Table of Contents
THIS, the twenty-third issue of the “New Zealand Official Yearbook,” contains the latest statistics available on all matters dealt with, the figures for the calendar year 1913 or the financial year 1913–14 being given in all cases except for local governing bodies, valuation of land, life insurance, and those matters for which statistics are not obtained annually.
Besides the thorough revision of the whole book a considerable amount of new matter has been added, and several articles have been rewritten either wholly or in part.
Among the new matter included may be mentioned a special article on “The Rivers of New Zealand” by Mr. R. Speight, M.Sc., F.G.S., and official tables showing mortality rates in New Zealand. Several new graphs have also been added, as well as a geological map of New Zealand.
My thanks are due to those responsible Government officers who have supplied information, and to the statistical staff for their co-operation and valuable assistance.
Owing to the mass of material dealt with, it would be too much to hope that no errors have crept in notwithstanding the care taken in revising and checking. I shall be pleased if readers detecting any will supply particulars as to their nature and position.
MALCOLM FRASER,
Government Statistician.
Wellington, 2nd November, 1914.
Table of Contents
THE Dominion of New Zealand consists of three main islands, with several groups of smaller islands lying at some distance from the principal group. The main islands, known as the North, the South, and Stewart Islands, have a coast-line 4,330 miles in length: North Island, 2,200 miles; South Island, 2,000 miles; and Stewart Island, 130 miles. Other islands included within the Dominion are the Chatham, Auckland, Campbell, Snares, Antipodes, Bounty, and Kermadec Islands. The Cook Group of islands and certain neighbouring islands were included in the Dominion by proclamation of the 10th June, 1901.
The total area of the Dominion proper (i.e. excluding the islands annexed in 1901) is 66,292,232 acres or 103,581 square miles. The land area of the Cook Group is about 150 square miles, and of the other islands annexed in 1901 about 130 square miles. Full information as to boundaries and area, together with descriptive matter relating to the physical features of the various portions of the Dominion, will be found in the 1913 issue of this hook.
The first authentic account of the discovery of New Zealand is that given by Abel Jansen Tasman, the Dutch navigator. He left Batavia on the 14th August, 1642, in the yacht “Heemskercq,” accompanied by the “Zeehaen” (or “Sea-hen”) fly-boat. After having visited Mauritius, and discovered Tasmania, named by him “Van Diemen's Land,” in honour of Anthony van Diemen, Governor of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, he steered eastward, and on the 13th December of the same year sighted the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand, described by him as “a high mountainous country.”
Tasman, under the belief that the land he saw belonged to a great polar continent, and was part of the country discovered some years before by Schouten and Le Maire, to which the name of Staten Land had been given, gave the same name of Staten Land to New Zealand; but within about three months afterwards Schouten's “Staten Land” was found to be merely an inconsiderable island. Upon this discovery being announced, the country that Tasman had called Staten Land received the name of “New Zealand,” by which it has ever since been known. Tasman sailed along the coast to a bay, where he anchored. To this he gave the name of Murderers (since termed Massacre or Golden) Bay, on account of an unprovoked attack on a boat's crew by the Natives, and the massacre of four white men. Thence he steered along the west coast of the North Island, and gave the name of Cape Maria van Diemen to the north-western extremity thereof. After sighting the islands of the Three Kings he finally departed, not having set foot in the country.
There is no record of any visit to New Zealand after Tasman's departure until the time of Captain Cook, who, after leaving the Society Islands, sailed in search of a southern continent then believed to exist. He sighted land on the 6th October, 1769, at Young Nick's Head, and on the 8th of that month cast anchor in Poverty Bay. After having coasted round the North Island and the South and Stewart Islands—which last he mistook for part of the South Island—he took his departure from Cape Farewell on the 31st March, 1770, for Australia. He visited New Zealand again in 1773, in 1774, and in 1777.
M. de Surville, a French officer in command of the vessel “Saint Jean Baptiste,” while on a voyage of discovery, sighted the northeast coast of New Zealand on the 12th December, 1769, and remained for a short time. A visit was soon after paid by another French officer, M. Marion du Fresne, who arrived on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand on the 24th March, 1772, but was, on the 12th June following, murdered at the Bay of Islands by the Natives.
Captain George Vancouver in the “Discovery,” accompanied by Captain Broughton in the “Chatham,” anchored in Dusky Bay, on the west coast of the South Island, on the 2nd November, 1791, and remained there until the 21st. After leaving Dusky Bay the two vessels parted company during a gale, not meeting again until their arrival at Otaheite. During the passage of the “Chatham” to this place, Captain Broughton discovered and named the Chatham Islands (on the 29th November, 1791).
On the 5th November, 1792, the “Britannia” (Captain Raven) anchored in Facile Harbour, on the west coast of the South Island. She had come from Sydney for the purpose of procuring seal-skins. A party of men was landed and accommodation for them built, and, on the 1st December the “Britannia” sailed for the Cape of Good Hope. On her return on the 27th December, 1793, the men were found to be in good health. So far as is known, this was the first instance of Europeans being left in New Zealand to their own resources.
The Spanish expedition in the vessels “Descubrierta” and “Atrevida,” the former commanded by Alejandro Malaspina and the latter by José de Bustamente y Guerra, sighted the west coast of the South Island on the 25th February, 1793. A boat's crew went into Doubtful Bay, whilst the vessels remained off the entrance. Next morning they unsuccessfully attempted to enter Dusky Bay, but the weather becoming stormy they left for Sydney, after giving Spanish names to several places in and around Dusky and Doubtful Bays.
In 1793 also the “Dædalus,” under the command of Lieutenant Hanson, was sent by the Government of New South Wales to New Zealand, and two chiefs were taken thence to Norfolk Island. There was after this an occasional intercourse between the islands of New Zealand and the English settlements in New South Wales.
On the 23rd May, 1820, Thaddeus Bellingshausen, in command of the two Russian ships “Wostok” and “Mirny,” sailed into Cook Strait, in the course of his voyage round the world. The vessels anchored in Queen Charlotte Sound on the 28th May, and remained there till the 3rd June.
In 1814 the first missionaries arrived in New Zealand—Messrs. Hall and Kendall—who had been sent as forerunners by Mr. Marsden, chaplain to the New South Wales Government. After a short stay they returned to New South Wales, and on the 19th November of that year again embarked in company with Mr. Marsden, who preached his first sermon in New Zealand on Christmas Day, 1814. He returned to Sydney on the 23rd March, 1815, leaving Messrs. Hall, Kendall, and King, who formed the first mission station at Rangihoua, Bay of Islands, under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society. Six years later, in 1821, the work of evangelization was put on a more durable basis; but the first station of the Wesleyan mission, established by Mr. Leigh and his wife, at the valley of the Kaeo, Whangaroa, was not taken possession of until the 10th June, 1823.
Almost immediately after Cook returned to England on the completion of his first voyage round the world there was published in London, on the 29th August, 1771, a pamphlet by Alexander Dalrymple, entitled “Scheme of a Voyage to convey the Conveniences of Life, Domestic Animals, Corn, Iron, &c., to New Zeland [sic], with Dr. Benjamin Franklin's Sentiments upon the Subject.” The idea Dalrymple had in mind was to civilize the Maoris by furnishing them with useful commodities, taking in exchange whatever goods the Natives could supply by way of trade. Dalrymple being unsuccessful in raising money to carry out his plan the matter dropped, but he was the first to suggest the idea of opening up commerce with New Zealand, thus paving the way for its colonization.
The first attempt at colonization was made in 1825 by a company formed in London, and called the New Zealand Company. An expedition was sent out under the command of Captain Herd, who acquired tracts of land at Hokianga, at Manakau, and on the borders of the Thames. The company was prevented by adverse circumstances from forming a settlement.
In the same year two other persons, namely, Baron Charles de Thierry and Mr. William Stewart, were trying to form colonization companies in London. The former chose for his sphere the North Island and the latter Stewart Island, but neither scheme was successful.
In consequence of frequent visits of whaling-vessels to the Bay of Islands, a settlement grew up at Kororareka—now called Russell—and in 1833 Mr. Busby was appointed British Resident there. A number of Europeans gradually settled in different parts of the country, and married Native women.
In 1837 the New Zealand Association was formed, to apply to New Zealand the Wakefield system of colonization. A Royal Charter was applied for, but the terms offered by the British Government not being acceptable, the association dissolved. Some of the members of this association formed a plan for the prosecution of its leading objects by means of a joint-stock company. On the 29th August, 1838, a private copartnership was established under the name of “The New Zealand Colonization Company.” By the spring of 1839 it had raised sufficient funds to purchase an extensive territory (principally surrounding Hokianga and Kaipara Harbours), and to fit out a preliminary expedition for surveying the coasts, making further purchases, and preparing for the early arrival of settlers. On the 2nd May, 1839, the New Zealand Colonization Company ceased to exist, and the New Zealand Company (the second of that name) was formed with a capital of £100,000 in 4,000 shares of £25 each, to establish settlement in New Zealand on systematic principles.
On the 22nd January, 1810, the first body of immigrants arrived in Port Nicholson, and founded the town of Wellington. About the same time—namely, on the 29th January 1840—Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands, empowered, with the consent of the Natives, to proclaim the sovereignty of Queen Victoria over the Islands of New Zealand, and to assume the government thereof. A compact called the Treaty of Waitangi, to which in less than six months five hundred and twelve names were affixed, was entered into, whereby all rights and powers of sovereignty were ceded to the Queen, all territorial rights being secured to the chiefs and their tribes. The seat of Government was established at Waitemata (Auckland), and a settlement formed there.
The New Zealand Company having decided to form another settlement, to which the name of “Nelson” was to be given, despatched a preliminary expedition from England in April, 1841, for the purpose of selecting a site. The spot chosen was the head of Blind Bay, where a settlement was established. About the same time a number of pioneers arrived in Taranaki, despatched thither by the New Plymouth Company, a colonizing society which had been formed in England, and had bought 50,000 acres of land from the New Zealand Company.
The next important event in the progress of colonization was the arrival at Port Chalmers, on the 23rd March, 1848, of the first of two emigrant ships sent out by the Otago Association for the foundation of a settlement by persons belonging to or in sympathy with the Free Church of Scotland.
In 1849 the “Canterbury Association for founding a Settlement in New Zealand” was incorporated. On the 16th December, 1850, the first emigrant ship despatched by the association arrived at Port Cooper, and the work of opening up the adjoining country was set about in a systematic fashion, the intention of the promoters being to establish a settlement complete in itself, and composed entirely of members of the then United Church of England and Ireland.
The rich tussock plains of Canterbury yielded at once to the efforts of the settlers, and the province soon became the great pastoral and agricultural centre of the colony. Grain and wool were exported, and the volume of trade increased rapidly. The district grew prosperous, and many of the settlers became wealthy men. The foresight of the founders of the settlement provided for endowments for schools and churches, and for the construction of roads and bridges, and when the provinces were abolished in 1875 Canterbury not only handed over a well-equipped district but a large credit balance at its bankers.
Up to the early sixties Otago had made a slow but steady advance much of the province being adapted to agriculture, to which the energies of the majority of the early settlers were devoted. In 1861, however, gold was discovered in the Lindis Valley, and this, together with further rich finds in Gabriel's Gully and various other parts of Otago, attracted people from all parts of Australasia. The province rapidly increased in wealth and prosperity, and Dunedin soon became a thriving and populous commercial centre.
Southland advanced steadily, mainly on account of its rich agricultural and pastoral lands; and in the northern and western parts of the South Island good progress was also made. Marlborough and the eastern portion of Nelson, with their good soil and attractive climate, became the homes of farming communities, while Westland and the west coast of Nelson owed their progress to rich finds of gold and coal.
For many years the North Island lagged behind the South Island. Its progress was retarded by troubles with the Maoris, and in the early days many settlers, terrified by the warlike attitude of the aboriginals, abandoned their farms and left New Zealand. The unrest caused by the wars put a stop to settlement, and for years left the interior of the Island a terra incognita. After the initial conflicts with the Natives when the British flag was hoisted at the Bay of Islands, colonization proceeded quietly at Auckland, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Wellington, and Hawke's Bay.
In 1861, however, a serious misunderstanding arose at Waitara over the question of land, and almost without warning active hostilities were commenced by the Natives. The Taranaki settlers were driven from their homes, and the labour of years was destroyed in a few weeks. Blood was shed, and many men were killed on both sides. Soon the whole country from Auckland to Wellington was in arms. The settlers around Wanganui, Napier, and Wellington were forged to leave their farms and take refuge in the towns, and for a time all progress was stayed. Over ten thousand troops were brought from England to quell the disturbance, and after several years of fighting the Maoris at last sued for peace. The Waikato Natives lost their land, which was confiscated and handed over to military settlers, who soon converted the district into a thriving farming centre. Slowly the settlers restored their homes and farms, and gradually the North Island became settled by an ever-growing industrious community.
The discovery of rich gold at the Thames in 1867 attracted a large number of people from Australia and other parts of New Zealand, and since the termination of the Maori wars the North Island has made immense progress, overtaking and, in later years, rapidly outstripping the South Island.
The record of formal Government of New Zealand under the British Crown begins with the following Proclamation issued by Captain William Hobson, R.N., on the 21st May, 1840:—
In the name of Her Majesty VICTORIA, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. By WILLIAM HOBSON, Esquire, a Captain in the Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand.
WHEREAS by a treaty bearing date the sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty, made and executed by me, William Hobson, a Captain in the Royal Navy, Consul and Lieutenant-Governor in New Zealand, vested for this purpose with full powers by Her Britannic Majesty of the one part, and the Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand, and the separate and independent Chiefs of New Zealand not members of the Confederation, of the other, and further ratified and confirmed by the adherence of the principal Chiefs of this Island of New Zealand (commonly called the “Northern Island”), all rights and powers of sovereignty over the said Northern Island were ceded to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland absolutely and without reservation:
Now, therefore, I, William Hobson, Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, in the name and on behalf of Her Majesty do hereby proclaim and declare to all men that from and after the date of the above-mentioned treaty the full sovereignty of the Northern Island of New Zealand vests in Her Majesty Queen Victoria, her heirs and successors for ever.
Given under my hand, at Government House, Russell, Bay of Islands, this twenty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty.
WILLIAM HOBSON,
Lieutenant-Governor.
By His Excellency's command.
WILLOUGHBY SHORTLAND,
Colonial Secretary.
From the date of the Proclamation until the 3rd May, 1841, New Zealand remained a dependency of New South Wales, and on the latter date it was created a separate colony by Royal Charter, dated the 16th November, 1840.
The Government of the colony was first vested in a Governor, who was responsible only to the Crown; there was an Executive Council and a Legislative Council with advisory powers only. On the 23rd December, 1847, a Charter was signed dividing the colony into two provinces—New Ulster and New Minister—and this was proclaimed in New Zealand on the 10th March, 1848. The Province of New Ulster consisted of the whole of the North Island with the exception of that portion adjacent to Cook Strait and lying to the south of a line commencing at the centre of the mouth of the Patea River and running thence due east until it reaches the sea on the east coast. The Province of New Minister consisted of the portion of the North Island excluded from New Ulster and the whole of the South and Stewart Islands. Each province had a Lieutenant-Governor, an Executive Council, and a Legislative Council, while the Governor-in-Chief for the whole colony was also Governor of each province. Provision had also been made for a House of Representatives in each province, but this portion of the Charter was suspended for five years, and before it came into operation a new Constitution was obtained.
On the 30th June, 1852, the Act granting representative institutions was passed by the Imperial Parliament, and published in New Zealand by Proclamation on the 17th January, 1853. Under it the constitution of a General Assembly for the whole colony was provided for, to consist of a Legislative Council and a House of Representatives.
By the same Act the Provinces of New Ulster and New Munster were abolished and the colony was divided into six new provinces—Auckland, New Plymouth, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago.
Each province was to be presided over by an elective Superintendent, and to have an elective Provincial Council empowered to legislate, except on certain specified subjects. The franchise amounted practically to household suffrage. In each case the election was for four years, but a dissolution of the Provincial Council by the Governor could take place at any time, necessitating a fresh election both of the Council and of the Superintendent. The Superintendent was chosen by the whole body of the electors of the province, and each member of the Provincial Council by the electors of a district. The boundaries of the new provinces were gazetted on the 2nd April, 1853, and the boundaries of the electoral districts on the 14th May following, the first general elections for the House of representatives and the Provincial Councils being held during 1853 and the beginning of 1854. The Provincial Governments, afterwards increased to nine, remained as integral parts of the Constitution of the colony until the 1st November, 1876, when they were abolished by an Act of the General Assembly, that body having been vested with the power of altering the Constitution Act. On the same day an Act of the General Assembly subdivided the colony (exclusive of the areas included within municipalities) into counties and established a system of local government.
The first Executive for the colony included the Governor and three gentlemen holding office as Colonial Secretary, Attorney-General, and Colonial Treasurer—namely, Messrs. Willoughby Shortland, Francis Fisher, and George Cooper—all appointed on the 3rd May, 1841. The successors of those gentlemen (Andrew Sinclair, appointed 6th January, 1844; William Swainson, appointed 10th August, 1841; and Alexander Shepherd, appointed 9th May, 1842) continued in office until the establishment of Responsible Government on the 7th May, 1856. Only one of them, the Hon. Mr. Swainson, without ceasing to be Attorney-General, sat as a member of the first General Assembly, being Speaker of the Legislative Council. The first session of the General Assembly was opened on the 27th May, 1854, but the members of the Executive were not responsible to Parliament. During the session of that year there were associated with the permanent members of the Executive Council certain members of the House of Representatives. These latter held no portfolios. The first Ministers under a system of responsible government were appointed in the year 1856.
On addresses from both Houses of the General Assembly, His Majesty the King, by Order in Council dated 9th September, 1907, and by Proclamation issued 10th September, 1907, was graciously pleased to change the style and designation of the Colony of New Zealand to “The Dominion of New Zealand”; the change taking effect from Thursday, the 26th September, 1907.
Until the year 1865 the seat of the Government of New Zealand was at Auckland, which was proclaimed the capital of the colony in 1842, but for at least two years during that time (1851 and 1852) the General Legislative Council for New Zealand sat in Wellington with the Legislative Council of New Munster. Several attempts were made by members of Parliament, by motions in the Legislative Council and House of Representatives, to have the seat of Government removed to some more central place; but it was not until November, 1863, that Mr. Domett (an ex-Premier) was successful in carrying resolutions in the House of Representatives that steps should be taken for appointing some place in Cook Strait as the permanent seat of Government. The resolutions adopted were: “(1.) That it has become necessary that the seat of Government in the colony should be transferred to some suitable locality in Cook Strait. (2.) That, in order to promote the accomplishment of this object, it is desirable that the selection of the particular site in Cook Strait should be left to the arbitrament of an impartial tribunal. (3.) That, with this view, a Bill should be introduced to give effect to the above resolutions.” On the 25th November an address was presented to the Governor, Sir George Grey, K.C.B., by the Commons of New Zealand, requesting that the Governors of the Colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania might each be asked to appoint one Commissioner for the purpose of determining the best site in Cook Strait. Accordingly, the Hon. Joseph Docker, M.L.C., New South Wales; the Hon. Sir Francis Murphy, Speaker of the Legislative Council, Victoria; and R. C. Gunn, Esq., Tasmania, were appointed Commissioners.
These gentlemen having made a personal inspection of all suitable places, arrived at the unanimous decision “that Wellington, in Port Nicholson, was the site upon the shores of Cook Strait which presented the greatest advantages for the administration of the government of the colony.”
The seat of Government was, therefore, in accordance with the recommendation of the Commissioners, removed to Wellington in February, 1865.
Prior to the granting of Representative Institutions in 1853 there was no Parliament Building used exclusively for the meetings of the early Legislative Councils. In Auckland the later meetings of the Legislative Councils of New Zealand and New Ulster were held in the Courthouse, Official Bay, while in Wellington the Legislative Council of New Munster and also of New Zealand in 1851 and 1852, met in Barrett's Hotel (which then stood on a site in Lambton Quay, opposite the present Government Printing Office) in a room formerly used as a ball-room.
The first Parliament Building was erected in Auckland and completed in time for the meeting of the first General Assembly in May, 1854. On the transfer of the seat of Government to Wellington, the General Government purchased from the Wellington Provincial Council in January, 1865, the Provincial Council Buildings in Molesworth Street. This building was erected for the Provincial Council some six or seven years previously on a more comprehensive plan than the actual requirements of the province demanded, with a view to affording the requisite accommodation for the General Assembly on the anticipated transfer of the seat of Government to Wellington. The price paid for the building was £8,200, being one-third less than the original cost. These buildings, to which considerable additions and alterations were made later, were used for meetings of the General Assembly until 11th December, 1907, on which date they were, with the exception of the library wing, destroyed by fire. Since then Old Government House, occupying an adjoining site, has been utilized as temporary quarters for Parliament, a new residence for the Governor being erected at the southern end of the city.
The foundation stone of new Parliament Buildings to replace those destroyed by fire was laid on the 23rd March, 1912. The foundations were prepared by the Public Works Department, and the contractors are now proceeding with the construction of the first portion of the buildings. A sketch of these, as they will appear when completed, was published as a frontispiece to the 1913 issue of this book, a description of the buildings being also given.
The following are the names of successive Governors of New Zealand, with dates on which they assumed and retired from office:—
1840–1853.
Captain William Hobson, R.N. (Jan., 1840, to 10 Sept., 1842), Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand under Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales, from Jan., 1840, to 3 May, 1841, and Governor of New Zealand from 3 May, 1841, until date of death, 10 Sept. 1842.
Lieutenant Willoughby Shortland, Administrator from 10 Sept., 1842, to 26 Dec., 1843.
Captain Robert Fitzroy, R.N., Governor from 20 Dec., 1843, to 17 Nov., 1845.
Captain George Grey who became Sir George Grey, K.C.B., in 1848 (18 Nov., 1845, to 31 Dec., 1853), Governor from 18 Nov., 1845, to 1 Jan., 1848; Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster, from 1 Jan., 1848, to 7 Mar., 1853; Governor of New Zealand from 7 Mar., 1853, to 31 Dec., 1853.
Edward John Eyre, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster, appointed Aug., 1847, and sworn in on 28 Jan., 1848, until duties of Lieutenant-Governor ceased on 7 Mar., 1853.
Major-General George Dean Pitt, Lieutenant-Governor of New Ulster, appointed 3 Jan., 1848, sworn in on 14 Feb., 1848, died 8 Jan., 1851.
Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Henry Wynyard, C.B., Lieutenant-Governor of New Ulster, appointed 14 April, 1851, sworn in 26 April, 1851, until duties of Lieutenant-Governor ceased on 7 Mar., 1853.
1854–1914.
Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Henry Wynyard, C.B., Administrator from 3 Jan., 1854, to 6 Sept., 1855.
Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, C.B., from 6 Sept., 1855, to 2 Oct., 1861.
Sir George Grey. K.C.B., Administrator from 3 Oct., 1861; Governor from 4 Dec., 1861, to 5 Feb., 1868.
Sir George Ferguson Bowen, G.C.M.G., from 5 Feb., 1868, to 19 Mar., 1873.
Sir George Alfred Arney, Chief Justice, Administrator from 21 Mar. to 14 June, 1873.
Sir James Fergusson, Baronet, P.C., from 14 June, 1873, to 3 Dec., 1874.
The Marquis of Normanby, P.C., G.C.M.G., Administrator from 3 Dec., 1874; Governor from 9 Jan., 1875, to 21 Feb., 1879.
James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator from 21 Feb. to 27 Mar., 1879.
Sir Hercules George Robert Robinson, G.C.M.G., Administrator from 27 Mar., 1879; Governor from 17 April, 1879, to 8 Sept., 1880.
James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator from 9 Sept. to 29 Nov., 1880.
The Honourable Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, G.C.M.G., from 29 Nov., 1880, to 23 June, 1882.
Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator from 24 June, 1882, to 20 Jan., 1883.
Lieutenant-General Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B., from 20 Jan., 1883, to 22 Mar., 1889.
Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator from 23 Mar, to 2 May, 1889.
The Earl of Onslow, G.C.M.G., from 2 May, 1889, to 24 Feb., 1892.
Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator from 25 Feb. to 6 June, 1892.
The Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G., from 7 June, 1892, to 6 Feb., 1897.
Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator from 8 Feb., 1897, to 9 Aug., 1897.
The Earl of Ranfurly, G.C.M.G., from 10 Aug., 1897, to 19 June, 194.
The Right Honourable William Lee, Baron Plunket, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O., from 20 June, 1904, to 8 June, 1910.
Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice, Administrator from 8 June to 22 June, 1910.
The Right Honourable John Poynder Dickson-Poynder, K.C.M.G., Baron Islington, D.S.O., from 22 June, 1910, to 2 Dec, 1912.
Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice, Administrator from 3 Dec. to 19 Dec., 1912.
The Earl of Liverpool, G.C.M.G., M.V.O., from 19 Dec., 1912.
Prior to the establishment of responsible government there was an Executive Council for New Zealand consisting, in addition to the Governor, of the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, and the Colonial Treasurer, or the persons acting in that capacity, seniority being in the order named. The Governor, or in his absence the senior member present, was to preside, and two members exclusive of the Governor or member presiding were to form a quorum. The Governor was commanded to in all things consult and advise with the Executive Council, and not to exercise the powers and authorities vested in him except by and with the concurrence and advice of the Executive Council, except in cases of an urgent and pressing nature which would not admit of the delay incident to the deliberation of the Council. In such cases he was, with all convenient speed, to bring the measures so adopted by him before the Executive Council for their revision and sanction. Nothing in these instructions, however, was to prevent the Governor exercising any or all of the powers and authorities vested in him, without the advice and concurrence of the Executive Council in cases not considered of sufficient importance to require their assistance or advice, or in cases which were of such a nature that in his judgment material prejudice might be sustained by consulting the Executive Council thereupon. No questions were to be brought before the Council except those proposed by the Governor, who in any case in which he saw sufficient cause to dissent from the opinion of the major part or the whole of the Council was further empowered to exercise the powers vested in him in opposition to such opinion.
During the year 1854 there were associated with the permanent official members of the Executive Council above referred to certain members of the House of Representatives, but without portfolios. The following are the names of the various gentlemen who were members of the Executive Council of New Zealand prior to the establishment of responsible government on the 7th May, 1856:—
Willoughby Shortland, Colonial Secretary, from 3 May, 1841, to 31 Dec., 1843: succeeded by Mr. Sinclair.
Francis Fisher, Attorney-General, from 3 May to 10 Aug., 1841; succeeded by Mr. Swainson.
George Copper, Colonial Treasurer, from 3 May, 1841, to 9 May, 1842; succeeded by Mr. Shepherd.
William Swainson, Attorney-General, from 10 Aug., 1841, to 7 May, 1856.
Alexander Shepherd, Colonial Treasurer, from 9 May, 1842, to 7 May, 1856.
Andrew Sinclair, Colonial Secretary, from 6 Jan., 1844, to 7 May, 1856.
James Edward FitzGerald, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.
Henry Sewell, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.
Frederick Aloysius Weld, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.
Francis Dillon Bell, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 30 June to 11 July, 1854.
Thomas Houghton Bartley, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 14 July to 2 Aug., 1854.
Thomas Spencer Forsaith, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.
Edward Jerningham Wakefield, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.
William Thomas Locke Travers, M.H.R., without portfolio, 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.
James Macandrew, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.
An Executive Council was established in each of the provinces of New Ulster and New Munster, for aiding with their advice the Officer Administering the Government thereof. The Executive Council consisted in each province of the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Colonial Treasurer, and the principal officer in command of the military forces within the province, being a field officer, and of such other persons not holding any public office therein as the Governor-in-Chief might see fit to summon, the number of such unofficial members, however, not to exceed the number of official members. In the execution of the powers vested in the Governors or Lieutenant-Governors of the respective provinces it was not obligatory on them to consult with or to adopt the advice of the Executive Council in any case in which they should deem it inexpedient so to do. The names of those gentlemen who were members of the Executive Councils of New Ulster and New Munster are given below:—
Major-General George Dean Pitt,
Andrew Sinclair, Colonial Secretary,
William Swainson, Attorney-General, All appointed 1 Jan., 1848.
Alexander Shepherd, Colonial Treasurer,
Lieutenant-Colonel R. D. Bolton, appointed 21 June, 1851.
Prior to the establishment of responsible government the Legislative Council of New Zealand consisted of the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Colonial Treasurer, and the three senior Justices of the Peace, The Governor was to preside at all meetings of the Council, and, in his absence, the senior member present; four members in addition to the Governor or the member presiding to form a quorum. No law or Ordinance was to be enacted by the Legislative Council which was not first proposed by the Governor, and no question was to be debated unless submitted by him for that purpose. The laws and Ordinances of the Council were to be designated “Ordinances enacted by the Governor of New Zealand with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof.” No laws whatsoever were to be made to continue for less than two years except only in cases of unforeseen emergency requiring provision for temporary service, and the Governor was specially enjoined not to propose or assent to Ordinances or laws dealing with certain matters, some of which were:—
Restricting public worship, although not conducted according to the Church of England.
Reducing revenue or infringing prerogative or affecting the salaries or allowances of public officers without special leave.
Issuing bills of credit, or other negotiable securities in lieu of money on the credit of the colony, or paper currency, or any coin save the legal coin of the realm.
By which persons not of European birth or descent might be subjected or liable to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of European birth or descent would not also be subjected.
Raising money for public or private lotteries.
Naturalizing aliens without leave.
Divorcing persons joined together in holy matrimony.
Granting money, land, or other donation or gratuity to the Governor.
The following is a list of gentlemen who were members of the Legislative Council, with dates of their appointment and the office (if any) held. The dates on which they ceased to be members are known only in the cases shown—the others probably continued until the introduction of the new Constitution:—
| Name | Office held. | Date of Appointment. | Date when ceased to be a Member. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Captain William Hobson, R.N. | Governor | 3 May, 1841 | 10 Sept., 1842. |
| Lieutenant Willoughby Shortland | Colonial Secretary and Administrator from 10 Sep., 1842, to 26 Dec., 1843 | 3 May, 1841 | 8 Jan., 1844. |
| Francis Fisher | Attorney-General | 3 May, 1841 | 28 Sept., 1841. |
| George Cooper | Colonial Treasurer | 3 May, 1841 | 9 May, 1842. |
| William Wakefield | .. | 3 May. 1841 | Sept., 1841. |
| William Cornwallis Symonds | .. | 3 May, 1841 | Oct., 1841. |
| James Reddie Clendon | .. | 3 May, 1841 | 6 June, 1844. |
| George Butler Earp | .. | 9 Sept., 1841 | 6 June, 1844. |
| William Swainson | Attorney-General | 28 Sept., 1841 | .. |
| William Field Porter | 27 Oct., 1841 | 6 June, 1844. | |
| Alexander Shepherd | Colonial Treasurer | 9 May, 1842 | |
| Captain Robert Fitzroy, R.N. | Governor | 26 Dec, 1843 | 17 Nov., 1845. |
| Andrew Sinclair, M.D., R.N. | Colonial Secretary | 8 Jan., 1844 | .. |
| Charles Clifford | .. | 6 June, 1844 | 3 Mar., 1845. |
|---|---|---|---|
| William Brown | .. | 6 June, 1844 | 3 Mar., 1845. |
| William Brown | .. | 16 July, 1847 | 16 Nov., 1848. |
| Samuel M. D. Martin, M.D. | .. | 6 June. 1844 | 3 Mar., 1845. |
| Frederick Whitaker | .. | 3 Mar., 1845 | 1 Feb., 1846. |
| William Donnelly | .. | 3 Mar., 1845 | 1 Feb., 1846. |
| William Donnelly | .. | 30 Sept., 1846 | 9 Aug., 1847. |
| Theophilus Heale | .. | 3 Mar., 1845 | 1 Feb., 1846. |
| Sir George Grey, K.C.B. | Governor, Governor-in-Chief, Governor of New Ulster and Governor of New Munster | 18 Nov., 1845 | 31 Dec., 1853. |
| Alfred Domett | Colonial Secretary of New Munster | 30 Sept., 1846 | .. |
| Alexander Kennedy | .. | 30 Sept., 1846 | 16 July, 1847. |
| Alexander Kennedy | .. | 16 Nov., 1848 | .. |
| Frederick Ward Merriman | .. | 9 Aug., 1847 | |
| Edward John Eyre | Lieut.-Governor of New Munster | 28 Jan., 1848 | 7 Mar., 1853. |
| Lieut. - Colonel William Anson McCleverty | Commander of the Forces | 28 Jan., 1848 | .. |
| Hon. Henry William Petre | Colonial Treasurer of New Munster | 28 Jan., 1848 | .. |
| Charles Waybrow Ligar | Surveyor-General | 16 Nov., 1848 | .. |
| Robert Clapham Barstow | .. | 16 Nov., 1848 | .. |
| Hon. Francis Dillon Bell | .. | 20 Dec., 1848 | .. |
| Hon. William Hickson | .. | 20 Dec., 1848 | .. |
| Hon. Daniel Wakefield | Attorney - General of New Munster | 21 Dec., 1848 | .. |
| Lieut. - Colonel William Hulme | .. | 24 July, 1849 | .. |
| Major Henry Matson | .. | 24 July, 1849 | .. |
| Sampson Kempthorne | .. | 24 July, 1849 | .. |
| Major - General George Dean Pitt | Lieut.-Govern or of New Ulster | 1 Aug., 1849 | 8 Jan., 1851. |
| Hon. Stephen Carkeek | Collector of Customs | 19 May, 1851 | .. |
| Hon. William Mein Smith | .. | 19 May, 1851 | .. |
| Hon. Constantine Augustus Dillon | .. | 3 June, 1851 | .. |
| Hon. William Oldfield Cautley | .. | 3 June, 1851 | .. |
| Hon. George Cutfield | .. | 3 June, 1851 | .. |
Under the Charter constituting the Provinces of New Ulster and New Munster, a Legislative Council was also established in each province, consisting of such persons as were for hat purpose appointed.
The following are the names, offices held, and dates of appointment of the members of the Provincial Legislative Councils:—
| Name. | Office held. | Date of Appointment. |
|---|---|---|
| (a.) NEW ULSTER. | ||
| Sir George Grey, K.C.B. | Governor | 1 Jan., 1848. |
| Andrew Sinclair | Colonial Secretary | 1 Jan., 1848. |
| William Swain son | Attorney-General | 1 Jan., 1848. |
| Alexander Shepherd | Colonial Treasurer | 1 Jan., 1848. |
| Major-General George Dean Pitt | Lieutenant-Governor | 3 Jan., 1848. |
| Charles Waybrow Ligar | Surveyor-General | 16 Nov., 1848. |
| Alexander Kennedy | .. | 16 Nov., 1848. |
| Frederick Ward Merriman | .. | 16 Nov., 1848. |
| Robert Clapham Barstow | .. | 16 Nov., 1848. |
| Lieut.-Colonel William Hulme | .. | 24 July, 1849. |
| Major Henry Matson | .. | 24 July, 1849. |
| Sampson Kempthorne | .. | 24 July, 1849. |
| (b.) NEW MUNSTER. | ||
| Sir George Grey, K.C.B. | Governor | 1 Jan., 1848. |
| Edward John Eyre | Lieutenant-Governor | 28 Jan., 1848. |
| Henry William Petre | Colonial Treasurer | 28 Jan., 1848. |
| Lieut.-Colonel William Anson McCleverty | Commander of the Forces | 28 Jan., 1848. |
| Alfred Domett | Colonial Secretary | 2 Feb., 1848. |
| William McLood Bannatyne | .. | 20 Dec., 1848. |
| Francis Dillon Bell | .. | 20 Dec., 1848. |
| William Hickson | .. | 20 Dec., 1848. |
| George Hunter | .. | 20 Dec., 1848. |
| Alfred Ludlam | .. | 20 Dec., 1848. |
| George Moore | .. | 20 Dec., 1848. |
| Daniel Wakefield | Attorney-General | 21 Dec., 1848. |
| David Monro | .. | 18 Jan., 1849. |
| John Damforth Greenwood | .. | 18 Jan., 1849. |
| Henry Seymour | .. | 18 Jan., 1849. |
| William Oldfield Cautley | .. | 5 May, 1849. |
In 1852 Proclamations were made altering the constitution of the Legislative Councils so as to include a certain number of elected members. New Ulster was to have eighteen members, of whom six were to be appointed and twelve elected, while New Munster was to have thirty-three members, of whom eleven were to be appointed and twenty-two elected. The elections for the Province of New Ulster were actually held, and the members, whose names are given below, were declared elected. The preliminary Proclamations were made for New Munster, but before the elections were held tidings of a new constitution were received, and the proceedings stayed.
| Name. | Date gazetted. | District. |
|---|---|---|
| William Brown | 21 September, 1852 | City of Auckland. |
| John Salmon | 21 September, 1852 | City of Auckland. |
| Frederick Whitaker | 21 September, 1852 | City of Auckland. |
| John Logan Campbell | 21 September, 1852 | Suburbs of Auckland. |
| Patrick Dignan | 21 September, 1852 | Pensioner Settlements. |
| Thomas Spencer Forsaith | 21 September, 1852 | Northern Division. |
| Allan O'Neill | 21 September, 1852 | Northern Division. |
| James Macky | 21 September, 1852 | Southern Division. |
| William Field Porter | 21 September, 1852 | Southern Division. |
| George Clarke | 21 September, 1852 | Bay of Islands. |
| Charles Brown | 2 October, 1852 | New Plymouth. |
| John Tylson Wicksteed | 2 October, 1852 | Taranaki. |
| SINCE THE PASSING OF THE CONSTITUTION ACT CONFERRING REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS UPON NEW ZEALAND, WITH THE DATES OF OPENING AND CLOSING OF SESSIONS AND DATES OF DISSOLUTION. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Parliament. | Dates of Opening of Sessions. | Dates of Prorogation. |
| First (dissolved 15th September, 1855) | 27 May, 1854 | 9 August, 1854. |
| 31 August, 1854 | 16 September, 1854. | |
| 8 August, 1855 | 15 September, 1855. | |
| Second (dissolved 5th November, 1860) | 15 April, 1856 | 16 August, 1856. |
| (No session in 1857)10 April, 1858 | 21 August, 1858. | |
| (No session in 1859)30 July, 1860 | 5 November, 1860. | |
| Third (dissolved 27th January, 1866) | 3 June, 1861 | 7 September, 1861. |
| 7 July, 1862 | 15 September, 1862. | |
| 19 October, 1863 | 14 December, 1863. | |
| 24 November, 1864 | 13 December, 1864. | |
| 26 July, 1865 | 30 October, 1865. | |
| Fourth (dissolved 30th December, 1870) | 30 June, 1866 | 8 October, 1866. |
| 9 July, 1867 | 10 October, 1867. | |
| 9 July, 1868 | 20 October, 1868. | |
| 1 June, 1869 | 3 September, 1869. | |
| 14 June, 1870 | 13 September, 1870. | |
| Fifth (dissolved 6th December, 1875) | 14 August, 1871 | 16 November, 1871. |
| 16 July, 1672 | 25 October, 1872. | |
| 15 July, 1873 | 3 October, 1873. | |
| 3 July, 1874 | 31 August, 1874. | |
| 20 July, 1875 | 21 October, 1875. | |
| Sixth (dissolved 15th August, 1879) | 15 June, 1876 | 31 October, 1876. |
| 19 July, 1877 | 10 December, 1877. | |
| 26 July, 1878 | 2 November, 1878. | |
| 11 July, 1879 | 11 August, 1879. | |
| Seventh (dissolved 8th November, 1881) | 24 September, 1879 | 19 December, 1879. |
| 28 May, 1880 | 1 September, 1880. | |
| 9 June, 1881 | 24 September, 1881. | |
| Eighth (dissolved 27th June, 1884) | 18 May, 1882 | 15 September, 1882. |
| 14 June, 1883 | 8 September, 1883. | |
| 5 June, 1884 | 24 June, 1884. | |
| Ninth (dissolved 15th July, 1887) | 7 August, 1884 | 10 November, 1884. |
| 11 June, 1885 | 22 September, 1885. | |
| 13 May, 1886 | 18 August, 1886. | |
| 26 April, 1887 | 10 July, 1887. | |
| Tenth (dissolved 3rd October, 1890) | 6 October, 1887 | 23 December, 1887. |
| 10 May, 1888 | 31 August, 1888. | |
| 20 June, 1889 | 19 September, 1889. | |
| 19 June, 1890 | 18 September, 1890. | |
| Eleventh (dissolved 8th November, 1893) | 23 January, 1891 | 31 January, 1891. |
| 11 June, 1891 | 25 September, 1891. | |
| 23 June, 1892 | 12 October, 1892. | |
| 22 June, 1893 | 7 October, 1893. | |
| Twelfth (dissolved 14th November, 1896) | 21 June, 1894 | 24 October, 1894. |
| 20 June, 1895 | 2 November, 1895. | |
| 11 June, 1896 | 19 October. 1896. | |
| Thirteenth (dissolved 15th November, 1899) | 7 April, 1897 | 12 April, 1897. |
| 23 September, 1897 | 22 December, 1897. | |
| 24 June, 1898 | 5 November, 1898. | |
| 23 June, 1899 | 24 October, 1899. | |
| Fourteenth (dissolved 5th November, 1902) | 22 June, 1900 | 22 October, 1900. |
| 1 July, 1901 | 8 November, 1901. | |
| 1 July, 1902 | 4 October, 1902. | |
| Fifteenth (dissolved 15th November, 1905) | 29 June, 1903 | 25 November, 1903. |
| 28 June, 1904 | 8 November, 1904. | |
| 27 June, 1905 | 31 October, 1905. | |
| Sixteenth (dissolved 29th October, 1908) | 27 June, 1906 | 3 July, 1906. |
| 21 August, 1906 | 29 October, 1906. | |
| 27 June, 1907 | 25 November, 1907. | |
| 29 June, 1908 | 12 October, 1908. | |
| Seventeenth (dissolved 20th November, 1912) | 10 June, 1909 | 17 June, 1909. |
| 7 October, 1909 | 29 December, 1909. | |
| 28 June, 1910 | 5 December, 1910. | |
| 27 July, 1911 | 30 October, 1911. | |
| Eighteenth | 15 February, 1912 | 1 March, 1912. |
| 27 June, 1912 | 8 November, 1912. | |
| 26 June, 1913 | 15 December, 1913. | |
| 25 June, 1914 | .. | |
Sir W. Martin, appointed Chief Justice, 10 Jan., 1842. Resigned, 12 June, 1857.
H. S. Chapman, appointed, 26 Dec., 1843. Held office until Mar., 1852. Reappointed, 23 Mar., 1864. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.
S. Stephen, appointed, 30 July, 1850. Appointed Acting Chief Justice, 20 Oct., 1855. Died, 13 Jan., 1858.
Daniel Wakefield, appointed, Oct., 1855. Died, Oct., 1857.
Hon. H. B. Gresson, appointed temporarily, 8 Dec., 1857. Permanently, 1 July, 1862. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.
Sir George A. Arney, appointed Chief Justice, 1 Mar., 1858. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.
A. J. Johnston, appointed, 2 Nov., 1858. Died, 1 June, 1888.
C. W. Richmond, appointed, 20 Oct., 1862. Died, 3 Aug., 1895.
J. S. Moore, appointed temporarily, 15 May, 1866. Relieved, 30 June, 1868.
C. D. R. Ward, appointed temporarily. 1 Oct., 1868. Relieved, May, 1870. Appointed temporally, 21 Sept., 1880. Relieved, 12 Feb., 1889.
Hon. Sir James Prendergast, appointed Chief Justice, 1 April, 1875. Resigned, 25 May, 1899.
T. B. Gillies, appointed, 3 Mar., 1875. Died, 26 July, 1889.
Hon. Sir Joshua S. Williams, P.C., Kt., appointed, 3 Mar., 1875. Resigned, 31 January, 1914, on being called to the Privy Council.
Hon. J. E, Denniston, appointed, 11 Feb., 1889.
E. T. Conolly, appointed, 19 Aug., 1889. Resigned, 9 Sept., 1903.
Hon. Sir Patrick A. Buckley, K.C.M.G., appointed, 20 Dec., 1895. Died, 18 May, 1896.
Hon. W. B. Edwards, appointed, 11 July, 1896.
F. W. Pennefather, appointed temporarily, 25 April, 1898. Resigned, 24 April. 1899.
Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., appointed Chief Justice, 22 June, 1899.
J. C. Martin, Acting Judge, appointed, 12 April, 1900. Resigned, 4 Dec., 1900. Hon. Theophilus Cooper, appointed, 21 Feb., 1901.
Hon. F. R. Chapman, appointed, 11 Sept., 1903.
C. E. Button, appointed temporarily, 12 Mar., 1907. Resigned, 29 Feb., 1908.
Hon. William Alexander Sim, appointed, 16 Jan., 1911.
Hon. John Henry Hosking, K.C., appointed 11 Feb., 1914.
Hon. Thomas Walter Stringer, K.C., appointed 19 Feb., 1914.
1ST JUNE, 1914.
LIVERPOOL, His Excellency the Right Honourable Arthur William de Brito Savile, Fifth Earl of Liverpool. Born 27th May, 1870; succeeded 1907. Educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Formerly Major in the Rifle Brigade (the Prince Consort's Own) and subsequently Major of its 6th Battalion. Sometime an A.D.C. to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (Earl Cadogan, K.G.), and Staff Captain, Dublin District. Is a J.P. for Kesteven and Lindsey Divisions of Lincolnshire, and Lieut.-Colonel 8th Battalion London Regiment (the Post Office Rifles). Served in South Africa 1901–2 (Queen's Medal with three clasps). Was State Steward and Chamberlain to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T., G.C.M.G., 1906–8. Comptroller of His Majesty's Household, 1909–12. Appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of New Zealand 1912. M.V.O., 4th Class, 1900; K.C.M.G., 1912. G.C.M.G., 1914.
Seat: Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln.
Town residence: 41 Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W.
Residences: Government House, Wellington; Government House, Auckland.
Private Secretary: Gavin M. Hamilton, Esq.
Assistant Private Secretary: A. Cecil Day, Esq.
Military Secretary: Captain Charles Shawe (Rifle Brigade).
Aides-de-Camp: Captain T. R. Eastwood (Rifle Brigade) and Captain G. F. Hutton (Royal Welsh Fusiliers).
Extra Aide-de-Camp: Colonel J. H. Boscawen.
Honorary Aides-de-Camp: Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O., V.D.; Colonel A. H. Russell; Colonel G. F. C. Campbell, V.D.; Colonel R. Logan.
The Executive Council now consists of:—
His Excellency the GOVERNOR.
Right Hon. W. F. Massey, B.C., Prime Minister, Minister of Lands, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Labour, Minister of Industries and Commerce, Commissioner of State Forests, Minister in Charge of Land for Settlements, Valuation, and Scenery Preservation Departments.
Hon. J. Allen, Minister of Finance, Minister of Defence, Minister of Education, Minister in Charge of Land and Income Tax Department and State-guaranteed Advances Office.
Hon. W. H. Herries, Minister of Railways and Native Minister.
Hon. W. Fraser, Minister of Public Works, Roads, and Bridges, Minister of Mines, and Minister in Charge of Public Buildings and Domains.
Hon. A. L. Herdman, Attorney-General, Minister of Justice, Minister of Stamp Duties, Minister in Charge of Police, Prisons, Crown Law (including Drafting), and Public Trust Departments.
Hon. F. H. D. Bell, K.C., Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Immigration, and Minister in Charge of Audit Office, Registrar-General's, High Commissioner's, Museum, Friendly Societies, and Laboratory Departments.
Hon. R. H. Rhodes, Postmaster-General and Minister of Telegraphs, Minister of Public Health, Minister in Charge of Hospitals and Charitable Aid, Mental Hospitals, and Tourist and Health Resorts Departments.
| SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT IN NEW ZEALAND IN 1856. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name of Ministry. | Assumed Office. | Retired. |
* Owing to the death of the Premier, the Hon. J. Ballance, on 27th April, 1893. † Owing to the death of the Premier, Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.O., on 10th June, 1906. | ||
| 1. Bell-Sewell | 7 May, 1856 | 20 May, 1856. |
| 2. Fox | 20 May, 1856 | 2 June, 1856. |
| 3. Stafford | 2 June, 1856 | 12 July, 1861. |
| 4. Fox | 12 July, 1861 | 6 August, 1802. |
| 5. Domett | 6 August, 1862 | 30 October, 1863. |
| 6. Whitaker-Fox | 30 October, 1863 | 21 November. 1864. |
| 7. Weld | 24 November, 1864 | 16 October, 1865. |
| 8. Stafford | 16 October, 1865 | 28 June. 1869. |
| 9. Fox | 28 June, 1869 | 10 September, 1872. |
| 10. Stafford | 10 September, 1872 | 11 October, 1872. |
| 11. Waterhouse | 11 October, 1872 | 3 March, 1873. |
| 12. Fox | 3 March. 1873 | 8 April, 1873. |
| 13. Vogel | 8 April. 1873 | 6 July, 1875. |
| 14. Pollen | 6 July, 1875 | 15 February, 1876. |
| 15. Vogel | 15 February, 1876 | 1 September, 1876. |
| 16. Atkinson | 1 September, 1876 | 13 September, 1876. |
| 17. Atkinson (reconstituted) | 13 September, 1876 | 13 October, 1877. |
| 18. Grey | 15 October, 1877 | 8 October, 1879. |
| 19. Hall | 8 October. 1879 | 21 April. 1882. |
| 20. Whitaker | 21 April, 1882 | 25 September, 1883. |
| 21. Atkinson | 25 September, 1883 | 16 August, 1884. |
| 22. Stout-Vogel | 16 August, 1884 | 28 August, 1884. |
| 23. Atkinson | 28 August, 1884 | 3 September, 1884. |
| 24. Stout-Vogel | 3 September, 1884 | 8 October, 1887. |
| 25. Atkinson | 8 October, 1887 | 24 January, 1891. |
| 26. Ballance | 24 January, 1891 | 1 May, 1893.* |
| 27. Seddon | 1 May, 1893 | 21 June, 1906.† |
| 28. Hall-Jones | i 21 June, 1906 | 6 August, 1906. |
| 29. Ward | 6 August, 1906 | 28 March, 1912. |
| 30. Mackenzie | 28 March, 1912 | 10 July, 1912. |
| 31. Massey | 10 July, 1912 | |
Name of Premier.
Henry Sewell.
William Fox.
Edward William Stafford.
William Fox.
Alfred Domett.
Frederick Whitaker.
Frederick Aloysius Weld.
Edward William Stafford.
William Fox.
Hon. Edward William Stafford.
George Marsden Waterhouse.
Hon. William Fox.
Hon. Julius Vogel, C.M.G.
Hon. Daniel Pollen, M.L.C.
Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G.
Harry Albert Atkinson.
Harry Albert Atkinson (Ministry reconstituted).
Sir George Grey, K.C.B.
Hon. John Hall.
Frederick Whitaker, M.L.C.
Harry Albert Atkinson.
Robert Stout.
Harry Albert Atkinson.
Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G.
Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G.
John Ballance.
Rt. Hon. Richard John Seddon, P.C.
William Hall-Jones.
Right Hon. Sir Joseph George Ward, Bart., P.O., K.C.M.G.
Thomas Mackenzie.
Right Hon. William Ferguson Massey, P.C.
| SPEAKERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, WITH DATES OF APPOINTMENT AND DATES OF RETIREMENT OR DEATH. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name of Speaker. | Date of Appointment. | Date of Retirement or Death. |
| Hon. William Swainson | 16 May, 1854 | 8 August, 1855. |
| Hon. Frederick Whitaker | 8 August, 1855 | 12 May, 1856. |
| Hon. Thoma Houghton Bartley | 12 May, 1856 | 1 July, 1868. |
| Hon. Sir John Larkins Cheese Richardson, Kt. | 1 July, 1868 | 14 June, 1879. |
| Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G. | 14 June, 1879 | 22 April, 1887. |
| Hon. George Marsden Waterhouse | 22 April, 1887 | 21 September, 1887. |
| Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G. | 21 September, 1887 | 23 January, 1891. |
| Hon. Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G. | 23 January, 1891 | 28 June, 1892. |
| Hon. Sir Henry John Miller | 8 July, 1892. | 9 July, 1903. |
| Hon. W. C. Walker, C.M.G. | 9 July, 1903 | 5 January, 1904. |
| Hon. John Rigg (Acting) | 5 January, 1904 | 7 July, 1904. |
| Hon. Sir A. J. Cadman, K.C.M.G. | 7 July, 1904 | 23 March, 1905 |
| Hon. R. H. J. Reeves (Acting) | 23 March, 1905 | 4 July, 1905. |
| Hon. Sir C. C. Bowen, K.C.M.G. | 4 July, 1905. | .. |
| SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, WITH DATES OF ELECTION AND DATES OF RETIREMENT OR DEATH. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name of Speaker. | Date of Election. | Date of Retirement or Death. |
| Sir Charles Clifford, Bart | 26 May, 1854. | .. |
| 15 April, 1856 | 3 June, 1861. | |
| Sir David Monro, Kt. Bach. | 3 June, 1861. | .. |
| 30 June, 1866 | 13 Sept., 1870. | |
| Sir Francis Dillon Bell, K.C.M.G., C.B. | 14 August, 1871 | 21 October, 1875. |
| Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G. | 15 June, 1876 | 13 June, 1879. |
| Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach. | 11 July, 1879. | .. |
| 24 September, 1879. | .. | |
| 18 May, 1882. | .. | |
| 7 August, 1884. | .. | |
| 6 October, 1887 | 3 October, 1890. | |
| Hon. Major Sir William Jukes Steward, Kt. Bach. | 23 January, 1891 | 8 November, 1893. |
| Hon. Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach. | 21 June, 1894. | .. |
| 6 April, 1897. | .. | |
| 22 June, 1900 | 5 November, 1902. | |
| Hon. Sir Arthur Robert Guinness, Kt. Bach. | 29 June, 1903. | .. |
| 27 June, 1906. | .. | |
| 10 June, 1909. | .. | |
| 15 February, 1912. | 10 June, 1913. | |
| Hon. Frederic William Lang | 26 June, 1913. | .. |
Hon. F. M. B. Fisher, Minister of Customs, Minister of Marine, Minister in Charge of Inspection of Machinery, Advertising, Printing and Stationery, Legislative, State Fire Insurance, Life and Accident Insurance, Electoral, National Provident Fund, and Pensions Departments.
Hon. Dr. Pomare, Member of the Executive Council representing the Native Race, and in Charge of Maori Councils, Cook and other Islands Administration.
Clerk of the Executive Council—James Frank Andrews, I.S.O.
The Legislative Council assembled for its first session at Auckland on the 24th May, 1854, and comprised fourteen members.
The Councillors had been designated a year earlier by the Governor, and their names submitted to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria for the Royal approval; and they were gazetted in New Zealand in December, 1853. Until 1868 the rule was that the appointment of members should be made by an instrument under the Royal sign manual, but the rule was not strictly observed after 1861. An Act of the Imperial Parliament in 1868 validated any appointments of Councillors that might have been made irregularly in the past, and provided that future appointments should be made by the Governor (not by the Sovereign).
Until 1891 members were appointed for life, and the Speaker was appointed by the Governor; but since that year members are appointed for seven years only, though they are eligible for reappointment; and the Council elects its own Speaker, who holds office for five years. A Chairman of Committees is elected every session, and holds office till the election of his successor. Speaker and Chairman are both eligible for re-election. The number of members is not limited. The Imperial Act under which the earliest appointments were made did not fix a minimum, though it provided that the first hatch to be appointed should be not less than ten in number. The number actually summoned was sixteen, of whom only fourteen attended and were enrolled. The number increased irregularly for thirty years. In 1885 and 1886 it stood at fifty-three, but has not since reached that limit. The number on the roll at present (1st June, 1914) is thirty.
A Councillor must be a male person, of the full age of twenty-one years, and a British subject, either natural-born or naturalized; and he must not be in the receipt of pay out of the public purse, whether as a public servant or under a Government contract. The seat of a duly-appointed member is voided if he enters the service or places himself under the protection of any foreign Power; or if he becomes bankrupt or compounds with his creditors; or if he is a public defaulter; or if he is convicted of any crime punishable by death or by imprisonment with hard labour for three years or more; or if he resigns his seat; or if he absents himself without the leave of the Governor for more than one whole session.
Before the year 1892 the honorarium of Councillors was understood to be for the session not for the year, and formed the subject of a special vote every session, the amount varying in different sessions. By the Payment of Members Act. 1892, the honorarium was made animal, not sessional, and was fixed at £150 a year. The amount was raised in 1901 to £200 a year. Besides the honorarium, members are allowed travelling-expenses actually incurred in going to and from Parliament.
Subject to certain exemptions, members not attending the Council are liable to be fined.
| ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE HONOURABLE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF NEW ZEALAND (1ST
JUNE,
1914). Speaker—Hon. Sir C. C. BOWEN, K.C.M.G. Chairman of Committees—Hon. W. C. F. CARNCROSS | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name. | Provincial District. | Date of Appointment. |
| * Life members. | ||
| Baillie, Hon. William Douglas Hall | Marlborough | 8 March, 1861.* |
| Baldey, Hon. Alfred | Otago | 18 March, 1910. |
| Barr, Hon. John | Canterbury | 22 January, 1914. |
| Beeban, Hon. William | Auckland | 22 June, 1910. |
| Bell, Hon. Francis Henry Dillon, K.C. | Wellington | 10 July, 1912. |
| Bowen, Hon. Sir Charles Christopher, K.C.M.G. | Canterbury | 20 January, 1891.* |
| Carncross, Hon. Walter Charles Frederick | Taranaki | 18 March, 1910. |
| Duncan, Hon. Tomas Young | Otago | 13 June, 1912. |
| Dutbie, Hon. John | Wellington | 26 June, 1913. |
| Earnshaw, Hon. William | Wellington | 26 June, 1913. |
| George, Hon. Seymour Thorne | Auckland | 22 June, 1910. |
| Hall-Jones, Hon. Sir William, K.C.M.G. | Wellington | 7 October, 1913. |
| Hardy, Hon. Charles Albert Creery | Canterbury | 26 June, 1913. |
| Harris, Hon. Benjamin | Auckland | 3 February, 1911. |
| Jenkinson, Hon. John Edward | Canterbury | 1 July, 1907. |
| Johnston, Hon. Charles John | Wellington | 23 January, 1891.* |
| Jones, Hon. George | Otago | 13 December, 1909. |
| Louisson, Hon. Charles | Canterbury | 14 January, 1908. |
| McLean, Hon. Sir George, Kt. Bach. | Otago | 19 December, 1881.* |
| Miller, Hon. Sir Henry John, Kt. Bach | Otago | 8 July, 1865.* |
| Mills, Hon. Charles Houghton | Wellington | 2 March, 1909. |
| Nikora, Hon. Wiremu Kerei | Auckland | 26 June, 1913. |
| Ormond, Hon. John Davies | Hawke's Bay | 20 January, 1891.* |
| O'Rorke, Hon. Sir George Maurice, Kt. | Auckland | 25 June, 1911. |
| Parata, Hon. Thomas | Otago | 13 June, 1912. |
| Paul, Hon, John Thomas | Otago | 22 January, 1914. |
| Rigg, Hon. John | Wellington | 1 July, 1907. |
| Stevens, Hon. Edward Cephas John | Canterbury | 7 March, 1882.* |
| Thompson, Hon. Thomas | Auckland | 18 March, 1910. |
| Wigram, Hon. Henry Francis | Canterbury | 22 June, 1910. |
The number of members constituting the House of Representatives is eighty—seventy-six Europeans and four Maoris. They are now designated Members of Parliament. The number was originally fixed by the Constitution Act as not more than forty-two nor less than twenty-four, and the first Parliament called together in 1854 consisted of forty members. Legislation passed in 1858 fixed the number of European members at forty-one; in 1860, at fifty-three; in 1862, at fifty-seven; in 1865, at seventy; in 1867, at seventy-two; in 1870, at seventy-four; in 1875, at eighty-four; in 1881, at ninety-one; in 1887, at seventy; and in 1900, at seventy-six. By the Maori Representation Act, 1867, which is still in force, as embodied in the Legislature Act, 1908, four Maori members were added, three for the North Island and one for the South.
The North Island at present returns forty-two European members, and the South Island thirty-four. The elections are triennial, except in the case of a dissolution by the Governor. Quinquennial Parliaments, instituted under the Constitution Act, were abolished by the Triennial Parliaments Act, 1879.
Every registered elector, being of the male sex and free from any of the disqualifications mentioned in the Legislature Act, 1908, is eligible for membership.
All contractors to the public service of New Zealand to whom any public money above the sum of £50 is payable, directly or indirectly, in any one financial year, as well as the public servants of the Dominion, are incapable of being elected as, or of sitting or voting as members.
The payment made to members of the House of Representatives is £25 per month, amounting to £300 per annum, subject to certain deductions for absence during session not due to sickness or other unavoidable cause. Travelling-expenses to and from Wellington are also allowed. This scale of payment came into force on the 7th November, 1901, under the provisions of an Act passed in that year.
The election of a Speaker is the first business of a new House after the members have been sworn. A Chairman of Committees is elected as soon after as is convenient. Both Speaker and Chairman of Committees hold office until a dissolution, but receive payment until the first meeting of a new Parliament.
Twenty members, inclusive of the Speaker, constitute a quorum.
ROLL OF MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT (1ST JUNE, 1914) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Speaker—Hon. FERIC WILLIAM LANG. Chairman of Committees—ALEXANDER SCOTT MALCOLM. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name. | Electoral District. | Date when Writs made returnable. |
| For European Electorates. | ||
| Allen, Hon. James | Bruce | 19 December, 1911. |
| Anderson, George James | Mataura | 19 December, 1911. |
| Atmore, Harry | Nelson | 19 December, 1911. |
| Bell, William Henry Dillon | Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts | 19 December, 1911. |
| Bollard, John | Eden | 19 December, 1911. |
| Bollard, Richard Francis | Raglan | 19 December, 1911. |
| Bradney, James Henry | Auckland West | 19 December, 1911. |
| Brown, John Victor | Napier | 19 December, 1911. |
| Buchanan, Sir Walter Clarke, Kt. | Wairarapa | 19 December, 1911. |
| Buddo, Hon. David | Kaiapoi | 19 December, 1911. |
| Buick, David | Palmerston | 19 December, 1911. |
| Buxton, Thomas | Temuka | 19 December, 1911. |
| Campbell, Hugh McLean | Hawke's Bay | 19 December, 1911. |
| Carroll, Hon. Sir James, K.C.M.G. | Gisborne | 19 December, 1911. |
| Clark, Edward Henry | Chalmers | 19 December, 1911. |
| Coates, Joseph Gordon | Kaipara | 19 December, 1911. |
| Colvin, James | Buller | 19 December, 1911. |
| Craigie, James | Timaru | 19 December, 1911. |
| Davey, Thomas Henry | Christchurch East | 19 December, 1911. |
| Dickie, William James | Selwyn | 19 December, 1911. |
| Dickson, James Samuel | Parnell | 19 December, 1911. |
| Ell, Henry George | Christchurch South | 19 December, 1911. |
| Escott, James Henry | Pahiatua | 19 December, 1911. |
| Fisher, Hon. Francis Marion Bates | Wellington Central | 19 December, 1911. |
| Forbes, George William | Hurunui | 19 December, 1911. |
| Fraser, Hon. William | Wakatipu | 19 December, 1911. |
| Glover, Albert Edward | Auckland Central | 19 December, 1911. |
| Guthrie, David Henry | Oroua | 19 December, 1911. |
| Hanan, Josiah Alfred | Invercargill | 19 December, 1911. |
| Harris, Alexander | Waitemata | 19 December, 1911. |
| Herdman, Hon Alexander Lawrence | Wellington North | 19 December, 1911. |
| Herries, Hon. William Herbert | Tauranga | 19 December, 1911. |
| Hindmarsh, Alfred Humphrey | Wellington South | 19 December, 1911. |
| Hine, John Bird | Stratford | 19 December, 1911. |
| Hunter, George | Waipawa | 19 December, 1911. |
| Isitt, Leonard Monk | Christchurch North | 19 December, 1911. |
| Lang, Hon. Frederic William | Manukau | 19 December, 1911. |
| Lee, Ernest Page | Oamaru | 19 December, 1911. |
| McCallum, Richard | Wairau | 19 December, 1911. |
| McCombs, James | Lyttelton | 26 December, 1913. |
| MacDonald, William Donald Stuart | Bay of Plenty | 19 December, 1911. |
| McKenzie, Hon. Roderick | Motueka | 19 December, 1911. |
| Malcolm, Alexander Scott | Clutha | 19 December, 1911. |
| Mander, Francis | Marsden | 19 December, 1911. |
| Massey, Right Hon. William Ferguson, P.C. | Franklin | 19 December, 1911. |
| Millar, Hon. John Andrew | Dunedin West | 19 December, 1911. |
| Myers, Arthur Mielziner | Auckland East | 19 December, 1911. |
| Newman, Alfred Kingcome | Wellington East | 19 December, 1911. |
| Newman, Edward | Rangitikei | 19 December, 1911. |
| Nosworthy, William | Ashburton | 19 December, 1911. |
| Okey, Henry James Hobbs | Taranaki | 19 December, 1911. |
| Payne, John | Grey Lynn | 19 December, 1911. |
| Pearce, George Vater | Patea | 19 December, 1911. |
| Poland, Hugh | Ohinemuri | 19 December, 1911. |
| Reed, Vernon Herbert | Bay of Islands | 19 December, 1911. |
| Rhodes, Hon. Robert Heaton | Ellesmere | 19 December, 1911. |
| Rhodes, Thomas William | Thames | 19 December, 1911. |
| Robertson, John | Otaki | 19 December, 1911. |
| Russell, George Warren | Avon | 19 December, 1911. |
| Scott, Robert | Otago Central | 19 December, 1911. |
| Seddon, Thomas Edward Youd | Westland | 19 December, 1911. |
| Sidey, Thomas Kay | Dunedin South | 19 December, 1911. |
| Smith, Francis Henry | Waitaki | 19 December, 1911. |
| Smith, Robert William | Waimarino | 19 December, 1911. |
| Statham, Charles Ernest | Dunedin Central | 19 December, 1911. |
| Sykes, George Robert | Masterton | 19 December, 1911. |
| Thomson, George Malcolm | Dunedin North | 19 December, 1911. |
| Thomson, John Charles | Wallace | 19 December, 1911. |
| Veitch, William Andrew | Wanganui | 19 December, 1911. |
| Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, Bart., P.C., K.C.M.G. | Awarua | 19 December, 1911. |
| Webb, Patrick Charles | Grey | 2 August, 1913. |
| Wilford, Thomas Mason | Hutt | 19 December, 1911. |
| Wilkinson, Charles Anderson | Egmont | 23 September, 1912. |
| Wilson, Charles Kendall | Taumarunui | 19 December, 1911. |
| Witty, George | Riccarton | 19 December, 1911. |
| Young, James Alexander | Waikato | 19 December, 1911. |
| For Maori Electorates. | ||
| Te Rangihiroa | Northern Maori | 10 January, 1912. |
| Pomare, Hon. Maui | Western Maori | 10 January, 1912. |
| Ngata, Hon. Apirana Turupa | Eastern Maori | 10 January, 1912. |
| Parata, Taare | Southern Maori | 10 January, 1912. |
Isaac Earl Featherston, Esq., appointed Agent-General under the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870, by Warrant dated 5th April, 1871. Appointment to date from 25th March, 1871. (Gazette, 1871, page 155.)
(Note —Sir W. Tyrone Power was appointed on 20th June, 1876, by the Crown Agents as temporary Agent-General on the death o Dr. Featherston.)
Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., appointed Agent-General under the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870, by Warrant dated 19th September, 1876. Appointment to date from 9th September, 1876, vice I. E. Featherston, deceased. (Gazette, 1876, page 721.)
Sir Francis Dillon Bell appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1878, by Warrant dated 7th December, 1880, vice Sir Julius Vogel, resigned. (Gazette, 1881, page 311.)
Westby Brook Perceval, Esq., appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1891, by Warrant dated 25th September, 1891, vice Sir F. D. Bell. (Gazette, 1891, page 1071.)
The Hon. William Pember Reeves appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1891, by Warrant dated 23rd December, 1895, vice Sir W. B. Perceval. (Gazette, 1896, page 50.) Appointed High Commissioner under the High Commissioner Act, 1904, by Warrant dated 14th June, 1905. (Gazette, 1905, page 1509.) Reappointed High Commissioner as from 14th June, 1908. (Gazette, 1908, page 1921.)
The Hon. Sir William Hall-Jones, K.C.M.G., appointed High Commissioner from 1st December, 1908, vice Hon. W. P. Reeves. Assumed office 18th January, 1909. (Gazette, 1909, page 27.) Appointment extended to 31st December, 1911. (Gazette, 1911, page 2720.) Appointment further extended to 31st March, 1912. (Gazette, 1912, page 45.) Appointment further extended to 31st May, 1912. (Gazette, 1912, page 1227.)
Charles Frederick Wray Palliser appointed High Commissioner from 1st June, 1912, for one month. Reappointed from 1st July, 1912, and again reappointed from 1st August, 1912.
The Hon. Thomas Mackenzie appointed High Commissioner from 23rd August, 1912, for a term of three years. (Gazette, 1912, page 2612.) Assumed office 9th October, 1912.
(DOWNING STREET, S.W., LONDON.)
Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies—Right Hon. Lewis Harcourt, M.P., 7th November, 1910.
Parliamentary Under-Secretary—Lord Emmott, P.C.
Permanent Under-Secretary—Sir John Anderson, G.C.M.G., K.C.B.
Assistant Under-Secretaries: Sir H. W. Just, K.C.M.G., C.B.; and Sir G. V. Fiddes, K.C.M.G., C.B.
WHITEHALL GARDENS, S.W. CITY OFFICE (STOCK TRANSFER OFFICE, 1 TOKENHOUSE BUILDINGS, E.C., LONDON).
Crown Agents–Sir Reginald L. Antrobus, K.C.M.G., C.B.; Major Maurice Alexander Cameron, C.M.G., late R.E.; and William Hepworth Mercer, C.M.G.
TRADE COMMISSIONERS.
H.M. TRADE COMMISSIONERS.
New Zealand—W. G. Wickham, 11 Grey Street, Wellington. Australia—G. T. Milne, Equitable Buildings, Melbourne. (Telegraphic address: “Combrit.”) Canada—C. Hamilton Wickes, 3 Beaver Hall Square, Montreal. (Telegraphic address: “Britcom.”) South Africa—Sir R. Sothern Holland, Cape Town. Telegraphic address: “Austere.”)
IMPERIAL TRADE CORRESPONDENTS.
A. J. Denniston, Auckland; W. T. Monkman, Dunedin.
TRADE COMMISSIONER FOR THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
W. A. Beddoe, Auckland.
CONSULS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES RESIDING IN, OR WITH JURISDICTION OVER, NEW ZEALAND, 1ST JUNE, 1914.
Argentine Republic.—Vice-Consuls: Hon. T. Fergus, Dunedin, and Henry Hampton Rayward, Wellington.
Austria-Hungary.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and South Sea Islands: Dr. Ferdinand Freyesleben, Sydney. Consul: E. Langguth, Auckland.
Belgium.—Consul-General for Australasia and Fiji: F. Huylebroeck, Melbourne. Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand): M. Matteeuw, Sydney. Consul-General (with jurisdiction over the Provincial Districts of Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, and Wellington): Hon. Charles John Johnston, Wellington. Vice-Consul: G. F. Johnston, Wellington. Consul (with jurisdiction over the Districts of Canterbury, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland): Joseph James Kinsey, Christchurch. Consuls; Alexander Manual Ferguson, Auckland; George Lyon Denniston, Dunedin.
Brazil.—Vice-Consul: A. H. Miles, Wellington.
Chile.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand: William Brown, Sydney. Consuls: Joseph James Craig, Auckland; J. Montgomery, Christchurch. Honorary Consuls: Albert Martin, M.D., Wellington; J. A. Roberts, Dunedin.
China.—Consul: Kwei Chih, Wellington.
Denmark.—Consul (for North Island): Hon. Francis Henry Dillon Bell, Wellington (Principal Consulate). Consul (for South Island): Henry Bylove Sorensen, Christchurch. Vice Consuls: Paul Maximilian Hansen, Auckland; William Edward Perry, Hokitika; Odin Henry Moller, Dunedin; Michael Myers, Wellington.
France.—Consul (for New Zealand): J. Rigoreau, Auckland. Vice-Consul: Percival Clay Neill, Dunedin. Consular Agents: George Humphreys, Christchurch; James Macintosh, Wellington.
German Empire.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, British New Guinea, and British Islands in the southern seas situated between Tonga and the French Possessions: Richard Kiliani, Sydney. Vice-Consul-General: Johannes Klewitz, Sydney. Consuls: Carl Seegner, Auckland; Willi Fels, Dunedin; Karl Joosten, Christchurch; Eberhard Focke, Wellington.
Greece.—Vice-Consul (for New Zealand): Joseph Frank Dyer, Wellington.
Honduras.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand: Frederic Walsh, Sydney.
Italy.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji: Cavaliere Emilio Eles, Melbourne. Vice-Consul: Cavaliere G. Forrando, Melbourne. Consular Agents: Thomas Wallace, Christchurch; Leonard Owen Howard Tripp, Wellington; John Roberts, C.M.G. (acting), Dunedin; Geraldo Perotti, Greymouth; Charles Rhodes, Auckland.
Japan.—Consul-General: S. Shimizu, Sydney. Consul: Thomas Young Wellington.
Liberia.—Consul: Hon. Charles Louisson, Christchurch. Acting-Consul: Trevor Noel Holmden, Wellington.
Mexico.—Consul: John William Hall, Auckland.
Netherlands.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji: W. L. Bosschart, Melbourne. Vice-Consul de Carriere, attached to Consulate-General, P. E. Teppema, Melbourne. Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand and the Islands belonging thereto): Hon. Charles John Johnston, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: George Ritchie, Dunedin; Ambrose Millar, Auckland; Walter Goring Johnston, Wellington; G. Van der Velden, Christchurch.
Norway.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the adjacent Islands: O. RÖmcke, Melbourne. Consul: Alex. W. Newton, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: Sigurd Bentzon, Melbourne; Leslie Robert Wilson, Dunedin; Robert Millar, Auckland; Albert Peter Gundersen, Christchurch; Mathias Ericksen Wiig, Invercargill; John Hayes Enright, Westport.
Paraguay.—Consul: A. E. Kernot, Wellington.
Peru.—Consul-General (with jurisdiction over the Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand): J. Maitland Paxton, Sydney. Consul: Ambrose Millar, Auckland.
Portugal.—Consul: John Duncan, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: David L. Nathan, Auckland; Arthur Donald Stuart Duncan, Wellington; Charles William Rattray, Dunedin.
Russia.—Consul-General for the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Dominion of New Zealand: A. N. d'Abaza, Melbourne. Vice-Consuls: Ultn Francis McCabe, Wellington; James Paterson, Auckland.
Spain.—Consul-in-Chief (with jurisdiction over Australia and New Zealand): Senor Don Mario Pines y Bayona, Melbourne. Vice-Consul (with jurisdiction throughout New Zealand): William Henry Dillon Bell, Wellington.
Sweden.—Consul: Arthur Edward Pearce, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: Sidney Jacob Nathan, Auckland; Albert Kave, Christchurch.
Switzerland.—Consul: Georges A. Streiff, Auckland.
United States of America.—Consul-General (for New Zealand and its dependencies): William A. Prickitt, Auckland. Vice-Consul-General: Leonard A. Bachelder, Auckland. Consular Agents: Frank Graham, Christchurch; Arthur Edward Whyte, Wellington; Frederick Orlando Bridgeman, Dunedin.
Uruguay.—Consul: Don Cesar Montero Bustamente, Wellington. Vice-Consul: William John Prouse, Wellington.
There is no State Church in the Dominion, nor is State aid given to any form of religion. Government in the early days set aside certain lands as endowments for various religious bodies, but nothing of the kind has been done for many years past.
The principal churches, with the names, &c., of the present heads or officers, and the places and times of holding the annual or periodical assemblies or meetings, are as follows:—
Church of the Province, of New Zealand, commonly called the Church of England.
For church purposes, the Dominion is divided into six dioceses—viz., Auckland, Waiapu, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Dunedin. The General Synod meets every third year in each diocese in rotation. Representatives attend from each diocese, and also from the diocese of Melanesia. President, the Primate (Bishop of Dunedin). The Diocesan Synods meet once a year, under the presidency of the Bishop of the diocese.
The names, &c., of the Bishops of the Church of England are as follows:—
The Most Rev. Samuel Tarratt Nevill, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1871 Primate).
The Right Rev. Alfred Walter Averill, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1910; translated 1914.
The Right Rev. William Walmsley Sedgwick, B.A., Waiapu; consecrated 1914.
The Right Rev. Thomas Henry Sprott, D.D., Wellington; consecrated 1911.
The Right Rev. William Charles Sadlier, B.D., Nelson; consecrated 1912
The Right Rev. Churchill Julius, D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1890.
The Right Rev. Cecil John Wood, D.D., Melanesia; consecrated 1912.
Presbyterian Church of New Zealand.
The General Assembly will meet on the third Wednesday of November, 1914. in First Church, Dunedin. Moderator, the Rev. William McAra, Kaikoura; Emeritus Clerk, Rev. David Sidey, D.D., Napier; Clerk, Rev. J. H. Mackenzie-Nelson: Treasurer, Rev. W. J. Comrie, Presbyterian Church Offices, Wellington; Theological Professors, Rev. Michael Watt, M.A., D.D., Dunedin, Rev. W. Hewitson, B.A., Dunedin, and Rev. John Dickie, M.A., Dunedin.
The Diocese of Wellington, established in 1848, was in 1887 created an archdiocese and the metropolitan see. There are three suffragan dioceses—Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin. A retreat is held annually in each of the four dioceses, at the end of which a synod is held, presided over by the bishop or archbishop, and at which all his clergy attend
In January, 1899, the first Provincial Council of New Zealand was held in Wellington, under the presidency of the metropolitan, and attended by all the suffragan bishops, and a number of priests elected specially in each diocese as representatives of the whole Catholic clergy in the Dominion. The decrees of this Council were approved by Home in April, 1900, were published on 1st January, 1901, and are now binding in every diocese in the Dominion.
The Most Rev. Francis Redwood, S.M., D.D., consecrated in 1874, is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Catholic Church in New Zealand, and the Most Rev. Thomas O'Shea has recently been appointed Coadjutor Archbishop. The following are the bishops:—
The Right Rev. Henry W. Cleary, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1910.
The Right Rev. John Joseph Grimes. S.M., D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1887.
The Right Rev. Michael Verdon, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1896.
The New Zealand branches of the Methodist Church of Australasia and the Primitive Methodist Connexion are now united under the designation of the Methodist Church of Now Zealand.
The Officers of the Church for 1914 are as follows:—President of the Conference, Rev. S. J. Serpell, Masterton; Vice-President, Mr. E. Rosevear, Dunedin; Secretary, Rev. C. H. Laws, B.A., Auckland; Connexional Secretary, Rev. Samuel Lawry, Christchurch; Secretary for Foreign Missions, Rev. L. Hudson, New Brighton; Secretary for Home Missions, Rev. T. G. Brooke, Mount Eden.
The affairs of the Church are administered by ten District Synods, which meet annually. The Chairmen arc appointed by the Conference.
The next Conference will be held in Christchurch, opening during the last week in February, 1915.
President, Rev. E. A. Kirwood, Grange Road, Mount Eden; Vice-President, Mr. C. Cathie, Wellington; Secretary, Rev. R. S. Gray, Dunedin; Treasurer. Mr. W. E. Lambourne, Ponsonby; Missionary Secretary, Rev. J. K. Archer, Invercargill; Missionary Treasurer, Mr. A. Hoby, Wellington. The Union comprises 53 churches, 46 preaching-stations, 5,763 members, and a constituency of 25,000. The denominational organ is the New Zealand Baptist; Editor, Mr. H. H. Driver, Dunedin. The Foreign Missionary Society, with an income last year of £2,800. has a thoroughly equipped hospital, employs a doctor, 2 missionaries, 4 zenana ladies, and 46 Native helpers. The sphere of operations is in North Tipperah, East Bengal.
The annual meetings are held during the month of February, at such place as may be decided on by vote of the Council. Chairman for the current year, Hon. Geo. Fowlds. Auckland; Chairman-elect, Rev. William Saunders, Dunedin; Secretary, Rev. J. H. Mackenzie, Onehunga; Assistant Secretary, Rev. E. A. Bridger, Green Lane; Treasurer, Mr. T. W. White, Auckland; Registrar, Mr. G. B. Gregory, Marton; Head Office, Auckland. In 1915 the meeting of the Council will be held at Dunedin. The Committee of the Union meets in Auckland on the second Tuesday of each month.
Ministers: Rev. S. A. Goldstein and Rev. S. Katz, Auckland; Rev. H. van Staveren and Rev. C. Pitkowski, Wellington Rev. I. Bernstein, Christchurch; Rev. A. Diamond, Dunedin. Annual meetings of the general congregations are usually held at these places during the month of Elul (about the end of August).
The next Triennial Session of the Associated Churches of Christ will be held at Dunedin New Year. 1915. President, Mr. C. Fleming McDonald, Dunedin; Vice-president, Mr. Ralfe Gebbie, Christchurch; Secretary, Mr. J. L. Stewart Wright, Dunedin. District conferences are held annually in each of the three districts—Auckland. Middle, and Southern.
The Annual Congress of the Salvation Army is held in the month of June each year.
The principal officers of the Salvation Army in New Zealand are: Territorial Commander, Commissioner W. J. Richards; Chief Secretary. Lieut.-Col. A. E. Powley; Secretary for Field Affairs. Major H. B. Colledge; Property Secretary, Brigadier J, H. Bray; National Young People's Secretary, Brigadier W. J. Hoare; Divisional Commanders, Brigadier T. E. Vince, Auckland, Brigadier A. B. Carmichael, Wellington, Staff-Captain E. Newby, Christchurch, Major J. J. Toomer, Dunedin; Principal of Training College, Wellington, Brigadier W. Gist. Among the social institutions maintained by the Salvation Army are: Rescue Homes at St. Albans, Caversham, Parnell, and South Wellington; Maternity Homos at each of the four chief centres; Boys' Homes at Island Bay and Eltham; Girls' Homes at Middlemarch and South Wellington; Prison Gate Brigade Homes at Epsom and Addington; and inebriates' Homes at Pakatoa and Roto Roa.
Massey, Right Hon. William Ferguson, 1913.
Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1907.
Williams, Right Hon. Sir Joshua Strange, 1913.
Bowen, Hon. Sir Charles Christopher, 1913.
Carroll, Hon. Sir James, 1911.
Findlay, Hon. Sir John George, K.C., LL.D., 1911
Hall-Jones, Hon. Sir William, 1910.
Mills, Sir James, 1909.
Perceval, Sir Westby Brook, 1894.
Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, 1886.
Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1901.
Bowen, Hon. Sir Charles Christopher, 1910.
Buchanan, Sir Walter, 1912.
Kennaway, Sir Walter, 1909.
Miller, Hon. Sir Henry John, 1901.
McLean, Hon. Sir George, 1909.
O'Rorke, Hon. Sir George Maurice, 1880.
Prendergast, Hon. Sir James, 1881.
Williams, Right Hon. Sir Joshua Strange, 1911.
Cradock, Major Montagu, 1900.
Davies, Colonel R. H., 1900.
Newall, Colonel Stuart, 1900.
Porter, Colonel T. W., 1902.
Robin, Colonel Alfred William, 1900.
Bauchop, Lieut.-Colonel A., 1902.
Collins, Colonel Robert Joseph, V.D., I.S.O., 1911.
Fitchett, Frederick, M.A., L.L.D., 1911.
Gudgeon, Lieut.-Colonel Walter Edward, 1890.
Jowsey, Lieut.-Colonel Thomas, 1900.
Otterson, Henry, 1913.
Parr, C.J., 1914.
Richardson, Hon. Edward, 1879.
Roberts, John, 1891.
Robin, Colonel Alfred William, 1912.
Shand, John, M.A., LL.D., 1913.
Stowe, Leonard, 1912.
Bartlett, Major E., 1902.
Hickey, Captain D. A., 1902.
Hughes, Major J. G., 1900.
Major, Colonel C. T., 1900.
Poison, Major D., 1900.
Stevenson, Captain R., 1902.
Todd, Captain T. J. M., 1900.
Walker, Captain G. H., 1901.
Andrews, James Frank, 1913.
Blow, Horatio John Hooper, 1911.
Collins, Colonel R. J., V.D., 1909.
Heywood, James B., 1905.
Kensington, W. C., 1909.
Robertson, Donald, 1912.
Ronayne, Thomas, 1914.
Strauchon, John, 1912.
Tregear, Edward, 1911.
Biddle, Benjamin, 1869.
Hill, George, 1869.
Lingard, William, 1869.
Mace, Francis Joseph, 1869.
Mair, Gilbert, 1870.
Maling, Christopher, 1869.
Northcroft, Henry William, 1910.*
Preece, George Augustus, 1869.
Roberts, John Mackintosh, 1869.
Wrigg, Harry Charles William, 1898.
* For service rendered in 1860.
† For service rendered in 1867.
Baigent, Private Ivanhoe.
Black, Sergeant-major G. C.
Burr, Sergeant-major W. T.
Cassidy, Sergeant W.
Fletcher, Sergeant-major W. H.
Free, Private A.
Kent, Sergeant W.
Langham, Sergeant-major J.
Lockett, Sergeant-major E. B.
Pickett, Sergeant-major M.
Rouse, Farrier-Sergeant G.
Wade, Private H. B.
White, Sergeant-major H.
(One of four knitted by Her late Majesty Queen Victoria for presentation to selected members of Colonial Contingents in South Africa.)
Coutts, Captain Henry Donald, 1900.
By despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated 30th October, 1856, the Governor was apprised that the title of “Honourable” was conferred on Members of the Legislative Council and on the Speaker of the House of Representatives of New Zealand.
By despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated 15th June, 1893, it was announced that the title of “Honourable,” appertaining to Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils in colonies possessing Responsible Government, whether confined to duration of office or continued for life, was approved by Her late Majesty, Queen Victoria, for use and recognition throughout her dominions, either during office or for life, as the case might be.
By further despatch of 10th March, 1894, the Secretary of State announced that he was prepared in future to submit for the approval of the Sovereign the recommendation of the Governor of any colony having Responsible Government that the President of the Legislative Council or the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly may, on quitting office after three years' service in their respective offices, be permitted to retain the title of “Honourable.” This title is now held by Sir G. M. O'Rorke.
Besides the members of the Executive and Legislative Councils, the following ex-Ministers are allowed, as such, to retain the title of “Honourable”: Buddo, David, 1912; Carroll, Sir James, K.C.M.G., 1912; Duncan, Thomas Y., 1906; Fergus, Thomas, 1891; Findlay, Sir John George, K.C., LL.D., K.C.M.G., 1911; Fowlds, G., 1911; Hall-Jones, Sir William, K.C.M.G., 1908; Hislop, Thomas W., 1891; McKenzie, Roderick, 1912; Mackenzie, Thomas, 1912; Millar, John Andrew, 1912; Mills, Charles H., 1906; Mitchelson, Edwin, 1891; Ngata, Apirana Turupa, 1912; Oliver, Richard, 1884; Reeves, William P., 1896; Richardson, Edward, C.M.G., 1887; Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, K.C.M.G., 1887; Thompson, Thomas, 1900; Tole, Joseph A., 1888.
By another despatch of 14th November, 1896, the Secretary of State requested to be informed if the Government of New Zealand desired that members of the Legislative Council in this Dominion should on retirement or resignation, after a continuous service in such Council of not less than ten years, be eligible for recommendation by the Governor for Royal permission to retain the title of “Honourable.” Mr. William Montgomery has been allowed to retain the title as from 14th December, 1906, accordingly, on such retirement.
By despatch of 29th August, 1877, it was announced that retired Judges of the Supreme Court may be allowed the privilege of bearing the title of “Honourable” for life, within the Dominion. This title is now held by Sir James Prendergast.
By despatch of 22nd December, 1911, it was announced that the title of “Honourable” was conferred on Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court of New Zealand.
By an Act passed during the year 1912 and intituled the Public Service Act, 1912, the Public Service of New Zealand has been placed under the direct and sole control of a Commissioner and two Assistant Commissioners, who are appointed in the first place for a term of seven years, are responsible only to Parliament, and can be dismissed from office only for misbehaviour or incompetence.
The Act applies to all members of the Public Service with the exception of the Controller and Auditor-General, officers of the Railway Department, members of the Police and Defence Forces, Judges and Magistrates, officers of the House, certain officers of the Legislative Departments, and persons paid only by fees or commission, as well as any officer to whom the Governor in Council declares the Act shall not apply.
The powers vested in the Commissioner arc very wide. They include the inspection of offices, the appointment, promotion, transfer, and dismissal of officers, and the framing of regulations. An entrance examination and efficiency and educational tests for promotion are to be imposed by the Commissioner.
An officer dissatisfied with any decision of the Commissioner with regard to (1) grade, (2) classification of the work performed by or assigned to him, or (3) salary or promotion, has the right of appeal, notice of which must be lodged with the Commissioner within thirty days. All appeals are dealt with by a Board consisting of three members, two of these appointed by the Governor, and the third elected by the officers of that branch of the service to which the appellant belongs. The decision of the Appeal Board on all matters brought before it is final, and must be given effect to.
The Public Service Act came into operation on 1st April, 1913, and on that date the Commissioner assumed control of the Public Service. In accordance with the provisions of Section 17 of the Act, a classification of all officers to whom the Act applies was immediately proceeded with. The provisional classified list for Departments other than the Post and Telegraph Department was gazetted on 20th August, 1913, and included 4,895 officers.
The Post and Telegraph Department had been working under a classification system for some years, and the list for this Department for 1913–14 was published separately on 14th October, 1913.
Officers of the Public Service (with certain exceptions specified by Statute or Regulations) are required to guarantee the fidelity of one another.
In case of defalcation by an assurer the amount of such defalcation must be made good from the salaries of insurers by a deduction in proportion to the total yearly salary to the extent of thirty-nine-fortieths of the ascertained liability, the balance being a charge on the Consolidated Fund.
A Board of five members, of whom at least three must be assurers, is appointed by the Governor for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Act regarding the system.
Public Service Commissioner—D. Robertson, I.S.O.
Assistant Commissioners—R. Triggs, A. D. Thomson.
Secretary—A. J. H. Benge, B.A.
Chief Clerk—G. F. Dixon.
Speaker—Hon. Sir C. C. Bowen, K.C.M.G.
Chairman of Committees—Hon. W. C. F. Carncross.
Clerk of Parliaments, Clerk of the Legislative Council, and Examiner of Standing Orders upon Private Bills—L. Stowe, C.M.G.
Clerk-Assistant and Acting Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod—A. T. Bothamley
Second Clerk - Assistant — B. E. S. Stocker, M.A.
Interpreter—F. H. Phillips.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
Speaker—Hon. F. W. Lang, M.P.
Chairman of Committees—A. S. Malcolm, M.P.
Clerk of the House—H. Otterson, C.M.G.
Clerk-Assistant—A. F. Lowe.
Second Clerk-Assistant—E. W. Kane.
Sergeant-at-Arms—Major T. V. Shepherd.
Reader and Clerk of Bills and Papers—W. E. Dasent.
Record Clerk—W. Collings.
Chief Hansard Reporter—S. Spragg.
Hansard Supervisor—M. F. Marks.
Clerk of Writs—J. Hislop.
Deputy Clerk of Writs—G. P. Newton.
Interpreter—D. F. G. Barclay.
Prime Minister—Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey, P.C.
Secretary to Cabinet and Clerk of the Executive Council—J. F. Andrews, I.S.O.
Private Secretary—F. D. Thomson, B.A.
Assistant Private Secretary — F. W. Furby.
Minister of Finance—Hon. J. Allen.
Private Secretary—F. G. Matthews.
DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.
Secretory, Receiver - General, Paymaster-General, and Registrar New Zealand Consols—G. F. C. Campbell.
Accountant, and Deputy Registrar New Zealand Consols—A. O. Gibbes.
Assistant Accountant and Inspector of Departmental Accounts—J. J. Esson.
Cashier—C. E. Chittey.
Head Ledger-keeper—A. J. Morgan.
Clerk in Charge Pay and Revenue Branches—H. J. Hawthorn.
Sectional Clerk—W. Wilson.
Correspondence and Record Clerk—M. S. Seddon.
Sectional Clerk—G. C. Rodda.
Ledger-keeper—R. Witheford.
Assistant Inspector Departmental Accounts—T. H. Jones.
Registrar—R. E. Hayes.
Revising Barrister—E. Y. Redward.
Actuary and Deputy Registrar—A. T. Traversi.
Members—Hon. the Minister of Finance (Chairman, ex officio), Dr. Hay, Messrs. W. R. Morris, G. F. C. Campbell, and R. E. Hayes.
Superintendent of Fund—R. E. Hayes.
Secretary to Board—A. T. Traversi.
Board meets third Thursday in February, May, August, and November, or as business requires.
Commissioner of Taxes — D. G. Clark.
Deputy Commissioner of Taxes and Clerk in Charge, Income-tax—A. E. Fowler.
First Clerk, Land-tax—E. W. Watson.
Receiver of Land and Income Tax—C. V. Kreeft.
Valuer-General—F. W. Flanagan.
Officers in Charge—A. J. McGowan, Auckland; H. L. Wiggins, Christchurch; A. Clothier, Dunedin; T. L. Oswin, Invercargill.
Chief Clerk—C. J. Lovatt.
Accountant—F. W. Barnett.
Commissioner of Stamps and Registrar of Companies—P. C. Corliss.
Chief Clerk and Accountant—J. Murray.
Custodian and Issuer of Stamps—W. H. Shore.
Inspecting Valuator—G. W. Jänisch.
Auckland—W. G. Fletcher.*
Gisborne—R. S. Florance.*
Taranaki—A. V. Sturtevant.*
Hawke's Bay—F. Aspinall.*
Wanganui—G. Sampson.
Wellington—C. H. W. Dixon.*
Marlborough—F. Broughton.*
Nelson—W. Johnston.*
Westland—W. P. Morgan.*
Canterbury—P. G. Withers.*
Timaru—H. Kissel.
Otago—J. Murphy.*
Southland—W. W. de Castro.*
Postmaster - General and Minister of Telegraphs—Hon. R. H. Rhodes.
Private Secretary—W. Crow.
Secretary—W. R. Morris.
Assistant Secretaries—F. V. Waters and G. B. Dall.
Chief Clerk—J. C. Williamson.
Chief Telegraph Engineer—J. Orchiston, M.I.E.E.
Chief Electrician—T. Buckley.
Controller of Money-orders and Savings banks—J. L. H. Ledger.
Chief Accountant—H. A. R. Huggins.
Chief Inspector—D. Miller.
Inspector of Telegraph Offices—H. W. Harrington.
Inspector of Savings-banks—W. Gee.
Controller of Stores—C. B. Mann.
Auckland—F. D. Holdsworth.
† Thames—P. P. White.
† Gisborne—J. J. Pickett.
† Napier—E. Northcroft.
† New Plymouth—C. H. Burton.
* Also Registrars of Building Societies, Industrial and Provident Societies, and Assistant Registrars of Companies.
† Combined post and telegraph offices.
* Wanganui—G. W. Sampson.
Wellington—A. P. Dryden.
* Blenheim—C. Whelan.
* Nelson—W. T. Ward.
* Westport—A. W. Mann.
* Greymouth—D. St. George.
* Hokitika—G. A. Empson.
Christ-church—R. B. Morris.
* Timaru—H. Kissel.
* Oamaru—C. Hill.
Dunedin—W. McHutcheson.
* Invercargill—T. T. King.
Auckland—R. M. Baird.
Wellington—E. A. Shrimpton, M.I.E.E.
Nelson—G. T. Kemp.
Christchurch and Dunedin—W. E. Chisholm.
P. Curtis (Northern District), A. T. Cavell (Central District), S. Inder (Wellington District), F. H. Dodd (West Coast District), G. F. Furby (Midland District), S. F. Haszard (Southern District).
Auckland—F. G. Gannaway.
Wellington—C. H. M. Hawk.
Christchurch—A. J. C. Talbot.
Dunedin—B. H. Keys.
Commissioner—G. C. Fache.
Chief Clerk—L. Crow.
Registrar at Auckland—J. H. Boyes.
Registrar at Napier—C. J. Steevens.
Registrar at Wellington—B. E. Murphy.
Registrar at Christchurch—P. A. Keddell.
Registrar at Dunedin—R. S. Stokes.
Registrar at Invercargill — A. H. Parfitt.
Chief Traffic Manager—H. Buxton.
Traffic Superintendents—North Island—C. A. Piper; South Island—S. F. Whitcombe.
District Managers — Whangarei, W. Sword; Auckland, W. Bowles; Ohakune, G. Brownlee; Wanganui, J. E. Armstrong; Wellington, A. Duncan; Westport, P. L. Payne; Westland,
J. Bevin; Christchurch, W. J. Stringleman: Dunedin, T. W. Waite; Invercargill, T. W. Brebner.
Stationmasters in Charge—Kaihu, R. H. Nicolson; Gisborne, L. P. Pepperell; Nelson, T. S. Edwards; Picton, A. M. Arthur.
Chief Engineer for Working Railways—J. Burnett, M. Inst. C.E.
Inspecting Engineer—F. W. MacLean.
Signal Engineer—H. J. Wynne, A.M. Inst. C.E.
Office Engineer—G. A. Troup.
Railway Land Officer—J. Young.
District Engineers—Auckland, D. T. McIntosh; Ohakune, J. K. Lowe; Wanganui, F. J. Jones; Wellington, F. C. Widdop; Westport and Westland, C. M. Benzoni; Christchurch, C. H. Biss; Dunedin, H. Macandrew; Invercargill, A. J. McCredie.
Chief Mechanical Engineer — H. H. Jackson.
Locomotive Engineers—Auckland, F. T. Murison; Wellington – Napier–New Plymouth, G. E. Richardson; Hurunui – Bluff, G. A. Pearson; Westport and Westland, E. L. W. Haskins; Relieving, S. P. Evans.
* Combined post and telegraph office.
Members—Chairman, W. R. Haselden, S.M., appointed by the Governor; A. W. Hutchings, Assistant Station-master, Wellington, elected; D. Dwyer, Guard, Wanganui, elected; J. L. Churchouse, Ganger, Cross Creek, elected; D. McKenzie, Machinist, Potone, elected; A. Whisker, Engine-driver, Taumarunui, elected.
Meets irregularly when required and where most convenient.
Members — Chairman, W. R. Haselden, S.M., appointed by the Governor; W. O. Ennis, Clerk, Dunedin, elected; P. Gaines, Guard, Christchurch, elected; G. F. Martin, Engine-driver, Invercargill, elected; J. H. Jones, Turner, Addington, elected; E. J. Dash, Ganger, Waikari, elected.
Meets irregularly when required and where most convenient.
Members—Chairman, Hon. the Minister of Railways; J. L. Salmond, LL.B., Solicitor-General; F. Fitchett, M.A., LL.D., Public Trustee; E. H. Hiley, General Manager, Railways: elected—R. M. Isaacs, E. P. Moir, M. Lee, W. T. Wilson, and P. Gaines.
Board meets quarterly at Wellington.
Under-Secretary—T. W. Fisher.
Senior Clerk—J. B. Hackworth.
Clerk to Land Purchase Board—F. O. V. Acheson.
Translator.—L. M. Grace.
For places and dates of meetings of Boards see New Zealand Gazette of 30th April, 1914.
Minister of Justice and Attorney-General—Hon. A. L. Herdman.
Private Secretary—E. N. G. Poulton.
Chief Justice — Hon. Sir R. Stout, K.C.M.G., Wellington.
Judges—
Wellington—Hon. F. R. Chapman, Hon. J. H. Hosking.
Auckland—Hon. W. B. Edwards, Hon. T. Cooper.
Christchurch—Hon. J. E. Denniston, Hon. T. W. Stringer.
Dunedin—Hon. W. A. Sim.
Auckland—R. E. G. Thomas.
Hamilton—E. Rawson.
Gisborne—W. A. Barton.
New Plymouth—A. Crooke.
Napier—S. E. McCarthy.
Wanganui—W. Kerr.
Palmerston North—J. W. Poynton.
Masterton—L. G. Reid.
Wellington—W. A. Hawkins.
Nelson—J. S. Evans.
Blenheim—F. O'B. Loughnan.
Westport—W. Wilson.
Greymouth and Hokitika—J. G. L. Hewitt.
Christchurch—A. H. Holmes.
Timaru—V. G. Day.
Dunedin—A. Stubbs.
Invercargill—J. R. Colyer
Auckland—R. E. G. Thomas.
Poverty Bay—W. A. Barton.
Taranaki—J. Terry.
Hawke's Bay—S. E. McCarthy.
Wanganui and Rangitikei—F. W. Hart.
Manawatu—C. J. Hewlett.
Wairarapa—M. Foley.
Wellington—W. A. Hawkins.
Marlborough—A. P. Bent.
Nelson—W. Heaps.
Westland—J. G. L. Hewitt.
Westland North—J. McIndoe.
Westland Central—
Canterbury—A. H. Holmes
Timaru—V. G. Day.
Otago—A. Stubbs.
Southland—J. R. Colyer.
Auckland—Hon. J. A. Tole.
Hamilton—H. T. Gillies.
Gisborne—F. W. Nolan.
Napier—H. A. Cornford.
New Plymouth—C. H. Weston.
Wanganui—G. Marshall.
Palmerston North—C. A. Loughnan.
Masterton—A. R. Bunny.
Wellington—H. H. Ostler.
Blenheim—C. H. Mills.
Nelson—C. Y. Fell.
Westport—A. A. Wilson.
Greymouth—M. Hannan.
Hokitika—J. Park.
Christchurch—S. G. Raymond.
Timaru—J. W. White.
Oamaru—A. G. Creagh.
Dunedin—J. F. M. Fraser.
Invercargill—W. Macalister.
Auckland—C. C. Kettle and E. C. Cutten.
Whangarei, &c.—F. V. Frazer.
Hamilton, &c.—E. Rawson.
Russell, &c.—R. J. Acheson.
Rotorua, &c.—R. W. Dyer.
Thames, &c.—F. J. Burgess.
Gisborne, &c.—W. A. Barton and R. S. Florance.
New Plymouth, &c.—A. Crooke.
Hawera, &c.—W. G. K. Kenrick.
Napier, &c.—S. E. McCarthy.
Wanganui, &c.—W. Kerr.
Palmerston North, &c.—J. W. Poynton.
Wairarapa, &c.—L. G. Reid.
Wellington, &c.—W. G. Riddell and D. G. A. Cooper.
Blenheim, &c.—F. O'B. Loughnan.
Nelson &c.—J. S. Evans.
Westport, &c.—W. Wilson.*
Greymouth and Hokitika, &c.—J. G. L. Hewitt.*
Christchurch, &c.—H. W. Bishop.
Kaiapoi, &c.—T. A. B. Bailey.
Timaru, & —V. G. Day.
Oamaru, &c.—J. B. Bartholomew.*
Dunedin, &c.—H. Y. Widdowson.
Queenstown, &c.—H. A. Young.*
Naseby, &c.—E. W. Burton.*
Invercargill, &c.—T. Hutchison.*
Chatham Islands—Dr. G. H. Gibson.
* Also are Wardens of Goldfields.
Auckland—W. S. Fisher.
Wellington—A. Simpson, J.P.
Christchurch—G. A. Smyth.
Dunedin—T. D. Kendall.
Auckland—C. A. Barton.
Hamilton—H. J. Dixon.
Te Kuiti—F. W. Schramm.
Rotorua—C. V. Roberts.
Taumarunui—A. H. Cutler.
Gisborne—G. J. A. Johnstone.
Wairoa—J. L. Crowther.
Napier—J. Jordan.
Hastings—T. M. Lawlor.
Waipawa, &c.—W. Baker.
Dannevirke—H. Smith.
New Plymouth—J. Terry.
Hawera—D. W. Mason.
Stratford—W. J. Reeve.
Wanganui—F. W. Hart.
Taihape—F. Mitchell.
Marton, &c.—H. Morgan.
Feilding—C. E. Taylor.
Palmerston North—C. J Hewlett.
Otaki—T. O'Rourke.
Wellington—R. P. Ward.
Masterton—M. Foley.
Pahiatua—D. O'Rourke.
Christchurch—W. A. D. Banks.
Lyttelton—G. N. Morris.
Kaiapoi and Rangiora—A. G. Ashby.
Timaru—T. W. Tayler.
Temuka—W. S. Jones.
Waimate—W. Y. Purchase.
Oamaru—A. A. Mair.
Port Chalmers—S. R. McDonald.
Balclutha—W. Harte.
Invercargill—J. R. Colyer.
Whangarei—F. Bird, jun.
Thames—J. C. Malfroy.
Coromandel—G. H. Sherwood.
Paeroa and Te Aroha—H. R. Bush.
Waihi—D. P. Phillips.
Tauranga—T. R. W. Philpotts.
Nelson—J. Fitzgerald.
Blenheim—A. F. Bent.
Westport—J. McIndoe.
Reefton—(Vacant).
Greymouth—E. W. Cave.
Kumara—G. H. Harris.
Hokitika—J. N. Nalder.
Ashburton—G. G. Chisholm.
Dunedin (Hindon)—B. Harper.
Naseby, &c.—J. A. Norrie.
Cromwell, &c.—J. Reid.
Queenstown and Arrow town — A. J. Thompson.
Lawrence—J. M. Adam.
Gore—G. H. Lang.
Riverton and Orepuki—A. E. Dobbie.
Coroners.
Arrowtown, H. Graham; Carterton, J. T. M. Hornsby; Dannevirke, J. Drummond; Dunedin, C. C. Graham; Foilding, J. J. Bagnall, E. Goodbehere; Foxton, A. Fraser; Kawhia, T. D. Hamilton; Kinohaku, W. J. Shaw; Levin, W. C. Nation; Marton, J. J. McDonald; Now Plymouth, J. Mackay; Ohakune, E. G. Allsworth; One-hunga, D. A. Sutherland; Opotiki, P. A. Crawford; Otahuhu, A. R. Harris; Paeroa, J Nathan; Pahi, J. B. Ariell; Port Albert, L. P. Becroft; Queenstown, L. Hotop; Raglan, W. H. Wallis; Taihape, J. P. Aldridge; Takaka, A. Sinclair; Tapanui, W. Quin; Taumarunui, A. S. Laird; Te Awamutu, J. B. Teasdale; To Kopuru, T. Webb; Te Kuiti, J. Boddie; Te Puke, C. Lally; Thamos, W. H. Lucas; Waihi, W. M. Wallnutt; Waipawa, J. C. Taylor; Waiuku, W. J. King; Westport, G. B. Sinclair; Whangarei, J. M. Killen; Woodville, E. J. Gothard. All Stipendiary Magistrates are ex officio Coroners.
Solicitor - General — J. W. Salmond K.C., LL.B.
Assistant Law Officers—H. H. Ostler, LL.B., E. Y. Rodward, P. S. K. Macassey.
Law Draftsman—W. Joliffe.
Assistant Law Draftsman—J. Christie, LL.B.
Registrar of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks, Fine Arts, and Dramatic Works Copyrights—J. C. Lewis.
Inspector—C. E. Matthews.
Gaolers — Auckland, A. W. Ironside; Invercargill, M. Hawkins; Lyttelton, (vacant); Napier, A. Gideon; New Plymouth, H. McMurray; Wellington, J. C. Scanlon; Kaingaroa, W. Ayling; Waipa Valley, G. Anderson; Waikeria, Rev. J. L. A. Kayll.
Members—Hon. Sir R. Stout. K.C.M.G., Dr. Hay, J. R. Blair, P. Waldegrave, G. Fenwick, W. Reece, and G. C. B. Jordan.
Board meets once a quarter at different gaols.
Commissioner of Police—J. Cullen.
Superintendents—J. W. Ellison, Wellington; N. Kiely, Auckland; A. J. Mitchell, Dunedin; J. Dwyer, Christchurch.
Inspectors—E. Wilson, Wanganui; J. O'Donovan, Napier; A. H. Wright, Hamilton; S. P. Norwood, Invercargill; W. J. Phair, Grevmouth; J. A. McGrath, Auckland; C. W. Hendrey, Wellington.
Sub - Inspectors — A. Cruickshank, Tiraaru; B. Sheehan, Wellington; R. Marsack, Palmerston North; W. Fouhy, Dunedin; J. Johnston, Auckland; W. H. Mackinnon, Christchurch.
Clerk in Charge—F. G. Twiss.
Resident Commissioner, Rarotonga—H. W. Northcroft, N.Z.C.
Resident Commissioner, Niue—H. G. Cornwall.
Resident Agents—Mangaia, J. C. Cameron; Aitutaki, T. Duncan; Atiu, J. T. Large; Mauke, W. S. Cooper; Penrhyn, E. F. Hawk; Manihiki and Rakahanga, H. Williams.
Chief Medical and Health Officer—Dr. G. P. Baldwin.
Assistant Medical Officer—Dr. A. R. Maclurkin.
Registrar of Courts—H. H. G. Ralfe.
Collector of Customs—W. J. Stevenson.
Clerk to Federal Council and Government Printer—S. Savage.
Fruit Inspector—G. Esam.
Lecturers and Instructors:—Thames—W. H. Baker, B.Sc.; Coromandel—W. B. Inglis: Waihi—A. H. V. Morgan, M.A.: Karangahake—R. B. MacDuff: Reefton—J. McPadden: Westport—H. Lovell.
Members — The Director, Geological Survey; the Surveyor-General; the Inspecting Engineer of Mines; the Chief Inspector of Machinery; J. Bishop; J. C. Brown; and H. A. Gordon, F.G.S.
Same official members as preceding Board, excepting the Chief Inspector of Machinery, with the following private members: H. A. Gordon, F.G.S., Auckland; T. Gilmour, Waihi; H. S. Molineaux, Barewood; and H. P. Hornibrook, Coromandel.
The Director of Geological Survey is Chairman of both Boards, and H. E. Radcliffe is the Secretary.
Board meets once a year in Wellington.
General Manager—W. C. Gasquoine.
Accountant—L. H. Eilers.
Mine - manager, Point Elizabeth Colliery, Greymouth—J. Bishop.
Mine - manager, Seddonville Colliery, Westport—I. A. James.
Agent, Westport—A. W. Wilson.
Depot Agent, Wellington—F. J. Gunn.
Depot Agent, Christchurch — J. O. Butler.
Depot Agent, Wanganui—F. A. Nalder.
Depot Agent, Dunedin—T. Quinlivan.
Minister of Internal Affairs — Hon. F. H. D. Bell, K.C.
Private Secretary—J. W. Black.
HEAD OFFICE.
Under-Secretary—J. Hislop.
Assistant Under-Secretary—G. P. Newton.
Chief Clerk—P. J. Kelleher.
Accountant—A. R. Kennedy.
Officer in Charge of Government Buildings—W. H. Hennah.
Chief Electoral Officer—J. Hislop.
Clerk in Charge and Deputy Electoral Officer—G. G. Hodgkins.
Members—The Minister of Internal Affairs (Chairman), the Director of the Dominion Museum, tho President of the New Zealand Institute, Professor A. P. W. Thomas, and Messrs H. F. Von Haast, G. M. Thomson, M.P., C. A. Ewen, and P. G. Morgan.
President—C. Chilton, M.A., D.Sc., M.B.C.M., F.L.S.
Hon. Treasurer—C. A. Ewen.
Secretary—B. C. Aston, F.I.C.
Dominion Analyst and Chief Inspector of Explosives — J. S. Maclaurin, D.Sc., F.C.S.
Agricultural Chemist — B. C. Aston, F.I.C., F.C.S.
Mining Chemist—W. Donovan, M.Sc.
Explosives Chemist and Inspector of Explosives—R. Girling-Butcher.
High Commissioner—Hon. T. Mackenzie.
Secretary—C. F. W. Palliser.
Trade and Immigration Representative—T. E. Donne.
Accountant—G. F. Copus.
Produce Commissioner—H. C. Cameron.
Veterinarian—A. Crabb, M.R.C.V.S.
Chief Clerk—A. S. Row.
Nominated by the Government—H. J. H. Blow, I.S.O., G. F. C. Campbell, F. W. Flanagan, J. H. Richardson.
Elected by Contributors in the Post and Telegraph Department—H. E. Combs, H. A. R. Huggins.
Elected by Contributors in the Police Department—Superintendent J. W. Ellison.
Elected by Contributors in other Departments—G. Allport, H. W. Bishop, J. W. Macdonald.
The Board holds its meetings in the Public Trust Building, Wellington, on the second Thursday in February, May, August, and November.
Members—W. R. Morris, G. F. C. Campbell, W. B. Montgomery, G. C. B. Jordan. (One seat vacant.) Secretary, W. M. Wright.
Controller and Auditor - General—Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O.
Deputy Controller and Auditor and Chief Clerk—P. Purvis Webb.
Audit Officer, London—T. H. Hamer.
Audit Inspectors—
Auckland—B. A. Meek, H. Wylie, C. G. Collins.
Napier—O. R. Younghusband.
New Plymouth—J. H. Fowler.
Wanganui—J. P. Rutherford.
Wellington—H. A. Lamb, J. Ward.
Nelson—J. C. A. Dudley.
Christchurch—A. W. Eames, A. L. B. Jordan.
Dunedin — C. P. Johnson, C. A. Ralston.
Invercargill—H. T. Thompson.
(Under New Zealand Loans Act, 1908.)
Minister of Finance—Hon. J. Allen.
Controller and Auditor - General—Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O.
Public Trustee—Dr. Fitchett, LL.D., C.M.G.
Speaker, House of Representatives—Hon. F. W. Lang.
Secretary to Commissioners—P. Purvis Webb.
Registrar-General—F. W. Mansfield.
Government Statistician—M. Fraser.
Deputy Registrar-General and Chief Clerk—W. W. Cook.
Chief Compiler, Statistical Branch—F. H. Machattie.
Year-book Clerk—J. W. Butcher.
Registrars of Births, Deaths, and Marriages—Auckland, T. Culpan: Wellington, W. W. Cook; Christchurch, F. Evans; Dunedin, H. Maxwell.
Government Printer, Stationery Office Manager, and Controller of Stamp Printing—J. Mackay.
Chief Clerk and Accountant—B. B. Allen.
Superintendent—W. A. G. Skinner.
Inspector-General—F. Hay, M.B., C.M.
Deputy Inspector-General—St. L. H. Gribben, M.D.
Assistant Inspector—Miss H. Maclean.
Chief Clerk—D. Souter.
Medical Superintendent, Auckland Mental Hospital—R. M. Beattie, M.B.
Medical Superintendent, Christchurch Mental Hospital—W. B. Gow, M.D.
Medical Superintendent, Porirua Mental Hospital—G. Hassell, M.D.
Medical Superintendent, Seacliff Mental Hospital—F. T. King, M.B.
Medical Superintendent, Tokanui Mental Hospital, Kihikihi—A. Crosby, M.R.C.S.
Medical Superintendent, Nelson Mental Hospital — H. E. Jeffreys, M.R.C.S.
Superintendent, Hokitika Mental Hospital—J. Downey; Medical Officer—H. Macandrew, M.B.
Minister—Hon. R. H. Rhodes.
Private Secretary—W. Crow.
Inspector-General of Hospitals, Chief Health Officer, and Registrar of Nurses and Midwives —T. H. A. Valintine, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H.
Deputy Chief Health Officer—J. P. Frengley, M.D., F.R.C.S., D.P.H.
Assistant Inspector of Hospitals and Deputy Registrar of Nurses and Midwives—Miss H. Maclean.
Chief Clerk—E. A. S. Killick.
District Health Officers—Auckland, Dr. R. H. Makgill; Napier, Dr. F. I. De Lisle; Wellington, Dr. H. E. Finch; Christchurch, Dr. H. Chesson; Dunedin (vacant).
Chairman—Dr. J. P. Frengley.
Member— G. Hogben, M.A.; W. H. Morton, M. Inst. C.E., M.R. San. Inst.; A. Burt, jun.; and J. Clark.
Secretary—P. C. Pirani.
Board meets at irregular intervals, usually at Wellington.
Government Pathologist—R. H. Makgill, M.D., Edin., D.P.H., Camb.
Bacteriologist—J. A. Hurley.
General Officer Commanding N.Z. Forces — Major-General Sir A. J. Godley, K.C.M.G., C.B., p.s.c., Imperial General Staff.
Assistant Military Secretary — Lieutenant J. M. Richmond.
Chief Clerk—W. E. Butler.
Inspector of Rifle Clubs, Rifle Ranges, and Drill Halls—Colonel G. C. B. Wolfe, Reserve of Officers.
Judge Advocate-General—Colonel J. R. Reed, Reserve of Officers.
Chief of General Staff and Director of Staff Duties and Military Training—Colonel E. S. Heard, Imperial General Staff.
Attached to General Staff — Major J. G. Hughes, D.S.O., N.Z. Staff Corps; Captain F. Hudson, N.Z. Staff Corps.
Director of Military Operations—Major C. M. Gibbon.
Representative at Headquarters, Imperial General Staff, War Office—Major G. S. Richardson, N.Z. Staff Corps.
Adjutant-General—Colonel Hon. R. H. Collins, D.S.O., Imperial General Staff.
Assistant Adjutant - General — Major H. E. Pilkington, R.N.Z.A.
Quartermaster-General—Colonel A. W. Robin, C.B., C.M.G. T.D., N.Z Staff Corps.
Assistant Quartermaster - General — Major H. H. Browne, N.Z. Staff Corps.
Director of Equipment and Stores—Hony. Major J. O'Sullivan.
Director of Ordnance and Artillery—Colonel G. N. Johnston, R.G.A.
Assistant Director and Instructor in Engineer Duties—Lieutenant (temp. Captain) H. M. Edwards, Royal Engineers.
Officer Commanding District—Colonel R. Logan. A.D.C., N.Z. Staff Corps.
General Staff Officer — Lieut.-Colonel W. C. Braithwaite, D.S.O., Imperial General Staff.
Attached to General Staff — Captain H. C. Nutsford, N.Z. Staff Corps; Lieutenant (temp. Captain) W. W. Alderman, Commonwealth Military Forces; Lieutenant (temp. Captain) T. A. Wallingford, N.Z. Staff Corps.
Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General — Captain R. S. Matthews, N.Z. Staff Corps.
Officer Commanding District—Colonel E. W. C. Chaytor, p.s.c., N.Z. Staff Corps.
General Staff Officer — Major A. C. Temperley, Norfolk Regiment.
Attached to General Staff—Major H. R. Potter, Captain J. H. Whyte, N.Z. Staff Corps.
Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General—Captain J. T. Bosworth, N.Z. Staff Corps.
Officer Commanding District—Colonel V. S. Smyth, N.Z. Staff Corps.
General Staff Officer —Major W. R. Pinwill, Imperial General Staff.
Attached to General Staff — Captain A. W. M. Onslow, 16th Lancers, and Captain A. C. B. Critchley-Salmonson, Royal Munster Fusiliers.
Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General—Captain W. H. Meddings, N.Z. Staff Corps.
Officer Commanding District—Colonel A. Bauchop, C.M.G., N.Z. Staff Corps.
General Staff Officer—Major J. D. Grant, V.C., Imperial General Staff.
Attached to General Staff — Captain S. A. Grant, N.Z. Staff Corps, and Captain A. Moore, D.S.O., Royal Dublin Fusiliors.
Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General — Captain W. L. Robinson, N.Z. Staff Corps.
Officer Commanding — Major J. E. Hume, R.N.Z.A.
NOTE.—For full particulars of rank and names of Officers of Permanent Staff and Territorial Force vide Army List of the New Zealand Forces, published quarterly.
Mangonui — Officer in Charge, J. T. Williams.
Russell—Coastwaiter, H. Stephenson.
Whangaroa—Coastwaiter, A. G. Ratcliffe.
Whangarei—Coastwaiter, J. Munro.
Hokianga—Coastwaiter, F. A. Hardy.
Kaipara—Collector, D. Savident.
Auckland—Collector, J. P. Ridings; Sub-Collector, A. V. Penn; First Clerk, B. Anderson.
Thames—Coastwaiter, T. C. Bayldon.
Tauranga—Collector, F. J. Robertshaw.
Poverty Bay—Collector, J. Howie.
New Plymouth—Collector, J. H. Hempton.
Waitara—Coastwaiter, L. H. Sampson.
Patea—Collector, H. W. Williams.
Napier—Collector, W. F. Dickey.
Wanganui—Collector, F. J. Walker.
Wellington—Collector, E. R. Brabazon; Sub-Collector, E. T. W. Maclaurin; First Clerk, H. A. Jackman.
Wairau—Collector, C. O. Trownson.
Picton—Officer in Charge, J. W. Burgess.
Nelson—Collector, W. Devenish.
Westport—Collector, R. B. D. Eyre.
Greymouth—Collector, F. Davies.
Hokitika—Collector, G. A. Empson.
Christchurch and Lyttelton—Collector, W. J. Wratt; Sub-Collector, W. Howarth; First Clerk, S. E. Harrop.
Timaru—Collector, W. Rose.
Oamaru—Collector, C. Hill.
Dunedin and Port Chalmers—Collector. T. M. Cullen; Sub-Collector, P. Doull; First Clerk, H. W. S. Ruffell.
Invercargill and Bluff—Collector, W. J. Hawley.
Chatham Islands — Officer in Charge, H. Scott.
Minister of Marine — Hon. F. M. B. Fisher.
Private Secretary—A. Hall.
Secretary—G. Allport.
Chief Clerk—A. P. Stone.
Marine Engineer for the Dominion—R. W. Holmes.
Nautical Adviser and Chief Examiner of Masters and Mates—H. S. Blackburne.
Director, Meteorological Branch—D. C. Bates.
Chief Inspector of Sea Fisheries—L. F. Ayson.
Superintendents of Mercantile Marine and Examiners of Masters and Mates—
Auckland—C. E. W. Fleming.
Wellington—G. G. Smith.
Lyttelton—J. A. H. Marciel.
Dunedin—N. Beaumont.
Master of s.s. “Hinemoa”—J. Bollons.
Commander Training-ship “Amokura”—G. S. Hooper (R.N.R.).
Chief Inspector of Machinery, Chief Surveyor of Ships, and Chief Examiner of Marine Engineers and Stationary-engine Drivers—R. Duncan.
Inspectors of Machinery Surveyors of Ships, and Examiners of Marine and Land Engineers and Stationary-engine Drivers,—
Auckland—S. Dalrymple, W. G. Bell, H. G. L. Noy, A. C. Reid, W. J. White.
Hamilton—J. Kydd.
Napier—W. R. Douglas.
Wanganui—C. W. R. Suisted.
Palmerston North—W. Cullen.
Wellington—A. Calvert, A. E. Macindoe, J. W. Townsend, P. J. Healy.
Nelson—N. D. Hood.
Greymouth—P. Mackenzie.
Christchurch — A. W. Bethune, J. H. Knowles.
Timaru—A. McKenzie.
Dunedin—J. Williamson, W. J. Crawford, T. A. Cooper.
Invercargill—P. Grant.
Members — R. Duncan, Chief Inspector of Machinery, M. Inst., Nav. A., Chairman; F. Reed, M.I.M.E., Inspecting Engineer of Mines; R. W. Holmes, M. Inst. C.E., Engineer-in-Chief, P.W.D.; E. Parry, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E., M.I.E.E., Electrical Engineer, P.W.D.: J. G. Macpherson, Secretary.
Board meets once a quarter, or when required, at Wellington.
Minister of Labour—Rt. Hon. W. F.
Massey, P.C.
Private Secretary—F. D. Thomson, B.A.
Auckland—W. Newton (in charge), J. Hollows.
Wellington—H. E. Moston, W. Slaughter, and W. Rapley.
Christchurch—H. B. Bower (in charge), R. T. Bailey, W. Wakelin.
Dunedin—L. D. Browett (in charge), J. Georgeson.
Whangarei—P. J. Norwood.
Hamilton—M. McCormack.
Rotorua—S. H. Sergeant.
Thames—R. Lloyd.
Waihi—T. H. Erwin.
Gisborne—W. H. Westbrooke.
Napier—A. Donald.
Hastings—R. Watters.
Dannevirke—F. R. Pearson.
New Plymouth—J. F. Arnold.
Hawera—F. W. Pettett.
Wanganui—E. W. F. GÖhns.
Feilding—T. Watson.
Palmerston North—W. J. Culver.
Masterton—J. C. Yorke.
Blenheim—J. H. Morrison.
Nelson—S. Tyson.
Westport—T. Fairhall.
Greymouth—H. J. Torbit.
Ashburton—R. Frizzelle.
Timaru—J. Jackson.
Oamaru—A. E. Waite.
Gore—R. Ross.
Invercargill—G. H. Lightfoot.
And 151 Inspectors and Agents (police officers) in small towns.
Auckland—H. Gresham.
Hawke's Bay—A. Donald.
Wellington—R. A. Bolland.
Nelson and Marlborough—S. Tyson.
Westland—H. J. Torbit.
North Canterbury—E. J. G. Stringer.
South Canterbury—J. Jackson.
Otago—F. Barton.
Southland—J. Brown.
Auckland—Miss H. R. Morrison.
Wellington—Miss E. R. Bremner.
Christchurch—Mrs. A. Way.
Dunedin—Miss M. S. Hale.
Judge — His Honour Mr. Justice Stringer.
Employers' Member—W. Scott.
Workers' Member—J. A. McCullough.
Auckland and Taranaki Industrial Districts—T. H. Giles (Auckland).
Wellington, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland Industrial Districts — P. Hally (Wellington).
Canterbury and Otago and Southland Industrial Districts — J. R. Triggs (Christchurch).
Members — The Superintendent of Workers' Dwellings and the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and the Inspectors of Factories in each of the following cities and towns: Auckland, Gisborne, New Plymouth, Napier, Wellington,* Nelson, Greymouth, Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill.
Meetings irregular; sits when business is required to be transacted.
Minister of Lands—Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey, P.C.
Private Secretary—F. D. Thomson, B.A.
Under-Secretary for Crown Lands—J. Mackenzie.
Assistant Under - Secretary — F. T. O'Neill.
Surveyor-General—E. H. Wilmot.
Inspectors of Surveys—J. Langmuir, J. D. Climie.
Land Drainage Engineer — J. B. Thompson.
Chief Clerk—W. R. Jourdain.
Chief Accountant—A. C. Turnbull.
Chief Draughtsman—M. C. Smith.
Chief Computer—C. E. Adams, M.Sc., F.R.A.S. (also Government Astronomer).
Director of Magnetic Observatory (Christchurch)—H. F. Skey, B.Sc.
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—H. M. Skeet.
Inspecting Surveyors—W. J. Wheeler and R. P. Greville.
Chief Draughtsman—H. D. McKellar.
Chief Clerk—J. G. Bendely.
Receiver of Land Revenue—J. H. O'Donnell.
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—W. H. Skinner.
Inspecting Surveyor and Local Land Officer, Gisborne—T. Brook.
Chief Draughtsman—H. Mackay.
* Deputy Chief Inspector.
Chief Clerk—J. Thomson.
Receivers of Land Revenue—Napier, H. R. Robinson; Gisborne, R. Sinel.
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—G. H. Bullard.
Chief Draughtsman—H. J. Lowe.
Chief Clerk—
Receiver of Land Revenue—A. J. Rossiter.
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—T. N. Brodrick.
Chief Draughtsman—W. F. Marsh.
Chief Clerk—H. M. Bannister.
Receiver of Land Revenue — T. G. Waitt.
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—H. G. Price.
Chief Draughtsman—
Receiver of Land Revenue — H. L. Welch.
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—F. A. Thompson.
Chief Draughtsman—A. D. Burns.
Receiver of Land Revenue—A. W. Duncan
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—H. D. M. Haszard.
Chief Draughtsman—A. N. Harrop.
Chief Clerk—F. T. Sandford.
Receiver of Land Revenue — F. E. Duncan.
Commissioner of Crown Lands—C. R. Pollen.
Chief Draughtsman—F. E. Greenfield.
Chief Clerk—R. Leckie.
Receiver of Land Revenue — G. W. Palmer.
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—R. T. Sadd.
Chief Draughtsman—D. M. Calder.
Chief Clerk—C. E. Archibald.
Receiver of Land Revenue—F. A. Cullen.
Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—G. H. M. McClure.
Chief Draughtsman—R. S. Galbraith.
Chief Clerk—A. D. McGavock.
Receiver of Land Revenue and Accountant—A. D. A. Macfarlane.
The respective Commissioners of Crown Lands and—
Auckland — A. R. Harris, W. Johns, J. Trounson, J. Rountree.
Hawke's Bay — R. B. Ross, A. J. Cameron, T. Hyde, G. Wright.
Taranaki—J. Heslop, J. Rattenbury, C. J. Ryan.
Wellington—J. Dawson, H. T. Ellingham, J. Georgetti, W. McLennan.
Marlborough — J. S. Storey, A. McCallum, J. Fulton, J. Boyd.
Nelson—A. Sinclair, G. Walker, E. S. Hoult, R. Patterson.
Westland—J. S. Lang, A. Cumming, B. Ward, G. Mallinson.
Canterbury — J. Sealy, J. Stevenson, R. Macaulay, T. G. Gee.
Otago — G. Livingstone, J. A. Macpherson, C. Anderson, P. Kinney.
Southland—C. Robertson, J. McLean, J. King, J. Thomson.
Members — The Surveyor - General (Chairman), the General Manager of Tourist and Health Resorts, the Under-Secretary Native Department, the Commissioner of Crown Lands for each Land District in which are lands dealt with under the Act.
Secretary—W. R. Jourdain.
Meets when directed by Minister, at Wellington, or elsewhere.
Superintending Nurseryman, North Island (Rotorua)—H. A. Goudie.
Superintending Nurseryman, South Island (Tapanui)—R. G. Robinson.
Members — E. H. Wilmot, Surveyor-General; T. N. Brodrick, Chief Surveyor at Wellington; H. Sladden, Hutt; and J. W. Harrison, Auckland.
Secretary — C. E. Adams, M. Sc., F.R.A.S.
Board meets March and September for examinations, and at other times as business requires, at Wellington.
J. D. Ritchie, Chairman and Land Purchase Inspector.
J. Mackenzie, Under - Secretary for Lands.
E. H. Wilmot; Surveyor-General.
Chief Clerk—O. Mewhinney.
The respective Commissioners of Crown Lands and—
Auckland—A. R. Harris.
Taranaki—J. Heslop.
Hawke's Bay—T. Hyde.
Wellington—(Vacant).
Marlborough—(Vacant).
Nelson—P. Best.
Westland—J. S. Lang.
Canterbury—A. C. Pringle.
Otago—A. McKerrow.
Southland—J. McLean.
Registrar-General of Land and Deeds—G. G. Bridges.
Secretary for Land and Deeds—P. C. Corliss.
Accountant—J. Murray.
Auckland—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles and Registrar of Deeds—T. Hall.
Assistant Land Registrars—R. H. Bourke and A. H. Fletcher.
Deputy Registrar of Deeds—C. R. Keeble.
Draughtsman—T. K. Thompson.
Poverty Bay—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles and Registrar of Deeds—-R. S. Florance.
Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—J. A. Fraser.
Hawke's Bay—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles and Registrar of Deeds—F. Aspinall.
Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—W. Hislop.
Draughtsman—E. H. Cane.
Taranaki—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles and Registrar of Deeds—A. V. Sturtevant.
Draughtsman—J. R. Vaile.
Wellington—District Land Registrar and Registrar of Deeds—G. G. Bridges.
Examiner of Titles and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—J. J. L. Burke.
Assistant Land Registrars—J. J. L. Burke and A. P. Gorman.
Draughtsman—J. Cook.
Marlborough—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—F. W. Broughton.
Nelson—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—W. Johnston.
Draughtsman—W. S. Curtis.
Westland — District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—W. P. Morgan.
Canterbury—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—W. Wyinks.
Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—J. A. Ambrose.
Draughtsman—W. C. Leversedge.
Otago—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—C. E. Nalder.
Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—P. Dalrymple.
Draughtsman—W. T. Morpeth.
Southland—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—W. W. de Castro.
Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—R. Sinclair.
Draughtsman—J. L. Dickie.
Minister in Charge—Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey, P.C.
Private Secretary.—F. D. Thomson, B.A.
Secretary—F. S. Pope.
Chief Clerk—W. C. Robinson.
Accountant—J. W. Bell.
Editor—C. E. Cuming.
Biologist—A. H. Cockayne.
Auckland—J. E. D. Spicer.
Napier—G. H. Absolum (Acting).
Wauganui—A. C. Philpott (Acting).
Wellington—W. T. Wynyard.
Christchurch—A. E. Rowden.
Dunedin—W. Miller.
Invercargill—J. R. F. Cameron (Acting).
Director — C. J. Reakes, D.V.Sc. M.R.C.V.S.
Assistant Director—J. L. Bruce.
Senior Veterinarian — J. G. Clayton, M.R.C.V.S.
Veterinary Officer in Charge of Laboratory, Wallacoville — H. A. Reid, F.R.C.V.S., D.V.S., F.R.S.E.
President—T. G. Wilson.
Vice-President—J. C. N. Grigg.
Members—A. P. Allport, E. Averill, W.F. M. Buckley, R, Dingle, E. Hall, W. D. Hunt. A. S. Orbell, W. Perry, and R. Reynolds.
General Manager—B. M. Wilson.
Chief Clerk—W. H. Frethey.
Accountant—J. H. Barr.
Tourist Agents—Auckland, C. Wallnutt; Te Aroha, G. F. McGirr; Rotorua. Wm. Hill; Wellington, J. W. Hill; Christchurch, G. W. C. Moon; Dunedin, S. J. Collett; Invercargill, T. F. McLaughlin.
New Zealand Trade Commissioner for Australia, and New Zealand Government Agent, Melbourne—H. J. Manson.
New Zealand Government Agent—Sydney, N.S.W., W. R. Blew.
Rotorua Sanatorium and Baths — Balneologist, A. S. Wohlmann, M.D., M.R.C.S.; House Surgeon, W. G. Robertson, M.B., Ch.B.
Hanmer Springs — Resident Medical Officer, J. D. C. Duncan, M.B., Ch.B.
Inspector - General of Schools — G. Hogben, M.A., F.G.S.
Secretary for Education—Sir Edward O. Gibbes, Bart.
Assistant Inspector - General — W. J. Anderson, M.A., LL.D.
Chief Clerk and Accountant (also Secretary, Teachers' Superannuation Board)—F. K. de Castro.
Inspectors—W. E. Spencer, M.A., M.Sc. (also Editor School Journal), and T. H. Gill, M.A., LL.B.
Inspector—W. W. Bird, M.A.
Assistant Inspector—J. Porteous, M.A.
Clork in Charge—F. L. Severne.
Inspectors—Elizabeth Gunn, M.B., Ch.B., L.M.; Ada G. Paterson, M.B., Ch.B.; Elizabeth S. Baker, M.B., Ch.B.
Director—T. B. Garlick.
Inspectors and Instructors — F. R. Just, S. Moore, W. A. Johnson, A. P. Roydhouse, H. E. Longworth, and Misses D. K. Heritage, K. I. Larsen, E. M. Blackburne, B. Greenwood.
Auckland—R. Crowe.
Taranaki—P. S. Whitcombe.
Wanganui—W. H. Swanger.
Wellington—G. L. Stewart.
Hawke's Bay—G. Crawshaw.
Marlborough—E. S. Hylton.
Nelson—N. R. Williams.
Grey—P. F. Daniels.
Westland—A. J. Morton, B.A.
Canterbury North—H. C. Lane.
Canterbury South—J. A. Valentine.
Otago—S. M. Park.
Southland—A. Bell, M.A.
Auckland—E. K. Mulgan, M.A.; C. W. Garrard, B.A.; W. A. Burnside, M.A.; J. T. G. Cox; G. H. Plummer, LL.B.; M. Priestley; N. T. Lambourne, M.A.; J. W. McIlraith, M.A., LL B., Litt, D.; Norman R. McKenzie.
Taranaki—W. A. Ballantyne, B.A.; R. G. Whetter, M.A.
Wanganui — G. D. Braik, M.A.; J. Milne, M.A.; T. B. Strong, M.A., B.Sc.; D. Stewart.
Wellington — T. R. Fleming, M.A., LL.B.; F. H. Bakowell, M.A.; F. G. A. Stuckey, M.A.; A. B. Charters, M.A.
Hawke's Bay—A. Stradian, M.A.; H. T. Hill, B.A.
Marlborough—D. A. Sturrock.
Nelson—G. A. Harknoss, M.A.; A. Crawford, B.A.
Grey—W. S. Austin.
Westland—A. J. Morton, B.A.
North Canterbury—W. Brock, M.A.; C. D. Hardie, B.A.; S. G. Owen, M.A.; J. B. Mayne, B.A.
South Canterbury—J. G. Gow, M.A., J. A. Valentine, B.A.
Otago—C. R. D. Richardson, B.A.; C. R. Bossence; J. R. Don, M.A., D.Sc.; J. Robertson, B.A., B.Sc.
Southland—J. Hendry, B.A.,; A. L. Wyllie, M.A.
Public Trustee—F. Fitchett, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D.
Deputy Public Trustee—T. S. Ronaldson.
Inspector—M. C. Barnett.
Solicitor—J. W. Macdonald.
Secretary—A. Purdie.
Accountant—W. McL. Barr.
Chief Examiner—H. Turner.
Auckland—E. F. Warren.
Napier—E. B. Burdekin.
Hawera—E. Barns. (Also West Coast Settlement Reserves Agent).
Wanganui—T. R. Saywell.
Masterton—T. R. Allen.
Wellington—C. Zachariah.
Nelson—J. E. Allen.
Greymouth—C. W. Cooke.
Christchurch—G. A. Smyth.
Dunedin—T. D. Kendall.
Invercargill—S. W. Smith.
Members — The Minister of Finance, the Public Trustee, the Government Insurance Commissioner, the Valuer-General, the Superintendent of the State-guaranteed Advances Office, G. E. Tolhurst, Esq., W. G. Foster, Esq.
Moots every Thursday, at Wellington.
Members—The members of the Board constituted under the Public Trust Office Act, together with Mr. Hoani Tainui and Mr. Teo Tipene.
Meets irregularly at the Public Trust Office, Wellington.
Commissioner — J. H. Richardson. F.F.A., F.A.S., F.I.A.V., F.I.A.N.Z.
Actuary—M. Fox.
Deputy Commissioner and Secretary—W. B. Hudson.
Supervisor of New Business—G. E. Robertson.
Accountant—G. W. Barltrop.
Assistant Actuary—P. Muter, F.I.A.
Chief Medical Officer—T. Cahill, M.D.
Chief Clerk—R. C. Niven.
Auckland—J. Findlay.
Wellington—G. E. Robertson.
Christchurch—J. C. Prudhoe.
Dunedin—F. B. Bolt.
Invercargill—H. S. Manning.
Napier—G. A. Noble-Campbell.
Wanganui—A. E. Allison.
Nelson—G. J. Robertson.
Greymouth—R. S. Latta.
Timaru—T. P. Laurenson.
Members—The Minister of Finance, the Solicitor-General, the Surveyor-General, the Public Trustee, the New-Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office Superintendent, and the Government Insurance Commissioner.
Meets weekly on Wednesdays at the Government Insurance Buildings, Wellington.
General Manager—C. R. C. Robieson.
Deputy General Manager — J. H. Jerram.
Accountant—C. B. Redward.
Auckland—F. H. Pope.
New Plymouth—K. B. Bain.
Palmerston North—R. H. Pavitt.
Christchurch—H. C. Rogers.
Dunedin—L. H. Osborn.
Members—The Minister in Charge, the General Manager, the Government Insurance Commissioner, and Messrs. J. W. A. Marchant and G. R. N. Wright.
Meets on third Monday of each month, at the State Fire Office, Wellington.
Superintendent—G. F. C. Campbell.
Deputy-Superintendent—W. Waddel.
Solicitor—J. B. Christie.
Accountant—W. N. Hinchliffe.
Inspecting Valuer—A. C. Mason.
Members — The Superintendent, the Under-Secretary of Crown Lands, the Government Insurance Commissioner, the Valuer-General, and the Public Trustee.
Board meets at the State Advances Office, Government Buildings, each Monday.
Under-Secretary—H. J. H. Blow, I.S.O.
Assistant Under - Secretary — W. S. Short (solicitor)
Engineer-in-Chief — R. W. Holmes, M.I.C.E.
Chief Electrical Engineer—E. Parry, B.Sc. A.M.I.C.E., A.M.I.E.E.
Inspecting Engineer—F. W. Furkert, A.M.I.C.E.
Staff Engineer — H. Vickerman, A.M.I.C.E., B.Sc.
Architect—J. Campbell, F.R.I.B.A.
Chief Clerk—G. C. Schmidt.
Accountant—C. E. Bennett.
Land-purchase Officers—E. Bold and A. H. Kimbell.
Inspecting Officer—P. S. Waldie.
Head Storekeeper—J. C. Fulton.
Fire Inspector—W. H. Hennah.
District Engineers—Auckland, F. Bigg-Wither; Gisborne, C. E. Armstrong; Wellington, J. D. Louch, A.M.I.C.E.; Dunedin, J. E. W. McEnnis.
Electrical Engineer—Christchurch, L. Birks, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E. A.M.I.E.E.
Resident Engineers — Whangarei, J. Wood, A.M.I.C.E.; Tauranga, J. Hannah; Napier, S. J. Harding; Taumarunui, A. J. Baker; Stratford, G. T. Murray; Wanganui, R. H. Reany; Nelson, W. Widdowson; Blenheim, A. B. Wright; Greymouth, H. H. Sharp, A.M.I.C.E.; Otira, A. Dinnie; Christchurch, H. Dickson; Invercargill, J. H. Treseder; Winton, J. H. Lewis.
Resident Road Engineer—T. Burd, Tauranga.
This Act ratifies an agreement entered into, on behalf of the Governments of Australia and New Zealand respectively, with reference to the payment of old-age pensions in either of the said countries to applicants who have been resident in the other.
Clauses 2 and 3 of the said agreement are in the following terms:—
“2. Residence for any period in the Dominion by an applicant for a Commonwealth pension who has been resident in the Commonwealth for a period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of his application shall for the purpose of qualifying him for a pension be taken as equivalent to residence in the Commonwealth.
“3. Residence for any period in the Commonwealth by an applicant for a Dominion pension who has been resident in the Dominion for the period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of his application shall for the purpose of qualifying him for a pension be taken as equivalent to residence in the Dominion.”
The agreement becomes operative in New Zealand on a date to be fixed by the Governor by notice in the Gazette, such date being not earlier than the date of the coming into operation of the agreement in the Commonwealth of Australia.
This Act enacts, with the necessary modifications, the provisions of the Copyright Act, 1911 (Imperial), and thus brings the law of copyright into line with that of the United Kingdom and also with that of most of the other countries of the world. The Act also makes provision for securing reciprocity with other countries.
Instead of being for variable periods, according to the class of work (as was formerly the case), the term of copyright (except in a few cases) is now for the life of the author and fifty years after his death, subject to the right of any one to reproduce the work during the last twenty-five years of the term on payment to the owner of the copyright of a royalty calculated at the rate of 10 per centum of the price at which the work is published on such reproduction.
Hitherto registration has been required before action could be taken for infringement of copyright, but this is not now necessary, though registration may still be effected and certain remedies thus rendered more readily obtainable.
In accordance with the Act copyright subsists not merely in literary musical, dramatic, and artistic works, as hitherto, but also in works of architecture, and in lectures, mechanical-instrument records and rolls, and cinematograph films. It secures to an author the sole right to reproduce the work in any form, whether by translation, conversion of a dramatic work into a novel or novel into a dramatic work, or, in the case of a literary, dramatic, or musical work, to make any record, roll, cinematograph film, or other contrivance by means of which the work may be mechanically performed.
Copyright under the present Act exists in unpublished as well as in published works.
This Act improves materially the position of Magistrates by providing—
That every Magistrate hereafter appointed shall be a barrister or solicitor of the Supreme Court of not less than five years' standing, or a person who has been employed as Clerk of a Magistrate's Court for not less than ten years and is a barrister or solicitor; and
That the principal Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in each of the four centres shall receive an annual salary of £800, and that each of the other Magistrates shall receive an annual salary of £700.
The Act also abolishes the distinction between the ordinary, special, and extended jurisdictions of Magistrates, and every Magistrate may now exercise civil jurisdiction in respect of matters referred to in section 6.
This Act authorizes the raising of a loan, not exceeding £100,000, to be expended in the opening-up and development of land for settlement in arid country, and in constructing and maintaining irrigation and water-supply works in aid of the mining and agricultural industries.
This Act provides for the incorporation of amendments in official reprints of amended Acts, and further provides that judicial notice of such reprint shall be taken by all Courts and persons acting judicially.
This Act repeals and re-enacts with modifications the several Acts relating to the grant of pensions in New Zealand, viz.: (1) The Old-age Pensions Act and its amendments; (2) the Widows' Pensions Act and its amendments; (3) the Military Pensions Act.
Several amendments have been made with a view to removing certain hardships and anomalies that had been disclosed in the course of administration, particularly with reference to old-age pensions. For example, the definition of “income” is limited so as to exclude the following classes of payments:—
Any pension payable under the Act;
Any payment by way of sick-allowance or funeral benefit from any registered friendly society;
Any money received by way of charitable relief not exceeding £52 in any year;
Any money received from the Gold-miners' Relief Fund pursuant to section 16 of the Mining Amendment Act, 1910, or from the Coal-miners' Relief Fund or the Sick and Accident Fund pursuant to section 80 of the Coal-mines Act, 1908;
Any money received on the sale or exchange of land or property;
Any money received under an insurance policy on the destruction or damage by fire or otherwise of a building or other property;
Any capital moneys expended for the benefit of the applicant or for the benefit of his or her wife or husband or dependent children;
Any money or money's worth received by an applicant on the intestacy or under the will of the deceased husband or wife of the applicant; and
Any payment by way of gift or allowance (not exceeding £52 in any year) from any relative of the applicant.
The exemptions provided for in paragraphs (b), (c), (d), (g), (h), and (i) above are new. The amended definition has the effect of increasing the number and amount of pensions that may be granted.
An important amendment (relating to pensions to elderly women) is made by section 7, which reduces the age at which a woman qualifies for a pension from sixty-five to sixty years, with a qualification that the amount of pension otherwise payable is diminished by £1 for each year by which the applicant's age is less than sixty-five years.
The conditions relating to continuous residence in New Zealand of applicants for old-age pensions have been somewhat relaxed by the inclusion of a provision in section 8 which, in certain cases, allows an applicant to have been absent from New Zealand for more than two years of the preceding twenty-five years if the total period of his actual residence in New Zealand is not less than twenty-five years.
A further amendment (section 10 (3) reads as follows:—
“(3.) The capital value of property on which an applicant for a pension or for the renewal of a pension permanently resides shall not be deemed to exceed the capital value of that property as appearing on the district valuation roll under the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, at the date of the establishment of the applicant's original claim.”
This amendment is designed to relieve those applicants for the renewal of a pension who, by an increase in the capital value of the site of their home, have formerly been debarred from obtaining such renewal although no change may have taken place in their actual income.
Section 13 confers a benefit on married applicants by providing that the separate yearly income of husband and wife respectively shall be half of the total yearly income of both of them, and also extends from £90 to £100 the possible joint total income (including pension) of husband and wife. The effect of the division of the income as aforesaid is to reduce the deductions made from the amount of pension payable, and consequently to increase the amount of pension.
Part II (relating to widows' pensions) extends the benefits to widows in respect of step-children and of children legally adopted during the lifetime of the deceased husband of the applicant. The other amendments are immaterial.
Part III provides for the grant of a pension of £36 per annum to any person who “served under the Crown in any of the Maori wars, and has been awarded a medal for active service in any such war. The only conditions to which the grant of such pension is subject are that the applicant shall have resided continuously in New Zealand for not less than ten years immediately preceding the date of his application, and that he has been of good behaviour during that period.
This Act introduces a system of graduated income-tax by which the rate is increased for each additional pound of rateable income over £400. In former years the rate was increased only in respect of an increase of not less than £100 in the rateable income, and in some cases an increase of £200 or £250 was required before any increase was made in the rate of tax.
The new system results in a much more equitable distribution of the tax.
Section 2 authorizes a deduction (by way of special exemption) from the yearly taxable income of a taxpayer of £25 in respect of each of his children who is under the age of sixteen years and is dependent upon him. A deduction cannot, however, be made from the income of both the father and mother of a child, nor in any case where the total income of the parents exceeds £425 per annum.
This Act authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise the sum of £1,750,000, to be applied as follows:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| (1.) For the construction of railways | 600,000 |
| (2.) For additional rolling-stock, &c. | 500,000 |
| (3.) For the construction of roads, bridges, &c. with a view to promoting land settlement and the development of goldfields | 500,000 |
| (4.) In respect of other public works | 150,000 |
This Act establishes and constitutes a body corporate to be called “the New Zealand Institute of Architects”; it also provides for the registration of persons qualified to practise as architects, and fixes a fine not exceeding £50 for any person who, not being a registered architect or a member of the Institute, describes himself as such. The Act provides for the examination of persons desirous or being registered under the Act, and also provides for the recognition (without further examination) of persons holding certificates or diplomas in architecture granted by any university, college, or other public institution in Great Britain or Ireland, or in any British possession or foreign country. The Act also permits the registration of persons who, not being the holders of such certificates or diplomas, have, in the opinion of the Registration Board, “attained great eminence in the profession of architecture.”
This Act makes various amendments of the Local Elections and Polls Act, 1908, principally with a view to bringing the provisions of the last-mentioned Act relating to the conduct of elections and polls into line with the corresponding provisions in the Legislature Act, 1908. In particular provision is now made for a scrutiny by the Returning Officer after the close of the poll of the several rolls used in the conduct of the poll and for an official declaration of the result of the poll. Any candidate at an election who has reason to believe that the official declaration is incorrect may apply to a Magistrate for a recount of the votes recorded.
Sections 16 to 22 (relating to offences at ballots) correspond with the provisions as to offences contained in the Legislature Act.
This Act makes various amendments of a technical nature in the Land Transfer Act, 1908.
This Act amends in various particulars the provisions of the Public Trust Office Act, 1908.
Section 3 alters the constitution of the Public Trust Office Board, and provides for the appointment of two additional members (not being persons holding office in the Public Service), who shall hold office for two years and receive a salary of not more than £250 per annum.
Section 4 authorizes the Public Trustee, in the administration of any trust estate, to act in conjunction with “advisory trustees” or “an advisory trustee,” who may be appointed by the testator or settlor, or by the Court, or by any person having power to appoint a new trustee. Where the Public Trustee acts in conjunction with an advisory trustee the trust property remains vested solely in the Public Trustee, who may, however, consult the advisory trustee in matters relating to the administration of the estate, and the advisory trustee may advise the Public Trustee on any such matter. In the event of a difference of opinion the matter may be referred to a Judge of the Supreme Court, whose decision shall be final.
Sections 5 to 9 refer to the appointment of the Public Trustee as “custodian trustee” in certain cases. In such cases the trust property is vested in and administered by a managing trustee or managing trustees, and the sole function of the custodian trustee is “to get in and hold the trust property and invest its funds, and dispose of the assets as the managing trustees in writing direct.”
Section 11 provides for the investigation and audit of the accounts of estates administered by any person other than the Public Trustee. Such investigation may be made on the application of the trustee or of a beneficiary, and shall be conducted by a solicitor of the Supreme Court or by a registered accountant.
Section 13 provides for the payment to the Public Trustee (unless otherwise ordered by the Court) of all moneys or damages received or awarded in any cause or matter on behalf of an infant or person of unsound mind. When moneys are so paid to the Public Trustee they form part of the common fund of the Public Trust Office, and bear interest accordingly, and the proceeds are applied by the Public Trustee towards the maintenance and education or otherwise for the benefit of the persons entitled thereto.
Sections 14 and 15 protect the interests of the Public Trustee as mortgagee in certain classes of mortgages of leasehold interests in Crown lands.
The remaining sections make various amendments of the principal Act, and extend the powers of the Public Trustee in the administration of trust estates.
This Act authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise, on the security of the public revenues of New Zealand, a sum not exceeding £50,000 for the purpose of carrying out drainage operations in the Whakatane County. Similar provisions were formerly contained in the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, and those provisions are accordingly repealed by the present Act.
The Act provides for the establishment of a Dominion Museum, Dominion Art Gallery, and a Dominion Scientific, Art, and Historical Library, and for the constitution of a Board of Science and Art, to be charged with the management and direction of the said institution.
This Act makes several important amendments of and additions to the law relating to the administration of ordinary Crown lands and of settlement lands.
Part I deals principally with amendments of a general nature in the existing law.
Sections 28 to 31 relate to the acquisition of the fee-simple by the lessees of certain Crown lands. The fee-simple so acquired does not confer on the owner any right to any metals, minerals, precious stones, coal, or oil that may be on or under the land.
Section 39 extends from ten to twenty years the time during which lessees of certain Crown and settlement lands may pay off the unpaid purchase-money to respect of the purchase (pursuant to the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912) of the fee-simple of the lands comprised in their leases.
Part II relates to the constitution of special districts for reading purposes. The Minister of Lands is empowered to constitute such special districts, comprising Crown lands held under lease or license, and on the constitution of any such district the moneys derived from the sale, letting, or other disposal of any of the lands comprised therein (for a period not exceeding fifteen years) are to he utilized (under the supervision and direction of a committee appointed by the settlers within the district) for the purpose of affording access to lands situated within the district.
Part III relates exclusively to Crown lands held under pastoral licenses. Inter alia it provides for a right of renewal of pastoral runs, at a rent to be fixed by arbitration, in cases where the whole of the run is to be again let for pastoral purposes, and where a run is to be subdivided the original licensee is given the right to acquire one subdivision without competition.
Part IV confers on the owners of leases in perpetuity of settlement land the right to acquire the fee-simple of the lands comprised in their leases at any time within five years after the date of the passing of the Act. The provisions as to the computation of price and the payment of the purchase-money are similar to the corresponding provisions in the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912 (relating to the purchase of the fee-simple by lessees under renewable leases of settlement land).
Part V repeals and re-enacts the provisions of Part VI of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909 (relating to the raising of money for the purpose of providing funds for opening up lands for settlement).
Part VI relates to the acquisition of private lands required for purposes of closer settlement. On the service on the owner of a notice that the said land is so required he must either—
Himself subdivide and offer the land for sale in suitable allotments: or
Agree with the Minister for the subdivision and disposal of the land pursuant to the provisions of Part III of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912.
In the event of the failure of the owner either to subdivide or to agree to the subdivision and disposal of the land referred to in the notice as aforesaid, the land may be taken compulsorily under the provisions of the Land for Settlements Act, 1908.
Part VII relates to the aggregation of land in the hands of private owners, and provides that where such aggregation is deemed to be contrary to the public interest the Governor may by Proclamation take the land so acquired, as for the purposes of a public work, compensation being assessed in manner provided by the Public Works Act. All land acquired by the Governor under these provisions is to be disposed of under the Land for Settlements Act.
This Act makes various amendments of an administrative nature in the principal Act.
Section 27 applies to Borough Councils the provisions of the principal Act relating to the audit of the accounts of local authorities.
Section 28 extends the authority of Borough Councils with respect to unauthorized expenditure by permitting such expenditure not exceeding 1 per centum of the general rate in any year, or not exceeding £50 (in the case of boroughs having a population not exceeding 5,000); £100 (if the population exceeds 5,000 but does not exceed 10,000); or £250 (if the population exceeds 10,000).
Section 34 authorizes the issue of Treasury bills by the High Commissioner in London in anticipation of and repayable out of loan-moneys authorized to be raised.
Section 35 provides that the annual increments to the salaries of officers of the Public Service, payable pursuant to the scheme of classification, shall be paid immediately after the commencement of the year in which they become payable (i.e., after the 1st April in each year). Hitherto (except in the case of classified departments) increments have not been paid until after the passing of the Appropriation Act.
The other amendments are purely technical.
This Act authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise £145,000 for drainage-works in the Hauraki Plains. The corresponding provisions in the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, are repealed.
This Act repeals and re-enacts with amendments the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1908, and such of the provisions of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, as relate to loans granted by the Superintendent to local authorities.
Parts II and IV are new, and provide respectively for—
Joint special loans by two or more uniting local authorities; and
Loans to be raised by local authorities and guaranteed by the State.
Part III (relating to loans to local bodies from the State Advances Office) empowers the Superintendent to grant loans for any of the following classes of public works, viz.:—
The construction of a road or street, including the channelling thereof;
The construction of a bridge;
The construction of waterworks for the supply of water;
The construction of drainage-works or irrigation-works; or
The construction of sanitary works.
Under these provisions no local authority is to receive from the Superintendent more than a total of £60,000 within any period of three years. In dealing with applications for advances preference is to be given to applications for the renewal of public works that have been destroyed by flood, tempest, or accident.
The rate of interest payable on loans granted by the Superintendent is fixed by section 68 at 4œ per centum per annum, or at ⅛ per centum more than the rate at which the money was originally raised, whichever is the greater.
Section 70 (which re-enacts the provisions of section 9 of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act, 1912) makes special provision with respect to loans raised for the purpose of constructing roads and bridges in outlying districts, and for metalling such roads for the first time. It provides for the setting-aside in each of the ten years after the passing of the Act (out of the moneys available for advances to local authorities) the sum of £250,000, to be applied for the purposes mentioned. It further provides that for the first ten years of the term of any loan granted out of the moneys so set aside the Minister of Finance shall, towards the repayment of the loan, pay to the Superintendent an amount equal to 1 per cent. of the loan, and in each of the next five years shall pay an amount equal to œ per cent. thereof.
Section 3 of this Act provides that, unless otherwise authorized by the Minister of Internal Affairs, every rate and special rate hereafter made under the principal Act (i.e., the Land Drainage Act, 1908) shall be levied on a graduated scale according to a classification to be made by the Board of the rateable property within the drainage district. The basis of classification is the benefit likely to be derived by the lands from the drainage operations in respect of which the rate is made.
This Act provides for the establishment of a Board of Agriculture, consisting of not more than twelve members appointed by the Governor, of whom not more than four may be appointed on the recommendation of the agricultural and pastoral societies of the North Island, and an equal number on the recommendation of such societies in the South Island. The functions of the Board are to advise the Minister of Agriculture on matters relating to the development of agricultural and other rural industries in New Zealand. In particular, but without limiting the application of the term “agricultural and rural industries,” the functions of the Board extend to the following matters:—
The aiding, improving, and developing of agriculture and all rural industries, including fruit-culture, horticulture, forestry, dairying, the breeding of stock and poultry, beekeeping, and the flax industry;
The prevention and control of disease in stock and poultry, the control of rabbits and noxious weeds, and the dipping of sheep;
The establishment of agricultural colleges and agricultural education generally; and
The aiding or facilitating of the carriage and distribution of produce.
This Act repeals the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, and its amendments, and re-enacts (with amendments) so much of the same as relates to the administration of the Advances Office and its business of making advances to settlers and workers. Those provisions of the Act of 1909 that have not been re-enacted in this Act have been incorporated in other Acts to which they more properly belong. For example, some of the provisions have been incorporated in the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913; financial provisions relating to opening up lands for settlement have been included in the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913; provisions relating to the raising of loans for the acquisition and settlement of Native freehold land are re-enacted in the Native Land Amendment Act, 1913; and other provisions are re-enacted in the Mining Amendment Act, the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Amendment Act, and the Hauraki Plains Amendment Act respectively.
This Act amends in various particulars the provisions of the River Boards Act, 1908.
Section 4 provides for the inclusion within a river district of lands which have derived or may derive benefit from river-protection and other works. Section 9 provides for the compulsory classification for rating purposes of lands situated within a river district.
Section 12 authorizes the Governor to confer on River Boards such of the powers of a Drainage Board as he may think fit.
The main provision of general interest in this Act is the repeal of the Second Ballot Act, 1908.
In addition to various amendments of an administrative nature this Act provides for increases in the scale of salaries and wages payable to the officers of the First Division and to certain of the officers of the Second Division.
Provision is also made in section 11 for the holding of inquiries with respect to accidents on trains resulting in injury to passengers.
This Act extends the powers of mutual fire-insurance associations by authorizing them to indemnify their members against liability to pay compensation or damages in respect of accidents to their employees.
This Act authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise not more than £25,000 in any year. The moneys so raised are to be available for the purpose of making advances (not exceeding in any case the sum of £3,000) for the establishment of cold stores for fruit and of fruit-canning works, and otherwise for the assistance of the fruitgrowing industry.
Section 2 provides for the appointment of one additional Judge of the Supreme Court at a salary of £1,800 per annum.
Section 4 makes better provision in respect of the superannuation allowances payable to Judges on their retirement.
Sections 5 to 10 relate to the constitution of the Court of Appeal. The said Court is to consist of two Divisions (each of five members), the members of each Division being Judges of the Supreme Court. A Judge may be a member of both Division at one and the same time. The Divisions are to sit separately, but the Governor in Council may authorize the two Divisions to sit together for the purpose of determining any appeal deemed to be of special difficulty or importance.
Section 2 of this Act provides for payment of stamp duty on instruments of exchange at the same rate and in the same manner as if those instruments were conveyances on sale of the exchanged properties.
This Act prohibits the manufacture or sale within New Zealand of boots or shoes unless the soles are made wholly of leather, or unless they are legibly stamped with a description of the materials of which the soles are made.
By section 2 of this Act the limit of interest-bearing deposits in the Post Office Savings-bank is increased from £600 to £1,000.
Section 8 prohibits the erection or maintenance for hire or profit by private persons of any electric line of communication by telephone except with the precedent consent of the Governor in Council.
Section 9 provides for the regulation of the use within New Zealand waters of wireless-telegraph apparatus on merchant ships not registered in New Zealand.
The remaining sections make merely administrative amendments of the principal Act.
This Act provides for the establishment in New Zealand of a Naval Force, and for that purpose authorizes the Governor to appoint officers and issue commissions. The Naval Force is to be raised and maintained by voluntary enlistment only, enlistment being for a prescribed period not less than two years. The Naval Force so raised is to be subject to the Imperial Naval Discipline Acts and the King's Regulations and Admiralty instructions for the time being in force.
In time of war the Naval Force (including the ships, vessels, or boats acquired for naval defence purposes) is to be at the disposal of the Government of Great Britain.
Section 15 provides that members of the Naval Force may be required to serve for training or on any naval service either within or beyond the limits of New Zealand.
Section 17 provides for the training of members of the New Zealand Naval Force on board any ship of the King's navy, or of the navy of any part of the British dominions, or any naval establishment or school connected with any such navy.
Section 20 provides for the transfer of ships, officers, and men from the New Zealand Naval Force to the Naval Forces of any other part of the British dominions
Section 21 provides for the establishment of a New Zealand Royal Naval Reserve.
The Naval Defence Act, 1908, and the Naval Subsidy Act, 1908, are repealed.
This Act increases from £25 to £50 the value of goods that cannot lawfully be distrained for rent, and includes the furniture of a tenant within the list of exempted articles.
This Act extends to local authorities the provisions of the principal Act relating to the construction of railways by companies, and increases from £5,000 to £10,000 a mile the maximum expenditure permissible in respect of such construction
The main provision in this Act authorizes the Governor in Council to determine certain leases of education reserves or endowments in cases where the land comprised therein is required for subdivision. In any such case the lessee is entitled to compensation in the same manner as if the land had been taken for a public work under the Public Works Act, 1908.
This Act provides for the sealing of patents after the prescribed time where, in consequence of the neglect or failure of the applicant to pay any fee, the patent has not been duly sealed. The machinery provisions are similar to those of the principal Act relating to applications for the restoration of lapsed patents.
This Act provides for the continuance of the employment in the Public Service of certain officers who have hitherto been temporarily employed therein or in the service of either branch of the Legislature.
Section 2 of this Act is designed to prevent unlawful intimidation. Section 3 makes punishable on summary conviction by a fine not exceeding £20, or by imprisonment for not more than three months, the offence of inciting others to the commission of offences.
This Act amends in several particulars the provisions of the principal Act.
Section 3 provides for the alteration of the boundaries of contiguous counties.
Sections 6 to 11 provides for the preparation of the county electors' roll.
Section 23 provides that all drainage rates or special rates for drainage purposes are to be levied on a graduated scale according to a classification of the lands deriving benefit from the drainage operations.
Sections 31 and 32 authorize County Councils to erect workers' dwellings on land acquired or appropriated for the purpose, and to let or otherwise dispose of the same in manner provided in the said section.
Sections 9 to 19 make better provision for the collection of rates payable in respect of Native lands. The other sections are amendments of the principal Act.
This Act amends in various particulars the provisions of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909.
Section 12 empowers Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards to establish building funds for the purpose of providing moneys for the erection of new buildings, or for the repair, enlargement, or reinstatement of existing buildings, and to set aside in each year out of revenue such sums as the Minister approves for the purposes of such funds.
Section 16 abolishes the Marsden-Kaipara Hospital District and the Board thereof, and in lieu thereof constitutes the Whangarei Hospital District and the Kaipara Hospital District, and provides for the apportionment of the property and liabilities of the Marsden-Kaipara Hospital and Charitable Aid Board between the Whangarei and the Kaipara Boards.
Section 18 provides for the imposition of a fine not exceeding £50 on the secretary, treasurer, or other officer of a Board who fails or neglects to perform any duties required of him by the principal Act.
Section 19 extends the powers of Boards with respect to the reception and detention in hospitals of persons found to be suffering from contagious or infectious diseases.
Section 2 provides for the compulsory classification of land for the purposes of special rates levied pursuant to the principal Act, and further provides that the said rate shall be levied according to such classification.
Section 6 provides for the sale of certain Crown land situated in the County of Vincent (Otago) to any company having for its objects the irrigation of such land and its subsequent subdivision and sale for the purposes of closer settlement.
Sections 3 to 13 provide for the constitution of Native Land Court districts, and for the appointment of Judges, Registrars, and Commissioners of the Native Land Court to exercise jurisdiction within the districts for which they are respectively appointed.
Section 13 provides for the compilation of a register of the owners of all Native freehold land and of their respective interests.
Sections 15 to 52 relate to the constitution and functions of Maori Land Boards.
By section 23 it is provided that the Judge and the Registrar of each Native Land Court district are to constitute the Maori Land Board of the district. The Judge is the President of the Board, and may appoint any Native or European assessor or assessors to act in respect of any matter before the Board for its determination.
Sections 44 to 62 deal with the partition among the Native owners of their several interests in land held by them in common. By section 44 the Judge of the Native Land Court is required from time to time to report to the Native Minister as to the Native lands within his district that are suitable for settlement and are not used by their Native owners, and thereupon the Minister may apply to the Native Land Court to investigate the title and to partition the said land among the several owners. In making such partition the Court is required, so far as possible, having regard to the interests of the owners, to subdivide the said land into such allotments as may be conveniently disposed of by the Native owners to an individual purchaser or an individual lease. Sections 48 to 53 make provision for the adequate roading of lands heretofore or hereafter partitioned. Section 55 permits of two or more adjoining blocks being treated as one for the purpose of partition of interests and subsequent subdivision for settlement.
Sections 64 to 68 provide for succession to the interests of a deceased owner of Native land. If application for a succession order is not made within six months after the death of a Native owner, the Judge of the Native Land Court in the district in which the land is situated may proceed to inquire as to the successors of the deceased owner, and may thereupon make such orders as he thinks fit. Section 67 provides for the disposal by sale or lease (with the consent of a majority of the owners affected) of land held by Native owners in common in cases where the relative interests are so small that, in the opinion of the Court, partition is not justifiable.
Sections 70 to 80 make provision for the limitation of the area of Native land to be beneficially held by one person.
Sections 82 to 93 relate to the alienation of Native freehold land by the owners thereof and to the confirmation by the Maori Land Board or Native Land Court of instruments of alienation. Section 90 provides for the removal into the Supreme Court of applications for confirmation in cases involving questions of difficulty. Section 92 authorizes the payment to the Public Trustee or a Maori Land Board in trust for the Natives entitled thereto of any unpaid purchase-money payable in respect of the alienation of any Native land. By section 93 provision is made, in the case of land held under lease, for the protection of the tenant's interest in improvements where application is made for the confirmation of an instrument of alienation.
Section 94 authorizes Maori Land Boards to delegate to Land Boards under the Land Act, 1908, the powers conferred on the first-mentioned Boards by Part XIV of the Native Land Act, 1909 (relating to the administration of Native land vested in Maori Land Boards for the purposes of settlement by Europeans).
Section 96 authorizes the Governor in Council to revest in the Native owners any land held in trust for those owners by a Maori Land Board, on application in that behalf being made by a majority of the Native owners beneficially entitled thereto.
Section 97 protects the lessee's interest in Native land leased pursuant to the provisions of the Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905, or of the Native Land Act, 1909.
Section 99 empowers the Court, on the application of any person interested, to order an investigation and audit of the accounts kept by the committee of management appointed by the incorporated owners of any Native land under Part XVII of the Native Land Act, 1909.
Sections 100 to 106 deal with the powers of the assembled Native owners of Native land.
Sections 107 to 119 extend the powers of the Crown with respect to the acquisition by purchase or lease of Native land. When any Native land subject to a valid lease is so acquired by the Crown by way of purchase, the lessee is entitled to receive a renewable lease under Part III of the Land Act, 1908, in lieu of the existing lease, or to acquire the fee-simple of the land comprised in his lease subject to the terms and conditions specified in section 110 of the present Act.
Section 113 authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise £500,000 in any year for the acquisition by the Crown of Native lands. Similar provisions were formerly contained in Part VII of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, and those provisions are accordingly repealed by the present Act.
Section 115 provides for the lease of Native lands to the Crown, with an option to purchase the freehold on terms to be specified in the lease. Lands so leased may, subject to the conditions expressed in section 116, be subleased in the same manner as if they were Crown lands under the Land Apt.
The remaining provisions of the Act relate principally to matters of administration.
Section 14 of this Act provides for an increased rate of salary to be paid to teachers in public schools. The other amendments relate wholly to matters of administration.
This Act repeals the Police Force Act, 1908 (which was a re-enactment of the Act of 1886), and makes better provision for the establishment, maintenance, and discipline of the Police Force.
This Act amends in several important respects the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1908.
Section 6 provides for a biennial election of Mayors in lieu of an annual election, as at present. In the case of a casual vacancy within twelve months a fresh election is held; if at any other time the Council appoints a Mayor to hold office until the next general election.
Sections 13 and 14 make better provision for the constitution of new boroughs and the alteration of existing boroughs.
Section 27 authorizes Borough Councils to establish services for the conveyance of passengers and goods (otherwise than by railway or tramway).
Section 34 authorizes Borough Councils to supply electricity to persons residing beyond the limits of the borough.
Section 52 authorizes the erection and the sale or lease of workers' dwellings on land to be acquired or appropriated by a Borough Council for the purpose.
The other amendments relate principally to matters of administration.
This Act repeals the Customs Law Act, 1908 (which was a consolidation of the Customs Act, 1882, and its amendments), and makes more adequate provision for the collection of duties of Customs. Few material alterations of the law are made except in matters pertaining to administration. In the provisions relating to ad valorem duties it is provided that such duties are to be based on the fair market cash value of the goods in respect of which the duty is payable instead of on the credit value as hitherto.
Section 2 of this Act provides for the construction or reconstruction of electric tramway-cars with a central passage-way in order to minimize the risk of accidents to conductors and others using the cars.
Section 6 provides for the suspension by the Governor in Council in certain circumstances of certain of the provisions of the Tramways Act, 1908, relating to the qualifications of motormen on electric tramways.
The other sections relate wholly to matters of administration.
This Act increases the amount of compensation payable to the owners of diseased stock, and also provides for the registration of brands, indicating a standard of merit, to be used by Stock-breeders' Associations.
Section 3 authorizes the making of advances by the Government for the purpose of promoting irrigation-works in arid localities.
Section 4 authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise £20,000 in each financial year for the purposes of Part X of the principal Act. The corresponding provisions contained in Part V of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, are repealed.
Sections 9 and 10 relate to claims by the owners of land for compensation in respect of its auriferous or argentiferous value, or in respect of minerals or precious stones on or under such land. In no such case is compensation payable unless the claim is first established by a judgment of the Supreme Court. The other sections relate to matters affecting administration.
Section 3 empowers the respondent in divorce proceedings to apply for an order making absolute a decree nisi for the dissolution of a marriage, and jurisdiction is conferred on the Court to deal with such application as if the application had been made by the petitioner.
Section 4 provides that the evidence of parties in matrimonial proceedings may be taken by affidavit only with the leave of the Court.
Section 5 repeals the provisions of the principal Act allowing appeals to the Privy Council (in lieu of to the Court of Appeal of New Zealand) from decisions on petitions for dissolution or nullity of marriage.
Section 6 provides that a husband who (while separated from his wife by mutual consent or judicial decree) habitually and without cause leaves her without reasonable maintenance shall, for the purposes of the principal Act (relating to the grounds for divorce), be deemed to have deserted her wilfully and without just cause or reasonable excuse, and to have left her so deserted.
Sections 7 and 8 permit of compensation cases being heard and determined in a Magistrates' Court instead of in the Court of Arbitration where the parties so agree.
Section 9 provides for the payment of compensation-moneys to the Public Trustee in trust for the persons entitled thereto.
Section 10 provides that the right to recover compensation or damages in respect of an accident to a worker shall survive notwithstanding the death of either party.
Section 13 gives to the employees of the Crown the same right to recover compensation or damages in respect of accidents as is possessed by the employees of private persons.
The other sections relate principally to matters of administration.
Section 2 extends the powers and functions of the New Zealand Law Society.
Section 3 imposes an additional annual fee of 10s. on practitioners to be paid to the New Zealand Law Society.
Section 11 incorporates the several District Law Societies, and empowers them to hold real and personal property.
Section 14 empowers the Governor by Order in Council to make regulations for the audit and inspection of the trust accounts of solicitors, and directs that such regulations shall be submitted to the Governor for approval before the 31st March, 1914.
This Act extends the provisions of Part I of the Monopoly Prevention Act, 1908 (relating to the price of agricultural implements), until the 31st December, 1915.
The most important amendment of the law effected by this Act is contained in section 8, which reads as follows:—
“Notwithstanding anything in the Shops and Offices Amendment Act, 1910, provision may be made in any award or industrial agreement under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1908, relating to assistants employed in hotels or restaurants for a whole holiday of twenty-four hours on any day in each week in lieu of the half-holiday or whole holiday provided for in the said Act:
“Provided that in the case of any such award such provision shall, on application in that behalf, be made unless the Court, in the case of any specified hotel or restaurant, or in the case of all hotels or restaurants in any specified locality, is satisfied that such provision would not be reasonably practicable, in which case the said provision may be modified in respect of such hotels or restaurants.”
The other amendments are principally of an administrative nature.
This Act relates to disputes between employers and workers who are not for the time being bound by an award or industrial agreement.
It provides for conferences of parties with a view to securing an amicable settlement, or in the alternative for the investigation of disputes by Labour Dispute Committees consisting of representatives of both parties to the dispute. Before a strike may lawfully take place a secret ballot of the workers affected is taken by the Registrar of Industrial Unions, and the result of the ballot is publicly notified. On the lapse of seven days after the publication of such result the workers are free to strike whatever the result of the ballot may have been.
Similar provisions are made to apply in the case of lockouts.
