of “Sunday” may have become attached to the island from the fact that it was discovered on a Sunday. The islands are volcanic, and in two of them signs of activity are still to be seen. The rainfall is plentiful, but not excessive. The climate is mild and equable, and slightly warmer than the north of New Zealand. The following are the areas of the islands and islets of the group: Sunday Island, 7,200 acres; Herald group of islets, 85 acres; Macaulay Island, 764 acres; Curtis Islands, 128 acres and 19 acres; L'Espérance, 12 acres: total, 8,208 acres. Sunday Island is twenty miles in circumference, roughly triangular in shape, and at the highest point 1,723 ft. above the sea-level. It is rugged and broken over a very large extent of its surface, and, except in a few places, covered with forest. The soil everywhere on the island is very rich, being formed by the decomposition of a dark-coloured pumiceous tuff and a black andesitic lava, with which is closely mixed a fine vegetable mould. The great luxuriance and richness of the vegetation bear witness to the excellence of the soil, which is everywhere—except where destroyed by eruptions, and on the steep cliffs—the same rich loam. Want of water is one of the drawbacks. Three of the four lakes on the island are fresh, but so difficult of approach as to be practically useless. Various attempts at settlement have been made from time to time, but the islands are now uninhabited.
The AUCKLAND ISLANDS were discovered on 18th August, 1806, by Captain Abraham Bristow, in the ship “Ocean.” The discoverer named the group after Lord Auckland, again visited the islands in 1807, and then took formal possession of them. They lie about 290 miles south of Bluff Harbour, their accepted position being given as latitude 50° 32' south, and longitude 166° 13' east. They have several good harbours. Port Ross, at the north end of the principal island, was described by the eminer- French commander D'Urville as one of the best harbours of refuge in the known world. At the southern end of the island there is a through passage extending from the east to the west coast. It has been variously named Adams Strait and Carnley Harbour, and forms a splendid sheet of water. The largest of the islands is about 27 miles long by about 15 miles broad, and is very mountainous, the highest part being about 2,000 ft. above the sea. The New Zealand Government maintains at this island a depot of provisions and clothing for the use of shipwrecked mariners.
The ANTIPODES, an isolated group, consisting of several detached rocky islands lying nearly north and south over a space of four to five miles; accepted position, 49° 4′ 15″ south, and longitude 178° 43' east.
The BOUNTY ISLANDS, a little cluster of islets, thirteen in number and without verdure, discovered in 1788 by Captain Bligh, R.N., of H.M.S. “Bounty.” Position verified by observation, 47° 43' south, longitude 179° 0 ½' east.
CAMPBELL ISLAND was discovered in 1810 by Frederick Hazelburgh, master of the brig “Perseverance,” owned by Mr. Robert Campbell, of Sydney. It is mountainous, and of a circumference of about thirty miles. There are several good harbours.
The COOK ISLANDS, with others now included within the extended boundaries of the Dominion, are as under:—
RAROTONGA: A magnificent island, rising to a height of 3,000 ft., clothed to the tops of the mountains with splendid vegetation. It has abundant streams, considerable tracts of sloping land, and rich alluvial valleys. The two harbours are poor.
MANGAIA, the south-easternmost of the Cook Group, is of volcanic origin and about thirty miles in circumference. The productions, which are numerous and cheap, are obtained by assiduous labour.
ATIU resembles Mangaia in appearance and extent. It is a mere bank of coral 10 ft. or 12 ft. high, steep and rugged, except where there are small sandy beaches and some clefts, where the ascent is gradual.
AITUTAKI presents a most fruitful appearance, its shores being bordered by flat land, on which are innumerable coconut and other trees, the higher ground being beautifully interspersed with lawns. It is eighteen miles in circuit.
MAUKE or Parry Island is a low-lying island; it is about two miles in diameter, well wooded, and inhabited.
MITIARO is a low-lying island, from three to four miles long and one mile wide.
HERVEY ISLANDS: This group consists of two islands surrounded by a reef, which is about 10 ½ miles in circumference.
NIUE, or Savage Island, lying east of the Friendly Islands, is a coral island, thirty-six miles in circumference, rising to a height of 200 ft. It has the usual tropical productions.
PALMERSTON ISLAND, lying about 500 miles east of Niue and about 220 from the nearest island of the Cook Group (Aitutaki), is remarkable as the “San Pablo” of Magellan, the first island discovered in the South Sea. It has no harbour. The soil is fairly fertile, and there is some good hardwood timber.
MANAHIKI, lying about 400 miles eastward of Danger Island, is an atoll, about thirty miles in circumference, valuable from the extent of the coconut groves. The interior lagoon contains a vast deposit of pearl-shell.
PENRHYN ISLAND (Tongareva) lies about 300 miles north-east of Manahiki. It is one of the most famous pearl-islands in the Pacific, and there is a splendid harbour, a lagoon with two entrances, fit for ships of any size.
RAKAANGA is an atoll, three miles in length and of equal breadth.
DANGER ISLAND (Pukapuka): Next to the 10th parallel, but rather north of the latitude of the Navigators, and east of them are a number of small atolls. Of these, the nearest to the Samoan Group—about 500 miles—is Danger Island, bearing north-west of Suwarrow about 250 miles.
SUWARROW ISLAND has one of the best harbours in the Pacific. It lies about 500 miles east of Apia, the capital of German Samoa (now in British possession). It is a coral atoll, of a triangular form, fifty miles in circumference, the reef having an average width of half a mile across, enclosing a land-locked lagoon twelve miles by eight, which forms an excellent harbour. The entrance is half a mile wide, and the accommodation permits of ships riding in safety in all weathers, with depths of from three to thirty fathoms. It is out of the track of hurricanes, uninhabited, but capable by its fertility of supporting a small population. As a depot for the collection of trade from the various islands it should in time be very valuable.
The Pacific islands annexed to New Zealand in pursuance of resolutions passed by the House of Representatives in September and October, 1900, were Rarotonga, Mangaia, Mauke, Atiu, Aitutaki, Mitiaro, Hervey Islands, Palmerston, Niue, Danger, Rakaanga, Manahiki, Penrhyn, and Suwarrow (see above); Takutea and Nassau, not mentioned in the resolutions, also lie within the boundary-lines prescribed by the Imperial Order in Council and the New Zealand Proclamation dealing with the annexation.
The Constitution and laws of the Cook Islands and Niue have been remodelled by the Cook Islands Act of 1915.
The system of government prior to annexation consisted of various Arikis' Courts and Native Councils, loosely united by a Federal Parliament. Acts passed in 1901 and 1904 changed the names to “Federal Council” and “Island Councils.” The Arikis' Courts in all islands in which there was a European Resident Agent were abolished, and the constitution of the Island Councils altered, the Resident Agent and Arikis being ex officio members, while the remainder of the nine were elected by the adult Natives.
The Act of 1915 establishes the office of Secretary for the Cook Islands. Subject to the control of the Minister, this officer is to be responsible for the administration of the islands.
Island Councils are to be continued or established, as the case may be, in Rarotonga and Niue, and in any other islands which the Governor-General in Council decides upon. These Councils may consist either wholly or partly of ex officio, elected, or nominated members. The number of members, their qualifications, tenure of office, and remuneration are subject to alteration at any time by regulations made by the Governor-General in Council. Generally European officials and Arikis or Native chiefs will be Councillors ex officio, and nominated members will hold office during the pleasure of the Governor-General or for a fixed period not exceeding five years. Women are eligible both as members and as electors of Island Councils.
Each Council is empowered to make laws for the good government of the island, with the proviso that such laws must not be repugnant to Acts of the New Zealand Parliament or regulations made thereunder. The maximum penalties imposed by the Ordinance of an Island Council must not exceed three months' imprisonment or a fine of £50. The Council has no power to deal with Customs duties, to borrow money, to establish Courts of justice, or to appropriate expenditure of revenue other than that raised under authority of their Ordinance. No Ordinance has effect until it has received the assent of the Resident Commissioner or the Governor-General. The Governor-General may, by notice in the Gazette, disallow any Ordinance within one year after the Commissioner has given his assent.
Laws are enforced through the High Court, which has all jurisdiction, civil or criminal, necessary for the administration of justice. Judges and Commissioners of the High Court are appointed by the Governor-General; the Chief Judge to reside at Rarotonga, a second at Niue. A Commissioner may, with some exceptions, exercise the full powers and functions of a Judge, but rules of Court may allow appeal from his decision to that of a Judge.
A judgment obtained in a civil proceeding in the High Court may be enforced in the Supreme Court of New Zealand. From any decision in the former Court an appeal lies to the Supreme Court in the Dominion.
The manufacture or importation of intoxicating liquor is prohibited absolutely, except that the Resident Commissioner may import liquor for sale or for public purposes. Liquor imported through the Commissioner must not find its way into the hands of a Native. Attempts are made by the Natives to evade the law by illicitly manufacturing “bush-beer,” an offence which the Administration is endeavouring to check.
At the census of 1916 the population of the Cook and other islands annexed in 1901 was found to be 12,797. Fuller information is given in the portion of this book dealing with Population. A system of compulsory registration of births, deaths, and marriages is now in force in the islands (see Vital Statistics section), and records of arrivals and departures are kept.
The educational requirements of the islands up to the present time have been largely met by missionary effort. The London Missionary Society has a number of village schools in the various islands, while the Roman Catholic Mission and the Seventh-day Adventists also maintain schools, though to a less extent.
The education provided in this manner is necessarily inadequate, and a system is being inaugurated by which schools will be established on the lines of the Native schools in New Zealand.
In Niue the Tufukia School has been established for some time. At this institution the New Zealand syllabus has been adopted with gratifying results. Special interest is shown in the technical branch, and additional technical classes are given after school hours. The leading pupils are being trained with a view to taking charge of village schools which it is hoped may soon be established in other districts of Niue. At 31st December, 1917, this school had a roll number of 210 (137 boys and 73 girls), with a teaching staff of two Europeans and six Natives.
Means have been provided by the New Zealand Government for starting three schools at Rarotonga. All three schools have now been established, and the combined attendance totals 550 Native children.
The Araura School at Aitutaki, formerly carried on as a boarding-school by the London Missionary Society, assisted by contributions from the parents of the pupils, has been taken over by the Education Department. The number of pupils in this institution, which provides a more advanced teaching than the village schools, was 240 at the end of 1917.
A small Government school was opened in Palmerston Island in 1916, and schools will be established in due course in each of the other islands of the group. The London Missionary Society is carrying on schools in the outlying islands in the meantime.
Regulations which came into force on 1st January, 1917, make it compulsory for all children between seven and fourteen years of age to attend school if living within three miles of a public school.
Various restrictions are placed on the alienation of land by Natives. They may not alienate their holdings by way of freehold or by way of security, nor may customary land be dealt with in any such manner. No will of any Native is of effect as regards his interest in land, nor may a lease be granted for a term of more than sixty years.