Agreements entered into by employers and workers to whom the Act applies may be filed in the Court of Arbitration and enforced as if they were industrial agreements under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act.
Table of Contents
[By D. C. BATES, Dominion Meteorologist.]
The climate of New Zealand is to be considered in relation to four main features—(1) Its position, stretching for nearly a thousand miles southward of latitude Ÿ S.; (2) its insular condition, situated as it is in the widest ocean of the world, from which no part of the country is distant more than seventy-five miles; (3) its physical features, mountain-chains running mostly north and south and affording different aspects; and (4) the weather-changes to which these parts of the earth are subject.
The latitudes in which the chief cities of New Zealand lie in the Southern Hemisphere correspond with the cities in the North from which the possible amount of sunshine may be gauged. Auckland's latitude corresponds to that of Cape Passaro in the south of Sicily; Wellington to Naples; and Dunedin to Venice. The following table gives the period during which the sun is above the true horizon on the days of midsummer and midwinter:—
| Possible Sunshine on the | At Auckland. | At Wellington. | At Dunedin. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hr. | min. | Hr. | min. | Hr. | min. | |
| Longest day | 14 | 40 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 46 |
| Shortest day | 9 | 38 | 9 | 13 | 8 | 39 |
The actual hours of bright sunshine recorded in Wellington average nearly six hours per day throughout the year, and few indeed are the days when a brilliant sun does not at some time or other score a definite trace upon the recording-chart. Other districts much more protected from cloud-formation, as Nelson, in Tasman Bay; Napier, on the east coast of the North Island; and Lincoln, near Christchurch, on the east coast of the South Island, have higher records. Some of the west coast districts, on the other hand, record less bright sunshine; but Wellington, the capital city, is in the middle position, and affords a good mean both for the sunshine and the rainfall of the whole Dominion. Wellington is also in a critical position with regard to atmospheric disturbances, Cook Strait being usually the dividing-line between the cyclonic storms and westerly lows, generally partaking of the changes due to both. The actual results are as follows:—
| Hours of Sunshine. | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Auckland. | Gisborne. | Napier. | Moumahaki. | Wellington. | Lincoln. | Nelson. | |||||||
| Hr. | min. | Hr. | min. | Hr. | min. | Hr. | nun. | Hr. | min. | Hr. | min. | Hr. | min. | |
* For four years. † For seven years. ‡ For five years. ‡ Incomplete, 13 days no record kept. || Incomplete, 15 days no record kept. | ||||||||||||||
| 1907 | .. | .. | 1,939 | 20 | 2,610 | 35 | 1,897 | 34 | 1,853 | 53 | 2,133 | 53 | .. | .. |
| 1908 | .. | .. | 2,259 | 20 | 2,806 | 42 | 2,001 | 40 | 2,009 | 3 | 2,185 | 11 | .. | .. |
| 1909 | .. | .. | 1,965 | 40 | 2,203 | 20 | 1,856 | 17 | 2,223 | 31 | 2,112 | 9 | 2,562 | 58 |
| 1910 | 1775 | 45 | 2,293 | 4 | 2,530 | 47 | 1,869 | 15 | 2,157 | 3 | 2,083 | 42 | 2,571 | 34 |
| 1911 | 1,975 | 30 | 2,147 | 20 | 2,406 | 56 | 1,692 | 25 | 2,276 | 37 | 2,326 | 0 | 2,506 | 56 |
| 1912 | 1,834 | 21 | 1,750 | 9 | 2,451 | 25 | 1,906 | 55 | 1,953 | 17 | 1,782 | 7 | ‡2227 | 15 |
| 1913 | 1,945 | 20 | 2,091 | 35 | 2,626 | 5 | 2,214 | 20 | 1,973 | 39 | 1,950 | 25 | ||2107 | 10 |
| Average | *1882 | 44 | †2063 | 47 | †2519 | 24 | †1919 | 46 | †2063 | 52 | †2081 | 55 | †;2395 | 10 |
These results bear comparison with some of the most favoured regions of the world, where, in order to produce the best results, sunshine and shower hold sway in turn. For instance, over the northern parts of the British Isles the annual average of bright sunshine is 1,200 hours, or 27 per cent. of the possible; and in the south it is 1,600 hours, or 36 per cent.; while Italy has averages from 2,000 to 2,400 hours, or from 45 to 54 per cent. of the possible.
Latitude, insolation, proximity of the ocean, and the height of a locality are the determining factors with regard to temperature. The oceanic influences are recognized as the dominant feature with regard to both summer heat and winter cold, upon both of which they exercise a moderating effect. The west coast of the South Island especially is open to the prevailing westerly winds, and is more humid and equable than the eastern coastal districts, which at times present an almost continental type with considerable range of temperature. In the cities of Auckland and Wellington frosts on the grass are of rare occurrence, though further south and inland they are often experienced. As showing the influence of the ocean in moderating temperature, we may contrast the records of a continental city with the capital city of Wellington.
| Temperatures (Degrees Fahrenheit). | |
|---|---|
| Mean. | Wellington. Lat. 41° 16′ S. |
| January, maximum | 69.4 |
| July, minimum | 42.1 |
| Mean annual range | 27.3 |
| August, maximum | 91.2 |
| January, minimum | 10.2 |
| Mean annual range | 81.0 |
The meteorological seasons are regarded as later than the solar or astronomical seasons. Thus, in the Southern Hemisphere July is usually the coldest and wettest month of the year, while January is the driest and warmest. The seasons are thus roughly divided:—
Winter—June, July, August.
Spring—September, October, November.
Summer—December, January, February.
Autumn—March, April, May.
The following table gives seasonal and annual means computed from several stations in the various provinces into which the Dominion was once politically as well as naturally divided:—
| Mean Temperatures in Shade (Degrees Fahrenheit). | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland— | Spring. | Summer. | Autumn. | Winter. | Annual. |
| Mean | 56.9 | 65.7 | 59.8 | 51.0 | 58.4 |
| Maximum | 65.2 | 75.2 | 68.3 | 58.5 | 66.8 |
| Minimum | 48.6 | 56.3 | 51.3 | 43.6 | 49.9 |
| Hawke's Bay— | |||||
| Mean | 57.3 | 65.6 | 59.0 | 50.0 | 58.0 |
| Maximum | 66.5 | 74.8 | 67.3 | 58.1 | 66.7 |
| Minimum | 48.3 | 56.5 | 50.7 | 42.0 | 49.4 |
| Taranaki— | |||||
| Mean | 55.0 | 62.4 | 58.0 | 49.9 | 56.3 |
| Maximum | 63.0 | 71.0 | 66.0 | 57.3 | 64.3 |
| Minimum | 47.1 | 53.7 | 50.0 | 42.4 | 48.3 |
| Wellington— | |||||
| Mean | 54.1 | 62.1 | 56.4 | 47.9 | 55.1 |
| Maximum | 61.7 | 71.0 | 64.8 | 55.4 | 63.3 |
| Minimum | 46.2 | 53.3 | 48.2 | 40.5 | 47.0 |
| Nelson and Marlborough— | |||||
| Mean | 55.6 | 63.5 | 57.6 | 48.7 | 56.3 |
| Maximum | 63.7 | 72.2 | 65.6 | 55.9 | 64.3 |
| Minimum | 47.5 | 55.0 | 49.8 | 41.5 | 48.4 |
| Westland— | |||||
| Mean | 49.7 | 58.1 | 51.4 | 41.2 | 50.1 |
| Maximum | 57.5 | 66.2 | 59.1 | 48.6 | 57.8 |
| Minimum | 42.0 | 49.9 | 43.7 | 33.7 | 42.3 |
| Canterbury— | |||||
| Mean | 52.5 | 60.8 | 53.2 | 43.1 | 52.4 |
| Maximum | 61.9 | 70.9 | 62.3 | 51.2 | 61.6 |
| Minimum | 43.1 | 50.9 | 44.3 | 35.1 | 43.3 |
| Otago— | |||||
| Mean | 50.4 | 57.9 | 51.0 | 41.5 | 50.2 |
| Maximum | 59.5 | 67.5 | 59.1 | 48.1 | 58.5 |
| Minimum | 41.5 | 48.2 | 43.0 | 35.0 | 41.9 |
Mean temperatures of definite places are usually employed in climatic comparisons, and the following annual means, as well as the means of the extreme months of the summer and winter, afford the reader useful data. The Australian temperatures are from the Official Year-book of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the others are chiefly from Hofraths, Dr. J. von Hann's great work upon the climatology of the world.
| Mean Temperatures. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEW ZEALAND. | ||||||
| Auckland. | Gisborne. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Hokitika. | ||
| January | 66.7 | 67.1 | 62.4 | 61.7 | 60.9 | |
| July | 51.8 | 49.5 | 47.5 | 42.4 | 44.8 | |
| Annual | 59.3 | 58.3 | 55.2 | 52.6 | 53.4 | |
| BRITISH ISLES. | ||||||
| Greenwich. | Liverpool. | York. | Dublin. | Edinburgh. | ||
| January | 38.5 | 39.4 | 37.8 | 41.7 | 39.0 | |
| July | 62.6 | 59.7 | 59.7 | 59.7 | 58.5 | |
| Annual | 49.6 | 48.7 | 47.7 | 49.6 | 47.7 | |
| EUROPE. | ||||||
| Vienna. | Berlin. | Paris. | Home. | Naples. | ||
| January | 28.9 | 32.7 | 36.5 | 44.1 | 46.8 | |
| July | 67.3 | 64.6 | 65.5 | 76.5 | 75.6 | |
| Annual | 48.6 | 47.3 | 50.5 | 59.7 | 60.4 | |
| CANADA. | ||||||
| Halifax. | Montreal. | Toronto. | Vancouver. | |||
| January | .. | 42.0 | 12.3 | 22.4 | 37.9 | |
| July | 64.2 | 68.9 | 67.6 | 59.9 | ||
| Annual | .. | 43.2 | 42.0 | 44.2 | 48.7 | |
| UNITED STATES. | ||||||
| New York City. | Washington, D.C. | St. Louis. | Los Angelos. | |||
| January | .. | 30.2 | 31.1 | 30.9 | 53.0 | |
| July | 73.5 | 76.8 | 79.1 | 67.4 | ||
| Annual | .. | 51.6 | 54.6 | 55.7 | 60.2 | |
| SOUTH AMERICA. | ||||||
| Santiago. | Buenos Ayres. | Monte Video. | ||||
| January | .. | 67.4 | 73.5 | 71.7 | ||
| July | .. | 45.8 | 50.1 | 50.7 | ||
| Annual | .. | 56.3 | 61.8 | 61.3 | ||
| INDIA. | ||||||
| Calcutta. | Bombay. | Madras. | Colombo. | |||
| January | .. | 65.1 | 74.5 | 75.4 | 79.0 | |
| May | .. | 85.6 | 84.4 | 887 | 82.0 | |
| Annual | .. | 77.9 | 79.3 | 81.9 | 80.2 | |
| SOUTH AFRICA. | ||||||
| Simonstown. | Grahamstown. | Kimberley. | Durban. | |||
| January | .. | 70.7 | 68.0 | 75.0 | 75.7 | |
| July | .. | 56.8 | 53.2 | 48.7 | 64.0 | |
| Annual | .. | 63.6 | 61.3 | 63.3 | 70.3 | |
| AUSTRALIA. | ||||||
| Sydney | Melbourne. | Brisbane. | Perth. | Adelaide. | Hobart. | |
| January | 71.6 | 67.5 | 77.2 | 73.5 | 74.2 | 62.0 |
| July | 52.3 | 48.5 | 58.0 | 54.9 | 51.5 | 45.8 |
| Annual | 63.0 | 58.3 | 68.8 | 64.0 | 62.9 | 54.4 |
The rainfall map of New Zealand presents striking conformation to its physical configuration, and records gathered throughout the country during a period of more than sixty years present a certain regularity which brings out the dominating influence of the mountain ranges over the rainfall. The lofty Southern Alps, rising to heights of from ten to twelve thousand feet on the western side of the South Island, lie broadside to the prevailing westerly winds, and on their windward slopes are condensed the vapours which have been swept by the breezes over vast stretches of ocean-wave. On the plains at the margin near the foot of the ranges and on their rugged and precipitous slopes the rainfall averages from one to two hundred inches per annum, while on the lee side of this formidable chain the climate is comparatively very dry, and in parts the rainfall is only about one-tenth of what is recorded on the other side. The manner in which the sea-breezes are robbed of their moisture is occasionally manifested when a strong and steady westerly wind blows along parallel with the southern latitudes. Heavy and continuous then is the rain on the west coast, and the clouds and mist may rise to the summit, but no further. There the winds are forced onwards and rush downwards to the greatest plains in New Zealand which have been built up of the detritus of the mountains. Here, however, the characteristics of this westerly wind have been entirely changed, for it is now hot by compression, and dry because it gave off its moisture when it rose above sea-level away back among the hills. Instead of parting with superfluous humidity, it is now capable of sustaining the vapour of water, and nature seeks to restore the balance of its relative humidity by evaporating what moisture it can from stream and lake, vegetation or animal life in its path. These hot and dry “nor' westers” of the Canterbury Plains are similar in character to the well-known Foehn winds such as are experienced in Austria, Switzerland, and Italy, but they illustrate and account for much of the comparative shortage of rainfall on the eastern side of the South Island which is manifest in the map.
While the South Island isohyets or rain-bands of equal rainfall stretch north and south, the North Island tracings are more irregular in form, but show that the rainfall itself is more regular over the country and less extreme in comparison between different districts. Here, again, however, the control of the mountains and plains over precipitation is apparent. The contours of the rainfall areas are found to coincide more or less with the configuration of the country—dark-tinted spots showing heavier rainfalls are found in proximity to Mount Egmont, the Tongariro, Tararua, Raukumara, and other ranges.
The mean annual rainfall of New Zealand, derived from means of representative stations in various parts of the whole country, is about 50 in., but the seasonal falls are different in various districts. The season of greatest fall in the North Island, which is mostly under the influence of subtropical conditions, is winter, and the month of July shows not only the lowest mean temperature but the mean maximum rainfall, and is regarded as the midwinter month in the Southern Hemisphere. In the South Island late autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently dry, while the summer sometimes suffers from too frequent showers. This is the case on the east coast and southernmost portions of the South Island, but at this time the west coast occasionally is even in want of rain; in fact, the west and east coasts of the South Island are so different that if the east coast has more than the average rainfall the west coast has less, and vice versa. The average monthly rainfall of the year is remarkably even in the South Island, but the midwinter month's mean in the North Island is nearly double the mean of the mid summer month (February).
The averages from the climatological tables are—
| Rainfall (in Inches). | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winter. | Spring. | Summer. | Autumn. | Annual. | |
| North Island | 14.73 | 12.17 | 9.93 | 13.71 | 50.54 |
| South Island | 12.28 | 11.94 | 10.27 | 10.79 | 45.28 |
| (Rainy Days (0.005 in. or more). | |||||
| Winter. | Spring. | Summer. | Autumn. | Annual. | |
| North Island | 47 | 46 | 30 | 40 | 163 |
| South Island | 41 | 44 | 34 | 36 | 155 |
| Annual Rainfalls (in Inches). | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland (60 Years). | New Plymouth (36 Years). | Wellington (55 Years). | Gisborne (35 Years). | |
| Average | 43.31 | 59.60 | 49.73 | 47.43 |
| Maximum | 63.72 | 82.93 | 67.68 | 64.33 |
| Minimum | 26.32 | 43.83 | 30.02 | 26.09 |
| Christchurch (36 Years). | Hokitika (31 Years). | Dunedin (54 Years). | Invercargill (18 Years). | |
| Average | 25.50 | 116.23 | 37.53 | 45.98 |
| Maximum | 35.30 | 154.44 | 54.51 | 69.00 |
| Minimum | 13.54 | 88.21 | 22.15 | 33.24 |
| Mean Number of Days with Rain (0.01 in. or more). | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |
| Auckland | 10.3 | 9.4 | 11.0 | 13.2 | 18.1 | 19.1 | 20.7 | 19.3 | 17.6 | 16.2 | 11.4 | 11.4 |
| New Plymouth | 12.5 | 10.5 | 12.2 | 14.0 | 18.0 | 17.2 | 19.5 | 19.2 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 15.7 | 14.2 |
| Gisborne | 9.0 | 9.7 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 15.6 | 16.4 | 16.8 | 15.7 | 13.4 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 9.3 |
| Wellington | 10.5 | 9.2 | 11.7 | 12.8 | 16.4 | 17.3 | 18.3 | 17.3 | 15.5 | 13.9 | 12.7 | 12.0 |
| Christchurch | 9.0 | 7.4 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 10.8 | 12.1 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 9.9 | 8.9 | 9.8 | 9.1 |
| Hokitika | 14.8 | 10.3 | 13.5 | 14.1 | 15.5 | 15.0 | 16.4 | 16.0 | 15.3 | 19.0 | 13.0 | 16.3 |
| Dunedin | 14.7 | 11.5 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 14.1 | 13.0 | 13.6 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 14.8 |
| Invercargill | 15.0 | 10.0 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 17.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 17.0 | 18.0 | 15.0 |
Annual mean totals.—Auckland, 180.4; New Plymouth, 189.7; Gisborne, 153.8; Wellington, 167.7; Christchurch, 119.4; Hokitika, 179.2; Dunedin, 163.3; Invercargill, 180.
The seasons usually differ considerably in several characteristics from year to year, and the annual rainfalls are found to range considerably above and below the means in all parts of the Dominion. From month to month also, and by comparing the records of months of the same name in different years are seen surprising contrasts and periodic changes which evade general laws, and the approximately true mean rainfalls are only ascertained through averages derived from returns extending over many years.
The abundance and frequency of the rainfall are, however, the leading features in the climate of New Zealand as a whole. The positions of the Islands, with vast oceans on every side, and the proximity of every part of the country to the sea, combined with frequent atmospheric changes, usually cause all parts of the Dominion to be favoured with beneficent rains, and very rarely indeed does the rainfall report from any station in the Dominion make the return of “nil.” Nine out of ten of the stations throughout the country have never recorded months of such absolute drought, and on the other hand very few are the records showing rainfall every day during any month of their registrations. Sunshine and rain alternate fairly well throughout the year, with much greater predominance of the former. The rain fall is usually more intense and frequent at night than in the hours when the sun exercises its influence over air and earth and sea, for then “Maui is drawing water”
Days with Rain (0.005 in. or over). Averages derived from the Monthly Climatological Tables from August, 1904, to December, 1913 (inclusive). Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Rainfall in points: 100 = 1 in. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |
| North Island— | ||||||||||||
| Mean temp | 63.5 | 63.4 | 62.2 | 57.5 | 52.5 | 49.3 | 48.2 | 49.9 | 52.0 | 54.9 | 58.0 | 61.1 |
| Rainfall | 338 | 294 | 472 | 393 | 472 | 433 | 567 | 423 | 414 | 434 | 367 | 362 |
| Days with rain | 10.0 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 13.0 | 14.4 | 15.5 | 17.2 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 15.6 | 13.9 | 12.0 |
| South Island— | ||||||||||||
| Mean temp | 59.7 | 60.0 | 58.2 | 52.8 | 47.9 | 44.1 | 42.5 | 44.6 | 48.9 | 52.2 | 55.2 | 18.3 |
| Rainfall | 384 | 253 | 400 | 341 | 338 | 439 | 424 | 345 | 424 | 421 | 338 | 408 |
| Days with rain | 12.7 | 8.1 | 12.5 | 12.2 | 11.9 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 13.1 | 15.2 | 15.1 | 14.1 | 13.9 |
Annual averages.—North Island—Mean temp., 56.0° F.; rainfall, 49.69 in.; days with rain, 162. South Island—Mean temp., 52.0° F.; rainfall, 45.15 in.; days with rain, 157.
Snow falls in the winter-time on the higher levels in the South Island and occasionally on the central plateau of the North Island, but, except on the mountain-tops, usually does not lie for long. Snow is seldom seen on the lowlands even in the southernmost districts of the South Island, and in many parts of New Zealand snow has never been known to fall; but, on the other hand, cyclonic areas in summer will bring some snow on the higher levels of the South Island.
Thunderstorms are also comparatively rare in the coastal districts, but are more frequent and prolonged in the mountainous parts. In summer the thunderstorms usually occur in the afternoon, and in the winter, with low-pressure systems, at night.
The winds of the temperate zone are usually fairly constant and fresh, and the Dominion of New Zealand—set as it is in the widest ocean in the world—is open to all its influence. The sea-breezes sweep uninterruptedly over thousands of miles of ocean-wave, not only bringing freshness, ozone, and moisture, but at times, it must be confessed, causing annoyance on account of their force and persistency. This may be regarded as a defect of their qualities, for in those parts of the earth that experience little wind the people usually lack energy, and the same regions are mostly subject to occasional storms that are terribly destructive to life and property. No country in the world, however, presents greater diversity in respect to wind than New Zealand, chiefly on account of its length and mountain-chains. The uneven surface of the land, the proximity of the straits, &c., are seen to exercise the most marked influence not only upon the force, but also upon the direction of the winds—reducing or increasing their velocity, diverting, and even entirely changing their course. For example, westerly winds blowing across the ocean towards the west coast are partially inverted—while the upper part will cross the mountains to become occasionally a hot, dry westerly wind on the Canterbury Plains, the lower part curls round and is actually experienced as an easterly wind in the towns on the coast at the foot of the mountains.
The average velocity as given herewith is from records of the Robinson anemometer, in miles per day:—
| Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland. | |||||||||||
| 213 | 181 | 178 | 145 | 162 | 159 | 173 | 174 | 181 | 197 | 209 | 188 |
| Wellington. | |||||||||||
| 306 | 273 | 285 | 281 | 259 | 242 | 232 | 242 | 283 | 337 | 331 | 322 |
| Hokitika. | |||||||||||
| 144 | 135 | 132 | 134 | 124 | 116 | 109 | 120 | 143 | 170 | 152 | 143 |
| Lincoln. | |||||||||||
| 197 | 183 | 175 | 160 | 133 | 120 | 116 | 134 | 168 | 193 | 197 | 188 |
| —- | Auckland (11 Years). | Wellington (16 Years). | Hokitika (16 Years). | Lincoln (13 Years). |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average per day | 180 | 282 | 135 | 164 |
| Max. velocity in one day | 974 | 1,200 | 693 | 967 |
| (15/10/1897) | (5/6/1911) | (6/12/1911) | (4/11/1904) |
The velocity of the winds, it may be noted, is higher on the average in summer than in winter, and the winds are usually also stronger by day than by night.
The following “wind-roses” show the percentage of wind-directions from annual means for forty-eight years' unbroken records for each place.
The prevailing winds are thus seen to be planetary anti-trade winds—westerlies which go round the world and are used by mariners to take them eastward towards England as far as Cape Horn, and on their return they pick them up again off the Cape of Good Hope. In summer, however, to the north of Auckland the easterly trade winds often blow with much regularity for weeks together.
The development of the Maori race is a striking testimony to the suitability of the climate to humanity, and European families under New Zealand skies have generally developed in physique. Imported stock has in most cases thriven marvellously in the fields, where throughout summer and winter they usually find all the nourishment needed, and hardly ever require more than natural protection.
The fertility of the soil gives remarkable testimony to the genial climate of New Zealand, for, though labour is not nearly plentiful enough to obtain the best results from agriculture, yet, as shown in the returns published annually, the actual average yields in bushels per acre for the Dominion compare more than favourably with the yields for other countries.
Lastly, the vital statistics show that for a long period New Zealand has had the lowest death-rate in the world, and this is undoubtedly owing very much to the salubrity of its climate. The vital statistics show to advantage not only in the earlier years of life, but it is after the age of thirty-two that the extraordinary longevity of New Zealand is apparent. The judgment of travellers and those best qualified to give an opinion is that the country is one of the healthiest in the world. The abundant vitality of the people is apparent not only in the homes and thoroughfares throughout the Dominion, but is manifested in thriving industries and the high place attained by New-Zealanders in the world of sport. New Zealand, in a word, is a country where from youth to old age man can keep in vigorous health and enjoy life to its fullest extent.
The weather is full of vagaries in the temperate zones of both hemispheres, and New Zealand is not the only country which occasionally experiences a touch of winter in summer, but there is also very much summer-like weather in the winter-time. Occasionally winter storms account for temporary high winds and heavy rainfalls, but the monthly averages show that less wind is experienced in the season of winter, particularly in the south.
The chief atmospheric changes are associated with barometric pressures, above the normal being known as “high” pressure, and below it as “low.” For weather charts and forecast purposes the isobar, or line of equal pressure of 30 in., is regarded as normal in New Zealand, though the true normal lies between 29.90 in. and 30.00 in. The winds flow nearly parallel to the isobars in both high and low pressure systems, and all atmospheric systems in New Zealand move from west to east.
High-pressure systems or anti-cyclones are usually associated with fair weather by day and cold nights, when the earth radiates the heat of its surface into space. The central isobar will occasionally enclose an area in which all the barometers reduced to sea-level and to 32° Fahr. will read as high as 30.60. Around this centre the winds revolve or back contrary to the direction of the hands of a watch in the Southern Hemisphere; thus, if the barometer is 30.40 in. at Wellington, and the readings are 30.00 in. or thereabouts at both Russell and the Bluff, the winds will be easterly over the North Island and westerly over the South, southerly off the east coast and northerly off the west coast. The winds thus form vast circles hundreds of miles in diameter. These anticyclones often last for eight or nine days.
Low-pressure systems are mostly of two kinds, and around their centres of lowest pressure the winds are seen to revolve clockwise on the weather-chart; thus, if the centre of a cyclone should be in Cook Strait the winds will be westerly at Auckland, easterly at Christchurch, northerly off the east coast, and southerly off the west coast. If the lowest pressure on the chart were in Foveaux Strait the prevailing winds northward would be generally westerly, at least as far north as New Plymouth and Napier, and sometimes extend even to the North Cape, changing from north by the west to southwest.
Cyclones are circular or oval-shaped disturbances with closed isobars; they come from the tropics, and chiefly affect the North Island, bringing first warmth and humidity, then high winds and heavy rain. They usually last from two to five days, and are more frequent in winter than in summer, though they are often intense at the latter period.
The term “cyclone” does not always mean a storm of great intensity such as is experienced in tropical regions, for when the disturbance leaves the tropics it usually expands and covers a wider area, over which its forces are distributed. The frequency of cyclones during the past nine years shows the following average: Spring, 2; summer, 1.8; autumn, 3.3; winter, 5.3. These figures will be surprising to some who believe that ex-tropical cyclones are found only in spring or early in summer, while others assert that they come only in midwinter.
Westerly or antarctic lows of A-shaped isobars, with lowest pressure southward of New Zealand, chiefly affect the South Island, but, like the cyclones, frequently extend their influences over the whole Dominion. These lows usually move along the parallels of latitude known to sailors as the “roaring forties.” Their duration is from twelve hours to as many days, and in some seasons they are much more frequent and persistent than in others They come at all times of the year, but with greater frequency in springtime: Spring, 6.3; summer, 4.3; autumn, 5.2; winter, 4.7
For the year 1913 the whole of the North Island, with the exception of the Wanganui district and along the west coast of the Wellington Province, had considerably less than the average rainfall. In the South Island that part of the country northward of Hokitika and Kaikoura had less, but in the remainder the aggregate was in excess of the average.
The following table shows the difference, above or below the mean, for each month in the year:—
North Island Rainfall, 1913. Monthly Means compared with the Averages for Eight Previous Years. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |
| + 3.75 | .. | .. | .. | 5.22 | .. | .. | 4.79 | .. | 4.40 | 5.63 | 5.07 |
| Av. 3.33 | 3.14 | 4.91 | 4.14 | 4.66 | 4.65 | 5.91 | 4.17 | 4.39 | 4.33 | 3.45 | 3.46 |
| − | 1.38 | 3.20 | 2.27 | .. | 1.71 | 3.76 | .. | 1.87 | .. | .. | .. |
Mean Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Averages for Eight Years.
| Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ Above the average. –Below the average. | |||||||||||
| + | .. | .. | .. | 15.9 | .. | .. | 19.2 | .. | .. | 18.8 | 35.6 |
| Av. 10.0 | 8.4 | 11.9 | 13.7 | 14.2 | 16.1 | 17.3 | 13.9 | 16.7 | 15.7 | 13.4 | 11.6 |
| −9.9 | 8.1 | 9.7 | 7.6 | .. | 10.9 | 16.8 | .. | 9.6 | 14.7 | .. | .. |
South Island Rainfall, 1913. Monthly Means compared with the Averages for Eight Previous Years. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April. | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |
| + 4.17 | 3.30 | .. | .. | 4.25 | .. | .. | 4.18 | .. | .. | 4.45 | 4.58 |
| Av. 3.80 | 2.44 | 4.03 | 3.49 | 3.27 | 4.64 | 4.27 | 3.37 | 4.40 | 4.28 | 3.26 | 4.03 |
| − | .. | 3.66 | 2.78 | .. | 2.39 | 3.98 | .. | 2.88 | 3.55 | .. | .. |
Mean Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Averages for Eight Years. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May. | June. | July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |
+ Above the average. – Below the average. | |||||||||||
| + 14.0 | 11.3 | 15.3 | .. | 15.6 | .. | 14.0 | 13.5 | .. | .. | 18.0 | 16.0 |
| Av. 12.5 | 7.7 | 12.1 | 12.4 | 11.4 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 13.1 | 15.5 | 15.3 | 13.7 | 13.7 |
| − | .. | .. | 10.1 | .. | 12.9 | .. | .. | 12.2 | 13.6 | .. | .. |
Following is given a brief summary for each month of the weather and the types of such of the chief atmospheric pressures in evidence:—
January.—As a rule warm and fair weather was in the ascendant over the Dominion between the 6th and 21st, except in the west coast districts of the South Island, where showery and changeable conditions were experienced throughout the month. The rainfall was below the average in the Auckland and Hawke's Bay districts, but elsewhere, owing to several days of good soaking rain, principally on the 6th, 21st, and 27th, the total for the month exceeded the average. On the night of the 6th the centre of a cyclonic system passed through Cook Strait, and a disturbance of a similar nature but of greater intensity passed in the same vicinity on the 27th. Both of these atmospheric disturbances brought beneficial and general rains. Several westerly areas of low pressure passed in the south during the month, and one, on the 14th, was of unusual intensity; but although heavy northwest gales were experienced at this time, little rain accompanied it.
February.—The most remarkable feature of this month was the number of westerly disturbances which passed southward of New Zealand, and though the weather was in consequence very unsettled in the southern province, yet only one disturbance of this nature, between the 10th and 14th, enveloped the whole Dominion. Snow fell on the 13th and 14th on high levels in the south. A cyclonic movement which passed through Cook Strait on the 21st brought heavy rain in and southwards of Cook Strait, as well as snow in the Mackenzie country, and some beneficial rain also fell in the north. During the month conditions were unusually warm and sultry in the north, but also misty and foggy at times in all parts of the Dominion.
March.—Except for a depression which existed off East Cape between the 23rd and 26th, the atmospheric disturbances were of the westerly low-pressure type, passing to the southward of New Zealand. Of these the most notable one was that which influenced weather-conditions between the 26th and 30th. During this period extremely heavy rains occurred in the high levels of the South Island and in Otago generally, causing floods in many of the large rivers. Of the rainfall at this time it may be interesting to specially note that experienced at the Hermitage. On four days 21.93 in. fell, and of this amount 1910 in. fell on two days—viz., on the 27th and 28th. It may be easily understood what a marked effect on the rivel-level such an abnormal fall over a wide area would have. While Otago and the central portion of the South Island had an excessive rainfall, in some cases double the average, the east and west coasts of the South Island had less than the average. In the North Island the Taranaki and Wanganui districts experienced more than the average, but in the northern and east coast districts nothing more than a few occasional showers were experienced, and the total was considerably below the average for March. In these districts, and also in the east coast of the South Island as far south as Timaru, fair and dry conditions ruled, but elsewhere dull and misty weather prevailed during the month. High northerly winds occurred in and southward of Cook Strait on frequent occasions, particularly on the 17th, 28th, and 29th. The first frosts of the season were reported in the south on the 23rd.
April.—As a general rule there was a predominance of anticyclonic conditions, with fair weather; but three periods of unsettled weather occurred, the first between the 2nd and 8th, during the passage of an antarctic depression; the second between the 12th and 15th, on account of a depression of a similar type but of far greater intensity; and the third from the 26th to the end of the month, when two shallow depressions were in evidence. Of these, one apparently passed eastward of East Cape on the 26th, and the other was a “westerly low” which overspread the Dominion on the 29th. However, none of the above-mentioned disturbances was accountable for particularly heavy rains. The only districts with a total fall in excess of the average were Gisborne, South Canterbury, and Southland. All other parts of the Dominion recorded below the normal.
May.—The barometer was below the average during the greater part of the month, and the exceedingly low reading of 28.48 in. was recorded on the 19th at the Bluff, being only 0.01 in. above the record for New Zealand. The readings from Adelie Land and Macquarie Island were not so low, and the whole disturbance bore the character of a vast cyclone in high latitudes. Anticyclonic conditions with fair weather ruled at the close of the monthly Strong southerly winds were prevalent, with cold and boisterous weather, except in the Bay of Plenty and Nelson districts, which are somewhat sheltered from these winds. The total rainfall during the month was not excessive, except in the southern portion of the North Island and parts of the east coast and southern districts of the South Island.
June.—On the whole June, meteorologically the first month of winter, was favoured with fair, though during the first half somewhat changeable, weather; consequently the rainfall was nearly everywhere less than normal. In the North Island this deficiency averaged 57 per cent., while in the South the difference was about 41 per cent. Southland was the only district that approximated the mean to any extent, and a few stations there exceeded it slightly. During the month New Zealand was affected by four well-defined types of pressure-distribution, each accounting for different weather-conditions. A cyclonic system passed in the south on the night of the 2nd, bringing general rain about that date. Two moderate westerly low-pressure areas ruled, the first between the 4th and 10th, and the second from the 15th to the 19th. Squally and changeable conditions were experienced with passing showers, especially in western districts. The remaining types were anticyclones, two, between the 10th and 14th and the 22nd and 25th respectively, being centred to the southward and bringing cold easterly winds to the east coast districts. From the 25th to the close of the month normal anticyclonic conditions with fine and bright weather prevailed.
July.—Owing to the predominance of moderate westerly winds the east coast districts between East Cape and Oamaru were favoured with exceptionally fair weather, and a rainfall considerably below the average. The vicinity of Cook Strait also returned a remarkably low rainfall, and, beside, experienced very fair and mild conditions which were most favourable to early vegetable growth. The Wanganui district was the only portion of the North Island where an excessive rainfall occurred, but in the South Island the whole of the west coast and southern districts suffered in this respect and were subject to unsettled weather. There were no serious atmospheric disturbances during the month, the westerly low-pressure area ruling between the 19th and 23rd having the most effect on weather-conditions. At this time many parts of the country recorded moderately heavy rains.
August.—This month was notable for three extensive cyclonic systems. Two whole centres passed over the South Island—viz., on the 12th and 24th respectively; the third passed in the North on the night of the 15th. About these dates widespread rains were experienced, the heaviest occurring in the south-eastern portion of the South Island, where the total exceeded the average considerably. There was, however, a predominance of fair and mild weather during the month, except towards the close, when very cold southerly winds prevailed.
September.—Frequent westerly depressions passed in the South between the 1st and 13th of the month, on account of which very unsettled weather prevailed. Most of the rainfall occurred during this period, but except in the western districts of the South Island and in the high country no exceptionally heavy falls were recorded. On the 10th and 11th very boisterous conditions were experienced. Between the 11th and 13th barometric pressure increased, and on the 14th extremely high pressure ruled over the North Island, a condition of affairs which persisted until the close of the month. The passage of three slight disturbances to the southward was responsible for changeable and squally conditions in parts about the 17th, 21st, and 28th, but generally during the latter half of the month fair weather was the prevailing feature, although a considerable amount of haze and cloudiness was experienced. The west coast and portions of the southernmost districts of the South Island had an excessive rainfall, but in all other parts of the Dominion the total for the month was below normal. In the Hawke's Bay and Gisborne districts this deficiency was greatest, most stations here recording a little over half an inch, equal to only one-fifth of the average.
October.—The month was one of seasonable weather, for, although dull skies were frequent, both precipitation and temperature were about the normal. The greatest positive difference in the former was accounted for in the southern extreme of the South Island, this owing to the heavy rains on the 29th and 30th. None of the atmospheric disturbances were of remarkable intensity such as to cause storms of a severe character. Westerly areas of low pressure passed in the South on the 3rd, 8th, and 16th, and immediately following these dates cold southerly winds were experienced. The strongest southerly, however, in the east coast districts occurred on the night of the 18th in connection with a depression centred off East Cape, and between the 15th and the 19th of the month conditions were generally very unsettled.
November.—The weather in November was remarkably similar to that experienced in the same month of 1912. As in the previous November, so in this, there was an almost total absence of well-developed anticyclones, and the numerous depressions, which accounted for the lack of settled conditions, were not unlike those in November, 1912, as regards both type and intensity. Between the 19th and the 23rd fair weather generally prevailed, but during the remainder of the month dull and unsettled conditions were the rule. The most unfavourable conditions were experienced about the 6th, the 18th, and during the last week, the disturbing cause in each case being a westerly area of low pressure, those passing on the 6th and 18th being apparently of a cyclonic: nature. Precipitation was considerably above the average throughout the Dominion.
December.—The weather during the greater part of the month was warm and fine. A small cyclone passed through Cook Strait on the 3rd, and westerly low pressure ruled between the 15th and 21st. On the morning of the 19th a reading of 28.85 in. was recorded at the Bluff. Heavy westerly winds occurred on that date.
The following shows the rainfall-stations that recorded the extreme maximum and minimum falls during the year, in a single month, and the maximum fall during a single day:—
Maximum total fall for the year at Upper Mangorei, Taranaki, 121.12 in.
Minimum total fall for the year at Patutahi, Gisborne, 22.83 in.
Maximum total monthly fall at Mount Egmont, 32.33 in.
Minimum total monthly fall at Patunamu. Wairoa, 0.09 in.
Maximum fall in twenty-four hours, on 1st May, 9.93 in., at Wainui-omata Reservoir.
Maximum total fall for the year at Otira, Westland, 194.55 in.
Minimum total fall for the year at Galloway, Central Otago, 15.70 in.
Maximum total monthly fall at Hermitage, Mount Cook. 41.95 in.
Minimum total monthly fall at Mary Burn Station, Mackenzie country, 0.13 in.
Maximum fall in twenty-four hours on 13th January, 1325 in., at Hermitage, Mount Cook.
Temperature, Rainfall, Atmospheric Pressure, and Wind, throughout New Zealand, as observed at Fourteen Stations, for the Year 1913. The Observations were taken at 9 a.m. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stations. | Months. | Temperature in Shade | Rainfall. | Mean Height of Barometer. | Prevailing Winds. | |||||
| Highest. | Lowest. | Mean Max. Temp. | Mean Min. Temp. | Mean Temp. for Month. | Wet Days. | Fall. | ||||
| °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | No. | Inches. | Inches. | |||
| Auckland (lat. 36° 50′ S.; long. 174° 50′ 4′ E.; alt. 125 ft.)— | January | 79.5 | 49.0 | 72.2 | 58.8 | 65.5 | 12 | 2.64 | .. | SW, NW. |
| February | 79 0 | 52.0 | 72.1 | 58.8 | 65.4 | 9 | 1.38 | .. | SW, NW. | |
| March | 78.0 | 49.5 | 72.1 | 58.1 | 65.1 | 9 | 2.34 | .. | SW, NW. | |
| April | 71.0 | 41.5 | 65.2 | 51.0 | 58.1 | 9 | 1.48 | .. | S, S.E, SW. | |
| May | 61.5 | 40.0 | 57.9 | 46.7 | 52.3 | 22 | 4.37 | .. | W, SW. | |
| June | 64.5 | 36.5 | 57.2 | 44.4 | 50.8 | 14 | 1.47 | .. | SE, NW, S. | |
| July | 62.0 | 38.5 | 56.7 | 46.8 | 51.7 | 25 | 4.37 | .. | W, SW. | |
| August | 62.0 | 40.0 | 57.7 | 48.3 | 53.0 | 23 | 5.74 | .. | NE. | |
| September | 64.0 | 42.0 | 60.2 | 49.1 | 54.6 | 14 | 1.76 | .. | N, SW. | |
| October | 72.0 | 43.5 | 63.0 | 52.0 | 57.5 | 15 | 3.69 | .. | SW. | |
| November | 72.0 | 47.0 | 66.1 | 54.0 | 60.0 | 22 | 6.16 | .. | SW, NW, N. | |
| December | 74.0 | 47.0 | 66.3 | 54.2 | 60.2 | 16 | 2.80 | .. | NW, W. | |
| Rotorua (lat. 38° 9′ S.; long. 176° 15′ E.; alt. 932 ft.)— | January | 82.0 | 38.0 | 73.3 | 52.7 | 63.0 | 11 | 5.28 | .. | SW. |
| February | 81.0 | 36.0 | 73.1 | 51.3 | 62.2 | 3 | 0.31 | .. | SW. | |
| March | 80.0 | 35.0 | 72.5 | 50.5 | 61.5 | 8 | 3.19 | .. | SW. | |
| April | 70.0 | 30.0 | 63.7 | 42.6 | 53.1 | 3 | 0.87 | .. | SW. | |
| May | 62.0 | 27.0 | 55.5 | 35.7 | 45.6 | 10 | 3.11 | .. | SW. | |
| June | 62.0 | 26.0 | 54.5 | 36.3 | 45.4 | 5 | 1.64 | .. | SW. | |
| July | 61.0 | 29.0 | 54.1 | 41.2 | 47.7 | 14 | 5.47 | .. | SW. | |
| August | 63.0 | 29.0 | 55.4 | 41.5 | 48.5 | 13 | 5.85 | .. | SW. | |
| September | 65.0 | 30.0 | 58.9 | 41.5 | 50.2 | 7 | 1.80 | .. | NE, SW. | |
| October | 73.0 | 36.0 | 64.9 | 45.1 | 55.0 | 11 | 3.85 | .. | SW. | |
| November | 72.0 | 39.0 | 66.1 | 47.5 | 56.8 | 21 | 6.80 | .. | NE, SW, NW. | |
| December | 82.0 | 36.0 | 66.5 | 48.6 | 57.5 | 14 | 4.07 | .. | W, SW. | |
| Gisborne (lat. 38° 30′ S.; long. 178° 3′ E.; alt. 20 ft.)— | January | 91.0 | 43.0 | 80.2 | 56.1 | 68.1 | 7 | 1.52 | .. | W. |
| February | 88.0 | 40.0 | 78.7 | 52.3 | 65.5 | 4 | 0.13 | .. | W. | |
| March | 88.0 | 42.0 | 79.6 | 54.8 | 67.2 | 8 | 1.25 | .. | W. | |
| April | 77.0 | 32.0 | 65.1 | 47.3 | 56.2 | 16 | 6.79 | .. | W. | |
| May | 68.0 | 29.0 | 57.5 | 40.3 | 48.9 | 12 | 1.94 | .. | W. | |
| June | 68.0 | 25.0 | 56.7 | 38.9 | 47.8 | 12 | 1.74 | .. | W. | |
| July | 70.0 | 26.0 | 59.5 | 41.9 | 50.7 | 10 | 1.38 | .. | W. | |
| August | 67.0 | 29.0 | 59.2 | 41.8 | 50.5 | 20 | 3.35 | .. | W. | |
| September | 70.0 | 29.0 | 63.3 | 40.5 | 51.9 | 9 | 1.01 | .. | W. | |
| October | 79.0 | 35.0 | 67.5 | 46.9 | 57.2 | 14 | 2.33 | .. | N, S, SW. | |
| November | 80.0 | 39.0 | 69.7 | 49.1 | 59.4 | 14 | 2.53 | .. | W; S. | |
| December | 80.0 | 37.0 | 70.3 | 50.8 | 60.5 | 12 | 2.33 | .. | W. | |
| Greenmeadows (Napier) (lat. 39° 32′ S.; long. 176° 53′ E.; alt. 14 ft.)— | January | 90.0 | 48.0 | 79.9 | 58.3 | 69.1 | 5 | 0.89 | 29.841 | W. |
| February | 87.5 | 42.0 | 76.5 | 55.4 | 65.9 | 3 | 0.65 | 29.954 | S, W. | |
| March | 85.0 | 46.5 | 76.1 | 56.6 | 66.3 | 3 | 1.73 | 29.958 | W. | |
| April | 78.5 | 40.0 | 64.3 | 48.9 | 56.6 | 7 | 2.44 | 30.152 | S, W. | |
| May | 64.5 | 32.5 | 57.2 | 40.8 | 49.0 | 6 | 0.87 | 29.723 | S. | |
| June | 70.0 | 29.5 | 56.2 | 39.8 | 48.0 | 5 | 0.86 | 30.093 | W. | |
| July | 71.0 | 27.0 | 57.4 | 40.1 | 48.7 | 4 | 1.05 | 29.972 | W, S. | |
| August | 66.0 | 35.0 | 56.0 | 43.2 | 49.5 | 14 | 2.89 | 29.855 | S. | |
| September | 70.0 | 34.6 | 63.3 | 45.7 | 54.5 | 4 | 0.53 | 30.145 | W. | |
| October | 78.5 | 40.5 | 67.2 | 49.6 | 58.4 | 8 | 4.04 | 29.940 | W. | |
| November | 80.0 | 40.0 | 68.8 | 51.3 | 60.5 | 8 | 3.96 | 29.701 | W. | |
| December | 82.0 | 42.5 | 70.7 | 52.3 | 61.5 | 9 | 3.51 | 29.771 | W, S. | |
| New Plymouth (lat. 39° 3′ 35′ S.; long. 174° 4′ 58′ E.; alt. 63 ft.)— | January | 79.0 | 43.0 | 72.1 | 55.6 | 63.8 | 15 | 6.68 | .. | W, SW. |
| February | 76.0 | 46.0 | 71.6 | 53.8 | 62.7 | 17 | 2.48 | .. | W, SW, N. | |
| March | 77.0 | 43.0 | 73.2 | 54.4 | 63.8 | 19 | 5.74 | .. | SW, W, E. | |
| April | 77.0 | 40.0 | 70.1 | 47.8 | 58.9 | 9 | 1.32 | .. | SE. | |
| May | 75.0 | 34.0 | 66.0 | 42.8 | 54.4 | 20 | 4.76 | .. | SW, SE, E. | |
| June | 79.0 | 32.0 | 67.2 | 41.5 | 54.3 | 12 | 2.56 | .. | SE. | |
| July | 79.0 | 32.0 | 67.7 | 44.7 | 56.2 | 23 | 4.96 | .. | SW, SE, E. | |
| August | 72.0 | 33.0 | 65.3 | 45.1 | 55.2 | 19 | 5.32 | .. | SE, NE. | |
| September | 75.0 | 40.0 | 68.7 | 48.2 | 58.5 | 11 | 3.24 | .. | SW, NW, E. | |
| October | 75.0 | 38.0 | 69.5 | 49.0 | 59.2 | 21 | 5.90 | .. | SW. | |
| November | 82.0 | 43.0 | 72.2 | 50.8 | 61.5 | 21 | 5.64 | .. | SW, W. | |
| December | 76.0 | 45.0 | 70.6 | 52.1 | 61.4 | 17 | 3.65 | .. | SW. | |
| Wellington (lat. 41° 16′ S.; long. 174° 46′ E.; alt. 8 ft.)— | January | 79.8 | 47.8 | 68.7 | 57.4 | 63.0 | 7 | 5.03 | 29.830 | N. |
| February | 78.2 | 46.8 | 68.4 | 56.7 | 62.5 | 8 | 1.71 | 29.948 | N. | |
| March | 72.4 | 43.0 | 66.8 | 55.7 | 61.2 | 16 | 2.83 | 29.943 | N, NW, S. | |
| April | 68.2 | 38.8 | 60.2 | 49.0 | 54.6 | 11 | 2.96 | 30.156 | NW, SE, S. | |
| May | 61.2 | 34.0 | 54.6 | 42.6 | 48.6 | 22 | 11.80 | 29.779 | N, S. | |
| June | 62.2 | 35.0 | 54.4 | 43.4 | 48.9 | 17 | 2.02 | 30.083 | N. | |
| July | 61.6 | 34.4 | 55.0 | 44.4 | 49.7 | 21 | 3.15 | 29.945 | N, NW | |
| August | 62.4 | 36.2 | 55.0 | 44.5 | 49.7 | 25 | 4.30 | 29.869 | S, N. | |
| September | 68.6 | 40.6 | 58.7 | 49.5 | 54.1 | 10 | 1.69 | 30.112 | N. | |
| October | 71.0 | 35.4 | 59.3 | 50.4 | 54.8 | 22 | 4.86 | 29.920 | N, S, NW. | |
| November | 71.8 | 41.6 | 63.6 | 51.2 | 57.4 | 18 | 4.15 | 29.670 | N, S. | |
| December | 78.8 | 44.0 | 65.4 | 52.7 | 59.0 | 19 | 7.51 | 29.768 | N, S. | |
| Nelson (lat. 41° 16′ 17′S.; long. 173° 18′ 46′ E.; alt. 34 ft.)— | January | 85.0 | 46.0 | 75.7 | 55.3 | 65.5 | 9 | 3.30 | .. | SW, N. |
| February | 81.0 | 41.0 | 73.9 | 54.3 | 64.1 | 4 | 2.42 | .. | N, SW. | |
| March | 81.0 | 40.0 | 73.4 | 53.8 | 63.6 | 8 | 1.72 | .. | SW. | |
| April | 75.0 | 36.0 | 65.2 | 44.7 | 54.9 | 3 | 1.60 | .. | SW. | |
| May | 65.0 | 33.0 | 57.7 | 38.5 | 48.1 | 8 | 1.59 | .. | SE, S. | |
| June | 59.0 | 30.0 | 54.8 | 36.5 | 45.7 | 11 | 1.94 | .. | S. | |
| July | 59.0 | 31.0 | 54.9 | 39.6 | 47.3 | 12 | 2.92 | .. | SW. | |
| August | 62.0 | 31.0 | 56.9 | 40.9 | 48.9 | 10 | 5.27 | .. | NE. | |
| September | 67.0 | 36.0 | 61.8 | 45.6 | 53.7 | 11 | 2.32 | .. | N, S. | |
| October | 77.0 | 41.0 | 66.9 | 47.5 | 57.2 | 15 | 3.93 | .. | N, SW. | |
| November | 74.0 | 42.0 | 67.5 | 49.3 | 58.4 | 20 | 5.70 | .. | N, SW, NW. | |
| December | 80.0 | 41.0 | 69.9 | 51.4 | 60.6 | 17 | 4.56 | .. | N, SW. | |
| Stations. | Months. | Temperature in Shade | Rainfall. | Mean Height of Barometer. | Prevailing Winds. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highest. | Lowest. | Mean Max. Temp. | Mean Min. Temp. | Mean Temp. for Month. | Wet Days. | Fall. | ||||
| °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | °Fahr. | No. | Inches. | Inches. | |||
| Hokitika (lat. 42° 41′ 30′S.; long. 170° 49′ E.; alt. 12 ft.)— | January | 74.0 | 41.0 | 63.6 | 50.7 | 57.2 | 22 | 8.85 | 29.872 | SW, NW. |
| February | 75.0 | 38.0 | 64.1 | 49.9 | 57.0 | 17 | 4.74 | 29.961 | SW. | |
| March | 69.0 | 41.5 | 64.1 | 51.8 | 57.9 | 25 | 10.68 | 29.940 | SW, E, NW. | |
| April | 63.0 | 33.0 | 59. | 44.8 | 52.2 | 15 | 4.29 | 30.138 | E. | |
| May | 60.0 | 32.0 | 53.0 | 37.0 | 45.0 | 17 | 7.64 | 29.800 | E, SE. | |
| June | 54.5 | 28.5 | 50.1 | 35.9 | 43.0 | 17 | 9.13 | 30.066 | E, SE. | |
| July | 58.5 | 30.0 | 51.8 | 39.5 | 45.6 | 26 | 12.73 | 29.947 | E. | |
| August | 60.0 | 31.0 | 54.6 | 38.6 | 46.6 | 15 | 7.49 | 29.872 | E, NE. | |
| September | 63.5 | 32.0 | 56.8 | 45.4 | 51.1 | 28 | 11.49 | 30.081 | NW, E, NE. | |
| October | 62.5 | 35.0 | 59.1 | 46.9 | 53.0 | 19 | 9.62 | 29.917 | SW, NW, E. | |
| November | 66.0 | 40.0 | 61.4 | 47.5 | 54.4 | 21 | 10.04 | 29.635 | SW. | |
| December | 78.0 | 38.5 | 63.6 | 50.2 | 56.9 | 17 | 4.27 | 29.758 | SW, NW. | |
| Christchurch (lat. 43° 31′ 50′S.; long. 172° 38′ 9′ E.; alt. 25 ft.)— | January | 88.6 | 39.9 | 72.5 | 52.1 | 62.3 | 9 | 3.90 | 29.737 | NE. |
| February | 84.0 | 36.1 | 69.4 | 50.3 | 59.8 | 7 | 2.19 | 29.874 | N.E., S.W. | |
| March | 82.6 | 34.2 | 67.7 | 49.3 | 58.5 | 11 | 0.61 | 29.856 | SW, NE, E. | |
| April | 75.6 | 30.2 | 59.6 | 41.5 | 50.5 | 8 | 1.13 | 30.100 | NE, SW. | |
| May | 68.4 | 24.5 | 51.3 | 35.3 | 43.3 | 12 | 2.98 | 29.794 | SW. | |
| June | 65.1 | 23.7 | 50.9 | 31.2 | 41.0 | 12 | 1.06 | 30.025 | SW., NE. | |
| July | 59.6 | 28.1 | 51.7 | 35.2 | 43.5 | 12 | 2.59 | 29.886 | SW, NE. | |
| August | 63.7 | 25.8 | 50.7 | 36.7 | 43.7 | 20 | 3.37 | 29.845 | SW, NE. | |
| September | 71.1 | 26.5 | 59.9 | 42.5 | 51.2 | 7 | 0.48 | 29.997 | NE, SW. | |
| October | 81.9 | 28.5 | 63.1 | 43.7 | 53.4 | 12 | 1.62 | 29.849 | NE, SW. | |
| November | 79.3 | 37.4 | 63.7 | 46.8 | 55.2 | 16 | 2.02 | 29.618 | NE, SW. | |
| December | 86.4 | 34.3 | 64.9 | 48.8 | 56.8 | 14 | 5.57 | 29.737 | SW, E, NE. | |
| Hanmer Spa (lat. 42° 31′ S.; long. 172° 50′ E.; alt. 1,220 ft.)— | January | 85.0 | 37.0 | 72.4 | 50.5 | 61.4 | 10 | 3.10 | .. | NW. |
| February | 90.0 | 32.0 | 73.0 | 47.8 | 60.4 | 6 | 3.50 | .. | SW. | |
| March | 85.0 | 35.0 | 71.4 | 48.0 | 59.7 | 9 | 1.43 | .. | NW. | |
| April | 69.0 | 27.0 | 60.1 | 37.6 | 48.8 | 8 | 2.33 | .. | SW. | |
| May | 64.0 | 25.0 | 51.0 | 35.4 | 43.2 | 13 | 7.84 | .. | NE. | |
| June | 60.0 | 20.0 | 50.5 | 29.9 | 40.2 | 9 | 2.00 | .. | NE. | |
| July | 62.0 | 21.0 | 52.8 | 33.5 | 43.1 | 9 | 2.33 | .. | NW, SW. | |
| August | 60.0 | 24.0 | 51.3 | 31.5 | 41.4 | 8 | 2.24 | .. | NW. | |
| September | 67.0 | 27.0 | 59.7 | 41.3 | 50.5 | 7 | 2.30 | .. | NW. | |
| October | 76.0 | 33.0 | 63.1 | 41.8 | 52.4 | 15 | 3.73 | .. | SW, NW. | |
| November | 75.0 | 33.0 | 64.5 | 42.9 | 53.7 | 19 | 4.39 | .. | NW, SW. | |
| December | 85.0 | 33.0 | 64.7 | 45.5 | 55.1 | 14 | 4.61 | .. | NW, SW, NE. | |
| Lincoln (lat. 43° 32′ 16′ S.; long. 172° 38′ 39′ E.; alt. 42 ft.)— | January | 90.1 | 41.3 | 74.3 | 51.5 | 62.9 | 10 | 4.79 | 29.702 | NE. |
| February | 89.7 | 38.1 | 70.7 | 50.4 | 60.5 | 8 | 2.83 | 29.857 | NE, SW. | |
| March | 86.9 | 32.7 | 71.3 | 49.7 | 60.5 | 10 | 0.47 | 29.851 | NE, SW. | |
| April | 76.2 | 31.9 | 62.3 | 41.3 | 51.8 | 7 | 1.56 | 30.047 | NE, SW. | |
| May | 68.4 | 27.8 | 53.0 | 37.8 | 45.4 | 11 | 3.15 | 29.764 | SW, NE. | |
| June | 66.9 | 23.8 | 51.8 | 33.1 | 42.4 | 12 | 0.96 | 30.038 | NE. | |
| July | 60.6 | 30.0 | 53.2 | 38.0 | 45.6 | 12 | 2.74 | 29.894 | NE, SW. | |
| August | 65.0 | 26.5 | 52.2 | 38.0 | 45.1 | 18 | 3.21 | 29.875 | NE, SW. | |
| September | 73.0 | 29.7 | 61.4 | 45.0 | 53.2 | 7 | 2.59 | 30.000 | NE, SW. | |
| October | 83.6 | 30.1 | 64.7 | 44.5 | 54.6 | 11 | 1.57 | 29.849 | NE, SW. | |
| November | 80.1 | 38.0 | 64.6 | 46.6 | 55.6 | 17 | 2.70 | 29.617 | NE, SW. | |
| December | 84.2 | 34.5 | 66.6 | 49.6 | 58.1 | 16 | 4.94 | 29.744 | NE, SW. | |
| Dunedin (lat. 45° 52′ S.; long. 170° 31′ E.; alt. 250 ft.)— | January | 89.0 | 39.0 | 67.3 | 49.3 | 58.3 | 16 | 3.54 | 29.676 | NE, SW, NW. |
| February | 88.5 | 39.0 | 65.2 | 48.4 | 56.8 | 12 | 1.80 | 29.830 | SW, NE. | |
| March | 83.0 | 41.0 | 61.4 | 48.2 | 54.8 | 20 | 3.84 | 29.807 | SW, NE. | |
| April | 67.5 | 36.0 | 56.3 | 42.5 | 49.4 | 10 | 2.90 | 30.063 | SW. | |
| May | 67.0 | 33.0 | 51.3 | 38.8 | 45.0 | 20 | 3.63 | 29.733 | SW. | |
| June | 61.0 | 31.0 | 50.6 | 38.2 | 44.4 | 8 | 0.91 | 29.973 | SW. | |
| July | 63.0 | 30.0 | 50.7 | 39.1 | 44.9 | 19 | 4.47 | 29.826 | SW, N. | |
| August | 61.0 | 32.0 | 50.9 | 39.0 | 44.9 | 14 | 7.71 | 29.816 | N, NE. | |
| September | 67.0 | 35.0 | 57.9 | 43.2 | 50.5 | 13 | 2.55 | 29.913 | N, NE, SW. | |
| October | 76.5 | 37.0 | 60.4 | 43.8 | 52.1 | 16 | 3.61 | 29.804 | NE, SW. | |
| November | 71.0 | 40.0 | 58.3 | 45.3 | 51.8 | 19 | 4.99 | 29.616 | NE, SW. | |
| December | 78.0 | 40.0 | 61.4 | 48.7 | 55.0 | 18 | 4.82 | 29.727 | NE, SW. | |
| Invercargill (lat. 46° 25′ S.; long. 168° 21′ E.; alt. 18 ft.)— | January | 81.0 | 34.0 | 66.0 | 46.6 | 56.3 | 18 | 4.50 | .. | SW, W, NW. |
| February | 81.0 | 28.0 | 64.0 | 43.0 | 53.8 | 20 | 4.78 | .. | W, SW. | |
| March | 78.5 | 30.5 | 63.0 | 46.3 | 54.6 | 25 | 7.39 | .. | SW, W, E. | |
| April | 63.0 | 28.5 | 56.3 | 40.4 | 48.3 | 18 | 5.09 | .. | SW, W, NW. | |
| May | 63.0 | 28.0 | 49.7 | 30.9 | 43.3 | 27 | 7.86 | .. | SW, W. | |
| June | 58.0 | 38.0 | 49.3 | 36.1 | 42.7 | 25 | 3.91 | .. | NW, SW, W. | |
| July | 59.0 | 26.5 | 49.0 | 37.0 | 43.0 | 23 | 5.08 | .. | W, SW, NE. | |
| August | 60.0 | 28.0 | 52.3 | 35.6 | 43.9 | 15 | 3.36 | .. | E, NE. | |
| September | 68.0 | 32.0 | 57.4 | 40.2 | 48.8 | 18 | 3.91 | .. | NE, SW, E, NW | |
| October | 73.0 | 33.5 | 59.0 | 42.5 | 50.7 | 19 | 6.16 | .. | SW, W. | |
| November | 74.0 | 33.0 | 62.5 | 43.3 | 52.9 | 18 | 3.20 | .. | SW. | |
| December | 78.0 | 33.0 | 63.2 | 46.2 | 54.7 | 17 | 2.94 | .. | SW. | |
| Chatham Islands (lat. 43° 52′ S.; long. 170° 42′ W.; alt. 340 ft.)— | January | 75.0 | 45.0 | 67.1 | 53.5 | 60.3 | 13 | 2.54 | 29.882 | NW, SW, W. |
| February | 72.0 | 40.0 | 62.6 | 49.4 | 56.0 | 18 | 3.92 | 29.876 | SW. | |
| March | 69.0 | 42.0 | 60.8 | 49.5 | 55.1 | 19 | 6.67 | 29.881 | SW. | |
| April | 65.0 | 39.0 | 55.7 | 46.4 | 51.1 | 21 | 3.78 | 30.082 | SW, SE. | |
| May | 60.0 | 34.0 | 51.7 | 42.5 | 47.1 | 28 | 10.49 | 29.583 | SW, SE, NW. | |
| June | 54.0 | 37.0 | 48.7 | 40.7 | 44.7 | 29 | 4.27 | 29.953 | SW. | |
| July | 54.0 | 33.0 | 48.4 | 40.0 | 44.2 | 25 | 8.78 | 29.819 | SW, NW. | |
| August | 56.0 | 35.0 | 50.7 | 41.9 | 46.3 | 30 | 5.19 | 29.954 | SE, NE. | |
| September | 59.0 | 35.0 | 52.6 | 42.3 | 47.1 | 16 | 2.15 | 30.186 | SW, NW. | |
| October | 64.0 | 35.0 | 56.4 | 45.3 | 50.9 | 19 | 2.59 | 29.943 | SW, NW. | |
| November | 67.0 | 36.0 | 59.5 | 48.5 | 54.0 | 22 | 2.81 | 29.727 | SW, NW, SE. | |
| December | 67.0 | 43.0 | 61.2 | 48.7 | 54.9 | 22 | 3.45 | 29.794 | SW, NW, E. | |
| Comparative Table: Year 1913. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stations. | Temperature in Shade. | Rainfall. | Mean Height of Barometer. | Prevailing Winds. | |||||
| Highest and Date. | Lowest and Date. | Mean Max. Temp. for Year. | Mean Min. Temp. for Year. | Mean Temp. for Year. | Days on which Rain fell. | Total Fall. | |||
| Fahr. | Fahr. | Fahr. | Fahr. | Fahr. | No. | Inches. | Inches. | ||
| Auckland | 79.5 Jan. 22 | 36.5 June 26 | 63.9 | 51.9 | 57.9 | 190 | 38.20 | .. | SW, NW, W. |
| Rotorua | 82.0 Jan. 16 Dec. 26 | 26.0 June 16 | 63.2 | 44.5 | 53.8 | 120 | 42.24 | .. | SW, NE. |
| Gisborne | 91.0 Jan. 21 | 25.0 June 1 | 67.3 | 46.7 | 57.0 | 138 | 26.30 | .. | W, S. |
| Greenmeadows | 90.0 Jan. 20, 21 | 27.0 July 13 | 66.1 | 48.5 | 57.3 | 76 | 23.42 | 29.925 | W, S. |
| New Plymouth | 82.0 Nov. 17, 26 | 32.0 June 30 July 12 | 69.5 | 48.8 | 59.1 | 204 | 52.25 | .. | SW, SE, W. |
| Wellington | 79.8 Jan. 16 | 34.0 May 22 | 60.8 | 49.8 | 55.3 | 186 | 52.01 | 29.918 | N, S, NW. |
| Nelson | 85.0 Jan. 15, 21 | 30.0 June 16 | 64.9 | 46.5 | 55.7 | 128 | 37.27 | .. | SW, N. |
| Hokitika | 78.0 Dec. 12 | 28.5 June 15 | 58.4 | 44.8 | 51.6 | 239 | 100.97 | 29.912 | E, SW. |
| Christchurch | 88.6 Jan. 20 | 23.7 June 14 | 60.4 | 42.8 | 51.6 | 140 | 27.52 | 29.860 | SW, NE. |
| Hanmer Spa | 90.0 Feb. 7 | 20.0 June 14 | 61.2 | 40.5 | 50.8 | 127 | 39.80 | .. | NW, SW. |
| Lincoln | 90.1 Jan. 15, 20 | 23.8 June 14 | 62.2 | 43.8 | 53.0 | 139 | 31.51 | 29.853 | NE, SW. |
| Dunedin | 89.0 Jan. 14 | 30.0 July 11 | 57.6 | 43.7 | 50.6 | 185 | 44.77 | 29.815 | SW, NE. |
| Invercargill | 81.0 Jan 5 Feb. 6 | 26.5 July 1 | 57.6 | 41.2 | 49.4 | 243 | 58.18 | .. | SW, W. |
| Chatham Islands | 75.0 Jan. 27, 28 | 33.0 July 25 | 56.2 | 45.7 | 50.9 | 262 | 50.64 | 29.890 | SW, NW. |
Table of Contents
THE population of New Zealand, as estimated on the 31st December, 1913, with the increase during the year, is shown below:—
| Males. | Females. | Totals. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population estimated (exclusive of Maoris, also Cook and other Pacific islands) on 31st December, 1912. | 553,212 | 499,415 | 1,052,627 |
| Increase during the year 1913— | |||
| By excess of births over deaths | 8,566 | 9,250 | 17,816 |
| By excess of immigration over emigration | 7,331 | 6,888 | 14,219 |
| Estimated population (exclusive of Maoris and residents of Cook and other Pacific islands) on 31st December, 1913 | 569,109 | 515,553 | 1,084,662 |
| Maori population, census 1911 | 26,475 | 23,369 | 49,844 |
| Population of Cook and other Pacific islands, census 1911 | 6,449 | 6,149 | 12,598 |
| Total estimated population of the Dominion on 31st December, 1913 | 602,033 | 545,071 | 1,147,104 |
Estimates of population are made from the records of births and deaths and the returns of migration. These estimates, especially of late years, are found to be remarkably near the truth, as will be seen from the following table, showing the estimated population as at 31st March in each of the last seven census years compared with the population as ascertained by the census in the same years:—
| Year. | Estimated Population, 31st March. | Census Population. | Difference. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1881 | 488,649 | 489,933 | 1,284 |
| 1886 | 585,844 | 578,482 | 7,362 |
| 1891 | 631,898 | 626,658 | 5,240 |
| 1896 | 701,383 | 703,360 | 1,977 |
| 1901 | 775,123 | 772,719 | 2,404 |
| 1906 | 889,971 | 888,578 | 1,393 |
| 1911 | 1,006,761 | 1,008,468 | 1,707 |
The following table shows the growth of the population during the last twenty-eight years:—
| Year. | Estimated Population on the 31st December.* | Increase during the Year | Centesimal Increase on Population of Previous Year | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| By Excess of Births over Deaths. | By Excess of Arrivals over Departures. | Net Increase. | |||
* Corrected where necessary in accordance with census results. † Loss. The amount of loss by departures in the period 1886–91, though correct in the aggregate, cannot be allocated with exactness to the respective years. | |||||
| 1886 | 589,386 | 13,164 | 17,194† | 58,886 | 10.24 |
| 1887 | 603,361 | 12,998 | |||
| 1888 | 607,380 | 13,194 | |||
| 1889 | 616,052 | 12,685 | |||
| 1890 | 625,508 | 12,284 | |||
| 1891 | 634,058 | 11,755 | |||
| 1892 | 650,433 | 11,417 | 4,958 | 16,375 | 2.58 |
| 1893 | 672,265 | 11,420 | 10,412 | 21,832 | 3.36 |
| 1894 | 686,128 | 11,610 | 2,253 | 13,863 | 2.06 |
| 1895 | 698,706 | 11,683 | 895 | 12,578 | 1.83 |
| 1896 | 714,162 | 12,180 | 1,472 | 13,652 | 1.95 |
| 1897 | 729,056 | 12,142 | 2,752 | 14,894 | 2.09 |
| 1898 | 743,463 | 11,711 | 2,696 | 14,407 | 1.98 |
| 1899 | 756,505 | 11,155 | 1,887 | 13,042 | 1.75 |
| 1900 | 768,278 | 12,346 | 1,831 | 14,177 | 1.87 |
| 1901 | 787,657 | 12,857 | 6,522 | 19,379 | 2.52 |
| 1902 | 807,929 | 12,280 | 7,992 | 20,272 | 2.57 |
| 1903 | 832,505 | 13,301 | 11,275 | 24,576 | 3.04 |
| 1904 | 857,539 | 14,679 | 10,355 | 25,034 | 3.01 |
| 1905 | 882,462 | 15,621 | 9,302 | 24,923 | 2.91 |
| 1906 | 908,726 | 15,913 | 12,848 | 28,761 | 3.26 |
| 1907 | 929,484 | 15,028 | 5,730 | 20,758 | 2.28 |
| 1908 | 960,642 | 16,897 | 14,261 | 31,158 | 3.35 |
| 1909 | 982,926 | 17,565 | 4,719 | 22,284 | 2.32 |
| 1910 | 1,004,386 | 16,345 | 3,408 | 19,753 | 2.01 |
| 1911 | 1,025,406 | 16,820 | 4,200 | 21,020 | 2.09 |
| 1912 | 1,052,627 | 18,294 | 8,927 | 27,221 | 2.65 |
| 1913 | 1,084,662 | 17,816 | 14,219 | 32,035 | 3.04 |
The rate of increase during 1913 was higher than that of any of the four years immediately preceding, and also higher than the average for the decennium 1903–12 (2.69 per cent.). The increase of population (male, female, and total) since 1854 is illustrated by the annexed graphs.
EXPLANATION OF THE GRAPHS.—The base of each square represents an curve shows the increase in the total population, the middle the increase in interval of one year, and the vertical height 10,000 persons. The upper males, and the lower the increase in females.
An examination of the increase for each quarter of the past ten years discloses a considerable amount of irregularity, due to fluctuations in migration.
| INCREASE OF POPULATION DURING EACH QUARTER, 1904–13. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | First Quarter. | Second Quarter. | Third Quarter. | Fourth Quarter. | Total Increase. |
| 1904 | 6,452 | 3,274 | 5,610 | 9,698 | 25,034 |
| 1905 | 7,434 | 2,395 | 5,518 | 9,576 | 24,923 |
| 1906 | 7,509 | 3,809 | 5,797 | 11,646 | 28,761 |
| 1907 | 5,141 | 720 | 4,595 | 10,302 | 20,758 |
| 1908 | 8,105 | 3,232 | 6,965 | 12,856 | 31,158 |
| 1909 | 7,690 | 1,034 | 4,025 | 9,535 | 22,284 |
| 1910 | 4,555 | 792 | 4,084 | 10,322 | 19,753 |
| 1911 | 4,082 | 1,024 | 4,769 | 11,145 | 21,020 |
| 1912 | 6,094 | 2,936 | 5,841 | 12,350 | 27,221 |
| 1913 | 9,118 | 3,969 | 7,779 | 11,169 | 32,035 |
The natural increase of population is shown in the following table:—
| NATURAL INCREASE OF POPULATION, 1904–13. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Excess of Births over Deaths. | Natural Increase per 1,000 of Mean Population. | ||
| Males. | Females. | Persons. | ||
| 1904 | 7,009 | 7,670 | 14,679 | 17.37 |
| 1905 | 7,420 | 8,201 | 15,621 | 17.95 |
| 1906 | 7,462 | 8,451 | 15,913 | 17.77 |
| 1907 | 7,080 | 7,948 | 15,028 | 16.35 |
| 1908 | 8,045 | 8,852 | 16,897 | 17.88 |
| 1909 | 8,256 | 9,309 | 17,565 | 18.07 |
| 1910 | 7,838 | 8,507 | 16,345 | 16.46 |
| 1911 | 7,937 | 8,883 | 16,820 | 16.58 |
| 1912 | 8,622 | 9,672 | 18,294 | 17.61 |
| 1913 | 8,566 | 9,250 | 17,816 | 16.67 |
The average rate of natural increase for the above period was 17.27 per 1,000.
The number of persons arriving in and departing from New Zealand is compiled from the records of the Customs Department, and the departures from the Dominion by the Union Steamship Company's boats are checked by special returns kindly furnished by the pursers of the steamers, so that where persons who did not book their passages have been omitted; the necessary additions can be made. The pursers' returns also serve to prevent the occasional omission of the full number of persons leaving by any one vessel, which sometimes happened prior to the introduction of this check. Unless more passengers are at any time of great pressure taken away from New Zealand than can lawfully be carried, the returns of outgo of population should prove nearly correct.
Arrangements have now been made to obtain similar returns in respect of passengers carried by the Huddart-Parker line.
The total number of arrivals and departures during the past ten years, distinguishing the sexes and the number of those under or over twelve years of age, is given in the following table:—
| ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES, 1904–13. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Over 12 Years of Age. | Under 12 Years of Age. | Total. | ||
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | ||
| Arrivals. | |||||
| 1904 | 20,118 | 9,008 | 1,862 | 1,644 | 32,632 |
| 1905 | 19,541 | 9,606 | 1,803 | 1,735 | 32,685 |
| 1906 | 23,374 | 11,651 | 2,233 | 1,975 | 39,233 |
| 1907 | 21,266 | 11,080 | 1,962 | 1,800 | 36,108 |
| 1908 | 26,664 | 13,269 | 2,678 | 2,359 | 44,970 |
| 1909 | 21,763 | 12,480 | 2,302 | 2,105 | 38,650 |
| 1910 | 20,161 | 11,832 | 1,974 | 1,802 | 35,769 |
| 1911 | 22,881 | 13,953 | 2,452 | 2,103 | 41,389 |
| 1912 | 24,026 | 15,442 | 2,749 | 2,443 | 44,660 |
| 1913 | 22,872 | 15,801 | 3,019 | 2,896 | 44,588 |
| Departures. | |||||
| 1904 | 13,782 | 6,928 | 889 | 678 | 22,277 |
| 1905 | 14,468 | 7,164 | 922 | 829 | 23,383 |
| 1906 | 16,023 | 8,082 | 1,188 | 1,092 | 26,385 |
| 1907 | 17,968 | 9,823 | 1,342 | 1,245 | 30,378 |
| 1908 | 18,364 | 9,779 | 1,343 | 1,223 | 30,709 |
| 1909 | 20,772 | 10,373 | 1,472 | 1,314 | 33,931 |
| 1910 | 19,032 | 10,629 | 1,419 | 1,281 | 32,361 |
| 1911 | 21,730 | 12,190 | 1,809 | 1,460 | 37,189 |
| 1912 | 20,151 | 12,278 | 1,763 | 1,541 | 35,733 |
| 1913 | 17,188 | 10,518 | 1,372 | 1,291 | 30,369 |
In the next table are shown the quarterly increases or decreases during the last ten years. The second quarter of each of the ten years shows an excess of departures over arrivals, due to the fact that visitors to New Zealand usually take their departure just before the winter season. Autumn is, moreover, the favourite season for residents of the Dominion to commence a journey abroad for pleasure, the return being usually made in spring or summer.
| QUARTERLY INCREASE OF POPULATION BY MIGRATION, 1904–13. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | First Quarter. | Second Quarter. | Third Quarter. | Fourth Quarter. | Net Increase. |
| The minus sign (–) denotes decrease. | |||||
| 1904 | 2,861 | 307 | 2,043 | 5,758 | 10,355 |
| 1905 | 3,448 | −1,384 | 1,705 | 5,533 | 9,302 |
| 1906 | 3,426 | 190 | 1,897 | 7,715 | 12,848 |
| 1907 | 1,513 | −3,106 | 1,092 | 6,231 | 5,730 |
| 1908 | 3,548 | −715 | 3,117 | 8,311 | 14,261 |
| 1909 | 3,435 | −3,517 | −167 | 4,968 | 4,719 |
| 1910 | 577 | −3,430 | 184 | 6,077 | 3,408 |
| 1911 | −157 | −3,174 | 850 | 6,681 | 4,200 |
| 1912 | 1,535 | −1,603 | 1,423 | 7,572 | 8,927 |
| 1913 | 4,565 | −397 | 3,492 | 6,559 | 14,219 |
Nearly two-thirds of the oversea arrivals come from Australia, while five-sixths of the departures are booked for the Commonwealth. The numbers of departures for Australian ports are, however, inflated by the inclusion of many persons who sail from New Zealand for Australia to make that country a starting-point for further travel, and who may or may not return by the same route. The real destination and original place of departure when returning are not ascertained in these cases.
| Countries. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arrivals. | |||||
| United Kingdom | 11,184 | 9,367 | 11,379 | 12,912 | 14,707 |
| Commonwealth of Australia | 25,548 | 24,502 | 26,909 | 28,522 | 26,764 |
| Other British possessions | 1,141 | 932 | 1,620 | 2,072 | 1,968 |
| Foreign countries | 777 | 968 | 1,481 | 1,154 | 1,149 |
| 38,650 | 35,769 | 41,389 | 44,660 | 44,588 | |
| Departures. | |||||
| United Kingdom | 2,676 | 2,509 | 2,755 | 2,605 | 2,649 |
| Commonwealth of Australia | 28,995 | 27,100 | 30,918 | 30,141 | 24,961 |
| Other British possessions | 1,326 | 1,396 | 1,540 | 1,426 | 1,496 |
| Foreign countries | 934 | 1,356 | 1,976 | 1,561 | 1,263 |
| 33,931 | 32,361 | 37,189 | 35,733 | 30,369 | |
Residents in the Dominion may, by application on the proper form, secure a passage at assisted rates for any person residing in the United Kingdom who is a near relative by blood or marriage to the person making such application.
Applications for assisted passages are also received from residents of the Dominion nominating domestic servants, farmers, or farm labourers, irrespective of the relationship existing between the domestic or agriculturist and the person making such application.
The payments required are—second class, £27; third class (two-berth cabin), £12; third class (four-berth cabin), £10. The passage-money, which must be paid in full before passages are booked, can be paid to the Immigration Department in Wellington or to the High Commissioner for New Zealand in London. The Department will cable any nomination, together with a remittance, if so desired, for the extra charge of £1.
Domestic servants and farm labourers granted assisted passages as such are required to follow in New Zealand their respective occupations of domestic and farm work for a period of one year after their arrival in the Dominion. If it is found that some occupation other than domestic or farm work is entered into by any such assisted immigrant before the expiration of one year after arrival in New Zealand, the nominator will be called upon to pay the Government the difference between the assisted rate and the full fare.
Children between three and twelve years of age travelling with their parents are charged half-rates. One child under three years of age in each family is taken free. A quarter-fare is charged for each additional child under three years of age.
Passages are granted on vessels belonging to the Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company, the New Zealand Shipping Company, and the Federal Steam Navigation Company.
Unhealthy persons should not be nominated, as passages at reduced rates will not be granted to them. When cases of lung, chest, or other like complaints are discovered in any member of a family by the Medical Officer at London or Liverpool, the whole family will be prevented from sailing.
Questions as to the suitability of any person nominated for a reduced passage are decided by the High Commissioner.
The foregoing applies to persons of not more than fifty years of age in the case of nominated persons and farmers or farm labourers, and not more than thirty-five years of age in the case of domestic servants.
In the case of immigrants under twenty-one years of age, special arrangements have to be entered into for their protection on the voyage where deemed necessary or advisable.
The High Commissioner is authorized to grant to suitable and healthy farmers, farm labourers, and domestic servants, who apply to him in London, a passage to New Zealand at the following rates:—
| Farmers and Farm Labourers. | Domestic Servants. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Third class: 6-berth cabin | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 0 |
| Third class: 4-berth cabin | 10 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 0 |
| Third class: 2-berth cabin | 12 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 16 | 0 |
These sums, together with landing-money, to be fixed at what the High Commissioner considers requisite, can be paid in part or in full before embarkation, or they can be, where the High Commissioner so decides, wholly advanced by him in London, provided the immigrant undertakes to repay out of future earnings the sum so advanced.
The same authority extends for sanction being given to parties of boy emigrants to come to New Zealand, under the conditions that an officer of the Immigration Department be appointed guardian of each boy until his majority, and that each boy undertake to engage in farm work for a fixed number of years. During this time he must be kept by the farmer employing him in proper clothes, food, nourishment, and lodgings, and, in addition, be paid a weekly wage of not less than 7s. 6d., increasing each year, part of such wage to be given him for his pocket-money and part banked to repay the cost of his passage. When the amount of his passage-money has been repaid, then the whole of his wages are paid to him.
The total number of persons embarking from England for New Zealand at assisted rates during each of the last ten years, the total capital possessed by these, and the net expenditure by the Government on immigration, are shown below.
| Year ended 31st March. | Immigrants Assisted. | Capital possessed by Assisted Immigrants. | Net Government Expenditure on Immigration. |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | ||
| 1905 | 1,751 | 94,711 | 6,482 |
| 1906 | 2,469 | 110,204 | 8,753 |
| 1907 | 3,712 | 114,689 | 14,352 |
| 1908 | 3,104 | 70,056 | 9,131 |
| 1909 | 4,953 | 96,055 | 15,077 |
| 1910 | 2,672 | 34,688 | 17,002 |
| 1911 | 2,624 | 37,735 | 9,441 |
| 1912 | 3,300 | 24,088 | 11,681 |
| 1913 | 3,928 | 32,006 | 14,694 |
| 1914 | 5,064 | 39,701 | 33,914 |
Under the immigration policy of years prior to the above the following persons were assisted:—
| Year. | Immigrants. |
|---|---|
| 1874 | 31,774 |
| 1875 | 18,324 |
| 1876 | 8,242 |
| 1877 | 5,298 |
| 1878 | 6,580 |
| 1879 | 10,311 |
| 1880 | 2,689 |
| 1881 | 103 |
| 1882 | 726 |
| 1883 | 5,902 |
| 1884 | 3,888 |
| 1885 | 1,072 |
| 1886 | 917 |
| 1887 | 1,286 |
| 1888 | 485 |
| 1889 | 91 |
| 1890 | 144 |
| 1891 | 44 |
During the years 1892 to 1903, inclusive, no assisted passages to immigrants were granted.
On arrival in New Zealand the immigrants are met on board by officers of the Immigration Department, who accompany the Port Health Officer to the ship. Whilst the ship is in the stream it is the special duty of such officers to afford to the assisted immigrants all necessary information as regards transhipment, &c. Arrangements are made for safety and transhipment of luggage.
Each immigrant is seen as he passes towards the doctor for examination, and is handed an official letter containing information as to where his ticket will be arranged for, and the place and time of departure of his connecting train or boat (if any). The immigrant is also requested to see the Immigration Officer on board, or to come to the office, which is near the wharf in Wellington (Union Steamship Company's building), if he requires information or advice beyond what is given in the letter. The addresses of the district agencies of the Labour Department in the large centres of the Dominion are also supplied to male assisted immigrants. It is the practice of the Department to send out advices, by wire if necessary, to friends and relatives of immigrants about to arrive, and to get back information as to where the new-comers will be met. These messages, often together with private letters, &c., are given out on board to those to whom they are addressed. Information of this nature is much appreciated, especially by wives joining their husbands.
Assisted immigrants requiring work are referred to the office of the Immigration Department, and their cases are there dealt with.
As regards the female assisted domestic workers, who are chosen after application at Home to the High Commissioner, and who are sent to New Zealand under the supervision of one or more responsible matrons, the following applies:—
The Government advertises the fact that the books of the Department are open to record the names of those people in the Dominion desirous of securing the services of an assisted girl. Such advertisements bring into the office many applications, especially pending the arrival of a ship.
Each matron in charge on board is instructed by communications awaiting her at Hobart to classify the girls under two heads: (a) those with work already arranged or friends to go to; (b) those without either friends or work. On arrival they are met by the Girls' Superintendent of the Immigration Department. Arrangements are made for sending to their destinations those girls who are going to friends or to definite positions Those requiring accommodation are directed to homes or hostels approved by the Minister of Immigration for this purpose. The Superintendent then separately considers the case of each girl, and arranges to place her with an applicant for a Government assisted girl. In placing these girls at present, considerable reliance has necessarily to be placed on the statements made by them. The Department is, however, taking steps to get full and independent details of the work that the girl was actually engaged in before she left the Mother-country. After a girl has been placed, the Department endeavours to keep in touch with her by correspondence.
The Immigration Restriction Act prohibits the landing of lunatics or idiots, persons suffering from a dangerous or loathsome contagious disease, certain convicted criminals, and any person other than of British birth who fails to write out and sign, in any European language, a prescribed form of application. Shipwrecked persons are excepted. The Act does not apply to officers and crews of any mercantile vessels, provided they are not discharged in New Zealand, and are on board the vessel when she clears outward. There are other exemptions under the Act, including His Majesty's land and sea forces, and the officers and crew of any ship of war of any Government, and certain persons may be specially exempted by the Minister of Internal Affairs. Heavy penalties may be incurred for breaches of this law. Regulations under the Act were published in the New Zealand Gazette of 26th November, 1908.
The law of the Commonwealth of Australia, with a view to the restriction of Asiatic immigration, prohibits the landing of any person who, when asked to do so by a public officer, fails to write out from dictation and sign a passage of fifty words in any prescribed language. An Act, having a similar purpose, was passed by the Parliament of New Zealand in 1907, requiring that any Chinese proposing to land in the Dominion shall be able to read a printed passage of not less than one hundred words of the English language. This measure became law on the 23rd October, 1908, and is now incorporated in the Immigration Restriction Act, 1908.
Persons of other than European descent are classified in the immigration returns as “race aliens.” Immigrants of this class have since 1908 been required to pass an education test before admission to the Dominion. In spite of this fact, there appears to be an increase in alien immigration, as the table following will show. The total for 1913 is, however, considerably lower than in the two preceding years.
| Birthplace. | Year. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1904. | 1905. | 1906. | 1907. | 1903. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| British Possessions— | ||||||||||
| India | 3 | 34 | 45 | 20 | 24 | 157 | 80 | 190 | 325 | 133 |
| Pacific Islands | 11 | 30 | 73 | 1 | 11 | 22 | 9 | 24 | 51 | 48 |
| Other | 14 | 1 | 7 | .. | 31 | 30 | 43 | 1 | 4 | 34 |
| Total, British Possessions | 28 | 65 | 125 | 21 | 66 | 209 | 132 | 215 | 380 | 215 |
| Foreign Countries— | ||||||||||
| China | 235 | 239 | 260 | 255 | 538 | 171 | 209 | 546 | 348 | 325 |
| Syria | 3 | 6 | 30 | 3 | 32 | 23 | 12 | 9 | 20 | 19 |
| Asia Minor | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 2 | |
| Japan | 10 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 17 |
| Pacific Islands | 14 | 24 | 28 | 27 | 10 | 18 | 7 | 25 | 24 | 4 |
| Other | 24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | 2 | 1 | 14 | 7 |
| Total, foreign countries | 292 | 276 | 329 | 293 | 589 | 233 | 235 | 589 | 423 | 374 |
| Total, “Race Aliens” | 320 | 341 | 454 | 314 | 655 | 442 | 367 | 804 | 803 | 589 |
Of the race aliens arriving in New Zealand, a large proportion are Chinese, most of whom, however, have been formerly resident in the Dominion. Hindus and other natives of India are also of late years arriving in considerable numbers, the total of these for the past five years being 885 as against 127 during the preceding quinquennium.
When any alien residing in New Zealand desires to be naturalized, he may present to the Governor a memorial signed and verified by a statutory declaration setting forth—
His name, age, birthplace, residence, and occupation;
The length of his residence in New Zealand, and his desire to settle therein;
A request that letters of naturalization may be granted to him.
Every memorial must have written upon it or attached to it a certificate signed by some Magistrate or Justice to the effect that the applicant is known to the person certifying and is of good repute. On taking the oath of allegiance he shall enjoy within New Zealand all the rights and capacities that a natural-born subject of the United Kingdom can enjoy or transmit, excepting such rights (if any) as are specially excepted in the letters of naturalization granted to him.
Any person who has been previously naturalized in the United Kingdom, or any British possession, may obtain letters of naturalization in New Zealand upon presentation of his certificate or letters to the Governor, with satisfactory evidence of his bona fides.
An alien woman married to a natural-born or naturalized British subject shall be deemed to be herself naturalized. Where the father, or the mother, being a widow, has become naturalized in New Zealand, every child of such father or mother who during minority resides with such parent shall also be deemed to be naturalized.
Every alien resident in New Zealand may inherit or otherwise acquire, hold, and dispose of every description of property in the same manner as if he were a natural-born British subject, but may not become the owner of any ship, or of a share in any ship, registered in New Zealand. Any person born in foreign territory whose mother is a natural-born British subject shall be capable of acquiring property in New Zealand by purchase, or under a will or intestacy.
No fee is payable for naturalization except in the case of Chinese, who are charged £1.
During 1913 letters of naturalization wore granted to 392 males and 14 females belonging to the following nationalities:—
| Natives of— | M. | F. |
|---|---|---|
| Austria-Hungary | 231 | 1 |
| Germany | 30 | 6 |
| Denmark | 26 | 1 |
| Russian | 26 | .. |
| Sweden | 22 | 1 |
| Switzerland | 14 | .. |
| Norway | 11 | 3 |
| United States of America | 10 | .. |
| Italy | 8 | .. |
| Syria | 3 | .. |
| France | 2 | 1 |
| Bulgaria | 2 | .. |
| Other countries | 7 | 1 |
| Total | 392 | 14 |
The number of natives of each country naturalized during the last twenty years is next shown.
| Natives of— | Persons. |
|---|---|
| Austria-Hungary | 1,442 |
| Germany | 1,186 |
| Denmark | 693 |
| Sweden | 677 |
| Norway | 463 |
| Russia | 349 |
| China | 242 |
| Italy | 225 |
| Switzerland | 183 |
| Syria | 175 |
| France | 159 |
| United States of America | 145 |
| Netherlands | 63 |
| Greece | 62 |
| Portugal and Possessions | 60 |
| Belgium | 40 |
| Spain | 16 |
| Japan | 11 |
| Turkey | 10 |
| Other countries | 52 |
| Total | 6,253 |
Estimates of population of the various provincial districts have been made for many years past, but have not been very reliable, on account of the lack of any record of internal migration. Since March, 1913, however, returns of inter-island migration have been obtained, and the population can now be allocated with a high degree of accuracy as between the two main islands. In addition a close watch is kept on the relative progress of the various divisions of the Dominion, thus enabling a more reliable estimate to be made as regards the populations of provincial districts. Estimates as at 31st December last are given in the following table.
| Provincial District. | Estimated Population 31st December, 1913. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Totals. | |
| Auckland | 153,014 | 134,775 | 287,789 |
| Taranaki | 30,170 | 26,330 | 56,500 |
| Hawke's Bay | 27,866 | 24,890 | 52,756 |
| Wellington | 112,169 | 102,024 | 214,193 |
| Marlborough | 9,339 | 7,896 | 17,235 |
| Nelson | 28,477 | 23,052 | 51,529 |
| Westland | 9,154 | 7,600 | 16,754 |
| Canterbury | 94,061 | 90,411 | 184,472 |
| Otago— | |||
| Otago portion | 70,661 | 69,226 | 139,887 |
| Southland portion | 34,025 | 29,251 | 63,276 |
| Chatham Islands | 171 | 96 | 267 |
| Kermadec Islands | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Totals for the Dominion | 569,109 | 515,553 | 1,084,662 |
The counties contain what is understood to be the rural population, but this is not strictly correct, as some of the towns not municipalized, and forming part of counties, have considerable populations. On the other hand the population of a few of the smaller boroughs might be classed as rural, as will be noticed further on. A list of counties and their populations (exclusive of interior boroughs and town districts not forming parts of counties) is given. The populations shown are as estimated to 1st April, 1914.
| County. | Estimated Population. |
|---|---|
| Akaroa | 2,402 |
| Akitio | 1,524 |
| Amuri | 1,865 |
| Ashburton | 10,977 |
| Ashley | 757 |
| Awakino | 667 |
| Awatere | 1,631 |
| Bay of Islands | 3,384 |
| Bruce | 5,074 |
| Buller | 7,354 |
| Castlepoint | 665 |
| Chatham Islands | 267 |
| Cheviot | 1,521 |
| Clifton | 2,470 |
| Clutha | 7,624 |
| Collingwood | 1,326 |
| Cook | 6,903 |
| Coromandel | 2,937 |
| Dannevirke | 5,084 |
| East Taupo | 582 |
| Eden | 22,071 |
| Egmont | 3,668 |
| Eketahuna | 2,053 |
| Ellesmere | 4,025 |
| Eltham | 3,752 |
| Eyre | 1,998 |
| Featherston | 2,780 |
| Fiord | 45 |
| Franklin | 8,344 |
| Geraldine | 5,838 |
| Great Barrier | 441 |
| Grey | 6,205 |
| Halswell | 2,025 |
| Hawera | 4,113 |
| Hawke's Bay | 8,546 |
| Heathcote | 4,434 |
| Hobson | 4,385 |
| Hokianga | 3,270 |
| Horowhenua | 6,189 |
| Hutt | 4,790 |
| Inangahua | 4,956 |
| Kaikoura | 2,046 |
| Kairanga | 4,486 |
| Kaitieke | 1,598 |
| Kawhia | 965 |
| Kiwitea | 3,218 |
| Kowai | 2,218 |
| Lake | 2,055 |
| Levels | 5,150 |
| Mackenzie | 2,498 |
| Makara | 3,127 |
| Malvern | 3,691 |
| Manawatu | 5,161 |
| Mangonui | 3,339 |
| Maniototo | 2,952 |
| Manukau | 5,067 |
| Marlborough | 6,928 |
| Masterton | 4,314 |
| Matamata | 3,250 |
| Mauriceville | 1,019 |
| Mount Herbert | 494 |
| Murchison | 1,115 |
| Ohinemuri | 6,499 |
| Ohura | 1,584 |
| Opotiki | 1,593 |
| Oroua | 4,151 |
| Otamatea | 3,815 |
| Oxford | 1,993 |
| Pahiatua | 3,646 |
| Paparua | 4,366 |
| Patangata | 2,101 |
| Patea | 3,304 |
| Peninsula | 1,988 |
| Piako | 3,531 |
| Pohangina | 2,079 |
| Raglan | 3,207 |
| Rangiora | 3,082 |
| Rangitikei | 8,630 |
| Rodney | 3,828 |
| Rotorua | 1,272 |
| Selwyn | 1,352 |
| Sounds | 1,254 |
| Southland | 27,794 |
| Springs | 2,018 |
| Stewart Island | 349 |
| Stratford | 5,973 |
| Taieri | 6,508 |
| Takaka | 2,002 |
| Taranaki | 8,152 |
| Tauranga | 2,582 |
| Tawera | 1,325 |
| Thames | 4,717 |
| Tuapeka | 6,015 |
| Vincent | 3,919 |
| Waiapu | 1,863 |
| Waihemo | 1,728 |
| Waikato | 5,836 |
| Waikohu | 3,186 |
| Waikouaiti | 4,530 |
| Waimairi | 11,413 |
| Waimarino | 2,763 |
| Waimate | 7,182 |
| Waimate West | 2,046 |
| Waimea | 9,496 |
| Waipa | 5,223 |
| Waipara | 2,098 |
| Waipawa | 3,300 |
| Waipukurau | 584 |
| Wairarapa South | 2,945 |
| Wairewa | 953 |
| Wairoa | 2,036 |
| Waitaki | 10,215 |
| Waitemata | 6,423 |
| Waitomo | 3,966 |
| Waitotara | 2,590 |
| Wallace | 9,348 |
| Wanganui | 4,157 |
| Weber | 571 |
| Westland | 4,490 |
| West Taupo | 1.074 |
| Whakatane | 1,828 |
| Whangamomona | 1,914 |
| Whangarei | 7,700 |
| Whangaroa | 833 |
| Woodville | 2,040 |
Prior to the year 1900 there was no statutory limitation to the number of inhabitants necessary to constitute a borough, and consequently many small centres, the residents being mainly engaged in rural occupations, became municipalities. The Municipal Corporations Act now imposes a limit as to area, and provides that no new borough may be constituted unless the proposed area contains at least 1,000 inhabitants. The total number of persons resident in boroughs at the last five censuses was as follows:—
| Census Year. | Population in Boroughs. Persons. |
|---|---|
| 1891 | 270,343 |
| 1896 | 307,294 |
| 1901 | 350,202 |
| 1906 | 424,614 |
| 1911 | 505,598 |
The increase during the twenty years was 235,255 persons, or 87.02 per cent. Boroughs which in 1911 had a population of 1,000 or over contained an aggregate of 491,836 persons in that year, as against an aggregate of 252,722 persons for boroughs of 1,000 and over in 1891, an increase of 239,114 persons, or 9462 per cent. The name of each borough, with the number of inhabitants estimated as at 1st April, 1914, is given in the next table.
| ESTIMATED POPULATION OF BOROUGHS ON THE 1ST APRIL, 1914. | |
|---|---|
| Borough. | Estimated Population. |
| Akaroa | 662 |
| Alexandra | 809 |
| Arrowtown | 425 |
| Ashburton | 2,851 |
| Auckland (City) | 50,482 |
| Balclutha | 1,323 |
| Birkenhead | 2,139 |
| Blenheim | 4,010 |
| Brunner | 1,108 |
| Cambridge | 1,614 |
| Campbelltown | 1,919 |
| Carterton | 1,658 |
| Christchurch (City) | 56,510 |
| Cromwell | 615 |
| Dannevirke | 3,656 |
| Dargaville | 1,388 |
| Devonport | 7,770 |
| Dunedin (City) | 49,621 |
| Eastbourne | 620 |
| Eketahuna | 865 |
| Eltham | 1,951 |
| Feilding | 3,658 |
| Foxton | 1,894 |
| Frankton | 1,228 |
| Geraldine | 1,008 |
| Gisborne | 9,683 |
| Gore | 3,510 |
| Green Island | 2,115 |
| Grey Lynn | 8,672 |
| Greymouth | 5,729 |
| Greytown | 1,117 |
| Hamilton | 3,908 |
| Hampden | 362 |
| Hastings | 6,824 |
| Hawera | 3,017 |
| Hokitika | 2,363 |
| Inglewood | 1,430 |
| Invercargill | 14,526 |
| Invercargill South | 1,654 |
| Kaiapoi | 1,945 |
| Kaitangata | 1,644 |
| Karori | 1,626 |
| Kumara | 820 |
| Lawrence | 955 |
| Levin | 1,860 |
| Lower Hutt | 4,906 |
| Lyttelton | 4,151 |
| Maori Hill | 2,313 |
| Marton | 1,663 |
| Masterton | 5,781 |
| Mataura | 1,291 |
| Milton | 1,413 |
| Miramar | 1,780 |
| Mornington | 5,361 |
| Mosgiel | 1,675 |
| Motueka | 1,352 |
| Mount Albert | 8,912 |
| Mount Eden | 11,140 |
| Napier | 11,083 |
| Naseby | 325 |
| Nelson (City) | 8,522 |
| New Brighton | 2,106 |
| Newmarket | 3,201 |
| New Plymouth | 7,983 |
| Northcote | 1,737 |
| Oamaru | 5,499 |
| Ohakune | 1,333 |
| Onehunga | 5,002 |
| Onslow | 2,019 |
| Opotiki | 1,006 |
| Otahuhu | 1,986 |
| Pahiatua | 1,456 |
| Palmerston | 830 |
| Palmerston North | 12,042 |
| Patea | 1,031 |
| Petone | 7,263 |
| Picton | 1,445 |
| Port Chalmers | 2,204 |
| Pukekohe | 1,324 |
| Queenstown | 730 |
| Rangiora | 1,957 |
| Riccarton | 3,080 |
| Richmond | 772 |
| Riverton | 1,007 |
| Ross | 672 |
| Roxburgh | 462 |
| Runanga | 1,722 |
| Spreydon | 3,819 |
| St. Kilda | 4,990 |
| Stratford | 3,015 |
| Sumner | 2,004 |
| Taihape | 1,874 |
| Takapuna | 1,544 |
| Tapanui | 348 |
| Taumarunui | 1,244 |
| Tauranga | 1,448 |
| Te Aroha | 1,431 |
| Te Kuiti | 1,397 |
| Temuka | 1,858 |
| Thames | 3,732 |
| Timaru | 12,702 |
| Waihi | 5,475 |
| Waikouaiti | 722 |
| Waimate | 1,880 |
| Waipawa | 1,174 |
| Waipukurau | 1,132 |
| Wairoa | 1,190 |
| Waitara | 1,631 |
| Wanganui | 13,751 |
| Wellington (City) | 67,708 |
| West Harbour | 2,083 |
| Westport | 5,205 |
| Whangarei | 2,865 |
| Winton | 607 |
| Woodville | 1,264 |
| Woolston | 3,804 |
With the boroughs is also now included for some purposes th town of Rotorua, constituted under the Rotorua Town Act, 1907. The estimated population of Rotorua on 1st April last was 2,636.
The principal cities of New Zealand are Auckland and Wellington in the North Island, Christchurch and Dunedin in the South Island. The population of each of these cities and their suburbs, as estimated at 1st April, 1914, is given below:—
| Estimated Population | |
|---|---|
| AUCKLAND AND SUBURBS. | |
| Auckland City | 50,482 |
| Suburban boroughs— | |
| Birkenhead | 2,139 |
| Devonport | 7,770 |
| Newmarket | 3,201 |
| Grey Lynn | 8,672 |
| Mount Eden | 11,140 |
| Mount Albert | 8,912 |
| Northcote | 1,737 |
| Takapuna | 1,544 |
| Other suburbs | 18,687 |
| Total, Greater Auckland | 114,284 |
| WELLINGTON AND SUBURBS. | |
| Wellington City | 67,708 |
| Suburban boroughs— | |
| Onslow | 2,019 |
| Karori | 1,626 |
| Miramar | 1,780 |
| Eastbourne | 620 |
| Other suburbs | 1,390 |
| Total, Greater Wellington | 75,143 |
| Christchurch City | 50,510 |
| Suburban boroughs— | |
| Woolston | 3,804 |
| New Brighton | 2,106 |
| Sumner | 2,004 |
| Spreydon | 3,819 |
| Riccarton | 3,080 |
| Other suburbs | 15,087 |
| Total, Greater Christchurch | 86,410 |
| DUNEDIN AND SUBURBS. | |
| Dunedin City | 49,621 |
| Suburban boroughs— | |
| Maori Hill | 2,313 |
| Mornington | 5,361 |
| St. Kilda | 4,990 |
| West Harbour | 2,083 |
| Green Island | 2,115 |
| Other suburbs | 2,574 |
| Total, Greater Dunedin | 69,057 |
The only other city in New Zealand is Nelson. There are, however, six towns possessing, with suburbs, larger populations than Nelson, and information concerning these is shown below. The populations given are as estimated to 1st April last in the case of the boroughs and town districts, and as ascertained at the census of 1911 in the case of other suburbs.
| North Island | |
|---|---|
| Estimated Population | |
| GISBORNE | 9,683 |
| Suburbs — | |
| Mangapapa Town District | 1,072 |
| Kaiti, Te Hapara, Tamarau, and Whataupoko | 820 |
| Total, Gisborne and Suburbs | 11,575 |
| NAPIER | 11,088 |
| Suburbs— | |
| Napier South Town District | 746 |
| West Shore | 527 |
| Awatoto | 272 |
| Total, Napier and Suburbs | 12,628 |
| WANGANUI | 13,751 |
| Suburbs— | |
| Gonville Town District | 1,801 |
| Mosstown | 202 |
| Putiki | 172 |
| Marybank | 105 |
| Total, Wanganui and Suburbs | 16,031 |
| PALMERSTON NORTH | 12,042 |
| South Island | |
| NELSON | 8,522 |
| Suburbs— | |
| Bishopdale | 39 |
| Tahunanui | 144 |
| Total, Nelson and Suburbs | 8,705 |
| TIMARU | 12,702 |
| INVERCARGILL | 14,526 |
| Suburbs— | |
| Invercargill South Borough | 1,654 |
| Otatara | 211 |
| Grassmere, Waikiwi, and Prestonville | 901 |
| Waverley | 40 |
| Lindisfarne, Richmond Grove, Inglewood, Adamsons, and Hawthorne | 536 |
| Total, Invercargill and Suburbs | 17,868 |
The several stages in the growth of a New Zealand town may be marked thus: The village, taxed by the parent county, and dependent upon the latter for all public works; then the legally constituted town district, still subordinate to the county in some matters, its affairs administered by a Board presided over by a Chairman. When its population exceeds 500 the town district may become independent of the county, and control the whole of its revenues. When the population reaches 1,000, full municipal powers may be obtained, with the dignity of a Council presided over by a Mayor, and finally, if the number of inhabitants should reach 20,000 or over, the title of “city” may be assumed, although the constitution remains unaltered. The name of each town district and its population are as follows:—
| (a.) TOWN DISTRICTS NOT FORMING PARTS OF COUNTIES. | |
|---|---|
| Town District. | Estimated Population. |
| Bay | 1,092 |
| Bull's | 600 |
| Castlecliff | 716 |
| Ellerslie | 1,018 |
| Featherston | 797 |
| Gonville | 1,801 |
| Hempstead | 1,590 |
| Havelock North | 686 |
| Helensville | 720 |
| Hikurangi | 744 |
| Hunterville | 760 |
| Huntly | 1,455 |
| Johnsonville | 1,075 |
| Manaia | 603 |
| Mangaweka | 591 |
| Manunui | 570 |
| Martinborough | 676 |
| Napier South | 746 |
| New Lynn | 636 |
| Ngaruawahia | 527 |
| Otaki | 827 |
| Otautau | 801 |
| Papakura | 678 |
| Pleasant Point | 525 |
| Rangataua | 957 |
| Taradale | 970 |
| Te Awamutu | 711 |
| Te Puke | 570 |
| Tinwald | 574 |
| Upper Hutt | 1,216 |
| Warkworth | 740 |
| Waverley | 703 |
| Wyndham | 713 |
| (b.) TOWN DISTRICTS FORMING PARTS OF COUNTIES. | |
|---|---|
| Town District. | Estimated Population. |
| Amberley | 368 |
| Clinton | 472 |
| Edendale | 360 |
| Havelock | 320 |
| Kamo | 361 |
| Kaponga | 431 |
| Kawakawa | 339 |
| Kawhia | 173 |
| Kihikihi | 285 |
| Kohukohu | 380 |
| Leamington | 417 |
| Lethbridge | 304 |
| Mangapapa | 1,072 |
| Morrinsville | 624 |
| Normanby | 496 |
| Norsewood | 228 |
| Onerahi | 257 |
| Opunake | 548 |
| Ormondville | 391 |
| Otane | 282 |
| Outram | 449 |
| Raetihi | 495 |
| Raglan | 271 |
| Rongotea | 362 |
| Southbridge | 445 |
Adjacent to the main Islands are many smaller islands, some of which are of considerable area, and are under cultivation; others are but islets used as sites for lighthouses, while others again are barren and unfitted for human habitation. The Chatham Islands and Great Barrier Island have been constituted counties, and their populations are shown in the list of counties already given. The name and population of each of the inhabited islands as at the census of 1911 are shown in the following table:—
| Islands. | Population. |
|---|---|
| Mokohinau Lighthouse | 7 |
| Kawau | 60 |
| Motuketekete | 3 |
| Moturekareka | 7 |
| Little Barrier | 2 |
| Waiheke | 227 |
| Pahiki Lighthouse | 4 |
| Ponui | 43 |
| Rakino | 8 |
| Motutapu | 14 |
| Motuihi | 5 |
| Brown's | 4 |
| Rotoroa | 110 |
| Pakatoa | 22 |
| Bean Rock Lighthouse | 1 |
| Tiritiri Lighthouse | 7 |
| Slipper | 2 |
| Cuvier Lighthouse | 14 |
| Motiti | 3 |
| Somes and Lighthouse | 8 |
| Kapiti | 2 |
| The Brothers Lighthouse | 3 |
| D'Urville | 77 |
| Stephen Lighthouse | 7 |
| Ripa | 2 |
| Dog Island Lighthouse | 12 |
| Centre Island Lighthouse | 9 |
| Total | 663 |
Since 1901 the boundaries of New Zealand have been extended to include the Cook and certain other Pacific islands, the population of which is shown elsewhere in this section.
The population of the Dominion (exclusive of Maoris and the population of the annexed Pacific islands) according to the census of 2nd April, 1911, was 1,008,468 persons, as shown by the following summaries :—
| (a.) SUMMARY BY ISLANDS. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Total Population (exclusive of Maoris and Residents of Annexed Pacific Islands). | Half-castes living as Europeans (included previously). | Chinese (included previously.) | ||||
| Persons. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
*Including persons on shipboard, but excluding 133 persons, officers and crew of a British man-of-war, in Auckland Harbour on 2nd April, 1911. † Including Stewart Island and Chatham Islands. ‡; These islands are not within the boundaries of the neighbouring counties, but their inhabitants are included in the population of the North and South Islands given in the previous table. | |||||||
| North Island* | 563,729 | 300,199 | 263,530 | 1,254 | 1,194 | 1,322 | 68 |
| South Island* | 444,120 | 231,323 | 212,797 | 217 | 207 | 1,126 | 20 |
| Stewart Island | 357 | 220 | 137 | 4 | 1 | .. | .. |
| Chatham Islands* | 258 | 166 | 92 | .. | 2 | .. | .. |
| Kermadec Islands | 4 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Totals for Dominion | 1,008,468 | 531,910 | 476,558 | 1,475 | 1,404 | 2,542 | 88 |
| — | Total Population (exclusive of Maoris and Residents of Annexed Pacific Islands) | Half-castes living as Europeans (included previously). | Chinese (included previously). | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persons. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males | Females. | |
*Including persons on shipboard, but excluding 133 persons, officers and crew of a British man-of-war, in Auckland Harbour on 2nd April, 1911. † Including Stewart Island and Chatham Islands. †; These islands are not within the boundaries of the neighbouring counties, but their inhabitants are included in the population of the North and South Islands given in the previous table. | |||||||
| Counties† | 496,779 | 276,495 | 220,284 | 1,152 | 1,120 | 1,096 | 19 |
| Boroughs | 505,598 | 250,196 | 255,402 | 313 | 282 | 1,382 | 69 |
| Islands adjacent to New Zealand†; | 1,079 | 652 | 427 | 7 | 2 | .. | .. |
| Kermadec Islands | 4 | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| On shipboard | 4,865 | 4,456 | 409 | 3 | .. | 64 | .. |
| Main Trunk Railway | 143 | 109 | 34 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Totals | 1,008,468 | 531,910 | 476,558 | 1,475 | 1,404 | 2,542 | 88 |
The next table shows the distribution of the population in counties and boroughs at each quinquennial census since 1881.
| Census Year. | Counties. | Boroughs. | Percentage. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Counties. | Boroughs. | Shipboard and islands. | |||
| 1881 | 291,238 | 194,981 | 59.44 | 39.80 | 0.76 |
| 1886 | 327,328 | 245,612 | 56.58 | 42.46 | 0.96 |
| 1891 | 352,097 | 270,343 | 56.18 | 43.14 | 0.68 |
| 1896 | 391,735 | 307,294 | 55.69 | 43.69 | 0.62 |
| 1901 | 417,596 | 350,202 | 54.04 | 45.32 | 0.64 |
| 1906 | 458,797 | 424,614 | 51.63 | 47.79 | 0.58 |
| 1911 | 496,779 | 505,598 | 49.26 | 50.14 | 0.60 |
The increase in the density of population and dwellings at successive censuses is illustrated in the table following. The average number of persons to an inhabited dwelling is also shown.
| Census Year | Number of Persons to a Square Mile. | Number of Inhabited Dwellings to a Square Mile | Number of Persons to an Inhabited Dwelling. |
|---|---|---|---|
*Excluding Maoris. | |||
| 1861 | 0.944 | 0.214 | 4.42 |
| 1871 | 2.456 | 0.548 | 4.48 |
| 1881 | 4.693 | 0.917 | 5.12 |
| 1891 | 6.024 | 1.191 | 5.06 |
| 1901 | 7.427 | 1.527 | 4.86 |
| 1906 | 8.541 | 1.773 | 4.82 |
| 1911 | 9.690 | 2.070 | 4.68 |
The density of population in various countries is shown in the next table. The figures relate in nearly every case to the year 1911, in which year a census was taken throughout the British Empire, and in several other countries. The Statesman's Year-book for 1913 has been referred to in all cases, but wherever possible the information extracted therefrom has been verified by reference to official publications of the countries concerned. In several cases the figures are only rough estimates, and in some instances various estimates are in existence in respect of the same country. For example, the population of the Chinese Empire ranges in various publications from 250 to 450 millions. In the table now given the usually accepted total, 400 millions, is shown. The figures for the Balkan states relate to the various states as they now stand—i.e., after the recent alterations of boundaries.
| DENSITY OF POPULATION IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Country. | Population. | |
| Total. | Per Square Mile. | |
* Inclusive of Maoris, also Cook Islands and their inhabitants. † Including aboriginals, estimated at 100,000. | ||
| Macao | 63,991 | 15,997.75 |
| Gibraltar | 25,307 | 13,529.07 |
| Monaco | 19,121 | 2,390.12 |
| Malta | 228,534 | 1,953.28 |
| Gambia Colony | 7,700 | 1,925.00 |
| French India | 282,386 | 1,440.74 |
| Singapore | 305,439 | 1,407.55 |
| Channel Islands | 96,900 | 1,384.29 |
| Hong Kong and Territory | 463,715 | 1,144.98 |
| Bermudas | 21,326 | 1,104.97 |
| Barbados | 171,982 | 1,036.04 |
| Kiau-Chau | 168,896 | 844.48 |
| England | 34,045,290 | 669.00 |
| Belgium | 7,423,784 | 652.76 |
| Java and Madura | 30,098,008 | 595.36 |
| Aden and Perim | 46,165 | 577.06 |
| Madeira | 169,777 | 540.69 |
| Mauritius | 377,083 | 523.73 |
| Wei-hai-wei | 147,177 | 516.41 |
| Grenada | 66,750 | 501.88 |
| Penang | 278,003 | 480.14 |
| Martinique | 184,004 | 477.93 |
| Netherlands | 6,022,452 | 470.16 |
| St. Pierre | 4,209 | 420.90 |
| St. Kitts | 26,283 | 404.35 |
| Kwantung | 488,089 | 388.61 |
| Bahrein Islands | 90,000 | 360.00 |
| Portuguese India | 531,798 | 324.66 |
| Italy | 34,671,377 | 313.63 |
| Germany | 04,925,993 | 310.98 |
| Porto Rico | 1,118,012 | 310.04 |
| Guadeloupe and Dependencies | 212,430 | 308.76 |
| Samos | 53,424 | 296.80 |
| Japan | 52,000,000 | 296.23 |
| San Marino | 10,791 | 283.97 |
| St. Vincent | 41,877 | 279.18 |
| Wales | 2,025,202 | 272.42 |
| Azores | 242,613 | 263.14 |
| Luxemburg | 259,891 | 260.41 |
| Nevis | 12,945 | 258.90 |
| Formosa | 3,443,679 | 255.88 |
| Austria | 28,571,934 | 240.56 |
| Switzerland | 3,741,971 | 234.22 |
| Labuan | 6,546 | 229.68 |
| Isle of Man | 52,034 | 229.22 |
| Antigua | 38,899 | 228.82 |
| British India | 244,267,542 | 222.49 |
| Ellice Islands | 3,089 | 220.04 |
| Pemba | 83,437 | 219.57 |
| St. Lucia | 48,637 | 208.74 |
| Haiti Republic | 2,029,700 | 198.91 |
| Jamaica | 831,383 | 197.95 |
| Danish West Indies | 27,086 | 190.28 |
| France | 39,001,509 | 191.26 |
| Zanzibar | 115,477 | 180.43 |
| Réunion | 173,822 | 179.20 |
| Denmark | 2,775,076 | 178.09 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 330,074 | 176.70 |
| Montserrat | 5,502 | 173.81 |
| Turkey in Europe | 1,891,000 | 173.77 |
| Malacca | 124,081 | 172.33 |
| Balearic Islands | 325,703 | 168.32 |
| Hungary | 20,886,487 | 166.57 |
| Seychelles | 26,000 | 162.50 |
| Portugal | 5,545,595 | 161.90 |
| Gilbert Islands | 26,863 | 161.83 |
| Ceylon | 4,110,367 | 161.31 |
| Salvador | 1,161,420 | 160.75 |
| Scotland | 4,759,445 | 156.53 |
| Korea | 13,461,299 | 156.58 |
| Comoro Islands | 94,844 | 152.97 |
| Cochin China | 3,050,785 | 152.54 |
| Liechtenstein | 9,854 | 151.60 |
| Canary Islands | 419,809 | 149.56 |
| Sierra Leone Colony | 75,572 | 146.74 |
| Rumania | 7,516,418 | 140.52 |
| Ireland | 4,390,219 | 137.67 |
| Curacao | 54,469 | 135.16 |
| Servia | 4,547,992 | 134.19 |
| Tonking | 6,119,720 | 131.89 |
| Union Islands | 914 | 130.57 |
| Bali and Lombok | 523,535 | 128.79 |
| Principé & St. Thomas Islands | 42,103 | 116.70 |
| Anguilla | 4,075 | 116.43 |
| Dominica | 33,863 | 116.37 |
| Wallis Archipelago | 4,500 | 112.50 |
| Bulgaria | 4,752,997 | 109.76 |
| Annam | 5,554,822 | 106.62 |
| Greece | 4,363,000 | 104.05 |
| Indian Feudatory States | 70,864,995 | 102.52 |
| Crete | 342,151 | 101.68 |
| Marshall Islands | 15,179 | 101.20 |
| Spain, including Ceuta | 18,843,170 | 99.15 |
| Southern Nigeria | 7,857,399 | 98.37 |
| Norfolk Island | 907 | 96.70 |
| Cape Verde Islands | 142,552 | 96.32 |
| Bosnia & Herzegovina | 1,898,044 | 96.02 |
| Virgin Islands | 5,502 | 95.90 |
| Bismarck Archipelago | 188,870 | 94.43 |
| Caroline & Pelew Is'lds | 52,674 | 94.06 |
| Chinese Empire | 400,000,000 | 93.52 |
| Nepal | 5,000,000 | 92.59 |
| Montenegro | 516,000 | 92.09 |
| Cyprus | 274,108 | 76.48 |
| American Samoa | 7,249 | 76.31 |
| Albania | 825,000 | 75.00 |
| St. Helena | 3,520 | 74.89 |
| Pitcairn Island | 145 | 72.50 |
| Mayotte | 9,989 | 71.35 |
| Russia in Europe | 138,274,500 | 69.23 |
| Philippine Islands | 8,368,427 | 65.45 |
| Tonga | 23,737 | 60.86 |
| Guam | 12,517 | 59.60 |
| Portuguese Guinea | 820,000 | 58.82 |
| Sierra Leone Protectorate | 1,327,500 | 54.41 |
| Cuba | 2,220,278 | 50.27 |
| Turkey in Asia | 21,000,000 | 48.92 |
| Protected Malay States | 720,000 | 46.15 |
| Liberia | 1,800,000 | 45.00 |
| Slam | 8,117,953 | 41.61 |
| Guatemala | 1,992,000 | 41.25 |
| Portuguese Timor | 300,000 | 40.93 |
| Tunis | 1,923,217 | 38.46 |
| Federated Malay States | 1,036,999 | 37.70 |
| Santo Domingo | 708,000 | 36.64 |
| Cambodia | 1,634,252 | 36.32 |
| Northern Nigeria | 9,269,000 | 36.25 |
| French Somali Coast | 208,000 | 35.92 |
| Basutoland | 405,903 | 34.65 |
| German Samoa | 34,480 | 34.48 |
| Turks & Caicos Islands | 5,615 | 33.93 |
| Natal | 1,194,043 | 33.84 |
| Khiva | 800,000 | 33.33 |
| Sweden | 5,522,403 | 31.94 |
| United States | 91,972,260 | 30.93 |
| Gambia Protectorate | 138,400 | 30.76 |
| Andorra | 5,231 | 29.89 |
| Hawaii | 191,909 | 29.76 |
| Togo | 1,000,000 | 29.67 |
| Fernando Po, &c. | 23,844 | 29.29 |
| Egypt | 11,287,359 | 28.22 |
| German East Africa | 10,000,000 | 26.04 |
| Banca | 115,189 | 25.91 |
| Nyasaland Protectorate | 1,000,000 | 25.12 |
| Sumatra | 4,029,503 | 24.93 |
| Finland | 3,084,000 | 24.54 |
| Uganda Protectorate | 2,843,325 | 24.16 |
| Afghanistan | 5,900,000 | 23.60 |
| Morocco | 4,580,000 | 20.91 |
| French Oceania | 31,477 | 20.71 |
| Jarvis Island | 30 | 20.00 |
| Billiton | 36,858 | 19.78 |
| Mexico | 15,063,207 | 19.64 |
| Norway | 2,391,782 | 19.27 |
| Gold Coast | 1,504,599 | 18.81 |
| Fiji | 139,541 | 18.77 |
| Abyssinia | 8,000,000 | 18.50 |
| Dutch Timor | 308,600 | 17.44 |
| Costa Rica | 388,266 | 16.88 |
| Spanish Guinea | 200,000 | 16.67 |
| Belgian Congo | 15,000,000 | 16.49 |
| Uruguay | 1,177,560 | 16.31 |
| Algeria | 5,563,828 | 16.20 |
| British East Africa Protectorate | 4,038,000 | 16.15 |
| Swaziland | 99,959 | 15.29 |
| Transvaal | 1,686,212 | 15.27 |
| Persia | 9,500,000 | 15.13 |
| Bokhara | 1,250,000 | 15.06 |
| French Equatorial Africa | 10,000,000 | 14.95 |
| Kamerua | 2,720,000 | 14.23 |
| New Hebrides | 70,000 | 13.73 |
| Madagascar | 3,104,881 | 13.62 |
| Panama | 426,928 | 13.18 |
| Bahama Islands | 55,944 | 12.71 |
| Bhutan | 250,000 | 12.50 |
| Nicaragua | 600,000 | 12.20 |
| Ecuador | 1,400,000 | 12.07 |
| Honduras Republic | 553,446 | 11.97 |
| Celebes | 851,905 | 11.92 |
| Sarawak | 500,000 | 11.90 |
| Colombia | 5,475,901 | 11.86 |
| Chile | 3,415,060 | 11.67 |
| Mozambique | 3,120,000 | 10.63 |
| German Marianne Isld's | 2,646 | 10.58 |
| Orange Free State | 528,174 | 10.48 |
| Isle of Pines | 600 | 10.34 |
| * New Zealand | 1,070,910 | 10.31 |
| British Solomon Islands | 150,000 | 10.14 |
| Fanning Island | 150 | 10.00 |
| Eritrea | 450,000 | 9.83 |
| Molucca Islands | 407,906 | 9.30 |
| Cape of Good Hope | 2,564,965 | 9.26 |
| Socotra | 12,000 | 8.68 |
| Angola | 4,119,000 | 8.50 |
| Kaiser Wilhelm's Land | 531,723 | 7.60 |
| Brunei | 30,000 | 7.50 |
| French West Africa | 11,100,000 | 7.35 |
| Brazil | 23,070,969 | 7.01 |
| Venezuela | 2,743,841 | 6.96 |
| Riau Lingga Archipel'o | 112,216 | 6.88 |
| British North Borneo | 208,183 | 6.69 |
| New Caledonia | 50,608 | 6.62 |
| Laos | 644,877 | 6.58 |
| Argentine Republic | 7,201,910 | 6.25 |
| Oman | 500,000 | 6.10 |
| Dutch Borneo | 1,233,655 | 5.80 |
| Peru | 4,000,000 | 5.75 |
| Newfoundland (proper) | 238,670 | 5.59 |
| Miquelon | 443 | 5.34 |
| Southern Rhodesia | 769,471 | 5.18 |
| Maiden Island | 168 | 4.80 |
| British Honduras | 40,458 | 4.71 |
| Paraguay | 800,000 | 4.66 |
| Somaliland Protector'te | 300,000 | 4.41 |
| Russia in Asia | 25,664,500 | 4.08 |
| Phoenix Islands | 59 | 3.69 |
| Japanese Sakhalin | 43,273 | 3.46 |
| Northern Rhodesia | 1,000,000 | 3.45 |
| Bolivia | 2,267,935 | 3.38 |
| British Guiana | 299,044 | 3.31 |
| Anglo-Egyptian Sudan | 3,000,000 | 3.05 |
| Papua | 272,057 | 3.00 |
| Italian Somaliland | 400,000 | 2.87 |
| Iceland | 85,188 | 2.14 |
| Canada | 7,204,838 | 2.00 |
| Surinam | 86,233 | 1.87 |
| French Guiana | 49,009 | 1.61 |
| Australian Commonwealth | 4,668,707† | 1.57 |
| Dutch New Guinea | 200,000 | 1.32 |
| Tripoli and Cyrenaica | 530,000 | 1.30 |
| Falkland Islands | 3,275 | 0.50 |
| Bechuanaland Protectorate | 125,350 | 0.46 |
| German South - west Africa | 99,744 | 0.31 |
| Greenland (Danish) | 13,517 | 0.29 |
| Ascension | 34 | 0.18 |
| Rio de Oro and Adrar | 12,000 | 0.16 |
| Alaska | 64,356 | 0.11 |
| Labrador | 3,949 | 0.03 |
The increase of population at successive census periods has been,—
| Date of Enumeration. | Population. | Numerical Increase. | Centesimal Increase. |
|---|---|---|---|
| December, 1858 | 59,413 | 39,608 | 66,367 |
| December, 1861 | 99,021 | 73,137 | 7,386 |
| December, 1864 | 172,158 | 46,510 | 27.01 |
| December, 1867 | 218,668 | 37,725 | 17.25 |
| February, 1871 | 256,393 | 43,121 | 16.82 |
| March, 1874 | 299,514 | 114,898 | 38.36 |
| March, 1878 | 414,412 | 75,521 | 18.22 |
| April, 1881 | 489,933 | 88,549 | 18.07 |
| March, 1886 | 578,482 | 48,176 | 8.33 |
| April, 1891 | 626,658 | 76,702 | 12.24 |
| April, 1896 | 703,360 | 69,359 | 9.86 |
| March, 1901 | 772,719 | 115,859 | 14.99 |
| April, 1906 | 888,578 | 119,890 | 13.49 |
| April, 1911 | 1,008,468 |
The principal natural divisions in New Zealand are the North, South, and Stewart Islands. These contain nearly the whole population of European descent, the Cook and other annexed islands being inhabited almost solely by coloured Natives.
The population of the two main Islands, with that of Stewart Island and the Chatham Islands, the former being included in the South and the latter in the North Island, at each census period, is given in the next table, together with the proportion per cent. that the population of each division bears to the total population of the Dominion.
| POPULATION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS, 1858–1911. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Census Year. | Population (excluding Maoris). | Proportions per Cent. | |||
| North Island and Chatham Islands. | South and Stewart Islands. | Total. | North Island and Chatham Islands. | South and Stewart Islands. | |
| 1858 | 34,179 | 25,234 | 59,413 | 57.53 | 42.47 |
| 1861 | 41,691 | 57,330 | 99,021 | 42.10 | 57.90 |
| 1864 | 65,349 | 106,809 | 172,158 | 37.96 | 62.04 |
| 1867 | 80,097 | 138,571 | 218,668 | 36.63 | 63.37 |
| 1871 | 97,008 | 159,385 | 256,393 | 37.84 | 62.16 |
| 1874 | 112,063 | 187,451 | 299,514 | 37.41 | 62.59 |
| 1878 | 158,404 | 256,008 | 414,412 | 38.22 | 61.78 |
| 1881 | 193,289 | 296,644 | 489,933 | 39.45 | 60.55 |
| 1886 | 250,681 | 327,801 | 578,482 | 43.33 | 56.67 |
| 1891 | 281,745 | 344,913 | 626,658 | 44.96 | 55.04 |
| 1896 | 340,872 | 362,488 | 703,360 | 48.46 | 51.54 |
| 1901 | 390,786 | 381,933 | 772,719 | 50.57 | 49.43 |
| 1906 | 476,934 | 411,645 | 888,578 | 53.67 | 46.33 |
| 1911 | 563,991 | 444,477 | 1,008,468 | 55.93 | 44.07 |
It will be seen that in 1858 the North Island had the larger population, this position being reversed at the succeeding enumerations until 1901, in which year the North Island was found to have a slightly larger population than the South, a position which it has since considerably improved upon. The Maori war which broke out in 1860 retarded settlement in the North, while the large area of land reserved for the Maoris was until quite recently a serious hindrance to the development of this portion of the Dominion. The construction of railways, roads, and bridges is now giving access to larger areas of new lands, which are being offered for selection in blocks intended for close settlement, and are quickly occupied. The South Island was practically free from Maori troubles, and settlement was more rapid, though much of the land was disposed of in large areas. The discovery of gold in Otago in 1861 and in the West Coast in 1864 attracted to these localities considerable numbers of miners.
In 1870 a policy of vigorous construction of railways and other developmental public works and of assistance to immigrants was inaugurated, resulting in a large increase to the population, including nearly ninety thousand Government immigrants introduced between 1873 and 1879.
The following table is interesting as showing the gradual equalization of the sexes, the number of females to 100 males having risen from 6216 in 1861 to 90.33 in 1901. The proportion was slightly lower in 1906 and 1911, but has again risen to 90.59 in 1913.
| Census Year. | Males. | Females. | Females to 100 Males. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1861 | 61,062 | 37,959 | 62.16 |
| 1871 | 150,356 | 106,037 | 70.52 |
| 1881 | 269,605 | 220,328 | 81.72 |
| 1891 | 332,877 | 293,781 | 88.26 |
| 1901 | 405,992 | 366,727 | 90.33 |
| 1906 | 471,008 | 417,570 | 88.65 |
| 1911 | 531,910 | 476,558 | 89.59 |
The number of persons at each year of age is ascertained from the census household schedules. In the following tables these numbers have been condensed in customary groups, and the information disclosed at the census of 1911 is compared with that for two previous censuses. Chinese are included, but not Maoris.
| Age-groups. | Number. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1891. | 1901. | 1911. | ||||
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
| Under 5 years | 42,259 | 40,945 | 44,324 | 42,482 | 59,975 | 57,934 |
| 5 years and under 10 years | 43,494 | 42,586 | 43,314 | 42,422 | 53,844 | 52,163 |
| 10 years and under 15 years | 40,755 | 40,329 | 43,100 | 42,125 | 46,421 | 44,992 |
| 15 years and under 20 years | 32,579 | 32,658 | 42,456 | 42,358 | 44,798 | 43,660 |
| 20 years and under 25 years | 28,337 | 29,805 | 41,196 | 41,960 | 49,692 | 46,124 |
| 25 years and under 30 years | 23,704 | 22,376 | 35,307 | 33,233 | 54,694 | 47,520 |
| 30 years and under 35 years | 22,021 | 17,890 | 29,694 | 27,272 | 49,410 | 42,714 |
| 35 years and under 40 years | 20,513 | 15,106 | 24,301 | 21,217 | 39,458 | 33,437 |
| 40 years and under 45 years | 17,755 | 13,436 | 21,589 | 17,347 | 31,198 | 27,259 |
| 45 years and under 50 years | 17,028 | 11,832 | 19,134 | 13,997 | 24,214 | 20,696 |
| 50 years and under 55 years | 16,770 | 9,922 | 15,413 | 11,991 | 20,290 | 16,573 |
| 55 years and under 60 years | 10,945 | 6,150 | 13,711 | 9,963 | 16,686 | 12,609 |
| 60 years and under 65 years | 7,685 | 4,468 | 12,803 | 8,017 | 12,816 | 10,225 |
| 65 years and under 70 years | 3,923 | 2,564 | 10,160 | 6,028 | 10,935 | 8,707 |
| 70 years and under 75 years | 2,504 | 1,877 | 5,348 | 3,236 | 8,691 | 6,030 |
| 75 years and under 80 years | 1,191 | 936 | 2,285 | 1,679 | 5,212 | 3,260 |
| 80 and over | 718 | 629 | 1,425 | 1,192 | 2,735 | 2,130 |
| Unspecified minors | 30 | 36 | 24 | 15 | 59 | 42 |
| Unspecified adults | 666 | 236 | 408 | 193 | 782 | 483 |
| All ages | 332,877 | 293,781 | 405,992 | 366,727 | 531,910 | 476,558 |
A calculation of the proportion per cent at each age-group to the total of males and females shows the effect of a declining birthrate on the ages under 15, the proportion of males at these ages being 30.19 per cent. in 1911 against 38.08 per cent. in 1891, and of females 32.58 per cent. against 42.20 per cent. respectively.
Of the males, those 15–24 years formed 18.35 per cent. of the total in 1891, and 17.79 per cent. in the later year. At the ages 15–64 the proportions were 59.42 per cent. and 64.62 per cent. in 1891 and 1911 respectively. From 65 years upwards the proportions increased from 2.50 per cent. to 5.19 per cent. during the period under review.
Females at ages 15–44 increased in proportion to the total from 44.73 per cent. in 1891 to 50.56 per cent. in 1911. At 45 years and over there was 13.07 per cent. in 1891 and 16.86 per cent. in 1911 of the number of this sex.
| Age-groups. | Proportion per Cent, of Males. | Proportion per Cent. of Females. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1891. | 1901. | 1911 | 1891. | 1901. | 1911. | |
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| Under 5 years | 12.72 | 10.93 | 11.29 | 13.95 | 11.59 | 12.16 |
| 5 years and under 10 years | 13.09 | 10.68 | 10.15 | 14.51 | 11.57 | 10.96 |
| 10 years and under 15 years | 12.27 | 10.62 | 8.75 | 13.74 | 11.49 | 9.46 |
| 15 years and under 20 years | 9.82 | 10.47 | 8.43 | 11.12 | 11.56 | 9.18 |
| 20 years and under 25 years | 8.53 | 10.16 | 9.36 | 10.16 | 11.45 | 9.68 |
| 25 years and under 30 years | 7.14 | 8.71 | 10.30 | 7.62 | 9.07 | 9.98 |
| 30 years and under 35 years | 6.63 | 7.32 | 9.30 | 6.10 | 7.44 | 8.97 |
| 35 years and under 40 years | 6.18 | 5.99 | 7.43 | 5.15 | 5.79 | 7.02 |
| 40 years and under 45 years | 5.34 | 5.32 | 5.87 | 4.58 | 4.73 | 5.73 |
| 45 years and under 50 years | 5.13 | 4.72 | 4.56 | 4.03 | 3.82 | 4.35 |
| 50 years and under 55 years | 5.05 | 3.80 | 3.82 | 3.38 | 3.27 | 3.48 |
| 55 years and under 60 years | 3.29 | 3.38 | 3.14 | 2.10 | 2.72 | 2.65 |
| 60 years and under 65 years | 2.31 | 3.16 | 2.41 | 1.52 | 2.19 | 2.15 |
| 65 years and under 70 years | 1.18 | 2.51 | 2.06 | 0.87 | 1.65 | 1.83 |
| 70 years and under 75 years | 0.75 | 1.32 | 1.64 | 0.64 | 0.88 | 1.27 |
| 75 years and under 80 years | 0.36 | 0.56 | 0.98 | 0.32 | 0.46 | 0.69 |
| 80 and over | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.51 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.44 |
| 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
The declining proportions at the earlier ages 0–19 years may be ascribed to a falling birth-rate, while the increase at the higher ages is due to the advanced age of the then mostly adult immigrants introduced during the early stages of settlement. These form the greater portion of the groups 60 years and over, numbering 70,741 persons in 1911, only 3,862 of these being New-Zealand-born. The latter element in the population is assuming larger proportions each year, while the influence of the numbers recruited from abroad on the age-constitution is gradually waning.
The distribution of population (exclusive of Maoris) between the North and South Islands is shown according to age-groups in the following table:—
| Island. | Under 5 | 5 and under 20 | 20 and under 35 | 35 and under 50 | 50 and under 65 | 65 and over. | Unspecified. | Totals. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North | 66,888 | 160,015 | 165,117 | 100,190 | 48,183 | 22,457 | 879 | 563,729 |
| South | 50,997 | 125,793 | 124,951 | 76,030 | 40,985 | 25,235 | 486 | 444,477 |
| Totals | 117,885 | 285,808 | 290,068 | 176,220 | 89,168 | 47,692 | 1,365 | 1,008,206 |
The table following shows the birthplaces of the population, exclusive of Maoris, for five census years. The total number of British-born has increased during the period by 63 per cent., while the number of foreign-born has remained stationary. Persons born in New Zealand have increased 92 per cent. The Commonwealth of Australia is represented by 50,029 persons, a large increase since 1891. Against this there were 31,868 persons, natives of New Zealand, residing in the Commonwealth in 1911 as compared with 25,788 in 1901. Persons born in the United Kingdom numbered 218,834 in 1891, against 228,684 in 1911.
| Birthplace. | Number in each Census Year. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1891. | 1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | |
| Persons. | Persons. | Persons. | Persons. | Persons. | |
| New Zealand | 366,716 | 441,661 | 516,106 | 606,247 | 702,779 |
| Commonwealth of Australia | 15,943 | 21,631 | 26,991 | 47,256 | 50,029 |
| England | 117,070 | 116,541 | 111,964 | 116,560 | 133,811 |
| Wales | 2,214 | 2,148 | 1,765 | 2,144 | 2,206 |
| Scotland | 51,916 | 50,435 | 47,858 | 47,767 | 51,709 |
| Ireland | 47,634 | 46,037 | 43,524 | 42,460 | 40,958 |
| Other British possessions | 3,703 | 3,901 | 4,273 | 4,560 | 5,234 |
| Total British | 605,196 | 682,354 | 752,481 | 866,994 | 986,726 |
| Austria-Hungary | 564 | 881 | 1,874 | 2,212 | 2,131 |
| German Empire | 4,663 | 4,595 | 4,217 | 4,174 | 4,015 |
| Denmark | 2,053 | 2,125 | 2,120 | 2,277 | 2,262 |
| Chinese Empire | 4,470 | 3,719 | 2,902 | 2,602 | 2,611 |
| Other foreign countries | 7,400 | 7,760 | 7,480 | 8,602 | 8,552 |
| Total foreign | 19,150 | 19,080 | 18,593 | 19,867 | 19,571 |
| At sea | 1,295 | 1,322 | 1,203 | 1,245 | 1,392 |
| Not stated | 1,017 | 604 | 442 | 472 | 779 |
| Totals | 626,658 | 703,360 | 772,719 | 888,578 | 1,008,468 |
The population of foreign origin shows a small increase since 1891, while the native-born portion becomes rapidly greater. The table given below shows the proportionate strength of the different nationalities represented in the Dominion.
| Birthplace. | Proportion of each Nationality in— | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1891. | 1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | |
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| New Zealand | 58.61 | 62.85 | 66.83 | 68.26 | 69.74 |
| Commonwealth of Australia | 2.55 | 3.08 | 3.49 | 5.32 | 4.97 |
| England | 18.71 | 16.58 | 14.50 | 13.30 | 13.28 |
| Wales | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.22 |
| Scotland | 8.30 | 7.18 | 6.20 | 5.38 | 5.13 |
| Ireland | 7.61 | 6.55 | 5.64 | 4.78 | 4.06 |
| Other British possessions | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.52 |
| Total British | 96.72 | 97.10 | 97.43 | 97.62 | 97.92 |
| Austria-Hungary | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.21 |
| German Empire | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.40 |
| Denmark | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.22 |
| Chinese Empire | 0.71 | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.26 |
| Other foreign countries | 1.19 | 1.10 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.85 |
| Total foreign | 307 | 2.71 | 2.41 | 2.24 | 1.94 |
| At sea | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
| 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
Both m 1906 and 1911 the number of females returned as married was less than that of males. In many instances married men coming to New Zealand from abroad leave their families behind until steady work has been obtained and a home prepared. This is the usual practice among aliens, the expense of transport in some cases preventing the union of families for a considerable length of time.
The number of married persons in 1911 was slightly more than one-third of the total population, exclusive of Maoris. Widowed and divorced are included among the unmarried over 20 and 15 years of age for males and females respectively, the number of the widowed being 14,222 males and 25,725 females. Those returned as divorced at the last census—575 males and 411 females—are probably less than the actual fact, owing to the reluctance of some persons to state this condition. The following table shows the number of unmarried and married males and females for five successive census years:—
| Census. | Number of Unmarried | Number of Married | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |||
| Under 20 Years of Age. | Twenty Years of Age and over. | Under 15 Years of Age. | Fifteen Years of Age and over. | |||
| 1891 | 159,000 | 77,955 | 123,852 | 78,776 | 90,371 | 90,765 |
| 1896 | 169,325 | 94,946 | 126,087 | 102,422 | 102,621 | 103,062 |
| 1901 | 173,096 | 110,485 | 127,017 | 121,297 | 118,401 | 117,746 |
| 1906 | 186,270 | 137,191 | 137,621 | 136,584 | 143,838 | 142,736 |
| 1911 | 204,883 | 150,484 | 155,047 | 149,274 | 171,936 | 170,989 |
The proportions per cent. exhibit a steady increase in the case of married persons of either sex since 1891. Widowed males increased relatively to the total population, but not to the same extent as widowed females, as the latter do not remarry so often as the former, and the liability to fatal accident among males is far greater than among the opposite sex.
| Census | Proportion of Males | Proportion of Females | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmarried. | Married. | Widowed. | Unmarried. | Married. | Widowed. | |
| Per Cent. | Per Cent, | Per Cent. | Per Cent, | Per Cent, | Per Cent. | |
| 1891 | 70.02 | 27.61 | 2.37 | 64.95 | 30.94 | 4.11 |
| 1893 | 69.48 | 27.97 | 2.55 | 64.37 | 31.10 | 4.53 |
| 1901 | 67.90 | 29.45 | 2.65 | 62.94 | 32.17 | 4.89 |
| 1906 | 66.52 | 30.78 | 2.70 | 60.57 | 34.24 | 5.19 |
| 1911 | 64.69 | 32.61 | 2.70 | 58.59 | 35.99 | 5.42 |
The proportion of married women under 20 years of age is steadily diminishing, while between 35 and 45 years there is a tendency towards an increase. Women in New Zealand are not now marrying at such early ages as they did formerly, as will be seen from the figures given below.
| Age-groups. | Proportion of Married Women. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1891. | 1890. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | |
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| Under 20 years | 1.19 | 1.12 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.81 |
| 20 and under 35 years | 6,012 | 59.57 | 59.94 | 60.29 | 59.98 |
| 35 and under 45 years | 38.69 | 39.31 | 39.08 | 38.77 | 39.21 |
| 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
Excluding the widowed, the number of unmarried males over 20 years of age was found at the census of 1911 to be 136,262, and the number of unmarried females was 123,549—110 bachelors to every 100 spinsters. The relative numbers at the last five census periods were,—
| Census. | Number of Bachelors to every 100 Spinsters. |
|---|---|
| 1891 | 105 |
| 1896 | 98 |
| 1901 | 97 |
| 1906 | 108 |
| 1911 | 110 |
Ac the census of 1911 information was collected for the first time as to duration of marriage, respective ages of husband and wife, and number of children, living and dead, born to the marriage. The first of the following tables shows the duration of marriage, number of married women, proportion per cent. of these without and with children, and the average number of children, counting (a) all married women and (b) married women with children only.
| Duration of Marriage (in Years). | Total Number of Married Women. | Married Women without Children. | Married Women with Children. | Average Number of Children born to the Marriage, counting— | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number. | Proportion per Cent. | Number. | Proportion per Cent. | (a) All Married Women. | (b) Married Women with Children. | ||
| Under 1 | 5,902 | 5,110 | 86.58 | 792 | 13.42 | 0.137 | 1.021 |
| 1 and under 2 | 7,362 | 3,678 | 49.96 | 3,684 | 50.04 | 0.521 | 1.042 |
| 2 and under 3 | 8,305 | 2,349 | 28.28 | 5,956 | 71.72 | 0.876 | 1.250 |
| 3 and under 4 | 8,139 | 1,815 | 22.30 | 6,324 | 77.70 | 1.227 | 1.579 |
| 4 and under 5 | 7,992 | 1,456 | 18.22 | 6,536 | 81.78 | 1.544 | 1.888 |
| 5 and under 6 | 7,368 | 1,184 | 16.07 | 6,184 | 83.93 | 1.821 | 2.169 |
| 6 and under 7 | 7,047 | 1,033 | 14.66 | 6,014 | 85.34 | 2.078 | 2.435 |
| 7 and under 8 | 6,878 | 985 | 14.32 | 5,893 | 85.68 | 2.317 | 2.704 |
| 8 and under 9 | 6,423 | 808 | 12.58 | 5,615 | 87.42 | 2.556 | 2.923 |
| 9 and under 10 | 5,940 | 703 | 11.83 | 5,237 | 88.17 | 2.818 | 3.197 |
| 10 and under 11 | 6,475 | 893 | 13.79 | 5,582 | 86.21 | 2.874 | 3.334 |
| 11 and under 12 | 5,354 | 582 | 10.87 | 4,772 | 89.13 | 3.227 | 3.620 |
| 12 and under 13 | 5,014 | 547 | 10.91 | 4,467 | 89.09 | 3.285 | 3.687 |
| 13 and under 14 | 4,571 | 450 | 9.84 | 4,121 | 90.16 | 3.577 | 3.967 |
| 14 and under 15 | 4,529 | 494 | 10.91 | 4,035 | 89.09 | 3.635 | 4.080 |
| 15 and under 16 | 4,020 | 447 | 11.12 | 3,573 | 88.88 | 3.813 | 4.290 |
| 16 and under 17 | 3,721 | 396 | 10.64 | 3,325 | 89.36 | 3.963 | 4.435 |
| 17 and under 18 | 3,655 | 333 | 9.11 | 3,322 | 90.89 | 4.121 | 4.535 |
| 18 and under 19 | 3,499 | 319 | 9.12 | 3,180 | 90.88 | 4.305 | 4.737 |
| 19 and under 20 | 3,203 | 260 | 8.12 | 2,943 | 91.88 | 4.482 | 4.893 |
| 20 and under 21 | 3,698 | 403 | 10.90 | 3,205 | 89.10 | 4.589 | 5.150 |
| 21 and under 22 | 2,732 | 229 | 8.38 | 2,503 | 91.62 | 4.755 | 5.190 |
| 22 and under 23 | 2,837 | 223 | 7.86 | 2,614 | 92.14 | 5.012 | 5.439 |
| 23 and under 24 | 2,743 | 217 | 7.91 | 2,526 | 92.09 | 5.234 | 5.683 |
| 24 and under 25 | 2,599 | 221 | 8.50 | 2,378 | 91.50 | 5.174 | 5.655 |
| 25 and under 26 | 2,721 | 246 | 9.04 | 2,475 | 90.96 | 5.237 | 5.757 |
| 26 and under 27 | 2,480 | 183 | 7.38 | 2,297 | 92.62 | 5.593 | 6.038 |
| 27 and under 28 | 2,319 | 202 | 8.71 | 2,117 | 91.2 | 5.561 | 6.091 |
| 28 and under 29 | 2,326 | 171 | 7.35 | 2,155 | 92.65 | 5.816 | 6.277 |
| 29 and under 30 | 1,951 | 148 | 7.59 | 1,803 | 92.41 | 6.018 | 6.512 |
| 30 and under 31 | 2,417 | 219 | 9.06 | 2,198 | 90.94 | 6.012 | 6.610 |
| 31 and under 32 | 1,624 | 115 | 7.08 | 1,509 | 92.92 | 6.414 | 6.903 |
| 32 and under 33 | 1,914 | 137 | 7.16 | 1,777 | 92.84 | 6.484 | 6.983 |
| 33 and under 34 | 1,742 | 141 | 8.09 | 1,601 | 91.91 | 6.618 | 7.201 |
| 34 and under 35 | 1,603 | 99 | 6.18 | 1,504 | 93.82 | 6.832 | 7.282 |
| 35 and under 36 | 1,736 | 137 | 7.89 | 1,599 | 92.11 | 6.754 | 7.333 |
| 36 and under 37 | 1,685 | 120 | 7.12 | 1,565 | 92.88 | 6.936 | 7.467 |
| 37 and under 38 | 1,423 | 111 | 7.80 | 1,312 | 92.20 | 7.155 | 7.760 |
| 38 and under 39 | 1,201 | 88 | 6.98 | 1,173 | 93.02 | 7.174 | 7.712 |
| 39 and under 40 | 1,026 | 57 | 5.55 | 969 | 94.45 | 7.362 | 7.794 |
| 40 and under 41 | 1,435 | 130 | 9.06 | 1,305 | 90.94 | 6.931 | 7.621 |
| 41 and under 42 | 840 | 58 | 6.90 | 782 | 93.10 | 7.737 | 8.310 |
| 42 and under 43 | 823 | 43 | 5.22 | 780 | 94.78 | 7.725 | 8.151 |
| 43 and under 44 | 755 | 57 | 7.55 | 698 | 92.45 | 7.673 | 8.299 |
| 44 and under 45 | 672 | 53 | 7.89 | 619 | 92.11 | 7.604 | 8.255 |
| 45 and under 46 | 816 | 65 | 7.96 | 751 | 92.04 | 7.583 | 8.239 |
| 46 and under 47 | 586 | 40 | 6.83 | 546 | 93.17 | 7.568 | 8.122 |
| 47 and under 48 | 599 | 44 | 7.35 | 555 | 92.65 | 8.067 | 8.706 |
| 48 and under 49 | 496 | 29 | 5.85 | 467 | 94.15 | 8.252 | 8.764 |
| 49 and under 50 | 399 | 25 | 6.27 | 374 | 93.73 | 8.321 | 8.877 |
| 50 and under 51 | 437 | 29 | 6.64 | 408 | 93.36 | 7.659 | 8.203 |
| 51 and under 52 | 221 | 18 | 8.14 | 203 | 91.86 | 8.072 | 8.788 |
| 52 and under 53 | 232 | 21 | 9.05 | 211 | 90.95 | 7.866 | 8.649 |
| 53 and under 54 | 168 | 8 | 4.76 | 160 | 95.24 | 8.345 | 8.762 |
| 54 and under 55 | 140 | 7 | 5.00 | 133 | 95.00 | 8.850 | 9.315 |
| 55 and under 56 | 106 | 3 | 2.83 | 103 | 97.17 | 8.651 | 8.903 |
| 56 and over | 323 | 26 | 8.05 | 297 | 91.95 | 8.111 | 8.821 |
| Not stated | 4,001 | 2,526 | 63.13 | 1,475 | 36.87 | 1.683 | 4.565 |
| Totals | 171,283 | 30,491 | 17.80 | 140,792 | 82.20 | 3.480 | 4.233 |
The next table shows for each year of duration of marriage the number of married women, and the number of children born to the existing marriage. Detailed tables showing similar information for married women at various ages are published in the census volume.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.—SUMMARY SHOWING DURATION OF MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN BORN. NOTE.—In the column “Not stated” are entered all married women who apparently had had no children, but omitted to state so on the Schedule. In the column “None” are entered those who stated definitely they had had no children born to the marriage. | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Married Women. | Number of Married Women to whom the Number of Children stated at Head of Column were born. | Total Children born. | |||||||||||||
| Years married. | Number. | Not stated. | None. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 and over. | |
| Under 1 | 5,902 | 3,364 | 1,746 | 778 | 11 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 809 |
| 1 and under 2 | 7,362 | 2,371 | 1,307 | 3,535 | 146 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3,839 |
| 2 and under 3 | 8,305 | 1,522 | 827 | 4,546 | 1,338 | 66 | 5 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7,445 |
| 3 and under 4 | 8,139 | 1,138 | 677 | 3,112 | 2,800 | 380 | 27 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9,985 |
| 4 and under 5 | 7,992 | 906 | 550 | 2,262 | 2,921 | 1,192 | 145 | 15 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 12,341 |
| 5 and under 6 | 7,368 | 742 | 442 | 1,602 | 2,519 | 1,559 | 439 | 53 | 9 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 13,414 |
| 6 and under 7 | 7,047 | 655 | 378 | 1,292 | 2,004 | 1,779 | 741 | 156 | 32 | 6 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 14,647 |
| 7 and under 8 | 6,878 | 623 | 362 | 1,047 | 1,693 | 1,670 | 1,046 | 336 | 82 | 15 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 15,936 |
| 8 and under 9 | 6,423 | 501 | 307 | 900 | 1,458 | 1,455 | 1,075 | 513 | 149 | 52 | 9 | 2 | 2 | .. | 16,414 |
| 9 and under 10 | 5,940 | 426 | 277 | 698 | 1,190 | 1,285 | 1,021 | 664 | 282 | 70 | 21 | 6 | .. | .. | 16,741 |
| 10 and under 11 | 6,475 | 568 | 325 | 740 | 1,225 | 1,230 | 1,081 | 744 | 358 | 136 | 43 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 18,611 |
| 11 and under 12 | 5,354 | 357 | 225 | 553 | 894 | 1,009 | 882 | 702 | 433 | 193 | 65 | 19 | 13 | 9 | 17,278 |
| 12 and under 13 | 5,014 | 351 | 196 | 525 | 825 | 890 | 802 | 643 | 459 | 199 | 86 | 24 | 9 | 5 | 16,470 |
| 13 and under 14 | 4,571 | 283 | 167 | 439 | 623 | 787 | 762 | 589 | 454 | 268 | 120 | 56 | 13 | 10 | 16,350 |
| 14 and under 15 | 4,529 | 314 | 180 | 410 | 673 | 695 | 681 | 575 | 434 | 288 | 182 | 53 | 27 | 17 | 16,465 |
| 15 and under 16 | 4,020 | 269 | 178 | 363 | 477 | 641 | 572 | 523 | 405 | 269 | 146 | 102 | 52 | 23 | 15,330 |
| 16 and under 17 | 3,721 | 248 | 148 | 311 | 458 | 540 | 552 | 470 | 349 | 267 | 194 | 87 | 51 | 46 | 14,748 |
| 17 and under 18 | 3,655 | 217 | 116 | 294 | 463 | 545 | 537 | 417 | 354 | 286 | 177 | 129 | 72 | 48 | 15,084 |
| 18 and under 19 | 3,499 | 203 | 116 | 230 | 415 | 476 | 506 | 458 | 356 | 274 | 204 | 122 | 79 | 60 | 15,063 |
| 19 and under 20 | 3,203 | 164 | 96 | 261 | 333 | 419 | 459 | 384 | 327 | 253 | 191 | 147 | 86 | 83 | 14,356 |
| 20 and under 25 | 14,609 | 849 | 444 | 887 | 1,353 | 1,725 | 1,815 | 1,721 | 1,483 | 1,258 | 1,011 | 731 | 573 | 759 | 71,982 |
| 25 and under 30 | 11,797 | 604 | 346 | 546 | 798 | 1,099 | 1,272 | 1,332 | 1,297 | 1,143 | 975 | 745 | 602 | 1,038 | 66,283 |
| 30 and under 35 | 9,300 | 476 | 235 | 324 | 442 | 618 | 775 | 980 | 916 | 950 | 869 | 761 | 626 | 1,328 | 59,838 |
| 35 and under 40 | 7,131 | 325 | 188 | 230 | 266 | 332 | 471 | 567 | 691 | 730 | 700 | 731 | 612 | 1,288 | 50,195 |
| 40 and under 45 | 4,525 | 208 | 133 | 146 | 130 | 186 | 226 | 310 | 397 | 397 | 466 | 46 | 461 | 999 | 33,706 |
| 45 and under 50 | 2,896 | 135 | 68 | 67 | 79 | 84 | 120 | 188 | 233 | 262 | 306 | 284 | 304 | 766 | 22,868 |
| 50 and over | 1,627 | 69 | 43 | 39 | 47 | 53 | 67 | 78 | 115 | 122 | 196 | 174 | 172 | 452 | 13,134 |
| Not stated | 4,001 | 2,137 | 389 | 309 | 223 | 182 | 145 | 121 | 117 | 97 | 67 | 77 | 35 | 102 | 6,734 |
| Totals | 171,283 | 20,025 | 10,466 | 26,446 | 25,804 | 20,901 | 16,225 | 12,546 | 9,733 | 7,537 | 6,037 | 4,730 | 3,796 | 7,037 | 596,046 |
Members of Christian denominations formed 94.39 per cent. of those who made answer to the inquiry at the last census, non-Christian sects were 1.49 per cent., and those who described themselves as of no religion 0.55 per cent. The Census Act provides that those persons who are unwilling to state what denomination, if any, they belong to may enter the word “Object” in the census schedule. In 1911 there were 35,905 persons, or 3.57 per cent. of the total, who took advantage of this permission.
| Denomination. | Proportion of Adherents. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1891. | 1896. | 1901. | 1901. | 1911. | |
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| Church of England | 40.51 | 40.27 | 40.85 | 41.51 | 4,114 |
| Presbyterian | 22.62 | 22.78 | 22.87 | 22.96 | 23.32 |
| Methodist | 10.14 | 10.44 | 10.86 | 1006 | 9.43 |
| Roman Catholic | 13.96 | 14.07 | 14.23 | 14.32 | 13.97 |
| Other Christian denominations. | 7.79 | 7.86 | 6.96 | 6.60 | 6.53 |
| Non-Christian | 2.28 | 2.04 | 1.72 | 1.61 | 1.49 |
| No religion | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.55 |
| Object to state | 2.45 | 2.27 | 2.37 | 2.75 | 3.57 |
| Totals | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The tables following show the numbers and the proportions per 10,000 living at quinquennial age-periods of persons, males and females, stated to be deaf and dumb, lunatics, and feeble-minded at the census taken for the 2nd April, 1911. The total infirmities of the people numbered 5,301 or 52.56 in every 10,000 persons living. Of this total the deaf and dumb numbered 301 or 2.98 per 10,000; the blind contributed 482 or 4.78 per 10,000; the lunatics numbered 3,741 or 37.10 per 10,000; and the feebleminded 777 or 7.70 per 10,000.
There is no State Church in New Zealand, nor is financial assistance given by the State to any religious denomination. Among the first colonists settlements were formed composed entirely of the adherents of certain religious bodies, but, as facilities for communication increased, this exclusiveness rapidly gave place to a spirit of tolerance, and no serious attempt was made to preserve the distinctive religious character of these communities. In Otago, where the Free Church of Scotland founded a settlement, adherents to the Presbyterian Church, mostly descendants of the original stock, form 46 per cent. of the population of that portion of the Dominion; while in Canterbury, which was originally settled by the United Church of England and Ireland, adherents to the Church of England constituted a similar proportion of the population of the Provincial District at the census of 1911.
The Church of England has the largest number of adherents, and, according to returns collected in 1911, had 554 churches, besides using 242 other buildings for Divine worship. The Presbyterian Church, the next in strength, had 426 churches, with the use of 283 buildings as temporary places of worship. Roman Catholics occupy third place in point of numbers, and possessed 296 churches and used 62 other buildings. Methodists had 405 churches, and used 178 other buildings wherein to hold service.
The total number of churches and chapels belonging to all denominations and sects was 1,976, besides which 491 schoolhouses and 392 dwellings or public buildings were made use of as places of worship or for meetings. These churches and buildings were sufficient for the accommodation of 429,059 persons, or 42 per cent. of the total number of adherents and members.
The number belonging to each of the principal denominations is shown, for five census periods, in the next table.
| Denomination. | Number of Adherents. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1891. | 1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | |
| Church of England | 253,331 | 282,809 | 315,263 | 368,065 | 413,842 |
| Presbyterian | 141,477 | 159,952 | 176,503 | 203,597 | 234,662 |
| Methodist | 63,415 | 73,367 | 83,802 | 89,038 | 94,827 |
| Roman Catholic | 87,272 | 98,804 | 109,822 | 126,995 | 140,523 |
| Other Christian denominations | 48,633 | 55,137 | 53,739 | 58,619 | 65,735 |
| Non-Christian | 14,342 | 14,327 | 13,304 | 14,346 | 15,029 |
| No religion | 1,558 | 1,875 | 1,109 | 1,709 | 5,529 |
| Object to state | 15,342 | 15,967 | 18,295 | 24,325 | 35,905 |
| Unspecified | 1,288 | 1,122 | 882 | 1,884 | 2,416 |
| Totals | 626,658 | 703,360 | 772,719 | 888,578 | 1,008,468 |
Members of Christian denominations formed 94.39 per cent. of those who made answer to the inquiry at the last census, non-Christian sects were 149 per cent., and those who described themselves as of no religion 0.55 per cent. The Census Act provides that those persons who are unwilling to state what denomination, if any, they belong to may enter the word “Object” in the census schedule. In 1911 there were 35,905 persons, or 3.57 per cent. of the total, who took advantage of this permission.
| Denomination. | Proportion of Adherents. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1891. | 1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | |
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| Church of England | 40.51 | 40.27 | 40.85 | 41.51 | 4,114 |
| Presbyterian | 22.62 | 22.78 | 22.87 | 22.96 | 23.32 |
| Methodist | 10.14 | 10.44 | 10.86 | 10.06 | 9.43 |
| Roman Catholic | 13.96 | 14.07 | 14.23 | 14.32 | 13.97 |
| Other Christian denominations | 7.79 | 7.86 | 6.96 | 6.60 | 6.53 |
| Non-Christian | 2.28 | 2.04 | 1.72 | 1.61 | 1.49 |
| No religion | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.55 |
| Object to state | 2.45 | 2.27 | 2.37 | 2.75 | 3.57 |
| Totals | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
The tables following show the numbers and the proportions per 10,000 living at quinquennial age-periods of persons, males and females, stated to be deaf and dumb, lunatics, and feeble-minded at the census taken for the 2nd April, 1911. The total infirmities of the people numbered 5,301 or 52.56 in every 10,000 persons living. Of this total the deaf and dumb numbered 301 or 2.98 per 10,000; the blind contributed 482 or 4.78 per 10,000; the lunatics numbered 3,741 or 37.10 per 10,000; and the feebleminded 777 or 7.70 per 10,000.
| DEAF AND DUMB AND BLIND. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ages. | Total Population. | Male Population. | Males. | Female Population. | Females | ||
| Deaf and Dumb. | Blind. | Deaf and Dumb. | Blind. | ||||
| All ages | 1,008,468 | 531,910 | 154 | 279 | 476,558 | 147 | 203 |
| Specified ages | 1,007,102 | 531,069 | 154 | 278 | 476,033 | 147 | 202 |
| Under 5 years | 117,909 | 59,975 | 2 | 2 | 57,934 | 4 | 3 |
| 5 years to 10 years | 106,007 | 53,844 | 29 | 3 | 52,163 | 23 | 8 |
| 10 years to 15 years | 91,413 | 46,421 | 32 | 5 | 44,992 | 31 | 4 |
| 15 years to 20 years | 88,458 | 44,798 | 17 | 15 | 43,660 | 23 | 8 |
| 20 years to 25 years | 95,816 | 49,692 | 15 | 9 | 46,124 | 14 | 6 |
| 25 years to 30 years | 102,214 | 54,694 | 13 | 14 | 47,520 | 12 | 5 |
| 30 years to 35 years | 92,124 | 49,410 | 7 | 9 | 42,714 | 6 | 10 |
| 35 years to 40 years | 72,895 | 39,458 | 10 | 8 | 33,437 | 4 | 8 |
| 40 years to 45 years | 58,457 | 31,198 | 6 | 12 | 27,259 | 8 | 7 |
| 45 years to 50 years | 44,910 | 24,214 | 8 | 13 | 20,696 | 7 | 6 |
| 50 years to 55 years | 36,863 | 20,290 | 5 | 22 | 16,573 | 5 | 10 |
| 55 years to 60 years | 29,295 | 16,686 | 4 | 16 | 12,609 | 4 | 11 |
| 60 years to 65 years | 23,041 | 12,816 | 1 | 11 | 10,225 | 2 | 11 |
| 65 years to 70 years | 19,642 | 10,935 | 3 | 35 | 8,707 | 2 | 15 |
| 70 years to 75 years | 14,721 | 8,691 | .. | 32 | 6,030 | 2 | 38 |
| 75 years to 80 years | 8,472 | 5,212 | 1 | 42 | 3,260 | .. | 22 |
| 80 and upwards | 4,865 | 2,735 | 1 | 30 | 2,130 | 30 | |
| Unspecified | 1,366 | 841 | .. | 1 | 525 | .. | 1 |
| LUNATICS AND FEEBLE-MINDED. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ages. | Total Population. | Male Population. | Males. | Female Population. | Females. | ||
| Lunatics. | Feeble-mind'd | Lunatics. | Feeble mind'd | ||||
| All ages | 1,008,468 | 531,910 | 2,195 | 423 | 476,558 | 1,546 | 354 |
| Specified ages | 1,007,102 | 531,069 | 2,148 | 416 | 476,033 | 1,534 | 352 |
| Under 5 years | 117,909 | 59,975 | 3 | 1 | 57,934 | .. | 1 |
| 5 years to 10 years | 106,007 | 53,844 | 17 | 21 | 52,163 | 15 | 11 |
| 10 years to 15 years | 91,413 | 46,421 | 18 | 46 | 44,992 | 14 | 42 |
| 15 years to 20 years | 88,458 | 44,798 | 43 | 61 | 43,660 | 22 | 30 |
| 20 years to 25 years | 95,816 | 49,692 | 77 | 55 | 46,124 | 73 | 34 |
| 25 years to 30 years | 102,214 | 54,694 | 149 | 37 | 47,520 | 106 | 35 |
| 30 years to 35 years | 92,124 | 49,410 | 217 | 28 | 42,714 | 142 | 29 |
| 35 years to 40 years | 72,895 | 39,458 | 226 | 20 | 33,437 | 156 | 19 |
| 40 years to 45 years | 58,457 | 31,198 | 269 | 9 | 27,259 | 166 | 26 |
| 45 years to 50 years | 44,910 | 24,214 | 211 | 13 | 20,696 | 178 | 15 |
| 50 years to 55 years | 36,863 | 20,290 | 209 | 7 | 16,573 | 168 | 21 |
| 55 years to 60 years | 29,295 | 16,686 | 174 | 8 | 12,609 | 143 | 7 |
| 60 years to 65 years | 23,041 | 12,816 | 180 | 20 | 10,225 | 110 | 14 |
| 65 years to 70 years | 19,642 | 10,935 | 117 | 17 | 8,707 | 92 | 15 |
| 70 years to 75 years | 17,721 | 8,691 | 126 | 20 | 6,030 | 81 | 15 |
| 75 years to 80 years | 8,472 | 5,212 | 68 | 23 | 3,260 | 42 | 16 |
| 80 and upwards | 4,865 | 2,735 | 44 | 30 | 2,130 | 26 | 22 |
| Unspecified | 1,366 | 841 | 47 | 7 | 525 | 12 | 2 |
| INFIRMITY: PROPORTION PER 10,000 AT QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIODS. | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ages, in Years. | Totals. | Deaf and Dumb. | Blind. | Lunatics. | Feeble, minded. | ||||||||||
| Persons. | Males. | Females. | P'sons | Males. | Fem's | Persons. | Males. | Females. | Persons. | Males. | Females. | Persons. | Males. | Females. | |
| All ages | 52.56 | 57.36 | 47.21 | 2.98 | 2.89 | 3.08 | 4.78 | 5.25 | 4.26 | 37.10 | 41.27 | 32.44 | 7.70 | 7.95 | 7.43 |
| Under 5 | 1.36 | 1.33 | 1.38 | 0.51 | 0.33 | 0.69 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.50 | .. | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
| 5 and under 10 | 11.98 | 13.00 | 10.92 | 4.90 | 5.38 | 4.41 | 1.04 | 0.56 | 1.53 | 3.02 | 3.16 | 2.87 | 3.02 | 3.90 | 2.11 |
| 10 and under 15 | 21.00 | 21.75 | 20.23 | 6.89 | 6.89 | 6.89 | 0.98 | 1.07 | 0.80 | 3.50 | 3.88 | 3.11 | 9.63 | 9.91 | 9.34 |
| 15 and under 20 | 24.76 | 30.36 | 19.01 | 4.52 | 3.80 | 5.27 | 2.60 | 3.35 | 1.8 | 7.35 | 9.60 | 5.04 | 10.29 | 13.61 | 6.87 |
| 20 and under 25 | 29.54 | 31.39 | 27.53 | 3.03 | 3.02 | 3.03 | 1.57 | 1.81 | 1.3 | 15.65 | 15.49 | 15.83 | 9.29 | 11.07 | 7.37 |
| 25 and under 30 | 36.30 | 38.94 | 33.25 | 2.45 | 2.33 | 2.52 | 1.86 | 2.56 | 1.05 | 24.95 | 27.24 | 22.31 | 7.04 | 6.76 | 7.37 |
| 30 and under 35 | 48.63 | 52.82 | 43.78 | 1.41 | 1.42 | 1.41 | 2.06 | 1.82 | 2.34 | 38.97 | 43.92 | 33.24 | 6.19 | 5.66 | 6.79 |
| 35 and under 40 | 61.87 | 66.91 | 55.93 | 1.92 | 2.53 | 1.20 | 2.19 | 2.03 | 2.39 | 52.41 | 57.28 | 46.66 | 5.35 | 5.07 | 5.68 |
| 40 and under 45 | 86.04 | 94.88 | 75.94 | 2.39 | 1.92 | 2.93 | 3.25 | 3.85 | 2.57 | 74.41 | 86.22 | 60.90 | 5.99 | 2.89 | 9.54 |
| 45 and under 50 | 100.42 | 101.18 | 99.54 | 3.34 | 3.30 | 3.38 | 4.23 | 5.37 | 2.90 | 6.62 | 87.14 | 86.01 | 6.23 | 5.37 | 7.25 |
| 50 and under 55 | 121.26 | 119.76 | 123.09 | 2.71 | 2.46 | 3.02 | 8.68 | 10.84 | 6.03 | 2.27 | 103.01 | 101.37 | 7.60 | 3.45 | 12.67 |
| 55 and under 60 | 125.27 | 121.06 | 130.86 | 2.73 | 2.40 | 3.17 | 9.21 | 9.59 | 8.73 | 21 | 104.28 | 113.41 | 5.12 | 4.79 | 5.55 |
| 60 and under 65 | 151.47 | 165.41 | 133.98 | 1.30 | 0.78 | 1.95 | 9.55 | 8.58 | 10.76 | 186 | 140.45 | 107.58 | 14.76 | 15.61 | 13.69 |
| 65 and under 70 | 150.70 | 157.29 | 142.41 | 2.55 | 2.74 | 2.29 | 25.46 | 32.01 | 17.23 | 140 | 106.99 | 105.66 | 16.29 | 15.55 | 17.23 |
| 70 and under 75 | 213.30 | 204.81 | 225.54 | 1.36 | .. | 3.32 | 47.55 | 36.82 | 63.02 | 141 | 144.98 | 134.33 | 23.78 | 23.01 | 24.87 |
| 75 and under 80 | 252.59 | 257.09 | 245.39 | 1.18 | 1.91 | .. | 75.54 | 80.58 | 67.48 | 124 | 130.47 | 128.83 | 46.03 | 44.13 | 49.08 |
| 80 and upwards | 376.16 | 383.91 | 366.20 | 2.06 | 3.65 | .. | 123.33 | 109.69 | 140.84 | 1433 | 160.88 | 122.07 | 106.89 | 109.69 | 103.29 |
In the Government Statistician's report on the census of 1911 and in the census volume will be found full details of the occupations of the people. A short reference is all that can he introduced
The population, specified as to occupation, is to two divisions—viz., breadwinners and dependents. The latter consist chiefly of wives, relatives, and others employed in household duties but not receiving wages, children living with their parents, and persons supported by charity.
Breadwinners are divided into seven classes, as below, the numbers and proportions per cent, at the census of 1911 being as shown.
Primary Producers.—Males, 123,099; females, 7,482. This class includes persons engaged in agricultural and pastoral pursuits, fishing, and mining.
Males 23.15, females 1.57, per cent. of population of either sex.
Industrial.—Males, 113,684; females, 19,871; persons engaged in manufacture or other processes where materials are employed combined.
Males 21.38, females 4.17, per cent.
Commercial.—Males, 52,994; females, 12,768.
The commercial group forms 9.97 per cent. of the male and 2.68 per cent. of the female population.
Transport and Communication.—Males, 35,212; females, 1,221; persons engaged in the transport of passengers and goods and in effecting communication.
Males 6.62, females 0.26, per cent.
Professional.—Males, 19,796; females, 12,920. These are persons, not otherwise classed, engaged in Government, defence, law and order, or ministering to religion, charity, health, education, art, science, or amusement.
Males 3.72, females 2.71, per cent.
Domestic (but directly earning money).—Males, 10,891; females, 33,376; persons supplying board and lodging, or personal services for which payment is rendered.
Males 2.05, females 7.00, per cent.
Indefinite.—Males, 8,180; females, 2,623: persons living on incomes earned in the past, or indefinitely described.
Males 1.54, females 0.55, per cent.
The population of each class, and the proportion per cent. of the total population, are shown in the table following.