Considerable areas have been leased, especially in Rarotonga, to European settlers. It is recognized that the prosperity of the islands depends in great measure upon the settlement of the spare lands by a good class of white planters. It is hoped that before long additional areas in many islands will be available.
Difficulties have been experienced in obtaining leases from the Natives, largely owing to the insecurity of title. The old Land Titles Court has now been replaced by a Native Land Court, whoso functions are to deal with the titles, partitioning, succession, and numerous other matters affecting land. The irregularity in sitting of the former Court caused groat inconvenience; in hundreds of cases progress was at a standstill until titles could be properly investigated.
An important obstacle in the path of Native settlement of the land is the lack of roads. Much of the accessible banana land is being worked out, but the Natives are reluctant to move farther inland to the richer soils owing to greater difficulty in transport. The maintenance and construction of roads and bridges was formerly carried out by the Natives under a corvée, system, but has now been taken over by the Administration.
Any person desirous of settling in the islands should have a capital equal to at least £10 for each acre he purposes taking up. The coconut-palm takes from eight to ten years to roach bearing-point, and during that time the planter must maintain himself by growing bananas or securing some outside employment. When the palms are in full bearing, however, the annual value of the crop may be estimated at not less than £6 per acre, and this may be regarded as a practically assured income for sixty years or more.
Cook and Northern Islands.—For the financial year ended the 31st March, 1918, the revenue of the Cook Islands, not including the balance from the previous year, was £11,068, and the expenditure £12,615. There is now a credit balance of £1,262. The following is a comparative statement of revenue and expenditure for the past ten years:
Revenue. | Expenditure. | |
---|---|---|
Year. | £ | £ |
1908–9 | 7,146 | 5,718 |
1909–10 | 7,656 | 8,230 |
1910–11 | 8,267 | 8,047 |
1911–12 | 8,924 | 9,430 |
1912–13 | 9,420 | 11,508 |
1913–14 | 11,723 | 10,194 |
1914–15 | 10,118 | 10,617 |
1915–16 | 7,673 | 9,081 |
1916–17 | 9,710 | 8,588 |
1917–18 | 11,068 | 12,615 |
The principal items in the revenue for 1917–18 were: Customs duties, £5,489; postage-stamps, £1,015; fees and fines, High Court, £1,167; and fruit-inspection, £1,245.
Niue.—The revenue of Niue for the year ended the 31st March, 1918 (excluding balance from previous year), was £2,787. The expenditure amounted to £2,988. The total funds to the credit of the Niue Government on the 31st March amounted to £847.
Cook and Northern Islands.—The value of exports for the year 1917 was £60,190, while the imports amounted to £80,061. The principal items exported were as follows:—
£ | |
---|---|
Bananas, 78,101 cases, 4,995 kits | 22,125 |
Coconuts, 308,200 number | 1,414 |
Coffee, 12,200 lb. | 315 |
Copra, 696 tons | 18,939 |
Kumeras and taro, 984 cases | 250 |
Oranges, 62,968 cases | 11,025 |
Pearl-shell, 65 tons | 2,600 |
Pineapples, 5,532 cases | 540 |
Tomatoes, 16,804 cases | 2,520 |
The export of bananas shows a considerable increase as compared with 1916, but oranges and tomatoes show a large decrease. The decline in tomatoes is largely due' to want of shipping facilities. Tomatoes are grown during the winter and early spring, and are placed on the New Zealand market during the “off” season, thus fetching good prices.
Trade with New Zealand and the United States remains about the same as in 1916. The following shows the countries to which the exports were sent:—
£ | |
---|---|
New Zealand | 40,401 |
United States | 17,146 |
Tahiti | 2,643 |
Total | £60,190 |
The amount of the imports is made up as follows:—
Imports from— | £ |
---|---|
New Zealand | 61,931 |
United States | 11,092 |
United Kingdom | 3,748 |
Australia | 1,714 |
Tahiti | 1,110 |
Japan | 237 |
Sweden | 183 |
Other places | 46 |
Total | £80,061 |
Niue.—The exports for 1917 amounted to £9,400, and the imports to £13,079. The principal items of export were,— | |
£ | |
Fungus, 16,234 lb. | 336 |
Copra, 309 tons | 7,634 |
Hats, 1,848 dozen | 1,170 |
Of the total imports, New Zealand contributed goods to the value of £12,382, and Australia £511. The whole of the exports went to New Zealand.
I.—POPULATION. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Population (exclusive of Maoris and for Annexed Pacific Islands) on 31st December. | Births. | Deaths. | Marriages. | ||
Males. | Females. | Totals. | ||||
1868 | 134,621 | 91,997 | 226,618 | 9,391 | 2,662 | 2,085 |
1869 | 140,112 | 97,137 | 237,249 | 9,718 | 2,721 | 1,931 |
1870 | 145,732 | 102,668 | 248,400 | 10,277 | 2,703 | 1,851 |
1871 | 156,431 | 110,555 | 266,986 | 10,592 | 2,642 | 1,864 |
1872 | 162,404 | 117,156 | 279,560 | 10,795 | 3,192 | 1,873 |
1873 | 170,406 | 125,540 | 295,946 | 11,222 | 3,645 | 2,276 |
1874 | 194,349 | 147,511 | 341,860 | 12,844 | 4,161 | 2,828 |
1875 | 213,294 | 162,562 | 375,856 | 14,438 | 5,712 | 3,209 |
1876 | 225,580 | 173,495 | 399,075 | 16,168 | 4,904 | 3,196 |
1877 | 227,681 | 180,937 | 408,618 | 16,856 | 4,685 | 3,114 |
1878 | 240,627 | 191,892 | 432,519 | 17,770 | 4,645 | 3,377 |
1879 | 257,894 | 205,835 | 463,729 | 18,070 | 5,583 | 3,352 |
1880 | 268,364 | 216,500 | 484,864 | 19,341 | 5,437 | 3,181 |
1881 | 274,986 | 225,924 | 500,910 | 18,732 | 5,491 | 3,277 |
1882 | 283,303 | 234,404 | 517,707 | 19,009 | 5,701 | 3,600 |
1883 | 294,665 | 246,212 | 540,877 | 19,202 | 6,061 | 3,612 |
1884 | 306,667 | 257,637 | 564,304 | 19,846 | 5,740 | 3,800 |
1885 | 312,125 | 263,101 | 575,226 | 19,693 | 6,081 | 3,813 |
1886 | 317,646 | 271,740 | 589,386 | 19,299 | 6,135 | 3,488 |
1887 | 324,558 | 278,803 | 603,361 | 19,135 | 6,137 | 3,563 |
1888 | 324,948 | 282,432 | 607,380 | 18,902 | 5,708 | 3,617 |
1889 | 328,588 | 287,464 | 616,052 | 18,457 | 5,772 | 3,632 |
1890 | 332,557 | 292,951 | 625,508 | 18,278 | 5,994 | 3,797 |
1891 | 336,174 | 297,884 | 634,058 | 18,273 | 6,518 | 3,805 |
1892 | 345,146 | 305,287 | 650,433 | 17,876 | 6,459 | 4,002 |
1893 | 357,635 | 314,630 | 672,265 | 18,187 | 6,767 | 4,115 |
1894 | 363,763 | 322,365 | 686,128 | 18,528 | 6,918 | 4,178 |
1895 | 369,725 | 328,981 | 698,706 | 18,546 | 6,863 | 4,110 |
1896 | 376,987 | 337,175 | 714,162 | 18,612 | 6,432 | 4,843 |
1897 | 384,703 | 344,353 | 729,056 | 18,737 | 6,595 | 4,928 |
1898 | 392,124 | 351,339 | 743,463 | 18,955 | 7 244 | 5,091 |
1899 | 398,679 | 357,826 | 756,505 | 18,835 | 7,680 | 5,461 |
1900 | 403,628 | 364,650 | 768,278 | 19,546 | 7,200 | 5,860 |
1901 | 414,223 | 373,434 | 787,657 | 20,491 | 7,634 | 6,095 |
1902 | 425,908 | 382,021 | 807,929 | 20,655 | 8,375 | 6,394 |
1903 | 439,674 | 392,831 | 832,505 | 21,829 | 8,528 | 6,748 |
1904 | 453,992 | 403,547 | 857,539 | 22,766 | 8,087 | 6,983 |
1905 | 467,366 | 415,096 | 882,462 | 23,682 | 8,061 | 7,200 |
1906 | 481,651 | 427,075 | 908,726 | 24,252 | 8,339 | 7,592 |
1907 | 492,649 | 436,835 | 929,484 | 25,094 | 10,066 | 8,192 |
1908 | 510,329 | 450,313 | 960,642 | 25,940 | 9,043 | 8,339 |
1909 | 520,406 | 462,520 | 082,926 | 26,524 | 8,959 | 8,094 |
1910 | 529,928 | 472,751 | 1,002,679 | 25,984 | 9,639 | 8,236 |
1911 | 539,729 | 485,677 | 1,025,406 | 26,354 | 9,534 | 8,825 |
1912 | 553,212 | 499,415 | 1,052,627 | 27,508 | 9,214 | 9,149 |
1913 | 569,109 | 515,553 | 1,084,662 | 27,935 | 10,119 | 8,813 |
1914 | 568,161 | 527,833 | 1,095,994 | 28,338 | 10,148 | 9,280 |
1915 | 563,963 | 538,831 | 1,102,794 | 27,850 | 9,965 | 10,028 |
1916 | 549,895 | 550,668 | 1,100,563 | 28,509 | 10,596 | 8,213 |
1917 | 537,360 | 560,312 | 1,097,672 | 28,239 | 10,528 | 6,417 |
NOTE.—Maori population excluded from above was 49,776 in 1916, and that of Cook and other Islands 13,797 persons. |
II.—PRODUCTION. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Occupied and Cultivated Holdings over One Acre in Extent. | Land (including Sown Grasses) under Cultivation. | Live-stock. | Coal-mines, Output from. | |||
Horses. | Horned Cattle. | Sheep. | Pigs. | ||||
Number. | Acres. | Tons. | |||||
1868 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | Prior to 1878, 709, 931 |
1869 | 11,932 | 783,435 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
1870 | 13,476 | 997,477 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
1871 | 10,211 | 1,140,279 | 81,028 | 436,592 | 9,700,629 | 151,460 | |
1872 | 14,874 | 1,226,222 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
1873 | 15,304 | 1,416,933 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
1874 | 15,883 | 1,651,712 | 99,859 | 494,917 | 11,704,853 | 123,921 | |
1875 | 16,092 | 1,943,653 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
1876 | 17,250 | 2,377,402 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
1877 | 18,750 | 2,940,711 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
1878 | 20,519 | 3,523,277 | 137,768 | 578,430 | 13,069,338 | 207,337 | 162,218 |
1879 | 21,054 | 3,982,866 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 231,218 |
1880 | 23,129 | 4,506,889 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 299,923 |
1881 | 24,147 | 4,768,192 | 161,736 | 698,637 | 12,985,085 | 200,083 | 337,262 |
1882 | 26,298 | 5,189,104 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 378,272 |
1883 | 27,352 | 5,651,255 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 421,764 |
1884 | 28,587 | 6,072,949 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 480,831 |
1885 | 29,814 | 6,550,399 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 511,063 |
1886 | 31,763 | 6,668,920 | 187,382 | 853,358 | 16,564,595 | 277,901 | 534,353 |
1887 | 33,332 | 6,845,177 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 558,620 |
1888 | 34,743 | 7,284,752 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 613,895 |
1889 | 35,747 | 7,670,167 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 586,445 |
1890 | 38,178 | 8,015,426 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 637,397 |
1891 | 38,083 | 8,462,495 | 211,040 | 788,919 | 17,865,423 | 222,553 | 668,794 |
1892 | 41,224 | 8,893,225 | .. | .. | 18,570,752 | .. | 673,315 |
1893 | 42,768 | 9,713,745 | .. | .. | 19,380,369 | .. | 691,548 |
1894 | 45,290 | 10,063,051 | .. | 885,305 | 20,230,829 | .. | 719,546 |
1895 | 46,676 | 10,128,076 | .. | 964,034 | 19,826,604 | .. | 726,654 |
1896 | .. | 10,698,869 | 237,418 | 1,047,901 | 19,138,493 | 239,778 | 792,851 |
1897 | 58,940 | 11,550,075 | 249,813 | 1,138,067 | 19,687,954 | 209,834 | 840,713 |
1898 | 60,759 | 11,444,563 | 252,834 | 1,209,165 | 19,673,725 | 186,027 | 907,033 |
1899 | 61,639 | 11,984,606 | 258,115 | 1,203,024 | 19,348,506 | 193,512 | 975,234 |
1900 | 62,485 | 12,474,511 | 261,931 | 1,222,139 | 19,355,195 | 249,751 | 1,093,990 |
1901 | 62,786 | 12,636,035 | 266,245 | 1,256,680 | 20,233,099 | 250,975 | 1,227,638 |
1902 | 63,982 | 13,083,971 | 279,672 | 1,361,784 | 20,342,727 | 224,024 | 1,362,702 |
1903 | 65,034 | 13,357,700 | 286,955 | 1,460,663 | 18,954,553 | 193,740 | 1,420,193 |
1904 | 66,092 | 13,504,004 | 298,714 | 1,593,547 | 18,280,806 | 226,591 | 1,537,838 |
1905 | 68,680 | 13,868,074 | 314,322 | 1,736,850 | 19,130,875 | 255,320 | 1,585,756 |
1906 | 69,942 | 14,114,925 | 326,537 | 1,810,936 | 20,108,471 | 249,727 | 1,729,536 |
1907 | 72,338 | 14,382,787 | 342,608 | 1,851,750 | 20,983,772 | 242,273 | 1,831,009 |
1908 | 73,367 | 14,884,617 | 352,832 | 1,816,299 | 22,449,053 | 241,128 | 1,860,975 |
1909 | 75,152 | 15,566,308 | 363,259 | 1,773,326 | 23,480,707 | 245,092 | 1,911,247 |
1910 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24,269,620 | .. | 2,197,362 |
1911 | 73,876 | 16,154,218 | 404,284 | 2,020,171 | 23,996,126 | 348,754 | 2,066,073 |
1912 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 23,750,153 | .. | 2,177,615 |
1913 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24,191,810 | .. | 1,888,005 |
1914 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24,798,763 | .. | 2,275,593 |
1915 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24,901,421 | .. | 2,208,624 |
1916 | 77,229 | 16,984,174 | 371,331 | 2,417,491 | 24,788,150 | 297,501 | 2,257,135 |
1917 | 79,536 | 17,061,675 | 373,600 | 2,574,288 | 25,270,386 | 283,962 | 2,068,419 |
III.—TRADE. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Exports (the Produce of New Zealand). | |||||
Wool. | Grain. | Frozen Meat. | ||||
Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value | |
* Not available for publication. † Excluding gold (specie and bullion). * Excluding exports and imports of gold (specie and bullion). | ||||||
lb. | £ | Centals. | £ | Cwt. | £ | |
1868 | 28,875,163 | 1,516,548 | 277,708 | 114,125 | .. | .. |
1869 | 27,765,636 | 1,371,230 | 233,830 | 96,441 | .. | .. |
1870 | 37,039,763 | 1,703,944 | 431,050 | 141,135 | .. | .. |
1871 | 37,793,734 | 1,606,144 | 483,170 | 164,087 | .. | .. |
1872 | 41,886,997 | 2,537,919 | 520,265 | 178,886 | .. | .. |
1873 | 41,535,185 | 2,702,471 | 343,442 | 136,832 | .. | .. |
1874 | 46,848,735 | 2,834,695 | 660,796 | 291,112 | .. | .. |
1875 | 54,401,540 | 3,398,155 | 629,634 | 231,458 | .. | .. |
1876 | 59,853,454 | 3,395,816 | 1,030,430 | 338,792 | .. | .. |
1877 | 64,481,324 | 3,658,938 | 714,536 | 277,429 | .. | .. |
1878 | 59,270,256 | 3,292,807 | 1,195,850 | 508,981 | .. | .. |
1879 | 62,220,810 | 3,126,439 | 1,903,917 | 661,134 | .. | .. |
1880 | 66,860,150 | 3,169,300 | 2,907,934 | 906,228 | .. | .. |
1881 | 59,415,940 | 2,909,760 | 3,158,121 | 996,044 | .. | .. |
1882 | 65,322,707 | 3,118,554 | 2,414,992 | 924,137 | 15,244 | 19,339 |
1883 | 68,149,430 | 3,014,211 | 3,752,365 | 1,308,742 | 87,975 | 118,328 |
1884 | 81,139,028 | 3,267,527 | 2,775,853 | 766,862 | 254,069 | 345,090 |
1885 | 86,507,431 | 3,205,275 | 2,158,604 | 513,937 | 296,473 | 373,857 |
1886 | 90,853,744 | 3,072,971 | 1,689,899 | 463,597 | 346,055 | 427,193 |
1887 | 88,824,382 | 3,321,074 | 1,818,298 | 443,815 | 402,107 | 455,870 |
1888 | 83,225,733 | 3,115,008 | 2,530,321 | 668,900 | 552,298 | 628,800 |
1889 | 102,227,354 | 3,976,375 | 3,084,485 | 985,447 | 656,822 | 783,374 |
1890 | 102,817,077 | 4,150,599 | 4,327,753 | 1,030,415 | 898,894 | 1,087,617 |
1891 | 106,187,114 | 4,129,686 | 2,683,592 | 676,368 | 1,000,307 | 1,194,724 |
1892 | 118,180,912 | 4,313,307 | 3,196,141 | 818,982 | 869,600 | 1,033,377 |
1893 | 109,719,684 | 3,774,738 | 2,518,091 | 585,015 | 903,836 | 1,085,167 |
1894 | 144,295,154 | 4,827,016 | 1,057,708 | 226,487 | 1,025,243 | 1,194,545 |
1895 | 116,015,170 | 3,662,131 | 1,011,052 | 215,971 | 1,134,097 | 1,262,711 |
1896 | 129,151,624 | 4,391,848 | 1,288,950 | 346,902 | 1,103,362 | 1,251,993 |
1897 | 135,835,117 | 4,443,144 | 805,213 | 235,948 | 1,407,921 | 1,566,286 |
1898 | 149,385,815 | 4,645,804 | 445,355 | 136,395 | 1,551,773 | 1,698,750 |
1899 | 147,169,497 | 4,324,627 | 3,439,606 | 721,817 | 1,865,827 | 2,088,856 |
1900 | 140,706,486 | 4,749,196 | 4,485,155 | 1,034,014 | 1,844,831 | 2,123,881 |
1901 | 146,820,079 | 3,699,103 | 5,880,650 | 1,285,811 | 1,857,547 | 2,253,262 |
1902 | 160,419,023 | 3,354,563 | 2,466,324 | 786,548 | 2,138,557 | 2,718,763 |
1903 | 155,128,381 | 4,041,274 | 2,210,721 | 533,865 | 2,378,650 | 3,197,043 |
1904 | 144,647,376 | 4,673,826 | 1,719,308 | 392,346 | 1,912,979 | 2,793,599 |