With regard to sub-classes A and B of Class VI, a fact noted in connection with the census is that there is a considerable decrease in the number of persons who returned themselves on the census schedules as engaged in agricultural pursuits (67,557 in 1906 and 54,738 in 1911), while the number returning themselves as engaged in pastoral pursuits has largely increased (55,287 in 1911 as against 27,400 in 1906). This would apparently point to the fact that less attention is now being paid to agricultural and more to pastoral farming, particularly dairying, than formerly. According to the agriculture statistics of the Dominion, the amount of cropping in New Zealand has not varied greatly during recent years, but the industrial statistics (see section of his book dealing with manufactories and works) show a great advance in the output of butter and cheese, particularly of the latter. Taking the two classes together, there appears to have been an increase in the number engaged in agricultural and pastoral pursuits of over 15,000 during the five years between the two censuses 1906 and 1911.
| Occupation. | Numbers. | Proportion per Cent. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persons. | Males. | Females. | Persons. | Males. | Females. | |
| Total population | 1,008,468 | 531,910 | 476,558 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| Section A.—Breadwinners. | ||||||
| Class I. Professional | 32,716 | 19,796 | 12,920 | 3.25 | 3.72 | 2.71 |
| Class II. Domestic | 44,267 | 10,891 | 33,376 | 4.39 | 2.05 | 7.00 |
| Class III. Commercial— | ||||||
| Sub-class A. Property and Finance | 9,940 | 8,687 | 1,253 | 0.99 | 1.64 | 0.26 |
| Sub-class B. Trade | 54,926 | 43,412 | 11,514 | 5.45 | 8.16 | 2.42 |
| Sub-class C. Storage | 896 | 895 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.00 |
| Class IV. Transport and Communication | 36,433 | 35,212 | 1,221 | 3.61 | 6.62 | 0.26 |
| Class V. industrial | 133,555 | 113,684 | 19,871 | 13.25 | 21.38 | 4.17 |
| Class VI. Agricultural, Pastoral, and other Primary Producers— | ||||||
| Sub-class A. Agricultural | 54,738 | 52,426 | 2,312 | 5.43 | 9.86 | 0.48 |
| Sub-class B. Pastoral | 55,287 | 50,148 | 5,139 | 5.48 | 9.43 | 1.08 |
| Sub-class C. Mineral | 14,775 | 14,767 | 8 | 1.17 | 2.78 | 0.00 |
| Sub-class D. Other Primary Producers | 5,781 | 5,758 | 23 | 0.57 | 1.08 | 0.01 |
| Class VII. Indefinite | 10,803 | 8,180 | 2,623 | 1.07 | 1.54 | 0.55 |
| Section B.—Non-breadwinners (Dependents). | ||||||
| Class VIII. Dependents— | ||||||
| Sub - class A. Dependent on natural guardians | 543,229 | 161,720 | 381,509 | 53.88 | 30.42 | 80.07 |
| Sub - class B. Dependent upon the State, or upon public or private support | 10,822 | 6,103 | 4,719 | 1.07 | 1.15 | 0.99 |
| Occupations not stated | 300 | 231 | 69 | .. | .. | .. |
No less than 31.57 per cent. of the male population and 81.06 per cent. of the females are shown by the above table to be dependent. These consist of 161,720 males and 381,509 females dependent upon natural guardians; and 6,103 males and 4,719 females dependent upon the State or upon public or private support. The greater number of those dependent upon natural guardians are scholars and students. There are also a large number of dependent relatives who were not stated to be performing domestic duties, and, of females, many persons performing domestic duties for which remuneration is not paid.
In the next table the number of breadwinners of either sex in each class of occupation, and the proportions per cent. to the total of breadwinners, is given:—
| Occupation. | Numbers. | Proportion per Cent. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persons. | Males. | Females. | Persons. | Males. | Females. | |
| Total breadwinners | 454,117 | 363,850 | 90,261 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| Class I. Professional | 32,716 | 19,796 | 12,920 | 7.20 | 5.44 | 14.31 |
| Class II. Domestic | 44,267 | 10,891 | 33,376 | 9.75 | 2.99 | 36.98 |
| Class III. Commercial— | ||||||
| Sub-class A. Property and Finance | 9,940 | 8,687 | 1,253 | 2.19 | 2.39 | 1.39 |
| Sub-class B. Trade | 54,926 | 43,412 | 11,514 | 12.10 | 11.93 | 12.76 |
| Sub-class C. Storage | 896 | 895 | 1 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.00 |
| Class IV. Transport and Communication | 36,433 | 35,212 | 1,221 | 8.02 | 9.68 | 1.35 |
| Class V. Industrial | 133,555 | 113,684 | 19,871 | 29.41 | 31.24 | 22.01 |
| Class VI. Agricultural, Pastoral, and other Primary Producers— | ||||||
| Sub-class A. Agricultural | 54,738 | 52,426 | 2,312 | 12.05 | 14.41 | 2.56 |
| Sub-class B. Pastoral | 55,287 | 50,148 | 5,139 | 12.18 | 13.78 | 5.69 |
| Sub-class C. Mineral | 14,775 | 14,767 | 8 | 3.25 | 4.06 | 0.01 |
| Sub-class D. Other Primary Producers | 5,781 | 5,758 | 23 | 1.27 | 1.58 | 0.03 |
| Class VII. Indefinite | 10,803 | 8,180 | 2,623 | 2.38 | 2.25 | 2.91 |
The breadwinners of the Dominion are also classified according to the grade of their occupations, by which means the entire population can be brought under six heads:—
| Males. | Per Cent. of Breadwinners. | Females. | Per Cent. of Breadwinners. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employers | 43,927 | 12.07 | 2,766 | 3.07 |
| Independent workers | 56,708 | 15.58 | 9,659 | 10.70 |
| Wage-earners | 231,653 | 63.67 | 64,264 | 71.20 |
| Unemployed | 7,152 | 1.97 | 1,203 | 1.33 |
| Relatives assisting, and not specified | 24,416 | 6.71 | 12,369 | 13.70 |
| Breadwinners | 363,856 | 100.00 | 90,261 | 100.00 |
| Dependents | 167,823 | .. | 386,228 | |
| Not stated | 231 | .. | 69 | |
| Totals | 531,910 | .. | 476,558 |
The proportion of the male breadwinners who are employers (12.07 per cent.) is slightly lower than it was in 1906 (12.81 per cent.). On the female side the proportion of employers was 3.07 per cent., as against 3.10 in 1906. Male wage-earners, employed or unemployed, were 65.64 per cent., against 65.52 per cent. in 1906. Female wage-earners, whether in work or not, were 72.53 per cent. in 1911, against 75.57 per cent. in 1906.
The unemployed male population in New Zealand in April, 1911, formed only 1.97 per cent. of the breadwinners, as against 2.53 per cent. returned at the census of 1906.
Of the unemployed (males), which totalled 7,152,—
1,607 are found in Order 24(741 agricultural, 293 pastoral, 473 mining, gold, coal, &c., 76 bushmen, and 24 fishermen and others).
950 in Order 23: Industrial workers imperfectly defined (chiefly general labourers).
869 in Order 21: House building, road and railway works labourers, &c.).
604 in Order 15: Manufacturers of books, tools, implements, furniture, building materials, &c.
535 in Order 14: Road, railway, tram, or sea and river traffic,
379 in Order 3: Engaged in board and lodging and rendering personal services.
298 in Order 2: Ministering to religion, charity, health, education, &c.
297 in Order 7: Dealing in food, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants.
209 in Order 17: Workers in animal food, drinks, narcotics, stimulants, &c.
194 in Order 16: Manufacturing textile fabrics, dress, &c.
152 in Order 19: Manufacturing earthenware, jewellery, and workers in metals.
The balance are fairly evenly distributed over the remaining orders of occupations.
Of the regular agricultural workers for wages, only thirty-five in every thousand were found to be unemployed.
It is a matter for congratulation that the total number of unemployed in 1911 was found to be only 8,355, against 9,561 in 1906, when the population of the Dominion was considerably smaller.
Prior to the colonization of New Zealand by Europeans, the earliest navigators and explorers found a race of people already inhabiting both Islands. Papers written in 1874 by Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Fox and Sir Donald McLean (then Native Minister) state that at what time the discovery of these Islands was made by the Maoris, or from what place they came, are matters of tradition only, and that much has been lost in the obscurity enveloping the history of a people without letters. Nor is there anything on record respecting the origin of the Maori people themselves, beyond the general tradition of the Polynesian race, which seems to show a series of successive migrations from west to east, probably by way of Malaysia to the Pacific. Little more can now be gathered from their traditions than that they were immigrants and that they probably found inhabitants on the east coast of the North Island belonging to the same race as themselves—the descendants of a prior migration, whose history is lost. The tradition runs that, generations ago, the Maoris dwelt in a country named Hawaiki, and that one of their chiefs, after a long voyage, reached the northern island of New Zealand. Returning to his home with a flattering description of the country he had discovered, this chief, it is said, persuaded a number of his kinsfolk and friends, who were much harassed by war, to set out with a fleet of double canoes for the new land. The names of most of the canoes are still remembered, and each tribe agrees in its account of the doings of the people of the principal canoes after their arrival in New Zealand; and from these traditional accounts the descent of the numerous tribes has been traced. The position of the legendary Hawaiki is unknown, but many places in the South Seas have been thus named in memory of the motherland. The Maoris speak a very pure dialect of the Polynesian language, the common tongue, with more or less variation, in all the eastern Pacific islands. When Captain Cook first visited New Zealand he availed himself of the services of a Native from Tahiti, whose speech was easily understood by the Maoris. In this way much information respecting the early history of the country and its inhabitants was obtained which could not have otherwise been had.
A census of the Maori population is taken every five years, the information being obtained by the collectors either directly or through the chief or head of the tribe or hapu. The name, sex, and age, so far as it can be ascertained, of each Maori is entered; but, owing to the nomadic habits of the race and lack of definite knowledge in some particulars, it has been a difficult task in the past. The results of the past five enumerations are as follows:—
| Census Year. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1891 | 22,861 | 19,132 | 41,993 |
| 1896 | 21,673 | 18,181 | 39,854 |
| 1901 | 23,112 | 20,031 | 43,143 |
| 1906 | 25,538 | 22,193 | 47,731 |
| 1911 | 26,475 | 23,369 | 49,844 |
The number of half-castes living as members of Maori tribes, and the number living as and among Europeans, is given in the next table for five census periods. Those under the first heading are already included among Maoris in the preceding table, the others being classed among the European population. It is a matter of some difficulty to ascertain the number of half-castes living as Maoris. There has been no definite rule to guide collectors in deciding when a half-caste should be classified as living as a Maori—indeed, it might be said that all the half-castes and a large proportion of the Maoris in the South Island live in European fashion. They mostly have separate holdings of land and separate homes, and have adopted the habits of the whites.
| HALF-CASTES. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census Year. | Half-castes. | Total. | |
| Living as Members of Maori Tribes. | Living as and among Europeans. | ||
| 1891 | 2,681 | 2,184 | 4,865 |
| 1896 | 3,503 | 2,259 | 5,762 |
| 1901 | 3,133 | 2,406 | 5,539 |
| 1906 | 3,938 | 2,578 | 6,516 |
| 1911 | 4,181 | 2,879 | 7,060 |
The number of Maoris (including half-castes living as Maoris) in each county and on adjacent islands, as ascertained at the census of 1911, was as follows:—
| NUMBER OF MAORIS IN EACH COUNTY, CENSUS 1911. | |
|---|---|
| Counties. | Persons. |
| Mangonui | 2,330 |
| Whangaroa | 626 |
| Hokianga | 3,228 |
| Bay of Islands | 2,623 |
| Hobson | 818 |
| Otamatea | 454 |
| Whangarei | 941 |
| Rodney | 155 |
| Great Barrier Island | 72 |
| Eden (including Waiheke and Chamberlin Islands) | 426 |
| Waitemata | 186 |
| Manukau | 776 |
| Waikato | 603 |
| Baglan | 1,720 |
| Kawhia | 588 |
| Awakino | 86 |
| East Taupo | 1,046 |
| Matarmata | 403 |
| West Taupo | 1,299 |
| Waitomo | 1,523 |
| Waipa | 375 |
| Piako | 231 |
| Ohinemuri | 661 |
| Thames | 770 |
| Coromandel | 498 |
| Ohura | 61 |
| Tauranga | 1,718 |
| Whakatane | 2,228 |
| Opotiki | 1,427 |
| Rotorua | 1,461 |
| Waiapu | 2,952 |
| Cook | 1,424 |
| Waikohu | 549 |
| Wairoa | 2,660 |
| Hawke's Bay | 1,262 |
| Waipawa | 324 |
| Patangata | 134 |
| Akitio | 56 |
| Castlepoint | 26 |
| Featherston | 348 |
| Wairarapa South | 114 |
| Pahiatua | 33 |
| Masterton | 279 |
| Waipukurau | 7 |
| Dannevirke | 162 |
| Weber | 3 |
| Eketahuna | 9 |
| Mauriceville | 15 |
| Hutt and Makara | 311 |
| Waitotara | 430 |
| Manawatu | 248 |
| Kairanga | 171 |
| Rangitikei | 387 |
| Wanganui | 656 |
| Horowhenua | 1,295 |
| Waimarino | 632 |
| Oroua, Pohangina, Kiwitea | 221 |
| Patea | 258 |
| Hawera | 570 |
| Eltham | 38 |
| Whangamomona | 51 |
| Taranaki | 474 |
| Waimate West | 153 |
| Clifton | 388 |
| Egmont | 659 |
| Sounds | 218 |
| Marlborough | 162 |
| Waimea | 133 |
| Collingwood | 5 |
| Takaka | 48 |
| Buller | 36 |
| Westland | 82 |
| Kaikoura | 109 |
| Ashley | 230 |
| Malvern | 5 |
| Selwyn | 83 |
| Heathcote | 5 |
| Akaroa | 25 |
| Mount Herbert | 106 |
| Wairewa | 107 |
| Geraldine | 174 |
| Levels | 41 |
| Mackenzie | 4 |
| Waimate | 71 |
| Waitaki | 96 |
| Waikouaiti | 138 |
| Peninsula | 140 |
| Waihemo | 7 |
| Taieri | 59 |
| Clutha | 39 |
| Southland | 190 |
| Wallace | 327 |
| Stewart Island | 63 |
| Chatham Islands | 219 |
| Ruapuke Island | 41 |
During the year 1901, the boundaries of the Dominion were extended to include the Cook Group and certain other of the South Pacific islands. No record of the population of these islands was then obtainable, but at each subsequent census an account of the number and birthplaces of the inhabitants was taken. The results for the census of 1911 are shown in the following table:—
| Whites and Half-castes living as Whites. | Natives and Half-castes living as Natives. | Total. | |
|---|---|---|---|
* Not including 513 absentees. † Labourers temporarily employed on these islands. (a) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 52; New Zealand, 30; Australia, 4; Tasmania, 1; Rarotonga, 22; Mangaia, 2; Atiu, 1; Aitutaki, 1; France, 6; Germany, 3; Sweden, 1; United States of America, 9; Holland, 1; Pitcairn Island, 2; Tahiti, 2; not stated, 2. (b) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 3; New Zealand, 1; Australia, 1. (c) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 5; New Zealand, 1; Rarotonga, 1; Aitutaki, 4; France, 2; Germany, 1; Norway, 2. (d) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 1; Society Islands, 1. (e) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 2; Mauke, 6; Germany, 2. (f) Birthplaces.—Denmark, 1. (g) Birthplaces not stated. (h) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 2; New Zealand, 1. (i) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 1; New Zealand, 1; France, 2. SUMMARY OF BIRTHPLACES.—United Kingdom, 66; New Zealand, 34; Australia, 5; Tasmania, 1; Rarotonga, 23; Mangaia, 2; Atiu, 1; Mauke, 6; Aitutaki, 5; France, 10; Germany, 6; Sweden, 1; United States of America, 9; Holland, 1; Pitcairn Island, 2; Norway, 2; Tahiti, 2; Society Islands, 1; Denmark, 1; not stated, 54 (52 of these on Niue Island). | |||
| Rarotonga | 139(a) | 2,620 | 2,759 |
| Mangaia | 5(b) | 1,466 | 1,471 |
| Aitutaki | 16(c) | 810 | 826 |
| Atiu | 2(d) | 1,221 | 1,223 |
| Mauke | 10(e) | 447 | 457 |
| Mitiaro | 1(f) | 198 | 199 |
| Total Cook Group | 173 | 6,762 | 6,935 |
| Niue (or Savage Island) | 52(g) | 3,891 | 3,943* |
| Palmerston | .. | 107 | 107 |
| Penrhyn | 3(h) | 332 | 335 |
| Manibiki | 4(i) | 440 | 444 |
| Rakaanga | .. | 315 | 315 |
| Danger (or Pukapuka) | .. | 490 | 490 |
| Hervey Islands | .. | 29† | 29† |
| Total other islands | 59 | 5,604 | 5,663 |
| Total population of Pacific islands | 232 | 12,366 | 12,598 |
At the census of 1881, the year in which taxation was first imposed on Chinese landing in New Zealand, the Chinese population numbered 5,004 persons, which fell to 4,542 in 1884, and further to 3,711 in 1896. During the period 1881–96 the poll-tax was £10 per head, and this seemed sufficient for the purpose of preventing a large influx of the Chinese. During the years 1894 and 1895, however, the arrivals shown by the Customs returns were found to be somewhat greater than the departures, and in 1896 an Act was passed, raising the poll-tax on Chinese immigrants to £100 per head and limiting the number of Chinese passengers that may be carried by vessels to New Zealand to one for every 200 tons burthen. According to the census of 1901 the Chinese population was 2,857, and in 1906 it was 2,570, while at the census of 1911 the total was 2,630, of whom 88 were females. The decrease still continues, deaths exceeding births and the departures being more than the arrivals. Since the census of 1911, excess of deaths over births has reduced the Chinese by 48, while excess of departures over arrivals has caused a further reduction of 66. The estimated Chinese population of the Dominion on 31st December, 1913, was 2,516, of whom, however, 112 were females, an increase of 24 of that sex since the census.
Table of Contents
REGISTRATION of births in New Zealand dates as far back as 1847, in which year was passed a Registration Ordinance which made provision for a record of births and deaths being kept by the State. Under this ordinance many registrations were effected, some of births as far back as 1840. Compulsory registration did not, however, come into force until 1855.
The earlier Registration Acts and their amendments provided for very little information being given in the case of births, the registers containing merely date and place of birth, name and sex of child, names of father and mother, and occupation of father. In 1875, however, a new Registration Act was passed, under which information was recorded as to ages and birthplaces of parents. A recent amendment to the Act provides for sexes and ages of previous issue of the marriage being given.
The law as to registration of births is now embodied in the Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1908, and the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912. The provisions generally as to registration are that a birth may be registered within sixty-two days without fee. After sixty-two days and within six months a birth is registrable only after solemn declaration made before the Registrar by the parent or some person present at birth, and on payment of a late fee of 5s., which may, however, be remitted at the discretion of the Registrar-General. When six months have elapsed a birth cannot be registered except within a month after conviction of one of the responsible parties for neglect. But an information for such neglect must be laid within two years of date of birth. Registration of still-births was not compulsory until the 1st March, 1913, on which date the Amendment Act referred to above came into force.
The Infant Life Protection Act of 1907 provided for notification of births, in addition to registration, the time allowed for notification being seventy-two hours (since reduced to forty-eight hours) if in a city or borough, and twenty-one days in every other case. Further information concerning infant-life protection is given in the subsection dealing with deaths.
In the successive Registration Acts special provision was made for exemption from the necessity of registration in the case of births and deaths of Maoris, though registration could be effected if desired. Section 20 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912, however, empowered the Governor in Council to make regulations providing for the registration of births and deaths of Maoris either throughout the whole Dominion or in such districts as might be determined. Regulations were made accordingly, and were published in the New Zealand Gazette of the 27th March, 1913, page 946. Registrars of Maori births and deaths have been appointed in 170 districts, 159 of these being in the North Island, where the great majority of the Maori population is located. Every Native settlement of any size is within easy reach of one of these Registrars. Maori registrations are entered in a separate register, and the numbers of births given below do not include those of Maoris, which are dealt with towards the end of this subsection.
The number of births registered during 1913 was 27,935, or 26.14 in every 1,000 persons living. The number is 427 above that for the year 1912, an increase of 1.55 per cent., but the rate is lower by 0.34 per thousand. The births registered in a year numbered 19,846 in 1884, and, after falling to 17,876 in 1892, have risen to the number first stated above.
The number of male children born during 1913 was 14,433, and of female children 13,502.
The following table shows the number of births registered, the birth-rate calculated on the total population, and comparison with the average rate for 1882–86 taken as 100. It will be noticed that there was a steady decrease from 1886 until 1899 (in which year the lowest rate was recorded), and that since then there has been a slight improvement, the increase in 1913 over 1899 being 4.06 per cent. on the rate per 1,000 in that year, although the rates for the last four years are lower than those of the few previous years.
| Year. | Total Number of Births registered. | Birth-rate. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Per 1,000 of Population. | Compared with Hate in 1882–86. taken as 100 | ||
* Average of 5 years. | |||
| 1882–86 | 19,410* | 35.40 | 100 |
| 1887 | 19,135 | 32.09 | 91 |
| 1888 | 18,902 | 31.22 | 88 |
| 1889 | 18,457 | 30.07 | 85 |
| 1890 | 18,278 | 29.44 | 83 |
| 1891 | 18,273 | 29.01 | 82 |
| 1892 | 17,876 | 27.83 | 79 |
| 1893 | 18,187 | 27.50 | 78 |
| 1894 | 18,528 | 27.28 | 77 |
| 1895 | 18,546 | 26.78 | 76 |
| 1896 | 18,612 | 26.33 | 74 |
| 1897 | 18,737 | 25.96 | 73 |
| 1898 | 18,955 | 25.74 | 73 |
| 1899 | 18,835 | 25.12 | 71 |
| 1900 | 19,546 | 25.60 | 72 |
| 1901 | 20,491 | 26.34 | 74 |
| 1902 | 20,655 | 25.89 | 73 |
| 1903 | 21,829 | 26.61 | 75 |
| 1904 | 22,766 | 26.94 | 76 |
| 1905 | 23,682 | 27.22 | 77 |
| 1906 | 24,252 | 27.08 | 76 |
| 1907 | 25,094 | 27.30 | 77 |
| 1908 | 25,940 | 27.45 | 77 |
| 1909 | 26,524 | 27.29 | 77 |
| 1910 | 25,984 | 26.17 | 74 |
| 1911 | 26,354 | 25.97 | 73 |
| 1912 | 27,508 | 26.48 | 75 |
| 1913 | 27,935 | 26.14 | 74 |
A declining birth-rate is noticeable in many civilized countries, and attention has been drawn by statisticians and political economists to the serious consequences that may result.
The decline of the birth-rate in New Zealand has been partially compensated for by a decrease in the death-rate. Nevertheless, the rate of natural increase of population has fallen from 31.19 per 1,000 of mean population in 1870 to 16.67 per 1,000 in 1913. The following table will no doubt be of interest as showing the fall in all three rates:—
| Period. | Annual Hates per 1,000 living. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Births. | Deaths. | Natural Increase. | |
| 1871–1875 | 39.88 | 12.67 | 27.21 |
| 1876–1880 | 41.21 | 11.80 | 29.41 |
| 1881–1885 | 36.36 | 10.95 | 25.41 |
| 1886–1800 | 31.15 | 9.85 | 21.30 |
| 1891–1895 | 27.68 | 10.15 | 17.53 |
| 1896–1900 | 25.75 | 9.55 | 16.20 |
| 1901–1905 | 26.60 | 9.91 | 16.69 |
| 1906–1910 | 27.06 | 9.75 | 17.31 |
| 1911 | 25.97 | 9.39 | 16.58 |
| 1912 | 26.48 | 8.87 | 17.61 |
| 1913 | 26.14 | 9.47 | 16.67 |
The diagram which follows shows the rates of births and deaths and of natural increase per 1,000 of mean population each year from 1855 to 1913. The marriage-rate is also shown.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents a year's interval, and the vertical height one per thousand of the mean population.
In spite of the fact that the birth-rate in New Zealand is low compared with other countries, yet so low is the Dominion's death-rate that New Zealand has actually the highest rate of natural increase among the principal countries of the world, the Australian Commonwealth, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany coming next in order. The rates for the various countries are as set out in the following table, the figures being for the last quinquennium ascertainable:—
| Country. | Rate of Natural Increase. |
|---|---|
| New Zealand (1909–13) | 17.08 |
| Commonwealth of Australia (1909–13) | 16.82 |
| Netherlands (1907–11) | 14.76 |
| Denmark (1907–11) | 14.18 |
| German Empire (1907–11) | 13.42 |
| Norway (1907–11) | 12.40 |
| Hungary (1907–11) | 11.24 |
| England and Wales (1907–11) | 11.18 |
| Scotland (1907–11) | 11.08 |
| Italy (1907–11) | 11.20 |
| Japan (1905–9) | 11.04 |
| Sweden (1907–11) | 10.86 |
| Austria (1907–11) | 10.78 |
| Switzerland (1906–10) | 10.00 |
| Spain (1907–11) | 9.34 |
| Belgium (1906–10) | 8.72 |
| Ireland (1907–11) | 6.12 |
| France (1907–11) | 0.40 |
That fertility among women in New Zealand has decreased, from whatever causes, further facts will tend to show. Taking the number of married women in New Zealand at what may be considered the child-bearing ages (i.e., from 15 fro 45 years, inclusive) as shown by each census since 1878, and for the same years the number of legitimate births (excluding plural) registered, the birth-rate per 1,000 married women of the above-stated ages is easily found, and is shown to be steadily declining. In 1878 the rate was 337 per 1,000, in 1896 it had fallen to 252, in 1901 to 244, in 1906 to 228, and in 1911 to 209, or, in other words, in 1878 one in every three of the married women between the ages specified gave birth to a child, while in 1911 the rate was only one in nearly five. The figures for each census year are given below.
| BIRTH-RATES (LEGITIMATE) PER 1,000 MARRIED WOMEN AT CHILD-BEARING AGES FOR EACH CENSUS YEAR, 1878 TO 1911. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year (Census). | Number of Married Women between 15 and 15 Years of Ape. | Proportion per Cent. of Married Women in the Female Population aged 15 to 45 Years. | Number of Legitimate Births (Confinements). | Birth-rate per 1,000 Married Women of from 15 to 45 Years of Age. |
| 1878 | 50,995 | 63.50 | 17,196 | 337.2 |
| 1881 | 57,458 | 59.76 | 18,003 | 313.3 |
| 1886 | 62,704 | 53.19 | 18,532 | 295.5 |
| 1891 | 63,165 | 48.12 | 17,455 | 276.3 |
| 1896 | 69,807 | 44.12 | 17,596 | 252.1 |
| 1901 | 79,406 | 43.30 | 19,355 | 243.8 |
| 1906 | 98,211 | 46.15 | 22,352 | 227.6 |
| 1911 | 119,355 | 49.59 | 24,972 | 209.2 |
Another table is given, showing for a period of thirty years the numbers of married women at quinquennial groups of age belonging to the full term 15 to 45 years, with the proportions that those numbers bear to every 100 married women living at 15–45. These proportions are found to have diminished appreciably at the earlier ages, 15–20 and 20–25; but the effect of this lesser number of wives at the earlier ages in reducing the birth-rate would not be serious. It is, however, undoubtedly a fact that to have a growing proportion of wives at the earlier productive ages is the best position, but it is not the one which obtains at present in New Zealand.
| MARRIED WOMEN UNDER 45 YEARS OF AGE, GIVEN ACCORDING TO AGE-GROUPS, AS AT THE CENSUSES OF 1881, 1891, 1901, AND 1911; WITH THE PROPORTION IN EACH GROUP FOR EVERY 100 OF THE WHOLE. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-groups. | Married Women under 45, excluding Chinese. | |||||||
| Numbers at Census. | Proportions per Cent. | |||||||
| 1881. | 1891. | 1901. | 1911. | 1881. | 1891. | 1901. | 1911. | |
| 15–20 | 1,233 | 750 | 777 | 968 | 2.14 | 1.19 | 0.98 | 0.81 |
| 20–25 | 8,996 | 8,862 | 10,053 | 12,829 | 15.66 | 14.03 | 12.66 | 10.75 |
| 25–30 | 13,133 | 14,540 | 17,923 | 27,762 | 22.86 | 23.02 | 22.57 | 23.26 |
| 30–35 | 12,656 | 14,576 | 19,617 | 30,992 | 22.03 | 23.08 | 24.70 | 25.96 |
| 35–40 | 11,811 | 12,959 | 16,854 | 25,466 | 20.55 | 20.51 | 21.23 | 21.34 |
| 40–45 | 9,629 | 11,478 | 14,182 | 21,338 | 16.76 | 18.17 | 17.86 | 17.88 |
| Totals | 57,458 | 63,165 | 79,406 | 119,355 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
In April, 1906, New Zealand had 102,745 children living under the age of five years, an increase of 15,939, or 18.36 per cent., on the figures for 1901; and in April, 1911, the number was 117,909, an increase of 15,164, or 14.76 per cent., on 1906; although the population at all ages increased in the quinquennium by only 13.49 per cent. Between 1891 and 1896 the increase was only 455, or 0.55 per cent., while between 1886 and 1891 the children living under five years actually decreased in number by 3,624, the increase of population of all ages (8.33 per cent.) being less than between 1891 and 1896 (12.24 per cent.), 1896 and 1901 (9.86 per cent.), or 1901 and 1906 (14.99 per cent.). The number of children under one year to the total population at all ages, and the proportion per 1,000, according to the results of six censuses, were,—
| Total Population (all Ages). | Children under One Year. | Children under One Year per 1,000 of Population. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Census 1886 | 578,482 | 18,355 | 31.73 |
| 1891 | 626,658 | 16,443 | 26.24 |
| 1896 | 703,360 | 17,070 | 24.27 |
| 1901 | 772,719 | 18,381 | 23.79 |
| 1906 | 888,578 | 22,289 | 25.08 |
| 1911 | 1,008,468 | 24,340 | 24.14 |
Thus, in 1886, with a population of 578,482 persons, there were 8,355 children under one year, against 24,340 children of that age 1911, with a population of 1,008,468 persons.
The births registered in 1885 were 19,693, against 25,984 in 1910. The birth-rate fell from 34.35 per 1,000 of the population in 1885 to 26.17 in 1910.
Deducting 1,760, the number of deaths of children under one year registered in 1910, from 25,984, the number of births for that year, leaves 24,224, or within 116 of the living children under one year at the time of the last census.
A little explanation is necessary in regard to the birth-rates of the four chief centres for 1913 as compared with previous years.
Up to and including 1912, all births occurring in the four centres were treated as belonging to the centres. Owing chiefly to the fact that many women living in country districts go to the cities to enter public or private maternity homes, it was found that the birth-rates for the centres were usually well above the rate for the whole Dominion. For 1913 information as to domicile of parents was obtained, and the births allocated accordingly, the result being that many births which in former years would have been included in the municipalized area were excluded, the rates being reduced accordingly No proper comparison is therefore possible as between 1913 and previous years, the apparent decrease in 1913 being due not to any actual falling-off in numbers but to the alteration in system explained above.
The total number of births registered as belonging to the four chief cities and their suburban boroughs in 1913 was 7,341, as against a total of 8,084 occurring in the municipalized areas for the previous year. The birth-rates last year were,—
| Birth-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Auckland City | 23.23 | |
| and seven suburban boroughs | 25.93 | |
| Wellington City | 24.88 | |
| and four suburban boroughs | ..24.67 | |
| Christchurch City | 23.56 | |
| and five suburban boroughs | ..24.31 | |
| Dunedin City | 21.61 | |
| and five suburban boroughs | ..22.53 |
By the inclusion of the suburbs the rate is lowered in the case of Wellington, but raised for the other three centres. Excluding the suburbs, it will be observed that Wellington has the highest rate, Christchurch next highest, Auckland and Dunedin following. The birth-rate for the Dominion last year was 26.14 per thousand, so that each of the four centres is below the average.
The rates for five years, 1909 to 1913, are given below. As stated above, however, no proper comparison can be made between 1913 and previous years.
| Births per 1,000 of Population | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| Auckland (including suburbs) | 27.46 | 26.01 | 27.25 | 29.66 | 25.93 |
| Wellington | 26.42 | 24.19 | 26.08 | 27.49 | 24.67 |
| Christchurch | 27.65 | 25.83 | 26.84 | 28.29 | 24.31 |
| Dunedin | 26.26 | 25.29 | 26.52 | 27.13 | 22.53 |
The birth-rate of New Zealand in 1909 was higher than the average of the Common wealth, 26.69 per 1,000 of population; but in 1913, while the Commonwealth rate increased to 28.25 per 1,000 of population, the rate in New Zealand decreased to 26.14.
The movement over tea years is calculated as follows:—
| BIRTH-RATE PER 1,000 OF POPULATION. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State. | 1904. | 1905. | 1906. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Queensland | 26.99 | 25.76 | 26.15 | 26.79 | 26.79 | 27.29 | 27.33 | 27.65 | 29.67 | 30.24 |
| New South Wales | 26.85 | 26.85 | 27.21 | 27.34 | 26.99 | 27.40 | 27.83 | 28.75 | 29.86 | 28.86 |
| Victoria | 24.74 | 24.96 | 25.41 | 25.59 | 25.07 | 25.01 | 24.51 | 24.84 | 26.39 | 25.82 |
| South Australia | 25.49 | 24.54 | 24.57 | 25.05 | 25.81 | 25.91 | 26.50 | 26.89 | 28.65 | 29.08 |
| Western Australia | 30.67 | 30.74 | 30.66 | 30.18 | 30.08 | 28.87 | 27.99 | 28.21 | 28.83 | 29.36 |
| Tasmania | 28.92 | 28.50 | 28.94 | 28.63 | 29.95 | 28.91 | 29.25 | 28.57 | 30.53 | 30.03 |
| New Zealand | 26.94 | 27.22 | 27.08 | 27.30 | 27.45 | 27.29 | 26.17 | 25.97 | 26.48 | 26.14 |
The information contained in the following table is extracted from the Seventy-third Annual Report of the Registrar-General for England.
| LEGITIMATE-BIRTH RATES. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Proportion of Legitimate Births per 1,000 Wives aged 15–45 Years. | Increase (+) or Decrease (–) per Cent. in Fertility during 20 Years. | ||
| Approximate Periods. | ||||
| 1880–2. | 1890–2. | 1900–2. | ||
| Australasia— | ||||
| New Zealand | 822.1 | 277.5 | 243.2 | –24.5 |
| Queensland | 329.0 | 320.6 | 252.8 | −23.2 |
| New South Wales | 337.8 | 298.5 | 234.3 | −30.6 |
| Victoria | 299.2 | 297.8 | 226.8 | −24.2 |
| South Australia | 326.5 | 307.5 | 235.0 | −28.0 |
| Western Australia | 323.9 | 338.8 | 246.4 | −23.9 |
| Tasmania | .. | 311.0 | 256.4 | |
| European Countries— | ||||
| England and Wales | 286.0 | 263.8 | 235.5 | −17.7 |
| Scotland | 311.5 | 296.4 | 271.8 | −12.7 |
| Ireland | 282.9 | 287.6 | 289.4 | +2.3 |
| The Netherlands | 347.5 | 338.8 | 314.6 | −9.5 |
| Norway | 314.5 | 306.8 | 302.8 | −3.7 |
| German Empire | 310.2 | 300.9 | 284.2 | −8.4 |
| Prussia | 312.6 | 307.6 | 290.4 | −7.1 |
| Austria | 281.4 | 292.4 | 283.7 | +0.8 |
| Italy | 276.2 | .. | 269.4 | −2.5 |
| Sweden | 293.0 | 280.0 | 269.0 | −8.2 |
| Switzerland | 284.1 | 274.0 | 265.9 | −6.4 |
| Denmark | 287.1 | 278.1 | 259.1 | −9.8 |
| Spain | 257.7 | 263.9 | 258.7 | +0.4 |
| Belgium | 312.7 | 285.1 | 250.7 | −19.8 |
| France | 196.2 | 173.5 | 157.5 | −19.7 |
A further table shows the declining birth-rate and the marriage-rate in the United Kingdom.
| BIRTH AND MARRIAGE RATES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1906, AND 1911. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Mean Population. | Births. | Marriages. | ||
| Number. | Rate per 1,000 of Population. | Number. | Rate per 1,000 of Population. | ||
| 1886 | 36,313,582 | 1,145,577 | 31.5 | 241,180 | 6.6 |
| 1891 | 37,802,440 | 1,148,259 | 30.4 | 275,970 | 7.3 |
| 1896 | 39,599,072 | 1,152,144 | 29.0 | 296,089 | 7.5 |
| 1901 | 41,550,773 | 1,162,975 | 28.0 | 313,351 | 7.5 |
| 1906 | 43,353,000 | 1,170,622 | 27.0 | 325,842 | 7.5 |
| 1911 | 45,216,665 | 1,104,986 | 24.4 | 329,986 | 7.3 |
The birth-rates for ten years in Great Britain and Ireland, and certain countries of the European Continent are also given. The decline is steady and continuous, except in the case of Roumania, where the rate is very high, and Ireland, where the rate is low.
| BIRTH-RATES IN EUROPEAN COUNTIRES, 1902 TO 1911. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | Number of Births per 1,000 of Mean Population. | |||||||||
| 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. | 1906. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | |
| Roumania | 39.0 | 40.0 | 40.1 | 38.6 | 39.9 | 41.7 | 40.8 | 41.7 | 39.8 | 43.0 |
| Hungary | 38.8 | 36.7 | 37.0 | 35.7 | 36.0 | 36.0 | 36.3 | 37.0 | 35.6 | 34.8 |
| Spain | 35.5 | 36.3 | 34.3 | 35.2 | 34.0 | 33.6 | 34.0 | 33.5 | 33.1 | 31.8 |
| Italy | 33.4 | 31.7 | 32.8 | 32.5 | 31.9 | 31.5 | 33.4 | 32.4 | 32.9 | 31.5 |
| Austria | 37.2 | 35.3 | 35.7 | 33.8 | 35.0 | 34.0 | 33.6 | 33.5 | 32.6 | 31.4 |
| German Empire | 35.1 | 33.9 | 34.1 | 33.0 | 33.1 | 32.2 | 32.0 | 31.0 | 29.8 | 28.6 |
| Netherlands | 31.8 | 31.6 | 31.4 | 30.8 | 30.4 | 30.0 | 29.7 | 29.1 | 28.6 | 27.8 |
| Denmark | 29.0 | 28.7 | 28.5 | 28.4 | 28.5 | 28.2 | 28.6 | 28.2 | 27.5 | 26.7 |
| Norway | 29.1 | 28.7 | 28.1 | 27.0 | 26.7 | 26.3 | 26.2 | 26.1 | 26.1 | 25.9 |
| Scotland | 29.3 | 29.4 | 29.1 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 27.7 | 28.1 | 27.3 | 26.2 | 25.6 |
| England and Wales | 28.5 | 28.5 | 28.0 | 27.3 | 27.2 | 26.5 | 26.7 | 25.8 | 25.1 | 24.4 |
| Switzerland | 28.5 | 27.4 | 27.3 | 26.9 | 26.9 | 26.2 | 26.4 | 25.5 | 25.0 | .. |
| Sweden | 26.5 | 25.7 | 25.8 | 25.7 | 25.7 | 25.5 | 25.7 | 25.6 | 24.7 | 23.8 |
| Belgium | 28.4 | 27.5 | 27.1 | 26.2 | 25.7 | 25.3 | 24.9 | 23.7 | 23.7 | |
| Ireland | 23.0 | 23.1 | 23.6 | 23.4 | 23.6 | 23.2 | 23.3 | 23.5 | 23.3 | 23.2 |
| France | 21.6 | 21.1 | 20.9 | 20.6 | 20.5 | 19.7 | 20.1 | 19.5 | 19.6 | 18.7 |
The figures show that during each year there has been a preponderance of births of male children. It would appear, however, that this excess of male births is not sufficient to compensate for the heavier mortality which occurs among that sex. Of the total population of New Zealand in 1871 there were 70.52 females to every 100 males, but at the census of 1911 the proportion of females to 100 males had risen to 89.59.
| Year. | Number of Births of | Proportion of Births of Males to every 100 Females. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | ||
| 1894 | 9,472 | 9,056 | 104.6 |
| 1895 | 9,493 | 9,053 | 104.9 |
| 1896 | 9,511 | 9,101 | 104.5 |
| 1897 | 9,600 | 9,137 | 105.1 |
| 1898 | 9,615 | 9,340 | 102.9 |
| 1899 | 9,724 | 9,111 | 106.7 |
| 1900 | 10,107 | 9,439 | 107.1 |
| 1901 | 10,471 | 10,020 | 104.5 |
| 1902 | 10,653 | 10,002 | 106.5 |
| 1903 | 11,217 | 10,612 | 105.7 |
| 1904 | 11,762 | 11,004 | 106.9 |
| 1905 | 12,109 | 11,573 | 104.6 |
| 1906 | 12,397 | 11,855 | 104.6 |
| 1907 | 12,835 | 12,259 | 104.7 |
| 1908 | 13,369 | 12,571 | 106.3 |
| 1909 | 13,502 | 13,022 | 103.7 |
| 1910 | 13,442 | 12,542 | 107.2 |
| 1911 | 13,532 | 12,822 | 105.5 |
| 1912 | 13,996 | 13,512 | 103.6 |
| 1913 | 14,433 | 13,502 | 106.9 |
There were 314 cases of twin births (628 children) and 1 case of triplets registered in 1913. The number of children born was 27,935; the number of mothers was 27,619: thus, on an average, one mother in every 87 gave birth to twins, against 82 in 1912, 86 in 1911, 89 in 1910, and 99 in 1909.
The proportion of plural births per 1,000 of all births during the past five years was,—
| Year. | All Births. | Cases of Twins. | Cases of Triplets. | Plural Births per 1,000 of all Births. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909 | 26,524 | 265 | 1 | 10.03 |
| 1910 | 25,984 | 288 | 2 | 11.16 |
| 1911 | 26,354 | 300 | 2 | 11.46 |
| 1912 | 27,508 | 329 | 3 | 12.07 |
| 1913 | 27,935 | 314 | 1 | 11.28 |
Of the twin births registered in 1913, it is found that in 108 cases both children were males, and in 86 cases both females, while in the remaining 120 cases the children were of opposite sex. As regards the triplets all three children were females.
Information as to the relative ages of parents of legitimate children whose births were registered in 1913 is shown in the following table:—
| RELATIVE AGES OF PARENTS. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of Mother, in Years. | Age of Father, in Years. | ||||||||||
| Under 21. | 21 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 35. | 35 and under 40. | 40 and under 45. | 45 and under 50. | 50 and under 55. | 55 and under 65. | 65 and over. | Totals. | |
| (a.) Single Births. | |||||||||||
| 15 and under 16 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
| 16 and under 17 | 1 | 8 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 |
| 17 and under 18 | 11 | 33 | 18 | 7 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 74 |
| 18 and under 19 | 21 | 82 | 61 | 22 | 6 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 194 |
| 19 and under 20 | 19 | 169 | 123 | 43 | 6 | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 365 |
| 20 and under 21 | 16 | 202 | 229 | 75 | 12 | 12 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 548 |
| 21 and under 25 | 28 | 930 | 2,219 | 1,142 | 276 | 79 | 8 | 7 | 1 | .. | 4,690 |
| 25 and under 30 | 6 | 293 | 2,905 | 3,191 | 1,247 | 348 | 115 | 32 | 5 | 3 | 8,145 |
| 30 and under 35 | 1 | 37 | 629 | 2,747 | 2,084 | 899 | 239 | 67 | 34 | 4 | 6,741 |
| 35 and under 40 | .. | 2 | 75 | 471 | 1,538 | 1,158 | 501 | 122 | 69 | 10 | 3,946 |
| 40 and under 45 | .. | .. | 7 | 37 | 159 | 526 | 378 | 141 | 50 | 4 | 1,302 |
| 45 and under 46 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | 13 | 26 | 15 | 14 | 1 | 74 |
| 46 and under 47 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 27 |
| 47 and under 48 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 15 |
| 48 and under 49 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 | .. | 4 |
| 49 and under 50 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
| Totals | 103 | 1,757 | 6,268 | 7,738 | 5,340 | 3,044 | 1,289 | 394 | 182 | 24 | 26,139 |
| (b.) Plural Births. | |||||||||||
| 19 and under 20 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| 20 and under 21 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
| 21 and under 25 | 1 | 8 | 13 | 13 | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 40 |
| 25 and under 30 | .. | 4 | 34 | 31 | 19 | 3 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 94 |
| 30 and under 35 | .. | .. | 13 | 33 | 27 | 16 | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | 94 |
| 35 and under 40 | .. | .. | 4 | 6 | 25 | 8 | 12 | 2 | 1 | .. | 58 |
| 40 and under 45 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 8 | 5 | .. | 2 | .. | 16 |
| 45 and under 46 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| Totals | 1 | 15 | 65 | 83 | 76 | 36 | 25 | 3 | 3 | .. | 307 |
| Grand Totals | 104 | 1,772 | 6,333 | 7,821 | 5,416 | 3,080 | 1,314 | 397 | 185 | 24 | 26,446 |
In 1911 the guide form for registration of births was altered to provide for information being given as to previous issue of the existing marriage, and in last year's edition of the Year-book tables were published showing in respect of legitimate births registered at the four chief centres information as to number of previous issue in conjunction with age of mother and duration of marriage. The giving of the additional information referred to was not obligatory until the 1st March, 1913, on which date the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act came into force. This fact should be borne in mind in connection with the two following tables, which relate to the whole Dominion for the year 1913. The 11,720 cases where the previous issue is shown as “Nil” include all cases where no information on this point was given, as well as those where it was definitely stated that there was no previous issue. As only a very few Registrars outside of the four chief centres entered the information in the registers prior to the date the Act came into force, it is evident that in a good proportion of the 11,720 cases there was previous issue. For 1914 and future years the numbers in this column will no doubt be considerably reduced.
| LEGITIMATE BIRTHS REGISTERED, 1913.(a) Age of Mother and Number of Previous Issue. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of Mother. | Number of Previous Issue. | Totals. | ||||||||
| 0* | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 and under 10 | 10 and under 15 | 15 and over. | ||
* Includes cases where no information given. | ||||||||||
| 15 and under 16 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
| 16 and under 17 | 11 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 |
| 17 and under 18 | 70 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 74 |
| 18 and under 19 | 176 | 18 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 194 |
| 19 and under 20 | 318 | 41 | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 366 |
| 20 and under 21 | 430 | 105 | 14 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 551 |
| 21 and under 25 | 3,054 | 1,015 | 486 | 128 | 36 | 8 | 3 | .. | .. | 4,730 |
| 25 and under 30 | 3,812 | 1,835 | 1,236 | 769 | 378 | 145 | 64 | .. | .. | 8,239 |
| 30 and under 35 | 2,277 | 1,152 | 1,046 | 913 | 621 | 380 | 430 | 16 | .. | 6,835 |
| 35 and under 40 | 1,205 | 360 | 493 | 462 | 444 | 366 | 602 | 69 | 3 | 4,004 |
| 40 and under 45 | 326 | 65 | 104 | 124 | 119 | 124 | 340 | 111 | 5 | 1,318 |
| 45 and under 46 | 20 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 25 | 12 | 1 | 75 |
| 46 and under 47 | 13 | .. | 2 | 1 | 3 | .. | 5 | 2 | 1 | 27 |
| 47 and under 48 | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | .. | 15 |
| 48 and under 49 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 4 |
| 49 and under 50 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| Totals | 11,720 | 4,599 | 3,390 | 12,402 | 1,608 | 1,029 | 1,474 | 214 | 10 | 26,446 |
| (b) Duration of Marriage and Number of Previous Issue. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of Marriage, in Years. | Number of Previous Issue. | Totals. | ||||||||
| 0* | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 and under 10 | 10 and under 15 | 15 and over. | ||
* Including cases where no information given. | ||||||||||
| Under 1 | 4,202 | 11 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4,213 |
| 1 and under 2 | 2,271 | 628 | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,906 |
| 2 and under 3 | 1,148 | 1,440 | 183 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,773 |
| 3 and under 4 | 673 | 917 | 520 | 37 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2,150 |
| 4 and under 5 | 590 | 565 | 683 | 192 | 14 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 2,047 |
| 5 and under 6 | 448 | 364 | 582 | 367 | 80 | 11 | 3 | .. | .. | 1,855 |
| 6 and under 7 | 363 | 220 | 403 | 400 | 147 | 19 | 3 | .. | .. | 1,555 |
| 7 and under 8 | 314 | 140 | 288 | 370 | 218 | 54 | 16 | .. | .. | 1,400 |
| 8 and under 9 | 277 | 96 | 205 | 268 | 193 | 100 | 30 | .. | .. | 1,169 |
| 9 and under 10 | 218 | 55 | 144 | 211 | 206 | 140 | 62 | 1 | .. | 1,037 |
| 10 and under 15 | 774 | 142 | 314 | 454 | 595 | 496 | 647 | 21 | .. | 3,443 |
| 15 and under 20 | 333 | 19 | 58 | 90 | 132 | 167 | 545 | 76 | 1 | 1,421 |
| 20 and under 25 | 89 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 20 | 35 | 153 | 99 | 5 | 416 |
| 25 and over | 20 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 3 | 15 | 17 | 4 | 61 |
| Totals | 11,720 | 4,599 | 3,390 | 2,402 | 1,608 | 1,029 | 1,474 | 214 | 10 | 26,446 |
In these two tables plural births are included, twins counting as only one birth. Another table is appended, giving in more detail the duration of the marriage in cases where less than one year had elapsed before the birth of the first child. Illegitimate births are also shown.
| FIRST ISSUE AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of Mother, in Years. | Illegitimate Births. | Duration of Marriage, in Months. | Total Legitimate First Births within One Year after Marriage. | |||||||
| Under 3. | 3 and under 6. | 6 and under 7. | 7 and under 8. | 8 and under 9. | 9 and under 10. | 10 and under 11. | 11 and under 12. | |||
| Under 21 | 396 | 128 | 286 | 119 | 62 | 24 | 72 | 48 | 38 | 777 |
| 21 and under 25 | 340 | 136 | 356 | 163 | 119 | 145 | 287 | 244 | 172 | 1,622 |
| 25 and under 30 | 223 | 66 | 148 | 88 | 97 | 114 | 323 | 248 | 164 | 1,248 |
| 30 and under 35 | 130 | 21 | 40 | 20 | 23 | 33 | 112 | 97 | 72 | 418 |
| 35 and under 40 | 65 | 10 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 33 | 29 | 13 | 117 |
| 40 and under 45 | 18 | 2 | 3 | 1 | .. | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 20 |
| 45 and over | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Totals | 1,173 | 363 | 846 | 398 | 306 | 327 | 831 | 669 | 462 | 4,202 |
A table is added showing occupations of fathers in cases of legitimate births registered during 1913. In conjunction with the information as to occupations, numbers of previous issue have been extracted, and are shown in certain groups of numbers. A table giving full details is published in the Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand.
| BIRTHS, 1913.—OCCUPATIONS OF FATHERS, WITH NUMBER OF PREVIOUS ISSUE. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occupations of Fathers. | Previous Issue. | |||||
| 0 or not stated. | 1 and under 5. | 5 and under 10. | 10 and under 16. | 15 and under 20. | Totals. | |
| Class I.—Professional. | ||||||
| General Government | 38 | 48 | 5 | 2 | .. | 93 |
| Local Government | 17 | 23 | 2 | .. | .. | 42 |
| Defence | 31 | 36 | 1 | .. | .. | 68 |
| Law and order | 120 | 109 | 17 | 1 | .. | 247 |
| Religion | 53 | 54 | 4 | .. | .. | 111 |
| Health | 121 | 105 | 13 | .. | .. | 239 |
| Literature | 24 | 25 | 2 | .. | .. | 51 |
| Science | 4 | 9 | .. | .. | .. | 13 |
| Civil, mechanical engineering, architecture, and surveying | 67 | 57 | 5 | 1 | .. | 130 |
| Education | 89 | 100 | 16 | 1 | .. | 206 |
| Fine arts | 17 | 22 | 1 | .. | .. | 40 |
| Music | 19 | 17 | 1 | .. | .. | 37 |
| Amusements | 40 | 50 | 6 | 2 | .. | 98 |
| Total Professional | 640 | 655 | 73 | 7 | .. | 1,375 |
| Class II.—Domestic. | ||||||
| Hotelkeepers and assistants | 61 | 55 | 16 | .. | .. | 132 |
| Others engaged in providing board and lodging | 16 | 32 | 6 | 1 | .. | 55 |
| Cooks | 32 | 28 | 4 | .. | .. | 64 |
| Coachmen and grooms | 12 | 9 | 2 | .. | .. | 23 |
| Hairdressers and barbers | 64 | 61 | 8 | .. | .. | 133 |
| Others engaged in domestic service | 27 | 19 | 10 | .. | .. | 56 |
| Total Domestic | 212 | 204 | 46 | 1 | .. | 463 |
| Class III.—Commercial. | ||||||
| Banking and finance | 62 | 49 | .. | .. | .. | 111 |
| Insurance and valuation | 56 | 50 | 11 | 2 | .. | 119 |
| Land and household property | 11 | 36 | 8 | .. | .. | 55 |
| Trade— | ||||||
| Books, stationery, advertisements, &c. | 29 | 34 | 7 | .. | .. | 70 |
| Musical instruments | 3 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 6 |
| Prints, pictures, and art materials | 3 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 7 |
| Ornaments, minor art products | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 3 |
| Machinery, tools, and implements | 3 | 4 | 2 | .. | .. | 9 |
| Carriages and vehicles | 8 | 16 | 2 | .. | .. | 26 |
| Harness, saddlery, and leatherware | 1 | .. | 1 | |||
| Ships, boats, and marine stores | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 3 |
| Building materials and house-fittings | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
| Furniture | 3 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 8 |
| Textile fabrics | 134 | 152 | 13 | 1 | .. | 300 |
| Dress | 20 | 28 | 4 | .. | .. | 52 |
| Animal food | 230 | 255 | 51 | 4 | .. | 540 |
| Vegetable food | 48 | 68 | 3 | 1 | .. | 120 |
| Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants | 107 | 117 | 14 | .. | .. | 238 |
| Living animals | 39 | 40 | 7 | .. | .. | 86 |
| Leather, raw materials, &c. | .. | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
| Wool, and other animal matter | 6 | 7 | 2 | .. | .. | 15 |
| Seeds, plants, flowers, &c. | 8 | 11 | 2 | .. | .. | 21 |
| Timber | 8 | 13 | 4 | .. | .. | 25 |
| Wood, coal, &c. | 14 | 31 | 5 | 1 | .. | 51 |
| Stone, clay, earthenware, &c. | 3 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 5 |
| Metals, other than gold or silver | 29 | 47 | 2 | .. | .. | 78 |
| Merchants, shopkeepers, &c. | 145 | 146 | 24 | 2 | .. | 317 |
| Dealers, hawkers | 6 | 19 | 10 | .. | .. | 35 |
| Agents, brokers, &c. | 32 | 35 | 10 | 1 | .. | 78 |
| Officers of public companies | 12 | 30 | 4 | .. | .. | 46 |
| Accountants, clerks, &c. | 328 | 303 | 36 | 1 | .. | 668 |
| Commercial travellers, salesmen | 151 | 184 | 24 | 1 | .. | 360 |
| Storemen (so described), and others engaged in storage | 114 | 140 | 17 | 3 | .. | 274 |
| Other mercantile persona | 8 | 17 | 4 | .. | .. | 29 |
| Total, Commercial | 1,622 | 1,854 | 269 | 17 | .. | 3,762 |
| Class IV.—Transport and Communication. | ||||||
| Railway traffic | 386 | 366 | 66 | 8 | .. | 826 |
| Tramways | 42 | 78 | 4 | .. | .. | 124 |
| Road | 443 | 554 | 97 | 7 | 1 | 1,102 |
| Sea and river traffic | 159 | 205 | 46 | 3 | 1 | 414 |
| Postal service | 56 | 47 | 8 | .. | .. | 111 |
| Telegraph and telephone service | 85 | 86 | 7 | .. | .. | 178 |
| Delivery of parcels, &c., by hand | (3 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 9 |
| Total, Transport and Communication | 1,177 | 1,338 | 229 | 18 | 2 | 2,764 |
| Class V.—Industrial. | ||||||
| Books and publications | 77 | 104 | 17 | 1 | .. | 199 |
| Musical instruments | 7 | 7 | 1 | .. | .. | 15 |
| Prints, pictures, and art materials | 8 | 9 | 2 | .. | .. | 19 |
| Ornaments and minor art products | 7 | 11 | 2 | .. | .. | 20 |
| Equipment for sports and games | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| Designs, medals, type, and dies | 9 | 6 | .. | .. | .. | 15 |
| Watches, clocks, and scientific instruments | 22 | 16 | 2 | .. | .. | 40 |
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 4 |
| Engines, machines, tools, &c. | 75 | 74 | 10 | 1 | .. | 160 |
| Carriages and vehicles | 88 | 90 | 12 | .. | .. | 190 |
| Harness, saddlery, leatherware | 47 | 36 | 9 | 1 | .. | 93 |
| Ships, boats, and equipments | 13 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 32 |
| Furniture | 75 | 99 | 11 | 1 | .. | 186 |
| Building-material (wood) | 209 | 171 | 50 | 8 | .. | 438 |
| Chemicals and by-products | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 5 |
| Textile fabrics | 20 | 12 | 5 | .. | .. | 37 |
| Dress | 176 | 244 | 50 | 6 | .. | 476 |
| Fibrous material | 20 | 16 | 5 | 1 | .. | 42 |
| Animal food | 97 | 121 | 17 | .. | .. | 235 |
| Vegetable food | 142 | 150 | 33 | 5 | .. | 330 |
| Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants | 32 | 40 | 5 | 1 | .. | 78 |
| Soap and candles, currier, &c. | 19 | 43 | 7 | 1 | .. | 70 |
| Working in wood, n.o.e. | 5 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 9 |
| Paper-manufacture | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
| Marble, clay, cement, glass, &c. | 30 | 36 | 7 | .. | .. | 73 |
| Precious metals | 19 | 23 | 4 | .. | .. | 46 |
| Metals, other than gold or silver | 245 | 245 | 52 | 2 | .. | 544 |
| Fuel, light, &c. | 66 | 72 | 8 | 1 | .. | 147 |
| Building and construction— | ||||||
| Builders and contractors | 131 | 160 | 28 | 1 | .. | 320 |
| Stonemasons | 8 | 14 | 3 | .. | .. | 25 |
| Bricklayers | 29 | 82 | 12 | 1 | .. | 124 |
| Carpenters | 362 | 404 | 62 | 5 | .. | 833 |
| Slaters, tilers | 5 | 7 | .. | .. | 12 | |
| Plasterers | 28 | 42 | 3 | .. | .. | 73 |
| Painters and glaziers | 152 | 199 | 39 | 5 | .. | 395 |
| Signwriters | 5 | 6 | 1 | .. | .. | 12 |
| Plumbers | 111 | 120 | 15 | 1 | .. | 247 |
| Roads, railways, and earthworks | 87 | 91 | 31 | 1 | .. | 210 |
| Disposal of dead | 1 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 6 |
| Disposal of refuse | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 4 |
| Other industrial workers— | ||||||
| Mechanics, manufacturers | 43 | 23 | 6 | .. | .. | 72 |
| Factory-worker manager, &c. | 43 | 41 | 11 | 1 | .. | 96 |
| Engineers, engine-drivers | 338 | 335 | 80 | 5 | .. | 758 |
| Machinists | 33 | 44 | 2 | .. | .. | 79 |
| Contractors, managers, &c. | 125 | 125 | 31 | 3 | .. | 284 |
| Labourers, undefined | 1,513 | 1,539 | 409 | 48 | 1 | 3,510 |
| Total, Industrial | 4,530 | 4,886 | 1,047 | 101 | 2 | 10,566 |
| Class VI.—Agriculture, Pastoral, and Mining Pursuits, &c. | ||||||
| Bees and wild animals | 12 | 6 | 1 | .. | .. | 19 |
| Fisheries | 35 | 24 | 9 | 1 | .. | 69 |
| Forestry | 82 | 56 | 14 | 2 | .. | 154 |
| Conservation of water | 3 | 8 | 2 | .. | .. | 13 |
| Kauri-gum diggers | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 5 |
| Fruit-growers | 25 | 31 | 5 | 2 | .. | 63 |
| Gardeners | 170 | 97 | 10 | 5 | .. | 288 |
| Other agricultural pursuits | 4 | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 8 |
| Sheep-farmers | 96 | 167 | 22 | 2 | .. | 287 |
| Dairy-farmers | 25 | 20 | 7 | .. | .. | 52 |
| Other pastoral pursuits | 81 | 93 | 17 | 1 | .. | 192 |
| Farming undefined | 2,666 | 2,230 | 034 | 57 | 6 | 5,599 |
| Coal-mining | 119 | 134 | 45 | .. | .. | 298 |
| Gold-mining | 141 | 120 | 46 | .. | .. | 313 |
| Mining and quarrying, undefined (including others engaged in mining) | 58 | 50 | 15 | .. | .. | 123 |
| Total, Agricultural, &c. | 3,521 | 3,051 | 835 | 70 | 6 | 7,483 |
| Class VII.—Indefinite. | ||||||
| Independent means | 18 | 8 | 2 | .. | .. | 28 |
| Retired | .. | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | 15 |
| Total, Indefinite | 18 | 11 | 4 | .. | .. | 33 |
| Total, all classes | 11,720 | 11,999 | 2,503 | 214 | 10 | 26,446 |
The births of 1,181 children were illegitimate: thus 42 in every 1,000 children registered were born out of wedlock, against 43 in 1912 and 41 in 1911.
The ages of the mothers of the illegitimate children registered during the year are as shown below. It will be seen that of the 1,173 mothers, 396 or 33.76 per cent. were under 21 years of age.
| ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN, 1913—AGES OF MOTHERS. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Age | Single Cases. | Plural Cases. |
| Years. | ||
| 14 | 4 | .. |
| 15 | 14 | .. |
| 16 | 32 | .. |
| 17 | 54 | .. |
| 18 | 87 | .. |
| 19 | 114 | .. |
| 20 | 91 | .. |
| 21 | 100 | .. |
| 22 | 98 | 1 |
| 23 | 81 | 1 |
| 24 | 59 | .. |
| 25 | 59 | 1 |
| 26 | 41 | 1 |
| 27 | 45 | 1 |
| 28 | 45 | .. |
| 29 | 29 | 1 |
| 30 | 28 | .. |
| 31 | 21 | .. |
| 32 | 31 | .. |
| 33 | 28 | 2 |
| 34 | 20 | .. |
| 35 | 20 | .. |
| 36 | 14 | .. |
| 37 | 10 | .. |
| 38 | 16 | .. |
| 39 | 5 | .. |
| 40 | 5 | .. |
| 41 | 4 | .. |
| 42 | 4 | .. |
| 43 | 1 | .. |
| 44 | 4 | .. |
| 45 | .. | .. |
| 46 | .. | .. |
| 47 | 1 | .. |
| Totals | 1,165 | 8 |
The proportion of illegitimate births per 1,000 unmarried women—i.e., spinsters and widows—at the reproductive ages, covering a period of twenty years, is shown:—
| Year. | Unmarried Women aged 15–45 Years. | Illegitimate Births. | Illegitimate-birth Rate per 1,000 Unmarried Women. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1891 | 68,990 | 638 | 9.25 |
| 1896 | 89,722 | 834 | 9.30 |
| 1901 | 105,420 | 937 | 8.89 |
| 1906 | 116,506 | 1,132 | 9.72 |
| 1911 | 116,726 | 1,078 | 9.24 |
The rates of illegitimacy in Australasia are quoted. For 1911 and 1912 the rate was lower in New Zealand than in any of the Australian States.
| PROPORTION OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN EVERY 100 BIRTHS. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Queensland. | New South Wales. | Victoria. | South Australia. | Western Australia. | Tasmania. | New Zealand. |
| 1903 | 6.79 | 6.71 | 5.73 | 4.18 | 4.70 | 5.61 | 4.55 |
| 1904 | 6.90 | 7.12 | 5.74 | 4.00 | 4.36 | 5.82 | 4.52 |
| 1905 | 6.97 | 7.37 | 5.61 | 4.36 | 4.19 | 5.52 | 4.57 |
| 1906 | 7.68 | 7.04 | 5.58 | 3.99 | 4.78 | 5.78 | 4.67 |
| 1907 | 7.68 | 6.92 | 5.62 | 4.10 | 3.86 | 5.78 | 4.61 |
| 1908 | 7.54 | 6.80 | 5.77 | 4.44 | 4.35 | 5.24 | 4.26 |
| 1909 | 7.05 | 6.44 | 5.94 | 4.18 | 3.95 | 5.45 | 4.61 |
| 1910 | 6.39 | 6.28 | 5.60 | 4.32 | 4.13 | 5.33 | 4.47 |
| 1911 | 6.22 | 6.14 | 5.96 | 4.21 | 4.47 | 5.33 | 4.09 |
| 1912 | 6.14 | 5.64 | 5.72 | 4.71 | 4.39 | 4.78 | 4.28 |
These figures show the proportion of illegitimate births to every 100 births for New Zealand to be fairly steady during the period, the rate for 1911 and 1912, however, being somewhat below the average.
The figures in the next table give, for a number of countries, the proportion of illegitimate births per 1,000 unmarried and widowed women aged 15–45 years.
| Country. | Approximate Periods. | Increase (+) or Decrease (–) per Cent. in Illegitimacy during 20 Years. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1880–82. | 1890–92. | 1900–2. | ||
| New Zealand | 13.4 | 9.0 | 8.9 | –33.6 |
| Australian Commonwealth | 14.5 | 15.9 | 13.2 | −9.0 |
| England and Wales | 14.1 | 10.5 | 8.5 | −39.7 |
| Scotland | 21.4 | 17.1 | 13.4 | −37.4 |
| Ireland | 4.4 | 3.9 | 3.8 | −13.6 |
| The Netherlands | 9.7 | 9.0 | 6.8 | −29.9 |
| Norway | 19.7 | 16.9 | 17.2 | −12.7 |
| German Empire | 29.6 | 28.7 | 27.4 | −7.4 |
| Prussia | 25.8 | 25.1 | 23.7 | −8.1 |
| Austria | 43.4 | 42.7 | 40.1 | −7.6 |
| Italy | 25.4 | .. | 19.4 | −23.6 |
| Sweden | 22.6 | 22.9 | 24.3 | +7.5 |
| Switzerland | 10.8 | 10.0 | 9.8 | −9.3 |
| Denmark | 26.9 | 24.5 | 24.2 | −10.0 |
| Spain | 16.0 | 17.5 | 15.5 | −3.1 |
| Belgium | 20.0 | 20.6 | 17.8 | −11.0 |
| France | 17.6 | 17.7 | 19.1 | +8.5 |
An important Act was passed in 1894 and re-enacted in 1908, entitled the Legitimation Act, which makes provision for the legitimation of children born before marriage on the subsequent intermarriage of their parents. Under this Act any child born out of wedlock, whose parents afterwards intermarry, is deemed to be legitimized by such marriage on the birth being registered in the manner prescribed by the Act. For legitimation purposes Registrars must register a birth when called upon to do so by any person claiming to be the father of an illegitimate child; but such person is required to make a solemn declaration that he is the father, and that at the time of the birth there existed no legal impediment to his marriage with the mother of the child. He has also to produce the evidence of his marriage. It will thus be seen that registration becomes the test of legitimacy. The following is the number of legitimations in each year, and the total to 1913, since the Act came into force:—
| Year. | Number of Children legitimized. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Previously registered | Not Previously registered. | Total | |
| 1894 | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 1895 | 55 | 13 | 68 |
| 1896 | 45 | 11 | 56 |
| 1897 | 34 | 14 | 48 |
| 1898 | 32 | 27 | 59 |
| 1899 | 28 | 13 | 41 |
| 1900 | 30 | 32 | 62 |
| 1901 | 28 | 19 | 47 |
| 1902 | 55 | 41 | 96 |
| 1903 | 41 | 24 | 65 |
| 1904 | 44 | 43 | 87 |
| 1905 | 48 | 36 | 84 |
| 1906 | 73 | 52 | 125 |
| 1907 | 75 | 39 | 114 |
| 1908 | 84 | 35 | 119 |
| 1909 | 67 | 62 | 129 |
| 1910 | 75 | 46 | 121 |
| 1911 | 76 | 46 | 122 |
| 1912 | 86 | 51 | 137 |
| 1913 | 89 | 72 | 161 |
| Totals | 1,074 | 678 | 1,752 |
The Act came into operation only during the latter end of 1894, which fact accounts for the small number of legitimations shown for that year.
The registration of still births has been made compulsory in New Zealand as from the 1st March, 1913. During the ten months ended the 31st December, 1913, 467 still births were registered. These are not included either as births or as deaths in the various numbers and rates shown in this and the following subsection. A table is given showing ages of parents in the 467 cases referred to.
| STILL-BIRTHS, 1913.—AGES OF PARENTS. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of Mother, in Years. | Age of Father, in Years. | Illegitimate Cases. | Totals. | ||||||||
| Under 21. | 21 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 35. | 35 and under 40. | 40 and under 45. | 45 and under 50. | 50 and under 65. | 65 and over. | |||
| 15 and under 16 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
| 18 and under 19 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
| 19 and under 20 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 5 |
| 20 and under 21 | .. | 2 | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 8 |
| 21 and under 25 | 1 | 14 | 18 | 13 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 56 |
| 25 and under 30 | .. | 7 | 42 | 37 | 23 | 7 | 2 | 1 | .. | 7 | 126 |
| 30 and under 35 | .. | .. | 15 | 45 | 44 | 18 | 2 | 2 | .. | 1 | 127 |
| 35 and under 40 | .. | .. | 3 | 11 | 36 | 29 | 8 | 4 | .. | 1 | 92 |
| 40 and under 45 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 4 | 22 | 14 | 3 | 1 | .. | 46 |
| 45 and under 46 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 4 | |
| 47 and under 48 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | |
| Totals | 1 | 24 | 87 | 107 | 110 | 76 | 27 | 13 | 1 | 21 | 467 |
The number of births of Maoris registered between 1st March and 31st December, 1913, under the provisions of section 20 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912, was 586. In addition, 17 Maori births were registered under the main Act, but are not included in the numbers of births shown elsewhere in this subsection.
The procedure under the law as to vaccination is as follows: The Registrar issues a notice when a birth is registered, with forms for certificate as to the result of vaccination attached. Vaccination is compulsory, if exemption is not secured in four months from date of birth. But everything is subject to the provisions of the “exemption clause,” which is the main feature, and governs the rest. Any parent or custodian who has conscientious objections—believing that vaccination would be injurious to the child's health—can apply for a certificate of exemption to a Magistrate or to a Registrar of Births; and, when the child's parent or guardian is resident outside of a borough, the application may be made to and certificate granted by a Justice of the Peace.
When no exemption certificate is obtained, the law allows the parent twelve months from date of birth in which to vaccinate, and a similar period from date of taking charge of child in case of a custodian. There are penalties for not vaccinating, but one conviction for neglecting to vaccinate a child removes liability until the child is four years of age.
In 1899 the proportion of successful vaccinations of children under one year of age to the total births was 17.94 per cent. In 1901 the proportion fell to 9.68 per cent., but rose in 1903 to 25.50 on account of a slight outbreak of smallpox. The rate per 100 births then fell year by year until in 1912 it reached only 1.26, the vaccinations of children under one year of age numbering 347, and the total vaccinations for the year being 545, exclusive of Maoris.
An outbreak of smallpox occurred in the latter half of 1913, principally among the Maoris of the Auckland District, this resulting in an unprecedented number of vaccinations. The total successful vaccinations for the year were approximately 139,250, of which 132,800 were in the North Island. These figures include adults and children, Europeans and Maoris, it being impossible to obtain complete figures as to race and age of those vaccinated.
Forty-six thousand five hundred and nineteen exemption certificates were issued from the 13th October, 1900, to the end of the year 1913. Of these only 3,502 belong to the year 1913, as against 7,270 in the preceding year.
COMPULSORY registration of deaths was instituted in New Zealand in 1855. As in the case of births, a system of non-compulsory registration had obtained since 1848.
Until the year 1876 the only information provided for in the death-registration entry was as to date, place, and cause of death, and name, sex, age, and occupation of deceased. The Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1875, required information to be recorded as regards parentage, conjugal condition, and issue of deceased. Particulars re burial had also to be entered, as well as more detailed information regarding cause of death. Subsequent amendments to the Act have made it requisite to give additional information concerning issue, and, in the case of married males, age of widow.
Every death occurring in New Zealand should be registered within three days after the day of the death if in a city or borough, or seven days in any other case. There is a penalty up to £10 for neglect, the undertaker in charge of the funeral being by the Amendment Act of 1912 made solely responsible for registration. Prior to 1913 the undertaker was primarily looked to for registration, but in addition the occupier of the house, and every person present at death were also responsible parties.
The law does not impose any limit of time after which a death may not be registered as it does in the case of a birth. It is not necessary to register the death of any still-born child.
Any person burying, or permitting, or taking part in the burial of the body of any deceased person without a certificate of cause of death signed by a duly registered medical practitioner, a Coroner's order to bury the body, or a Registrar's certificate of registration of the death, renders himself liable to a fine of £10.
In last year's issue of the Year-book attention was drawn to the fact that the death-rate for 1912 (8.87 per 1,000 of mean population) was the lowest recorded in New Zealand since the institution of compulsory registration. The figures for 1913 constitute a record of another kind, in that the number registered (10,119) is the highest in the history of registration in New Zealand. The rate for 1913 (9.47 per 1,000) is, however, lower than the average of the ten years immediately preceding (9.63).
The following table shows the number of deaths, and the death-rate per 1,000 of the living population; also a comparison with the average rate for 1882–86:—
| Year. | Total Number of Deaths. | Death-rate. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Per 1,000 of Population. | Compared with Rate in 1882–86, taken as 100 | ||
* Average for five years. | |||
| 1882–86 | 5,944* | 10.84 | 100 |
| 1887 | 6,137 | 10.29 | 95 |
| 1888 | 5,708 | 9.43 | 87 |
| 1889 | 5,772 | 9.44 | 87 |
| 1890 | 5,994 | 9.66 | 89 |
| 1891 | 6,518 | 10.35 | 95 |
| 1892 | 6,459 | 10.06 | 93 |
| 1893 | 6,767 | 10.23 | 94 |
| 1894 | 6,918 | 10.19 | 94 |
| 1895 | 6,863 | 9.91 | 91 |
| 1896 | 6,432 | 9.10 | 84 |
| 1897 | 6,595 | 9.14 | 84 |
| 1898 | 7,244 | 9.84 | 91 |
| 1899 | 7,680 | 10.24 | 94 |
| 1900 | 7,200 | 9.43 | 87 |
| 1901 | 7,634 | 9.81 | 90 |
| 1902 | 8,375 | 10.50 | 97 |
| 1903 | 8,528 | 10.40 | 96 |
| 1904 | 8,087 | 9.57 | 88 |
| 1905 | 8,061 | 9.27 | 86 |
| 1906 | 8,339 | 9.31 | 86 |
| 1907 | 10,066 | 10.95 | 101 |
| 1908 | 9,043 | 9.57 | 88 |
| 1909 | 8,959 | 9.22 | 85 |
| 1910 | 9,639 | 9.71 | 89 |
| 1911 | 9,534 | 9.39 | 87 |
| 1912 | 9,214 | 8.87 | 82 |
| 1913 | 10,119 | 9.47 | 87 |
The death-rates of males and females for the last ten years are shown separately in the next table, and also the number of male deaths to every 100 female deaths:—
| Year. | Deaths per 1,000 of the Total Population. | Male Deaths to every 100 Female Deaths. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Total. | ||
| 1904 | 10.64 | 8.37 | 9.57 | 143 |
| 1905 | 10.18 | 8.24 | 9.27 | 139 |
| 1906 | 10.40 | 8.08 | 9.31 | 145 |
| 1907 | 11.81 | 9.98 | 10.95 | 133 |
| 1908 | 10.62 | 8.38 | 9.57 | 143 |
| 1909 | 10.18 | 8.14 | 9.22 | 141 |
| 1910 | 10.67 | 8.63 | 9.71 | 139 |
| 1911 | 10.46 | 8.21 | 9.39 | 142 |
| 1912 | 9.83 | 7.79 | 8.87 | 140 |
| 1913 | 10.46 | 8.38 | 9.47 | 138 |
Males of tender years are more delicate than females, and, later in life, males are the more liable to accident. These disadvantages are partly compensated for by the preponderance of male births, but were it not for the fact that excess of immigration over emigration gives the country many more males than females, the tendency would be for the female population to exceed the male. During the ten years 1904–13 the net gain to the Dominion by migration was in the proportion of 149 males to every 100 females.
For the purpose of considering the mortality in New Zealand more closely than can be done by means of crude death-rates, it is desirable to ascertain the rates at different age-periods of the population.
| DEATH-RATES PER 1,000 LIVING AT VARIOUS AGE-PERIODS. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ages, in Years. | Average, 1904–8. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | Decrease, 1904.8 to 1913. |
* Increase. | |||||||
| Per Cent. | |||||||
| Under 5 | 20.95 | 18.77 | 19.48 | 16.67 | 14.39 | 16.74 | 20.10 |
| 5 and under 10 | 1.83 | 1.96 | 1.85 | 1.89 | 1.62 | 1.48 | 19.1.3 |
| 10 and under 15 | 1.71 | 1.35 | 1.21 | 1.48 | 1.33 | 1.38 | 19.30 |
| 15 and under 20 | 2.56 | 2.23 | 2.06 | 2.19 | 2.11 | 2.18 | 14.84 |
| 20 and under 25 | 3.55 | 3.08 | 2.82 | 2.95 | 2.77 | 2.83 | 20.28 |
| 25 and under 35 | 4.24 | 4.43 | 4.54 | 4.09 | 3.48 | 3.92 | 755 |
| 35 and under 45 | 5.77 | 6.71 | 6.06 | 5.64 | 5.76 | 6.27 | + 8.67* |
| 45 and under 55 | 10.04 | 9.73 | 9.54 | 9.82 | 9.13 | 10.25 | + 2.09* |
| 55 and under 65 | 20.14 | 17.97 | 19.53 | 19.54 | 18.96 | 19.82 | 1.59 |
| 65 and under 75 | 45.01 | 42.62 | 45.60 | 47.76 | 46.09 | 44.39 | 1.38 |
| 75 and upwards | 122.00 | 125.91 | 162.03 | 126.53 | 130.02 | 136.00 | + 11.48* |
| All ages | 9.73 | 9.22 | 9.71 | 9.39 | 8.87 | 9.47 | 2.67 |
Besides advantages of climate New Zealand possesses a population younger in age constitution than that of most other countries, conditions favourable to a low rate of mortality. Another table is given comparing death-rates at eighteen age-periods for 1911 with those of England and Wales. Here the extremely low rate of mortality in New Zealand among children under five years of age is remarkable, and the difference at some of the groups at the more advanced ages is considerable. The New Zealand rate for males is higher than that for females at all groups excepting 15–20, 20–25, and 25–30, while for England and Wales the male rate is lower than that for females at 10–15 years, and is higher in every other instance.
| DEATH-RATE PER 1,000 PERSONS LIVING, ACCORDING TO SEX, FOR THE YEAR 1911, COMPARED WITH ENGLAND AND WALES. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ages, in Years. | New Zealand. | England and Wales. | ||
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
| Under 5 | 18.30 | 14.89 | 47.32 | 40.14 |
| 5 and under 10 | 2.04 | 1.73 | 3.46 | 3.37 |
| 10 and under 15 | 1.75 | 1.19 | 2.04 | 2.07 |
| 15 and under 20 | 2.05 | 2.32 | 3.04 | 2.72 |
| 20 and under 25 | 2.73 | 3.18 | 3.85 | 3.21 |
| 25 and under 30 | 3.29 | 4.40 | 4.46 | 3.73 |
| 30 and under 35 | 4.52 | 4.27 | 5.53 | 4.56 |
| 35 and under 40 | 5.62 | 4.63 | 7.11 | 5.90 |
| 40 and under 45 | 7.13 | 5.27 | 9.27 | 7.41 |
| 45 and under 50 | 8.90 | 7.28 | 12.49 | 9.86 |
| 50 and under 55 | 13.71 | 9.76 | 17.41 | 13.24 |
| 55 and under 60 | 17.01 | 14.94 | 24.56 | 19.09 |
| 60 and under 65 | 26.39 | 21.51 | 36.07 | 27.73 |
| 65 and under 70 | 46.19 | 31.99 | 52.09 | 39.47 |
| 70 and under 75 | 62.86 | 52.49 | 80.90 | 66.72 |
| 75 and under 80 | 99.01 | 90.58 | 119.64 | 99.53 |
| 80 and under 85 | 162.40 | 137.50 | 171.99 | 151.58 |
| 85 and upwards | 282.01 | 226.19 | 270.69 | 232.68 |
| All ages | 10.46 | 8.21 | 15.58 | 13.67 |
The deaths occurring during 1913 are tabulated below in single ages up to five years, and thereafter in groups, showing males and females separately:—
| Ages. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Months. | |||
| Under 1 | 487 | 343 | 830 |
| 1–3 | 153 | 130 | 283 |
| 3–6 | 151 | 87 | 238 |
| 6–12 | 151 | 151 | 302 |
| Years. | |||
| 1–2 | 116 | 107 | 223 |
| 2–3 | 57 | 47 | 104 |
| 3–4 | 41 | 24 | 65 |
| 4–5 | 28 | 26 | 54 |
| 5–10 | 98 | 88 | 186 |
| 10–15 | 64 | 70 | 134 |
| 15–20 | 106 | 99 | 205 |
| 20 25 | 136 | 152 | 288 |
| 25–30 | 189 | 173 | 362 |
| 30–35 | 246 | 201 | 447 |
| 35–40 | 264 | 189 | 453 |
| 40–45 | 218 | 202 | 420 |
| 45–50 | 246 | 188 | 434 |
| 50–55 | 271 | 181 | 452 |
| 55–60 | 314 | 201 | 515 |
| 60–65 | 364 | 214 | 578 |
| 65–70 | 430 | 295 | 725 |
| 70–75 | 534 | 354 | 888 |
| 75–80 | 599 | 305 | 904 |
| 80–85 | 386 | 266 | 652 |
| 85–90 | 153 | 114 | 267 |
| 90–95 | 57 | 31 | 88 |
| 95–100 | 5 | 13 | 18 |
| 100 | 1 | .. | 1 |
| 101 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 102 | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Totals | 5,867 | 4,252 | 10,119 |
The average age at death of persons of either sex, in each of the ten years 1904–13, was as follows:—
| Males. | Females. | |
|---|---|---|
| 1904 | 41.47 years. | 38.44 years. |
| 1905 | 43.03 years. | 39.13 years. |
| 1906 | 44.39 years. | 39.35 years. |
| 1907 | 40.43 years. | 36.66 years. |
| 1908 | 42.50 years. | 39.14 years. |
| 1909 | 42.76 years. | 38.78 years. |
| 1910 | 44.47 years. | 42.25 years. |
| 1911 | 46.17 years. | 42.37 years. |
| 1912 | 47.19 years. | 44.91 years. |
| 1913 | 46.26 years. | 43.04 years. |
The latest information as to the average expectation of life in New Zealand is given for each age in a table on page 160 of the Yearbook for 1912. The preparation of tables from the results of the recent census is now being undertaken, and these will be issued shortly.
A table is given showing the death-rates of the Australian States and the Commonwealth in each of the past ten years. The New Zealand rates are also given.
| DEATH-RATES OF AUSTRALASIA PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION, 1904–13. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1904. | 1905. | 1900. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Queensland | 10.06 | |10.40 | 9.50 | 10.31 | 10.26 | 9.70 | 9.71 | 10.65 | 10.96 | 10.39 |
| New South Wales | 10.67 | 10.18 | 9.95 | 10.63 | 10.20 | 9.89 | 9.89 | 10.37 | 10.86 | 10.89 |
| Victoria | 11.97 | 12.17 | 12.55 | 11.86 | 12.71 | 11.45 | 11.49 | 11.45 | 12.23 | 11.11 |
| South Australia (Proper) | 10.42 | 10.45 | 10.66 | 10.16 | 10.14 | 9.74 | 10.09 | 9.82 | 10.28 | 10.82 |
| Western Australia | 12.04 | 10.98 | 12.12 | 11.47 | 11.17 | 10.27 | 10.11 | 10.19 | 11.06 | 9.34 |
| Tasmania | 10.79 | 10.00 | 10.91 | 10.81 | 11.36 | 9.68 | 11.10 | 10.13 | 10.73 | 10.87 |
| Commonwealth | 11.05 | 10.88 | 10.92 | 10.99 | 11.07 | 10.33 | 10.43 | 10.66 | 11.25 | 10.78 |
| New Zealand | 9.57 | 9.27 | 9.31 | 10.95 | 9.57 | 9.22 | 9.71 | 9.39 | 8.87 | 9.47 |
New Zealand is conspicuous as showing the lowest death-rate of the Australasian States, the rates for which are considerably lower than those of other countries. The death-rates of certain of the principal European and other countries are shown:—
| DEATH-RATES PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Country. | Average of Five Years, 1906–10. | Year 1911. |
* Registration Area. † 1910 figures. | ||
| Ontario | 14.2 | 12.6 |
| Norway | 13.8 | 13.2 |
| Denmark | 13.7 | 13.6 |
| Sweden | 14.3 | 13.8 |
| United States* | 15.2 | 14.2 |
| Netherlands | 14.3 | 14.5 |
| England and Wales | 14.7 | 14.6 |
| Scotland | 16.2 | 15.1 |
| Switzerland | 16.0 | 15.1† |
| Belgium | 15.9 | 15.2† |
| Ireland | 17.2 | 16.5 |
| Finland | 17.4 | 16.5 |
| German Empire | 17.5 | 17.3 |
| France | 19.2 | 19.6 |
| Italy | 21.2 | 21.4 |
| Servia | 24.4 | 21.8 |
| Austria | 22.4 | 21.9 |
| Jamaica | 24.3 | 22.1 |
| Spain | 24.3 | 23.2 |
| Hungary | 25.0 | 25.1 |
| Roumania | 26.3 | 25.7 |
| Chile | 33.2 | 31.1 |
| Ceylon | 30.8 | 34.8 |
Perfect accuracy in comparing one country with another can be attained only by the use of what is termed an “index of mortality.” The proportions of the living vary in regard to the different age-groups, and the ordinary death-rate—which is calculated on the population as a whole—does not afford a true means of judging of the relative healthiness of the places compared. But by taking a population like that of Sweden, and applying the percentage at each age-group to the death-rates, a standard of health or index of mortality can be arrived at. This has been done for New Zealand, in accordance with a resolution of the Statistical Conference held at Hobart in 1902, and the result is expressed in tabular form.
| INDEX OF MORTALITY IN NEW ZEALAND FOR 1913. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ages, in Years. | Estimated Mean Population. | Number of Deaths. | Death-rate per 1,000. | Percentage of Population of Sweden, 1890 (Standard). | Index of Mortality in New Zealand per 1,000. |
| Under 1 | 25,827 | 1,653 | 64.00 | 2.55 | 1.63 |
| 1 and under 20 | 402,634 | 971 | 2.41 | 39.80 | 0.96 |
| 20 and under 40 | 385,234 | 1,550 | 4.02 | 26.96 | 1.08 |
| 40 and under 60 | 179,885 | 1,821 | 10.12 | 19.23 | 1.95 |
| 60 and upwards | 75,064 | 4,124 | 54.94 | 11.46 | 6.30 |
| Totals | 1,068,644 | 10,119 | 9.47 | 100.00 | 11.92 |
A similar calculation for the States of the Australian Commonwealth has been made for 1912. The results, when compared with the actual rates, exhibit to what degree the age-constitution of the population affects the death-rate. New Zealand figures are also given.
| INDEX OF MORTALITY, 1912. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Queensland. | New South Wales. | Victoria | South Australia. | Western Australia. | Tasmania. | Commonwealth. | New Zealand. |
| Index | 13.91 | 13.63 | 14.94 | 12.76 | 14.55 | 13.69 | 14.08 | 11.27 |
| Actual | 10.96 | 10.86 | 12.23 | 10.28 | 11.06 | 10.73 | 11.23 | 8.87 |
An index of mortality worked by the same method has been obtained for England and Wales for the year 1911. The index is found to be 17.12 as against an actual rate of 14.59.
| TABLE SHOWING THE BIRTHPLACES AND AGES OF THE PERSONS WHOSE DEATHS WERE REGISTERED DURING THE YEAR 1913. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthplace. | Ages, in Years. | ||||||||
| Under 10 | 10 and under 20 | 30 and under 80 | 30 and under 40 | 40 and under 50 | 50 and under 60 | 60 and under 70 | 70 and wards. | Totals. | |
| British. | |||||||||
| Australasia— | |||||||||
| New Zealand | 2,260 | 305 | 499 | 575 | 418 | 179 | 152 | 78 | 4,466 |
| Queensland | 2 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 19 |
| New South Wales | 4 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 14 | 66 |
| Victoria | 2 | 1 | 10 | 19 | 28 | 42 | 16 | 7 | 125 |
| South Australia | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 16 |
| Western Australia | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
| Tasmania | 1 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 2 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 66 |
| Australia (State not named) | .. | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | .. | 18 |
| United Kingdom— | |||||||||
| England and Wales | 5 | 15 | 48 | 130 | 178 | 343 | 492 | 1,163 | 2,374 |
| Scotland | 3 | 2 | 23 | 51 | 61 | 121 | 225 | 665 | 1,151 |
| Ireland | .. | .. | 16 | 35 | 69 | 152 | 223 | 562 | 1,057 |
| Other British possessions— | |||||||||
| India | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 14 |
| North America | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 | 5 | 16 | 25 |
| South Africa | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 15 |
| Others | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 23 |
| Foreign. | |||||||||
| Austria | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 13 |
| Denmark | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | .. | 9 | 7 | 17 | 37 |
| Finland | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 3 |
| France | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 5 | 11 | 18 |
| Germany | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7 | 6 | 27 | 53 | 93 |
| Italy | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 13 |
| Norway | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 26 |
| Poland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Russia | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 4 |
| Sweden | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 4 | 7 | 14 | 30 |
| Switzerland | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 4 |
| United States of America | .. | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 36 |
| China | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 8 | 27 |
| Others | .. | .. | .. | 4 | .. | 2 | 3 | 7 | 16 |
| At sea | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 19 |
| Unspecified | 4 | 1 | 14 | 38 | 48 | 44 | 63 | 127 | 339 |
| Totals | 2,285 | 339 | 650 | 900 | 854 | 967 | 1,303 | 2,821 | 10,119 |
The occupations of males who died during 1913, arranged according to the census classification, are shown in the following table:—
| Occupations. | Number of Deaths of Males. | Ages, in Years. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 15. | 15 and under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 40. | 45 and under 65. | 65 and upwards. | ||
| CLASS I.—PROFESSIONAL. | |||||||
| General Government | 11 | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 5 | 2 |
| Local Government | 11 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 6 | 4 |
| Defence | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 3 |
| LAW and order | 36 | .. | .. | 2 | 9 | 9 | 16 |
| Religion | 18 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 7 | 9 |
| Health | 24 | .. | .. | 3 | 4 | 11 | 6 |
| Literature | 18 | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 6 | 8 |
| Science | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | |
| Civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, and surveying | 26 | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 6 | 16 |
| Education | 37 | .. | .. | 1 | 9 | 11 | 16 |
| Fine arts | 9 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| Music | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | |
| Amusements | 8 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 4 | 1 |
| Total Professional | 207 | .. | .. | 7 | 44 | 70 | 86 |
| CLASS II.—DOMESTIC. | |||||||
| Hotelkeepers and assistants | 43 | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 18 | 17 |
| Others engaged in providing board and lodging | 12 | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 6 | 3 |
| House servants | 40 | .. | .. | 1 | 14 | 12 | 13 |
| Coachmen and grooms | 11 | .. | 1 | .. | 6 | 3 | 1 |
| Laundrymen | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | |
| Others engaged in domestic service | 26 | .. | 2 | .. | 5 | 9 | 10 |
| Total Domestic | 136 | .. | 4 | 3 | 33 | 52 | 44 |
| CLASS III.—COMMERCIAL. | |||||||
| Banking and finance | 9 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 8 |
| Insurance and valuation | 19 | .. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 |
| Land and household property | 10 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| Trade— | |||||||
| Books, publications, and advertising | 11 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| Machinery, tools, and implements | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | |
| Ships, boats, and marine stores | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| Textile fabrics | 39 | .. | 3 | 2 | 15 | 8 | 11 |
| Dress | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3 | |
| Animal food | 51 | .. | .. | 1 | 13 | 19 | 18 |
| Vegetable food | 11 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 5 | 5 |
| Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants | 19 | .. | 1 | .. | 4 | 7 | 7 |
| Living animals | 16 | .. | 1 | .. | 9 | 3 | 3 |
| Wool and other animal matter | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Seeds, Plants, &c. | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Timber | 9 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 4 | 4 |
| Wood, coal, &c. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | ||
| Metals other than gold and silver | 8 | .. | .. | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Merchants, shopkeepers, &c. | 87 | .. | 1 | 1 | 24 | 26 | 35 |
| Dealers and hawkers | 19 | .. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
| Agents, brokers, &c. | 12 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| Accountants, clerks, &c. | 128 | .. | 5 | 11 | 31 | 36 | 45 |
| Commercial travellers, salesmen | 38 | .. | .. | .. | 17 | 16 | 5 |
| Other mercantile persons | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Total Commercial | 503 | .. | 14 | 20 | 134 | 155 | 180 |
| CLASS IV.—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION. | |||||||
| Railway traffic | 47 | .. | 3 | 2 | 15 | 17 | 10 |
| Tramways | 14 | .. | 1 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
| Road | 83 | .. | 4 | 2 | 24 | 30 | 23 |
| Sea and river traffic | 138 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 39 | 42 | 52 |
| Postal service | 11 | .. | .. | .. | 9 | 2 | |
| Telegraph and telephone service | 7 | .. | 1 | .. | 4 | 2 | |
| Delivery of parcels, &c., by hand | 6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 2 |
| Total Transport and Communication | 306 | 1 | 10 | 11 | 97 | 99 | 88 |
| CLASS V.—INDUSTRIAL. | |||||||
| Books and publications | 27 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 13 | 12 |
| Musical instruments | 3 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | ||
| Prints, pictures, and art materials | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | ||
| Ornaments, minor art products, &c. | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Equipment for sports and games | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| Watches, clocks, and scientific instruments | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 |
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| Engines, machines, tools, &c. | 16 | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 5 | 7 |
| Carriages and vehicles | 18 | .. | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 7 |
| Harness, saddlery, and leatherware | 19 | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | 8 | 6 |
| Ships, boats, and equipments | 27 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | 23 |
| Furniture | 28 | .. | 4 | .. | 4 | 6 | 13 |
| Building-material (wood) | 29 | .. | 1 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 11 |
| Chemicals | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | ||
| Textile fabrics | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Dress | 76 | .. | 1 | 2 | 12 | 23 | 38 |
| Fibrous materials | 7 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Animal food | 8 | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Vegetable food | 31 | .. | 1 | .. | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants | 11 | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 2 | 5 |
| Wool-scouring, soap, end candles, &c. | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 1 |
| Wood-work | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
| Paper-manufacture | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 |
| Marble, clay, cement, glass, &c. | 9 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| Precious metals | 6 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| Metals, other than gold or silver | 65 | .. | 2 | 2 | 17 | 20 | 24 |
| Fuel, light, &c. | 9 | .. | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| Building and construction— | |||||||
| Builders and contractors | 33 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 9 | 21 |
| Stonemasons | 9 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 7 |
| Bricklayers | 16 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 6 | 8 |
| Carpenters | 126 | .. | 3 | 7 | 18 | 30 | 68 |
| Plasterers | 5 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | 3 |
| Painters and glaziers | 44 | .. | 1 | 2 | 16 | 16 | 9 |
| Plumbers | 16 | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 4 | 6 |
| Roads, railways, and earthworks | 20 | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 9 | 8 |
| Disposal of the dead | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| Disposal of refuse | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| Other industrial workers— | |||||||
| Mechanics, manufacturers | 1 | .. | 1 | ||||
| Factory workers, managers, &c. | 7 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Contractors, managers, &c. | 24 | .. | .. | 1 | 4 | 10 | 9 |
| Machinists, machine hands | 7 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Engineers, engine-drivers | 79 | .. | 1 | 4 | 24 | 27 | 23 |
| Labourers undefined | 738 | .. | 8 | 28 | 173 | 207 | 322 |
| Total industrial | 1,541 | .. | 26 | 56 | 349 | 436 | 674 |
| CLASS VI.–AGRICULTURAL, PASTORAL, AND MINING PURSUITS, ETC. | |||||||
| Agricultural (including farming undefined) | 921 | .. | 21 | 23 | 131 | 240 | 506 |
| Pastoral | 96 | .. | .. | 4 | 22 | 33 | 37 |
| Bees, fisheries, and wild animals | 18 | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | 5 | 9 |
| Forestry | 16 | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 5 | 3 |
| Kauri-gum digging | 23 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 9 | 12 |
| Mines and quarries | 243 | .. | .. | 1 | 39 | 38 | 165 |
| Total agricultural, pastoral, &c. | 1,317 | .. | 22 | 29 | 204 | 330 | 732 |
| CLASS VII.—INDEFINITE. | |||||||
| Independent means, &c. | 301 | .. | .. | 1 | 8 | 24 | 268 |
| Dependent relatives (including persons under 20 years of age with no specified occupation) | 1,378 | 1,345 | 30 | 1 | 2 | ||
| Dependent upon the State or upon public or private support | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | |
| Undefined or unknown | 177 | .. | .. | 8 | 46 | 28 | 95 |
| Total indefinite | 1,857 | 1,345 | 30 | 10 | 56 | 53 | 363 |
| Total deaths of Males (all occupations) | 5,867 | 1,346 | 106 | 130 | 917 | 1,195 | 2,167 |
The total number of deaths registered for the four centres in 1913 was 3,062—viz., 2,364 in the cities, and 698 in the suburbs.
By including the suburbs the death-rate for last year is lowered at all of the four centres. The rates for the year are,—
| Death-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population. | |
|---|---|
| Auckland City | 11.49 |
| Auckland City and seven suburban boroughs | 10.61 |
| Wellington City | 9.30 |
| Wellington City and four suburban boroughs | 9.08 |
| Christchurch City | 10.40 |
| Christchurch City and five suburban boroughs | 10.15 |
| Dunedin City | 11.98 |
| Dunedin City and five suburban boroughs | 11.03 |
The death-rates for the cities, including suburban boroughs, for five years are as below:—
| Deaths per 1,000 of Population. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| Auckland (including suburbs) | 9.30 | 9.73 | 10.93 | 9.73 | 10.61 |
| Wellington (including suburbs) | 9.11 | 8.95 | 10.08 | 9.13 | 9.08 |
| Christchurch (including suburbs) | 9.33 | 10.41 | 10.36 | 10.34 | 10.15 |
| Dunedin (including suburbs) | 9.95 | 10.24 | 10.43 | 10.43 | 11.03 |
If the number of deaths of infants under one year be excluded, the mortality among the rest of the population is found to have been for 1912 and 1913 in the following ratio to the 1,000 living:—
| 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
| Auckland (including suburbs) | 8.04 | 8.74 |
| Wellington (including suburbs) | 7.44 | 7.79 |
| Christchurch (including suburbs) | 8.65 | 8.82 |
| Dunedin (including suburbs) | 9.40 | 9.59 |
In the portion of the births subsection dealing with births and birth-rates of the chief centres it is explained that a new system of allocating births and of computing birth-rates for the centres has been adopted. The birth-rates obtained under the new system are lower than those that would be arrived at under the former system, and the new system is also responsible to a slight degree for a higher rate of infantile mortality as reckoned on per 100 births. The greater part of the increase in 1913 as compared with 1912 is, however, due to an actual excess in point of numbers of deaths of infants registered. The rates per 100 births in 1912 and 1913 are,—
| 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
| Auckland (including suburbs) | 5.70 | 8.08 |
| Wellington (including suburbs) | 6.13 | 6.02 |
| Christchurch | 6.00 | 6.35 |
| Dunedin | 3.81 | 7.34 |
Again, the percentage of deaths of children under 5 to the total number of deaths is—in Auckland, 24.79; in Wellington, 20.15; in Christchurch, 20.42; in Dunedin, 17.78.
Excluding suburbs, and dealing with the deaths at all ages in the four cities or central boroughs only, the rates at Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch for 1913 are found to be lower than those for the previous year. The figures for five years are given:—
| Deaths per 1,000 of Population | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| Auckland (excluding suburbs) | 11.25 | 11.88 | 13.68 | 11.65 | 11.49 |
| Wellington (excluding suburbs) | 9.35 | 9.31 | 10.32 | 9.43 | 9.30 |
| Christchurch (excluding suburbs) | 9.48 | 10.54 | 10.95 | 10.63 | 10.40 |
| Dunedin (excluding suburbs) | 11.55 | 10.99 | 11.79 | 11.57 | 11.98 |
Omitting the deaths of infants under one year, and calculating the rate on the population of one year of age and upwards, an increase in the rate is shown at two of the four centres. The mean rates for five years are also given:—
| Deaths per 1,000 of Population, excluding Infants under One Year of Age. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1912. | 1913. | Mean of Five Years. | |
| Auckland (excluding suburbs) | 9.95 | 9.42 | 10.07 |
| Wellington (excluding suburbs) | 7.95 | 8.03 | 7.84 |
| Christchurch (excluding suburbs) | 9.03 | 9.06 | 8.87 |
| Dunedin (excluding suburbs) | 10.79 | 10.54 | 10.35 |
Vital Statistics of Chief Cities, compared with Australian Capitals, 1913.
The death-rates of the four chief centres compare very favourably with those of the capital cities of the various Australian States. The following table shows the numbers and rates of births and deaths for the year 1913. Rates for Perth are not available.
| Cities (including Suburbs). | Estimated Mean Population. | Births. | Deaths. | Excess of Birthday over Deaths | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Number. | Rate per 1,000 of Population. | Total Number. | Rate per 1,000 of Population. | |||
* Ten-mile radius. | ||||||
| Sydney | 710,100 | 20,535 | 28.92 | 7,938 | 11.18 | 12,597 |
| Melbourne | 639,700 | 17,397 | 27.20 | 7,960 | 12.44 | 9,437 |
| Adelaide | 198,742 | 6,346 | 31.93 | 2,794 | 14.06 | 3,552 |
| Brisbane* | 148,147 | 5,092 | 34.37 | 1,944 | 13.12 | 3,148 |
| Hobart | 38,845 | 1,324 | 34.08 | 625 | 14.88 | 699 |
| Auckland | 91,624 | 2,376 | 25.93 | 972 | 10.61 | 1,404 |
| Wellington | 72,685 | 1,793 | 24.67 | 660 | 9.08 | 1,133 |
| Christchurch | 69,961 | 1,701 | 24.31 | 710 | 10.15 | 991 |
| Dunedin | 65,285 | 1,471 | 22.53 | 720 | 11.03 | 751 |
The low birth rates of the New Zealand cities as compared with the Australian capitals is largely due to the difference in system of allocation of births.
The table following shows the number of living issue (male, female, and total) left by married men whose deaths were registered during the ten years 1904–13, the information being given according to age of father and of issue. It will be seen that during the period under review 20,605 fathers left issue to the number of 101,233, an average of 4.91. There were also 3,496 married men who died without issue.
| NUMBER AND AGES OF ISSUE LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, 1904–13. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of Issue, in Years. | Number of Issue left by Fathers dying within the Age-groups shown at Head of Column. | ||||||||
| 20 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and under 50. | 50 and under 60. | 60 and under 65. | 65 and under 70. | 70 and under 80. | 80 and over. | Totals. | |
| Males. | |||||||||
| 0 | 53 | 122 | 56 | 22 | 6 | 3 | 1 | .. | 268 |
| 1 | 40 | 134 | 86 | 34 | 8 | 4 | 2 | .. | 308 |
| 2 | 80 | 220 | 106 | 46 | 11 | 10 | 4 | .. | 477 |
| 3 | 39 | 181 | 145 | 72 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 459 |
| 4 | 35 | 187 | 175 | 76 | 15 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 506 |
| 5 | 11 | 212 | 181 | 87 | 19 | 16 | 11 | .. | 537 |
| 6 | 12 | 191 | 179 | 91 | 21 | 16 | 9 | .. | 520 |
| 7 | 5 | 175 | 200 | 118 | 25 | 23 | 16 | 1 | 563 |
| 8 | 2 | 149 | 232 | 134 | 39 | 23 | 15 | 1 | 595 |
| 9 | .. | 108 | 205 | 150 | 40 | 24 | 20 | 2 | 549 |
| 10 | .. | 116 | 223 | 172 | 49 | 21 | 28 | 1 | 610 |
| 11 | .. | 80 | 199 | 194 | 43 | 36 | 33 | 2 | 587 |
| 12 | .. | 59 | 248 | 199 | 73 | 50 | 26 | 3 | 658 |
| 13 | .. | 33 | 206 | 242 | 77 | 60 | 40 | 5 | 663 |
| 14 | .. | 37 | 232 | 271 | 81 | 87 | 54 | 6 | 768 |
| 15 | .. | 23 | 177 | 279 | 97 | 77 | 58 | 5 | 716 |
| 16 | .. | 11 | 188 | 283 | 106 | 89 | 86 | 7 | 776 |
| 17 | .. | 8 | 188 | 340 | 150 | 131 | 101 | 7 | 925 |
| 18 | .. | 7 | 159 | 334 | 143 | 118 | 98 | 7 | 866 |
| 19 | .. | 3 | 129 | 347 | 172 | 155 | 143 | 14 | 963 |
| 20 | .. | 2 | 127 | 342 | 186 | 153 | 148 | 13 | 971 |
| 21 and over | .. | .. | 309 | 3,608 | 4,191 | 6,282 | 14,843 | 7,126 | 36,359 |
| Unspecified | 17 | 75 | 183 | 309 | 177 | 277 | 553 | 77 | 1,668 |
| Total male issue | 294 | 2,133 | 4,133 | 7,750 | 5,739 | 7,672 | 16,300 | 7,280 | 51,801 |
| Females. | |||||||||
| 0 | 61 | 120 | 75 | 21 | 5 | 1 | 1 | .. | 284 |
| 1 | 66 | 150 | 99 | 42 | 8 | 3 | 2 | .. | 370 |
| 2 | 45 | 199 | 129 | 57 | 10 | 5 | 3 | .. | 448 |
| 3 | 50 | 212 | 138 | 73 | 14 | 3 | 4 | .. | 494 |
| 4 | 20 | 183 | 141 | 64 | 14 | 13 | 11 | .. | 446 |
| 5 | 13 | 187 | 177 | 100 | 17 | 11 | 12 | 3 | 520 |
| 6 | 18 | 157 | 165 | 99 | 14 | 13 | 9 | 2 | 477 |
| 7 | 8 | 154 | 204 | 127 | 29 | 21 | 13 | .. | 556 |
| 8 | 1 | 117 | 191 | 140 | 31 | 25 | 26 | .. | 532 |
| 9 | 3 | 132 | 196 | 158 | 38 | 27 | 14 | 1 | 569 |
| 10 | .. | 97 | 218 | 168 | 35 | 29 | 25 | 5 | 577 |
| 11 | .. | 83 | 201 | 199 | 55 | 35 | 25 | 2 | 600 |
| 12 | .. | 67 | 225 | 215 | 63 | 54 | 44 | 5 | 673 |
| 13 | .. | 46 | 194 | 235 | 85 | 51 | 44 | 3 | 058 |
| 14 | .. | 31 | 208 | 243 | 88 | 73 | 56 | 2 | 701 |
| 15 | .. | 24 | 189 | 274 | 93 | 77 | 63 | 4 | 724 |
| 16 | .. | 19 | 194 | 294 | 130 | 94 | 85 | 3 | 819 |
| 17 | .. | 7 | 172 | 300 | 144 | 121 | 90 | 8 | 842 |
| 18 | .. | 7 | 178 | 320 | 158 | 133 | 120 | 5 | 921 |
| 19 | .. | 1 | 146 | 392 | 176 | 152 | 135 | 13 | 1,015 |
| 20 | .. | 1 | 125 | 346 | 181 | 145 | 126 | 14 | 938 |
| 21 and over | .. | .. | 312 | 3,516 | 4,051 | 6,337 | 14,202 | 6,739 | 35,157 |
| Unspecified | 12 | 80 | 172 | 286 | 198 | 251 | 546 | 66 | 1,611 |
| Total female issue | 297 | 2,074 | 4,049 | 7,669 | 5,637 | 7,674 | 15,656 | 6,876 | 49,932 |
| Both Sexes. | |||||||||
| 0 | 114 | 242 | 131 | 43 | 11 | 4 | 2 | .. | 547 |
| 1 | 106 | 284 | 185 | 76 | 16 | 7 | 4 | .. | 678 |
| 2 | 125 | 419 | 235 | 103 | 21 | 15 | 7 | .. | 925 |
| 3 | 89 | 393 | 283 | 145 | 24 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 953 |
| 4 | 55 | 370 | 316 | 140 | 29 | 22 | 19 | 1 | 952 |
| 5 | 24 | 399 | 358 | 187 | 36 | 27 | 23 | 3 | 1,057 |
| 6 | 30 | 348 | 344 | 190 | 35 | 29 | 18 | 3 | 997 |
| 7 | 13 | 329 | 404 | 245 | 54 | 44 | 29 | 1 | 1,119 |
| 8 | 3 | 260 | 423 | 274 | 70 | 48 | 41 | 2 | 1,127 |
| 9 | 3 | 240 | 401 | 308 | 78 | 51 | 34 | 3 | 1,118 |
| 10 | .. | 213 | 441 | 340 | 84 | 50 | 53 | 6 | 1,187 |
| 11 | .. | 163 | 400 | 393 | 98 | 71 | 58 | 4 | 1,187 |
| 12 | .. | 126 | 473 | 414 | 136 | 104 | 70 | 8 | 1,331 |
| 13 | .. | 79 | 400 | 477 | 162 | 111 | 84 | 8 | 1,321 |
| 14 | .. | 68 | 440 | 514 | 169 | 160 | 110 | 8 | 1,469 |
| 15 | .. | 47 | 366 | 553 | 190 | 154 | 121 | 9 | 1,440 |
| 16 | .. | 30 | 382 | 577 | 236 | 183 | 171 | 10 | 1,589 |
| 17 | .. | 15 | 360 | 640 | 294 | 252 | 191 | 15 | 1,767 |
| 18 | .. | 14 | 337 | 654 | 301 | 251 | 218 | 12 | 1,787 |
| 19 | .. | 4 | 275 | 739 | 348 | 307 | 278 | 27 | 1,978 |
| 20 | .. | 3 | 252 | 688 | 367 | 298 | 274 | 27 | 1,909 |
| 21 and over | .. | .. | 621 | 7,124 | 8,242 | 12,619 | 29,045 | 13,865 | 71,510 |
| Unspecified | 29 | 155 | 355 | 595 | 375 | 528 | 1,099 | 143 | 3,279 |
| Grand totals | 591 | 4,207 | 8,182 | 15,419 | 11,376 | 15,346 | 31,956 | 14,156 | 101,233 |
| Total male deaths | 3,504 | 4,016 | 4,049 | 5,161 | 3,247 | 4,487 | 9,653 | 4,327 | 38,504 |
| Married men who died— | |||||||||
| (a) Without issue | 199 | 416 | 449 | 482 | 259 | 401 | 880 | 410 | 3,496 |
| (b) Leaving issue | 342 | 1,577 | 2,098 | 3,098 | 2,069 | 2,778 | 5,879 | 2,764 | 20,605 |
Several tables dealing with orphanhood are given in full in the annual volume of Statistics of the Dominion. Two of these showing respectively number of issue under 14 and 21 years of age left by married men whose deaths were registered during 1913 are summarized and given below.
| ISSUE UNDER AGE 14 LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, YEAR 1913. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Death, in Years. | Married Men who died leaving Number of Children under 14 years of Age shown at Head of Column. | Total Number of Married Men who died leaving Children under Age 14. | ||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 and over. | ||
| 20 and under 25 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| 25 and under 30 | 16 | 10 | 6 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 33 |
| 30 and under 35 | 29 | 27 | 22 | 8 | 5 | 2 | .. | 93 |
| 35 and under 40 | 26 | 33 | 20 | 9 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 112 |
| 40 and under 45 | 24 | 24 | 18 | 10 | 13 | 2 | 2 | 102 |
| 45 and under 50 | 34 | 28 | 21 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 105 |
| 50 and under 55 | 32 | 25 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 88 |
| 55 and under 60 | 34 | 17 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 | .. | 65 |
| 60 and under 65 | 26 | 9 | 4 | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 41 |
| 65 and under 70 | 15 | 6 | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 26 |
| 70 and under 75 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 14 |
| 75 and under 80 | 4 | .. | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 10 |
| 80 and over | 1 | 4 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 6 |
| Totals | 248 | 187 | 118 | 67 | 47 | 17 | 12 | 696 |
| ISSUE UNDER AGE 21 LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, YEAR 1913. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Death, in Years. | Married Men who died leaving Number of Children under 21 Years of Age shown at Head of Column. | Total Number of Married Men who died leaving Children under Age 21. | ||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 and over. | ||
| 20 and under 25 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 |
| 25 and under 30 | 16 | 10 | 6 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 33 |
| 30 and under 35 | 29 | 27 | 22 | 7 | 6 | 2 | .. | 93 |
| 35 and under 40 | 29 | 35 | 18 | 9 | 13 | 6 | 7 | 117 |
| 40 and under 45 | 22 | 24 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 6 | 9 | 111 |
| 45 and under 50 | 22 | 36 | 28 | 22 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 136 |
| 50 and under 55 | 37 | 35 | 20 | 15 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 141 |
| 55 and under 60 | 54 | 27 | 19 | 16 | 11 | 3 | 8 | 138 |
| 60 and under 65 | 49 | 26 | 17 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 112 |
| 65 and under 70 | 32 | 20 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 5 | .. | 77 |
| 70 and under 75 | 31 | 16 | 9 | .. | 4 | 2 | .. | 62 |
| 75 and under 80 | 21 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 38 |
| 80 and over | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 16 |
| Totals | 351 | 265 | 179 | 107 | 73 | 48 | 52 | 1,075 |
Subjoined is a classified statement of the deaths of infants under one year during 1913, with the ratio of the deaths in each class to the 1,000 births during the year:—
| Sex. | Under 1 Month. | 1 and under 3 Months. | 3 and under 6 Months. | 6 and under 12 Months. | Total under 12 Months. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NUMBER OF DEATHS. | |||||
| Male | 487 | 153 | 151 | 151 | 942 |
| Female | 343 | 130 | 87 | 151 | 711 |
| DEATHS TO THE 1,000 BIRTHS. | |||||
| Male | 33.74 | 10,060 | 10.46 | 10.46 | 65.26 |
| Female | 25.40 | 9.63 | 6.45 | 11.18 | 52.66 |
Sixty-five out of every thousand male children born, and fifty-three of every thousand females, are found to have died before attaining the age of one year. The mortality was thus one in fifteen of male children and one in nineteen of females.
It will be seen from the figures that the chances of living during the first year of age are greater for female than for male infants. Thus, in proportion to the number of children of each sex born in 1913, there were during the year—
100 deaths of males to 70 deaths of females under 1 month of age;
100 deaths of males to 85 deaths of females from 1 to 3 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 58 deaths of females from 3 to 6 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 100 deaths of females from 6 to 12 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 75 deaths of females under 12 months of age.
Dealing with the results for ten years, the deaths of infants under one year are in the large proportion of three-fourths of the total deaths under five, as might be expected, the first year being the tenderest period.
| DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS AND PROPORTION TO DEATHS AT ALL AGES. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Deaths of Children under 5 Years of Age. | Total Deaths at all Ages. | Deaths under 5 Years: Per Cent. of Mortality at all Ages. | |||||
| Under 1 Year. | 1 Year and under 2 Years. | 2 Year and under 3 Years. | 3 Year and under 4 Years. | 4 Year and under 5 Years. | Total under 5 Years. | |||
| 1904 | 1,616 | 169 | 83 | 63 | 43 | 1,974 | 8,087 | 24.41 |
| 1905 | 1,599 | 176 | 97 | 61 | 46 | 1,979 | 8,061 | 24.55 |
| 1906 | 1,506 | 177 | 87 | 58 | 37 | 1,865 | 8,339 | 22.36 |
| 1907 | 2,228 | 350 | 165 | 94 | 49 | 2,886 | 10,066 | 28.67 |
| 1908 | 1,761 | 231 | 103 | 88 | 45 | 2,228 | 9,043 | 24.64 |
| 1909 | 1,634 | 242 | 115 | 75 | 44 | 2,110 | 8,959 | 23.55 |
| 1910 | 1,760 | 253 | 95 | 76 | 54 | 2,238 | 9,639 | 23.22 |
| 1911 | 1,484 | 206 | 122 | 99 | 69 | 1,980 | 9,534 | 20.77 |
| 1912 | 1,409 | 157 | 93 | 45 | 46 | 1,750 | 9,214 | 18.99 |
| 1913 | 1,653 | 223 | 104 | 65 | 54 | 2,099 | 10,119 | 20.74 |
| Average of ten years | l,665 | 218 | 106 | 73 | 49 | 2,111 | 9,106 | 23.19 |
NOTE.—The total number of deaths of children under 5 years for the period included in this table is 21,109.
| DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER ONE YEAR, AND PROPORTION TO BIRTHS. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Deaths of Infants under 1 Year of Age. | Total Births registered. | Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 Year to every 1,000 Births. | ||||
| Under 1 Month | 1 Month and under 3 Months. | 3 Months and under 6 Months. | 6 Months and under 12 Months. | Total under 12 Months. | |||
| 1904 | 669 | 260 | 356 | 331 | 1,616 | 22,766 | 70.98 |
| 1905 | 714 | 285 | 290 | 310 | 1,599 | 23,682 | 67.52 |
| 1906 | 717 | 247 | 244 | 298 | 1,506 | 24,252 | 62.10 |
| 1907 | 763 | 446 | 500 | 519 | 2,228 | 25,094 | 88.79 |
| 1908 | 810 | 242 | 347 | 362 | 1,761 | 25,940 | 67.89 |
| 1909 | 794 | 285 | 258 | 297 | 1,634 | 26,524 | 61.60 |
| 1910 | 786 | 298 | 333 | 343 | 1,760 | 25,984 | 67.73 |
| 1911 | 751 | 217 | 234 | 282 | 1,484 | 26,354 | 56.31 |
| 1912 | 827 | 188 | 192 | 202 | 1,409 | 27,508 | 51.22 |
| 1913 | 830 | 283 | 238 | 302 | 1,653 | 27,935 | 59.17 |
| Average of ten years | 766 | 275 | 299 | 325 | 1,665 | 25,604 | 65.03 |
NOTE—The total number of deaths of infants under 1 year for the period included in the table is 16,650.
| RATES OF INFANTILE MORTALITY IN NEW ZEALAND AND FOUR CHIEF CENTRES (NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1,000 BIRTHS) EACH YEAR 1904–13. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | New Zealand. | Auckland and Suburban Boroughs. | Wellington and Suburban Boroughs. | Christchurch and Suburban Boroughs. | Dunedin and Suburban Boroughs. |
| 1904 | 70.98 | 70.12 | 95.33 | 102.96 | 93.02 |
| 1905 | 67.52 | 91.52 | 96.21 | 88.99 | 67.13 |
| 1906 | 62.10 | 85.80 | 71.88 | 74.37 | 72.60 |
| 1907 | 88.79 | 97.19 | 117.80 | 126.16 | 95.36 |
| 1908 | 67.89 | 81.87 | 81.67 | 67.82 | 74.54 |
| 1909 | 61.60 | 61.85 | 84.21 | 62.78 | 48.52 |
| 1910 | 67.73 | 79.02 | 84.59 | 69.40 | 79.08 |
| 1911 | 56.31 | 63.02 | 73.36 | 62.90 | 43.42 |
| 1912 | 51.22 | 56.95 | 61.32 | 60.03 | 38.11 |
| 1913 | 59.17 | 80.81 | 60.23 | 63.49 | 73.42 |
Although 16,650 infants under one year were lost to the Dominion by death during the ten years 1904–13, and, including these, 21,109 children under five, the next table shows more satisfactory results for New Zealand than for New South Wales, Victoria, or the Australian Commonwealth in the matter of the preservation of infant life. Dealing with averages of five years, in New Zealand only 6097 infants under one year are found to die out of every 1,000 born, against 72.85 in New South Wales, 75.49 in Victoria, and 72.88 in the Commonwealth as a whole.
| DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER 1 YEAR OF AGE TO EVERY 1,000 BIRTHS. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | New Zealand. | New South Wales. | Victoria. | Australian Commonwealth |
| 1908 | 67.89 | 75.20 | 86.05 | 77.78 |
| 1909 | 61.60 | 73.87 | 71.36 | 71.56 |
| 1910 | 67.73 | 74.71 | 76.88 | 74.81 |
| 1911 | 56.31 | 69.46 | 68.70 | 68.49 |
| 1912 | 51.22 | 71.00 | 74.48 | 71.74 |
| Means of five years | 60.97 | 72.85 | 75.49 | 72.88 |
Graphs follow showing the rates of infantile mortality (male and female) since 1870. The male and female birth-rates are also shown. The tendency for variations in the rates of the two sexes to occur simultaneously is very noticeable.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height one per 1,000 of mean population in the case of the births, and one per 100 births in the case of infantile mortality. The mortality-rates of each sex are reckoned on the births of that sex.
The table following, giving the rates of infantile mortality in various countries and cities, shows that as regards the preservation of infant life far better conditions obtain in New Zealand than in most other countries:—
| RATES OF INFANTILE MORTALITY. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country or City. | Year 1911. | Latest Year obtainable. | |||
| Rate of Infantile Mortality.* | Birthrate.† | Year. | Rate of Infantile Mortality. | Birthrate.† | |
* Per 1,000 births. † Per 1,000 of mean population. | |||||
| New Zealand | 56 | 26.0 | 1913 | 59 | 26.1 |
| Auckland | 63 | 27 2 | 1913 | 81 | 25.9 |
| Wellington | 75 | 261 | 1913 | 60 | 24.7 |
| Christchurch | 63 | 26.8 | 1913 | 63 | 24.3 |
| Dunedin | 43 | 26.5 | 1913 | 73 | 22.5 |
| Australian Commonwealth | 68 | 27.2 | 1912 | 72 | 28.7 |
| Sydney | 72 | 28.4 | 1913 | 79 | 28.9 |
| Melbourne | 78 | 24.4 | 1913 | 76 | 27.2 |
| Adelaide | 78 | 27.4 | 1913 | 78 | 31.9 |
| Brisbane | 81 | 29.2 | 1913 | 79 | 34.4 |
| Perth | 79 | 30.5 | 1913 | 84 | |
| Hobart | 77 | 29.1 | 1913 | 81 | 34.1 |
| United Kingdom | .. | .. | 1910 | 105 | 25.0 |
| England and Wales | 130 | 24.4 | 1911 | 130 | 24.4 |
| London | 129 | 24.8 | 1912 | 91 | 24.5 |
| Scotland | .. | .. | 1910 | 108 | 26.2 |
| Edinburgh | 118 | 21.3 | 1912 | 113 | 20.9 |
| Glasgow | 139 | 27.7 | 1912 | 124 | 28.1 |
| Ireland | 94 | 23.2 | 1911 | 94 | 23.2 |
| Dublin | 156 | 28.2 | 1912 | 140 | 27.4 |
| Belfast | 128 | 28.4 | 1912 | 129 | 27.8 |
| France | .. | .. | 1910 | 111 | 19.6 |
| Paris | 118 | 17.2 | 1912 | 103 | 16.8 |
| Belgium | .. | .. | 1910 | 134 | 23.7 |
| The Netherlands | 137 | 27.8 | 1911 | 137 | 27.8 |
| The Hague | 107 | 24.6 | 1912 | 66 | 23.6 |
| Amsterdam | 91 | 22.7 | 1912 | 64 | 23.3 |
| Rotterdam | 103 | 28.9 | 1912 | 79 | 29.0 |
| Denmark | 106 | 26.8 | 1911 | 106 | 26.8 |
| Copenhagen | 113 | 24.6 | 1912 | 108 | 24.9 |
| Norway | .. | .. | 1910 | 67 | 26.1 |
| Christiania | 116 | 22.5 | 1912 | 107 | 22.7 |
| Sweden | .. | .. | 1910 | 75 | 24.7 |
| Stockholm | 77 | 22.0 | 1912 | 82 | 21.0 |
| Finland | 114 | 29.1 | 1911 | 114 | 29.1 |
| Russia (European) | .. | .. | 1904 | 232 | 48.5 |
| St. Petersburg | 231 | 28.2 | 1912 | 249 | 26.5 |
| Moscow | 321 | 35.2 | 1912 | 333 | 28.9 |
| German Empire | 192 | 28.6 | 1911 | 192 | 28.6 |
| Berlin | 173 | 20.8 | 1912 | 142 | 20.4 |
| Hamburg | 158 | 21.7 | 1912 | 130 | 21.8 |
| Dresden | 166 | 20.1 | 1912 | 116 | 20.2 |
| Breslau | 207 | 26.9 | 1912 | 163 | 26.3 |
| Munich | 176 | 22.4 | 1912 | 134 | 21.9 |
| Switzerland | .. | .. | 1910 | 105 | 25.0 |
| Spain | .. | .. | 1907 | 158 | 33.6 |
| Italy | .. | .. | 1910 | 142 | 33.3 |
| Milan | .. | .. | 1912 | 102 | 23.4 |
| Austria | 207 | 31.4 | 1911 | 207 | 31.4 |
| Vienna | 166 | 20.0 | 1912 | 149 | 19.1 |
| Prague | 186 | 16.9 | 1912 | 139 | 19.9 |
| Trieste | 215 | 29.6 | 1912 | 164 | 29.7 |
| Hungary | 207 | 35.0 | 1911 | 207 | 35.0 |
| Budapest | 161 | 25.3 | 1912 | 141 | 25.5 |
| Servia | .. | .. | 1910 | 138 | 38.5 |
| Bulgaria | .. | .. | 1908 | 170 | 40.4 |
| Ceylon | 918 | 37.9 | 1911 | 218 | 37.9 |
| Japan | .. | .. | 1909 | 166 | 34.2 |
| Ontario, Canada | 117 | 21.7 | 1911 | 117 | 21.7 |
| Toronto | 114 | 22.2 | 1911 | 114 | 22.2 |
| Jamaica | 187 | 39.0 | 1911 | 187 | 39.0 |
| Chile | 332 | 38.5 | 1911 | 332 | 38.5 |
The principal causes of mortality in children under one year for New Zealand are given, with the numbers of deaths for five years from such causes. Premature birth stands first in order of importance, congenital debility next, followed by diarrhoea and enteritis. Here it is seen how much mortality is attributed to these causes according to the medical certificates.
| DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER ONE YEAR.—CAUSES, 1909–13. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Causes. | Number of Deaths from each Cause. | Percentage of Total. | ||||||||
| 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| Whooping-cough | 28 | 101 | 12 | 6 | 87 | 1.71 | 5.74 | 0.81 | 0.43 | 5.26 |
| Convulsions | 107 | 80 | 89 | 51 | 71 | 6.55 | 4.54 | 6.00 | 3.62 | 4.29 |
| Bronchitis and pneumonia | 168 | 157 | 161 | 126 | 157 | 10.28 | 8.92 | 10.85 | 8.94 | 9.50 |
| Diarrhoea and enteritis | 249 | 343 | 244 | 178 | 214 | 15.24 | 19.49 | 16.44 | 12.63 | 12.95 |
| Malformations | 57 | 58 | 51 | 117 | 89 | 3.49 | 3.30 | 3.43 | 8.30 | 5.38 |
| Premature birth | 347 | 407 | 337 | 398 | 418 | 21.24 | 23.12 | 22.71 | 28.25 | 25.29 |
| Congenital De bility | 256 | 281 | 263 | 254 | 296 | 15.67 | 15.97 | 17.72 | 18.03 | 17.91 |
| Other causes | 422 | 333 | 327 | 279 | 321 | 25.82 | 18.92 | 22.04 | 19.80 | 19.42 |
| Totals | 1,634 | 1,760 | 1,484 | 1,409 | 1,653 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
It is unlawful for any person to take charge of an infant under the age of six years, for the purpose of nursing or maintaining it apart from its parents or guardians, for a longer period than seven consecutive days, unless such person is licensed as a foster-parent.
Provision is made by law for the granting and revocation of licenses, and for the method of payment of maintenance-money. No payment is to be made to or received by a foster-parent except in pursuance of an agreement approved by the Secretary for Education, and if default be made in payment under the agreement the amount due, or part thereof, may be paid by the Secretary, and shall be recoverable as a debt due to the Crown. When and so long as any money so recoverable remains unpaid, the Secretary shall have and may exercise the powers of a guardian until the child attains the age of fifteen years. Provision is also made for the inspection of foster-homes, and in case of the removal or death of foster-children. The Act applies to any adopted infant in the same manner and to the same extent as if no such adoption bad taken place. The Department of Education is the authority by whom the Act is administered.
The New Zealand Legislature in 1907 introduced provisions for early notification of birth, allowing seventy-two hours after birth if in a city or borough, or twenty-one days in any other case. The time allowed for notification in the case of a birth in a city or borough has now been reduced to forty-eight hours.
The classification of causes of death was made in 1908 for the first time in New Zealand according to the Bertillon Index of Diseases. This system has been adopted by the Commonwealth of Australia and the principal European and American countries. It is highly desirable for comparative purposes that uniformity of statistical method should obtain when possible.
The Bertillon system differs materially from that formerly in use, and comparisons of certain causes of mortality prior to 1908 are impossible owing to changes in the classification. This applies more particularly to diseases of the digestive, nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. There are, however, certain principal causes of deaths which are unaffected and retain their comparative value, such as cancer, tubercular diseases, typhoid fever, whooping-cough, measles, influenza, scarlet fever, diabetes, appendicitis, liver and puerperal diseases, suicide, and old age.
A comparison of the causes of deaths in 1912 and 1913 arranged according to an abridged classification, the percentage of each group to the total deaths, and the proportion per 10,000 persons living, is given in the following table:—
| Class. | Number of Deaths. | Proportion to Total Deaths. | Proportion per 10,000 living. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912. | 1913. | 1912. | 1913. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |||||
| I. General diseases | 2,202 | 2,511 | 23.90 | 24.81 | 21.19 | 23.50 |
| II. Diseases of the nervous system and of the organs of special sense | 937 | 1,008 | 10.17 | 9.96 | 9.02 | 9.43 |
| III. Diseases of the circulatory system | 1,580 | 1,557 | 17.15 | 15.39 | 15.21 | 14.57 |
| IV. Diseases of the respiratory system | 844 | 949 | 9.16 | 9.38 | 8.13 | 8.88 |
| V. Diseases of the digestive system | 718 | 836 | 7.79 | 8.26 | 6.91 | 7.82 |
| VI. Diseases of the genito-urinary system and annexa | 422 | 465 | 4.58 | 4.60 | 4.06 | 4.35 |
| VII. Puerperal condition | 100 | 100 | 1.09 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.94 |
| VIII. Diseases of the skin and of the cellular tissue | 42 | 40 | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.37 |
| IX. Diseases of the organs of locomotion | 28 | 25 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.23 |
| X. Malformations | 130 | 97 | 1.41 | 0.96 | 1.25 | 0.91 |
| XI. Infancy | 740 | 797 | 8.03 | 7.88 | 7.12 | 7.46 |
| XII. Old-age | 706 | 809 | 7.66 | 7.99 | 6.79 | 7.57 |
| XIII. Violence | 638 | 787 | 6.92 | 7.78 | 6.14 | 7.37 |
| XIV. Ill-defined causes | 127 | 138 | 1.38 | 1.36 | 1.22 | 1.29 |
| Totals | 9,214 | 10,119 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 88.68 | 94.69 |
The next table shows the number of deaths from certain principal causes for the five years 1909–13, and the proportion per 10,000 of the population.
| Cause. | Number of Deaths. | Proportion per 10 000 of Mean Population. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909. | 1910 | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| Typhoid fever | 55 | 62 | 67 | 46 | 60 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.44 | 0.56 |
| Measles | 26 | 1 | 41 | 15 | 26 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.14 | 0.24 |
| Scarlet fever | 26 | 13 | 9 | 7 | 11 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
| Whooping-cough | 41 | 148 | 17 | 10 | 128 | 0.42 | 1.49 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 1.20 |
| Diphtheria | 64 | 75 | 62 | 46 | 61 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.61 | 0.44 | 0.57 |
| Influenza | 47 | 141 | 63 | 65 | 56 | 0.48 | 1.42 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.52 |
| Phthisis | 588 | 550 | 536 | 524 | 578 | 6.05 | 5.54 | 5.28 | 5.04 | 5.41 |
| Other forms of tuberculosis | 212 | 181 | 202 | 192 | 234 | 2.18 | 1.82 | 1.99 | 1.85 | 2.19 |
| Cancer | 711 | 742 | 809 | 812 | 856 | 7.32 | 7.47 | 7.97 | 7.82 | 8.01 |
| Diabetes | 104 | 123 | 129 | 147 | 150 | 1.07 | 1.24 | 1.27 | 1.41 | 1.40 |
| Exophthalmic goitre | 24 | 22 | 26 | 40 | 19 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.18 |
| Anæmia, Chlorosis | 53 | 76 | 56 | 53 | 64 | 0.55 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.60 |
| Simple meningitis | 131 | 142 | 138 | 136 | 127 | 1.35 | 1.43 | 1.36 | 1.31 | 1.19 |
| Apoplexy | 145 | 172 | 141 | 168 | 173 | 1.49 | 1.73 | 1.39 | 1.62 | 1.62 |
| Cerebral Hæmorrhage | 161 | 200 | 207 | 221 | 239 | 1.66 | 2.02 | 2.04 | 2.13 | 2.24 |
| Epilepsy | 44 | 66 | 54 | 69 | 54 | 0.45 | 0.67 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.51 |
| Convulsions of children under 5 years of age | 131 | 107 | 109 | 57 | 93 | 1.35 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 0.55 | 0.87 |
| Organic heart-disease | 1,170 | 1,154 | 1,205 | 1,271 | 1,227 | 12.04 | 11.62 | 11.87 | 12.23 | 11.48 |
| Arteriosclerosis | 27 | 44 | 54 | 74 | 89 | 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.53 | 0.71 | 0.83 |
| Embolism; thrombosis | 45 | 67 | 56 | 80 | 63 | 0.46 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.77 | 0.59 |
| Bronchitis | 206 | 297 | 295 | 238 | 281 | 2.12 | 2.99 | 2.91 | 2.29 | 2.63 |
| Bronchopneumonia | 134 | 135 | 153 | 114 | 154 | 1.38 | 1.36 | 1.51 | 1.10 | 1.44 |
| Pneumonia | 293 | 300 | 349 | 297 | 336 | 3.01 | 3.02 | 3.44 | 2.86 | 3.15 |
| Gastritis | 65 | 53 | 53 | 48 | 29 | 0.67 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.27 |
| Diarrhoea and enteritis | 351 | 500 | 404 | 271 | 344 | 3.61 | 5.04 | 3.98 | 2.61 | 3.22 |
| Appendicitis and typhlitis | 66 | 98 | 103 | 72 | 91 | 0.68 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.69 | 0.85 |
| Intestinal obstruction | 45 | 58 | 63 | 55 | 63 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.59 |
| Cirrhosis of liver | 47 | 38 | 44 | 48 | 47 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.44 |
| Simple peritonitis | 54 | 66 | 62 | 65 | 61 | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.57 |
| Acute nephritis | 52 | 50 | 68 | 35 | 16 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.34 | 0.15 |
| Bright's disease | 190 | 195 | 193 | 195 | 230 | 1.95 | 1.97 | 1.90 | 1.88 | 2.15 |
| Uræmia | 30 | 26 | 32 | 40 | 71 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.66 |
| Cystitis | 29 | 38 | 50 | 40 | 31 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.29 |
| Diseases and accidents of puerperal condition | 135 | 117 | 114 | 100 | 100 | 1.39 | 1.18 | 1.12 | 0.96 | 0.94 |
| Congenital debility | 264 | 283 | 268 | 256 | 301 | 2.72 | 2.85 | 2.64 | 2.46 | 2.82 |
| Premature birth | 347 | 407 | 337 | 398 | 418 | 3.57 | 4.10 | 3.32 | 3.83 | 3.91 |
| Senility | 556 | 660 | 661 | 706 | 809 | 5.72 | 6.65 | 6.51 | 6.80 | 7.57 |
| Violence (1) suicide | 118 | 100 | 124 | 124 | 148 | 1.21 | 1.01 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.38 |
| (2) accident, &c. | 660 | 567 | 590 | 514 | 639 | 6.79 | 5.71 | 5.81 | 4.95 | 5.98 |
| Other causes | 1,512 | 1,565 | 1,590 | 1,565 | 1,642 | 15.56 | 15.76 | 15.67 | 15.07 | 15.37 |
| Totals | 8,959 | 9,639 | 9,531 | 9,214 | 10,119 | 92.19 | 97.09 | 93.94 | 88.68 | 94.69 |
Typhoid Fever.—Deaths from this cause numbered 60 in 1913, against 46 in 1912. The rate remained fairly steady throughout the quinquennium, except for a drop in 1912.
Measles.—Very few deaths occur from this cause. In 1911 the number was 41, but in 1910 there was only one, while in 1913, 26 deaths were attributed to measles.
Scarlet Fever.—The rate fell steadily during the first four years of the quinquennium, but rose a little in 1913. The number of deaths in the five years has been exceedingly low.
Whooping-cough.—Only 10 deaths were recorded in 1912, while the number for 1913 was 128, and for 1910, 148. The average for the five years was 69.
Diphtheria.—Fifteen more deaths were attributed to this cause in 1913 than in 1912, but 14 less than in 1910. The average for the past five years was 62.
Influenza.—As in the case of whooping-cough, the number of deaths in 1910 (141) was much above the average. Sixty-five deaths from influenza were registered in 1912, and 56 in 1913.
Tuberculosis.—Deaths from phthisis numbered 578 or 5.41 per 10,000 of the population, against 524 deaths or 504 per 10,000 in 1912, and 588 deaths or 6.05 per 10,000 in 1909. The average for the past ten years was 564 or 5.94 per 10,000.
| Year. | Deaths from Phthisis. | Rate per 10,000. |
|---|---|---|
| 1904 | 598 | 7.08 |
| 1905 | 496 | 5.70 |
| 1906 | 556 | 6.21 |
| 1907 | 612 | 6.66 |
| 1908 | 607 | 6.42 |
| 1909 | 588 | 6.05 |
| 1910 | 550 | 5.54 |
| 1911 | 536 | 5.28 |
| 1912 | 524 | 5.04 |
| 1913 | 578 | 5.41 |
Reference to the following table will show that 372 persons known to have been born in the Dominion died during 1913 from phthisis, a proportion of 4.99 per 10,000 of the estimated native-born white population, and 102 persons born elsewhere but resident in New Zealand for fifteen years or over succumbed to the disease.
| DEATHS FROM PHTHISIS, 1913. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length of Residence in the Dominion. | Age at Death, in Years. | ||||||||||
| Under 5. | 5 and under 10. | 10 and under 15. | 15 and under 25. | 25 and under 35. | 35 and under 45. | 45 and under 55. | 55 and under 65. | 65 and under 75. | 75 and upwards. | Total. | |
| MALES. | |||||||||||
| Under 1 month | … | … | … | … | 2 | … | … | … | … | … | 2 |
| 1 month and under 6 | … | … | … | … | … | 1 | … | … | … | … | 1 |
| 6 months and under 12 | … | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | … | … | … | 1 | 3 |
| 1 year and under 2 | … | … | … | 2 | 1 | 2 | … | … | … | … | 5 |
| 2 years and under 3 | … | … | … | … | 2 | 2 | … | … | … | … | 4 |
| 3 years and under 4 | … | … | … | … | 2 | 1 | … | … | … | … | 3 |
| 4 years and under 5 | … | … | … | … | 4 | 2 | 1 | … | … | … | 7 |
| 5 years and under 10 | … | … | … | … | 6 | 6 | 1 | 1 | … | … | 14 |
| 10 years and under 15 | … | … | … | … | 3 | 5 | 1 | 2 | … | … | 11 |
| 15 years and under 20 | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | … | … | 4 |
| 20 years and under 25 | … | … | … | … | … | 1 | 3 | … | … | … | 4 |
| 25 years and upwards | … | … | … | … | 2 | 9 | 13 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 50 |
| Not known | … | … | … | … | 2 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 25 |
| Born in Dominion | … | 2 | … | 37 | 52 | 37 | 12 | 4 | 2 | … | 146 |
| Totals | … | 2 | … | 40 | 78 | 74 | 36 | 26 | 17 | 6 | 279 |
| FEMALES. | |||||||||||
| Under 1 month | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| 1 month and under 6 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| 6 months and under 12 | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | … | … | 4 |
| 1 year and under 2 | … | … | … | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | … | … | … | 6 |
| 2 years and under 3 | … | … | … | 1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | 1 |
| 3 years and under 4 | … | … | … | … | … | 1 | … | … | … | … | 1 |
| 4 years and under 5 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| 5 years and under 10 | … | … | … | 1 | 4 | 2 | … | … | … | … | 7 |
| 10 years and under 15 | … | … | … | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | … | … | … | 3 |
| 16 years and under 20 | … | … | … | … | 1 | … | 1 | … | … | … | 2 |
| 20 years and under 25 | … | … | … | … | … | … | 1 | … | 1 | … | 2 |
| 25 years and upwards | … | … | … | … | 3 | 6 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 40 |
| Not known | … | … | … | 1 | … | 3 | 2 | … | … | 1 | 7 |
| Born in Dominion | 2 | 2 | 8 | 71 | 79 | 47 | 12 | 5 | … | … | 226 |
| Totals | 2 | 2 | 8 | 77 | 91 | 61 | 30 | 16 | 9 | 3 | 299 |
| Totals of both sexes | 2 | 4 | 8 | 117 | 169 | 135 | 66 | 42 | 26 | 9 | 578 |
Phthisis is now known to be and is treated as an infectious preventable disease caused by the Bacillus tuberculosus, which is communicable in many ways. Certain constitutions are far more predisposed than others to receive this bacillus, especially under conditions of life unfavourable to robust health, when a nidus is formed for the development of the bacillus. The Government has established a sanatorium for consumptives at Cambridge, in the Waikato, and further institutions are contemplated. There are sanatoria for the treatment of this disease in connection with some of the public hospitals.
The mortality from all forms of tuberculosis decreased from 9.46 per 10,000 of the population in 1904 to 689 in 1912, but rose to 7.60 in 1913. The percentage of total deaths from all causes decreased from 9.88 to 8.02 in the ten years.
| DEATHS AND DEATH-RATES FROM TUBERCULOSIS AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEATHS, 1904–18. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Mean Population. | Number of Deaths from Tubercular Diseases. | Rate per 10,000. | Percentage of Total Deaths from all Causes. |
| 1904 | 845,022 | 799 | 9.46 | 9.88 |
| 1905 | 870,000 | 678 | 7.79 | 8.41 |
| 1906 | 895,594 | 720 | 8.04 | 8.63 |
| 1907 | 919,105 | 856 | 9.31 | 8.50 |
| 1908 | 945,063 | 839 | 8.87 | 9.28 |
| 1909 | 971,784 | 800 | 8.23 | 8.93 |
| 1910 | 992,802 | 731 | 7.36 | 7.58 |
| 1911 | 1,014,896 | 738 | 7.27 | 7.74 |
| 1912 | 1,039,016 | 716 | 6.89 | 7.77 |
| 1913 | 1,068,644 | 812 | 7.60 | 8.02 |
| AGES OF PERSONS WHO DIED FROM TUBERCULAR DISEASES, 1913. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ages. | Male. | Female. | Total. |
| Under 5 years | 26 | 20 | 46 |
| 5 years and under 10 | 12 | 8 | 20 |
| 10 years and under 15 | 5 | 16 | 21 |
| 15 years and under 20 | 26 | 47 | 73 |
| 20 years and under 25 | 40 | 53 | 93 |
| 25 years and under 30 | 54 | 56 | 110 |
| 30 years and under 35 | 57 | 56 | 113 |
| 35 years and under 40 | 59 | 39 | 98 |
| 40 years and under 45 | 39 | 33 | 72 |
| 45 years and under 50 | 20 | 15 | 35 |
| 50 years and under 55 | 24 | 17 | 41 |
| 55 years and under 60 | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 60 years and under 65 | 15 | 10 | 25 |
| 65 years and under 70 | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 70 years and under 75 | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| 75 years and under 80 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 80 and upwards | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Total deaths | 421 | 391 | 812 |
The rate of deaths from tuberculosis per 1,000 of the population was lower in New Zealand in 1912 than in any of the Australian States with the exception of Queensland. The New Zealand rate, as well as those of the Australian States, compares very favourably with that of England and Wales, which has however also decreased considerably of late years, the rates for 1910 and 1911 being lower than in any previous year.
| DEATH-RATES FROM TUBERCULOSIS AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL, DEATHS, 1912. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Death-rates (per 1,000) from Tuberculosis. | Percentage of Total Deaths. | |
| England and Wales (1911) | 1.47 | 10.07 |
| Queensland | 0.62 | 5.69 |
| New South Wales | 0.71 | 6.55 |
| Victoria | 0.93 | 7.61 |
| South Australia | 0.92 | 8.95 |
| Western Australia | 0.85 | 7.65 |
| Tasmania | 0.80 | 7.44 |
| New Zealand | 0.69 | 7.77 |
Cancer.—There were 856 deaths assigned to this cause in 1913, a proportion of 8.01 per 10,000 persons, both number and rate being higher than in 1912. The average number and rate for the five years 1909–13 were 786 and 7.72 respectively. Deaths of males during 1913 numbered 446 and of females 410. The death-rate from cancer is now greater than that from tubercular diseases, and its increasing tendency is a matter of grave concern.
The diagram following illustrates on the one hand the increase in the cancer death-rate and on the other the decrease in the rate of deaths from tuberculosis.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height one death per 10,000 of mean population. Continuous curve represents tuberculosis. Dotted curve represents cancer.
| NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO DIED FROM CANCER, THE PROPORTION PER 10,000 PERSONS LIVING, AND THE PERCENTAGE OF ALL DEATHS, 1904–13. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Deaths from Cancer. | Total Deaths, all Causes. | Deaths from Cancer per 10,000 of Living Persons. | Percentage of Total Deaths due to Cancer. |
| 1904 | 571 | 8,087 | 6.76 | 7.06 |
| 1905 | 566 | 8,061 | 6.51 | 7.02 |
| 1906 | 623 | 8,339 | 6.96 | 7.47 |
| 1907 | 674 | 10,066 | 7.33 | 6.70 |
| 1908 | 657 | 9,043 | 6.95 | 7.27 |
| 1909 | 711 | 8,959 | 7.32 | 7.94 |
| 1910 | 742 | 9,639 | 7.47 | 7.70 |
| 1911 | 809 | 9,534 | 7.97 | 8.49 |
| 1912 | 812 | 9,214 | 7.82 | 8.61 |
| 1913 | 856 | 10,119 | 8.01 | 8.46 |
The part of the body mostly affected is the stomach. Among females the generative and mammary organs are frequently the seat of the disease.
| CANCER: SEAT OF DISEASE, 1913. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Seat of Disease. | Males. | Females. | Total. |
| Mouth, lip, tongue, throat, neck | 98 | 27 | 125 |
| Stomach | 130 | 63 | 193 |
| Intestines, rectum | 89 | 78 | 167 |
| Liver | 44 | 56 | 100 |
| Kidneys, bladder, urethra, &c. | 30 | 5 | 35 |
| Female genital organs | .. | 78 | 78 |
| Breast | 1 | 63 | 64 |
| Other organs or organs not specified | 54 | 40 | 94 |
| Totals | 446 | 410 | 856 |
Ninety-four per cent. of the deaths were at the ages 35 years and upwards, and 56 per cent. at the ages 60 years and upwards.
| AGES OF PERSONS WHO DIED FROM CANCER, 1913. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ages. | M. | F. | Total. |
| Under 5 years | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 5 years and under 10 | 2 | .. | 2 |
| 10 years and under 15 | 2 | .. | 2 |
| 15 years and under 20 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 20 years and under 25 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 25 years and under 30 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 30 years and under 35 | 8 | 14 | 22 |
| 35 years and under 40 | 16 | 16 | 32 |
| 40 years and under 45 | 19 | 27 | 46 |
| 45 years and under 50 | 25 | 46 | 71 |
| 50 years and under 55 | 39 | 30 | 69 |
| 55 years and under 60 | 51 | 58 | 109 |
| 60 years and under 65 | 56 | 34 | 90 |
| 65 years and under 70 | 59 | 66 | 125 |
| 70 years and under 75 | 68 | 51 | 119 |
| 75 years and under 80 | 53 | 40 | 93 |
| 80 years and upwards | 33 | 20 | 53 |
| Totals | 446 | 410 | 856 |
The proportion of deaths from cancer to the 1,000 persons living in some of the principal countries of the world as shown below leads to the conclusion that there is a general tendency to increase. The rate for England and Wales for 1911 (0.99 per 1,000) is the highest yet recorded in that country.
| CANCER DEATH-RATES PER 1,000 LIVING IN CERTAIN COUNTRIES. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | Average of 5 Years, 1896–1900. | Average of 5 Years, 1906.10. | Increase Per Cent. during 10 Years. | Rate for Last Year ascertainable. |
* Decrease. | ||||
| New Zealand | 0.59 | 0.72 | 22.03 | 0.80 (1913) |
| Commonwealth of Australia | 0.58 | 0.70 | 20.69 | 0.76 (1912) |
| England and Wales | 0.80 | 0.94 | 17.50 | 0.99 (1911) |
| Scotland | 0.77 | 1.00 | 29.87 | 1.03 (1910) |
| Ireland | 0.58 | 0.79 | 36.21 | 0.82 (1911) |
| German Empire | 0.66 | 0.84 | 27.27 | 0.88 (1911) |
| Austria | 0.69 | 0.78 | 13.04 | 0.82 (1911) |
| Italy | 0.51 | 0.64 | 25.49 | 0.65 (1911) |
| Norway | 0.86 | 0.97 | 12.79 | 0.93 (1910) |
| Netherlands | 0.92 | 1.03 | 11.96 | 1.07 (1911) |
| Switzerland | 1.27 | 1.26 | *0.79 | 1.23 (1910) |
Diabetes.—There were 150 deaths in 1913, a rate of 1.40 per 10,000, the averages for the last five years being 131 and 1.28 respectively. Deaths from this cause appear to be on the increase.
Exophthalmic Goitre.—Only 19 deaths from this cause were registered in 1913, as against 40 in 1912.
Anæmia and Chlorosis.—Seventy-six deaths were recorded in 1910, but in 1912 the number was only 53 and in 1913, 64, the average for the five years 1909–13 being 60, and the average rate per 10,000 being 0.60.
Simple Meningitis.—Very little fluctuation is shown as regards deaths from this cause. The number for 1913 was 127, while the rate per 10,000 was 1.19.
Apoplexy.—The number of deaths in 1913 (173) was an increase of 5 on that for 1912, and of 32 when compared with 1911. The rate (1.62 per 10,000) was the same in 1913 as in 1912.
Cerebral Hæmorrhage.—Deaths from this cause show a steady increase in number and rate from year to year. The averages for the five years 1909–13 work out at 206 and 2.02.
Epilepsy.—The number of deaths from this cause (54) was lower in 1913 than in 1912 or 1910.
Convulsions of Children.—As regards both number and rate, 1912 shows a great decrease on the years preceding. The rate fell from 1.35 per 10,000 in 1909 to 0.55 per 10,000 in 1912. The figures for 1913 are higher than those for 1912, but much below the average.
Organic Heart-disease.—More deaths occur from this cause than from any other. Under the Bertillon classification deaths occurring from heart-disease, combined with bronchitis, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, or Bright's disease, must be allocated to heart-disease, this being the reverse of the system formerly followed. Number and rate of deaths from heart-disease show a tendency to increase, though the number and rate in 1913 were lower than in 1912.
Arteriosclerosis.—A rapid increase of deaths from this cause is apparent, the number in 1913 being 89, as against only 27 in 1909.
Embolism and Thrombosis.—In common with other diseases of the circulatory system, numbers and rates show a general tendency to increase, the figures for 1913 however, being lower than the average of the quinquennium. The number of deaths in 1913 was 63, while the rate per 10,000 was 0.59.
Bronchitis.—The number (281) and rate (2.63 per 10,000) of deaths from this cause in 1913 were about equal to the averages of the five years. The year 1910 shows the highest number as well as the highest rate.
Bronchopneumonia.—In 1911, 153 deaths from this cause were recorded, in 1912 the number had fallen to 114, but in 1913 it rose again to 154.
Pneumonia.—The number and rate in 1913 were higher than in 1912, but lower than in 1911.
Gastritis.—There were only 29 deaths from this cause in 1913, as compared with 48 in 1912 and 65 in 1909.
Diarrhoea and Enteritis.—Considerable fluctuation is shown as regards deaths from diarrhoea and enteritis. The number fell from 555 in 1908 to 351 in 1909, rose to 500 in 1910, and fell to 404 in 1911, while in 1912 the number was only 271. Last year 344 deaths were attributed to this cause.
Appendicitis and Typhlitis.—Ninety-one deaths were registered in 1913, an increase of 19 on the figures for 1912. The average for the five years 1909–13 was 86, while the average rate per 10,000 was 0.85.
Intestinal Obstruction.—Sixty-three deaths (a rate of 0.59 per 10,000) were registered in 1913. Little movement is shown as regards deaths from this cause.
Cirrhosis of Liver.—The number of deaths in 1913 (47) was one less than in 1912. Here also very little fluctuation is shown.
Simple Peritonitis.—Still another cause deaths from which show little fluctuation, 61 deaths being registered in 1913, as against an average of 62 for the five years.
Acute Nephritis.—Only 16 deaths in 1913 were attributed to this cause, as against 68 in 1911 and 35 in 1912. The average rate for the five years 1909–13 was 0.44 per 10,000.
Bright's Disease.—In four years, 1909 to 1912, the number of deaths from this cause remained practically stationary between 190 and 195. The year 1913 shows an increase, 230 deaths being recorded.
Urœmia.—Seventy-one deaths from this cause were registered in 1913, as against 40 in 1912 and 32 in 1911.
Cystitis.—The number of deaths registered in 1913 (31) was 9 less than in 1912, and 19 less than in 1911.
Puerperal Accidents and Diseases.—In 1913 as in 1912 the deaths certified to these causes numbered 100 exactly. Included in the number in 1913 were: Accidents of pregnancy, 25; puerpera haemorrhage, 14; other accidents of labour. 17; puerperal septicæmia, 29; puerperal albuminuria and convulsions 10. The number of deaths to every 1,000 confinements (where children were born alive) for each of ten years is shown.
| Year. | Deaths of Mothers to every 1,000 Confinements. |
|---|---|
| 1904 | 4.66 |
| 1905 | 4.22 |
| 1906 | 3.91 |
| 1907 | 4.62 |
| 1908 | 4.64 |
| 1909 | 5.14 |
| 1910 | 4.55 |
| 1911 | 4.38 |
| 1912 | 3.73 |
| 1913 | 3.62 |
Congenital Debility.—The number in 1913 was higher than in the four years preceding, being 301 as against 256 in 1912, and 268 in 1911.
Premature Birth.—The number of deaths from this cause in 1912 and 1913 was considerably higher than in 1911. The rate per 1,000 births registered in 1913 was 14.96.
Senility.—No fewer than 809 deaths were attributed to this cause in 1913. The number for 1912 was 706 and for 1909, 556.
Violence.—The deaths from external violence, apart from suicide, numbered 639 in 1913—males 520, females 119, the total being higher than the average of the quinquennium 1909–13, which was 591. The rate per 10,000 living was 6.79 in 1909, 571 in 1910, 5.81 in 1911, 4.95 in 1912, and 5.98 in 1913. The various forms of violent deaths (excluding suicides) in 1913 are shown in the following table:—
| ACCIDENTAL DEATHS, 1913. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of Death. | M. | F. | Total. |
| Poisoning | 12 | 7 | 19 |
| Drowning | 147 | 27 | 174 |
| Shooting | 27 | 4 | 31 |
| Falls | 34 | 5 | 39 |
| Starvation | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Exposure | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Homicide | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| Fractures | 41 | 8 | 49 |
| Burns and scalds | 30 | 22 | 52 |
| Suffocation, gas, &c. | 9 | 15 | 24 |
| In mines and quarries | 26 | .. | 26 |
| By machinery | 7 | .. | 7 |
| By vehicles, railways, &c. | 100 | 16 | 116 |
| Injuries by animals | 18 | .. | 18 |
| Electrocution | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Other external violence | 57 | 11 | 68 |
| Totals | 520 | 119 | 639 |
Suicide.—The suicidal deaths in 1913 were 148—males 116 and females 32. The rate per 10,000 living was 1.38 in 1913, against an average of 1.20 for the past five years. The means most frequently resorted to by males was shooting and hanging, and by females, poison. The following table shows the means of self-destruction employed:—
| SUICIDES, 1913. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mode of Death. | M. | F. | Total |
| Hanging or strangulation | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| Firearms | 37 | 1 | 38 |
| Cutting or piercing instruments | 23 | 2 | 25 |
| Asphyxia | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Poison | 21 | 13 | 34 |
| Drowning | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| Other modes | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| Total suicides | 116 | 32 | 148 |
Under the provisions of section 20 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912, the deaths of 412 persons of the Maori race were registered in 1913. In addition 61 Maori deaths were registered under the main Act. These numbers are not included in the numbers of deaths quoted elsewhere in this subsection.
MARRIAGE may be solemnized in New Zealand only on the authority of a Registrar's certificate, either by a person whose name is on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act, or before a Registrar or Deputy Registrar of Marriages duly appointed. No marriage can be legally solemnized before 8 o'clock in the forenoon or after 4 o'clock in the afternoon.
Notice of intended marriage must be given to the Registrar of the district within which the marriage is to be solemnized, and the party giving notice must have resided for three clear days in the district. If the parties dwell in different districts, notice must be given to and a certificate obtained from the Registrar of each district. In the case of a person under twenty-one not being a widow or widower, the consent of parent or guardian is necessary before the Registrar's certificate can be issued.
The system of notice and certificate has obtained in New Zealand since 1855. By this system it is ensured not only that marriages are in order, but that no legally solemnized marriage escapes registration. Officiating ministers and Registrars are required to send to the Registrar-General returns of all marriages solemnized; and as the returns come in they are checked off with the entries in the Registrars' lists of notices received and certificates issued. In case of the non-arrival of a marriage return corresponding to any entry in the list of notices, inquiries are made as to whether solemnization has been effected. Inquiries are made similarly in respect of any marriage for which return is received, but for which there is no corresponding return of notice and certificate.
The marriage of a man with his deceased wife's sister was legalized in New Zealand in the year 1881, and the marriage of a woman with her deceased husband's brother in 1901. Both Acts are retrospective, including in their provisions marriages solemnized before as well as those contracted after the statutes were passed, and declaring all such marriages to be valid, and the issue born thereof to be deemed born in lawful wedlock.
The marriages for 1913 show a decrease of 336 on the figures for the previous year, the number solemnized in 1913 being 8,813, as against 9,149 in 1912. The rate per 1,000 of the mean population was 8.81 in 1912 and 8.25 in 1913. In the following table are shown the numbers and rates in each year since 1887. A column is added showing the index number for each year as compared with the average of the five years 1882–86, taken as 100.
| MARRIAGES, NUMBER AND RATE. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Total Number of Marriages registered. | Marriage-rate. | |
| Per 1,000 of Population. | Compared with Rate in 1882–86, taken as 100. | ||
* Average for five years. | |||
| 1882–86 | 3,663* | 6.68 | 100 |
| 1887 | 3,563 | 5.97 | 89 |
| 1888 | 3,617 | 5.97 | 89 |
| 1889 | 3,632 | 5.93 | 89 |
| 1890 | 3,797 | 6.12 | 92 |
| 1891 | 3,805 | 6.04 | 90 |
| 1892 | 4,002 | 6.23 | 93 |
| 1893 | 4,115 | 6.22 | 93 |
| 1894 | 4,178 | 6.15 | 92 |
| 1895 | 4,110 | 5.94 | 89 |
| 1896 | 4,843 | 6.85 | 103 |
| 1897 | 4,928 | 6.83 | 102 |
| 1898 | 5,091 | 6.91 | 103 |
| 1899 | 5,461 | 7.28 | 109 |
| 1900 | 5,860 | 7.67 | 115 |
| 1901 | 6,095 | 7.83 | 117 |
| 1902 | 6,394 | 8.01 | 120 |
| 1903 | 6,748 | 8.23 | 123 |
| 1904 | 6,983 | 8.26 | 124 |
| 1905 | 7,200 | 8.28 | 124 |
| 1906 | 7,592 | 8.48 | 127 |
| 1907 | 8,192 | 8.91 | 133 |
| 1908 | 8,339 | 8.82 | 132 |
| 1909 | 8,094 | 8.33 | 125 |
| 1910 | 8,236 | 8.30 | 124 |
| 1911 | 8,825 | 8.70 | 130 |
| 1912 | 9,149 | 8.81 | 132 |
| 1913 | 8,813 | 8.25 | 124 |
The marriage-rate for the period under review shows a general upward tendency, having been above 8 per 1,000 in each year since and including 1902. There is, however, a certain amount of fluctuation from year to year.
The decrease in number and rate in 1913 has been attributed to the industrial disturbances during the latter part of the year. In this connection it is found that the number of marriage notices received by Registrars was 209 less in the December quarter of 1913 than in the corresponding quarter of 1912, the figures being 2,380 and 2,589 respectively. More than one-third of the decrease was therefore distributed over the first nine months of the year.
The marriage-rate, measured by the total population, does not show the true position when, as in the case of New Zealand, the age constitution of the people fluctuates considerably. A more satisfactory standard is found in the number of persons of marriageable age, defined as meaning the unmarried and widowed of males aged 20 years and upwards and of females aged 15 years and upwards. The rates are given for six census years:—
| Year of Census. | Proportion of Unmarried per 1,000 of Total | Proportion of Marriages per 1,000 of the | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Marriageable Men. | Marriageable Women. | Marriageable Persons. | Total Population | |
| 1886 | 235.0 | 238.2 | 47.32 | 54.56 | 25.36 | 5.99 |
| 1891 | 238.2 | 268.5 | 47.78 | 47.97 | 23.94 | 6.04 |
| 1896 | 258.8 | 308.9 | 50.14 | 47.00 | 24.26 | 6.85 |
| 1901 | 275.5 | 331.8 | 54.11 | 49.78 | 25.93 | 7.83 |
| 1906 | 294.3 | 328.2 | 54.36 | 54.93 | 27.72 | 8.48 |
| 1911 | 286.5 | 314.9 | 57.60 | 58.38 | 28.99 | 8.70 |
A comparison of the marriage rate for each State of the Australian Commonwealth with New Zealand for the last ten years is given. For the Commonwealth the rate in 1913 was 8.67 per 1,000 of mean population; the rate for 1912 was 9.07, so that the Australian rate has declined almost equally with that of New Zealand.
| MARRIAGES PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Queensland. | New South Wales. | Victoria. | South Australia (Proper). | Western Australia. | Tasmania. | New Zealand. |
| 1904 | 5.90 | 7.24 | 6.83 | 7.02 | 8.92 | 7.38 | 8.26 |
| 1905 | 6.00 | 7.46 | 7.28 | 7.14 | 8.61 | 7.40 | 8.28 |
| 1906 | 6.69 | 7.68 | 7.36 | 7.30 | 8.89 | 7.59 | 8.48 |
| 1907 | 7.56 | 7.89 | 7.81 | 8.29 | 8.27 | 7.63 | 8.91 |
| 1908 | 7.24 | 8.03 | 7.53 | 8.18 | 7.80 | 7.64 | 8.82 |
| 1909 | 7.97 | 8.15 | 7.48 | 8.38 | 7.59 | 7.85 | 8.33 |
| 1910 | 8.06 | 8.76 | 7.98 | 9.17 | 7.77 | 7.82 | 8.30 |
| 1911 | 8.41 | 9.24 | 8.34 | 9.81 | 8.44 | 7.76 | 8.70 |
| 1912 | 8.91 | 9.60 | 8.65 | 9.62 | 8.37 | 7.86 | 8.81 |
| 1913 | 8.67 | 9.02 | 8.13 | 9.40 | 8.19 | 8.27 | 8.25 |
The rate for New Zealand is higher than the rate for most of the European countries given in the table following.
| MARRIAGES PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Country. | Year. | Rate. |
| Roumania | 1911 | 10.5 |
| Servia | 1911 | 10.3 |
| Russia | 1906 | 9.6 |
| Hungary | 1911 | 9.2 |
| Bulgaria | 1909 | 9.1 |
| Belgium | 1910 | 7.9 |
| German Empire | 1911 | 7.8 |
| France | 1911 | 7.8 |
| Austria | 1911 | 7.6 |
| Italy | 1911 | 7.5 |
| England and Wales | 1911 | 7.6 |
| Switzerland | 1910 | 7.3 |
| Denmark | 1911 | 7.2 |
| Netherlands | 1911 | 7.2 |
| Spain | 1911 | 7.1 |
| Scotland | 1911 | 6.7 |
| Norway | 1911 | 6.2 |
| Finland | 1911 | 6.0 |
| Sweden | 1911 | 5.9 |
| Ireland | 1911 | 5.3 |
Of the marriages contracted in 1913, those between bachelors and spinsters comprised 91 per cent. The number under each heading for the ten years 1904–13 is stated below:—
| Year. | Marriages contracted between | Number of Divorced Persons married (included previously). | Number of Minors married (included in previous columns). | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bachelors and Spinsters. | Bachelors and Widows. | Widowers and Spinsters. | Widowers and Widows. | |||
| 1904 | 6,365 | 210 | 307 | 101 | 87 | 1,351 |
| 1905 | 6,582 | 196 | 316 | 106 | 87 | 1,347 |
| 1906 | 6,925 | 265 | 286 | 116 | 98 | 1,329 |
| 1907 | 7,499 | 231 | 335 | 127 | 128 | 1,427 |
| 1908 | 7,622 | 254 | 344 | 119 | 129 | 1,515 |
| 1909 | 7,375 | 230 | 357 | 132 | 152 | 1,452 |
| 1910 | 7,440 | 306 | 342 | 148 | 150 | 1,454 |
| 1911 | 8,036 | 258 | 365 | 166 | 165 | 1,498 |
| 1912 | 8,350 | 253 | 413 | 133 | 204 | 1,633 |
| 1913 | 8,031 | 274 | 370 | 135 | 218 | 1,553 |
Divorced men and women have been classified as bachelors or spinsters: 97 divorced men and 121 divorced women were married during last year.
Included amongst widows in 1913 are five married women, and amongst the widowers four men, who elected to go through the form of marriage with other persons under the protection of the provisions of section 224, subsection (5), of the Crimes Act, which reads, “No one commits bigamy by going through a form of marriage if he or she has been continually absent from his or her wife or husband for seven years then last past, and is not proved to have known that his wife or her husband was alive at any time during those seven years.”
BACHELORS AND SPINSTERS IN NEW ZEALAND.
The results of three censuses in respect of the number of bachelors of 20 years and upwards, and the number of spinsters of 15 years and upwards, show some interesting features. In 1896 there was an excess of spinsters over the bachelors amounting to 1,786, and the census of 1901 shows that this excess had increased to 3,572. But by 1906 not only had the preponderance of the female element been lost, but an excess of bachelors over spinsters was reported amounting to 9,633. This result, no doubt, is largely due to the arrival from abroad of numbers of young men who have settled in New Zealand. The census of 1911 again shows a further increase of the bachelors to 12,713.
It is noticeable how differently the numbers for the provincial districts have been affected by the process in operation. An excess of bachelors was preserved in Auckland, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Wellington, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland from 1896 to 1906. Auckland in 1906 showed an excess of bachelors of 3,383, and in 1911 this number had increased to 7,263. The number of bachelors in Wellington decreased from 4,389 in 1906 to 2,308 in 1911. In Canterbury, an excess of spinsters in 1896 of 3,997, which increased to 4,918 in 1901, decreased to 2,117 in 1906, and again increased in 1911 to 2,299; while in Otago an excess of 2,066 spinsters in 1896 diminished in 1901 when there were 1,899 more spinsters than bachelors, and again in 1906, when the number of spinsters was 954 greater than the number of bachelors. The census of 1911 shows an excess of spinsters over bachelors of 2,765 for the Otago portion of the province, while in the Southland portion there were 1,519 more bachelors than spinsters. Both Canterbury and Otago have lost large numbers of bachelors by departures to the North Island. The following table exhibits the particulars for each provincial district:—
| Provincial District. | Census 1896. | Census 1901. | Census 1906. | Census 1911. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters. | Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors. | Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters. | Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors. | Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters. | Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors. | Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters. | Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors. | |
| Excess for Dominion | .. | 1,786 | .. | 3,572 | 9,633 | .. | 12,713 | |
| Auckland | 703 | .. | 521 | .. | 3,383 | .. | 7,263 | .. |
| Taranaki | 524 | .. | 805 | .. | 754 | .. | 1,370 | .. |
| Hawke's Bay | 1,142 | .. | 425 | .. | 1,151 | .. | 1,003 | .. |
| Wellington | 637 | .. | 32 | .. | 4,389 | .. | 2,308 | .. |
| Marlborough | 183 | .. | 158 | .. | 532 | .. | 610 | .. |
| Nelson | 580 | .. | 637 | .. | 1,550 | .. | 2,629 | .. |
| Westland | 501 | .. | 666 | .. | 935 | .. | 1,033 | .. |
| Canterbury | .. | 3,997 | .. | 4,918 | .. | 2,117 | .. | 2,299 |
| Otago | .. | 2,066 | .. | 1,899 | .. | 954 | .. | 2,765 |
| Southland | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1,519 | .. |
| Chatham Islands | 7 | .. | 1 | .. | 10 | .. | 14 | .. |
| Kermadec Islands | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. |
Of the persons married in 1913, 159 bridegrooms and 1,394 brides were under 21 years of age. Of the bridegrooms, two were between 16 and 17, and one between 17 and 18, while eleven were between 18 and 19. Of the brides, seven were between 15 and 16, and forty between 16 and 17 years of age. The proportion of men married is greatest at the ages 25 to 30, and of women at from 21 to 25 years.
The following are the proportions of men and women married at each age-period to every 100 marriages in the years 1893, 1903, and 1913:—
| Age, in Years. | 1893. | 1903. | 1913. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M. | F. | M. | F. | M. | F. | |
| Under 21 | 1.75 | 19.73 | 1.62 | 16.00 | 1.80 | 15.82 |
| 21 and under 25 | 27.39 | 43.69 | 24.48 | 39.67 | 22.04 | 35.09 |
| 25 and under 30 | 36.13 | 23.26 | 38.22 | 28.14 | 37.75 | 27.86 |
| 30 and under 40 | 25.35 | 9.50 | 27.00 | 12.52 | 29.63 | 16.94 |
| 40 and under 50 | 5.69 | 2.75 | 5.45 | 2.60 | 5.84 | 3.07 |
| 50 and under 60 | 2.82 | 0.88 | 1.94 | 0.68 | 1.84 | 0.82 |
| 60 and under 70 | 0.75 | 0.22 | 0.90 | 0.33 | 0.74 | 0.33 |
| 70 and upwards | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.07 |
| 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| MEAN AGE AT MARRIAGE. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year. | Mean Age of Bridegrooms. | Mean Age of Brides. |
| 1896 | 29.74 | 25.28 |
| 1897 | 29.62 | 25.21 |
| 1898 | 29.95 | 25.30 |
| 1899 | 29.86 | 25.48 |
| 1900 | 29.91 | 25.29 |
| 1901 | 29.72 | 25.54 |
| 1902 | 29.89 | 25.63 |
| 1903 | 29.89 | 25.84 |
| 1904 | 29.60 | 25.44 |
| 1905 | 29.65 | 25.75 |
| 1906 | 29.76 | 25.97 |
| 1907 | 29.83 | 26.07 |
| 1908 | 29.86 | 26.11 |
| 1909 | 30.11 | 26.40 |
| 1910 | 29.91 | 26.32 |
| 1911 | 30.12 | 26.48 |
| 1912 | 29.95 | 26.39 |
| 1913 | 30.15 | 26.42 |
The average age of bridegrooms has remained fairly constant during the period, but there is a gradual increase in the average age of the brides. In England the mean age of those whose ages were stated was (in the year 1911) 29.03 years for men, and 27.46 years for women. Thus the average age at marriage in New Zealand would appear to be higher for men, but lower for women, than in England.
The proportion of bridegrooms under 21 is much greater in England than in New Zealand, and the proportion of brides under 21 somewhat lower.
In England, in 1911, of every 1,000 bridegrooms whose ages were stated, 39 were under 21 years of age, and of every 1,000 brides 133 were under 21 years of age. In New Zealand, in 1913, the proportions of minors were 18 bridegrooms and 158 brides in every 1,000 marriages.
| Year. | Bridegrooms under 21 in every 100. | Brides under 21 in every 100 |
|---|---|---|
| 1890 | 1.89 | 22.75 |
| 1892 | 1.62 | 20.14 |
| 1894 | 1.44 | 19.53 |
| 1896 | 1.96 | 19.51 |
| 1898 | 1.57 | 18.13 |
| 1900 | 1.67 | 17.34 |
| 1902 | 1.39 | 16.59 |
| 1904 | 1.73 | 17.61 |
| 1906 | 1.65 | 15.86 |
| 1907 | 1.60 | 15.82 |
| 1908 | 2.12 | 16.05 |
| 1909 | 1.76 | 16.17 |
| 1910 | 1.95 | 15.70 |
| 1911 | 1.95 | 15.02 |
| 1912 | 1.88 | 15.97 |
| 1913 | 1.80 | 15.82 |
Registrars of Marriages are prohibited by law from issuing certificates for the marriage of minors without the consent of the parents or lawful guardians, if there be any in New Zealand. If a declaration is made in any case that there is no such parent or lawful guardian resident in the Dominion, then a certificate may be issued after the expiration of fourteen days following the date on which the notice of intended marriage was given.
The ages at which persons may contract binding marriages are the same as in England—12 years for females and 14 for males. Marriage may be contracted at earlier ages than those stated, but would be voidable at the discretion of either of the parties upon reaching the age of 12 or 14, as the case may be, and without the necessity of proceedings in Court.
Although in New Zealand the age at which girls may legally marry is as above, nevertheless, by the criminal law, to unlawfully carnally know a girl under the age of 16 years is now a punishable offence. The age of consent was raised from 15 to 16 by statute passed in 1906.
The bridegrooms married during 1913 are given below according to their occupations, arranged in the classification used at the census of 1911.
| OCCUPATIONS AND AGES OF BRIDEGROOMS, 1913. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occupation. | Total Bride-grooms. | Ages, in Years. | ||||
| Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 45. | 45 and under 65. | 65 and upwards | ||
| Professional class | 540 | .. | 83 | 423 | 29 | 5 |
| Domestic class | 178 | 2 | 35 | 132 | 7 | 2 |
| Mercantile class | 1,543 | 6 | 374 | 1,094 | 62 | 7 |
| Engaged in transport and communication | 961 | 11 | 269 | 654 | 26 | 1 |
| Engaged in manufacturing | 1,304 | 9 | 362 | 892 | 37 | 4 |
| Engaged in building and construction | 736 | 2 | 185 | 525 | 19 | 5 |
| Other industrial workers | 1,341 | 12 | 337 | 920 | 61 | 11 |
| Agricultural and pastoral class | 1,914 | 8 | 348 | 1,415 | 128 | 15 |
| Working in mines and quarries | 202 | 1 | 37 | 155 | 9 | |
| Other primary producers | 58 | .. | 19 | 39 | ||
| Independent means | 28 | .. | .. | 3 | 14 | 11 |
| Occupations not stated | 8 | .. | 1 | 6 | 1 | |
| Totals | 8,813 | 51 | 2,050 | 6,258 | 393 | 61 |
Of the men married in 1913, 11 or 1.25 in every 1,000, and of the women 22 or 2.50 per 1,000, signed the register by mark.