1905 | 139,912,737 | 5,381,333 | 1,149,368 | 294,574 | 1,690,684 | 2,694,432 |
1906 | 154,384,568 | 6,765,655 | 449,104 | 139,474 | 2,025,507 | 2,877,031 |
1907 | 171,635,595 | 7,657,278 | 123,366 | 53,205 | 2,354,808 | 3,420,664 |
1908 | 162,518,481 | 5,332,781 | 469,119 | 143,223 | 2,120,303 | 3,188,515 |
1909 | 189,683,703 | 6,305,888 | 3,123,111 | 823,149 | 2,572,604 | 3,601,093 |
1910 | 204,368,957 | 8,308,410 | 1,097,952 | 319,073 | 2,654,196 | 3,850,777 |
1911 | 169,424,811 | 6,491,707 | 1,033,170 | 330,186 | 2,250,565 | 3,503,406 |
1912 | 188,361,790 | 7,105,483 | 2,348,673 | 741,600 | 2,573,238 | 3,909,569 |
1913 | 186,533,036 | 8,057,620 | 341,981 | 131,938 | 2,578,693 | 4,449,933 |
1914 | 220,472,898 | 9,318,114 | 750,904 | 270,011 | 3,229,969 | 5,863,062 |
1915 | 196,570,114 | 10,387,875 | 405,865 | 215,463 | 3,591,260 | 7,794,395 |
1916 | 185,506,859 | 12,386,074 | 180,586 | 86,985 | 3,326,045 | 7,271,318 |
1917 | 178,274,486 | 12,175,366 | 71,048 | 74,606 | 2,446,945 | 5,982,404 |
Year. | Exports (the Produce of New Zealand). | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Butter. | cheese. | phormium fibre. | ||||
Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value | |
1868 | 138 | 532 | 335 | 1,240 | 534 | 8,137 |
1869 | 2,705 | 14,679 | 2,331 | 8,040 | 2,028 | 45,245 |
1870 | 3,435 | 12,995 | 2,735 | 9,327 | 5,471 | 132,578 |
1871 | 4,342 | 12,426 | 1,619 | 4,023 | 4,248 | 90,611 |
1872 | 1,629 | 4,462 | 1,362 | 4,379 | 3,985 | 99,405 |
1873 | 722 | 2,342 | 1,993 | 6,625 | 6,454 | 143,799 |
1874 | 357 | 1,168 | 1,326 | 4,408 | 2,038 | 37,690 |
1875 | 104 | 660 | 442 | 1,862 | 639 | 11,742 |
1876 | 871 | 3,910 | 885 | 3,488 | 897 | 18,285 |
1877 | 5,206 | 23,458 | 4,999 | 16,713 | 1,053 | 18,826 |
1878 | 3,106 | 12,111 | 3,019 | 9,368 | 622 | 10,666 |
1879 | 339 | 1,631 | 172 | 628 | 445 | 7,874 |
1880 | 2,717 | 8,350 | 717 | 1,983 | 894 | 15,617 |
1881 | 2,426 | 8,496 | 3,056 | 6,112 | 1,308 | 26,285 |
1882 | 11,264 | 52,088 | 3,553 | 10,130 | 2,040 | 41,955 |
1883 | 8,869 | 42,020 | 2,519 | 6,892 | 2,013 | 36,761 |
1884 | 15,766 | 66,593 | 10,342 | 25,074 | 1,525 | 23,475 |
1885 | 24,923 | 102,387 | 15,245 | 35,742 | 1,063 | 16,316 |
1886 | 23,175 | 105,537 | 16,429 | 45,657 | 1,112 | 15,922 |
1887 | 17,018 | 54,921 | 23,913 | 54,562 | 1,578 | 25,094 |
1888 | 29,995 | 118,252 | 36,682 | 78,918 | 4,042 | 75,269 |
1889 | 37,955 | 146,840 | 26,558 | 67,105 | 17,084 | 361,182 |
1890 | 34,816 | 122,701 | 40,451 | 84,986 | 21,158 | 381,789 |
1891 | 39,430 | 150,258 | 39,770 | 86,675 | 15,809 | 281,514 |
1892 | 53,930 | 227,162 | 41,493 | 91,042 | 12,793 | 214,542 |
1893 | 58,149 | 254,645 | 46,201 | 99,626 | 12,587 | 219,375 |
1894 | 60,771 | 251,280 | 55,655 | 115,203 | 4,677 | 66,256 |
1895 | 57,964 | 227,601 | 76,743 | 150,909 | 1,806 | 21,040 |
1896 | 71,353 | 281,716 | 71,372 | 130,166 | 2,968 | 32,985 |
1897 | 99,002 | 402,605 | 77,683 | 150,517 | 2,769 | 30,674 |
1898 | 96,801 | 403,690 | 68,711 | 135,776 | 4,850 | 74,556 |
1899 | 136,086 | 571,799 | 69,440 | 141,818 | 10,371 | 184,411 |
1900 | 172,583 | 740,620 | 102,849 | 229,111 | 15,906 | 332,182 |
1901 | 201,591 | 882,406 | 104,294 | 238,685 | 10,171 | 195,728 |
1902 | 253,998 | 1,205,802 | 74,746 | 163,539 | 20,852 | 534,031 |
1903 | 285,106 | 1,318,067 | 74,780 | 194,998 | 22,652 | 595,684 |
1904 | 314,360 | 1,380,460 | 84,526 | 185,486 | 26,936 | 710,281 |
1905 | 305,722 | 1,408,557 | 88,562 | 205,171 | 27,877 | 696,467 |
1906 | 320,225 | 1,560,235 | 131,206 | 341,002 | 27,779 | 776,106 |
1907 | 328,441 | 1,615,345 | 236,833 | 662,355 | 28,547 | 832,068 |
1908 | 229,971 | 1,171,182 | 280,798 | 783,419 | 17,403 | 396,288 |
1909 | 321,108 | 1,639,380 | 400,607 | 1,105,390 | 14,318 | 306,973 |
1910 | 356,535 | 1,811,975 | 451,915 | 1,195,373 | 20,645 | 448,414 |
1911 | 302,387 | 1,576,917 | 439,174 | 1,192,057 | 17,366 | 300,209 |
1912 | 378,117 | 2,088,809 | 577,070 | 1,680,393 | 18,641 | 376,264 |
1913 | 372,258 | 2,061,651 | 611,663 | 1,770,297 | 28,092 | 721,924 |
1914 | 434,067 | 2,338,576 | 863,776 | 2,564,125 | 19,702 | 455,214 |
1915 | 420,144 | 2,700,625 | 817,258 | 2,730,211 | 23,220 | 571,621 |
1916 | 358,632 | 2,632,293 | 949,416 | 3,514,310 | 27,674 | 1,001,725 |
1917 | 254,397 | 2,031,551 | 885,743 | 3,949,251 | 23,516 | 1,197,396 |
Year. | Exports (the Produce of New Zealand). | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gold. | Gum (kauri). | Provisions, Tallow, Timber. etc. | Total New Zealand produce exported | |||
Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Value. | ||
Oz. | £ | Tons; | £ | £ | £ | |
1868 | 637,474 | 2,504,326 | 2,690 | 72,493 | 51,361 | 4,268,762 |
1869 | 614,281 | 2,362,995 | 2,850 | 111,307 | 80,197 | 4,090,134 |
1870 | 544,880 | 2,157,585 | 4,391 | 175,074 | 212,044 | 4,544,682 |
1871 | 730,029 | 2,787,520 | 5,054 | 167,958 | 338,335 | 5,171,104 |
1872 | 445,370 | 1,730,992 | 4,811 | 154,167 | 396,976 | 5,107,186 |
1873 | 505,337 | 1,987,425 | 2,833 | 85,816 | 412,660 | 5,477,970 |
1874 | 376,388 | 1,505,331 | 2,568 | 79,986 | 397,753 | 5,152,143 |
1875 | 355,322 | 1,407,770 | 3,230 | 138,523 | 285,674 | 5,475,844 |
1876 | 318,367 | 1,268,559 | 2,888 | 109,234 | 350,817 | 5,488,901 |
1877 | 366,955 | 1,476,312 | 3,632 | 118,348 | 468,693 | 6,058,717 |
1878 | 311,437 | 1,244,190 | 3,445 | 132,975 | 573,521 | 5,784,619 |
1879 | 284,100 | 1,134,641 | 3,228 | 147,535 | 483,573 | 5,563,455 |
1880 | 303,215 | 1,220,263 | 4,725 | 242,817 | 537,742 | 6,102,300 |
1881 | 250,683 | 996,867 | 5,460 | 253,778 | 564,908 | 5,762,250 |
1882 | 230,893 | 921,664 | 5,533 | 260,369 | 905,114 | 6,253,350 |
1883 | 222,899 | 892,445 | 6,518 | 336,606 | 1,099,239 | 6,855,244 |
1884 | 246,392 | 988,953 | 6,393 | 342,151 | 1,116,761 | 6,942,486 |
1885 | 222,732 | 890,056 | 5,876 | 299,762 | 1,154,579 | 6,591,911 |
1886 | 235,578 | 939,648 | 4,920 | 257,653 | 1,058,504 | 6,386,682 |
1887 | 187,938 | 747,878 | 6,790 | 362,434 | 1,085,433 | 6,551,081 |
1888 | 229,608 | 914,309 | 8,482 | 380,933 | 1,274,739 | 7,255,128 |
1889 | 197,492 | 785,490 | 7,519 | 329,590 | 1,606,605 | 9,042,008 |
1890 | 187,641 | 751,360 | 7,438 | 378,563 | 1,440,731 | 9,428,761 |
1891 | 251,161 | 1,007,172 | 8,388 | 437,056 | 1,436,641 | 9,400,094 |
1892 | 237,393 | 951,963 | 8,705 | 517,678 | 1,197,815 | 9,365,868 |
1893 | 227,502 | 915,921 | 8,317 | 510,775 | 1,112,181 | 8,557,443 |
1894 | 221,614 | 887,865 | 8,338 | 404,567 | 1,111,929 | 9,085,148 |
1895 | 293,493 | 1,162,181 | 7,425 | 418,766 | 1,268,843 | 8,390,153 |
1896 | 263,694 | 1,041,428 | 7,126 | 431,323 | 1,268,975 | 9,177,336 |
1897 | 251,647 | 980,204 | 6,641 | 398,010 | 1,388,879 | 9,596,267 |
1898 | 280,175 | 1,080,691 | 9,905 | 586,767 | 1,562,559 | 10,324,988 |
1899 | 389,570 | 1,513,180 | 11,116 | 607,919 | 1,645,313 | 11,799,740 |
1900 | 373,614 | 1,439,602 | 10,159 | 622,293 | 1,784,350 | 13,055,249 |
1901 | 455,558 | 1,753,784 | 7,541 | 446,114 | 1,935,567 | 12,690,460 |
1902 | 507,852 | 1,951,426 | 7,430 | 450,223 | 2,333,704 | 13,498,599 |
1903 | 533,314 | 2,037,832 | 9,357 | 631,102 | 2,288,327 | 14,838,192 |
1904 | 520,323 | 1,987,501 | 9,203 | 501,817 | 1,976,471 | 14,601,787 |
1905 | 520,485 | 2,093,936 | 10,883 | 561,444 | 2,167,616 | 15,503,530 |
1906 | 563,843 | 2,270,904 | 9,154 | 522,486 | 2,587,453 | 17,840,346 |
1907 | 508,210 | 2,027,490 | 8,708 | 579,888 | 2,934,845 | 19,783,138 |
1908 | 506,381 | 2,004,799 | 5,530 | 372,798 | 2,501,525 | 15,894,530 |
1909 | 506,371 | 2,006,900 | 8,250 | 532,698 | 3,112,465 | 19,462,936 |
1910 | 478,286 | 1,896,318 | 8,693 | 465,044 | 3,648,779 | 21,944,163 |
1911 | 454,837 | 1,815,251 | 7,587 | 395,707 | 3,176,458 | 18,781,898 |
1912 | 343,163 | 1,345,131 | 7,908 | 401,305 | 3,623,851 | 21,272,405 |
1913 | 376,161 | 1,459,499 | 8,780 | 549,106 | 3,375,922 | 22,577,890 |
1914 | 227,954 | 895,367 | 8,473 | 497,444 | 3,782,804 | 25,984,717 |
1915 | 422,825 | 1,694,553 | 4,575 | 279,133 | 4,668,986 | 31,042,862 |
1916 | 292,620 | 1,199,212 | 5,456 | 339,882 | 4,544,108 | 32,975,907 |
1917 | * | * | 4,594 | 291,917 | 4,481,578† | 30,184,069 |
Year. | Total Exports. | Imports | Total trade. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total. | From United Kingdom. | From Australia. | From United States. | |||
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
1868 | 4,429,198 | 4,985,748 | 2,299,689 | 2,261,485 | 117,326 | 9,414,946 |
1869 | 4,224,860 | 4,976,126 | 2,458,579 | 2,106,859 | 69,109 | 9,200,986 |
1870 | 4,822,756 | 4,639,015 | 2,685,736 | 1,655,086 | 60,497 | 9,461,771 |
1871 | 5,282,084 | 4,078,193 | 1,808,636 | 1,969,914 | 59,345 | 9,360,277 |
1872 | 5,190,665 | 5,142,951 | 2,685,160 | 2,097,508 | 90,657 | 10,333,616 |
1873 | 5,610,371 | 6,464,687 | 3,781,130 | 2,198,849 | 143,273 | 12,075,058 |
1874 | 5,251,269 | 8,121,812 | 5,481,036 | 2,076,626 | 191,539 | 13,373,081 |
1875 | 5,828,627 | 8,029,172 | 5,103,610 | 2,355,988 | 213,492 | 13,857,799 |
1876 | 5,673,465 | 6,905,171 | 4,451,269 | 1,942,590 | 192,287 | 12,578,636 |
1877 | 6,327,472 | 6,973,418 | 4,115,544 | 2,288,253 | 269,656 | 13,300,890 |
1878 | 6,015,700 | 8,755,663 | 5,333,170 | 2,393,863 | 432,572 | 14,771,363 |
1879 | 5,743,126 | 8,374,585 | 5,302,823 | 2,197,452 | 438,399 | 14,117,711 |
1880 | 6,352,692 | 6,162,011 | 3,479,217 | 1,930,408 | 238,011 | 12,514,703 |
1881 | 6,060,866 | 7,457,045 | 4,530,316 | 1,952,767 | 343,645 | 13,517,911 |
1882 | 6,658,008 | 8,609,270 | 5,553,324 | 1,863,865 | 463,493 | 15,267,278 |
1883 | 7,095,999 | 7,974,038 | 5,241,847 | 1,576,183 | 419,250 | 15,070,037 |
1884 | 7,091,667 | 7,663,888 | 4,934,493 | 1,635,762 | 348,557 | 14,755,555 |
1885 | 6,819,939 | 7,479,921 | 5,227,551 | 1,254,908 | 401,532 | 14,299,860 |
1886 | 6,672,791 | 6,759,013 | 4,481,101 | 1,317,376 | 337,322 | 13,431,804 |
1887 | 6,866,169 | 6,245,515 | 4,173,497 | 1,030,094 | 298,736 | 13,111,684 |
1888 | 7,767,325 | 5,941,900 | 3,725,624 | 1,218,593 | 323,069 | 13,709,225 |
1889 | 9,341,864 | 6,308,863 | 4,138,077 | 1,107,132 | 342,436 | 15,650,727 |
1890 | 9,811,720 | 6,260,525 | 4,221,270 | 1,087,593 | 355,395 | 16,072,245 |
1891 | 9,566,397 | 6,503,849 | 4,369,633 | 1,013,549 | 361,795 | 16,070,246 |
1892 | 9,534,851 | 6,943,056 | 4,767,369 | 1,112,099 | 381,627 | 16,477,907 |
1893 | 8,985,364 | 6,911,515 | 4,481,955 | 1,411,465 | 379,378 | 15,896,879 |
1894 | 9,231,047 | 6,788,020 | 3,949,770 | 1,740,965 | 394,691 | 16,019,067 |
1895 | 8,550,224 | 6,400,129 | 3,992,359 | 1,261,125 | 394,233 | 14,950,353 |
1896 | 9,321,105 | 7,137,320 | 4,714,476 | 1,090,374 | 492,840 | 16,458,425 |
1897 | 10,016,993 | 8,055,223 | 5,310,675 | 1,001,003 | 628,044 | 18,072,216 |
1898 | 10,517,955 | 8,230,600 | 5,148,833 | 1,158,865 | 800,411 | 18,748,555 |
1899 | 11,938,335 | 8,739,633 | 5,526,645 | 1,336,828 | 775,309 | 20,677,968 |
1900 | 13,246,161 | 10,646,096 | 6,504,484 | 1,776,978 | 1,061,873 | 23,892,257 |
1901 | 12,881,424 | 11,817,915 | 6,885,831 | 1,979,320 | 1,415,260 | 24,699,339 |
1902 | 13,644,977 | 11,326,723 | 6,851,452 | 1,715,295 | 1,318,937 | 24,971,700 |
1903 | 15,010,378 | 12,788,675 | 7,512,668 | 2,154,966 | 1,441,358 | 27,799,053 |
1904 | 14,748,348 | 13,291,694 | 7,982,340 | 1,893,036 | 1,527,915 | 28,040,042 |
1905 | 15,655,947 | 12,828,857 | 7,795,284 | 1,815,717 | 1,438,501 | 28,484,804 |
1906 | 18,095,137 | 15,211,403 | 9,003,229 | 2,775,312 | 1,405,781 | 33,306,540 |
1907 | 20,068,957 | 17,302,861 | 10,278,019 | 3,127,553 | 1,425,596 | 37,371,818 |
1908 | 16,317,494 | 17,471,284 | 10,441,837 | 2,841,426 | 1,643,937 | 33,788,778 |
1909 | 19,661,996 | 15,674,719 | 9,287,786 | 2,764,210 | 1,166,063 | 35,336,715 |
1910 | 22,180,209 | 17,051,583 | 10,498,771 | 2,359,393 | 1,399,737 | 39,231,792 |
1911 | 19,028,490 | 19,545,879 | 11,787,300 | 2,944,991 | 1,682,129 | 38,574,369 |
1912 | 21,770,581 | 20,976,574 | 12,499,787 | 2,583,887 | 2,049,618 | 42,747,155 |
1913 | 22,986,722 | 22,288,302 | 13,312,193 | 2,914,848 | 2,107,990 | 45,275,024 |
1914 | 26,261,447 | 21,856,095 | 11,985,946 | 3,376,371 | 2,282,966 | 48,117,542 |
1915 | 31,748,912 | 21,728,834 | 11,141,067 | 3,554,535 | 2,600,248 | 53,477,746 |
1916 | 33,286,937 | 26,339,283 | 13,869,455 | 4,002,171 | 3,969,925 | 59,626,220 |
1917* | 30,683,159 | 20,919,259 | 8,817,513 | 3,660,931 | 3,900,658 | 51,602,418 |
IV.—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATON.. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Oversea shipping. | ||||
Inwards. | outwards. | Registered Vessels belonging to new Zealand. | |||
Vessels | Tonnage | Vessels | Tonnage | Gross Tonnage | |
1868 | 851 | 277,105 | 873 | 287,710 | 24,539 |
1869 | 764 | 250,731 | 771 | 247,764 | 25,990 |
1870 | 756 | 273,151 | 766 | 265,407 | 26,743 |
1871 | 729 | 274,643 | 709 | 265,618 | 27,107 |
1872 | 775 | 300,302 | 743 | 285,366 | 23,963 |
1873 | 739 | 289,297 | 704 | 281,847 | 30,035 |
1874 | 856 | 399,296 | 822 | 385,533 | 38,935 |
1875 | 926 | 416,727 | 940 | 417,820 | 42,025 |
1876 | 878 | 393,180 | 866 | 393,334 | 44,401 |
1877 | 812 | 388,568 | 848 | 400,609 | 42,479 |
1878 | 926 | 456,490 | 886 | 428,493 | 46,965 |
1879 | 894 | 473,940 | 908 | 475,752 | 64,457 |
1880 | 730 | 395,675 | 786 | 424,041 | 66,316 |
1881 | 765 | 420,134 | 762 | 413,487 | 72,387 |
1882 | 795 | 461,285 | 769 | 438,551 | 76,196 |
1883 | 805 | 494,926 | 851 | 507,565 | 84,903 |
1884 | 852 | 529,188 | 872 | 534,242 | 92,696 |
1885 | 786 | 519,700 | 780 | 513,000 | 95,887 |
1886 | 725 | 502,572 | 707 | 488,331 | 94,196 |
1887 | 653 | 489,754 | 675 | 493,583 | 94,027 |
1888 | 683 | 526,435 | 701 | 531,478 | 86,132 |
1889 | 781 | 602,634 | 762 | 593,252 | 87,411 |
1890 | 744 | 662,769 | 745 | 649,705 | 98,907 |
1891 | 737 | 618,515 | 744 | 625,807 | 102,068 |
1892 | 686 | 675,223 | 689 | 656,100 | 101,156 |
1893 | 617 | 615,604 | 635 | 642,466 | 100,388 |
1894 | 609 | 631,100 | 614 | 631,250 | 99,588 |
1895 | 611 | 672,951 | 597 | 648,946 | 100,988 |
1896 | 589 | 614,097 | 592 | 627,659 | 105,553 |
1897 | 600 | 686,899 | 587 | 675,333 | 119,713 |
1898 | 620 | 765,255 | 622 | 765,793 | 126,113 |
1899 | 609 | 811,183 | 604 | 807,866 | 129,583 |
1900 | 616 | 854,632 | 613 | 825,275 | 137,767 |
1901 | 688 | 1,063,274 | 691 | 1,075,906 | 143,183 |
1902 | 638 | 1,089,179 | 611 | 1,048,770 | 147,822 |
1903 | 617 | 1,102,064 | 608 | 1,113,165 | 150,909 |
1904 | 629 | 1,154,569 | 620 | 1,144,764 | 157,334 |
1905 | 627 | 1,139,410 | 627 | 1,141,552 | 170,957 |
1906 | 629 | 1,243,652 | 631 | 1,238,214 | 180,124 |
1907 | 645 | 1,254,266 | 615 | 1,225,382 | 197,001 |
1908 | 658 | 1,361,047 | 656 | 1,331,305 | 228,399 |
1909 | 605 | 1,263,935 | 596 | 1,253,878 | 230,614 |
1910 | 609 | 1,389,031 | 588 | 1,367,207 | 233,531 |
1911 | 621 | 1,482,378 | 624 | 1,467,402 | 234,084 |
1912 | 677 | 1,672,092 | 666 | 1,668,630 | 245,445 |
1913 | 645 | 1,738,985 | 635 | 1,699,807 | 254,117 |
1914 | 646 | 1,724,849 | 657 | 1,781,981 | 168,552 |
1915 | 638 | 1,641,425 | 649 | 1,635,933 | 150,095 |
1916 | 574 | 1,448,517 | 590 | 1,491,593 | 148,497 |
1917 | 543 | 1,405,776 | 547 | 1,381,882 | 140,039 |
IV.—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATON.continued | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Government railways(Figure to 31st March following.) | Electric Telegraph From 1895 (Figure For 31st March following. | ||||
Miles open for traffic. | Miles under constructions. | Railway Receipt. | Miles of Lines | Number of Messages. | Cash and cash values, including Telephones. | |