The illiteracy of the people, as measured by the proportion of persons who affix marks instead of signatures to the marriage register, has greatly decreased of late, having fallen since 1881 from 3204 per 1,000 to 1.25 per 1,000 among men and from 57.98 per 1,000 to 2.50 per 1,000 among women. This is shown by the following table:—
| PERSONS IN EVERY 1,000 MARRIED WHO SIGNED BY MARK. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | 1881. | 1891. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Male | 32.04 | 13.93 | 4.59 | 3.16 | 1.13 | 0.66 | 1.25 |
| Female | 57.93 | 16.82 | 6.23 | 3.42 | 2.38 | 2.30 | 2.50 |
The numbers upon which the above rates are worked are comparatively small, and they should not be used as a basis for any conclusion as to the education of the people as a whole.
The following table shows the proportions of marriages by ministers of the principal denominations in the past five years:—
| Denomination. | Percentage of Marriages. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| Church of England | 24.27 | 24.38 | 25.60 | 25.99 | 25.02 |
| Presbyterians | 25.72 | 26.20 | 26.54 | 26.48 | 26.88 |
| Methodists | 14.84 | 14.49 | 13.83 | 13.43 | 12.57 |
| Roman Catholics | 10.93 | 11.85 | 10.86 | 10.90 | 11.73 |
| Other denominations | 7.97 | 6.31 | 6.54 | 6.22 | 6.24 |
| Before Registrars | 16.27 | 16.77 | 16.63 | 16.98 | 17.56 |
| 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
The above figures must not be taken as a true indication of the religions of the parties married, as it does not necessarily follow that both parties are members of the church whose officiating minister performed the ceremony, and persons married before Registrars may belong, in greater or lesser proportion, to any of the denominations.
In cases where both parties to a marriage are of the Native race there is no necessity under the Marriage Act to comply with the provisions of that Act, though the parties are at liberty to take advantage thereof. Considerable inconvenience, however, has been found to exist on account of the non-registration of Maori marriages, and a section was inserted in the Native Land Act, 1909, whereby it was laid down that Maori marriages must be celebrated either under the provisions of the Marriage Act or in the presence of a registered officiating minister, but without complying with the other requirements of the Act. Ministers solemnizing the latter class of marriages must send returns to the Registrar-General.
Returns of 254 marriages in which both parties were of the Native race were received during the year 1913. Of these 34 were in accordance with the provisions of the Marriage Act. Maori marriages are not included in the numbers shown elsewhere in this sub-section, nor are they taken into account in the computation of marriage-rates.
The number of names on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act is (July, 1914) 1,470, and the denominations to which they belong are shown hereunder:—
| Denomination. | No. |
|---|---|
| Specified in statute— | |
| Church of England | 469 |
| Presbyterian Church of New Zealand | 328 |
| Roman Catholic Church | 222 |
| Methodist Church of New Zealand | 250 |
| Congregational Independents | 33 |
| Baptists | 56 |
| Lutheran Church | 8 |
| Hebrew Congregations | 7 |
| Not specified in statute— | |
| Church of Christ | 27 |
| Free Methodist Church of New Zealand | 3 |
| Latter-day Saints | 3 |
| Salvation Army | 32 |
| Catholic Apostolic Church | 5 |
| Unitarians | 3 |
| Brethren | 4 |
| Seventh Day Adventists | 4 |
| Church of the Seven Rules of Jehovah | 5 |
| Others | 11 |
| Total | 470 |
Table of Contents
The Public Health Act, 1900, repealed eight amending and allied Acts dating from 1876 to 1900. The Public Health Act, 1900, with amendments in 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1907. in the general consolidation of the New Zealand Statutes, now forms the Public Health Act, 1908. This consists of four parts.
Part I provides for the constitution of a Department of Public Health under the control of a Minister of the Crown, called the Minister of Public Health, and also enables the Dominion to be divided up into health districts, each health district being placed under a District Health Officer, who must possess special knowledge of sanitary and bacteriological science. These officers, and such inspectors and other officers who may be appointed by the Governor, are under the control of and responsible to the Chief Health Officer.
Part II deals with sanitation and the prevention of infectious diseases. The initial clauses under this part are more particularly designed to be made Use of in the case of the outbreak of any dangerous infectious disease. These diseases have been declared to be plague, smallpox, leprosy, and cholera. The subsequent sections of this part deal with the notification and prevention of the spread of infectious diseases. By the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Amendment Act, 1910, the thirty-seven' Hospital Boards throughout the Dominion are made the local authorities under this Act for all matters relating to infectious diseases. Notification of the latter is required to be made to the Hospital Board and the District Health Officer.
Under “Sanitation” the abatement of nuisances, the prevention of pollution of watercourses, the control of offensive trades, the removal or repairing of insanitary buildings, and other similar matters are dealt with; and the functions of the District Health Officer and the Inspectors in regard thereto are laid down. Generally speaking, in addition to his duties under the Public Health Act, the District Health Officer acts in the advisory capacity of a medical officer of health to the several municipalities and other local governing bodies in his district.
Part III deals with quarantine, which is referred to below. Part IV deals with vaccination, to which reference is made in the Vital-Statistics section of the Year-book.
The quarantine laws are administered by the officers of the Department of Public Health, under authority of the Public Health Act, 1908. The Act provides for the proclamation of infected places in or beyond the Dominion, and every ship arriving at a New Zealand port from or after having touched at an infected place is liable to quarantine, and this liability extends to every person on board such ship. No persons or goods are allowed to be landed from an infected ship, except at the appointed quarantine-ground, and any restrictions that may be deemed necessary to prevent the spread of infection may be enforced by the health officers. Heavy fines may be inflicted for any breach of these laws.
A medical practitioner may be appointed to take charge of passengers and crew of a ship liable to quarantine, and the owners or agents of the ship are liable for the cost of such attendance. It is the duty of the owners or agents of the ship to supply the passengers with such wholesome provisions and medicines as the medical man in charge directs or requires. All expenses incurred in connection with the disinfection or destruction of infected goods are a charge against the ship.
Regulations under the Act direct the manner in which the ship and the quarantine quarters must be disinfected, and the precautions to be taken by those on board the ship. Suspected ships are liable to the same precautions as those infected, and healthy ships—i.e., those on board which there has been no case of infectious disease though they have sailed from or touched at an infected port, or have communicated with an infected ship—are liable to fumigation if directed by the Health Officer, and the method of mooring is set out.
No vessel may be admitted to pratique between the hours of sunset and sunrise, unless under exceptional circumstances.
To be registered as a medical practitioner in New Zealand application should be made to the Registrar-General at Wellington or to the Registrar of Births and Deaths at Auckland, New Plymouth, Napier, Nelson, Hokitika, Picton, Christchurch, Dunedin, or Invercargill.
An applicant must be a graduate in medicine and surgery of the New Zealand University, or registered or eligible for registration as a medical practitioner in the United Kingdom, or the holder of a diploma granted, after a course of not less than five years' study of the subjects pertaining to a medical and surgical degree or license, by a university in any British possession, or any other university which, in the opinion of the Governor in Council, is equal in status to the University of New Zealand.
One month's notice of intended application must be given, and such notice advertised once in the New Zealand Gazette and also in a newspaper circulating near the residence of the applicant. Residence in New Zealand is therefore essential before notice can be given.
The fee for registration is one pound, payable on deposit of evidence of qualification.
Application for registration as a dentist should be made to the Registrar-General, Wellington, accompanied by a fee of £1.
Every adult person is entitled to be registered as a dentist in New Zealand who is the holder of a degree in dental surgery of the University of New Zealand, or a certificate of proficiency in dentistry obtained from the Senate of the University, or is registered or entitled to be registered as a dentist in the United Kingdom, or is the holder of such degree in dentistry granted in a British possession or a foreign country, as may be recognized by the Senate of the New Zealand University.
Evidence of good character is required in every case.
In order to make better provision for the sale of food and drugs in a pure state, the Sale of Food and Drugs Act was passed by the Legislature, and came into operation on the 1st January, 1908. This Act forms part of and is to be read together with the Public Health Act, 1908.
The Act is administered by the officers of the Public Health Department, and provides for the analysis, by public analysts, of any article of food or drink, or of any drug, which may be sold, offered for sale, or exposed for sale, and for the inspection of any place where there is any food or drug intended for sale. If any such article be proved to be unfit for human consumption, or likely to cause injury to health if consumed, heavy penalties may be inflicted on the person or persons responsible.
Stringent measures are provided for the prevention of adulteration of food, drink, or drugs, and for the inspection of places where such things are manufactured or packed. The selling of light-weight bread is an offence under the Act, as is also the taking back of bread after it has been in the possession of the purchaser for more than an hour.
Any person may, on payment of the prescribed fee, together with the cost of the sample, require any authorized officer to purchase a sample of any food or drug and submit the same for analysis.
Regulations under the Act were published in the New Zealand Gazettes of the 20th February, 1908, 17th September, 1908, 13th January, 1910, 17th February, 1910, and 6th October, 1910. Standards for the control of the purity of food stuffs and of drugs, on the lines recommended by the Australian Inter-State Conference, have been prepared and gazetted as a complete set of regulations (on 6th March, 1913). All former regulations are revoked thereby.
This Act, passed during the session of 1912, provides for the setting up of a Board, to be called the Plumbers' Board of New Zealand. This Board consists of five members—viz., the Chief Health Officer or his Deputy, who shall be chairman; the Inspector-General of Schools; a city or borough engineer nominated by the cities and boroughs which have a population of over 5,000 inhabitants, and appointed by the Governor; a master plumber, and a journeyman plumber elected by their respective associations.
The functions of the Board are to decide what persons may be registered under the Act, in what districts sanitary plumbing shall be performed only by registered plumbers, and what shall be the scope of the examinations to be held in the future as a part of the process of securing registration.
The large principle underlying the Act is that of securing trained and certificated sanitary plumbers, and that such registered plumbers shall not be required to pay any license fee or pass any examination under any local authorities controlling sanitary plumbing-works.
Prior to the abolition of provinces the hospitals of the Dominion were supported mainly out of provincial revenues. After that event the expenditure for hospitals was for the most part charged against the revenue of counties and municipal corporations, until October, 1885, when the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1885 (re-enacted in 1908), came into force.
Under this Act that portion of New Zealand included within the three principal islands—the North. South, and Stewart Islands—was divided into thirty-six hospital districts, each consisting of one or more counties with the interior boroughs and certain town districts having a population of five hundred or more, presided over by thirteen Hospital Boards, twenty-three combined Hospital and Charitable-aid Boards, and six Charitable-aid Boards.
The Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909, is described in the preamble as “An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to public hospitals and charitable institutions, the distribution of charitable aid, and the establishment of private hospitals.” All previous enactments relating to these matters are repealed.
The main provisions of the Act are thus briefly described: The distinction between Hospital Boards and Charitable-aid Boards has been abolished, and every Board now possesses the double function of maintaining hospitals and administering charitable relief. The Board consists of representatives of the various contributory local districts, counties, boroughs, town districts, and in some instances road districts, as the case may be, lying within the hospital district.
Representation on the Board is proportionate to the population and the value of the rateable property in the contributory district, the total number of members of any Board not to be less than eight nor more than twenty. The representatives are elected by the electors of the local authority of the contributory district, casual vacancies being filled by nomination by the local authority itself. Small contributory districts may be combined, and return a representative in common. The representatives of each contributory district retire at every general election of the local authority of that district, and their places are filled by an election held at the same time as that general election. This arrangement preserves the continuity of the Boards by securing the retirement of groups of members at different times, and also avoids the expense of a separate and special election. All property in connection with the purposes of the Act, including hospitals for infectious diseases, is vested in the Boards, excepting that belonging to certain hospitals, four in number, and six charitable institutions, which are specifically exempted on the ground that they are self-supporting so far as the local authorities are concerned.
The revenues of the Boards accrue from the following sources :—
Rents and profits of land and endowments.
Voluntary contributions and bequests.
Contributions from local authorities.
Subsidies from the Consolidated Fund as follows :—
Ten shillings in the pound on all devises or bequests, provided the subsidy shall not exceed £500 in respect of the estate of any single testator.
Twenty-four shillings in the pound on voluntary contributions other than bequests.
Pound for pound on contributions by local authorities in respect of capital expenditure, and in respect of other expenditure on a sliding scale, the amounts ranging from 12s. 3d. in the pound when the capital rateable value of property in the district exceeds £450 per head of the population, and the rate of levy per head is not under 4s., to 24s. 3d. when the value per head is less than £100 and the levy per head less than 2s.
The amount to be contributed by the local authorities is determined by estimating the expenditure for the ensuing year, including any deficiency brought forward, and deducting from the amount so ascertained the probable revenue from all sources excepting contributions from local authorities; the balance must be provided by the contributory bodies either out of their ordinary revenues or by special rates. Should any body fail to pay the required contribution, the amount due may be deducted from any subsidy or grant payable by the Government to the said local authority. The revenues of the Boards are thus secured absolutely.
When funds are required for the purpose of acquiring land as a site for any building, or for erecting, adding to, or altering any building, the contributory authority may raise the amount required by way of loan from the State Advances Board, repaying the loan by instalments. Provision is made by which the contributory authorities may demand an inquiry if they consider the proposed expenditure, is unnecessary or extravagant, and if such contention is upheld an amended estimate and fresh apportionment must be made.
The Inspector-General of Hospitals has the general administration of the Act under the direction of the Minister of Public Health, and is intrusted with authority to inspect institutions within the meaning of the Act at any time he may think fit. If a Board fails or refuses to perform any duty imposed by the Act, the Inspector-General may by direction of the Minister take the matter in hand and remedy it, charging the Board with any expense incurred in so doing.
The Dominion is divided into thirty-eight hospital and charitable-aid districts, each of which is under the control of a Board elected as mentioned above.
Besides the administration of hospitals and charitable aid, these Boards are the responsible authorities as regards certain public health matters, being especially responsible for the control of infectious diseases. This duty was placed upon the Boards by the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Amendment Act, 1910.
Information relating to the public general hospitals in the Dominion for the year ended 31st March, 1914, compared with the previous corresponding period is given in the following table :—
| 1912–13. | 1913–14. | Increase. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of institutions | 63 | 63 | |
| Stipendiary medical staff | 86 | 88 | 2 |
| Nursing staff— | |||
| Trained nurses | 252 | 300 | 48 |
| Probationers | 570 | 578 | 8 |
| Domestic staff | 550 | 576 | 26 |
| Number of beds | 3,176 | 3,292 | 116 |
The following shows the receipts and expenditure upon hospitals and charitable aid for the years ended the 31st March, 1913 and 1914:—
| Year ended 31st March, | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1913. | 1914. | |
| £ | £ | |
| Receipts. | ||
| From Government | 200,256 | 219,520 |
| From local authorities | 166,281 | 175,120 |
| Voluntary contributions | 25,930 | 49,856 |
| Payments on account of persons relieved | 77,369 | 84,026 |
| From other sources | 39,332 | 56,881 |
| £509,168 | £585,403 | |
| Expenditure. | ||
| Hospital maintenance | 242,116 | 265,267 |
| Charitable aid— | ||
| Indoor relief | 66,378 | 68,510 |
| Outdoor relief | 31,092 | 34,451 |
| Administration | 23,323 | 22,720 |
| New buildings and additions | 108,162 | 143,529 |
| Other expenses | 29,373 | 45,129 |
| £500,444 | £579,606 | |
| GENERAL HOSPITALS. | |
|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March, 1914. | |
| Average number of patients per diem | 2,233 |
| Number of patients under treatment | 28,885 |
| Deaths | 2,179 |
| Individual average day's stay | 28 |
| Average number of occupied beds to each of nursing staff | 2.5 |
| Average annual cost of maintenance per occupied bed | £109.3 |
| Average annual payment by patient per occupied bed | £23.5 |
| Number of out-patients attended during year | 16,986 |
As previously remarked, State charitable institutions are administered by combined Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards, who also distribute outdoor relief. Most of the aged needy are provided with old-age pensions of £26 per annum, but many of these old people prefer to enter a public home, where they are better cared for and at less cost than could be possible with individuals. In these cases the pension is received by the officers of the Board, as payment for the maintenance of the pensioner, but a proportion is handed over to the latter to be expended as he or she may choose.
Where public and private charitable organizations operate side by side independently of each other there is sure to be an overlapping in the collection of funds and the distribution of relief. The Inspector-General of Charitable Institutions has taken steps to endeavour to secure co-operation between public and private charities, in order to avoid any duplication in future. The average cost of maintenance per occupied bed of the old peoples' homes under the control of Hospital Boards for the year 1913–14 was £35 2s.; the average number of inmates daily 1.147; the number of beds available being 1,508.
| COMPARISON OF HOSPITAL AND CHARITABLE-AID EXPENDITURE SINCE 1894–95′ AND THE COST PER HEAD OF THE POPULATION. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Mean Population. | Hospital and Charitable-aid and other* Expenditure. | Proportion of Cost per Head of the Population. | |
| £ | s. | d. | ||
| 1895 | 683,111 | 177,724 | 5 | 2œ |
| 1896 | 696,331 | 199,463 | 5 | 8Ÿ |
| 1897 | 710,418 | 186,047 | 5 | 2Ÿ; |
| 1898 | 724,681 | 181,773 | 5 | 0 |
| 1899 | 739,193 | 198,823 | 5 | 4œ |
| 1900 | 752,644 | 185,860 | 4 | 11Π|
| 1901 | 765,668 | 197,408 | 5 | 1Ÿ; |
| 1902 | 781,356 | 212,215 | 5 | 5 |
| 1903 | 802,419 | 231,185 | 5 | 9 |
| 1904 | 826,902 | 243,000 | 5 | 10œ |
| 1905 | 851,964 | 259,616 | 6 | 1 |
| 1906 | 877,469 | 270,710 | 6 | 2 |
| 1907 | 901,920 | 288,808 | 6 | 4œ |
| 1908 | 925,727 | 315,197 | 6 | 10 |
| 1909 | 945,063 | 359,941 | 7 | 7Π|
| 1910 | 977,906 | 375,075 | 7 | 8 |
| 1911 | 997,974 | 416,384 | 8 | 4Π|
| 1912 | 1,019,984 | 482,645 | 9 | 5œ |
| 1913 | 1,046,624 | 500,442 | 9 | 6Ÿ; |
| 1914 | 1,075,788 | 579,606 | 10 | 9Π|
Capital expenditure is included, and this being variable would cause some slight fluctuation in the rate per head of the population.
The Private Hospitals Act, which came into force on the 1st January, 1907, is now superseded by the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909, which provides for the licensing, management, and inspection of private hospitals. All such institutions must be licensed, and every application for a license must be accompanied by a statement giving full description of the house proposed to be used, number of patients, and class of cases proposed to be received. The licensee shall state whether it is in respect of a lying-in private hospital or a surgical and medical private hospital, or if for both classes of cases, and no private hospital shall be used for any purpose other than that in respect of which the license is granted and purposes reasonably incidental thereto.
For every private hospital there must be a resident manager, either the licensee or some person appointed by the licensee, and in every case the manager must be a legally qualified medical practitioner or a registered nurse in the case of a surgical and medical hospital, or a registered midwife in the case of a lying-in hospital, or a registered nurse and midwife, or a registered nurse having as resident assistant a registered midwife in the case of a hospital licensed for both purposes. No license shall be granted in respect of a house not previously licensed until such house and annexed buildings have been approved by the Inspector-General of Hospitals, and no addition shall be made to any private hospital until it has been so approved. No license shall be granted until the character and fitness of the applicant have been proved satisfactory, and the license must be renewed on the 1st January of each year.
In every private hospital there must be kept a register of patients showing particulars as to name, age, abode, and date of reception of each patient, date when such patient left, or in the event of death the date thereof, name of medical practitioner attending, and such other details as may be prescribed. Inquiry may be made at any time as to the management and conduct of any such private hospital, and if such inquiry prove unsatisfactory the license may be revoked, and no new license shall be granted to the person whose license is so revoked, for a period of five years.
Provision is made for the visitation and inspection of private hospitals in the same manner as for public institutions of the like nature.
The Governor may from time to time make such regulations as are necessary for carrying the Act into effect, and substantial penalties are provided for breaches of its provisions.
There are four State maternity hospitals now open for the use of the public, one at each of the principal centres. The St. Helens Hospital at Wellington was opened in June, 1905, and a new and up-to-date building in July, 1912; that at Dunedin in October, 1905; that at Auckland in June, 1906; and that at Christchurch in April, 1907. During the year ended 31st March, 1914, a total of 803 confinements took place in the four hospitals, and 495 confinements were attended by the institution nurses outside the hospitals, as compared with 909 and 452 confinements respectively during the previous twelve months. These institutions are a development of the policy begun by legislation in 1901, when the Nurses Registration Act was passed, followed in 1904 by the Midwives Act, the latter providing that after a certain date only those midwives who were duly registered would be qualified to practise on their own account.
Tables are given showing information as to births and deaths in each institution during the year ended 31st March, 1914, and the totals for each of the past five years. Births in cases dealt with outside St. Helens Hospitals by the nurses attached to the institutions are also shown.
| ST. HELENS HOSPITALS, 1913–14. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| City. | Confinements in Institution. | Confinements attended outside | ||
| Births. | Deaths of Mothers. | Deaths of Infants. | ||
| Births. | ||||
| Auckland | 176 | .. | .. | 241 |
| Wellington | 212 | 3 | 3 | 113 |
| Christchurch | 252 | 1 | 3 | 82 |
| Dunedin | 163 | 1 | 5 | 59 |
| Totals | 803 | 5 | 11 | 495 |
| ST. HELENS HOSPITALS, 1909–10 TO 1913–14. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Confinements in Institution. | Confinements attended outside. | ||
| Births. | Deaths of Mothers. | Deaths of Infants. | ||
| Births. | ||||
| 1910 | 865 | 5 | 11 | 320 |
| 1911 | 827 | 4 | 9 | 355 |
| 1912 | 886 | 2 | 17 | 460 |
| 1913 | 920 | 4 | 17 | 454 |
| 1914 | 803 | 5 | 11 | 495 |
The expenditure of the four St. Helens Maternity Hospitals for the year ended 31st March, 1914, was as follows :—
| Head of Expenditure. | Auckland. | Wellington. | Christchurch. | Dunedin. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Maintenance | 1,471 | 1,899 | 1,589 | 1,316 |
| Buildings, &c. | .. | 22 | 647 | 101 |
| Administration | 81 | 75 | 75 | 75 |
| Totals | 1,552 | 1,996 | 2,311 | 1,492 |
The maternity hospitals are not intended in any sense to be charitable institutions, and it is expected that they will be self-supporting.
There is a maternity hospital attached to the Medical School at Dunedin, which also serves as a training-school for medical students and midwives. During the year ended 31st December, 1913, 172 patients were admitted to this institution.
There is a maternity hospital established at Gisborne by the Cook County Women's Guild on the same lines as the St. Helens Hospitals and recognized as a training school for midwives. There are ten beds.
Charitable Maternity Homes are established at Auckland, Otahuhu, Napier, Wellington, Christchurch, and Invercargill for the reception of unfortunate girls. The Salvation Army have similar institutions at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin.
The Nurses Registration Act provides that every person who has attained the age of twenty-three years and is certified as having had three years' training as a nurse in a recognized general hospital, together with systematic instruction in theoretical and practical nursing from the medical officer and the matron of that hospital, and who passes the prescribed examination, is entitled to registration. During the year ended 31st March, 1914, there were 175 candidates for the final examination in medical and surgical nursing, and 155 passed.
On 31st March, 1914, the number of registered midwives was 1,278. Of these 595 are trained and certificated, the remainder having satisfied the Registrar that at the date of the passing of the Act they had been for at least three years in bona fide practice as midwives, and that they bear a good character.
Exclusive of industrial schools there are so far as is known some thirty-five institutions that may be described as orphanages or children's homes. The majority of these are under official inspection, as they receive for payment children who are under six years of age. By an amendment of the Education Act passed in 1910 provision is made for the inspection of all orphanages and cognate institutions by Inspectors of the Education Department, with a view to securing that as regards education of the children and general management these organizations are acting consistently with the laws governing the education, care, and upbringing of children who are maintained in kindred institutions.
Under the control of the Education Department come also the various institutions for deaf and dumb, blind, or mentally defective children. These are dealt with in the section of this book dealing with Education.
There are seven public mental hospitals in the Dominion, maintained wholly or in part out of the public revenue. There is also one private hospital, licensed by the Governor for the reception of the mentally afflicted.
In 1911 an Act was passed intituled the Mental Defectives Act, 1911. This Act which came into operation on 1st March, 1912, marks an important legislative advance with respect to the care, treatment, and classification of mentally defective persons.
The following matters are worthy of special reference :—
The definition of “mentally defective person,” in section 2, classifies such persons into six divisions, dependent upon the nature and severity of the complaint to which the patient is subject. These divisions are: Class I, persons of unsound mind; Class II, persons mentally infirm; Class III, idiots; Class IV, imbeciles; Class V, feeble-minded; Class VI, epileptics. This classification is that recommended by the recent Imperial Royal Commission on the care and control of the feeble-minded. Persons coming within any of the above classes are not necessarily to be confined in institutions under the Act, but only in cases where their detention is required for their own welfare and in the public interest.
Much more efficient provision is made in the machinery provisions of the Act for the committal of mentally defective persons to institutions, and special provisions are made for the ready admission of such persons in cases of sudden attack or other cases demanding speedy attention.
Part II deals with “single patients”—that is to say, persons who are, on the authority of a Magistrate and after examination, permitted to remain in the custody and under the control of a private person.
Part III relates exclusively to the special procedure to be adopted in the case of the committal of minors to an institution. Such persons may be received on the declaration of a parent or guardian, supported by medical certificates, to the effect that detention is necessary, and may be discharged on a similar application, unless further detention is deemed necessary.
Part V relates to “voluntary boarders,” and is an important departure from the earlier law. It permits of the detention of a person in an institution on his personal application to be placed under control and treatment. Such a patient may be again discharged on his own application in that behalf, the only restriction being that he may be detained for seven days after the receipt of such an application. This provision is extremely valuable in cases where a person is aware of an impending attack of insanity and wishes to effectively place himself beyond the risk of inflicting harm on himself or others.
The remaining provisions of the Act deal principally with the effective administration of public and licensed institutions for mentally defective persons, and for the treatment and control of the persons detained therein.
The number of patients under treatment at the end of 1913 was 3,964, consisting of 2,332 males and 1,632 females. These numbers include Maoris, of whom there were 31 male and 8 female patients.
The number of patients remaining at the close of each of the past Live years, and the proportion per 10,000 of the population, excluding Maoris, are shown in the following table :—
| NUMBER REMAINING, 1909–13. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number remaining at Close of Year. | Proportion per 10,000 of Population. | ||||
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
| 1909 | 2,059 | 1,452 | 3,511 | 39.56 | 31.39 | 35.72 |
| 1910 | 2,132 | 1,496 | 3,628 | 40.60 | 31.99 | 36.54 |
| 1911 | 2,193 | 1,525 | 3,718 | 40.61 | 31.40 | 36.26 |
| 1912 | 2,243 | 1,628 | 3,871 | 40.55 | 32.60 | 36.77 |
| 1913 | 2,301 | 1,624 | 3,925 | 38.41 | 31.50 | 36.19 |
| Means of five years | 2,186 | 1,545 | 3,731 | 39.95 | 31.78 | 36.30 |
The total admissions to mental hospitals during the year 1913 were 784 (466 males and 318 females), this number not including 108 transfers from one institution to another The principal causes of insanity as assigned on admission are as follows : —
| Heredity | 140 |
|---|---|
| Senility | 116 |
| Alcohol | 92 |
| Previous attacks | 60 |
| Congenital mental deficiency | 49 |
| Mental stress | 49 |
| Puberty and adolescence | 45 |
| Climacteric | 45 |
| Syphilis | 43 |
| Epilepsy | 24 |
| Puerperal state | 25 |
| Other causes or cause unknown | 96 |
| 784 |
With regard to hereditary insanity, the following interesting comment appears in a recent report of the Inspector-General of Mental Hospitals :—
“The returns with respect to heredity do not, and never do, represent its total incidence. One may hold that the stress alleged as the cause was of itself insufficient to disorder a stable brain, but can enter only what is acknowledged, and one may observe nervous peculiarities among visiting relatives, pointing to common inheritance; but the knowledge cannot always be used in compiling statistics, either because these persons have shared the same faulty environment, or the characteristics may have descended from a branch unrelated to the patient. We have, however, examples of heredity being denied in cases where there are other members of the family already in one or other of the mental hospitals.”
Of the 784 persons admitted to mental hospitals during 1913, those admitted for the first time to any mental hospital in New Zealand numbered 660 (males, 394; females, 266), and those not admitted for the first time, 124 (males, 72; females, 52). Of the first admissions 20 were immigrants, who became insane within a year of landing in the Dominion. Of this number, 5 men and 6 women came from the United Kingdom, 3 men came from the Commonwealth, and 6 from foreign countries. In addition, 3 New-Zealanders (men) were admitted shortly after their return from residence abroad.
Excluding the Native race the number of first admissions and rate per 10,000 of population for each of the past five years were as follows:—
| FIRST ADMISSIONS AND RATE PER 10,000 OF MEAN POPULATION, 1909–13. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number of First Admissions. | Proportion per 10,000 of Population. | ||||
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
| 1909 | 343 | 223 | 566 | 6.66 | 4.80 | 5.82 |
| 1910 | 397 | 242 | 639 | 7.56 | 5.17 | 6.44 |
| 1911 | 362 | 249 | 611 | 6.77 | 5.19 | 6.02 |
| 1912 | 390 | 287 | 677 | 7.14 | 5.83 | 6.52 |
| 1913 | 387 | 261 | 648 | 6.90 | 5.14 | 6.06 |
| Means of five years | 376 | 252 | 628 | 7.01 | 5.23 | 6.17 |
The figures for 1913 represent one first admission for every 1,649 persons in the Dominion.
The number of Maoris admitted as patients to the mental hospitals is small. These and the number remaining at the close of each of the past five years are shown below :—
| MAORIS ADMITTED AND REMAINING, 1909–13. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Admitted. | Remaining at Close of Year. | ||
| Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | |
| 1909 | 9 | 4 | 24 | 14 |
| 1910 | 13 | 3 | 28 | 14 |
| 1911 | 12 | 4 | 27 | 11 |
| 1912 | 12 | 5 | 30 | 12 |
| 1913 | 9 | 5 | 31 | 8 |
Dealing with patients of all races, the next table gives the average number resident, those who were discharged as recovered, and those who died, during the period 1909–13 :—
| Year | Average Number Resident. | Discharged as recovered. | Died. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number. | Per Cent. of Average Number Resident. | Number. | Per Cent. of Average Number Resident. | ||
| 1909 | 3,374 | 349 | 10.34 | 204 | 6.05 |
| 1910 | 3,473 | 327 | 9.42 | 283 | 8.15 |
| 1911 | 3,601 | 331 | 9.19 | 303 | 8.41 |
| 1912 | 3,697 | 325 | 8.79 | 280 | 7.57 |
| 1913 | 3,849 | 337 | 8.76 | 307 | 7.98 |
| Means of five years | 3,599 | 335 | 9.30 | 275 | 7.63 |
With regard to the deaths in 1913, 106 were due to senile decay, representing 34.53 per cent. of the total deaths for the year, as against 2286 per cent. for 1912. It is also noted that in a considerable number of the deaths from other causes advancing years was a factor, 52.81 per cent. of the patients who died in 1913 at specified ages being over sixty years of age. Deaths from general paralysis numbered 27, while various forms of tuberculosis accounted for 27 of the total deaths.
A license may be granted to enable a private mental hospital to receive patients for treatment. Stringent conditions are attached to the issue of such licenses, which may be revoked at any time. The Inspector-General has wide powers in the regulation and control of private institutions, which are placed practically on the same footing as public mental hospitals in regard to inspection and other matters. There is only one licensed private institution in the Dominion, that at Wakari, near Dunedin, established in 1882. Particulars of admissions, discharges, deaths, and patients remaining, for the last five years, are as follows. These figures are included in the tables given above.
| PRIVATE MENTAL HOSPITAL (included in previous figures). | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Admissions. | Discharges. | Deaths. | Patients remaining at End of Year. |
| 1909 | 18 | 21 | .. | 44 |
| 1910 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 42 |
| 1911 | 15 | 13 | 1 | 43 |
| 1912 | 19 | 16 | 1 | 45 |
| 1913 | 22 | 16 | 7 | 44 |
The amount of sleeping-accommodation provided in each of the public mental hospitals is shown in tabular form, giving separately the number and cubic contents of the sleeping-rooms intended for one person only, and of the dormitories occupied by several inmates conjointly, together with the number of patients actually in the hospitals on the 31st December, 1913 :—
| — | Sleeping-rooms for One Person only. | Dormitories for more than One Person. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number. | Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet. | Inmates (Patients) on 31st December. 1913. | Number. | Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet. | Inmates (Patients) on 31st December 1913. | |
| Auckland | 117 | 105,537 | 117 | 37 | 362,831 | 779 |
| Tokanui | 3 | 1,960 | 3 | 3 | 51,467 | 86 |
| Porirua | 159 | 155,885 | 159 | 29 | 444,945 | 733 |
| Nelson | 27 | 22,823 | 27 | 16 | 105,081 | 170 |
| Hokitika | 57 | 47,759 | 57 | 14 | 131,718 | 213 |
| Christchurch | 103 | 69,651 | 103 | 40 | 288,520 | 549 |
| Seacliff | 255 | 195,416 | 255 | 64 | 356,758 | 669 |
| Totals | 721 | 599,031 | 721 | 203 | 1,741,320 | 3,199 |
At Ashburn Hall, Wakari, there are seventy-seven rooms, each for one person only, with an aggregate cubic content of 77,461 ft.
The total expenditure on maintenance of mental hospitals (not including the cost of new buildings and additions), receipts from patients and for sale of produce,©, and the average net cost per annum for each patient during the past five years, were as follows:—
| Year. | Total Expenditure. | Receipts from Patients, Sale of Produce, &c. | Net Expenditure. | Average Not Expenditure per Patient. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | |
| 1909 | 118,377 | 35,089 | 83,288 | 25 | 0 | 4 |
| 1910 | 118,268 | 32,133 | 86,135 | 25 | 2 | 1 |
| 1911 | 125,227 | 40,840 | 84,387 | 23 | 14 | 4 |
| 1912 | 143,006 | 41,865 | 101,141 | 26 | 10 | 1 |
| 1913 | 150,111 | 47,228 | 102,883 | 27 | 0 | 6 |
The total net expenditure out of the Public Works Fund for buildings and equipment from 1st July, 1877, to 31st March, 1914, was £678,625.
Farms are conducted in connection with the various mental hospitals, the inmates themselves doing most of the labour. During 1913, sales of produce brought in £5,837, while the value of produce grown on the farms and consumed in the institutions was estimated at £14,629. Expenses amounted to £11,247, so that the year's working shows a credit balance of £9,219.
Table of Contents
OF every 100 persons in New Zealand 83.78 could read and write, 0.86 could read only, and 15.36 could neither read nor write at the time of the census; of 1911. The proportion able to read and write has increased, and that of persons who cannot read has decreased, steadily since 1874. The figures are given for five censuses :—
| Read and write. | Read only. | Cannot read. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Census 1874 | 68.15 | 8.09 | 23.76 |
| Census 1886 | 74.01 | 4.80 | 21.19 |
| Census 1896 | 80.60 | 2.89 | 16.51 |
| Census 1906 | 83.50 | 1.60 | 14.90 |
| Census 1911 | 83.78 | 0.86 | 15.36 |
To ascertain, however, how completely education is carried out, accepting as a test the knowledge of reading and writing, it is necessary to show the position at present in respect of age periods, which is accordingly given.
At the period under five years only 0.01 in every hundred were able to read and write, and 0.02 to read; 9997 being unable to do either on account of extreme youth. At five to ten years 6805 could read and write, and 4.31 read only, leaving 27.64 who could not read. But this last includes only three years of the compulsory school-going period.
With the subsequent periods up to forty years figures under “Head only” and “Cannot” are reduced to small fractions as under :—
| Read and write. | Read only. | Cannot read. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 to 15 years | 99.51 | 0.15 | 0.34 |
| 15 to 20 years | 99.69 | 0.05 | 0.26 |
| 20 to 25 years | 99.68 | 0.07 | 0.25 |
| 25 to 30 years | 99.67 | 0.06 | 0.27 |
| 30 to 35 years | 99.53 | 0.12 | 0.35 |
| 35 to 40 years | 99.33 | 0.17 | 0.50 |
| 40 to 45 years | 99.11 | 0.23 | 0.66 |
At forty-five to fifty years those who “cannot read” are over 1 per cent., and the proportion goes on increasing regularly, thus :—
| Read and write. | Read only. | Cannot read. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50 to 55 years | 97.48 | 0.88 | 1.64 |
| 60 to 65 | 94.92 | 2.19 | 2.89 |
| 70 to 75 | 91.03 | 4.07 | 4.90 |
| 80 and upwards | 85.22 | 6.65 | 8.13 |
The improved conditions of the young people are clearly shown above. At the last two periods given, which belong to advanced life, 4.73 per cent. and 5.74 per cent. are found to be either “reading only” or quite illiterate.
In the following tables an attempt has been made to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education. The first table shows the total amount expended both from the public account and out of income from endowments during the years ended 31st March, 1913 and 1914. The figures are given to the nearest £1,000.
| ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION IN NEW ZEALAND FOR THE YEARS 1912–13 AND 1913–14.(Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000.) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Branch of Education. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. | ||||
| Out of Public Funds. | Out of Income from Reserves. | Total for all Items from all Public Sources. | Out of Public Funds. | Out of Income from Reserves. | Total for all Items from all Public Sources. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) | 954,000 | 81,000 | 1,035,000 | 1,003,000 | 92,000 | 1,095,000 |
| Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) | 90,000 | 44,000 | 134,000 | 108,000 | 54,000 | 162,000 |
| Continuation and technical | 70,000 | 6,000 | 76,000 | 55,000 | 8,000 | 63,000 |
| Higher (including university and higher technical) | 33,000 | 22,000 | 55,000 | 47,000 | 26,000 | 73,000 |
| 1,147,000 | 153,000 | 1,300,000 | 1,213,000 | 180,000 | 1,393,000 | |
| Industrial schools | 52,000 | 2.000 | 54,000 | 47,000 | 2,000 | 49,000 |
| Other special schools (deaf and blind, and home for backward children) | 9,000 | 1,000 | 10,000 | 8,000 | 1,000 | 9,000 |
| Superannuation and miscellaneous | 29,000 | .. | 29,000 | 33,000 | .. | 33,000 |
| Totals | 1,237,000 | 156,000 | l,393,000 | 1,301,000 | 183,000 | 1,484,000 |
In 1912–13 teachers' salaries and allowances amounted to £700,000; repairs and rebuilding, £83,000; new buildings, £62,000; all other expenses, £190,000. In 1913–14 the corresponding expenditure was £732,000, £87,000, £82,000, and £194,000 respectively. The amount expended per head of population, including Maoris, but excluding residents of the Cook and other Pacific Islands, was as follows :—
| Branch of Education. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Out of Public Funds. | Out of Income from Endowments. | Total. | Out of Public Funds. | Out of Income from Reserves. | Total. | |||||||
| s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | s. | d. | |
| Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) | 17 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 18 | 10 | 17 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 19 | 3 |
| Secondary (including secondary departments of district high schools) | 1 | 8 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 2 | 10 |
| Continuation and technical | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Higher (including university and higher technical) | 0 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | .. | 6 | 1 | 4 |
| 20 | 10 | 2 | 9 | 23 | 7 | 21 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 24 | 7 | |
| Industrial schools | 0 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | .. | .. | 0 | 10 |
| Special schools (deaf, blind, &c.) | 0 | 2 | .. | .. | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | .. | .. | 0 | 2 |
| Superannuation and miscellaneous | 0 | 6 | .. | .. | 0 | 6 | 0 | 7 | .. | .. | 0 | 7 |
| Totals | 22 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 25 | 3 | 23 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 26 | 2 |
The following figures show the approximate cost of primary education per head, excluding new schools and additions, contributed out of public funds (general and local) in some other countries :—
| s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|
| England | 13 | 2 |
| Wales | 16 | 11 |
| Scotland | 16 | 7 |
| United States | 18 | 7 |
The following table shows the total amount expended on education out of the public funds only, and the amount per head of population for 1898–99 and 1903–4, and for the last six years:—
| Year. | Amount expended out of Public Funds. | Expenditure per Head of Population out of Public Funds. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | |
| 1898–99 | 519,000 | 13 | 4 |
| 1903–4 | 679,000 | 15 | 6 |
| 1908–9 | 987,000 | 19 | 6 |
| 1909–10 | 998,000 | 19 | 5 |
| 1910–11 | 1,083,000 | 20 | 8 |
| 1911–12 | 1,133,000 | 21 | 5 |
| 1912–13 | 1,237,000 | 22 | 5 |
| 1913–14 | 1,301,000 | 23 | 0 |
The Dominion is divided into thirteen education districts, over each of which an Education Board presides, and into smaller districts, in each of which a School Committee elected by the householders has authority, subject to the general control of the Board, which is elected by the Committees of the district. The Board of an education district receives and disburses the money voted by the General Assembly for purposes of instruction, and, subject to the condition of consultation with the Committee of the school district, appoints the teachers. The Board also appoints the Inspectors. The Governor in Council makes general regulations for the inspection and examination of the schools, and also makes the regulations under which certificates are granted to teachers after examination and adequate experience.
Education at the public schools is free and purely secular. The attendance of all children between the ages of seven and fourteen is compulsory, except when special exemptions are granted, or a child is being otherwise sufficiently educated.
The subjects taught at the primary schools are required by the Education Act to be the following: Reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar and composition, geography, history (including civic instruction), elementary science and drawing, object-lessons, vocal music, physical instruction, moral instruction, nature-study, health, and (in the case of girls) sewing and needlework, the principles of domestic economy, also handwork for both sexes.
The system of physical education, based with some slight modifications on the syllabus of physical exercises for schools issued by the English Board of Education in 1909, which was established in 1912, made good progress during the year 1913; The number of teachers who have received instruction in the system up to July, 1914, is 2,200, the system has been introduced into 1,172 schools, and 531 of these schools have been inspected. The course of instruction specially prepared for teachers attending classes included (1) the theory and practice of exercise; (2) a definite series of progressive daily exercises in physical drill and correct methods of breathing; (3) personal hygiene; (4) a course of organized games; (5) swimming, life-saving, and resuscitation drill. The total expenditure on physical education for the year ended 31st March, 1914, was £7,890.
The medical inspection of schools and school children was carried on in 1913 by four medical inspectors working from the four chief centres. During the year 1913 333 primary schools were visited, and 12,357 children medically examined; of these, 7,661 were pupils in Standard II taken at the routine examination, and 4,696 were special cases thought by the teachers to be suffering from some defects.
The Medical Inspectors do not treat cases, but, where necessary, recommend the parents to obtain medical attention for their children. Generally this advice appears to be followed; but there is a proportion of cases in which the expense of treatment is an obstacle. It is clear, however, that a great amount of good is being done by the Medical Inspectors in cases where other medical assistance is unnecessary. Remedies that cost little or nothing are recommended, and wrong and harmful methods of rearing the children corrected. Often dullness and incapacity have been found to be due to some physical defect, such as defective eyesight or hearing, or throat or nose troubles.
Instruction in the medical inspection of children is given to the students of the training colleges, and, as opportunity occurs, to teachers already in the schools so that in course of time the detection of certain physical defects in the scholars will not be left to the experts.
From figures compiled from the weights and heights of some fifteen thousand children returned by school-teachers last year, it appears that the average New Zealand child is heavier and taller than the average English child of the same age.
The Medical Inspectors also report on the schools in respect of the lighting, heating, ventilation, cleanliness, &c., and there are many instances in which suggested improvements involving no expenditure have been effected. Emphasis is placed on the value of fresh air, and teachers are encouraged to teach out of doors or in open shelters whenever it is possible.
The total expenditure on medical inspection for the financial year ended the 31st March, 1914, was £4,183.
Since the year 1895 children out of the reach of a primary school, but living near to a convenient line of railway, have been granted free passes to the nearest public school or private school; in 1902 this privilege was extended to holders of scholarships and free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools; and at the beginning of the year 1909, the same concession was granted to other secondary pupils who were compelled to travel by rail in order to attend school. The amount paid in railway fares on this account in 1913–14 was £13,119.
Where conveyance by rail is not possible, grants are made to Education Boards to provide children with conveyance by road or water. In addition, when through the impracticability of conveyance a child has to live away from home to attend a public school, an amount is allowed for its board and lodging. The rates of payment are 6d. per return trip for a child travelling to school, and 2s. 6d. per week for a child living away from home, plus half the amount paid by Education Boards on conveyance and board in excess of the grants named. The total amount paid in 1913–14 for conveyance by road and water and for board of children was £5,718.
During the year 1913, grants were made for establishing and maintaining school and class libraries. The grants come under two heads :—
A capitation grant at the rate of 3d. per head on the average attendance is paid annually to Education Boards for the purpose of supplying schools with supplementary continuous readers in sufficient numbers for class-reading in P to S6 inclusive, and also for the free supply of class-books in necessitous cases or in cases where a newly entered pupil has already purchased elsewhere class-books different from those in use in the school. After provision has been made for the supply of such books, the balance of the grant, if any, is to be spent on approved books suitable for individual reading in school or at home.
Further to encourage school libraries provision has been made for the payment of subsidies of £1 for £1 on moneys raised by voluntary contributions for the purpose of establishing, maintaining, or increasing the utility of school libraries that contain books suitable for individual reading in school or at home. For the year ended 31st December, 1913, the subsidies on moneys so raised for any school library during that year could not exceed 9d. per head on the average attendance at the school for the year 1912, and in no case could the subsidy for any one school exceed £10. Similarly, for the year 1914, the subsidy cannot exceed 6d. per head on the average attendance for the preceding year, and in no case can the subsidy for any one school exceed £7 10s. In subsequent years the amounts are 3d. and £5 respectively.
The books purchased are to be suitable for individual reading in school or at home, and are to be approved by the Board or its Inspector. Due attention is to be paid to providing books suitable for the individual reading of pupils in the lower classes.
It is felt that the establishment of school libraries should not only do much to encourage reading among pupils, but should also prove a great boon to parents and others—more particularly in sparsely settled rural districts—and consequently the conditions attached to the payment of subsidies on voluntary contributions provide that, under such conditions as a School Committee may impose, persons other than children attending school may receive on loan such books as are not for the time required by the pupils.
When notifying Boards that provision had been made for the payment of grants under the heads (a) and (b), the Department suggested that, to give wider utility to school libraries and to afford pupils greater variety of reading-matter, adjacent schools or schools between which communication is easy might purchase different books, and that these should be passed on from one school to another at suitable intervals. Up to May, 1914, claims for subsidies on voluntary contributions had been received in respect of 321 schools.
An illustrated paper, called the School Journal, is published monthly by the Education Department, for free circulation among pupils attending public primary schools, and for sale to private schools. The Journal is issued in three parts, each part being adapted to the educational attainments of pupils in two of the classes S1 to S6. It is claimed that although the Journal aims primarily at being instructive rather than recreative there is ample evidence that its appearance each month is welcomed by the children, and that its influence tends to the very desirable end of fostering the habit and the love of reading. It differs from most of the miscellaneous Readers in that, being composed largely of articles belonging to well-defined series of courses, it preserves a continuity absent from ordinary Readers. These courses deal with the history and geography of New Zealand, of the rest of the British Empire, and foreign countries, from the point of view of the human interests involved, so far as these appeal to a child's mind; with nature-knowledge of various kinds—the object being to extend what the pupils have learnt by their own observation, not to give information as a substitute for actual observation; with practical matters of hygiene; with civics and moral instruction; and with current topics, such as Antarctic exploration, Empire Day, Arbor Day, &c. Of the November issue of 1913 the number of copies printed was, Part I, 50,300; Part II, 48,000; Part III, 37,900.
In addition to the illustrations appearing in the pages of the School Journal, pictures and prints illustrating geography, history and nature-study are issued separately on cards as aids to oral instruction on modern lines in these subjects.
The number of scholars and students as in 1913 is shown in the following summary:—
| NUMBER OF SCHOLARS AND STUDENTS IN ATTENDANCE DURING 1913. | |
|---|---|
| Primary education— | |
| Public schools | 167,457 |
| Native village schools | 4,835 |
| Chatham Island schools | 98 |
| Private primary schools | 15,350 |
| Lower departments of secondary schools | 351 |
| Special schools | 809 |
| 188,900 | |
| Secondary education— | |
| Secondary schools | 5,803 |
| Secondary departments of district high schools | 2,073 |
| Day technical schools | 1,664 |
| Maori secondary schools | 419 |
| Private secondary schools | 545 |
| 10,504 | |
| Technical and continuation (excluding day technical schools) | 15,206 |
| Higher education— | |
| University colleges (including training-college students) | 2,318 |
| Lincoln Agricultural College | 53 |
| 17,577 | |
| Total under instruction | 216,981 |
This is an increase of 3,329 on the number under instruction during the previous year.
The public primary schools numbered 2,255 in 1913, against 2,214 in 1912. The number of aided or endowed colleges, grammar, and high schools was 33. The number of private schools from which returns were received by the Government Statistician was 304, a decrease of 6. There were also 12 industrial schools, Government and private, at which education was given, as well as a school for the deaf, a school for backward children, and a school for the blind, subsidized by Government.
The number of schools established for the education of the Native or Maori race was 120.
Compared with 1912, there was in 1913 an increase of 5,904 in the number of pupils belonging to the public schools at the end of the year, and the average attendance shows an increase of 4,960 for the whole year.
| SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND YEARLY INCREASE FROM 1877 TO 1913. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | School Attendance. | Yearly Increase on | |||||
| Number belonging at Beginning of Year. | Number belonging at End of Year. | Average Attendance.* | Average Attendance expressed as Percentage of Roll-number. | Number belonging at Beginning of Year. | Number belonging at End of Year. | Average Attendance.† | |
* From 1877 to 1893 (inclusive) the “strict” average is given, and for subsequent year the “working” average. † From 1877 to 1894 (inclusive) the increase on the “strict” average is given, and for subsequent years that on the “working” average. ‡ Figures at end of previous year. | |||||||
| Whole Year. | |||||||
| 1877 | .. | 55,688 | |||||
| 1878 | 50,849 | 65,040 | 45,521 | .. | .. | 9,352 | |
| 1879 | 59,707 | 75,566 | 53,067 | 73.8 | 8,858 | 10,526 | 7,546 |
| 1880 | 68,124 | 82,401 | 60,625 | 74.6 | 8,417 | 6,835 | 7,558 |
| 1881 | 74,359 | 83,560 | 61,822 | 74.2 | 6,235 | 1,159 | 1,197 |
| 1882 | 76,309 | 87,179 | 63,709 | 73.6 | 1,950 | 3,619 | 1,887 |
| 1883 | 79,416 | 92,476 | 67,373 | 74.0 | 3,107 | 5,297 | 3,664 |
| 1884 | 84,883 | 97,238 | 72,657 | 75.1 | 5,467 | 4,762 | 5,284 |
| 1885 | 90,670 | 102,407 | 78,327 | 76.6 | 5,787 | 5,169 | 5,670 |
| 1886 | 95,377 | 106,328 | 80,737 | 76.1 | 4,707 | 3,921 | 2,410 |
| 1887 | 99,206 | 110,919 | 85,637 | 77.0 | 3,829 | 4,591 | 4,900 |
| 1888 | 103,534 | 112,685 | 90,108 | 79.3 | 4,328 | 1,766 | 4,471 |
| 1889 | 104,919 | 115,456 | 93,374 | 80.3 | 1,385 | 2,771 | 3,266 |
| 1890 | 108,158 | 117,912 | 94,632 | 79.9 | 3,239 | 2,456 | 1,258 |
| 1891 | 110,665 | 119,523 | 97,058 | 80.3 | 2,507 | 1,611 | 2,426 |
| 1892 | 112,279 | 122,620 | 99,070 | 80.6 | 1,614 | 3,097 | 2,012 |
| 1893 | 114,305 | 124,686 | 98,615 | 78.5 | 2,026 | 2,066 | [–455] |
| 1894 | 116,819 | 127,300 | 104,996 | 81.8 | 2,514 | 2,614 | 4,875 |
| 1895 | 119,900 | 129,856 | 108,394 | 82.8 | 3,081 | 2,556 | 3,398 |
| 1896 | 122,425 | 131,037 | 110,517 | 83.3 | 2,525 | 1,181 | 2,123 |
| 1897 | 123,533 | 132,197 | 112,328 | 83.9 | 1,108 | 1,160 | 1,811 |
| 1898 | 123,892 | 131,621 | 111,636 | 83.4 | 359 | [–576] | [–692] |
| 1899 | 123,207 | 131,315 | 110,316 | 82.6 | [–685] | [–306] | [–1,320] |
| 1900 | 123,416 | 130,724 | 111,747 | 84.1 | 209 | [–591] | 1,431 |
| 1901 | 122,725 | 131,351 | 111,797 | 84.1 | [–691] | 627 | 50 |
| 1902 | 123,456 | 132,262 | 113,711 | 84.9 | 731 | 911 | 1,914 |
| 1903 | 124,095 | 133,568 | 113,047 | 83.9 | 639 | 1,306 | [–664] |
| 1904 | 125,150 | 135,475 | 116,506 | 85.5 | 1,055 | 1,907 | 3,459 |
| 1905 | 126,653 | 137,623 | 120,265 | 86.9 | 1,503 | 2,148 | 3,759 |
| 1906 | 128,328 | 139,302 | 121,958 | 86.9 | 1,676 | 1,679 | 1,693 |
| 1907 | 129,536 | 141,071 | 120,026 | 84.6 | 1,208 | 1,769 | [–1,932 |
| 1908 | 130,866 | 147,428 | 127,160 | 87.1 | 1,330 | 6,357 | 7,134 |
| 1909 | 134,943 | 152,416 | 132,773 | 87.8 | 4,077 | 4,988 | 5,613 |
| 1910 | 136,692 | 156,324 | 135,738 | 87.7 | 3,749 | 3,908 | 2,965 |
| 1911 | 141,103 | 161,648 | 142,186 | 89.3 | 2,411 | 5,324 | 6,448 |
| 1912 | 146,166 | 166,264 | 146,282 | 88.9 | 5,063 | 4,616 | 4,096 |
| 1913 | 166,264‡ | 172,168 | 151,242 | 89.2 | 4,616‡ | 5,904 | 4,960 |
For each quarter of the year 1913 the average of the weekly roll-numbers showed an increase over that for the corresponding quarter of 1912. The mean of the average weekly roll for the four quarters was 169,530 in 1913, against 164,492 for 1912, an increase of 5,038, making the total roll greater than in any previous year. Although the additions to the roll were most marked in the North Island, every district showed at least some increase. The increase was most noticeable in the December quarter of the year. The number on the roll at the end of the year was 172,168, as against 166,264 for the previous year, an increase of 5,904.
The following table shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools of the Dominion at the end of 1913, and the percentage of the roll for each age:—
| AGE AND SEX OF PUPILS, DECEMBER. 1913. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ages. | Boys. | Girls. | Total. | Percentages for Five Years. | ||||
| 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | ||||
| 5–6 years | 7,318 | 6,515 | 13,833 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 8.0 |
| 6–7 years | 9,499 | 8,835 | 18,334 | 10.8 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 10.6 |
| 7–8 years | 10,476 | 9,819 | 20,295 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.8 |
| 8–9 years | 10,573 | 9,696 | 20,269 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.9 | 11.8 |
| 9–10 years | 10,486 | 9,585 | 20,071 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.7 |
| 10–11 years | 9,622 | 9,174 | 18,796 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.9 |
| 11–12 years | 9,449 | 8,683 | 18,132 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 10.5 |
| 12–13 years | 9,035 | 8,442 | 17,477 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 10.2 |
| 13–14 years | 7,593 | 6,825 | 14,418 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.4 |
| 14–15 years | 4,080 | 3,279 | 7,359 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| 88,131 | 80,853 | 168,984 | 98.0 | 97.9 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 93.2 | |
| 15 and over | 1,730 | 1,454 | 3,184 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 |
| Totals | 89,861 | 82,307 | 172,168 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Of the children in the public schools, 54 per cent. are under ten, and 46 per cent. are over that age. The proportion remains stationary.
The proportion of boys to girls remains about the same as for the previous eight years—that is, 91 girls to every 100 boys on the roll.
The number of teachers in the public schools, exclusive of those employed in the secondary departments of district high schools, in December, 1912, and December, 1913, respectively, was as follows:—
| — | 1912. | 1913. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men. | Women. | Total. | Men. | Women. | Total. | |
* Exclusive of 36 male and 186 female probationers. † Exclusive of 41 male and 224 female probationers. | ||||||
| Adult teachers | 1,555 | 2,550 | 4,105 | 1,603 | 2,659 | 4,262 |
| Pupil-teachers | 162 | 476 | 638* | 142 | 474 | 616† |
| Total | 1,717 | 3,026 | 4,743* | 1,745 | 3,133 | 4,878† |
For the schools above Grade I having only one teacher—that is, schools with 16 to 35 children in average attendance—the average number of children per teacher was 23. Taking all schools with two or more teachers, it is found that the average number of pupils per adult teacher, reckoning two pupil-teachers as equivalent to one adult, was 38.8; and with the same assumption the average for all schools of Grade II and upwards was 35.7.
Omitting teachers of schools below Grade II, the ratio of adult men teachers to adult women teachers in 1912 was 100 to 151; and in 1913, 100 to 152. The proportion of men to women in charge of schools of Grade I and Grade 0 was 100 to 356 in 1912, and 100 to 349 in 1913. If all public schools and all adult teachers are included, it is found that the ratio of adult men teachers to adult women teachers was 100 to 164 in 1912, and 100 to 166 in 1913.
The ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers was 100 to 293 in 1912, and 100 to 334 in 1913.
It may be interesting to note the corresponding proportions for primary-school teachers, secondary teachers in district high schools, and secondary schools (exclusive of visiting teachers), and for students in training colleges, respectively. Schools where the average attendance is fifteen or fewer pupils are not included.
| TEACHERS OR STUDENTS—NUMBER OF WOMEN PER 100 MEN. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| Adult primary teachers | 140 | 141 | 142 | 151 | 152 |
| Pupil-teachers | 319 | 302 | 295 | 293 | 334 |
| Secondary teachers | 82 | 85 | 84 | 82 | 83 |
| Training-college students | 280 | 219 | 197 | 252 | 251 |
| All teachers and students | 158 | 156 | 155 | 161 | 164 |
Out of a total of 5,190 persons engaged in the above-named branches of the teaching profession there were in 1913 1,963 men and 3,227 women.
Remembering that a much larger numb' of women than of men leave the profession after a few years of service, some idea may be formed of the extent to which New Zealand has been affected by the general tendency all over the world towards the increase of women in the teaching profession.
So far as can be gathered from the reports received from England, Scotland, and the United States, the following statement shows the number of women teachers per hundred men teachers :—
| England. | Scotland. | United States. | New Zealand. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult primary teachers | 299 | 281 | 426 | 152 |
| Pupil-teachers | 235 | 583 | .. | 334 |
| Secondary teachers | 99 | .. | 121 | 83 |
| Training-college students | 429 | 358 | 392 | 251 |
Information as to the Teachers' Superannuation Fund will be found in the section of this book dealing with Pensions, Superannuation, &c.
Four training colleges for teachers have now for some time been in active operation. At the close of the year the students in attendance numbered 439, of whom 125 were men and 314 were women. The corresponding total for the close of 1912 was 398, of whom 113 were male students. Among those attending during the year have also to be reckoned a few students who left before the close of the period either to go into active service under the Boards or for some other reason. The total provision in contemplation is for 125 students in each of the centres. Towards this number, out of the total reported, Auckland contributes 108; Wellington 105; Christchurch 108; and Dunedin 118.
The management of the training colleges is entrusted to the local Education Boards, subject to general regulations which include certain reservations for the approval of the Minister of Education. The standard of admission generally is that of the University Matriculation Examination, and the course pursued is brought into as intimate a relation as possible with the courses of lectures in the University college adjoining. All students are required to attend lectures at the University college, to which the principal of the training college is in each case also attached as the University college lecturer on education. Of the number in attendance at the training colleges about 90 per cent. had already completed their course as pupil-teachers or probationers before entering the college, the remaining 10 per cent. being made up mainly of students who had qualified for admission by passing the Matriculation or a higher University examination, but were without previous teaching experience.
The ordinary course of training is for two years, so that approximately 200 students annually complete their training and pass into the schools. Most of these are very quickly absorbed, and later in the year new vacancies still continue to exceed the supply. To meet immediate needs permission was given by regulation at the beginning of 1913 to the Education Boards to admit at their discretion a certain proportion of students for a course of training for one year only.
For students in training allowances are provided. A student who has completed a pupil-teacher course receives an allowance of £30 a year, with a further allowance of £30 if he or she is obliged to live away from home to attend a training college. Those who have not been pupil-teachers receive an allowance of £10 a year, together with a boarding-allowance of £30 where necessary. In all cases free instruction at the University college classes approved by the principal is also given.
The Training College Regulations make provision for the granting of training-college certificates without further examination on the production of evidence of a satisfactory completion of the training-college course, and set out the essential requirements of that course. Provision is also made for some increase to the staff, for the addition of a second “model school” of one or other of a variety of types with a view to improving the students' opportunities of observation and teaching, and for the admission on special terms of a certain number of graduate students who are prepared during one year of attendance to devote their whole attention to subjects of professional study and practice.
The amount paid during 1913 for the training of teachers was £16,029, made up as follows:—
| Training college— | £ |
|---|---|
| Salaries of staff | 6,975 |
| Students' allowances | 21,640 |
| University fees of students | 3,370 |
| Special instruction | 1,398 |
| Buildings | 2,897 |
| Total | £36,280 |
| Other training— | |
| Grants for special instruction in handwork, including agriculture, of teachers other than training-college students | 3,460 |
| Railway fares of teachers and instructors | 6,289 |
| Total | £9,749 |
It must be remembered, however, that this total provides not only for the efficient training of 439 teachers, but for the instruction of almost eighteen hundred children in attendance at the practising schools.
The total income of the various Education Boards for the year 1913 was £1,120,679, including £23,509 of refunds, fines, fees, donations, interest, &c. The grants by Government amounted to £1,097,170. These grants include education reserves revenue and payments to the Board of every district of a sum sufficient to pay the salaries of teachers and pupil-teachers in the district, and further payments of a sum of £250 per annum, together with a sum of 12s. per annum for each child in daily average attendance at a public school. Sums granted for the maintenance of training colleges and for manual and technical instruction are also included.
The receipts and expenditure of the Education Boards, numbering thirteen altogether, are tabulated below, with further particulars :—
| RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF EDUCATION BOARDS, 1913. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Receipts. | |||
| £ | s. | d. | |
| Salaries of teachers (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total cost of the training-college staff,— | |||
| Revenue from reserves | 63,487 | 16 | 10 |
| Revenue from other sources | 643 | 4 | 11 |
| Balance paid from Consolidated Fund | 604,928 | 4 | 1 |
| 669,059 | 5 | 10 | |
| Teachers' house allowances | 17,229 | 3 | 7 |
| Salaries of relieving-teachers | 3,757 | 16 | 4 |
| Free school-books | 1,957 | 11 | 5 |
| General administration | 99,893 | 13 | 8 |
| (a.) Incidental expenses of schools (cleaning, fuel, &c., in terms of the Board's regulations, but exclusive of cost of works paid for out of Government grant for maintenance of school buildings and included below under that heading) | 6 | 19 | 8 |
| (b.) Conveyance of school-children | 21 | 1 | 6 |
| (c.) Office contingencies | 156 | 1 | 1 |
| (d.) Refunds and sundries | 1,274 | 17 | 8 |
| 1,458 | 19 | 11 | |
| Training colleges.— | |||
| Salaries of staff (half of the total cost, see item No. 1 above) | 7,087 | 3 | 1 |
| Allowances for students | 25,024 | 17 | 11 |
| Incidental expenses | 1,016 | 6 | 0 |
| Training of teachers (other than at training colleges) | 4,683 | 15 | 10 |
| 37,812 | 2 | 10 | |
| Secondary education,— | |||
| Scholarships— | |||
| Board | 9,678 | 12 | 9 |
| National | 3,360 | 4 | 3 |
| Special | 257 | 2 | 0 |
| 13,295 | 19 | 0 | |
| District high schools— | |||
| Salaries of staffs of secondary departments | 16,210 | 1 | 5 |
| Other receipts— | |||
| (a.) Voluntary contributions and subsidies | 2,385 | 5 | 0 |
| (b.) Fees from pupils | 116 | 4 | 6 |
| (c.) High School Boards' grants | 442 | 3 | 4 |
| 2,943 | 12 | 10 | |
| 32,449 | 13 | 3 | |
| Manual and technical,— | |||
| School classes— | |||
| Capitation | 32,049 | 11 | 3 |
| Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies | 1,380 | 12 | 4 |
| 33,430 | 3 | 7 | |
| Special and associated classes— | |||
| Capitation | 29,540 | 2 | 8 |
| Material | 2,029 | 11 | 9 |
| Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies | 7,350 | 11 | 7 |
| Fees from pupils at special classes | 3,928 | 14 | 8 |
| Free-place holders | 6,948 | 10 | 6 |
| 49,797 | 11 | 2 | |
| Direction and administration (schools and special classes) | 62 | 17 | 2 |
| 83,290 | 11 | 11 | |
| Buildings : Maintenance, rebuilding, rent,— | |||
| Maintenance and small additions and ordinary rebuilding | 75,417 | 15 | 3 |
| Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire | 628 | 7 | 8 |
| Rents of buildings and sites for school purposes | 2,871 | 6 | 1 |
| New buildings, furniture, additions, sites,— | 78,917 | 9 | 0 |
| Public schools | 61,379 | 19 | 8 |
| Manual instruction | 11,921 | 1 | 9 |
| Technical instruction | 6,858 | 5 | 3 |
| Rent of buildings for manual instruction purposes | 28 | 10 | 5 |
| Rent of buildings for technical instruction purposes | 628 | 15 | 0 |
| 80,816 | 12 | 1 | |
| Sites sales | 8,665 | 11 | 11 |
| Other separate accounts,— | |||
| Contractors' deposits | 3,050 | 1 | 8 |
| Wanganui School site | 991 | 18 | 6 |
| Rees Bequest Fund | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| Sundry accounts | 12 | 13 | 2 |
| Superannuation | 1,261 | 0 | 8 |
| Jane E. McLeod bequest | 4 | 8 | 9 |
| 5,370 | 2 | 9 | |
| Totals | 1,120,678 | 14 | 6 |
| Expenditure. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | ||||
| Salaries of teachers (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total cost of the training-college staff | 668,093 | 18 | 2 | |||
| Teachers house allowances | 17,158 | 9 | 2 | |||
| Salaries of relieving-teachers | 4,886 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Free school-books | 2,484 | 0 | 0 | |||
| General administration,— | ||||||
| (a.) Incidental expenses of schools (cleaning, fuel, &c., in terms of Board's regulations, but exclusive of cost of works paid for out of Government grant for maintenance of school buildings and included below under that heading) | 46,411 | 13 | 11 | |||
| (b.) Conveyance of school-children | 5,180 | 13 | 5 | |||
| (c.) Board of school-children | 504 | 9 | 0 | |||
| (d.) Office staff (including Secretary, Inspectors, &c.), salaries, and clerical assistance | 30,842 | 3 | 9 | |||
| (e.) Office contingencies | 16,699 | 10 | 2 | |||
| (f.) Refunds and sundries | 526 | 13 | 0 | |||
| (g.) Board's offices (new buildings) | 2,785 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 102,950 | 3 | 3 | ||||
| Training colleges,— | ||||||
| Salaries of staff (half of the total cost, see item No. 1, above) | 7,060 | 0 | 7 | |||
| Allowances for students | 24,997 | 6 | 5 | |||
| Incidental expenses | 1,159 | 12 | 9 | |||
| Training of teachers (other than at training college) | 4,647 | 2 | 6 | |||
| 37,864 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| Secondary education,— | ||||||
| Scholarships— | ||||||
| Board | 9,923 | 13 | 8 | |||
| National | 3,457 | 15 | 5 | |||
| Special | 282 | 7 | 10 | |||
| 13,663 | 16 | 11 | ||||
| District high schools— | ||||||
| Salaries of staffs of secondary departments | 16,248 | 4 | 2 | |||
| General Purposes— | ||||||
| (a.) Voluntary contributions and subsidies | 2,953 | 0 | 4 | |||
| (b.) Fees from pupils | 34 | 5 | 5 | |||
| (c.) High School Boards' grants | 172 | 17 | 9 | |||
| 19,408 | 7 | 8 | ||||
| Manual and technical,— | 33,072 | 4 | 7 | |||
| School classes | 30,754 | 9 | 3 | |||
| Special and associated classes | 45,969 | 0 | 6 | |||
| Direction and administration (school and special classes) | 5,306 | 17 | 0 | |||
| 82,030 | 6 | 9 | ||||
| Buildings: Maintenance, rebuilding, rent,— | ||||||
| (a) Maintenance and small additions, and | 64,831 | 14 | 1 | |||
| (b) Ordinary rebuilding | 13,241 | 6 | 10 | |||
| Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire | 2,031 | 19 | 10 | |||
| Rents of buildings and sites for school purposes | 3,240 | 16 | 2 | |||
| 83,345 | 16 | 11 | ||||
| New buildings, furniture, additions, sites,— | ||||||
| Public schools | 62,666 | 2 | 4 | |||
| Manual instruction | 11,864 | 8 | 8 | |||
| Technical instruction | 19,791 | 13 | 4 | |||
| Rent of buildings for manual-instruction purposes | 28 | 10 | 5 | |||
| Rent of buildings for technical-instruction purposes | 673 | 12 | 0 | |||
| 95,024 | 6 | 9 | ||||
| Purchase of sites | 8,305 | 5 | 0 | |||
| Other separate accounts,— | £ | s. | d. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Superannuation | 1,261 | 14 | 1 |
| Contractors' deposits | 2,816 | 12 | 7 |
| Jane E. McLeod bequest | 62 | 14 | 6 |
| Rees Bequest Fund | 97 | 10 | 0 |
| Wanganui School sites | 1,375 | 19 | 6 |
| Sundry accounts | 39 | 14 | 8 |
| 5,654 | 5 | 4 | |
| Totals | 1,140,868 | 18 | 3 |
| Net bank balance at beginning of year 1913 | 51,807 | 15 | 9 |
| Net bank balance at the end of year 1913 | 31,617 | 12 | 0 |
Excluding the expenditure on buildings and on scholarships and secondary education, the chief items of expenditure in 1912 and 1913 were as follows :—
| 1912 | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |
| Boards' administration | 47,772 | 48,004 |
| Incidental expenses of schools | 44,723 | 46,412 |
| Teachers' salaries | 643,921 | 668,094 |
| Training colleges | 29,754 | 37,864 |
| Scholarships and district high schools | 33,361 | 33,072 |
| Manual and technical instruction | 77,131 | 82,030 |
The increase in teachers' salaries is due to the increase in the number of children receiving instruction, the yearly increment in salaries as provided by section 7 (3) of the Education Amendment Act, 1908, and the process of substitution of adult teachers for pupil-teachers, which has been hastened by the fact that regulations passed during the year provided for further substitutions. The increase in the manual and technical expenditure must be attributed to the increased number of classes for manual instruction (especially woodwork, agriculture, and cookery) in connection with public schools, and to an increase both in the number of and in the attendance at day technical schools.
The proportion of the expenditure by Boards for administration to their whole expenditure and the corresponding proportion of the incidental expenses of schools (through School Committees) for the last five years have been as follows : —
| Boards. Per Cent. | Committees. Per Cent. | Total. Per Cent. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1909 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 9.0 |
| 1910 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 8.5 |
| 1911 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 8.5 |
| 1912 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 8.4 |
| 1913 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 8.3 |
On the whole, there is a slight tendency for the proportion of expenditure upon administration by the Education Boards and School Committees to decrease, and this is as it should be, for the cost of administration should not increase proportionately with the number of schools.
There were 304 private schools at the end of 1913, a decrease of 6 on the number in 1912 : 28 were for boys, 53 for girls, and 223 for children of both sexes. The number of pupils attending them was 21,115—namely, 9,146 boys and 11,969 girls, not counting 136 Maoris, 69 boys and 67 girls. The number of European pupils at these schools was greater than in 1912 by 877. Of the private schools, 155 were Roman Catholic, with an attendance of 14,837 pupils, a decrease of 1 school and an increase of 361 pupils as compared with 1912.
The following gives, for the past ten years, the number of private schools and of Europeans attending them, the number of Roman Catholic schools and pupils being also shown separately :—
| Year. | Number of Private Schools. | Pupils. | Included in Previous Numbers. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys. | Girls. | Totals. | Roman Catholic Schools. | Pupils at Roman Catholic Schools. | ||
| 1904 | 295 | 6,785 | 9,593 | 16,378 | 149 | 11,373 |
| 1905 | 291 | 6,837 | 9,802 | 16,639 | 146 | 11,738 |
| 1906 | 308 | 7,026 | 10,105 | 17,131 | 154 | 11,948 |
| 1907 | 302 | 7,510 | 10,578 | 18,088 | 152 | 12,650 |
| 1908 | 307 | 7,653 | 10,714 | 18,367 | 149 | 12,538 |
| 1909 | 306 | 7,597 | 10,333 | 17,930 | 150 | 12,611 |
| 1910 | 318 | 8,036 | 10,945 | 18,981 | 156 | 13,161 |
| 1911 | 326 | 8,310 | 11,558 | 19,868 | 158 | 13,941 |
| 1912 | 310 | 8,801 | 11,437 | 20,238 | 156 | 14,476 |
| 1913 | 304 | 9,146 | 11,969 | 21,115 | 155 | 14,837 |
The distribution of the private schools in the various provincial districts is shown on the next page.
Any private primary school may apply to have the school inspected, and the school thereupon becomes “subject to inspection.” Such schools are inspected by officers of Education Boards. At the end of 1913 the number of private primary schools subject to inspection was 166. The total roll number was 15,350, and the average attendance 13,513.
The roll number of the private secondary schools subject to inspection was 545.
| PRIVATE SCHOOLS, 1913.—SUMMARY BY PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS. | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial Districts. | Number of Schools. | Number of Teachers. | Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris). | Daily Average Attendance. | |||||||||
| Boys. | Girls. | Mixed. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | |
* Exclusive of 136 Maoris (69 boys, 67 girls). | |||||||||||||
| Auckland | 6 | 10 | 43 | 59 | 33 | 212 | 245 | 2,250 | 3,008 | 5,258 | 1,973 | 2,734 | 4,707 |
| Taranaki | 1 | 2 | 14 | 17 | 1 | 38 | 39 | 457 | 566 | 1,023 | 423 | 529 | 952 |
| Hawke's Bay | 2 | 5 | 14 | 21 | 8 | 64 | 72 | 493 | 701 | 1,194 | 454 | 659 | 1,113 |
| Wellington | 8 | 14 | 51 | 73 | 52 | 181 | 233 | 2,207 | 2,569 | 4,776 | 1,943 | 2,319 | 4,262 |
| Marlborough | .. | 1 | 6 | 7 | .. | 14 | 14 | 68 | 157 | 225 | 57 | 141 | 198 |
| Nelson | 1 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 16 | 39 | 55 | 504 | 583 | 1,087 | 473 | 534 | 1,007 |
| Westland | 1 | 2 | 10 | 13 | 3 | 32 | 35 | 390 | 465 | 855 | 352 | 438 | 790 |
| Canterbury | 6 | 9 | 41 | 56 | 14 | 163 | 177 | 1,542 | 2,026 | 3,568 | 1,340 | 1,751 | 3,091 |
| Otago portion | 2 | 5 | 27 | 34 | 12 | 107 | 119 | 898 | 1,511 | 2,409 | 806 | 1,376 | 2,182 |
| Otago Southland portion | 1 | .. | 10 | 11 | .. | 27 | 27 | 337 | 383 | 720 | 301 | 338 | 639 |
| Totals | 28 | 53 | 223 | 304 | 139 | 877 | 1,016 | 9,146 | 11,969 | 21,115* | 8,122 | 10,819 | 18,941 |
Denominational schools, such as Roman Catholic and Anglican, are included in the above as private schools. Particulars for the Roman Catholic schools in December, 1913, are as under:—
| SUMMARY OF ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial Districts. | Number of Schools. | Number of Teachers. | Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris). | Daily Average Attendance. | |||||||||
| Boys. | Girls. | Mixed. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | Male. | Female. | Total. | |
| Auckland | 3 | 3 | 24 | 30 | 13 | 113 | 126 | 1,613 | 2,080 | 3,693 | 1,427 | 1,895 | 3,322 |
| Taranaki | .. | 2 | 8 | 10 | .. | 29 | 29 | 381 | 502 | 883 | 355 | 473 | 828 |
| Hawke's Bay | 1 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 3 | 28 | 31 | 389 | 458 | 847 | 358 | 422 | 780 |
| Wellington | 4 | 5 | 22 | 31 | 23 | 90 | 113 | 1,453 | 1,777 | 3,230 | 1,318 | 1,653 | 2,971 |
| Marlborough | .. | .. | 3 | 3 | .. | 10 | 10 | 60 | 147 | 207 | 49 | 132 | 181 |
| Nelson | .. | 3 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 22 | 24 | 256 | 345 | 601 | 239 | 318 | 557 |
| Westland | 1 | 2 | 9 | 12 | 3 | 30 | 33 | 387 | 457 | 844 | 349 | 430 | 779 |
| Canterbury | 3 | 2 | 20 | 25 | 9 | 72 | 81 | 1,034 | 1,124 | 2,158 | 916 | 973 | 1,889 |
| Otago portion | 2 | .. | 17 | 19 | 10 | 51 | 61 | 758 | 942 | 1,700 | 698 | 864 | 1,562 |
| Otago Southland portion | 1 | .. | 7 | 8 | .. | 23 | 23 | 317 | 357 | 674 | 283 | 317 | 600 |
| Totals | 15 | 19 | 121 | 155 | 63 | 468 | 531 | 6,648 | 8,189 | 14,837 | 5,992 | 7,477 | 13,469 |
The number of Native village schools in operation at the end of 1913 was 107. In addition, there were thirteen private schools at which education for Maori boys and girls is provided. Of these ten are maintained from the incomes arising out of lands held in trust for educational purposes by various denominational bodies; the others are supported by private resources.
As required by law, instruction in all Native schools is given through the medium of the English language only. The subjects of the school course are English, arithmetic, handwork, nature study, morals, singing, and physical drill.
Instruction in woodwork is given in thirteen schools, and the girls are taught practical dressmaking and plain cookery in an increasing number of schools. Elementary agriculture is taught in about twelve schools. In the majority of schools some form or other of elementary handwork is taken with success.
At one or other of the ten boarding-schools—Otaki. St. Stephen's, Te Aute, Waerenga-a-hika, and Hikurangi for boys, and Hukarere, St. Joseph's, Queen Victoria, Turakina, and Te Waipounamu Schools for girls—the Government provides a number of free places, tenable for two years, for children of predominantly Maori race who pass the higher standards at the Maori village schools. At the end of the year the number of pupils on the rolls of these schools was 410. Free places were also held by Maori pupils at the Sacred Heart College, Auckland (5), and the Boys' and Girls' Grammar Schools, Auckland (4).
The number of scholarships or free places open to Maori children was 150, of which 108 were current at the end of 1913, 98 being held by pupils from Native village schools and 10 by scholars from public schools. Senior free places in Native schools take the form of industrial scholarships by which a boy may receive a sum not exceeding £40 in the course of the first three years, during which he is learning a suitable trade. As a result of the prominence now given to industrial training in the schools, there has been a material increase in the number of industrial scholarships. Ten boys are now apprenticed to various trades—blacksmithing, engineering, building, bootmaking, and farming—and the scheme appears to be giving every satisfaction.
Four Maori girls were attached to various hospitals during the year as probationers, and all appear to be making very satisfactory progress. Two nurses have qualified for registration, and one has been appointed assistant Native health nurse at Otaki.
On the rolls of the 107 schools at the 31st December, 1913, there were 4,647 children (including 515 Europeans), as against 4,694 at the end of 1912. The average attendance for the year was 4,142, the percentage of regularity being 85.7. The average weekly roll number shows an increase of 191, being 4,835 as against 4,644. The total number of pupils on the rolls of the Native mission schools was 116, and on those of the secondary schools 419. At the end of the year, therefore, the total roll number of all the Native schools inspected by officers of the Department was 5,182, the average weekly roll being 5,362, and the gross average attendance 4,621.
The total net expenditure on Native schools during the year ended 31st March, 1914, including £2,534 paid from reserves funds, was £44,723. Included in this is the sum of £27,086 expended on teachers' salaries, £8,358 expended on new buildings and additions, and £2,359 on secondary education, including boarding-school fees for holders of scholarships from village schools, apprenticeship charges, and nursing scholarships.
The staffs of the village schools included eighty-six masters, twenty-one mistresses in charge, 122 assistants, and four sewing-teachers. The total amount paid in salaries for 1913 was £27,086, the average salary of the head teachers being £171 17s. 7d.
Besides the children of Maori race who are receiving instruction in the Native schools at the end of 1913, there is a still larger number attending public schools; so that the total number of primary pupils of Maori race (including those in the Mission schools) is 8,923, made up as follows :—
| Attending Native schools | 4,132 |
|---|---|
| Attending public schools | 4,791 |
| 8,923 |
The number of Maori children in the public schools continues to show an increase, owing principally to the fact that the policy has been steadily followed of handing over Native schools to the Education Boards as soon as the pupils have become, educationally at least, so far European in character that they can be conveniently taught with European children. This point is reached when the Maori can use English fluently in his ordinary conversation. It is part of the same policy to assimilate the programme of work in Native schools as nearly as possible to that in public schools. The smallpox epidemic materially affected the attendance of Maori children during the year 1913.
Of the children on the rolls of the Native schools in December, 1913, 87.0 per cent. were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, 1.9 per cent. were Maoris speaking English, and 11.1 per cent. were Europeans. In connection with this classification, it is to be noted that the term “Maori” as now defined applies only to children who are by birth full Maori, three-quarter Maori, or half-caste, and excludes children who are three-quarter European.
In various public schools in the Dominion there were at the end of 1913 4,791 children of Maori or mixed race. Twenty-six certificates of proficiency and seven of competency were gained by Maori children in public schools.
So far as can be ascertained from the statistics obtainable the number of children of Maori or mixed race on the rolls of primary schools, secondary schools, Native mission schools, and secondary Native schools, together with such pupils as were receiving special technical training, at the end of 1913 was as follows :—
| — | Actual Number. | Number per 10,000 of Maori Population at Census of 1911 (49,844). |
|---|---|---|
| I. Primary schools— | ||
| (a.) Government Native schools | 4,132 | 829 |
| (b.) Mission schools | 116 | 23 |
| (c.) Public schools | 4,791 | 961 |
| II. Secondary schools | 419 | 84 |
| III. Special technical training | 13 | 3 |
| Totals | 9,471 | 1,900 |
The special schools of the Dominion provide for the instruction of children who are deaf, blind, feeble-minded, epileptic, delinquent, neglected, or indigent. The function of such schools in the educational system of a country is to endeavour to overcome as far as practicable the disabilities under which these young people suffer, and ultimately to give them an equipment for their work in life that will enable them to maintain themselves without assistance from the public funds or from their friends.
By the Education Amendment Act which became law in 1910, extended provision is made for the education and training of young persons who are deaf, blind, feeble-minded, or epileptic. They must now come under efficient and suitable instruction at the age of six years, and remain so until they reach twenty-one years, unless previous to that time the Education Department is satisfied that their educational attainments or their proficiency in some art or handicraft or other calling enable them to provide for their future needs without further instruction.
If the near relative of a child so affected does not provide the education required, the Minister of Education may direct that the child be sent to a school where he will have the special instruction suited to his needs, the cost of maintenance and training to be borne by the relatives according to their means and as agreed upon between them and the Minister. In the event of the Minister's direction not being complied with, a Magistrate may order the child's admission to a special school and fix the rate of the maintenance payment. The question whether or not a child is sufficiently affected to warrant his being regarded as coming under these provisions of the Act is determined by his ability to receive proper benefit from ordinary school instruction. If maintenance payments are not duly observed they may be recovered as a debt, or the defaulter may be dealt with under the provisions of the Destitute Persons Act for disobedience of the Court order. Charitable Aid Boards are made responsible in necessitous cases for payment to a limited extent for the maintenance of children in these schools.
Parents, school-teachers (either public or private), constables, or officers of charitable or kindred institutions who are aware of the place of residence of blind, deaf, epileptic, or feeble-minded children, and the occupier of the house in which such a child lives, must, under a penalty, send notification to the Education Department.
On the average the total number belonging to special schools during 1913, was 3,113, an increase of 129 over the number for the previous year, and the net charge on the public funds for the year was £54.134. The figures for each class of school were as follows :—
| Number under Government Control. | Net Cost. | |
|---|---|---|
| .. | £ | |
| School for the Deaf | 103 | 4,755 |
| Jubilee Institute for the Blind | 29 | 36 |
| Special School for Boys of Feeble Mind | 73 | 3,886 |
| Under control of Industrial Schools | 2,908 | 45,457 |
Of the total cost, £6,128 represents the amount expended in the purchase of land, erection of new buildings, and equipment of institutions. The total amount collected from parents and guardians by way of payment towards the cost of education and maintenance was £10,371.
The establishment of a special school for the training of boys of feeble mind has now been accomplished, and, though still in its infancy, there is good ground for anticipating that its effect in training boys of this class to make a living for themselves will fully justify ts existence. It is, however, at least equally important that there should be a similar school for girls, and the matter is engaging the attention of the Government.
In 1909 important amendments were made by the Legislature in the Industrial Schools Act. Attention may be drawn to two of these, especially that which gives power to a Magistrate to extend from time to time the period of control over a young man or woman who is adjudged by him to be morally degenerate or otherwise not (in the public interest) a fit person to be free from control. The other far-reaching provision is that giving power to the police to bring before a Magistrate on warrant, with a view to admission to an industrial school, any boy or girl under sixteen years of age who “is not under proper control.”
In December, 1913, the total number on the books of industrial schools was 2,908, or 124 more than at the close of 1912; on the books of the Government schools there were 2,492, an increase of 105 over the corresponding number for 1912; on the books of the private schools there were 416, or 19 more than at the end of the previous year. The number in residence at Government schools was 635 and at private schools 281, so that 916 was the total number of inmates actually in residence. The number boarded out was 996.
The numbers of children on the books at the end of the years 1912 and 1913 respectively whose maintenance was a charge against the public funds were as follows:—
| 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
| In the schools | 882 | 916 |
| Boarded out | 951 | 996 |
| With friends | 274 | 297 |
| At service | 487 | 500 |
| At other institutions, under guardianship, &c. | 190 | 199 |
| Totals | 2,784 | 2,908 |
| 1912. | 1913. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Amount of parental contributions | 7,828 | 15 | 8 | 8,092 | 0 | 0 |
| Rate per head for children maintained | 4 | 3 | 11 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
There were eight Government schools in existence in 1913, and the numbers of inmates on their books at the end of the year were as follows : Auckland (Mount Albert), 209; Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa, 374; Receiving Home, Wellington, 566; Boys' Industrial School, Stoke, 215; Receiving Home, Christchurch, 405; Burnham, Boys' Reformatory, 260; Te Oranga Home, Girls' Reformatory, 106; Caversham, 357 : total, 2,492. Those belonging to private schools were distributed as follows: St. Mary's, Auckland, 211; St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt, 62; St. Mary's, Nelson, 75; St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin, 68: total, 416.
| NUMBERS UNDER CONTROL, 31ST DECEMBER, 1913. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location. | Government Industrial Schools. | Private Industrial Schools. | All Industrial Schools. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Auckland. | Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa. | Receiving Home, Wellington. | Boys' Industrial School, Stoke. | Te Oranga Home. | Receiving Home, Christchurch. | Burnham. | Caversham. | St. Mary's, Auckland. | St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt. | St. Mary's, Nelson. | St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin. | Boys. | Girls. | Total. | Protestant. | Catholic. | |||||||
| B. | G. | B. | B. | G. | B. | G. | B. | G. | B. | B. | G. | B. | G. | G. | B. | G. | G. | ||||||
| In the schools | .. | 39 | 201 | 8 | 6 | 114 | 74 | .. | 11 | 142 | .. | 40 | 63 | 57 | 45 | 29 | 34 | 53 | 557 | 359 | 916 | 507 | 409 |
| Boarded out | 52 | 42 | .. | 242 | 164 | 20 | .. | 147 | 131 | .. | 109 | 88 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 570 | 426 | 996 | 864 | 132 |
| With friends | 5 | 11 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 21 | 3 | 15 | 7 | 47 | 24 | 18 | 23 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 198 | 99 | 297 | 194 | 103 |
| At service | 9 | 28 | 107 | 34 | 21 | 55 | 21 | 25 | 39 | 27 | 29 | 30 | 21 | 31 | 9 | .. | 5 | 9 | 307 | 193 | 500 | 342 | 158 |
| Under guardianship | 4 | .. | .. | 8 | 7 | 1 | .. | 10 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 38 | 14 | 52 | 49 | 3 |
| In hospitals, convalescent homes, &c. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 3 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 3 |
| In mental hospitals | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 3 | 7 | 7 | |
| At School for the Deaf | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| At Special School, Otekaike | 2 | .. | 2 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 5 | .. | 2 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16 | .. | 16 | 15 | 1 |
| Under control of refuges and cognate institutions | .. | 13 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24 | 24 | 18 | 6 |
| Under control of orphanage, cottage homes, &c. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| In gaol | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | .. | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| Absent without leave | 1 | .. | 31 | 2 | .. | 2 | 1 | 4 | .. | 34 | .. | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 75 | 1 | 76 | 65 | 11 |
| Totals | 74 | 135 | 374 | 329 | 237 | 215 | 106 | 209 | 196 | 260 | 178 | 179 | 108 | 103 | 62 | 30 | 45 | 68 | 1,777 | 1,131 | 2,908 | 2,077 | 831 |
| EXPENDITURE ON GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, 1913–14. | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Government Schools. | Number of Inmates belonging at 31st December, 1913. | Cost of School, including Buildings and other Works. | Boarding out. (Included in second column.) | Salaries. (Including in second column.) | New Building and other Works. (Included in second column.) | Recoveries from Parents and others, and Sales from Farms, &c. | Net Cost. | ||||||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | ||
* Exclusive of cost of administration, inspection, &c. † Including £1,925 paid from National-endowment revenue. | |||||||||||||||||||
| Auckland | 209 | 3,885 | 0 | 0 | 1,814 | 0 | 0 | 758 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | .. | 1,520 | 0 | 0 | 2,365 | 0 | 0 |
| Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa | 374 | 9,668 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | .. | 2,648 | 0 | 0 | 168 | 0 | 0 | 2,617 | 0 | 0 | 7,051 | 0 | 0 |
| Receiving Home, Wellington | 566 | 11,134 | 0 | 0 | 8,103 | 0 | 0 | 984 | 0 | 0 | 242 | 0 | 0 | 6,419 | 0 | 0 | 4,715 | 0 | 0 |
| Boys' Industrial School, Stoke | 215 | 8,647 | 0 | 0 | 737 | 0 | 0 | 2,123 | 0 | 0 | 1,579 | 0 | 0 | 1,650 | 0 | 0 | 6,997 | 0 | 0 |
| Receiving Home, Christchurch | 405 | 8,016 | 0 | 0 | 6,012 | 0 | 0 | 847 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | .. | 3,743 | 0 | 0 | 4,273 | 0 | 0 |
| Te Oranga Home | 106 | 4,769 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | .. | 1,189 | 0 | 0 | 1,502 | 0 | 0 | 218 | 0 | 0 | 4,551 | 0 | 0 |
| Burnham | 260 | 10,158 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | .. | 3,236 | 0 | 0 | 963 | 0 | 0 | 1,336 | 0 | 0 | 8,822 | 0 | 0 |
| Caversham | 357 | 6,763 | 0 | 0 | 4,104 | 0 | 0 | 1,021 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | .. | 3,806 | 0 | 0 | 2,957 | 0 | 0 |
| Totals | 2,492 | 63,040 | 0 | 0 | *20,770 | 0 | 0 | 12,806 | 0 | 0 | 4,454 | 0 | 0 | 21,309 | 0 | 0 | 41,731 | 0 | 0 |
| Salaries, travelling allowances and expenses of certain departmental officers (Inspectors, visiting officers, &c.) | 2,508 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Amount paid to Postal Department for payment of boarding-out orders | 100 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Sundries | 64 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total net cost | 44,403 | 0 | 0† | ||||||||||||||||
The next table shows payments made by the Government on account of inmates in private special schools, the recoveries, and the net expenditure by the Government. The contributions from Charitable Aid Boards to these schools, being made directly to the managers, are not included in the recoveries shown.
| GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON PRIVATE SPECIAL SCHOOLS, 1913–14. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name of School. | Gross Cost. | Recoveries. | Net Cost. | ||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| St. Mary's, Auckland | 964 | 0 | 0 | 346 | 0 | 0 | 618 | 0 | 0 |
| St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt | 182 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 144 | 0 | 0 |
| St. Mary's, Nelson | 322 | 0 | 0 | 188 | 0 | 0 | 134 | 0 | 0 |
| St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin | 83 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 |
| Totals | 1,551 | 0 | 0 | 627 | 0 | 0 | 924 | 0 | 0 |
This institution is governed by a Board of Trustees, four of whom are appointed by the Government, and the remaining five elected by the subscribers to the funds of the institute. As the institute comes within the scope of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, subsidy at the rate of 24s. in the pound is payable by the Government on voluntary subscriptions received by the Board, and 10s. in the pound on the value of bequests. The amount of such subsidy paid to the Board during its last financial year was £2,164.
The Government contributed £767 towards the cost of training 29 pupils. The amount recovered from parents and Charitable Aid Boards was £731, so that the net cost to the Government was £36. The amount of contributions by parents and guardians for 1913 was £329; for 1912 it was £352 14s. 5d.
The Education Department maintains a school for deaf children at Sumner, the numbers belonging to the institution at the end of 1912 and 1913 being 93 and 103 respectively.
The method of instruction used is the oral method, in favour of which there is a vast predominance of expert opinion.
The following classes of deaf children are admitted to the institution, mental soundness being in all cases a necessity :—
Children born deaf, or who have lost their hearing before learning to speak.
Children who can hear a little, but are too deaf to be taught in an ordinary school.
Children who have lost their hearing after having learned to speak.
The cost of the school for the years 1912–13 and 1913–14 respectively was as follows :—
| 1912–13. | 1913–14. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Salaries | 3,486 | 0 | 0 | 3,574 | 0 | 0 |
| Maintenance of pupils and sundries | 1,832 | 0 | 0 | 1,796 | 0 | 0 |
| Maintenance of buildings, and water charges | 460 | 0 | 0 | 216 | 0 | 0 |
| Additional buildings | 2,797 | 0 | 0 | 1,553 | 0 | 0 |
| Less—Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions | 1,034 | 0 | 0 | 1,173 | 0 | 0 |
| Amounts collected from Charitable Aid Boards | 1,197 | 0 | 0 | 1,210 | 0 | 0 |
| Sundry other recoveries | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Net expenditure on the institution | 6,339 | 0 | 0 | 4,755 | 0 | 0 |
This school is situated at Otekaike, in North Otago, near the Oamaru–Hakataramea Railway. It is not yet fully organized; but additional buildings that are now contemplated will provide accommodation for a considerably increased number of pupils. It is to be borne in mind that Otekaike deals with only those who are capable of being trained in some degree; those more severely afflicted are dealt with by the Mental Hospitals Department.
By order of a Magistrate a young person who is epileptic or feebleminded may be kept under the guidance and control of a special school beyond the age of twenty-one years if it is considered that he is not fit to guide his own life, or that it is otherwise in the public interest that he should be under institutional oversight. In connection with proceedings of this kind the Magistrate appoints counsel to represent the inmate at the hearing. The period of extended guidance is not to exceed four years in the first instance, but on its expiry it may be renewed from time to time by similar procedure, and thus, where necessary, lifelong control is retained. In such cases orders for maintenance against the near relatives may be made.
At present there are sixty-nine boys in residence at the Otekaike School. There are also four girls under control, who are boarded out.
The cost of the school for 1912–13 was £3,536, and for 1913–14 £3,886, made up as follows :—
| 1912–13 | 1913–14 | |
|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |
| Salaries | 2,127 | 2,471 |
| Maintenance of pupils | 2,119 | 2,42 |
| Maintenance of buildings | 524 | 315 |
| Farm and stock | 485 | 270 |
| Additional buildings, furniture, &c. | 160 | 121 |
| Less—Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions | 862 | 777 |
| Amount collected from Charitable Aid Boards | 810 | 857 |
| Sundry other recoveries | 207 | 83 |
| Net expenditure on the institution | 3,536 | 3,886 |
The infant-life protection system deals with children under six years of age who are placed privately by their parents or guardians in foster-homes for payment. To a large extent they are the illegitimate children of young girls. They are not, as industrial-school children are, under State guardianship, but the homes of the foster-parents are licensed to receive children, the number that may be retained in the home being limited strictly by the license according to the capacity of the home.
The number of homes thus licensed was 950 at the end of 1913, and the number of children in them under oversight during the year was 1,330, an increase of 102 over the previous year. Of this total the number of infants under one year was 534.
Thirteen children died, being 0.98 per cent. of those in the homes. The death-rate of children under the infant-life protection system has steadily decreased from 2.56 in 1908 to 0.98 for the two past years. Of the thirteen children who died in 1913, eight were in foster-homes and five in hospitals or nursing-homes to which they had been removed for treatment, so that the deaths in foster-homes represented 0.60 per cent. of the total number dealt with.
The expenditure for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, was £1,352, as follows :—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Salaries of visiting nurses and local representatives | 986 |
| Travelling-expenses of district agents, visiting nurses, and local representatives | 221 |
| Payment to foster-parents for board of infants | 147 |
| Medical attendance | 15 |
| Office expenses (including rent) and sundries | 74 |
| 1,443 | |
| Less recoveries | 91 |
| Total | 1,352 |
The Education Act provides for public instruction in such subjects of manual training and of art, science, and technology as are set forth in regulations. The Act provides also for manual instruction in primary and secondary schools. Classes recognized under the Act are eligible for grants in aid of necessary buildings, equipment, and material, for capitation, and for subsidies of £1 for £1 on voluntary contributions.
Special annual grants are made to Education Boards for the maintenance of training-classes for teachers in subjects of manual instruction prescribed for school classes.
The Act also provides for free technical education. Persons complying with the conditions prescribed by the regulations are entitled to hold Junior Free Places at technical schools or classes. These free places are tenable for two years, and may be continued under certain conditions for three years more as Senior Free Places. In order that the substratum on which technical education is based may be sound, it is made a condition of the tenure of Junior Free Places that the holders shall receive instruction in one or more subjects of general instruction, such as English and arithmetic or some other branch of mathematics, in addition to instruction in technical subjects. Holders of Senior Free Places are required to take up definite courses of technical instruction. The Act also empowers a School Committee to request an Education Board to frame, with the concurrence of the Minister, regulations requiring the attendance at continuation or technical classes of boys or girls within the school district between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education or who are not specially exempted by the regulations. Regulations under this section have been put into operation in ten school districts in Auckland, Wanganui, and Hawke's Bay.
The controlling authorities of classes for manual and technical instruction are Education Boards, governing bodies of secondary schools and University colleges, and, in the case of certain classes in existence prior to 1904, the managers of those classes. School classes, or classes held in connection with primary or secondary schools, are under the control of the Education Boards or of the governing bodies respectively. “Special classes”—that is, continuation classes, and classes for technical instruction—are established and controlled by the same bodies. “College classes” are classes for higher technical instruction established and controlled by the governing body of a University college. Continuation classes and classes for technical instruction may also be established by Borough Councils, County Councils, and other local authorities acting jointly with an Education Board or the governing body of a University college or secondary school; these are called “associated classes,” and all bodies contributing thereto may have a voice, according to the share of the cost of maintenance borne by them, in the election of managers for the classes.
In connection with the annual grants made by the Government to university colleges for specialization, the Auckland University College and the Otago University have each established a School of Mines, providing for courses for the University degree of B.Sc. or for the associateship in mining and metallurgy. The Canterbury College has an endowed School of Engineering and Technical Science, providing for courses for the University degree of B.Sc. in mechanical, electrical, or civil engineering, or for the associateship in engineering.
There also are several Schools of Mines located in districts in which mining is actively carried on, and particulars relating to these will be found in the Mining Section of this book.
The Otago University has established a home-science department, at which there were in 1913 nine degree students, seventeen diploma students, and twenty-one other students taking single subjects or group courses, making a total of forty-seven students.
The Canterbury Agricultural College has an endowment of about 77,800 acres of land, of the rental value of about £2,500 per annum, and possesses extensive buildings, and an experimental farm of a very complete character. The institution offers an opportunity to acquire a thorough knowledge of the science and practice of agriculture. Two years' residence at the college is accepted by the University of New Zealand as part of the curriculum qualifying for the degree of B.Sc. in agriculture. The college accommodated fifty-three students in 1913.
With the view of encouraging attendance, arrangements have been made with the Railway Department by which students attending classes registered with the Minister of Education may obtain railway tickets at special rates. Free railway tickets are issued to holders of free places at technical schools, to public-school teachers attending approved training-classes, and to public-school pupils attending manual-training centres.
During the year 1913 manual instruction, in accordance with the regulations, was given in 70 per cent. of the public schools, as against 68 per cent. in 1912.
| SUBJECTS OF AND NUMBER OF CLASSES FOR MANUAL INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Subjects of Instruction. | Number of Classes. | |
| 1912. | 1913. | |
| Elementary handwork | 3,607 | 3,614 |
| Woodwork and ironwork | 390 | 419 |
| Agriculture and dairy-work | 1,005 | 1,087 |
| Elementary science | 63 | 50 |
| Physical measurements | 121 | 105 |
| Cookery and domestic economy | 390 | 403 |
| Laundry-work | 85 | 117 |
| Dressmaking | 99 | 95 |
| Swimming and life-saving | 222 | 233 |
| Physiology and first aid | 76 | 68 |
| Needlework | 239 | 250 |
| Totals | 6,297 | 6,441 |
The number of public schools in which manual instruction was given in 1913 was 1,572; the payments by way of capitation and subsidies on voluntary contributions were £30,691; the average rate of payment per class was £4.7; special grants for buildings and equipment totalled £4,538.
The various forms of elementary handwork in which pupils in classes up to Standard IV receive instruction, affording as they do valuable opportunities for concrete illustrations, are being largely taught in conjunction with other subjects of the syllabus, such as arithmetic, instrumental drawing, nature-study, and geography. Of the subjects of manual instruction taken in the higher standards, woodwork, cookery, and laundry-work are taught on the central system, and by special instructors. There are now about eighty well-equipped rooms for instruction in these subjects. In the larger centres special manual-training schools have been provided. In the smaller centres the rooms form part of the local district high school, secondary school, or technical school, as the case may be. During the past year 419 classes for woodwork, 403 for cookery, and 117 for laundry-work were in operation. There were also 95 classes for dressmaking. Compared with the previous year, the number of classes for domestic subjects shows an increase of 7 per cent
Elementary instruction on subjects bearing on rural occupations was given in 1,009 schools, as compared with 917 in the previous year. The instruction in ten of the thirteen education districts is supervised by itinerant instructors having a special knowledge of agriculture. There are now eighteen of these instructors stationed in various parts of the Dominion. The course of instruction includes both experimental and observational work (indoor and outdoor), and in some districts, chiefly in the North Island, elementary dairy-work.
The interest taken in the classes by School Committees, agricultural and pastoral associations, and members of the farming community generally is distinctly encouraging. In addition to special prizes offered for competition, contributions in money and kind to the value of nearly £500 have been received by Education Boards during the year. These contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1.
Full courses of instruction bearing on rural pursuits (having a domestic trend in the case of girls) occupying not less than twenty hours a week throughout the year, were carried on during the year in connection with the secondary departments in 56 per cent. of the district high schools (fifty-nine in number) as follows :—
| District. | Number of Schools. | Number of Pupils. | Capitation earned. |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | |||
| Auckland | 4 | 117 | 675 |
| Taranaki | 1 | 63 | 450 |
| Wanganui | 8 | 170 | 1,070 |
| Wellington | 5 | 207 | 1,287 |
| Hawke's Bay | 3 | 111 | 754 |
| North Canterbury | 4 | 106 | 667 |
| South Canterbury | 2 | 57 | 355 |
| Otago | 6 | 185 | 1,176 |
| Totals 1913 | 33 | 1,016 | £6,434 |
| Totals 1912 | 28 | 890 | £5,795 |
The special capitation paid to Education Boards on account of these rural courses amounted in 1913 to £6.3 per pupil. The practical subjects included in the course continue for the most part to be taught by itinerant instructors. About 70 per cent. of the district high schools are now well equipped for laboratory-work in physics or chemistry. In the primary schools where laboratories are not available useful courses in physical measurements have in a few cases been taken up. The number of recognized classes in operation during the year was 105, mostly in connection with urban schools.
Recognized classes were carried on in connection with twenty-seven of the secondary schools (thirty in number) in receipt of Government grants. The subjects most generally taken up and the number of classes were as follows:—
| Subjects of Instruction. | Number of Classes. | |
|---|---|---|
| 1912. | 1913. | |
| Free and instrumental drawing | 33 | 25 |
| Cookery and laundry | 35 | 32 |
| Dressmaking | 28 | 29 |
| Woodwork and ironwork | 24 | 26 |
| Experimental and natural science | 173 | 184 |
| Swimming and life-saving | 19 | 28 |
| Elementary agriculture and dairy-work | 12 | 18 |
| Elementary physical measurements | 33 | 31 |
| 357 | 373 | |
Capitation payments amounted to £1,518, being at the rate of £4 per class. Special grants in aid of buildings and equipment totalled £3,672.
About sixty buildings, for the most part well and fully equipped, are now available for purposes of technical instruction. In the smaller and more remote centres, where special buildings have not yet been provided, classes are held in suitable rented buildings or in the local schools. During the year classes were held at nineteen such centres in the Wanganui District, at fifteen in the Otago District, at twelve in the Hawke's Bay District, and at six in each of the Auckland, North Canterbury, and Southland Districts.
Classes were held at 132 centres during 1913. The status of the classes, their number, and the number of individual students in attendance were as follows :—
| Status. | Number of Classes. | Number of Students. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912. | 1913. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| “Special” classes | 869 | 903 | 7,357 | 8,523 |
| “Associated” classes | 529 | 540 | 5,568 | 5,951 |
| “College” classes | 156 | 183 | 602 | 732 |
| Totals | 1,552 | 1,626 | 13,527 | 15,206 |
| NUMBER OF CLASSES HELD DURING 1913 IN CERTAIN SUBJECTS OF TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Subjects of Instruction. | Number of Centres. | Number of Classes. |
| Commercial subjects | 47 | 268 |
| Mathematics and science | 28 | 118 |
| Mathematics and science applied to trades and industries | 98 | 408 |
| Domestic science | 81 | 299 |
| Art and art-crafts | 51 | 314 |
| Continuation classes | 46 | 219 |
| Total | .. | 1.626 |
In addition to classes for higher commercial work at each of the four University colleges full courses of instruction, both elementary and advanced, are provided at most of the larger technical schools.
Classes for subjects relating to the various branches of engineering—civil, mechanical, and electrical—are well attended. The classes as a whole are well equipped for practical work, and fairly full courses are provided. The attendance at classes for subjects relating to the building trades is also good.
Classes for subjects bearing on the home are well supported, the subjects most generally taken up being cookery (including invalid and high-class cookery), home nursing, dressmaking, and millinery.' A number of these classes have been carried on in country districts, the instruction being given in most cases by itinerant instructors sent out from central schools. The special courses in home science and domestic arts provided recently at the Otago University appear to be meeting a need. Of the forty-seven students in attendance during the year nine were working for the degree in home science and seventeen for the diploma, while twenty-one were taking various shorter courses.
During the year 1913 home-science bursaries tenable at the University college were awarded to thirteen of the students, who had signified their intention to qualify as teachers of domestic subjects. These bursaries are of the value of £20 per annum together with the fees for the courses. A boarding-allowance of £30 a year is also made where necessary. The number of bursars for the current year is nineteen. It is expected that the provision of these bursaries will produce trained teachers sufficient in number to meet the requirements of the schools.
Increased attention, with special reference to the application of art to industries, is being given to the courses in pure and applied art in the schools that make a special feature of these branches of technical education.
The number of continuation classes providing instruction in elementary commercial and general education in 1913 was slightly larger than in 1912. These classes are attended by students taking one subject only or two or more unrelated subjects. The fact that students are now encouraged to take group courses in lieu of unrelated subjects accounts for the comparatively small number of these classes.
The efforts that have been made by controlling authorities to provide some facilities for instruction in subjects relating to rural pursuits are receiving recognition and support at the hands of the farming community. During the year classes attended by some 1,700 students were held at about seventy centres. The subjects in which instruction was given included wool sorting and classing, shearing, dairying, veterinary science, agriculture, and horticulture. In addition to these classes a good deal of useful work has been done in certain districts in the way of lectures to farmers and visits to farms by the Education Boards' special instructors in agriculture. The Government has referred the question of the establishment of a practicable scheme of technical instruction for farmers to the recently constituted Board of Agriculture for its consideration and report. In the meantime not a little in the way of foundation-work is being done in schools of primary and secondary grade. Thus during the year instruction in elementary agriculture was given in over a thousand primary schools, while about a thousand pupils attending secondary schools, day technical schools, and the secondary departments of district high schools took more or less full courses of agricultural instruction.
During 1913 capitation in respect of group courses as above was earned by thirty-nine schools, as compared with twenty-seven in 1912. About 28 per cent, of the students took such courses, the total number doing so being about a thousand more than in the previous year.
During the year 1913 regulations requiring the attendance of young persons between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education or who are not specially exempted from attendance were put into operation in seven school districts in Wanganui, in two in Auckland, and in one in Hawke's Bay. The classes established under these regulations were attended by 451 students, of whom 262 were males.
In the following table are given the number and sex of pupils holding free places at technical schools :—
| — | 1912. | 1913. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
| Junior free pupils— | ||||||
| First year | 655 | 332 | 987 | 840 | 506 | 1,346 |
| Second year | 371 | 227 | 598 | 471 | 264 | 735 |
| Senior free pupils— | ||||||
| First year | 311 | 179 | 490 | 341 | 276 | 617 |
| Second year | 154 | 109 | 263 | 190 | 131 | 321 |
| Third year | 89 | 50 | 139 | 73 | 79 | 152 |
| Totals | 1,580 | 897 | 2,477 | 1,915 | 1,256 | 3,171 |
The number of students holding Junior Free Places (tenable for two years) was 2,081, and the number holding Senior Free Places (tenable for three years) was 1,090. The figures for the previous year were 1,585 and 892 respectively. About 44 per cent of the students who entered on Junior Free Places at evening classes in 1912 continued to attend in 1913. Of the total number of senior free pupils in their first year over 21 per cent. had completed two years at evening classes as junior free pupils. The remainder were admitted from day technical schools, secondary schools, or district high schools. Of the total number (3,11) of students admitted to free places (junior and senior) 88 per cent. qualified for capitation. Capitation payments made during the year on account of free places amounted to £5,507.
The following technical schools had roll numbers of 500 and over (exclusive of the day technical schools carried on in connection with some of them) :—
| School. | Roll Number. | |
|---|---|---|
| 1912. | 1913. | |
| Auckland Technical College | 1,006 | 1,345 |
| Wanganui Technical College | 675 | 666 |
| Wellington Technical College | 1,155 | 1,180 |
| Christchurch Technical College | 988 | 1,063 |
| Dunedin Technical School | 966 | 1,055 |
| Dunedin School of Art | 479 | 685 |
These schools (eight in number) provide courses, of secondary grade, in science and technology, domestic science, agriculture, and commercial instruction. They form part of the technical schools at Auckland (343 pupils), Wanganui (180 pupils), Wellington (251 pupils), Napier (84 pupils), Westport (10 pupils), Christchurch (416 pupils), Dunedin (218 pupils), and Invercargill (162 pupils). The total roll number was 1,664, including 739 males. The schools appear to meet the needs of a number of young people who would not otherwise proceed to secondary schools. The courses of instruction taken up by pupils were as follows :—
| Males. | Females. | Totals. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial | 409 | .. | 409 |
| Commercial | 217 | 587 | 804 |
| Domestic | .. | 307 | 307 |
| Agricultural | 77 | .. | 77 |
| Art | .. | 7 | 7 |
| General | 36 | 24 | 60 |
| Totals | 739 | 925 | 1,664 |
Capitation payments on account of day technical schools during 1913 totalled £18,147, being at the rate of £10.9 per pupil.
Following are some particulars regarding free pupils at day technical schools :—
| — | 1912. | 1913. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males | Females. | Total. | |
| Junior free pupils — | ||||||
| First year | 401 | 440 | 841 | 404 | 464 | 868 |
| Second year | 162 | 239 | 401 | 207 | 265 | 472 |
| Senior free pupils— | ||||||
| First year | 37 | 65 | 102 | 50 | 86 | 136 |
| Second year | 11 | 18 | 29 | 12 | 14 | 26 |
| Third year | 2 | .. | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| Totals | 613 | 762 | 1,375 | 676 | 831 | 1,507 |
The number of pupils holding Junior Free Places (tenable for two years) was 1,340, the number holding Senior Free Places (tenable for three years) was 167. Fifty per cent. of the pupils who entered a day technical school in 1912 continued to attend during 1913, while about 62 per cent. of the pupils who completed the second year of their Junior Free Places at the end of 1912 qualified for and were admitted to Senior Free Places in 1913.
The following is a summary of the expenditure by the Government on manual and technical instruction during the year ended 31st March, 1914 :—
| Manual instruction— | £ |
|---|---|
| Capitation on classes | 30,679 |
| Subsidies on voluntary contributions | 714 |
| Grants for buildings, equipment, rent, &c. | 3,897 |
| 35,290 | |
| Technical instruction— | |
| Capitation— | |
| Day technical schools | 15,280 |
| Other classes (including free places) | 22,526 |
| Subsidies on voluntary contributions | 6,600 |
| Grants for buildings, equipment, material, rent, &c. | 19,792 |
| 64,198 | |
| Manual and technical instruction— | |
| Railway fares, &c., of instructors and students | 7,706 |
| Bursaries | 720 |
| Examinations | 409 |
| Inspection and other expenses | 1,043 |
| £109,366 | |
This total includes £7,602 from national-endowment revenue.
There were 33 subsidized or endowed schools of higher education in December, 1913. The names of these secondary schools, with the numbers of pupils on the rolls in the last term or quarter of the year, and the fees charged, are stated further on. These schools must not be confused with the district high schools, although they nearly all admit to free places holders of Education Board Scholarships and of National Scholarships, besides all who gain certificates of proficiency within prescribed limits of age, &c.
The total number of pupils attending the thirty-three secondary schools in the last terms of 1912 and 1913 respectively were as follows :—
| 1912 | 1913 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys. | Girls. | Total. | Boys. | Girls. | Total. | |
| Roll (exclusive of lower departments) | 3,202 | 2,340 | 5,542 | 3,413 | 2,390 | 5,803 |
| Number in lower departments | 167 | 122 | 289 | 222 | 129 | 351 |
| Total | 3,369 | 2,462 | 5,831 | 3,635 | 2,519 | 6,151 |
| Number of boarders (included above) | 701 | 152 | 853 | 765 | 169 | 934 |
In the same years these schools were staffed as follows :—
| 1912 | 1913 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M. | F. | Total. | M. | F. | Total. | |
| Regular staff | 163 | 118 | 281 | 168 | 120 | 288 |
| Part-time teachers | 46 | 38 | 84 | 46 | 33 | 79 |
The average number of pupils per teacher (excluding part-time teachers) is thus seen to have been 20.8 in 1912, and 21.4 in 1913.
The average number of pupils on the roll of the secondary departments of district high schools in the year 1913 was 2,073. In 1912 it was 2,048.
Both in the secondary schools and in the secondary departments of district high schools there is a falling-off in the roll towards the end of the year; but the decrease is less marked in the secondary schools than in the secondary departments of the district high schools: in the latter the total roll at the end of the year was 1,815 in 1912 and 1,837 in 1913. The falling-off in the course of the year is more marked in the case of the boys than of the girls: this is due, no doubt, to the fact that more boys leave school to enter employment.
Besides the head teachers, who generally take some part in the secondary instruction, there were employed in 1912 in the secondary departments of district high schools 87 special assistants—38 men and 49 women; in 1913, there were 37 men and 51 women. The average number of pupils per teacher on the roll number at the end of the year 1913 was 20.9; on the average attendance for the year, 21.4.
In addition to those in secondary schools and in the secondary departments of district high schools there should properly be included in the number of pupils under secondary instruction in the Dominion (a) the pupils attending day technical schools, which in this regard may be called technical high schools; (b) the pupils in various institutions for the secondary education of Maori boys and girls; and (c) pupils attending private secondary schools.
| ROLL AND FEES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS, AS IN DECEMBER, 1913. | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schools. | Total Roll for Last Term of 1913. | Lower Departments included in Total Roll. | Boarders included in Total Roll. | Annual Rates of Fees. | Average Attendance (Lower Departments excluded). | ||||||||||||||||
| Boys. | Girls. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Under 12 Years. | 12 to 15. | 15 to 18. | Over 18. | Total. | Under 12 Years. | 12 to 15. | 15 to 18. | Over 18. | Total. | Boys. | Girls. | Boys. | Girls. | For Tuition. | For Board. exclusive of Tutition. | ||||||
* Approximate. NOTE.—The classification of secondary schools, as shown in the above tables, may be interpreted thus :— A. Schools established under special Acts of the Legislature, with endowments derived from grants of money from the public revenue, or from grants of land. It is optional with these schools to admit free pupils or offer scholarships equal in value to one-fifth of the net annual income derived from endowments. B. High schools established in places where there are no secondary or district high schools. These schools must admit free pupils, for which they receive grants according to scale. C. Schools which, though endowed, do not admit, nor are they empowered to admit, free pupils. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| A. Endowed Schools included in the Eighth Schedule to the Education Act, 1908. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | ||||||||||||||||
| Whangarei High School | .. | 19 | 41 | 4 | 64 | .. | 13 | 37 | 2 | 52 | .. | .. | 12 | .. | 8 | 8 | 0 | 35 | 6 | 0 | 120 |
| Auckland Boys' Grammar School | .. | 283 | 313 | 28 | 624 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 10 | 0 | .. | 654 | ||
| Auckland Girls' Grammar School | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 150 | 238 | 24 | 412 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 10 | 0 | .. | 399 | ||
| Thames High School | .. | 19 | 37 | 2 | 58 | .. | 11 | 37 | 1 | 49 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 8 | 0 | .. | 109 | ||
| New Plymouth Boys' High School | 15 | 42 | 65 | 7 | 129 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 29 | .. | 33 | .. | 6 | 6 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 96 |
| New Plymouth Girls' High School | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 26 | 44 | 6 | 77 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 6 | 0 | .. | 76 | ||
| Wanganui Girls' College | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7 | 62 | 101 | 11 | 181 | .. | 27 | .. | 89 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 166 |
| Wellington Boys' College | 1 | 154 | 244 | 15 | 414 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 58 | .. | 11 | 17 | 9 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 394 |
| Wellington Girls' College | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 33 | 93 | 192 | 7 | 325 | .. | 31 | .. | .. | 11 | 17 | 9 | .. | 283 | ||
| Napier Boys' High School | 10 | 48 | 65 | 7 | 130 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 48 | .. | 20 | .. | 9 | 9 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 84 |
| Napier Girls' High School | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 | 46 | 73 | 2 | 132 | .. | 49 | .. | 33 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 43 | 3 | 0 | 65 |
| Gisborne High School | 7 | 24 | 30 | 2 | 63 | 1 | 14 | 20 | 2 | 37 | 13 | 1 | 10 | .. | 9 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 85 |
| Marlborough High School | .. | 22 | 29 | 3 | 54 | .. | 14 | 29 | 4 | 47 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 8 | 11 | 0 | .. | 106 | ||
| Nelson Boys' College | 3 | 59 | 136 | 12 | 210 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 21 | .. | 100 | .. | 12 | 12 | 0 | 46 | 10 | 0 | 203 |
| 8 | 8 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Nelson Girls' College | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5 | 68 | 102 | 6 | 181 | .. | 13 | .. | 47 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 46 | 10 | 0 | 161 |
| 8 | 8 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Christchurch Boys' High School | 5 | 107 | 88 | 3 | 203 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 17 | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 10 | 0 | .. | 175 | ||
| 7 | 10 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Chirstchurch Girls' High School | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 78 | 149 | 10 | 239 | .. | 8 | .. | .. | 12 | 12 | 0 | .. | 243 | ||
| 9 | 9 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Rangiora High School | .. | 13 | 24 | 2 | 39 | .. | 6 | 43 | .. | 49 | .. | .. | 7 | .. | 9 | 9 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 96 |
| 20 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Ashburton High School | .. | 22 | 31 | 1 | 54 | .. | 12 | 30 | 4 | 46 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 6 | 6 | 0 | .. | 99 | ||
| Timaru Boys' High School | .. | 35 | 55 | 7 | 97 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 30 | .. | 9 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 93 |
| Timaru Girls' High School | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 16 | 49 | 1 | 66 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9 | 0 | 0 | .. | 62 | ||
| Waitaki Boys' High School | 5 | 84 | 119 | 22 | 230 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 33 | .. | 164 | .. | 7 | 10 | 10 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 211 |
| Waitaki Girls' High School | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 19 | 51 | 2 | 72 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7 | 10 | 0 | .. | 66 | ||
| Otago Boys' High School | .. | 83 | 206 | 19 | 308 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24 | .. | 10 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 10 | 0 | 327 |
| Otago Girls' High School | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 53 | 125 | 9 | 187 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 0 | 0 | .. | 183 | ||
| Southland Boys' High School | .. | 53 | 81 | 4 | 138 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 0 | 0 | .. | 148 | ||
| Southland Girls' High School | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 44 | 87 | 11 | 142 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 0 | 0 | .. | 140 | ||
| Total | 46 | 1067 | 1,564 | 138 | 2,815 | 60 | 725 | 1407 | 102 | 2,294 | 161 | 129 | 458 | 169 | .. | .. | 4,844 | ||||
| B. Secondary Schools established under Section 94 of the Education Act. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Hamilton High School | .. | 55 | 19 | .. | 74 | .. | 50 | 12 | .. | 62 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 0 | 0 | .. | 139 | ||
| Palmerston North High School | .. | 42 | 81 | 7 | 130 | .. | 20 | 41 | 5 | 66 | .. | .. | 34 | .. | 10 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 198 |
| Dannevirke High School | .. | 15 | 27 | 1 | 43 | .. | 13 | 26 | 4 | 43 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 0 | 0 | .. | 83 | ||
| Gore High School | .. | 28 | 45 | 12 | 85 | .. | 17 | 32 | 5 | 54 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 0 | 0 | .. | 141 | ||
| Total | .. | 140 | 172 | 20 | 332 | .. | 100 | 111 | 14 | 225 | .. | .. | 34 | .. | .. | .. | 561 | ||||
| C. Endowed Secondary Schools not coming within the Definition of Section 89 of the Education Act. | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Wanganui Collegiate School | .. | 46 | 143 | 7 | 196 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 162 | .. | 12 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 0 | 0 | 198 |
| Christ's College Grammar School | 53 | 110 | 116 | 13 | 292 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 61 | .. | 111 | 16 | 10 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | *232 | |
| 10 | 10 | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total | 53 | 156 | 259 | 20 | 488 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 61 | .. | 273 | .. | .. | .. | 430 | ||||
| Grand total for 1913 | 99 | 1363 | 1,995 | 178 | 3,635 | 69 | 825 | 1518 | 116 | 2,519 | 222 | 129 | 765 | 169 | .. | .. | 5,835 | ||||
| Grand total for 1912 | 91 | 1097 | 2,017 | 164 | 3,369 | 48 | 839 | 1443 | 132 | 2,462 | 167 | 122 | 701 | 152 | .. | .. | 5,591 | ||||
| Difference | 8 | 266 | −22 | 14 | 266 | 12 | −14 | 75 | −16 | 57 | 55 | 7 | 64 | 17 | .. | .. | 244 | ||||
| STAFF AND SALARIES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS, AS IN DECEMBER, 1913. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schools. | Staff. | Salaries at Rate paid at End of Year. | Notes. | ||||||
| Regular. | Part-time. | Regular Staff. | Part-time Teachers. | ||||||
| Men. | Women. | Men. | Women. | Men. | Women. | Men. | Women. | ||
| A. Endowed Schools included in the Eighth Schedule to the Education Act. 1908. | |||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||||||
| Whangarei High School | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 650 | 415 | .. | .. | Paid on capitation basis. |
| Auckland Boys' Grammar School | 21 | .. | .. | .. | 5,713 | .. | .. | .. | |
| Auckland Girls' Grammar School | .. | 17 | 1 | 1 | .. | 3,215 | 90 | .. | |
| Thames High School | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 785 | 175 | .. | 20 | Principal has residence. |
| New Plymouth Boys' High School | 6 | .. | 2 | .. | 1,405 | .. | 110 | .. | Principal has residence, and one assistant has house allowance. |
| New Plymouth Girls' High School | .. | 4 | .. | .. | .. | 745 | .. | .. | |
| Wanganui Girls' College | .. | 13 | 2 | 6 | .. | 2,805 | 234 | 115 | Principal has board and residence. |
| Wellington Boys' College | 19 | .. | 2 | .. | 5,145 | .. | 100 | .. | |
| Wellington Girls' College | .. | 15 | 5 | 5 | .. | 2,840 | 165 | 120 | |
| Napier Boys' High School | 7 | .. | .. | .. | 1,687 | .. | .. | .. | Principal has residence, second master has house allowance, and two others have board allowance. |
| Napier Girls' High School | .. | 7 | .. | 4 | .. | 1,215 | .. | 100 | |
| Gisborne High School | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1,365 | 265 | 30 | 40 | One teacher has board, three others allowance. |
| Marlborough High School | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 990 | 175 | .. | .. | Principal has residence. |
| Nelson Boys' College | 9 | .. | 2 | .. | 2,440 | .. | 85 | .. | Principal has board and residence, one assistant has residence, four assistants have board, three assistants have house allowance. |
| Nelson Girls' College | .. | 8 | .. | 1 | .. | 1,233 | .. | 50 | Principal and four assistants have board and residence. |
| Christchurch Boys' High School | 10 | .. | 6 | .. | 3,181 | .. | 575 | .. | |
| Christchurch Girls' High School | .. | 13 | 2 | 4 | .. | 2,320 | 65 | 208 | |
| Rangiora High School | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 650 | 250 | 15 | 20 | Principal has residence, one assistant has board. |
| Ashburton High School | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | 880 | 335 | .. | .. | |
| Timaru Boys' High School | 5 | .. | 1 | .. | 1,425 | .. | 20 | .. | Two assistants have board. |
| Timaru Girls' High School | .. | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | 845 | .. | 15 | |
| Waitaki Boys' High School | 8 | .. | 1 | 1 | 2,275 | .. | 32 | 36 | Principal has residence, and four assistants have board. |
| Waitaki Girls' High School | .. | 4 | .. | 1 | .. | 700 | .. | 50 | |
| Otago Boys' High School | 12 | .. | 2 | .. | 3,670 | .. | 160 | .. | Including £120 house allowance for principal. |
| Otago Girls' High School | .. | 8 | 2 | 2 | .. | 1,600 | 125 | 135 | |
| Southland Boys' High School | 6 | .. | 2 | .. | 1,720 | .. | 280 | .. | Principal has residence. |
| Southland Girls' High School | .. | 7 | 2 | 1 | .. | 1,265 | 280 | 150 | |
| Total | 122 | 111 | 36 | 32 | 33,981 | 20,398 | 2,366 | 1,059 | |
| B. Secondary Schools established under Section 94 of the Education Act. | |||||||||
| Hamilton High School | 4 | 2 | .. | .. | 1,075 | 305 | .. | .. | Principal has house allowance. |
| Palmerston North High School | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1,920 | 475 | 80 | 13 | Including £120 house allowance for principal. |
| Dannevirke High School | 3 | 2 | .. | .. | 830 | 355 | .. | .. | |
| Gore High School | 4 | 2 | 1 | .. | 1,210 | 350 | 5 | .. | |
| Total | 19 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 5,035 | 1,485 | 85 | 13 | |
| C. Endowed Secondary Schools not coming within the Definition of Section 89 of the Education Act. | |||||||||
| Wanganui Collegiate School | 14 | .. | 1 | .. | 4,722 | .. | 85 | .. | Principal has board. |
| Christ's College Grammar School | 13 | .. | 6 | .. | 4,235 | .. | 678 | .. | Principal and four assistants have residences. |
| Total | 27 | .. | 7 | .. | 8,957 | .. | 763 | .. | |
| Grand total | 168 | 120 | 46 | 33 | 47,973 | 21,883 | 3,214 | 1,072 | |
The total numbers on the roll of day technical schools at any time during the years 1912 and 1913 were as follows:—
| 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
| Boys | 684 | 739 |
| Girls | 842 | 925 |
| Totals | 1,526 | 1,664 |
The following was the average roll of pupils in secondary schools for Maoris (all of whom were boarders) for the respective years:—
| 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
| Boys | 163 | 202 |
| Girls | 206 | 217 |
| Totals | 369 | 419 |
Summarizing all these figures, and excluding pupils in the lower departments of secondary schools, we obtain the following statement of the numbers receiving some form or other of secondary instruction during the years 1912 and 1913 (as nearly as can be estimated):—
| 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
* Includes a number of primary pupils (estimated 40 per cent.). | ||
| Secondary schools | 5,542 | 5,803 |
| District high schools | 2,048 | 2,073 |
| Day technical schools | 1,526 | 1,664 |
| Maori secondary schools | 369 | 419 |
| Private secondary schools | 883* | 545 |
| Totals | 10,368 | 10,504 |
It will thus be seen that the number receiving secondary education during 1913 shows a slight increase over that for the previous year. Based on the estimated population of New Zealand at the 31st December, 1913, the proportion of persons receiving some form of secondary instruction in publicly recognized institutions during 1913 was 93 per 10,000 of the population. In 1906 the corresponding proportion was 72.7 per 10,000, so that even after allowing for private secondary schools, of which no return was available in 1906, there has been a considerable development of secondary education in the Dominion during the last five years.
Under the regulations free places are divided into two classes— junior and senior—both being tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, or under somewhat different conditions at technical schools.
Boys and girls who qualify for Junior Education Board Scholarships, whether they obtain scholarships or not, are entitled to Junior Free Places, and those who pass the special examinations for free places are also participants in the privilege. Junior Free Places may, again, be obtained by those who qualify for a certificate of proficiency—that is, essentially, pupils who pass with credit the Sixth Standard of the public-school syllabus; but on this qualification the age of the candidate must not exceed fifteen years. Generally speaking, Junior Free Places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension in certain cases to three years without examination. In the case of district high schools they are tenable to the age of seventeen. A Senior Free Place is tenable by any pupil who has passed the Intermediate Examination, which, in its non-competitive form is regarded as the special examination for Senior Free Places. This examination is held in various centres at the same time and places as the Public Service Entrance Examination, and in its competitive form is used for scholarship candidates. For noncompetitive candidates different papers are set in certain subjects to meet the somewhat less exacting requirements of a purely pass qualification. Senior Free Places may also, however, be obtained without external examination after a two years' course on the recommendations of the principals of schools subject to the concurrence of the Inspector-General of Schools, and this form of qualification is becoming increasingly applicable.
Senior Free Places in secondary schools, district high schools, and day technical schools are tenable up to the age of nineteen. To technical schools of a different character this age-limit does not apply.
The following are some of the figures for 1912 and 1913 in regard to free places in secondary schools:—
| 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
* The total roll of all secondary schools is taken, including Wanganui Girls' and Boys' Colleges and Christ's College, but these three schools are not included in the number of secondary schools giving free tuition. | ||
| Number of secondary schools giving free tuition | 29 | 30 |
| * Total roll number, excluding lower departments | 5,542 | 5,803 |
| Number of free-place holders | 4,450 | 4,592 |
| Free-place holders as a percentage of roll number | 80 per cent. | 79 per cent. |
| Total annual payment by Government for free places | £50,199 | £51,917 |
| Cost to Government per free pupil | £10 15s. 5d. | £10 15s. 11d. |
It will thus be seen that there are now very few pupils—only 21 in every 100—who pay fees for admission into secondary schools. That the free-place system has undoubtedly been fully taken advantage of by the people of New Zealand is evidenced by the enormous increase in free places in the last few years. In 1903 there were 1,600 free pupils at secondary schools; now the number has increased by nearly 190 per cent.
In order to arrive at the total number of pupils in New Zealand receiving free secondary instruction it will be necessary to include also 155 other holders of scholarships or exhibitions granted by the secondary schools included above or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, 1,837 pupils in attendance at district high schools, almost all of whom were free pupils, 108 Maori pupils receiving free education in Maori secondary schools, and 1,507 holders of free places in technical schools. Consequently, there are approximately 8,200 pupils receiving free secondary education in the Dominion, exclusive of those holders of free places in technical schools who are art students or evening students, or who are taking courses which may be more appropriately described as technical than as secondary.
The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places at the end of the years 1912 and 1913 for which payment was made by Government:—
| FREE PLACES IN DECEMBER, 1912 AND 1913. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912. | 1913. | |||||
| Boys. | Girls. | Total. | Boys. | Girls. | Total. | |
| (i.) Secondary schools— | ||||||
| (a.) Junior free pupils | 1,770 | 1,440 | 3,210 | 1,815 | 1,466 | 3,281 |
| (b.) Senior free pupils | 664 | 576 | 1,240 | 759 | 552 | 1,311 |
| Totals | 2,434 | 2,016 | 4,450 | 2,574 | 2,018 | 4,592 |
| (ii.) District high schools | 863 | 952 | 1,815 | 900 | 937 | 1,837 |
| (iii.) Maori secondary schools | 50 | 53 | 103 | 53 | 55 | 108 |
| (iv.) Day technical schools | 613 | 762 | 1,375 | 676 | 831 | 1,507 |
| Grand totals | 3,960 | 3,783 | 7,743 | 4,203 | 3,841 | 8,044 |
In the above table (in the case of the secondary schools and district high schools) the roll at the end of the year has been taken; a fairer estimate of the number of persons receiving free secondary education in public institutions would be obtained by taking the average roll throughout the year and including in the total the holders of foundation and private scholarships or exhibitions who received free tuition not paid for by Government. We obtain thus the following approximate figures:—
| NUMBER RECEIVING FREE SECONDARY EDUCATION. | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1912. | 1913. | |
| Secondary schools | 4,815 | 4,963 |
| District high schools | 2,048 | 2,073 |
| Day technical schools | 1,375 | 1,507 |
| Maori secondary schools | 103 | 108 |
| Totals | 8,341 | 8,651 |
The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources:—
Rents from the special reserves allocated to them by statute:
Statutory grants, given in lieu of special reserves:
Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves, and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act:
Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the Land Boards, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance, lower departments excluded:
Government payments—(a) Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions for the general purposes of the school:
Government payments—(a) Capitation for manual-instruction classes; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions for manual-instruction purposes:
Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus:
Tuition fees of pupils:
Boarding fees of pupils:
Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys (other than those obtained by the sale of reserves), donations, and special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c.), rent of premises, loans raised, &c.
The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived from endowments, and the “net annual income derived from endowments” is the average of this revenue, for the three preceding years less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments and upon buildings, and less mortgage and other charges.
The following table gives a summary of the receipts under the several heads named above, and of the various items of expenditure for the year:—
| SUMMARY OF THE ACCOUNTS OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FOR 1913 FURNISHED BY THE GOVERNING BODIES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | |
| Receipts. | |||
| Credit balances on 1st January, 1913 | 30,507 | 19 | 5 |
| Endowment reserves sold, mortgage moneys repaid, and insurance | 1,954 | 7 | 5 |
| Rents, &c., of reserves | 37,212 | 1 | 3 |
| Interest on moneys invested | 1,812 | 8 | 10 |
| Reserves revenue | 9,467 | 12 | 7 |
| Government payments— | |||
| For manual instruction, capitation, and subsidies | 2,210 | 2 | 0 |
| For free places, capitation, and subsidies | 52,237 | 18 | 8 |
| Grants for buildings, sites, furniture, &c. | 4,963 | 13 | 3 |
| Statutory grant (Marlborough High School) | 400 | 0 | 0 |
| School fees (tuition) | 18,783 | 12 | 7 |
| Boarding-school fees, &c. | 25,869 | 10 | 4 |
| For technical instruction from Government and other sources | 2,567 | 8 | 6 |
| Transfers from Capital Account, loans and sundries not classified | 16.614 | 16 | 4 |
| Debit balances, 31st December, 1913 | 23,855 | 18 | 1 |
| £228,457 | 9 | 3 | |
| Expenditure. | |||
| £ | s. | d. | |
| Debit balances on 1st January, 1913 | 17,322 | 16 | 8 |
| Expenses of management | 4,900 | 9 | 4 |
| School salaries | 74,522 | 13 | 8 |
| Boarding-school accounts | 17,899 | 15 | 2 |
| Scholarships and prizes | 2,520 | 11 | 5 |
| Printing, stationery, fuel, light, &c. | 6,280 | 9 | 11 |
| Buildings, furniture, insurance, rent, and rates | 44,967 | 18 | 11 |
| On endowments | 4,133 | 19 | 6 |
| On manual instruction, exclusive of buildings | 1,947 | 4 | 6 |
| On technical instruction | 2,832 | 5 | 9 |
| Interest and repayments of mortgages | 6,551 | 12 | 6 |
| Temporary advances to pupils, and sundries not classified | 9,854 | 10 | 9 |
| Credit balances, 31st December, 1913 | 34,723 | 1 | 2 |
| £228,457 | 9 | 3 | |
The following table gives a comparison of the chief items of income and expenditure with those for 1912 and 1913:—
| INCOME. | 1912. £ | 1913. £ |
|---|---|---|
| Income from reserves and endowments | 42,156 | 48,492 |
| Grants from Government (exclusive of building grants) | 53,548 | 54,848 |
| Building grants | 5,254 | 4,964 |
| Tuition fees | 17,973 | 18,784 |
| EXPENDITURE. | ||
| Salaries of staff | 69,806 | 74,523 |
| Expenses of management | 4,336 | 4,900 |
| Buildings, &c. | 37,982 | 44,982 |
Fifteen of the secondary schools show a credit balance at the end of the year, and thirteen a debit balance. The net credit balance of all schools taken together is £17,008. The total payments for salaries increased by over £4,700 during the year.
For the whole Dominion, if there are taken into account only the secondary schools that admit free pupils under the Act, we find the following position:—
| 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
* Management expenses only. | ||
| Total number of pupils, excluding lower departments | 5,515 | 5,693 |
| Total net income from endowments (average of three years ended 31st December) | £12,373 | £11,533 |
| Net income from endowments per head | £2.24 | £2.02 |
| Approximate annual rate of capitation | £10.77 | £10.79 |
| Total available net income per free pupil for salaries and management | £13.01 | £12.82 |
| Total expenditure on salaries of staff | £56,682 | £60,297 |
| Total expenditure on management | £3,152 | £9,909 |
| Total expenditure on staff salaries, and management | £59,834 | £70,206 |
| Expenditure per head on staff salaries | £10.29 | £10.59 |
| Expenditure per head on management | *£0.57 | £1.74 |
| Total expenditure per head on staff salaries, and management | £10.84 | £12.38 |
The last figure given shows as nearly as may be the actual cost per annum for each pupil, exclusive of those in the lower departments.
The Education Act provides that pupils who have not obtained a certificate of competency in the subjects of Standard V or a higher standard of the public school syllabus may be admitted to a lower department of a secondary school if they are taught in a separate building or class-room, and if no part of the actual cost of their instruction is met out of the endowments of the secondary school. There were lower departments in twelve secondary schools during 1913; the total number of pupils in those departments was 351; the total cost of their instruction was £2,147; and the total amount of fees received on their account was £2,700.
The number of district high schools in operation at the end of 1913 was 59. In the secondary departments of these schools the teachers employed, apart from the principals, who may or may not have taken part in the secondary instruction, but whose added responsibility is in all cases recognized by some increment of salary, numbered 88, and the number of pupils in attendance in December was 1,837. There is only a small increase in the numbers in attendance as compared with 1912. Increased facilities for higher education in other directions and somewhat stricter tests of admission have doubtless much to do with this.
The course of instruction usually followed in the secondary departments of the district high schools of the Dominion has hitherto been drawn up largely with a view to preparing pupils for the Public Service Entrance, Matriculation, and Education Board Scholarship Examinations. In too many cases the curriculum itself and the methods of teaching have been dominated by examination results. It is, however, gratifying to note that in several education districts an earnest endeavour is being made to bring the course of instruction more into harmony with local conditions by providing suitable rural courses, based generally on a suggestive programme some time ago issued by the Department. Rural courses were in 1913 in operation at 33 district high schools, and were taken by 1,016 pupils. The course for boys is not intended to fit them for carrying on agricultural and pastoral pursuits, but is intended to give them a knowledge of the scientific principles upon which the successful practice of these pursuits depends. Similarly, the course for girls is intended to fit them for the work which they, as members of families engaged in such pursuits, may have to perform or superintend. It is worthy of remark that in most instances it has been found possible, not only to provide reasonably full courses with a distinct bias towards rural and domestic pursuits, but also to secure adequate opportunities for pupils preparing for the various public examinations. The special payment of £5 10s. per annum provided by the Government for each pupil in the secondary department of a district high school taking an approved rural course has enabled Education Boards to augment the available teaching staff by the addition thereto of specially qualified itinerant instructors to teach the significant subjects included in the course.
A table is given showing the number of qualified pupils attending the district high schools on the 31st December, 1913.
| DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOLS.—ATTENDANCE, STAFFS, SALARIES, ETC., IN SECONDARY DEPARTMENTS, 1913. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education District. | Number of Schools. | Average Attendance, 1913. | Number of Teachers. | Average Number of Pupils per Teacher. | Statutory Annual Rate at End of Year. | ||||
| M. | F. | Total. | £ | s. | d. | ||||
| Auckland | 9 | 206 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 18.7 | 2,143 | 5 | 0 |
| Taranaki | 1 | 121 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 30.3 | 649 | 15 | 0 |
| Wanganui | 8 | 199 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 19.9 | 1,854 | 0 | 0 |
| Wellington | 9 | 323 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 23.1 | 2,777 | 0 | 0 |
| Hawke's Bay | 3 | 114 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 22.8 | 1,020 | 0 | 0 |
| Nelson | 4 | 75 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 15.0 | 1,010 | 0 | 0 |
| Grey | 1 | 38 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 19.0 | 400 | 0 | 0 |
| Westland | 1 | 59 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 29.5 | 375 | 0 | 0 |
| North Canterbury | 10 | 350 | 8 | 8 | 16 | 21.9 | 3,283 | 9 | 4 |
| South Canterbury | 3 | 106 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 21.2 | 962 | 13 | 4 |
| Otago | 9 | 278 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 21.4 | 2,640 | 0 | 0 |
| Southland | 1 | 11 | 1 | .. | 1 | 11.0 | 180 | 0 | 0 |
| Totals for 1913 | 59 | 1,880 | 37 | 51 | 88 | 21.4 | 17,295 | 2 | 8 |
| Totals for 1912 | 60 | 1,864 | 38 | 49 | 87 | 21.4 | 17,431 | 7 | 8 |
Under the Education Board scholarship scheme the Education Boards, under local regulations approved by the Minister of Education, award annually a large number of scholarships of varying value out of an allowance of old standing, amounting to 1s. 6d. per head of the average attendance. The regulations adopted in the different districts commonly provide for two classes of scholarships, junior and senior—the former limited to children under fourteen or in some cases under thirteen years of age resident in the district, and tenable usually for two years; the latter, more restricted in number, continuing the secondary education of the holders for two or three years longer. For the award of the Junior Scholarships all Boards use the Junior National Scholarship Examination, and for their Senior Scholarships all use the Intermediate Examination as arranged for scholarship candidates.
During the year 1913 Education Board scholarships—junior and senior—were current to the number of 576, as against a total of 566 for 1912. The actual monetary value of these scholarships in most instances is small, the object in view being generally to spread the benefits as widely as possible rather than to provide attractive prizes for a few. Each scholarship, however, through the operation of the provisions for free places, which give a preference to scholarship-holders, carries with it in all but certain exceptional circumstances the substantial benefit of free tuition, and a lodging or travelling allowance is added where necessary. The total expenditure of Education Boards on scholarships of this class during the year 1913 was £9,924.
In extension of the provisions for scholarships, the arrangements now in force, by which pupils of fair promise are admitted to free tuition in secondary and other schools, are very comprehensive and far-reaching in their effects. For all who deserve it there is now a free course from the initiatory stages of the primary school to the doors of the University, and by means of further scholarships and bursaries, making classes at the colleges free to all duly qualified students, a further step of progress to the distinction of a University degree is also possible in terms of similar advantage.
Beyond the limits of the secondary school the opportunities given to promising students are considerable. University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, and are as follows: Junior University, Senior National and Taranaki Scholarships, in addition to some thirty or forty local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. In addition to the above, all those who gained “credit” at the same examinations are entitled to hold bursaries which meet the cost of college fees up to £20 per annum for three years, and an order in Council in 1912 extended the system of bursaries to include persons having slightly different or less qualifications. Further regulations have recently been gazetted for the award of special bursaries to students who wish to take up a course in home science and domestic arts at the Otago University. With these provisions there can be few indeed entitled to special consideration who are deterred from a University course by the question of the cost of classes.
An Act to encourage higher education in New Zealand by the granting of National Scholarships was passed in 1903, and has since been incorporated in the Education Act, 1908. Provision is made for the establishment of Junior and Senior Scholarships, the necessary funds being furnished by the Minister of Finance.
A Junior Scholarship is offered in each education district for every four thousand or part of four thousand children in average yearly attendance, tenable for three years, with the possibility of extension for one or more years up to the age of eighteen years. Candidates must not exceed the age of fourteen years. The value of a Junior Scholarship is £10 per annum, in addition to tuition fees.
Senior National Scholarships, not exceeding twenty in number, are awarded annually to persons of either sex under nineteen years of age on the result of the Junior Scholarship Examination of the University. The value of a Senior Scholarship is £20 per annum in addition to tuition fees, and it is tenable for three years.
Where the holder of a Junior or Senior National Scholarship is obliged to live away from home in order to prosecute his or her studies an additional sum of £30 per annum is paid, or actual travelling-expenses not exceeding £10 per annum are allowed if the holder of a scholarship is obliged to travel more than four miles daily in order to prosecute his or her studies.
At the end of 1913 the number of Junior National Scholarships current was 130, and of these 114 were held at secondary schools and sixteen at district high schools. Apart from fees otherwise accounted for under the heading of free-place expenditure, the cost of Junior National Scholarships for the year was £3,460. The number of Senior National Scholarships current was fifty-eight, for which the New Zealand University received a grant from the Treasury of £3,402.
Foundation scholarships are offered by the Governors of secondary schools not granting free places under the Act, and are also offered as additional scholarships by the Governors of schools providing free places. Private scholarships are derived from funds provided by private donors by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1913 was 194.
The introduction of university education into New Zealand was effected by the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Otago, who in 1869 passed an Ordinance under which the University of Otago was established. Following closely on the founding of this institution was the establishment of the University of New Zealand under an Act of the General Assembly—the New Zealand University Act, 1870. This University subsequently received a Royal charter, whereby certain specified degrees are declared entitled to “rank, precedence, and consideration” throughout the British Empire “as fully as if the said degrees had been conferred by any university of the United Kingdom.” It was apparently contemplated by Parliament (vide section 19 of the Act last quoted) that the New Zealand University and the Otago University should be amalgamated; but the negotiations for this purpose having failed, the two institutions remained for some time distinct bodies. In the year 1874, however, the University of Otago surrendered or put in abeyance its power of conferring degrees, and became affiliated to the University of New Zealand, and at the same time it was stipulated that the University of New Zealand should not directly exercise functions of teaching.
The New Zealand University Act, 1874, which repealed the statute of 1870, gave power to the Senate to confer, after examination, the several degrees of Bachelor and Master in Arts, Bachelor and Doctor in Law, Science, Medicine, Music, and also in such other departments of knowledge, except theology, as might be determined by the said Senate in the future.
By statute passed in 1904 further powers were given to confer the degrees of Doctor of Literature; Master of Laws; Master of Surgery; Master of Science; and Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of (a) Veterinary Science, (b) Dental Surgery, (c) Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, Metallurgical, Naval Architecture); (d) Agriculture, (e) Public Health, (f) Commerce. For these latter no further charter has been given.
Powers are granted to confer also ad eundem degrees.
In 1902 an Amendment Act was passed reconstituting the Senate, which now consists of twenty-four members or Fellows, five to be elected by each of the four University college districts—that is to say, two by each governing body, two by each District Court of Convocation, and one by each Professorial Board. The remaining four members are nominated by the Governor in Council.
The statutes relating to the New Zealand University have been consolidated under the New Zealand University Act, 1908.
In the year 1873 the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Canterbury passed an Ordinance for founding “The Canterbury College,” and the college was accordingly established with the same standard of university education as that of the University of Otago, but without the power of conferring degrees. It was affiliated to the University of New Zealand.
In December, 1878, a Royal Commission on University and Secondary Education was appointed by the Governor, which met in July, 1879, and reported that two colleges, with an income of £4,000 each, ought to be established in Auckland and Wellington, and that suitable buildings, at a cost of £12,500 each, should be erected in those cities. In the following year the Royal Commission repeated these recommendations.
The Auckland University College Act, 1882, which became law on the 13th September of that year, definitely established the college, and endowed it with a statutory grant of £4,000 per annum. By the Auckland University College Reserves Act, 1885, three blocks of land, containing about 10,000 acres each, and a block containing about 354 acres, which had been devoted to the purpose of promoting higher education in the Province of Auckland, became vested in the Council of the University college.
The Auckland University College was affiliated to the University of New Zealand by the Senate of the University on the 6th March, 1883, and on the 21st May in the same year the college was opened by the Governor.
Nothing was done for Wellington until the year 1894, when an Act was passed entitled the Middle District of New Zealand University College Act, 1894, which said, “There shall be established in the City of Wellington a college to be connected with the University of New Zealand,” and provision was made for a governing body to be called the Council, but no provision was made for any pecuniary grant nor any endowment, and, though certain members of the Council were appointed, nothing could be done for want of funds.
Not until 1897 were the needs of Wellington actually attended to. In the session of Parliament of that year the late Right Hon. Mr. Seddon, P.C., then Premier, introduced the Victoria College Act—an Act, as stated in the preamble, “to promote higher education by the establishment of a college at Wellington in commemoration of the sixtieth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria,” the college being intended to embrace in its work the Provincial Districts of Wellington, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, and Westland. The Act was passed on the 22nd December, 1897, and the Council was formed as provided in the Act, and the work of organization was begun. The Act provides for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of a grant of £4,000 a year, and also requires the Council to give six scholarships each year, called “Queen's Scholarships,” to persons of either sex under the age of fourteen years, upon the results of an examination under such conditions as the Council may provide. The Act further sets apart a parcel of land 4,000 acres in extent in the Nukumaru Survey District (Wellington Provincial District) as an endowment for the college. The Queen's Scholarships have since been done away with, and the term of the last has now expired.
In addition to their annual statutory grants of £4,000, Auckland University College and Victoria College received in 1913 £2,700 and £3,000 respectively for the general purposes of the institutions. Each of the four affiliated institutions—the Auckland University College, the Victoria College, the Canterbury College, and the University of Otago—specializes in certain directions, and to further this purpose the Government makes to each an additional annual grant to provide for the special studies pursued. This annual grant normally amounts to £2,000 in each case, but in the case of Otago University has been during the past year increased to £3,500 to meet the special expenses attached to the medical school. Otago University has both medical and dental schools, and a school of mining and metallurgical engineering; Canterbury College has a school of engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil); at Auckland University College the grant is allocated for mining and commerce; and at Victoria College it is in consideration especially of law subjects and science.
The New Zealand University is not a teaching body, as above explained, undergraduates hitherto for the most part keeping their terms at one or other of the affiliated institutions. The total number of graduates who have so far obtained direct degrees is 1,755.
There were, in 1913, 2,218 students actually in attendance at the four University colleges, an increase of 104 on the number for the previous year. Of these, 104 were graduates, 1,316 were undergraduates, and 798 were unmatriculated students. In addition to the matriculated students mentioned above, there were 100 students attached to the various University colleges, but exempt from lectures—that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms, except in certain science and professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination. The numbers of students at the affiliated institutions during 1913 were as follows: At the Auckland University College, 271 matriculated, 382 non-matriculated, and 12 exempt; at Victoria College, 384 matriculated, 79 non-matriculated, and 49 exempt; at Canterbury College, 315 matriculated, 213 non-matriculated, and 9 exempt; at Otago University, 450 matriculated, 124 non-matriculated, and 30 exempt.
| SCHOLARSHIPS, BURSARIES, EXHIBITIONS, AND STUDENTSHIPS HELD AT AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS IN 1913.* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scholarships, &c. | Auckland University College. | Victoria College. | Canterbury College. | Otago University. | Total. |
* Exclusive of Rhodes Scholarships and International Exhibition Scholarships (which are tenable out of New Zealand), and exclusive also of Research Scholarships given by the Government † Includes eight who are also holders of bursaries: total bursaries, 191. | |||||
| Junior University Scholarships | 6 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 27† |
| Senior National Scholarships | 8 | 12 | 16 | 22 | 58 |
| Taranaki Scholarships | .. | 2 | .. | 3 | 5 |
| Senior University Scholarships | 2 | 4 | .. | 2 | 8 |
| Bursaries | 28 | 36 | 26 | 93 | 183 |
| Sir George Grey Scholarships | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Other Scholarships and Exhibitions | 1 | 2 | 12 | 7 | 22 |
| Training-college Studentships | 108 | 108 | 109 | 120 | 445 |
| Totals | 154 | 170 | 168 | 260 | 752 |
With a view to subsidizing libraries, especially small and struggling institutions in sparsely populated districts, Parliament has frequently voted sums of money for distribution on a fixed basis. In 1913 Parliament voted the sum of £4,000 for payment of subsidies to public libraries. The method of distribution of the vote was the same as that adopted in previous years—viz., a nominal addition of £25 was made to the amount of the income of each library derived from subscriptions, donations, and rates, provided that the receipts for the year were not less than £2, and the vote was distributed according to the amount thus augmented; but no library received credit for a larger income than £75—that is, in no case did the augmented amount on which distribution was based exceed £100. In accordance with the Gazette notice, the day appointed for the distribution of the subsidy was the 9th February, 1914, and the amount of the vote was divided among the 401 libraries from which applications, each accompanied by a statutory declaration on the proper form, had been received at that date. The vote, as thus dealt with, afforded a subsidy of 4s. 8.55d. in the pound on the nominal income, and the subsidies ranged from £6 7s. 2d. to £23 11s. 3d. The number of libraries participating in the vote shows a decrease of seven as compared with the number aided in February, 1913.
In order that the purpose intended to be served by the vote may be attained, it is made a condition for participation that the whole of the subsidy granted to each library in the previous year shall have been expended in the purchase of books.
An analysis of the books added to the public libraries during the year 1913 indicates that 83.01 per cent. of the books purchased during the last year were novels. If the additions made by the large libraries were not taken into consideration, the proportion of novels would increase to 87.4 per cent. Ninety-five public libraries purchased no books other than fiction.
Table of Contents
THE liability of all male inhabitants of the Dominion for service in the Military Forces is laid down in the Defence Act and Regulations as under:—
The Act provides for the gradual military training of every male New-Zealander from the age of fourteen to the age of twenty-five after which he will serve in the Reserve up to the age of thirty. There are no distinctions and no exceptions. The principle is that every one, unless physically unfit, will have to take his share in the defence of the Dominion. Those who, in consequence of the doctrines of their religion, have a conscientious objection to bearing arms in the service of their country will be trained as far as possible in the non-combatant branches, of which ambulance work is made a special feature, or under very exceptional conditions such persons may apply to a Magistrate for exemption from military training on the certificate of a minister of religion. Subject to the full establishment of Territorials required being maintained, the regulations admit of a man of good character, who has proved himself to be thoroughly efficient, being transferred to the Reserve after four years' service—viz., at the age of twenty-two.
Those liable for service are required to be registered as such. Any person who fails to take any step necessary to secure his registration is liable to a fine of £5, and may be deprived of civil rights for any period not exceeding ten years. Any person so deprived of civil rights shall during the period of deprivation be incapable of being appointed to any office or employment, whether permanent or temporary, in the public service, and shall not be entitled to be or remain registered on any electoral roll under the Legislature Act, 1908. No such deprivation of civil rights shall affect the obligation of the offender to render personal service under the Defence Act, and the Act shall continue to apply to him in all respects as if no such order of deprivation had been made.
Under section 27 (i), Defence Act, 1909, all male inhabitants of New Zealand between the ages of seventeen and fifty-five, not exempted, are liable to serve in the Militia. Under section 28 (1), Defence Act, 1909, the whole or any part of the Militia may be called out in time of war by Proclamation, and, when so called out, becomes a part of the Defence Forces.
From the age of twelve to the age of fourteen a boy at a primary school performs a certain amount of physical elementary training, under the direction of the Education Department. This is not considered military training under the Defence Act.
On reaching the age of fourteen, or on leaving a primary school, the boy is transferred to the Senior Cadets, and then becomes a member of the Military Forces, though not liable to be called out to fight.
He remains a Senior Cadet till he is eighteen, on reaching which age he is, if found, on being medically examined, to be physically fit, drafted into the Territorial Force. As a Territorial soldier he is liable to be called out at any time for service within the Dominion.
On reaching the age of twenty-five, if still serving, he is transferred to the Reserve. He remains in the Reserve till he reaches the age of thirty, when he will be discharged. As a Reservist he will be liable to be called back to his regiment in case of war or other national emergency.
If he belongs to a Rifle Club he will, as long as he remains a member, be liable up to the age of fifty-five to be called up as part of a secondary Reserve to fill the ranks of the Territorial Force after its own Reserve has been used up. A male of an age rendering him liable to undergo military training may in certain circumstances be allowed to undergo training as a member of a Defence Rifle Club under approved conditions where the nearest drill centre of a Territorial unit is too far distant for him to attend parades.
Provision exists under which Rifle Clubs absorb and train about 35 per cent. of enrolled strength of those liable to serve in the Territorial Force.
As far as possible arrangements are made to post the incoming recruits to the branch of the service and the drill centre they desire to be trained in, and care is taken not to post to the same unit more persons out of any business concern than the employer can spare at the same time.
All exemptions and temporary exemptions on medical grounds are to be granted and issued, and all transfers and discharges from the Territorial Force of those qualified are made, in June each year.
The Minister of Defence is responsible to Parliament both for the Navy and the Army of New Zealand.
The General Officer Commanding the New Zealand Forces is the responsible adviser of the Minister, and, under him, controls the Military Forces. He is assisted by the following heads of departments:—
The Chief of the General Staff;
The Adjutant-General to the Forces;
The Quartermaster-General to the Forces;
The Director of Ordnance;
The Director of Accounts.
The General Officer Commanding is responsible for the organization, discipline, and efficiency of the Forces and for their inspection; advice on local military policy; plans for local defence; supervision of training; education of officers and selection of officers for study at Imperial Staff Colleges; appointments, promotions, resignations, and retirements of officers.
The Chief of the General Staff and Director of Staff Duties and Military Training is responsible for Staff organization; Staff tours; record of officers suitable for Staff employ; instruction and training for war; education and examination of officers; training manuals; arrangements for examination of candidates for British Army and Royal Australian Military College; manœuvres; estimates for and allocation of training and manœuvre grants; military libraries; leave and exemptions from training; intelligence; plans for local defence and strategical distribution of the Forces; mapping and reconnaissance; war establishments and war organization; plans for mobilization.
The Adjutant-General is responsible for peace organization; discipline; martial, military, and international law; Courts-martial; administrative arrangements in connection with training and education; ceremonial; personnel (excepting R.N.Z.A.); editing and issuing orders (other than operation orders); Army List and Regulations; leave of absence (except exemption from training); registration, enrolment and posting; appointments to and distribution of Permanent Staff; returns of strength and prosecutions; casualties (excepting R.N.Z.A.); mobilization and other regulations dealing with above services; mobilization of personnel; medals; chaplains; war claims and military pensions; Honorary Territorials, National Reserve; medical services.
The Quartermaster-General is responsible for mobilization stores; clothing equipment and general stores (excepting for Artillery and Engineers); Dress Regulations, quartering, supplies, and transport; inspection and care of Maxim guns and small-arms; store buildings, drill-halls; mobilization arrangements in connection with above services; administration of corps dealing with above services; veterinary services and remounts.
The Director of Ordnance is responsible for armaments and all accessories; coast defences; Defence Department's vessels; reserve of arms and ammunition; technical equipment and vehicles of Artillery and Engineer units; guns; ordnance and field gun ammunition; permanent fortifications and works; Artillery and rifle ranges; control and distribution of Permanent Force; inspection of Artillery and Engineer duties.
The Director of Accounts is responsible for audit and examination of accounts; consideration and compilation of parliamentary estimates; payments; financial advice; contracts; control of accountants in districts; compiling and editing of “Financial Instructions and Allowance Regulations,” in consultation with the Quartermaster-General.
The Dominion of New Zealand is divided into four military districts (two in each Island) each under a Permanent District Commander assisted by a Staff, as follows:—
Officer Commanding—
General Staff:—
Attached to General Staff:—
Instructor in Mounted Duties.
Instructor in Infantry Duties.
Instructor in Musketry.
Intelligence Officer (unpaid Territorial officer).
Administrative Staff:—
Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General.
Assistant Director of Supplies and Transport.
Principal Medical Officer (partially paid Territorial officer).
District Sanitary Officer (unpaid Territorial officer).
Principal Veterinary Officer (partially paid Territorial officer).
District Accountant.
District Storekeeper.
Each district is divided into four or five “area groups” or “areas,” each commanded by a Permanent officer. An area as a rule furnishes a complete Infantry regiment (of one battalion) as well as other units, or portions of units, and Cadets.
An area is divided into two or, as a rule, more sub-areas, each in charge of a Permanent non-commissioned officer.
The organization and establishments of units are, speaking generally, the same in peace as in war. They are composed of Territorial officers and men. There are no units composed wholly of Permanent men. Territorial units include members of the Permanent Forces as follows:—
Each battalion of Infantry and regiment of Mounted Rifles has a Permanent Adjutant, sergeant-major, and quartermaster-sergeant.
Each Field Artillery brigade has an Adjutant, a battery sergeant-major, a battery quartermaster-sergeant, a farrier-sergeant, and a saddler-quartermaster-sergeant. In addition, each battery has a Permanent cadre of two non-commissioned officers and eight men (gunners and drivers) and twelve horses. This personnel belongs to the Royal New Zealand Artillery.
Each fort has a small cadre of Permanent Garrison Artillery. These cadres supply the assistant instructors, specialists, district gunners, &c., necessary when the forts are manned for service practice or instruction. These also belong to the Royal New Zealand Artillery.
The military forces of New Zealand are organized for war into a field army and its reserves, coast-defence troops, and lines-of-communication troops. The field army is organized into two Mounted Rifle brigades (one in each Island) and two divisions (one in each Island). Composition and detail are as follows:—
A division consists of—
Headquarters;
1 Mounted Rifle brigade;
2 Infantry brigades;
and the following divisional troops:—
2 Field Artillery brigades (4 gun batteries);
Divisional ammunition column;
2 Field companies Engineers;
Divisional signal services;
4 companies Army Service Corps;
2 Field Ambulances;
1 Mounted Field Ambulance.
An independent Mounted Rifle brigade consists of—
Headquarters;
3 Mounted Rifle regiments;
1 Mounted Signal troop;
1 company Army Service Corps;
1 Mounted Field Ambulance.
Coast defence troops consist of—
Detachment Permanent Force (the Regiment of Royal New Zealand Artillery);
2 divisions Garrison Artillery (each 3 companies) and 3 independent companies;
1 Infantry regiment and 7 companies;
1 Mountain battery.
Lines-of-communication troop consist of—
2 Railway battalions;
2 battalions Post and Telegraph Corps;
Army Service Corps and other services as required.
The New Zealand Territorial Force (including the Territorial Reserve) is the first line of defence of the Dominion after the Imperial Navy. Its position cannot be fairly compared with that of the Territorial Force in the United Kingdom, which has the Regular Army and Special Reserve in front of it. The New Zealand Territorial Force must be able to take the field at once on the outbreak of war. It is the New Zealand Army; and the permanent officers of the Staff Corps, the Permanent Regiment of the Royal New Zealand Artillery, and the warrant and non-commissioned officers of the Permanent Staff are its auxiliaries to control, guide, and instruct it.
The Territorial Force is maintained at a strength of about thirty thousand, and is organized in field and coast-defence units with practically the same establishment for peace as for war. In each of the four military districts into which the Dominion is divided there is a brigade of Infantry, a brigade of Mounted Rifles, and a brigade of Field Artillery, as well as the necessary number of Garrison Artillery for coast-defence (three companies each in Wellington and Auckland, and one company each at Dunedin, Lyttelton, and Westport), a field company of Engineers, Medical units, and other departmental troops. An Infantry brigade includes four battalions and a Signal company; a Mounted brigade, three regiments of Mounted Rifles and a Signal company; and a brigade of Artillery, two four-gun batteries.
The Force is fully armed and equipped according to the most modern standard; the men are uniformed by the State, and are paid and rationed during the annual camp.
The units of the force are commanded and trained by their own officers, assisted by the Staff Corps, the Permanent Force, and the Permanent Staff. Each Regimental Commander has a certain number of professional soldiers to help him and to relieve him of administrative duties, but no one to interfere between him and his regiment. The officers are drawn from the ranks on the recommendation of the Commanding Officers, and are appointed, promoted, and retired in accordance with definite regulations calculated to ensure their efficiency and their status.
The following are the rates of pay per diem for officers, warrant officers, non-commissioned officers, and men:—
| £ | s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Colonels | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Lieut.-Colonels | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| Majors | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| Captains | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Lieutenants and 2nd Lieutenants | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| Sergeants-major, staff sergeants, and colour-sergeants | 0 | 5 | 6 |
| Sergeants | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Corporals | 0 | 4 | 6 |
| Other ranks | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Civilian committees have been formed in several of the leading centres of population for the purpose of enrolling citizens over the age of liability for service as honorary Territorials, whose object it is to encourage and assist in various ways the regiments of which they are honorary members.
On the 31st March, 1914, there were 25,659 Senior Cadets, organized into 348 companies.
The unit of organization and training in the Senior Cadets is the company of Infantry. Companies composed of Cadets belonging to any school or other recognized organization (such as the Boy Scouts) form part of that school or organization, and are subject to its discipline, supplemented by the regulations. In dealing with such companies and in the appointment of their officers the military authorities co-operate with headmasters and with the heads of other recognized organizations. The Senior Cadets are officered by officers holding Territorial commissions on the Unattached List, with the same qualifications and liabilities as other Territorial officers.
In order to simplify the control of Cadets, it was decided by the Ministers of Education and Defence that for training purposes (not registration—all over fourteen must register) all pupils attending primary schools will be considered Junior Cadets, and all pupils attending secondary schools will be considered Senior Cadets, irrespective of their ages.
Excluding expenses connected with instruction, the cost of the Senior Cadets is approximately £21,000 per annum.
The Rifle Clubs, being part of the New Zealand Military Forces in virtue of the liability of their members to serve as a second line of defence, are governed by the Military Regulations, and are required to carry out each year a prescribed course of musketry. Members of Rifle Clubs liable to undergo military training are required to attend at least eighteen afternoon or evening drills at convenient drill centres. The drill centres are as far as possible arranged so as not to entail more than one hour's walk or one hour's ride from the men's homes, as in the case of Territorials and Senior Cadets.
It is found that only about 5 per cent, of those liable for service are totally unfit; about 60 per cent, are posted to the Territorial Force and about 35 per cent. to the Rifle Clubs.
The Defence Forces of New Zealand, in view of this accession of strength to Rifle Clubs, are placed in two categories in their relation to training and defence:—
First line—The Territorial Force and the Territorial Reserve.
Second line—The Rifle Clubs and the training sections affiliated to Rifle Clubs.
On the 31st March last there were 204 Defence Rifle Clubs in the Dominion. The strength of a Rifle Club varies according to population and situation. Membership of a club is limited to fifteen as a minimum, and one hundred as a maximum, consisting of (1) ordinary members, (2) honorary members, and (3) General Training Section attached. Each Rifle Club receives a yearly allowance of 150 rounds of ammunition per member, and a further 200 rounds per member may be obtained at reduced rates. The number of Rifle Clubs in an area depends on the personnel available, as in the case of Senior Cadets. The instruction in Rifle Clubs is undertaken by permanent officers and N.C.O.s.
The cost of existing Rifle Clubs is approximately £20,000 per annum.
It has been decided to institute a National Reserve which will embrace practically all those men up to a reasonable age-limit who wish to enrol themselves for service but who are not in the Territorial Force or its Reserve, or in the Rifle Clubs. The National Reserve is in course of formation.
The training of the Cadet and soldier throughout his service is strictly territorial—that is to say, it will, except for the period annually spent by the Territorial soldier in camp, be carried out within reach of his own home, and at convenient times. The whole of the training is arranged with every possible consideration for the interests both of the employer and of those who are being trained. The annual training-camps are held by brigades and coast-defence commands, the aim being to properly train in organized bodies an efficient field force of the best material available.
The minimum amount of training which must be performed each year by every member of the Territorial Force, Reserve, Senior Cadets, and Rifle Clubs is as follows:—
Thirty drills, twenty of these to be out-of-door parades.
Twelve half-day or six whole-day parades, all of which are to be exercises in the field, except in the case of Garrison Artillery units, which are exercised at the works of defence to which they are allotted on mobilization.
Seven days annual training in camp (exclusive of the days of arrival and departure).
Mounted Rifles and country companies of Infantry spend eleven days in camp, four days being in lieu of a proportionate number of parades and drills held; forage and rations but not pay are granted for the extra four days in camp.
Prescribed course of musketry.
Prescribed course of musketry and eighteen afternoon or evening drills.
A drill in the Territorial Force is one hour and a half continuous instruction. A drill in the Senior Cadets is one hour continuous instruction. A half-day parade is three hours continuous instruction. A whole-day parade is six hours continuous instruction.
An out-of-door parade may be carried out in the evening, and will not be devoted entirely to drill, but will include route marching, outposts by day and by night, entrenching, signalling, driving, &c., and such work as cannot conveniently be carried out indoors. In the case of Artillery and Technical corps the proportion of outdoor parades may be reduced at the discretion of the Commanding Officer. The principle is that the drill-shed should be avoided as far as possible.
The following figures show the strength of the military forces during the past ten years. Prior to 1911 there was no compulsory training.
| Year. | Strength of Permanent Forces (including N.Z. Staff Corps, R.N.Z.A, and Permanent Staff). | Strength of Volunteer or Territorial Force. |
|---|---|---|
* Transition period—no record. | ||
| 1904–5 | 395 | 13,492 |
| 1905–6 | 386 | 13,306 |
| 1906–7 | 379 | 12,704 |
| 1907–8 | 361 | 12,474 |
| 1908–9 | 325 | 14,058 |
| 1909–10 | 314 | 14,249 |
| 1910–11 | 427 | * |
| 1911–12 | 500 | 22,614 |
| 1912–13 | 557 | 23,804 |
| 1913–14 | 578 | 25,902 |
The Field Artillery is completely equipped with modern 18-pr. field guns and 4.5 in. howitzers. The latest type of gun has been ordered for the mountain battery.
The Infantry is armed with the Lee-Enfield rifle. Sufficient rifles and carbines exist to arm the Territorial Force and its reserves. With few exceptions the Cadets are armed with the same rifle as the Citizen Forces.
Mounted Rifle regiments and Infantry battalions are equipped with machine guns and pack transport for the same.
The Territorial Force is clothed throughout in khaki serge of service pattern, manufactured in the Dominion. Each Territorial soldier receives, on joining, one complete suit, a great coat, a hat, and a cap; no boots are issued. A reserve of clothing to meet the yearly quota of recruits is kept in store. The clothing contractors are prepared to increase their output tenfold in emergency. The Territorial Infantry are equipped with the web field service equipment; Mounted units use the bandolier leather equipment. Each individual in the Mounted Rifles supplies his own saddlery.
The Cadets' uniform consists of blouse and shorts of khaki serge with khaki hat and puttee stockings. They have a waist-belt and pouch.
By the Australian Defence Act, 1887, provision was made for the payment by New Zealand of a proportional part of the cost of establishment and maintenance of a British Naval Force to be employed for the protection of trade in Australasian waters. Under this Act a sum of approximately £20,000 per annum was paid by New Zealand to the Imperial Government.
In 1903, consequent on the passing of the Australian and New Zealand Naval Defence Act, the annual contribution payable by New Zealand was raised to “a sum not exceeding £40,000.”
By the Naval Subsidy Act, 1908, the contribution of the Dominion was again increased, this time to a sum of £100,000 payable annually for ten years from the 12th May, 1909.
The year 1909 was an important one in the history of the Dominion. At what was generally regarded as a critical period for the whole Empire. New Zealand presented a battle-cruiser to the Home Government. Full information concerning this vessel and her visit to New Zealand in 1913 appears in last year's issue of this book (pages 932–941).
In the same year an Imperial Defence Conference met at London, and an agreement was arrived at for the establishing of a Pacific Fleet, to consist of three units, in the East Indies, Australia, and the China seas. Under this agreement it was arranged that the Dominion's gift ship should be the flagship of the China unit, and that seven vessels of this unit were to be stationed in peace-time in New Zealand waters, the ships to be manned as far as possible by New Zealand officers and men.
Subsequent events made it necessary to revise the arrangement entered into, and the “New Zealand” was stationed by consent in English waters. Instead of the seven vessels of the China unit of the Pacific Fleet which it had been intended to place in New Zealand waters, only a few small vessels of the former Australasian Squadron had their headquarters transferred to the Dominion.
The Naval Defence Act, 1913, provides for the establishment of a New Zealand Naval Force, to be raised and maintained by voluntary enlistment only, enlistment being for a prescribed period not less than two years. In time of war the Naval Force (including vessels acquired for defence purposes) is to be at the disposal of the British Government. The establishment of a New Zealand Royal Naval Reserve is also provided for under the Act. The third-class cruiser “Philomel” has been lent by the English Admiralty to the New Zealand Government to serve as a training-ship for the forming of a nucleus of the Naval Force.
Captain Hall-Thompson, of the Imperial Navy, has been appointed Naval Adviser to the New Zealand Government, and took over the command of the “Philomel” on the 15th July, 1914.