£ | £ | |||||
1868 | .. | .. | .. | 1,471 | 134,647 | 26,224 |
1869 | .. | .. | .. | 1,611 | 173,746 | 32,649 |
1870 | .. | .. | .. | 1,887 | 238,195 | 27,422 |
1871 | .. | .. | .. | 2,015 | 369,085 | 37,203 |
1872 | .. | .. | .. | 2,312 | 491,205 | 44,669 |
1873 | 145 | 434 | .. | 2,389 | 637,941 | 55,195 |
1874 | 209 | 621 | 21,198 | 2,632 | 844,301 | 62,322 |
1875 | 542 | 464 | 72,073 | 3,156 | 993,323 | 74,420 |
1876 | 718 | 127 | 469,051 | 3,170 | 1,100,599 | 80,841 |
1877 | 1,052 | 251 | 569,898 | 3,307 | 1,182,955 | 85,589 |
1878 | 1,089 | 142 | 758,096 | 3,434 | 1,260,324 | 92,433 |
1879 | 1,171 | 284 | 762,572 | 3,512 | 1,448,943 | 112,351 |
1880 | 1,288 | 192 | 836,077 | 3,758 | 1,304,712 | 100,023 |
1881 | 1,333 | 187 | 892,026 | 3,824 | 1,438,772 | 101,566 |
1882 | 1,371 | 171 | 953,347 | 3,974 | 1,570,189 | 102,378 |
1883 | 1,404 | 224 | 961,304 | 4,074 | 1,599,400 | 102,958 |
1884 | 1,479 | 158 | 11,045,712 | 4,264 | 1,654,305 | 101,482 |
1885 | 1,613 | 179 | 1,047,418 | 4,463 | 1,774,273 | 112,778 |
1886 | 1,721 | 171 | 998,768 | 4,546 | 1,836,266 | 115,666 |
1887 | 1,753 | 169 | 994,843 | 4,646 | 1,835,394 | 116,211 |
1888 | 1,777 | 163 | 997,615 | 4,790 | 1,765,860 | 104,116 |
1889 | 1,809 | 176 | 1,095,569 | 4,874 | 1,802,987 | 106,462 |
1890 | 1,842 | 132 | 1,121,701 | 5,060 | 1,961,161 | 110,697 |
1891 | 1,869 | 170 | 1,115,432 | 5,349 | 1,968,264 | 117,634 |
1892 | 1,886 | 188 | 1,181,522 | 5,479 | 1,904,143 | 103,813 |
1893 | 1,948 | 148 | 1,172,792 | 5,513 | 2,069,791 | 112,466 |
1894 | 1,993 | 127 | 1,150,851 | 5,823 | 2,046,839 | 136,062 |
1895 | 2,014 | 114 | 1,183,041 | 6,245 | 2,124,211 | 148,955 |
1896 | 2,018 | 124 | 1,286,158 | 6,285 | 2,520,169 | 152,752 |
1897 | 2,055 | 92 | 1,376,008 | 6,484 | 2,696,233 | 160,725 |
1898 | 2,090 | 113 | 1,469,665 | 6,736 | 2,960,738 | 170,794 |
1899 | 2,104 | 111 | 1,623,891 | 6,910 | 3,469,631 | 192,376 |
1900 | 2,212 | 208 | 1,727,236 | 7,249 | 3,898,128 | 222,305 |
1901 | 2,235 | 212 | 1,874,586 | 7,469 | 4,167,981 | 234,984 |
1902 | 2,291 | 194 | 1,974,038 | 7,749 | 4,559,304 | 248,934 |
1903 | 2,328 | 175 | 2,180,641 | 7,779 | 4,965,197 | 261,941 |
1904 | 2,374 | 173 | 2,209,231 | 7,944 | 5,159,745 | 270,660 |
1905 | 2,407 | 222 | 2,349,704 | 8,355 | 5,640,219 | 298,079 |
1906 | 2,458 | 208 | 2,624,600 | 8,953 | 6,396,332 | 325,007 |
1907 | 2,474 | 255 | 2,761,938 | 9,656 | 7,042,923 | 348,749 |
1908 | 2,674 | 188 | 2,929,526 | 10,404 | 7,425,693 | 374,174 |
1909 | 2,717 | 184 | 3,249,790 | 10,901 | 7,846,890 | 399,361 |
1910 | 2,753 | 192 | 3,494,182 | 11,316 | 8,360,647 | 438,989 |
1911 | 2,798 | 205 | 3,676,509 | 11,805 | 9,063,133 | 479,289 |
1912 | 2,851 | 192 | 3,971,002 | 12,508 | 9,944,272 | 528,119 |
1913 | 2,854 | 223 | 4,043,328 | 13,044 | 10,694,032 | 579,816 |
1914 | 2,945 | 211 | 4,105,457 | 13,434 | 10,827,968 | 665,938 |
1915 | 2,970 | 243 | 4,548,356 | 13,684 | 10,836,751 | 846,259 |
1916 | 2,970 | 243 | 4,800,810 | 13,896 | 10,875,120 | 855,298 |
1917 | 2,993 | 231 | 4,687,700 | 13,687 | 11,624,720 | 868,182 |
V.—FINANCE. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Banks of Issue. (Average of Four Quarters.) | Savings-banks (Post Office and private). | Post Office Money-orders issued. | ||||
Deposits. | Assets. | Liabilities. | Number of Depositors. | Balance to credit at End of Year. | Number. | Amount. | |
£ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
1868 | 3,102,727 | 5,734,745 | 3,838,220 | 8,121 | 243,615 | 25,854 | 118,211 |
1869 | 3,174,831 | 6,231,416 | 3,863,006 | 10,103 | 320,383 | 28,427 | 127,218 |
1870 | 3,127,769 | 6,315,354 | 3,819,670 | 12,137 | 388,804 | 31,864 | 140,454 |
1871 | 3,334,672 | 5,871,888 | 3,988,400 | 14,275 | 454,966 | 36,291 | 157,397 |
1872 | 3,919,838 | 5,429,747 | 4,628,819 | 17,289 | 597,002 | 44,660 | 191,009 |
1873 | 4,713,806 | 7,267,720 | 5,538,030 | 21,807 | 812,144 | 52,351 | 219,258 |
1874 | 5,564,434 | 9,954,216 | 6,490,504 | 27,215 | 943,753 | 62,712 | 263,164 |
1875 | 5,967,205 | 10,987,178 | 6,987,318 | 30,310 | 897,326 | 73,027 | 293,481 |
1876 | 6,238,471 | 11,776,070 | 7,221,399 | 32,577 | 905,146 | 80,255 | 310,268 |
1877 | 7,185,106 | 12,992,104 | 8,152,230 | 35,709 | 964,430 | 90,672 | 334,973 |
1878 | 8,960,369 | 15,393,630 | 10,031,009 | 39,926 | 1,043,204 | 101,017 | 368,255 |
1879 | 8,021,073 | 16,054,295 | 9,057,463 | 42,679 | 990,337 | 117,999 | 428,673 |
1880 | 8,538,935 | 14,220,275 | 9,550,177 | 47,462 | 1,148,992 | 135,648 | 465,405 |
1881 | 9,069,377 | 14,863,645 | 10,083,188 | 61,054 | 1,549,515 | 135,556 | 452,182 |
1882 | 8,945,346 | 17,162,234 | 10,015,273 | 68,358 | 1,832,047 | 148,162 | 499,368 |
1883 | 8,659,477 | 17,794,761 | 9,706,700 | 73,546 | 1,784,631 | 172,556 | 541,133 |
1884 | 9,643,214 | 18,442,139 | 10,691,599 | 79,514 | 1,926,759 | 186,052 | 572,666 |
1885 | 10,083,296 | 18,811,567 | 11,130,244 | 85,769 | 2,142,560 | 188,622 | 581,395 |
1886 | 10,579,711 | 19,041,827 | 11,603,194 | 91,296 | 2,133,861 | 155,680 | 547,755 |
1887 | 11,031,614 | 18,799,847 | 11,995,495 | 97,496 | 2,407,776 | 159,579 | 555,744 |
1888 | 11,155,778 | 18,709,444 | 12,108,353 | 103,046 | 2,691,693 | 162,387 | 555,996 |
1889 | 11,528,424 | 17,652,915 | 12,486,717 | 110,566 | 2,858,644 | 172,076 | 589,545 |
1890 | 12,368,610 | 17,735,259 | 13,356,598 | 118,344 | 3,137,023 | 176,427 | 602,077 |
1891 | 12,796,098 | 16,814,518 | 13,820,458 | 126,886 | 3,406,949 | 195,239 | 651,990 |
1892 | 13,587,062 | 17,558,168 | 14,623,335 | 135,827 | 3,580,544 | 199,438 | 694,847 |
1893 | 14,433,777 | 18,255,534 | 15,489,633 | 147,199 | 3,966,849 | 210,957 | 750,929 |
1894 | 13,927,217 | 17,746,421 | 14,930,791 | 154,405 | 4,066,594 | 222,678 | 776,783 |
1895 | 13,544,415 | 18,159,781 | 14,491,627 | 163,513 | 4,620,696 | 243,497 | 812,604 |
1896 | 14,490,827 | 16,900,199 | 15,520,431 | 175,173 | 5,065,864 | 269,566 | 902,160 |
1897 | 14,290,512 | 17,276,771 | 15,380,248 | 187,954 | 5,520,080 | 293,659 | 970,831 |
1898 | 14,143,229 | 17,013,404 | 15,299,058 | 199,464 | 5,746,887 | 318,370 | 1,029,241 |
1899 | 14,591,223 | 17,190,433 | 15,834,858 | 213,172 | 6,128,297 | 344,664 | 1,118,808 |
1900 | 15,570,610 | 17,314,535 | 16,964,582 | 228,883 | 6,665,344 | 369,834 | 1,214,853 |
1901 | 16,034,848 | 18,422,274 | 17,490,035 | 245,024 | 7,268,103 | 405,967 | 1,286,508 |
1902 | 17,231,767 | 18,999,180 | 18,701,063 | 261,948 | 7,876,877 | 367,207 | 1,277,059 |
1903 | 19,011,114 | 19,913,546 | 20,563,879 | 280,011 | 8,432,958 | 396,312 | 1,416,224 |
1904 | 19,074,960 | 20,893,096 | 20,643,359 | 297,569 | 8,839,307 | 407,783 | 1,476,887 |
1905 | 20,545,601 | 21,770,525 | 22,144,166 | 316,376 | 9,773,954 | 417,441 | 1,541,712 |
1906 | 22,422,243 | 23,829,933 | 24,143,008 | 341,114 | 11,170,025 | 439,020 | 1,686,232 |
1907 | 23,517,111 | 26,584,239 | 25,334,348 | 364,422 | 12,825,063 | 441,487 | 1,773,591 |
1908 | 21,821,753 | 29,098,567 | 23,611,903 | 388,945 | 13,512,266 | 488,084 | 2,050,684 |
1909 | 21,996,621 | 26,937,265 | 23,728,326 | 408,770 | 14,065,410 | 538,740 | 2,307,593 |
1910 | 24,968,761 | 26,398,927 | 26,742,081 | 432,119 | 15,620,515 | 569,657 | 2,457,523 |
1911 | 26,765,122 | 29,433,614 | 28,625,803 | 459,602 | 17,194,461 | 607,764 | 2,759,393 |
1912 | 25,622,083 | 31,196,400 | 27,508,348 | 503,927 | 18,043,540 | 666,425 | 3,231,350 |
1913 | 25,733,187 | 30,708,932 | 27,591,099 | 532,682 | 18,923,522 | 690,745 | 3,357,774 |
1914 | 27,640,507 | 32,502,312 | 29,808,349 | 559,203 | 20,924,754 | 691,518 | 3,427,505 |
1915 | 31,433,653 | 33,209,483 | 34,448,270 | 587,109 | 24,238,966 | 664,860 | 3,471,818 |
1916 | 37,757,917 | 37,015,486 | 41,977,619 | 619,972 | 28,015,674 | 669,355 | 3,607,087 |
1917 | 42,930,713 | 44,979,616 | 48,541,961 | 651,532 | 31,917,099 | 642,683 | 3,476,646 |
Year. | Insurance in force in the Government life Insurance Department at the end of year. | Old -age pension 31st march of following year. | Friendly societies from which Returns received. | Public Trust office. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No of policies. | Sums Assured and Bonuses. | No of Pensions in force. | Amount represented. | No.of lodges. | No.of Members. | No.of Estates. | Value of Estates. | |
* From here figures are for year ended 31st March following. † Information not available. | ||||||||
£ | £ | £ | ||||||
1868 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1869 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1870 | 59 | 30,250 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1871 | 454 | 200,611 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1872 | 1,689 | 625,421 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1873 | 2,634 | 995,986 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 257 | 17,500 |
1874 | 3,953 | 1,453,496 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 293 | 28,930 |
1875 | 4,989 | 1,836,859 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 347 | 42,163 |
1876 | 6,153 | 2,22,129 | .. | .. | 89 | 8,560 | 412 | 59,720 |
1877 | 7,149 | 2,716,907 | .. | .. | 88 | 8,828 | 575 | 67,675 |
1878 | 8,711 | 3,251,220 | .. | .. | 110 | 9,759 | 627 | 73,940 |
1879 | 10,223 | 3,726,330 | .. | .. | 138 | 13,165 | 713 | 96,315 |
1880 | 11,656 | 4,171,504 | .. | .. | 179 | 14,484 | 770 | 117,980 |
1881 | 12,411 | 4,471,182 | .. | .. | 272 | 18,634 | 836 | 150,750 |
1882 | 15,892 | 5,273,164 | .. | .. | 273 | 18,700 | 911 | 204,545 |
1883 | 19,917 | 5,992,111 | .. | .. | 275 | 18,848 | 1,024 | 317,680 |
1884 | 21,003 | 6,224,571 | .. | .. | 281 | 21,144 | 1,082 | 392,315 |
1885 | 23,218 | 6,552,242 | .. | .. | 302 | 22,794 | 1,190 | 457,620 |
1886 | 24,715 | 7,053,276 | .. | .. | 290 | 21,679 | 1,293 | 576,010 |
1887 | 25,439 | 7,136,944 | .. | .. | 347 | 24,928 | 1,304 | 715,860 |
1888 | 26,168 | 7,362,488 | .. | .. | 353 | 24,938 | 1,483 | 954,675 |
1889 | 27,218 | 7,600,537 | .. | .. | 365 | 26,0131 | 1,561 | 11,130,960 |
1890 | 28,102 | 7,807,792 | .. | .. | 357 | 26,379 | 1,678 | 11,240,097 |
1891 | 29,726 | 8,390,803 | .. | .. | 364 | 27,372 | 1,825 | 11,252,625 |
1892 | 30,316 | 8,580,817 | .. | .. | 379 | 28,754 | 1,912 | 1,284,745 |
1893 | 31,709 | 8,821,255 | .. | .. | 372 | 29,763 | 2,022 | 1,450,918 |
1894 | 32,907 | 9,232,5 | .. | .. | 369 | 29,963 | 2,086* | 1,562,269* |
1895 | 33,968 | 9,345,229 | .. | .. | 376 | 30,905 | 2,236 | 1,806,953 |
1896 | 34,772 | 9,415,693 | .. | .. | 392 | 31,825 | 2,334 | 1,898,163 |
1897 | 36,174 | 9,857,010 | .. | .. | 388 | 32,670 | 2,413 | 1,950,314 |
1898 | 37,848 | 10,124,227 | 7,443 | 128,082 | 410 | 35,501 | 2,491 | 12,110,316 |
1899 | 39,366 | 10,341,702 | 11,285 | 193,718 | 433 | 38,202 | 2,667 | 2,192,594 |
1900 | 40,368 | 10,639,978 | 12,405 | 211,965 | 443 | 40,257 | 2,898 | 12,326,954 |
1901 | 41,291 | 10,627,263 | 12,776 | 217,192 | 445 | 41,236 | 3,049 | 12,467,614 |
1902 | 42,406 | 11,024,734 | 12,481 | 211,595 | 462 | 43,408 | 3,314 | 2,706,785 |
1903 | 43,116 | 11,111,807 | 11,926 | 200,915 | 465 | 45,255 | 3,470 | 3,152,882 |
1904 | 44,194 | 11,261,080 | 11,770 | 199,081 | 479 | 47,302 | 3,685 | 3,577,355 |
1905 | 45,137 | 11,725,977 | 12,582 | 313,018 | 501 | 51,103 | 3,977 | 4,009,992 |
1906 | 45,981 | 11,851,491 | 13,257 | 326,084 | 500 | 53,759 | 4,276 | 4,590,157 |
1907 | 46,945 | 11,980,123 | 13,569 | 333,340 | 516 | 56,817 | 4,718 | 4,065,989 |
1908 | 47,033 | 12,024,699 | 14,396 | 353,343 | 505 | 58,517 | 4,946 | 4,644,795 |
1909 | 48,016 | 12,447,748 | 15,320 | 374,699 | 567 | 64,428 | 5,466 | 5,184,840 |
1910 | 48,932 | 12,586,798 | 16,020 | 403,020 | 609, | 68,006 | 5,966 | 5,477,675 |
1911 | 49,376 | 12,683,277 | 16,649 | 416,530 | 658 | 71,771 | 6,456 | 5,951,233 |
1912 | 50,458 | 13,271,699 | 16,509 | 412,408 | 664 | 73,243 | 7,225 | 6,782,532 |
1913 | 51,343 | 13,539,467 | 18,050 | 447,765 | 681 | 73,691 | 7,538 | 7,288,447 |
1914 | 52,273 | 13,797,075 | 19,352 | 475,970 | 717 | 74,074 | 8,026 | 7,942,158 |
1915 | 52,950 | 14,220,945 | 19,804 | 484,232 | 728 | 73,027 | 8,734 | 8,217,500 |
1916 | 53,208 | 14,259,372 | 19,697 | 480,559 | 727 | 70,360 | † | † |
1917 | 53,058 | 14,188,774 | 19,954 | 486,877 | 730 | 68,771 | 13,746 | 510,358,685 |
VI.—EDUCATION. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year. | Scholars at Primary Schools.* | Scholars at Secondary or High Schools.† | Scholars at Private Schools. | New Zealand University Graduates (Direct Degrees) |
* Excluding children attending Native Schools and Industrial Schools. The numbers for 1917 were 5,173 and 699 respectively. † Including in later years secondary pupils attending Technical High Schools (2,347 in 1917). NOTE.—Statistics of schools and scholars not being complete for years prior to 1874, no figures are entered for those years. | ||||
1868 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1869 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1870 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1871 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1872 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1873 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
1874 | 38,215 | .. | 8,237 | .. |
1875 | 45,562 | .. | 7,316 | .. |
1876 | 51,964 | 654 | 9,357 | .. |
1877 | 56,239 | 716 | 9,992 | .. |
1878 | 65,040 | 868 | 9,206 | .. |
1879 | 75,556 | 1,417 | 10,234 | .. |
1880 | 82,401 | 1,631 | 11,238 | .. |
1881 | 83,560 | 1,819 | 9,987 | .. |
1882 | 87,179 | 1,899 | 10,002 | .. |
1883 | 92,476 | 2,384 | 11,255 | .. |
1884 | 97,238 | 2,642 | 12,203 | .. |
1885 | 102,407 | 2,659 | 11,989 | 103 |
1886 | 106,328 | 2,358 | 12,497 | 117 |
1887 | 110,919 | 2,242 | 13,417 | 145 |
1888 | 112,685 | 2,120 | 13,893 | 168 |
1889 | 115,456 | 2,147 | 13,458 | 199 |
1890 | 117,912 | 2,117 | 13,626 | 230 |
1891 | 119,523 | 2,205 | 14,142 | 279 |
1892 | 122,620 | 2,262 | 14,456 | 323 |
1893 | 124,690 | 2,251 | 14,922 | 366 |
1894 | 127,300 | 2,454 | 14,627 | 410 |
1895 | 129,856 | 2,525 | 14,659 | 464 |
1896 | 131,037 | 2,614 | 13,947 | 501 |
1897 | 132,197 | 2,709 | 14,447 | 546 |
1898 | 131,621 | 2,706 | 14,782 | 603 |
1899 | 131,315 | 2,723 | 15,295 | 641 |
1900 | 130,724 | 2,792 | 15,555 | 699 |
1901 | 131,351 | 2,899 | 15,344 | 757 |
1902 | 132,262 | 3,072 | 15,624 | 814 |
1903 | 133,568 | 3,722 | 15,609 | 869 |
1904 | 135,475 | 4,038 | 16,378 | 929 |
1905 | 137,623 | 4,060 | 16,639 | 992 |
1906 | 139,302 | 4,270 | 17,131 | 1,083 |
1907 | 141,071 | 4,196 | 18,088 | 1,157 |
1908 | 147,428 | 6,327 | 18,367 | 1,252 |
1909 | 152,416 | 7,063 | 17,930 | 1,327 |
1910 | 156,324 | 7,970 | 18,981 | 1,424 |
1911 | 161,648 | 6,806 | 19,868 | 1,515 |
1912 | 166,264 | 7,357 | 20,238 | 1,631 |
1913 | 172,168 | 7,818 | 21,115 | 1,758 |
1914 | 178,509 | 8,257 | 22,080 | 1,880 |
1915 | 183,214 | 8,860 | 22,339 | 2,002 |
1916 | 185,884 | 9,438 | 23,412 | 2,108 |
1917 | 190,354 | 9,937 | 25,491 | 2,226 |
Table of Contents
DATES OF CERTAIN PRINCIPAL EVENTS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS.
[NOTE.—Dates of principal events prior to August, 1914, are given in issues of the Year-book for 1915 and previous years.]
1914. Aug. 5. His Excellency the Governor publicly notified that war had been declared between Great Britain and Germany.
Aug. 15. New Zealand Advance Expeditionary Force left Wellington.
Aug. 29. New Zealand Advance Expeditionary Force landed at Apia, Samoa, unopposed.
Sept. 12. Huntly coal-mine explosion, whereby 43 lives were lost.