The amount expended by the New Zealand Government on naval and military defence for each of the last ten financial years is as follows:—
| Year. | Naval. | Military. | Total Defence Expenditure. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contribution to the Admiralty. | Battle-cruiser. | Total. | Paid out of Consolidated Fund. | Paid out of Public Works Fund. | Total. | |||
| Contribution paid out of Loan. | Interest and Sinking Fund paid out of Consolidated Fund. | |||||||
* The balance of the £100,000 due for the year 1913–14 was, at the request of the Admiralty, not paid until after the 31st March, 1914. | ||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1904–5 | 40,000 | .. | .. | 40,000 | 188,254 | 49,103 | 237,357 | 277,357 |
| 1905–6 | 40,000 | .. | .. | 40,000 | 159,459 | 36,869 | 196,328 | 236,228 |
| 1906–7 | 40,000 | .. | .. | 40,000 | 152,765 | 16,415 | 169,180 | 209,180 |
| 1907–8 | 40,000 | .. | .. | 40,000 | 176,426 | 21,153 | 197,579 | 237,579 |
| 1908–9 | 40,000 | .. | .. | 40,000 | 195,685 | 18,063 | 213,748 | 253,748 |
| 1909–10 | 100,000 | .. | .. | 100,000 | 190,346 | 10,349 | 200,695 | 300,695 |
| 1910–11 | 100,000 | 489,289 | 8,904 | 598,193 | 205,269 | 8,936 | 214,205 | 812,398 |
| 1911–12 | 100,000 | 605,711 | 91,687 | 797,398 | 401,870 | 11,581 | 413,451 | 1,210,849 |
| 1912–13 | 100,000 | 525,000 | 103,102 | 728,102 | 505,267 | 24,129 | 529,396 | 1,257,498 |
| 1913–14 | 50,000* | 69,035 | 126,995 | 246,030 | 488,569 | 30,725 | 519,294 | 765,324 |
The Dominion Rifle Association was formed to encourage the members of the New Zealand Defence Forces to become efficient in the use of the rifle and to promote rifle shooting generally as a necessary element for the defence of the Empire. It was established in 1879, the annual rifle meetings prior to that date having been conducted and controlled by the military authorities. For some years after its formation its movements from year to year were peripatetic, but it is now definitely fixed at Trentham, near Wellington, where a range accommodation of seventy-five targets with all necessary equipment and suitable buildings have been made available for the rifle championship meetings, which are conducted annually under the control of the Dominion Rifle Association, of which Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O., is the Chief Executive Officer. The following is a statement of entries and prize-money (exclusive of trophies) for the past five years:—
| Number of Competitors. | Entry Fees. | Prize-money. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1910 | 568 | 1,704 | 1,702 |
| 1911 | 583 | 1,927 | 1,931 |
| 1912 | 310 | 1,154 | 1,524 |
| 1913 | 351 | 1,269 | 1,609 |
| 1914 | 347 | 1,220 | 1,520 |
The Association receives an annual grant from the Government.
Railway passes are granted to Territorials and members of Rifle Clubs up to a distance of 100 miles to attend rifle shooting competitions.
Table of Contents
THE ordinary civil jurisdiction of Magistrates' Courts is limited generally to claims not exceeding £100, but extended jurisdiction is exercised by some Magistrates, the limit being £200. Justices of the Peace may hear and decide civil cases when the sum in dispute does not exceed £20. The number of plaints issued, cases tried, amount sued for, and amount for which judgment was recorded in the lower Courts during the ten years 1904–13 is shown in the following table:—
| Year. | Cases entered. | Cases tried. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number. | Total Amount claimed. | Number. | Total Amount sued for. | Total Amount for which Judgment entered. | |
* No information. | |||||
| £ | £ | £ | |||
| 1904 | 34,230 | 335,147 | 19,569 | * | 179,829 |
| 1905 | 37,157 | 379,941 | 20,161 | * | 202,923 |
| 1906 | 40,540 | 419,198 | 23,381 | * | 236,643 |
| 1907 | 42,561 | 429,379 | 24,435 | * | 232,306 |
| 1908 | 42,877 | 529,271 | 27,578 | * | 282,932 |
| 1909 | 52,456 | 597,831 | 29,782 | * | 326,040 |
| 1910 | 55,225 | 562,115 | 29,698 | * | 293,326 |
| 1911 | 53,394 | 557,158 | 34,627 | * | 296,629 |
| 1912 | 57,079 | 592,943 | 36,815 | 420,073 | 331,020 |
| 1913 | 61,759 | 670,925 | 39,086 | 427,184 | 366,981 |
These figures show a marked increase in recent years in both the number of litigants and the amount sued for. It would appear that the practice of using the Courts as media for the collection of small debts is growing not only in New Zealand, but in other countries. In 1912 the civil cases brought before County Courts and Courts of Petty Sessions in Victoria numbered 36,588, the total amount sued for being £453,036. The figures for 1900 were 18,366 cases, the amount sued for in that year being £256,566. The limit of jurisdiction in Victoria is £500 in County Courts and £50 in the Courts of Petty Sessions.
The numbers of actions commenced, cases tried, and judgments entered, together with the total amount for which judgments were recorded in the Supreme and District Courts of New Zealand during each of the ten years 1904–13 were as follows:—
| SUPREME AND DISTRICT COURTS: CIVIL JURISDICTION. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number of Actions commenced. | Cases tried. | Judgments recorded. | ||
| With Jury. | Without Jury. | Number. | Amount | ||
* Supreme Courts only, District Courts abolished. | |||||
| 1904 | 634 | 63 | 185 | 149 | 48,771 |
| 1905 | 654 | 62 | 221 | 155 | 50,031 |
| 1906 | 599 | 73 | 240 | 189 | 44,955 |
| 1907 | 703 | 57 | 197 | 177 | 47,872 |
| 1908 | 849 | 70 | 243 | 225 | 73,687 |
| 1909 | 870 | 67 | 222 | 267 | 91,638 |
| 1910* | 569 | 52 | 211 | 193 | 83,427 |
| 1911* | 729 | 76 | 170 | 211 | 84,822 |
| 1912* | 755 | 64 | 233 | 235 | 102,657 |
| 1913* | 788 | 75 | 243 | 283 | 79,610 |
It would appear that the greater number of cases are settled out of Court, the actions tried in the Supreme Court in 1913 representing only 40.36 per cent. of those commenced.
Under the Bankruptcy Act, 1908—a consolidation of the then existing laws—a person may seek the protection of the Bankruptcy Court by filing a petition with a declaration of insolvency, or one or more creditors may petition the Court to have a debtor declared insolvent. The Dominion is divided into four districts for administrative purposes, each district being in charge of a Government officer styled the Official Assignee, who is assisted by deputies stationed at the principal business centres. The number of transactions in bankruptcy during the past ten years was as follows:—
| Year. | Petitions by Debtors. | Adjudications on Petitions by Creditors. | Cases in which Composition accepted. | Orders of Immediate Discharge granted. | Cases in which Orders of Discharge were suspended. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1904 | 217 | 40 | 3 | 77 | 12 |
| 1905 | 267 | 37 | 5 | 68 | 24 |
| 1906 | 305 | 42 | .. | 103 | 20 |
| 1907 | 302 | 48 | 1 | 107 | 31 |
| 1908 | 354 | 52 | 4 | 105 | 34 |
| 1909 | 412 | 59 | 1 | 122 | 24 |
| 1910 | 329 | 64 | 4 | 135 | 14 |
| 1911 | 281 | 63 | 1 | 123 | 14 |
| 1912 | 278 | 34 | 2 | 88 | 13 |
| 1913 | 296 | 47 | 1 | 108 | 12 |
Private assignments and compositions are not registered, and particulars respecting this class of insolvency are not procurable.
The following table shows the total number of petitions, the amount of the unsecured assets, the amount of debts proved, and the amount paid in dividends and preferential claims for the years 1904–13:—
| Year. | Number of Petitions in Bankruptcy. | Debtors' Statements of Assets, excluding Amounts secured to Creditors. | Amounts realized by Official Assignees. | Amount of Debts proved. | Amounts paid in Dividends and Preferential Claims. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||
| 1904 | 257 | 86,094 | 43,514 | 125,392 | 28,103 |
| 1905 | 304 | 100,813 | 47,798 | 146,332 | 28,150 |
| 1906 | 347 | 106,376 | 50,761 | 192,927 | 35,448 |
| 1907 | 350 | 77,698 | 59,849 | 158,663 | 42,459 |
| 1908 | 406 | 200,447 | 67,018 | 199,069 | 47,800 |
| 1909 | 471 | 204,187 | 71,351 | 259,017 | 44,110 |
| 1910 | 393 | 127,634 | 79,100 | 176,001 | 47,796 |
| 1911 | 344 | 88,592 | 40,009 | 133,517 | 28,757 |
| 1912 | 312 | 64,398 | 39,965 | 120,325 | 26,825 |
| 1913 | 343 | 155,582 | 42,735 | 228,829 | 25,812 |
Of the bankruptcies in 1913: in 10 cases the liabilities were under £50; in 41, from £50 to £100; in 109, from £100 to £250; in 80, from £250 to £500; in 55, from £500 to £1,000; in 30, from £1,000 to £2,000; in 11, from £2,000 to £5,000; in 3, £5,000 and upwards.
A table showing the occupations of the bankrupts in 1913 is published in full in the volume of Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand, and is summarized here:—
| OCCUPATIONS OF BANKRUPTS, 1913. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class. | Employers. | Working on Own Account. | Working for Wages. | Totals. |
| Professional | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| Domestic | 14 | 5 | 2 | 21 |
| Commercial | 48 | 26 | 13 | 87 |
| Transport and communication | 6 | 5 | 4 | 15 |
| Industrial | 54 | 25 | 64 | 143 |
| Agricultural, pastoral, and mining | 10 | 34 | 17 | 61 |
| Indefinite | .. | 9 | 1 | 10 |
| Totals | 133 | 107 | 103 | 343 |
Under the provisions of the Judicature Amendment Act, 1913, the Court of Appeal now consists of two divisions, each composed of five Judges of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice and the two senior Judges being members of both divisions. The two divisions sit separately, but the Governor in Council may authorize them to sit together for the purpose of determining any appeal deemed to be of special difficulty or importance.
The Chief Justice or, in his absence, the senior Judge presides. The decision of the Court must be in accordance with the opinion of a majority of the Judges present. Certain proceedings may by order of the Supreme Court be removed to the Court of Appeal. The decision of the Court of Appeal is final as regards the tribunals of New Zealand, but the Court may, in civil proceedings, give leave to either party to appeal to the Privy Council. In criminal cases any party aggrieved by the judgment of the Supreme Court or any conviction or order removed into such Court, or on appeal against any such order, may appeal to the Court of Appeal. The number of cases brought before this Court and the judgments thereon for the past ten years will be seen in the following table:—
| Year. | Crown Criminal Cases. | Civil. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number. | Convictions affirmed. | Appeals. | Cases removed. | ||||
| Number. | Allowed. | Number. | Judgments for Plaintiffs. | Judgments for Defendants. | |||
| 1904 | 5 | 5 | 32 | 9 | 3 | 2 | .. |
| 1905 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 3 | 10 | 7 | 2 |
| 1906 | 4 | 2 | 26 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 1 |
| 1907 | 6 | 6 | 16 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 2 |
| 1908 | 9 | 5 | 15 | 6 | 13 | 8 | 4 |
| 1909 | 7 | 4 | 16 | 7 | 15 | 9 | 6 |
| 1910 | 8 | 8 | 17 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 5 |
| 1911 | 11 | 5 | 24 | 8 | 17 | 11 | 5 |
| 1912 | 6 | 4 | 20 | 4 | 20 | 11 | 8 |
| 1913 | 8 | 5 | 18 | 4 | 20 | 13 | 6 |
In 1898 the Legislature of New Zealand passed a Divorce Act, and the signification of the Royal assent thereto was duly notified in a Proclamation dated the 1st April, 1899, bringing the Act into operation from the 1st June of that year.
This Act placed persons of either sex practically on an equality as regards petitions for dissolution of marriage; the same grounds in substance, for a decree of divorce applying to man or woman.
Besides this important alteration of the law, the grounds for divorce were extended as under:—
Adultery, on either side.
Wilful desertion continuously during five years or more.
Habitual drunkenness during four years and upwards on the part of husband, along with failing to support wife, or habitual cruelty; or habitual drunkenness for a like period and neglect, with unfitness to discharge her household duties, on the part of the wife.
Conviction, with sentence of imprisonment or penal servitude for seven years or upwards, for attempting to take life of petitioner.
Every decree for dissolution of marriage is in the first instance to be a decree msi, not to be made absolute till after the expiration of such time, being not less than three months from the pronouncing thereof, as the Court shall by order from time to time direct. The petitioner need not necessarily move to make absolute any decree nisi that may be pronounced.
An amendment to the Act of 1904 was passed by the Legislature in 1907, and after having been reserved for the Royal assent became law on the 9th May, 1908. By this Act failure to comply with a decree for restitution of conjugal rights ceased to be a ground for divorce proceedings. On the other hand the following grounds were added, viz.:—
That the respondent has been convicted of the murder of a child of the petitioner or respondent.
That the respondent is a lunatic or person of unsound mind, and has been confined as such in any asylum or other institution or house in accordance with the provisions of the Lunatics Act for a period or periods not less in the aggregate than ten years within twelve years immediately preceding the filing of the petition, and that the respondent is unlikely to recover from such lunacy or unsoundness of mind. The period has since been reduced to seven years.
It is provided that where the ground of the petition is lunacy or unsoundness of mind, the Solicitor-General shall take such steps as he may consider necessary in the interests of the respondent.
A decree for a judicial separation may be obtained by either husband or wife on the ground of adultery, or of cruelty, or of desertion without cause for a period of two years.
All enactments of the General Assembly of New Zealand relating to divorce, judicial separation, restitution of conjugal rights, and summary separation, prior to 1908, were consolidated in that year, and re-enacted under the title of the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, 1908.
The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Amendment Act, 1912, amended the main Act in various respects. In particular, section 2 reduced to seven years the period of detention in an institution for a mentally defective person necessary to constitute a ground of divorce.
Section 3 laid down that divorced persons may remarry at any time after the making of a decree absolute for the dissolution of a prior marriage, and section 4 declared that no appeal shall lie from such a decree absolute. Section 5 made valid any marriage already celebrated after the making of a decree absolute but before the expiration of the time limited for an appeal therefrom.
By an amendment to the Act passed in 1913, the respondent is empowered to apply for the order making the decree absolute. Section 6 of this Amendment Act provides that a husband who, while separated from his wife by mutual consent or judicial decree, habitually and without cause leaves her without reasonable maintenance shall for the purposes of the main Act (relating to grounds of divorce) be deemed to have deserted her wilfully and without just cause or reasonable excuse, and to have left her so deserted.
The petitions for divorce in 1913 under the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act were 260 in number, being 14 less than those for 1912: 223 decrees for dissolution of marriage were granted. The proceedings under the Act for the years 1904–13 were as follows:—
| Year. | Divorce. | Judicial Separation granted. | Nullity of Marriage. | Restitution of Conjugal Rights. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Petitions. | Decrees. | Petitions. | Decrees. | Petitions. | Decrees. | ||
| 1904 | 134 | 99 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 18 | 9 |
| 1905 | 163 | 114 | .. | 2 | 1 | 17 | 11 |
| 1906 | 171 | 125 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 30 | 20 |
| 1907 | 192 | 147 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 30 | 21 |
| 1908 | 207 | 171 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 9 |
| 1909 | 219 | 163 | .. | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| 1910 | 200 | 154 | 2 | 7 | 6 | .. | .. |
| 1911 | 226 | 161 | .. | 2 | 1 | .. | .. |
| 1912 | 274 | 222 | 2 | 4 | 4 | .. | .. |
| 1913 | 260 | 223 | .. | 5 | 3 | .. | .. |
In the year 1897 there was one application for restitution of conjugal rights, but it was not till some years later that this means of establishing a ground for divorce was resorted to with frequency. As before stated, disobedience of an order for restitution is no longer a ground of petition for dissolution of marriage.
The Act of 1898 has evidently operated in the direction of increasing largely the number of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage or judicial separation.
The proportion of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage to the number of marriages was up till 1898 higher in New Zealand than in England and Wales, but lower than in New South Wales or Victoria. The full effect of the operation of the law of 1898 in New Zealand is now, however, being experienced.
As early as 1889 an Act was passed in Victoria to allow of divorces being granted for wilful desertion, habitual drunkenness with cruelty or neglect, imprisonment under certain circumstances of either party, and adultery on the part of the husband. This multiplication of the causes for divorce largely increased the proportion of decrees in that State.
An Act of a similar tenor was passed in New South Wales in 1892, and brought into working in August of that year, under which, and an amending Act of 1893, in addition to adultery since marriage on the part of the wife, and adultery and cruelty on the part of the husband, petitions for divorce can now be granted in that State on any of the following grounds:—
Husband v. wife: Desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness for a similar period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned under a sentence of three years or upwards; attempt to murder or inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults on him within one year previously.
Wife v. husband: Adultery, provided that at the time of the institution of the suit the husband is domiciled in New South Wales; desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness with cruelty or neglect to support for the same period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned for three years or upwards, or having within five years undergone various sentences amounting in all to not less than three years; attempt to murder, or assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults within one year previously.
To entitle either party to seek relief on these grounds, he or she must have been domiciled in the State at the time of instituting the suit for three years or upwards, and should not have resorted to the State for the purpose of the suit. When a wife seeks for a decree on the ground of three years' desertion, if she was domiciled in New South Wales when the desertion commenced, she shall not be deemed to have lost her domicile by reason of her husband having thereafter acquired a foreign domicile.
The divorces in New South Wales and Victoria since the divorce law has been altered in the direction of increasing the grounds for decrees are as under. With these are given the figures for New Zealand under the old law up to 1898, and according to the Act of 1898 up to 1912. The figures for New South Wales and Victoria appearing in the table are taken from official publications of those States.
| Year. | New South Wales. Divorces. | Victoria. Divorces. | New Zealand. Divorces. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1893 | 306 | 85 | 25 |
| 1894 | 313 | 81 | 20 |
| 1895 | 301 | 85 | 18 |
| 1896 | 234 | 106 | 36 |
| 1897 | 246 | 117 | 33 |
| 1898 | 229 | 87 | 31 |
| 1899 | 205 | 105 | 46 |
| 1900 | 217 | 93 | 85 |
| 1901 | 208 | 83 | 101 |
| 1902 | 239 | 109 | 90 |
| 1903 | 183 | 101 | 124 |
| 1904 | 216 | 140 | 99 |
| 1905 | 182 | 136 | 114 |
| 1906 | 157 | 123 | 125 |
| 1907 | 148 | 134 | 147 |
| 1908 | 206 | 151 | 171 |
| 1909 | 287 | 138 | 163 |
| 1910 | 257 | 140 | 154 |
| 1911 | 206 | 211 | 161 |
| 1912 | 343 | 247 | 222 |
On the 31st March last the strength of the Police Force in New Zealand was 870 of all ranks, being an increase of 24 during the year. The total is made up as follows: 4 superintendents, 7 inspectors, 6 sub-inspectors, 20 senior sergeants, 74 sergeants, 707 constables, 5 chief detectives, 16 detective sergeants, 19 detectives, 12 acting-detectives. There were also 4 police surgeons, 4 matrons, 15 district constables, and 8 Native constables.
The following table shows the number of stations and of police in each Police District:—
| Police District. | No. of Stations. | No. of Police. |
|---|---|---|
| Auckland | 51 | 178 |
| Hamilton | 36 | 60 |
| Napier | 29 | 53 |
| Wanganui | 39 | 81 |
| Wellington | 40 | 166 |
| Greymouth | 24 | 44 |
| Christchurch | 45 | 138 |
| Dunedin | 39 | 105 |
| Invercargill | 21 | 39 |
| Unattached | .. | 6 |
The proportion of police to population is 1 to every 1,304 persons, and the expenditure (exclusive of the cost of buildings) on the whole Police Force for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, was 3s. 9d. per head of population.
The following table shows the growth of the Police Force since 1878, prior to which each province had its own Police Force, and reliable data are not available:—
| Year ended 31st March. | Officers. | Non-commission e Officers. | Detectives | Constables. | Total. | Police to Population (including Maoris). | Cost per Inhabitant. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1878 | 25 | 90 | 14 | 329 | 458 | 1 to 944 | |
| 1885 | 20 | 65 | 17 | 372 | 474 | 1 to 1,293 | 3/0Ÿ; |
| 1890 | 12 | 66 | 13 | 403 | 494 | 1 to 1,346 | 2/10Ÿ; |
| 1895 | 7 | 51 | 13 | 416 | 487 | 1 to 1,495 | 2/6Ÿ; |
| 1900 | 11 | 56 | 20 | 499 | 586 | 1 to 1,359 | 2/10Ÿ; |
| 1905 | 12 | 65 | 25 | 553 | 655 | 1 to 1,375 | 2/10Π|
| 1910 | 16 | 86 | 34 | 639 | 775 | 1 to 1,330 | 3/3œ |
| 1911 | 15 | 87 | 38 | 648 | 788 | 1 to 1,333 | 3/4œ |
| 1912 | 15 | 89 | 39 | 692 | 835 | 1 to 1,287 | 3/5 |
| 1913 | 17 | 93 | 41 | 695 | 846 | 1 to 1,303 | 3/8 |
| 1914 | 17 | 94 | 40 | 719 | 870 | 1 to 1,304 | 3/9 |
The proportion of police to population is much lower in New Zealand than in any of the Australian states, and the cost of police per inhabitant is as might be expected also lower in New Zealand than in the Commonwealth. If, however, the proportion of police to population were the same in each of the Australian States as in New Zealand, the cost per inhabitant would be higher in the Dominion than in any of the States with the exception of Queensland and Western Australia. Figures are given in the following table:—
| State. | Number of Police. | Proportion of Police to Population. | Cost of Police per Inhabitant | Index Number.* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Showing relative cost per inhabitant were proportions of police to population the same in each State. (New Zealand=100.) | |||||
| s. | d. | ||||
| New Zealand | 870 | 1 to 1,304 | 3 | 9 | 100 |
| Queensland | 1,089 | 1 to 606 | 8 | 6Π| 106 |
| New South Wales | 2,519 | 1 to 727 | 6 | 2 | 92 |
| Victoria | 1,736 | 1 to 813 | 5 | 0 | 83 |
| South Australia | 547 | 1 to 804 | 6 | 0œ | 99 |
| Western Australia | 490 | 1 to 654 | 8 | 0œ | 108 |
| Tasmania | 237 | 1 to 850 | 4 | 5Π| 77 |
The total number of charges brought before Magistrates in 1913, and number of convictions obtained, are shown in the following table:—
| How brought before Magistrate. | Arrested or summoned. | Convicted. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Offences, including Multiple Charges. | Distinct Arrests or Summonses, excluding Multiple Charges. | Total Summary Convictions, including Multiple Charges. | Distinct Summary Convictions, excluding Multiple Charges. | |
| By Arrest | 19,268 | 16,173 | 16,141 | 14,813 |
| By Summons | 28,692 | 25,668 | 21,138 | 20,128 |
| Totals | 47,960 | 41,841 | 37,279 | 34,941 |
If the Maoris be excluded, the number of charges (exclusive of lunacy) in 1913 is found to have been 46,847, an increase of 4,453 upon the number for 1912; and the proportion per 1,000 of population 43.84 as against 40.80.
Persons charged with lunacy and committed to mental hospitals have been excluded from the calculations for this and previous years shown.
The figures, both numerical and proportional, covering a period of twenty-eight years, are subjoined:—
| CHARGES BEFORE MAGISTRATES. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number. | Proportion per 1,000 of Mean Population. |
| 1885 | 22,297 | 38.89 |
| 1888 | 18,370 | 30.35 |
| 1891 | 16,714 | 26.54 |
| 1894 | 16,820 | 24.76 |
| 1897 | 19,390 | 26.87 |
| 1900 | 24,084 | 31.54 |
| 1901 | 25,825 | 33.20 |
| 1902 | 28,076 | 35.19 |
| 1903 | 30,753 | 37.50 |
| 1904 | 30,934 | 36.60 |
| 1905 | 30,741 | 35.33 |
| 1906 | 32,866 | 36.70 |
| 1907 | 36,852 | 40.09 |
| 1908 | 36,286 | 38.40 |
| 1909 | 36,902 | 37.97 |
| 1910 | 38,207 | 38.48 |
| 1911 | 38,095 | 37.54 |
| 1912 | 42,394 | 40.80 |
| 1913 | 46,847 | 43.84 |
The summary convictions in 1913 numbered 39,685, including 937 Maoris. In addition 351 persons, 46 of whom were Maoris, were committed for sentence, and 603, 9 of whom were Maoris, were committed for trial at the Supreme Courts, the commitments representing a net decrease of 32 on the number for 1912.
Dealing with the summary convictions for all offences, the figures for 1904 and onward (excluding the Maoris) are,—
| SUMMARY CONVICTIONS. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Offences against the Person. | Offences against Property. | Other Offences. | Totals. | ||||
| Total Number. | Per 1,000 Mean Population. | Total Number. | Per 1,000 Mean Population | Total Number. | Per 1,000 Mean Population. | Number. | Per 1,000 Mean Population. | |
| 1904 | 666 | 0.78 | 1,801 | 2.13 | 22,770 | 26.95 | 25,237 | 29.86 |
| 1905 | 648 | 0.74 | 1,899 | 2.18 | 22,447 | 25.80 | 24,994 | 28.72 |
| 1906 | 640 | 0.71 | 2,050 | 2.29 | 24,438 | 27.29 | 27,128 | 30.29 |
| 1907 | 752 | 0.82 | 2,174 | 2.37 | 27,530 | 29.95 | 30,456 | 33.14 |
| 1908 | 733 | 0.78 | 2,525 | 2.67 | 27,042 | 28.61 | 30,300 | 32.06 |
| 1909 | 772 | 0.79 | 2,223 | 2.29 | 27,702 | 28.51 | 30,697 | 31.59 |
| 1910 | 655 | 0.66 | 2,078 | 2.09 | 29,247 | 29.46 | 31,980 | 32.21 |
| 1911 | 654 | 0.64 | 2,144 | 2.11 | 29,241 | 28.81 | 32,039 | 31.56 |
| 1912 | 595 | 0.57 | 2,406 | 2.32 | 31,985 | 30.78 | 34,986 | 33.67 |
| 1913 | 646 | 0.60 | 2,848 | 2.67 | 35,254 | 32.99 | 38,748 | 36.26 |
In dealing with the summary convictions in the Magistrates' Courts in the above table each offence is reckoned as a distinct person. The total number is from time to time swelled by the inclusion of breaches of statutes, the provisions of which give rise to fresh offences against the public welfare not strictly criminal, so that comparisons with past years are adversely affected. As a case in point may be mentioned the fact that the convictions in 1913 include 4,819 for breaches of the Defence Act, as against 1,924 in 1912, and only 12 in 1911. The number of prosecutions under this Act was 28 in 1911, 3,187 in 1912, and 7,030 in 1913.
The total of summary convictions for offences against the person (excluding Maoris) was 646 for the year 1913, which is 51 more than that for 1912 (595). Of the 646 summary convictions in 1913, the greater number (561) were on account of common and aggravated assaults, and there were 74 for attempt to commit suicide.
Of offences against property, theft (not otherwise described) is the most common, showing 2,115 summary convictions during 1913. There were besides 30 for specific kinds of theft, and 93 for housebreaking. Obtaining money and goods under false pretences caused 134 summary convictions, and wilful damage to property 438. These are the principal items only.
Under the heading “Other Offences” (those relating to good order included), drunkenness comes first with 11,598 summary convictions, of which 783 were in respect of females. Prohibition orders numbered 2,495, including 174 made against women. The subject of drunkenness is specially dealt with under a separate heading.
Further offences against good order include 5,132 summary convictions simply defined as for “breach of by-laws” 925 for obscene, threatening or abusive language, 1,093 for indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct, and 256 for assaulting or resisting police. Under “Vagrancy,” there were 740 summary convictions, including 164 against women. The chief items only are referred to above.
Information in connection with charges brought before Magistrates is now obtained on cards, and it is possible to give particulars in regard to the ages and birthplaces of persons arrested. Ages and birthplaces in summons cases are not obtainable.
From the following table it will be seen that of the total convictions of persons arrested (17,180) the distinct arrests amounted to 14,531, the difference being accounted for by multiple charges against the same person. If distinct persons only are taken this total is further reduced to 10,687, representing 10.00 for every 1,000 of the mean population. Convictions of Maoris are not included.
| ARRESTS ONLY. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offences against | Total Convictions, including Multiple Charges. | Distinct Convictions, excluding Multiple Charges. | Distinct Persons convicted, most Serious Offence recorded. | Proportion of Distinct Persons convicted, per 1,000 of Mean Population. |
| The person | 316 | 303 | 284 | 0.27 |
| Property | 1,903 | 1,162 | 1,103 | 1.03 |
| Good order | 13,724 | 12,424 | 8,795 | 8.23 |
| Other offences | 1,237 | 642 | 505 | 0.47 |
| Total | 17,180 | 14,531 | 10,687 | 10.00 |
Of the 10,687 distinct persons arrested and convicted during 1913 no fewer than 8,795 were for offences against good order, and of these 7,564 were for drunkenness (including 14 habituals and 34 prohibition orders), 334 for indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct, 224 for using obscene, threatening, or abusive language, 521 for vagrancy, 61 for assaulting, resisting, or obstructing the police, 40 for soliciting prostitution, 18 for offences relating to gambling, and 33 for other offences against good order.
Of the 284 distinct persons arrested and convicted during 1913 of offences against the person 212 were for common assault, and of the 1,103 distinct persons arrested and convicted of offences against property 850 were for theft, not otherwise described.
The next three tables give the offences and ages, offences and birthplaces, and birthplaces and ages of the distinct persons (excluding Maoris) arrested and convicted during 1913.
| OFFENCES AND AGES (ARRESTS ONLY). | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offences against | Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and over.* | Totals. |
* Including unspecified. | ||||||
| The person | 12 | 44 | 69 | 94 | 65 | 284 |
| Property | 216 | 155 | 192 | 312 | 228 | 1,103 |
| Good order | 69 | 579 | 1,108 | 2,750 | 4,289 | 8,795 |
| Other offences | 88 | 83 | 91 | 128 | 115 | 505 |
| Totals | 385 | 861 | 1,460 | 3,284 | 4,697 | 10,687 |
| OFFENCES AND BIRTHPLACES (ARRESTS ONLY). | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offences against | New Zealand. | England and Wales. | Scotland. | Ireland. | Australia | Elsewhere | Totals. |
| The person | 131 | 58 | 20 | 29 | 17 | 29 | 284 |
| Property | 582 | 231 | 62 | 80 | 85 | 63 | 1,103 |
| Good order | 2,962 | 2,198 | 1,095 | 1,373 | 523 | 644 | 8,795 |
| Other offences | 170 | 157 | 30 | 32 | 23 | 93 | 505 |
| Totals | 3,845 | 2,644 | 1,207 | 1,514 | 648 | 829 | 10,687 |
| BIRTHPLACES AND AGES (ARRESTS ONLY). | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthplace. | Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and over. | Totals. |
* Including unspecified. | ||||||
| New Zealand | 328 | 426 | 714 | 1,442 | 935 | 3,845 |
| England and Wales | 26 | 192 | 309 | 751 | 1,366 | 2,644 |
| Scotland | 5 | 69 | 124 | 348 | 661 | 1,207 |
| Ireland | 3 | 30 | 111 | 304 | 1,066 | 1,514 |
| Australia | 14 | 78 | 117 | 225 | 214 | 648 |
| Elsewhere | 9 | 66 | 85 | 214 | 455 | 829 |
| Totals | 385 | 861 | 1,460 | 3,284 | 4,697 | 10,687 |
The offences and ages of the distinct New-Zealand-born (excluding Maoris), arrested and convicted during 1913, are shown in the following table:—
| OFFENCES AND AGES.—NEW-ZEALAND-BORN (ARRESTS ONLY). | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offences against | Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40 | 40 and over. | Totals. |
| The person | 9 | 37 | 28 | 34 | 23 | 131 |
| Property | 184 | 113 | 114 | 104 | 67 | 582 |
| Good order | 54 | 267 | 551 | 1,270 | 820 | 2,962 |
| Other offences | 81 | 9 | 21 | 34 | 25 | 170 |
| Totals | 328 | 426 | 714 | 1,442 | 935 | 3,845 |
The offences and sentences for convictions in arrest and summons cases (including multiple charges) are shown below.
| Offences against | Convicted and discharged or ordered to come up for Sentence | Fined. | Imprisoned. | Other. | Total Convictions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including 65 released under the First Offenders' Probation Act, 302 committed to industrial schools, 47 whipped, 82 bound over, and 4,145 against whom an order was made. | |||||
| The person | 140 | 368 | 102 | 36 | 646 |
| Property | 1,231 | 498 | 805 | 314 | 2,848 |
| Good order | 4,844 | 12,080 | 2,926 | 2,880 | 22,730 |
| Other offences | 1,858 | 8,190 | 1,065 | 1,411 | 12,524 |
| Totals | 8,073 | 21,136 | 4,898 | 4,641* | 38,748 |
Of 100 persons (excluding Maoris) convicted in the superior Courts during the year 1913 for offences against the person there were 3 females. Assault, with or without robbery, caused 32 convictions, while robbery with violence was the offence in 1 case. There were also 22 convictions for indecent assault on females, and 16 for rape and carnal knowledge of young girls (including attempt). For murder, attempted murder, and manslaughter 6 persons were convicted.
The convictions for offences against property were two less than those against the person, amounting to 98, of which 2 were of females. Theft was the principal cause, showing 45 convictions, exclusive of breaking and entering with theft, for which 18 convictions were recorded.
Besides the above, there were 8 convictions for forgery and uttering, and 17 for obtaining goods on false pretences and for receiving stolen goods.
Outside of convictions for offences against person and property, 13 of a miscellaneous nature remain, making (exclusive of Maoris) a total of 211 convictions in the higher Courts, not counting 171 persons sent for sentence by Magistrates.
During the ten years 1904–13 the number of persons convicted and sentenced in the Supreme and District Courts, and of those who, on pleading guilty in the lower Courts, were committed to the Supreme Court for sentence was as follows:—
| SUPERIOR COURTS—CONVICTIONS, ETC., 1904–13. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Offences against the Person. | Offences against Property. | Other Offences. | Total Convictions. | Number committed for Sentence included in previous Columns. |
* Supreme Courts only, District Courts abolished. | |||||
| 1904 | 98 | 361 | 53 | 512 | 248 |
| 1905 | 89 | 302 | 37 | 428 | 156 |
| 1906 | 104 | 270 | 33 | 407 | 167 |
| 1907 | 104 | 312 | 34 | 450 | 148 |
| 1908 | 121 | 338 | 42 | 501 | 232 |
| 1909 | 117 | 352 | 45 | 514 | 256 |
| 1910* | 89 | 355 | 34 | 478 | 243 |
| 1911* | 88 | 279 | 36 | 403 | 185 |
| 1912* | 105 | 269 | 21 | 395 | 185 |
| 1913* | 123 | 238 | 21 | 382 | 171 |
Where a Magistrate, after the preliminary hearing of an information, proposes to commit any accused person for trial for an indictable offence not punishable by death, the accused may plead guilty and be then sent to the Supreme Court for sentence without further trial. The offences committed by the 171 persons who elected to be so dealt with during the year 1913 included 23 against the person, made up as follows: Assault, 5; abortion, 1; bigamy, 1; carnally knowing girl under sixteen, 1; rape, 1; indecent assault, 10; incest, 1; wounding with intent, 1; robbery with violence, 2. Of 139 charges for offences against property the most numerous were: For theft, 50; breaking and entering, with or without theft, 36; forgery and uttering, 35.
The distinct persons convicted in the Supreme Court in 1913 numbered 222, including 11 Maoris. To this number should be added the 187 persons (including 16 Maoris) sent from Magistrates' Courts for sentence, thus bringing the total to 409. Particulars of sentences for higher Courts, and of the punishments consequent on summary convictions in the lower Courts, are appended.
| SENTENCES OF CRIMINALS TRIED AND CONVICTED IN SUPERIOR COURTS, 1909–13. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sentences. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
* Including 30 Maoris. † Including 16 Maoris. ‡ Including 24 Maoris. § Including 33 Maoris. ||Including 27 Maoris. | |||||
| Death | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | 1 |
| Imprisonment with or without hard labour | 455 | 363 | 270 | 277 | 217 |
| Imprisoned for Reformative Treatment | .. | .. | 56 | 40 | 55 |
| Fined | 10 | 10 | 11 | 21 | 7 |
| Released on probation | 45 | 83 | 59 | 52 | 76 |
| Held to bail, or awaiting pleasure of Court | 32 | 35 | 26 | 31 | 49 |
| Sent to industrial school | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 4 |
| Total | *544 | †494 | ‡427 | §428 | ||409 |
The Licensing Act, 1908, is a consolidation of the laws regulating the sale of intoxicating liquor previously in force. For administrative purposes the Dominion is divided into districts, for each of which a committee, elected by the popular vote, is charged with the duty of granting or refusing the issue of licenses for the sale of drink, and the inspection (through the police) of licensed houses. The sale of drink is prohibited absolutely on Sundays, and also upon the day of a parliamentary election between the hours of noon and 7 p.m. Application for renewal of licenses must be made annually, and the committee may refuse such renewal on the grounds of misconduct of the licensee or that the premises occupied are unfit for the purpose. For certain breaches of the law a license may be cancelled or a licensee may be disqualified from again holding a license in the Dominion.
The number of convictions for breaches of the licensing laws by publicans and for selling liquor without a license during the past five years was as follows:—
| Year. | Convictions for | |
|---|---|---|
| Breaches of Licensing Laws by Publicans. | Selling Liquor without a License. | |
| 1909 | 179 | 156 |
| 1910 | 177 | 135 |
| 1911 | 130 | 162 |
| 1912 | 164 | 108 |
| 1913 | 174 | 78 |
The charges against publicans include selling liquor after hours or on Sundays, failing to admit the police promptly, allowing drunkenness on premises, supplying prohibited or intoxicated persons, failing to keep light burning in front of premises, &c.
The number of convictions (exclusive of Maoris, 294 of whom were convicted of drunkenness during the year—287 males and 7 females) for drunkenness and drunkenness with disorderly conduct recorded during 1913 was 10,815 against males and 783 against females. The following table shows the number of convictions for drunkenness recorded and the proportion per 1,000 of the mean population of each sex, excluding Maoris, during the past ten years:—
| CONVICTIONS FOR DRUNKENNESS (EXCLUSIVE OF MAORIS), 1904–13. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Convictions recorded against. | Per 1,000 of Mean Population. | ||||
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | |
| 1904 | 8,648 | 927 | 9,575 | 19.34 | 2.33 | 11.32 |
| 1905 | 7,875 | 850 | 8,725 | 17.09 | 2.08 | 10.03 |
| 1906 | 8,561 | 859 | 9,420 | 18.04 | 2.04 | 10.52 |
| 1907 | 9,374 | 812 | 10,186 | 19.24 | 1.88 | 11.08 |
| 1908 | 9,892 | 717 | 10,609 | 19.73 | 1.62 | 11.23 |
| 1909 | 9,942 | 755 | 10,697 | 19.29 | 1.68 | 11.01 |
| 1910 | 10,808 | 805 | 11,613 | 20.58 | 1.72 | 11.70 |
| 1911 | 10,559 | 841 | 11,400 | 19.74 | 1.75 | 11.23 |
| 1912 | 10,688 | 843 | 11,531 | 19.56 | 1.71 | 11.10 |
| 1913 | 10,815 | 783 | 11,598 | 19.27 | 1.54 | 10.85 |
If the Maoris are included, the total convictions for drunkenness during 1913 will amount to 11,892 (11,102 males and 790 females). Of these, 11,390 (10,618 males and 772 females) were arrested, while 502 (484 males and 18 females) were brought before the Magistrate by summons. The following table shows the birthplaces and ages of all persons (including Maoris) arrested and convicted for drunkenness during the year. Birthplaces and ages in summons cases are not obtainable.
| BIRTHPLACES AND AGES OF PERSONS CONVICTED FOR DRUNKENNESS (ARRESTS ONLY), 1913. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthplace. | Under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and under 60. | 60 and over, and unspecified. | Totals. |
| New Zealand— | |||||||
| Maoris | 2 | 44 | 40 | 47 | 79 | 21 | 233 |
| Others | 22 | 271 | 620 | 1,418 | 1,016 | 75 | 3,422 |
| Australia | 2 | 52 | 96 | 232 | 231 | 31 | 644 |
| England and Wales | 6 | 139 | 249 | 818 | 1,227 | 408 | 2,847 |
| Scotland | 1 | 59 | 114 | 427 | 636 | 239 | 1,476 |
| Ireland | 3 | 26 | 103 | 365 | 1,036 | 429 | 1,962 |
| Other European | .. | 35 | 55 | 154 | 262 | 75 | 581 |
| Asia | .. | .. | 3 | 5 | 12 | 3 | 23 |
| Africa | 1 | 1 | .. | 6 | 11 | 4 | 23 |
| America | .. | 6 | 7 | 27 | 65 | 17 | 122 |
| Other | .. | 2 | 2 | 14 | 17 | 22 | 57 |
| Totals | 37 | 635 | 1,289 | 3,513 | 4,592 | 1,324 | 11,390 |
Among the New-Zealand-born population of European descent there is evidence of less drunkenness than among persons who have come from abroad. At the census of 1911, out of the total population of New Zealand of 20 years of age or over, 53.96 per cent. were found to have been born in the Dominion; while the proportion of the convictions for drunkenness of New- Zealand-born Europeans to the total convictions of persons over 20 years of age (excluding Maoris) in the year 1913 was only 30.57 per cent.
Excluding persons under 20 years of age and taking each age-group to be in the same proportions as found at the census, the rates per 1,000 of New-Zealand-born and others arrested and convicted of drunkenness appear to be as follows:—
| NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 OF CONVICTIONS FOR DRUNKENNESS DURING 1913 AT EACH AGE-GROUP OF NEW-ZEALAND-BORN (EXCLUDING MAORIS) AND OTHERS—ARRESTS ONLY. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and under 60. | 60 and over and unspecified. | Total (over age 20.) |
| New-Zealand-born— | ||||||
| Estimated mean population | 83,230 | 80,025 | 113,048 | 63,767 | 4,609 | 344,679 |
| Number of convictions | 271 | 620 | 1,418 | 1,016 | 75 | 3,400 |
| Proportion per 1,000 | 3.26 | 7.75 | 12.54 | 15.93 | 16.27 | 9.86 |
| Born elsewhere— | ||||||
| Estimated mean population | 18,304 | 28,288 | 61,818 | 115,874 | 71,693 | 295,977 |
| Number of convictions | 320 | 629 | 2,048 | 3,497 | 1,228 | 7,722 |
| Proportion per 1,000 | 17.48 | 22 24 | 33.13 | 30.18 | 17.13 | 26.09 |
Repeated charges against the same person are included in the totals shown above, and dealing with arrests only (males, 10,391; females, 766; total, 11,157), but excluding Maoris, it is found that the number of distinct persons convicted of this offence was 7,530 (7,126 males and 404 females), or 67.49 per cent. of the total “arrest” convictions (excluding Maoris) for drunkenness.
The total convictions (exclusive of those of Maoris) for all offences (arrests only) in 1913 were 17,180, but the distinct convictions amounted to only 14,531, the former total including 2,649 offences for multiple charges against the same person. Of the latter 1,430 were in conjunction with arrests for drunkenness, and details of the offences are given in the following table:—
| OFFENCES FOR WHICH CONVICTIONS WERE ENTERED AGAINST PERSONS ARRESTED (AND CONVICTED) AT THE SAME TIME FOR DRUNKENNESS. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convicted of Drunkenness and | Number of Maoris. | Number, excluding Maoris. | Total. | ||
| M. | F. | M. | F. | ||
| I. Offences against the person— | |||||
| Assault | 1 | .. | 46 | .. | 47 |
| Attempt to commit suicide | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | 3 |
| II. Offences against property— | |||||
| Theft and attempt at | .. | .. | 41 | 4 | 45 |
| Fraud and false pretences | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Wilful damage | .. | .. | 108 | 8 | 116 |
| III. Offences against good order— | |||||
| Assaulting, resisting, or obstructing police | 9 | .. | 131 | .. | 140 |
| Indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct | 5 | .. | 146 | .. | 151 |
| Obscene, threatening, or abusive language | 5 | .. | 290 | 25 | 320 |
| Vagrancy | .. | .. | 73 | 28 | 101 |
| Breaches of by-laws | .. | .. | 18 | 1 | 19 |
| Other offences against good order | 1 | .. | 8 | 4 | 13 |
| IV. Offences not included above— | |||||
| Breach of Licensing Act | 5 | .. | 417 | 62 | 484 |
| Other offences | .. | .. | 17 | .. | 17 |
| Total convictions for other offences against persons arrested (and convicted) at the same time for drunkenness | 27 | .. | 1,298 | 132 | 1,457 |
| Number of Prohibition Orders against persons convicted at the same time of drunkenness | 7 | 1 | 186 | 22 | 216 |
| Total | 34 | 1 | 1,484 | 154 | 1,673 |
| Number of convictions for drunkenness of persons arrested | 227 | 6 | 10,391 | 766 | 11,390 |
| Total convictions entered against persons arrested for drunkenness | 261 | 7 | 11,875 | 920 | 13,063 |
| Number of distinct persons arrested (and convicted) for drunkenness | 217 | 6 | 7,126 | 404 | 7,753 |
| Number of convictions for drunkenness in summons cases (not included above) | 61 | 1 | 424 | 17 | 503 |
Any person who has been three times convicted for drunkenness within the nine months immediately preceding any conviction for drunkenness may be declared an habitual drunkard. A Magistrate may, in addition to or in lieu of a penalty, commit an habitual drunkard to any institution authorized by the Governor to receive and detain such persons for any period not being less than twelve months. The law makes provision in respect of the discharge of inmates, their good conduct, discipline, and punishment for offences during detention, and for the proper inspection of such institutions.
A calculation of the amount of alcoholic liquor consumed per head of mean population during the past five years is given below.
| CONSUMPTION OF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITS PER HEAD OF MEAN POPULATION. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Including Maoris. | Excluding Maoris. | |||||
| Beer. | Wine. | Spirits. | Beer. | Wine. | Spirits. | |
| Gal. | Gal. | Gal. | Gal. | Gal. | Gal. | |
| 1909 | 9.256 | 0.136 | 0.705 | 9.710 | 0.143 | 0.740 |
| 1910 | 9.294 | 0.147 | 0.737 | 9.741 | 0.154 | 0.773 |
| 1911 | 9.205 | 0.134 | 0.745 | 9.657 | 0.141 | 0.781 |
| 1912 | 9.261 | 0.141 | 0.793 | 9.705 | 0.148 | 0.831 |
| 1913 | 9.209 | 0.132 | 0.777 | 9.639 | 0.138 | 0.813 |
The quantity of each kind of alcoholic liquor used in the Dominion during the same period was as follows:—
| Beer for Consumption. | Wine for Consumption. | Spirits for Consumption. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gals. | Gals. | Gals. | |
| 1909 | 9,435,240 | 138,704 | 719,137 |
| 1910 | 9,671,030 | 153,430 | 767,620 |
| 1911 | 9,800,610 | 143,138 | 792,794 |
| 1912 | 10,083,482 | 153,611 | 863,797 |
| 1913 | 10,300,416 | 147,137 | 869,124 |
The annual consumption per head of population for the years 1907–11 is given in the following table for New Zealand (excluding Maoris) and certain other countries. The figures for the other countries are from returns prepared by the British Board of Trade.
| TABLE SHOWING CONSUMPION OF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITS IN CERTAIN COUNTRIES, 1907–11. (GALLONS PER HEAD OF POPULATION.) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. |
| Beer. | |||||
| New Zealand | 10.1 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.7 |
| Australia | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 12.4 |
| United Kingdom | 27.9 | 26.9 | 26.2 | 26.4 | 27.3 |
| Canada | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.8 |
| United States | 17.1 | 16.9 | 15.9 | 16.5 | 17.2 |
| Germany | 24.4 | 23.1 | 21.7 | 21.7 | 23.4 |
| France | 7.9 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 9.9 |
| Wine. | |||||
| New Zealand | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
| Australia | 1.23 | 0.92 | 1.09 | 0.84 | 1.09 |
| United Kingdom | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.25 |
| Canada | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| United States | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.56 |
| Germany | 1.17 | 1.41 | 0.97 | 0.68 | 1.39 |
| France | 38.70 | 36.50 | 32.80 | 19.10 | 29.30 |
| Spirits. | |||||
| New Zealand | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.78 |
| Australia | 0.88 | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.85 |
| United Kingdom | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.68 |
| Canada | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 1.06 |
| United States | 1.15 | 1.01 | 0.96 | 1.04 | 1.07 |
| Germany | 1.54 | 1.47 | 1.61 | 1.08 | 1.17 |
| France | 1.28 | 1.33 | 1.33 | 1.38 | 1.56 |
The number of convictions of Maoris brought before Magistrates' Courts for the past 10 years is shown in the following table:—
| Year. | Offences. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Against the Person. | Against Property. | Against Good Order. | Other Offences. | Total. | Convictions for Drunkenness, included previously. | |
| 1904 | 27 | 53 | 256 | 99 | 435 | 137 |
| 1905 | 22 | 46 | 248 | 61 | 377 | 134 |
| 1906 | 26 | 58 | 358 | 100 | 542 | 181 |
| 1907 | 21 | 80 | 271 | 73 | 445 | 167 |
| 1908 | 28 | 102 | 347 | 75 | 552 | 200 |
| 1909 | 34 | 81 | 258 | 81 | 454 | 140 |
| 1910 | 28 | 67 | 303 | 57 | 455 | 167 |
| 1911 | 42 | 123 | 636 | 189 | 990 | 322 |
| 1912 | 44 | 126 | 671 | 364 | 1,205 | 320 |
| 1913 | 45 | 23 | 626 | 243 | 937 | 294 |
These numbers apply only to the Maoris residing in the main Islands of the Dominion. Prior to 1911 statistics of crime were compiled from returns of criminal business brought before Magistrates furnished by Clerks of Courts, on which the numbers of offences by Maoris included in the return were to be marked, but since 1911 a card for each offence has been obtained. The figures for the past three years can be relied on as correct, and from the number of convictions in those years it would appear that the figures for previous years are under-stated. Clerks of Courts would probably have omitted to mark on the returns the Maori cases in some instances. There has also been an increase in the police stationed in Maori districts.
The number of convictions in the higher Courts exhibits the extent of serious crime amongst the Native race. Persons who pleaded guilty in the lower Court and were remanded to the Supreme Court for sentence have been included.
| Year. | Maoris convicted or sentenced in Supreme Court for | Total. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offences against the Person. | Offences against Property. | Miscellaneous Offences. | ||
| 1909 | 6 | 21 | 3 | 30 |
| 1910 | 4 | 10 | 2 | 16 |
| 1911 | 2 | 21 | 1 | 24 |
| 1912 | 5 | 28 | .. | 33 |
| 1913 | 5 | 19 | 3 | 27 |
Sixteen of the number for 1913 had been sent up from the Magistrate's Court for sentence.
The following table gives for the year 1913 the prison accommodation, the number of prisoners received, the number in prison at end of year, and the daily average in confinement:—
| Name of Prison. | Number for whom there is Accommodation. | Number received during Year. | Number in Confinement at End of Year. | Daily Average in Confinement. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
* This prison was closed during the year. | ||||
| Auckland | 359 | 1,827 | 275 | 274.62 |
| Waipa Valley | 33 | 34 | 24 | 20.63 |
| Kaingaroa | 58 | 27 | 24 | 29.96 |
| Waikeria | 40 | 47 | 39 | 25.23 |
| New Plymouth | 59 | 99 | 44 | 56.02 |
| Napier | 74 | 277 | 26 | 27.70 |
| Wellington | 244 | 1,670 | 196 | 168.08 |
| Hanmer* | 40 | 1 | .. | 15.59 |
| Addington | 37 | 78 | 19 | 21.68 |
| Lyttelton | 192 | 572 | 123 | 132.05 |
| Dunedin | 72 | 370 | 17 | 22.80 |
| Invercargill | 99 | 173 | 96 | 80.09 |
| Minor Prisons | 174 | 926 | 36 | 22.48 |
| Totals | 1,481 | 6,101 | 919 | 896.93 |
The total number of prisoners received in the different gaols during the year 1913 was 6,101 (males 5,553, females 549) as compared with 5,722 (males 5,232, females 490) in 1912, counting each admission as a distinct person.
Omitting those received by transfer from another prison, 420 (males 391, females 29), the debtors and lunatics received, 134 (males 127, females 7), and the duplicate receptions of the same prisoner on the same charge, 178 (males 176, females 2), it is found that the total receptions for criminal offences during 1913 were 5,413 (males 4,900, females 513). In this total are included 44 persons (42 males and 2 females) on remand or awaiting sentence from the previous year. The following table shows how the prisoners received were disposed of, classified according to ages; the number of distinct convicted prisoners being 3,308, including 79 Maoris:—
| Age, in Years. | Total Receptions (excluding Duplicates) for Criminal Offences. | Handed to Police for Trial elsewhere, and not returned to Prison. | Acquitted or discharged. | On remand or awaiting trial or sentence at end of year | Number of Prisoners convicted and sentenced for Criminal Offences | Number of Distinct Convicted Prisoners received during the Year 1913. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Summary. | Indictments. | Excluding Maoris. | Maoris. | |||||
* Includes 44 on remand or awaiting trial from previous year. | ||||||||
| Under 21 | 237 | 11 | 48 | 4 | 116 | 58 | 147 | 22 |
| 21 and under 25 | 491 | 8 | 83 | 13 | 318 | 69 | 321 | 16 |
| 25 and under 30 | 807 | 18 | 93 | 13 | 617 | 66 | 505 | 17 |
| 30 and under 35 | 918 | 22 | 103 | 19 | 717 | 57 | 556 | 5 |
| 35 and under 40 | 844 | 14 | 86 | 12 | 692 | 40 | 515 | 1 |
| 40 and under 45 | 607 | 5 | 68 | 11 | 510 | 13 | 351 | 7 |
| 45 and under 50 | 490 | 3 | 48 | 6 | 412 | 21 | 280 | 2 |
| 50 and under 55 | 351 | 5 | 37 | 2 | 291 | 13 | 192 | 4 |
| 55 and under 60 | 280 | 4 | 25 | 1 | 241 | 9 | 152 | 1 |
| 60 and under 65 | 167 | 2 | 25 | 3 | 129 | 8 | 95 | 1 |
| 65 and over | 221 | 5 | 37 | 1 | 169 | 9 | 115 | 3 |
| Totals | 5,413* | 97 | 653 | 85 | 4 215 | 363 | 3,229 | 79 |
The number of persons in gaol (including Maoris) at the end of each of the past ten years and the proportion per 10,000 of population as at 31st December is given in the next table:—
| PRISONERS IN GAOL (31ST DECEMBER). | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number of Prisoners. | Proportion per 10,000 of Population. | |||
| Undergoing Sentence. | On Remand and awaiting Trial. | Total. | Undergoing Sentence. | Total in Confinement. | |
| 1904 | 701 | 49 | 750 | 7.78 | 8.33 |
| 1905 | 760 | 50 | 810 | 8.21 | 8.75 |
| 1906 | 833 | 58 | 891 | 8.71 | 9.32 |
| 1907 | 791 | 56 | 847 | 8.09 | 8.67 |
| 1908 | 815 | 64 | 879 | 8.08 | 8.72 |
| 1909 | 877 | 72 | 949 | 8.51 | 9.21 |
| 1910 | 843 | 38 | 881 | 8.01 | 8.38 |
| 1911 | 802 | 71 | 873 | 7.46 | 8.12 |
| 1912 | 821 | 45 | 866 | 7.45 | 7.86 |
| 1913 | 834 | 85 | 919 | 7.35 | 8.10 |
Besides the returns from the Prisons Department, a separate card for each admission is furnished for every gaol. Such cards as show convictions are arranged alphabetically according to name of prisoner, and where several are found referring to the same person, all but one are thrown out; then the number of cards retained equals the actual number of distinct convicted prisoners received in the various gaols during the year. In 1913 this number (excluding Maoris) was 3,229, an increase of 206 on the number in 1912. These figures do not include children committed to the industrial schools simply on the ground that they are neglected or destitute.
In classifying the offences a prisoner convicted of more than one offence during the year is reckoned once only, under the heading of the principal offence—e.g., a prisoner convicted three times of drunkenness, twice of vagrancy, and once of theft is counted only once, under the heading “Offences against Property.” Debtors and lunatics received into gaol are omitted. The figures under the heading “Drunkenness” do not represent the full number of persons punished for that offence, the punishment usually being by fine.
The following tables show the number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) received into prison after conviction during 1913, classified according to birthplaces and offences, ages and offences, and ages and previous convictions:—
| BIRTHPLACES AND OFFENCES OF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS (EXCLUDING MAORIS) RECEIVED INTO GAOL DURING 1913. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthplace. | Nature of Offence. | Totals. | |||
| Against the Person. | Against Property. | Drunkenness. | Other Offences. | ||
| New Zealand | 88 | 339 | 229 | 498 | 1,154 |
| Australian States | 24 | 50 | 66 | 83 | 223 |
| England and Wales | 56 | 180 | 340 | 335 | 911 |
| Scotland | 19 | 33 | 134 | 136 | 322 |
| Ireland | 21 | 49 | 173 | 140 | 383 |
| Other British possessions | 1 | 3 | 12 | 20 | 36 |
| China | .. | .. | .. | 3 | 3 |
| Other countries | 11 | 31 | 68 | 87 | 197 |
| Totals | 220 | 685 | 1,022 | 1,302 | 3,229 |
| AGES AND OFFENCES OF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS (EXCLUDING MAORIS) RECEIVED INTO PRISON DURING 1913. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, in Years. | Offences against the Person. | Theft and other Offences against Property. | Offences not included previously. | Totals. | ||||
| Sexual Offences. | Assaults. | Other. | Vagrancy. | Drunkenness. | Other. | |||
| Under 21 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 68 | 7 | 1 | 60 | 147 |
| 21 and under 25 | 8 | 25 | 1 | 93 | 17 | 44 | 133 | 321 |
| 25 and under 30 | 15 | 28 | 5 | 123 | 51 | 105 | 178 | 505 |
| 30 and under 35 | 6 | 34 | 3 | 128 | 62 | 162 | 161 | 556 |
| 35 and under 40 | 5 | 20 | 5 | 83 | 62 | 189 | 151 | 515 |
| 40 and under 45 | 4 | 15 | 1 | 56 | 41 | 152 | 82 | 351 |
| 45 and under 50 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 43 | 33 | 111 | 80 | 280 |
| 50 and under 55 | 3 | 2 | .. | 21 | 22 | 93 | 51 | 192 |
| 55 and under 60 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 22 | 74 | 36 | 152 |
| 60 and under 65 | 4 | 3 | .. | 9 | 13 | 41 | 25 | 95 |
| 65 and over | 2 | .. | .. | 15 | 22 | 50 | 26 | 115 |
| Totals | 67 | 134 | 19 | 652 | 352 | 1,022 | 983 | 3,229 |
| AGES AND PREVIOUS CONVICTIONS OF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS (EXCLUDING MAORIS) RECEIVED INTO PRISON DURING 1913. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, in Years. | Not previously convicted. | Previous Convictions. | Total Distinct Convicted Prisoners. | |||||
| Once. | Twice. | Three Times. | Four Times. | Over Four Times. | Total. | |||
| Under 21 | 121 | 16 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 26 | 147 |
| 21 and under 25 | 213 | 42 | 16 | 16 | 7 | 27 | 108 | 321 |
| 25 and under 30 | 310 | 55 | 33 | 25 | 19 | 63 | 195 | 505 |
| 30 and under 35 | 260 | 56 | 45 | 38 | 21 | 136 | 296 | 556 |
| 35 and under 40 | 231 | 67 | 38 | 27 | 18 | 134 | 284 | 515 |
| 40 and under 45 | 162 | 41 | 23 | 25 | 10 | 90 | 189 | 351 |
| 45 and under 50 | 105 | 46 | 17 | 17 | 10 | 85 | 175 | 280 |
| 50 and under 55 | 60 | 17 | 17 | 12 | 6 | 80 | 132 | 192 |
| 55 and under 60 | 41 | 19 | 11 | 6 | 11 | 64 | 111 | 152 |
| 60 and under 65 | 31 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 37 | 64 | 95 |
| 65 and over | 36 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 48 | 79 | 115 |
| Totals | 1,570 | 381 | 219 | 182 | 112 | 765 | 1,659 | 3,229 |
The next table gives the offences and gravest previous offences of the distinct persons received into prison after conviction during 1913:—
| OFFENCES AND GRAVEST PREVIOUS OFFENCES OF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS, 1913. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offences. | Gravest Previous Offences. | |||||||
| Against the Person. | Theft and other Offences against Property. | Offences not included previously | Total. | |||||
| Sexual Offences. | Assaults. | Other | Vagrancy. | Drunkenness. | Other. | |||
| Against the person— | ||||||||
| Sexual Offences | 1 | 5 | .. | 11 | .. | 2 | 10 | 29 |
| Assaults | .. | 15 | 1 | 22 | 3 | 4 | 16 | 61 |
| Other | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | 4 | 6 |
| Against Property | 1 | 13 | 2 | 257 | 20 | 25 | 62 | 380 |
| Offences not included above— | ||||||||
| Vagrancy | 1 | 10 | 3 | 83 | 116 | 26 | 27 | 266 |
| Drunkenness | 2 | 15 | 1 | 77 | 54 | 241 | 130 | 520 |
| Other | 4 | 22 | 1 | 105 | 28 | 82 | 155 | 397 |
| Totals | 9 | 80 | 9 | 555 | 222 | 380 | 404 | 1,659 |
The number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) imprisoned after conviction, in each of the past twenty years, counting one offence only when the same person was imprisoned more than once, with the proportion per 10,000 persons living, is added.
| DISTINCT PERSONS IMPRISONED AFTER CONVICTION. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year. | Prisoners. | Proportion per 10,000 of Mean Population. |
| 1894 | 1,955 | 28.78 |
| 1895 | 1,930 | 27.87 |
| 1896 | 1,936 | 27.11 |
| 1897 | 1,884 | 25.84 |
| 1898 | 1,982 | 26.92 |
| 1899 | 2,125 | 28.33 |
| 1900 | 2,116 | 27.71 |
| 1901 | 2,345 | 30.14 |
| 1902 | 2,396 | 30.03 |
| 1903 | 2,842 | 34.65 |
| 1904 | 2,896 | 34.27 |
| 1905 | 2,796 | 32.14 |
| 1906 | 2,966 | 33.12 |
| 1907 | 3,091 | 33.63 |
| 1908 | 3,009 | 31.84 |
| 1909 | 3,159 | 32.51 |
| 1910 | 3,242 | 32.66 |
| 1911 | 2,877 | 28.35 |
| 1912 | 3,023 | 29.09 |
| 1913 | 3,229 | 30.22 |
It must be understood that the actual number of imprisonments was much in excess of the figures given, as many persons were several times imprisoned, either for offences differing in kind or for repetitions of the same offence. Thus, persons returned as imprisoned for larceny underwent other imprisonments for drunkenness, &c. Some returned as convicted of drunkenness were several times in gaol during the year for the same offence, or for another, such as assault, riotous or indecent conduct, &c. Often there were several charges preferred against the same person at the one time, of which the most serious followed by conviction has been selected.
While the New-Zealand-born formed at the last census 70 per cent. of the whole population, excluding Maoris, they contributed in 1913 only 35œ per cent. of the prisoners received in gaol. Of the New-Zealand-born population, however, a large number are under fifteen years of age, a period of life at which there are very few prisoners; and therefore another comparison is necessary. It is found that the New-Zealand-born over fifteen years formed 47 per cent. of the total population above that age; but, as before stated, New-Zealanders constituted only 35œ per cent. of the total number received in gaols.
The number of New-Zealand-born distinct prisoners (excluding Maoris) received for the year 1913–1,154 persons—is 20 more than the number for 1912. Of the number received in 1913, 90 were under twenty years of age. As before stated, the plan adopted in preparing the foregoing tables is to count each prisoner only once, and to exclude all who are not convicted prisoners, besides dealing only with the number received during the year, instead of with the full number in gaol, which would, of course, include those brought forward from the previous year. The comparative results for a series of years given by this method are held to be more valuable than those brought out by one which includes prisoners merely awaiting trial, and continual repetitions of the same individuals.
The ages of New-Zealand-born distinct convicted prisoners (excluding Maoris) are given in the following table for the past ten years:—
| TABLE SHOWING AGES OF DISTINCT NEW-ZEALAND-BORN CONVICTED PRISONERS RECEIVED INTO PRISON, 1904–13. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Under 15. | 15 and under 20. | 20 and under 25. | 25 and under 30. | 30 and under 40. | 40 and over. | Totals. |
| 1904 | 6 | 92 | 197 | 238 | 221 | 90 | 844 |
| 1905 | 1 | 84 | 197 | 223 | 233 | 116 | 854 |
| 1906 | 2 | 91 | 209 | 245 | 288 | 138 | 973 |
| 1907 | 3 | 84 | 204 | 246 | 300 | 132 | 969 |
| 1908 | 6 | 75 | 207 | 227 | 330 | 140 | 985 |
| 1909 | 2 | 70 | 189 | 264 | 351 | 220 | 1,096 |
| 1910 | 2 | 78 | 208 | 284 | 382 | 210 | 1,164 |
| 1911 | 4 | 62 | 171 | 206 | 377 | 203 | 1,023 |
| 1912 | 2 | 96 | 204 | 222 | 402 | 208 | 1,134 |
| 1913 | 2 | 88 | 182 | 203 | 449 | 230 | 1,154 |
One hundred and thirty-six persons were placed on probation in the year 1913, as against 79 in 1912. Of these 22 were discharged after satisfactorily carrying out the conditions of their licenses, 4 were rearrested, 4 absconded, and 106 remained under the supervision of Probation Officers.
The following table gives the ages and terms of probation of offenders placed under the Act during the year 1913:—
| Age. | Term of Probation. | Totals. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under One Year. | One Year and under Two Years. | Two Years and under Three Years. | Three Years and over. | ||
| Under 15 | 2 | 1 | .. | .. | 3 |
| 15 and under 20 | 10 | 21 | 6 | 4 | 41 |
| 20 and under 25 | 10 | 19 | 3 | 5 | 37 |
| 25 and under 30 | 7 | 16 | 1 | .. | 24 |
| 30 and under 40 | 4 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 19 |
| 40 and under 50 | 2 | 6 | 1 | .. | 9 |
| 50 and under 60 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | 1 |
| 60 and over | .. | 2 | .. | .. | 2 |
| Totals | 35 | 78 | 12 | 11 | 136 |
The amounts ordered by the various Courts to be paid towards the cost of prosecution during the year 1913 was £495 13s. 10d., of which £287 11s. 9d. was actually paid.
In 1906 provision was made by law for the detention and control of habitual criminals and offenders. Habitual criminals comprise those persons previously convicted on indictment of the following offences: (Class I) sexual offences, abortion; (Class II) wounding, robbery, burglary and housebreaking, theft, false pretences, extortion, forgery, and mischief. On two previous convictions for any offence in Class I or four previous convictions in Classes I and II, the Court may order as part of the sentence that the person is an habitual criminal, whether such previous convictions took place within or out of New Zealand, and either before or after the coming into operation of the Act. Habitual offenders comprise all persons previously convicted on at least six occasions as idle and disorderly persons, rogues and vagabonds, or incorrigible rogues, and persons previously convicted as above under Classes I and II and convicted summarily of any offence punishable by not less than three months' imprisonment, provided such persons have been previously summarily convicted at least six times of any offence punishable by not less than three months' imprisonment.
By the Crimes Amendment Act, 1910, which came into force in 1911, every person who before the coming into force of that Act had been declared, in pursuance of the Crimes Act, 1908, or the Habitual Criminals and Offenders Act, 1906, to be an habitual criminal or habitual offender remained subject to the provisions of section thirty-two of the Crimes Act of 1908 in the same manner as if that section had not been repealed, save that after the commencement of the amending Act of 1910 no habitual criminal or habitual offender can be discharged under the provisions of that section, and save also that every prison is deemed to be a reformatory prison within the meaning and purposes of that section.
A Judge before whom any person is convicted or committed for sentence may, if he thinks fit, “having regard to the conduct, character, associations, or mental condition of such person, the nature of the offence, or any special circumstances of the case,” in addition to or in lieu of an ordinary term of imprisonment, sentence him to prison for reformatory purposes for a period not exceeding ten years. In like manner and after a like weighing of the circumstances a Magistrate may impose a similar sentence upon any person brought before him and summarily convicted of an offence punishable by imprisonment for more than three months, save that the maximum of reformative detention in that case is limited to three years.
The jurisdiction conferred upon a Magistrate is not exercised by any Justice of the Peace other than a Magistrate.
Every person sentenced by a Magistrate to a term of reformative detention may, within fourteen days, apply to a Judge of the Supreme Court to review that sentence on the ground that the same is excessive, or ought not to have been passed, and such Judge may uphold or reverse the sentence or reduce the term.
The length of the reformative part of the sentence actually served in prison in any particular case (including habitual criminals or offenders) is determined by His Excellency the Governor upon recommendation as to probation, &c., made by the Prisons Board set up under the Act.
Persons undergoing any sentence, whether of imprisonment or reformative detention are to be employed in such labour as is prescribed by regulations (gazetted on 10th July, 1913) or directed by the Minister of Justice. Wages according to scale for the class of labour in which any such person is employed may be credited to him, and the amount from time to time standing to his credit is to be applied wholly or in part towards maintaining the wife and children (if any) of the prisoner, and any balance standing to his credit on his release shall thereupon be paid to him, either in a lump sum or in such instalments as the Minister directs.
The following table shows the distinct convicted prisoners (excluding Maoris) received in prison during 1913 after being sentenced to reformative treatment or having been declared habitual criminals, classified according to sentences:—
| Original Sentence. | Sentenced to Reformative Treatment for a Period of | Declare Habitual Criminals. | Totals. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 2 Years. | 2 and under 5 Years. | 5 Years and over. | |||
| Reformative treatment only | 26 | 38 | 8 | 2 | 74 |
| Under 1 year | 2 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 21 |
| 1 year and under 2 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 22 |
| 2 years and under 3 | .. | 4 | 2 | 7 | 13 |
| 3 years and under 4 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | 2 |
| 4 years and under 5 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
| 5 years and under 7 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | 2 |
| 7 years and under 10 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
| 10 years and under 12 | .. | .. | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Totals | 29 | 58 | 17 | 34 | 138 |
There are two tree-planting prison-camps established — viz., Kaingaroa and Waipa Valley, both in the North Island. There were 48 prisoners at these camps at the end of 1913, and a considerable amount of planting, clearing, fencing, and other work was carried out during the year. The value of the work of tree-planting done during the nine months from 1st April to 31st December, 1913, was assessed at £1,998 3s. 11d.
For the purposes of the Crimes Amendment Act of 1910 there is constituted a Prisons Board (for Board see Official List) of not less than three nor more than seven members, one of whom must be a Judge of the Supreme Court, who is ex officio President; the members of the Board are appointed by the Governor in Council for a period of three years, but may be reappointed. The Board meets at such times as the President determines, and subject to the provisions of the Act and regulations may determine its own procedure.
It is the duty of the Board to make inquiry from time to time whether there is reasonable cause for belief that any habitual criminal undergoing sentence or reformative detention is sufficiently reformed to be released on probation or discharged, or for granting discharge to any person who has been released on probation; and to make recommendations to the Governor as to the release or discharge of any habitual criminal, habitual offender, or person under sentence of reformative detention, and as to the conditions which may be imposed on any such release or probation. The Board is required to take into consideration the case of every habitual criminal, &c., at least once a year, and to make a report to the Minister of Justice annually as to the operations of the Board, members dealt with, and the operation and effect of the Act.
During the year ended 31st December last the Board considered a total of 560 cases, representing 300 individuals, 71 of whom were habitual criminals and offenders, the remaining 229 being prisoners undergoing reformative detention. The Board recommended 35 habitual criminals and offenders for release on probation, and 10, including 5 who were already on probation, for absolute discharge. Fifteen of those released on probation broke the conditions of their license, and 12 were returned to prison. Satisfactory reports of the conduct of 20 released during the year were received. Of those released in 1911 and 1912 20 broke the terms of their probation, and were thus dealt with: Returned to prison, 13; whereabouts unknown, 7. The total number released on probation during the years 1911, 1912, and 1913 was 74, and of these 15 were convicted of fresh offences, viz.: In 1911, 5; in 1912, 6; in 1913, 4.
The number of persons under reformative treatment who were recommended for release or discharge by the Board was 99. The Board endeavours to provide for a part of the term of reformative treatment being served out of prison on license, and so far the results of this method have been sufficiently satisfactory to be encouraging. In 26 cases the probationary license has been cancelled, 5 having been found guilty of a specific offence, and 21 having committed breaches of the terms of their license.
In the second report of the Prisons Board, covering its operations for the year 1912, appears the following paragraph, which indicates the various types of prisoner with which the Board has to deal:—
“The Board is of opinion that many of the habituals coming before it are not of a confirmed criminal character, and that a fair proportion of the prisoners sentenced to reformative detention are not in any way distinguishable from the ordinary criminal, while some appear to have approached qualification if not to have already qualified to be classed as habituals. The Board views this with concern, especially with regard to the unpromising type being sentenced to reformative detention. It has before expressed its sense of the impediments—almost inevitable impediments—to be met with in introducing a new system and bringing it into working-order, and finds itself in a position to appreciate the difficulty in which the Department must be, under the above conditions, in classifying prisoners under reformative detention, and framing regulations applicable to their class as a whole.”
The gross expenditure on the prisons (exclusive of the cost of buildings) for the year ended the 31st December, 1913, was £51,578, made up of the following items:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Salaries and allowances | 26,920 |
| Uniforms | 402 |
| Bedding and clothing, furniture, &c. | 3,057 |
| Fuel, light, water, sanitation, &c. | 3,122 |
| Gratuities | 848 |
| Medicines and medical comforts | 686 |
| Rations and tobacco | 9,754 |
| Incidental expenses | 3,528 |
| Travelling-expenses and conveyance of prisoners | 3,261 |
| Total | 51,578 |
It is the duty of a Coroner or Deputy Coroner, or, in their absence, a Justice of the Peace, to inquire into the manner of death of any person who is killed or drowned, or dies suddenly, or in prison, or while detained in a mental hospital, and an inquest must be held on the body of every person executed to certify that the sentence was duly carried out.
The jurisdiction of a Coroner extends throughout the Dominion, but he is not compelled to hold any inquest at a greater distance than twenty miles from his residence; but the duties of a Deputy Coroner or Justice of the Peace are in each case strictly limited to the above radius. A Coroner may, if he thinks fit, take an inquest either by himself or by a jury of not less than four nor more than six, unless specially directed by the Attorney-General to summon a jury. A post-mortem examination of a body may be ordered by a Coroner, and, if considered advisable, an analysis. Jurors need not view the body, but the Coroner is exempt from this duty only when it is certified by a medical man that the deceased died of an infectious disease.
Any person interested may, by permission of the Coroner, attend an inquest personally or by counsel, and may examine and cross-examine witnesses. When a verdict of murder or manslaughter is returned against a particular person the Coroner may issue a warrant to apprehend and take the accused before a Justice. It shall also be the duty of the Coroner, in case of such a verdict, whether charging any person or not, to send a copy of the verdict and all depositions to the Attorney-General, who may take such steps as he deems desirable.
Jurors are entitled to payment at the rate of 8s. per day of more than four hours, or 4s. for less than four hours. Witnesses are allowed 6s. for each day and 4s. for each night of absence from home.
The number of bodies on which inquests were held in 1913 was 1,405, including 40 Maoris. In 1,065 cases the bodies were of males, and in 340 of females.
The verdicts given at the inquests held in 1913 may be classified as under:—
| Nature of Verdict. | Inquests on Persons. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Totals. | |
| Accident | 478 | 98 | 576 |
| Disease and natural causes | 462 | 206 | 668 |
| Homicide | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| Suicide | 118 | 33 | 151 |
| 1,065 | 340 | 1,405 | |
Of the accidental deaths, drowning is the most fatal form. The verdicts show that 171 deaths were due to this cause, giving a percentage of 29.69 on the accidental deaths from all causes.
The inquests on suicidal deaths in 1913 show an increase on the number for the previous year. The figures for each of the last ten years were,—
| Year. | Inquests on Suicides. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Totals. | |
| 1904 | 89 | 16 | 105 |
| 1905 | 73 | 23 | 96 |
| 1906 | 85 | 15 | 100 |
| 1907 | 94 | 7 | 101 |
| 1908 | 87 | 15 | 102 |
| 1909 | 94 | 22 | 116 |
| 1910 | 90 | 16 | 106 |
| 1911 | 109 | 25 | 134 |
| 1912 | 111 | 15 | 126 |
| 1913 | 118 | 33 | 151 |
In case of fire, causing the destruction of any building, ship, or merchandise, or any stack of grain, pulse, or hay, or any growing crop, a Coroner may hold an inquiry into the cause of such fire, the procedure being similar to that of inquests into cause of death.
The inquests on fires held during 1913 numbered 21. In 5 cases the verdict was incendiarism; in 1 case accidental; in 1 case an open verdict was returned; and in 14 cases no evidence was forthcoming.
The Gaming Act is designed to suppress gambling by confining all betting to totalizators on racecourses. It contains provisions for the closing of “tote” shops and for the declaration by the Supreme Court of “common gaming-houses” on the affidavit of a Superintendent or Inspector of Police showing reasonable grounds for suspecting that any premises are used as a common gaming-house or as a means of access thereto or exit therefrom. Notice of such declaration is advertised and gazetted, served on the owner or occupier, and posted up on the premises.
There are also provisions for determining any such declaration on proof that the premises are not used as a common gaming-house or in conjunction therewith. The Act provides penalties for carrying on business in, the continued use of, and being found on the premises during the currency of the declaration, and includes a club, in certain cases, in the term “common gaming-house.”
Constables have power of entry over the premises, and may use such force as may be necessary. To obstruct or give warning of the approach of a constable in the performance of his duty is an offence. Any game of chance is unlawful, and the definition of “occupier” has been extended. The Gaming Act applies to lotteries whether promoted in New Zealand or elsewhere.
Street betting is punishable by a fine of not less than £20 or more than £100 for the first offence, and by imprisonment not exceeding three months for a second or any subsequent offence. The terms “betting” and “bet” in the Act of 1910 include the act of any person in betting, wagering, offering, or agreeing to bet or wager, paying, receiving, or settling any bet or wager, whether on his own behalf or on behalf of any other person.
A constable on duty, or person acting under instructions from any Superintendent or Inspector of Police, is not deemed an offender or accomplice in the commission of any offence against the Gaming Act.
The number of charges laid in the Magistrates' Courts for breaches of the gaming laws, and the manner in which such charges were disposed of, are shown for five years in the following table:—
| Year. | Number of Charges. | Discharged or Dismissed. | Committed for Trial. | Convictions recorded. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909 | 275 | 47 | .. | 228 |
| 1910 | 332 | 69 | .. | 263 |
| 1911 | 194 | 51 | .. | 143 |
| 1912 | 403 | 85 | .. | 318 |
| 1913 | 218 | 67 | .. | 151 |
The Minister of Internal Affairs may on the application of any racing club grant to such racing club a license to use the totalizator or wagering-machine at horse-race meetings held under the control or management of such club, subject to the following conditions:—
The license shall be revocable at any time the Minister thinks fit to determine the same. No more than three totalizators shall be used by the club at any one time, and none outside the race-grounds within the control of the club. The machine must be under the care and management of some competent person appointed by the club, and under the direct supervision of the stewards.
Every license shall be issued in respect of a single race meeting, and shall specify the number of days on which the totalizator may be used at that meeting. The aggregate number of days on which the totalizator may be used throughout the Dominion in any one year shall not exceed 250, and the number of days for any one race meeting shall not exceed four.
A race meeting at which the totalizator is authorized to be used on four days shall not extend over a longer period than eight consecutive days; meetings at which the totalizator is authorized to be used on three days shall not extend over a period of six consecutive days, and a race meeting at which the totalizator is authorized to be used for two days shall not extend over a longer period than four consecutive days; and on expiry of any such maximum period the license to use the totalizator shall lapse: provided that when at any race meeting a racing club is compelled by inclement weather or any extraordinary circumstances to postpone any racing to a later day, it is lawful for the club to extend that race meeting over such longer period as is rendered necessary.
Racing clubs must not accept any totalizator investment by telegram or telephone, and no investment may be received otherwise than in money, bank-notes, or cheque before or at the time of investment. No investment shall be received from any person under the age of twenty-one years, and any member, agent, or servant of a racing club who permits or authorizes to be received an investment on the totalizator made by any person under twenty-one years is guilty of an offence and is liable to a fine not exceeding £100; and any person who falsely represents himself as being of the age of twenty-one or upwards is liable to a fine not exceeding £50. The publication of dividends (except on the racecourse) is prohibited, and racing tips and the “double” totalizator are abolished. The totalizator must be closed not later than the time advertised for the starting of a race.
Information as to totalizator licenses issued, amount of investments by the public, and amount paid to the Treasury as percentage of investments is given in the portion of this book dealing with Taxation.
Table of Contents
FOR purposes of the representation of the people in the House of Representatives New Zealand is at present divided into seventy-six districts, with one member for each. The boundaries of the districts are adjusted every five years upon a population basis, each having, as nearly as possible, the same number of inhabitants.
In computing the population for electoral purposes an addition of 28 per cent. is made to the country population — i.e., all persons living outside towns of 2,000 inhabitants and over. The total population (other than Maoris), with the addition aforesaid having been ascertained, is then divided by the number of European members to be elected, and the quotient thus obtained forms the quota. Inasmuch as it would be difficult to divide the country into a given number of districts all having exactly the precise quota of population, the law permits the Commissioners to make an allowance of 550 persons by way of addition to or deduction from the population of rural districts, and of 100 in case of city electorates, and a proportionate number for districts where the population is partly city and partly rural, so that more consideration can be given to community of interest, facilities of communication, and topographical features when defining the boundaries of the districts.
The proposed boundaries of the new districts are then notified in the gazette, and objections to such proposals may be lodged with the Commissioners, who consider and decide any objections before coming to a final determination.
The census is the only means of ascertaining correctly the distribution of the people, and for this reason is essential to the work of dividing the Dominion anew into electorates of even population. The internal movement of the people cannot be ascertained correctly except by a census, though, when a country is insular, the natural increase (excess of births over deaths) added to the excess of arrivals over departures gives a fairly correct estimate of increase of population for the whole area.
An instance of the effect of the census in adjusting the representation of the people for Parliament is afforded by the figures relating to the North and South Islands for successive census years,—
| North Island. | South Island. | |
|---|---|---|
| At the census of 1891 | 30 members | 40 members. |
| At the census of 1896 | 31 members | 39 members. |
| At the census of 1901 | 34 members | 36 members. |
| At the census of 1906 | 38 members | 38 members. |
| At the census of 1911 | 41 members | 35 members. |
The districts have been again defined on the basis of the population as shown by the census taken in April, 1911, with the result that the South Island now returns only 34 members as against 42 for the North Island.
These districts are, as before stated, for purposes of European representation. But the Dominion is again divided into four districts for purposes of Maori representation under the electoral law, each district having one Native member elected by the Maoris; making the House of Representatives consist of 80 members altogether—76 Europeans and 4 Maoris.
Every male, registered as an elector, is qualified to be a member of Parliament for any electoral district, provided he is not an undischarged bankrupt, a member of the Legislative Council, or a Civil servant, or is not directly interested in any contract with the Government exceeding the value of £50. Except in case of a dissolution in the meantime, a general election of members of the House of Representatives is held every three years.
All male and female adults who are British subjects either by birth or naturalization in New Zealand, and who are not debarred by law, may be registered as electors, provided they have resided twelve months in New Zealand, and three months immediately preceding registration in the district wherein they desire to be enrolled, and no person may be registered for more than one district.
In every year in which a general election is held, the general (or main) roll in each district is closed for printing on a date fixed by the Governor in Council, after which date no names may be entered on such general roll. All claims for enrolment received by the Registrar of Electors for any district between the date of closing of the general roll and 6 p.m. on the day of issue of the writ for the election are entered on a supplementary roll. Electors' rights for seamen, and absent-voters' permits for persons who expect to be absent from their districts at the time of an election, may be issued from the district wherein they are enrolled, to enable them to record their votes for such district in any part of the Dominion. Such rights or permits are available for twelve months from date of issue.
The Minister may from time to time direct that an electoral census be taken of every or any electoral district for the purpose of enrolling all persons qualified to be enrolled and who are not already enrolled. Every master or mistress of any licensed public house, lodging house, or private dwellinghouse shall, on the application of an enrolment officer, give all information as to names, occupations, and qualifications for enrolments of all persons residing in that house. Persons failing to give faithful information on request are liable to a fine of £5.
Not later than seven days after the dissolution or expiry of the last Parliament, writs for a general election are issued under warrant from the Governor. In the writs the date of polling-day is appointed.
A Returning Officer is appointed for each district to conduct the poll in such district, the polling-places being appointed by the Governor.
Candidates for election must be nominated by not less than two electors of the district, and each nomination-paper must reach the Returning Officer of the district not later than noon on the tenth day before polling-day. No elector may nominate more than one candidate. Each candidate must signify his consent to nomination, such consent to reach the Returning Officer before the time fixed for close of nominations; and with his consent each candidate must deposit with the Returning Officer £10. If the total number of votes received by any unsuccessful candidate is less than one-fourth of the total number of votes recorded by the successful candidate, such deposit shall be forfeited and paid into the Consolidated Fund. Any candidate may withdraw not later than noon on the day of closing of nominations, by giving notice in writing to the Returning Officer, and his deposit in such case is returned.
The Returning Officer appoints a deputy for each polling-booth, and each candidate may appoint a scrutineer for each booth. In thirty-five districts the poll closes at 7 p.m., and in forty-one districts at 6 p.m. The elector records his or her vote by striking out on the ballot-paper the names of the candidates for whom he or she does not wish to vote. As soon as he ascertains from the various booths the result of the poll, the Returning Officer declares the candidate who has received an absolute majority of votes to be elected; if two or more candidates receive an equal number of votes, the Returning Officer is required to give a casting-vote. In no other instance is the Returning Officer allowed to vote.
Provision is made to secure the secrecy of the ballot and the maintenance of law and order, and every precaution taken to guard against undue influence or interference with electors on polling-day. Every person who commits the offence of personation is liable to two years' imprisonment with hard labour. Persons guilty of corrupt or illegal practices are liable to heavy penalties.
A candidate requiring a recount of the votes may apply to a Magistrate for same, at the same time depositing £20. The recount is made in the presence of the Magistrate. Petitions against the return of candidates must be delivered to the Returning Officer, and security given to the amount of £200. Such petitions are tried before two Judges of the Supreme Court, and their decision is final.
For the election of the four Maori members, every adult Maori is entitled to vote in the district where he or she resides, without registration; and every male elector is qualified to become a member of Parliament for any Maori electoral district. Half-castes registered on any European roll are not entitled to vote for the election of Maori representatives. Similar provisions apply as in the case of European elections in regard to the issue of writs, appointment of Returning Officers and deputies, polling places, nomination of candidates, deposit of £10 by candidates, and withdrawal from candidature. The hours of polling are from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Each Deputy Returning Officer has associated with him a Maori or a half-caste. Candidates may appoint a scrutineer for each booth to act at the count of the votes after the poll. The elector on entering a booth states his or her full name, tribe, hapu, and abode, such information being entered by the deputy or his associate on the counterfoil of the ballot-paper. The elector is then asked the name of the candidate for whom he or she desires to vote, and the deputy writes such candidate's name on the ballot-paper. Arrangements are made to secure the secrecy of the ballot and maintenance of order. Any person guilty of the offence of personation is liable to imprisonment for two years with hard labour. As soon as he has ascertained the result of the poll from the various booths, the Returning Officer declares the candidate with the highest number of votes to be elected.
[Polling-day, 7th December, 1911; number of polling-places, 2,651.]
Dealing with the population of both sexes, it is found that the total number of persons on the rolls was 590,042. The number of persons who voted, or who went to the poll, was 486,100; or 83.67 per cent. of the number on the rolls, a larger proportion than obtained in 1908—viz., 79.82 per cent.
| Year of General Election. | Estimated Total Adult Persons. | Number on Rolls. | Proportion per Cent. of Adult Persons registered as Electors. | Number of Persons who voted. | Proportion per Cent. of Persons on Rolls who voted. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there was no contest. † Including 4,974 informal votes. ‡ Including 5,468 informal votes. § Including 4,596 informal votes. || Including 4,143 informal votes, and excluding 6,812 votes recorded at licensing poll in Gisborne Electorate, where there was no parliamentary contest. | |||||
| 1893 | 319,010 | 302,997 | 94.98 | 220,082 | 75.25* |
| 1896 | 356,658 | 339,230 | 95.11 | 258,254 | 76.13 |
| 1899 | 386,146 | 373,744 | 96.79 | 279,330 | 77.59* |
| 1902 | 429,385 | 415,789 | 96.83 | 318,859† | 76.69 |
| 1905 | 500,108 | 476,473 | 95.28 | 396,657‡ | 83.25 |
| 1908 | 538,950 | 537,003 | 99.64 | 428,648§ | 79.82 |
| 1911 | 594,532 | 590,042 | 99.24 | 486,100|| | 83.67 |
Dealing with men only, the number on the rolls was 321,033. The males who voted in 1911 were 266,986, or 84.58 per cent. of those on the rolls, against 81.11 per cent. in 1908.
| Year of General Election. | Estimated Total Adult Males. | Number of Males on Rolls. | Proportion per Cent. of Adult Males registered as Electors. | Number who voted. | Proportion per Cent. of Males on Rolls who voted. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there were no contests. † The number on the rolls was in excess of the estimated adult male population at the date of the election. ‡ Including informal. § Does not include 4,068 votes recorded at licensing poll in Gisborne Electorate, where there was no parliamentary contest. | |||||
| 1893 | 179,539 | 193,536 | † | 129,792 | 69.61* |
| 1896 | 197,002 | 196,925 | 99.96 | 149,471 | 75.90 |
| 1899 | 214,773 | 210,529 | 98.02 | 159,780 | 79.06* |
| 1902 | 233,602 | 229,845 | 98.39 | 180,294‡ | 78.44 |
| 1905 | 273,175 | 263,597 | 96.49 | 221,611‡ | 84.07 |
| 1908 | 295,446 | 294,073 | 99.54 | 238,534‡ | 81.11 |
| 1911 | 321,324 | 321,033 | 99.91 | 266,986§ | 84.58 |
The number of women who voted, 219,114, is 82.57 per cent. of the females on the rolls, while in 1908 there were 190,114 who voted, giving the smaller proportion of 78.26 per cent.; so that there is evidence of a greater willingness on the part of the females to go to the poll.
| Year of General Election. | Estimated Total Adult Females. | Number of Females on Rolls. | Proportion per Cent. of Adult Females registered as Electors. | Number who voted. | Proportion per Cent. of Females on Rolls who voted. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there were no contests. † Including informal. ‡ Does not include 2,744 votes recorded at licensing poll in Gisborne Electorate, where there was no parliamentary contest. | |||||
| 1893 | 139,471 | 109,461 | 78.48 | 90,290 | 85.18* |
| 1896 | 159,656 | 142,305 | 89.13 | 108,783 | 76.44 |
| 1899 | 171,373 | 163,215 | 95.24 | 119,550 | 75.70* |
| 1902 | 195,783 | 185,944 | 94.97 | 138,565† | 74.52 |
| 1905 | 226,933 | 212,876 | 93.80 | 175,046† | 82.23 |
| 1908 | 243,504 | 242,930 | 99.76 | 190,114† | 78.26 |
| 1911 | 273,208 | 269,009 | 98.46 | 219,114‡ | 82.57 |
| RESULTS OF GENERAL ELECTION, 1911. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electoral District and Names of Candidates. | Number of Votes recorded. | Number of Electors on Roll. | Population at Census, 1911. | |
| First Ballot. | Second Ballot. | |||
| Bay of Islands,— | ||||
| Reed, V. H. | 2,671 | |||
| Wilkinson, G. | 2,488 | |||
| Total | 5,159 | .. | 6,522 | 12,080 |
| Marsden,— | ||||
| Mander, F. | 3,120 | |||
| Purdie, E. C. | 2,576 | |||
| Total | 5,696 | .. | 7,064 | 12,555 |
| Kaipara,— | ||||
| Coates, J. G. | 1,843 | 2,744 | ||
| Field, E. T. | 848 | |||
| Stallworthy, J. | 2,301 | 2,172 | ||
| Total | 4,992 | 4,916 | 6,300 | 11,588 |
| Waitemata,— | ||||
| Alison, E. W., jun. | 1,375 | |||
| Harris, A. | 2,787 | 3,823 | ||
| Napier, W. J. | 3,064 | 3,416 | ||
| Total | 7,226 | 7,239 | 8,809 | 14,687 |
| Auckland East,— | ||||
| Myers, A. M. | 4,485 | |||
| Withy, A. | 2,490 | |||
| Total | 6,975 | .. | 9,046 | 15,195 |
| Auckland Central,— | ||||
| Gleeson, F. C. | 1,171 | |||
| Glover, A. E. | 4,061 | |||
| Richardson, W. | 601 | |||
| Savage, M. G. | 1,800 | |||
| Total | 7,633 | .. | 10,712 | 15,153 |
| Auckland West,— | ||||
| Bradney, J. H. | 4,273 | |||
| Poole, C. H. | 3,146 | |||
| Total | 7,419 | .. | 8,787 | 15,214 |
| Grey Lynn,— | ||||
| Fowlds, G. | 3,117 | 3,432 | ||
| Murray, W. H. | 1,568 | |||
| Payne, J. | 2,191 | 3,470 | ||
| Total | 6,876 | 6,902 | 8,536 | 15,182 |
| Eden,— | ||||
| Bollard, J. | 3,629 | |||
| Speight, W. J. | 2,966 | |||
| Total | 6,595 | .. | 8,150 | 14,220 |
| Parnell,— | ||||
| Dickson, J. S. | 3,585 | 4,264 | ||
| Findlay, Sir J. G. | 2,971 | 3,826 | ||
| Mack, M. J. | 1,557 | |||
| Total | 8,113 | 8,090 | 10,011 | 15,163 |
| Manukau,— | ||||
| Lang, F. W. | 3,965 | |||
| Morton, J. B. | 1,435 | |||
| Stewart, R. D. | 1,658 | |||
| Total | 7,058 | .. | 8,924 | 14,668 |
| Franklin,— | ||||
| McLarin, J. W. | 1,816 | |||
| Massey, W. F. | 3,779 | |||
| Total | 5,595 | .. | 7,010 | 12,277 |
| Thames,— | ||||
| Rhodes, T. W. | 2,783 | |||
| Taylor, E. H. | 2,717 | |||
| Total | 5,500 | .. | 6,702 | 12,528 |
| Raglan,— | ||||
| Bell, A. | 894 | 1,863 | ||
| Bollard, R. F. | 2,435 | 2,782 | ||
| Dromgool, J. C. | 750 | |||
| Duncan, W. | 742 | |||
| Hewett, R. B. D. | 470 | |||
| Total | 5,291 | 4,645 | 6,572 | 11,813 |
| Ohinemuri,— | ||||
| Fletcher, C. A. G. | 48 | |||
| Hickey, P. H. | 1,674 | 2,134 | ||
| McRobie, W. | 1,547 | |||
| Poland, H. | 2,791 | 3,341 | ||
| Total | 6,060 | 5,475 | 7,413 | 13,319 |
| Waikato,— | ||||
| Greenslade, H. G. | 2,718 | |||
| Young, J. A. | 3,846 | |||
| Total | 6,564 | .. | 7,821 | 13,013 |
| Tauranga,— | ||||
| Herries, W. | 3,790 | |||
| King, R. | 1,849 | |||
| Total | 5,639 | .. | 7,236 | 12,234 |
| Bay of Plenty,— | ||||
| De Lautour, H. D. | 2,642 | |||
| MacDonald, W. D. S. | 3,177 | |||
| Total | 5,819 | .. | 7,822 | 12,249 |
| Gisborne,— | ||||
| Carroll, Sir J. | .. | .. | .. | 14,023 |
| Taumarunui,— | ||||
| Jennings, W. T. | 2,621 | |||
| Wilson, C. K. | 2,746 | |||
| Total | 5,367 | .. | 6,788 | 12,246 |
| Hawke's Bay,— | ||||
| Campbell, H. M. | 2,769 | 3,980 | ||
| Clapham, G. S. | 940 | |||
| Fraser, A. L. D. | 925 | |||
| Lane, E. | 401 | |||
| Simson, H. I. | 1,807 | 2,873 | ||
| Total | 6,842 | 6,853 | 8,818 | 13,387 |
| Napier,— | ||||
| Brown, J. V. | 3,920 | |||
| Hill, H. T. | 2,856 | |||
| Total | 6,776 | .. | 8,416 | 14,556 |
| Electoral District and Names of Candidates. | Number of Votes recorded. | Number of Electors on Roll. | Population at Census, 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Ballot. | Second Ballot. | |||
| Waipawa,— | ||||
| Hunter, G. | 3,389 | |||
| Jull, A. E. | 2,820 | |||
| Total | 6,209 | .. | 7,725 | 12,967 |
| Pahiatua,— | ||||
| Escott, J. H. | 2,281 | 2,882 | ||
| Hawkins, W. J. | 862 | |||
| Ross, R. B. | 2,093 | 2,309 | ||
| Total | 5,236 | 5,191 | 6,323 | 12,168 |
| Masterton,— | ||||
| Herbert, A. H. | 1,327 | |||
| Hogg, A. W. | 2,366 | 2,664 | ||
| Sykes, G. R. | 2,293 | 3,245 | ||
| Total | 5,986 | 5,909 | 7,292 | 12,904 |
| Wairarapa,— | ||||
| Buchanan, W. C. | 2,950 | |||
| Hornsby, J. T. M. | 2,825 | |||
| Tanner, C. W. | 88 | |||
| Total | 5,863 | .. | 6,831 | 11,563 |
| Egmont,— | ||||
| Dive, B. | 2,682 | |||
| Mackenzie, T. | 3,009 | |||
| Total | 5,691 | .. | 6,672 | 11,718 |
| Stratford,— | ||||
| Hine, J. B. | 3,006 | |||
| McCluggage, J. | 2,576 | |||
| Total | 5,582 | .. | 6,557 | 12,334 |
| Taranaki,— | ||||
| Bellringer, C. E. | 2,561 | |||
| Forbes, W. | 343 | |||
| Okey, H. J. H. | 3,315 | |||
| Total | 6,219 | .. | 7,163 | 13,090 |
| Patea,— | ||||
| O'Dea, P. | 2,286 | |||
| Pearce, G. V. | 3,246 | |||
| Train, F. | 536 | |||
| Total | 6,068 | .. | 7,483 | 12,724 |
| Wanganui,— | ||||
| Hogan, J. T. | 2,220 | 2,959 | ||
| Hutchison, G. | 1,690 | |||
| Mackay, C. E. | 1,117 | |||
| Veitch, W. A. | 2,295 | 4,115 | ||
| Total | 7,322 | 7,074 | 8,871 | 14,185 |
| Waimarino,— | ||||
| Hockly, F. F. | 2,440 | 2,591 | ||
| Ivess, J. | 449 | |||
| Smith, R. W. | 2,805 | 3,071 | ||
| Total | 5,694 | 5,662 | 8,104 | 12,255 |
| Oroua,— | ||||
| Guthrie, D. H. | 3,176 | |||
| Hornblow, R. E. | 2,084 | |||
| Total | 5,260 | .. | 7,006 | 12,929 |
| Rangitikei,— | ||||
| Collins, C. B. | 295 | |||
| Meldrum, W. | 2,037 | |||
| Newman, E. | 3,065 | |||
| Total | 5,397 | .. | 6,977 | 11,524 |
| Palmerston,— | ||||
| Buick, D. | 3,374 | |||
| McNab, R. | 2,542 | |||
| Milverton, W. | 68 | |||
| Thomson, W. | 748 | |||
| Total | 6,732 | .. | 7,951 | 14,194 |
| Otaki,— | ||||
| Brown, B. P. | 1,028 | |||
| Field, W. H. | 1,743 | 2,496 | ||
| Monckton, C. A. W. | 1,155 | |||
| Robertson, J. | 1,280 | 2,517 | ||
| Total | 5,206 | 5,013 | 6,485 | 12,157 |
| Hutt,— | ||||
| McEwan, J. W. | 911 | |||
| Reardon, M. J. | 1,540 | |||
| Short, R. W. | 881 | |||
| Wilford, T. M. | 3,471 | |||
| Total | 6,803 | .. | 3,248 | 14,502 |
| Wellington North,— | ||||
| Carey, E. G. | 1,185 | |||
| Herdman, A. L. | 4,193 | |||
| Izard, A. W. | 2,386 | |||
| Total | 7,764 | .. | 10,654 | 15,268 |
| Wellington Central,— | ||||
| Fisher, F. M. B. | 2,987 | 3,813 | ||
| Fletcher, R. | 2,983 | 3,682 | ||
| Freeman, F. | 180 | |||
| Young, W. T. | 1,372 | |||
| Total | 7,522 | 7,495 | 10,781 | 15,248 |
| Wellington East,— | ||||
| Bolton, F. G. | 1,242 | |||
| Brodie, J. | 132 | |||
| McLaren. D. | 2,969 | 3,715 | ||
| Newman, A. K. | 3,371 | 3,780 | ||
| Total | 7,714 | 7,495 | 10,219 | 15,275 |
| Wellington South,— | ||||
| Barber, W. H. P. | 1,264 | |||
| Couzens, A. E. | 185 | |||
| Hindmarsh, A. H. | 2,670 | 3,598 | ||
| Wright, R. A. | 2,974 | 3,344 | ||
| Total | 7,093 | 6,942 | 9,067 | 15,238 |
| Electoral District and Names of Candidates. | Number of Votes recorded. | Number of Electors on Roll. | Population at Census, 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Ballot. | Second Ballot. | |||
| Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts,— | ||||
| Bell, W. H. D. | 2,431 | 3,060 | ||
| Fitzgerald, J. E. | 1,214 | |||
| Luke, J. P. | 1,032 | |||
| Moore, F. T. | 1,273 | 2,661 | ||
| Total | 5,950 | 5,721 | 7,432 | 14,136 |
| Nelson,— | ||||
| Atmore, H. | 2,365 | 3,655 | ||
| Bishop, G. | 379 | |||
| Hampson, W. S. | 570 | |||
| MacMahon, G. | 800 | |||
| Moffatt, W. G. | 1,371 | 2,139 | ||
| Total | 5,985 | 5,794 | 7,436 | 13,287 |
| Wairau,— | ||||
| Duncan, J. | 2,725 | 3,086 | ||
| McCallum, R. | 2,467 | 3,228 | ||
| Wiffen, A. | 1,069 | |||
| Total | 6,261 | 6,314 | 7,509 | 12,926 |
| Motueka,— | ||||
| McKenzie, R. | 2,710 | |||
| Smith, F. W. O. | 1,606 | |||
| Total | 4,316 | .. | 5,917 | 11,503 |
| Buller,— | ||||
| Colvin, J. | 3,143 | |||
| Munro, F. F. | 2,993 | |||
| Total | 6,136 | .. | 7,409 | 12,618 |
| Grey,— | ||||
| Guinness, Sir A. R. | 3,677 | |||
| Webb, P. C. | 2,539 | |||
| Total | 6,216 | .. | 7,623 | 12,658 |
| Westland,— | ||||
| Michel, H. L. | 3,172 | |||
| Seddon, T. E. Y. | 3,443 | |||
| Total | 6,615 | .. | 7,213 | 12,166 |
| Hurunui,— | ||||
| Forbes, G. W. | 2,940 | |||
| Macfarlane, D. D. | 2,001 | |||
| Total | 4,941 | .. | 6,306 | 11,441 |
| Kaiapoi,— | ||||
| Blackwell, J. H. | 1,453 | |||
| Buddo, D. | 2,219 | 3,000 | ||
| Moore, R. | 2,314 | 2,791 | ||
| Total | 5,986 | 5,791 | 6,915 | 11,927 |
| Christchurch North,— | ||||
| Hall, J. D. | 3,612 | 3,878 | ||
| Isitt, L. M. | 4,134 | 4,627 | ||
| Petherick, J. E. | 727 | |||
| Total | 8,473 | 8,505 | 9,907 | 15,225 |
| Christchurch East,— | ||||
| Cooke, F. R. | 418 | |||
| Davey, T. H. | 2,360 | 4,042 | ||
| Hunter, H. | 2,356 | |||
| Thacker, H. T. J. | 2,492 | 2,861 | ||
| Total | 7,626 | 6,903 | 9,155 | 15,189 |
| Christchurch South,— | ||||
| Ell, H. G. | 3,690 | |||
| Howard, E. T. | 540 | |||
| Whiting, G. R. | 3,059 | |||
| Total | 7,289 | .. | 8,701 | 15,172 |
| Lyttelton,— | ||||
| Cook, C. | 2,081 | |||
| Laurenson, G. | 4,160 | |||
| Total | 6,241 | .. | 7,537 | 14,189 |
| Riccarton,— | ||||
| Drummond, T. L. | 162 | |||
| Ensor, C. H. | 2,059 | 2,603 | ||
| Sullivan, D. G. | 1,518 | |||
| Witty, G. | 3,062 | 3,976 | ||
| Total | 6,801 | 6,579 | 8,095 | 14,126 |
| Avon,— | ||||
| Jameson, J. O. | 1,062 | |||
| McCombs, J. | 2,817 | 3,583 | ||
| Russell, G. W. | 3,040 | 3,854 | ||
| Smith, W. R. | 798 | |||
| Total | 7,717 | 7,437 | 8,784 | 15,155 |
| Ellesmere,— | ||||
| Armstrong, G. | 1,519 | |||
| Rhodes, R. H. | 3,100 | |||
| Rowell, F. | 691 | |||
| Total | 5,310 | .. | 6,556 | 11,822 |
| Selwyn,— | ||||
| Dickie, W. J. | 2,734 | |||
| Hardy, C. A. C. | 2,463 | |||
| Total | 5,197 | .. | 6,283 | 11,474 |
| Ashburton.— | ||||
| Kennedy, J. | 1,534 | 2,319 | ||
| Maslin, W. S. | 1,153 | |||
| McLachlan, J. | 418 | |||
| Nosworthy, W. | 2,864 | 3,232 | ||
| Total | 5,969 | 5,551 | 7,084 | 12,025 |
| Temuka,— | ||||
| Armitage, G. W. | 910 | |||
| Buxton, T. | 2,902 | |||
| Jeffries, W. | 1,530 | |||
| Total | 5,342 | .. | 6,482 | 11,575 |
| Electoral District and Names of Candidates. | Number of Votes recorded. | Number of Electors on Roll. | Population at Census, 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Ballot. | Second Ballot. | |||
| Timaru,— | ||||
| Angland, W. | 497 | |||
| Craigie, J. | 3,152 | 3,906 | ||
| Moore, J. H. | 1,923 | 2,680 | ||
| Reader, J. | 1,636 | |||
| Total | 7,208 | 6,586 | 8,592 | 14,298 |
| Waitaki,— | ||||
| Macpherson, J. A. | 1,736 | 2,525 | ||
| Paul, W. G. | 1,572 | |||
| Smith, F. H. | 2,047 | 2,609 | ||
| Total | 5,355 | 5,134 | 6,198 | 11,573 |
| Oamaru,— | ||||
| Duncan, T. Y. | 1,805 | |||
| Lee, E. P. | 3,169 | |||
| Milligan, R. | 1,318 | |||
| Total | 6,292 | .. | 7,194 | 13,392 |
| Otago Central,— | ||||
| Bennetts, J. | 790 | |||
| Mason, W. D. | 1,544 | |||
| Scott, R. | 3,354 | |||
| Total | 5,688 | .. | 6,881 | 12,137 |
| Dunedin North,— | ||||
| Douglas, R. R. | 2,420 | 3,423 | ||
| London, J. | 1,751 | |||
| Thomson, G. M. | 3,797 | 4,182 | ||
| Total | 7,968 | 7,605 | 9,233 | 15,141 |
| Dunedin West,— | ||||
| Bedford, H. D. | 3,635 | 3,822 | ||
| Millar, J. A. | 3,958 | 4,461 | ||
| Munro, J. W. | 778 | |||
| Total | 8,371 | 8,283 | 10,829 | 15,106 |
| Dunedin Central,— | ||||
| Arnold, J. F. | 2,498 | |||
| Macpherson, D. | 1,452 | |||
| Statham, C. E. | 4,042 | |||
| Total | 7,992 | .. | 9,153 | 15,092 |
| Dunedin South,— | ||||
| McManus, J. E. | 3,426 | |||
| Sidey, T. K. | 4,171 | |||
| Total | 7,597 | .. | 8,853 | 15,110 |
| Chalmers,— | ||||
| Clark, E. H. | 2,850 | 3,029 | ||
| Dickson, J. M. | 1,376 | |||
| Johnson, J. T. | 1,476 | 2,703 | ||
| McCarthy, A. P. | 578 | |||
| Total | 6,280 | 5,732 | 7,372 | 13,226 |
| Bruce,— | ||||
| Allen, J. | 3,138 | |||
| McKinlay, P. | 2,463 | |||
| Total | 5,601 | .. | 6,633 | 11,433 |
| Clutha,— | ||||
| Livingstone, G. | 2,246 | |||
| Malcolm, A. S. | 2,621 | |||
| Total | 4,867 | .. | 6,236 | 11,712 |
| Wakatipu,— | ||||
| Fraser, W. | 2,753 | |||
| Horn, J. | 2,482 | |||
| Total | 5,235 | .. | 6,036 | 11,647 |
| Mataura,— | ||||
| Anderson, G. J. | 3,096 | |||
| MacGibbon, J. | 2,239 | |||
| Total | 5,335 | .. | 6,627 | 12,304 |
| Wallace,— | ||||
| Carmichael, A. | 1,190 | |||
| King, J. | 682 | |||
| Thomson, J. C. | 3,152 | |||
| Total | 5,024 | .. | 6,037 | 11,468 |
| Invercargill,— | ||||
| Farrant, H. | 2,043 | |||
| Fleming, T. | 2,104 | 3,069 | ||
| Hanan, J. A. | 3,115 | 3,736 | ||
| Total | 7,262 | 6,805 | 8,645 | 14,645 |
| Awarua,— | ||||
| Hamilton, J. R. | 2,265 | |||
| Morris, W. A. | 152 | |||
| Ward, Sir J. G. | 2,893 | |||
| Total | 5,310 | .. | 6,218 | 11,715 |
(Polling-day, 19th December, 1911; number of polling-places, 377.
Of a Maori population amounting to 49,844 persons at the census of 1911, 11,768 voted at the general election held in December, 1911, a decrease of 4,708 on the number who voted at the election of 1908. This large decrease is due to the fact that contests were held in only three of the four electorates. In 1893 the voters numbered 11,269, or 1,739 persons fewer than in 1896, when 13,008 Maoris recorded their votes, while at the general election held in December, 1899, the number of Maoris who voted was 13,628; in 1902 it was 14,271; in 1905, 16,045; in 1908, 16,365; while in 1911 the number decreased to 11,768.
The number of votes recorded in the several districts for each candidate was:—
| Electoral Districts and Names of Candidates. | Number of Votes recorded for each Candidate. |
|---|---|
| Northern Maori: | |
| Te Rangihiroa | 1,032 |
| Riapo Timoti Puhipi | 627 |
| Jehu Moetara | 500 |
| Wiri Nehua | 455 |
| Hemi te Paa | 414 |
| Herepete Rapihana | 295 |
| Eru Ihaka | 287 |
| Kaka Porowini | 261 |
| Wiremu Tuauru Kowhai | 43 |
| Rehana Netana | 26 |
| Hiurua Tito | 25 |
| Total | 3,965 |
| Eastern Maori: | |
| Apirana Turupa Ngata (unopposed) | |
| Total | |
| Western Maori: | |
| Maui Pomare | 2,464 |
| Henare Kaihau | 1,899 |
| Pepene Eketone | 1,470 |
| Tarapipipi Taingakawa | 581 |
| Ngarangi Katitia | 560 |
| Pomare Heteraka | 19 |
| Total | 6,993 |
| Southern Maori: | |
| Taare Parata | 264 |
| John Hopere Wharewiti Uru | 233 |
| Tahuaroa Karira Watson | 131 |
| Teone Matapura Erihana | 84 |
| James Apes | 80 |
| Haimona Patete | 18 |
| Total | 810 |
| Total number of votes recorded in all Maori Electorates | 11,768 |
A by-election was held in the Egmont Electorate on 17th September, 1912, to fill the seat in the House of Representatives rendered vacant by the resignation of the Hon. T. Mackenzie. Two candidates presented themselves for election, David Lyon Abbott Astbury and Charles Anderson Wilkinson, the latter being returned by a majority of 582 votes. Following are details of the voting:—
| Candidate. | Votes polled. |
|---|---|
| Wilkinson, C. A. | 2,721 |
| Astbury, D. L. A. | 2,139 |
| Informal | 11 |
| Total votes recorded | 4,871 |
The roll prepared for the election contained 6,127 names; the percentage of voters to total number of electors on the roll was thus 79.50.
In consequence of the death of Sir Arthur Guinness on 10th June, 1913, a by-election to fill the vacancy for the Grey seat was rendered necessary. Three candidates were nominated, and the voting resulted as follows:—
| Candidate. | Votes polled. | |
|---|---|---|
| First Ballot. | Second Ballot. | |
| Hannan, Michael | 2,039 | |
| Michel, Henry Leslie | 2,189 | 2,811 |
| Webb, Patrick Charles | 2,091 | 3,477 |
| Total valid votes | 6,319 | 6,288 |
There were, in addition, 21 informal votes at the first ballot and 45 at the second.
The number of electors who recorded their votes at either first or second ballot (or both) was 6,504, or 84.38 per cent. of the total number on the roll (7,708.)
Mr. George Laurenson, member for Lyttelton, died on 19th November, 1913, and a by-election for that seat was held on 9th December. Five candidates were nominated, and Messrs. J. McCombs and M. J. Miller were left to contest the second ballot, Mr. McCombs being elected. The names of the candidates, with the numbers of votes polled, are as follows:—
| Candidate. | Votes polled. | |
|---|---|---|
| First Ballot. | Second Ballot. | |
| Laurenson, James Bain | 922 | |
| McCombs, James | 2,075 | 2,628 |
| Miller, Malcolm James | 1,560 | 2,402 |
| Radcliffe, William | 97 | |
| Thacker, Henry Thomas Joynt. | 263 | |
| Total valid votes | 4,917 | 5,030 |
The number of electors on the roll on the occasion of the Lyttelton by-election was 6,652 (3,542 men and 3,110 women.) Of these, 5,052 (2,704 men and 2,348 women) recorded votes at either first or second ballot or at both.
The occupations of European members show that farmers or run-holders furnish more members than any other class. There were twenty-seven of these returned in 1911. There were eleven barristers or solicitors, and four journalists. The number of members returned in 1902, 1905, 1908, and 1911 was seventy-six, against seventy in 1896 and 1899:—
| Occupations. | 1896. | 1899. | 1902. | 1905. | 1908. | 1911. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Professional— | ||||||
| Scientist | − | − | − | − | 1 | 1 |
| Minister of religion | − | − | − | − | 1 | − |
| Law student | − | − | − | − | 1 | 1 |
| Secretary, Y.M.C.A. | − | − | − | 1 | 1 | − |
| Barrister, solicitor | 5 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 11 |
| Journalist | 9 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
| Mining advocate, interpreter, lecturer, teacher | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | − |
| Chemist | − | − | 1 | 1 | 1 | − |
| Dentist | − | − | − | − | − | 1 |
| Doctor of medicine | − | − | − | − | − | 1 |
| Master mariner | − | − | − | − | − | 1 |
| Instructor technical school | − | − | − | − | − | 1 |
| Domestic— | ||||||
| Hotelkeeper | − | − | 1 | − | − | − |
| Commercial— | ||||||
| Insurance manager | − | − | − | 1 | 1 | − |
| Land-broker, estate agent | − | − | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Auctioneer | 1 | 1 | 2 | − | − | − |
| Director of financial company | − | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | − |
| Native agent | − | 1 | 1 | 1 | − | − |
| Stationer, bookseller, draper, grocer, butcher | 3 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Merchant, iron-merchant, timber-merchant | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
| Storekeeper | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | − |
| Commission agent, clerk, accountant, commercial traveller | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Transport and Communication— | ||||||
| Coach-proprietor | − | − | 1 | − | − | − |
| Occupation. | 1896. | 1899. | 190 | 1905. | 1908. | 1911. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial— | ||||||
| Tailor, shoemaker, dyer | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | — |
| Millowner, ship-rigger, builder, metallurgical engineer, mine-manager | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Railway employee | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | — |
| Blacksmith | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | — |
| Mechanical engineer, engine-driver | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 |
| Painter, sign-writer | — | — | — | — | 1 | 2 |
| Builder and contractor | — | — | — | — | 1 | — |
| Secretary, Workers' Union | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 |
| Printer, newspaper-proprietor | — | — | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Farmer | 11 | 13 | 12 | 16 | 16 | 21 |
| Sheep-farmer, runholder, grazier, stock-owner | 14 | 7 | 9 | 5 | 9 | 6 |
| Brewer | — | — | — | — | — | 1 |
| Contractor | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Others— | ||||||
| Settler, gentleman, &c. | 8 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 6 |
A summary of the population, number of electors on the rolls, and the total number of votes recorded at each of the last seven general elections is next given:—
| Year. | Total Population at Last Census. | Total Number of Electors on Rolls. | Number of Votes recorded. | Total Number of Electors who recorded their Votes. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For Members elected. | For Candidates defeated. | Total. | ||||
* The difference between these totals is owing to the fact that 23,201 persons who voted at the first ballot refrained from doing so on the second occasion, and 4,143 votes were rejected as informal. | ||||||
| 1893 | 626,359 | 302,997 | 153,663 | 149,413 | 303,076 | 220,082 |
| 1896 | 703,119 | 339,230 | 184,929 | 174,475 | 359,404 | 258,254 |
| 1899 | 703,119 | 373,744 | 202,324 | 185,305 | 387,629 | 279,330 |
| 1902 | 772,504 | 415,789 | 235,083 | 181,879 | 416,962 | 318,859 |
| 1905 | 772,504 | 476,473 | 216,378 | 173,811 | 390,189 | 396,657 |
| 1908 | 888,376 | 537,003 | 233,328 | 177,178 | 410,506 | 428,648 |
| 1911 | 1,008,206 | 590,042 | 257,349 | 208,219 | 465,568* | 492,912* |
Previous to the general election of 1905 the cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin each formed a single electorate returning three members, consequently every elector on the rolls of these places could exercise one vote for each of three candidates. The total of votes recorded was therefore greatly in excess of the number of persons who voted. In 1903 these cities were divided into single electorates, each returning one member, so that now in no case may any elector vote for more than one candidate.
In the succeeding table will be found a statement giving the results of each general election since the year 1853 for purposes of European representation.
| GENERAL ELECTIONS FOR EUROPEAN REPRESENTATIVES HELD SINCE THE YEAR 1853. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parliament. | Year of General Election. | Number of Names on Roll of Electors. | Number of Members returned. | Number of Members returned unopposed. | Numbers of Votes recorded (or of Voters recording Votes). | Population at End of Year. | Average Number of | ||
| Persons to each Member. | Persons to each Elector. | Electors to each Member. | |||||||
* Information not obtainable. 1 Including 100, the estimated number in Akazoa district, for which there is no return. 2 Including 800, the estimated number in the electorates of Town of New Plymouth, Grey and Bell, and Omata, for which districts there are no returns. 3 Electors for the Electoral District of “The Otago Goldfields” not included. 4 Men and women. 5 Voters recording votes. | |||||||||
| First | 1853 | 1 5,934 | 37 | * | * | 30,000 | 811 | 5.1 | 160 |
| Second | 1855 | 2 10,324 | 37 | * | * | 37,192 | 1,005 | 3.6 | 279 |
| Third | 1861 | 13,466 | 53 | * | * | 79,711 | 1,504 | 5.9 | 254 |
| Fourth | 1866 | 3 33,338 | 72 | * | * | 190,607 | 2,647 | 5.7 | 463 |
| Fifth | 1871 | 47,275 | 74 | * | * | 248,400 | 3,357 | 5.3 | 639 |
| Sixth | 1875 | 61,755 | 84 | * | * | 375,856 | 4,474 | 6.1 | 735 |
| Seventh | 1879 | 82,271 | 84 | 14 | 43,776 | 463,729 | 5,521 | 5.6 | 979 |
| Eighth | 1881 | 120,972 | 91 | 11 | 69,985 | 500,910 | 5,505 | 4.1 | 1,329 |
| Ninth | 1884 | 137,686 | 91 | 11 | 74,672 | 564,304 | 6,201 | 4.1 | 1,513 |
| Tenth | 1887 | 175,410 | 91 | 5 | 111,911 | 603,361 | 6,630 | 3.4 | 1,928 |
| Eleventh | 1890 | 183,171 | 70 | 6 | 136,337 | 625,508 | 8,936 | 3.4 | 2,617 |
| Twelfth | 1893 | 4302,997 | 70 | 3 | 4 5220,082 | 672,265 | 9,604 | 2.2 | 4,328 |
| Thirteenth | 1896 | 4339,230 | 70 | .. | 4 5258,254 | 714,162 | 10,202 | 2.1 | 4,853 |
| Fourteenth | 1899 | 4373,744 | 70 | 3 | 4 5279,330 | 756,505 | 10,807 | 2.0 | 5,339 |
| Fifteenth | 1902 | 4415,789 | 76 | .. | 4 5318,859 | 807,929 | 10,631 | 1.9 | 5,471 |
| Sixteenth | 1905 | 4476,473 | 76 | .. | 4 5396,657 | 882,462 | 11,611 | 1.9 | 6,269 |
| Seventeenth | 1908 | 4537,003 | 76 | .. | 4 5428,648 | 960,642 | 12,640 | 1.8 | 7,066 |
| Eighteenth | 1911 | 4590,042 | 76 | 1 | 4 5492,912 | 1,025,406 | 13,492 | 1.7 | 7,764 |
Table of Contents
THE total number of persons engaged in or connected with the sale or manufacture of wine, spirits, beer, cordials, &c., was returned at the census of 1911 as under:—
| Occupation. | Males. | Females. | Persons. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hotelkeeper | 1,207 | 166 | 1,373 |
| Relative assisting | 64 | 1,131 | 1,195 |
| Manager, clerk | 124 | 50 | 174 |
| Hotel servant | 2,036 | 2,643 | 4,679 |
| Manager, secretary, steward, servant of club-house | 259 | 34 | 293 |
| Barman, barmaid | 500 | 543 | 1,043 |
| Wine, spirits, ale, merchant | 64 | 1 | 65 |
| Assistant | 23 | .. | 23 |
| Clerk, book-keeper, accountant, traveller, storeman, carter | 137 | .. | 137 |
| Cordial, &c., merchant, salesman | 2 | .. | 2 |
| Brewer, bottler | 119 | 1 | 120 |
| Manager, clerk, traveller | 135 | 6 | 141 |
| Relative assisting, apprentice | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Cellarman, assistant, carter, &c. | 581 | 1 | 582 |
| Maltster and assistant | 121 | .. | 121 |
| Winemaker, bottler | 8 | .. | 8 |
| Cordial, &c., maker | 260 | 4 | 264 |
| Clerk, book-keeper, traveller, assistant | 372 | 10 | 382 |
| Relative assisting | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| Totals | 6,025 | 4,591 | 10,616 |
During the year ended the 31st March, 1913, 1,869 licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors were granted. Of these, 1,218 were publicans' and accommodation licenses, 5 New Zealand wine, 61 packet, 158 wholesale, and 427 conditional licenses. The fees paid amounted to £42,456, and formed part of the revenue of the local governing bodies of the districts in which the licenses were issued. Particulars are given in the following table:—
| NUMBER OF LICENSES GRANTED DURING THE YEAR 1912–13, AND THE AMOUNT OF FEES PAID TO LOCAL BODIES THEREFOR. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Licenses. | In Counties. | In Boroughs. | In Town Districts. | Total. |
| Publicans' licenses | 404 | 592 | 32 | 1,028 |
| Accommodation licenses | 190 | .. | .. | 190 |
| Total licensed houses | 594 | 592 | 32 | 1,218 |
| New Zealand wine licenses | .. | 5 | .. | 5 |
| Packet licenses | 6 | 55 | .. | 61 |
| Wholesale licenses | 7 | 149 | 2 | 158 |
| Conditional licenses | 331 | 93 | 3 | 427 |
| Total licenses granted | 938 | 894 | 37 | 1,869 |
| Amount of license fees paid to local bodies | £13,495 | £27,670 | £1,291 | £42,456 |
The average number of persons to each licensed house in counties, boroughs, and town districts respectively for 1912–13 is next shown:—
| Number of Licensed Houses.* | Estimated Population. | Number of Persons to each Licensed House. | |
|---|---|---|---|
* I.e., houses holding publicans' or accommodation licenses. † Including only such districts as do not form part of counties. | |||
| Counties | 594 | 469,000 | 790 |
| Boroughs | 592 | 549,000 | 927 |
| Town districts† | 32 | 20,000 | 626 |
| Totals | 1,218 | 1,038,000 | 852 |
In 1911–12 the number of licensed houses in counties was 617, those in boroughs 590, and those in town districts 28, giving a total of 1,235 houses, 17 more than in 1912–13. The average number of persons to a licensed house increased from 824 in 1911–12 to 852 in 1912–13.
The annual fees paid for licenses are—
| (1.) For a publican's license—£ | |
|---|---|
* Between the hours of six in the morning and ten at night. For an eleven-o'clock license an additional £5 must be paid. | |
| (a.) Within the limits of a borough or town district | 40* |
| (b.) Outside the aforesaid limits | 25 |
| (2) For a New Zealand wine license | 1 |
| (3) For an accommodation license, a sum to be determined by the Licensing Committee, not exceeding | 20 |
| (4.) For a packet license— | |
| (a.) For a vessel exceeding 50 tons register | 10 |
| (b.) For a vessel not exceeding 50 tons register | 5 |
| (5.) For a wholesale license | 20 |
| (6.) For a conditional license, according to duration of license, a sum not exceeding | 30 |
The approximate capital value of the licensed houses in the counties was stated at £686,838, in certain of the boroughs at £1,337,624, and in the town districts at £75,290. There was, besides, an annual value of £120,706 for other licensed houses in the boroughs, which, capitalized at 6 per cent., would represent £2,011,767. The capital value of all licensed houses would therefore be about £4,111,519.
During 1913 there were 158 convictions (all of males) against publicans and 2,291 convictions (2,104 of males and 187 of females) against others for breaches of the licensing laws.
There were 207 charges of selling liquor without a license (including storing liquor for sale) investigated in 1913 in the Magistrates' Courts with the following results: 29 were discharged for want of prosecution or want of evidence, 57 dismissed on the merits, and 121 convicted.
The fines imposed on sly-grog sellers during 1913 amounted to £1,714, as against £1,440 in 1912.
Each electoral district constituted in New Zealand for the election of a member of the House of Representatives is a licensing district, and electors for the House of Representatives are also electors under the licensing laws. Three of the electorates in the four chief centres, Auckland (East, Central, and West), Wellington (North, Central, and East), Christchurch (North, East, and South), and Dunedin (North, Central, and West) in each case form one electorate for the purpose of taking a local-option poll.
The local no-license and national prohibition polls are taken on the same day as the general election of members of the House of Representatives.
At every licensing poll there is submitted for the determination of the electors of every licensing district (other than a no-license district) the question whether licenses shall continue in that district.
The method of determining the result of the poll in each district by the Returning Officer is as follows:—
If the number of votes recorded in favour of the continuance of existing licenses is an absolute majority of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is deemed to be carried, and the licenses continue until the next poll, subject to certain provisions in special cases.
If the number of votes recorded in favour of the proposal that no license shall be granted is not less than three-fifths of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is declared to be carried.
If neither of the proposals respecting licenses is carried by the prescribed majority, the licenses continue as they are until next poll, subject to certain provisions in special cases.
If, as the result of a previous decision, there be no licenses existing in a district, the questions submitted to the electors of such district shall be whether licenses be restored or not restored, but a three-fifths majority in favour of restoration is needed in order to carry that issue.
When the population of any riding or county in which the Counties Act, 1908, is in force, or any road district outside of any such county, has suddenly increased in a large degree, and a petition signed by not less than 100 residents thereof, has been presented to the Governor praying that power be granted to the Licensing Committee to issue publicans' licenses, the Governor may, unless the determination of the electors has been previously made that no licenses shall be granted, by Order in Council grant such authority, and thereupon publicans' licenses may be granted in the said riding or road district, at the ratio of one licensed house to every 700 persons residing within a radius of two miles from such licensed house.
The Licensing Act now in force provides for a poll to be taken on the question of national prohibition, in addition to the local option poll. If the total number of votes recorded in favour of national prohibition is not less than three-fifths of the total number of the votes so recorded throughout New Zealand, the determination of the electors shall be deemed to be in favour of national prohibition; and this determination shall, when it comes into force, supersede the determination of the electors of any licensing district. Any such determination in favour of national prohibition shall come into force on the expiration of four years after the date of the general election on which the licensing polls were taken, and shall remain in force until superseded by a determination of the electors in favour of restoration.
The first poll on national prohibition was taken in 1911, when nearly 56 per cent. of the valid votes recorded were in favour of the proposal. Detailed results are given further on in this section.
The Act further provides that at the first general election of members of Parliament held after the expiration of three years from the day of the coming into force of the determination of the electors in favour of national prohibition, and at every general election thereafter so long as that determination remains in force, a licensing poll shall be taken, and at that poll there shall be submitted to the electors of each licensing district the question whether licenses shall be restored in the Dominion. If the result of the polls is that the total number of votes recorded in favour of the proposal that licenses be restored is not less than three-fifths of all the votes recorded, then that proposal shall be deemed to be carried. Any determination in favour of restoration shall come into force on the expiration of three months after the poll has been taken.
Under the Licensing Amendment Act of 1910 no female is permitted to serve in any capacity in the bar of any licensed premises while the bar is open for the sale of liquor, with the exception of (a) the wife, sister, or daughter of the licensee; (b) the licensee, being a woman; (c) any person registered as a barmaid. The Barmaids Registration Act, 1912, prohibits the employment of unregistered barmaids in private as well as in public bars. Under the latter Act registration of barmaids cannot be effected after 1st June, 1913.
The local option poll taken on 7th December, 1911, did not result in any alteration of the position in licensing districts. No-license was not carried in any license district, nor was restoration carried in any no-license district. The details of the voting were as follows:—
| District. | Number of Electors on Roll. | Number of Voters who recorded Votes (including Informal). | For Continuance. | For No-license. | Number of Valid Votes recorded. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men. | Women. | Total. | |||||
| License Districts. | |||||||
| Bay of Islands | 6,522 | 3,790 | 1,426 | 5,216 | 2,438 | 2,618 | 5,056 |
| Marsden | 7,064 | 3,419 | 2,345 | 5,764 | 2,460 | 3,156 | 5,616 |
| Kaipara | 6,300 | 3,356 | 1,957 | 5,313 | 2,304 | 2,618 | 4,922 |
| Waitemata | 8,809 | 3,846 | 3,743 | 7,589 | 3,266 | 3,856 | 7,122 |
| Auckland | 28,545 | 12,127 | 10,269 | 22,396 | 11,409 | 10,481 | 21,890 |
| Parnell | 10,011 | 4,114 | 4,482 | 8,596 | 3,961 | 4,037 | 7,998 |
| Manukau | 8,924 | 3,597 | 3,561 | 7,158 | 3,038 | 3,899 | 6,937 |
| Franklin | 7,010 | 3,165 | 2,476 | 5,641 | 2,459 | 3,047 | 5,506 |
| Raglan | 6,572 | 3,338 | 2,227 | 5,565 | 2,192 | 3,065 | 5,257 |
| Thames | 6,702 | 3,292 | 2,342 | 5,634 | 2,767 | 2,717 | 5,484 |
| Tauranga | 7,236 | 3,426 | 2,332 | 5,758 | 2,769 | 2,810 | 5,579 |
| Waikato | 7,821 | 3,706 | 2,985 | 6,691 | 2,939 | 3,571 | 6,510 |
| Bay of Plenty | 7,822 | 4,143 | 1,741 | 5,884 | 3,068 | 2,622 | 5,690 |
| Taumarunui | 6,788 | 3,687 | 1,709 | 5,396 | 2,972 | 2,247 | 5,219 |
| Gisborne | 9,050 | 4,068 | 2,744 | 6,812 | 3,422 | 3,260 | 6,682 |
| Hawke's Bay | 8,818 | 4,764 | 2,578 | 7,342 | 3,738 | 2,874 | 6,612 |
| Napier | 8,416 | 3,748 | 3,167 | 6,915 | 3,735 | 2,958 | 6,693 |
| Waipawa | 7,725 | 3,552 | 2,751 | 6,303 | 3,043 | 3,067 | 6,110 |
| Pahiatua | 6,323 | 3,226 | 2,316 | 5,542 | 2,542 | 2,572 | 5,114 |
| Wairarapa | 6,831 | 3,533 | 2,421 | 5,954 | 3,321 | 2,511 | 5,832 |
| Stratford | 6,557 | 3,412 | 2,216 | 5,628 | 2,578 | 2,825 | 5,403 |
| Taranaki | 7,163 | 3,238 | 3,056 | 6,294 | 2,849 | 3,161 | 6,010 |
| Egmont | 6,672 | 3,357 | 2,397 | 5,754 | 2,510 | 2,959 | 5,469 |
| Patea | 7,483 | 3,496 | 2,654 | 6,150 | 2,754 | 3,163 | 5,917 |
| Wanganui | 8,871 | 3,962 | 3,756 | 7,718 | 3,574 | 3,625 | 7,199 |
| Waimarino | 8,104 | 4,018 | 2,049 | 6,067 | 3,520 | 2,055 | 5,575 |
| Oroua | 7,006 | 2,998 | 2,351 | 5,349 | 2,541 | 2,674 | 5,216 |
| Rangitikei | 6,977 | 3,170 | 2,292 | 5,462 | 2,819 | 2,417 | 5,236 |
| Palmerston | 7,951 | 3,483 | 3,332 | 6,815 | 3,479 | 3,113 | 6,592 |
| Otaki | 6,485 | 3,335 | 2,191 | 5,526 | 2,652 | 2,447 | 5,099 |
| Hutt | 8,248 | 3,643 | 3,253 | 6,896 | 3,616 | 3,146 | 6,762 |
| Wellington | 31,654 | 12,283 | 11,720 | 24,003 | 12,565 | 10,111 | 22,676 |
| Nelson | 7,436 | 8,142 | 3,174 | 6,316 | 3,099 | 2,742 | 5,841 |
| Motueka | 5,917 | 2,736 | 1,605 | 4,341 | 2,457 | 1,794 | 4,251 |
| Buller | 7,409 | 3,824 | 2,347 | 6,171 | 2,884 | 3,142 | 6,026 |
| Grey | 7,623 | 3,650 | 2,637 | 6,287 | 3,546 | 2,547 | 6,093 |
| Westland | 7,213 | 4,110 | 2,564 | 6,656 | 4,066 | 2,291 | 6,357 |
| Wairau | 7,509 | 3,727 | 2,926 | 6,653 | 3,480 | 2,625 | 6,105 |
| Hurunui | 6,306 | 3,077 | 1,915 | 4,992 | 2,940 | 1,911 | 4,851 |
| Kaiapoi | 6,915 | 3,320 | 2,950 | 6,270 | 2,821 | 3,026 | 5,847 |
| Christchurch | 27,763 | 11,543 | 12,794 | 24,337 | 12,073 | 11,073 | 23,146 |
| Riccarton | 8,095 | 3,588 | 3,471 | 7,059 | 3,509 | 3,140 | 6,649 |
| Avon | 8,784 | 3,813 | 4,202 | 8,015 | 3,841 | 3,736 | 7,577 |
| Lyttelton | 7,537 | 3,350 | 2,970 | 6,320 | 3,216 | 2,961 | 6,177 |
| Ellesmere | 6,556 | 3,001 | 2,393 | 5,394 | 2,730 | 2,461 | 5,191 |
| Selwyn | 6,283 | 3,101 | 2,134 | 5,235 | 2,859 | 2,266 | 5,125 |
| Timaru | 8,592 | 3,769 | 3,670 | 7,439 | 3,402 | 3,755 | 7,157 |
| Temuka | 6,482 | 3,067 | 2,321 | 5,388 | 2,683 | 2,548 | 5,231 |
| Waitaki | 6,198 | 3,224 | 2,370 | 5,594 | 2,659 | 2,616 | 5,275 |
| Otago Central | 6,881 | 3,404 | 2,324 | 5,728 | 2,858 | 2,725 | 5,583 |
| Dunedin | 29,258 | 11,647 | 13,332 | 24,979 | 11,750 | 12,366 | 24,116 |
| Dunedin South | 8,853 | 4,003 | 3,770 | 7,773 | 3,809 | 3,833 | 7,642 |
| Chalmers | 7,372 | 3,336 | 3,186 | 6,522 | 2,743 | 3,457 | 6,200 |
| Wakatipu | 6,036 | 3,259 | 2,000 | 5,259 | 3,060 | 2,025 | 5,085 |
| Wallace | 6,037 | 3,179 | 1,916 | 5,095 | 2,650 | 2,283 | 4,933 |
| Awarua | 6,218 | 3,147 | 2,245 | 5,392 | 2,588 | 2,633 | 5,221 |
| Total | 499,733 | 230,309 | 186,037 | 416,346 | 205,023 | 193,638 | 398,661 |
| No-license Districts. | |||||||
| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | For Restoration. | For Non-restoration. | |
| Eden | 8,150 | 3,409 | 3,277 | 6,686 | 2,012 | 4,511 | 6,523 |
| Grey Lynn | 8,536 | 3,618 | 3,800 | 7,418 | 2,031 | 4,768 | 6,799 |
| Ohinemuri | 7,413 | 3,657 | 2,615 | 6,272 | 3,073 | 2,958 | 6,031 |
| Masterton | 7,292 | 3,297 | 3,087 | 6,384 | 3,044 | 2,875 | 5,919 |
| Wellington South | 9,067 | 3,656 | 3,801 | 7,457 | 3,035 | 3,979 | 7,014 |
| Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts | 7,432 | 3,244 | 3,029 | 6,273 | 2,548 | 3,305 | 5,853 |
| Ashburton | 7,084 | 3,443 | 2,748 | 6,191 | 3,175 | 2,709 | 5,884 |
| Oamaru | 7,194 | 3,223 | 3,125 | 6,348 | 2,890 | 3,295 | 6,185 |
| Bruce | 6,633 | 3,080 | 2,585 | 5,665 | 2,381 | 3,179 | 5,560 |
| Clutha | 6,236 | 2,937 | 1,951 | 4,888 | 2,067 | 2,723 | 4,790 |
| Mataura | 6,627 | 3,304 | 2,067 | 5,371 | 2,402 | 2,828 | 5,230 |
| Invercargill | 8,645 | 3,877 | 3,736 | 7,613 | 3,344 | 3,888 | 7,232 |
| Total | 90,309 | 40,745 | 35,821 | 76,566 | 32,002 | 41,018 | 73,020 |
| Grand totals | 590,042 | 271,054 | 221,858 | 492,912 | 237,025 | 234,656 | 471,681 |
From the foregoing table it will be seen that 205,023 votes were recorded in favour of continuing existing licenses—not including twelve districts, Eden, Grey Lynn, Ohinemuri, Masterton, Wellington South, Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts, Ashburton, Oamaru, Bruce, Clutha, Mataura, and Invercargill, where 32,002 votes were recorded for the restoration of the licenses cancelled at the polls taken in previous years. The number of votes cast for no-license was 234,656 (including 41,018 votes cast for non-restoration in no-license districts).
No-license was not carried in any of the fifty-six license districts, and in the twelve districts where no-license was in force non-restoration was carried. In twenty-five (thirty-eight in 1908) districts —Bay of Islands, Marsden, Kaipara, Waitemata, Parnell, Manukau, Franklin, Raglan, Waikato, Tauranga, Waipawa, Pahiatua, Stratford, Taranaki, Egmont, Patea, Wanganui, Oroua, Buller, Kaiapoi, Timaru, Dunedin, Dunedin South, Chalmers, and Awarua —a majority of the votes polled was for no-license, but not in sufficient numbers to make up the three-fifths required to carry that issue. Of the total number who voted (492,912, including those whose votes were informal), 271,054, or 54.99 per cent. were men and 221,858, or 45.01 per cent., were women. Compared with the polling in the year 1908, this shows a numerical increase of 35,500, or 15.07 per cent., on the part of the men, and 35,459, or 19.02 per cent., on the part of the women.
A comparison for the years 1896, 1899, 1902, 1905, 1908, and 1911 of the votes recorded and the number of persons who went to the poll is shown in the next table:—
| Year. | Number of Persons on Rolls. | Number of Persons who recorded Votes (including informal). | Votes recorded for | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Totals. | Continuance | Reduction | No License. | ||
* NOTE.—Reduction issue was not submitted to electors in 1911. | |||||||
| 1896 | 339,230 | 151,235 | 108,663 | 259,898 | 139,580 | 94,555 | 98,312 |
| 1899 | 373,744 | 163,006 | 122,419 | 285,425 | 143,961 | 109,450 | 120,542 |
| 1902 | 415,789 | 180,294 | 138,565 | 318,859 | 148,449 | 132,240 | 151,524 |
| 1905 | 476,473 | 221,674 | 174,743 | 396,417 | 182,884 | 151,057 | 198,768 |
| 1908 | 537,003 | 235,554 | 186,399 | 421,953 | 188,140 | 162,562 | 221,471 |
| 1911 | 590,042 | 271,054 | 221,858 | 492,912 | 237,025 | *— | 234,656 |
The increases in the number of votes recorded for no-license or reduction up to the year 1908 are prominent features in the above table, while the figures for the 1911 poll shows a majority for continuance of 2,369.
The table following shows the districts in which no-license has been carried, with particulars of votes for no-license and continuance (omitting votes for reduction), and of votes for and against the restoration of licenses at subsequent polls.
| District. | No-license carried. | Voting on Restoration Issue at subsequent Polls. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Votes for. | Votes against. | 1905. | 1908. | 1911. | ||||
| For. | Against. | For. | Against. | For. | Against. | ||||
NOTE. —The voting for restoration in Clutha in 1896 was 1,618 for and 1,989 against; in 1899, 1,393 for and 2,170 against; in 1902, 1,368 for and 2,245 against. | |||||||||
| Clutha | 1893 | 1,642 | 487 | 1,495 | 2,536 | 981 | 1,839 | 2,067 | 2,723 |
| Ashburton | 1902 | 2,870 | 1,734 | 2,663 | 2,458 | 3,085 | 2,636 | 3,175 | 2,709 |
| Mataura | 1902 | 2,939 | 1,877 | 2,048 | 2,995 | 2,013 | 2,544 | 2,402 | 2,828 |
| Grey Lynn | 1905 | 3,426 | 1,941 | .. | .. | 2,050 | 5,076 | 2,031 | 4,768 |
| Oamaru | 1905 | 3,142 | 1,818 | .. | .. | 1,946 | 2,849 | 2,890 | 3,295 |
| Invercargill | 1905 | 3,409 | 2,573 | .. | .. | 2,394 | 3,046 | 3,344 | 3,888 |
| Eden | 1908 | 4,057 | 2,249 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,012 | 4,511 |
| Ohinemuri | 1908 | 3,333 | 2,035 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3,073 | 2,958 |
| Masterton | 1908 | 3,287 | 2,111 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3,044 | 2,875 |
| Wellington South | 1908 | 4,054 | 2,241 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3,035 | 3,979 |
| Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts | 1908 | 4,334 | 2,448 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,548 | 3,305 |
| Bruce | 1908 | 2,988 | 1,872 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,381 | 3,179 |
In addition to the above districts which declared for no-license at the periods stated, the following districts carried the no-license issue in 1902, but the polls were subsequently declared void: Newtown (Wellington South)—For continuance, 1,869; for no-license, 2,995. Chalmers—For continuance, 1,676; for no-license, 2,773. Bruce—For continuance, 1,525; for no-license, 2,372.
In addition to “local no-license,” the question was submitted to the determination of the electors in 1911 whether “national prohibition” should come into force throughout the Dominion, and the following table shows the detailed result:—
| District. | Number of Electors on Roll. | Number of Voters who recorded Votes (including Informal). | Against National Prohibition. | For National Prohibition. | Number. of Valid Votes recorded. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men. | Women. | Total. | |||||
| License Districts. | |||||||
| Bay of Islands | 6,522 | 3,790 | 1,426 | 5,216 | 2,074 | 2,967 | 5,041 |
| Marsden | 7,064 | 3,419 | 2,345 | 5,764 | 2,158 | 3,438 | 5,596 |
| Kaipara | 6,300 | 3,356 | 1,957 | 5,313 | 1,995 | 2,859 | 4,854 |
| Waitemata | 8,809 | 3,846 | 3,743 | 7,589 | 2,970 | 4,065 | 7,035 |
| Auckland | 28,545 | 12,127 | 10,269 | 22,396 | 10,297 | 11,283 | 21,580 |
| Parneil | 10,011 | 4,114 | 4,482 | 8,596 | 3,701 | 4,162 | 7,863 |
| Manukau | 8,924 | 3,597 | 3,561 | 7,158 | 2,845 | 4,002 | 6,847 |
| Franklin | 7,010 | 3,165 | 2,476 | 5,641 | 2,336 | 3,095 | 5,431 |
| Raglan | 6,572 | 3,338 | 2,227 | 5,565 | 1,918 | 3,272 | 5,190 |
| Thames | 6,702 | 3,292 | 2,342 | 5,634 | 2,353 | 3,070 | 5,423 |
| Tauranga | 7,236 | 3,426 | 2,332 | 5,758 | 2,302 | 3,201 | 5,503 |
| Waikato | 7,821 | 3,706 | 2,986 | 6,691 | 2,488 | 3,977 | 6,465 |
| Bay of Plenty | 7,822 | 4,143 | 1,741 | 5,884 | 2,353 | 3,259 | 5,612 |
| Taumarunui | 6,788 | 3,687 | 1,709 | 5,396 | 2,596 | 2,623 | 5,219 |
| Gisborne | 9,050 | 4,068 | 2,744 | 6,812 | 2,850 | 3,753 | 6,603 |
| Hawke's Bay | 8,818 | 4,764 | 2,578 | 7,342 | 2,908 | 3,642 | 6,550 |
| Napier | 8,416 | 3,748 | 3,167 | 6,915 | 3,023 | 3,618 | 6,641 |
| Waipawa | 7,725 | 3,552 | 2,751 | 6,303 | 2,457 | 3,595 | 6,052 |
| Pahiatua | 6,323 | 3,226 | 2,316 | 5,542 | 2,076 | 2,969 | 5,045 |
| Wairarapa | 6,831 | 3,533 | 2,421 | 5,954 | 2,902 | 2,794 | 5,696 |
| Stratford | 6,557 | 3,412 | 2,216 | 5,628 | 2,114 | 3,282 | 5,396 |
| Taranaki | 7,163 | 3,238 | 3,056 | 6,294 | 2,347 | 3,639 | 5,986 |
| Egmont | 6,672 | 3,357 | 2,397 | 5,754 | 1,937 | 3,513 | 5,450 |
| Patea | 7,483 | 3,496 | 2,654 | 6,150 | 2,209 | 3,659 | 5,868 |
| Wanganui | 8,871 | 3,962 | 3,756 | 7,718 | 2,945 | 4,208 | 7,153 |
| Waimarino | 8,104 | 4,018 | 2,049 | 6,067 | 2,777 | 2,684 | 5,461 |
| Oroua | 7,006 | 2,998 | 2,351 | 5,349 | 2,042 | 3,115 | 5,157 |
| Rangitikei | 6,977 | 3,170 | 2,292 | 5,462 | 2,324 | 2,850 | 5,174 |
| Palmerston | 7,951 | 3,483 | 3,332 | 6,815 | 2,848 | 3,716 | 6,564 |
| Otaki | 6,485 | 3,335 | 2,191 | 5,526 | 2,197 | 2,812 | 5,009 |
| Hutt | 8,248 | 3,643 | 3,253 | 6,896 | 3,014 | 3,661 | 6,675 |
| Wellington | 31,654 | 12,283 | 11,720 | 24,003 | 11,086 | 11,243 | 22,329 |
| Nelson | 7,436 | 3,142 | 3,174 | 6,316 | 2,776 | 2,877 | 5,653 |
| Motueka | 5,917 | 2,736 | 1,605 | 4,341 | 2,104 | 2,040 | 4,144 |
| Buller | 7,409 | 3,824 | 2,347 | 6,171 | 2,296 | 3,609 | 5,905 |
| Grey | 7,623 | 3,650 | 2,637 | 6,287 | 2,801 | 3,237 | 6,038 |
| Westland | 7,213 | 4,110 | 2,546 | 6,656 | 3,186 | 3,037 | 6,223 |
| Wairau | 7,509 | 3,727 | 2,926 | 6,653 | 3,027 | 2,939 | 5,966 |
| Hurunui | 6,306 | 3,077 | 1,915 | 4,992 | 2,506 | 2,211 | 4,717 |
| Kaiapoi | 6,915 | 3,320 | 2,950 | 6,270 | 2,512 | 3,243 | 5,755 |
| Christchurch | 27,763 | 11,543 | 12,794 | 24,337 | 10,668 | 12,268 | 22,936 |
| Riccarton | 8,095 | 3,588 | 3,471 | 7,059 | 3,061 | 3,477 | 6,538 |
| Avon | 8,784 | 3,813 | 4,202 | 8,015 | 3,288 | 4,214 | 7,502 |
| Lyttelton | 7,537 | 3,350 | 2,970 | 6,320 | 2,886 | 3,203 | 6,089 |
| Ellesmere | 6,556 | 3,001 | 2,393 | 5,394 | 2,480 | 2,597 | 5,077 |
| Selwyn | 6,283 | 3,101 | 2,134 | 5,235 | 2,540 | 2,503 | 5,043 |
| Timaru | 8,592 | 3,769 | 3,670 | 7,439 | 2,867 | 4,147 | 7,014 |
| Temuka | 6,482 | 3,067 | 2,321 | 5,388 | 2,251 | 2,847 | 5,098 |
| Waitaki | 6,198 | 3,224 | 2,370 | 5,594 | 2,321 | 2,893 | 5,214 |
| Otago Central | 6,881 | 3,404 | 2,324 | 5,728 | 2,453 | 3,038 | 5,491 |
| Dunedin | 29,258 | 11,647 | 13,332 | 24,979 | 10,170 | 13,621 | 23,791 |
| Dunedin South | 8,853 | 4,003 | 3,770 | 7,773 | 3,314 | 4,220 | 7,534 |
| Chalmers | 7,372 | 3,336 | 3,186 | 6,522 | 2,345 | 3,767 | 6,112 |
| Wakatipu | 6,036 | 3,259 | 2,000 | 5,259 | 2,569 | 2,449 | 5,018 |
| Wallace | 6,037 | 3,179 | 1,916 | 5,095 | 2,168 | 2,673 | 4,841 |
| Awarua | 6,218 | 3,147 | 2,245 | 5,392 | 2,167 | 2,950 | 5,117 |
| Totals | 499,733 | 230,309 | 185,764 | 416,346 | 175,198 | 218,086 | 393,284 |
| No-license Districts. | |||||||
| Eden | 8,150 | 3,409 | 3,277 | 6,686 | 2,074 | 4,384 | 6,458 |
| Grey Lynn | 8,536 | 3,618 | 3,800 | 7,418 | 1,978 | 4,782 | 6,760 |
| Ohinemuri | 7,413 | 3,657 | 2,615 | 6,272 | 2,687 | 3,266 | 5,953 |
| Masterton | 7,292 | 3,297 | 3,087 | 6,384 | 2,764 | 3,062 | 5,826 |
| Wellington South | 9,067 | 3,656 | 3,801 | 7,457 | 2,774 | 4,189 | 6,963 |
| Wellington Suburbs and Country District | 7,432 | 3,244 | 3,029 | 6,273 | 2,460 | 3,374 | 5,834 |
| Ashburton | 7,084 | 3,443 | 2,748 | 6,191 | 2,986 | 2,795 | 5,781 |
| Oamaru | 7,194 | 3,223 | 3,125 | 6,348 | 2,760 | 3,365 | 6,125 |
| Bruce | 6,633 | 3,080 | 2,858 | 5,665 | 2,421 | 3,069 | 5,490 |
| Clutha | 6,236 | 2,937 | 1,951 | 4,888 | 2,019 | 2,742 | 4,761 |
| Mataura | 6,627 | 3,304 | 2,067 | 5,371 | 2,320 | 2,888 | 5,208 |
| Invercargill | 8,645 | 3,877 | 3,736 | 7,613 | 3,220 | 3,941 | 7,161 |
| Totals | 90,309 | 40,745 | 36,094 | 76,566 | 30,463 | 41,857 | 72,320 |
| Grand totals | 590,042 | 271,054 | 221,858 | 492,912 | 205,661 | 259,943 | 465,604 |
Of the 465,604 valid votes recorded, 259,943, or 55.83 per cent., were cast for, and 205,661, or 44.17 per cent., against national prohibition.
A comparison with the local option poll shows that 31,364 more votes were cast for continuance than against national prohibition, and 25,287 more votes were recorded for national prohibition than for local no-license.
Table of Contents
THE total trade of New Zealand grew steadily in volume until 1905, in which year it amounted to £28,484,804. In 1906 there was a rise of nearly five million pounds, and in 1907 a further rise of three million pounds. The following year saw a big decline, but in 1910 the value rose to £39,231,792, falling however in 1911 to £38,574,369. There was another considerable increase in 1912, in which year the value of the total trade amounted to £42,747,155. A further increase of more than £3,500,000 in 1913 made the total for that year £45,275,024, the highest yet recorded, the total for 1912 being the second highest on record. The value of imports in 1913 was more than that for 1912 by £1,311,728, or 6.25 per cent. Exports increased by £1,216,141, equal to 5.59 per cent.
The balance of trade (excluding specie) for the year 1913 stands as follows:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Exports (excluding specie) | 22,810,363 |
| Imports | 21,653,632 |
| Excess of exports | 1,156,731 |
The movement of specie during the same period resulted in a considerable balance on the import side.
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Specie imported, 1913 | 634,670 |
| Specie exported 1913 | 176,359 |
| Balance of imports | 458,311 |
The period for which New Zealand trade statistics are compiled embraces part of two seasons' wool clips, and therefore the figures do not exhibit the full effect of fluctuations in prices of this staple for one season as compared with another. Although the year ending 31st March does not cover the whole season's export, it nevertheless includes the greater portion. Excluding specie (£650,140 in 1912–13 and £474,540 in 1913–14) the imports for the year ended 31st March, 1913, amounted to £21,311,998, and for the year ended 31st March, 1914, to £21,835,139, an increase of £523,141. Exports for the same periods amounted to £22,643,594 and £23,442,438 respectively, 1913–14 showing an increase of £798,844 as compared with 1912–13. Specie exported in 1912–13 amounted to £403,555, and in 1913–14 to £32,611.
Reference to the graph which follows will show the great expansion of trade of the Dominion, especially of late years. The value of the total trade has risen from £14,950,353 in 1895 to £45,275,024 in 1913.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height one million pounds sterling. The total trade is shown in the upper thick curve, the lower curve shows the exports, and the thin curve the imports.
The figures for the last ten years are as shown in the table following. Each of the ten years, except 1908, shows a balance in favour of exports.
| Year. | Total Trade. | Imports. | Exports. | Imports (excluding Specie). | Exports (excluding Specie). | Excess of Exports over Imports (excluding Specie). |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Excess of imports. | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1904 | 28,040,042 | 13,291,694 | 14,748,348 | 12,900,030 | 14,738,750 | 1,838,720 |
| 1905 | 28,484,804 | 12,828,857 | 15,655,947 | 12,481,178 | 15,642,069 | 3,160,891 |
| 1906 | 33,306,540 | 15,211,403 | 18,095,137 | 14,303,170 | 17,992,480 | 3,689,310 |
| 1907 | 37,371,818 | 17,302,861 | 20,068,957 | 16,539,707 | 20,061,641 | 3,521,934 |
| 1908 | 33,788,778 | 17,471,284 | 16,317,494 | 17,247,162 | 16,075,205 | 1,171,957* |
| 1909 | 35,336,715 | 15,674,719 | 19,661,996 | 14,817,462 | 19,636,151 | 4,818,689 |
| 1910 | 39,231,792 | 17,051,583 | 22,180,209 | 16,748,223 | 22,152,473 | 5,404,250 |
| 1911 | 38,574,369 | 19,545,879 | 19,028,490 | 18,782,608 | 18,980,185 | 197,577 |
| 1912 | 42,747,155 | 20,976,574 | 21,770,581 | 20,576,579 | 21,511,626 | 935,047 |
| 1913 | 45,275,024 | 22,288,302 | 22,986,722 | 21,653,632 | 22,810,363 | 1,156,731 |
In the table given below the external trade per head of population is shown for each of the past ten years, the calculations being made exclusive as well as inclusive of specie for the purpose of arriving at exact conclusions as regards trade in goods.
| Year. | Including Specie. | Excluding Specie. | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Trade per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris). | Imports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris). | Exports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris). | Total Trade per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris). | Imports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris). | Exports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris). | |||||||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| 1904 | 33 | 3 | 8 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 17 | 9 | 1 | 32 | 14 | 2 | 15 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 8 | 10 |
| 1905 | 32 | 14 | 10 | 14 | 14 | 1 | 17 | 19 | 11 | 32 | 6 | 6 | 14 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 19 | 7 |
| 1906 | 37 | 3 | 9 | 16 | 19 | 8 | 20 | 4 | 1 | 36 | 1 | 2 | 15 | 19 | 5 | 20 | 1 | 9 |
| 1907 | 40 | 13 | 3 | 18 | 16 | 6 | 21 | 16 | 9 | 39 | 16 | 6 | 17 | 19 | 11 | 21 | 16 | 7 |
| 1908 | 35 | 15 | 1 | 18 | 9 | 9 | 17 | 5 | 4 | 35 | 5 | 2 | 18 | 5 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 2 |
| 1909 | 36 | 7 | 3 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 8 | 35 | 9 | 1 | 15 | 4 | 11 | 20 | 4 | 2 |
| 1910 | 39 | 10 | 4 | 17 | 3 | 6 | 22 | 6 | 10 | 39 | 3 | 8 | 16 | 17 | 5 | 22 | 6 | 3 |
| 1911 | 38 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 18 | 15 | 0 | 37 | 4 | 2 | 18 | 10 | 2 | 18 | 14 | 0 |
| 1912 | 41 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 3 | 9 | 20 | 19 | 1 | 40 | 10 | 2 | 19 | 16 | 1 | 20 | 14 | 1 |
| 1913 | 42 | 7 | 3 | 20 | 17 | 1 | 21 | 10 | 2 | 41 | 12 | 2 | 20 | 5 | 3 | 21 | 6 | 11 |
The average trade per head in 1913 is the highest yet recorded. The year 1874, when the rate per head was £41 4s. 5d. (excluding specie) held the record until last year, and is still in the lead as regards imports (£24 17s. per head).
It has been customary to leave out the Maoris in estimating the sum per head, for their industries and necessities swell the volume of trade in comparatively so slight a measure that the amount per head of European population can be more truly ascertained by omitting them altogether.
The trade per head of mean population is also shown in graphical representation. The decline in total trade and in imports between 1875 and 1895 is remarkable.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height one pound sterling. The trade (excluding specie) per head of mean population is shown in thick (upper) curve, the exports in the medium curve, and the imports in the thin curve.
The following table shows the value of imports from and exports to each of the principal countries for the years 1909 to 1913. The countries mentioned are those from or to which the goods were shipped, not necessarily those of origin or final destination:—
| TRADE WITH VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 1909–13. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Imports. | |||||
| From— | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
| United Kingdom | 9,287,786 | 10,498,771 | 11,787,300 | 12,499,787 | 13,312,193 |
| New South Wales | 1,275,003 | 1,463,986 | 1,831,223 | 1,547,664 | 1,697,376 |
| Victoria | 1,295,194 | 699,229 | 873,649 | 854,033 | 902,965 |
| Other Australian States | 194,013 | 196,178 | 240,119 | 182,190 | 314,507 |
| South Africa | 6,224 | 7,443 | 9,936 | 13,733 | 7,796 |
| Canada | 198,384 | 261,402 | 283,410 | 394,249 | 452,519 |
| India and Ceylon | 615,050 | 659,352 | 623,647 | 696,098 | 696,559 |
| Other British possessions | 683,308 | 670,888 | 848,056 | 885,518 | 964,334 |
| United States of America | 1,166,063 | 1,399,737 | 1,682,129 | 2,049,618 | 2,107,990 |
| Germany | 327,847 | 391,795 | 480,617 | 653,230 | 687,935 |
| France | 88,766 | 127,230 | 137,157 | 150,024 | 150,777 |
| Belgium | 76,708 | 100,749 | 129,320 | 153,766 | 203,526 |
| Other foreign countries | 460,373 | 574,823 | 619,316 | 896,664 | 789,825 |
| Totals | 15,674,719 | 17,051,583 | 19,545,879 | 20,976,574 | 22,288,302 |
| Exports. | |||||
| To - | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
| United Kingdom | 16,193,188 | 18,633,118 | 15,134,743 | 16,861,256 | 18,130,160 |
| New South Wales | 1,052,371 | 1,067,794 | 1,495,375 | 1,814,205 | 1,527,445 |
| Victoria | 783,277 | 874,471 | 925,520 | 903,290 | 697,106 |
| Other Australian States | 82,467 | 68,486 | 94,273 | 131,169 | 91,196 |
| South Africa | 121,962 | 45,665 | 43,771 | 83,320 | 61,696 |
| Canada | 180,975 | 160,842 | 199,587 | 542,271 | 606,662 |
| India and Ceylon | 138,163 | 132,628 | 100,148 | 43,423 | 44,404 |
| Other British possessions | 90,476 | 118,233 | 108,278 | 123,598 | 107,448 |
| United States of America | 684,810 | 553,603 | 434,586 | 620,988 | 912,051 |
| Germany | 77,969 | 205,931 | 170,493 | 254,703 | 337,448 |
| France | 47,454 | 46,528 | 40,204 | 94,382 | 178,336 |
| Belgium | 10,950 | 25,398 | 30,876 | 24,218 | 18,522 |
| Other foreign countries | 197,934 | 247,512 | 250,636 | 273,758 | 274,248 |
| Totals | 19,661,996 | 22,180,209 | 19,028,490 | 21,770,581 | 22,986,722 |
| TRADE WITH VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 1909–13: PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Imports. | |||||
| From— | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. |
| United Kingdom | 59.25 | 61.57 | 60.30 | 59.59 | 59.73 |
| New South Wales | 8.13 | 8.59 | 9.37 | 7.38 | 7.62 |
| Victoria | 8.26 | 4.10 | 4.47 | 4.07 | 4.05 |
| Other Australian States | 1.24 | 1.15 | 1.23 | 0.87 | 1.41 |
| South Africa | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| Canada | 1.27 | 1.53 | 1.45 | 1.88 | 2.03 |
| India and Ceylon | 3.92 | 3.87 | 3.19 | 3.32 | 3.12 |
| Other British possessions | 4.36 | 3.93 | 4.34 | 4.22 | 4.33 |
| United States of America | 7.44 | 8.21 | 8.61 | 9.77 | 9.46 |
| Germany | 2.09 | 2.30 | 2.46 | 3.11 | 3.09 |
| France | 0.57 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.68 |
| Belgium | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.73 | 0.91 |
| Other foreign countries | 2.94 | 3.37 | 3.17 | 4.27 | 3.54 |
| Totals | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| Exports. | |||||
| To— | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. |
| United Kingdom | 82.36 | 84.01 | 79.54 | 77.45 | 78.87 |
| New South Wales | 5.35 | 4.80 | 7.86 | 8.33 | 6.64 |
| Victoria | 3.98 | 3.94 | 4.86 | 4.15 | 3.03 |
| Other Australian States | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.49 | 0.60 | 0.40 |
| South Africa | 0.62 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.27 |
| Canada | 0.92 | 0.73 | 1.05 | 2.49 | 2.64 |
| India and Ceylon | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.20 | 0.19 |
| Other British possessions | 0.46 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.47 |
| United States of America | 3.48 | 2.50 | 2.28 | 2.85 | 3.97 |
| Germany | 0.40 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 1.17 | 1.47 |
| France | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.44 | 0.78 |
| Belgium | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.08 |
| Other foreign countries | 1.01 | 1.12 | 1.32 | 1.26 | 1.19 |
| Totals | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
According to statistics published by the British Board of Trade the value of goods received in the United Kingdom from New Zealand during 1912 was £20,302,062, of which goods valued at £4,208,291 were again exported. The f.o.b. value of shipments from the United Kingdom to New Zealand during the same year was £10,390,334, excluding goods other than the produce of the United Kingdom, valued at £796,218. If to the former amount be added 10 per cent. to cover cost of freight and other charges it would appear that the c.i.f. value of goods the produce or manufacture of the United Kingdom sent to New Zealand was £11,429,367, against which produce of this country was imported, and retained for home consumption in the United Kingdom to the value of £16,093,771.
The United Kingdom supplied during the past five years 60.07 per cent. of the value of goods imported into and received 80.43 per cent. of the shipments from this country. Imports and exports from and to the Commonwealth of Australia amounted to 14.20 and 10.99 per cent. respectively. The United States of America provided 8.80 per cent. of the imports and received 3.04 per cent. of the exports, while Germany supplied 2.66 per cent. of the imports, and took 0.99 per cent. of the exports.
A feature of the statistics of Commerce for the year 1912, remarked on in last year's issue of the Year-book, was the falling off in the value of imports from Australia, together with an increase in the value of exports to the Commonwealth. The value of imports from Australia in 1912 was £2,583,887, or £361,104 less than in 1911, while the value of exports to Australia in 1912 was £2,848,664, or £333,496 more than in 1911. In 1913, however, imports and exports from and to the Commonwealth returned to their normal position—i.e., as in 1911 and preceding years—imports being valued at £2,914,848 and exports at £2,315,747.
New Zealand's trade with Canada almost doubled during 1912, and another substantial increase took place in 1913, when imports were valued at £452,519 and exports at £606,662.
The external trade of the Commonwealth of Australia amounted in 1912 to £157,254,690, and that of New Zealand to £42,747,155, a grand total of £200,001,845. If we eliminate all trade between the Commonwealth and the Dominion we find that the external trade of Australasia amounted to £188,988,299, of which exports contributed £95,789,456 and imports £93,198,843, the balance in favour of exports being £2,590,613. Prior to 1891 the balance was in favour of imports, but in that year the scale turned and exports exceeded the imports, a condition which has obtained ever since. The excess in 1912, however, was much less than in 1911, in which year it amounted to £12,745,950.
The following table sets forth the amount of the trade of each of the Australian States and New Zealand with the United Kingdom during the last year for which information is obtainable:—
| Country. | Year. | Imports from the United Kingdom. | Exports to the United Kingdom. | Total Trade with the United Kingdom. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | ||
| New Zealand | 1913 | 13,312,193 | 18,130,160 | 31,442,353 |
| Queensland | 1913 | 4,533,739 | 7,208,621 | 11,742,360 |
| New South Wales | 1913 | 18,107,138 | 11,904,424 | 30,011,562 |
| Victoria | 1912 | 14,631,958 | 9,023,343 | 23,655,301 |
| South Australia | 1913 | 4,326,934 | 3,313,605 | 7,640,539 |
| Western Australia | 1912 | 3,302,380 | 2,233,666 | 5,536,046 |
| Tasmania | 1912 | 745,989 | 386,176 | 1,132,165 |
The next table shows the relative importance of Australasia as a market for the productions of the United Kingdom.
| EXPORTS OF HOME PRODUCTIONS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 1912, TO— | |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| British India and Ceylon | 60,487,289 |
| Australasia | 45,231,035 |
| Germany | 40,362,767 |
| United States of America | 30,065,806 |
| France | 25,585,681 |
| Canada | 23,531,311 |
| Union of South Africa | 21,420,912 |
| Argentine Republic | 20,549,853 |
| Netherlands | 14,281,668 |
| Italy | 14,007,790 |
| Russia | 13,737,990 |
| Brazil | 12,657,830 |
| Japan | 12,229,115 |
| Belgium | 12,193,306 |
| China | 10,780,042 |
| Egypt | 9,448,370 |
| Turkey | 8,040,331 |
| Sweden | 7,137,432 |
| Spain | 6,887,164 |
| Chile | 6,159,159 |
| Denmark | 5,588,892 |
| Norway | 5,566,269 |
| Java | 5,151,423 |
| Straits Settlements | 5,038,746 |
| Austria-Hungary | 4,943,355 |
| Switzerland | 4,035,405 |
| Nigeria | 3,578,889 |
| Hong Kong | 3,530,762 |
| Portugal | 3,031,812 |
| Roumania | 2,933,159 |
| Uruguay | 2,917,021 |
| British West Indies | 2,584,683 |
| Greece | 2,569,327 |
| Cuba | 2,552,913 |
| Mexico | 2,507,800 |
The exports to other countries did not amount to £2,000,000 in any one case.
Australasia as a whole, with a population of less than six millions, thus takes the second place in importance for consumption of British produce, the exports thereto being almost three-fourths the value of those to British India and Ceylon, the population of which countries was 319,000,000 at the census of 1911.
Pursuant to a resolution of the Imperial Conference, held at London in 1911, a Royal Commission was set up to make inquiries, inter alia, into the natural resources of the self-governing dominions (their present and possible development) and into the facilities for the production, manufacture, and distribution of all articles of commerce therein; into the food and raw material requirements of those dominions and the United Kingdom, and the available sources of supply thereof; and into the trade of the self-governing dominions and the United Kingdom, each part with the others, and with the rest of the world, with the object of showing the natural resources and trade of the Empire, and of offering suggestions for the development of those resources and the extension of that trade.
The Commission, which includes representatives of the United Kingdom, the Australian Commonwealth, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and Newfoundland, sat for some time in the United Kingdom, and then came to New Zealand, this country being the first of the self-governing dominions visited. The Commission arrived in New Zealand towards the end of February, 1913, and sittings were held at Dunedin, Christchurch, Wellington, and Auckland. In addition to dealing with trade, particular attention was directed to ascertaining the potential resources of the Dominion in regard to its coal, iron, and oil supplies, and the further development of its agricultural and pastoral production. A considerable amount of evidence was also taken as to the need for increased immigration. Since leaving New Zealand in March, 1913, the Commission has visited Australia and South Africa, and will deal with Canada and Newfoundland next year. Two reports dealing with New Zealand (Cd. 6517, issued in 1912, and Cd. 7170, issued in 1913) have been published by the British Government.
The following are the reciprocal provisions of the Customs Duties Act, 1908, sections 9 and 10:—
Where any country, being part of the British dominions, reduces or abolishes, or proposes to do so, the duty on any product or manufacture of New Zealand, the Governor is authorized to enter into an agreement to reduce or abolish the duty on any articles the produce or manufacture of such country to an extent that the estimated revenue so remitted shall equal as nearly as possible the remission by that country. Such agreements, however, require ratification by Parliament.
Similarly, where any country not being part of the British dominions, reduces or abolishes, or proposes to do so, the duty on any product or manufacture of New Zealand, the Governor is authorized, subject to or by virtue of a treaty with His Majesty, to negotiate for an agreement to reduce or abolish the duty on any articles the produce or manufacture of such country to an extent that the estimated revenue so remitted in New Zealand shall equal as nearly as possible what is remitted by that country, subject to Parliamentary ratification.
A treaty is at present in force between New Zealand on the one hand and the British South African Colonies composing the Union and Southern Rhodesia on the other, by which certain concessions as to tariff rates are made on both sides. A schedule of the goods affected will be found in Subsection D of this Section.
THE quantities and values of exports used in making up the figures given in this portion of the statistical information are obtained from Customs entries. In estimating the value of goods exported the “free on board in New Zealand” value is given, and, as regards the main items, the Collector of Customs carefully examines the amounts stated, and compares them with current price-lists, to prevent any over-estimate. As a further safeguard, the values of wool, frozen meat, oats, wheat, tallow, phormium fibre, butter, and cheese are submitted to the various Chambers of Commerce for their approval prior to the publication of the figures. Goods transhipped are regarded as destined for the country where it is intended to land them.
The value of all the exports in 1913, inclusive of specie (£176,359), was £22,986,722. The value of New Zealand produce exported, £22,577,890, gives an average of £21 2s. 7d. per head of population, against £20 9s. 6d. in 1912 and £18 10s. 1d. in 1911.
The average annual value of New Zealand products exported during each quinquennial period since 1853, and the average value per head of population is shown below.
| Quinquennial Period. | Exports of New Zealand Produce. | |
|---|---|---|
| Average Total Value. | Average Value per Head. | |
| £ | £ s. d. | |
| 1853–57 | 335,571 | 8 11 11 |
| 1858–62 | 1,040,330 | 11 18 10 |
| 1863–67 | 3,754,500 | 19 15 5 |
| 1868–72 | 4,636,374 | 18 8 4 |
| 1873–77 | 5,530,715 | 15 3 8 |
| 1878–82 | 5,893,195 | 12 5 7 |
| 1883–87 | 6,665,481 | 11 12 0 |
| 1888–92 | 8,898,372 | 14 4 0 |
| 1893–97 | 8,961,269 | 12 16 0 |
| 1898–1902 | 12,273,807 | 15 17 8 |
| 1903–07 | 16,513,399 | 18 14 5 |
| 1908–12 | 19,471,346 | 19 11 9 |
| 1913 | 22,577,890 | 21 2 7 |
The exports from the North and South Islands respectively, excluding “Parcels-post,” during the last five years were as under:—
| Year. | North Island. | South Island. | Proportion to Total Export. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Island. | South Island. | |||
| £ | £ | Per cent. | Per cent. | |
| 1909 | 11,943,810 | 7,685,115 | 60.85 | 39.15 |
| 1910 | 13,651,659 | 8,493,360 | 61.65 | 38.35 |
| 1911 | 11,352,865 | 7,636,104 | 59.79 | 40.21 |
| 1912 | 13,479,917 | 8,251,232 | 62.03 | 37.97 |
| 1913 | 14,758,814 | 8,176,346 | 64.35 | 35.65 |
The following table shows the average yearly value of exports from each port in the Dominion during each quinquennial period from 1893 to 1912, and for the year 1913. The ports are arranged in order of magnitude for the latter year.
| Ports. | Yearly Average of Quinquennial Periods. | Year. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1893–97. | 1898–1902. | 1903–07. | 1908–12. | 1913. | |
* Included in New Plymouth. | |||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Wellington | 1,363,157 | 2,128,198 | 3,176,052 | 3,928,307 | 5,322,808 |
| Auckland | 1,275,413 | 1,923,785 | 2,859,874 | 3,379,086 | 4,024,740 |
| Lyttelton | 1,773,131 | 2,328,148 | 2,592,105 | 2,700,615 | 2,983,266 |
| Napier | 937,662 | 903,377 | 1,253,538 | 1,651,629 | 1,949,288 |
| Dunedin | 1,064,016 | 1,352,535 | 1,501,750 | 1,460,487 | 1,582,020 |
| Invercargill and Bluff | 662,826 | 813,436 | 931,776 | 1,283,372 | 1,302,776 |
| Poverty Bay | 234,793 | 371,745 | 732,123 | 1,059,167 | 1,216,354 |
| Timaru | 519,388 | 741,510 | 1,033,217 | 1,136,392 | 1,205,241 |
| Patea | 41,869 | 85,349 | 347,886 | 603,338 | 692,336 |
| New Plymouth | 161,902 | 365,789 | 452,388 | 552,810 | 631,258 |
| Wanganui | 284,126 | 333,842 | 402,263 | 449,135 | 532,285 |
| Greymouth | 229,764 | 324,512 | 403,821 | 384,331 | 375,451 |
| Waitara | * | 85,847 | 162,984 | 314,299 | 310,462 |
| Wairau and Picton | 137,452 | 139,700 | 252,434 | 294,668 | 303,686 |
| Oamaru | 266,259 | 230,497 | 258,530 | 198,648 | 209,298 |
| Nelson | 64,785 | 66,985 | 87,065 | 127,755 | 160,216 |
| Kaipara | 80,008 | 140,734 | 143,979 | 139,484 | 79,283 |
| Westport | 37,507 | 56,371 | 65,135 | 59,806 | 40,345 |
| Hokitika | 80,207 | 40,546 | 36,612 | 31,561 | 14,047 |
The grouping of Invercargill with Bluff, and Wairau with Picton, is unavoidable as the returns furnished by the Customs do not, in those cases, distinguish each port separately.
The values of exports for the years 1903 and 1913 to the United Kingdom, the Australian States, Canada, and other British possessions, and to United States, Germany, and other foreign countries, show the extent and development of outward trade in regard to its distribution, considered for such period:—
| Countries. | 1903. | 1913. |
|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |
| United Kingdom | 11,345,075 | 18,130,160 |
| Queensland | 37,289 | 11,327 |
| New South Wales | 974,460 | 1,527,445 |
| Victoria | 1,068,751 | 697,106 |
| South Australia | 29,239 | 28,089 |
| Western Australia | 100,759 | 32,570 |
| Tasmania | 23,498 | 19,210 |
| Canada | 2,421 | 606,662 |
| Other British possessions | 585,191 | 213,548 |
| United States | 669,649 | 912,051 |
| Germany | 17,584 | 337,448 |
| Other foreign countries | 156,462 | 471,106 |
| £15,010,378 | 22,986,722 |
Comparing the second five years with the first half of the period shown below, it is found that there has been an increase of 25.50 per cent. in the value of exports to the United Kingdom, of 14.58 per cent. to British possessions, and of 36.63 per cent. to foreign countries.
| Year. | Exports to | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom. | British Colonies and Possessions. | Foreign States. | |
| £ | £ | £ | |
| 1904 | 11,876,273 | 2,088,691 | 783,384 |
| 1905 | 12,087,818 | 2,591,802 | 976,327 |
| 1906 | 14,047,176 | 3,141,327 | 906,634 |
| 1907 | 16,533,493 | 2,559,631 | 975,833 |
| 1908 | 13,143,780 | 2,414,521 | 759,193 |
| 1909 | 16,193,188 | 2,449,691 | 1,019,117 |
| 1910 | 18,633,118 | 2,468,119 | 1,078,972 |
| 1911 | 15,134,743 | 2,966,952 | 926,795 |
| 1912 | 16,861,256 | 3,641,276 | 1,268,049 |
| 1913 | 18,130,160 | 3,135,957 | 1,720,605 |
The following are the values of exports to different countries or places in 1912 and 1913, arranged in order of magnitude of increase or decrease:—
| Country. | 1912. | 1913. | Increase in 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | |
| United Kingdom | 16,861,256 | 18,130,160 | 1,268,904 |
| United States of America | 620,988 | 912,051 | 291,063 |
| France | 94,382 | 178,336 | 83,954 |
| Germany | 254,703 | 337,448 | 82,745 |
| Canada | 542,271 | 606,662 | 64,391 |
| Norway | 11 | 25,295 | 25,284 |
| Society Islands | 68,145 | 80,487 | 12,342 |
| Uruguay | 9,747 | 19,554 | 9,807 |
| Western Australia | 25,820 | 32,570 | 6,750 |
| Sandwich Islands | 2,484 | 5,911 | 3,427 |
| Foreign New Guinea | .. | 3,108 | 3,108 |
| Argentina Republic | 4,951 | 7,532 | 2,581 |
| Holland | 1,675 | 3,986 | 2,311 |
| Ceylon | 41,754 | 43,675 | 1,921 |
| Japan | 1,460 | 2,901 | 1,441 |
| Caroline Islands | 273 | 1,626 | 1,353 |
| Natal | 49,817 | 51,113 | 1,296 |
| Russia | 1,102 | 2,349 | 1,247 |
| Chile | 637 | 1,554 | 917 |
| Fanning Island | 353 | 1,215 | 862 |
| Bismarck Archipelago | 1,940 | 2,762 | 822 |
| Solomon Islands | 1,660 | 2,372 | 712 |
| New Caledonia | 2,246 | 2,621 | 375 |
| Portuguese East Africa | 144 | 483 | 339 |
| Malden Island | 99 | 419 | 320 |
| Marshall Islands | 347 | 654 | 307 |
| Switzerland | 214 | 509 | 295 |
| Java | 365 | 461 | 96 |
| Bombay | 90 | 165 | 75 |
| Papua | 54 | 118 | 64 |
| Guam | .. | 61 | 61 |
| Gilbert and Ellice Islands | 697 | 711 | 14 |
| Indian Native States | 16 | 30 | 14 |
| Philippine Islands | 8 | 21 | 13 |
| British Baluchistan | 2 | 15 | 13 |
| Wei-Hai-Wei | .. | 8 | 8 |
| Nyassaland Protectorate | .. | 6 | 6 |
| Arabia | 1 | 6 | 5 |
| Korea | 1 | 5 | 4 |
| Eastern Bengal and Assam | 25 | 28 | 3 |
| Singapore | 40 | 43 | 3 |
| Peru | 1 | 4 | 3 |
| Hungary | .. | 3 | 3 |
| Mexico | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Belgian Congo | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Madagascar | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Southern Nigeria | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Luxemburg | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Malta | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Mauritius | 5 | 6 | 1 |
| Penang | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Ecuador | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Siam | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Sumatra | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Persia | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Alaska | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Columbia | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Panama | .. | 1 | 1 |
| British West Indies | 2 | 2 | .. |
| Northern Rhodesia | 1 | 1 | .. |
| Gold Coast Colony | 1 | 1 | .. |
| British Guiana | 1 | 1 | .. |
| Foreign West Indies | 1 | 1 | .. |
| Country. | 1912. | 1913. | Decrease in 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | |
| New South Wales | 1,814,205 | 1,527,445 | 286,760 |
| Victoria | 903,290 | 697,106 | 206,184 |
| Friendly Islands | 98,682 | 41,746 | 56,936 |
| South Australia | 53,797 | 28,089 | 25,708 |
| Cape of Good Hope | 33,147 | 10,386 | 22,761 |
| Queensland | 26,233 | 11,327 | 14,906 |
| Gibraltar | 19,165 | 10,907 | 8,258 |
| Fiji | 95,134 | 88,789 | 6,345 |
| Tasmania | 25,319 | 19,210 | 6,109 |
| Belgium | 24,218 | 18,522 | 5,696 |
| Navigators Islands | 64,534 | 61,158 | 3,376 |
| Hong Kong | 7,921 | 5,545 | 2,376 |
| Austria | 4,647 | 2,809 | 1,838 |
| Whale Fisheries | 1,752 | .. | 1,752 |
| Bengal | 1,320 | 321 | 999 |
| China | 768 | 124 | 644 |
| Brazil | 1,807 | 1,236 | 571 |
| Norfolk Island | 759 | 363 | 396 |
| New Hebrides | 1,213 | 911 | 302 |
| Antarctica | 250 | .. | 250 |
| Sweden | 978 | 733 | 245 |
| Denmark | 374 | 168 | 206 |
| Italy | 514 | 322 | 192 |
| Transvaal | 242 | 143 | 99 |
| Southern Rhodesia | 90 | 44 | 46 |
| Siberia | 40 | 2 | 38 |
| Madras | 125 | 102 | 23 |
| British East Africa Protectorate | 28 | 10 | 18 |
| Federated Malay States | 34 | 20 | 14 |
| Orange Free State | 23 | 9 | 14 |
| British North Borneo | 14 | 1 | 13 |
| Bolivia | 25 | 16 | 9 |
| Agra and Oudh | 28 | 20 | 8 |
| Uganda | 7 | .. | 7 |
| Burmah | 12 | 6 | 6 |
| Portugal | 5 | .. | 5 |
| Syria | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| Aden | 4 | .. | 4 |
| Egypt | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Falkland Islands | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Indian Central Provinces | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Turkey | 2 | .. | 2 |
| Zanzibar | 2 | .. | 2 |
| Punjab | 32 | 31 | 1 |
| Indian North-west Frontier Province | 17 | 16 | 1 |
| Newfoundland | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Roumania | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Paraguay | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Northern Nigeria | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Andaman Islands | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Malacca | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Celebes | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Timor | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Lord Howe Island | 1 | .. | 1 |
A list of the principal articles of export to various countries is given below. The list includes all items of a value of £2,000 or over.
| UNITED KINGDOM. | £ |
|---|---|
| Ambergris | 4,400 |
| Arms, &c.— | |
| Ordnance stores | 3,500 |
| Books, papers, and music, printed | 2,047 |
| Butter | 1,576,912 |
| Carriages, &c.— | |
| Motor vehicles, and materials and parts | 4,967 |
| Cheese | 1,760,814 |
| Coals | 143,413 |
| Copra | 20,497 |
| Foods, farinaceous— | |
| Infants' and invalids' | 4,188 |
| Glycerine, crude | 2,789 |
| Gold | 344,547 |
| Concentrates, &c. | 12,244 |
| Grain and Pulse— | |
| Beans and peas | 79,696 |
| Wheat | 10,965 |
| Gum, kauri | 187,547 |
| Hair | 4,847 |
| Hides | 14,577 |
| Honey | 3,471 |
| Hops | 7,845 |
| Indiarubber, old | 5,072 |
| Lard | 2,328 |
| Leather | 30,869 |
| Machinery and machines | 4,270 |
| Meats— | |
| Beef, frozen | 283,199 |
| Kidneys, frozen | 12,848 |
| Lamb (whole carcases), frozen | 2,332,369 |
| Mutton (whole carcases), frozen | 1,624,275 |
| Mutton (joints), frozen | 31,728 |
| Pork, frozen | 5,843 |
| Rabbis, frozen in skins | 74,514 |
| Other frozen | 7,337 |
| Potted and preserved | 38,499 |
| Meat-extract | 6,438 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of | 4,250 |
| Metal, old | 4,303 |
| Minerals— | |
| Scheelite ore | 3,046 |
| Phormium | 538,324 |
| Tow | 55,059 |
| Rags | 3,680 |
| Sausage-skins | 85,624 |
| Seeds— | |
| Grass and clover | 28,622 |
| Silver | 55,450 |
| Skins— | |
| Calf and other kinds | 10,185 |
| Rabbit | 85,580 |
| Sheep, with wool | 182,228 |
| Sheep, without wool | 410,853 |
| Tallow | 580,973 |
| Mutton stock and oleomargarine | 81,543 |
| Timber | 8,657 |
| Wool— | |
| Greasy | 5,706,024 |
| Scoured | 772,819 |
| Slipe | 770,257 |
| Washed | 21,966 |
| Parcels-post | 33,350 |
| VICTORIA. | |
| Animals, living— | |
| Horses | 21,066 |
| Sheep | 3,767 |
| Books, papers, and music, printed | 2,656 |
| Coals | 6,547 |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares | 3,373 |
| Fish— | |
| Frozen | 8,737 |
| Gold | 239,254 |
| Concentrates, slimes, &c. | 2,568 |
| Grain and pulse— | |
| Oats | 5,678 |
| Hides | 63,981 |
| Hops | 4,592 |
| Indiarubber, old | 2,240 |
| Machinery and machines | 4,561 |
| Meats— | |
| Potted and preserved | 3,176 |
| Oysters | 2,399 |
| Phormium | 56,293 |
| Tow | 6,670 |
| Rugs | 2,485 |
| Seeds— | |
| Grass and clover | 11,965 |
| Specie | 100,000 |
| Stone— | |
| Sand, pumice | 3,458 |
| Timber | 102,719 |
| Wool— | |
| Greasy | 4,291 |
| Parcels post | 4,380 |
| NEW SOUTH WALES. | |
| Animals, living— | |
| Horses | 14,200 |
| Sheep | 20,515 |
| Bags and sacks | 3,844 |
| Carriages, &c.— | |
| Motorvehicles, chassis for | 2,310 |
| Cement | 2,050 |
| Coals | 21,431 |
| Fancy goods and toys | 2,008 |
| Fancy goods— | |
| Cinematographic films, &c. | 11,655 |
| Fish— | |
| Frozen | 10,004 |
| Potted and preserved | 2,898 |
| Food, farinaceous— | |
| Infants' and invalids' | 8,683 |
| Gold | 846,168 |
| Concentrates, &c. | 18,759 |
| Grain and pulse— | |
| Beans and peas | 3,694 |
| Oats | 15,702 |
| Gum, kauri | 2,362 |
| Hair | 2,515 |
| Hides | 72,267 |
| Hops | 10,017 |
| Linseed | 4,270 |
| Machinery and machines | 6,748 |
| Meats— | |
| Potted and preserved | 3,311 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of | 9,236 |
| Minerals— | |
| Scheelite ore | 3,748 |
| Phormium | 38,274 |
| Tow | 3,105 |
| Potatoes | 2,818 |
| Rugs | 3,703 |
| Seeds— | |
| Grass and clover | 4,566 |
| Skins— | |
| Calf and other kinds | 8,538 |
| Sheep, without wool | 8,105 |
| Specie | 67,159 |
| Spirits— | |
| Whisky | 2,053 |
| Stone— | |
| Sand, pumice | 3,564 |
| Timber | 179,389 |
| Tobacco | 2,301 |
| Wool— | |
| Greasy | 39,444 |
| Parcels-post | 7,093 |
| QUEENSLAND. | |
| Cement | 2,400 |
| Timber | 2,328 |
| SOUTH AUSTRALIA. | |
| Machinery and machines | 2,297 |
| Phormium | 4,649 |
| Timber | 11,527 |
| Twine— | |
| Binder | 4,927 |
| WESTERN AUSTRALIA. | |
| Meats— | |
| Potted and preserved | 2,917 |
| Oils— | |
| Whale | 12,620 |
| Phormium | 2,994 |
| Timber | 4,263 |
| TASMANIA. | |
| Coals | 2,362 |
| Hides | 2,472 |
| Seeds— | |
| Grass and clover | 4,582 |
| Timber | 2,511 |
| FIJI. | |
| Animals, living— | |
| Sheep | 1,973 |
| Bacon and hams | 2,218 |
| Bran | 2,517 |
| Butter | 4,992 |
| Cement | 5,939 |
| Coals | 13,116 |
| Meats— | |
| Potted and preserved | 12,825 |
| Potatoes | 2,457 |
| Specie | 8,600 |
| Timber | 2,994 |
| Woodenware | 4,265 |
| GIBRALTAR. | |
| Meat— | |
| Beef, frozen | 6,836 |
| Mutton (whole carcases), frozen | 4,071 |
| HONG KONG. | |
| Fungus | 5,151 |
| CEYLON. | £ |
| Grain and pulse— | |
| Oats | 2,252 |
| Silver | 40,951 |
| CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. | |
| Butter | 7,082 |
| NATAL. | |
| Butter | 41,559 |
| Cheese | 4,731 |
| CANADA. | |
| Butter | 320,136 |
| Gum, kauri | 4,618 |
| Hides | 93,452 |
| Meats— | |
| Beef, frozen | 53,807 |
| Veal, frozen | 6,565 |
| Skins— | |
| Calf and other kinds | 29,081 |
| Sheep, with wool | 33,294 |
| Sheep, without wool | 4,022 |
| Wool— | |
| Greasy | 2,299 |
| Scoured | 19,140 |
| Slipe | 24,322 |
| GERMANY. | |
| Casein | 6,452 |
| Gum, kauri | 27,880 |
| Minerals— | |
| Scheelite ore | 16,139 |
| Sausage-skins | 2,640 |
| Wool— | |
| Greasy | 277,938 |
| FRANCE. | |
| Gum, kauri | 3,995 |
| Wool— | |
| Greasy | 173,961 |
| NORWAY. | |
| Ambergris | 22,400 |
| Oils— | |
| Whale | 2,871 |
| BELGIUM. | |
| Gum, kauri | 5,120 |
| Wool— | |
| Greasy | 11,735 |
| HOLLAND. | £ |
| Gum, kauri | 2,495 |
| AUSTRIA. | |
| Gum, kauri | 2,617 |
| JAPAN. | |
| Wool— | |
| Greasy | 2,645 |
| UNITED STATES. | |
| Butter | 95,857 |
| Coals | 2,972 |
| Gum, kauri | 308,456 |
| Hides | 14,988 |
| Phormium | 79,057 |
| Seeds— | |
| Grass and clover | 7,742 |
| Skins— | |
| Calf and other kinds | 2,141 |
| Sheep, with wool | 6,834 |
| Sheep, without wool | 153,753 |
| Wool— | |
| Greasy | 228,693 |
| ARGENTINE. | |
| Fruits, fresh— | |
| Apples and Pears | 6,463 |
| URUGUAY. | |
| Animals, living— | |
| Sheep | 8,287 |
| Fruits, fresh— | |
| Apples and Pears | 3,941 |
| Plants, shrubs, and trees | 3,432 |
| BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO. | |
| Coals | 2,751 |
| FRIENDLY ISLANDS. | |
| Biscuits— | |
| Ships', plain | 3,224 |
| Meats— | |
| Potted and preserved | 7,885 |
| Oils— | |
| Mineral | 2,422 |
| Sugar | 2,588 |
| Timber | 2,002 |
| NAVIGATORS ISLANDS. | |
| Butter | 2,672 |
| Coals | 2,144 |
| Cotton piece-goods | 1,961 |
| Iron and steel— | |
| Sheet, galvanized | 2,311 |
| Meats— | |
| Beef, salted | 8,286 |
| Potted and preserved | 11,724 |
| Oils— | |
| Mineral | 4,318 |
| Sugar | 4,329 |
| Timber | 2,207 |
| NEW GUINEA (other than British). | |
| Coals | 3,090 |
| SOCIETY ISLANDS. | |
| Animals, living— | |
| Cattle, horned | 2,265 |
| Butter | 8,308 |
| Coals | 2,724 |
| Fancy goods— | |
| Cinematograph films, &c. | 7,274 |
| Iron and steel— | |
| Sheet, galvanized | 3,642 |
| Meats— | |
| Potted and preserved | 16,403 |
| Milk, preserved | 2,982 |
| Oils— | |
| Mineral | 5,290 |
| Soap | 6,422 |
| Sugar | 5,039 |
| SANDWICH ISLANDS. | |
| Butter | 2,588 |
| Meats— | |
| Beef, frozen | 2,643 |
Owing to the geographical position of New Zealand its re-export trade is insignificant, and has varied but slightly in amount year by year. The figures for 1913 are above the average, being exceeded however by those for 1907 and 1912. The re-exports of merchandise in 1907 were valued at £278,503, or less than 1œ per cent. of the total exports, excluding specie.
| EXPORTS OF BRITISH, FOREIGN, AND OTHER COLONIAL PRODUCE (EXCLUDING SPECIE). | |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| 1894 | 136,402 |
| 1895 | 127,966 |
| 1896 | 122,571 |
| 1897 | 144,955 |
| 1898 | 124,850 |
| 1899 | 123,682 |
| 1900 | 168,009 |
| 1901 | 179,350 |
| 1902 | 136,860 |
| 1903 | 133,734 |
| 1904 | 136,963 |
| 1905 | 138,539 |
| 1906 | 152,134 |
| 1907 | 278,503 |
| 1908 | 180,675 |
| 1909 | 173,215 |
| 1910 | 208,310 |
| 1911 | 198,287 |
| 1912 | 239,221 |
| 1913 | 232,473 |
The value of the export during twenty years, 1894–1913, is shown in a table giving the principal items of domestic produce exported each year. In “Manufactures” is included phormium fibre, the value of the export of which in 1913 was £721,924. The most important commodities included under the heading “Other New Zealand Produce” are coal, silver, minerals, fish, fungus, kaurigum, timber, bacon and hams, salted and preserved meats, tallow, sheep-skins, rabbit-skins, pelts, hides, sausage-skins, and live-stock.
| EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calendar Year. | Wool. | Gold. | Frozen Meat. | Butter and Cheese. | Agricultural Produce. | Manufactures | Other N.Z. Produce. | Total. |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1894 | 4,827,016 | 887,865 | 1,194,545 | 366,483 | 317,655 | 224,958 | 1,266,626 | 9,085,148 |
| 1895 | 3,662,131 | 1,162,181 | 1,262,711 | 378,510 | 326,029 | 188,702 | 1,409,889 | 8,390,156 |
| 1896 | 4,391,848 | 1,041,428 | 1,251,993 | 411,882 | 572,355 | 198,081 | 1,309,749 | 9,177,333 |
| 1897 | 4,443,144 | 980,204 | 1,566,286 | 553,122 | 495,175 | 197,601 | 1,360,735 | 9,596,267 |
| 1898 | 4,645,804 | 1,080,691 | 1,698,750 | 539,466 | 410,677 | 253,805 | 1,695,795 | 10,324,088 |
| 1899 | 4,324,627 | 1,513,180 | 2,088,856 | 713,617 | 913,678 | 378,066 | 1,867,716 | 11,799,740 |
| 1900 | 4,749,196 | 1,439,602 | 2,123,881 | 969,731 | 1,230,565 | 549,342 | 1,992,932 | 13,055,249 |
| 1901 | 3,699,103 | 1,753,784 | 2,253,262 | 1,121,091 | 1,532,386 | 425,142 | 1,905,692 | 12,690,460 |
| 1902 | 3,354,563 | 1,951,426 | 2,718,763 | 1,369,341 | 1,045,986 | 755,232 | 2,303,288 | 13,498,599 |
| 1903 | 4,041,274 | 2,037,832 | 3,197,013 | 1,513,065 | 744,845 | 823,358 | 2,480,775 | 14,838,192 |
| 1904 | 4,673,826 | 1,987,501 | 2,793,599 | 1,565,946 | 559,243 | 896,362 | 2,125,310 | 14,601,787 |
| 1905 | 5,381,333 | 2,093,936 | 2,694,432 | 1,613,728 | 428,280 | 882,960 | 2,408,861 | 15,503,530 |
| 1906 | 6,765,655 | 2,270,904 | 2,877,031 | 1,901,237 | 270,542 | 988,264 | 2,766,713 | 17,840,346 |
| 1907 | 7,657,278 | 2,027,490 | 3,420,664 | 2,277,700 | 162,967 | 1,073,702 | 3,163,337 | 19,783,138 |
| 1908 | 5,332,781 | 2,004,799 | 3,188,515 | 1,954,601 | 265,730 | 572,327 | 2,575,777 | 15,894,530 |
| 1909 | 6,305,888 | 2,006,900 | 3,601,093 | 2,744,770 | 976,170 | 504,952 | 3,323,163 | 19,462,936 |
| 1910 | 8,308,410 | 1,896,318 | 3,850,777 | 3,007,348 | 481,522 | 649,828 | 3,749,960 | 21,944,163 |
| 1911 | 6,491,707 | 1,815,251 | 3,503,401 | 2,768,974 | 412,815 | 537,995 | 3,251,750 | 18,781,898 |
| 1912 | 7,105,483 | 1,345,131 | 3,909,569 | 3,769,202 | 1,060,605 | 636,795 | 3,445,620 | 21,272,405 |
| 1913 | 8,057,620 | 1,459,499 | 4,449,933 | 3,831,948 | 279,976 | 987,072 | 3,511,842 | 22,577,890 |
The preceding table shows that the value of the exports of New Zealand produce increased steadily until 1908, when a slump in prices occurred. The following two years show increases, but another heavydrop is recorded for 1911, followed by a large increase in 1912, and a further increase in 1913.
The diagrams on the two preceding pages give a comparison of the proportions of certain principal articles, the produce of the Dominion, exported in 1893 and 1913.
It is seen that in 1893 wool constituted over 44 per cent. of the total exports of New Zealand products, while meats constituted 13.37 per cent., agricultural products 8.37 per cent., and gold 10.70 per cent. Butter and cheese represented only 4.14 per cent., the dairy industry being at that time still in its infancy.
The relative importance of certain items has altered greatly during the twenty years. Looking at the diagram for 1913 it will be seen that wool still maintains its position as the principal article of export, but its proportion to the total is much lower than in 1893, being 35.69 per cent. as against 44.11 per cent. As in 1893, meats are second in point of value, but the proportion to the total has increased to 20.26 per cent. Butter and cheese come third with 16.97 per cent., showing the remarkable growth of the industry since 1893 when these items formed only 4.14 per cent. of the total. Agricultural produce, gold, and kauri-gum all show considerable decreases as regards proportion of total exports.
Taking the various classes into which the exports are divided, it is seen that pastoral products as a whole, which in 1893 formed 68.28 per cent. of the total exports of New Zealand produce, represented in 1913 no less than 82.02 per cent. Agricultural produce fell from 8.37 per cent. to 1.24 per cent. during the twenty years, minerals from 11.74 per cent. to 7.94 per cent. and forest products from 7.31 per cent. to 3.87 per cent. Manufacturers show a slight increase.
It is of interest to ascertain what effect changes in prices have had on the values of exports of New Zealand produce. By ascertaining the average price per unit in any base year of as many commodities as possible, consistent with accuracy, it is an easy matter to compute what would have been the total value of the exports of those commodities in any other given year, had the prices ruling in the base year not changed. Items not included in the computation (comprising those where no unit of quantity is given and those where there is no standard unit, such as “agricultural implements”) are dealt with on a proportionate basis. Gold, which is not subject to price-fluctuations, is excluded both from the direct computation and from the pro rata estimate.
As already indicated in this subsection, New Zealand has little re-export trade. Excluding gold and specie, New Zealand produce constitutes about 98œ per cent. of the Dominion's exports, reckoned according to value. Of the total exports of New Zealand produce (other than gold), 99 per cent. can, for the purpose of the present inquiry, be computed directly, leaving only 1 per cent. to be calculated p.o rata. The actual totals for the thirteen years ended 1913 are £202,108,402 and £1,930,701 respectively. In similar calculations made for the United Kingdom and the Australian Commonwealth, direct computations were made in respect of 86 and 83 per cent. of the total exports of the respective countries.
Working on the method above referred to, which is essentially the same as that introduced and elaborated by the British Board of Trade and used in a system of tables prepared by it annually, a table has been prepared showing for each year of the twentieth century the values that would have been represented by exports of New Zealand produce had the average prices ruling in 1900 been the same throughout the period. The values as actually declared are also given.
| EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE 1900 TO 1913, SHOWING EFFECT OF PRICES ON TOTAL VALUES. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Total, excluding Gold. | Gold. | Total, including Gold. | ||
| As actually declared. | As computed on 1900 Prices. | As actually declared. | As computed on 1900 Prices. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1900 | 11,615,647 | 11,615,647 | 1,439,602 | 13,055,249 | 13,055,249 |
| 1901 | 10,936,676 | 12,130,397 | 1,753,784 | 12,690,460 | 13,884,181 |
| 1902 | 11,547,173 | 12,920,796 | 1,951,426 | 13,498,599 | 14,872,222 |
| 1903 | 12,800,360 | 13,094,401 | 2,037,832 | 14,838,192 | 15,132,233 |
| 1904 | 12,614,286 | 11,975,827 | 1,987,501 | 14,601,787 | 13,963,328 |
| 1905 | 13,409,594 | 11,614,040 | 2,093,936 | 15,503,530 | 13,707,976 |
| 1906 | 15,569,442 | 12,626,668 | 2,270,904 | 17,840,346 | 14,897,572 |
| 1907 | 17,755,648 | 13,874,290 | 2,027,490 | 19,783,138 | 15,901,780 |
| 1908 | 13,889,731 | 12,606,694 | 2,004,799 | 15,894,530 | 14,611,493 |
| 1909 | 17,456,036 | 15,923,488 | 2,006,900 | 19,462,936 | 17,930,388 |
| 1910 | 20,047,845 | 16,685,327 | 1,896,318 | 21,944,163 | 18,581,645 |
| 1911 | 16,966,647 | 14,384,000 | 1,815,251 | 18,781,898 | 16,199,251 |
| 1912 | 19,927,274 | 16,439,795 | 1,345,131 | 21,272,405 | 17,784,926 |
| 1913 | 21,118,391 | 16,064,031 | 1,459,499 | 22,577,890 | 17,523,530 |
The information given in the above table is also set out graphically.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents a year's interval, and the vertical height £1,000,000 sterling. The dotted curve shows the actual values as declared, and the continuous curve the values as computed on the basis of the 1900 prices.
It will be seen from the table and the diagram that in 1901, 1902, and 1903 the values as computed on the prices ruling in the base year were in excess of the declared values, while the reverse has held since 1903.
Wool, meats, and butter and cheese together comprise 70 per cent. of the Dominion's domestic exports (see diagram on page 347), and consequently these commodities exercise a dominating influence on the total value of the exports. The price of wool was comparatively low in the earlier years of the century, and has since shown a general tendency to increase from year to year. Meats have risen in price almost continually since the base year, and the same may be said of butter and cheese. The figures for these commodities are shown. The values of butter and cheese, also of the various classes of wool and the various kinds of meats, have been assessed separately and added together.
| Year. | Wool. | Meats. | Butter and Cheese. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| As actually declared. | As computed on 1900 Prices. | As actually declared. | As computed on 1900 Prices. | As actually declared. | As computed on 1900 Prices. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1900 | 4,749,196 | 4,749,196 | 2,222,902 | 2,222,902 | 969,731 | 969,731 |
| 1901 | 3,699,103 | 4,950,789 | 2,349,717 | 2,236,954 | 1,121,091 | 1,097,434 |
| 1902 | 3,354,563 | 5,491,694 | 2,853,666 | 2,616,367 | 1,369,341 | 1,256,510 |
| 1903 | 4,041,274 | 4,515,641 | 3,295,806 | 2,859,874 | 1,513,065 | 1,390,082 |
| 1904 | 4,673,826 | 4,801,821 | 2,864,703 | 2,289,360 | 1,565,946 | 1,537,333 |
| 1905 | 5,381,333 | 4,606,666 | 2,782,323 | 2,095,464 | 1,613,728 | 1,509,255 |
| 1906 | 6,765,655 | 5,088,607 | 2,970,762 | 2,518,263 | 1,901,237 | 1,666,488 |
| 1907 | 7,657,278 | 5,625,873 | 3,521,661 | 2,927,051 | 2,277,700 | 1,937,046 |
| 1908 | 5,332,781 | 5,390,798 | 3,268,670 | 2,629,309 | 1,954,601 | 1,612,412 |
| 1909 | 6,305,888 | 6,280,243 | 3,754,812 | 3,269,832 | 2,744,770 | 2,270,408 |
| 1910 | 8,308,410 | 6,714,752 | 4,013,327 | 3,373,593 | 3,007,348 | 2,536,735 |
| 1911 | 6,491,707 | 5,631,224 | 3,656,255 | 2,891,525 | 2,768,974 | 2,258,161 |
| 1912 | 7,105,483 | 6,224,941 | 4,041,553 | 3,188,488 | 3,769,202 | 2,908,152 |
| 1913 | 8,057,620 | 6,139,412 | 4,564,187 | 3,212,670 | 3,831,948 | 2,960,069 |
Taking the average prices ruling in 1900 as representing 1,000, index numbers have been prepared showing relative prices in each of the years shown above in respect of the total exports of New Zealand produce, also wool, meats, and butter and cheese.
| INDEX NUMBERS OF EXPORT PRICES (1900 = 1,000). | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Total New Zealand Produce. | Wool. | Meats. | Butter and Cheese. |
| 1900 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 |
| 1901 | 914 | 747 | 1,050 | 1,022 |
| 1902 | 908 | 611 | 1,091 | 1,090 |
| 1903 | 965 | 895 | 1,152 | 1,088 |
| 1904 | 1,046 | 973 | 1,251 | 1,019 |
| 1905 | 1,131 | 1,168 | 1,328 | 1,069 |
| 1906 | 1,198 | 1,330 | 1,180 | 1,141 |
| 1907 | 1,244 | 1,361 | 1,203 | 1,176 |
| 1908 | 1,088 | 989 | 1,243 | 1,212 |
| 1909 | 1,085 | 1,004 | 1,148 | 1,209 |
| 1910 | 1,181 | 1,237 | 1,190 | 1,186 |
| 1911 | 1,159 | 1,153 | 1,264 | 1,226 |
| 1912 | 1,196 | 1,141 | 1,268 | 1,296 |
| 1913 | 1,288 | 1,312 | 1,421 | 1,295 |
These figures indicate considerable increase in 1913 as compared with 1912, in the case of wool, meats, and total. Had average prices in 1913 remained the same as in 1912 the exports of wool, meats, and butter and cheese in the two years would have been,—
| Wool. | Meats. | Butter and Cheese. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | |
| 1912—Values as declared | 7,105,483 | 4,041,553 | 3,769,202 |
| 1913—Values as declared | 8,057,620 | 4,564,187 | 3,831,948 |
| 1913—Values as computed on 1912 prices | 7,023,183 | 4,091,031 | 3,837,568 |
The values of the commodities referred to are shown graphically for each year since 1900, values as actually declared and as computed on the basis of the prices ruling in 1900 being given.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents a year's interval, and the vertical height £1,000,000 sterling. The dotted curves show the actual values as declared, and the continuous curves the values as computed on the basis of the 1900 prices.
A comparative statement of exports for the last two years is given below, showing the value of principal articles, being the produce or manufacture of the Dominion, classified according to their nature:—
| VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1912 AND 1913. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Articles. | Year 1912. | Year 1913. | Increase in 1913. | Decrease in 1913. |
| THE MINE. | £ | £ | £ | £ |
| Coal | 216,170 | 205,010 | .. | 11,160 |
| Gold | 1,345,131 | 1,459,499 | 114,368 | |
| Silver and other minerals | 98,979 | 127,268 | 28,289 | |
| Total | 1,660,280 | 1,791,777 | 131,497 | |
| THE FISHERIES. | ||||
| Fish | 33,746 | 23,721 | .. | 10,025 |
| Oysters | 2,984 | 2,813 | .. | 171 |
| Whalebone | 3,196 | 1,537 | .. | 1,659 |
| Whale-oil | 2,052 | 18,481 | 16,429 | |
| Other | 222 | 26,959 | 26,737 | |
| Total | 42,200 | 73,511 | 31,311 | |
| THE FOREST. | ||||
| Fungus | 8,433 | 5,655 | .. | 2,778 |
| Kauri-gum | 401,305 | 549,106 | 147,801 | |
| Timber, sawn and hewn | 490,508 | 319,055 | .. | 171,453 |
| Other | 425 | 294 | .. | 131 |
| Total | 900,671 | 874,110 | .. | 26,561 |
| ANIMALS AND PRODUCE. | ||||
| Bacon and hams | 11,282 | 4,991 | .. | 6,291 |
| Beef and pork (salted) | 13,730 | 11,220 | .. | 2,510 |
| Butter | 2,088,809 | 2,061,651 | .. | 27,158 |
| Cheese | 1,680,393 | 1,770,297 | 89,904 | |
| Hides | 221,594 | 261,744 | 40,150 | |
| Live-stock | 114,611 | 80,220 | .. | 34,391 |
| Preserved meats | 119,178 | 108,995 | .. | 10,183 |
| Frozen meat | 3,909,569 | 4,449,933 | 540,364 | |
| Sausage-skins | 91,688 | 93,251 | 1,563 | |
| Rabbit-skins | 118,234 | 86,756 | .. | 31,478 |
| Sheep-skins and pelts | 707,203 | 800,354 | 93,151 | |
| Tallow | 684,739 | 663,088 | .. | 21,651 |
| Wool | 7,105,483 | 8,057,620 | 952,137 | |
| Other | 64,296 | 68,666 | 4,370 | |
| Total | 16,930,809 | 18,518,786 | 1,587,977 | |
| AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. | ||||
| Bran and sharps | 19,648 | 8,097 | .. | 11,551 |
| Chaff | 3,924 | 1,153 | .. | 2,771 |
| Flour | 2,861 | 1,685 | .. | 1,176 |
| Grain— | ||||
| Barley | 48,621 | 959 | .. | 47,662 |
| Beans and peas | 112,135 | 89,124 | .. | 23,011 |
| Maize | 808 | 47 | .. | 761 |
| Malt | 12 | 7 | .. | 5 |
| Oats | 483,756 | 29,252 | .. | 454,504 |
| Wheat | 95,702 | 11,816 | .. | 83,886 |
| Hops | 21,348 | 22,680 | 1,332 | |
| Oatmeal | 2,632 | 184 | .. | 2,448 |
| Potatoes | 150,303 | 7,443 | .. | 142,860 |
| Seeds (grass and clover) | 69,694 | 60,492 | .. | 9,202 |
| Other | 49,161 | 47,037 | .. | 2,124 |
| Total | 1,060,605 | 279,976 | .. | 780,629 |
| MANUFACTURES. | ||||
| Apparel | 2,122 | 1,397 | .. | 725 |
| Leather | 38,454 | 31,945 | .. | 6,509 |
| Phormium fibre | 376,264 | 721,924 | 345,660 | |
| Woollen manufactures | 14,599 | 11,213 | .. | 3,386 |
| Other manufactures | 205,356 | 220,593 | 15,237 | |
| Total | 636,795 | 987,072 | 350,277 | |
| Miscellaneous | 41,045 | 52,658 | 11,613 | |
| Total exports (domestic produce and manufactures) | 21,272,405 | 22,577,890 | 1,305,485 | |
| Specie | 258,955 | 176,359 | .. | 82,596 |
| Re-exports | 239,221 | 232,473 | .. | 6,748 |
| Total exports | 21,770,581 | 22,986,722 | 1,216,141 | |
The exports of New Zealand produce or manufacture for the last two years have also to be considered in relation to quantity, and the articles are again grouped in the next table according to the same classification as that used for purposes of comparing the values.
| QUANTITIES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE EXPORTED, 1912 and 1913. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Articles. | Year 1912. | Year 1913. | Increase in 1913. | Decrease in 1913. |
* At 20 lb. to the bushel. | ||||
| The Mine:— | ||||
| Coal Tons | 229,012 | 211,749 | .. | 17,263 |
| Gold Oz. | 343,163 | 376,161 | 32,998 | |
| Silver Oz. | 801,165 | 975,616 | 174,451 | |
| Other minerals Tons | 137 | 227 | 90 | |
| The Fisheries:— | ||||
| Fish Cwt. | 14,284 | 12,038 | .. | 2,246 |
| Oysters Doz. | 378,896 | 361,225 | .. | 17,671 |
| Whalebone lb. | 11,992 | 6,272 | .. | 5,720 |
| Whale-oil Gal. | 28,295 | 247,831 | 219,536 | |
| The Forest:— | ||||
| Fungus Cwt. | 3,790 | 2,304 | .. | 1,486 |
| Gum (kauri) Tons | 7,908 | 8,780 | 872 | |
| Timber (sawn and hewn) S.ft. | 94,454,491 | 63,469,105 | .. | 30,985,386 |
| Animals and Produce:— | ||||
| Bacon and hams Cwt. | 2,736 | 1,020 | .. | 1,716 |
| Beef and pork (salted) Cwt. | 8,822 | 6,883 | .. | 1,939 |
| Butter Cwt. | 378,117 | 372,258 | .. | 5,859 |
| Cheese Cwt. | 577,070 | 611,663 | 34,593 | |
| Hides No. | 146,796 | 169,333 | 22,537 | |
| Meats (preserved) Cwt. | 43,493 | 36,885 | .. | 6,608 |
| Meats (frozen) Cwt. | 2,573,238 | 2,578,963 | 5,725 | |
| Sausage-skins Cwt. | 31,576 | 30,801 | .. | 775 |
| Skins (rabbit) No. | 8,937,035 | 6,267,608 | .. | 2,669,427 |
| Skins (sheep) and pelts No. | 7,920,972 | 8,171,275 | 250,303 | |
| Tallow Cwt. | 470,900 | 454,860 | .. | 16,040 |
| Wool lb. | 188,361,790 | 186,533,036 | .. | 1,828,754 |
| Agricultural Products:— | ||||
| Bran and sharps Tons | 4,203 | 1,944 | .. | 2,259 |
| Chaff Tons | 844 | 198 | .. | 646 |
| Flour Tons | 307 | 206 | .. | 101 |
| Grain, barley Bush. | 225,841 | 4,747 | .. | 221,094 |
| Grain beans and peas Bush. | 464,609 | 339,998 | .. | 124,611 |
| Grain maize Bush. | 4,081 | 197 | .. | 3,884 |
| Grain malt Bush. | 25 | 14 | .. | 11 |
| Grain oats Bush. | 4,123,920 | 239,268 | .. | 3,884,652 |
| Grain wheat Bush. | 505,205 | 62,338 | .. | 442,867 |
| Hops Cwt. | 2,473 | 4,447 | 1,974 | |
| Potatoes Tons | 19,964 | 1,556 | .. | 18,408 |
| Seeds (grass and clover) Bush* | 203,526 | 199,298 | .. | 4,228 |
| Manufactures:— | ||||
| Ale and beer Gal. | 17,490 | 14,189 | .. | 3,301 |
| Cordage Cwt. | 881 | 1,282 | 401 | |
| Leather Cwt. | 6,593 | 4,450 | .. | 2,143 |
| Phormium fibre Tons | 18,641 | 28,092 | 9,451 | |
| Soap Cwt. | 6,193 | 7,350 | 1,157 | |
A number of tables follow, showing the country of destination of certain principal articles, the produce of the Dominion, exported during the past five years. As indicated above the greater portion of the Dominion's raw products is sent to the United Kingdom.
| WOOL. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| lb. | lb. | lb. | lb. | lb. | |
| United Kingdom | 180,908,005 | 194,455,535 | 161,110,735 | 172,512,073 | 168,153,780 |
| Germany | 1,263,869 | 3,870,116 | 3,298,139 | 5,786,837 | 6,907,786 |
| United States | 4,259,880 | 3,047,913 | 2,346,183 | 5,104,689 | 4,681,967 |
| France | 1,523,719 | 1,190,810 | 1,039,109 | 2,899,114 | 4,254,506 |
| New South Wales | 314,360 | 572,810 | 194,594 | 497,936 | 1,172,595 |
| Canada | 809,646 | 420,610 | 551,398 | 908,772 | 872,260 |
| Belgium | 246,470 | 585,194 | 720,641 | 551,891 | 308,551 |
| Victoria | 351,977 | 103,912 | 164,012 | 69,540 | 119,953 |
| Japan | .. | 9,611 | .. | 20,413 | 61,638 |
| Other countries | 5,777 | 112,446 | .. | 10,525 | |
| Total | 189,683,703 | 204,368,957 | 169,424,811 | 188,361,790 | 186,533,036 |
| FROZEN MEAT. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
| United Kingdom | 2,555,142 | 2,645,489 | 2,246,291 | 2,557,918 | 2,525,761 |
| Canada | .. | .. | 122 | 929 | 43,447 |
| Gibraltar | 5,580 | 7,315 | 3,676 | 13,147 | 7,371 |
| Pacific Islands | 29 | 83 | 228 | 227 | 1,833 |
| United States | 9,924 | 224 | 32 | .. | 268 |
| Australian States | 1,295 | 983 | 86 | 703 | 13 |
| Other countries | 634 | 102 | 130 | 314 | |
| Total | 2,572,604 | 2,654,196 | 2,250,565 | 2,573,238 | 2,578,693 |
| TALLOW. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
| United Kingdom | 23,867 | 25,903 | 20,624 | 23,497 | 22,723 |
| Pacific Islands | 8 | 7 | 4 | .. | 19 |
| Australian States | 70 | 77 | 28 | 42 | 1 |
| Other countries | 263 | 22 | .. | 6 | |
| Total | 24,208 | 26,009 | 20,656 | 23,545 | 22,743 |
| SHEEP-SKINS. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | |
| United Kingdom | 5,724,943 | 6,112,637 | 5,945,762 | 6,010,351 | 6,213,562 |
| United States | 1,236,569 | 1,267,902 | 1,408,766 | 1,492,005 | 1,667,252 |
| Canada | 314,685 | 144,239 | 121,741 | 256,016 | 179,940 |
| New South Wales | 191,321 | 236,959 | 128,944 | 155,476 | 107,094 |
| Victoria | 40,600 | 43,709 | 13,697 | 6,940 | 2,088 |
| Other countries | 7,296 | 5,140 | 1,005 | 184 | 1,339 |
| Total | 7,515,414 | 7,810,586 | 7,619,915 | 7,920,972 | 8,171,275 |
| RABBIT-SKINS. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | |
| United Kingdom | 7,390,117 | 8,995,559 | 7,346,660 | 8,850,584 | 6,196,639 |
| New South Wales | 135,478 | 81,835 | 85,844 | 71,674 | 62,491 |
| Victoria | 7,542 | 26,416 | 22,784 | 14,127 | 6,378 |
| Other countries | .. | 144 | .. | 650 | 2,100 |
| Total | 7,533,137 | 9,103,954 | 7,455,288 | 8,937,035 | 6,267,608 |
| HIDES. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | Number. | |
| Canada | 49,315 | 64,544 | 58,946 | 93,410 | 60,196 |
| New South Wales | 51,066 | 40,173 | 23,557 | 19,978 | 51,372 |
| Victoria | 79,051 | 63,803 | 45,386 | 29,242 | 38,176 |
| United States | 341 | .. | 17 | 1,508 | 9,318 |
| United Kingdom | 7,841 | 4,610 | 302 | 600 | 8,962 |
| Tasmania | .. | 1,590 | 1,214 | 1,620 | 1,305 |
| Other countries | 1,501 | 627 | 419 | 438 | 4 |
| Total | 189,115 | 175,347 | 129,841 | 146,796 | 169,333 |
| BUTTER. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
| United Kingdom | 301,693 | 345,400 | 283,505 | 316,857 | 288,224 |
| Canada | 50 | 186 | 9,224 | 42,461 | 56,149 |
| United States | .. | 1,156 | 1,757 | 3,015 | 16,616 |
| Natal | 10,326 | 2,225 | 3,710 | 6,557 | 7,107 |
| Pacific Islands | 2,166 | 2,334 | 2,481 | 3,052 | 2,939 |
| Cape of Good Hope | 6,228 | 4,611 | 1,645 | 4,334 | 1,211 |
| Australian States | 645 | 516 | 39 | 1,839 | 11 |
| Other countries | .. | 107 | 26 | 2 | 1 |
| Total | 321,108 | 356,535 | 302,387 | 378,117 | 372,258 |
| CHEESE. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
| United Kingdom | 398,619 | 449,167 | 435,616 | 572,562 | 608,933 |
| Natal | 781 | 925 | 1,694 | 1,650 | 1,507 |
| Cape of Good Hope | 286 | 1,118 | 878 | 995 | 564 |
| Australian States | 655 | 389 | 610 | 1,521 | 391 |
| Pacific Islands | 235 | 209 | 168 | 253 | 189 |
| Other countries | 31 | 107 | 208 | 89 | 79 |
| Total | 400,607 | 451,915 | 439,174 | 577,070 | 611,663 |
| WHEAT. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | |
| United Kingdom | 1,307,622 | 1,285,064 | 1,240,891 | 501,654 | 58,486 |
| Pacific Islands | 1,425 | 1,742 | 2,465 | 3,399 | 3,795 |
| Australian States | 2,526 | 7,522 | 7,516 | 152 | 57 |
| Other countries | 107,644 | .. | 3,685 | .. | |
| Total | 1,419,217 | 1,294,328 | 1,254,557 | 505,205 | 62,338 |
| OATS. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | |
| New South Wales | 441,127 | 43,716 | 2,643 | 1,499,748 | 133,846 |
| Victoria | 95,356 | 108,551 | 34,230 | 1,281,328 | 47,239 |
| Ceylon | 13,637 | 15,965 | 22,911 | 22,429 | 17,724 |
| Uruguay | .. | 2,501 | 65 | 4,266 | 12,545 |
| Pacific Islands, other than Fiji | 16,526 | 2,946 | 4,616 | 5,352 | 6,273 |
| Queensland | 23,842 | 4,920 | 2,592 | 83,141 | 5,637 |
| Fiji | 6,956 | 5,036 | 2,740 | 9,312 | 3,175 |
| United Kingdom | 4,510,779 | 254,617 | 88 | 1,156,091 | 2,661 |
| Brazil | .. | .. | 1,945 | 924 | 2,265 |
| Natal | 4,644 | 2,230 | .. | .. | 2,183 |
| South Australia | 654 | 474 | 789 | 3,963 | 1,770 |
| Cape of Good Hope | 19 | .. | .. | 2,786 | 1,535 |
| Tasmania | 334 | 306 | .. | 1,629 | 506 |
| Western Australia | 6,206 | 356 | 207 | 44,807 | 24 |
| Other countries | 13,393 | 2,968 | .. | 8,144 | 1,885 |
| Total | 5,133,473 | 444,586 | 72,826 | 4,123,920 | 239,268 |
| BEANS AND PEAS. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | Bushels. | |
| United Kingdom | 167,491 | 183,201 | 319,334 | 426,567 | 310,846 |
| New South Wales | 4,667 | 5,143 | 4,981 | 13,461 | 9,970 |
| Victoria | 5,765 | 5,979 | 5,284 | 11,147 | 4,763 |
| United States | .. | 1,239 | 2 | 4,793 | 4,057 |
| Ceylon | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2,789 |
| Canada | .. | .. | 37 | 2,207 | 2,128 |
| South Australia | 1,430 | 909 | 1,045 | 2,832 | 1,695 |
| Holland | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1,026 |
| Western Australia | 549 | 294 | 318 | 876 | 687 |
| Tasmania | 651 | 602 | 452 | 619 | 507 |
| Cape of Good Hope | .. | 495 | 338 | 787 | 468 |
| Queensland | 357 | 288 | 362 | 379 | 389 |
| France | .. | .. | .. | 500 | 200 |
| Natal | 587 | 339 | 11 | 108 | 144 |
| Fiji | .. | 24 | 17 | 166 | 117 |
| Other countries | 20 | 14 | 46 | 167 | 212 |
| Total | 181,517 | 198,527 | 332,227 | 464,609 | 339,998 |
| PHORMIUM FIBRE. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
| United Kingdom | 9,525 | 15,731 | 14,152 | 14,495 | 20,992 |
| United States | 400 | 424 | 1,091 | 1,617 | 3,056 |
| Victoria | 2,507 | 2,489 | 949 | 1,380 | 2,149 |
| New South Wales | 1,480 | 1,852 | 936 | 890 | 1,513 |
| South Australia | 257 | 144 | 144 | 156 | 170 |
| Western Australia | .. | .. | .. | 51 | 108 |
| Canada | 135 | .. | .. | 51 | 51 |
| Other countries | 14 | 5 | 94 | 1 | 53 |
| Total | 14,318 | 20,645 | 17,366 | 18,641 | 28,092 |
| TIMBER, SAWN AND HEWN. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Sup. ft. | Sup. ft. | Sup. ft. | Sup. ft. | Sup. ft. | |
| New South Wales | 40,322,483 | 42,743,489 | 47,450,406 | 53,252,041 | 37,096,443 |
| Victoria | 22,119,392 | 26,317,580 | 25,753,006 | 29,781,965 | 20,940,834 |
| South Australia | 5,269,178 | 3,448,002 | 7,347,045 | 6,334,602 | 2,800,961 |
| United Kingdom | 1,624,429 | 7,777,129 | 2,761,799 | 2,120,340 | 877,438 |
| Western Australia | 195,634 | .. | 810,439 | 499,610 | 535,854 |
| Tasmania | 773,047 | 306,039 | 385,064 | 358,260 | 418,924 |
| Pacific Islands, excluding Fiji | 709,386 | 628,871 | 1,002,116 | 807,176 | 332,122 |
| Queensland | 221,990 | 359,554 | 356,538 | 963,653 | 259,390 |
| Fiji | 345,522 | 359,398 | 443,157 | 336,844 | 192,240 |
| Other countries | 18,257 | .. | .. | .. | 14,899 |
| Total | 71,599,318 | 81,940,062 | 86,309,570 | 94,454,491 | 63,469,105 |
| KAURI-GUM. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
| United States | 5,127 | 4,149 | 3,514 | 3,894 | 3,995 |
| United Kingdom | 2,290 | 3,253 | 2,378 | 2,468 | 3,390 |
| Germany | 639 | 913 | 1,142 | 1,053 | 833 |
| Belgium | 17 | 29 | 78 | 123 | 126 |
| Austria-Hungary | 1 | 124 | 131 | 159 | 112 |
| Canada | 24 | 66 | 9 | 40 | 62 |
| Netherlands | .. | 6 | 55 | 42 | 60 |
| New South Wales | 111 | 28 | 18 | 18 | 55 |
| Russia | .. | 15 | 80 | 2 | 53 |
| France | 1 | 19 | 75 | 37 | 45 |
| Victoria | 38 | 37 | 57 | 21 | 25 |
| Sweden | 2 | 30 | 35 | 35 | 15 |
| Italy | .. | 23 | 15 | 15 | 9 |
| Other countries | .. | 1 | .. | 1 | |
| Total | 8,250 | 8,693 | 7,587 | 7,908 | 8,780 |
| GOLD. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Oz. | Oz. | Oz. | Oz. | Oz. | |
| New South Wales | 122,060 | 121,144 | 216,741 | 156,742 | 215,565 |
| United Kingdom | 284,296 | 252,567 | 103,840 | 106,620 | 99,460 |
| Victoria | 100,015 | 104,575 | 134,219 | 79,801 | 61,131 |
| Other countries | .. | .. | 37 | .. | 5 |
| Total | 506,371 | 478,286 | 454,837 | 343,163 | 376,161 |
Details of all exports during 1913 are given in the pages following.
| EXPORTS, 1913. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Articles exported. | Quantities. | Value in Sterling. | Total. | ||
| Produce and Manufactures of the Dominion. | British, Foreign, and other Colonial Produce and Manufactures. | Produce and Manufactures of the Dominion. | British, Foreign, and other Colonial Produce and Manufactures. | ||
| Acid— | .. | .. | £ | £ | £ |
| Acetic lb. | .. | 373 | .. | 4 | 4 |
| Carbolic lb. | .. | 30 | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Unenumerated lb. | 10 | 6,062 | 1 | 501 | 502 |
| Alkali— | |||||
| Soda Ash cwt. | .. | 40 | .. | 18 | 18 |
| Soda carbonate and bicarbonate cwt. | .. | 19 | .. | 14 | 14 |
| Soda Crystals cwt. | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Ambergris oz. | 14,516 | .. | 26,800 | .. | 26,800 |
| Animals, living— | |||||
| Asses No. | 2 | .. | 20 | .. | 20 |
| Cattle, horned No. | 273 | .. | 3,515 | .. | 3,515 |
| Dogs No. | 73 | 13 | 378 | 177 | 555 |
| Horses No. | 738 | .. | 38,049 | .. | 38,049 |
| Monkeys No. | .. | 4 | .. | 20 | 20 |
| Pigs No. | 198 | .. | 535 | .. | 535 |
| Sheep No. | 11,803 | .. | 37,071 | .. | 37,071 |
| Poultry No. | 2,152 | .. | 565 | .. | 565 |
| Pigeons No. | 8 | .. | 30 | .. | 30 |
| Other Birds No. | 160 | .. | 57 | .. | 57 |
| Apparel and slops | .. | .. | 1,397 | 3,826 | 5,223 |
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives— | |||||
| Caps, percussion No. | .. | 512,500 | .. | 51 | 51 |
| Cartridges (shot), 10–24 bore No. | 4,500 | 77,150 | 23 | 295 | 318 |
| Cartridges, n.o.e. No. | .. | 25,700 | .. | 15 | 15 |
| Detonators for dynamite, &c. | .. | .. | .. | 11 | 11 |
| Dynamite lb. | .. | 400 | .. | 24 | 24 |
| Firearms No. | .. | 112 | .. | 122 | 122 |
| Fuse coils | .. | 2,262 | .. | 60 | 60 |
| Ordnance Stores | .. | .. | .. | 3,510 | 3,510 |
| Powder, blasting lb. | .. | 350 | .. | 14 | 14 |
| Powder, sporting lb. | .. | 475 | .. | 36 | 36 |
| Other explosives lb. | .. | 50 | .. | 3 | 3 |
| Bacon and hams— | |||||
| Bacon cwt. | 502 | .. | 2,431 | .. | 2,431 |
| Hams cwt. | 518 | .. | 2,560 | .. | 2,560 |
| Bags and sacks— | |||||
| Cornsacks doz. | .. | 39,976 | .. | 6,730 | 6,730 |
| Unenumerated doz. | 128 | 195 | 25 | 41 | 66 |
| Basketware and wickerware | .. | .. | 1 | 19 | 20 |
| Beche-de-Mer cwt. | 6 | .. | 12 | .. | 12 |
| Beer gal. | 14,189 | 2,632 | 1,383 | 605 | 1 988 |
| Belting— | |||||
| Leather lb. | .. | 411 | .. | 51 | 51 |
| Other than leather | .. | .. | 39 | 255 | 294 |
| Beverages, non-alcoholic— | .. | .. | £ | £ | £ |
| Aerated and mineral waters | .. | .. | 712 | 22 | 734 |
| Coffee-essence | .. | .. | .. | 9 | 9 |
| Fruit-juices, sweetened | .. | .. | 38 | 31 | 69 |
| Fruit-juices, unsweetened gal. | .. | 27 | .. | 5 | 5 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Bicycles and tricycles No. | 3 | 32 | 23 | 178 | 201 |
| Materials for | .. | .. | 4 | 1,834 | 1,838 |
| Motor bicycles and tricycles No. | .. | 24 | .. | 508 | 508 |
| Materials for | .. | .. | .. | 223 | 223 |
| Biscuits— | |||||
| Fancy and other kinds lb. | 18,397 | 345 | 367 | 11 | 378 |
| Ships', plain cwt. | 5,047 | 31 | 5,886 | 71 | 5,957 |
| Blacking | .. | .. | 2 | 33 | 35 |
| Blacklead | .. | .. | .. | 359 | 359 |
| Blue lb. | 48 | 2,774 | 2 | 58 | 60 |
| Boats No. | 15 | .. | 2,754 | .. | 2,754 |
| Bones tons | 21 | .. | 249 | .. | 249 |
| Books, papers, and music, printed | .. | .. | 4,916 | 3,574 | 8,490 |
| Boots and shoes doz. prs. | 38 | 225 | 175 | 741 | 916 |
| Gum-boots doz. prs. | .. | 10 | .. | 44 | 44 |
| Bran tons | 1,856 | .. | 7,534 | .. | 7,534 |
| Brass— | |||||
| Pig, bar, or sheet cwt. | .. | 15 | .. | 164 | 164 |
| Scrap | 1,228 | .. | 3,014 | .. | 3,014 |
| Tubing and stamped work in the rough cwt. | .. | 58 | .. | 245 | 245 |
| Bricks— | |||||
| Building No. | 21,860 | 10,000 | 69 | 20 | 89 |
| Fire | 18,603 | 4,003 | 174 | 9 | 183 |
| Brushes, brushware, and brooms | .. | .. | 48 | 198 | 246 |
| Materials for | .. | .. | .. | 14 | 14 |
| Butter cwt. | 372,258 | .. | 2,061,651 | .. | 2,061,651 |
| Candles lb. | 225 | 5,586 | 7 | 96 | 103 |
| Canes and rattans | .. | .. | 50 | .. | 50 |
| Canvas | .. | .. | .. | 76 | 76 |
| Cards, playing packs | .. | 1,152 | .. | 19 | 19 |
| Carpeting and druggeting | .. | .. | .. | 2,405 | 2,405 |
| Carriages, &c.— | |||||
| Carriages No. | 11 | 2 | 260 | 53 | 313 |
| Carta, drays, and wagons No. | 3 | .. | 55 | .. | 55 |
| Motor vehicles— | |||||
| Bodies for No. | .. | 20 | .. | 1,852 | 1,852 |
| Chassis for No. | .. | 20 | .. | 5,545 | 5,545 |
| Materials for | .. | .. | .. | 2,433 | 2,433 |
| Perambulators and go-carts No. | 2 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| Materials for | .. | .. | 47 | 141 | 188 |
| Casein tons | 214 | .. | 6,452 | .. | 6,452 |
| Cement barrels | 29,988 | 1,222 | 10,483 | 740 | 11,223 |
| Chains and chain cables cwt. | .. | 31 | .. | 47 | 47 |
| Cheese cwt. | 611,663 | .. | 1,770,297 | 1 | 1,770,298 |
| China, porcelain, and parianware | .. | .. | .. | 413 | 413 |
| Clocks No. | 1 | 122 | 5 | 55 | 60 |
| Coals— | |||||
| Cargo tons | 26,849 | 23 | 22,099 | 43 | 22,142 |
| Bunkers tons | 184,900 | 4,818 | 182,911 | 5,040 | 187,951 |
| Cocoa and chocolate lb. | .. | 9,960 | .. | 864 | 864 |
| Cocoa beans lb. | .. | 1,960 | .. | 47 | 47 |
| Cocoa-butter lb. | .. | 2,280 | .. | 125 | 125 |
| Coffee— | |||||
| Raw lb. | 2,374 | 4,717 | 97 | 177 | 274 |
| Roasted lb. | 3,269 | 2,758 | 161 | 133 | 294 |
| Coke tons | 28 | .. | 50 | .. | 50 |
| Combs | .. | .. | .. | 227 | 227 |
| Confectionery— | |||||
| Chocolate in plain trade packages lb. | 150 | 1,792 | 11 | 94 | 105 |
| Chocolate in fancy packages | .. | .. | .. | 129 | 129 |
| Unenumerated lb. | 7,521 | 5,004 | 184 | 162 | 346 |
| Copper— | |||||
| Nails cwt. | .. | 5 | .. | 26 | 26 |
| Pig, bar, and sheet cwt. | .. | 8 | .. | 43 | 43 |
| Scrap cwt. | 295 | .. | 1,110 | .. | 1,110 |
| Copra tons | 596 | 194 | 16,603 | 5,022 | 21,625 |
| Cordage cwt. | 1,282 | 586 | 2,565 | 1,401 | 3,966 |
| Iron and steel cwt. | .. | 90 | .. | 242 | 242 |
| Cork, out | .. | .. | .. | 78 | 78 |
| Cotton piece-goods— | |||||
| Butter and cheese cloth | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Leather-cloth | .. | .. | .. | 14 | 14 |
| Tubular-woven cotton cloth | .. | .. | .. | 428 | 428 |
| Waterproof material | .. | .. | .. | 47 | 47 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | .. | 4,302 | 4,302 |
| Cotton— | |||||
| Waste cwt. | .. | 8 | .. | 25 | 25 |
| Drapery | .. | .. | 145 | 5,543 | 5,688 |
| Lace and laces, n.o.e. | .. | .. | .. | 235 | 235 |
| Ribbons and crape | .. | .. | .. | 389 | 389 |
| Tailors' trimmings | .. | .. | .. | 28 | 28 |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares— | |||||
| Baking-powder, yeast preparations, &c. | .. | .. | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| Chemicals, n.o.e. | .. | .. | 24 | 55 | 79 |
| Cream of tartar lb. | .. | 1,458 | .. | 61 | 61 |
| Medicinal preparations, drugs, druggists' sundries, &c. | .. | .. | 504 | 1,301 | 1,805 |
| Glycerine, refined | .. | .. | 176 | 2 | 178 |
| Medicinal preparations, containing over 50 per cent. proof spirit lb. | .. | 236 | .. | 119 | 119 |
| Washing-powder | .. | .. | 1 | 13 | 14 |
| Anhydrous ammonia | .. | .. | 1 | 10 | 11 |
| Arsenic cwt. | .. | 20 | .. | 18 | 18 |
| Carbide of calcium tons | .. | 3 | .. | 44 | 44 |
| Disinfectants | .. | .. | 2 | 40 | 42 |
| Insecticides and tree-washes, denatured red oils gall. | .. | 16,482 | .. | 1,530 | 1,530 |
| Insecticides and tree-washes unenumerated | .. | .. | 4 | 105 | 109 |
| Sheep-dip | .. | .. | 226 | 551 | 777 |
| Vanilla-beans lb. | .. | 9,374 | .. | 3,952 | 3,952 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 1,562 | 281 | 1,843 |
| Dyes | .. | .. | .. | 137 | 137 |
| Earthenware | .. | .. | 1,377 | 1,677 | 3,054 |
| Engine-packing | .. | .. | 17 | 279 | 296 |
| Essences, flavouring— | |||||
| Over 33 per cent. proof spirit gal. | .. | 11 | .. | 49 | 49 |
| n.o.e. | .. | .. | 8 | 42 | 50 |
| Essential oils | .. | .. | .. | 367 | 367 |
| Fancy goods and toys | .. | .. | 223 | 3,144 | 3,367 |
| Fancy goods— | |||||
| Cinematograph films, &c. | .. | .. | 57 | 20,279 | 20,336 |
| Feathers lb. | 3,221 | .. | 26 | .. | 26 |
| Felt sheathing | .. | .. | .. | 18 | 18 |
| Fire hose and other appliances for fire brigades | .. | .. | .. | 34 | 34 |
| Fish— | |||||
| Dried, pickled, or salted cwt. | 69 | 56 | 163 | 111 | 274 |
| Frozen | 11,295 | .. | 18,828 | .. | 18,828 |
| Ova No. | 170,000 | .. | 147 | .. | 147 |
| Potted and preserved lb. | 75,512 | 172,088 | 4,730 | 4,777 | 9,507 |
| Fishing-tackle— | |||||
| Fish-hooks | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | .. | 15 | 15 |
| Floorcloth and oilcloth | .. | .. | .. | 59 | 59 |
| Flour tons | 206 | 54 | 1,685 | 515 | 2,200 |
| Foods, animal— | .. | .. | £ | £ | £ |
| Chaff tons | 198 | 4 | 1,153 | 23 | 1,176 |
| Prepared calf meal | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 611 | 13 | 624 |
| Foods, farinaceous— | |||||
| Arrowroot lb. | 112 | 830 | 1 | 13 | 14 |
| Infants' and invalids' | .. | .. | 15,301 | 103 | 15,404 |
| Maizena and cornflour lb. | .. | 4,697 | .. | 77 | 77 |
| Sago and tapioca cwt. | .. | 21 | .. | 26 | 26 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 155 | 2 | 157 |
| Fruits— | |||||
| Bottled and preserved doz. | 130 | 1,345 | 59 | 441 | 500 |
| Fruits, dried— | |||||
| Currants lb. | .. | 3,550 | .. | 54 | 54 |
| Raisins lb. | .. | 1,893 | .. | 39 | 39 |
| Figs, dates, and prunes lb. | .. | 10,343 | .. | 139 | 139 |
| Unenumerated lb. | .. | 7,032 | .. | 182 | 182 |
| Fruits, fresh— | |||||
| Apples and pears lb. | 1,505,443 | 1,351 | 12,160 | 19 | 12,179 |
| Other kinds | 4,144 | 648 | 51 | 15 | 66 |
| Fruits, orange and lemon peel, in brine lb. | .. | 10,192 | .. | 36 | 36 |
| Fungus cwt. | 2,304 | .. | 5,655 | .. | 5,655 |
| Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery | .. | .. | 549 | 221 | 770 |
| Kapok cwt. | .. | 17 | .. | 61 | 61 |
| Furniture, knife and plate powder and polish | .. | .. | 221 | 135 | 356 |
| Furs | .. | .. | .. | 333 | 333 |
| Glass— | |||||
| Bottles, empty | .. | .. | .. | 50 | 50 |
| Broken cwt. | 8,337 | .. | 642 | .. | 642 |
| Mirrors and looking-glasses | .. | .. | 5 | 87 | 92 |
| Plate, bevelled, and silvered | .. | .. | 11 | 10 | 21 |
| Plate, other kinds sup. ft. | .. | 135 | .. | 8 | 8 |
| Window sup. ft. | .. | 18,350 | .. | 258 | 258 |
| Glassware | .. | .. | 3 | 369 | 372 |
| Glue and size lb. | 2,240 | 245 | 19 | 7 | 26 |
| Glycerine (crude) cwt. | 1,584 | .. | 2,789 | .. | 2,789 |
| Gold oz. | 366,162 | .. | 1,429,969 | .. | 1,429,969 |
| Concentrates, slimes, tailings, and similar substances tons | 1,362 | .. | 33,587 | .. | 33,587 |
| Jewellers' sweepings, precious metal scrap and similar substances cwt. | 96 | .. | 1,965 | .. | 1,965 |
| Grain and pulse— | .. | .. | £ | £ | £ |
| Barley bush. | 4,747 | .. | 959 | .. | 959 |
| Beans and peas bush. | 330,998 | 328 | 89,124 | 173 | 89,297 |
| Maize bush. | 197 | .. | 47 | .. | 47 |
| Oats bush. | 239,268 | .. | 29,252 | .. | 29,252 |
| Rye bush. | 4,229 | .. | 728 | .. | 728 |
| Wheat bush. | 62,338 | .. | 11,816 | .. | 11,816 |
| Unenumerated bush. | 13 | 202 | 5 | 93 | 98 |
| Ground, unenumerated centals | 366 | 1 | 273 | 1 | 274 |
| Grease cwt. | 1 | 7 | 2 | 15 | 17 |
| Grindery | .. | .. | 14 | 144 | 158 |
| Gum— | |||||
| Kauri tons | 8,780 | .. | 549,106 | .. | 549,106 |
| New Caledonian tons | .. | 2 | .. | 107 | 107 |
| Haberdashery | .. | .. | .. | 326 | 326 |
| Buttons, tapes, wadding, pins, and needles | .. | .. | .. | 60 | 60 |
| Sewing cottons, silks, and threads | .. | .. | .. | 499 | 499 |
| Hair cwt. | 1,834 | .. | 8,030 | .. | 8,030 |
| Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery | .. | .. | 1,099 | 3,812 | 4,911 |
| Hats and caps doz. | 28 | 932 | 24 | 616 | 640 |
| Hatters' materials | .. | .. | .. | 158 | 158 |
| Hay and straw tons | 18 | .. | 100 | .. | 100 |
| Hides No. | 169,333 | .. | 261,744 | .. | 261,744 |
| Honey lb. | 204,669 | .. | 3,536 | .. | 3,536 |
| Hops cwt. | 4,447 | 13 | 22,680 | 80 | 22,760 |
| Horns and hoofs tons | 123 | .. | 1,722 | .. | 1,722 |
| Hose—canvas, indiarubber, and other | .. | .. | .. | 98 | 98 |
| Hosiery | .. | .. | 607 | 570 | 1,177 |
| Indiarubber and guttapercha goods | .. | .. | 2 | 524 | 526 |
| Indiarubber, old cwt. | 4,637 | .. | 8,051 | .. | 8,051 |
| Ink— | |||||
| Printing lb. | .. | 20 | .. | 4 | 4 |
| Writing gal. | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Instruments, musical— | |||||
| Harmoniums and organs No. | .. | 1 | .. | 40 | 40 |
| Pianos No. | .. | 34 | .. | 1,496 | 1,496 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 13 | 146 | 159 |
| Materials for | .. | .. | 150 | 124 | 274 |
| Instruments— | |||||
| Scientific | .. | .. | .. | 256 | 256 |
| Surgical and dental | .. | .. | 10 | 1,436 | 1,446 |
| Surveying | .. | .. | .. | 120 | 120 |
| Iron and steel— | .. | .. | £ | £ | £ |
| Bar, bolt, and rod cwt. | .. | 84 | .. | 1,556 | 1,556 |
| Bolts and nuts cwt. | 4 | 18 | 5 | 30 | 35 |
| Castings for ships | .. | .. | 5 | .. | 5 |
| Galvanized manufactures | .. | .. | 1,153 | 78 | 1,231 |
| Hoop | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Pig tons | .. | 2 | .. | 17 | 17 |
| Pipes and fittings, cast tons | 1 | 5 | 24 | 163 | 187 |
| Pipes and fitting, wrought tons | 1 | 20 | 15 | 512 | 527 |
| Rails | 1 | 2 | 5 | 27 | 32 |
| Sheet and plate tons | .. | 4 | .. | 53 | 53 |
| Galvanized, corrugated cwt. | .. | 7,059 | .. | 6,598 | 6,598 |
| Galvanized, plain cwt. | .. | 282 | .. | 268 | 268 |
| Staples, fencing | .. | 22 | .. | 19 | 19 |
| Tanks No. | 18 | 448 | 45 | 1,344 | 1,389 |
| Wire, fencing, barbed tons | .. | 14 | .. | 212 | 212 |
| Wire, fencing, plain tons | .. | 3 | .. | 38 | 38 |
| Wire netting | .. | .. | .. | 495 | 195 |
| Jams, jellies, and preserves lb. | 106,110 | 11,351 | 1,847 | 248 | 2,095 |
| Jellies, concentrated lb. | 36 | 1,326 | 2 | 63 | 65 |
| Jewellery | .. | .. | 250 | 109 | 359 |
| Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick | .. | .. | 1 | 635 | 636 |
| Lard cwt. | 1,848 | .. | 3,173 | .. | 3,173 |
| Lead— | |||||
| Pigs and bars tons. | .. | 2 | .. | 55 | 55 |
| Pipe, including composition cwt. | .. | 6 | .. | 12 | 12 |
| Sheet | .. | 69 | .. | 106 | 106 |
| Leather | 4,450 | 47 | 31,945 | 1,312 | 33,257 |
| Leather manufactures— | |||||
| Boot and shoe vamps, uppers, and laces | .. | .. | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 14 | 39 | 53 |
| Lime bush. | 1,967 | .. | 131 | .. | 131 |
| Linen piece-goods | .. | .. | 4 | 232 | 236 |
| Hessians and scrim | .. | .. | .. | 39 | 39 |
| Linseed centals | 10,575 | .. | 5,087 | .. | 5,087 |
| Machinery and machines, agricultural— | |||||
| Cleaners (grain and seed) No. | 2 | .. | 101 | .. | 101 |
| Cultivators, spring tine No. | .. | 2 | .. | 5 | 5 |
| Cutters (chaff, turnip, and other), oat-bruisers, pulpers, turnip slicers and strippers No. | 49 | 1 | 2,662 | 64 | 2,726 |
| Drills and sowers No. | .. | 1 | .. | 13 | 13 |
| Harrows, disc No. | 1 | 3 | 23 | 24 | 47 |
| Harrows, other kinds No. | .. | 2 | .. | 9 | 9 |
| Ploughs No. | 9 | 4 | 229 | 26 | 255 |
| Presses (wool, hay, and straw) | |||||
| No. | 9 | .. | 381 | .. | 381 |
| Reapers and binders No. | .. | 25 | .. | 1,000 | 1,000 |
| Rollers, field No. | 1 | .. | 32 | .. | 32 |
| Other kinds | .. | .. | 643 | 1,063 | 1,706 |
| Machinery and machines— | |||||
| Cash-registering No. | .. | 1 | .. | 6 | 6 |
| Dairying | .. | .. | 2,875 | 1,715 | 4,590 |
| Dredging | .. | .. | 595 | .. | 595 |
| Electric | .. | .. | 62 | 2,033 | 2,005 |
| Engines, steam No. | .. | 2 | .. | 146 | 146 |
| Gas and oil No. | .. | 34 | .. | 1,061 | 1,061 |
| Boilers for No. | 2 | 4 | 425 | 650 | 1,075 |
| Flour-milling | .. | .. | .. | 50 | 50 |
| Horticultural | .. | .. | 28 | 42 | 70 |
| Knitting No. | .. | 2 | .. | 100 | 100 |
| Mining | .. | .. | 865 | 64 | 929 |
| Printing | .. | .. | .. | 1,170 | 1,170 |
| Refrigerating | .. | .. | .. | 386 | 386 |
| Sewing No. | .. | 852 | .. | 794 | 794 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 1,752 | 6,295 | 8,047 |
| Materials for, and parts of | .. | .. | 118 | 1,105 | 1,223 |
| Malt bush. | 14 | .. | 7 | .. | 7 |
| Manures— | |||||
| Bonedust tons | 15 | 2 | 114 | 16 | 130 |
| Unenumerated | 7 | 4 | 53 | 26 | 79 |
| Marble— | |||||
| Dressed, polished, and manufactures | .. | .. | 86 | 19 | 105 |
| Matches and vestas— | |||||
| Wax gross boxes | .. | 27 | .. | 8 | 8 |
| Wooden gross boxes | .. | 8,858 | .. | 731 | 731 |
| Mats and matting | .. | .. | 164 | 19 | 183 |
| Meal, oaten centals | 243 | .. | 184 | .. | 184 |
| Meats— | |||||
| Beef, frozen cwt. | 269,257 | .. | 347,383 | .. | 347,383 |
| Beef, salted cwt. | 6,856 | .. | 11,144 | .. | 11,144 |
| Kidneys, frozen cwt. | 6,618 | .. | 12,848 | .. | 12,848 |
| Lamb (whole carcases) frozen | |||||
| carcases | 3,538,488 | .. | 2,332,372 | .. | 2,332,372 |
| = cwt. | 1,088,457 | ||||
| Mutton (whole carcases), frozen | |||||
| carcases | 2,201,365 | .. | 1,630,332 | .. | 1,630,332 |
| = cwt. | 1,089,352 | ||||
| Mutton (joints), frozen cwt. | 21,860 | .. | 31,792 | .. | 31,792 |
| Pork, frozen cwt. | 2,517 | .. | 5,843 | .. | 5,843 |
| Pork, salted cwt. | 27 | .. | 76 | .. | 76 |
| Veal, frozen cwt. | 4,280 | .. | 7,317 | .. | 7,317 |
| Rabbits, frozen in skins carcases | 3,370,925 | .. | 75,160 | .. | 75,160 |
| = cwt. | 90,947 | ||||
| Rabbits, frozen, other kinds | |||||
| carcases | 14,904 | .. | 155 | .. | 155 |
| = cwt. | 253 | ||||
| Hares, frozen in skins carcases | 14,251 | .. | 925 | .. | 925 |
| = cwt. | 983 | ||||
| Other kinds, frozen cwt. | 4,169 | .. | 5,806 | .. | 5,806 |
| Potted and preserved | 36,554 | 2 | 101,398 | 13 | 101,411 |
| Meat-extract lb. | 37,034 | .. | 7,597 | .. | 7,597 |
| Unenumerated cwt. | 18 | .. | 56 | .. | 56 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of— | |||||
| Anchors No. | .. | 37 | .. | 42 | 42 |
| Meters, gas, water, and electricity | .. | .. | .. | 210 | 210 |
| Pumps | .. | .. | 18 | 36 | 54 |
| Railway and tramway plant | .. | .. | .. | 12 | 12 |
| Rivets and washers cwt. | .. | 2 | .. | 3 | 3 |
| Typewriters No. | .. | 215 | .. | 951 | 951 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 2,687 | 16,801 | 19,488 |
| Metal, old cwt. | 18,806 | .. | 6,685 | .. | 6,685 |
| Milk, preserved lb. | 17,184 | 177,555 | 359 | 3,262 | 3,621 |
| Millinery | .. | .. | 15 | 455 | 470 |
| Minerals— | |||||
| Scheelite ore tons | 221 | .. | 22,933 | .. | 22,933 |
| Unenumerated | 6 | .. | 206 | .. | 206 |
| Mouldings and panels | .. | .. | 264 | 182 | 446 |
| Mustard lb. | .. | 78 | .. | 8 | 8 |
| Nails cwt. | .. | 349 | .. | 318 | 318 |
| Roofing, lead-headed cwt. | 140 | 41 | 158 | 58 | 216 |
| Nuts— | |||||
| Almonds, shelled and un-shelled lb. | .. | 370 | .. | 12 | 12 |
| Walnuts lb. | 262 | 4,069 | 10 | 54 | 64 |
| Unenumerated lb. | 22,400 | 25,536 | 140 | 182 | 322 |
| Oakum cwt. | .. | 23 | .. | 35 | 35 |
| Oars No. | .. | 116 | .. | 67 | 67 |
| Oils— | |||||
| Castor gal. | .. | 55 | .. | 11 | 11 |
| Coconut gal. | 25 | .. | 7 | .. | 7 |
| Cod-liver gal. | .. | 17 | .. | 5 | 5 |
| Colza gal. | .. | 2 | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Fish, penguin, mutton-bird, and seal gal. | 36 | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
| Linseed gal. | .. | 2,894 | .. | 542 | 542 |
| Mineral, kerosene gal. | .. | 201,136 | .. | 8,848 | 8,848 |
| Mineral, other kinds gal. | 94 | 53,515 | 3 | 4,471 | 4,474 |
| Neatsfoot gal. | 5,792 | 10 | 826 | 2 | 828 |
| Whale gal. | 247,831 | .. | 18,481 | .. | 18,481 |
| Unenumerated, bulk gal. | 42 | 4,390 | 2 | 322 | 324 |
| Unenumerated, in vessels under 1 gallon | .. | .. | .. | 128 | 128 |
| Oilmen's stores | .. | .. | 18 | 139 | 157 |
| Onions cwt. | 12,146 | 1,024 | 4,110 | 449 | 4,559 |
| Oysters doz. | 361,225 | .. | 2,813 | .. | 2,813 |
| Paints and colours— | |||||
| Ground in oil cwt. | 4 | 623 | 7 | 843 | 850 |
| Mixed, ready for use cwt. | 129 | 500 | 301 | 1,965 | 2,266 |
| Unenumerated | 96 | 48 | 40 | 68 | 108 |
| Paper— | |||||
| Bags, coarse cwt. | 45 | 1 | 69 | 2 | 71 |
| Bags, other kinds cwt. | 21 | 6 | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| Hangings | .. | .. | .. | 345 | 345 |
| Printing cwt. | .. | 29 | .. | 48 | 48 |
| Wrapping cwt. | 142 | 70 | 94 | 82 | 176 |
| Writing cwt. | 1 | 22 | 5 | 68 | 73 |
| Peel, candied and drained lb. | 56 | .. | 2 | .. | 2 |
| Perfumery— | |||||
| Perfumed spirits gal. | .. | 21 | .. | 37 | 37 |
| Toilet preparations | .. | .. | 1 | 41 | 42 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | .. | 10 | 10 |
| Phormium tons | 28,092 | .. | 721,924 | .. | 721,924 |
| Tow tons | 6,299 | .. | 65,138 | .. | 65,138 |
| Photographic goods | .. | .. | 25 | 473 | 498 |
| Cameras and lenses | .. | .. | .. | 169 | 169 |
| Sensitized surfaces | .. | .. | .. | 134 | 134 |
| Pickles gal. | 40 | 29 | 14 | 12 | 26 |
| Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs | .. | .. | 452 | 916 | 1,368 |
| Family portraits | .. | .. | 18 | .. | 18 |
| Picture frames and mounts | .. | .. | .. | 11 | 11 |
| Pitch cwt. | .. | 11 | .. | 11 | 11 |
| Plants, shrubs, and trees | .. | .. | 4,292 | 63 | 4,355 |
| Plaster-of-paris | .. | 149 | .. | 44 | 44 |
| Plate and platedware | .. | .. | .. | 2,091 | 2,091 |
| Pollard and sharps tons | 88 | .. | 563 | .. | 563 |
| Portmanteaux and travelling-bags | .. | .. | 17 | 68 | 85 |
| Potatoes tons | 1,556 | .. | 7,443 | .. | 7,443 |
| Printing materials— | |||||
| Stereotypes, matrices, half-tone, and line blocks | .. | .. | .. | 19 | 19 |
| Type and materials, n.o.e. | .. | .. | .. | 251 | 251 |
| Provisions— | .. | .. | £ | £ | £ |
| Eggs doz. | 11,460 | .. | 652 | .. | 652 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 1,271 | 770 | 2,041 |
| Putty cwt. | 7 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| Rags cwt. | 2,990 | .. | 3,773 | .. | 3,773 |
| Rice cwt. | .. | 1,360 | .. | 1,121 | 1,121 |
| Rugs, all kinds | .. | .. | 9,695 | 151 | 9,846 |
| Saddlery and harness (including whips) | .. | .. | 419 | 158 | 577 |
| Harness oil, composition, and leather dressing | .. | .. | .. | 29 | 29 |
| Saddlers' ironmongery and materials | .. | .. | 38 | 6 | 44 |
| Salt tons | .. | 18 | .. | 180 | 180 |
| Sauces, catsup and chutney gal. | 36 | 388 | 12 | 231 | 243 |
| Sausage-skins cwt. | 30,801 | 17 | 93,251 | 166 | 93,417 |
| Seeds— | |||||
| Grass and clover cwt. | 35,580 | 510 | 60,492 | 2,133 | 62,625 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 3,712 | 788 | 4,500 |
| Ship-chandlery, n.o.e. | .. | .. | 19 | 115 | 134 |
| Silks | .. | .. | .. | 968 | 968 |
| Silver oz. | 920,454 | 1,000 | 98,107 | 100 | 98,207 |
| Skins— | |||||
| Calf and other kinds No. | 179,461 | .. | 50,521 | .. | 50,521 |
| Rabbit No. | 6,267,608 | .. | 86,756 | .. | 86,756 |
| =lb. | 1,015,685 | ||||
| Seal No. | 490 | .. | 529 | .. | 529 |
| Sheep, with wool No. | 933,152 | .. | 223,362 | .. | 223,362 |
| =lb. | 6,805,449 | ||||
| Sheep, without wool No. | 7,238,123 | .. | 576,992 | .. | 576,992 |
| =lb. | 20,670,937 | ||||
| Slates, roofing No. | .. | 1,400 | .. | 20 | 20 |
| Soap— | |||||
| Common cwt. | 7,350 | .. | 8,832 | .. | 8,832 |
| Powder and extract | .. | .. | 1 | 387 | 388 |
| N.o.e. | .. | .. | 49 | 122 | 171 |
| Specie— | |||||
| Copper | .. | .. | .. | 50 | 50 |
| Gold | .. | .. | .. | 167,659 | 167,659 |
| Silver | .. | .. | .. | 8,650 | 8,650 |
| Specimens illustrative of natural science | .. | .. | 63 | .. | 63 |
| Spices— | |||||
| Ground lb. | 36 | 108 | 2 | 8 | 10 |
| Unground | .. | 582 | .. | 21 | 21 |
| Spirits— | |||||
| .. | .. | £ | £ | £ | |
| Bitters, cordials, and liqueurs gal. | .. | 80 | .. | 61 | 61 |
| Brandy gal. | .. | 619 | .. | 421 | 421 |
| Geneva and gin, un-sweetened gal. | .. | 997 | .. | 392 | 392 |
| Methylated gal. | 52 | 66 | 11 | 15 | 26 |
| Rum gal. | .. | 61 | .. | 20 | 20 |
| Sweetened, n.o.e. gal. | .. | 12 | .. | 4 | 4 |
| Whisky gal. | .. | 6,511 | .. | 3,016 | 3,016 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Spirits of Wine gal. | .. | 10 | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Stags' Heads No. | 24 | .. | 172 | .. | 172 |
| Starch lb. | .. | 4,526 | .. | 82 | 82 |
| Stationery— | |||||
| Handbills, circulars, &c. lb. | 2,998 | 10,181 | 262 | 645 | 907 |
| Manufactured | .. | .. | 1,340 | 541 | 1,881 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 251 | 710 | 961 |
| Apparatus, appliances, &c., for educational purposes | .. | .. | 10 | 60 | 70 |
| Bookbinders' materials | .. | .. | .. | 12 | 12 |
| Cardboard boxes, materials for | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Stone— | |||||
| Building tons | 11 | .. | 6 | .. | 6 |
| Greenstone cwt. | 134 | .. | 880 | .. | 880 |
| Grind, mill, oil, and whet | .. | .. | .. | 16 | 16 |
| Pumice | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Sand, pumice tons. | 2,685 | .. | 7,486 | .. | 7,486 |
| Sugar— | |||||
| Raw cwt. | .. | 1,295 | .. | 962 | 962 |
| Refined cwt. | 13,106 | .. | 11,123 | .. | 11,123 |
| Golden syrup cwt. | 21 | .. | 21 | .. | 21 |
| Molasses cwt. | 5 | .. | 1 | .. | 1 |
| Treacle cwt. | 6 | .. | 6 | .. | 6 |
| Sulphur cwt. | .. | 1 | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Tallow tons | 20,306 | .. | 581,545 | .. | 581,545 |
| Mutton stock, oleomargarine cwt. | 2,437 | .. | 81,543 | .. | 81,543 |
| Tanning materials, crude— | |||||
| Bark cwt. | .. | 1 | 6 | 23 | 29 |
| Other kinds | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Tar | .. | .. | 20 | 11 | 31 |
| Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick and wagon covers | .. | .. | 33 | 40 | 73 |
| Tea lb. | .. | 54,790 | .. | 3,679 | 3,679 |
| Textile piece-goods— | |||||
| Other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen | .. | .. | 64 | 976 | 1,040 |
| Articles made up from, other than apparel | .. | .. | 66 | 62 | 128 |
| Timber— | .. | .. | £ | £ | £ |
| Logs, round, beech No. | 9 | .. | 29 | .. | 29 |
| =sup. ft. | 5,850 | ||||
| Logs, round, white-pine No. | 158 | .. | 259 | .. | 259 |
| = sup. ft. | 75,287 | ||||
| Flitches (dutiable), kauri No. | 903 | .. | 12 | .. | 12 |
| Flitches (free), kauri No. | 1,510,049 | .. | 16,920 | .. | 16,920 |
| Flitches (free), white-pine No. | 1,254 | .. | 7 | .. | 7 |
| Other, sawn, undressed: | |||||
| Beech No. | 515,110 | .. | 3,639 | .. | 3,639 |
| Birch No. | 3,015 | 427 | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| Blue-gum No. | .. | 415 | .. | 6 | 6 |
| Ironbark No. | .. | 974 | .. | 17 | 17 |
| Jarrah No. | .. | 7,305 | .. | 107 | 107 |
| Kauri No. | 8,367,990 | .. | 68,198 | .. | 68,198 |
| Matai No. | 20,936 | .. | 104 | .. | 104 |
| Oregon pine No. | .. | 8,339 | .. | 88 | 88 |
| Red-pine No. | 8,515,229 | .. | 35,440 | .. | 35,440 |
| Sugar-pine No. | .. | 144 | .. | 4 | 4 |
| Totara No. | 3,347 | .. | 45 | .. | 45 |
| White-pine No. | 44,129,376 | .. | 188,203 | .. | 198,203 |
| Willow No. | 2,613 | .. | 40 | .. | 40 |
| Other, sawn, dressed: | |||||
| Baltic pine No. | .. | 2,200 | .. | 15 | 15 |
| Kauri No. | 386,528 | .. | 6,291 | .. | 6,291 |
| Oregon pine No. | .. | 4,623 | .. | 65 | 65 |
| Red-pine No. | 6,422 | .. | 76 | .. | 76 |
| White-pine No. | 6,333 | .. | 62 | .. | 62 |
| Tin— | |||||
| Block cwt. | .. | 3 | .. | 24 | 24 |
| Scrap cwt. | 4,429 | .. | 438 | .. | 438 |
| Sheet cwt. | .. | 372 | .. | 341 | 341 |
| Tinware | .. | .. | 145 | 136 | 281 |
| Tobacco— | |||||
| Unmanufactured lb. | .. | 4,501 | .. | 196 | 196 |
| Manufactured lb. | .. | 31,860 | .. | 3,667 | 3,667 |
| Cigars lb. | .. | 1,414 | .. | 790 | 790 |
| Cigarettes lb. | .. | 4,808 | .. | 1,591 | 1,591 |
| Tobacco pipes and cases | .. | .. | .. | 251 | 251 |
| Tools and implements— | |||||
| Axes and hatchets | .. | .. | .. | 391 | 391 |
| Engineers', metal-, wood-, and stone-workers' machine and hand tools | .. | .. | 38 | 81 | 119 |
| Spades, shovels, and forks | .. | .. | 1 | 41 | 42 |
| Unenumerated | .. | .. | 45 | 425 | 470 |
| Turpentine and terebene gal. | .. | 284 | .. | 51 | 51 |
| Twine | .. | .. | 8 | 193 | 201 |
| Binder cwt. | 2,669 | 20 | 6,098 | 38 | 6,136 |
| Umbrellas and parasols | .. | .. | 23 | 4 | 27 |
| Varnish, lacquers, and gold-size gal. | 19 | 422 | 7 | 187 | 194 |
| Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved | .. | .. | 204 | 426 | 630 |
| Vinegar gal. | 134 | 127 | 23 | 36 | 59 |
| Watches No. | .. | 1,264 | .. | 848 | 848 |
| Wax, paraffin lb. | .. | 364 | .. | 11 | 11 |
| Whalebone cwt. | 56 | .. | 1,537 | .. | 1,537 |
| Whiting and chalk cwt. | .. | 18 | .. | 6 | 6 |
| Wine— | |||||
| Australian gal. | .. | 78 | .. | 43 | 43 |
| British South African gal. | .. | 6 | .. | 3 | 3 |
| Sparkling gal. | .. | 1,070 | .. | 2,074 | 2,074 |
| Other kinds gal. | 22 | 706 | 13 | 435 | 448 |
| Woodenware | .. | .. | 3,741 | 3,804 | 7,545 |
| Shooks and empty casks | .. | .. | 5,011 | 49 | 5,060 |
| Wool— | |||||
| Greasy bales | 422,324 | .. | 6,447,030 | .. | 6,447,030 |
| = lb. | 155,342,727 | ||||
| Scoured bales | 46,784 | ||||
| = lb. | 13,900,152 | .. | 792,445 | .. | 792,445 |
| Slipe bales | 51,480 | .. | 795,493 | .. | 795,493 |
| = lb. | 16,750,013 | ||||
| Washed bales | 1,481 | .. | 22,652 | .. | 22,652 |
| = lb. | 540,144 | ||||
| Woolpacks doz. | .. | 63 | .. | 101 | 101 |
| Woollen piece-goods | .. | .. | 780 | 564 | 1,341 |
| Woollen blankets pairs | 538 | .. | 738 | .. | 738 |
| Zinc— | |||||
| Perforated sheet cwt. | .. | 6 | 2 | 18 | 20 |
| Plain sheet cwt. | .. | 27 | .. | 62 | 62 |
| Spelter cwt. | 207 | 1 | 99 | 2 | 101 |
| Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the Dominion | .. | .. | .. | 370 | 370 |
| Miscellaneous— | |||||
| Goods, manufactured | .. | .. | 545 | 476 | 1,021 |
| Goods, unmanufactured | .. | .. | 1,096 | 177 | 1,273 |
| Parcels-post | .. | .. | 51,562 | .. | 51,562 |
A table is appended giving details of goods forwarded in the year 1913 to the Cook and other Pacific Islands annexed to New Zealand. These do not appear as exports from the Dominion, being merely part of the internal trade or transactions between one portion of the country and another.
| Articles. | Quantity. | Value. |
|---|---|---|
| £ | ||
| Animals, living | 280 number | 444 |
| Apparel and slope | .. | 2,360 |
| Arms, ammunition, &c.— | ||
| Cartridges | 23,750 number | 120 |
| Firearms | 27 number | 38 |
| Powder, shot, fuse, &c. | .. | 98 |
| Bacon and hams | 39 cwt. | 201 |
| Bags and sacks | 3,606 doz. | 1,565 |
| Beer | 95 gal. | 21 |
| Beverages, non-alcoholic | .. | 60 |
| Bicycles and tricycles, and materials for | .. | 402 |
| Biscuits— | ||
| Fancy and other kinds | 16,311 lb. | 390 |
| Ships', plain | 3,410 cwt. | 4,159 |
| Books and papers, printed | .. | 52 |
| Boots and shoos | 190 doz. pairs | 1,081 |
| Bran | 8 tons | 55 |
| Brushes, brushware, and brooms | .. | 51 |
| Butter | 245 cwt. | 1,621 |
| Canvas | .. | 42 |
| Cards, playing | 1,412 packs | 43 |
| Carriages, &c. | .. | 573 |
| Cement | 1,031 barrels | 424 |
| Cheese | 30 cwt. | 95 |
| China, porcelain, and parianware | .. | 165 |
| Coals | 3,196 tons | 3,030 |
| Coffee, roasted | 3,260 lb. | 153 |
| Combs | .. | 40 |
| Confectionery | .. | 152 |
| Cordage | 180 cwt. | 440 |
| Cotton piece-goods | .. | 2,486 |
| Drapery | .. | 3,032 |
| Drugs and druggists' sundries | .. | 742 |
| Earthenware | .. | 82 |
| Essences, flavouring | .. | 32 |
| Fancy goods and toys | .. | 933 |
| Fish, potted or preserved, &c. | 33,277 lb. | 1,222 |
| Fishing-tackle | .. | 36 |
| Floorcloth and oilcloth | .. | 51 |
| Flour | 274 tons | 2,807 |
| Foods, animal | .. | 263 |
| Foods, farinaceous | .. | 65 |
| Fruits | .. | 95 |
| Furniture | .. | 434 |
| Glass and glassware | .. | 194 |
| Grain and pulse | 1,877 centals | 378 |
| Haberdashery | .. | 57 |
| Hardware | .. | 1,750 |
| Hats and caps | 177 doz. | 153 |
| Hosiery | .. | 140 |
| Instruments, musical | .. | 126 |
| Instruments, surgical and dental | .. | 56 |
| Iron and steel | .. | 2,626 |
| Jams, jellies, and preserves | 10,038 lb. | 184 |
| Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick | .. | 124 |
| Leather | 8 cwt. | 81 |
| Machinery and machines | .. | 137 |
| Marble and manufactures thereof | .. | 43 |
| Matches and vestas | 2,529 gross boxes | 402 |
| Meats | 3,515 cwt. | 9,610 |
| Metal manufactures | .. | 195 |
| Metal sheathing | 12 cwt. | 61 |
| Milk, preserved | 23,364 lb. | 485 |
| Millinery | .. | 153 |
| Mouldings and panels | .. | 163 |
| Nails | 572 cwt. | 530 |
| Oars | 162 number | 68 |
| Oils | .. | 1,341 |
| Onions | 123 cwt. | 80 |
| Paints | 131 cwt. | 269 |
| Paper | .. | 320 |
| Perfumery | .. | 102 |
| Photographic goods | .. | 135 |
| Portmanteaux, &c. | .. | 64 |
| Potatoes | 14 tons | 116 |
| Provisions, n.o.e. | .. | 1,178 |
| Rice | 963 cwt. | 806 |
| Rugs | .. | 581 |
| Saddlery and harness | .. | 215 |
| Salt | 4 tons | 41 |
| Ship-chandlery, n.o.e. | .. | 101 |
| Silks, satins, &c. | .. | 95 |
| Soap | .. | 1,836 |
| Specie, gold | .. | 855 |
| Specie, silver | .. | 525 |
| Spirits | 308 gal. | 156 |
| Stationery | .. | 226 |
| Sugar | 3,098 cwt. | 2,689 |
| Tea | 4,230 lb. | 254 |
| Timber | 123,490 sup. ft. | 1,373 |
| Tobacco | 7,089 lb. | 1,217 |
| Tobacco pipes and cases | .. | 97 |
| Tools | .. | 165 |
| Umbrellas and parasols | .. | 62 |
| Varnish, &c. | 75 gal. | 40 |
| Woodenware | .. | 8,338 |
| Miscellaneous | .. | 898 |
| Total value of goods shipped to the Islands | ||
| £72,046 | ||
THE quantities and values of imports used in making up the figures given in this subsection are obtained from Customs entries, verified where necessary, as with goods subject to an ad valorem duty, by examination. In the case of ad valorem goods the value for Customs purposes is taken to be the fair market value of the goods when sold for home consumption in the principal markets of the country whence exported and at the time when exported, with 10 per cent. added. By section 114 of the Customs Act, 1013, it is provided that from the 1st April, 1914, the value so taken is to be the cash and not the credit value as hitherto. The Act referred to makes no stipulation that the value of the case, cask, or covering is to be included, as was the case under former Acts. As regards goods not subject to ad valorem duties, the value includes freight and charges to time of arrival at port of discharge.
The total declared values of the imports in 1913 amounted to £22,288,302, being an increase on the corresponding total in 1912 of £1,311,728. These figures, however, include specie. The value of coin brought into the Dominion in 1913 was £634,670, against £399,995 in the previous year, and if these amounts are excluded the increase on the value of merchandise is £1,077,053.
The value of imports for the year 1900, and for each of the ten latest years was,—
| Year. | Imports, inclusive of Specie. | Imports, exclusive of Specie. |
|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |
| 1900 | 10,646,096 | 10,207,326 |
| 1904 | 13,291,694 | 12,900,030 |
| 1905 | 12,828,857 | 12,481,178 |
| 1906 | 15,211,403 | 14,303,170 |
| 1907 | 17,302,861 | 16,539,707 |
| 1908 | 17,471,284 | 17,247,162 |
| 1909 | 15,674,719 | 14,817,462 |
| 1910 | 17,051,583 | 16,748,223 |
| 1911 | 19,545,879 | 18,782,608 |
| 1912 | 20,976,574 | 20,576,579 |
| 1913 | 22,288,302 | 21,653,632 |
The value of imports, exclusive of specie, fell, with fluctuations, from £8,422,523 in 1878 to £5,990,177 in 1894, after which there ensued a steady advance to £17,247,162 in 1908. In 1909 there was a considerable falling off, but the returns for each of the past four years show substantial increases in the value of the imports.
The expansion of imports is still further to be considered in connection with the condition of the manufactures of the Dominion, for an increase of imports arising from a decline of internal manufactures would scarcely be regarded as a satisfactory position. That there has been great development of the manufactures of New Zealand since 1895, not only in the great primary industries, but throughout, is exhibited in the section giving the results of an inquiry made at the census of 1911 relative to manufactories and works.
It is desirable to consider not only the total value of the import trade for different years by comparing totals, but to ascertain the rates per head of population, to judge whether the imports are relatively greater or less than formerly. The fairest comparisons are from calculations made after deducting specie imported, as the amount of this commodity fluctuates widely. The figures for 1900 and each year from 1904 onwards stand thus:—
| Years. | Imports per Head of Mean Population, excluding Maoris. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Including Specie. | Excluding Specie. | |||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| 1900 | 13 | 18 | 10 | 13 | 7 | 4 |
| 1904 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 15 | 5 | 4 |
| 1905 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 6 | 11 |
| 1906 | 16 | 19 | 8 | 15 | 19 | 5 |
| 1907 | 18 | 16 | 6 | 17 | 19 | 11 |
| 1908 | 18 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 5 | 0 |
| 1909 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 15 | 4 | 11 |
| 1910 | 17 | 3 | 6 | 16 | 17 | 5 |
| 1911 | 19 | 5 | 2 | 18 | 10 | 2 |
| 1912 | 20 | 3 | 9 | 19 | 16 | 1 |
| 1913 | 20 | 17 | 1 | 20 | 5 | 3 |
On looking at the figures for the last ten years it will be seen that the value of imports per head (inclusive and exclusive of specie) was lowest in 1905. Each of the next three years showed a considerable increase in the rate per head, but in 1909 an appreciable decrease occurred, followed, however, by increases in each of the past four years, the rate for 1913 being the highest recorded since 1875.
Separating the imports entered at the ports of the North Island from those of the South Island, it is found that while in 1903 the former imported goods to the value of £7,732,796 against £4,904,643 for the South Island, in the year 1913 the North Island imports exceeded those of the other to a far greater extent, the values being respectively £14,259,300 and £7,555,859.
The value of imports recorded for each provincial district is the value of the goods entered at the port or ports situate within the district, but information is not available to enable the whole of the imported goods to be traced to their actual destination, so that the figures must not be taken to represent the value of imports consumed within the several districts.
The values of imports in each provincial district during 1903 and 1913 were as under:—
| 1903. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |
| Auckland | 3,243,785 | 6,843,925 |
| Taranaki | 120,257 | 218,514 |
| Hawke's Bay | 234,994 | 584,901 |
| Wellington | 4,133,760 | 6,611,960 |
| Marlborough | 23,715 | 56,267 |
| Nelson | 189,457 | 213,794 |
| Westland | 103,249 | 122,096 |
| Canterbury | 2,194,544 | 3,657,607 |
| Otago | 2,393,678 | 3,506,095 |
The value of imports by parcel-post (£151,236 in 1903 and £473,143 in 1913) must be added to the above figures in order to make up the totals (including specie) of £12,788,675 and £22,288,302 for the respective years.
The following table gives the value of the imports for each port in New Zealand for the years 1913, 1912, 1910, 1900, and 1890, arranged in order of magnitude for 1913:—
| 1913. | 1912. | 1910. | 1900. | 1890. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Auckland | 6,610,745 | 6,398,533 | 4,741,326 | 2,617,329 | 1,385,959 |
| Wellington | 6,354,746 | 5,390,423 | 4,625,711 | 2,767,066 | 1,233,184 |
| Lyttelton and Christchurch | 3,256,075 | 3,174,571 | 2,718,355 | 1,770,709 | 1,174,370 |
| Dunedin | 2,817,244 | 2,817,047 | 2,465,273 | 2,158,177 | 1,662,629 |
| Invercargill & Bluff | 595,199 | 676,087 | 506,905 | 288,170 | 120,050 |
| Napier | 584,901 | 539,141 | 384,595 | 209,418 | 162,097 |
| Timaru | 401,532 | 393,012 | 309,931 | 143,090 | 95,202 |
| Wanganui | 257,214 | 283,310 | 211,387 | 145,267 | 49,637 |
| Poverty Bay | 220,890 | 199,950 | 150,330 | 49,278 | 17,731 |
| New Plymouth | 188,691 | 167,160 | 158,782 | 67,338 | 12,971 |
| Nelson | 160,509 | 152,538 | 126,774 | 140,514 | 141,980 |
| Greymouth | 111,194 | 111,442 | 113,333 | 59,460 | 79,877 |
| Oamaru | 93,652 | 78,854 | 77,864 | 47,559 | 54,075 |
| Wairau and Picton | 56,267 | 53,146 | 39,667 | 17,533 | 19,547 |
| Westport | 53,285 | 45,452 | 60,068 | 37,750 | 9,442 |
| Patea | 29,823 | 33,316 | 28,529 | 15,561 | 11,604 |
| Hokitika | 10,902 | 12,638 | 14,456 | 12,693 | 13,549 |
| Kaipara | 7,250 | 9,119 | 9,269 | 7,883 | 1,294 |
| Tauranga | 5,040 | 5,241 | 1,729 | 3,639 | 1,493 |
In dealing with the imports from the different countries it must be pointed out that the trade returns of New Zealand up to and including 1913 do not disclose the country of origin, goods being credited in every case to the country of shipment. This has been found to be a serious defect in the statistics, especially in the case of shipments from the United Kingdom to New Zealand. Of the goods exported from the United Kingdom to New Zealand in 1912, valued at £11,186,552, 92.88 per cent. was the produce or manufacture of Britain and Ireland, the balance being re-exports. The defect referred to has now been remedied, the recently revised Customs Regulations making it obligatory on importers to declare the country of origin in the case of all imports. For 1914 and future years this information will be shown, in addition to information as to country of shipment.
The figures given below show for ten years the imports from the United Kingdom, with those from the British colonies and possessions, and from foreign States,—
| .... | Imports from | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom. | British Colonies and Possessions. | Foreign States. | |
| £ | £ | £ | |
| 1904 | 7,982,340 | 3,047,354 | 2,262,000 |
| 1905 | 7,795,284 | 2,914,358 | 2,119,215 |
| 1906 | 9,003,229 | 3,886,787 | 2,321,387 |
| 1907 | 10,278,019 | 4,664,164 | 2,360,678 |
| 1908 | 10,441,837 | 4,338,439 | 2,691,008 |
| 1909 | 9,287,786 | 4,267,176 | 2,119,757 |
| 1910 | 10,498,771 | 3,967,053 | 2,585,759 |
| 1911 | 11,787,300 | 4,710,040 | 3,048,539 |
| 1912 | 12,499,787 | 4,573,485 | 3,903,302 |
| 1913 | 13,312,193 | 5,036,056 | 3,940,053 |
The proportions represented by the above figures in every one hundred pounds' value of total imports are,—
| United Kingdom. | British Colonies and Possessions. | Foreign States. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| 1904 | 60.05 | 22.93 | 17.02 |
| 1905 | 60.76 | 22.72 | 16.52 |
| 1906 | 59.19 | 25.55 | 15.26 |
| 1907 | 59.40 | 26.96 | 13.64 |
| 1908 | 59.77 | 24.83 | 15.40 |
| 1909 | 59.25 | 27.22 | 13.53 |
| 1910 | 61.57 | 23.27 | 15.16 |
| 1911 | 60.30 | 24.10 | 15.60 |
| 1912 | 59.59 | 21.81 | 18.60 |
| 1913 | 59.73 | 22.59 | 17.68 |
The exports from the United Kingdom to New Zealand, as given in the United Kingdom trade returns, for the period 1903–12, distinguishing between the value of goods of British and Irish produce and those the produce of other countries re-exported, are next shown. These values are f.o.b., while those recorded in the New Zealand returns are c.i.f.,—
| Year. | British and Irish Produce exported from the United Kingdom to New Zealand. | Produce of other Countries re-exported to New Zealand. | Total Exports from the United Kingdom to New Zealand. |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | |
| 1903 | 6,361,390 | 593,430 | 6,954,820 |
| 1904 | 6,315,090 | 582,330 | 6,897,420 |
| 1905 | 6,425,793 | 569,013 | 6,994,806 |
| 1906 | 7,400,188 | 652,288 | 8,052,476 |
| 1907 | 8,700,941 | 740,967 | 9,441,908 |
| 1908 | 8,767,003 | 746,171 | 9,513,174 |
| 1909 | 7,351,619 | 729,803 | 8,081,422 |
| 1910 | 8,652,716 | 749,836 | 9,402,552 |
| 1911 | 9,809,497 | 790,203 | 10,599,700 |
| 1912 | 10,390,334 | 796,218 | 11,186,552 |
Imports from the Commonwealth of Australia include considerable quantities of goods, the produce of the United Kingdom and foreign countries transhipped at Australian ports for New Zealand. The values credited to foreign countries would be still further disturbed if Canadian goods shipped at ports in the United States to New Zealand were assigned to the country of origin.
The following is the value of imports from different countries or places in 1912 and 1913, given in the order of the increase or decrease:—
| Country. | 1912. | 1913. | Increase in 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | |
| United Kingdom | 12,499,787 | 13,312,193 | 812,406 |
| New South Wales | 1,547,664 | 1,697,376 | 149,712 |
| Western Australia | 75,257 | 213,373 | 138,116 |
| Fiji | 764,790 | 846,493 | 81,703 |
| United States of America | 2,049,618 | 2,107,990 | 58,372 |
| Canada | 394,249 | 452,519 | 58,270 |
| Belgium | 153,766 | 203,526 | 49,760 |
| Victoria | 854,033 | 902,965 | 48,932 |
| Germany | 653,230 | 687,935 | 34,705 |
| Sumatra | .. | 30,289 | 30,289 |
| Bengal | 393,270 | 417,619 | 24,349 |
| Italy | 49,920 | 65,425 | 15,505 |
| Norway | 41,686 | 53,850 | 12,164 |
| Russia | 6,454 | 13,131 | 6,677 |
| Tasmania | 53,273 | 59,299 | 6,026 |
| Burmah | 11,791 | 17,569 | 5,778 |
| Denmark | 11,411 | 15,169 | 3,758 |
| Sweden | 90,034 | 93,093 | 3,059 |
| Austria | 15,357 | 17,863 | 2,506 |
| Friendly Islands. | 14,514 | 15,708 | 1,194 |
| Madras | 1,323 | 2,498 | 1,175 |
| British West Indies | 1,145 | 2,211 | 1,066 |
| New Caledonia | 7,049 | 8,023 | 974 |
| France | 150,024 | 150,777 | 753 |
| Persia | 447 | 976 | 529 |
| Foreign West Indies | 2,623 | 3,082 | 459 |
| Bombay | 705 | 1,092 | 387 |
| Egypt | 1,881 | 2,234 | 353 |
| Aden | 484 | 779 | 295 |
| Gilbert and Ellice Islands | .. | 284 | 284 |
| Natal | 570 | 802 | 232 |
| Newfoundland and Labrador | .. | 149 | 149 |
| Flores Island | 369 | 508 | 139 |
| Penang | 74 | 193 | 119 |
| Portugal | 5,440 | 5,551 | 111 |
| Queensland | 3,489 | 3,596 | 107 |
| Malta | 185 | 283 | 98 |
| Timor | .. | 98 | 98 |
| Norfolk Island | 166 | 197 | 31 |
| Alaska | 33 | 60 | 27 |
| Syria | 6 | 31 | 25 |
| Cochin China | 24 | 46 | 22 |
| New Hebrides | .. | 20 | 20 |
| Uruguay | .. | 11 | 11 |
| Canary Islands | 27 | 31 | 4 |
| Gold Coast Colony | .. | 4 | 4 |
| Dutch Borneo | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Gibraltar | .. | 2 | 2 |
| Federated Malay States | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| Servia | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Tripoli | .. | 1 | 1 |
| Mauritius | 105 | 105 | 0 |
| Java | 136,905 | 50,490 | 86,415 |
| Greece | 37,326 | 10,907 | 26,419 |
| Asia Minor | 41,512 | 17,215 | 24,297 |
| Ceylon | 289,008 | 275,350 | 13,658 |
| South Australia | 50,171 | 38,239 | 11,932 |
| Switzerland | 76,356 | 67,623 | 8,733 |
| Seychelles | 8,120 | .. | 8,120 |
| Turkey | 15,816 | 7,927 | 7,889 |
| Holland | 91,233 | 84,015 | 7,218 |
| Cape of Good Hope | 13,093 | 6,964 | 6,129 |
| Madagascar | 4,662 | 124 | 4,538 |
| Maiden Island | 17,836 | 13,311 | 4,525 |
| Singapore | 49,716 | 45,300 | 4,416 |
| Arabia | 6,663 | 2,713 | 3,950 |
| Society Islands | 18,146 | 14,305 | 3,841 |
| Japan | 154,587 | 151,106 | 3,481 |
| Philippine Islands | 19,486 | 16,040 | 3,446 |
| Hong Kong | 18,072 | 14,747 | 3,325 |
| Christmas Island | 24,820 | 22,991 | 1,829 |
| Spain | 16,588 | 14,928 | 1,660 |
| China | 25,396 | 24,448 | 948 |
| Whale Fisheries | 720 | .. | 720 |
| Brazil | 655 | 124 | 531 |
| Navigators Islands | 2,249 | 1,823 | 426 |
| Sandwich Islands | 262 | 55 | 207 |
| Hungary | 591 | 489 | 102 |
| Peru | 48 | .. | 48 |
| Transvaal | 70 | 30 | 40 |
| Argentine Republic | 43 | 3 | 40 |
| Venezuela | 40 | .. | 40 |
| Portuguese East Africa | 33 | .. | 33 |
| Ecuador | 26 | .. | 26 |
| Morocco | 24 | .. | 24 |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina | 11 | .. | 11 |
| Papua | 5 | .. | 5 |
| Solomon Islands | 5 | .. | 5 |
| Mexico | 4 | .. | 4 |
| Punjab | 1 | .. | 1 |
Imports for the five years 1909 to 1913, classified according to the nature of the goods, were as follows:—
| IMPORTS FOR FIVE YEARS. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group of Principal Articles imported. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
* Includes methylated and perfumed spirits and spirits of wine. | |||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Apparel, including hats and caps | 930,590 | 1,053,074 | 1,201,065 | 1,331,841 | 1,554,361 |
| Boots and shoes | 258,738 | 271,984 | 312,049 | 347,104 | 411,955 |
| Drapery, haberdashery, linens, woollens, and other textiles | 2,105,490 | 2,283,668 | 2,489,837 | 2,378,468 | 2,403,178 |
| Hosiery | 155,002 | 163,861 | 171,469 | 187,725 | 209,846 |
| Silks | 41,706 | 59,437 | 76,059 | 103,936 | 97,591 |
| Totals | 3,491,526 | 3,832,024 | 4,250,479 | 4,349,074 | 4,676,931 |
| Iron and steel (pig, wrought, wire, &c., and galvanized) | 976,198 | 1,173,716 | 1,401,442 | 1,387,758 | 1,510,681 |
| Railway and tramway plant | 191,057 | 200,653 | 209,222 | 205,593 | 269,412 |
| Machinery | 583,448 | 640,189 | 725,578 | 989,714 | 1,039,307 |
| Sewing and knitting machines | 58,821 | 57,068 | 52,118 | 64,245 | 54,971 |
| Hardware and iron-mongery | 328,745 | 417,402 | 474,822 | 485,266 | 472,137 |
| Tools and implements (including agricultural) | 265,830 | 299,560 | 342,464 | 397,816 | 397,846 |
| Nails | 45,625 | 70,232 | 69,931 | 70,560 | 58,272 |
| Other metals and metal manufactures | 450,648 | 494,747 | 606,841 | 720,730 | 726,933 |
| Totals | 2,900,372 | 3,353,567 | 3,882,418 | 4,321,682 | 4,529,559 |
| Sugar | 613,950 | 623,538 | 676,395 | 814,202 | 812,528 |
| Tea | 279,900 | 293,955 | 331,461 | 320,289 | 296,933 |
| Totals | 893,850 | 917,493 | 1,007,856 | 1,134,491 | 1,109,461 |
| Beer | 46,544 | 53,086 | 51,978 | 62,711 | 57,854 |
| Spirits* | 291,515 | 332,734 | 327,983 | 382,396 | 398,225 |
| Tobacco | 353,612 | 447,407 | 434,461 | 488,392 | 466,159 |
| Wine | 70,493 | 77,826 | 78,220 | 86,476 | 77,034 |
| Totals | 762,164 | 911,053 | 892,642 | 1,019,975 | 999,272 |
| Paper | 263,044 | 305,584 | 351,717 | 381,024 | 377,494 |
| Printed books | 187,690 | 213,328 | 235,017 | 265,985 | 248,668 |
| Stationery | 179,279 | 192,483 | 209,162 | 223,584 | 232,960 |
| Totals | 630,013 | 711,395 | 795,896 | 870,593 | 859,122 |
| Miscellaneous (specified articles)— | |||||
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives | 145,837 | 136,982 | 181,156 | 236,098 | 225,268 |
| Automobiles, motorcars, and motorcycles, and materials for | 182,257 | 293,015 | 567,452 | 776,650 | 1,021,613 |
| Bags and sacks | 180,705 | 211,763 | 132,519 | 213,466 | 233,799 |
| Bicycles and tricycles | 22,881 | 31,139 | 27,170 | 27,886 | 17,843 |
| Bicycle and tricycle fittings | 128,881 | 176,899 | 181,432 | 148,065 | 116,020 |
| Candles | 44,090 | 37,960 | 34,253 | 30,821 | 30,665 |
| Canvas | 59,067 | 59,806 | 64,438 | 87,402 | 103,065 |
| Carpeting and druggeting | 61,653 | 73,473 | 87,063 | 93,709 | 100,984 |
| Group of Principal Articles imported. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Carts, carriages, and materials for | 60,109 | 78,277 | 91,640 | 94,058 | 81,161 |
| Cement | 46,956 | 52,496 | 47,816 | 41,756 | 18,649 |
| China, porcelain, earthenware, and parianware | 119,097 | 143,168 | 169,700 | 166,320 | 193,799 |
| Coal | 253,081 | 230,765 | 186,263 | 365,414 | 466,286 |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares | 373,696 | 415,904 | 402,573 | 450,547 | 442,614 |
| Fancy goods and toys | 210,259 | 234,118 | 276,265 | 290,564 | 294,005 |
| Fish (potted and preserved) | 63,203 | 63,635 | 89,703 | 108,185 | 90,545 |
| Floorcloth and oil-cloth | 98,607 | 125,255 | 147,057 | 143,540 | 145,172 |
| Fruits (including fresh, preserved, bottled, and dried) | 318,477 | 340,281 | 422,059 | 433,508 | 322,101 |
| Furniture, cabinet-ware, and upholstery | 62,086 | 74,471 | 98,030 | 104,781 | 110,493 |
| Glass and glassware | 162,038 | 184,627 | 188,717 | 202,950 | 250,976 |
| Leather and leather-manufactures | 178,348 | 169,141 | 167,114 | 212,698 | 226,865 |
| Manures | 269,453 | 273,383 | 320,034 | 382,296 | 377,422 |
| Musical instruments and materials for | 106,278 | 133,414 | 148,295 | 172,013 | 164,021 |
| Seeds | 124,148 | 100,110 | 160,401 | 167,342 | 148,277 |
| Oil | 329,289 | 414,742 | 471,965 | 556,919 | 570,062 |
| Timber | 311,472 | 258,076 | 364,092 | 278,036 | 504,931 |
| Woolpacks and wool-pockets | 48,522 | 57,628 | 71,406 | 63,053 | 74,449 |
| Total miscellaneous (specified articles) | 3,960,490 | 4,375,828 | 5,098,613 | 5,848,077 | 6,331,085 |
| Other imports (excluding specie) | 2,179,047 | 2,646,863 | 2,854,704 | 3,032,687 | 3,148,202 |
| Total imports (excluding specie) | 14,817,462 | 16,748,223 | 18,782,608 | 20,576,579 | 21,653,632 |
| Specie imported | 857,257 | 303,360 | 763,271 | 399,995 | 634,670 |
| Total imports | 15,674,719 | 17,051,583 | 19,545,879 | 20,976,574 | 22,288,302 |
Adopting the same classification as in the foregoing table the total value for each group is shown for the years 1903 and 1913, distinguishing imports from the United Kingdom, British possessions, United States of America, Germany, and other foreign countries
| – | Years. | Annual Imports from | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom. | British Possessions. | Foreign Countries. | |||||
| United States. | Germany. | Others. | Totals. | ||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | ||
| Textiles, boots and shoes, drapery and clothing | 1903 | 2,624,730 | 183,512 | 142,603 | 29,381 | 50,149 | 3,030,375 |
| 1913 | 4,288,973 | 112,043 | 97,901 | 36,549 | 141,465 | 4,676,931 | |
| Iron and steel, machinery, hardware, tools, and other manufactures of iron and steel | 1903 | 1,848,749 | 235,085 | 408,450 | 33,242 | 89,108 | 2,614,634 |
| 1913 | 3,367,939 | 345,041 | 581,698 | 109,695 | 125,186 | 4,529,559 | |
| Sugar and tea | 1903 | 1,750 | 639,145 | 4,436 | 145 | 603 | 646,079 |
| 1913 | 524 | 1,097,780 | 8,901 | .. | 2,256 | 1,109,461 | |
| Beer, wine, spirits, and tobacco | 1903 | 314,489 | 82,775 | 172,049 | 10,232 | 23,376 | 602,921 |
| 1913 | 658,149 | 173,639 | 91,228 | 13,250 | 63,006 | 999,272 | |
| Paper, books, and stationery | 1903 | 352,596 | 65,909 | 71,491 | 22,497 | 10,919 | 523,112 |
| 1913 | 569,441 | 201,306 | 33,824 | 25,940 | 28,611 | 859,122 | |
| Miscellaneous articles | 1903 | 2,296,761 | 1,290,268 | 642,329 | 178,800 | 250,380 | 4,658,538 |
| 1913 | 4,341,097 | 2,564,647 | 1,294,438 | 502,501 | 776,604 | 9,479,287 | |
| Specie | 1903 | 73,593 | 638,780 | .. | .. | 343 | 712,716 |
| 1913 | 86,070 | 541,600 | .. | .. | 7,000 | 634,670 | |
| Total imports | 1903 | 7,512,668 | 3,135,474 | 1,441,358 | 274,297 | 424,878 | 12,788,675 |
| 1913 | 13,312,193 | 5,036,056 | 2,107,990 | 687,935 | 1,144,128 | 22,288,302 | |
The goods enumerated below, although shipped from ports in the countries indicated, are not necessarily all the produce or manufacture of those countries. As already stated, only 92.88 per cent. of the goods exported to New Zealand from the United Kingdom is the produce of that country, the balance being reshipments.
| UNITED KINGDOM. | £ |
|---|---|
| Acids | 14,831 |
| Alkali | 32,481 |
| Animals, living— | |
| Cattle, horned | 6,081 |
| Horses | 10,713 |
| Sheep | 3,577 |
| Apparel and slops | 1,186,024 |
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives | 196,229 |
| Bags and sacks | 8,795 |
| Beer | 54,348 |
| Bolting— | |
| Leather | 3,415 |
| Other than leather | 35,006 |
| Beverages, non-alcoholic— | |
| Coffee-essence | 18,399 |
| Bicycles and tricycles | 17,354 |
| Materials for | 77,222 |
| Motor bicycles and tricycles | 49,280 |
| Materials for | 27,520 |
| Biscuits | 6,907 |
| Blacking | 4,767 |
| Blacklead | 6,520 |
| Blue | 6,217 |
| Books, papers, and music, printed | 170,792 |
| Boots and shoes | 366,733 |
| Borax | 4,170 |
| Brass | 8,044 |
| Brushes, brushware, and brooms | 50,323 |
| Candles | 18,953 |
| Canvas | 94,091 |
| Carpeting and druggeting | 95,981 |
| Carriages, carts, &c. | 3,383 |
| Motor vehicles— | |
| Bodies for | 69,307 |
| Chassis for | 270,857 |
| Materials for | 92,249 |
| Steam-motor lorries— | |
| Materials, &c., for | 5,562 |
| Axles, &c. | 19,343 |
| Carriage and cart makers' materials | 22,437 |
| Cement | 18,429 |
| Chains and chain cables | 16,955 |
| China, porcelain, and parianware | 39,015 |
| Clocks | 7,792 |
| Cocoa and chocolate | 29,335 |
| Cocoa-beans | 5,175 |
| Cocoa-butter | 12,169 |
| Combs | 3,588 |
| Confectionery | 86,643 |
| Copper | 28,082 |
| Cordage | 15,280 |
| Iron and steel hawsers, &c. | 42,700 |
| Cork, cut | 4,532 |
| Cotton piece-goods— | |
| Butter and cheese cloth | 8,278 |
| Leather-cloth | 8,354 |
| Tubular - woven cotton cloth | 43,177 |
| Waterproof material | 6,326 |
| Unenumerated | 831,504 |
| Cotton— | |
| Waste | 10,887 |
| Wick | 7,984 |
| Drapery | 309,885 |
| Lace and laces, n.o.e. | 42,287 |
| Ribbons and crape | 42,508 |
| Tailors' trimmings | 80,971 |
| Drugs, chemicals, &c.— | |
| Chemicals, n.o.e. | 6,023 |
| Glycerine, refined | 2,740 |
| Medicinal preparations | 99,164 |
| Containing over 50% proof spirit | 2,120 |
| Anhydrous ammonia | 2,408 |
| Disinfectants | 15,177 |
| Insecticides and tree-washes | 2,339 |
| Potassium and sodium cyanide | 25,474 |
| Sheep-dip | 51,994 |
| Unenumerated | 23,566 |
| Dyes | 5,241 |
| Earthenware | 110,551 |
| Engine-packing | 13,437 |
| Essences, flavouring | 11,640 |
| Essential oils | 5,951 |
| Fancy goods and toys | 181,425 |
| Felt sheathing | 6,314 |
| Fire engines and extinguishers | 3,139 |
| Fish— | |
| Dried, pickled, or salted | 3,818 |
| Potted and preserved | 25,966 |
| Fishing-tackle | 4,063 |
| Floorcloth and oilcloth | 143,759 |
| Foods— | |
| Animal | 6,543 |
| Farinaceous— | |
| Infants' and invalids' | 9,812 |
| Maizena and cornflour | 16,743 |
| Fruits, dried | 9,505 |
| Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery | 25,802 |
| Furniture, knife, and plate powder and polish | 5,664 |
| Furs | 13,835 |
| Gelatine and isinglass | 3,931 |
| Glass— | |
| Bottles, empty | 32,421 |
| Mirrors and looking-glasses | 8,192 |
| Plate, bevelled, and silvered | 3,951 |
| Plate, other kinds | 22,297 |
| Window glass | 22,856 |
| Glassware | 15,966 |
| Grain and pulse— | |
| Beans and peas | 3,901 |
| Ground, unenumerated | 6,507 |
| Grindery | 31,975 |
| Haberdashery | 20,905 |
| Buttons, &c. | 49,437 |
| Sewing cottons, silks, and threads | 67,115 |
| Hair | 3,093 |
| Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery | 361,730 |
| Hats and caps | 114,632 |
| Hatters' materials | 22,589 |
| Hides | 2,902 |
| Hops | 2,040 |
| Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other | 11,288 |
| Hosiery | 206,264 |
| Indiarubber and guttapercha goods | 3,191 |
| Ink— | |
| Printing | 5,574 |
| Writing | 2,804 |
| Instruments, musical— | |
| Pianos | 79,926 |
| Other | 13,623 |
| Materials for | 3,451 |
| Instruments— | |
| Optical | 4,028 |
| Scientific | 6,756 |
| Surgical and dental | 21,085 |
| Surveying | 3,168 |
| Iron and steel— | |
| Angle | 16,749 |
| Bar, bolt, and rod | 248,087 |
| Bolts and nuts | 40,929 |
| Galvanized manufactures | 2,180 |
| Hoop | 30,104 |
| Pig | 42,587 |
| Pipes and fittings | 252,831 |
| Rails | 191,005 |
| Sheet and plate | 87,460 |
| Sheet, galvanized— | |
| Corrugated | 329,293 |
| Plain | 71,691 |
| Tanks | 17,875 |
| Wire— | |
| Fencing— | |
| Barbed | 22,643 |
| Plain | 57,278 |
| Telegraphic and telephonic | 10,678 |
| Netting | 53,245 |
| Unenumerated | 4,013 |
| Other | 7,717 |
| Tains, jellies, and preserves | 7,183 |
| Tellies, concentrated | 3,510 |
| Jewellery | 6,085 |
| Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick | 37,092 |
| Lead | 4,869 |
| Leather | 99,452 |
| Leather-manufactures— | |
| Boot and shoe vamps, uppers, and laces | 10,711 |
| Unenumerated | 10,068 |
| Linen piece-goods | 56,073 |
| Hessians and scrim | 42,115 |
| Machinery and machines— | |
| Agricultural | 50,259 |
| Dairying machinery | 11,493 |
| Dredging machinery | 7,007 |
| Electric machinery | 308,131 |
| Engines— | |
| Steam | 8,106 |
| Gas and oil | 160,243 |
| Boilers for | 9,380 |
| Knitting-machines | 5,880 |
| Mining machinery | 11,701 |
| Portable and traction engines | 20,673 |
| Printing machinery | 18,693 |
| Refrigerating machinery | 5,016 |
| Sewing-machines | 14,882 |
| Woollen-mill machinery | 9,811 |
| Other | 103,362 |
| Manures | 101,227 |
| Matches and vestas | 24,496 |
| Mats and matting | 8,738 |
| Meats, potted and preserved | 2,103 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of— | |
| Gas-making plant | 3,295 |
| Water, gas, and electricity meters | 32,517 |
| Railway and tramway plant | 66,445 |
| Rivets and washers | 11,655 |
| Tacks | 3,003 |
| Typewriters | 5,764 |
| Unenumerated | 263,091 |
| Milk, preserved | 6,556 |
| Millinery— | |
| Feathers, ornamental | 13,713 |
| Other kinds | 92,344 |
| Mouldings and panels | 3,716 |
| Mustard | 14,070 |
| Nails | 20,015 |
| Nuts— | |
| Almonds, shelled and un-shelled | 3,455 |
| Other | 3,695 |
| Oils— | |
| Colza | 2,203 |
| Linseed | 77,211 |
| Mineral | 16,188 |
| Unenumerated, bulk | 3,599 |
| Unenumerated, in vessels under 1 gallon | 6,692 |
| Other | 6,330 |
| Oilmen's stores | 16,054 |
| Paints and colours— | |
| Ground in oil | 91,653 |
| Mixed ready for use | 33,749 |
| Unenumerated | 14,802 |
| Paper— | |
| Bags | 9,065 |
| Butter-paper | 2,707 |
| Hangings | 40,171 |
| Printing | 114,446 |
| Wrapping | 6,030 |
| Writing | 54,497 |
| Perfumery— | |
| Perfumed spirits | 5,336 |
| Toilet preparations | 18,365 |
| Photographic goods | 3,717 |
| Cameras and lenses | 6,303 |
| Sensitized surfaces | 19,006 |
| Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, &c. | 8,773 |
| Plaster-of-paris | 2,024 |
| Plate and platedware | 92,868 |
| Portmanteaux and travelling-bags | 13,590 |
| Printing materials— | |
| Type and materials, n.o.e. | 11,461 |
| Provisions— | £ |
| Unenumerated | 17,129 |
| Putty | 3,198 |
| Rugs | 25,047 |
| Saddlery and harness (including whips) | 24,797 |
| Saddlers' ironmongery and materials | 25,076 |
| Collar-check | 9,652 |
| Salt (including rock salt) | 47,170 |
| Sauces, catsup, and chutney | 11,793 |
| Seeds— | |
| Grass and clover | 32,665 |
| Unenumerated | 38,933 |
| Ship-chandlery, n.o.e. | 4,881 |
| Silks, satins, velvets, plushes, &c. | 36,135 |
| Slates, roofing | 6,683 |
| Soap— | |
| Powder, extract of soap | 13,079 |
| Other | 20,372 |
| Specie— | |
| Copper | 5,415 |
| Silver | 80,655 |
| Spices, ground and unground | 2,213 |
| Spirits— | |
| Brandy | 24,735 |
| Geneva and gin, unsweetened | 11,708 |
| Rum | 3,666 |
| Sweetened, n.o e. | 2,271 |
| Whisky | 284,248 |
| Starch | 9,179 |
| Stationery— | |
| Handbills, circulars, &c. | 10,954 |
| Manufactured | 61,021 |
| Apparatus, &c., for educational purposes | 8,251 |
| Bookbinders' materials | 7,355 |
| Cardboard boxes, materials for | 13,944 |
| Unenumerated | 66,090 |
| Stone— | |
| Granite and other stone, dressed, &c. | 7,307 |
| Tarpaulins, tents, &c. | 6,905 |
| Textile piece-goods— | |
| Other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen | 157,515 |
| Articles made up from, other than apparel | 30,599 |
| Timber, sawn, undressed | 4,045 |
| Tin— | |
| Block | 13,735 |
| Sheet | 77,859 |
| Tinware | 15,382 |
| Tinsmiths' furniture and fittings | 7,120 |
| Tobacco— | |
| Manufactured | 66,872 |
| Cigars | 7,461 |
| Cigarettes | 169,909 |
| Tobacco pipes and cases, &c. | 23,519 |
| Tools and implements— | |
| Engineers' metal-, wood-, and stone-workers' machine or hand tools | 45,327 |
| Spades, shovels, and forks | 11,495 |
| Other | 73,231 |
| Turpentine and terebene | 4,430 |
| Twine | 29,514 |
| Nets and netting | 2,125 |
| Binder | 3,797 |
| Umbrellas and parasols | 6,204 |
| Materials for | 10,068 |
| Varnish, lacquers, and gold-size | 18,198 |
| Vinegar | 7,662 |
| Watches | 12,156 |
| Wax | 4,632 |
| Wine— | |
| Sparkling | 10,827 |
| Other kinds | 12,742 |
| Woodenware | 14,205 |
| Woollen piece-goods | 385,145 |
| Yarns | 19,226 |
| Coir, flax, jute, and hemp | 3,996 |
| Zinc | 3,463 |
| Minor articles required in the making up of apparel, &c. | 9,924 |
| Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the | |
| Dominion | 28,814 |
| Miscellaneous— | |
| Goods, manufactured | 25,129 |
| Goods, unmanufactured | 4,493 |
| Parcels-post | 364,191 |
| VICTORIA. | |
| Acids | 2,150 |
| Animals, living— | |
| Horses | 9,370 |
| Apparel and slops, n.o.e. | 5,463 |
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives | 2,486 |
| Bicycles and tricycles— | |
| Materials for | 24,510 |
| Books, papers, and music, printed | 37,451 |
| Carriages, &c.— | |
| Motor vehicles— | |
| Materials for | 47,385 |
| Coffee | 2,774 |
| Cotton piece-goods | 6,116 |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares | 12,364 |
| Dyes | 2,461 |
| Essential oils | 3,043 |
| Fancy goods and toys | 2,227 |
| Flour | 11,699 |
| Foods, animal— | |
| Chaff | 6,207 |
| Foods, farinaceous | 2,288 |
| Fruits, dried— | |
| Raisins | 5,893 |
| Fruits, fresh | 12,134 |
| Grindery | 7,007 |
| Haberdashery | 2,288 |
| Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery | 2,372 |
| Hides | 7,368 |
| Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other | 3,854 |
| Indiarubber and guttapercha goods | 5,499 |
| Iron and steel— | |
| Bar, bolt, and rod | 2,746 |
| Rails | 2,836 |
| Leather | 21,283 |
| Linen piece-goods | 3,222 |
| Machinery and machines— | |
| Agricultural | 3,152 |
| Dairying | 9,631 |
| Electric | 4,651 |
| Engines, gas and oil | 2,421 |
| Mining | 5,084 |
| Other | 7,852 |
| Manures | 33,651 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of— | |
| Typewriters | 3,220 |
| Other | 7,839 |
| Oils | 6,093 |
| Onions | 10,689 |
| Photographic goods | 2,492 |
| Plants, trees, and shrubs | 6,596 |
| Rice | 13,444 |
| Rice-meal refuse | 2,918 |
| Seeds | 2,553 |
| Soap | 3,748 |
| Specie— | |
| Gold | 250,000 |
| Stationery | 9,894 |
| Sugar— | |
| Raw | 9,238 |
| Refined | 2,282 |
| Tanning materials, crude | 12,339 |
| Tea | 12,203 |
| Timber, sawn, undressed | 2,965 |
| Tin, block | 8,605 |
| Tobacco— | |
| Manufactured | 105,999 |
| Tools and implements | 4,142 |
| Wine | 6,805 |
| Wool | 4,882 |
| Miscellaneous— | |
| Goods, manufactured | 2,113 |
| Parcels-post | 20,786 |
| NEW SOUTH WALES. | |
| Acids | 2,308 |
| Alkali | 2,556 |
| Animals, living— | |
| Horses | 7,153 |
| Apparel and slops, n.o.e. | 7,764 |
| Bags and sacks | 4,060 |
| Books, papers, and music, printed | 28,250 |
| Carriages, &c.— | |
| Motor vehicles— | |
| Chassis for | 2,552 |
| Materials for | 3,856 |
| Steam-motor lorries— | |
| Materials for | 3,076 |
| Materials for | 6,605 |
| Coals | 466,280 |
| Coffee | 2,465 |
| Coke | 2,719 |
| Copper— | |
| Pig, bar, or sheet | 12,921 |
| Cordage— | |
| Iron and steel | 3,992 |
| Cotton piece-goods | 9,646 |
| Drapery | 5,191 |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares. | 69,868 |
| Earthenware | 3,638 |
| Fancy goods and toys | 28,846 |
| Flour | 14,707 |
| Foods, farinaceous— | |
| Infants' and invalids' | 7,148 |
| Fruits, fresh | 40,634 |
| Glass— | |
| Bottles, empty | 4,382 |
| Grain and pulse | 7,290 |
| Haberdashery | 3,784 |
| Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery | 7,244 |
| Hats and caps and hatters' materials | 3,379 |
| Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other | 5,879 |
| Indiarubber and guttapercha goods | 2,168 |
| Instruments— | |
| Surgical and dental | 3,497 |
| Iron and steel— | £ |
| Bar, bolt, and rod | 3,448 |
| Pipes and fittings | 4,417 |
| Lead— | |
| Pig and bar | 19,888 |
| Sheet | 14,672 |
| Leather | 17,289 |
| Machinery and machines— | |
| Agricultural | 2,550 |
| Dairying | 4,761 |
| Electric | 24,874 |
| Printing | 2,767 |
| Other | 10,406 |
| Materials for, and parts of | 3,922 |
| Manures | 56,009 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of— | |
| Typewriters | 4,297 |
| Other | 18,239 |
| Oils— | |
| Mineral | 7,272 |
| Paper | 3,358 |
| Perfumery | 5,785 |
| Photographic goods | 5,580 |
| Plants, trees, and shrubs | 2,631 |
| Pollard and sharps | 2,294 |
| Printing materials— | |
| Type and materials, n.o.e. | 2,874 |
| Rice | 16,319 |
| Seeds | 7,868 |
| Silks, satins, velvets, plushes, &c. | 2,994 |
| Soap | 30,730 |
| Specie— | |
| Gold | 290,000 |
| Spirits— | |
| Whisky | 2,312 |
| Spirits of wine | 7,978 |
| Stationery | 9,503 |
| Sugar, refined | 8,840 |
| Tanning materials, crude | 4,479 |
| Tea | 4,836 |
| Textile piece-goods | 2,343 |
| Timber— | |
| Logs | 16,933 |
| Logs, hewn | 93,473 |
| Sawn, undressed | 34,809 |
| Tin, block | 14,473 |
| Tobacco— | |
| Manufactured | 13,022 |
| Cigars | 2,206 |
| Tools and implements | 6,929 |
| Wine | 8,927 |
| Woodenware | 2,757 |
| Woollen piece-goods | 7,217 |
| Miscellaneous— | |
| Goods, manufactured | 3,957 |
| Parcels-post | 30,478 |
| SOUTH AUSTRALIA. | £ |
| Fruits | 2,175 |
| Manures | 4,865 |
| Salt | 13,564 |
| Tanning materials— | |
| Bark | 6,329 |
| Wine | 9,684 |
| WESTERN AUSTRALIA. | |
| Timber— | |
| Logs, hewn | 68,476 |
| Sawn, undressed | 144,424 |
| TASMANIA. | |
| Fruits, fresh | 6,253 |
| Manures | 4,063 |
| Tanning materials— | |
| Bark | 8,412 |
| Timber— | |
| Palings | 3,840 |
| Sawn, undressed | 26,290 |
| Tin, block | 4,729 |
| FIJI. | |
| Fruits, fresh. | 60,905 |
| Sugar— | |
| Raw | 778,066 |
| Molasses | 3,431 |
| MALDEN ISLAND. | |
| Guano | 13,311 |
| CHRISTMAS ISLAND. | |
| Manures | 22,991 |
| HONG KONG. | |
| Jams, jellies, and preserves | 3,763 |
| BENGAL. | |
| Bags and sacks | 220,033 |
| Bagging and sacking | 32,285 |
| Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery— | |
| Kapok | 2,048 |
| Iron and Steel— | |
| Pig | 5,289 |
| Linen piece-goods— | |
| Hessians and scrim | 12,964 |
| Manures | 13,110 |
| Mats and matting | 3,810 |
| Oils— | |
| Castor | 17,808 |
| Linseed | 4,157 |
| Tea | 18,981 |
| Woolpacks | 74,213 |
| BURMAH. | |
| Candles | 11,465 |
| Rice | 2,304 |
| Wax | 3,551 |
| CEYLON. | £ |
| Cocoa-beans | 6,276 |
| Coconut, dessicated | 4,575 |
| Tea | 258,738 |
| SINGAPORE. | |
| Foods, farinaceous— | |
| Sago and tapioca | 17,164 |
| Fruits— | |
| Bottled and preserved | 11,311 |
| Rice | 3,470 |
| Spices | 9,412 |
| CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. | |
| Wine | 5,437 |
| CANADA. | |
| Animals, living— | |
| Cattle, horned | 2,700 |
| Apparel and slops | 11,289 |
| Boots and shoes | 9,285 |
| Carriages, &c.— | |
| Motor vehicles— | |
| Bodies for | 27,999 |
| Chassis for | 81,548 |
| Materials for | 4,915 |
| Steam motor-lorries— | |
| Materials for | 2,146 |
| Fish— | |
| Potted and preserved | 34,173 |
| Fruits, fresh— | |
| Apples and pears | 15,022 |
| Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery | 9,509 |
| Glassware | 4,883 |
| Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery | 4,188 |
| Iron and steel— | |
| Pipes and fittings | 23,949 |
| Wire, fencing, plain | 3,035 |
| Leather | 7,869 |
| Machinery and machines— | |
| Agricultural | 44,554 |
| Sewing-machines | 2,032 |
| Other | 2,115 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of | 5,352 |
| Paper— | |
| Hangings | 5,307 |
| Printing | 103,606 |
| Seeds— | |
| Grass and clover | 8,021 |
| Timber— | |
| Laths and shingles | 3,598 |
| Tools and implements | 2,349 |
| Woodenware | 3,386 |
| BRITISH WEST INDIES. | |
| Cocoa-beans | 1,924 |
| GERMANY. | £ |
| Acids | 3,171 |
| Apparel and slops | 5,650 |
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives | 7,009 |
| Beer | 2,906 |
| Bicycles and tricycles | 12,055 |
| Brushes, brushware, and brooms | 2,698 |
| Carpeting and druggeting | 2,595 |
| Carriages, &c.— | |
| Motor vehicles— | |
| Chassis for | 3,098 |
| Materials for | 67,362 |
| China, porcelain, and parianware | 12,055 |
| Clocks | 5,628 |
| Confectionery | 2,538 |
| Cotton piece-goods | 6,162 |
| Drapery | 7,287 |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares— | |
| Cream of tartar | 20,136 |
| Medicinal preparations, drugs and druggists' sundries | 5,085 |
| Dyes | 5,645 |
| Earthenware | 7,146 |
| Fancy goods and toys | 52,404 |
| Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery | 2,628 |
| Furs | 2,614 |
| Glass— | |
| Bottles, empty | 30,079 |
| Window | 2,612 |
| Glassware | 19,108 |
| Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery | 28,923 |
| Instruments— | |
| Musical | 57,068 |
| Other | 2,597 |
| Iron and steel— | |
| Hoop | 2,139 |
| Wire, fencing, plain | 5,822 |
| Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick | 11,485 |
| Leather | 7,356 |
| Machinery and machines— | |
| Dairying | 5,183 |
| Electric | 23,685 |
| Engine-boilers | 2,285 |
| Sewing-machines | 5,234 |
| Other | 9,002 |
| Manures | 45,869 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of | 9,038 |
| Paper— | |
| Butter-paper | 3,347 |
| Hangings | 2,045 |
| Wrapping | 2,663 |
| Writing | 2,207 |
| Perfumery | 2,859 |
| Plate and platedware | 4,012 |
| Salt | 5,724 |
| Seeds— | |
| Grass and clover | 31,163 |
| Slates, roofing | 4,742 |
| Spirits— | |
| Geneva and gin, unsweetened | 4,761 |
| Stationery | 13,683 |
| Textile piece-goods | 3,204 |
| Tools, &c. | 4,555 |
| Woodenware | 2,042 |
| Woollen piece-goods | 8,255 |
| Zinc | 2,012 |
| Miscellaneous— | |
| Goods, manufactured | 7,101 |
| Parcels-post | 11,566 |
| FRANCE. | |
| Carriages, &c.— | |
| Motor vehicles— | |
| Bodies for | 3,209 |
| Chassis for | 13,295 |
| Materials for | 10,092 |
| Cocoa-butter | 2,952 |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares— | |
| Cream of tartar | 17,358 |
| Earthenware | 14,440 |
| Fancy goods and toys | 4,387 |
| Gelatine and isinglass | 2,432 |
| Leather | 3,829 |
| Perfumery | 2,963 |
| Resin | 4,534 |
| Silks, satins, velvets, &c. | 8,216 |
| Spirits— | |
| Brandy | 12,933 |
| Stearine | 6,352 |
| Tobacco pipes and cases, &c. | 6,763 |
| Turpentine and terebene | 2,524 |
| Wine | 10,999 |
| Parcels-post | 2,980 |
| ITALY. | |
| Carriages, &c.— | |
| Motor vehicles, parts and material | 11,375 |
| Fruits, fresh— | |
| Lemons | 3,800 |
| Fruits, lemon and orange peel in brine | 3,156 |
| Hats and caps | 12,230 |
| Hatters' materials | 2,769 |
| Hides | 2,199 |
| Marble | 6,096 |
| Nuts— | |
| Almonds | 11,058 |
| SWITZERLAND. | |
| Asphalt | 10,202 |
| Confectionery | 38,057 |
| Parcels-post | 7,522 |
| SPAIN. | |
| Cork, cut | 10,315 |
| PORTUGAL. | |
| Wine | 2,724 |
| NORWAY. | |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares— | |
| Carbide of calcium | 24,362 |
| Fish, potted and preserved | 17,978 |
| Miscellaneous— | |
| Goods, manufactured | 6,359 |
| SWEDEN. | |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares— | |
| Carbide of calcium | 5,680 |
| Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery | 2,087 |
| Machinery and machines— | |
| Dairying | 28,580 |
| Electric | 25,478 |
| Paper | 8,381 |
| Timber— | |
| Sawn, undressed | 2,257 |
| Woodenware | 2,165 |
| Miscellaneous— | |
| Goods, manufactured | 6,185 |
| DENMARK. | |
| Machinery and machines— | |
| Dairying | 6,912 |
| Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the Dominion | 3,733 |
| BELGIUM. | |
| Apparel and slops | 9,004 |
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives | 2,121 |
| Confectionery | 3,743 |
| Cotton piece-goods | 5,532 |
| Glass— | |
| Plate | 24,140 |
| Window | 29,610 |
| Glassware | 5,758 |
| Machinery and machines | 12,119 |
| Manures | 47,519 |
| Matches and vestas | 4,542 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of | 7,175 |
| Paper | 6,996 |
| Zinc | 12,975 |
| Miscellaneous— | |
| Goods, manufactured | 5,627 |
| Parcels-post | 1,233 |
| HOLLAND. | |
| Cocoa and chocolate | 28,292 |
| Cocoa-butter | 5,247 |
| Cotton piece-goods— | |
| Unenumerated | 2,995 |
| Machinery and machines— | |
| Electric | 2,686 |
| Manures | 4,043 |
| Seeds | 6,067 |
| Spirits— | |
| Geneva and gin, unsweetened | 17,330 |
| Stationery | 5,232 |
| AUSTRIA. | |
| Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery | 5,201 |
| Tinware | 2,932 |
| RUSSIA. | |
| Salt | 1,959 |
| Woodenware | 9,077 |
| GREECE. | |
| Fruits, dried— | |
| Currants | 8,335 |
| TURKEY. | |
| Foods, animal— | |
| Unenumerated | 2,226 |
| Fruits, dried | 5,035 |
| ASIA MINOR. | |
| Fruits, dried— | |
| Raisins | 9,816 |
| Figs, dates, and prunes | 4,348 |
| ARABIA. | |
| Figs, dates, and prunes | 2,713 |
| CHINA. | |
| Rice | 2,659 |
| Silks, satins, &c. | 12,233 |
| JAPAN. | |
| Apparel and slops | 12,003 |
| Basketware and wickerware | 4,138 |
| Brushes, brushware, and brooms | 2,905 |
| Cotton piece-goods | 14,683 |
| Drapery | 9,143 |
| Fancy goods and toys | 8,373 |
| Hats, caps, and hatters' material | 2,171 |
| Manures | 21,742 |
| Mats and matting | 2,064 |
| Onions | 4,799 |
| Rice | 1,907 |
| Silks, satins, &c. | 35,417 |
| Sulphur | 9,905 |
| Textile piece-goods | 2,123 |
| JAVA. | |
| Kapok | 47,993 |
| SUMATRA. | |
| Mineral oils | 30,289 |
| PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. | |
| Hemp | 9,549 |
| Tobacco, &c.— | |
| Cigars | 3,937 |
| Yarns— | |
| Coir, flax, jute, and hemp | 2,541 |
| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. | |
| Animals, living— | |
| Cattle, horned | 3,800 |
| Apparel and slops | 42,172 |
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives | 13,231 |
| Belting, other than leather | 3,090 |
| Bicycles and tricycles | 2,106 |
| Motor bicycles and tricycles | 2,348 |
| Books, papers, and music, printed | 9,969 |
| Boots and shoes | 20,428 |
| Brushes, brushware, and brooms | 5,087 |
| Canvas | 4,997 |
| Carriages, &c.— | |
| Motor vehicles— | |
| Bodies for | 57,051 |
| Chassis for | 146,237 |
| Materials for | 24,635 |
| Perambulators and gocarts | 4,461 |
| Steam motor lorries, materials for | 2,030 |
| Materials for—viz., carriage and cart makers' materials | 2,671 |
| Clocks | 16,153 |
| Confectionery | 5,845 |
| Cotton piece-goods | 24,483 |
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares | 32,318 |
| Engine-packing | 3,640 |
| Fancy goods and toys | 11,652 |
| Fish— | |
| Potted and preserved | 4,382 |
| Foods, farinaceous— | |
| Maizena and cornflour | 5,950 |
| Fruits, bottled and preserved | 25,492 |
| Fruits, dried— | |
| Raisins | 24,582 |
| Figs, dates, and prunes | 9,177 |
| Unenumerated | 10,309 |
| Fruits, fresh | 30,296 |
| Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery | 8,660 |
| Furniture, knife, and plate powder and polish | 4,403 |
| Glass— | |
| Bottles, empty | 4,645 |
| Glassware | 8,811 |
| Grease | 3,854 |
| Grindery | 10,198 |
| Haberdashery | 6,798 |
| Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery | 63,919 |
| Hops | 3,160 |
| Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other | 3,668 |
| Ink | 2,573 |
| Instruments— | |
| Musical | 5,852 |
| Surgical and dental | 7,477 |
| Iron and steel— | |
| Pipes and fittings | 4,595 |
| Rails | 2,902 |
| Sheet, galvanized— | |
| Corrugated | 3,646 |
| Plain | 4,377 |
| Staples, fencing | 6,808 |
| Wire, fencing— | |
| Barbed | 15,141 |
| Plain | 37,100 |
| Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick | 14,257 |
| Leather | 24,249 |
| Machinery and machines— | £ |
| Agricultural | 60,306 |
| Cash-registering | 12,001 |
| Dairying | 3,381 |
| Electric | 71,364 |
| Engines, gas and oil | 23,725 |
| Mining | 4,044 |
| Portable and traction engines | 2,943 |
| Printing | 10,097 |
| Sewing | 24,831 |
| Other | 25,010 |
| Materials for, and parts of | 7,609 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of— | |
| Meters | 2,340 |
| Typewriters | 10,495 |
| Railway and Tramway plant | 2,338 |
| Other | 50,599 |
| Mouldings and panels | 7,230 |
| Nails | 20,579 |
| Oils— | |
| Mineral— | |
| Kerosene | 105,851 |
| Other kinds | 265,988 |
| Other than mineral | 11,714 |
| Onions | 6,804 |
| Paints and colours | 13,844 |
| Paper — | |
| Hangings | 2,128 |
| Perfumery— | |
| Toilet preparations | 11,566 |
| Photographic goods | 0,038 |
| Pictures, paintings, &c. | 3,048 |
| Plaster-of-paris | 3,578 |
| Resin | 10,793 |
| Saddlery and harness (including whips) | 3,088 |
| Salt | 3,707 |
| Sausage-skins | 23,016 |
| Seeds— | |
| Grass and clover | 16,295 |
| Soap | 16,832 |
| Stationery | 18,636 |
| Stone— | |
| Grind, mill, oil, and whet | 2,178 |
| Sugar— | |
| Glucose | 8,767 |
| Timber— | |
| Laths and shingles | 7,403 |
| Sawn, undressed | 83,270 |
| Tobacco— | |
| Manufactured | 74,799 |
| Cigars | 4,063 |
| Cigarettes | 6,307 |
| Tools and implements | 87,091 |
| Turpentine and terebene | 14,726 |
| Varnishes, lacquers, and gold-size | 4,195 |
| Watches | 2,715 |
| Wax, paraffin | 15,546 |
| Wine | 3,511 |
| Woodenware | 17,484 |
| Articles and materials suited for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the Dominion | 2,950 |
| Miscellaneous— | |
| Goods, manufactured | 14,659 |
| Parcels-post | 22,666 |
| FOREIGN WEST INDIES. | |
| Tobacco, &c.— | |
| Cigars | 3,079 |
| FRIENDLY ISLANDS. | |
| Copra | 3,206 |
| Fruits, fresh | 3,422 |
| Specie— | |
| Gold | 4,000 |
| Silver | 3,000 |
| SOCIETY ISLANDS. | |
| Copra. | 2,479 |
| Fruits, fresh | 5,086 |
| NEW CALEDONIA AND DEPENDENCIES. | |
| Manures | 7,811 |
Information as to amount of certain principal articles of food and drink entered for home consumption on importation and ex warehouse is given in the tables which follow. The figures shown for beer include also beer manufactured in the Dominion on which excise duty was paid. In all other cases the articles shown are not produced (in the raw) in the Dominion, or, if so, only in very small quantities, so that the figures shown in the second of the tables practically represent the per capita consumption of the various commodities. Coffee-essence, of which £18,036 worth was entered for home consumption in 1913, is not included in the figures given for coffee.
| TOTAL AMOUNTS ENTERED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Article. | Unit of Quantity. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
* Not including chocolate confectioner | ||||||
| Tea | lb. | 7,300,226 | 7,582,530 | 8,066,151 | 7,682,572 | 7,070,429 |
| Coffee, raw and roasted | lb. | 240,848 | 282,837 | 277,560 | 311,942 | 320,064 |
| Cocoa and chocolate* | lb. | 453,544 | 562,522 | 556,255 | 610,982 | 597,656 |
| Cocoa-beans | lb. | 250,006 | 375,444 | 404,771 | 363,173 | 504,215 |
| Rice | lb. | 8,333,696 | 8,528,240 | 9,519,104 | 7,745,248 | 6,619,648 |
| Sago and tapioca | lb. | 2,560,992 | 2,391,872 | 2,770,544 | 2,695,728 | 2,800,560 |
| Currants, dried | lb. | 2,744,276 | 2,856,753 | 3,153,936 | 3,429,779 | 944,053 |
| Raisins | lb. | 4,201,664 | 4,622,078 | 4,338,041 | 7,051,044 | 3,132,827 |
| Figs, dates, and prunes | lb. | 3,756,050 | 3,983,935 | 4,270,604 | 3,411,629 | 2,976,075 |
| Sugar | Cwt. | 1,066,250 | 1,055,342 | 1,153,168 | 1,256,519 | 1,290,752 |
| Salt | Cwt. | 368,180 | 441,060 | 395,340 | 398,060 | 477,720 |
| Spices | lb. | 510,348 | 485,808 | 662,194 | 610,429 | 608,367 |
| Mustard | lb. | 238,220 | 245,432 | 276,039 | 253,866 | 254,053 |
| Tobacco | lb. | 2,346,820 | 2,801,893 | 2,851,840 | 3,029,076 | 3,024,506 |
| Beer | Gal. | 9,436,240 | 9,671,030 | 9,800,610 | 10,083,482 | 10,300,416 |
| Wine | Gal. | 138,704 | 153,430 | 143,138 | 153,611 | 147,137 |
| Spirits | Gal. | 719,137 | 767,620 | 792,794 | 863,797 | 869,124 |
| AMOUNTS PER HEAD ENTERED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Article. | Unit of Quantity. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | Average of 5 Years. |
* Not including chocolate confectionery. | |||||||
| (a) Including Maoris. | |||||||
| Tea | lb. | 7.16 | 7.29 | 7.58 | 7.06 | 6.32 | 7.08 |
| Coffee, raw and roasted | lb. | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
| Cocoa and chocolate* | lb. | 0.44 | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.52 |
| Cocoa-beans | lb. | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
| Rice | lb. | 8.17 | 8.20 | 8.94 | 7.11 | 5.92 | 7.67 |
| Sago and tapioca | lb. | 2.51 | 2.30 | 2.60 | 2.48 | 2.50 | 2.48 |
| Currants, dried | lb. | 2.69 | 2.75 | 2.96 | 3.15 | 0.84 | 2.48 |
| Raisins | lb. | 4.12 | 4.41 | 4.07 | 6.48 | 2.80 | 4.38 |
| Figs, dates, and prunes | lb. | 3.68 | 3.83 | 4.01 | 3.13 | 2.66 | 3.46 |
| Sugar | lb. | 117.13 | 113.59 | 121.31 | 129.24 | 129.25 | 122.10 |
| Salt | lb. | 40.45 | 47.47 | 41.59 | 40.94 | 47.84 | 43.66 |
| Spices | lb. | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.54 |
| Mustard | lb. | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 |
| Tobacco | lb. | 2.30 | 2.69 | 2.68 | 2.78 | 2.70 | 2.63 |
| Beer | Gal. | 9.26 | 9.29 | 9.20 | 9.26 | 9.21 | 9.24 |
| Wine | Gal. | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.14 |
| Spirits | Gal. | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.75 |
| (b) Excluding Maoris. | |||||||
| Tea | lb. | 7.51 | 7.64 | 7.95 | 7.39 | 6.62 | 7.42 |
| Coffee, raw and roasted | lb. | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.28 |
| Cocoa and chocolate* | lb. | 0.47 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 0.53 |
| Cocoa-beans | lb. | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.37 |
| Rice | lb. | 8.58 | 8.59 | 9.38 | 7.45 | 6.19 | 8.04 |
| Sago and tapioca | lb. | 2.64 | 2.41 | 2.73 | 2.59 | 2.62 | 2.60 |
| Currants, dried | lb. | 2.82 | 2.88 | 3.11 | 3.30 | 0.88 | 2.60 |
| Raisins | lb. | 4.32 | 4.66 | 4.27 | 6.79 | 2.93 | 4.59 |
| Figs, dates, and prunes | lb. | 3.87 | 4.01 | 4.21 | 3.28 | 2.78 | 3.63 |
| Sugar | lb. | 112.89 | 119.06 | 127.26 | 135.44 | 135.28 | 125.99 |
| Salt | lb. | 42.43 | 49.76 | 43.63 | 42.91 | 50.07 | 45.76 |
| Spices | lb. | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
| Mustard | lb. | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 |
| Tobacco | lb. | 2.41 | 2.82 | 2.81 | 2.92 | 2.83 | 2.76 |
| Beer | Gal. | 9.71 | 9.74 | 9.66 | 9.70 | 9.64 | 9.69 |
| Wine | Gal. | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
| Spirits | Gal. | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.79 |
The late arrival of Christmas supplies of dried fruits last year is largely responsible for the decrease in imports of currants and raisins in 1913.
Details of all imports for 1913, giving quantities and values of articles imported, with the amounts entered for home consumption, and the amount of duty received, are next shown.