Oct. 16. New Zealand Main Expeditionary Force left Wellington.
1915. April 25. Australian and New Zealand Infantry effected a landing on Gallipoli.
Aug. 12. National Cabinet formed.
Dec. 19. Australian and New Zealand troops evacuated Gallipoli.
1916. April —. New Zealand Division transferred to Western front.
Aug. 1. Military Service Act passed providing for compulsory enrolment of men for war service.
Aug. 24. Eight Hon. W. F. Massey, Prime Minister, and Right Hon. Sir. J. G. Ward, Minister of Finance, left for London to confer with Imperial authorities on war matters.
Sept. 15. New Zealand Division distinguished itself at Flers.
Oct. 15. Census of New Zealand taken.
Nov. 16. First ballot under Military Service Act.
1917. June 7. Messines Village captured by New Zealand troops.
June 25. Right Hon. W. F. Massey and Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward returned from visit to London.
June 28. Earl of Liverpool sworn in as first Governor-General of New Zealand.
Oct. 4–12. New Zealand Division took prominent part in operations north-east of Ypres.
1918. June 26. Huddart-Parker's s.s. “Wimmera” sunk off North Cape by hostile mine.
July 20. Otira Tunnel pierced.
Sept. 19. Turks heavily defeated in Palestine.
Sept. 29. Bulgarian surrender signed.
Oct. 30. Turkish armistice signed.
Nov. 2. Austrian armistice signed.
Nov. 11. Armistice signed by German High Command.
Nov. 21. German Fleet surrendered.
Nov.-Dec. Influenza epidemic prevalent throughout the Dominion.
The following list contains the names of some of the principal works dealing with New Zealand, but it does not purport to be a complete list of all the important works on the Dominion. The year of publication s given in each case, and the list is arranged as far as possible in chronological order of issue.
1807. New Zealand. By Dr. Savage. London—J. Murray.
1817. Voyage to New Zealand. By John L. Nicholas. London—Black.
1823. Journal of Ten Months' Residence in New Zealand. By Captain Cruise. London—Longmans.
1830. The New-Zealanders (Library of Entertaining Knowledge). London—Chas. Knight.
1832. Nine Months' Residence in New Zealand. By Augustus Earle. London—Longmans.
1836. Two Visits to New Zealand. By Dr. Marshall. London—Nisbet and Co.
1840. Manners and Customs of the New-Zealanders. By J. S. Polack. London—Madden and Co.
1843. Travels in New Zealand. By E. Dieffenbach. London—Murray.
1855. Te-Ika-a-Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants. By Rev. Richard Taylor. London—Wertheim and Macintosh.
1856. Traditions and Superstitions of the New-Zealanders. By Edward Short-land. London—Longmans.
1859. Story of New Zealand. By Dr. Thompson. London—John Murray.
1863. Old New Zealand. By Judge Maning. Auckland—Creighton and Scales.
1874. Life of Henry Williams. By Hugh Carleton. Auckland—Upton.
1879. Reminiscences of the War in New Zealand. By T. W. Gudgeon. London—Sampson Low.
1879. George Augustus Selwyn. By Rev. H. W. Tucker. London—W. W. Gardner.
1890. Early History of New Zealand. By R. A. Sherrin and J. H. Wallace. Edited by Thomas W. Leys. (Brett's Historical Series.) Auckland—Brett.
1893. Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage round the World. Edited by Captain W. J. L. Wharton, R.N. London—Elliot Stock.
1895. History of New Zealand. By G. W. Rusden. Melbourne—Melville, Mullen, and Slade.
1896. The Art Workmanship of the Maori Race in New Zealand. By Augustus Hamilton. Dunedin—Fergusson and Mitchell.
1896. Journal of Sir Joseph Banks. Edited by Sir Joseph D. Hooker. London—Macmillan and Co.
1898. Abel Janszoon Tasman's Journal of His Discovery of Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand in 1642, &c. By J. E. Heeres. Amsterdam—F. Mueller and Co.
1898. The Long White Cloud, Aotearoa. By W. P. Reeves. London—Horace Marshall and Sons.
1898. New Zealand (Story of the Empire Series). By W. P. Reeves. London—Marshall and Sons.
1900. Old Marlborough. By T. L. Buick. Palmerston North—Hart and Keeling.
1902. State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand. By W. P. Reeves. London—Grant Richards.
1903. Old Manawatu. By T. L. Buick. Palmerston North—Buick and Young.
1905. The Maori Race. By E. Tregear. Wanganui—A. D. Willis.
1905. The Animals of New Zealand. An Account of the Colony's Air-breathing Vertebrates. By Captain E. W. Hutton and James Drummond. Third Edition, 1907. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1907. The Plants of New Zealand. By R. M. Laing and E. W. Blackwell. Second and Revised Edition. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1907. Our Feathered Immigrants. Evidence for and against Introduced Birds in New Zealand, together with Notes on Native Avifauna. Illustrated. By J. Drummond. Wellington—Government Printer.
1908. New Zealand. By P. W. Wright and W. P. Reeves. London—Black.
1908. New Zealand. (Romance of Empire Series.) By Reginald Horsley. London—T. &c. and E. &c. Jack.
1908. Adventures in New Zealand. By E. J. Wakefield. New Edition. Wellington—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1908. Historical Records of New Zealand. Vol. i (1770–1839). By Robert McNab. Wellington—Government Printer. (Another volume is in preparation.)
1909. New Zealand in Evolution, Industrial, Economic, and Political. By G. H. Scholefield, with an introduction by W. P. Reeves. London—T. F. Unwin.
1909. Murihiku. A History of the South Island of New Zealand and the Islands Adjacent and Lying to the South, from 1642 to 1835. By Robert McNab. Wellington—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1910. The Maoris of New Zealand. By J. Cowan. Wellington—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1910. The Geology of New Zealand. By James Park. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1910. New Zealand Plants and their Story. By L. Cockayne, Ph.D., F.L.S. Wellington—Government Printer.
1911. Hawaiki: The Original Home of the Maori. By S. Percy Smith. Third Edition. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1911. The Course of Prices in New Zealand. By James W. McIlwraith, LL.B., Litt.D. Wellington—Government Printer.
1911. State Socialism in New Zealand. By J. E. Le Rossignol and W. Downie Stewart. London—G. G. Harrop and Co.
1911. New Zealand. By the Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., LL.D., and J. Logan Stout, LL.B. Cambridge—University Press.
1913. The Lore of the Whare Wananga. Third Volume of Memoirs of Polynesian Society. On Maori Religion, Myths, Cosmogony, c.
1914. The Constitutional History and Law of New Zealand. By J. Hight, Litt. D., and H. D. Bamford, LL.D. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1915. Report on the Cost of Living in New Zealand, 1891–1914. By Malcolm Fraser, Government Statistician. Wellington—Government Printer.
Article on | Appeared for the Last or Only Time in Year-book of | |
---|---|---|
Year | Page | |
Acclimatization | 1894 | 430 |
Agriculture in New Zealand (by M. Murphy, F.L.S) | 1912 | 809 |
Building-stones | 1892 | 194 |
Cancer mortality in New Zealand | 1917 | 776 |
Chatham Islands, the | 1900 | 531 |
Cheviot Estate, the | 1895 | 264 |
Christchurch to West Coast, journey from | 1899 | 548 |
Coal-deposits of New Zealand, the | 1900 | 479 |
Cook Islands, the laws of | 1902 | 573 |
Co-operative system of constructing public works | 1894 | 234 |
Exotic trees in Canterbury | 1904 | 569 |
External trade of New Zealand, the | 1915 | 858 |
Fauna of New Zealand | 1914 | 957 |
Forest trees and the timber industry | 1899 | 470 |
Frozen-meat trade, the | 1894 | 311 |
Geology of New Zealand | 1914 | 943 |
Gold-dredging industry, the | 1899 | 509 |
Government Training-ship “Amokura” | 1913 | 942 |
Hanmer Thermal Springs | 1905 | 631 |
Hemp industry, the | 1900 | 477 |
H.M.S. “New Zealand” | 1913 | 932 |
Kauri-gum | 1900 | 489 |
Labour in New Zealand | 1894 | 362 |
Lakes of New Zealand, the | 1915 | 963 |
Land- and Income-tax Assessment | 1913 | 884 |
Laws of England and New Zealand, difference between | 1896 | 281 |
Maori, ancient, his amusements, games, c. | 1907 | 707 |
Maori, ancient, his clothing | 1908 | 734 |
Maori, chant (tangi) | 1907 | 711 |
Maori, colour-sense of the | 1905 | 637 |
Maori, marriage customs | 1906 | 638 |
Maori, mythology | 1900 | 536 |
Maori, neolithic, the | 1902 | 578 |
Maori, religion | 1901 | 530 |
Maori, sociology | 1903 | 641 |
Maori, songs | 1908 | 739 |
Marlborough Sounds, the | 1901 | 517 |
Midland Railway, the | 1894 | 386 |
Mineral Waters of New Zealand | 1913 | 896 |
Moa, heir of the | 1899 | 517 |
Mount Cook, a night on | 1900 | 525 |
Mount Cook, district, the | 1899 | 554 |
Mount Cook, its glaciers, and the Hermitage | 1898 | 552 |
Mount Sefton, ascent of | 1900 | 519 |
New Zealand Contingents for South Africa | 1900 | 449 |
New Zealand International Exhibition | 1907 | 701 |
Otago lakes, the | 1901 | 523 |
Patents, designs, and trade-marks | 1893 | 350 |
Pumice-stone deposits of New Zealand | 1900 | 486 |
Railways in New Zealand, their history and progress | 1894 | 377 |
Rivers of New Zealand | 1914 | 948 |
Scenic wonderland, a | 1898 | 565 |
Sheep, crossbreeding of | 1894 | 308 |
Sheep-farming | 1894 | 302 |
Shipping Companies— | ||
New Zealand Shipping Company | 1895 | 392 |
Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company | 1895 | 393 |
Union Company of New Zealand | 1895 | 389 |
Southern Alps, the | 1894 | 474 |
State farms | 1894 | 243 |
Sydney Pageant, the | 1901 | 527 |
Thermal Springs District | 1905 | 614 |
Timber-trees of the world | 1903 | 605 |
Tokaanu to Raetihi | 1899 | 539 |
Tree-planting | 1906 | 611 |
Tuhoeland | 1899 | 546 |
Varieties of soil | 1892 | 193 |
Waihi Gold-mining Company | 1897 | 432 |
Waikato district and through to Wanganui | 1899 | 520 |
Waiouru to Mangaonoho | 1899 | 543 |
Wanganui River, up the, to Tokaanu | 1900 | 509 |
Wattle-growing in the Auckland Provincial District | 1897 | 430 |
Wellington-Manawatu Railway, the | 1895 | 381 |
West Coast Sounds, the | 1894 | 472 |
White Island, a day on | 1906 | 637 |