The amounts shown in the column “Entered for Home Consumption on Importation and ex Warehouse” include all articles admitted free of duty, as well as dutiable articles specially entered for home consumption. Non-dutiable articles become technically entered for home consumption on the import entry being passed at the Customs.
| GENERAL IMPORTS INTO NEW ZEALAND DURING 1913.(For rates of duty, see Tariff.) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Articles. | Total Quantities Imported. | Value of Total Imports. | Entered for Home Consumption on Importation and ex Warehouse. | Amount of Duty received, including Preferential. | ||
| Acid— | £ | £ | s. | d. | ||
| Acetic | 367,187 lb. | 3,816 | 462,202 lb. | 2,888 | 15 | 3 |
| Carbolic | 41,693 lb. | 507 | £507 | |||
| Salicylic | 3,637 lb. | 249 | £249 | |||
| Sulphuric | 517,676 lb. | 3,284 | £3,284 | |||
| Tartaric | 152,888 lb. | 8,081 | £8,081 | |||
| Unenumerated | 545,040 lb. | 9,618 | £9,618 | |||
| Alkali- | ||||||
| Potash and caustic potash | 1,168 cwt. | 1,664 | £1,664 | |||
| Soda ash | 21,861 lb. | 6,597 | £6,597 | |||
| Soda carbonate and bicarbonate | 18,119 cwt. | 7,223 | £7,223 | |||
| Soda, caustic | 19,302 lb. | 13,972 | £13,972 | |||
| Soda crystals | 107 lb. | 59 | 107 cwt. | 10 | 14 | 10 |
| Soda, silicate | 8,684 lb. | 3,427 | £3,427 | |||
| Unenumerated | 6,231 lb. | 4,480 | £4,480 | |||
| Alum | 4,015 lb. | 1,334 | £1,334 | |||
| Animals, living— | ||||||
| Cattle, horned | 137 No. | 15,239 | 137 No. | 64 | 10 | 0 |
| Horses | 167 No. | 28,966 | 167 No. | 125 | 0 | 0 |
| Other kinds, viz.— | ||||||
| Bandicoots | 6 No. | 1 | 6 No. | |||
| Bears | 4 No. | 150 | 4 No. | |||
| Cats | 8 No. | 10 | 8 No. | |||
| Crocodile | 1 No. | 25 | 1 No. | |||
| Deer | 7 No. | 28 | 7 No. | |||
| Dogs | 166 No. | 1,323 | 166 No. | |||
| Donkeys | 2 No. | 15 | 2 No. | |||
| Goats | 1 No. | 10 | 1 No. | |||
| Guinea-pigs | 12 No. | 1 | 12 No. | |||
| Jackal | 1 No. | 20 | 1 No. | |||
| Kangaroos | 3 No. | 32 | 3 No. | |||
| Monkeys | 4 No. | 13 | 4 No. | |||
| Sheep | 220 No. | 4,603 | 220 No. | |||
| Squirrels | 2 No. | 4 | 2 No. | |||
| Wallabies | 8 No. | 22 | 8 No. | |||
| Canaries | 721 No. | 215 | 721 No. | |||
| Cranes | 2 No. | 3 | 2 No. | |||
| Emu | 1 No. | 25 | 1 No. | |||
| Flamingo | 1 No. | 5 | 1 No. | |||
| Parrots | 793 No. | 117 | 793 No. | |||
| Pheasants | 2 No. | 4 | 2 No. | |||
| Pigeons | 100 No. | 194 | 100 No. | |||
| Poultry | 217 No. | 367 | 217 No. | |||
| Other birds | 1,249 No. | 258 | 1,249 No. | |||
| Bees | .. | 1 | ||||
| Fish | 284 No. | 250 | 284 No. | |||
| Frogs | 280 No. | 2 | 280 No. | |||
| Lizard | 1 No. | 1 | 1 No. | |||
| Tortoises | 90 No. | 7 | 90 No. | |||
| Turtles | 3 No. | 10 | 3 No. | |||
| Apparel and slops, n.o.e. | .. | 1,279,722 | £1,274,692 | 318,396 | 6 | 0 |
| Apparel made to order of residents in the Dominion | .. | 1,244 | £1,234 | 479 | 15 | 6 |
| Arms, ammunition, and explosives— | ||||||
| Accoutrements | .. | 1,848 | £1,848 | |||
| Gaps, percussion | 6,443,500 No. | 851 | £851 | 80 | 0 | 0 |
| Cartridges (shot), 10 to 24 bore | 5,483,560 No. | 19,198 | 5,421,700 No. | 6,786 | 7 | 7 |
| Cartridges, n.o.e. | 14,478,250 No. | 8,524 | £8,510 | 2,433 | 9 | 6 |
| Cartridge-cases | 73,103 No. | 129 | 73,103 No. | 46 | 13 | 0 |
| Detonators for dynamite and other explosives | .. | 4,956 | £4,956 | |||
| Dynamite | 19,550 lb. | 850 | 19,550 lb. | |||
| Firearms | 29,697 No. | 41,651 | £41,577 | 4,105 | 17 | 11 |
| Fuse | 274,784 coils | 6,289 | 274,784 coils | |||
| Lithofracteur, cordite, and similar explosives | 294,382 lb. | 14,158 | 294,382 lb. | |||
| Ordnance stores | .. | 62,692 | £62,692 | |||
| Powder, blasting | 630,125 lb. | 15,872 | 030,125 lb. | |||
| Powder, sporting | 6,205 lb. | 894 | 0,205 lb. | |||
| Shot | 387 cwt. | 516 | 387 cwt. | 107 | 7 | 9 |
| Other explosives | 1,001,050 lb. | 44,577 | 1,001,050 lb. | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 2,263 | £2,263 | |||
| Asphalt | 107,763 cwt. | 12,316 | 107,763 cwt. | |||
| Bacon and hams | 9,059 lb. | 304 | 9,059 lb. | 75 | 9 | 11 |
| Bags and sacks— | ||||||
| Cornsacks | 590,222 doz. | 203,826 | 590,222 doz. | |||
| Unenumerated | 153,819 doz. | 29,920 | £29,880 | 110 | 6 | 0 |
| Bags of textile or felt, printed | 141 doz. | 53 | £53 | 13 | 5 | 0 |
| Bagging and sacking | .. | 32,832 | £32,822 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
| Basketware and wickerware | .. | 0,348 | £6,333 | 1,750 | 4 | 0 |
| Beekeepers' tools, implements, and apparatus | .. | 2,560 | £2,560 | |||
| Beer | 293,012 gal. | 57,854 | 299,216 gal. | 29,921′ | 11 | 4 |
| Belting, leather | 29,887 lb. | 4,867 | 29,510 lb. | 476 | 7 | 3 |
| Belting, other than leather | .. | 40,123 | £40,095 | 370 | 1 | 0 |
| Beverages, non-alcoholic— | ||||||
| Aerated and mineral waters | .. | 2,569 | £2,811 | 562 | 4 | 8 |
| Coffee-essence | .. | 18,403 | £18,036 | 3,607 | 4 | 1 |
| Fruit-juices, sweetened | .. | 1,354 | £1,364 | 293 | 16 | 0 |
| Fruit-juices, unsweetened | 20,863 gal. | 2,788 | £2,801 | 47 | 16 | 0 |
| Unenumerated | .. | 394 | £394 | 79 | 6 | 0 |
| Bicycles and tricycles | 8,125 No. | 17,843 | £18,346 | 3,704 | 5 | 8 |
| Materials for | .. | 116,020 | £115,816 | 5,098 | 19 | 9 |
| Motor bicycles and tricycles | 2,691 No. | 50,265 | £50,265 | 9,299 | 7 | 0 |
| Materials for | .. | 30,199 | £30,284 | 1,239 | 7 | 11 |
| Biscuits— | ||||||
| Fancy, and other kinds | 146,150 lb. | 6,893 | 145,443 lb. | 1,220 | 16 | 6 |
| Ships', plain | 545 cwt. | 751 | 502 cwt. | 75 | 5 | 6 |
| Blacking | .. | 6,632 | £6,578 | 1,344 | 17 | 1 |
| Blacklead | .. | 7,120 | £6,602 | 1,368 | 7 | 0 |
| Blue | 245,178 lb. | 6,313 | 241,187 lb. | 1,005 | 1 | 11 |
| Boats | 37 No. | 978 | £978 | 206 | 2 | 0 |
| Fittings for | .. | 45 | £45 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
| Books, papers, and music, printed | .. | 248,668 | £248,668 | |||
| Boots and shoes | 115,226 doz. prs. | 357,964 | £354,465 also 1,013,769 prs. | 105,062 | 7 | 8 |
| Nos. 0 to 6 | 23,326 doz. prs. | 24,111 | £24,103 | 19 | 10 | 0 |
| Gum-boots | 2,070 doz. prs. | 17,672 | 2,070 doz. prs. | |||
| Borax | 3,613 cwt. | 4,200 | 3,613 cwt. | |||
| Bran | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Brass— | ||||||
| Pig, bar, or sheet | 1,300 cwt. | 5,577 | 1,300 cwt. | |||
| Tubing and stamped work in the rough | 1,080 cwt. | 4,281 | 1,080 cwt. | |||
| Bricks — | ||||||
| Building | 61,000 No. | 364 | 61,000 No. | |||
| Fire | 314,717 No. | 1,786 | £1,778 | 322 | 7 | 2 |
| Other kinds | 67,320 No. | 305 | 67,320 No. | |||
| Brushes, brushware, and brooms | .. | 51,724 | £51,520 | 14,790 | 13 | 4 |
| Materials for | .. | 13,059 | £13,059 | |||
| Butter | 17 cwt. | 77 | £77 | 15 | 8 | 0 |
| Candles | 1,944,846 lb. | 30,665 | 1,993,692 lb. | 12,464 | 13 | 7 |
| Canes and rattans | .. | 2,484 | £2,484 | |||
| Canvas | .. | 103,065 | £103,065 | |||
| Caramel | 58,525 lb. | 792 | 58,549 lb. | 243 | 19 | 1 |
| Cards, playing | 147,576 packs | 2,637 | 116,950 packs | 2,923 | 15 | 0 |
| Carpeting and druggeting | .. | 100,984 | £95,809 | 19,161 | 17 | 5 |
| Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, perambulators, and the like vehicles— | ||||||
| Carriages | 350 No. | 3,342 | £3,169 | 710 | 10 | 0 |
| Carts, drays, and wagons | 76 No. | 1,748 | £1,748 | 285 | 16 | 0 |
| Motor vehicles—bodies for | 2,731 No. | 159,352 | £159,123 | 31,695 | 7 | 1 |
| Motor vehicles—chassis for | 2,913 No. | 519,148 | 2,913 No. | |||
| Motor vehicles — materials for | .. | 261,455 | £261,458 | 859 | 4 | 0 |
| Perambulators and gocarts | 6,676 No. | 7,483 | £7,538 | 2,080 | 11 | 3 |
| Steam motor lorries — | ||||||
| Materials for | .. | 13,282 | £13,158 | 2,137 | 1 | 1 |
| Materials for—viz., axles, axle arms and boxes | .. | 21,426 | £21,426 | |||
| Materials for—-viz., carriage and cart shafts, spokes and felloes, in the rough | .. | 9,095 | £9,095 | |||
| Materials for—viz., carriage and cart makers' materials | .. | 25,493 | £25,493 | |||
| Cement | 40,844 barrels | 18,649 | 39,839 barrels | 3,811 | 13 | 3 |
| Chains and chain cables | 13,304 cwt. | 18,038 | £18,038 | 92 | 14 | 0 |
| Cheese | 63 cwt. | 304 | £295 | 78 | 18 | 0 |
| Chicory | 160 lb. | 3 | 160 lb. | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| China, porcelain, and parianware | .. | 53,949 | £53,012 | 12,177 | 5 | 6 |
| Clocks | 111,280 No. | 29,945 | £28,829 | 8,121 | 5 | 9 |
| Coals | 468,940 tons | 166,286 | 468,940 tons | |||
| Cocoa and chocolate | 615,965 lb. | 60,589 | 597,656 lb. | 8,169 | 3 | 2 |
| Cocoa-beans | 504,215 lb. | 16,999 | 504,215 lb. | |||
| Cocoa-butter | 646,929 lb. | 23,992 | 646,929 lb. | |||
| Coconut, desiccated | 244,565 lb. | 5,152 | 244,565 lb. | |||
| Coffee — | ||||||
| Raw | 318,248 lb. | 12,199 | 318,248 lb. | |||
| Roasted | 1,806 lb. | 104 | 1,816 lb. | 25 | 17 | 9 |
| Coke | 1,702 tons | 3,409 | 1,702 tons | |||
| Combs | .. | 4,290 | £4,205 | 997 | 3 | 10 |
| Confectionery— | ||||||
| Chocolate confectionery, plain trade packages | 249,179 lb. | 11,659 | 243,896 lb. | 3,073 | 16 | 5 |
| Chocolate confectionery, fancy packages | .. | 83,404 | £85,840 | 19,147 | 5 | 7 |
| Unenumerated | 1,304,633 lb. | 46,507 | 1,294,071 lb. | 11,154 | 8 | 0 |
| Copper— | ||||||
| Nails | 371 cwt. | 2,090 | 371 cwt. | |||
| Pig, bar, and sheet | 7,875 cwt. | 35,432 | 7,875 cwt. | |||
| Rod and bolt | 340 cwt. | 1,684 | 340 cwt. | |||
| Sheathing | 746 cwt. | 3,562 | 746 cwt. | |||
| Copra | 218 tons | 5,685 | 218 tons | |||
| Cordage | 5,201 cwt. | 18,768 | £17,394 | 3,570 | 19 | 3 |
| Hawsers of 12 in. and over | 622 cwt. | 737 | 622 cwt. | |||
| Iron and steel | 23,560 cwt. | 47,115 | £47,109 | 46 | 8 | 11 |
| Cork, cut | .. | 18,027 | £18,283 | 1,506 | 16 | 2 |
| Cotton piece-goods— | ||||||
| Butter and cheese cloth | .. | 12,703 | £12,703 | 880 | 12 | 0 |
| Leather cloth | .. | 9,588 | £9,588 | |||
| Tubular - woven cotton cloth | .. | 43,730 | £43,730 | |||
| Waterproof material | .. | 6,665 | £6,665 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 895,444 | £895,444 | |||
| Cotton — | ||||||
| Waste | 7,194 cwt. | 11,100 | £11,100 | |||
| Wick | 160,782 lb. | 8,065 | £8,065 | |||
| Drapery | .. | 333,551 | £325,121 | 64,926 | 0 | 11 |
| Lace and laces, n.o.e. | .. | 43,758 | £43,428 | 8,685 | 12 | 0 |
| Ribbons and crape | .. | 44,669 | £44,370 | 8,874 | 0 | 3 |
| Tailors' trimmings | .. | 82,279 | £82,279 | |||
| Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares— | ||||||
| Baking-powder, yeast preparations, other ferments, and yeast foods | .. | 1,405 | £1,333 | 275 | 2 | 0 |
| Chemicals, n.o.e. | .. | 8,678 | £8,667 | 1,782 | 7 | 7 |
| Cream of tartar | 1,044,831 lb. | 41,091 | £41,091 | |||
| Medicinal preparations, drugs, and druggists' sundries, &c. | .. | 183,571 | £182,488 | 41,303 | 16 | 11 |
| Glycerine, refined | .. | 4,288 | £4,242 | 848 | 8 | 0 |
| Medicinal preparations containing over 50 per cent. proof spirit | 34,542 lb. | 7,185 | 35,793 lb. | 1,789 | 13 | 6 |
| Washing-powder | .. | 2,357 | £2,296 | 459 | 5 | 10 |
| Anhydrous Ammonia | .. | 5,374 | £5,374 | |||
| Arsenic | 641 cwt. | 664 | £664 | |||
| Carbide of calcium | 2,316 tons | 32,698 | £32,698 | |||
| Disinfectants | .. | 17,316 | £17,316 | |||
| Gums | .. | 3,776 | £3,776 | |||
| Insecticides and tree-washes— | ||||||
| Denatured red oils | 58,390 gal. | 3,867 | £3,867 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 4,156 | £4,156 | |||
| Medicinal barks, leaves, &c. | .. | .1,025 | £1,025 | |||
| Phosphorus | .. | 572 | £572 | |||
| Potassium and sodium cyanide | 295 tons | 25,482 | £25,482 | |||
| Sheep-dip | .. | 52,227 | £52,227 | |||
| Sheep and horse drenches and sheep-licks | .. | 1,097 | £1,097 | |||
| Vanilla-beans | 9,525 lb | 3,687 | £3,687 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 42,098 | £42,098 | |||
| Dyes | .. | 15,735 | £15,735 | |||
| Earthenware | .. | 139,850 | £137,254 | 23,666 | 2 | 9 |
| Eggs for setting | 14 doz. | 18 | £18 | |||
| Engine-packing | .. | 20,446 | £20,440 | |||
| Essences, flavouring— | ||||||
| Over 33 per cent. proof spirit | 4,977 gal. | 12,963 | 4,948 gal. | 3,958 | 5 | 2 |
| N.o.e. | .. | 375 | £374 | 81 | 6 | 0 |
| Essential oils— | ||||||
| Eucalyptus | 10,953 lb. | 2,293 | £2,344 | 468 | 14 | 8 |
| Other kinds | .. | 9,685 | £9,685 | |||
| Fancy goods and toys | .. | 274,343 | £270,927 | 67,217 | 0 | 2 |
| Fancy goods | .. | 19,662 | £19,662 | |||
| Felt sheathing | .. | 7,030 | £7,030 | 68 | 16 | 0 |
| Fire engines and extinguishers | 1,413 No. | 3,581 | £3,581 | 12 | 6 | 0 |
| Fire-hose and other appliances for fires brigades | .. | 415 | £415 | |||
| Fireworks | .. | 2,402 | £2,389 | 581 | 2 | 8 |
| Fish— | ||||||
| Anchovies, salted | 12 cwt. | 35 | £35 | |||
| Dried, pickled, or salted | 2,737 cwt. | 5,357 | 2,540 cwt. | 1,429 | 11 | 1 |
| Potted and preserved | 3,167,829 lb. | 85,153 | 2,962,253 lb. | 25,499 | 13 | 1 |
| Fishing-tackle— | ||||||
| Artificial flies | .. | 155 | £155 | 39 | 2 | 6 |
| Fish-hooks | .. | 775 | £775 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 3,299 | £3,288 | 668 | 13 | 9 |
| Flock | 16 | £16 | 1 | 12 | 0 | |
| Floorcloth and oilcloth | 145,172 | £145,570 | 28,722 | 2 | 2 | |
| Flour | 59,544 centals | 26,554 | 58,692 centals | 2,936 | 6 | 10 |
| Foods animal— | ||||||
| Chaff | 1,473 tons | 6,381 | 1,469 tons | 1,468 | 19 | 1 |
| Prepared calf-meal | 348 tons | 4,151 | 349 tons | 436 | 11 | 0 |
| Unenumerated | .. | 8,525 | £8,668 | 2,234 | 19 | 0 |
| Foods, farinaceous— | ||||||
| Arrowroot | 35,991 lb. | 556 | £556 | |||
| Infants' and invalids' | .. | 17,909 | £17,909 | |||
| Macaroni and vermicelli | 317,098 lb. | 4,282 | £4,282 | |||
| Maizena and cornflour | 1,905,048 | 22,693 | £22,693 | |||
| Sago and tapioca | 25,005 cwt. | 18,298 | £18,298 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 2,213 | £2,213 | |||
| Fruits, bottled and preserved | 184,874 doz. | 39,027 | £38,342 | 12,754 | 12 | 6 |
| Fruits, dried— | ||||||
| Currants | 944,053 lb. | 10,978 | £10,978 | |||
| Raisins | 3,132,827 lb. | 43,827 | £43,827 | |||
| Figs, dates, and prunes | 2,976,075 lb. | 31,777 | £31,777 | |||
| Unenumerated | 534,294 lb. | 10,477 | 539,655 lb. | 4,497 | 2 | 7 |
| Fruits, fresh— | ||||||
| Apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, medlars, apricots, quinces, and tomatoes | 324,015 lb. | 4,995 | 323,533 lb. | 1,348 | 1 | 1 |
| Apples and pears | 3,061,534 lb. | 43,653 | 3,060,300 lb. | 6,375 | 12 | 6 |
| Currants, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, and strawberries | 200 lb. | 4 | 200 lb. | 0 | 8 | 4 |
| Grapes | 43,841 lb. | 1,067 | 43,841 lb. | 182 | 13 | 5 |
| Lemons | 733,099 lb. | 11,309 | 732,672 lb. | 1,526 | 8 | 0 |
| Other kinds | 17,608,501 lb. | 120,635 | £120,635 | |||
| Fruits, lemon and orange peel | 557,497 | 3,731 | £3,731 | |||
| Fruit-pulp, and partially preserved fruit | 36,943 lb. | 621 | 36,742 lb. | 229 | 12 | 9 |
| Fungus | 140 cwt. | 268 | £268 | |||
| Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery | .. | 49,668 | £49,026 | 14,506 | 7 | 6 |
| Kapok | 13,927 cwt. | 50,210 | £50,210 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 9,615 | £9,615 | |||
| Furniture, knife and plate powder and polish | 11,524 | £11,153 | 2,717 | 18 | 4 | |
| Furs | 17,490 | £16,046 | 4,011 | 12 | 5 | |
| Gelatine and isinglass | 247,042 lb. | 11,793 | 258,989 lb. | 1,877 | 4 | 7 |
| Glass— | ||||||
| Bottles, empty | 77,169 | £77,169 | ||||
| Mirrors and looking-glasses | 10,123 | £10,242 | 2,790 | 14 | 9 | |
| Plato, bevelled and silvered | 8,076 | £8,053 | 2,563 | 12 | 6 | |
| Plate, other kinds | 1,216,899 sup. ft. | 43,695 | £43,695 | |||
| Window | 5,482,531 sup. ft. | 55,288 | £55,288 | |||
| Glassware | .. | 56,625 | £56,231 | 11,352 | 10 | 4 |
| Gle and size | 85,981 lb. | 2,446 | 85,266 lb. | 543 | 3 | 7 |
| Gold-leaf | .. | 381 | £381 | |||
| Grain and pulse— | ||||||
| Barley | 97 centals | 91 | 94 centals | 9 | 6 | 5 |
| Beans and peas | 5,452 centals | 6,021 | 5,260 centals | 195 | 6 | 7 |
| Oats | 806 centals | 425 | 806 centals | 25 | 17 | 5 |
| Wheat | 91 centals | 85 | 92 centals | 2 | 11 | 7 |
| Unenumerated | 28,672 centals | 14,781 | 28,544 centals | 1,055 | 19 | 10 |
| Ground, unenumerated | 6,556 centals | 9,123 | 6,742 centals | 346 | 0 | 0 |
| Grease | 7,459 cwt. | 6,786 | £6,859 | 1,744 | 4 | 0 |
| Grindery— | ||||||
| Heel-plates, toe-stiffeners, and toe-plates | .. | 1,041 | £1,041 | 236 | 11 | 9 |
| Unenumerated | .. | 50,995 | £50,995 | 19 | 16 | 0 |
| Gum, kauri | 2 tons | 258 | £258 | |||
| Haberdashery | .. | 21,549 | £21,499 | 4,299 | 15 | 7 |
| Buttons, tapes, pins, needles, and wadding | .. | 57,852 | £57,852 | |||
| Sewing cottons, silks, and threads | .. | 74,891 | £74,891 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 927 | £927 | |||
| Hair | .. | 3,581 | £3,581 | |||
| Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery | .. | 467,163 | £463,546 | 103,062 | 14 | 1 |
| Hardware | .. | 4,974 | £4,974 | |||
| Hats and caps | 86,455 doz. | 134,799 | £134,504 | 33,616 | 18 | 11 |
| Hatters' materials | .. | 29,346 | £29,346 | |||
| Hemp | 283 tons | 10,369 | £10,369 | |||
| Hides | 10,278 No. | 17,027 | £17,027 | |||
| Honey | 240 lb. | 8 | 240 lb. | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Hops | 87,353 | 5,790 | 82,549 | 2,693 | 16 | 3 |
| Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other | .. | 25,222 | £25,340 | 844 | 6 | 5 |
| Hosiery | .. | 269,846 | £208,498 | 52,106 | 9 | 11 |
| Indiarubber and guttapercha goods | .. | 12,564 | £12,564 | 78 | 8 | 0 |
| Ink— | ||||||
| Printing | 334,632 lb. | 9,700 | £9,700 | 360 | 14 | 0 |
| Writing | 6,678 gal. | 3,005 | 6,677 gal. | 640 | 9 | 3 |
| Instruments, musical— | ||||||
| Harmoniums and organs | 364 No. | 4,353 | £4,347 | 1,143 | 12 | 0 |
| Pianos | 5,204 No. | 136,149 | £134,177 | 32,615 | 15 | 11 |
| Unenumerated | 19,834 | £19,574 | 4,614 | 7 | 4 | |
| Materials for | 3,685 | £3,685 | 147 | 0 | 0 | |
| Instruments— | ||||||
| Optical | 5,499 | £5,499 | ||||
| Scientific | 10,987 | £10,987 | ||||
| Surgical and dental | 33,431 | £33,431 | ||||
| Surveying | 3,549 | £3,549 | 48 | 16 | 0 | |
| Unenumerated | 87 | £87 | ||||
| Iron and steel— | .. | £ | .. | £ | s. | d. |
| Angle | 2,000 tons | 17,552 | £17,552 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| Bar, bolt, and rod | 26,608 tons | 258,913 | £258,318 | 692 | 3 | 7 |
| Bolts and nuts | 36,663 cwt. | 43,036 | £43,036 | |||
| Castings for ships | 1,873 | £1,869 | 70 | 8 | 0 | |
| Galvanized manufactures | 2,673 | £2,677 | 448 | 15 | 0 | |
| Hoop | 2,822 tons | 30,178 | £30,178 | 116 | 4 | 0 |
| Hoop, galvanized | 5,364 cwt. | 3,774 | 5,346 cwt. | 456 | 15 | 3 |
| Pig | 9,619 tons | 49,175 | £49,175 | |||
| Pipes and fittings, cast | 8,904 tons | 73,014 | £73,014 | 3,407 | 16 | 0 |
| Pipes and fittings, wrought | 10,724 tons | 197,933 | £197,944 | 2,570 | 6 | 1 |
| Rails | 25,864 tons | 197,910 | £197,901 | 759 | 13 | 10 |
| Sheet and plate | 3,768 tons | 90,560 | £90,560 | 162 | 4 | 0 |
| Sheet, galvanized, corrugated | 400,284 cwt. | 333,009 | 393,838 cwt. | 39,478 | 9 | 0 |
| Sheet, galvanized, plain | 00,576 cwt. | 76,120 | 89,685 cwt. | 6,809 | 5 | 8 |
| Staples, fencing | 15,039 cwt. | 8,930 | £8,930 | |||
| Tanks | 5,752 No. | 20,215 | {1,942,510 gal. 1 + 1 tank} | 2,438 | 2 | 0 |
| Wire, fencing, barbed | 3,289 tons | 39,022 | £39,022 | |||
| Wire, fencing, plain | 10,045 tons | 104,695 | £104,695 | |||
| Wire, telegraphic and telephonic | 819 tons | 10,678 | £10,678 | |||
| Wire netting | . | 54,440 | £54,440 | 55 | 10 | 0 |
| Wire, unenumerated | 328 tons | 5,181 | £5,181 | |||
| Unenumerated | 1,440 tons | 7,715 | £7,715 | 1 | 12 | 0 |
| Jams, jellies, and preserves | 546,115 lb. | 11,924 | 544,995 lb. | 4,603 | 1 | 7 |
| Jellies, concentrated | 87,206 lb. | 3,540 | 89,501 | 1,494 | 1 | 9 |
| Jewellery | .. | 6,981 | £7,235 | 1,603 | 9 | 0 |
| Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick | .. | 66,356 | £65,810 | 15,700 | 10 | 9 |
| Lard | 1,393 cwt. | 4,193 | £4,205 | 910 | 0 | 0 |
| Lead— | ||||||
| Pig and bar | 1,114 tons | 22,183 | £22,183 | |||
| Pipe (including composition) | 144 cwt. | 252 | 144 cwt. | 25 | 5 | 6 |
| Sheet | 15,084 cwt. | 17,600 | £17,600 | |||
| Leather | 1,293,998 lb. | 180,353 | 1,289,269 lb. | 7,309 | 8 | 6 |
| Chamois | .. | 1,811 | £1,768 | 380 | 8 | 4 |
| Leather manufactures— | ||||||
| Boot and shoe vamps, uppers, and laces | .. | 11,167 | £11,158 | 2,586 | 12 | 0 |
| Unenumerated | 13,056 | £13,024 | 3,087 | 8 | 9 | |
| Linen piece-goods | 59,760 | £59,760 | ||||
| Hessians and scrim | 56,046 | £56,046 | ||||
| Machinery and machines, agricultural— | ||||||
| Cleaners, grain and seed | 52 No. | 1,399 | £1,399 | |||
| Cultivators, Spring tine | 444 | 3,079 | £3,079 | |||
| Cutters, chaff, turnip and other; oat bruisers, pulpers, turnip slicers and strippers | 264 No. | 1,245 | £1,245 | |||
| Drills and sowers | 1,536 No. | 16,514 | £16,514 | |||
| Harrows, disc | 1,205 No. | 6,601 | £6,601 | |||
| other kinds | 1,640 No. | 3,482 | £3,482 | |||
| Hay rakes, mowers and tedders, horse | 2,149 No. | 12,569 | £12,569 | |||
| Horse grubbers, horse hoes, scarifiers, scufflers | 765 No. | 1,398 | £1,398 | |||
| Ploughs | 3,306 No. | 11,134 | £11,134 | |||
| Presses, wool, hay, and straw | 1 No. | 50 | £50 | |||
| Reapers and binders | 1,419 No. | 25,811 | £25,811 | |||
| Rollers, field | 2 No. | 23 | £23 | |||
| Shearing | 4,021 No. | 6,388 | £6,388 | |||
| Threshing-machines | 26 No. | 1,575 | £1,575 | |||
| Other kinds | .. | 70,458 | £70,468 | |||
| Machinery and machines— | ||||||
| Cash-registering | 619 No. | 12,007 | £10,323 | 2,064 | 11 | 1 |
| Dairying | .. | 70,472 | £70,472 | 496 | 8 | 0 |
| engines for | .. | 802 | £1,662 | 129 | 14 | 0 |
| boilers for | .. | .. | £24 | 4 | 16 | 0 |
| Dredging | .. | 7,007 | £7,007 | 209 | 11 | 0 |
| Electric | .. | 474,812 | £473,688 | 31,159 | 0 | 3 |
| Engines, steam | 47 No. | 8,563 | £8,119 | 1,293 | 16 | 0 |
| Engines, gas and oil | 5,106 No. | 189,976 | £189,192 | 5,134 | 2 | 0 |
| Engines, oil, for motorcars | 10 No. | 232 | £232 | |||
| Engines, boilers for | 79 No. | 12,105 | £11,385 | 1,851 | 18 | 6 |
| Flour-milling | .. | 2,515 | £2,515 | 125 | 15 | 6 |
| Horticultural | .. | 630 | £630 | |||
| Knitting | 65 No. | 0,111 | £6,111 | |||
| Locomotives | 3 No. | 2,703 | £2,703 | 550 | 18 | 0 |
| Mining | 21,505 | £21,497 | 467 | 13 | 8 | |
| Mining, engines for | 4,244 | £4,320 | 320 | 2 | 0 | |
| Mining, boilers for | .. | 138 | £138 | 27 | 12 | 0 |
| Paper-milling | .. | 358 | £358 | 7 | 17 | 0 |
| Portable and traction engines | 52 No. | 23,616 | £23,616 | 294 | 6 | 0 |
| Printing | .. | 34,189 | £33,603 | 1,793 | 5 | 7 |
| Refrigerating | .. | 6,567 | £6,135 | 334 | 7 | 0 |
| Sewing | 12,919 No. | 48,880 | £48,880 | |||
| Viticultural | .. | 20 | £20 | |||
| Woollen-mill | 10,269 | £10,269 | 474 | 16 | 0 | |
| Unenumerated | 118,640 | £115,782 | 20,112 | 8 | 1 | |
| Materials for, and parts of | 37,937 | £37,856 | 2,038 | 11 | 0 | |
| Maize, flaked | 901 bush. | 231 | 901 bush. | 45 | 1 | 6 |
| Malt | 2,705 bush. | 964 | 2,705 bush. | 270 | 10 | 10 |
| Manures— | ||||||
| Bonedust | 5,817 tons | 36,713 | £36,713 | |||
| Guano | 8,792 tons | 23,589 | £23,589 | |||
| Unenumerated | 89,316 tons | 317,120 | £317,120 | |||
| Marble— | ||||||
| Dressed or polished, and manufactures | .. | 6,808 | £6,919 | 1,729 | 16 | 0 |
| Hewn or rough-sawn | 281 tons | 2,469 | £2,469 | |||
| Matches and vestas (boxes) | ||||||
| Wax | 100,654 gross | 21,876 | 100,458 gross | 6,039 | 16 | 5 |
| Wooden | 108,299 gross | 8,779 | 97,067 | 5,299 | 6 | 1 |
| Mats and matting | .. | 15,971 | £15,919 | 3,182 | 17 | 1 |
| Meal, oaten | 45 centals | 51 | 45 centals | 2 | 11 | 9 |
| Meats— | ||||||
| Mutton, frozen | 1 cwt. | 1 | £1 | |||
| Potted and preserved | .. | 2,243 | £2,005 | 406 | 1 | 3 |
| Metal, manufactured articles of— | ||||||
| Anchors | 2,079 No. | 1,641 | £1,641 | 32 | 4 | 0 |
| Gas-making plant | .. | 4,026 | £4,020 | 273 | 0 | 0 |
| Japanned and lacquered metalware | .. | 808 | £856 | 230 | 6 | 6 |
| Meters—gas, water, or electricity | .. | 37,288 | £37,288 | |||
| Pumps | .. | 2,511 | £2,271 | 420 | 4 | 0 |
| Railway and tramway plant | .. | 71,502 | £71,502 | 572 | 14 | 0 |
| Rivets and washers | 11,373 cwt. | 12,927 | £12,927 | |||
| Tacks | 2,360 cwt. | 3,831 | £3,831 | |||
| Typewriters | 1,858 No. | 24,714 | £24,714 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 360,889 | £356,598 | 49,505 | 17 | 10 |
| Metal-sheathing, other than copper | 227 cwt. | 999 | £999 | |||
| Milk, preserved | 273,990 lb. | 6,756 | £3,636 | 936 | 15 | 4 |
| Millinery— | ||||||
| Feathers, ornamental | 14,154 | £14,122 | 3,517 | 0 | 0 | |
| Other kinds | 95,090 | £94,679 | 23,669 | 14 | 4 | |
| Minerals— | ||||||
| Antimony | 2 tons | 30 | £30 | |||
| Mouldings and panel | .. | 15,210 | £15,028 | 2,955 | 13 | 7 |
| Mustard | 254,053 lb. | 14,075 | £14,075 | |||
| Nails | 90,091 cwt. | 55,105 | 90,554 cwt. | 10,785 | 4 | 0 |
| Roofing, lead-headed | 215 cwt. | 373 | £346 | 69 | 3 | 1 |
| Nails | 2,305 cwt. | 2,794 | £2,794 | |||
| Naphtha (wood) | 10,985 gal. | 1,946 | £1,946 | |||
| Nuts— | ||||||
| Almonds, shelled and unshelled | 300,714 lb. | 16,810 | £16,810 | |||
| Coconuts | 1,140 No. | 9 | £9 | |||
| Walnuts | 83,217 lb. | 2,560 | 80,169 lb. | 668 | 1 | 6 |
| Unenumerated | 280,492 lb. | 4,448 | £4,448 | |||
| Oakum | 439 cwt. | 515 | £515 | |||
| Oars | 716 No. | 157 | £157 | |||
| Oils— | ||||||
| Castor | 139,848 gal. | 18,464 | £18,464 | |||
| Cod-liver | 13,223 gal. | 2,257 | £2,257 | |||
| Colza | 32,367 gal. | 3,132 | £3,132 | |||
| Fish, penguin, mutton-bird, and seal | 35,509 gal. | 3,320 | £3,320 | |||
| Linseed | 551,352 gal. | 81,730 | £81,730 | |||
| Mineral, kerosene | 3,269,583 gal. | 105,856 | £105,856 | |||
| Mineral, other kinds | 5,325,136 gal. | 325,432 | 5,506,893 gal. | 20,520 | 10 | 5 |
| Olive | 6,218 gal. | 2,159 | £2,159 | |||
| Whale | 78 gal. | 8 | £8 | |||
| Unenumerated, bulk | 55,408 gal. | 6,313 | 56,579 gal. | 1,494 | 7 | 0 |
| Unenumerated, in vessels under 1 gallon | .. | 11,140 | £11,173 | 2,234 | 11 | 1 |
| Unenumerated | 82,352 gal. | 10,251 | £10,251 | |||
| Oilmen's stores | .. | 16,883 | £16,663 | 3,332 | 12 | 7 |
| Onions | 53,764 cwt. | 23,928 | 2,639 tons | 2,638 | 11 | 1 |
| Opium | 135 lb. | 133 | 28 lb. | 56 | 1 | 6 |
| Paints and colours— | ||||||
| Ground in oil | 64,900 cwt. | 94,453 | 65,088 cwt. | 7,950 | 7 | 0 |
| Mixed ready for use | 17,958 cwt. | 46,539 | 17,085 cwt. | 4,413 | 7 | 3 |
| Unenumerated | 14,667 cwt. | 16,474 | £16,476 | 274 | 11 | 0 |
| Driers, liquid | 3,673 gal. | 687 | £687 | |||
| n.o.e. | 1,082 cwt. | 1,138 | 1,081 cwt. | 135 | 3 | 4 |
| Paper— | ||||||
| Bags, coarse | 22 cwt. | 28 | 22 cwt. | 8 | 1 | 11 |
| , other kinds | 8,336 cwt. | 9,935 | £9,907 | 2,616 | 4 | 4 |
| Butter-paper | 8,251 cwt. | 11,413 | £11,413 | |||
| Hangings | .. | 51,544 | £51,544 | |||
| Printing | 290,247 cwt. | 222,389 | £222,404 | 470 | 0 | 0 |
| Wrapping | 20,004 cwt. | 18,741 | 19,932 cwt. | 6,600 | 8 | 8 |
| Writing | 40,919 cwt. | 61,788 | £61,788 | |||
| Unenumerated | 577 cwt. | 1,656 | £1,656 | |||
| Pearl barley | 1,534 cwt. | 1,117 | 1,534 cwt. | 76 | 13 | 8 |
| Peas, split | 1,436 cwt. | 894 | 1,437 cwt. | 143 | 13 | 9 |
| Peel, candied and drained | 10,721 lb. | 259 | 10,721 lb. | 143 | 12 | 1 |
| Perfumery— | ||||||
| Perfumed spirits | 2,118 gal. | 9,820 | 2,098 gal. | 3,147 | 2 | 9 |
| Toilet preparations | .. | 38,446 | £38,121 | 11,823 | 6 | 4 |
| Unenumerated | .. | 767 | £767 | 215 | 8 | 9 |
| Photographic goods | .. | 7,091 | £7,018 | 1,666 | 3 | 9 |
| Copper, glass, and zinc plates for photo-lithographic work | .. | 1,023 | £1,023 | |||
| Cameras and lenses | .. | 10,088 | £10,093 | 394 | 17 | 10 |
| Sensitized surfaces | .. | 26,085 | £26,028 | 260 | 11 | 3 |
| Pickles | 4,806 gal. | 1,494 | 4,671 gal. | 700 | 13 | 9 |
| Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs | .. | 13,976 | £13,827 | 2,448 | 13 | 10 |
| Picture frames and mounts | .. | 3,013 | £3,009 | 706 | 0 | 6 |
| Pitch | 1,659 cwt. | 768 | £768 | |||
| Plants, trees, and shrubs | .. | 11,486 | £11,486 | |||
| Plaster-of-paris | 44,647 cwt. | 7,338 | £7,338 | |||
| Plate and platedware | .. | 100,222 | £97,842 | 20,252 | 0 | 8 |
| Pollard and sharps | 17,034 centals | 3,767 | 17,033 centals | 851 | 13 | 1 |
| Portmanteaux and travelling-bags | .. | 16,806 | £16,510 | 4,640 | 18 | 9 |
| Leather bags and leather-cloth bags | .. | 3,007 | £2,925 | 833 | 19 | 9 |
| Potatoes | 28 tons | 267 | 29 tons | 29 | 5 | 9 |
| Printing materials— | ||||||
| Stereotypes, matrices, half-tone, and line blocks | .. | 548 | £545 | 136 | 6 | 4 |
| Type and materials, n.o.e. | .. | 16,929 | £16,929 | 306 | 8 | 0 |
| Provisions— | ||||||
| Eggs | 8,090 doz. | 460 | £460 | 137 | 12 | 0 |
| Unenumerated | .. | 25,230 | £24,896 | 5,552 | 0 | 6 |
| Putty | 6,094 cwt. | 3,296 | 6,094 cwt. | 767 | 1 | 10 |
| Quicksilver | 3,528 lb. | 399 | £399 | |||
| Resin | 23,096 cwt. | 17,300 | £17,300 | |||
| Rice | 59,104 cwt. | 42,396 | £42,396 | |||
| Rice-meal refuse | 20,711 cwt. | 4,808 | £4,808 | |||
| Rugs, all kinds | .. | 27,543 | £26,965 | 5,363 | 10 | 3 |
| Saccharine | 20,166 oz. | 337 | 20,639 oz. | 1,547 | 18 | 10 |
| Saddlery and harness (including whips) | .. | 26,778 | £26,691 | 5,456 | 17 | 11 |
| Harness oil, composition and leather-dressing | .. | 1,677 | £1,658 | 396 | 2 | 3 |
| Saddlers' ironmongery and materials | .. | 26,782 | £26,782 | |||
| Collar-check | .. | 9,652 | £9,652 | |||
| Salt | 23,886 tons | 70,602 | £70,602 | |||
| Rock-salt | 1,389 tons | 3,796 | £3,796 | |||
| Saltpetre | 1,634 cwt. | 1,973 | £1,973 | |||
| Sauces, catsup, and chutney | 17,563 gal. | 12,537 | 16,947 gal. | 3,389 | 8 | 6 |
| Soy | 3,298 gal. | 260 | £260 | |||
| Sausage-skins | 305,341 lb. | 25,530 | 300,486 lb. | 3,716 | 17 | 6 |
| Seeds— | ||||||
| Grass and clover | 29,875 cwt. | 99,067 | £99,067 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 49,210 | £49,210 | |||
| Shale | 276 tons | 747 | £747 | |||
| Ship-chandlery, n.o.e. | .. | 6,205 | £6,205 | |||
| Silks, satins, velvets, and plushes of pure and mixed silks | .. | 97,513 | £96,910 | 19,382 | 0 | 9 |
| For flour-dressing | .. | 78 | £78 | |||
| Silver | 7,681 oz. | 1,009 | £1,009 | |||
| Skins and pelts | 2,689 No. | 234 | £234 | |||
| Slates, roofing | 876,68 No. | 13,842 | £13,842 | |||
| Soap— | ||||||
| Common | 16 cwt. | 14 | 16 cwt. | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Powder, extract of soap, &c. | 19,126 | £18,628 | 3,724 | 14 | 8 | |
| Soap, n.o.e. | 68,006 | £67,577 | 18,959 | 15 | 1 | |
| Specie— | ||||||
| Copper | .. | 5,415 | £5,415 | |||
| Gold | 544,000 | £544,000 | ||||
| Silver | 85,255 | £85,255 | ||||
| Specimens illustrative of natural science | .. | 239 | £239 | |||
| Spices— | ||||||
| Ground | 22,533 lb. | 825 | 22,036 lb. | 186 | 14 | 2 |
| Unground | 586,331 lb. | 15,305 | £15,305 | |||
| Spirits— | ||||||
| Bitters, cordials, and liqueurs | 5,062 gal. | 4,683 | 4,414 gal. | 3,531 | 2 | 3 |
| Brandy | 73,623 gal. | 39,881 | 72,626 gal. | 58,101 | 2 | 2 |
| Geneva and gin, unsweetened | 128,201 gal. | 35,712 | 102,375 gal. | 81,900 | 4 | 3 |
| Methylated | 264 gal. | 50 | 264 gal. | 13 | 5 | 6 |
| Rum | 17,754 gal. | 4,393 | 18,465 gal. | 14,771 | 14 | 10 |
| Sweetened, n.o.e. | 9,231 | 2,583 | 8,484 gal. | 6,787 | 9 | 4 |
| Whisky | 739,190 gal. | 289,259 | 656,930 gal. | 527,144 | 1 | 7 |
| Unenumerated | 3,762 gal. | 3,565 | 3,830 gal. | 3,064 | 5 | 7 |
| Spirits of wine | 110,036 gal. | 8,279 | 2,679 gal. | 2,142 | 17 | 8 |
| Methylated, in bond | .. | .. | 96,049 gal. | 2,401 | 4 | 5 |
| Starch | 875,757 lb. | 9,450 | 888,148 lb. | 7,443 | 13 | 9 |
| Confectioners' moulding | 30,939 lb. | 234 | £234 | . | ||
| Stationery— | ||||||
| Handbills, circulars, &c. | 418,119 lb. | 17,979 | 417,467 lb. | 5,388 | 17 | 10 |
| Manufactured | .. | 78,843 | £78,151 | 20,246 | 1 | 11 |
| Unenumerated | .. | 68,284 | £67,816 | 12,816 | 16 | 3 |
| Apparatus and appliances, articles and materials for educational purposes | .. | 10,819 | £10,819 | |||
| Bookbinders' materials | .. | 11,266 | £11,266 | |||
| Cardboard boxes, materials for | .. | 31,414 | £31,414 | 81 | 12 | 0 |
| Unenumerated | .. | 11,350 | £11,336 | 151 | 2 | 0 |
| Stearine | 378,171 lb. | 8,083 | 378,171 lb. | 1,399 | 11 | 9 |
| Stone— | ||||||
| Building | 71 tons | 171 | £171 | .. | . | |
| Granite and other stone, dressed or polished, and manufactures | .. | 7,590 | £7,894 | 1,999 | 17 | 6 |
| Granite and other stone, hewn or rough-sawn | 216 tons | 658 | £658 | |||
| Grind, mill, oil, and whet | .. | 4,537 | £4,537 | |||
| Sugar— | ||||||
| Raw | 1,215,477 cwt. | 787,304 | £787,304 | |||
| Refined | 14,265 cwt. | 12,412 | £12,412 | |||
| Glucose | 14,174 cwt. | 9,186 | 1,545,853 lb. | 6,441 | 1 | 1 |
| Golden syrup | 5 cwt. | 6 | ||||
| Molasses | 47,455 cwt. | 3,588 | £3,588 | |||
| Treacle | 16 cwt. | 32 | £32 | |||
| Sulphur | 38,494 cwt. | 10,517 | £10,517 | |||
| Tallow | .. | 1 | £1 | |||
| Tanning materials, crude— | ||||||
| Bark | 3,118 tons | 31,017 | £31,017 | |||
| Other kinds | .. | 6,559 | £6,559 | |||
| Tar | .. | 1,385 | £1,385 | |||
| Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick and wagon covers | .. | 7,104 | £7,105 | 64 | 4 | 0 |
| Tea | 7,068,566 lb. | 296,933 | 7,070,429 lb | 472 | 1 | 4 |
| Textile piece-goods other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen | .. | 163,733 | £150,571 | 30,087 | 18 | 2 |
| Articles made up from, other apparel | .. | 34,138 | £33,787 | 6,673 | 6 | 10 |
| Timber— | ||||||
| Laths and shingles | 8,860,224 No. | 11,329 | 8,860,750 No. | 886 | 1 | 6 |
| Logs | 5,248 No. | 17,613 | £17,613 | |||
| Logs, hewn | 13,220,132 sup. ft. | 163,090 | £163,090 | |||
| Palings | 483,726 No. | 3,854 | 483,662 No. | 483 | 13 | 4 |
| Posts | 17,777 No. | 728 | 17,777 No. | 69 | 18 | 7 |
| Rails | 3,847 No. | 181 | 3,847 No. | 7 | 14 | 0 |
| Sawn, undressed | 33,484,952 sup. ft. | 303,012 | 33,481,251 sup. ft. | 27,600 | 9 | 1 |
| Sawn, dressed | 203,193 | 3,660 | 203,203 sup. ft. | 401 | 14 | 10 |
| Unenumerated | .. | 1,464 | £1,464 | |||
| Tin— | ||||||
| Block | 3,787 cwt. | 41,570 | £41,570 | |||
| Foil | 22,199 lb. | 2,594 | £2,594 | |||
| Sheet | 85,795 cwt. | 80,139 | £80,139 | |||
| Tinware | .. | 22,428 | £22,424 | 6,319 | 15 | 0 |
| Tinsmiths' furniture and fittings | .. | 7,219 | £7,219 | |||
| Tobacco,©— | ||||||
| Unmanufactured | 20,883 lb. | 1,432 | 16,120 lb. | 1,612 | 0 | 0 |
| Manufactured | 2,177,715 lb. | 261,011 | 2,352,182 lb. | 411,522 | 17 | 8 |
| Cigars | 61,385 lb. | 26,247 | 61,613 lb. | 21,564 | 9 | 7 |
| Cigarettes | 586,721 lb. | 177,307 | {229 753,290 No. +17,945 lb.} | 207,314 | 19 | 11 |
| Snuff | 1,360 lb. | 162 | 1,140 lb. | 399 | 0 | 0 |
| Tobacco pipes and cases, &c. | 32,314 | £32,497 | 8,305 | 18 | 6 | |
| Tools and implements— | ||||||
| Axes and hatchets | 5,922 | £3,922 | ||||
| Engineers', metal-, wood-, and stone-workers' machine or hand tools | 71,809 | £71,809 | ||||
| Scythes | £1,190 | £1,190 | ||||
| Sheep-shears | 1,361 | £1,361 | ||||
| Spades, shovels, and forks | 13,901 | £13,901 | ||||
| Unenumerated | 141,927 | £141,927 | ||||
| Turpentine and terebene | 166,746 gal. | 21,783 | £21,783 | |||
| Twine | .. | 30,155 | £29,222 | 5,552 | 18 | 7 |
| Nets and netting | .. | 2,265 | £2,235 | 460 | 6 | 8 |
| Binder | 1,472 cwt. | 3,797 | £3,797 | |||
| Unenumerated | .. | 1,048 | £1,048 | |||
| Umbrellas and parasols | .. | 6,336 | £6,270 | 1,254 | 0 | 0 |
| Materials for | .. | 10,739 | £10,739 | |||
| Varnish, lacquers and gold-size | 50,683 gal. | 24,424 | 49,801 gal. | 5,020 | 11 | 6 |
| Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved | .. | 3,095 | £2,357 | 639 | 6 | 1 |
| Vinegar | 52,952 gal. | 7,690 | 50,427 gal. | 1,261 | 11 | 3 |
| Watches | 86,076 No. | 18,061 | £16,833 | 3,366 | 12 | 0 |
| Watchmakers' materials | .. | 499 | £499 | |||
| Wax— | ||||||
| Beeswax | 3,940 lb. | 241 | 3,940 lb. | 16 | 8 | 4 |
| Paraffin | 2,184,271 lb. | 20,937 | 2,203,851 lb. | 9,182 | 14 | 3 |
| Unenumerated | 51,930 lb. | 4,434 | 54,125 lb. | 225 | 10 | 5 |
| Whiting and chalk | 13,810 cwt. | 1,849 | 13,878 cwt. | 691 | 11 | 0 |
| Wine— | ||||||
| Australian | 46,594 gal. | 19,677 | 49,609 gal. | 12,402 | 5 | 6 |
| Sparkling | 12,820 gal. | 24,452 | 12,141 gal. | 5,463 | 4 | 8 |
| Other kinds | 85,684 gal. | 32,905 | 85,387 gal. | 21,333 | 6 | 2 |
| Woodenware | .. | 54,044 | 53,828 | 10,713 | 1 | 11 |
| Wool— | ||||||
| Greasy | 105,603 lb. | 4,693 | £4,693 | |||
| Scoured | 10,051 lb. | 666 | £666 | |||
| Washed | 597 lb. | 40 | £40 | |||
| Woollen piece-goods | .. | 402,528 | £399,645 | 79,803 | 16 | 0 |
| Woollen blankets | 5,311 pairs | 1,831 | £1,831 | 344 | 4 | 0 |
| Wool packs | 53,131 doz. | 74,317 | £74,317 | |||
| Woolpockets | 150 doz. | 132 | £132 | |||
| Yarns | .. | 20,341 | £20,242 | 4,048 | 7 | 0 |
| Coir, flax, jute, and hemp | .. | 10,229 | £10,229 | |||
| Zinc— | ||||||
| Perforated sheet | 723 cwt. | 1,753 | £1,753 | 32 | 18 | 0 |
| Plain sheet | 5,554 cwt. | 8,184 | £8,184 | |||
| Spelter | 6,724 cwt. | 9,025 | £9,025 | |||
| Minor articles required in the making-up of apparel, &c. | .. | 10,480 | £10,480 | |||
| Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the Dominion | .. | 40,085 | £40,085 | |||
| Miscellaneous goods— | ||||||
| Manufactured | 73,745 | £73,745 | ||||
| Unmanufactured | 8,150 | £8,150 | ||||
| Parcels-post | 473,143 | £473,143 | 80,546 | 19 | 3 | |
| EXCISE DUTIES, NOT INCLUDING BEER. | ||||||
| Tobacco, manufactured | .. | .. | 13,658 lb. | 682 | 18 | 6 |
| Cigars | .. | 3,585 lb. | 268 | 17 | 4 | |
| Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit | .. | 71,168 lb. | 2,66 | 16 | 1 | |
| Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or less | .. | 16,548 lb. | ||||
| Culinary and flavouring essences, spirituous | .. | .. | 4,088 gal. | 2,452 | 14 | 0 |
| Perfumed spirits | 945 gal. | 945 | S | 0 | ||
| Toilet preparations, spirituous, subject to 16s. per gallon on importation | .. | .. | 311 gal. | 186 | 12 | 6 |
GOODS RECEIVED FROM COOK AND OTHER ISLANDS.
Goods received from the Cook Islands and Niue, or Savage Island, are treated as produce of New Zealand and not as forming part of the external trade of the Dominion. The following were the principal articles received at New Zealand ports from these Islands during 1913:—
| Article. | Quantity. | Value. |
|---|---|---|
| £ | ||
| Coffee, raw | 20,250 lb. | 638 |
| Copra | 868 tons | 19,673 |
| Fruits, fresh | 14,651,341 lb. | 82,223 |
| Hats and caps | 2,334 doz. | 1,277 |
| Coconuts | 73,724 No. | 570 |
| Nuts, unenumerated | 36,680 lb. | 326 |
| Potatoes | 79 tons | 819 |
| Fungus | 157 cwt. | 216 |
| Fancy goods and toys | .. | 2,152 |
| Specie | .. | 370 |
| Other articles | .. | 831 |
| 109,095 | ||
THE Customs and excise duties received during the last five years are shown in detail, also the rate of revenue per head of mean population, inclusive and exclusive of Maoris, for each year:—
| — | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Minus quantity. | |||||
| CUSTOMS DUTIES. | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
| Spirits | 577,233 | 616,835 | 637,326 | 693,366 | 704,548 |
| Wine | 38,749 | 40,888 | 38,606 | 41,251 | 39,198 |
| Ale, beer, &c. | 25,232 | 27,159 | 27,365 | 29,636 | 29,922 |
| Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff | 162,940 | 176,347 | 190,588 | 216,594 | 229,278 |
| Tobacco | 397,000 | 400,418 | 401,936 | 420,080 | 413,135 |
| Coffee, cocoa, &c. | 6,370 | 7,832 | 7,784 | 8,462 | 8,171 |
| Opium | 39 | 64 | 32 | 42 | 56 |
| Other goods by weight | 182,695 | 214,772 | 236,747 | 217,785 | 219,402 |
| Other goods ad valorem | 1,088,767 | 1,226,072 | 1,402,811 | 1,503,000 | 1,559,647 |
| Other duties | 113,573 | 122,066 | 139,874 | 131,303 | 141,526 |
| Parcels-post | 52,541 | 60,177 | 65,968 | 74,175 | 80,547 |
| Primage | 1,969 | ||||
| Surtax | 6,509 | 62,359 | 16,620 | 25 | *4 |
| Totals, Customs duties | 2,653,617 | 2,954,989 | 3,165,657 | 3,335,719 | 3,425,426 |
| EXCISE DUTIES. | |||||
| Tinctures—New Zealand | 3,766 | 4,096 | 5,351 | 5,500 | 6,253 |
| Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff—New-Zealand-manufactured | 170 | 170 | 289 | 310 | 269 |
| Tobacco—New-Zealand-manufactured | 1,086 | 854 | 844 | 746 | 683 |
| Beer—New Zealand | 114,799 | 117,493 | 119,087 | 122,339 | 125,015 |
| Totals, excise duties | 119,821 | 122,613 | 125,571 | 128,895 | 132,220 |
| £ s. d. | £ s. d. | £ s. d. | £ s. d. | £ s. d. | |
| Revenue from Customs duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris) | 2 14 7 | 2 19 6 | 3 2 5 | 3 4 3 | 3 4 1 |
| Ditto (including Maoris) | 2 12 1 | 2 16 9 | 2 19 7 | 3 1 3 | 3 1 3 |
| Revenue from excise duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris) | 0 2 5.6 | 0 2 5.6 | 0 2 5.7 | 0 2 5.8 | 0 2 5.7 |
| Ditto (including Maoris) | 0 2 4.2 | 0 2 4.3 | 0 2 4.3 | 0 2 4.4 | 0 2 4.4 |
Amount of Customs revenue per head for twenty years is given in the table following. It will be seen that after rising fairly steadily until 1907, the rate fell in the two following years, this being due principally to the alterations in the tariff, consequent on the revision of 1907. From 1909 to 1912, however, each year witnessed an increase, the figures for 1909 being £2 14s. 7d., and for 1912 £3 4s. 3d. The figures for 1913 show a decrease of 2d. per head on those for 1912. It must be pointed out that the increased rate of Customs revenue per head of late years is entirely due to increase in the total value of imports.
CUSTOMS REVENUE PER HEAD OF EUROPEAN POPULATION.
| £ | s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1894 | 2 | 6 | 4 |
| 1895 | 2 | 6 | 9 |
| 1896 | 2 | 9 | 11 |
| 1897 | 2 | 13 | 0 |
| 1898 | 2 | 13 | 3 |
| 1899 | 2 | 14 | 5 |
| 1900 | 2 | 16 | 10 |
| 1901 | 2 | 16 | 4 |
| 1902 | 2 | 17 | 3 |
| 1903 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| 1904 | 3 | 2 | 9 |
| 1905 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| 1906 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
| 1907 | 3 | 7 | 0 |
| 1908 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 1909 | 2 | 14 | 7 |
| 1910 | 2 | 19 | 6 |
| 1911 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 1912 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| 1913 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
Besides an alteration of tariff in 1895, certain duties were lowered and exemptions granted in the year 1900. The duty on tea was brought to 2d. per pound, instead of 4d.; currants and raisins were lowered to 1d. per pound; candles to 1d.; cocoa and roasted coffee to 3d. There was also reduction on stearine for match-making, on paraffin wax, and wax matches. The duty on patent and proprietary medicines was made 15 per cent., also that on certain drugs and chemicals, while the charge on steam-engines, or parts thereof, became 5 per cent. Various exemptions came into force.
In 1907 the Customs tariff was completely revised and some important alterations made. Among articles placed upon the free list are: Sugar, molasses and treacle, currants, raisins, figs, dates, prunes, unground spices, mustard, maizena, cornflour, almonds and nuts (excepting walnuts), carbonate and bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, infants' foods, forfar, dowlas, and flax-sheeting, vegetable oils, fencing staples and standards, sheet lead; gas, electricity, and water meters; rubber and pneumatic tires for carriages. Children's boots Nos. 0-6 and tea in bulk are admitted free if of British manufacture or growth.
Increased rates of ordinary duty were imposed on certain articles, among which are found: Flavouring essences, n.o.e., medicinal preparations, drugs and druggists' sundries, candles, paraffin wax, hosiery, cash-registers, cartridges (shot), 10-24 bore, cartridge-cases, certain sizes of iron and fibre pipes, mouldings and panels.
Tea, the produce of British dominions, if in packages of 5 lb. in weight or over is admitted free, in packages under 5 lb. 2d. per pound. The preferential duty on tea of foreign growth is 2d. per pound if in packages of 5 lb. in weight or over, and 1d. per pound if in packages of a lesser weight than 5 lb.
The Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1909, imposed a surtax of 1 per cent. on the amount of duty payable on tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, and of 2œ per cent. on the amount of duty payable on all other dutiable goods. This surtax remained in operation until 31st March, 1911.
The Customs revenue for 1913 was increased by the sum o £129,365 in consequence of the preferential tariff, but the exemption in favour of British-grown tea has resulted in a considerable loss of revenue. The duty collected on all tea imported in 1903 was £43,606, while in 1913 only £472 was received. Sugar and molasses, from which the duty has been removed, yielded an average annual revenue of £194,000 during the years 1903-7.
The tariff (general and preferential) is given in full in this subsection. The rates of duty levied are divided into two classes, specific and ad valorem. The specific class includes 16s. per gallon on spirits; 30s. per gallon on perfumed spirits; 7s. per pound on cigars and snuff; 17s. 6d. per 1,000, of 2œ lb. and under, on cigarettes; also 3s. 6d. per pound on manufactured and 2s. on unmanufactured tobacco. Sparkling wine is charged 9s. a gallon; Australian, 5s.; other kinds, 6s.; ale and beer, 2s. The duty on cocoa, chocolate, and chicory is 3d. per pound; roasted coffee, 3d. Opium is charged 40s. per pound, but this article, in a form suitable for smoking, cannot now be legally imported. Ad valorem duties range from 5 to 40 per cent. on the value of the goods, 20 per cent. being the commonest rate.
There is also an excise duty of 1s. per pound on tobacco; 1s. 6d. per pound on cigars and snuff; 3d. per gallon on beer; 9d. per pound on medicinal preparations (with exceptions) containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, which, if less than 50 per cent., would be free. Toilet preparations subject to 16s. per liquid gallon on importation are charged 12s. the liquid gallon, or when subject to 25 per cent. duty, 6s. per gallon. Other excise duties are 12s. per gallon on culinary and flavouring essences, and 20s. on perfumed spirits. The excise duty on cigarettes made in New Zealand is now (from the 31st December, 1896) 2s. 6d. per pound on machine-made and 1s. per pound on hand-made cigarettes. All packages of manufactured tobacco must be labelled before leaving the manufactory, and it is necessary to obtain warrants to use cutting-machines for cutting duty-paid manufactured tobacco for sale (or to be used in the manufacture of cigarettes by hand), and to manufacture cigarettes by hand, under certain conditions.
The duties authorized by the Timber Export Act, 1908, will be found following the full tariff.
In 1903 the Legislature of New Zealand, with the object of encouraging trade between this country and other parts of the British Empire, imposed a surtax upon certain goods not being the produce or manufacture of some part of the British dominions. This may be regarded as the small beginning of what under the tariff of 1907 came to be a substantial protection to the British producer.
In 1907, while the tariff was under revision, some changes were made in the preferential duties of 1903, and the number of articles subject to the surtax greatly increased, until at present 193 of the total of 488 items on the tariff come under this head. The articles upon which differential duty is charged are specified in the tariff given further on in this subsection.
The value of imports into New Zealand from foreign countries has never assumed large proportions, ranging from 13.53 to 18.60 per cent. of the total during the past ten years. From 1899 to 1904 there was a steady increase, but after the latter year the proportion fell, a result, no doubt, in a large measure due to the preferential treatment of British goods. The years 1912 and 1913 are, however, somewhat above the average of recent years.
During the three years 1905-7, when the preferential tariff of 1903 was in full operation, the proportion of the value of goods imported upon which the surtax was charged, to the total value of goods imported, excluding specie, was,—
| Year. | Value of Imports subject to Surtax. | Proportion to Total Value of Imports (excluding Specie) |
|---|---|---|
| £ | per Cent. | |
| 1905 | 599,764 | 4.81 |
| 1906 | 620,600 | 4.34 |
| 1907 | 658,027 | 3.98 |
The greater number of articles included in the differential list in the tariff revision of 1907 has increased the total value of imported articles subject to the surtax, and also the proportion to total imports A decrease is, however, apparent in 1913.
| Year. | Value of Imports subject to Surtax. | Proportion to Total Value of Imports (excluding Specie). |
|---|---|---|
| £ | per Cent. | |
| 1908 | 895,007 | 5.19 |
| 1909 | 842,407 | 5.69 |
| 1910 | 1,000,267 | 5.97 |
| 1911 | 1,159,342 | 6.17 |
| 1912 | 1,337,182 | 6.50 |
| 1913 | 1,325,057 | 5.95 |
In connection with the subject of preferential duties, tables are annexed to illustrate the position in regard to two specially selected important foreign States at the time the additional duties were authorized. The tables also exhibit the fact that the value of free goods introduced increased at a greater rate since the year 1903 than of those which paid duty.
| IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | On the East Coast. | On the West Coast. | Total Imports. | |||
| Admitted Free of Duty. | On which Duty Payable. | Admitted Free of Duty. | On which Duty Payable. | Admitted Free of Duty | On which Duty Payable. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1903 | 522,581 | 716,954 | 57,430 | 144,393 | 580,011 | 861,347 |
| 1905 | 541,685 | 668,933 | 54,415 | 173,468 | 596,100 | 842,401 |
| 1907 | 562,805 | 708,747 | 25,324 | 128,720 | 588,129 | 837,467 |
| 1908 | 816,176 | 685,005 | 52,564 | 90,192 | 868,740 | 775,197 |
| 1909 | 563,972 | 460,926 | 39,912 | 101,253 | 603,884 | 562,179 |
| 1910 | 696,087 | 538,873 | 69,055 | 95,722 | 765,142 | 634,595 |
| 1911 | 799,762 | 589,046 | 106,517 | 186,804 | 906,279 | 775,850 |
| 1912 | 1,008,287 | 700,361 | 149,868 | 191,102 | 1,158,155 | 891,463 |
| 1913 | 993,313 | 722,029 | 125,398 | 267,250 | 1,118,711 | 989,279 |
| IMPORTS FROM GERMANY. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Admitted Free of Duty. | On which Duty Payable. | Proportions per Cent. | |
| Admitted Free of Duty. | On which Duty Payable. | |||
| £ | £ | |||
| 1903 | 70,191 | 204,106 | 25.59 | 74.41 |
| 1905 | 64,920 | 212,547 | 23.40 | 76.60 |
| 1907 | 102,677 | 248,957 | 29.20 | 70.80 |
| 1908 | 144,824 | 244,707 | 37.18 | 62.82 |
| 1909 | 129,574 | 198,273 | 39.52 | 60.48 |
| 1910 | 146,830 | 244,965 | 37.48 | 62.52 |
| 1911 | 208,163 | 272,454 | 43.31 | 56.69 |
| 1912 | 283,122 | 370,108 | 43.34 | 56.66 |
| 1913 | 338,574 | 349,361 | 49.22 | 50.78 |
The values of the imports into New Zealand during the years 1912 and 1913 are given in the next table, classified according to the duties to which they were liable, and arranged so as to show the declared value of goods on which specific or ad valorem duties at various rates are payable, and of those admitted free of duty.
| Duties to which Imports liable. | Value of Imports, 1912. | Value of Imports, 1913. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |||
| Specific duties | 2,636,328 | 2,808,248 | ||
| Ad valorem duties— | ||||
| 5 per cent. | 71,888 | 64,450 | ||
| 10 per cent. | 148,786 | 145,682 | ||
| 15 per cent. | 55,566 | 44,603 | ||
| 19⅖ per cent. | 151 | 18 | ||
| 20 per cent. | 3,578,882 | 3,518,697 | ||
| 22œ per cent. | 32,456 | 38,590 | ||
| 24 per cent. | 65,034 | 46,122 | ||
| 24Πper cent. | .. | 1 | ||
| 25 per cent. | 1,765,456 | 2,030,150 | ||
| 30 per cent. | 734,509 | 738,153 | ||
| 33Ÿ; per cent. | 4,587 | 4,843 | ||
| 37œ per cent. | 116,082 | 131,661 | ||
| 40 per cent. | 1,235 | 1,209 | ||
| Various | 280,224 | 333,560 | ||
| 6,854,856 | 7,097,739 | |||
| Parcels-post (various) | 435,594 | 473,143 | ||
| Duty-free (excluding specie) | 10,649,801 | |||
| 11,274,502 | ||||
| Specie imported | ||||
| 399,995 | ||||
| 634,670 | ||||
| Totals | ||||
| 20,976,574 | ||||
| 22,288,302 | ||||
As already stated, general tariff revisions were made in 1895 and 1907. The table following shows for the years immediately preceding and following these changes and for 1913, the value of free and dutiable imports, the percentage admitted free of duty, and the duty per cent. on dutiable imports and on all merchandise imported.
| – | 1894. | 1896. | 1906. | 1908. | 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including excise duties levied on certain imports manufactured in bond. | |||||
| Merchandise— | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ |
| Free | 1,871,772 | 2,263,091 | 5,476,949 | 8,658,111 | 11,274,502 |
| Dutiable | 4,118,405 | 4,772,288 | 8,826,221 | 8,589,051 | 10,379,130 |
| Imports (less specie) | 5,990,177 | 7,035,379 | 14,303,170 | 17,247,162 | 21,653,632 |
| Percentage of free merchandise | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per cent. | Per Cent. |
| 31.25 | 32.17 | 38.29 | 50.20 | 52.07 | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||
| Total net duty received* | 1,572,467 | 1,767,852 | 2,903,131 | 2,907,151 | 3,432,631 |
| Duty, per cent. of imports— | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. |
| (a.) On dutiable imports | 38.18 | 37.04 | 32.89 | 33.85 | 33.07 |
| (b.) On all merchandise | 26.25 | 25.13 | 20.30 | 16.86 | 15.85 |
The average rate levied on dutiable goods in 1913 was slightly higher than before the tariff revision of 1907, the increase being due to the surtax on foreign goods, but the average on all merchandise shows a decrease. The proportion of imported merchandise free of duty increased considerably since 1906, showing the effect of remissions under the new tariff.
CUSTOMS TARIFF.
A complete schedule of all tariff duties in force is subjoined:—
THE CUSTOMS TARIFF OF NEW ZEALAND.—TABLE OF DUTIES.
NOTE.—The headings of the respective classes in Schedules A and B are solely used for convenience of classification, and shall not in any way affect the interpretation of the Tariff.
The word “iron” includes steel, or steel and iron combined.
Neither steam-engines, nor parts of steam-engines, nor boilers (land or marine), nor feed-water heaters, fuel-economizers, steam-superheaters, or mechanical stokers are included in the expression “machines” or “machinery” as used in the Tariff.
The abbreviation “n.o.e.” means “not otherwise enumerated.”
| SCHEDULE A. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tariff Item No. | Goods. | Rate of Duty | ||
| Ordinary Tariff. | Preferential Surtax on Foreign Goods (Schedules C, D, and E). | |||
| CLASS I.—FOODS AND ARTICLES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates, except as specified:— | ||||
| 1 | Bacon, and hams | 2d. the lb. | ||
| 2 | Biscuits, ships', plain and unsweetened; also dog-biscuits | 3s. the cwt. | 7⅕d. the cwt. | |
| 4 | Biscuits, other kinds | 2d. the lb. | ⅖d. the lb. | |
| 4 | Candied peel, and drained peel | 3d. the lb. | ⅗d. the lb. | |
| 5 | Confectionery n.o.e.: including medicated lozenges, medicated confectionery, boiled sugars, liquorice n.o.e., sugared or crystallized fruits | 2d. the lb., including internal containing packages (other than plain bottles and plain trade packages) | ⅖d. the lb., including internal containing packages (other than plain bottles and plain trade packages). | |
| 6 | Chocolate confectionery and confectionery containing chocolate:— | |||
| (1.) In plain trade packages | 3d. the lb. | ⅗d. the lb. | ||
| (2) In fancy packages, or in small packages for retail sale | 20% ad val. | 4% ad val. | ||
| 7 | Fish, dried, pickled, or salted, n.o.e. | 10s. the cwt. | 5s. the cwt. | |
| 8 | Fish, potted, and preserved | 2d. the lb., including any liquor, oil, or sauce | 1d. the lb., including any liquor, oil, or sauce. (NOTE.—Sardines are not subject to preferential duty.) | |
| (NOTE.—The terra “fish” is used in the Tarilf in its widest sense, and includes shellfish, crustaceans, and other foods obtained from the fisheries.) | ||||
| 9 | Fruits, dried, n.o.e. | 2d. the lb. | ||
| 10 | Fruits, fresh—viz., apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, medlars, apricots, quinces, tomatoes, and grapes | 1d. the lb. | ||
| (No duty exceeding œd. the lb. to be levied on apples and pears on and from the 14th July to and including 31st December.) | ||||
| 11 | Fruits, fresh—viz., currants, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, strawberries, and lemons | œd. the lb. | ||
| 12 | Fruit-pulp, partially preserved fruit, fruit preserved by sulphurous acid, unsweetened and n.o.e. | Lœd. the lb. | ||
| 13 | Glucose, and caramel | 1d. the lb. | ||
| 14 | Honey | 2d. the lb. | ||
| 15 | Jams, jellies, marmalade, and preserves | 2d. the lb., or package of that reputed weight, whichever rate is higher, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight | ⅖d. the lb., or package of that reputed weight, whichever rate is higher, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight. | |
| 16 | Jellies, concentrated | 4d. the lb. | ⅘d. the lb. | |
| 17 | Pearl barley | 1s. the cwt. | ||
| 18 | Peas, split | 2s. the cwt. | ||
| 19 | Pickles | 3s. the gallon. | ||
| 20 | Sauces, catsup, and chutney | 4s. the gallon. | ||
| 21 | Soy, in vessels of 10 gallons capacity or under | 4s. the gallon. | ||
| 22 | Spices, ground, n.o.e., including pepper, pimento, and olive-stones, ground | 2d. the lb. | ⅖d. per lb. | |
| 23 | Vinegar, not exceeding 6.5 per cent. of acidity, calculated as acetic acid | 6d. the gallon | 1⅕d. per gallon. | |
| 24 | Walnuts, shelled or unshelled | 2d. the lb. | ||
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 25 | Capers, caraway-seeds, caviare, cayenne pepper, curry powder and paste, fish-paste, olives | 20% ad val. | ||
| 26 | Lard, and refined animal fats, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 27 | Meats, potted or preserved | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 28 | Provisions n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 29 | Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 30 | Fruits, preserved in juice, or syrup | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| (Fruits, preserved in juice, or syrup, fortified with alcohol to any extent exceeding 33 per cent. of proof spirit, shall be charged 16s. per proof gallon on such juice or syrup, in addition to 25 per cent. ad val. on the total value of the goods.) | ||||
| 31 | Milk or cream, preserved, evaporated, or dried | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| CLASS II.—TOBACCO. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| 32 | Cigarettes, not exceeding in weight 2œ lb. per 1,000 | 17s. 6d. the 1,000. | ||
| 33 | Cigarettes, n.o.e. | 7s. the lb. | ||
| 34 | Cigars, including the weight of every band, wrapper, or attachment, to any cigar | 7s. the lb. | ||
| 35 | Snuff | 7s. the lb. | ||
| 36 | Tobacco, including the weight of every label, tag, or other attachment | 3s. 6d. the lb. | ||
| 37 | Tobacco, unmanufactured, entered to be manufactured in New Zealand in any licensed tobacco-manufactory, for manufacturing purposes only, into tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, or snuff | 2s. the lb. | ||
| CLASS III.—ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND MATERIAL FOR MAKING THE SAME. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| 38 | Ale, beer of all sorts, porter, cider, and perry, when containing more than 2 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity | 2s. the gallon. | ||
| 39 | Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of 33 per cent. of proof spirit, but not exceeding the strength of proof | 16s. the liquid gallon. | ||
| 40 | Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of proof | 16s. the proof gallon. | ||
| 41 | Hops | 6d. the lb. | 3d. the lb. | |
| 42 | Maize, flaked | 1s. the bushel. | ||
| 43 | Malt, whole or ground | 2s. the bushel. | ||
| 44 | Rice malt | 1d. the lb. | ||
| 45 | Solid wort | 6d. the lb. | ||
| 46 | Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, the strength of which can be ascertained by Sykes's hydrometer or other instrument | 16s. the proof gallon. | ||
| (No allowance beyond 16.5 under proof shall be made for spirits or spirituous mixtures of a less strength than 16.5 under proof.) | ||||
| 47 | Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, n.o.e., when not exceeding the strength of proof | 16s. the liquid gallon. | ||
| 48 | Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, n.o.e., when exceeding the strength of proof | 16s. the proof gallon. | ||
| (Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, in bottles or jars in cases, shall be charged as follows—viz.: Two gallons and under as two gallons, over two gallons and not exceeding three as three gallons, over three gallons and not exceeding four as four gallons, and so on for any greater quantity contained in any case.) | ||||
| 49 | Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, in combination with other ingredients, and although thereby coming under any other designation excepting medicinal preparations otherwise enumerated | 16s. the liquid gallon. | ||
| Wine.—The term “wine” as applied to the Tariff includes medicated wine, or wine mixed with food; also such spirituous beverages, and fluid foods, containing less than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, as may be so decided by the Minister. | ||||
| 50 | Wine, Australian, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity | 5s. the gallon. | ||
| 51 | Wine, other than sparkling, and Australian, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity | 6s. the gallon. | ||
| 52 | Wine, sparkling, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity | 9s. the gallon. | ||
| 53 | Wine of any kind containing more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit | 16s. the liquid gallon. | ||
| CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, AND MATERIALS FOR MAKING THE SAME. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| 54 | Chicory | 3d. the lb. | ⅗d. the lb. | |
| 55 | Cocoa, and chocolate, including cocoa-beans roasted and crushed; also cocoa or chocolate mixed with milk or any other food substance what-so ever | 3d. the lb. | ⅗d. the lb. | |
| 56 | Coffee, roasted | 3d. the lb. | ⅗d. the lb. | |
| 57 | Tea n.o.e. | 2d. the lb. | ⅖d. the lb. | |
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 58 | Aerated, and mineral waters; effervescing beverages; and beverages n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | ||
| 59 | Coffee, essence of; and essence of coffee with milk or any other food substance | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 60 | Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, unsweetened, in containers of less than 10 gallons capacity | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 61 | Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, sweetened; syrups; raspberry vinegar, sweetened | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| CLASS V.—DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, AND DRUGGISTS' SUNDRIES. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| 62 | Acid, acetic, containing not more than 30 per cent. of acidity | 1œd. the lb. | ||
| 63 | Acid, acetic, containing more than 30 per cent. of acidity, for every 10 per cent. of acidity or fraction thereof | œd. the lb. | ||
| 64 | Essences flavouring, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit | 16s. the liquid gallon. | ||
| 65 | Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wines or wines mixed with food), containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit | 1s. the lb. | ||
| 6.6 | Opium | £2 the lb. | ||
| 67 | Saccharin n.o.e., including substances of a like nature or use | 1s. 6d. the ounce. | ||
| 68 | Soda-crystals | 2s. the cwt. | 4⅘d. the cwt. | |
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 69 | Baking powder; yeast preparations, and other ferments; also yeast foods | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 70 | Chemicals, and chemical preparations, n.o.e., including photographic chemicals n.o.e.; also anti-incrustation, boiler, and other compounds | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 71 | Essences, flavouring, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 72 | Eucalyptus oil in bulk or bottle | 20% ad val. | ||
| 73 | Glycerine, refined | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 74 | Medicinal preparations, drugs, and druggists' sundries, and apothecaries' wares, n.o.e.; also aerated water makers', and cordial manufacturers', and brewers' drugs, chemicals, and other sundries, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 75 | Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wines or wines mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or less | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 76 | Saccharin, in the form of tablets, pilules, granules, or cachets, each containing not more than œ grain of saccharin in combination with at least 10 per cent. of alkali | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILE GOODS. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates of duty:— | ||||
| 77 | Cotton, raw | 4d. the lb. | ||
| Goods subject to 20 per cont. ad val.:— | ||||
| 78 | All articles n.o.e., made of textile, felt, or other piece-goods, or of any combination of the same, wholly or partly made up or manufactured, and not being apparel or clothing either wholly or partly made up | 20% ad val. | ||
| 79 | Drapery n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | ||
| 80 | Flags | 20% ad val. | ||
| 81 | Haberdashery n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | ||
| 82 | Lace, and laces, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | ||
| 83 | Ribbons, and crepe, all kinds | 20% ad val. | ||
| 84 | Rugs, woollen, cotton, opossum, or other | 20% ad val. | ||
| 85 | Textile piece-goods n.o.e., including silks, satins, velvets, plushes, n.o.e., composed of pure silk, or of silk mixed with any other material, in the piece, and including also imitation silks, composed of any material or substance whatsoever. | 20% ad val. | ||
| 86 | Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades | 20% ad val. | ||
| 87 | Yarns n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | ||
| Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 88 | Apparel, and ready-made clothing, n.o.e. | 25% ad val. | ||
| 89 | Feathers, ornamental (including ostrich); artificial flowers, leaves, and sprays | 25% ad val. | ||
| 90 | Furs, and fur trimmings | 25% ad val. | ||
| 91 | Hats of all kinds (including straw hats), also caps | 25% ad val. | ||
| 92 | Hosiery n.o.e. | 25% ad val. | ||
| 93 | Millinery of all kinds, including trimmed hats, caps, and bonnets | 25% ad val. | ||
| Goods subject to 40 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 94 | Apparel made to the order, or measurement, of residents in New Zealand and intended for the individual use of such residents, whether imported by the residents themselves or otherwise | 40% ad val. | ||
| 95 | Apparel—viz., Volunteer clothing made to measurement sent from New Zealand | 40% ad val. | ||
| CLASS VII.—LEATHER AND MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER. | ||||
| Goods subject to mixed rates:— | ||||
| Boots, shoes, clogs, and pattens, n.o.e., viz.— | ||||
| 96 | Men's, above size No. 6 | 1s. 6d. the pair, and 15% ad val. | Ad. the pair, and 7œ% ad val. | |
| Youths', above size No. 1 | 1s. the pair, and 15% ad val. | 6d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val. | ||
| Boys', Noe. 7 to 1 both inclusive | 6d. the pair, and 15% ad val. | 3d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val. | ||
| Women's above size No. 1 | 1s. the pair, and 15% ad val. | 6d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val. | ||
| Girls', Nos. 7 to 1, both inclusive | 6d. the pair, and 15% ad val. | 3d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val. | ||
| Other kinds | 1s. the pair, and 15% ad val. | 6d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val. | ||
| Slippers (not including lawn tennis, and gymnasium shoes soled with india-rubber or felt) | 6d. the pair, and 15% ad val. | 3d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val. | ||
| Slippers of felt, with carpet, twine, or felt soles | 22œ% ad val. | 11Œ% ad val. | ||
| Shoes or goloshes known as Plimsolls with moulded indiarubber soles | 22œ% ad val. | 11Œ% ad val. | ||
| Champion, gymnasium, yachting, and lawn tennis boots, and shoes, with moulded indiarubber soles | 22œ% ad val. | 11Œ% ad val. | ||
| Goloshes or overshoes of all kinds, of rubber | 22œ% ad val. | 11Œ% ad val. | ||
| Shoottes, and sandals, n.o.e. | 22œ% ad val. | 11Œ% ad val. | ||
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| Leather— | ||||
| 97 | Leather belting, belt leather, harness, welting, bridle, strap, legging, bag, and kip other than East India | 1d. the lb. | ||
| All hide leathers dressed n.o.e. | 3d. the lb. | |||
| (NOTE.—Any leathers n.o.e. (1) either dressed in sides, or pieces of whatever size, or (2) if in whole skins over 16 ft., are to be classed as hide leather.) | ||||
| Calf skins, being whole skins, however dressed, and 16 ft. spread and under | 1d. the lb. | |||
| Sheepskins, and lambskins, however dressed, n.o.e. | 3d. the lb. | |||
| East India kip, dressed | 1d. the lb. | |||
| Solo, pump, and skirt leather | 2d. the lb. | |||
| Leather dressed n.o.e., including kangaroo and wallaby | 1d. the lb. | |||
| 98 | Leather board or compo | 4d. the lb. | ||
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 99 | Leather bags, and leather cloth bags, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 100 | Leather, chamois | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 101 | Leather manufactures n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 102 | Saddlery, and harness; whips and whip thongs | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 22£ per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 103 | Heel plates, and toe stiffeners, and too plates | 22œ% ad val. | 11Œ% ad val. | |
| 104 | Laces, vamps, and uppers; also clog or patten soles | 22œ% ad val. | 11Œ% ad val. | |
| 105 | Leather cut into shapes | 22œ% ad val. | 11Œ%.ad val. | |
| 106 | Leather leggings | 22œ% ad val. | 11Œ% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 107 | Portmanteaux; trunks; travelling bags, and brief bags, of leather or leather cloth, 10 in. in length and upwards; and carpet bags | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD FURNISHING. | ||||
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 108 | Basketware, and wickerware, n.o.e., not being furniture | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 109 | Carpets; druggets; floorcloth; mats; matting; plain, and fancy stair oil baize; wood, and fancy oil baize; and oil, and other dado cloths | 20% ad val. | ||
| 110 | Furniture, knife, and plate powder, and polish; also floor and linoleum polishes, not being varnishes. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 111 | Furniture, and cabinetware, n.o.e., and other than iron, or other metal | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 112 | Mantelpieces, other than stone | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 113 | Upholstery n.o.e. | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHEN GOODS. | ||||
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 114 | Bricks, known as firebricks | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 115 | China, porcelain, and parianware | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 116 | Drainage pipes, and drainage tiles | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 117 | Earthenware, stoneware, and brownware | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 118 | Filters | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 119 | Fireclay, ground; and fireclay goods | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 120 | Flooring, wall, hearth, and garden tiles | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 121 | Glassware; globes, and chimneys, for lamps | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 122 | Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 123 | Plate glass bevelled or silvered; mirrors, and looking-glasses, framed or unframed | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| 124 | Cards, playing | 6d. the pack. | ||
| 125 | Perfumed spirits, and Cologne water | £1 10s. the liquid gallon. | ||
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 126 | Clocks, time registers, and time detectors | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 127 | Fancy goods, and toys; also sporting, gaming, and athletic requisites, n.o.e., including billiard tables, and billiard requisites; hair, and toilet combs | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 128 | Fishing tackle, including artificially baited hooks, other than flies | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 129 | Jewellery; plate, gold, or silver; plated-ware; greenstone, cut or polished | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. (except greenstone, cut or polished). | |
| 130 | Lay figures, busts, and dress stands | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 131 | Magic lanterns, bioscopes, cinematographs, kinetoscopes, phonographs, gramophones, graphophones, and the like instruments, including accessories peculiar thereto n.o.e.; also limelight, and the like apparatus, including accessories peculiar thereto, except magic-lantern slides | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 132 | Mouldings, and panels, in the piece, of either wood, plaster pulp, metal, or other material, for picture frames, cornices, walls, or ceilings | 20% ad val. | ||
| 133 | Musical instruments | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 134 | Photographic goods n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 135 | Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs, framed or unframed; picture or photograph frames or mounts | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. (except pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs, framed or unframed. | |
| (NOTE.—Any painting, drawing, or photograph, in any medium, having a value for duty exceeding £5 shall be assessed for duty at £5, plus the value of the frame and mounting, if any, and plus the value of the canvas or other material upon which such painting, drawing, or photograph is made.) | ||||
| 136 | Statues, statuettes, casts, and bronzes | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 137 | Tobacco pipes and cases, cigar and cigarette holders and cases, cigarette papers and cases | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 138 | Watches | 20% ad val. | ||
| 139 | Walking-sticks | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 25 per cent. Ad val.:— | ||||
| 140 | Artificial flies | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 141 | Oil, perfumed; also toilet preparations, and perfumery, n.o.e. | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| CLASS XI.—PAPER MANUFACTURES AND STATIONERY. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| 142 | Handbills, circulars, programmes, playbills, printed posters, trade catalogues, price-lists, and fashion-plates; printed advertising matter n.o.e.; also paper bags, and wrapping-paper, or wrappers, of all kinds, printed or lithographed; printed or lithographed envelopes or labels | 3d. the lb. | Ÿ;d. the lb. | |
| (NOTE.—This shall not apply to trade catalogues or price-lists of the goods of firms or persons having no established business in New Zealand.) | ||||
| 143 | Ink, writing | 2s. the gallon | 1s. the gallon. | |
| 144 | Paper bags, coarse (including sugar bags) | 7s. 6d. the cwt. | 3s. 9d. the cwt. | |
| 145 | Paper wrapping all kinds, not printed including blue candle, glazed cap, glazed casings, small hand, lumber hand, tissue, brown, cartridge, and sugar papers | 5s. the cwt. | 2s. 6d. the cwt. | |
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. Ad val.:— | ||||
| 146 | Cardboard, pasteboard, strawboard, wood-pulp board, corrugated board, and cloth-lined board, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 147 | Cloth-lined, enamelled, gelatine, and metallic papers, n.o.e.: also “ivorite” n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 148 | Stationery, and writing paper, n.o.e., also printers' menu, wedding, programme, and mourning cards of cardboard, celluloid, or other material. edged, or embossed, but otherwise unprinted | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 149 | Calendars, and showcards, all kinds | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 150 | Cardboard- or paper-boxes complete; or cardboard or paper, cut, or shaped, for boxes, wrappers, or other receptacles (including match-boxes) | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 151 | Directories of New Zealand, or of any part thereof; also covers for directories | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 152 | Paper bags n.o.e. | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 153 | Stationery, manufactured, viz.:— | |||
| Account-books, manuscript-books, scribbling, and letter blocks, and books, plain, or ruled; bill-head, invoice, and statement forms; printed or ruled paper, counter-books, cheque, and draft forms; tags, labels not printed or lithographed, blotting-pads, sketch-books, book-covers, copying letter-books, manifold-writers, albums (other than for photographs), diaries, birthday-books, plain or faint lined ruled books, printed window-tickets, printed, lithographed, or embossed stationery n.o.e., and Christmas, New Year, birthday, Easter, and other cards, and booklet | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | ||
| 154 | Stereotypes, matrices, half-tone, and line blocks | 25% ad val. | ||
| CLASS XII.—MANUFACTURES OF METAL. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates;— | ||||
| 155 | Cartridges (shot) 10- to 24-bore | 2s. 6d. the 100 | 1s. 3d. the 100. | |
| 156 | Cartridge-cases | 1s. 3d. the 100 | 7œd. the 100. | |
| 157 | Composition-piping | 3s. 6d. the cwt. | 8⅖d. the cwt. | |
| 158 | Iron, galvanized corrugated sheets | 2s. the cwt. | 4⅘d. the cwt. | |
| 159 | Iron, and other nails, n.o.e., including dog-spikes | 2s. the cwt. | 1s. the cwt. | |
| 160 | Iron, plain galvanized sheet or hoop | 1s. 6d. the cwt. | 3⅗d. the cwt. | |
| 161 | Iron tanks, for every 100 gallons, or fraction of 100 gallons, in holding capacity | 2s. 6d. | 6d. | |
| 162 | Lead piping | 3s. 6d. the cwt. | 8⅖d. the cwt. | |
| 163 | Shot | 10s. the cwt. | 2s. the cwt. | |
| Goods subject to 5 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 164 | Engines and machines for mining purposes—namely, capstan engines for mining shafts; winding engines, steam, air, or electrically driven, including bed plates, foundation bolts, and friction clutches, when imported with the engines; drums for winding engines | 5% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 165 | Machinery—viz., flour milling, refrigerating, dredging, woollen mill, paper mill, rope and twine making, oil refining, boring, meat preserving, leather splitting | 5% ad val. | 10% ad val. (except flour milling, oil refining, and boring machinery). | |
| 166 | Printing machines or presses; embossing, bronzing, type easting, and type setting machines; ruling machines, cardboard box making machines, and tools for same | 5% ad val. | 10% ad val. (except type casting and type setting machines). | |
| 167 | Soda-water machines; also machines for aerating liquids | 5% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 168 | Steam engines, and parts thereof, for mining (including gold-dredging), or gold saving purposes and processes, or for dairying purposes | 5% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 10 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 169 | Machinery, electric, and appliances—namely, electric generators, and electric motors, including slide rails therefor, electric lamps including globes for arc lamps, electric transformers | 10% ad val. | 5% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 170 | Bicycles, tricycles, and the like vehicles, also finished, or partly finished or machined parts of the same, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 171 | Bill-hooks, bush-hooks, slashers, and hedge knives | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 172 | Boilers, land, and marine, including feed-water heaters, fuel economizers, steam superheaters, and mechanical stokers | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 173 | Cartridges, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 174 | Cash registering machines | 20% ad val. | ||
| 175 | Crab winches, cranes, capstans, and windlasses | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 176 | Electric batteries, and cells; furniture, fittings, instruments, and appliances, n.o.e., for the generation, transmission, application, or utilization of electricity, or of electric power of any description whatsoever | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 177 | Firearms, all kinds | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 178 | Hardware, ironmongery, and hollow-ware, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 179 | Iron pipes wrought n.o.e., and wood or fibre pipes, exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes exceeding 9 in. in internal diameter, and knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 180 | Lawn mowers | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 181 | Lead-headed nails and galvanized cup-headed roofing nails | 20% ad val. | ||
| 182 | Machinery, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 183 | Manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal, or manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal in combination with any other material whatsoever, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 184 | Steam-engines, and parts of steam-engines, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 185 | Galvanized iron manufactures, n.o.e., made up from galvanized iron, or from plain sheet iron, and then galvanized | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 186 | Japanned, and lacquered metalware | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 187 | Tinware, and tin manufactures, n.o.e. | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, AND ARTICLES MADE FROM TIMBER. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| 188 | Timber, palings, split | 2s. the 100. | ||
| 189 | Timber, posts, split | 8s. the 100. | ||
| 190 | Timber, rails, split | 4s. the 100. | ||
| 191 | Timber, sawn, dressed | 4s. the 100 sup. ft. | ||
| 192 | Timber, sawn, rough | 2s. the 100 sup. ft. | ||
| 193 | Timber, shingles, and laths | 2s. the 1000. | ||
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 194 | Bellows, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 195 | Blocks, wooden tackle | 20% ad val. | ||
| 196 | Broom, mop, hoe, rake, and similar handles | 20% ad val. | ||
| 197 | Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, perambulators, and the like vehicles, and wheels for the same | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 198 | Carriage shafts, spokes, and felloes, dressed; bent carriage timber, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | ||
| 199 | Cars, wagons, and trucks, railway, and tramway; and wheels for the same, n.o.e. Motor vehicles. Motor car bodies, or bodies for motor busses, whether attached or unattached | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. (except motor vehicles, motor car bodies, or bodies for motor busses, whet her attached or unattached). | |
| 200 | Doors, and sashes, either plain, or glazed with ornamental glass | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 201 | Woodenware, and turnery, n.o.e., and veneers | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| CLASS XIV.—OILS, PAINTS, ETC. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| 202 | Oil—namely, crude petroleum, crude residual oil, once-run shale oil, once-run petroleum oil | œd. the gallon | ||
| 203 | Oil, n.o.e., including mineral lubricating-oil, in vessels capable of containing one gallon or more | 6d. the gallon | 1⅕d. the gallon. | |
| 204 | Paints, and colours, ground in oil or turpentine; also putty; and driers, n.o.e. | 2s. 6d. the cwt. | 6d. the cwt. | |
| 205 | Paints, and colours, mixed ready for use: also enamel paints, n.o.e. | 5s. the cwt. | 1s. the cwt. | |
| 206 | Stearine | Ÿ;d. the lb. | 3/20 the lb. | |
| 207 | Varnish and lacquers, including lithographic varnish, gold size, liquid gold, and other metallic paints; also liquid medium for mixing with metallic paints | 2s. the gallon | 4⅘d. the gallon. | |
| 208 | Whiting, and chalk | 1s. the cwt. | 2⅖d. the cwt. | |
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 209 | Axle grease, and other solid lubricants; petroleum greases, and mixture of the same with other substances, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 210 | Harness oil, and composition, leather dressing, and belt dressing; also leather revivers and polishes n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 211 | Oils in vessels having a lesser capacity than one gallon | 20% ad val. | ||
| CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL AND FARM PRODUCTS, ETC. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates: | ||||
| 212 | Cattle (horned) | 10s. each. | ||
| 213 | Chaff | £1 the ton. | ||
| 214 | Grain—namely barley | 2s. the 100 lb. | ||
| 215 | Grain, and pulse, of every kind, n.o.e. | 9d. the 100 lb. | ||
| 216 | Grain, and pulse, of every kind, when around or in any way manufactured, n.o.e., including wheat flour | 1s. the 100 lb. | 2⅖d. the 100 lb. | |
| 217 | Horses | £1 each. | ||
| 218 | Onions | £1 the ton. | ||
| 219 | Potatoes | £1 the ton. | ||
| 220 | Prepared calf-meal | £1 5s. the ton. | ||
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 221 | Animals, food for. of all kinds, n.o.e., including horse, and cattle spices, and condiments, proprietary or otherwise; also hempseed, maw-seed, millet-seed, canary seed, and mixed bird seed | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS. | ||||
| Goods subject to fixed rates:— | ||||
| 222 | Blue | 1d. the lb. | ⅕d. the lb. | |
| 223 | Candles | 1œd. the lb. | Ÿ;d. the lb. | |
| 224 | Cement, Portland, and other structural, and building cement | 2s. the barrel | 2s. the barrel. | |
| 225 | Gelatine, isinglass, glue, and size | 1œd. the lb. | 3/10d. the lb. | |
| 226 | Matches:— | |||
| Wooden, in boxes containing not more than 60 matches | 1s. the gross of boxes | 6d. the gross of boxes. | ||
| In boxes containing over 60 and not more than 100 matches | 2s. the gross of boxes | 1s. the gross of boxes. | ||
| In boxes containing more than 100 matches; for every 100 matches, or fraction thereof, contained in one box | 2s. the gross of boxes | 1s. the gross of boxes. | ||
| Wax, “plaid vestas” in cardboard boxes containing under 100 matches | 1s. the gross of boxes | 6d. the gross of boxes. | ||
| “Pocket vestas,” in tin or other boxes, containing under 100 matches | 1s. 4d. the gross of boxes | 8d. the gross of boxes. | ||
| Wax, other kinds, for every 100 matches or fraction thereof contained in one box | 2s. 3d. the gross of boxes | 1s. 1œd. the gross of boxes. | ||
| Matches of any material other than wood or wax, a duty corresponding to the duty payable on wooden matches. | ||||
| (NOTE.—Boxes made of gold, silver, metal, wood, or composition, of permanent value when empty, shall, in addition to the duty payable on any matches contained therein, be charged as jewellery or fancy goods.) | ||||
| 227 | Paraffin wax | 1d. the lb. | ||
| 228 | Sausage skins, and casings (including brine or salt) | 3d. the lb. | ||
| 229 | Soap, common yellow, and blue mottled | 5s. the cwt. | 1s. the cwt. | |
| 230 | Spirits, methylated to the satisfaction of the Minister | 1s. the liquid gallon | 2⅖d. the liquid gallon. | |
| 231 | Spirits cleared from warehouse, methylated under prescribed conditions | 6d. the liquid gallon, not including the added naphtha or other methylating material. | ||
| 232 | Starch | 2d. the lb. | ⅖d. the lb. | |
| 233 | Wax, mineral, vegetable, Japanese, and beeswax | 1d. the lb. | ||
| Goods subject to 10 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 234 | Flock | 10% ad val. | ||
| Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 235 | Bags, calico, forfar, linen, flour; bagging, bags, and sacks, n.o.e., including filter bags, and sheaths | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 236 | Blacking, and boot-gloss and -polish | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 237 | Blacklead | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 238 | Boats, launches, yachts, also all vessels propelled by means other than oars (when imported in any vessel), including all fittings therefor n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 239 | Cordage, rope, and twine, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 240 | Fireworks, n.o.e. | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 241 | Nets, and netting | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| 242 | Soap powder, extract of soap, dry soap, soft soap, liquid soap, soap solutions, and washing, or cleansing powders, crystals, pastes, and liquids | 20% ad val. | ||
| 243 | Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick, and wagon covers | 20% ad val. | 10% ad val. | |
| Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— | ||||
| 244 | Bags of textile or felt, all kinds, if printed | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 245 | Brooms, brushes, and brushware | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| 246 | Marble, granite, and other stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom; also imitation stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom, or from cement | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. (except marble, dressed or polished, and articles made therefrom.) | |
| 247 | Soap, n.o.e. | 25% ad val. | 12œ% ad val. | |
| In addition to any duty chargeable by law on any goods imported into New Zealand, a further duty of 20 per cent. ad val. shall be charged when the goods are prison made. | ||||
| (Importation of prison-made goods prohibited) | ||||
| Tariff Item No. | Goods. | Preferential Surtax on Foreign Goods (Schedules C, D, and E). |
|---|---|---|
| CLASS I.—FOODS, ETC. | ||
| 248 | Almonds, and nuts, except walnuts. | |
| 249 | Anchovies, salted, in casks, or other containers, capable of holding 28 lb. net or over. | |
| 250 | Arrowroot, sago, tapioca, macaroni, vermicelli, rice-flour, prepared barley-flour, potato-flour, infants' and invalids' farinaceous foods. | |
| 251 | Cocoa or cacao butter, cocoanut butter, nut butter, and other refined vegetable butters or fats. | |
| 252 | Fruits, dried—viz., currants and raisins. | |
| 253 | Fruits, dried—viz., figs, dates, and prunes. | |
| 254 | Maizena and Cornflower. | |
| 255 | Mustard. | |
| 256 | Rico, dressed or undressed, also rice meal refuse and rice meal. | |
| 257 | Salt. | |
| 258 | Soy, in vessels exceeding 10 gallons capacity. | |
| 259 | Spices, unground—including chillies, pepper, and pimento, unground. | |
| 260 | Sugar. | |
| 261 | Treacle and molasses. | |
| CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, ETC. | ||
| 262 | Cocoa-beans, uncrushed. | |
| 263 | Coffee, raw. | |
| 264 | Fruit-juices, or imitation fruit-juices, unsweetened, in containers of 10 gallons capacity or over. | |
| 265 | Tea, in bulk—viz., in packages of 5 lb. or over net weight of tea | 2d. the lb |
| CLASS V.—DRUGS, ETC. | ||
| 266 | Acids—viz., boracic; carbolic; chromic; citric; fluoric; formic; lactic; muriatic; nitric; oleic; oxalic; pieric; pyrogallic; salicylic; sulphuric; tartaric | |
| 267 | Concentrated extracts, or essences, in liquid form, or preserved in fat, for the purpose of manufacturing perfumery, when entered to be warehoused in a manufacturing warehouse for the purpose of making perfumery or other articles therein. | |
| 268 | Cream of tartar. | |
| 269 | Dextrine n.o.e. | |
| 270 | Disinfectants. | |
| 271 | Drugs and chemicals, viz.:— | |
| Carnauba wax. | ||
| Catechu. | ||
| Cochineal. | ||
| Creosote, crude or commercial. | ||
| Crude distillates of coal-tar or wood, in vessels containing 10 gallons or over, for the manufacture of disinfectants in New Zealand. | ||
| Formic aldehyde, and solution thereof. | ||
| Fusel oil. | ||
| Gall nuts. | ||
| Glycerine, crude. | ||
| Gums—viz., arabic, benzoin, damar, tragacanth, artificial gum-arabic. | ||
| Liquefied gases, and compressed gases. | ||
| Liquorice in blocks of 7 lb. net and over, or soft liquorice-extract in bulk, in tins or other vessels capable of holding 7 lb. net or over. | ||
| Naphthalene, crude or refined. | ||
| Saffron. | ||
| Strychnine, and salts of strychnine. | ||
| Sugar of milk. | ||
| Sulphur. | ||
| Turmeric. | ||
| Alum, alum sulphate. | ||
| Ammonium chloride, or sal ammoniac, ammonium sulphate. | ||
| Arsenic, and arsenates. | ||
| Borax. | ||
| Calcium carbide, chloride, sulphate, sulphite, and bisulphite; chlorinated lime. | ||
| Carbon bisulphide. | ||
| Copper sulphate, or bluestone, oxide of copper. | ||
| Iron sulphates. | ||
| Magnesium sulphite, and bisulphite. | ||
| Manganese oxides. | ||
| Phosphorus. | ||
| Potash; pearlash; potash, caustic, chlorate, cyanide nitrate (or saltpetre), permanganate prussiates, sulphite, and bisulphite; metallic potassium. | ||
| Salts of thorium, zirconium, or other rare metals, and solutions thereof, including mixtures of same, suited for the manufacture of incandescent mantles. | ||
| Silver nitrate in crystals. | ||
| Soda, bicarbonate; acetate, crude; soda ash; soda, arseniate, anhydrous carbonate, caustic, cyanide, bisulphite, hyposulphite, silicate, sulphate, sulphide, sulphite, nitrate, permanganate. | ||
| Metallic sodium, sodium peroxide. | ||
| Zinc chloride. | ||
| (NOTE.—Mixtures of any of the articles enumerated under this Schedule as drugs and chemicals, with each other, or with chemicals, or substances not enumerated, shall, if not provided for else-where in the Tariff, be charged as medicinal preparations n.o.e., or chemicals n.o.e. under Schedule A, Class V.) | ||
| 272 | Drugs crude, not powdered, and unsuited for use as foods, or in the manufacture thereof—viz., barks, woods, twigs, leaves, herbs, flowers (except hops), roots, corms, gums, balsams, inspissated juices (except opium), seeds, fruits, fruit rinds, pitch, cantharides, ergot; also powdered pyrethrum flowers or Dalmatian powder, and powdered hellebore in bulk. | |
| 273 | Essential oils, except eucalyptus; cod liver oil; oil of rhodium. | |
| 274 | Horse, and cattle drenches. | |
| 275 | Insecticides for agricultural uses, also tree washes. | |
| 276 | Opium when entered to be warehoused in a manufacturing warehouse, for the purpose of making therein approved medicinal preparations. | |
| 277 | Scrub exterminators. | |
| 278 | Sheep dip; sheep drenches; sheep licks. | |
| 279 | Surgical and dental instruments; also the following surgeons', physicians', dentists', and opticians' materials—viz., antiseptic dressings, gauzes, lint, tow, cotton wool, poroplastic felt, adhesive plaster, oiled silk or other fabric, spongio piline, bandages, catgut, and sterilized and other sewings, thermometers; also appliances including splints for wear, peculiarly adapted to correct a deformity of the human body, to afford support to an abnormal condition of the human body, or to reduce or alleviate such condition, or to substitute any part of such body; crutches; car trumpets, ear tubes, and audiphones, for the partially deaf. Opticians' trial cases, lenses, and frames, spectacles, and magnifying glasses, ophthalmoscopes, optometers and other measuring instruments, test cards, and diagrams, artificial eyes (demonstration and other). Dentists' materials—viz., artificial teeth, tooth crowns, celluloid blanks, base plates, denture strengtheners, guttapercha stick, points, pellets, and sheets, rubber dam, amadou absorbent, absorbent paper, rubber in sheets, metal-plate, -wire, -foil, sticks; solder; fusible metal, porcelain powder, and enamel, inlays, modelling composition and wax, investment compound, amalgam, and cement; also such other appliances and materials peculiar to surgical or dental use as may from time to time be enumerated in any order of the Minister. | |
| 280 | Scientific and philosophical instruments and apparatus—namely, assay-balances; laboratory retorts, and laboratory flasks, and other instruments, and apparatus for chemical analysis, and assay works; assay furnaces, including dentists', and jewellers' furnaces; also such instruments, and apparatus, suited strictly for scientific and philosophical purposes, as may from time to time be approved by the Minister. | |
| CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILES. | ||
| 281 | Brace-elastic, and brace-mountings. | |
| 282 | Brattice cloth made of jute or hessian. | |
| 283 | Bunting, in the piece. | |
| 284 | Butter cloth; also cheese cloth, and cheese bandages or caps | 20% ad val. |
| 285 | Buttons, tapes, wadding, pins, needles. | |
| 286 | Cotton or linen piece-goods, and unions of the same, n.o.e., except imitation silks composed of any material or substance whatsoever. | |
| 287 | Fur skins, green or sun-dried. | |
| 288 | Gold or silver lace or braid for military clothing, feather-stitch braid. | |
| 289 | Hatmakers' materials—viz., felt hoods; shellac; galloons; calicoes; spale boards for hat boxes; leathers; silk plush in the piece; linings, when cut up or otherwise, under such conditions as the Minister may proscribe; blocks; moulds; frames; ventilators; tassels. | |
| 290 | Hessians, plain or striped, and scrim. | |
| 291 | Leather cloth, plain colours. | |
| 292 | Minor articles (required in the making-up of apparel, boots, shoes, hats, caps, saddlery, umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades), enumerated in any order of the Minister, and published in the Gazette. | |
| 293 | Ostrich feathers grown in New Zealand, when returned from abroad dressed, or dyed, upon evidence being produced to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs as to their previous exportation. | |
| 294 | Sailcloth, canvas, and unbleached double-warped duck, in the piece. | |
| 295 | Sewing cottons, silks, and threads; angola mendings not exceeding 45 yards in length; crewel, flourishing, embroidery, darning, knitting, and crochet threads, of silk, linen or cotton, or unions of the same, plain or fancy; macrame thread or macrame twine. | |
| 296 | Silk for flour dressing, in the piece. | |
| 297 | Silk twist (shoemakers', and saddlers'). | |
| 298 | Staymakers' binding, eyelets, corset-fasteners, jean, ticks, lasting, sateen, and cotell; also corset shields, and busk protectors. | |
| 299 | Tailors' trimmings—viz., haircloth; plain or coloured imitation haircloth; canvas; buckram; wadding, and padding; silk, worsted, and cotton bindings, and braids; stay bindings; Russia braids; shoulder-pads; buckles; silesias; drab, slate, and brown jeans; pocketings; slate, black, and brown dyed unions and linens; Verona, and Italian cloth, of cotton or wool, or unions of the same; also such other lining materials as may be approved by the Minister. | |
| 300 | Tubular woven cotton cloth in the piece for meat-wraps | 20 % ad val. |
| 301 | Umbrella-makers' materials—viz., reversible, and levantine silk mixtures, gloria, and satin de chene, of not less than 44 in. in width; alpaca cloth, with border; zanella cloth, with border; also other piece-goods on such conditions as the Minister may approve; sticks, runners, notches, caps, ferrules, cups, ribs, stretchers, tips, and rings. | |
| 302 | Union textiles n.o.e., in the piece, the invoice value of which does not exceed 6d. the yard, when cut up, and made into shirts or pyjamas, under such conditions and regulations as the Minister may prescribe. | |
| 303 | Waterproof material in the piece, having within, or upon it, a coating of indiarubber. | |
| CLASS VII.—LEATHER, AND ARTICLES USED IN LEATHER MANUFACTURES. | ||
| 304 | Boot elastic. | |
| 305 | bootmakers' linings, canvas, plain, or coloured, bag and portmanteau linings, of such materials, qualities, and patterns, as may be approved by the Minister. | |
| 306 | Boots, shoes, shoettes, sandals, clogs, and pattens, slippers, and goloshes—namely, children's Nos. 0 to 6 | 10 % ad val. |
| 307 | Cork soles, and sock-soles; moulded shoe and slipper soles of rubber | 10 % ad. val. |
| 308 | East India kip, also hides, crust or rough tanned, but undressed. | |
| 309 | Goat-skins, and kid-skins, however dressed. | |
| 310 | Grindery—namely, button fasteners, and staples; eyelets, and hook eyelets, and eyelet rings; tingles; spikes for running or cricketing shoes; boot-protectors; wood or rubber heels or knobs; leather toe-tips, “Wells” patent or a similar make, stiffeners or toes moulded ready for use, copper toes, boot stretchers and trees, hollow-fillers, japanned toe-tips; legging springs and stiffeners; lasting tacks, pegs, brass rivets, iron rivets; brass, iron, and copper cut-bills; steel points, sparrow bills; wrought, cut, and malleable hob-nails; Hungarian nails; wrought, and cut tip-nails; iron or wooden lasts; stands for lasts; sole, heel, stiffening, and cap knives; shoemakers' wax; heel-balls; bristles, hemp, and flax; rubber solution or cement; welting cut into strips or in coils ready for use; shoemakers' binding or beading; welting leather cut into strips not exceeding 1 in. in width; webbing; tanners', curriers', and bootmakers' inks or stains; bootmakers' sectional cutting-boards; glass or emery paper, or cloth, on sheets, in rolls, or cut into shapes. | |
| 311 | Hog-skins. | |
| 312 | Kangaroo, and wallaby skins, undressed. | |
| 313 | Leather, japanned or enamelled. | |
| 314 | Saddle-trees. | |
| 315 | Saddlers' ironmongery (except bits and stirrup-irons), hames, and mounts for harness; straining, surcingle, brace, girth, and roller webs; collar check, and the same article plain, of such quality as may be approved by the Minister; logging-buckles, also metal articles required to repair or complete riding or driving harness, or saddlery, to be repaired or made in New Zealand. | |
| 316 | Tanning materials, crude. | |
| CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE, ETC. | ||
| 317 | Blind webbing, and tape. Worsted covered cord, and solid glace cord, for Venetian, and other blinds. | |
| 318 | Upholsterers' materials—viz., webbing, hair-seating, imitation hair-seating; curled hair; gimp, and cord, of wool, cotton, or silk; tufts, and studs; chair canvas. | |
| CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, ETC. | ||
| 319 | Bottles, empty, plain stone; also empty plain glass bottles, not being cut or ground; jars, plain glass; and plain earthen jars, up to 3 in. in diameter at the mouth. | |
| 320 | Earthen, or glass roofing tiles, ridging, or finials; also roofing slates. | |
| 321 | Glass, crown, sheet, and common window. | |
| 322 | Glass, plate, polished, coloured, and other kinds, n.o.e. | |
| 323 | Glass plates (engraved) for photo-lithographic work. | |
| 324 | Jars, or other dutiable vessels, containing free goods, or goods subject to a fixed rate of duty, and being ordinary trade packages for the goods contained in them. | |
| 325 | Lamps, miners' safety, and glasses therefor; lamps peculiarly adapted for use on harbour beacons and lighthouses, also appliances peculiar to such lamps; side lights, and head lights, especially suited for the use of ships. | |
| CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS, ETC. | ||
| 326 | Action work, and keys, in frames, or otherwise, iron, or metal piano frames, for manufacture of organs, harmoniums, and pianos; organ pipes, and stop-knobs | |
| 327 | Articles, being exhibits for public display only in public museums, whether purchased under bond or directly imported by, or for presentation to such museums, upon declaration that such goods will not be sold or otherwise disposed of in New Zealand without payment of any duty which may be payable. | |
| 328 | Artists' materials—viz., canvas in the piece or on stretchers, oiled paper or drawing paper in sheets or blocks, colours, brushes, palettes, and palette knives | 10% ad val. |
| 329 | Cigarette papers entered to be warehoused in any licensed tobacco manufactory for the manufacture therein of cigarettes | |
| 330 | Films for bioscopes, cinematographs, and kinetoscopes. | |
| 331 | Microscopes, and telescopes, and slides, and lenses, for same. | |
| 332 | Paintings, statuary, and works of art, whether purchased under bond or directly imported by, or for presentation to any public institution or art association registered as a body corporate, for display in the buildings of such institution or association, and not to be sold or otherwise disposed of; statuary or works of art, whether purchased under bond, or directly imported, for display in any public park or place, on conditions prescribed by the Minister. | |
| 333 | Paintings or pictures painted or drawn by New Zealand students, within five years of the time of their departure from New Zealand for the purpose of undergoing a period of tuition abroad for the first time, upon evidence being produced to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs | |
| 334 | Photographic cameras, and lenses, including focussing cloths, and camera covers | 10% ad val. |
| 335 | Photographs of personal friends in letters or packets. | |
| 336 | Precious stones, cut or uncut, if unmounted. | |
| 337 | Sensitized surfaces, and albumenized paper, plain, not being post-cards or other stationery | 10% ad val. |
| 338 | Slides for magic lanterns. | |
| CLASS XI.—PAPER, ETC. | ||
| (NOTE.—In every case where exemption from duty is governed by a size, the equivalent area shall be exempt under like condition.) | ||
| 339 | Bookbinders' materials—viz., cloth, leather, thread, headbands, webbing, end-papers, tacketing-gut, marbling-colours, marble-paper, blue or red paste for ruling-ink, staple-presses, wire staples, staple-sticks. | |
| 340 | Butter paper (known as vegetable parchment paper), and waxed paper imprinted. | |
| (NOTE.—Butter paper or waxed paper, printed, shall be charged as wrapping paper, or wrappers, of all kinds, printed or lithographed. Schedule A, Class XI.) | ||
| 341 | Cardboard, pasteboard, wood-pulp board, and corrugated board, of size not less than that known as “royal” and weighing not less than 2 oz. per sheet of “royal” size; also strawboard of size not less than that known as “royal,” and weighing not less than 3 oz. per sheet of “royal” size. | |
| 342 | Cardboard boxes, material for—viz., gold, and silver paper, plain or embossed; embossed paper in strips; gelatine or coloured papers; known as “box papers” | 20% ad val. |
| 343 | Cartridge drawing paper. | |
| 344 | Celluloid, plain, in sheets, n.o.e. | |
| 345 | Cloth-lined boards, not less than “royal” size. | |
| 340 | Cloth-lined paper, and enamelled, gelatine, and metallic paper, of size not less than “demy”; also “ivorite” of size not less than “demy.” | |
| 347 | Copy-books, having printed headlines on each page; also drawing-books | 10% ad val. |
| 348 | Copying-paper, medium and larger sizes, in original mill wrappers and labels. | |
| 349 | Ink, printing | 10% ad val. |
| 350 | Masticated para. | |
| 351 | Millboard, and bookbinders' leather board. | |
| 352 | Paper, hand-made or machine-made, book, or writing, when in original wrappers, of sizes not less than the size known as “demy,” and not being a wrapping paper, or of the same quality as wrapping paper. | |
| 353 | Paperhangings. | |
| 354 | Paper, printing | 20% ad val. |
| 355 | Printed books, papers, and music, n.o.e., excepting advertising matter. | |
| 356 | Sunday school tickets, and reward cards, being Scriptural or religious motto cards, not exceeding 5d. per dozen invoice value, and not exceeding 6 in. by 4 in. in size, and having no reference upon them to Christmas, New Year, Easter, or birthdays. | |
| CLASS XII.—METALS. | ||
| 357 | Agricultural machines, and agricultural implements, n.o.e.; also parts peculiar to the manufacture or repair of agricultural machines, and implements—including: chaff cutting knives, fittings for threshing mills, forgings or castings for ploughs, discs for harrows, plough-shares, mould-board plates, and steel-share plates cut to pattern, skeith-plates, tilt-rakes, reaper-knife sections or ringers, finished brass, and steel springs. | |
| (NOTE.—Agriculture as applied to the Tariff includes horticulture and viticulture.) | ||
| 358 | Anchors | 10% ad val. |
| 359 | Artificers' tools, n.o.e., not including brushes or brushware; also the following tools—namely, axes, and hatchets, spades, shovels, forks, picks, mattocks, quartz, and knapping hammers, scythes, sheep-shears, reaping hooks, soldering irons, paperhangers' scissors, butchers' saws or cleavers; measuring bands or tapes; coal cutters, and air picks. | |
| 360 | Axles, axle-arms, and axle boxes | |
| 361 | Bellows nails. | |
| 362 | Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for—namely, rubber tires, pneumatic rubber tires, outside covers of rubber, and inner tubes, handle grips, pedal rubbers; also the following articles when not plated, japanned, enamelled, or varnished—namely, drop forgings, stampings, steel halls, weldless steel tubes with or without butted ends, wood or metal rims (not bored), spokes, forks, stays, handle bars, and seat pillars, unbuilt, bracket shells, fork, and stay ends, fork tips, bridges, crowns, and lugs; also ball heads complete when not brazed, including all plated parts. Hubs complete plated or otherwise, sprockets, chains, and chain-wheels, whether plated or not. Bottom brackets complete, including axles, cups, cranks, and pedals, plated or otherwise | 20% ad val. (except rubber tires, pnuematic rubber tires, outside covers of rubber, and inner tubes). |
| 363 | Beekeepers' tools, implements, and apparatus—namely, metal fittings for bee hives, bee smokers, wax extractors, rubber gloves, gloves of textile soaked in oil, queen cages, comb foundation, foundation machines, honey knives, honey extractors, queen rearing outfits, wax presses, tools peculiar to the use of beekeepers. | |
| 364 | Blacksmiths' anvils, forges, and fans | 10% ad val. |
| 365 | Bolts, and bolt ends, up to 24 in. in length; nuts, blank or screwed nuts, black or finished nuts. | |
| 366 | Brass, copper, and tin, in pigs, bars, or sheets; also tinned hoops. | |
| 367 | Brass or metal tubing, and stamped work, in the rough. | |
| 368 | Caps, percussion | 10% ad val. |
| 369 | Card clothing, for woollen-mills, and for paper-mills. | |
| 370 | Castings for ships; also propeller-screws, including only bosses and blades | 20% ad val. |
| 371 | Chains, iron, plain, or with hook, swivel, or ring, attached | 10% ad val. |
| 372 | Copper, brass, an 1 composition rod, bolt, sheathing, and nails. | |
| 373 | Couch-roll jackets, machine wires, beater-bars, and strainer-plates, for paper-mills. | |
| 374 | Crucibles. | |
| 375 | Electrical materials—namely, insulated cable and wire, carbon in block, sheet, or rod, are lamp carbons; mica, vulcanite, and other insulating material, rubber or guttapercha solutions, insulating tape. | |
| 376 | Electricians' portable testing sets. | |
| 377 | Emery grinding machines, and emery wheels. | |
| 378 | Empty iron drums, not exceeding 10 gallons capacity. | |
| 379 | Engineers', and all metal- or wood- or stone-workers' machine tools or hand tools, not including brushes or brushware. | |
| 380 | Engine-governors | 10% ad val. |
| 381 | Eyelets. | |
| 382 | Fire-engine, chemical fire-engines, and chemical fire-extinguishers; also fire-hose and couplings therefor, portable fire-escapes, fire ladders, fire-reels, and firemen's helmets, if declared, to the satisfaction of the Collector, for the use of a fire brigade | 10% ad val. |
| 383 | Fish-hooks, unmounted, and without attachments. | |
| 384 | Galvanizing baths, welded. | |
| 385 | Gas engines, and hammers, and oil engines | 20% ad val. |
| 386 | Glassmakers' moulds. | |
| 387 | Hydraulic wheel presses. | |
| 388 | Iron boiler-plates and unflanged end-plates for boilers; boiler-tubes not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter and unflanged; expansion-rings; furnace-flues | 20% ad val. |
| 389 | Iron pipes wrought, and wood or fibre pipes, not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes not exceeding 9 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Wrought iron boring, casing, and lining tubes, for oil boring, mining, or well sinking purposes | 20% ad val. |
| 390 | Iron, plain black—viz., sheet, plate, hoop, rod, bolt, bar, angle, tee channel; pig iron; plain iron rolled girders, rolled chequered plates; shafting, plain rolled or plain turned, but otherwise unwrought | 20% ad val. (except hoop 6 in. in width or over, and pig iron). |
| 391 | Iron and steel cordage | 20% ad val. |
| 392 | Lead, in pigs and bars. | |
| 393 | Lead, in sheets | |
| 394 | Locomotive wheels and tires, including wheels and tires for railway or tramway passenger cars; coil, spiral, and volute springs, suited for the manufacture of locomotives; automatic air-pressure brakes specially suited for use on railway carriages and wagons. | |
| 395 | Machine saw-blades. | |
| 396 | Machinery—viz., dairying machinery (including cream-separating machines, also coolers); also vacuum pumps for milking machines when imported along with the machines to which they belong | 10% ad val. (excluding cream-separating machines, coolers, and vacuum pumps when imported along with the machines to which they belong). |
| 397 | Machinery, mining, and gold saving; also, briquette making, and coal washing machines, rock-breaking machines, trommels, stamper batteries, ore feeders, grizzly bars, steel shoes and dies, ore crushing rolls, ball mills, grinding pans, tube mills, concentrators and rubber endless belts for same, battery screening woven or punched; also, the following machines, materials, and appliances, when imported for mining purposes, namely:— | |
| Air compressors, not including the motive power for charging the same | ||
| Chain links and rollers for conveyors, and conveyor belts of rubber or fibre | ||
| Electric exploders | ||
| Fans for mine ventilation | 10% ad val. (except concentrators and rubber endless belts for same). | |
| Filter presses | ||
| Fuel-economizers | ||
| Sand pumps | ||
| Sinking pumps | ||
| Solution pumps made wholly of metal | ||
| Steam pumps having a capacity exceeding 5,000 gallons per hour | ||
| Turbine pumps | ||
| Shaft signalling gear | ||
| Steel or iron head frames for mining shafts | ||
| Battery blanket not exceeding 3 ft. wide | ||
| Material for filter cloths and plush or other cloth for gold saving | ||
| 398 | Medals, including only old or second-hand war medals, humane societies', and other similar medals; also old coins. | |
| 399 | Metal fittings, for trunks, portmanteaux, travelling bags, leggings, bags, and satchels. | |
| 400 | Metal sheaves, grooved metal pulleys | 10% ad val. |
| 401 | Metal tubes in the rough, having a slit through their whole length, suited for the manufacture of fenders, bedsteads, gates, and the like articles. | |
| 402 | Metal wire of all kinds, plain; metal cordage n.o.e., not being gold or silver; also barbed fencing-wire, and fencing-staples. | |
| 403 | Metal wove-wire, and metal gauze; also wire netting, and expanded metal lathing or fencing, in the piece | 10% ad val. |
| 404 | Metallic capsules | 10% ad val. |
| 405 | Meters, gas, or electricity, being household supply meters. | |
| 406 | Meters, water. | |
| 407 | Motor engines for bicycles | 20% ad val. |
| 408 | Moulders' chaplets and dowels. | |
| 409 | Perambulators, and the like vehicles, fittings for, n.o.e. | |
| 410 | Perforated or cellular sheet zinc or iron | 10% ad val. |
| 411 | Portable engines on four or any greater number of wheels, with boiler of locomotive type; also traction engines | 10% ad val. |
| 412 | Printing type, and printing materials, n.o.e., suited only for the use of printers | 10% ad val. |
| 413 | Rails for railways and tramways, including lay-outs, and points, and crossings, for the same; also fish plates | 20% ad val. |
| 414 | Rivets, and washers. | |
| 415 | Rock drills, diamond drills, and drill sharpeners. | |
| 416 | Set screws, engineers' studs, and split pins. | |
| 417 | Sewing, knitting, and kilting machines. | |
| 418 | Spray pumps, not being syringes. | |
| 419 | Steam or hydraulic pressure, and vacuum gauges; pressure indicators or pressure gauges for gas or oil engines; speed indicators, engineers', for testing machinery | 10% ad val. |
| 420 | Surveyors' instruments—viz., steel bands, chains, measuring tapes, field instruments, and drawing instruments; draughtsmen's drawing instruments | 10% ad val. |
| 421 | Tacks, and nails, 1 in. and under. | |
| 422 | Tea packing load. | |
| 423 | Tinsmiths' fittings, and furniture, including stamped or blocked tin or copper, planished or unplanished. | |
| 424 | Welded and flanged boiler furnaces, plain or corrugated | 10% ad val. |
| 425 | Zinc, plain sheet. | |
| 426 | Zinc plates or copper plates for photo-lithographic work. | |
| CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, ETC. | ||
| 427 | Ash, hickory, lancewood, and beechwood timber, unwrought. | |
| 428 | Blacksmiths', braziers', assay, and treadle power bellows. | |
| 429 | Carriage or cart makers' materials—viz., shafts, spokes, and felloes, in the rough; hubs, all kinds; poles if unbent and unplaned, all kinds; bent wheel rims. | |
| 430 | Chassis for motor vehicles, whether attached or unattached to such vehicles, including wheels therefor. | |
| 431 | Churns. | |
| 432 | Lignum-vitæ. | |
| 433 | Material for the manufacture of carriages, carts, drays, and wagons, motor vehicles, and railway cars or wagons—viz., springs, truck pedestals, mountings, trimmings, hinges, tire bolts, shackle holders, step treads, rubber cloth, rubber tires, pneumatic rubber tires, outer covers of rubber, inner tubes; also, iron or metal fittings (except steps, lamp irons, dash irons, seat rails, and fifth wheels) for the manufacture of carriages, carts, drays, wagons, and motor vehicles (other than motor bicycles or railway or tramway care or wagons). | |
| 434 | Sieves, hair. | |
| 435 | Wooden handles for tools. | |
| CLASS XIV.—OILS, ETC. | ||
| 436 | Oils in vessels capable of containing one gallon of oil or more—viz., refined mineral oils not exceeding in specific gravity 0.870 at 60° F.; fish, penguin, mutton bird, seal, and whale oils; vegetable oils. (NOTE.—Mixtures of mineral or vegetable oils, with each other, or with fish, penguin, mutton bird, seal, whale, or other oils, shall be charged with duty (1) if imported in vessels capable of containing one gallon of oil or more, as oil n.o.e., including mineral lubricating oil, Class XIV, Schedule A; (2) if imported in vessels having a lesser capacity than one gallon, 20 per cent. ad val.) | |
| 437 | Paints, and colours, n.o.e. | 10% ad val. |
| 438 | Turpentine; turpentine substitute composed of volatile mineral oils, or of volatile mineral oils in combination with turpentine, or other volatile vegetable oils; liquid driers; terebene. | |
| 439 | Wood naphtha. | |
| CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL FARM PRODUCTS, ETC. | ||
| 440 | Linseed. | |
| CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS. | ||
| 441 | Apparatus, appliances, articles, and materials, for educational purposes, as may be approved by the Minister, and under conditions prescribed by him. | |
| 442 | Bagging, bags, or sacks, of jute or hessian; also cornsacks; bags made of New Zealand tow or flax. | |
| 443 | Belting, for driving machinery, other than leather belting and not being cordage or rope | 10% ad val. |
| 444 | Binder-twine | 10% ad val. |
| 445 | Bricks other than firebricks. | |
| 446 | Candle-nuts, and candle-nut kernels. | |
| 447 | Candle-wick. | |
| 448 | Canvas aprons and elevators, for reapers and binders. | |
| 449 | Canvas, indiarubber, or other hose, tubing, or piping, armoured or otherwise; flexible metal hose, tubing, or piping | 20% ad val. |
| 450 | Charts and maps. | |
| 451 | Confectioners' moulding starch. | |
| 452 | Cork, cut; bungs; fishermen's cork floats; also plain unornamental stoppers of every description for bottles, jars, and casks | 10% ad val. |
| 453 | Cotton and other waste, engineers. | |
| 454 | Diving dresses, and dresses suited solely for use in poisonous gases or smoke, with apparatus peculiar thereto. | |
| 455 | Dyes; dye stuffs; and dyeing materials, crude. | |
| 456 | Engine packing. | |
| 457 | Felt sheathing | 10% ad val. |
| 458 | Gum boots, half-knee, knee, or thigh, the soles of which may be of either leather or rubber. | |
| 459 | Hawsers of 12 in. or over. | |
| 460 | Honey and brown Windsor soap composition. | |
| 461 | Indiarubber gloves. | |
| 462 | Manures. | |
| 463 | Marble, granite, and other stone, hewn or rough sawn, not dressed or polished. | |
| 464 | Netmakers' cotton twine; nets, seine fishing. | |
| 465 | Official supplies for consular officers of countries where a similar exemption exists in favour of British consuls. | |
| 466 | Paper-makers' felts. | |
| 467 | Passengers' baggage and effects, including only wearing apparel and other personal effects that have been worn or are in use by persons arriving in New Zealand; also implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupation, or employment, of such persons, not exceeding £50 in value, and household or other effects not exceeding £100 in value, which have been in use for twelve months prior to embarkation by the persons or families bringing them to New Zealand, and which are not intended for any other person or persons, or for sale; also cabin furnishings belonging to such persons not exceeding in value £10: | |
| Provided that goods falling within the above exemption may be admitted free, only, if imported within two years of the arrival in New Zealand of the persons or families by whom they have been used. | ||
| 468 | Plaster of Paris. | |
| 469 | Powder, sporting | |
| 470 | Powder—viz., blasting powder, and blasting meal. | |
| 471 | Returned empties which are identified as such to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs. | |
| 472 | Shipbuilders' models of vessels suited only for exhibition. | |
| 473 | Ship chandlery, n.o.e. | |
| 474 | Ships' rockets, blue-lights, and danger-signals, and rocket life-saving apparatus. | |
| 475 | Stones, mill, grind, oil, and whet. | |
| 476 | Tobacco for sheep-wash, or for insecticide, after being rendered unfit for human consumption to the satisfaction of the Minister. | |
| 477 | Treacle or molasses, mixed with bone-black in proportions to the satisfaction of the Minister. | |
| 478 | Typewriters. | |
| 479 | Wax, bottling. | |
| 480 | Wool packs and wool pockets. | |
| 481 | Yarn—viz., coir, flax, jute, and hemp. | |
| 482 | Articles and materials (as may from time to time be specified by the Minister) which are suited only for, and are to be used solely in, the fabrication or repair of goods within New Zealand. All decisions of the Minister in reference to articles so admitted free to be published from time to time in the Gazette. | |
| 483 | All articles n.o.e. | |
| Provided that all goods falling under this Schedule, which are prison made, shall be charged an ad val. duty of 20 per cent. | ||
| (Importation of prison-made goods prohibited.) | ||
| TABLE OF DUTIES, UNDER THE NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH AFRICAN CUSTOMS DUTIES RECIPROCITY ACTS, CHARGEABLE ON GOODS BEING THE PRODUCE OR MANUFACTURE OF AND BEING IMPORTED FROM THE COLONY OF THE CAFE OF GOOD HOPE, THE COLONY OF NATAL, THE ORANGE RIVER COLONY, THE TRANSVAAL, AND SOUTHERN RHODESIA.* | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tariff Item No. | Goods. | Rate of Duty. |
* No higher duty shall be levied on any goods the produce or manufacture of the said colonies than that which would be levied under the Customs Duties Act, 1908, on the same goods if they wire the produce or manufacture of some other part of the British Dominions (See the Customs Duties Act, 1908, section 8.) | ||
| 484 | Feathers | 15% ad val. |
| 485 | Fish | 1œd. the lb. |
| 486 | Fruits, dried | Free. |
| 487 | Fruits, green | Free. |
| 488 | Maize | 6d. per cental. |
| 489 | Sugar | Free. |
| 490 | Tobacco (manufactured) | 2s. 6d. per lb. |
| 491 | Tea (not otherwise exempt) | 1d. per lb. |
| 492 | Wines (other than sparkling) | 2s. per gallon. |
| 493 | Wines (sparkling) | 5s. per gallon. |
| 494 | All other goods (except spirits), 3 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable. | |
| TABLE OF EXCISE DUTIES. | ||
| 495 | Tobacco | 1s. per lb. |
| 496 | Cigars and snuff | 1s. 6d. per lb. |
| 497 | Cigarettes— | |
| If manufactured by machinery | 2s. 6d. per lb. | |
| If made by hand | 1s. the lb. | |
| 498 | Beer | 3d. the gallon. |
| 499 | Articles in which spirit is a necessary ingredient, manufactured in a warehouse appointed under section 26 of the Customs Law Act, 1908, namely— | |
| Perfumed spirit | 20s. the liquid gallon. | |
| Toilet preparations which are subject to 16s. the liquid gallon on importation | 12s. the liquid gallon. | |
| Toilet preparations which are subject; to 25 per cent. duty on importation | 6s. the liquid gallon. | |
| Culinary and flavouring essences | 12s. the liquid gallon. | |
| Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit | 9d. the lb. | |
| Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or less | Free. | |
| Tariff Item No. | EXTRACT FROM THE CUSTOMS DUTIES ACT, 1908. |
|---|---|
| 500 | “7. Where any dispute arises as to the true meaning and application of any terms used in the Tariff, and therein printed in italics, the Minister of Customs may determine such dispute in such manner as appears to him just, and his decision thereon shall be final.” |
| EXEMPTIONS UNDER THE FRIENDLY SOCIETIES ACT, 1909. | |
| 501 | Registered societies shall be entitled to the following privileges:— |
| 98. (2.) Customs duties shall not be chargeable on regalia, emblems, certificates, almanacs, and banners, being the property of any registered society or branch. | |
| EXEMPTIONS FROM DUTIES CREATED AND DUTIES IMPOSED BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR UNDER SECTION 66 OF THE CUSTOMS LAW ACT, 1908. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tariff Item No. | Goods. | Preferential Surtax on Foreign Goods (Schedules C, D and E). |
| Allenbury's Foods Nos. 1, 2, and 3 | ||
| Allenbury's Pancreatized Milk and Cereal Diet | ||
| Allinson's Food | ||
| Benger's Food | ||
| Burroughs Wellcome and Co.'s Peptogenic Milk Powder | ||
| Carnrick's Soluble Food | ||
| Chapman's Food | ||
| Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica | ||
| Frame Food Diet | ||
| Gluten Flour | ||
| Hewlett's Food | ||
| Horlick's Malted Milk | ||
| Maltico Food | ||
| Mellin's Food | ||
| Moseley's Food | ||
| Neave's Food | ||
| Nestle's Milk Food | ||
| Nestle's Milo Food | ||
| Ridge's Food | ||
| Savory and Moore's Food | ||
| Food composed of pasteurized milk or casein of milk in combination with malted or unmalted ground grain (See New Zealand Gazette, 17th October, 1907.) | ||
| 503 | Dextro loevulose or invert sugar, grape sugar, saccharum, sacchosoline, glucose obtained from other sources than starch. (See New Zealand Gazette, 13th February, 1908.) | |
| 504 | Item revoked. | |
| 505 | Winding engines for mining purposes, driven by hydraulic power (including bed-plates, foundation-bolts, and friction clutches, when imported with the engines). (See New Zealand Gazette, 24th April, 1908.) | 10 % ad va |
| 506 | Creep-clips, tie irons, bearing brackets, and bed-plates (being rail-fastenings). (See New Zealand Gazette, 11th June, 1908.) | 20 % ad val |
| 507 | Sanitas malted nuts, an infants' and invalids' food. (See New Zealand Gazette, 25th June, 1908.) | |
| 508 | Machines for bevelling and cutting glass. (See New Zealand Gazette, 12th November, 1908.) | |
| 509 | Bevelled or silvered glass, other than plate glass. (See New Zealand Gazette, 14th January, 1909.) | 12œ % ad val. |
| 510 | Compo-board, being timber with a backing of paper-pulp cemented to the timber. (See New Zealand Gazette, 6th May, 1909.) | |
| 511 | Straight air-pressure brakes specially suited for use of railway or tramway carriages. (See New Zealand Gazette, 1st July, 1909.) | |
| 512 | Belting composed of cotton, jute, or woven fibre, with a backing or edging of leather, provided the weight of the leather included therein does not exceed one-half. (See New Zealand Gazette, 3rd March, 1910.) | |
| 513 | Foods composed of milk-albumen, or milk-albumen in combination with casein or with malted or unmalted ground grain, being infants' and invalids' foods. (See New Zealand Gazette, 25th August, 1910.) | |
THE TIMBER EXPORT ACT.
White-pine and kahikatea timber—
Logs, round .. 5s. per 100 ft. superficial.
Logs, cut in half
Logs, squared with axe or saw, 10 in. by 10 in. or its equivalent, or over
Flitches, exceeding 12 in. in width and 4 in. in thickness or its equivalent, and less than the equivalent of 10 in. in width and 10 in. in thickness .. 3s. per 100 ft. superficial.
(Provided that no duty shall be levied on flitches unless they exceed 4 in. in thickness.)
Kauri timber—
Logs, round .. 5. per 100 ft. superficial.
Logs, cut in half
Logs, squared with axe or saw
Flitches, exceeding 30 in. in width and 9 in. in thickness or its equivalent .. 3s. per 100 ft. superficial.
“Upon every ounce troy weight of gold of the fineness of twenty carats and upwards, and so in proportion for any less quantity than an ounce, of such, fineness as aforesaid—two shillings; and so in proportion upon every ounce or part of an ounce of a less degree of fineness than twenty carats.” (Section 3.)
“Gold” in this Act means and includes gold in its natural state, or any substance containing gold, gold dust, and all other gold whether wrought or unwrought (except coined gold issued from the mint at London, or from any branch thereof in Australia, or coined gold of any foreign State, and articles of plate, jewellery, or ornament actually worn upon the person, or made elsewhere than in New Zealand).” (Section 2.)
This duty to be levied only in the North Island of New Zealand.—Section 1 (3 of the Gold duty Act, 1908.
” 16. (1.) In addition to the duty payable under the Gold Duty Act, 1908, on the export of gold, there shall be payable on the export of all gold (whether produced in the North or South Island) a duty of threepence per ounce troy weight of gold of the fineness of twenty carats and upwards, and so in proportion for any less quantity than an ounce of the fineness aforesaid, and so in proportion on every ounce of a less degree of fineness than twenty carats.
” (2.) The duty payable under this section shall be collected and paid in the manner prescribed by the Gold Duty Act, 1908; and the provisions of that Act shall, where applicable, extend and apply to the collection and payment of such duty, irrespective of the locality from which the gold was produced.
” (3.) The duty collected under this section shall be paid into the Public Trustee's Account, and shall be placed to the credit of an account to be called the Gold-miners' Relief Fund.”
Rates of duty upon goods the produce or manufacture of New Zealand, when imported into the South African Colonies hereafter enumerated—viz., the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, the Colony of Natal, the Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and Southern Rhodesia (see New Zealand Gazette, 15th April, 1909):—
| Bran | 1s. per cental. |
|---|---|
| Flour | 2s. 3d. per cental. |
| Oats | 1s. 10d. per cental. |
| Wheat | 1s. per cental. |
| Butter | 2d. per lb. |
| Cheese | 12 per cent. ad valorem. |
| Meats | 1d per lb. |
| All other goods (except spirits) | 3 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable |
For rates of duty on goods the produce or manufacture of the South African Colonies when imported into New Zealand, see Tariff items 484 to 494.
The Opium Act, 1908, makes it unlawful for any person to import opium into New Zealand in any form suitable for smoking. Permits may be issued by the Minister of Customs for the importation of the drug in certain forms.
No permits shall be issued to any person of the Chinese race. Heavy penalties are prescribed for breaches of the above law.
The Act makes it illegal to have opium in possession, except the kinds which can be held under permit, and requires that every person who purchases opium from the holder of a permit shall enter or caused to be entered in a book kept for such purpose the particulars of all purchases in the same manner as the holder of a permit is required to enter particulars of all sales.
An Order in Council dated 2nd February, 1909, issued under authority of section 93 of the Customs Law Act, 1908, prohibits the importation into New Zealand of any fluid preparation of opium containing a greater quantity of extractive matter than tincture of opium prepared according to the Pharmacopœia of the United States of America.
Table of Contents
During the year 1913 a total of 645 vessels from oversea ports were entered inwards in the Dominion, the number being 32 less than in the previous year. The tonnage represented, however, increased from 1,672,092 in 1912 to 1,738,985 in 1913, the average tonnage per vessel being 2,470 and 2,696 in the respective years.
From the tables given below showing oversea vessels entered and cleared during the past ten years, it is apparent that while the number of vessels has not greatly increased, the aggregate tonnage has increased by 50 per cent. Comparing 1903 with 1913 we find that the average tonnage of the 617 vessels arriving in the former year was 1,786 tons, or only 66 per cent. of the average for 1913. Dealing with steamships only (402 in 1903 and 563 in 1913), the average tonnage is found to be 2,463 and 3,007 tons respectively. The number of sailing-vessels arriving decreased from 215 in 1903 to 82 in 1913, the aggregate tonnage falling in the same time from 111,725 to 46,056 tons.
| VESSELS ENTERED, 1904–13. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | British. | Colonial. | Foreign. | Total. | ||||
| Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | |
| 1904 | 149 | 495,667 | 410 | 496,427 | 70 | 162,475 | 629 | 1,154,569 |
| 1905 | 130 | 462,851 | 423 | 500,467 | 74 | 176,092 | 627 | 1,139,410 |
| 1906 | 152 | 548,142 | 408 | 542,271 | 69 | 153,239 | 629 | 1,243,652 |
| 1907 | 194 | 636,456 | 400 | 548,916 | 51 | 68,894 | 645 | 1,254,266 |
| 1908 | 193 | 684,144 | 419 | 629,428 | 46 | 47,475 | 658 | 1,361,047 |
| 1909 | 155 | 587,235 | 407 | 633,813 | 43 | 42,887 | 605 | 1,263,935 |
| 1910 | 186 | 703,244 | 385 | 643,128 | 38 | 42,659 | 609 | 1,389,031 |
| 1911 | 169 | 707,573 | 409 | 727,969 | 43 | 46,886 | 621 | 1,482,378 |
| 1912 | 153 | 672,289 | 462 | 931,811 | 62 | 67,992 | 677 | 1,672,093 |
| 1913 | 171 | 765,943 | 430 | 905,034 | 44 | 68,008 | 645 | 1,738,985 |
| Year. | British. | Colonial. | Foreign. | Total. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | Vessels. | Tons. | |
| NOTE.—Coasting-vessels are not included in the above table. | ||||||||
| 1904 | 146 | 487,961 | 403 | 493,270 | 71 | 163,533 | 620 | 1,144,764 |
| 1905 | 130 | 465,171 | 421 | 500,371 | 76 | 176,010 | 627 | 1,141,552 |
| 1906 | 149 | 538,494 | 413 | 545,026 | 69 | 154,694 | 631 | 1,238,214 |
| 1907 | 185 | 625,006 | 383 | 537,234 | 47 | 63,142 | 615 | 1,225,382 |
| 1908 | 194 | 682,357 | 408 | 594,842 | 54 | 54,106 | 656 | 1,331,305 |
| 1909 | 152 | 572,384 | 406 | 641,055 | 38 | 40,439 | 596 | 1,253,878 |
| 1910 | 181 | 688,143 | 371 | 637,513 | 36 | 41,551 | 588 | 1,367,207 |
| 1911 | 169 | 693,665 | 412 | 726,655 | 43 | 47,082 | 624 | 1,467,402 |
| 1912 | 152 | 680,774 | 459 | 930,627 | 55 | 57,229 | 666 | 1,668,630 |
| 1913 | 171 | 748,769 | 420 | 886,440 | 44 | 64,598 | 635 | 1,699,807 |
A noticeable feature of the returns is the large falling off in number and tonnage of foreign-owned vessels between 1905 and 1910.
Shipping entered from and cleared to Various Countries.
Particulars of the number and net tonnage of vessels entered and cleared between New Zealand and various countries during the years 1903 and 1913 are given below:—
| ENTERED. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country. | 1903. | 1913. | ||||||
| Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | |||||
| No. | Tonnage. | No. | Tonnage. | No. | Tonnage. | No. | Tonnage. | |
| United Kingdom | 68 | 272,497 | 21 | 24,102 | 92 | 488,525 | ||
| Queensland | 1 | 3,114 | ||||||
| New South Wales | 181 | 397,049 | 126 | 49,083 | 262 | 633,463 | 42 | 17,774 |
| Victoria | 55 | 116,502 | 12 | 8,133 | 52 | 151,218 | 0 | 3,504 |
| South Australia | .. | .. | 14 | 7,900 | 2 | 3,751 | 3 | 1,767 |
| Western Australia | 2 | 5,664 | .. | .. | 10 | 23,850 | 1 | 1,199 |
| Tasmania | .. | .. | 18 | 4,988 | 8 | 9,505 | 4 | 1,837 |
| Fiji | 31 | 39,020 | 1 | 493 | 29 | 59,791 | ||
| Maiden Island | .. | .. | 1 | 778 | .. | .. | 3 | 2,139 |
| Norfolk Island | 1 | 403 | 1 | 205 | 1 | 403 | ||
| Canada | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24 | 107,668 | ||
| Cape of Good Hope | .. | .. | 5 | 3,659 | ||||
| Natal | .. | .. | 2 | 1,293 | ||||
| Bengal | 4 | 12,180 | .. | .. | 4 | 13,775 | ||
| Hongkong | 5 | 15,383 | ||||||
| France | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2 | 2,997 |
| United States of America— | ||||||||
| East Coast | 11 | 34,398 | 8 | 9,174 | 20 | 65,664 | ||
| West Coast | 18 | 69,768 | .. | .. | 15 | 45,606 | 13 | 9,074 |
| Pacific islands (foreign) | 13 | 15,421 | 4 | 716 | 31 | 55,483 | 6 | 3,898 |
| Other countries | 4 | 8,940 | 2 | 1,201 | 13 | 34,227 | 2 | 1,867 |
| Totals | 402 | 990,339 | 215 | 111,725 | 563 | 1,692,929 | 82 | 46,056 |
| Country. | 1903. | 1913. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | |||||
| No | Tonnage. | No. | Tonnage. | No. | Tonnage. | No. | Tonnage. | |
| United Kingdom | 71 | 313,272 | 25 | 25,492 | 102 | 508,144 | ||
| Queensland | 1 | 3,114 | 1 | 159 | 7 | 13,683 | 1 | 299 |
| New South Wales | 176 | 351,219 | 116 | 47,073 | 278 | 706,686 | 37 | 16,588 |
| Victoria | 63 | 128,835 | 24 | 11,277 | 68 | 159,832 | 12 | 6,584 |
| South Australia | .. | 10 | 4,118 | 6 | 11,228 | 2 | 1,268 | |
| Western Australia | .. | 1 | 569 | 1 | 2,205 | 1 | 1,753 | |
| Tasmania | 2 | 2,876 | 8 | 2,188 | 4 | 15,170 | 2 | 518 |
| Fiji | 24 | 31,470 | 1 | 797 | 26 | 54,280 | ||
| Maiden Island | .. | 1 | 778 | .. | 4 | 2,827 | ||
| Norfolk Island | 1 | 403 | 1 | 205 | 1 | 403 | ||
| Canada | .. | .. | 13 | 66,645 | ||||
| Cape of Good Hope | 6 | 20,303 | 3 | 2,309 | ||||
| Natal | 7 | 25,574 | 3 | 2,511 | ||||
| Hong Kong | 12 | 31,979 | ||||||
| United States of America— | ||||||||
| East Coast | .. | 5 | 3,414 | |||||
| West Coast | 18 | 69,768 | 1 | 1,575 | 13 | 40,680 | 10 | 6,818 |
| Pacific islands (foreign) | 13 | 15,530 | 7 | 2,551 | 35 | 64,112 | 7 | 4,695 |
| Other countries | 2 | 5,741 | 0 | 8,065 | 5 | 15,389 | ||
| Totals | 396 | 1,000,084 | 212 | 113,081 | 559 | 1,568,457 | 76 | 41,350 |
The net tonnage of oversea shipping entered and cleared at the various ports during the years 1903 and 1913 is given in the next table. Vessels arriving from abroad are recorded at the first port of call, and those departing oversea are cleared at the port from which they finally sail:—
| Port. | 1903. | 1913. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entered. | Cleared. | Entered. | Cleared. | |
| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
| Auckland | 471,403 | 333,937 | 856,317 | 554,815 |
| Kaipara | 13,793 | 41,365 | 4,212 | 15,841 |
| Poverty Bay | 2,576 | 4,025 | 5,183 | |
| New Plymouth | 79 | .. | 7,049 | 570 |
| Wanganui | 1,651 | .. | 3,099 | 6,438 |
| Wellington | 293,725 | 421,392 | 504,974 | 671,595 |
| Napier | 14,537 | 9,336 | 18,120 | 6,785 |
| Wairau | .. | .. | 5,885 | |
| Picton | 2,672 | 3,684 | 903 | 1,564 |
| Nelson | 2,702 | 94 | 1,638 | |
| Westport | 25,752 | 11,619 | 3,861 | 23,021 |
| Greymouth | 2,707 | 1,851 | 776 | 19,740 |
| Lyttelton | 45,748 | 70,654 | 69,881 | 54,606 |
| Timaru | 23,474 | 26,271 | 10,055 | 43,099 |
| Oamaru | 287 | 2,830 | .. | 7,267 |
| Dunedin | 69,275 | 43,266 | 84,695 | 120,560 |
| Bluff | 131,683 | 142,841 | 168,222 | 168,021 |
| Totals | 1,102,064 | 1,113,165 | 1,738,985 | 1,699,807 |
The extensive coast-line and numerous harbours of New Zealand facilitate travelling and the distribution of goods by sea. The total tonnage of coastwise shipping, as shown below, includes that of oversea vessels which, after entry at the first port of arrival, proceed to other ports within the Dominion for the purpose of delivering and loading cargo, each movement, until the final sailing, being recorded as coastwise shipping.
| Year. | Entered. | Cleared. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vessels. | Tonnage. | Vessels. | Tonnage. | |||||
| Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | Steam. | Sailing. | |
| 1904 | 18,809 | 5,002 | 9,343,873 | 343,930, | 18,706 | 4,967 | 9,376,869 | 357,100 |
| 1905 | 20,382 | 5,007 | 10,016,337 | 313,072 | 20,402 | 4,978 | 10,103,864 | 308,425 |
| 1906 | 20,475 | 4,650 | 11,024,818 | 306,943; | 20,379 | 4,625 | 11,026,354 | 295,468 |
| 1907 | 20,794 | 4,479 | 10,981,579 | 260,028 | 20,695 | 4,402 | 10,913,497 | 255,532 |
| 1908 | 21,259 | 4,448 | 11,825,857 | 251,983 | 21,170 | 4,379 | 11,795,607 | 256,133 |
| 1909 | 20,924 | 4,467 | 11,706,700 | 241,974 | 20,956 | 4,425 | 11,730,052 | 244,554 |
| 1910 | 22,272 | 4,500 | 11,839,244 | 242,652 | 22,217 | 4,478 | 11,848,680 | 241,302 |
| 1911 | 23,092 | 4,024 | 12,060,227 | 206,427 | 23,064 | 4,033 | 12,020,951 | 208,820 |
| 1912 | 23,654 | 3,843 | 12,451,499 | 180,698 | 23,622 | 3,870 | 12,457,316 | 181,718 |
| 1913 | 21,937 | 3,764 | 11,332,143 | 173,494 | 21,922 | 3,733 | 11,330,078 | 172,715 |
The decrease in 1913 as compared with 1912 is largely, probably wholly, accounted for by the strike during the latter part of the year. Many coastal vessels were laid up for several weeks during the strike period. In the next table is given information showing tonnage of vessels entered and cleared coastwise at each port in the years 1903 and 1913.
| Ports. | 1903. | 1913. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tonnage entered. | Tonnage cleared. | Tonnage entered. | Tonnage cleared. | |
| Auckland | 721,556 | 842,676 | 1,008,720 | 1,324,875 |
| Onehunga | 141,956 | 141,860 | 118,659 | 118,146 |
| Thames | 138,096 | 136,897 | 115,317 | 113,773 |
| Coromandel | 37,332 | 37,358 | 22,784 | 22,645 |
| Whangaparapara | 13,397 | 13,397 | ||
| Whangarei | 122/325 | 122,598 | 194,715 | 189,616 |
| Russell | 38,292 | 38,244 | 64,685 | 62,400 |
| Whangaroa | 39,855 | 39,855 | 50,012 | 49,395 |
| Mangonui | 19,078 | 19,078 | 27,198 | 27,198 |
| Hokianga | 12,026 | 12,003 | 25,272 | 13,935 |
| Herekino | 1,168 | 1,168 | ||
| Whangape | 5,021 | 4,697 | ||
| Kaipara | 38,164 | 12,301 | 26,782 | 16,580 |
| Tauranga | 46,188 | 46,188 | 50,979 | 50,880 |
| Poverty Bay | 525,424 | 522,235 | 626,984 | 632,082 |
| New Plymouth | 202,176 | 202,176 | 161,044 | 167,829 |
| Waitara | 47,941 | 47,966 | 60,482 | 55,199 |
| Patea | 14,232 | 14,232 | 16,806 | 16,746 |
| Wanganui | 160,662 | 161,323 | 172,041 | 172,671 |
| Foxton | 25,250 | 24,713 | ||
| Wellington | 1,862,422 | 1,729,639 | 2,501,465 | 2,289,645 |
| Napier | 646,112 | 655,247 | 797,552 | 805,577 |
| Wairau | 18,443 | 18,443 | 17,191 | 17,171 |
| Picton | 336,700 | 335,366 | 392,781 | 392,120 |
| Nelson | 301,148 | 302,338 | 358,574 | 359,505 |
| Westport | 478,706 | 494,804 | 519,607 | 498,580 |
| Greymouth | 215,515 | 215,601 | 299,249 | 279,121 |
| Hokitika | 4,519 | 4,582 | 2,857 | 2,635 |
| Lyttelton | 1,622,213 | 1,613,615 | 1,998,157 | 2,020,371 |
| Timaru | 358,576 | 355,827 | 409,145 | 375,993 |
| Oamaru | 159,721 | 157,178 | 161,231 | 153,852 |
| Dunedin | 606,079 | 701,290 | 897,485 | 862,610 |
| Bluff | 297,206 | 283,102 | 363,027 | 367,468 |
| Totals | 9,213,263 | 9,264,022 | 11,505,637 | 11,502,793 |
The number and tonnage of the registered vessels belonging to the several ports of registry in the Dominion on the 31st December, 1913 (distinguishing sailing-vessels and steamers), were as under:—
| Ports. | Sailing-vessels. | Steam-vessels. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vessels. | Gross Tonnage. | Net Tonnage. | Vessels. | Gross Tonnage. | Net Tonnage. | |
| Auckland | 143 | 11,121 | 9,757 | 178 | 21,816 | 11,551 |
| Napier | 5 | 325 | 312 | 27 | 3,418 | 1,934 |
| Wellington | 13 | 2,115 | 1,935 | 45 | 12,530 | 6,263 |
| Nelson | 8 | 208 | 187 | 13 | 2,702 | 1,261 |
| Lyttelton | 15 | 3,957 | 3,847 | 17 | 5,282 | 2,343 |
| Timaru | 1 | 733 | 690 | 1 | 942 | 488 |
| Dunedin | 38 | 15,100 | 14,547 | 99 | 172,316 | 103,299 |
| Invercargill | 2 | 372 | 344 | 11 | 1,174 | 552 |
| Totals | 225 | 33,931 | 31,619 | 391 | 220,186 | 127,691 |
The Auckland docks are the property of the Auckland Harbour Board. The dimensions of the docks at Auckland are as follows:—
| Calliope Dock. | Auckland Dock. | |
|---|---|---|
| Length over all | 566 feet. | 312 feet. |
| Length on floor | 500 feet. | 300 feet. |
| Breadth over all | 110 feet. | 65 feet. |
| Breadth on floor | 65œ feet. | 42 feet. |
| Breadth at entrance | 80 feet. | 43 feet. |
| Depth of water on sill (at high water, ordinary spring tides) | 33 feet. | 13œ feet. |
Alterations have been made to the lower altars of Calliope Dock which will enable vessels of 63 ft. beam to be docked without any difficulty.
The following is the scale of charges for the use of the Auckland and Calliope Graving-docks and appliances:—
| AUCKLAND DOCK DUES. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | ||||
| (a.) For every entrance fee | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
| For First Day or Fart of First Day. | For each succeeding Day or Part of a Day. | |||||
| Vessels of— | £ | s. | d | £ | s. | d. |
| 100 tons and under | 7 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 0 |
| 101 tons to 200 tons | 9 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 10 | 0 |
| 201 tons to 300 tons | 10 | 10 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 0 |
| 301 tons to 400 tons | 11 | 15 | 0 | 8 | 10 | 0 |
| 401 tons to 500 tons | 13 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 10 | 0 |
| 501 tons to 600 tons | 14 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 |
| 601 tons to 700 tons | 15 | 10 | 0 | 11 | 10 | 0 |
| 701 tons to 800 tons | 16 | 15 | 0 | 12 | 10 | 0 |
| 801 tons to 900 tons | 18 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 10 | 0 |
| 901 tons to 1,000 tons | 19 | 5 | 0 | 14 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,001 tons to 1,100 tons | 20 | 10 | 0 | 15 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,101 tons to 1,200 tons | 21 | 15 | 0 | 16 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,201 tons to 1,300 tons | 23 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,301 tons to 1,400 tons | 24 | 5 | 0 | 18 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,401 tons to 1,500 tons | 25 | 10 | 0 | 19 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,501 tons to 1,600 tons | 26 | 15 | 0 | 20 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,601 tons to 1,700 tons | 28 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,701 tons to 1,800 tons | 29 | 5 | 0 | 22 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,801 tons to 1,900 tons | 30 | 10 | 0 | 23 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,901 tons to 2,000 tons | 31 | 15 | 0 | 24 | 10 | 0 |
| Over 2,000 tons | 33 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 10 | 0 |
Fifteen per cent. reduction on the above rates will be allowed when two or three vessels dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours, but such reduction will not be allowed if any of the Auckland Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel.
For use of steam-kiln, 10s. per day.
Any master or person whose vessel occupies a dock or slip for more than fourteen days, including the day of entrance, if other vessels require the use of the dock, shall pay double-rates for every working day during which such vessel shall remain in the dock or upon such slip after the fourteen days.
| CALLIOPE DOCK DUES. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s | d. | ||||
| (b.) For every entrance fee | 5 | 5 | 0 | |||
| For First Day or Part of First Day. | For each succeeding Day of Part of a Day. | |||||
| Vessels of— | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. |
| 1,000 tons and under | 30 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| 1,001 tons to 1,500 tons | 34 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 10 | 0 |
| 1,501 tons to 2,000 tons | 38 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| 2,001 tons to 2,500 tons | 42 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 10 | 0 |
| 2,501 tons to 3,000 tons | 46 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 |
| 3,001 tons to 4,000 tons | 52 | 10 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 |
| 4,001 tons to 5,000 tons | 59 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 |
| 5,001 tons to 6,000 tons | 65 | 10 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 |
| 6,001 tons to 7,000 tons | 72 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| 7,001 tons to 8,000 tons | 78 | 10 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 0 |
| 8,001 tons to 9,000 tons | 85 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
| 9,001 tons to 10,000 tons | 91 | 10 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 0 |
| Over 10,000 tons | 100 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 0 | 0 |
Fifteen per cent. reduction on the above rates will be Allowed when two or three vessels dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours, but such reduction will not be allowed if any of the Auckland Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel.
(c.) The dock dues shall be levied upon the gross registered tonnage, and shall include and cover the cost of pumping, shoring, wedges, and blocking, and the cost of all labour connected with opening and closing the dock, and all incidental labour connected with the actual operation of docking a vessel. The entrance fee will be remitted upon payment of the dock dues levied.
During the year 1913, 121 vessels of various descriptions, with a total of 40,744 tons, made use of the Auckland Graving-dock, occupying it in all 168 days, for repairs or painting.
In the Calliope Dock 6 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 8,090, were docked, and occupied the dock for 79 days. This dock was closed from 1st January to 22nd June, and from 18th September to the end of December, whilst repairs were being carried out to the cai.....on and new pumps were being installed, which accounts for the small number of vessels docked.
Under arrangement with the Admiralty, a complete plant of the most efficient and modern machinery has been provided at Calliope Dockyard. Workshops are erected, and the plant includes 80-ton sheer-legs; trolly to carry 80 tons, and rails; 10-ton steam-crane at side of dock, engines, boilers, overhead travellers; planing, shaping, and slotting machines; radial drills, vertical drills, band saws for iron, punching and shearing machines, plate-bending rolls; 24 in. centre gantry lathe, 70 ft. bed; 9 in. and 12 in. gantry lathes, milling - machines, emery grinders, screwing - machines, ditto for pipes, horizontal boring - machines, Root's blower, smiths' forges (six), coppersmith's forge, levelling-slabs, steam-hammers, lead-furnace, wall-cranes, zinc-bath, plate-furnace, jib crane for foundry, circular-saw bench, band saw for wood, lathe for wood, general joiners' and carpenters' benches.(four), kiln for steaming boards, Fox's trimmer, cupola to melt 5 tons of metal, countersinking - machine, pipe-bending machine, tools of various descriptions, moulders' bins, force-pumps for testing pipes, vice-benches, electric-light engines, dynamos (two), steam capstans, &c., and all other appliances and machinery required to render the plant adequate to repair any of His Majesty's ships upon the station or any merchant vessel visiting the port. The dock and machinery will be available for use, when not required for His Majesty's vessels, in effecting repairs to any merchant vessel requiring same. Electric lights have been provided for workshops, dock, and dockyard. The dockyard is connected by telephone with the central exchange. An abundant supply of the purest fresh water is available at Calliope Dock and Calliope Wharf
New pumps have been installed at Calliope Dock, the effect of which has been to reduce the time engaged in pumping out by about one-half.
A floating crane (self-propelling), capable of lifting up to 80 tons, has been provided for use in the harbour.
The Port of Wellington has a well-equipped patent slip at Evans Bay, on which vessels of 2,000 tons can be safely hauled up. This slip is the property of a private company, and is in no way connected with the Harbour Board. It is 1,070 ft. long, with a cradle 260 ft. in length. There is a depth of 32 ft. at high water at the outer end of the slip. A dolphin and buoys are laid down for swinging ships in Evans Bay.
The company has convenient workshops, which contain machinery necessary for effecting all ordinary repairs to vessels using the slip.
During the year ended 31st March, 1914, 122 vessels of various sizes were taken up on the slip for repairs, cleaning, painting, &c. The charges for taking vessels on the slip and launching them are 1s. per ton on the gross tonnage for the first full twenty-four hours, and 6d. per ton per day afterwards, unless by special agreement.
The Graving-dock at Lyttelton, which is the property of the Harbour Board, is capable of docking many of the large ocean steamers now running to the Dominion. Its general dimensions are: Length over all, 503 ft.; length on floor, 450 ft.; length inside caisson at a height of 4 ft. above the floor, 462 ft.; breadth over all, 82 ft.; breadth on floor, 46 ft.; breadth at entrance, 62 ft.; breadth where ship's bilge would be, on 6 ft. blocks, 55 ft.; available docking depth at this breadth, 17 ft.; depth of water on sill at high water, springs, 23 ft.
The scale of charges for the use of the dock and pumping machinery is as follows:—
| £ | s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| For all vessels up to 300 tons, for four days or less | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| For all vessels 301 to 400 tons, for four days or less | 22 | 10 | 0 |
| For all vessels 401 to 500 tons, for four days or less | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| For all vessels 501 to 600 tons, for four days or less | 27 | 10 | 0 |
| For all vessels 601 to 700 tons, for four days or less | 30 | 0 | 0 |
| For all vessels 701 to 800 tons, for four days or less | 32 | 10 | 0 |
| For all vessels 801 to 900 cons, for four days or less | 35 | 0 | 0 |
| For all vessels 901 to 1,000 tons, for four days or less | 37 | 10 | 0 |
| For all vessels 1,001 to 1,100 tons, for four days or less | 40 | 0 | 0 |
| For all vessels 1,101 to 1,200 tons, for four days or less | 45 | 0 | 0 |
| For all vessels 1,201 tons and upwards, for four days or less | 50 | 0 | 0 |
After the fourth day in dock, the following rates are charged:—
For all vessels up to 500 tons .. 4d. per ton per day.
For all vessels of 501 tons to 1,000 tons .. 3d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 1,001 tons up to 2,000 tons 2Ÿ;d. per ton per day.
2,001 tons up to 3,000 tons 2œd. per ton per day.
3,001 tons up to 4,000 tons 2Œd. per ton per day.
4,001 tons up to 5,000 tons 2d. per ton per day.
Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates is allowed when two or three vessels can arrange to dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours. Two vessels of 1,000 tons each can be docked at the same time. The 20-per-cent, rebate is not allowed if any of the Lyttelton Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel. The twenty-four hours constituting the first day of docking commences from the time of the dock being pumped out.
Any vessel belonging to H.M. Navy or any colonial Government, or any commissioned ship belonging to any foreign nation, is admitted into the graving-dock without payment of the usual dock dues, but is charged only such sum as is necessary for the reimbursement of actual expenditure of stores, wages, and materials.
There are electric lights, one on each side of the graving-dock; and there are engineering-works within a short distance of it, where repairs and heavy foundry-work can be undertaken.
Alongside the graving-dock is a. patent slip, with a cradle 150 ft. in length, suitable for vessels of 300 tons. It belongs to the Harbour Board. The following is the scale of charges:—
Up to 75 tons gross register, £4 for five days, and 10s. per day after the fifth day. Over 75 tons and up to 150 tons gross register, £6 for five days, and 15s. per day after fifth day.
Over 150 tons and up to 250 tons gross register, £8 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifth day.
Over 250 tons gross register, £10 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifth day. A “day” to mean between sunrise and sunset.
The above rates cover the cost of all labour connected with hauling up and launching (the crew of the vessel to give their assistance as may be required), and the cost of blocking a vessel and shifting the blocks after hauling up.
The docks at Port Chalmers are now vested in the Otago Harbour Board. Vessels of large size (up to 512 ft. in length) can be taken in the Otago Dock, as the following measurements will show:—
| Length over all | 533 feet. |
|---|---|
| Length on the floor | 500 feet. |
| Breadth where ship's bilge would be | 72 feet. |
| Breadth at dock-gates | 70 feet. |
| Depth on sill, H.W.O.S. | 21 feet. |
| Dimensions of Port Chalmers Dock | |
|---|---|
| Length over all | 348 feet. |
| Length on floor | 300 feet. |
| Width, bottom of dock | 41 feet. |
| Width, top of dock | 68 feet. |
| Width at ship's bilge | 43 feet. |
| Width at dock-gates | 50 feet. |
| Depth on sill, H.W.O.S. | 19 ft. 6 in. |
| Depth on sill, H.W.O.T. | 17 ft. 6 in. |
Vessels up to 335 feet long can dock in the Port Chalmers Disk.
Connected with the Otago Dock are a large machine-shop, steam-hammer, and forge, with all the appliances necessary for performing any work that may be required by vessels visiting the port. An 80-ton shear-legs has been erected for heavy lifts, and there is an electric travelling-crane capable of lifting 15 tons.
There is also a patent slip, used for taking up small vessels.
The following are the charges for the docking of vessels, including docking, shoring, and undocking:—
| For Four Days. | For each Day or Part of a Day thereafter. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| For vessels of— | £ | s. | d. | |
| 300 tons gross and under | 26 | 0 | 0 | £10. |
| 301 tons to 400 tons | 28 | 10 | 0 | £10. |
| 401 tons to 500 tons | 31 | 0 | 0 | £10. |
| 501 tons to 600 tons | 33 | 10 | 0 | £10. |
| 601 tons to 700 tons | 37 | 0 | 0 | £10. |
| 701 tons to 800 tons | 39 | 10 | 0 | £10. |
| 801 tons to 900 tons | 42 | 0 | 0 | 3d. per ton. |
| 901 tons to 1,000 tons | 44 | 10 | 0 | 3d. per ton. |
| 1,001 tons to 1,100 tons | 48 | 0 | 0 | 2Ÿ;d. per ton; with minimum £12 10s. per day. |
| 1,101 tons to 1,200 tons | 53 | 0 | 0 | Ditto. |
| 1,201 tons to 2,000 tons | 58 | 0 | 0 | Ditto. |
| 2,001 tons to 3,000 tons | 63 | 0 | 0 | 2œd. per ton; with minimum, £23 per day. |
| 3,001 tons to 4,000 tons | 68 | 0 | 0 | 2Œd. per ton; with minimum, £31 5s. per day. |
| 4,001 tons to 5,000 tons | 74 | 0 | 0 | 2d. per ton; with minimum, £37 10s. per day. |
| 5,001 tons to 6,000 tons | 79 | 0 | 0 | Ditto. |
| 6,001 tons to 7,000 tons | 84 | 0 | 0 | Ditto. |
| 7,001 tons to 8,000 tons | 89 | 0 | 0 | Ditto. |
| 8,001 tons to 9,000 tons | 94 | 0 | 0 | Ditto. |
| 9,001 tons to 10,000 tons | 99 | 0 | 0 | Ditto. |
Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates will be allowed when two or three vessels dock at the same time and remain in dock the same number of hours. Harbour Board vessels excepted.
Vessels up to 500 tons gross register will be allowed 20 per cent. off the above rates until such time as slipway accommodation has been provided by the Board for such vessels.
Information as to pilotage, port charges, wharfage rates, &c., at twenty-one of the principal ports of the Dominion is published in the following pages.
Pilotage: When necessary, by arrangement with the pilot.
Port charges: 1œd. per ton on registered tonnage.
Wharfage dues: 1d. per ton on registered tonnage.
Wharfage Rates.
General Merchandise.—1s. 6d. per ton imports; 1s. per ton exports.
Transhipments within the harbour from vessel to vessel and on wharves: Free.
Cattle.—6d. per head.
Sheep, Pigs, and Goats.—1d. per head.
Butter, Eggs, and Fruit.—Free.
Pilotage (compulsory). Sailing vessels, inwards and outwards, 3d. per ton each way, if not employing a tug; 2d. per ton each way if employing a tug. Steamers, inwards and outwards, 2d. per ton each way. Maximum charge in each case, inwards and outwards, £45 each way. Vessels calling at Auckland a second time on the same trip to Dominion pay only half-rates in respect of such second call. No extra fee is charged against any vessel for being piloted to or from the powder-anchorage.
Port charges: 3d. per ton half-yearly (on all vessels over 15 tons) in one payment. For exemption from pilotage and harbour fees, see sections 116, 117, and 118 of the Harbours Act, 1908. In the case of any vessel the registered tonnage of which exceeds 8,000 tons, no port charges shall be payable in respect of such excess.
Harbourmaster's fees: For every vessel of 120 tons and under, 10s.; for every vessel over 120 tons and up to 8,000 tons, 1d. per ton; vessels over 8,000 tons, œd. per ton for every ton in excess of 8,000 tons. Vessels paying pilotage are exempt.
Berthage (shipping wharfage): (1.) For every licensed ferry steamer using the wharves on the south shore of the harbour within a mile of Queen Street Wharf, £2 per month; St. Helier's Wharf, £1 10s. per month; Victoria Wharf, £1 10s. per month; Bayswater, £1 10s. per month; Kohimarama, £1 10s. per month; Orakei, £1 10s. per month; for each of the other wharves on the north shore of the harbour, including Birkenhead and Chelsea wharves, £1 per month; Takapuna and Rangitoto wharves, 10s. per month each; any vehicular staging on the south shore of the harbour, £5 per month; any vehicular staging on the north shore of the harbour, £2 10s. per month, payable in advance on the first day of every month. (2.) For every vessel not included in subsection 1, under 20 tons, a sum of 1s. per day for each day or part of a day such vessel shall lie alongside any wharf, and 6d. per day for each day or part of a day the vessel shall occupy a berth alongside a vessel lying at a wharf; or shall lie at any wharf undergoing repairs, or fitting-out only, or shall lie off any wharf with a line attached thereto, provided that such payment shall not exceed 10s. in any one quarter, or such vessel may pay 10s. for every quarter, which shall be payable, and be paid in advance, on the quarter days commencing as from the first days of January, April, July, and October in each year, at the offices of the Board. (3.) For every vessel not included in subsections 1 and 2, −14;1. per ton per day or part of a day on the tonnage of such vessel. (4.) For every vessel occupying a berth outside another vessel, or lying off a wharf with a line attached to such wharf, or lying at a wharf undergoing repairs or fitting-out only, ⅛d. per ton per day part of a day on the tonnage of such vessel. (5.) In addition to the fees payable under the preceding sub-sections (1 to 4) for every vessel carrying passengers or goods for hire, using any wharf westward of Sentinel Rook, the sum of 1s. per day for each such wharf so used, and in the event of such vessel using more than one of such wharves in any one day the sum of 2s. per day for all such wharves so used: Provided that by payment of the sum of 10s. per month any such vessel may use all such wharves without further payment.
General Merchandise.—2s. per ton imports; 1s. per ton exports.
Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped.
Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped.
Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).
Wool.—6d. per bale, shipped or landed.
Transhipments: If landed, dumped, and reshipped, 3d. per bale.
Coal.—1s. 3d. per ton landed; 6d. per ton shipped.
Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).
Shipped or discharged over side for steamer's use, free.
Timber.—Sawn, 2s. per 1,000 ft. landed; 1s. per 1,000 ft. shipped. Baulk or round (less 12œ per cent.), 1s. per 1,000 ft. landed, 6d. per 1,000 ft. shipped.
Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).
Passengers' personal luggage under half a ton, goods carried by hand by passengers and single packages under 5 ft. measurement, free.
Pilotage (not compulsory): In and out—Sailing-vessels of and under 100 tons, 6d. per ton; sailing-vessels over 100 tons (first 100 tons), 6d. per ton; sailing-vessels, every ton over 100 tons, 3d. per ton; steamers of and under 100 tons, 4d. per ton; steamers over 100 tons (first 100 tons), 4d. per ton; steamers, every ton over 100 tons, 2d. per ton. In or out of any anchorage below Puponga, half-rate only.
Port charges: For every vessel over 15 tons net register plying within the port or employed in coasting only, 3d. per ton per quarter; for every vessel not plying within the port, or not employed in coasting only, 2d. per ton on arrival, but not exceeding 6d. per ton in any half-year.
Harbourmaster's fees: For each removal by the harbourmaster to or from a wharf, or to or from one anchorage to another, 1d. per ton net register, unless such removal is done for the convenience of the Board.
Berthage: For every vessel under 20 tons gross register, per quarter, payable in advance, 10s.; for every vessel 20 tons register or over, per ton per working day or part thereof, 1s. 4d. Minimum charge per working day, 1s.
General Merchandise.—Inwards, 2s. per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Inwards, 1s. per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Inwards, 1s per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton.
Wool.—Inwards, 3d. per bale; outwards, 3d. per bale.
Coal.—Inwards, 1s. per ton; outwards, 6d. per ton.
Timber.—Inwards, 2d. per 100 ft. super.; outwards, 2d. per 100 ft. super.
All transhipments: Half-rates.
Note.—In all cases where goods are shipped to places within the Provincial District of Auckland: Free.
Pilotage (compulsory): In and out—Sailing-vessels up to 100 tons, 6d. per ton, and 2d. for each ton over 100 tons; steamers up to 100 tons, 6d. per ton, and 4d. per ton for each additional ton.
Port charges: Regular traders, 2d. per ton per quarter; other vessels, 2d. per ton each trip, not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton in half-year.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthage: 20 tons and under, 10s. per ton per quarter; over 20 tons, 6d. per ton per quarter, or 2s. 6d. first 20 tons per day and Œd. each additional ton.
Warps and fenders: Nil.
General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports or exports, without labour.
Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half-rates otherwise.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton, imports or exports, without labour.
Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half-rates otherwise.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—None shipped.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Wool.—2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Coal.—2s. per ton, without labour.
Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half-rates otherwise.
Timber.—1s. per 1,000 ft. sawn timber; 6d. per 1,000 shingles; 2s. per 100 props; 1s. 6d. per 100 slabs; 4s. per 100 sleepers; 2s. 6d. per 100 posts or rails; 2s. 6d. per 1,000 palings; 6d. per ton firewood.
Pilotage (not compulsory): To roadstead— Sailing-vessels, first 100 tons, 6d. per ton; every ton over 100 tons, 2d. per ton; steamers, first 100 tens, 3d. per ton; every ton over 100 tons, 1d. per ton. Into Turanganui River: Sailing-vessels, 4d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Outward pilotage, half-rates.
Port charges: Vessels plying within port only, 3d. per ton quarterly in advance. Vessels not plying within the port only, 2d. per ton on arrival, but not to exceed 1s. per ton in any half-year.
Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial trading” or coasting vessels) returning to port within one month from date of first arrival are exempt from port charges for second or subsequent arrivals within calendar month.
Harbourmaster's fees: 5s. per vessel of less than 60 tons. Vessels licensed as lighters are exempt. 1d. per ton, sailing-vessels 60 tons and upwards; 10s. per vessel, steamers of 60 and under 120 tons.
To roadstead only: 1d. per ton, ocean-going steamers, (not being “colonial trading” vessels or coastal vessels), but not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year; all other steamers 120 tons and upwards, œd. per ton on arrival, but not to exceed 3d. in any half-year.
Into Turanganui River: 1d. per ton on arrival, steamers of 120 tons and upwards.
Berthage rate: Lighters carrying cargo, 2s. 6d. per trip. Lighters also charged license 1s. per ton register per annum.
River-improvement rate: Vessels entering Turanganui River, 1d. per ton per day, occupying berth.
General Merchandise. — Imports: General, 5s. per ton; kerosene, sugar, and wire, 5s. per ton; wine and spirits. 7s. 6d. per ton. Exports: General, 2s. 6d. per ton. If paid inward, free.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Grain and Agricultural Produce. — Imports: Grain, 5s. per ton; grass-seed, 5s. per ton; maize, 5s. per ton; potatoes (12 sacks), 5s. per ton; oats (12 sacks), 5s. per ton; chaff (20 sacks), 5s. per ton; flour, 5s. per ton; bran and pollard, 2s. 6d. per ton. Exports: Grain, 1s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per ton; maize, 1s. per ton; potatoes (12 sacks), 1s. per ton; chaff (20 sacks), 1s. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Exports: Carcases mutton, 1œd. each; carcases iamb, not exceeding 36 lb, Ÿ;d.; beef, tallow, and other meat products, 2s. 6d. per ton; butter, 2s. 6d. per ton; hides, every 40 or 10 sacks, 2s. 6d. per ton; sheep-skins, per bale or every 60, 1s. per ton.
Wool.—1s. per bale.
Transhipments: 3d. per bale; 1s. per bale if landed at all.
Coal.—2s. per ton; bunker coal not landed, 6d. per ton; coke (20 sacks), 2s. per ton.
Timber.—4s. per 1,000 ft. super., imports; 1s. per 1,000 ft. super., exports.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Pilotage (compulsory): 6d. per ton register.
Port charges: 3d. per ton per quarter.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthage, 2d. per ton register. Vessels when bar bound charged for two days only.
Warps and fenders: Nil.
General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports and exports. Transhipments: Half-rates
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton, imports and exports (10 sacks grain, 20 sacks grass-seed, or 30 sacks chaff, reckoned as a ton).
Butter.—2s. per ton.
Dressed Flax and Tow.—9d. per bale.
Wool.—9d. per bale, imports and exports.
Coal.—2s. per ton.
Timber.—2œd. per 100 ft.
Pilotage (not compulsory): Into Inner Harbour—Sailing-vessels, 4d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Into breakwater, harbour, or roadstead—First 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Every ton over 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 2d. per ton; steamers, 1d. per ton. Outward pilotage, half-rates.
Port charges: 6d. per ton quarterly in advance, vessels plying within port only; 2d. per ton on arrival of vessels not plying within port, but not to exceed 1s. per ton in any half-year. Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial trading” or coasting vessels) returning to port within twenty-eight days from date of first arrival are exempt from port charges for second or subsequent arrivals within twenty-eight days.
Harbourmaster's fees: 5s. per vessel of less than 60 tons. 1d. per ton, sailing-vessels 60 tons and upwards; 10s. per vessel, steamers of 60 tons and under 120 tons; 1d. per ton, steamers of 120 tons and upwards. Vessels paying for pilotage services inwards do not pay Harbourmaster's fees.
Harbour-improvement rate: 3d. per ton on cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped (weight or measurement at option of Board); 1s. each horse or large cattle shipped or transhipped; œd. each sheep or small animal shipped or transhipped.
Hawsers and moorings: Vessels at wharves in harbour, Œd. per ton per day, or part of a day, on registered tonnage. Vessels moored to buoys within harbour, ⅛d. per ton per day, or part of a day.
Fenders: Vessels at wharves in Breakwater Harbour—5s. per day, vessels under 500 tons; 7s. per day, vessels of 500 tons and under 1,000 tons; 10s. per day, vessels of 1,000 tons and under 1,500 tons; 15s. per day, vessels of 1,500 tons and under 2,000 tons; £1 per day, vessels of 2,000 tons and under 3,000 tons; 5s. for every 1,500 tons over 3,000 tons.
General Merchandise.—2s. 6d. per ton imports, 1s. 3d. per ton exports, according to measurement or weight. If labour supplied, add on 9d. imports, and 9d. exports. Ballast, inwards, 1s. per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton. Empties, 9d. per ton imports; 9d. per ton exports. Agricultural machinery set up for use, 2s. in; 1s. out.
Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. 6d. imports, 1s. 3d. exports, according to measurement or weight. If labour supplied, add on 9d. imports, and 9d. exports.
Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.
Frozen or Chilled Meat, &c.—Imports free; exports 2s. 6d. per ton. Tallow, pelts, and hides, imports free; exports 3s. per ton.
Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.
Wool.—Exports, 1s. per bale. Imports, free.
Transhipments: Wool, flax, skins, or tow, 3d. over side; 3d. per bale if landed for transhipment or dumping.
Coal.—2s. per ton imports; 1s. per ton exports, Haulage on coal, 6d. per ton.
Transhipments: Quarter-rates, Outer Harbour; half-rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours. Coal for engines and freezing-ships, Outer Harbour, free, if declared so.
Timber.—3s. 4d. per 1,000 ft., imports; 1s. 3d. per 1,000 ft. exports.
Transhipments: Quarter-rates, Outer Harbour; half-rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.
NOTE.—Goods other than wool, skins, hides, tow, flax, and meats landed on a wharf for transhipment to a vessel lying at another berth charged inward wharfage only when declared at time of entry.
Pilotage: From signal-staff, œd. per ton register each way, in and out. Oceangoing vessels Œd. per ton register (one way only).
Port charges: Steamers and sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton quarterly, payable first trip in each quarter; ocean-going vessels, œd. per ton register, payable each trip.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthage: Steamers 2d. per ton and sailing-vessels 3d. per ton every trip.
Warps and fenders: Nil.
General Merchandise.—Inwards, 2s. per ton, including 48 hours' storage outwards, 2s. per ton, including 10 days' storage. Labour provided by the Board.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Grain and Agricultural Produce. — Imports, 2s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per 20 sacks. Labour provided. Exports, in not less than 3-ton lots, 1s. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. per ton weight, without labour.
Transhipments: Half-rates, without labour.
Wool.—Dumped, 4œd. per bale; undumped, 6d. per bale.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Coal.—Imports, 1s. 6d. per ton, without labour; brown coal, 1s. per ton, without labour.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Timber.—Under 5,000 ft., 3d. per 100 ft.; over 5,000ft., 2d. per 100 ft.: without labour. Exported white-pine, if over 5,000 ft., 1œd. per 100 ft.: without labour.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Pilotage (compulsory), charged both inwards and outwards: Intercolonial or coasting—Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton; steamers, 1œd. per ton: foreign sailing-vessels or steamers, œd. per ton.
Port charges: Intercolonial, 4d. per ton, payable half-yearly; foreign, œd. per ton on arrival in roadstead.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthage rate: 3œd. per ton on all cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped outwards; on registered tonnage also œd. per ton.
Warps: 1d. per ton register for first 100 tons; œd. per ton for excess.
Fenders: 1s. per day or part of day.
Water (minimum 3s.): 5s. per 1,000 gallons.
General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.
Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per 20 sacks.
Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—2s. per ton.
Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.
Wool.—6d. per bale; five bales of 4 cwt., 2s. par ton; three bales of over 4 cwt., 2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.
Coal.—2s. per ton; brown coal, 1s. 9d.
Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.
Timber.—480 ft. per ton, 2s.; hardwood, 320 ft. per ton (rough or sawn), 2s.
Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.
Pilotage (in and out): 1d. per ton register.
Port charges: 3d. per ton every three months. Light dues, Œd. per ton.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthage: 6d. per ton on cargo, as per manifest.
Warps and fenders: Nil.
Water: 2s. 6d. per 1,000 gallons.
General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports or exports (produce shipped direct from South ports, 1s. 6d.).
Transhipments: 1s. per ton.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton of 10 sacks grain, 20 sacks cocksfoot grass-seed, 20 sacks bran, 40 sacks chaff, 16 sacks pollard or ryegrass. Potatoes, export, 1s. per ton; import, 2s. per ton.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Butter and cheese 1s. 6d. per ton, without labour, from grading-wharf; otherwise, 2s., with labour. Frozen meat, 2s. per ton; cased meats, 2s. per ton, without labour.
Wool.—6d. per bale, including storage.
Hides—3d. per bag.
Coal.—1s. per ton, without labour.
Timber.—4d. per 100 ft.; labour extra.
Pilotage: All vessels when piloted by signals from the staff only, 1d. per ton register. River pilotage, to be charged for any assistance rendered by the pilot or any of his crew inside the bar, 2d. per ton. When a pilot boards and conducts a vessel outside the bar, 3d. per ton. Steamers engaged in tendering ocean steamers at anchor in the roadstead charged half pilotage rates.
Port charges: Vessels of 500 tons and up to 8,000 tons register, œd. per ton. Not to exceed 3d. per ton in any half-year. Vessels paying pilotage exempt. Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial-trading” or “coastal”) returning to the port within one month of first arrival exempt as regards second or subsequent arrivals.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthage: For every steamer using any wharf, being berthed alongside, and whether discharging or loading cargo or not, 2d. per ton on net register for first day of eight working-hours, and 1d. for every succeeding day of eight working-hours. For every sailing-vessel the charge to be 2d. for first day of eight working-hours, and œd. for every succeeding day of eight working-hours, not exceeding five days. For every vessel occupying a berth outside another vessel, and loading or discharging cargo, Œd. per ton on net register per day of eight working-hours whilst loading or discharging. Ships' dues on vessels detained in port by stress of weather will not be charged after the third day.
General Merchandise.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 1s. 6d. per ton. Potatoes, export, 1s. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Frozen Meat.—Sheep, œd. per carcase; lambs, œd. per carcase; legs, shoulders and loins calculated at so-many to a carcase, according to freight.
Wool.—3d. per bale.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Coal.—1s. 3d. per ton. Coal for ship's use, outward, 3d. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Timber.—6d. per 100 ft.; for shipment, 2d.; white-pine, 1d.
Transhipments: Half-rates,
Pilotage (optional): Sailing-vessels inwards, 4d. per ton; sailing-vessels outwards, 3d. per ton; steamers inwards, 3d. per ton; steamers outwards, 2d. per ton. Pilotage includes the removal fee to and from the berth.
Port charges: 2d. per ton on arrival; not exceeding 6d. in any half-year. Steamers arriving for bunker coal, stores, water for ship's use only, or for receiving or landing mails or passengers and their luggage which do not come to any wharf or receive or discharge cargo within the port, are exempt from port charges.
Harbourmaster's or berthing fee on vessels of 120 tons and upwards, 1d. per ton; under 120 tons, 10s. Vessels paying pilotage are exempt. Exemption berthage certificates are given to competent masters in the coastal and intercolonial trades, but not to those in foreign trade.
Berthage: Vessels over 100 tons net register, Œd. per ton net register per day or part of a day (day counted from midnight to midnight). Vessels berthing after working-hours, and only landing passengers and luggage, not charged for that day. Vessels leaving wharf after midnight and prior to working-hours, and only on such day taking on board passengers and luggage, not charged for such day. Vessels under 100 tons net register, 2s. per day or part of a day. Vessels not working cargo after noon on Saturdays pay half-rates for such Saturday. No charge for Sundays or holidays.
Harbour-improvement rate: The charge of 6d. per ton shall be made to and be payable by ships to the Board, as a harbour-improvement rate, on all goods except on ballast and coal, and except on such goods as are the products of the Dominion of New Zealand and are landed for the purpose of transhipment to vessels to be carried out of the Dominion: Provided that for the purposes of this by-law the following measurements shall be taken: Empties, half-tonnage; wool, five bales to the ton; great cattle, each one ton; small cattle, twelve to the ton; timber, 500 ft. superficial measurement to the ton; bricks, slates, and tiles, 500 to the ton; carts and carriages, each two tons; loose hides, twenty-five to the ton.
Harbour-improvement rate on coal: If landed on wharves, 1d. per ton; if transhipped over side at wharves, 1d. per ton, but so that no one shipment of coal pays the 1d. more than once; if transhipped over side in stream, free.
Ballast: Free.
General Merchandise.—Inwards, 2s. 8d. per ton, including labour and 1 night's storage. Glass, acids, and special goods, 5s. per ton. Inward cargo landed after noon on Friday is stored free till 5 p.m. on following Monday; landed on Saturday is stored free till 5 p.m. on the following Tuesday. If after 4 p.m. on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday, 2 nights' free storage. Outwards, 1s. 4d. per ton, including labour. Glass, acids, and special goods, 2s. 6d. per ton. Railway wharfage – 1s. 4d. inwards, 8d. outwards, without labour.
Transhipments: 3s. per ton, including labour and 7 nights' storage. Glass, acids, and special goods, 5s. per ton. Over side of vessel lying at wharf, 6d. per ton; in harbour, 2d. per ton. If shifted more than Œ mile and less than œ mile, 6d. per ton extra; if shifted £ mile or over. 1s. per ton extra.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Artificial manures and guano, 2s. per ton outwards, 1s. inwards. Other goods 2s. 8d. per ton inwards, including labour and 1 night's storage; 1s. 4d. per ton outwards, including labour. Railway wharfage — 1s. 4d. inwards, 8d. outwards, without labour.
Transhipments: Artificial manures and guano, 2s. 3d. per ton. Other goods 3s. per ton, including labour and 7 nights' storage. Over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton; in harbour, 2d. per ton. If shifted more than Œ mile and less than œ mile, 6d. per ton extra; if shifted œ mile or over, 1s. per ton extra.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Frozen or chilled meat, 1s. inwards, 1s. outwards, per ton without labour. Railway wharfage—1s. 4d. inwards, 8d. outwards, per ton, without labour. Daily-produce treated as general merchandise.
Transhipments: Meat and dairy produce, if transhipped direct, 1s. 6d. per ton, without labour; butter, for cool storage, 3s. per ton, including inward and outward wharfage and 1 night's storage. Meat, butter &c., over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted over Œ mile and under œ mile, 6d. per ton extra; if shifted œ mile or over, 1s. per ton extra.
Wool.—4d. per bale at Railway Wharf, without labour; 6d. per bale at other wharves, including labour.
Transhipments: 6d. per bale, including labour and inward and outward wharfage, and 3d. additional if stored. If shifted over Œ mile, 3d. per bale extra; if shifted œ mile or over, 6d. per bale extra. Over side of vessel to vessel at wharf, 3d. per bale.
Coal.—1s. per ton imports, 6d. per ton exports, without labour. Railway wharfage—1s. per ton inwards, 6d. per ton outwards, without labour.
Transhipments: Across wharf for steamer's use, and from vessel or hulk to vessel at wharf, 4d.; to vessel in stream, 2d. per ton. But so that no one shipment of coal pays wharfage more than once.
Timber.—3d. per 100 ft. inwards; 2d. per 100 ft. outwards, without labour. If labour supplied, 3d. per 100 ft. added inwards, and 2d. outwards on timber other than Australian or American hardwoods. Hardwood, 6d. inwards, 4d. outwards. Railway wharfage—3d. inwards, 2d. outwards, without labour.
Transhipments: Other than Australian and American hardwoods 3s. per ton, including 7 nights' storage. Hardwoods, 4s. 2d. per ton. Over vessel's side into another vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted over Œ mile and under œ mile, 6d. per ton extra; if half a mile or over 1s. per ton extra.
Cheese Store “Z” Charges.—The following charges shall be payable to the Board for labour and storage on goods placed in the Board's Cheese Store “Z,” Waterloo Quay, such charges to be payable in addition to wharfage and cartage, and to be paid by the consignee, consignor, agent, or vessel on whose written orders such goods are so stored: (a.) Cheese, &c., received from rail or town for grading prior to shipment—Labour receiving and delivering at store door, labour involved in grading under direction of Government Grader, and storage not exceeding fourteen nights, 3s. per ton; additional storage, per week or fractional part of a week, 1s. per ton. (b.) Cheese, &c., landed ex vessels for grading prior to transhipment — Labour receiving and delivering at store door, labour involved in grading under direction of Government Grader, and seven nights' storage in addition to the seven allowed for in transhipment charge, 2s. per ton; additional storage, per week or fractional part of a week, 1s. per ton. (c.) Graded cheese, &c., landed ex vessel for transhipment—Labour receiving and delivering at score door, including seven nights' storage in addition to the seven allowed for in transhipment charge, 1s. 6d. per ton; additional storage, per week or fractional part of a week, 1s. per ton. (d.) Graded cheese, &c., from rail or town for shipment or storage—Labour receiving and delivering at store door, 1s. per ton; storage, per week or fractional part of a week, 1s. per ton.
Pilotage: Steamers, inward, 1d. per ton register; outward, œd. per ton register; sailing-vessels, inward, 2d. per ton register; outward, 1d. per ton register. The rates are payable when the services of a pilot are taken.
Harbourmaster's fees: For removing vessels from one place to another within the harbour when a pilot is not taken—steamers, œd. per ton register; sailing-vessels, 1d. per ton register.
Port charges: On every vessel over 20 tons register for the first visit in any half-year the sum of œd. per ton register: Provided that, in the case of any vessel the registered tonnage of which exceeds 5,000 tons, no port charges shall be payable in respect of such excess.
Charges for use of wharf: On every vessel, not otherwise specified, lying within the limits of the railway, for the first month, per working-day or part thereof, per ton net register up to 150 tons, œd.; for each additional working-day or part thereof after the first month, ⅙d.; for each additional ton above 150 tons, for the first month, per working-day or part thereof, Œd.; for each additional working-day or part thereof after the first month, 1œd.; minimum charge per day or fraction thereof, 2s. 6d. Vessels occupying berths outside other vessels lying alongside the wharf will be charged half-dues. For every vessel (sailing, steam, or motor) not over 36 tons net register, trading between Picton and the Sounds, per quarter, payable in advance, £1 for every vessel (sailing, steam, or motor) over 36 tons, but not exceeding 60 tons net register, trading between Picton and the Sounds, per quarter, payable in advance, £2; for vessels trading within the Sounds using the wharf, per quarter, 10s.
Labour: On all goods, with the exception of timber and live-stock, and except on packages exceeding one half-ton weight, 1s.; when packages exceed one half-ton weight the wharfinger shall be at liberty to make an additional charge for labour of 1s. per ton; labour loading carts, not compulsory, 6d. per ton.
Grain or flour, not otherwise specified, 1s. 6d. per ton; Class E (Railway Department) goods for shipment at Picton previously carried to Picton by ra 1, 1s. per ton; posts and rails per 100 and firewood per cord, 6d.; sawn timber, 3d. per 100 superficial feet; single bag or parcel, not exceeding 2 ft. measurement, 3d.; horses, not otherwise specified, 2s. 6d. for the first head; horses, not otherwise specified, each additional, 1s. 6d. per head; cattle, not otherwise specified, 2s. 6d. for the first head; cattle, not otherwise specified, each additional, 6d. per head: sheep or pigs, not otherwise specified, not exceeding 50, 2d. each; sheep or pigs, not otherwise specified, all over 50, 1d. each; bricks, 2s. 6d. per 1,000; coals, 1s. per ton; wool, 3d. per bale; flax and tow, 2d. per bale; hides (40 to the ton), 2s. per ton; sheepskins, 3d. per bale; tallow, 3d. per cask; all other goods not enumerated, either weight or measurement, at the option of the wharfinger, 2s. per ton; wagons, 5s. each; carts, drags, and carriages, 3s. each; handcarts or trucks, 6d. each; passengers' luggage, carried in hand, free; ships' stores, carried in hand, free. Empties at per ton measurement, including labour, half-rates. All goods and live-stock landed on the Government lands adjacent to the wharves shall be subject to the same dues as if landed on wharf. Goods and live-stock loaded or unloaded from or into lighters into or from ships lying alongside the wharf, half-rates. Except where otherwise specified, minimum charges on any goods, 6d.
Pilotage (compulsory): Steamer, inwards and outwards, 1œd. par ton register sailing-vessels, inwards and outwards, 6d. per ton register. Minimum pilotage each way (in all cases), £1 10s.
British and foreign-going vessels to pay (in addition to pilotage) the following, on first arrival: Half-yearly—viz., between January and June, and July and December—per ton register, 3œd. (this payment to include the services of a tug when necessary).
Port charges: Vessels not paying pilotage, 1s. per ton, half-yearly.
Harbour light dues: Vessels not paying pilotage, over 60 tons register, 2d. per ton; under 60 tons register, 1d. per ton, on each arrival.
Harbourmaster's fees: 120 tons and upwards, 1d. per ton register; less than 120 tons, 10s. for each removal of any steamer or sailing-vessel within the harbour.
Berthage charges: Every vessel not over 36 tons register trading between the Port, Nelson, and ports in the Tasman and Golden Bays and Sounds, per quarter, payable in advance, £1. Over 36 tons and not exceeding 60 tons net register, £2. For every vessel not otherwise specified, per working day, or part thereof, Œd. per ton net register; minimum charge, 2s. 6d.
General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports and exports, with labour.
Transhipments: Half-rates when not landed on wharf; 3s. if landed.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton, imports and exports, with labour; fruit, 1s. 6d.
Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; 2s. 6d. if landed.
Frozen Meat—1s. 6d. per ton; butter, 2s.
Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.
Wool.—Exports and imports 1s. per bale.
Transhipments: Half-rates when not landed on wharf.
Coal.—1s. per ton imports; 2s. with labour.
Timber.—1d. per 100 ft. super., imports or exports; 2s. per ton by measurement: with labour.
Transhipments: 3s. if landed on wharf.
WESTPORT.
Pilotage (compulsory): All vessels up to 100 tons, free. Any vessel (steamer or sailer) above 100 tons register, 1d. per ton each way, in and out. One way only, half-rates.
Port charges: Receiving and discharging ships' ballast, 1s. per ton; minimum charge, 20s.; 1d. per ton for use of shoot.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthage: Use of wharf, for every vessel up to 1,400 tons lying at wharf, 1d. per ton net register per trip; and for every registered ton above 1,400 tons, 2d. per ton net register per trip; minimum charge, 5s.
Towage (both ways, in and out): Sailing-vessels, minimum charge, £7 10s.; maximum charge, £37 10s. Vessels 200 tons and upwards, 9d. per ton register. Steamers minimum charge, £12 10s. maximum charge, £40. Vessels 1,000 tons and upwards, 3d. per ton register. Any vessel using the tug one way only, either in or out, half-rates, and vessels arriving for “bunker” coal—i.e., coal to be used in the ship on her voyage and for no other purpose, declaration to this effect to be made by the master to be given to the Secretary of the Harbour Board—half-rates.
General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering. Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton., and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.
Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c. — 2s. per ton, and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.
Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage.
Wool.—6d. per bale.
Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.
Coal.—Landed ex ship, 1s. per ton. Coal for export, free.
Timber.—2d. per 100 ft. If for export and carried by rail, free.
Pilotage (not compulsory): Signal-station. For sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; for steamers, 4d. per ton, each way.
Port charges: Discharging ships' ballast, 6d. per ton.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthage: 1d. per ton net register for the first four days. For each additional day or part thereof on which a vessel actually works cargo continuously (weather permitting), per ton net register, Œd.; for each additional day or part thereof that any vessel lies at a wharf and does not actually take in or put out cargo (weather permitting), per ton net register, 2d.; vessels bar-bound to be free of berthage if no cargo landed or shipped. Day counted from midnight to midnight. No charge for Sundays or statutory holidays, provided no cargo is landed or shipped.
Warps: £1 per trip.
General Merchandise.—3s. 6d. per ton. This charge includes 1s. 6d. per ton for receiving and delivering. Coke, bricks, and fireclay carried by rail for export, free.
Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter
Grain and Agricultural Produce—3s. 6d. per ton. This charge includes 1s. 6d. a ton for receiving and delivering.
Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—3s. 6d. per ton. This charge includes 1s. 6d. a ton for receiving and delivering.
Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage.
Wool.—6d. per bale.
Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s, per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.
Coal.—6d. per ton inwards; outwards, free, if carried by rail.
Timber.—Inwards, 2d. per 100 ft.; outwards, 1d., if carried by rail for export.
Transhipment: Over side, 1d. per 100 ft.
Pilotage (compulsory): Inwards and outwards—Sailing-vessels 3œd. per ton; steamers 2œd. per ton on vessels of 100 tons and upwards. Foreign-going steamers and sailing-vessels free on second call on same voyage.
Port charges: 2d. per ton quarterly, in advance, for vessels of 100 tons and upwards plying within the port or employed in coasting only, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year; 2d. per ton for vessels of 100 tons and upwards not plying within the port or not solely employed in coasting, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year. For exemption from pilotage and harbour fees, see sections 116, 117, and 118 of the Harbours Act, 1908, and Fourth Schedule of Harbours Amendment Act, 1910.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthing charges: On all vessels of 25 tons register and upwards Œd. per ton per day, with a maximum charge as for three days.
Warps (21 in. coir hawsers): £1 per warp for use during a vessel's stay in port, not exceeding six months.
Fenders (soft wood): 10s. for first day, and 5s. per day after. 10s. for use of each hardwood fender.
General Merchandise.—1s. 9d. pet ton.
Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise; if landed, subject to declaration as for transport within twenty-eight days.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—7œd. per ton; chaff, hay, &c., 1s. per ton.
Transhipments: Free.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—6d. per ton.
Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise; if landed, subject to declaration as for transport within twenty-eight days.
Wool.—10œd. per bale.
Transhipments: Free.
Coal.—9d. per ton.
Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise; if landed, subject to declaration as for transport within twenty-eight days.
Timber.—3œd. per 100 ft. super.
Transhipments: Free.
Live-stock.—Large animals, 2s. per head; small animals, 2s. per score.
N.B.—All reshipments of goods from Lyttelton within three calendar months under declaration, free.
Pilotage (compulsory): Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton inwards and outwards; when tug used, 2d. per ton: steamers, 2d. per ton inwards and outwards. Foreign and intercolonial steamers under 3,500 cargo tons, working 800 tons cargo of less, only one pilotage fee; 3,500 tons or over, working 1,000 tons cargo or less, one pilotage fee only. Foreign-going steamer or sailing-vessel calling more than once during same voyage before leaving New Zealand, one inward and outward rate only (subject to above exemptions).
Port charges: Coasters, 1œ. per ton each trip; sailing-vessels, not coasters, 3d. per ton each trip; steam-vessels, not coasters, 6d. per ton on cargo worked. Intercolonial steamers coming direct or coastwise 1œd. per ton register, or 6d. per ton on cargo landed and shipped, whichever rate may be the lesser. In all cases not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton in any half-year, dating from the 1st days of January and July in each year.
Harbourmaster's fees: 1d. per ton each service; vessels less than 120 tons, 10s.; steamers of 1,000 tons or over, which have loaded wholly in New Zealand or Australian ports, working 500 tons of cargo or less, only one Harbourmaster's fee. This fee is charged to all vessels or steamers not paying pilotage.
Berthage: 3d. per ton on all cargo landed or shipped. Transhipments, half-rates.
Hawsers and moorings: Vessels at wharves, œd. per ton register per day for first three days; subsequent days, Œd. per ton. Vessels at buoys, under 800 tons register, ⅛d. per ton per day; over 800 tons, 1⅙d. per ton per day.
Fenders: Sailing-vessels under 500 tons register, 2s. per day; under 1,000 tons, 3s. per day; over 1,000 tons, 4s. per day. Steamers under 1,000 tons register, 4s. per day; under 1,500 tons, 10s. per day; under 2,000 tons, 15s. per day; over 2,000 tons, £1 per day; after three days, half-charges. Foreign-going vessels detained in the port sixty days, half-rates thereafter. A day is calculated as twenty-four hours from the time of berthing or mooring. Maximum charge for hawsers and fenders, per visit, £15.
Towage: Vessels under 100 tons register, £1 10s.; every 50 tons or fraction of 50 tons up to 500 tons, 10s.; over 500 tons, 5s. Distances beyond three miles, 1d. per ton register per mile.
Removals: Vessels under 150 tons, £1; every additional 50 tons or fraction of 50 tons, half sea-towage rates. Coal-hulk, £1 each way. When tug used for other services, but not in nature of salvage, £5 per hour. For foreign-going vessels detained in port 60 days, half-rates thereafter. When tug's hawser used, 1d. per ton register charged for each occasion.
Use of Board's oil-launch: Passengers—Special trip, £2; when Harbourmaster is going off to vessel, 2s. 6d. per passenger. Agents and masters—Special trip, £1; when agent or master directly connected with particular vessel to which the Harbourmaster is going off, free. Health Officer—Special trip, £2; when the Harbourmaster is going off to vessel, £1. Other trips subject to special arrangement with the Secretary to the Board.
Bricks, Pipes, Roofing-slates, Ores, Minerals, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton.
General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates. Ship stores, free.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Wool.—1s. per bale.
Transhipments: Half-rates
Coal.—2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Half-rates. For bunkering purposes, free.
Timber.—4d. per 100 ft.
Transhipments: Half-rates.
Tonnage rate: On cargo, inwards or outwards—Coal, merchandise, stone, produce, and timber, 8d. per ton; wool, 2s. per ton; frozen sheep, 1d. per carcase; frozen lamb, 1d. per carcase; rabbits and hares, 3s. per ton, gross weight; all other frozen goods, 3s. per ton, gross dead-weight; live-stock, 1s. 8d. per ton. These charges are in lieu of the usual port dues, pilotage, and berthage dues. Cargo is computed as follows for tonnage rates and cranage: Timber (native), 480 ft., super., to the ton; timber (ironbark), 320 ft., super., to the ton; other hard wood, 380 ft., super., to the ton; posts and rails, 50 to the ton; palings, 320 to the ton; Oamaru stone, 22 cubic feet to the ton, or as per railway weight; wool, 4 bales to the ton; live sheep, 20 to the ton; horses, 2 tons each; cattle, 2 tons each; yearlings, half-rates; pigs, 10 to the ton; light carriages, two-wheeled, 1 ton each; light carriages, four-wheeled, 2 tons each. In computing the tonnage-rate all goods may be charged upon the dead weight or measurement, at the option of the Board.
Warps: œd. per ton per day for seven days; Œd. per ton per day thereafter. In the event of any vessel remaining at any wharf for a period exceeding six weeks, the charge for warps will thereafter be reduced to ⅛d. per ton register of such vessel for each day or part of a day that she may occupy a berth at the wharf.
General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Free.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Free.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—œd. per sheep. Butter, as merchandise, 2s. per ton. Other frozen goods, 2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Free.
Wool.—6d. per bale.
Transhipments: Free.
Coal.—2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Free.
Timber.—5d. and 7d. per 100 ft. Fencing posts and rails, 4s. per 100. Palings, 7d. per 100.
Transhipments: Free.
Stone.—œd. per foot.
Live Cattle and Horses.—2s. 6d. each; yearlings, half-rates. Sheep, 2d. each; pigs, 4d. each.
Pilotage (compulsory): Inwards and outwards—Sailing-vessels without tug, 6d. per ton; with tug, 4d. per ton: colonial trading and Home trade, 4d. in and 4d. out. Foreign steamers 3d. in and 3d. out, and when calling twice on one voyage only charged once. All vessels holding exemption certificates, one annual pilotage. For every vessel under steam carrying an exempt pilot and employing a Board's pilot the charge shall be 1d. per ton for the Upper Harbour.
Port charges: 2d. per ton per trip, and 6d. per ton on cargo discharged other than coal or timber, but not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton on tonnage of vessel in any one half-year.
Harbourmaster's fees: Vessels less than 120 tons, 10s.; over 120 tons, 1d. per ton.
Berthage: Every steam or sailing vessel occupying a berth at the Board's wharves shall, subject to the following exemption, pay the following berth-age rate: One farthing per ton net register per day or part of a day, provided that the minimum amount shall be 1s. per day or part of a day. Any small boat or yacht using or berthing at any of the Board's wharves, jetties, or landing stages, and not holding a license under the by-laws, shall pay the sum of 1s. per day or part of a day, or in lieu thereof the Board will accept a yearly berthage fee of 5s., paid in advance, provided that nothing contained herein shall render any dingey or small boat belonging to licensed vessels, or vessels berthed at the Board's wharves and paying a berthage rate, subject to any berthage charge.
Towage: For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from sea to the stream at Port Chalmers, or vice versa, £5; in ballast only, £3 15s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 5d.; in ballast only, 3Ÿ;d. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from stream to wharf at Port Chalmers, or vice versa, £1; in ballast only, 15s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 1d.; in ballast only, per ton, Ÿ;d. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from sea to wharf at Port Chalmers, or vice versa, £6; in ballast only, £4 10s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 6d.; in ballast only, per ton, 4œd. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from Port Chalmers to Dunedin, or vice versa, £3; in ballast only, £2 5s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 3d.; in ballast only, per ton, 2Œd. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, for removals at Dunedin Bay, £1; in ballast only, 15s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 1d.; in ballast only, per ton, Ÿ;d. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from sea to Dunedin, or rice versa, £7; in-ballast only. £5 5s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 6d.; in ballast only, for each ton, 4œd. For any service rendered to any vessel outside of an are of three miles from Taiaroa Heads, at the rate per hour of £5. When assistance is given to steam-vessels under steam, one-fourth usual towage, not exceeding £5 for Upper Harbour and £7 for Lower Harbour.
Extracts from by-laws: Minimum charge: On application of the master or agent of any foreign-going steamer visiting the port, the ordinary charges for pilotage and port charges shall be suspended, and a charge of 5s. per ton on cargo as per ship's manifest discharged, and 10s. per ton on cargo loaded, shall be substituted therefor, but there shall be a minimum charge of £50. Any payments made under this by-law shall not be deemed to be an inward and outward pilotage under section (d) of By-law No. 79.
General Merchandise.—1s., 2s., 3s., 4s., and 5s. per ton, imports. (Classified.) Exports: Beer 2s. per ton. A rate of 2s. per ton by weight upon all flour, malt, meal, tallow, hides, wool, ores, and quartz. Cattle, 1s. 6d.; calves, 1s.; pigs, 6d.; horses, 2s. 6d.; foals, 1s. 6d. each. All other goods 1s. per ton export.
Transhipments: 1s. per ton.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. per ton, imports; 1s. per ton by weight, exports; bran and pollard, exports, 1s. per ton; flour and oatmeal, 2s. A rate of 1s. per ton by weight upon all barley, wheat, oats, rye, beans, whole peas, maize, potatoes, turnips, carrots, onions, straw, hay, and building-stone.
Transhipments: 1s. per ton.
Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Flax, fungus, rabbits, live-stock, and beef, 1s. per ton measurement, exports; butter, imports, 4s. per ton; butter and cheese, exports, 1s. per ton weight; frozen meat, imports, 5s. per ton, exports 1s. per ton.
Transhipments: 1s. per ton.
Wool.—Exports, 2s. per ton, wool, skins, and hides (3 bales to ton); as. per ton, imports (3 bales to ton).
Transhipments: 1s. per ton by measurement.
Coal.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 1s. per ton.
Transhipments: 1s. per ton.
Timber.—Imports, 6d. and 3d. per 100 superficial feet; exports, 1s. per ton 500 superficial feet.
Transhipments: 1s. per ton by measurement. Notice of transhipment must be given within 24 hours after ship's arrival.
Pilotage (compulsory): Steamers, intercolonial or coastwise, inwards and outwards, 2œd. per ton register; ocean-going, 2d. per ton net register inwards and outwards; sailing-vessels, 4œd. inwards and outwards if tug not employed; 2œd. per ton register inwards and outwards if tug employed. Sailing-vessels in ballast, 2œd. per ton register inwards and outwards. Steamers under pilotage exemption, in and out, 5d. per ton register, payable yearly; sailing-vessels, in and out, 9d. per ton register, payable yearly. On application by master or agent of foreign-going steamer ordinary charges for pilotage, port charges, and berthage may be suspended, and a charge of 5s. per ton for inward cargo and 10s. per ton for outward cargo may be substituted therefor, with a minimum charge of £50.
Port charges: On all vessels, per trip, 2d. per ton register, but no vessel shall be required to pay more than 6d. per ton register in any six months from date of entry.
Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.
Berthage: Steamers, 1d. per ton net register for the first day, and 1d. per ton for second day, and Œd. per ton per day thereafter. Sailing-vessels and hulks of over 50 tons register, 1d. per ton net register per week for the first four weeks, and Œd. per ton per week thereafter.
Towage assistance to steamers using their own motive power: Over 3,000 tons, £5; over 2,000 tons, £4, under 2,000 tons, £3.
Steamers calling more than once on same voyage only charged one inward and outward pilotage.
General Merchandise.—1s. to 4s. per ton, imports and exports, as specified.
Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.
Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. per ton, imports and exports.
Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.
Frozen Meat, &c.—1s. 3d. per ton, exports; cheese, 2s. per ton.
Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.
Wool.—1s. per bale, imports and exports.
Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.
Coal.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports and exports.
Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton when landed ex hulk; free when not landed on wharf.
Timber.—Imports and exports: New-Zealand-grown timber, 2d per 100 ft. super.; other timber, (3d. per 100 ft. super.
Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed on wharf.
The coast-line and harbours of New Zealand are fairly well provided with lighthouses, and more are being added from time to time. A list of the various lighthouses, with particulars as to the lights at each, is given.
| Number of Light | Name of Lighthouse. | Order of Apparatus. | Fixed, Flashing, or Revolving. | Interval of Revolution or Flash. | Height, in Feet, above High Water. | Colour of Light. | Distance visible in Nautical Miles. | Colour of Lighthouse. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The lighthouses marked thus †), under the control of the Marine Department, have been equipped with flags and lamps for day and night signalling by the Morse code, and light-keepers and signalmen at those places are now competent to receive and transmit messages. Those places marked thus (*) are connected with the telegraph system of the Dominion by telephone. The following-mentioned signal-stations may also be communicated with by the Morse code: Pouto (Kaipara), Manukau Heads, Hokianga Heads, and Picton Harbour. NOTE.—The distance visible of lights of greater power than 5th order dioptric is calculated in nautical miles as seen from a height of 15 ft. above the sea. In very clear weather the lower-order lights may be seen at a greater distance than is given in this table. | ||||||||
| 1 | †* Cape Maria van Diemen | 1st order dioptric | Revolving | 1 minute | 330 | White | 25 | White. |
| †* Cape Maria van Diemen | Fixed | Red, to show over Columbia Reef | ||||||
| 2 | †* Cape Brett | 1st order dioptric | Group, 2 fl. | 30 seconds | 510 | White | 30œ | White. |
| 3 | Maro Tiri (Chickens) | Acetone acetylene gas (unwatched) | Flashing | Œ sec. fl., 31œ sec. ecl. | 480 | White | 20 | |
| 4 | † Moko Hinou | 1st order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 385 | White | 27 | |
| 5 | * Whangaparapara (Great Barrier) | 6th order port light | Fixed | 100 | White | 8 | White. | |
| 6 | † Cuvier Island | 1st order dioptric | Revolving | 30 seconds | 390 | White | 27 | White. |
| 7 | †* Tiritiri | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | 300 | White, with red are over Flat Rock | 24 | Red. | |
| 8 | Bean Rock | Unwatched | Flashing | 1 sec. fl., 4 sec. ecl. | 50 | White, red, green | 10 | White. |
| 9 | Rangitoto Beacon | Pintsch's patent gaslight (unwatched) | Occulting | 5 seconds | 68 | White, showing 5 sec. flash and 5 sec. obscured | 12 | Red and white, vertical. |
| 10 | Ponui Passage | 5th order dioptric | Fixed | 50 | White and red | 10 | White. | |
| 11 | †* East Cape | 2nd | Flashing | 10 seconds | 362 | White flash | 26 | White. |
| 12 | Tuahine Point | Acetone acetylene gas (unwatched) | Occulting | fl., 2 sec., ecl. 6 sec. | 53 | White | 13 | White. |
| 13 | Gisborne Leading-lights | Dioptric side-lights | Fixed | 60, 40 | White and Red | 5 | White. | |
| 14 | † Portland Island | 2nd order dioptric | Revolving | 30 seconds | 300 | White | 24 | |
| † Portland Island | Fixed | Red, over Bull Rock | ||||||
| 15 | Napier | 4th order dioptric | Fixed | 160 | White | 19 | White. | |
| 16 | Napier Leading-lights | Fixed | 70,50 | White and red | 7 | White. | ||
| 17 | Castlepoint | 2nd order incand'nt | Group fl., 3 fl. | 45 seconds | 170 | White | 19œ | White. |
| 18 | †* Cape Palliser | 2nd order dioptric | Group. 2 fl. | 30 seconds | 258 | White; interval of 3 sec. between flashes | 23 | White. |
| 19 | * Peacarrow Hd. | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | 322 | White | 25 | White. | |
| 20 | * Peacarrow Hd. | Wigham ben. lamp (unwatched) | Fixed | 32 | White and red | 10 | White. | |
| 21 | * Somes Island | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | 95 | White, red and green | 15œ | White. | |
| 22 | * Manawatu River | Ordinary lamp | Fixed | 44 | White | 5 | Flagstaff white. | |
| 23 | Wanganui River | 6th order port light | Fixed | 65 | White | 8 | Flagstaff white. | |
| 24 | Patea | 5th order port light | Fixed | 130 | Red | 10 | Flagstaff white. | |
| 25 | †* Cape Egmont | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | 103 | White | 16 | White. | |
| 26 | New Plymouth Leading-lights | 4th and 5th order port light | Fixed | 100, 45 | Red | 16,10 | White. | |
| 27 | Waitara | 6th order port light | Fixed | 70 | White | 8 | Flagstaff white. | |
| 28 | †* Manukau | 3rd order dioptric | Fixed | 385 | White | 27 | Brown. | |
| †* Manukau | 5th order port light | Fixed | 70 | White and green | 10 | White. | ||
| 29 | †* Kaipara | 2nd order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 278 | White | 23œ | Red. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The lighthouses marked thus (†), under the control of the Marine Department, have been equipped with flags and lamps for day and night signalling by the Morse code, and light-keepers and signalmen at those places are now competent to receive and transmit messages. Those places marked thus (*) are connected with the telegraph system of the Dominion by telephone. | ||||||||
| 30 | * Hokianga | 6th order port light | 152 | White | 8 | White. | ||
| 31 | * Nelson | 4th order port light | Fixed | 60 | White, with red arc | 13 | White. | |
| 32 | * French Pass | 6th order port light | Fixed | 12 | White and red, with white light on beacon | 8 | White. | |
| 33 | †* Stephens Island | 1st order dioptric | Group fl., 2 fl. | 30 seconds | 600 | White | 32œ | White. |
| 34 | Jackson Head | Pintsch's patent gaslight (unwatched) | Occulting | fl. 3 secs., ecl. 3 sec. | 55 | White | 10 | Concrete bcn. |
| 35 | Diffenbach Point (Queen Charlotte Sound) | Acetone acetylene gas (unwatched) | Flashing | 0.3 sec., ecl. 2.7 sec. | 39 | White | 5 | White. |
| 36 | † The Brothers | 2nd order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 258 | White | 23 | White. |
| † The Brothers | Fixed | Red, over Cook Rock | ||||||
| 36a | Karori Rock (building) | Acetone acetylene gas (unwatched) | Flashing | œ sec. fl., ecl. 3œ secs. | 65 | White, with red arcs | 13œ | |
| 37 | Tory Channel Leading-lights | 5th order port light | Fixed | 86, 22 | White | 10 | White. | |
| 38 | * Wairau River | 6th order port light | Fixed | 38 | White | 8 | Flagstaff. | |
| 39 | †* Cape Campbell | 2nd order dioptric | Revolving | 1 minute | 155 | White | 18œ | White. |
| 40 | * Godley Head | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | 450 | White | 29 | White. | |
| 41 | †* Akaroa Head | 2nd order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 270 | White | 23 | White. |
| 42 | Timaru | 5th order port light | Fixed | 85 | Red and green | 10 | White. | |
| 43 | Jack's Point | 4th order dioptric | Occulting | 10 seconds | 94 | White | 15œ | White. |
| 44 | Oamaru | 5th order dioptric | Flashiug | 14 seconds | 120 | White | 10 | Light stone |
| 45 | † Moeraki | 3rd order dioptric | Fixed | 170 | White | 19œ | White. | |
| 46 | †* Taiaroa Head | 3rd order dioptric | Fixed | 196 | Red | 20œ | White. | |
| 47 | Otago Harbour Entrance, N. Mole Light | Wigham ben. light | Fixed | 29 | Green | 5 | White. | |
| 48 | †* Cape Saunders | 2nd order dioptric | Revolving | 1 minute | 210 | White | 21 | White. |
| 49 | †* Nugget Point | 1st order dioptric | Fixed | 250 | White | 22œ | White. | |
| 50 | † Waipapapa Point | 2nd order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 70 | White | 14 | White. |
| 51 | †* Dog Island | 1st order catadioptric | Revolving | 30 seconds | 150 | White | 18œ | White & black bands. |
| 52 | †* Centre Island | 1st order dioptric | Fixed | 265 | White, with red arcs | 23 | White. | |
| 53 | †* Puysegur Point | 1st order dioptric | Flashing | 10 seconds | 180 | White | 20 | |
| 54 | Hokitika | 5th order dioptric | Fixed | 122 | White | 10 | ||
| 55 | Greymouth | 6th order port light | Fixed | 62 | White | 8 | Flagstaff. | |
| 56 | †* Cape Foulwind | 2nd order dioptric | Revolving | 30 seconds | 238 | White | 22 | White. |
| 57 | Westport | Dioptric masthead-It. | Fixed | 50 | White | 8 | Flagstaff. | |
| 58 | * Karamea | 6th order port light | Fixed | 50 | White | 8 | Flagstaff. | |
| 59 | † Ka hurangi Point | 2nd order dioptric | Fixed | 110 | White, with red sector | 16 | White. | |
| 60 | †* Farewell Spit | 2nd | Revolving | 1 minute | 97 | White, with red arc over Spit end | 16 | Upper part white & lower part red. |
The following-mentioned signal-stations may also be communicated with by the Morse code: Pouto (Kaipara), Manukau Heads, Hokianga Heads, and Picton Harbour.
NOTE.—The distance visible of lights of greater power than 5th order dioptric is calculated in nautical miles as seen from a height of 15 ft. above the sea. In very clear weather the lower-order lights may be seen at a greater distance than is given in this table.
Outlying Islands of New Zealand.
Mariners are informed that depots of provisions and clothing for castaways are established on the following islands:—
Kermadec Islands.—There are two depots, each a small iron shed, fitted with spouting and a lank to catch water, and containing a supply of clothing, biscuits, medicines, tools, &c. One is in 30° 15′ S., 178° 31′ W., at Lava Cascade, about 1œ cables south-eastward of the northern point of Macaulay Island; the other is in 30° 35′ S., 178° 36′ W., on the southern side of Macdonald Cove (crater), on the N.W. side of Curtis Island.
Three Kings.—A provision depot has been established on the largest island. It is situated on the narrow neck at the head of N.W. and S.B. bays, in latitude Ÿ 9′ 11′ S., longitude 172° 9′ 1′ E., 31 miles N. 52° W. of Cape Maria van Diemen Lighthouse. The house is painted white, and is plainly visible from S.E. bay. A finger-post is erected on the ridge overlooking the two bays, and is visible from the anchorage in each bay. A notice is nailed up inside the house giving instructions where to find water, and also how to attract the attention of the light-keepers at Cape Maria—namely, by making a fire on the hill to the west of the house—and that the light-keepers have been instructed to keep a constant look-out in that direction.
Snares Islands.—A depot is established in 48° 0Ÿ;' S., 166° 35Ÿ;' E., in Boat Harbour, at the eastern end of N.E. Island, 120 miles by sea in a S.W. direction from Bluff Harbour.
Bounty Islands.—The depot is a hut at an elevation of 120 ft., visible from the northward, and situated in 47° 42′ S., 179° 3′ E., southward of she western inlet of the principal island—the northeastern—of the western group. It is 360 miles S. 72° E. from Port Chalmers.
Antipodes Islands.—The depot is a hut at an elevation of 100 ft., visible from some distance north-eastward, and situated in 49° 40′ 3., 178° 50′ E., 300 ft. from the landing-place, on the N.E. side of the large island, and half a mile westward of its east point. It is 460 miles S. 66° E. from Bluff Harbour.
Auckland Islands.—There are three depots on the principal island: one, a square wooden house, in 50° 33Œ' S., 166° 12′ E., and a boat near the depot, on the S. side of Erebus Cove, Port Boss, on the E. side and at the northern end of the island; the second is in 50° 44œ' S., 166° 8′ E., at the head of Norman Inlet (wrongly named “Musgrave Inlet” on charts), and not at the inlet named Norman Inlet, two miles and a half northward; the third, and a boat for shipwrecked people, is in 50° 50œ' S., 166° 1′ E., in the western arm of Camp Cove, Carnley Harbour, at the S. end of the island. A lifeboat has been placed on Enderby Island, the northeastern of the group; another at the N.W. end of Adams Island, the southern of the group; one on Rose Island, immediately S.W. of Enderby Island; and one on Disappointment Island. Port Ross is 256 miles by sea in a S.S.W. direction from Bluff Harbour.
Campbell Island.—The depot, indicated by a white staff and a boat, is in 52° 33œ' S., 169° 6œ' E., in Tucker Cove, at the head of S. or Perseverance Harbour, on the east side of the island. Perseverance Harbour is 354 miles by sea southward of Bluff Harbour.
Finger-posts to indicate the positions of the depots are erected on all these islands. The Government steamer visits the Kermadec and Three Kings Islands once a year; and the Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland, and Campbell Islands twice a year.
Table of Contents
THE history and progress of railways in New Zealand was specially described in the Year-book of 1894, as was also the line partly built by the New Zealand Midland Railway Company. An account of the line lately belonging to the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company was published in the Year-book for 1895.
In the year 1860 a contract was let for the construction of the first New Zealand railway. Up to the year 1870 there were only 46 miles of railway in operation. In that year the construction of railways came to be part of the public-works policy just then initiated, and the Railways Act of 1870 authorized certain lines to be made and surveys of others. In 1876 the abolition of the provinces placed the earlier-constructed railways in the hands of the General Government. At that time there were 718 miles open for traffic.
In December, 1908, the Government acquired by purchase the railway between Wellington and Longburn, eighty-four miles in length, completed in 1886 by the Wellington-Manawatu Railway Company. The entire railway system, with the exception of a few miles of private lines used for specific purposes, such as the carriage of coal, timber, or stone, is now owned and controlled by the State.
The State railway system of New Zealand comprised at 31st March last 2,854 miles of line open for traffic, divided into nine distinct sections as follows:—
| Section. | Length. Miles. |
|---|---|
| North Island Main line | 1,092 |
| Whangarei-Kawakawa | 58 |
| Kaihu | 17 |
| Gisborne-Waikohu | 32 |
| South Island Main line | 1,366 |
| Westland | 144 |
| Westport | 36 |
| Nelson | 61 |
| Picton | 48 |
| Total | 2,854 |
The gauge is 3 ft. 6 in., and all lines have been uniformly constructed to that standard. For main lines the standard rail is 70 lb. per lineral yard; for branch lines 52 lb. and 56 lb. per lineal yard. Sleepers are of Australian hardwood (ironbark or jarrah) or of New Zealand totara or silver-pine.
Since 1901 all carriages and wagons required for use on the State railways have been manufactured in the railway workshops of the Dominion. The locomotives also are now all built in the Dominion, mostly in the railway workshops. The standard passenger locomotive now in use weighs 72 tons, and has a tractive power of 19,000 lb. The standard goods locomotive weighs 94 tons, and has a tractive power of 29,840 lb. Both types are of the four-cylinder balanced compound type. Standard carriages are 50 ft. in length, fitted with chair seats to accommodate forty-four passengers, and lighted by the Pintsch gas system. All rolling-stock is fitted with the Westinghouse brake.
Information as to rolling-stock in use on the State railways of Australia and New Zealand is given in the following table:—
| ROLLING-STOCK, STATE RAILWAYS OF AUSTRALASIA. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State. | Year ended | Locomotives. | Passenger Vehicles. | Trucks and Vans. |
| No. | No. | No. | ||
| Queensland | 30th June, 1913 | 588 | 629 | 11,819 |
| New South Wales | 30th June, 1913 | 998 | 1,338 | 19,590 |
| Victoria | 30th June, 1913 | 668 | 1,391 | 16,541 |
| South Australia | 30th June, 1913 | 369 | 445 | 8,288 |
| Western Australia | 30th June, 1913 | 386 | 369 | 9,078 |
| Tasmania | 30th June, 1913 | 83 | 173 | 1,734 |
| Northern Territory | 30th June, 1913 | 6 | 4 | 142 |
| New Zealand | 31st March, 1914 | 534 | 1,363 | 20,251 |
The following statement shows the number of miles of Government railways open in the Dominion, the number of train-miles travelled and of passengers carried, and the tonnage of goods traffic, for the past twenty years:—
| Year ended 31st March. | Length open (Miles). | Train-mileage. | Passengers. | Season Tickets issued. | Goods and Live-stock |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* The equivalent tonnage for live-stock has been given | |||||
| Tons. | |||||
| 1895 | 1,993 | 3,221,620 | 3,905,578 | 28,623 | 2,123,343 |
| 1896 | 2,014 | 3,307,226 | 4,162,426 | 36,233 | 2,175,943 |
| 1897 | 2,018 | 3,409,218 | 4,439,387 | 43,069 | 2,461,127 |
| 1898 | 2,055 | 3,666,483 | 4,672,264 | 48,660 | 2,628,746 |
| 1899 | 2,090 | 3,968,708 | 4,955,553 | 55,027 | 2,744,441 |
| 1900 | 2,104 | 4,187,893 | 5,468,284 | 63,335 | 3,251,716 |
| 1901 | 2,212 | 4,620,971 | 6,243,593 | 82,921 | 3,461,331 |
| 1902 | 2,235 | 5,066,360 | 7,356,136 | 100,778 | 3,667,039 |
| 1903 | 2,291 | 5,443,333 | 7,575,390 | 118,431 | 3,918,261 |
| 1904 | 2,328 | 5,685,399 | 8,306,383 | 129,919 | 4,259,217 |
| 1905 | 2,374 | 6,107,079 | 8,514,112 | 140,453 | 4,185,468 |
| 1906 | 2,407 | 6,413,573 | 8,826,382 | 147,989 | 4,415,166 |
| 1907 | 2,458 | 6,755,454 | 9,600,786 | 165,504 | 4,824,563 |
| 1908 | 2,474 | 7,051,274 | 9,756,716 | 185,174 | 5,070,176 |
| 1909 | 2,674 | 7,458,236 | 10,457,144 | 192,547 | 5,135,408 |
| 1910 | 2,717 | 7,889,166 | 11,141,142 | 199,371 | 5,490,018 |
| 1911 | 2,753 | 8,141,075 | 11,200,613 | 222,104 | 5,863,674 |
| 1912 | 2,798 | 8,371,687 | 11,891,134 | 236,957 | 5,887,908 |
| 1913 | 2,851 | 9,016,224 | 13,123,879 | 265,259 | 6,246,128 |
| 1914 | 2,854 | 9,319,268 | 13,355,893 | 287,037 | 6,019,633 |
The traffic in local products for the past twenty years was,—
| Year ended 31st March. | Wool. | Timber. | Grain. | Minerals. | Horses and Cattle. | Sheep and Pigs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Number. | Number. | |
| 1895 | 103,328 | 198,578 | 388,556 | 857,917 | 52,075 | 1,563,213 |
| 1896 | 99,363 | 213,132 | 374,699 | 878,659 | 50,766 | 1,893,058 |
| 1897 | 98,958 | 257,825 | 423,888 | 1,032,252 | 47,256 | 2,016,437 |
| 1898 | 103,055 | 313,073 | 427,448 | 1,048,868 | 54,871 | 2,399,379 |
| 1899 | 97,396 | 310,266 | 420,071 | 1,147,353 | 66,226 | 2,552,745 |
| 1900 | 104,621 | 334,677 | 764,033 | 1,218,698 | 76,537 | 2,559,836 |
| 1901 | 96,519 | 380,803 | 772,571 | 1,366,241 | 84,289 | 2,463,250 |
| 1902 | 101,878 | 427,153 | 813,345 | 1,443,792 | 95,384 | 2,780,019 |
| 1903 | 116,309 | 436,008 | 718,376 | 1,604,426 | 115,198 | 3,883,177 |
| 1904 | 101,316 | 509,712 | 820,453 | 1,744,323 | 122,064 | 3,826,646 |
| 1905 | 107,625 | 493,327 | 732,480 | 1,806,360 | 126,575 | 3,490,752 |
| 1906 | 116,086 | 534,533 | 772,258 | 1,938,548 | 136,319 | 3,441,387 |
| 1907 | 128,161 | 567,835 | 770,706 | 2,135,446 | 150,801 | 4,776,223 |
| 1908 | 120,593 | 616,892 | 739,568 | 2,319,913 | 169,174 | 4,719,087 |
| 1909 | 137,916 | 582,860 | 793,793 | 2,342,048 | 179,008 | 5,329,115 |
| 1910 | 151,051 | 523,845 | 1,044,468 | 2,486,121 | 196,983 | 5,253,692 |
| 1911 | 143,247 | 627,107 | 1,013,298 | 2,655,250 | 230,985 | 6,071,670 |
| 1912 | 141,607 | 718,414 | 949,556 | 2,676,783 | 228,056 | 5,601,711 |
| 1913 | 147,735 | 695,060 | 1,181,899 | 2,760,983 | 243,566 | 5,524,935 |
| 1914 | 155,709 | 676,858 | 1,050,395 | 2,551,614 | 276,069 | 7,006,268 |
The total cost of construction of open lines up to 31st March, 1914, was £32,355,037. The amount spent on lines in course of construction and not handed over to the Working Railways Department for traffic purposes was £2,625,489, making the total capital invested in State railways £34,980,576. The figures for each of the past five years are given.
| CAPITAL INVESTED IN STATE RAILWAYS, 1909–10 TO 1913–14. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | 1909–10. | 1910–11. | 1911–12. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Lines open for traffic | 28,513,476 | 29,606,546 | 30,506,089 | 31,611,220 | 32,355,087 |
| Lines under construction | 1,807,715 | 1,903,414 | 2,183,090 | 2,220,563 | 2,625,489 |
| Totals | 30,321,191 | 31,509,960 | 32,689,179 | 33,831,783 | 34,980,576 |
The railways of New Zealand have been looked upon more as adjuncts to the settlement of the country and the development of its natural resources than as an investment from which large profits should directly accrue. For many years a profit of 3 per cent. was regarded as sufficient, and any excess over this rate was followed by reductions in passenger-charges or in freights. Consequent on the extension of settlement and the soundness of the Dominion's industries, a higher rate than 3 per cent. has been aimed at in recent years. The rate looked for in 1909–10 was 3Ÿ per cent., in 1910–11 4 per cent., followed in 1911–12 by a return to 3Ÿ; per cent. These rates were obtained, as will be seen from the table following. The rate for 1913–14, however, fell below expectations, a result entirely due to the extended strike which obtained during nearly three months of the year and to the outbreak of smallpox in the North Island.
The gross revenue from lines open for traffic during the financial year ended 31st March last was £4,043,328, an increase of £72,623 on the amount realized for the previous year. The net revenue amounted to £1,163,005, equivalent to a return of 3.61 per cent. on the capital invested in lines open for traffic.
Information as to the revenue of the railways during each of the past 20 years is given in the following table:—
| RAILWAY REVENUE, 1894–95 TO 1913–14. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Gross Revenue from | Total Gross Revenue. | Net Revenue. | Percentages of Net Revenue to Capital Cost. | |||||
| Passenger-fares. | Parcels, Luggage, and Mails. | Goods and Livestock. | Rents and Miscellaneous | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | |
| 1895 | 385,149 | 43,270 | 683,726 | 38,706 | 1,150,851 | 418,691 | 2 | 14 | 6 |
| 1896 | 389,234 | 54,736 | 698,115 | 40,956 | 1,183,041 | 431,673 | 2 | 16 | 0 |
| 1897 | 410,160 | 58,084 | 774,163 | 43,751 | 1,286,158 | 497,104 | 3 | 3 | 10 |
| 1898 | 433,430 | 60,872 | 837,589 | 44,117 | 1,376,008 | 518,817 | 3 | 4 | 10 |
| 1899 | 475,553 | 66,418 | 882,077 | 45,617 | 1,469,665 | 539,928 | 3 | 5 | 10 |
| 1900 | 515,020 | 68,488 | 985,723 | 54,660 | 1,533,891 | 571,533 | 3 | 8 | 5 |
| 1901 | 544,976 | 72,712 | 1,051,694 | 57,854 | 1,727,236 | 599,389 | 3 | 9 | 8 |
| 1902 | 621,019 | 79,561 | 1,110,575 | 63,431 | 1,874,586 | 622,349 | 3 | 8 | 6 |
| 1903 | 625,698 | 87,273 | 1,189,101 | 71,966 | 1,974,038 | 630,623 | 3 | 6 | 1 |
| 1904 | 704,660 | 110,151 | 1,293,169 | 72,661 | 2,180,641 | 741,917 | 3 | 11 | 8 |
| 1905 | 738,158 | 115,051 | 1,277,976 | 78,046 | 2,209,231 | 716,331 | 3 | 6 | 0 |
| 1906 | 786,873 | 142,642 | 1,346,038 | 74,151 | 2,349,704 | 728,465 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
| 1907 | 892,053 | 151,913 | 1,498,686 | 81,948 | 2,624,600 | 812,118 | 3 | 9 | 1 |
| 1908 | 912,978 | 176,876 | 1,582,328 | 89,756 | 2,761,938 | 812,179 | 3 | 6 | 8 |
| 1909 | 1,011,658 | 187,040 | 1,630,704 | 100,124 | 2,929,526 | 814,711 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| 1910 | 1,171,040 | 192,585 | 1,772,547 | 113,618 | 3,249,790 | 1,080,316 | 3 | 16 | 0 |
| 1911 | 1,223,412 | 193,789 | 1,961,078 | 115,903 | 3,494,182 | 1,190,910 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| 1912 | 1,319,114 | 203,334 | 2,032,785 | 121,276 | 3,676,509 | 1,210,613 | 3 | 19 | 7 |
| 1913 | 1,461,873 | 215,209 | 2,157,686 | 136,234 | 3,971,002 | 1,265,393 | 4 | 0 | 9 |
| 1914 | 1,450,480 | 236,761 | 2,209,398 | 146,689 | 4,043,328 | 1,163,005 | 3 | 12 | 3 |
For 1895–96 and subsequent years the railways have been credited with the value of services performed for other Government Departments, and debited with the value of work done for the Railway Department by other Departments.
The revenue from passenger-fares during the year 1913–14 represented an expenditure on railway travel of £1 5s. 9d. per head of mean population, including Maoris. The total revenue was equal to £3 11s. 10d. per capita.
A table is added showing information as to railway revenue in each of the Australian States for the year ended 30th June, 1913. Figures for New Zealand for the year 1913–14 are also given.
| REVENUE OF STATE RAILWAYS IN AUSTRALASIA, 1912–13. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State. | Average Miles of Line worked. | Train-miles run (,000 omitted). | Gross Revenue. | Net Revenue. | |||
| Amount. | Per Train-mile. | Per Cent. of Capital. | |||||
* Loss. † Year ended 31st March, 1914. | |||||||
| £ | £ | s. | d. | ||||
| Queensland | 4,350 | 11,464 | 3,321,672 | 1,170,681 | 2 | 1 | 3.63 |
| New South Wales | 3,872 | 19,184 | 6,748,985 | 2,104,104 | 2 | 3 | 3.76 |
| Victoria. | 3,639 | 14,235 | 5,205,442 | 1,616,249 | 2 | 3 | 3.40 |
| South Australia | 2,012 | 6,625 | 2,298,305 | 826,604 | 2 | 6 | 5.12 |
| Western Australia | 2,783 | 5,623 | 2,037,853 | 531,253 | 1 | 11 | 3.56 |
| Tasmania | 508 | 1,007 | 327,113 | 109,756 | 2 | 2 | 2.49 |
| Northern Territory | 145 | 31 | 15,933 | −733* | −0 | 5* | −0.06* |
| New Zealand† | 2,854 | 9,319 | 4,043,328 | 1,163,005 | 2 | 6 | 3.61 |
Expenditure on State Railways open for traffic during the year ended 31st March, 1914, amounted to £2,880,323, or 71.24 per cent. of the gross revenue. The figures for each of the past twenty years are as follows:—
| Year ended 31st March. | Expenditure. | |
|---|---|---|
| Amount. | Per Cent. of Revenue. | |
| 1895 | 732,160 | 63.62 |
| 1896 | 751,368 | 63.51 |
| 1897 | 789,054 | 61.35 |
| 1898 | 857,191 | 62.30 |
| 1899 | 929,737 | 63.26 |
| 1900 | 1,052,358 | 64.80 |
| 1901 | 1,127,847 | 65.30 |
| 1902 | 1,252,237 | 66.80 |
| 1903 | 1,343,415 | 68.05 |
| 1904 | 1,438,724 | 65.98 |
| 1905 | 1,492,900 | 67.58 |
| 1906 | 1,621,239 | 69.00 |
| 1907 | 1,812,482 | 69.06 |
| 1908 | 1,949,759 | 70.59 |
| 1909 | 2,114,815 | 72.19 |
| 1910 | 2,169,474 | 66.76 |
| 1911 | 2,303,272 | 65.92 |
| 1912 | 2,465,896 | 67.07 |
| 1913 | 2,705,609 | 68.13 |
| 1914 | 2,880,323 | 71.24 |
The number of men employed in operating the State railways at 31st March last was 14,176. The staff is divided into two divisions—namely, first or clerical division and second or out-of-door division, and is further classed in four branches, as shown in the following table, which gives the number of employees in March of each of the past ten years:—
| RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, 1904–5 TO 1913–14. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| As at 81st March. | General. | Traffic. | Maintenance. | Locomotive. | Totals. |
| 1905 | 231 | 2,912 | 3,167 | 3,051 | 9,361 |
| 1906 | 240 | 3,076 | 3,238 | 3,241 | 9,795 |
| 1907 | 285 | 3,350 | 3,692 | 3,531 | 10,858 |
| 1908 | 307 | 3,725 | 4,192 | 4,114 | 12,338 |
| 1909 | 460 | 3,899 | 4,544 | 3,602 | 12,505 |
| 1910 | 648 | 3,758 | 3,847 | 3,971 | 12,224 |
| 1911 | 671 | 3,848 | 4,228 | 4,134 | 12,881 |
| 1912 | 673 | 4,064 | 4,308 | 4,478 | 13,523 |
| 1913 | 718 | 4,469 | 4,240 | 4,786 | 14,213 |
| 1914 | 600 | 4,676 | 3,952 | 4,948 | 14,176 |
Railway employees are under a system of classification, first introduced in 1896, and revised at various times since then. In 1896 the minimum rate of pay for adult employees was 6s. per diem. The minimum has been raised from time to time, until at present no married man receives less than 9s. per diem.
Appeal Boards (one in each Island) have been constituted to hear and redress grievances of men dissatisfied with decisions respecting the withholding of annual increments, promotion, loss of status, or breaches of discipline involving fines in excess of £2. Each Board consists of a Magistrate and two members of the railway service elected by the members thereof. The Minister of Railways has the power of veto in respect of any decision of the Board.
A superannuation fund in connection with the railway service was established in 1903. Full information concerning this is given in the section dealing with Pensions and Superannuation Funds.
The history of railways in New Zealand has been one of comparative freedom from accidents of a serious nature. The most serious was the Rakaia accident of 1899, wherein four persons were killed and several injured. The Whangamarino accident of 27th May, 1914, resulted in three persons being killed and others injured. A table is given dealing with railway accidents during each of the past ten years:—
| RAILWAY ACCIDENTS, 1904–5 TO 1913–14. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | To Passengers. | To Employees. | To others. | Fatal. | Serious. | Minor. | Totals. |
| 1905 | 19 | 441 | 33 | 41 | 10 | 442 | 493 |
| 1906 | 25 | 475 | 29 | 20 | 10 | 499 | 529 |
| 1907 | 26 | 542 | 22 | 27 | 8 | 555 | 590 |
| 1908 | 20 | 622 | 27 | 28 | 12 | 629 | 669 |
| 1909 | 24 | 673 | 25 | 29 | 5 | 688 | 722 |
| 1910 | 14 | 708 | 19 | 25 | 11 | 705 | 741 |
| 1911 | 28 | 722 | 36 | 35 | 3 | 748 | 786 |
| 1912 | 18 | 806 | 22 | 23 | 6 | 817 | 846 |
| 1913 | 8 | 868 | 39 | 22 | 5 | 888 | 915 |
| 1914 | 18 | 1,008 | 25 | 27 | 4 | 1,020 | 1,051 |
Of the persons meeting with fatal accidents in 1913–14 1 was a passenger, 12 were employees, and 14 neither passengers nor employees. Of the non-fatal accidents 44 were classified as train accidents, 267 as accidents on line (other than train-running), 129 as shunting accidents, 323 as accidents on wharves and in sheds, and 261 as accidents in railway workshops.
Table of Contents
The Post and Telegraph Department is really a “Service” rather than a “Department.” By reason of its ramifications, it has probably greater potentialities for usefulness to the public than any other organization, and in New Zealand very full use is made of it.
Around the money-order and savings-bank accounts as a nucleus there has been built up a system of accounting which receives from all the departments of the Post and Telegraph Service various revenues which are due to the Treasury, and, in addition to this, includes a vast amount of work for other departments of the State.
In connection with the Post Office Savings-bank, information concerning which is given in the portion of this book dealing with banking, the Department receives interest-bearing deposits from the public and invests the money received in liquid securities, not dealing in any way with land or actively participating in commercial ventures. In its money-order and postal-note business it issues drafts on places both within and beyond New Zealand, and pays drafts drawn on New Zealand, either by its own agencies or by the agencies of foreign countries with which it has relations.
It receives amounts for credit of almost every Department in the Government service, and clears them from its central office in Wellington. In fact it performs for the general public and the Government various duties which, in quite another sphere of activity, are usually performed by a commercial bank. On account of the smallness of the majority of its transactions, the business, which bulks very large even from the £ s. d. point of view, is very much larger from the standpoint of the number of transactions involved, which run into millions in each of the main divisions of the business.
A very large business is done both for the Public Trust Office and the State Advances Office in connection with the receipt and payment of moneys throughout the Dominion, amounting in the case of the former office to about £1,000,000, and in that of the latter to about £2,000,000, on each side of the account. Payments of all kinds, including advances on mortgages, are made upon vouchers prepared and certified in the Head Offices of these Departments and transmitted to the Accountant's Office, General Post Office, for payment. On the other hand, lodgments are received at any money-order office in the Dominion of any moneys whatever that may be due to the Public Trustee or to the State Advances Office. A very large number of vouchers are paid on behalf of the Treasury. Last year these amounted in value to over £1,800,000.
This system has now been extended by making provision for the prompt payment through the Post Office of all claims against the General Government of sums of £5 and under, without pre-audit, and without reference to the central authority. This will no doubt be very much appreciated by small creditors, who should be able to receive payment immediately after completion of the service.
In addition to the items mentioned where the Post Office acts as the agent or intermediary, there is a very considerable number of others, including such diverse matters as the collection of fees under the Arms Act, sale of fishing and game licenses, collection of Customs duty on parcels received from abroad, collection of gold-fields revenue, collection of premiums for the Government Insurance Department, the payment of old-age, widows' and military pensions, Imperial pensions, and Civil Servants' superannuation allowances, the collection of Machinery fees, of amounts for the National Provident Fund, of fees in connection with the registration of births, deaths, and marriages, of valuation revenue, of land and income tax, and of beer duty. All these entail special knowledge on the part of the officers dealing with them, and special classes of accounts. This is particularly the case in connection with the payment of both Imperial and old-age pensions, where the rules governing the payments are very elaborate and intricate. There is probably no country in the world where the machinery of the Post Office is put to a greater or more varied use. Its system and methods are so flexible that there are practically no limits to the extension of its functions.
Apart from the advantages which are enjoyed by the public under the Post Office system of the collection and disbursement of public moneys, there is a very distinct benefit to the State, as the work is performed at a fractional part of the cost which would be incurred under other conditions.
The receipts and payments of the Post and Telegraph Department for the financial year 1913–14 are shown in the following table:—
| Item. | Postal. | Telegraph. | Total. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Receipts. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. |
| Stamps for postage | 639,903 | 10 | 2 | 639,903 | 10 | 2 | |||
| Money-order and postal-note commission | 27,740 | 8 | 2œ | 27,740 | 8 | 2œ | |||
| Money-order commission received from foreign offices | 819 | 8 | 0 | 819 | 8 | 0 | |||
| Private box and bag fees | 14,292 | 4 | 0 | 14,292 | 4 | 0 | |||
| Paid telegrams | 334,220 | 12 | 11œ | 334,220 | 12 | 11œ | |||
| Telephone exchanges | 232,190 | 13 | 8 | 232,190 | 13 | 8 | |||
| Miscellaneous receipts | 12,379 | 19 | 10œ | 8,374 | 16 | 8œ | 20,754 | 16 | 7 |
| Totals | 695,135 | 10 | 3 | 574,786 | 3 | 4 | 1,269,921 | 13 | 7 |
| Item. | Postal. | Telegraph. | Total. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Payments. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. |
| Salaries (classified officers) | 270,420 | 9 | 2 | 377,905 | 15 | 6 | 648,326 | 4 | 8 |
| Salaries (country Postmasters and telephonists, and contributions to Railway Department) | 20,027 | 0 | 0 | 31,055 | 0 | 0 | 51,082 | 0 | 0 |
| Conveyance of mails by sea | 82,610 | 11 | 6 | 82,610 | 11 | 6 | |||
| Conveyance of inland mails | 84,377 | 17 | 2 | 84,377 | 17 | 2 | |||
| Conveyance of mails by railway | 77,047 | 11 | 11 | 77,047 | 11 | 11 | |||
| Money-order commission credited to foreign offices | 2,431 | 6 | 5 | 2,431 | 6 | 5 | |||
| Maintenance of telegraph and telephone lines | 86,097 | 19 | 5 | 86,097 | 19 | 5 | |||
| Miscellaneous | 73,291 | 1 | 11 | 68,050 | 1 | 10 | 141,341 | 3 | 9 |
| 610,205 | 18 | 1 | 563,108 | 16 | 9 | 1,173,314 | 14 | 10 | |
| Balance of receipts over payments | 84,929 | 12 | 2 | 11,677 | 6 | 7 | 96,606 | 18 | 9 |
| Totals | 695,135 | 10 | 3 | 574,786 | 3 | 4 | 1,269,921 | 13 | 7 |
There were 2,383 post-offices in New Zealand at the end of 1913, an increase of 33 during the year.
The table following gives information covering the past five years as to number of post-offices and numbers of articles posted and delivered. Letters and letter-cards show a steady increase, while the number of parcels handled in 1913 was almost double that for 1909.
| POSTAL BUSINESS, 1909–13. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Post-offices open at End of Year. | Articles posted and delivered. | ||||
| Letters and Letter-cards. | Post-cards. | Books and Pattern-packets. | Parcels. | Newspapers. | ||
| 1909 | 2,194 | 186,926,337 | 14,188,642 | 50,047,928 | 2,161,634 | 42,561,641 |
| 1910 | 2,257 | 196,768,968 | 13,681,668 | 55,008,362 | 2,471,964 | 142,305,554 |
| 1911 | 2,312 | 205,450,627 | 12,255,477 | 58,828,436 | 3,327,379 | 143,801,719 |
| 1912 | 2,350 | 214,184,119 | 11,252,527 | 61,364,917 | 3,359,397 | 43,460,016 |
| 1913 | 2,383 | 223,961,200 | 10,462,894 | 56,127,684 | 4,275,834 | 43,572,759 |
The average number of letters, &c., posted in the Dominion per head of the mean population in each of the past ten years is as shown in the next table. The figures for 1913 are slightly lower than those for 1912.
| ARTICLES POSTED PER HEAD OF MEAN POPULATION. 1904–13. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Letters and Letter-cards. | Post-cards. | Books and Parcels. | Newspapers. | Totals. |
| 1904 | 73.40 | 2.43 | 21.62 | 18.23 | 115.68 |
| 1905 | 76.09 | 3.38 | 24.90 | 19.87 | 124.24 |
| 1906 | 82.13 | 5.71 | 23.97 | 19.04 | 130.85 |
| 1907 | 86.46 | 6.63 | 23.82 | 19.56 | 136.47 |
| 1908 | 91.37 | 6.58 | 26.46 | 20.14 | 144.55 |
| 1909 | 95.98 | 6.32 | 26.29 | 20.48 | 149.07 |
| 1910 | 97.14 | 5.83 | 30.04 | 18.51 | 151.52 |
| 1911 | 97.85 | 5.35 | 31.28 | 18.66 | 153.14 |
| 1912 | 102.06 | 5.00 | 31.52 | 18.89 | 157.47 |
| 1913 | 101.91 | 4.36 | 28.14 | 17.81 | 152.22 |
During recent years the Post Office has made very substantial extensions in the establishment of rural mail deliveries. Many of these are performed by officers mounted on motor-cycles. By means of such deliveries it has been possible to give settlers living in the back country an efficient service.
The facilities afforded for the transmission of parcels through the Post Office to places within and without the Dominion have proved of much convenience to the public. The regulations admit of parcels up to 11 lb. in weight being sent to almost all the important countries of the world.
The following table shows the number of parcels exchanged with the United Kingdom, the Australian States, &c., in 1912 and 1913:—
| Country. | Number of Parcels. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Received. | Despatched. | |||
| 1912. | 1913. | 1912. | 1913. | |
| United Kingdom and foreign countries via London | 101,630 | 111,686 | 13,719 | 15,256 |
| Queensland | 830 | 776 | 865 | 992 |
| New South Wales | 14,625 | 15,792 | 5,561 | 6,149 |
| Victoria | 8,703 | 9,382 | 3,231 | 3,464 |
| South Australia | 496 | 531 | 488 | 587 |
| Western Australia | 455 | 333 | 496 | 470 |
| Tasmania | 527 | 501 | 788 | 816 |
| Fiji | 101 | 170 | 682 | 780 |
| Samoa | 26 | 18 | 187 | 244 |
| Tonga | 11 | 18 | 266 | 305 |
| Canada | 830 | 1,066 | 463 | 720 |
| United States of America | 9,506 | 11,524 | 1,196 | 1,803 |
| Uruguay | ||||
| 120 | 142 | |||
| Cape of Good Hope | 421 | 529 | 66 | 55 |
| Natal | 314 | 322 | ||
| India | 1,370 | 1,491 | 318 | 325 |
| Ceylon | 643 | 512 | 55 | 57 |
| Straits Settlements | 131 | 149 | 40 | 67 |
| Hong Kong | 391 | 453 | 112 | 147 |
| Totals | 140,704 | 154,931 | 28,967 | 32,701 |
The declared value of the parcels received from places outside the Dominion during 1913 was £475,143, on which the Customs duty amounted to £80,546 19s. 3d.
The number and weight of parcels * dealt with from 1904 to 1913 are given below:—
| — | 1904. | 1905. | 1906. | 1907. | 1908. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* “Dealt with” means the total posted plus the foreign received. | |||||
| Parcels. No. | 357,504 | 392,017 | 448,171 | 801,937 | 970,153 |
| Weight, lb. | 1,279,707 | 1,386,723 | 1,638,231 | 2,863,909 | 3,367,116 |
| — | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parcels, No. | 1,148,471 | 1,306,932 | 1,741,736 | 1,764,534 | 2,231,733 |
| Weight, lb. | 3,903,227 | 4,533,770 | 6,037,050 | 5,998,602 | 7,783,252 |
Special house-to-house deliveries of parcels are in force in many of the principal towns.
Newspapers.
There are (January. 1914) 233 publications on the register of newspapers for New Zealand. Of these, 63 are published daily, 36 three times a week, 25 twice a week, 64 once a week, 4 fortnightly, 1 three-weekly, 1 four-weekly, and 39 monthly.
The number of offices open for the transaction of money-order business at the end of 1913 was 764.
During 1913, 690,715 money-orders, for a total sum of £3,357,774 1s. 4d., were issued at the various post-offices. The money-orders from places beyond New Zealand and payable in the Dominion numbered 44,143, for the amount of £180,570 11s. 3d.
The number of offices open for the sale of postal notes at the end of 1913 was 939: 2,163,581 postal notes were sold, value £697,627 12s. 5œd.
The notes paid numbered 2,148,877, value £684,315 4s.
The estimated cost on account of the Peninsular and Oriental and Orient Mail-service for the year 1913–14 is as shown below:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Payment to P. and O. and Orient lines | 10,784 |
| Transit charges across Australia and Europe | 7,178 |
| Mail-services to Australia (including £4,000 for New Zealand-Australian mails) | 15,289 |
| £33,251 |
The average number of days in 1913 within which the mails from London were delivered at each of the undermentioned ports in New Zealand was,—
| P. and O. | Orient | Via | Via San | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| London to— | Line. | Line. | Vancouver. | Francisco. |
| Auckland | 37 | 37 | 33 | 36 |
| Wellington | 38 | 38 | 34 | 35 |
| Christchurch | 39 | 38 | 35 | 36 |
| Dunedin | 39 | 39 | 35 | 37 |
The first Government telegraph-lines in New Zealand were constructed by the provincial authorities.
The Canterbury Provincial Government opened a line between Christchurch and Lyttelton in the beginning of the year 1863. On the 12th February, 1864, the Southland Provincial Government opened a line between Invercargill and the Bluff. The General Government subsequently acquired both the above-named lines, and further established communication by wire between Dunedin and Invercargill, also Dunedin and Christchurch, on the 25th May, 1865.
Messrs. Driver and McLean, merchants, of Dunedin, erected a private line between Dunedin and Port Chalmers, which was opened to the public in 1861, and acquired by the General Government some time after the opening of through communication between Lyttelton, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Bluff, referred to above.
There were 13,044 miles of telegraph-line open at the end of March, 1914, carrying 44,642 miles of wire. There were 10,694,032 telegrams transmitted during the year; of these, the private and Press messages numbered 10,594,556, which, together with telephone exchange and other telegraph receipts, yielded a revenue of £574,786 3s. 4d.
There were 61 central telephone exchanges and 177 sub-exchanges on the 31st March, 1914. The number of connections including extensions increased from 42,933 in March, 1913, to 49,415 in March. 1914. The subscriptions to these exchanges during the financial year amounted to £232,190 13s. 8d.
The capital expended on the equipment, &c., of the several telephone exchanges up to the 31st March, 1914, was £1,241,628 11s. 2d.
At the 31st March, 1882, there were 116 direct connections to exchanges, the gross revenue from which was £613 5s. 2d.; in 1892 the connections numbered 3,083, with a gross revenue of £18,571 7s. 8d; in 1902 the connections were 9,260, gross revenue £62,151 8s. 11d.; in 1912 the connections were 31,475, gross revenue £179,123 18s. 8d.; while at March 31st, 1914, the connections had reached 41,982, with a gross revenue of £232,190 13s. 8d.
The foregoing, which refers more particularly to telephone-exchange connections, indicates the extent to which public telephonic demands have increased, especially during the last twelve years.
The telephone, moreover, has been largely availed of in extending rapid communication to outlying places which could not economically have been served by telegraph.
With the growth of the system there arose a demand for telephone facilities between centres of population; and that class of business in this Dominion, as in other countries, has necessitated the provision of a large number of circuits at considerable expenditure to meet requirements. For the year ended 31st March, 1900, the number of bureau communications (i.e., public conversations by telephone paid for by fees) was 197,292, of a value of £5,482 17s. 7d. These had reached 1,423,093 in number, of a value of £32,112 5s. 9d., for the year ended 31st March, 1909; and at the 31st March, 1914, the number had risen to 3,538,377 for the year then ended, and were of a value of £91,409 1s. 8d. This class of business, it will be seen, nearly trebled itself in value in the short period of five years.
The number of telephone exchanges in the Dominion in 1900, including central and sub-exchanges, was 40. In 1907 the number was 105, and last year 238.
The total miles of wire connected with exchanges in the Dominion in 1900 were 6,343, in 1907, 15,076, and in 1914, 79,154.
Originally the system was worked by single aerial wires, but these were replaced some years ago at the more important exchanges by aerial and subterranean lead-covered cables. The system of subterranean cables and metallic telephone circuits is being largely extended.
The telephone-exchange system in use is generally of the magneto type, branching multiple switchboards being installed in the principal exchanges. In some cases the common-battery system is in operation. Automatic telephones have been introduced recently, and a contract has been let for the installation of automatic exchanges at two of the principal cities, and at four less important places.
The “party” line system of telephone-exchange service was extended and improved three years ago, and the tariff was materially reduced. By this system several persons may share a common line. This has, on account of the considerable reduction in rental charges, been largely availed of, particularly by those whose premises are situated at a distance from the exchange.
The first coin-in-slot telephones erected in the Dominion were installed at Wellington on 17th August, 1910. There are now 93 such instruments in use in the Dominion, 57 of these having been installed during the past year.
Legal provision was made in 1912, by which County Councils may borrow for the purpose of extending telephone lines in rural districts, and power has been given to levy taxation to cover interest and the redemption of such loans.
The first installation was placed in the tower of the General Post Office, at Wellington, in June, 1910, and experiments were carried out with different wireless systems. Later on a “Telefunken” 2œ k.w. set was installed, and a wireless telegraph office opened for commercial work on the 26th July, 1911. At that time there were not more than half a dozen boats fitted with wireless apparatus trading to the Dominion; now there are twenty-two New Zealand registered ships carrying wireless apparatus, as well as a large number of boats registered in other countries and trading to New Zealand ports.
On the 14th October, 1912, the G.P.O. Station was replaced by one of 2œ k.w. upon Mt. Wakefield, immediately behind the City of Wellington. The station is situated about 1,000 ft. above sea-level. Primary power is supplied from an extension of the city electric-light mains. Telephone and telegraph wires have been extended to the station so that every facility may exist for the prompt despatch of messages. The two masts are of Oregon pine, 150 ft. high, about 300 ft. apart. The aerial is of the flat-top type, and is composed of four phosphor-bronze wires 4 ft. apart, from the middle of which four wires extend downward to the building. The earth connection consists of 300 copper wires radiating each about 300 ft. from the building which is situated about midway between the masts. The surface of the ground is irregular and of rocky formation. The results obtained have exceeded expectations. At Mt. Wakefield Station, known as “Radio-Wellington,” a continuous service is maintained.
On the 24th October, 1912, a 2œ k.w. station was established on the roof of the post-office at Auckland. The masts of this station are of tubular steel, and have been erected on the two domes of the building. The height of the masts above the instrument room is about 75 ft. The spread of the aerial is 130 ft. There are six wires about 3 ft. 3 in. apart. The “earth” is attached to the metal framework of the building. Excellent results have also been got from this station, which is open only between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m., being now required only for daylight work.
The installation of a wireless set of 2œ k.w power on the Government cable steamer “Tutanekai” was completed on the 20th June, 1912. The equipment has been found to be of much service in aiding in the work of the repair of submarine cables, as it has been possible to exchange communications of an important nature between ship and shore which otherwise could not have been effected.
A wireless station was opened at Chatham Islands on the 18th September, 1913, connecting this group of islands with the mainland of New Zealand, and extending the range of communication eastward. Position: 47° 57′ S., 176° 31′ W. Hours: 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., 3 p.m. to 5 p.m., and 7 p.m. to midnight. The apparatus is Telefunken, 2œ k.w. primary power, with storage battery. The prime mover is an oil-engine. The aerial is of the T type, suspended at a height of 150 ft. from two tubular steel structures 300 ft. apart. An earthed counterpoise completes the aerial equipment.
The normal range of the above-mentioned 2œ k.w. stations is 300 miles by day and 600 miles by night.
The high-power stations at Awanui and Awarua have been completed, and were opened for public business on the 18th December, 1913. These stations are of 30 k.w. primary power, and were undertaken primarily for defence purposes. They are required to communicate with Sydney during the day as well as at night. The aerials are suspended from towers 394 ft. in height, and the wires are spread from the summit and base of the towers over an area of about ninety acres. Position of Awanui: Ÿ 54′ S., 173° 18′ E.; position of Awarua: 46° 30′ S., 168° 23′ E. Both stations observe the same hours—viz., 6.30 p.m. to midnight, but a continuous listening service is kept for distress-signals.
Statement of radio-telegraphic business for the year 1913:—
| 1913. | Number of Messages. | Words. | Total Value. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | |||
| Forwarded | 1,405 | 16,818 | 564 | 15 | 3 |
| Received | 2,776 | 27,867 | 1,048 | 7 | 2 |
| Totals | 4,181 | 44,685 | 1,613 | 2 | 5 |
The above table does not include free messages.
The wireless branch of the service has filled a long-felt want by keeping the mainland in touch with vessels at sea, receiving and forwarding weather reports, and advising delays to and probable time of arrival of steamers.
Radio-telegrams from ships at sea announcing their time of arrival are accepted without charge. The information is supplied to the Press and to the shipping companies, and is announced to the public by being posted on the shipping board. It is also useful to the Department in facilitating arrangements for the receipt and despatch of mails. Weather reports to the Meteorological Office from warships and from vessels trading around the Dominion are also transmitted free of charge.
The New Zealand coast stations are all reliably connected with the land-line systems. Complete arrangements exist for the prompt transmission of wireless telegrams over them, and for ensuring that distress signals shall be immediately communicated to the proper authorities.
The cable, opened for traffic between New Zealand and Australia and Fiji on the 9th April, 1902, was completed to Bamfield, Vancouver Island, on the 31st October following, and opened for international business on the 8th December, 1902.
The route is from Auckland to Vancouver, via Norfolk Island, Fiji, and Fanning Island. The Australian connection is at Norfolk-Island. The deep-sea portion of the Vancouver-Fanning Island cable is stated to be the longest in the world. Following the opening of the cable a much faster service with America and Europe has resulted.
Direct communication between Auckland and Sydney was established on the 3lst December, 1912, thus giving the Pacific Cable Board an alternative route to Australia.
Table of Contents
THE Crown lands of New Zealand are administered under the Land Act, 1908, the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, and the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913, together with the regulations made thereunder.
The distinguishing features of the present system involve the principle of a tenant right to recurrent terms of lease by the occupier, and in most cases the right to acquire the freehold. Between 1892 and 1907 a very large proportion of the Crown lands were disposed of on lease for 999 years. The rentals were based on the assessed value of the land at the time of disposal, without increase or recurring valuations, and this system, like freehold, necessarily carried with it the power of sale, sublease, mortgage, or disposition by will. At the same time the improvements made in the soil by cultivation, &c., were secured to the tenant should he from any cause be obliged to forfeit or surrender his lease. This tenure was abolished by the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1907, which substituted a lease for sixty-six years (in the case of ordinary Crown lands) and thirty-three years (in the case of settlement lands), with a perpetual right of renewal for further successive terms. The Acts of 1892, 1893, 1895, and 1907 are now consolidated in the Land Act, 1908.
The values placed on the Crown lands are, as a rule, low, for the State does not so much seek to raise a revenue directly therefrom as to encourage the occupation of the lands by the people; this occupation secures an indirect increased revenue, besides the other advantages resulting from a numerous rural population.
Again, underlying the whole of the New Zealand land system is a further application of the principle of “the land for the people “—viz., the restriction in area which any person may hold. This subject has been forced upon the attention of the Legislature by defects in former systems, under which one individual with means at his command could appropriate large areas, to the exclusion of his less wealthy fellow-settler. Under existing conditions, where the price at which land is offered is definitely fixed, and where choice of selection is by ballot, every would-be settler has the same chance, and may hold under the Crown an equal area of land, except that by the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, preference is given to landless, married, or previously unsuccessful applicants. The quantity that a selector may hold is so fixed as to encourage the class of moderate farmers, for up to the statutory limit the amount he may select is left almost entirely to himself. The Act defines the amount of land any one may hold at 666⅔ acres of first-class land, 2,000 acres of second-class land, or 5,000 acres of third-class land. These limits apply to lands which are thrown open for optional selection, but in some cases, where the quality of the land is very good and the selectors many, the limit may by regulation be made smaller.
Part XIII of the Land Act, 1908, deals with the limitation of area to be held by private persons, and tends to prevent the aggregation of estates of lands which may hereafter be acquired from the Crown. It distinctly limits such holdings to 5,000 acres, and gives power to inflict penalties for any evasion of the Act.
In addition to the many advantages offered by the renewable-lease tenure, the Land Act provides others, to meet the wants of different classes. The general rule is that ordinary Crown land thrown open for optional selection is offered to the public under three different tenures, the choice of which is left to the would-be settler.
The three tenures are:—
Cash, in which one-fifth of the purchase-money is paid down at once, and the remainder within thirty days. The final title is not given until certain improvements have been made on the land.
Lease with a purchasing clause, at a 5-per-cent. rental on the value of the land; the lease being for twenty-five years, with the right to purchase at the original upset price at any time after the first six years and within twenty-five years, or to convert into a renewable lease.
“Settlement” lands are opened only on renewable lease, the term being for thirty-three years instead of sixty-six years, and the rental 4œ per cent. on capital value. The lessee has the right to acquire the freehold.
The Land Act, 1892, now embodied in the Land Act, 1908, provided for a special class of settlement called small-farm associations, which found favour with the public to a very considerable extent during the first three years after the Act came into force, but is now superseded to a large extent by the improved-farm-settlement system. The small-farm-association system provides that, where not less than twelve individuals have associated themselves together for mutual help, such an association can, with the approval of the Minister of Lands, select a block of land for subdivision and settlement, but not more than 250,000 acres may be set aside in any one year. The extreme limit that one person may hold is fixed at 500 acres. Settlements of this class were formerly held on lease in perpetuity, in a similar way to lands under the same tenure when thrown open for optional selection, but this is now superseded by the renewable-lease tenure.
The conditions of residence and improvement are the same. The system offers many advantages to the settler, so long as the blocks of land are judiciously chosen, having regard to quality of land, access, markets, and the probability of employment being obtained in the neighbourhood. In the eagerness to obtain lands on such easy terms these points have, in the past, not received sufficient attention by some of the associations, and in consequence they are not all successful. At present only a very small proportion of the remaining Crown lands is suitable for selection in this manner.
The village-settlement system of New Zealand provides for the setting apart and offering for optional selection of allotments of one acre in area or under, and for the opening under the renewable-lease tenure (formerly lease in perpetuity) of small farms between 1 and 100 acres in area. These settlements were designed to enable labourers to obtain homes for themselves and their families in the immediate vicinity of their work, and gave bushmen, workers on the roads and railways, &c., an excellent chance of securing a holding upon which they could live, and which they could improve in their spare time. There has not been any great extension of this system in recent years.
The improved-farm-settlement system was first begun in order to find work for the unemployed. Considerable areas of forest-clad Crown lands were set aside, and small contracts for the clearing, burning, and sowing of these were let to the men to whom it was intended to allot them. In most cases the farms are selected or balloted for in their primitive state, and the settler is for a time paid for the improvements he makes, or, in other words, the cost of converting forest lands into grass lands is advanced from time to time by the Government. In other cases a piece of forest land is taken in hand, and men are employed at fixed rates in felling, burning, and grassing. When so much grass is laid down as will give a good start, the land is opened for selection in sections of 50 to 200 acres and balloted for among the applicants. The farms are let on lease with a purchasing clause or on renewable lease (formerly lease in perpetuity) at a rental sufficient to cover the cost of clearing, &c., together with a fair rental of the land.
The size of holdings averages about 120 acres.
Full details as to the various tenures now in force, and the conditions to be complied with by selectors of Crown land, are given in the following pages.
The Crown lands are administered, under the authority of the Land Act, 1908, and its amendments, by the Minister of Lands at Wellington, his executive officer being the Under-Secretary of Lands, who is the permanent head of the Department of Lands and Survey. For convenience New Zealand is divided into ten land districts, each being under the local direction of a Commissioner of Crown Lands and a Land Board. The Commissioner's office is known as the principal land office, and in some of the larger districts there are one or more local land offices. It is with these land offices that the selector has to transact all business, from the first consultation of the maps to the final receipt of the Crown title.
A Land Board consists of five members, of whom the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the district is ex officio chairman. Three of the members are nominated by the Governor, the remaining one being elected by the Crown tenants of the district.
Land Districts and Principal Land Offices.
The names of the land districts and of the towns where each principal office is situated are, beginning with the most northerly and taking them geographically, as under:—
| Land District. | Town where Principal Land Office is situated. |
|---|---|
| HEAD OFFICE | Government Buildings, Wellington. |
| Auckland | Auckland. |
| Taranaki | New Plymouth. |
| Hawke's Bay | Napier. |
| Wellington | Wellington. |
| Nelson | Nelson. |
| Marlborough | Blenheim. |
| Westland | Hokitika. |
| Canterbury | Christchurch. |
| Otago | Dunedin. |
| Southland | Invercargill. |
Classification of Lands, &c.
Crown lands are divided into three classes:—
Town and village lands, the upset prices of which are, respectively, not less than £20 and £3 per acre; such lands are sold by auction, or leased for ten or thirty-three years at a rental of 5 per cent. on the value of the land:
Suburban lands, the upset price of which may not be less than £2 an acre; these lands are also sold by auction, or leased as aforesaid:
No rural section may be larger than 666 acres in extent if first-class land, 2,000 acres if second-class land, or 5,000 acres if third-class land, whether offered by auction or granted on application.
Applicants.
Every applicant must be of the age of seventeen years or upwards, and must apply for Crown land solely for his own use and benefit, and not directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any other person, whilst, including the land he applies for, he is not to be the owner, holder, or occupier under any tenure of more than one year's duration, either severally or jointly or in common with any other person or persons,' of any land anywhere in New Zealand exceeding in the whole 5,000 acres of land computed as follows:—
Every acre of first-class land is reckoned as 7œ acres;
Every acre of second-class land is reckoned as 2œ acres;
Every acre of third-class land is reckoned as 1 acre.
In cases where a ballot is required preference is given to applicants who are landless and with children dependent on them or who have within the two years immediately preceding the ballot, being duly qualified, applied at least twice unsuccessfully, whether under the Land Act or the Land for Settlements Act. An applicant is deemed landless if he does not hold under any tenure such area of land, whether Crown land or not, as is in the opinion of the Board sufficient for the maintenance of himself and his family. In the case of a husband and wife (except when they are judicially separated), if either of them is not landless, neither of them shall be deemed to be landless.
The decision of the Board as to the rejection or preference of any applicant shall be final and conclusive.
Before taking a ballot or otherwise disposing of applications for land the Board may, in such manner as it thinks fit, inquire into all matters affecting an applicant's suitability or his right of preference, and may reject any applicant who refuses or fails to answer any inquiries as to such matters to the satisfaction of the Board.
Every person who acquires an allotment, and subsequently transfers or subleases his land, shall (except under special circumstances) be disqualified for the period of ten years after the date of such disposition from acquiring an interest in any Crown or settlement land.
Mode of acquiring Crown Lands.
Crown lands may be acquired as follows:—
By auction, after survey, in which case one-fifth of the price is paid down at the time of sale, the balance within thirty days:
By application, after the lands have been notified as open for selection, in which case the applicant fills up a form (to be obtained at any of the Land Offices) and makes the declaration and undertaking required by the particular system he wishes to select under.
Under special conditions, e.g., the Land Board, with the Minister's consent, may sell small areas of Crown lands under 5 acres in extent to religious bodies, or as sites for dairy-factories, cheese-factories, creameries, or fruit-preserving works, without the land having to go to public competition, but no land can be so sold at a less price than £1 per acre.
All applications, whether for surveyed or unsurveyed lands, are deemed to be simultaneous if made on the same day, and, if there be more than one applicant for the same land, the right of selection is determined by ballot.
Lands thrown open for application may be either surveyed or unsurveyed, and those not selected the first day remain open.
The Optional System of Selection.
Lands for selection are notified as open for application on and after a stated day, and, at the option of the applicant, may be obtained on any of the three following tenures: (a) Freehold; (b) occupation with the right of purchase; (c) renewable lease.
(a.) Freehold.
If the land is surveyed, one-fifth of the price is to be paid down when the application is granted, and the balance within thirty days; or, if the land is not completely surveyed, the survey fee is deposited when the application is agreed to, and goes towards the purchase of the land; the balance must be paid within thirty days of notice that the survey is completed.
A certificate of occupation will issue to the purchaser on final payment, and this will be exchanged for a Crown title so soon as the Board is satisfied that the following improvements have been completed, viz.—on first-class lands, up to £1 per acre; on second-class lands, 10s. per acre; and on third-class lands, 5s. per acre. These improvements must be effected within seven years from the date of purchase.
(b.) Occupation with Right of Purchase.
Lands selected on this tenure are held under a license for twenty-five years. At any time after the expiration of not less than six years of the term of the license, after having resided and made the improvements hereinafter described, the licensee can, on payment of the upset price of the land, acquire the freehold. If the land be not purchased, the license may be exchanged for a renewable lease.
The rent is 5 per cent. on the cash price of the land; if surveyed, a half-year's rent has to be paid at the time the application is approved, which represents the half-year's rent due in advance on the 1st day of January or July following the selection. If the land is unsurveyed, the cost of survey has to be paid, and is credited to the selector as so much rent paid in advance.
Residence on and improvement of the land are compulsory, as hereinafter described.
(c.) Renewable Lease.
Lands selected on this tenure are leased for sixty-six years, with a perpetual right of renewal for further terms of sixty-six years, subject to revaluation at the end of each term, and to the conditions of residence and improvements described below. The rental is 4 per cent. on the cash price of the land, and applications are dealt with in the same way as under the previous tenure (b), but there is at no time a right to purchase the freehold.
Two or more persons may make a joint application to hold as tenants in common under either of the two last-named tenures.
The same concession as to rebate of rent for prompt payment applies as in the previous tenure—viz., a rebate up to 10 per cent., as also does the power to postpone payment of rent in certain cases.
A lessee may pay up to 90 per cent. of the capital value of his land at any time, when the rent shall be proportionately reduced. When he has paid up to 33 per cent. he is freed from all covenants and conditions of his lease, except the covenant to pay rent and to reside.
If in any land district the Land Board deems any Crown land (from its inferior soil or inaccessibility) not likely to be immediately productive, they may, with the consent of the Minister, open it on terms that will allow the tenants to occupy the land rent-free for a term not exceeding the first ten years of the sixty-six years' lease.
Residence and Improvements.
Under the two last-mentioned tenures, the conditions as to residence and improvements are,—
Residence—
Must commence on bush or swamp lands within four years, and in open or partly open land within one year, from the date of selection:
Must be continuous for six years on bush or swamp land, and for seven years on open or partly open land, on lands occupied with a right of purchase:
Must be continuous for a term of ten years on renewable-lease lands.
The Board has power to dispense with residence in certain cases, such as where the selector is residing on adjacent lands, or is a youth or unmarried woman living with parents, and in a few other cases.
Residence implies the erection of a habitable house to be approved of by the Board.
The Governor has power to set apart certain areas of land which may be selected by persons who for a certain number of years may be represented by registered substitutes such as a near relation who shall reside upon it, in their place, and make the requisite improvements, subject to special regulations which the Governor shall lay down. It is especially enacted that these regulations shall not come into force until approved by both branches of the Legislature.
Improvements which must be made are as follows:—
The holdings must be improved to an amount equal to 10 per cent. of the value of the land within one year from the date of the license or lease; within two years must be improved to the amount of another 10 per cent.; within six years must be improved to the value of another 10 per cent., making 30 per cent. in all within the six years. In addition to the above, the land must be further improved to the value of £1 for every acre of first-class lands, 10s. for every acre of second-class lands, and 2s. 6d. for every acre of third-class lands.
Improvements may consist of reclamation from swamps, clearing of bush, planting with trees or hedges, cultivation of gardens, fencing, draining, making roads, wells, water-tanks, water-races, sheep-dips, embankments or protective works, or in any way improving the character or fertility of the soil; or the erection of any building, &c.; and cultivation includes the clearing of land for cropping, or clearing and ploughing for laying down with artificial grasses, &c.
Rebate and Postponement of Rent.
By the Land Act, 1908 (section 116), the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Receiver of Land Revenue may, in their discretion, grant to any Crown tenant who is not in arrears with his rent a rebate not exceeding one-tenth of the instalment of rent paid within one month after the day appointed for its payment.
By section 13 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, the Minister may postpone payment of rent by Crown tenants when they are unable to pay the same by reason of any natural disaster or other sufficient cause.
Transfers of and Dealings with Leases.
No lessee or licensee of Crown lands is entitled to transfer his interest therein, or to sublease his land, until he has resided continuously thereon for at least two years, and then only with the consent of the Minister and recommendation of the Land Board. But when by reason of special or unforeseen circumstance such disposition becomes, in the opinion of the Minister and Board, desirable, it may be permitted, although no such residence has taken place. This restriction does not apply to lessees of pastoral runs, nor to Crown tenants who selected land prior to the 20th November, 1907.
A Crown tenant may, however, mortgage his holding without the above consent (in the case of ordinary Crown lands), but must obtain consent during the first five years of his tenancy in the case of settlement lands.
Special conditions apply in the case of a Crown tenant mortgaging under the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909 (vide section 50).
Every transferee or sublessee must make the same declaration as the original selector of the holding.
Lease-in-perpetuity.
This tenure was created by the Land Act, 1892, and repealed by the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1907. It provided for a lease of 999 years, with no right of renewal, whilst the rental was fixed at 4 per cent. on the prairie value of the land. No new leases under this tenure can now be granted, but existing leases are unaffected, save by the following amendments:—
A lessee can pay off up to 90 per cent. of the capital value of his land in sums of £10 at a time. By this means a settler may gradually reduce the rent he has to pay by saving his earnings in the prosperous seasons, and thus be better able to meet the losses which bad seasons may entail. So soon as he has paid up 33 per cent. of the capital value he is freed from all other covenants of his lease except the payment of rent and residence. The Land for Settlements Fund will benefit by all these payments (to be used for the purchase of further estates). In order that the territorial revenue shall not suffer to any appreciable amount by the payments made to Capital Account, it is to be credited with 4 per cent. on the total accounts so paid off.
Any holder of a lease in perpetuity may exchange his present lease for a renewable lease, and the lessee has the choice of electing whether the new rental shall be based upon the original capital value at time of selection or the present-day value (excluding the value of the improvements, which belong to the selector).
A lessee-in-perpetuity may also purchase the fee-simple of the land comprised within the lease by paying the original capital value and also the difference between a rental at 5 per cent. and 4 per cent. on the original capital value, computed as from the date of the lease to date of purchase, and allowing compound interest thereon. Such a purchase can be made for cash or by deferred payments extending over twenty years. The purchase money is paid into the Land for Settlements Account to enable new areas to be acquired for settlement.
Special-settlement Associations.
Under special regulations, to be made by the Governor, persons may form themselves into an association, and may select and apply for a block of land to be held and occupied under prescribed conditions. No one may hold more than 500 acres, and not more than 250,000 acres can be set aside in any one year.
The capital value of lands within a special settlement is fixed after survey by special valuation, but may not be less than 10s. an acre; the rental is not less than 4 per cent. on the capital value, and the tenure is a renewable lease.
Residence, occupation, and improvements are generally the same as already described, and applications have to be made in manner prescribed by regulations.
Exchange of Tenure.
The holders of mining district land-occupation leases for twenty-one years have the right of exchanging them for renewable sixty-six years' leases, and such an exchange will enable the lessees to apply for an increased area. The holders of pastoral lands in mining districts, under special regulations, have also the right, under certain conditions, to exchange their leases for renewable sixty-six years' leases with all their privileges, and, in the case of the Hauraki Mining District, to acquire the freehold.
Village Settlements.
Village settlements are disposed of under regulations made from time to time by the Governor, but the main features are as follow:—
Such settlements may be divided into:—
Village allotments not exceeding 1 acre each, which are disposed of either by auction among the applicants or by application, as already described, with option of tenure, the cash price being not less than £3 per allotment:
Homestead allotments not exceeding 100 acres each, which are available on renewable lease at a 4-per-cent. rental on a capital value of not less than 10s. per acre.
Residence, improvements, and applications are the same as already described for rural land. The leases are exempt from liability to be seized or sold for debt or bankruptcy.
The Minister of Finance is empowered in certain cases to advance small sums for the purpose of enabling selectors to profitably occupy their allotments.
Small Grazing-runs.
Small grazing-runs may not exceed 20,000 acres in area. The rental is to be fixed by the Land Board and approved by the Governor. Small grazing-runs are leased for terms of twenty-one years, with right of renewal for other twenty-one years, at a rent of not less than 2œ per cent. on the then value of the land. The runs are declared open for selection, and applications and declarations on the forms provided have to be filled in and left at the Land Office, together with the deposit of one half-year's rent, which represents that due on the 1st day of March or September following the selection.
No holder of a pastoral run, and no holder of freehold or lease-bold land of any kind whatever, over 1,000 acres in area, exclusive of the small grazing-run applied for, may be a selector under this system; and only one small grazing-run can be, held by any one person, except on the recommendation of the Land Board and with the approval of the Minister.
The lease entitles the holder to the grazing rights, and to the cultivation of any part of the run, and to the reservation of 150 acres round his homestead through which no road may be taken; but the runs are subject to the mining laws. On the expiry of a lease of a small grazing-run the area may be disposed of in two or more allotments on lease for twenty-one years with right of renewal for similar terms, but, in such a case, the outgoing lessee is entitled to receive a lease of one of the new allotments as he may choose and is compensated for the improvements he has effected on the remainder of the run together with the value, if any, of the right of renewal (which he would have had if the run had not been resumed and subdivided) with respect to the allotments over which he has not been granted a new lease (section 28 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912). In disposing of the other allotments preference is given to applications by sons of the late lessee over twenty-one years of age who have resided on the run for not less than seven years of the ten years immediately preceding the expiry of the lease.
Residence is compulsory, if the run comprises bush or swamp land, within three years; if it is open land, within one year; and must be continuous to the end of the term, but may be dispensed with by the Board after the expiration of ten years from the date of the lease, in which case the lessee is required to provide a satisfactory substitute, who must remain in continuous residence on the land during the remainder of the term of the lease.
Improvements necessary are as follows: Within the first year, to the amount of one year's rent; within the second year, to another year's rent; and within six years, to the value of two other years' rent: making in all a sum equal to four years' rental which must be expended within six years. In addition to these improvements, bush-covered first-class runs must be improved to an amount of 10s. an acre, and second-class bush-clad runs to an amount of 5s. an acre.
After three years' compliance with the conditions, a run may be divided amongst the members of the selector's family.
The fee-simple of the land comprised in any small grazing-run of ordinary Crown land or settlement land may be purchased by the lessee, provided that the area of such run does not exceed the limit of 5,000 acres in the case of ordinary Crown land, and 3,000 acres in the case of settlement land, computed as follows: (a) Every acre of first-class land is reckoned as 7œ acres; and (b), every acre of second-class land is reckoned as 2œ acres.
Pastoral Runs.
Pastoral country is let either on application or by auction for varying terms not exceeding twenty-one years, with conditional right of renewal; and, excepting in extraordinary circumstances, runs must not be of a greater extent than will carry twenty thousand sheep or four thousand head of cattle. Buns are classified from time to time by special Commissioners into: (1) Pastoral lands, which are suitable only for depasturing more than five thousand sheep; (2) pastoral-agricultural lands, suitable for subdivision into areas of under 5,000 acres, which may be either let as pastoral runs, generally for short terms, or cut up for settlement in some other form. Leases of pastoral lands may not be resumed; leases of pastoral-agricultural lands may be resumed at any time after twelve months' notice without compensation.
Except on the recommendation of the Land Board, and with the approval of the Minister of Lands, no one can hold more than one run.
Buns are offered at auction or by application from time to time, and half a year's rent has to be paid down at the time of sale, being the amount due in advance on the 1st day of March or September following the sale, and the purchaser has to make the declaration required by the Act. All leases begin on the 1st day of March, and they entitle the holder to the grazing rights, but not to the soil, timber, or minerals; and the lease terminates over any part of the run which may be leased for some other purpose, purchased, or reserved. The tenant has to prevent the burning of timber or bush, except when it is intended to grass the land; in open country to prevent the growth of gorse, broom, or sweetbriar; and to destroy the rabbits on his run. With the consent of the Land Board, the interest in a run may be transferred or mortgaged, but power of sale under a mortgage must be exercised within two years. A pastoral license may be extended for a term not exceeding seven years, when the holder thereof has suffered exceptional loss of live-stock by snow falls or an inclement winter, and such loss has crippled his resources.
The Land Act, 1908 (section 237), provides that, with the consent of the Minister, the Land Board may permit the holder of any pasturage lease or license to do any one or more of the following:—
To cultivate any portion of his run for the purpose of growing winter feed for the stock depastured on the run;
To plough and sow in grass any portion of his run not exceeding 3,000 acres;
To clear by felling and burning bush or scrub any portion of his run, and sow the same in grass;
To surface-sow in grass any portion of his run.
The holder of any such pasturage lease or license may, with the permission of the Land Board, bring such area of his run under crop as is sufficient for the use and maintenance of himself and family and his employees, subject to conditions to be prescribed by the Board as to cultivation thereof by means of a proper rotation of crops.
The powers so conferred on the lessee or licensee are exercisable only on the condition that he shall, on the termination of such lease or license, leave the whole of the area ploughed or cultivated properly laid down in good permanent grasses and clovers to the satisfaction of the Board. Unoccupied pastoral areas may be set aside, and areas may be resumed from pastoral runs held on license, for grassing experiments.
In case it is decided again to lease any run on expiry of the lease, a new lease at a rental to be determined is offered to the outgoing lessee, and if such lease be not accepted the run is again offered to public competition at least twelve months before the expiry of the old lease. If such new lease be purchased by some one other than the previous lessee, valuation for improvements, to be made by an appraiser, shall be paid by the incoming tenant, excepting in the case of a rabbit-proof fence, which is to be valued separately, together with the value of the improvements authorized as above. There is, however, power for Parliament to appropriate the value of improvements to be paid to the outgoing licensee, and this value can be paid for by the incoming tenant either in one cash payment or by instalments, or the Governor may add the value of improvements to the capital value of the run (section 91 of the Reserves and Other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies' Empowering Act, 1910).
In the event of the then lessee or licensee not having become the purchaser, the Board shall, at least three months before the expiry of any such lease or license, proceed to have valued by arbitration all improvements consisting of necessary buildings, plantations, fences (other than rabbit-proof fences), and ditches for draining and all other substantial improvements of a permanent character made on the run with the approval of the Board and the Minister. Such valuation shall be based on the worth of the said improvements to the incoming tenant, or, in the case of a subdivision of the run, to the incoming tenants of the divided portions thereof.
The outgoing tenant may, however, where the run is not again offered for lease or license, remove fences, buildings, &c. Runs may also be divided with the approval of the Board.
In cases where on the expiry of a pastoral license the land is subdivided into two or more runs the outgoing tenant has a right to a new license over one subdivision at a rent fixed by the Board for a similar term to that of the original license. He also has the right to receive the value of the improvements on the portion or portions of the original run over which he has not been granted a new license.
Residence on pastoral runs may at the discretion of the Board be made a condition of the license.
Settlement of Kauri-gum Lands.
Land within a kauri-gum district may be set aside for settlement in areas not exceeding 25 acres. It may be disposed of either under occupation-with-right-of-purchase tenure or on deferred payments extending over fifteen years. Special regulations govern the disposal of the land.
Wood-pulp Industry.
In order to aid in the establishment of the wood-pulp industry for paper-making, the Governor has been authorized to set apart land not suitable for close settlement or for leasing under the small-grazing-run system, of a total area not exceeding 50,000 acres, and this land may be disposed of by way of lease, in such areas and on such terms and conditions as have been fixed by special regulations; but no person shall be granted a lease over a greater area than 30,000 acres of such land, and no lease shall be for a longer term than twenty-one years or shall include any right of renewal. The full area of 50,000 acres was set apart by notice in the New Zealand Gazette of the 13th February, 1908.
The right to utilize the water-power of any stream on the land so disposed of, and the right to cut, fell, remove, or in any way utilize any timber growing thereon, are provided for in the regulations published in the Gazette of the 8th April, 1909.
Any land so set apart, if situated within the boundaries of a mining district under the Mining Act, 1908, shall remain subject to the provisions of that Act.
Flax Leases.
The Land Board may, with the approval of the Minister, lease by auction, for growing, cutting, or removing flax, any area not exceeding 2,000 acres, for a term not exceeding fourteen years, at such upset yearly rental as may be determined by the Board.
On the expiration of this lease a renewal may be granted to the former lessee, without auction, for a further term not exceeding fourteen years, at a rental to be determined by the Board not sooner than twelve months nor later than six months before the expiration of the first term
These provisions apply both to land under the Land Act, 1908, and to land under the Land for Settlements Act, 1908.
Regulations giving full particulars of these leases were published in the New Zealand Gazette of the 1st April, 1909.
Settlement of Bush and Swamp Lands.
Section 127 of the Land Act provides liberal conditions for the selection and settlement of bush and swamp lands. Its provisions are: Land so opened is divided into three classes — (a) heavy-bush lands, (b) light-bush or swamp lands, and (c) scrub lands according to the nature of the vegetation existing on the lands opened for sale or lease. On heavy-bush lands the selector, after payment of his first half-year's rent, is exempt from further rent for a period of four years, whilst no rate can be levied or collected by any local authority on the land for the same period; on light-bush lands or swamp lands three years' exemption from rent and rates is allowed, whilst residence for the first five years may be dispensed with on swamp lands; on scrub lands two years' exemption from rent and rates is given.
As before mentioned, section 194 provides that land not likely to be immediately productive may be opened for selection on renewable lease, and no rent shall be payable thereunder for such period (not exceeding ten years) as the Land Board and Minister of Lands shall determine. This provision may be used instead of those embodied in section 127.
Agreements with Owners for Subdivision.
Part III of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, makes provision for agreements between the Minister of Lands and the owner in fee-simple of any land, for the subdivision of that land and for the disposal, by public tender, of the allotments, by way of sale or by way of lease with right of purchase. On the execution of any such agreement the Minister may advance the moneys required for rendering the land available for settlement, including the cost of subdivision and survey and the cost of the construction of roads and bridges. In the case of a sale, the agreement may provide for the payment of the purchase-money by annual instalments extending over a period of from ten to twenty years, with interest on the amount for the time being unpaid not exceeding 5 per cent. per annum. In the case of a lease the term shall be for twenty-one years, and the lessee shall have the right at any time during the currency of the lease to purchase the allotment at a price to be named in the tender. The rent payable under the lease must not exceed 5 per cent. per annum of the price so named in the tender.
Section 49 provides for similar agreements between the Minister and the owners of Native freehold land, in respect of the disposition by sale or lease of that land. In pursuance of such agreement a proportion (not exceeding one-third) of the proceeds may be paid over to the Native owners, and the balance is payable into a Native Land Trust Account to be invested upon trust for such Native owners.
PRIVATE LAND REQUIRED FOR SETTLEMENT.
In Part VI of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913, provision is made whereby the Minister of Lands may at any time in writing notify an owner that the land of such owner or a portion thereof is required for purposes of settlement. The owner is thereupon required, within six months after such notice has been gazetted, to notify the Minister whether he elects (a) to himself subdivide and offer the land for sale in subdivisions, or (b) to enter into an agreement with the Minister under the provisions of Part III of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912 (as described under the preceding heading), or (c) that the land shall be taken compulsorily under the Land for Settlements Act.
If the owner elects to himself subdivide the land, he is required within three years to subdivide, road, and offer the land for sale by public auction or private contract at reasonable upset prices and upon reasonable terms and conditions.
If, on the other hand, he elects to enter into an agreement with the Minister, he must do so within six months of such election.
If the owner does not elect to do either of the above things, the land may at any time within five years be taken compulsorily on payment of compensation.
AGGREGATION OF PRIVATE LAND.
In Part VI of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913, provision is made for compulsorily taking private land (not within a borough or town district) in cases where in the opinion of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners such land has been acquired by way of aggregation and where such aggregation is contrary to the public interest. Compensation for all land so taken is payable in the manner provided by the Public Works Act in respect of land taken by the Crown for a public work
The land taken in this manner is offered to the public under renewable lease (thirty-three years) at reasonable rentals and in suitable areas.
LAND FOE SETTLEMENT ESTATES.
In the earlier years of the settlement of New Zealand there were opportunities for men of capital and judgment to acquire large estates at reasonable prices, especially when money was needed for administration and roads and bridges. As the best lands in the course of years passed from the Crown, the country became a series of agricultural communities interspersed with large properties, and as time went on those in search of land urged that they should be allowed to occupy these large estates instead of being compelled to go into inaccessible back country without roads or railways. To meet this the late Sir John McKenzie, then Minister of Lands, introduced into the Legislature in the session of 1892 a Bill intituled the Land for Settlements Act, which authorized the purchase from private individuals of suitable properties for subdivision into farms, which was extended and embodied in the Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900.
Under the provisions of this Act and the amending Acts, which are now consolidated into the Act of 1908 and amending Act of 1909, properties have been acquired, and divided into small farms, which were originally leased in perpetuity at a 5-per-cent. rental, on a capital value fixed at a rate sufficient to cover first cost, together with survey, administration, and roads (if required). But by section 45 of the Act of 1908 a renewable lease for thirty-three years is substituted and the rent reduced to 4œ per cent. per annum, whilst each lease contains a perpetual right of renewal for further successive terms of thirty-three years on a rent to be determined by revaluation. Under the provisions of section 59 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, holders of renewable leases may now acquire the freehold of their holdings.
Lessees may pay off portions of the capital value of their land in sums of £10 up to 90 per cent. of the total capital value, whilst so soon as the lessee has paid up to 33 per cent. of the capital value he is freed from all other covenants of his lease except those providing for payment of rent and for residence.
Lessees-in-perpetuity under the former Acts have the right of exchanging their leases for renewable leases under the present Act, the new rental being 4œ per cent. upon the original capital value at the time of selection or the present-day value (excluding the value of improvements).
The usual process of acquisition is as follows: When a property is offered to the Government, the Chairman of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners has inquiries made as to the suitability for subdivision, and if found suitable a report (with a valuation) is obtained and is submitted for the consideration of the Land Purchase Board. The Board is composed of the Chairman, three other Government officers (at present the Under-Secretary of Lands, the Surveyor-General, and the local Commissioner of Crown Lands), besides a local lay member, whose training and duties qualify them to advise the Government as to whether the purchase is a suitable one, and as to the price which should be given for the property. It is only on the advice of this Board that the Government acts. The amount which may be expended per annum under the Act is £500,000. The Act also provides for the exchange of high-lying pastoral Crown lands for low-lying agricultural lands suitable for small holdings.
Lands may also be taken compulsorily in cases where the Board cannot agree with the owner as to price, &c., and where the Governor in Council decides to acquire the land for closer settlement. The amount payable to the owner is fixed by section 31 of the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, as follows: The unimproved value is that given in the valuation roll upon which the owner has been paying rates, plus 10 per cent. of the total value up to £50,000, and 5 per cent. on all amounts above that sum. The improvements are to be specially assessed under the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, as at the time when the requisition for the taking of the land is gazetted. To the total amount so ascertained as above is added another 2 per cent. by way of compensation for the compulsory taking. The owner of any estate acquired in this manner has the option of obtaining a lease of 400 acres of first-class land, or 1,000 acres of mixed classes (first, second, and third), from the Government without competition, prior to the opening of the estate for public application.
The acquisition of lands under the Land for Settlements Acts has proved beneficial in providing homes for a large class of men of moderate capital. Sons of farmers begin life hear the old home, and help from there is given in many ways. The system also affords to the small-farmer class of the Old Country an opening for building up homes for themselves where their previous experience will be of use, instead of having to learn the methods adapted to a new and wild country.
Preference is given to landless and married people, and applicants who have been unsuccessful at former ballots, whilst all applicants have to satisfy the Land Board as to their means to stock and cultivate the property applied for and erect suitable buildings thereon. The Board, in fact, has a discretion as to who may become tenants.
When land acquired under this Act contains a homestead in the bona fide occupation of a tenant, the occupant may be granted, without competition, a lease of such homestead and land around it, but not exceeding 400 acres in area.
Portions of purchased estates not suitable for close settlement may be opened as pastoral areas, while, to enable such pastoral areas to be properly worked, detached areas of low-lying lands may be added to the pastoral areas although they may not be contiguous.
Regulations giving full directions to applicants under the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, were issued in the Gazette of 25th March, 1909, and should be in the hands of every one before applying for lands thereunder.
The report of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners on transactions for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, states:—
“The number of properties considered was 199, of an area of 652,883 acres. Many of these were found to be quite unsuitable for settlement, or were offered at such a price as to preclude business.
“The area purchased and taken possession of was 141,327 acres, costing £560,498. In addition the leases of 108,786 acres of Crown land were surrendered, and a portion has been utilized as additions to settlement lands. The total expenditure to 31st March, 1914, is £6,936,613 for 1,490,367 acres.
“There was an active demand for the whole of the estates purchased, with the exception of those in Southland. These are, however, being gradually taken up, and it is expected that the whole will be occupied within a month or so.
“The successful applicants are reported as being of a good type and likely to do justice to their holdings.
“The purchase of further areas is being steadily pursued, and already 25,793 acres, valued at £181,582, have been completed. There appears to be a disposition on the part of landowners to quit their holdings, and considerable areas are being offered, but in many instances at prices which are considered to be much beyond the value. With the present returns for all produce there is, however, some justification for owners looking for extreme prices.”
The Land for Settlements Account at 31st March, 1914, stands as under:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Dr. | |
| Loans current | 7,222,375 |
| Rents, &c., received | 3,174,587 |
| Receipts under Land Act, section 191 | 7,181 |
| Receipts under Land Act, section 177 | 59,700 |
| Sale of Grown lands | 135,664 |
| Interest on investments | 1,973 |
| £10,601,480 | |
| Cr. | |
| Purchase-money | 6,936,613 |
| Incidental expenses | 600,760 |
| Interest | 2,506,267 |
| Sinking fund | 459,372 |
| Land Laws Amendment Act, section 63 | 34,171 |
| Balance | 64,297 |
| £10,601,480 | |
| SUMMARY OF ESTATES ACQUIRED UP TO 31ST MARCH, 1914 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Land District. | Number. | Area. | Purchase-money. | Incidental Expenses, Improvements, Roads, &c. |
| Acres. | £ | £ | ||
| Auckland | 30 | 285,737 | 488,402 | 90,207 |
| Hawke's Bay | 34 | 226,197 | 1,414,681 | 100,245 |
| Taranaki | 5 | 5,356 | 90,196 | 6,749 |
| Wellington | 30 | 70,861 | 533,807 | 67,841 |
| Marlborough | 11 | 201,394 | 563,638 | 50,982 |
| Nelson | 3 | 27,292 | 34,375 | 3,183 |
| Westland | 2 | 5,125 | 8,343 | 2,921 |
| Canterbury | 99 | 369,304 | 2,385,867 | 100,980 |
| Otago | 33 | 219,503 | 1,095,886 | 96,550 |
| Southland | 12 | 79,598 | 321,418 | 22,174 |
| Totals | 264 | 1,490,367 | 6,936,613 | 541,832 |
| AREAS OCCUPIED AND UNLET, ALSO RENTAL VALUES, 31ST MARCH, 1914. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Land District | Area occupied. | Annual Rent payable. | Area unlet. | Annual Rental Value of Unlet Lands. | ||||||||
| A. | R. | P. | £ | s. | d. | A. | R. | P. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Auckland | 185,498 | 0 | 39 | 24,236 | 14 | 7 | 71,368 | 3 | 36 | 2,792 | 0 | 0 |
| Hawke's Bay | 223,102 | 0 | 7 | 73,605 | 16 | 9 | 887 | 0 | 10 | 255 | 12 | 0 |
| Taranaki | 5,075 | 2 | 13 | 4,142 | 16 | 7 | 9 | 0 | 18 | 23 | 17 | 0 |
| Wellington | 64,383 | 2 | 9 | 22,174 | 0 | 11 | 4,993 | 1 | 18 | 1,716 | 6 | 5 |
| Nelson | 22,738 | 0 | 9 | 2,180 | 11 | 11 | 872 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 10 | 10 |
| Marlborough | 209,834 | 2 | 11 | 30,476 | 8 | 9 | 700 | 3 | 6 | 138 | 18 | 0 |
| Westland | 5,022 | 3 | 15 | 540 | 10 | 10 | ||||||
| Canterbury | 490,361 | 2 | 21 | 128,198 | 6 | 8 | 427 | 2 | 25 | 455 | 0 | 0 |
| Otago | 216,070 | 0 | 8 | 56,658 | 19 | 8 | 743 | 1 | 38 | 556 | 15 | 9 |
| Southland | 68,168 | 0 | 35 | 14,958 | 8 | 9 | 16,363 | 1 | 34 | 1,816 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals | 1,490,254 | 3 | 7 | 357,172 | 15 | 5 | 96,365 | 3 | 25 | 7,293 | 7 | 1 |
The number of selectors, houses, persons resident, value of improvements, and total amount advanced to settlers for buildings, &c., under the Land for Settlements Acts, as on 31st March, 1914, are next shown.
| Land District. | Number of Selectors. | Number of Houses on Holdings. | Number of Persons resident on Holdings. | Value of Improvements. | Total Amount advanced to Selectors for Buildings, &c. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | ||||
| Auckland | 959 | 865 | 3,496 | 397,592 | 4 | 3 | 2,208 | 15 | 0 |
| Hawke's Bay | 704 | 618 | 2,731 | 531,561 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Taranaki | 76 | 64 | 272 | 17,672 | 6 | G | 337 | 10 | 0 |
| Wellington | 423 | 376 | 1,690 | 236,956 | 0 | 0 | 2,510 | 0 | 0 |
| Nelson | 35 | 33 | 124 | 24,202 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Marlborough | 436 | 257 | 1,145 | 213,671 | 1 | 0 | |||
| Westland | 31 | 21 | 100 | 17,050 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Canterbury | 1,702 | 1,479 | 6,061 | 748,107 | 14 | 4 | 2,785 | 10 | 0 |
| Otago | 865 | 662 | 2,613 | 345,485 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Southland | 298 | 262 | 1,166 | 123,294 | 7 | 9 | |||
| Totals | 5,529 | 4,637 | 19,398 | 2,655,591 | 13 | 11 | 7,841 | 15 | 0 |
LAND SETTLEMENT FINANCE ASSOCIATIONS.
The Land Settlement Finance Act was passed by the General Assembly on 24th December, 1909, and came into force on the 1st January, 1910. Regulations prescribing the mode of procedure and the forms to be used were published in the New Zealand Gazette of 3rd March, 1910.
The intention of the Act is to promote closer settlement of land by enabling groups of purchasers to buy private freehold property for subdivision among them, and to raise the purchase-money by means of a loan guaranteed by the Government. For this purpose any five or more persons may by agreement form an incorporated land settlement association, and may purchase in the name of that association any estate consisting of not less than 250 acres. The agreement of purchase must comprise a scheme for the subdivision of the estate into allotments not less than 25 acres and not more than 200 acres in extent, irrespective of value, or up to 500 acres, provided the unimproved value of such larger allotment (ioes not exceed £2,500. The agreement becomes operative only if it is confirmed by Order in Council in pursuance of a recommendation of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners. On the confirmation of the agreement the incorporated association, acting through the Public Trustee as its agent, is empowered to raise the total purchase-money of the estate by the issue of debentures under the guarantee of the Government. On the completion of the purchase the estate is transferred to the association, and the several allotments are then transferred by the association to the individual purchasers. Each purchaser gives a mortgage to the association to secure the purchase-money of his allotment, together with interest at such rate as is sufficient to meet the interest on the debentures and the incidental expenses of the association. The purchase-money of each allotment so secured by mortgage is payable by such instalments as the mortgagor chooses, not less than a specified amount in each year, and the balance must be paid in twenty years. All capital and interest moneys so paid to the association by the purchasers are expended in meeting the interest accruing due on the debentures, and the balance is accumulated in the hands of the Public Trustee as a sinking fund for the redemption of the debentures.
Each member of an association, in addition to paying the purchase-money of his allotment, will also have to pay a sum equal to one-half of 1 per cent. of the purchase-money of his allotment for the purpose of providing a fund out of which the expenses of managing an association can be paid, and possible future losses through default may be met.
By an amending Act, passed on the 3rd December, 1910, it is made unlawful for any person to acquire an interest in land acquired under the Act of 1909, if the unimproved value of such land, together with the unimproved value of all other land held by him in New Zealand, exceeds the sum of £2,500.
Special commissioners may be appointed, their duties being to assist in the formation of associations by helping to secure suitable land, and to afford information to intending settlers.
The title to any allotment is subject to the following restrictive provisions:—
Every purchaser must possess the qualifications required by applicants for Crown land under Part III of the Land Act, 1908.
Until at least one-third of the purchase-money has been paid off, a purchaser must reside on his allotment, and has no power to alienate or charge it.
Transfers of any allotment are subject to the provisions of Part XIII of the Land Act, 1908, in the same manner as in the case of land now alienated in fee-simple by the Crown.
The annual report for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, states:—
“The operations during the period have been somewhat restricted, principally owing to the tightness of the money-market in the earlier part of the year.
“There were four associations incorporated, with an area of 4,182 acres, valued at £58,830, and a membership of 27. The total number of associations incorporated to date is 38, with an area of 39,232 acres, valued at £520,924, and 266 members.
“There are several others now under consideration. With few exceptions the success of the several associations is assured.”
The following table shows the Land-settlement Finance Associations incorporated from 1st April, 1913, to 31st March, 1914, also the total number to date:—
| Association. | Locality. | Area. | Purchase-money. | Number of Members. | Area of Allotment. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acres. | £ | Acres. | |||
| HAWKE'S BAY. | |||||
| Blairgowrie | Near Dannevirke | 1,483 | 23,681 | 9 | 155, 153, 153, 149, 107, 167, 195, 176, 138. |
| CANTERBURY. | |||||
| Kelman | Loweliffe | 863 | 13,283 | 6 | 186, 115, 112, 100, 250, 100. |
| Trentham | Fairlie | 1,631 | 15,498 | 7 | 260, 260, 217, 264, 226, 300, 104. |
| 2,494 | 28,781 | 13 | |||
| OTAGO. | |||||
| Bruce | Kakanui | 205 | 6,368 | 5 | 39, 40, 70, 25, 25. |
| Totals | 4,182 | 58,830 | 27 | ||
| Previously incorporated | 35,050 | 462,094 | 239 | ||
| Totals | 39,232 | 520,924 | 266 | ||
WORKERS' DWELLINGS.
For the purposes of the Workers' Dwellings Act (see section dealing with State assistance to settlers and workers in another portion of this book) Grown land may be set apart, or if recommended by the Workers' Dwellings Board, private land may be purchased.
EDUCATIONAL ENDOWMENTS.
Crown lands may from time to time be reserved as endowments for educational purposes. They are then subject to the Education Reserves Act, 1908, and its amendments, and were formerly disposed of by the School Commissioners for each district under the provisions of that Act, or under Part XI. of the Land Act, 1908, by the Land Board of the district. By the provisions of the Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1910, the School Commissioners were abolished, and all educational endowments vested in the Crown for educational purposes. They are now administered solely by the Land Board in a similar manner to Crown lands, but subject to the special provisions of the Education Reserves Acts. They may be leased either under the Land Act on renewable lease for thirty-three years, or under the Public Bodies' Leases Act, 1908, under eight different kinds of tenancy. The leases are, however, subject to determination by the Governor in Council on payment of compensation. The revenue derived from the endowments is, after deducting the expenses of administration, paid over to the Education Board of the district in the case of primary education reserves, or to the governing bodies of secondary schools in the district in the case of secondary education reserves.
In addition, a portion of the revenue derived from national endowment lands is devoted to the purposes of education.
NATIONAL ENDOWMENTS.
Part VII of the Land Act provided for the setting apart of 7,000,000 acres of Crown land in New Zealand as a permanent endowment for the purposes of education and old-age pensions. In addition to this, it added to such endowment any lands which, after the passing of the National Endowment Act, 1907, might be taken up under renewable lease, or were or might afterwards be selected under lease as small grazing-runs under the provisions of Part V of the Land Act, 1908; but it enacted that so soon as the endowment should reach a total area of 9,000,000 acres, no more Crown lands would thereafter become national endowment by virtue of the Act. It also expressly provided that in regard to all the lands so set apart the fee-simple thereof should not be parted with by way of cash sale, nor must any such land be disposed of under occupation-with-right-of-purchase tenure.
A separate account (known as the National Endowment Account) has been created, into which the revenue from the national endowment area, after deducting sums payable to any local or private authority, is paid. From this revenue is deducted the cost of administration. This enables the continuation of the payment of “thirds,” “fourths,” and “halves” to local bodies, and the payment of interest on loans raised for roading purposes.
Of the balance of the revenue 70 per cent. is applied for the purpose of education, and 30 per cent. for the purpose of old-age pensions. The moneys payable for educational purposes are to be applied, without any further appropriation than the Land Act, towards payment of all amounts which, by any Act, are chargeable on the Consolidated Fund for educational purposes, whether higher, secondary, or primary, and whether general or technical. If there is any residue after these payments are made, it must be devoted towards payment of general authorities for education.
Out of the national-endowment land areas may still be set apart for all necessary public purposes, whilst power is also taken in section 267 of the Land Act, 1908, to enable the Land Board to sell, with the Minister's consent, any portion of national-endowment land (not exceeding 5 acres in any one case) as a site for any building to be erected for any educational, religious, charitable, or public purpose, or for any other purpose which, in the opinion of the Land Board and the Minister, renders such a sale expedient in the public interest. The purchase-money of land so sold is payable into the National Endowment Account.
Section 268 provides for the raising of any sum not exceeding £50,000 in any one year (in addition to sums which may be borrowed under Part V of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913) for the construction of roads and bridges through the national endowment lands, to render them suitable for settlement.
Section 16 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, empowers national endowment land to be exchanged for other land.
SUMMARY OF CROWN LANDS TRANSACTIONS.
A summary of the transactions in connection with Crown Lands during the year ended 31st March, 1914, will be found in the following table, which shows under all descriptions of tenure the number of selectors and the area selected:—
| Mature and Tenure of Lands selected during the Year ended the 31st March, 1914 | Number of Purchasers or Selectors. | Area. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ordinary Crown Lands— | A. | R. | P. | |
| Cash lands | 296 | 5,937 | 1 | 21 |
| Occupation with right of purchase | 488 | 117,268 | 1 | 9 |
| Renewable lease | 16 | 2,418 | 1 | 5 |
| Mining districts land-occupation leases | 61 | 2,397 | 3 | 30 |
| Village settlement, cash | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Improved-farm special settlement | 1 | 98 | 0 | 9 |
| Pastoral runs | 6 | 4,381 | 1 | 23 |
| Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations | 76 | 14,420 | 0 | 37 |
| Miscellaneous leases | 431 | 94,615 | 0 | 24 |
| Totals | 1,380 | 241,528 | 0 | 2 |
| Cheviot Estate— | ||||
| Miscellaneous leases | 2 | 59 | 3 | 0 |
| Laud for Settlements– | ||||
| Cash lands | 14 | 19 | 1 | 15 |
| Renewable lease | 279 | 148,273 | 1 | 14 |
| Miscellaneous leases | 19 | 826 | 1 | 38 |
| Totals | 312 | 149,119 | 0 | 27 |
| National Endowment Lands— | ||||
| Renewable lease | 237 | 62,640 | 3 | 25 |
| Village renewable lease | 7 | 68 | 2 | 28 |
| Small grazing-runs | 4 | 14,691 | 0 | 0 |
| Pastoral runs | 2 | 11,578 | 0 | 0 |
| Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations | 69 | 13,616 | 3 | 35 |
| Miscellaneous leases | 38 | 7,094 | 0 | 15 |
| Totals | 3$7 | 109,689 | 2 | 23 |
| Grand totals | 2,01 | 500,896 | 2 | 12 |
| Primary education endowments | 50 | 3,111 | 0 | 3 |
| Secondary education endowments | 8 | 229 | 0 | 8 |
| Other endowment lands | 19 | 16,475 | 1 | 13 |
Particulars of the number of selectors at present holding lands under the several tenures, together with the yearly rental payable, are given in the next table.
| TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTORS, WITH AREA OF CROWN LAND SELECTED OR HELD, THE YEARLY RENT PAYABLE, AND RENT IN ARREAR, ON 31ST MARCH. 1914. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tenure. | Total Number of Selectors. | Total Area held. | Total Yearly Rental or Instalment payable. | Total of such Rents or Payments in Arrear. | |||||||
| Number of Selectors. | Amount. | ||||||||||
| Ordinary Crown Lands— | A. | R. | P. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | ||
| Deferred payment (Land Acts, 1877 and 1885) | 11 | 1,970 | 1 | 8 | 22 | 15 | 2 | ||||
| Deferred payment (Land Laws Amendment Acts, 1912 and 1913) | 121 | 27,498 | 1 | 28 | 1,499 | 12 | 1 | ||||
| Perpetual lease | 375 | 63,098 | 2 | 27 | 2,079 | 19 | 4 | 15 | 32 | 9 | 9 |
| Occupation with right of purchase | 5,468 | 1,773,244 | 1 | 21 | 113,015 | 10 | 8 | 222 | 4,388 | 13 | 10 |
| Lease in perpetuity | 4,567 | 1,326,841 | 2 | 38 | 42,530 | 17 | 7 | 122 | 784 | 1 | 8 |
| Renewable lease | 33 | 7,554 | 8 | 36 | 2,278 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 57 | 16 | 0 |
| Agricultural lease | 17 | 550 | 1 | 0 | 23 | 7 | 9 | ||||
| Mining districts land-occupation leases | 690 | 24,946 | 3 | 4 | 1,419 | 11 | 8 | 38 | 121 | 6 | 3 |
| Village settlements— | |||||||||||
| Deferred payment (Land Acts, 1877 and 1885). | 7 | 113 | 1 | 6 | 16 | 17 | 6 | ||||
| Perpetual lease | 78 | 1,177 | 1 | 25 | 158 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 0 |
| Occupation with right of purchase | 20 | 13 | 3 | 14 | 8 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 3 |
| Lease in perpetuity | 864 | 19,801 | 3 | 25 | 4,212 | 16 | 1 | 22 | 167 | 1 | 6 |
| Village-homestead special settlements– | |||||||||||
| Perpetual lease | 248 | 4,160 | 0 | 22 | 545 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 30 | 12 | 6 |
| Lease in perpetuity | 338 | 8,719 | 2 | 39 | 1,005 | 9 | 6 | 13 | 30 | 2 | 2 |
| Special-settlement associations— | |||||||||||
| Perpetual lease | 10 | 669 | 0 | 8 | 48 | 4 | 0 | ||||
| Lease in perpetuity | 608 | 107,234 | 1 | 31 | 5,816 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 137 | 9 | 9 |
| Improved-farm special settlements— | |||||||||||
| Occupation with right of purchase | 419 | 58,168 | 2 | 38 | 6,640 | 13 | 7 | 61 | 983 | 9 | 2 |
| Lease in perpetuity | 318 | 39,935 | 2 | 0 | 3,374 | 14 | 4 | 8 | 50 | 3 | 6 |
| Small grazing-runs | 231 | 443,931 | 3 | 24 | 20,495 | 14 | 10 | 15 | 368 | 1 | 1 |
| Pastoral runs | 432 | 6,782,905 | 1 | 11 | 39,963 | 17 | 11 | 7 | 101 | 17 | 6 |
| Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations | 460 | 103,845 | 1 | 13 | 2,111 | 0 | 2 | 77 | 536 | 2 | 6 |
| Miscellaneous leases | 4,440 | 709,820 | 1 | 34 | 20,085 | 1 | 9 | 230 | 892 | 0 | 7 |
| Totals | 19,754 | 11,506,262 | 0 | 12 | 267,453 | 9 | 21 | 866 | 8,689 | 15 | 10 |
| Cheviot Estate— | |||||||||||
| Lease in perpetuity | 118 | 24,385 | 2 | 25 | 6,423 | 15 | 6 | ||||
| Renewable lease | 13 | 644 | 3 | 36 | 496 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0 |
| Village-homestead special settlement | 92 | 2,480 | 1 | 0 | 870 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 33 | 8 | 8 |
| Grazing-farms | 34 | 45,021 | 1 | 32 | 6,424 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 1,047 | 3 | 8 |
| Pastoral runs | 1 | 1,619 | 0 | 22 | 190 | 9 | 6 | ||||
| Miscellaneous | 53 | 1,183 | 2 | 34 | 295 | 6 | 10 | 5 | 60 | 5 | 5 |
| Totals | 311 | 75,335 | 0 | 29 | 14,700 | 6 | 8 | 19 | 1,142 | 2 | 9 |
| Land for Settlements Acts— | |||||||||||
| Deterred payment (Land Laws Amendment Acts, 1912 and 1913) | 100 | 4,968 | 2 | 19 | 1,440 | 17 | 11 | ||||
| Lease in perpetuity | 3,541 | 658,125 | 1 | 0 | 191,394 | 5 | 11 | 103 | 2,233 | 12 | 1 |
| Renewable lease | 1,450 | 609,196 | 2 | 8 | 135,215 | 10 | 4 | 85 | 4,431 | 15 | 9 |
| Lease in perpetuity (village settlement) | 46 | 438 | 1 | 28 | 342 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| Renewable lease (village settlement) | 3 | 9 | 3 | 16 | 9 | 18 | 0 | ||||
| Special-settlement associations | 11 | 2,114 | 1 | 9 | 162 | 7 | 8 | ||||
| Small grazing-runs | 115 | 203,322 | 2 | 15 | 26,709 | 13 | 0 | 5 | 261 | 13 | 5 |
| Pastoral runs | 4 | 1,739 | 3 | 13 | 174 | 16 | 0 | ||||
| Miscellaneous | 262 | 10,551 | 1 | 19 | 2,124 | 8 | 11 | 22 | 239 | 18 | 7 |
| Totals | 5,532 | 1,490,466 | 3 | 7 | 357,574 | 5 | 5 | 217 | 7,167 | 11 | 10 |
| National-endowment Lands— | |||||||||||
| Renewable lease— | |||||||||||
| Ordinary | 1,937 | 527,232 | 1 | 38 | 23,589 | 9 | 5 | 137 | 2,374 | 0 | 4 |
| Village settlement | 284 | 2,585 | 1 | 26 | 1,050 | 6 | 4 | 17 | 38 | 16 | 6 |
| Village-homestead special settlement | 13 | 135 | 2 | 38 | 16 | 17 | 0 | ||||
| Improved-farm special settlement | 33 | 5,500 | 1 | 20 | 586 | 17 | 10 | 4 | 67 | 9 | 2 |
| Mining districts land-occupation leases | 1 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Small grazing-runs | 534 | 1,742,611 | 2 | 29 | 33,530 | 1 | 1 | 23 | 1,077 | 1 | 1 |
| Pastoral runs | 198 | 3,924,161 | 0 | 21 | 36,540 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 456 | 5 | 8 |
| Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations | 338 | 63,603 | 3 | 8 | 1,517 | 15 | 4 | 42 | 363 | 10 | 9 |
| Miscellaneous leases | 544 | 269,191 | 2 | 30 | 2,768 | 0 | 8 | 39 | 151 | 11 | 7 |
| Totals | 3,882 | 6,525,034 | 1 | 10 | 99,600 | 8 | 8 | 269 | 4,529 | 8 | 1 |
| Thermal springs (Rotorua) | 311 | 4,052 | 0 | 33 | 2,075 | 5 | 6 | 34 | 165 | 10 | 7 |
| Grand totals | 29,790 | 19,601,151 | 0 | 11 | 741,403 | 16 | 2 | 1,405 | 21,694 | 9 | 1 |
| Education Endowments— | |||||||||||
| Primary | 3,130 | 761,310 | 0 | 34 | 67,738 | 7 | 8 | 123 | 1,400 | 13 | 3 |
| Secondary | 371 | 38,300 | 1 | 5 | 8,448 | 19 | 7 | 25 | 123 | 3 | 1 |
| Other endowment lands | 821 | 382,226 | 1 | 29 | 15,216 | 5 | 2 | 77 | 358 | 5 | 4 |
Tables I and II, which follow, exhibit the acreage of land taken up for settlement, and the number of holdings under each description of tenure. The lands held under pastoral license and miscellaneous leases, such as for timber and flax-cutting, coal-mining, &c., are not included in these tables. Tables III and IV show the total acreage taken up year by year since 1st April, 1904, in each land district, and the number of holdings grouped according to size, the areas varying from less than one acre in extent to 1,000 acres and over.
The forfeitures and surrenders in respect of the Crown lands taken up under settlement conditions (excluding, as already remarked, pastoral runs, miscellaneous leases and licenses, endowment, and Thermal Springs District leases) for the last ten years were,—
| Year. | Number of Holdings. | Acres. |
|---|---|---|
| 1904–5 | 180 | 89,451 |
| 1905–6 | 152 | 36,697 |
| 1906–7 | 324 | 74,841 |
| 1907–8 | 269 | 50,810 |
| 1908–9 | 185 | 54,089 |
| 1909–10 | 315 | 118,142 |
| 1910–11 | 274 | 55,964 |
| 1911–12 | 247 | 55,312 |
| 1912–13 | 231 | 55,380 |
| 1913–14 | 208 | 52,259 |
Forfeited and surrendered lands are again thrown open for selection as soon as possible, and in the majority of cases are taken up again by fresh selectors within a short time.
| I.—COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING ACREAGE OF LANDS SELECTED UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES) DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1914. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | 1904–5. | 1905–6. | 1906–7. | 1907–8. | 1908–9. | 1909–10. | 1910–11. | 1911–12. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. |
NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1904–5, 89,451 acres; 1905–6, 36,697 acres; 1906–7, 74,841 acres; 1907–8, 50,810 acres; 1908–9, 54,089 acres; 1909–10, 118,142 acres; 1910–11, 55,964 acres; 1911–12, 55,312 acres; 1912–13, 55,380 acres; and for 1913–14, 52,259 acres. But it must not be supposed that those relate to the acreages taken up during the same years; on the contrary, forfeitures may have their origin in selections of long standing and various dates. | ||||||||||
| Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
| Cash lands | 18,991 | 11,132 | 20,357 | 28,519 | 42,177 | 8,874 | 9,544 | 6,095.3 | 4,624 | 5,947 |
| Perpetual lease and small areas | ||||||||||
| 127 | ||||||||||
| Occupation with right of purchase | 138,206 | 157,432 | 215,530 | 187,799 | 123,116 | 108,152 | 131,001 | 131,483 | 104,767 | 117,268 |
| Lease in perpetuity | 173,811 | 158,019 | 154,237 | 98,367 | 106,184 | 1,011 | 1,877 | |||
| Renewable lease | ||||||||||
| 70,535 | 218,005 | 178,036 | 123,718 | 186,482 | 207,503 | 213,333 | ||||
| Agricultural lease | 218 | |||||||||
| 84 | ||||||||||
| Mining Districts Land-occupation leases | 1,914 | 1,194 | 1,044 | 3,047 | 1,490 | 2,068 | 2,687 | 1,426 | 773 | 2,398 |
| Village settlement— | ||||||||||
| Cash | 1 | 40 | 20 | 3 | 17 | 12 | 4 | œ | 1 | 1 |
| Occupation with right of purchase | 41 | 3 | 2 | œ | ||||||
| Lease in perpetuity | 208 | 1,934 | 1,012 | 2,302 | ||||||
| Renewable lease | ||||||||||
| 108 | 1,167 | 468 | 390 | 600 | 103 | 69 | ||||
| Village-homestead special settlement | 111 | 287 | 173 | |||||||
| Special-settlement associations (lease in perpetuity) | 223 | 4 | ||||||||
| Improved-farm special settlement | 1,459 | 547 | 5,622 | 410 | 40,005 | 5,164 | 1,385œ | 168 | 98 | |
| Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms | 67,271 | 68,587 | 114,854 | 226,757 | 28,989 | 298,494 | 128,763 | 144,617 | 37,749 | 14,691 |
| Totals | 402,413 | 399,340 | 512,853 | 617,934 | 521,145 | 637,120 | 403,150 | 472,090 | 355,688 | 353,805 |
| II.—COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF SELECTORS OF LAND UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES. ENDOWMENTS AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES) DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1914. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | 1904–5. | 1905–6. | 1900–7. | 1907–8. | 1908–9. | 1909–10. | 1910–11. | 1911–12. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. |
NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1904–5, 180 holdings; 1905–6, 152 holdings; 1906–7, 324 holdings; 1907–8, 269 holdings; 1908–9, 185 holdings; 1909–10, 815 holdings; 1910–11, 274 holding; 1911–12, 247 holdings 1912–13, 231 holdings; and 1913–14, 208 holdings. See note to previous table as to the origin of these failures. | ||||||||||
| No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | |
| For cash | 371 | 229 | 447 | 404 | 371 | 373 | 270 | 408 | 351 | 310 |
| Perpetual lease and small areas | 1 | |||||||||
| Occupation with right of purchase | 330 | 388 | 412 | 354 | 382 | 307 | 473 | 379 | 359 | 488 |
| Lease in perpetuity | 751 | 706 | 597 | 427 | 193 | 4 | 15 | |||
| Renewable lease | ||||||||||
| 168 | 692 | 611 | 589 | 569 | 566 | 532 | ||||
| Agricultural lease | 3 | |||||||||
| 3 | ||||||||||
| Mining districts land-occupation leases | 40 | 30 | 26 | 73 | 36 | 60 | 73 | 55 | 36 | 61 |
| Village settlement— | ||||||||||
| Cash | 2 | 39 | 15 | 3 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Occupation with right of purchase | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| 1 | 3 | 1 | ||||||||
| Lease in perpetuity | 14 | 55 | 32 | 72 | ||||||
| Renewable lease | ||||||||||
| 15 | 168 | 44 | 22 | 59 | 19 | 7 | ||||
| Village-homestead special settlement | 8 | 49 | 17 | |||||||
| Special-settlement associations | 2 | |||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||||
| Improved-farm special settlement | 14 | 3 | 46 | 3 | 259 | 23 | 8 | 3 | 1 | |
| Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms | 45 | 34 | 51 | 64 | 10 | 45 | 22 | 23 | 10 | 4 |
| Totals | 1,581 | 1,536 | 1,644 | 1,589 | 1,863 | 1,712 | 1,494 | 1,503 | 1,345 | 1,405 |
III.—LANDS TAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1914 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS, AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES).*
| Land District. | 1904–5. | 1905–6. | 1906–7. | 1907–8. | 1908–9. | 1909–10. | 1910–11. | 1911–12. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
| Auckland | 120,350 | 102,810 | 166,314 | 124,139 | 86,349 | 91,019 | 102,348 | 139,183 | 103,025 | 78,716 |
| Hawke's Bay | 40,949 | 55,215 | 19,697 | 30,038 | 48,002 | 40,369 | 35,926 | 3,834 | 34,910 | 34,425 |
| Taranaki | 63,005 | 35,505 | 90,453 | 45,431 | 30,192 | 52,831 | 16,639 | 9,496 | 23,474 | 46,112 |
| Wellington | 53,135 | 43,062 | 64,582 | 74,646 | 25,558 | 55,329 | 23,361 | 30,305 | 11,647 | 25,145 |
| Nelson | 10,341 | 22,172 | 25,009 | 45,203 | 203,809 | 35,569 | 42,644 | 31,232 | 15,597 | 17,504 |
| Marlborough | 20,795 | 54,031 | 10,711 | 5,244 | 5,293 | 10,859 | 3,727 | 21,297 | 723 | 102,079 |
| Canterbury | 4,487 | 13,418 | 22,208 | 17,560 | 35,600 | 29,904 | 8,609 | 158,174 | 108,812 | 11,440 |
| Westland | 20,202 | 15,813 | 14,633 | 12,305 | 7,313 | 6,526 | 6,600 | 5,714 | 7,439 | 3,351 |
| Otago | 38,487 | 29,988 | 82,175 | 250,847 | 70,342 | 298,341 | 139,517 | 58,664 | 32,313 | 11,708 |
| Southland | 30,662 | 27,326 | 17,081 | 12,521 | 8,687 | 16,373 | 23,778 | 14,191 | 17,748 | 23,325 |
| Totals | 402,413 | 399,340 | 512,853 | 617,934 | 521,145 | 637,120 | 403,149 | 472,090 | 355,688 | 353,805 |
IV.—HOLDINGS TAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1914 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS, AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES), CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE.
| Size. | 1904–5. | 1905–6. | 1906–7. | 1907–8. | 1908–9. | 1909–10. | 1910–11. | 1911–12. | 1912–13. | 1913–4. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | No. | No | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | |
| Under 1 acre | 246 | 221 | 262 | 290 | 381 | 267 | 204 | 297 | 228 | 142 |
| 1 to 50 acres | 397 | 383 | 400 | 404 | 462 | 421 | 396 | 406 | 328 | 411 |
| 51 to 250 acres | 450 | 444 | 432 | 382 | 114 | 585 | 549 | 406 | 401 | 446 |
| 251 to 500 acres | 280 | 256 | 222 | 227 | 276 | 221 | 196 | 200 | 211 | 246 |
| 501 to 1,000 acres | 131 | 158 | 201 | 157 | 237 | 137 | 90 | 125 | 133 | 116 |
| 1,001 acres and upwards | 77 | 74 | 127 | 129 | 93 | 81 | 59 | 69 | 44 | 44 |
| Totals | 1,581 | 1,536 | 1,644 | 1,589 | 1,863 | 1,712 | 1,494 | 1,503 | 1,345 | 1,405 |
* See notes as to forfeitures and surrenders on previous tables I and II.
THE LAND DISTRICTS OF NEW ZEALAND.
In issues of this book prior to 1912 full descriptions of the various land districts of the Dominion were given, but considerations of space now preclude their being continued to the same extent as formerly. Brief references are, however, here given.
AUCKLAND LAND DISTRICT.
The Auckland Land District, which practically forms the northern half of the North Island, covers a gross area of 13,517,440 acres, its greatest length being about 365 miles, and its greatest width about 180 miles. The district may be said to have no real mountains, few of even the most prominent peaks of the several scattered ranges exceeding 3,000 ft. above sea-level. The coast-line is much indented with harbours, and, in addition, the Wairoa and Waikato Rivers are navigable to a considerable distance inland, the latter for river steamers only. Many of the numerous lakes scattered throughout the district, which are frequented by wild ducks and swans, also in some instances form convenient water-ways for the transport of goods to settlers living round the shores. Much of the native bush has now disappeared, the country generally being transformed into pasture land. A large portion of the Crown lands is, however, still covered with virgin forest, the area of forest land in the district being about 3,500,000 acres. The State has several extensive reserves for scenic purposes, and also for the preservation of the kauri-tree, which is indigenous to the district, and is greatly valued for its timber. Forest trees are also being planted in the Rotorua District. The principal areas of flat country are the Kaingaroa Plain, extending from Lake Taupo towards the Bay of Plenty; the Valley of the Thames and the Hauraki Plains, which extend down to the Hauraki Gulf; and the Rangitaiki Plains, near Whakatane. Drainage-works of considerable magnitude are in progress, making fit for settlement 90,000 acres comprising the Hauraki Plains, of which 33,116 acres have already been reclaimed and settled. Generally speaking, the district has an abundant water-supply, and is remarkably free from droughts. The average annual rainfall is about 39 in., and the mean summer temperature less than 70° degrees in the shade.
There is great diversity in the nature and quality of the soils. In the north, clays predominate, with here and there large volcanic areas intervening. In the southern part of the district there is a good deal of limestone country, both agricultural and pastoral. In the south-east, especially near Lake Taupo, there are large areas of light-pumice country. In parts of the district, notably at Tokatoka, and on the Hauraki and Rangitaiki Plains, there are rich alluvial reclaimed swamp areas. Much of the soil of the district may be described as “light and sandy.”
Very little grain or green crops are grown, but sheep-farming is largely carried on in the district, and considerable quantities of wool and frozen meat are exported. A good deal of wool is also used locally.
The dairying industry is a very prosperous one, and is yearly increasing in importance. There are a considerable number of butter and cheese factories and creameries, and the Home separator is also a large factor in the development of the industry.
The soil and climate are in most parts well adapted for fruit-growing, an industry which is rapidly increasing in importance in the district. Several fruit-canning factories are already in operation, and the prospects of the industry are good.
In many parts of the district large crops of flax (Phormium tenax) are obtained, and much of the swamp land is well suited for its cultivation.
Several hundred persons are engaged in the fishing industry, there being several good fishing-grounds off the coast. Canning and smoking fish for the local market and for export gives employment to a large number of persons. Good trout-fishing may be had in various parts of the district, especially in Lakes Rotorua and Taupo, and the streams running into them. These waters swarm with rainbow trout, and to many of the tourists who come to the Thermal Springs District from all parts of the world the magnificent fishing is the chief attraction.
For many years past large quantities of gold, together with a certain amount of silver, have been obtained in the district. Quartz reefs are located in the Thames, Coromandel, Piako, and Ohinemuri Counties, and auriferous reefs are known to exist in other-parts of the district. Schools of mines, subsidized by the State, are established at Auckland, Waihi, Thames, Commandel, and Karangahake.
Coal deposits exist, and mining is carried on at various places, notably at Hikurangi. Huntly, and Taupiri. The mines at Huntly and Taupiri supply a household coal of fine quality.
An industry peculiar to the Auckland District is the kauri-gum industry, which affords employment for several thousand men. The gum is manufactured into varnish of the finest quality.
TARANAKI LAND DISTRICT.
The Taranaki Land District, situated on the western side of the North Island, and covering a gross area of 2,412,600 acres, may be said to be the most fertile district of the Dominion, nearly the whole area being suitable for settlement, and quite two-thirds of it being good land. The district is well watered, numerous small streams having their source near Mount Egmont (8,260 ft.), from which they radiate in all directions to the sea. The climate, generally, is moist.
Nearly the whole of the district was originally covered with forest, but the greater portion of it has now been cleared, and the rich pasture lands made use of. The soil is of volcanic origin around Mount Egmont. Beyond that, from about Urenui on the north and Hawera on the south, the country varies from easy to broken hills, and the formation is papa, a calcareous blue clay, capped and intersected in many places by shelly limestone. The papa country is much richer and more lasting as pasture land than that covered by tufaceous and other volcanic soils. The western part of Taranaki and the flatter portions of the rest are well adapted for dairying, and support about 125 dairy factories and their creameries, &c. The rougher country is more suited for sheep-farming, and to a smaller degree for cattle-raising. The principal products of Taranaki are cheese, butter, meat, and wool.
The western part of the district is fairly well provided with good roads, but in the eastern half the roads are not so good, on account of the scarcity of metal and the liability of the country to slips in wet seasons. The construction of the Stratford – Te Koura Railway, now made for 40 miles (from Stratford to Whangamomona), will afford relief to a large area by lessening the distance to railway communication. New Plymouth, the principal town of the district, is connected with Wellington by a railway which traverses the more settled portion of Taranaki.
The following blocks of Crown land are being prepared for settlement:—
Part of Mokau–Mohakatino Block (about 7,000 acres), in Mimi and Waro Survey Districts. This is fair pastoral land.
Part of Rangitoto–Tuhua Block (about 2,000 acres), in Mapara Survey District. Good grazing country.
The Aukopae Block (8,000 acres), right bank Wanganui River, in the Ohura and Piopiotea West Survey Districts. Good grazing land.
The Waitaanga Block (5,000 acres), in the Waro Survey District, Mixed grazing land.
Also miscellaneous sections in various parts of the land district, mostly grazing country.
The total area for future disposal, including the above blocks, is about 193,000 acres.
A Guide, giving particulars of any Crown lands open for selection, will be supplied free to anyone applying personally or by letter to the Lands and Survey Office, New Plymouth.
HAWKE'S BAY LAND DISTRICT.
The Land District of Hawke's Bay comprises that part of the east coast of the North Island from Waimata Stream near Cape Turnagain to about 35 miles beyond the East Cape. It has a seaboard of 300 miles with an average depth of 45 miles, and covers an area of 5,508,900 acres. Its western limits are defined by the Ruahine, Kaweka, Ahimanawa, and other ranges forming an almost continuous line from the Manawatu Gorge to the East Cape.
The area of land held by tenants of the Crown, of whom there are 1,953 in the district, amounts to 1,025,251 acres, on which the annual rental is £132,317. There still remains for future disposal an area of about 182,536 acres, of which only a small proportion is fit for agricultural purposes, or suitable for subdivision into small areas. The most of this land is fit for pastoral purposes only, being mostly broken forest country, better suited for sheep than for cattle.
The following is a description of some of the principal areas of Crown Sand to be dealt with in the future:—
Waiapu County (4,007 acres).—Hikurangi Survey District: (1) 2,357 acres, altitude 4,000 ft. above sea-level, 300 acres lower portion covered with totara, the remainder with tawa and black-birch; (2) 150 acres, high birch country; (3) 457 acres, high birch country with no road access. Mata Survey District: 223 acres, undulating hilly pastoral land of medium quality. Raukumara East Survey District: 820 acres, very broken country with no road access.
Opotiki County (1,862 acres).—Motu Survey District: 330 acres, covered with milling-timber, on account of which land is at present withheld from sale. Moanui Survey District: 1,532 acres, very broken, red-birch country, mixed bush, soil light; elevation 1,000 ft. to 3,000 ft.
Waikohu County (6,616 acres).—Motu and Ngatapa Survey Districts: 6,616 acres, good aspect, slopes generally easy, soil light, covered with milling-timber, on which account land is withheld from sale at present.
Opotiki, Waikohu, and Whakatane Counties (48,851 acres).—Moanui, Koranga, and Tuahu Survey Districts: 48,851 acres, part of Tahora Block, heavy bush and broken country with red-birch on ridges.
Wairoa County (37,561 acres).—Tuahu and Waikaremoana Survey Districts: 22,785 acres, mixed bush with thick underscrub, well watered, soil inferior to fair. Waikaremoana and Waiau Survey Districts: 4,756 acres, rough and undulating country, well watered, 1,500 ft. to 3,500 ft. above sea-level, soil fair to medium. Mahanga Survey District: 140 acres, mostly sandhills. Mangaharuru Survey District: 9,880 acres, part of Kaiwaka Block, undulating broken country, covered with manuka and light scrub, now open for selection in three areas.
Hawke's Bay County (68,758 acres).—Kidnappers Survey District: 300 acres, narrow strip of sandhills and sandy beach along Pohui Survey District: (1) 50 acres, the soil varies from fair river-silt to poor or sideling ground, mostly covered with manuka scrub; (2) 117 acres, steep broken country with dense underscrub, soil fair, on limestone formation; (3) 160 acres, steep bush country running from banks of Makahu River to a height of 2,450 ft., soil light pumice. Pohui and Kaweka Survey Districts: 11,000 acres, Pastoral Run 11, about 700 acres bush, balance undulating broken country, soil light pumice, well watered, 2,000 ft. to 3,000 ft. above sea-level. Kaweka and Kuripapanga Survey Districts: 32,569 acres, Pastoral Runs 13 and 14, open rugged broken country, 2,500 ft. to 5,400 ft. above sea-level, soil light pumice, well watered. Patoka Survey District: (1) 1,280 acres, high forest country; (2) 1,042 acres, mostly shingle-bed, Tutaekuri River; (3) 1,240 acres, high forest country, soil light pumice resting on slate rock: elevation up to 3,000 ft. above sea-level. Ngamroro and Kuripapanga Survey Districts: 21,000 acres, Timahanga and Omahaki Blocks, rough and broken country only suitable for pastoral purposes.
Waipawa County (2,377 acres).—Takapau Survey District: Otawhao Block, 2,377 acres, subdivided into twenty-two sections, ranging in area from 76 acres to 153 acres, was originally covered with more or less heavy milling-timber, which has been cut out, and the land in now carrying native and exotic grasses; a considerable area recently swept by bush fires, which destroyed the grass, has been resown in English grasses; to be offered for selection at an early date.
Patangata County (12,042 acres).—Mangamaire, near Porangahau, 5,886 acres, excellent sheep-country, well grassed, with some manuka scrub in places; low undulating hills. Porangahau, 4,064 acres, mostly in native and English grasses, undulating and broken country, excellent sheep-country. Manawaangiangi, 2,092 acres, for the most part open country, partly in native and exotic grasses with patches of mingi and manuka distributed over the whole area, with mixed bush and scrub in the gullies. To be opened for selection on the 13th August, 1914.
Dannevirke County (462 acres).—Part Kaitoki Block, mostly in English grasses, undulating and good dairying country.
WELLINGTON LAND DISTRICT.
The Wellington Land District, comprising the southern portion of the North Island, contains a gross area of 7,051,000 acres, most of which was originally covered with forest.
From the Patea River, the north-western boundary of the district, to within 30 miles of Wellington City, there is a strip of comparatively level and undulating country on the west coast, of an average width of about 15 miles, which is one of the finest parts of the Dominion, and is celebrated for its stock-raising capabilities. This tract of country is traversed by the Wellington – New Plymouth Railway, and is well served by numerous good roads. Inland of this coastal plain is broken papa country, which takes grass excellently, and, being well watered, is largely made use of for sheep-farming. This papa country extends northward to within 15 or 20 miles south of the peaks of Ruapehu, where it gives place to more level and undulating country, with soil of volcanic matters.
To the eastward of the main dividing range is the Wairarapa Plain, bounded on the north by somewhat broken country, from where the country falls again slightly to the Upper Manawatu River; the soil in this latter portion being rich papa, though much of the Wairarapa Plain is light and stony. Generally, the district is a pastoral one, though agriculture is also pursued successfully. The valley of the Hutt River, which flows into Port Nicholson, contains some very fine land, generally held in small holdings, and utilized for cropping, dairying, fruit-growing, &c.
Crown Lands open and being opened for Selection.
The area of the remaining Crown lands in this district is about 284,740 acres, a large portion of which, however, is inferior country at a high altitude, and suitable only for pastoral purposes or climatic reservation.
Crown lands open for selection at present comprise town lots on renewable lease in Horopito West, Raetihi, Ohakune, Rangataua, Ninia, Waitangi, Owkango, Pohonui; village homesteads on renewable lease in Horopito West, Mataroa; rural lands on renewable lease in Normandale, Hawtrey, Pitt, Paparangi, and Poroporo Settlements, and Te Parapara Block; and on optional system in Whakaihiwaka Block, &c.
The Crown lands likely to be offered shortly comprise the Hurupi Block, 3,555 acres; Haurangi Block, 11,407 acres; Tupapanui Block, 450 acres; lots in Hikawera and Tablelands Settlements, 1,433 acres; South Waimarino Block, about 30,000 acres; and lots in various districts comprising about 4,570 acres.
In order to meet the demand for timber, steps are now being taken to offer by public auction nine lots comprising about 89,366,000 superficial feet of milling-timber.
MARLBOROUGH LAND DISTRICT.
The Land District of Marlborough, which contains 2,708,000 acres of land, occupies the north-east corner of the South Island. The district is about 120 miles in extreme length, and its greatest width is 67 miles. The climate is an excellent one, but there is considerable variation in the rainfall, which is over 65 in. per annum in the Pelorus Valley, while at Cape Campbell it is only 24 in. or 25 in.
The land may be divided into three classes—viz., open land which has been taken up for pastoral purposes; forest land, where the timer industry has developed; and intermediate land, originally partly forest and partly covered with fern or scrub, used mainly for agriculture, which, however, is also now extending into the pastoral and forest country.
The Wairau Plain, containing about 65,000 acres, is the principal block of agricultural land in the district. The soil is good, and in places extremely fertile, and yields heavy crops of wheat, oats, barley, peas, and potatoes. Fruit-growing on commercial lines is being taken up, and this year several hundred acres are being laid down in orchard, the climate being admirably adapted for apple-growing.
The area of Crown land at present available for settlement is very limited, and consists of bush country in North Marlborough. About 5,000 acres of the Opouri and Tunakino Valleys will be available for settlement as soon as the milling-timber is removed, and, judging from the number of applicants for the block of 4,000 acres recently ballotted for, should be readily taken up. Two pastoral licenses containing about 88,000 acres, and being the Hillersden leasehold, will be offered by public auction in the spring of 1914.
NELSON LAND DISTRICT.
The Nelson Land District comprises chiefly the north-western corner of the South Island, and contains an area of 4,715,000 acres. Mountain-ranges predominate, there being, however, some excellent plains and valleys between the ranges and along the rivers.
Cattle and sheep farming prevail over the greater portion of the district. There are ten butter-factories and one cheese-factory, supplied altogether by some 7,700 cows, the value of produce being about £05,000.
There are also freezing-works at Stoke, at which large numbers of sheep are annually frozen for export.
The districts fronting Tasman Bay are well adapted for fruit-growing, an industry which is every year becoming more prosperous. There are three canning and preserving factories in this portion of the district, and, in addition to these being kept well supplied, large quantities of fruit are shipped to Wellington and South America.
Of the total area in the Nelson Land District on the 31st March, 1914, there had been sold, leased, or otherwise disposed of, an area of some 1,725,000 acres, leaving an area of 2,990,000 acres, which may be classified as follows:—
| Acres. | |
|---|---|
| Lands suitable for mixed farming | 140,000 |
| Lands suitable for pastoral purposes | 1,216,000 |
| Lands suitable for reservation for forest, climatic, or scenic purposes | 1,574,000 |
| Barren mountain-tops, and roads, lakes, and rivers | 60,000 |
The Crown lands still available for settlement may be described as chiefly pastoral and mixed-farming lands with light to heavy bush, requiring felling, draining, and loading as well as industry and farming skill for their development.
The blocks remaining for settlement are as follows:—
Howard Block, now scheduled for offering, beginning about 4 or 5 miles from the junction of the Hope River with the Buller, containing 16,000 acres.
The Lamb Valley and Station Creek Blocks, about 10,000 acres, close to the Glenhope Railway-station.
The Rotoiti Run of some 15,000 acres, at the head of that Lake.
The Lake Run purchased under the Land for Settlements Act, some 10 miles distant from Glenhope, and comprising an area of about 10,000 acres.
In the neighbourhood of Nelson is the Waimea Block, containing about 13,000 acres, in Aniseed Valley.
In the Buller Valley, between Glenhope and Murchison, is the Gowan Block, of some 11,000 acres, and the Owen North Block, of about 3,000 acres.
There is also an extension of the Gowan Block of about 5,000 acres.
Southward of Murchison is the Matakitaki East Block, some 10 miles distant, area about 6,000 acres.
Further south still, at a distance of about 30 miles, some 4,000 acres in the Upper Maruia and Alfred Rivers.
Near Charleston an area of 6,000 acres, the Waitakere Block, is under survey.
In the Karamea surveys are also in progress of 10,000 acres, and near the Inangahua Junction the Orikaka Block, containing about 10,000 acres, is awaiting survey.
There is also the Maruia South Block, some 30 miles distant from Murchison, and some 7,000 acres in the Glenroy Block.
THE WESTLAND LAND DISTRICT.
The Westland Land District occupies the central portion of the western watershed of the South Island, joining Nelson on the north, Canterbury on the east, and Otago on the south. The mean length is 250 miles, average width 27 miles, and area 3,863,878 acres. The rainfall in Westland is very heavy, averaging about 117 in. per annum, but more sunshine is enjoyed than these figures would seem to indicate. A sunshine-recorder which has been established at Hokitika for two years proves that the total amount of sunshine during the year compares very favourably with other districts which have only one-third of the rainfall. This is accounted for in two ways—first, that when it does rain it generally comes down very heavily, and, secondly, that a great deal of the rain falls at night, when the moisture-laden clouds drift in from the sea and come in contact with cold strata of air along the snow-clad chain of the Alps.
The district comprises for the most part hilly and undulating bush-clad country, the flat land being confined generally to the river-valleys and open swamps. An area estimated at 70,000 acres has been cleared and grassed with very satisfactory results; the draining of the swamp land has not been undertaken to any considerable extent, but with the increasing demand for land the development of this class of land is being seriously considered, and experiments are being made with a view to discovering the best means of bringing it into profitable use. The bush-clad land generally carries timber of commercial value, and is therefore not available for settlement until the bush has been cut over for sawmilling purposes. However, as there are some forty-live timber-mills in active operation, a considerable area of bush is cleared each year, and these areas are mostly taken up under the special regulations dealing with pastoral land in Westland, which leases may later on, with the consent of the Warden, be converted to the renewable lease.
On account of the moistness of the climate very little agricultural farming is at present attempted, as it is difficult to save grain-crops or hay. For dairying purposes, however, a very considerable area of the land is undoubtedly well adapted, and produces rich grasses and root crops in abundance, which if supplemented with ensilage for winter feeding would produce excellent returns. The values ruling for dairy land in this district are considerably less than those demanded for similar classes of land in other parts of the Dominion. Seven butter and cheese factories have already been established, the returns from which for the past season on a close estimate amounts to £30,775, which must be considered very satisfactory when it is taken into account that several of them are still in the early stages. Other factories are in contemplation at the present time, as the settlers are beginning to recognize that it is only by devoting their attention to dairying that they can make their properties produce to their fullest extent. Until the advent of dairy factories, practically the whole of the lands were utilized for rearing and fattening cattle, but this class of farming is now confined to the larger holdings, mainly in the south partern of the district, where the difficulties at present to be overcome in getting the products to the market militate against dairying being carried on with certainty of reasonable profit.
CANTERBURY LAND DISTRICT.
The Canterbury Land District, forming the central portion of the eastern watershed of the South Island, contains a total area of 9,604,045 acres.
The arable plains and downs containing some 2,405,360 acres of arable land are rich in the quality of the soil and suitable for high-class cultivation and profitable production of cereals, dairy-farming, and fattening of stock, and are situate for the most part parallel with the coast line, excluding Banks Peninsula and small strips of sandy coast. These lands extend from the Conway River in the north to the Waitaki River in the south, a large portion being reclaimed swamp, having a rich loamy soil on a stiff clay subsoil, with occasional beds of peat and gravel. This strip of first-class land varies in width from 10 to 15 miles, length about 194 miles, and contains approximately one and a half million acres. Further inland, the soil becomes lighter in character, with a gravelly subsoil, deposited at different periods by the action of snow-fed rivers, and the alteration of their channels during their passage to the sea. This class of plain land is more subject to drought and wind storms. It extends from the Hurunui River in the north to the Orari River in the south, the distance being in length 100 miles by a width averaging 11 miles, or an area of about 640,000 acres, exclusive of waste river-beds. It is all arable, and differs in quality. Generally speaking, the soil is of too light a character for more than an occasional crop of oats or barley, but when stimulated with manures and lime will give satisfactory crops of roots, and is excellent country for rearing flocks of sheep of all breeds. All the central plain is well watered, for where the rivers are not accessible a network of water-races provides the necessary supply of water for stock during all the year. The remainder of the plain and downs improves in quality as it nears the foot of the mountains and enters the valleys for short distances. This land receives the benefit of the wash of detritus from the limestone which crops out in many places along the front hills. The loam here is deeper, and although the altitude is from 700 ft. to 1,000 ft. cereal crops can be grown to advantage. The average annual rainfall, which is 27 in. on the lower parts of the plain, increases here to 35 in., owing to the close proximity of the mountains and occasional showers from the north-west, which do not reach far from the hills.
The mountain country extends the whole length of the district, varying in width from 35 miles to 55 miles, and includes the main range of the island and its offshoots. The area of this high country, including the subalpine plains and valleys, is 7,102,000 acres, of which 5,146,500 acres are utilized as pastoral country, the remainder being high land unfitted for occupation, lakes, forests, and riverbeds. Of the 5,146,500 acres of native-grassed lands, 3,500,000 is Crown land let to pastoral tenants, the rest being educational reserves and freeholds.
The pastoral runs, with the exception of some in the northern portion of the district, on which herds of cattle are depastured, are almost exclusively devoted to grazing sheep. The climate in the high country is very variable, being subject to sudden changes of wind and temperature. The prevailing wind is from the north-west, alternating with storms from the north-east and south-west. Snow is of frequent occurrence during both summer and winter, and is permanent on the mountains above 6,000 ft. The mean annual rainfall is 60 in.
Banks Peninsula contains an area of 262,000 acres, 40,000 of which are level and ploughable slopes, and 196,000 acres hills, the higher parts pastoral and the lower hills grass seed and dairy farms. The remainder of the area consists of lakes, forests, and scenic reserves. The volcanic soil gives excellent crops of cereals, clover, grass, roots, and fruit. Cocksfoot is extensively grown for seed: dairy-farming, cattle and sheep raising and fattening are all profitable to the settlers. On the coast there are two of the best harbours in the Dominion, Akaroa and Lyttelton, and numerous inlets of the sea afford opportunities for small vessels to enter and trade. Access to all the settlements can also be had by rail from Christchurch to Little River, from which terminus good roads radiate in all directions.
Access to the western high pastoral country is by branch railways from the Main Trunk line, and from all the termini there exist roads more or less good up the valleys of the chief rivers. All the plain country is well provided with access, partly by the Main Trunk Railway and partly by the branch lines, the stations (homesteads) not being more than one day's travel by farm teams. The roads are well gravelled, and the rivers bridged.
The present market-prices now prevailing for the rich agricultural and dairy lands range from £25 to £60 per acre. This estimate does not include suburban land near Christchurch or other towns of size, as the price of that class is regulated by fancy and demand for building-sites, and may be any price up to £1,000 per acre.
The lighter lands of the central portion of the plain having an altitude of 400 ft, to 1,000 ft. vary in price from £3 to £30 per acre.
The pastoral country is regulated in value on its stock-carrying capacity, its accessibility, and its safety from snow. For lands carrying only merino sheep, an annual rental per head would be between 9d. and 1s. 6d. For country fit for depasturing mixed sex flocks and cross-breds 1s. 6d. to 3s. per head, and for mixed cattle up to £1 per head.
It has been the practice of the Land Board during recent years, when the leases of the pastoral runs of large area expire, to further subdivide the runs before reoffering, provided the quality, stock-carrying capacity, contour of the country, and accessibility permit of this being done.
The lands in North Canterbury shortly to be available for settlement are 30,300 acres of pastoral country in the Upper Ashley district, to which will be added 4,054 acres of lower country recently purchased. These lands will be subdivided into suitable areas as small grazing-runs when the draining of some of the flats has been completed.
As the present leases of several of the larger grazing-farms and a pastoral run on the Cheviot Estate expire in 1916, these will have to be dealt with this year.
Several small areas of educational endowment and Crown lands in different counties will also be submitted for public competition during the coming year.
In South Canterbury four freeholds of arable land containing 7,074 acres have recently been purchased, and are now being surveyed into small holdings for mixed farming, and when this work is completed the new sections will be offered to the public under settlement conditions.
The pastoral runs, Ben Moore, of 83,000 acres, situated in the Waitaki County, and the Ben McLeod Run, of 33,600 acres, situated in the Upper Rangitata, will be dealt with during the year, and made available for reletting.
On the heavy coast lands, wheat yields 30 to 50 bushels per acre; oats 45 to 90 bushels; barley, 30 to 50 bushels; rye, 35 to 50 bushels. On the lighter lands, the yields are: wheat, 15 to 20 bushels per acre; oats, 20 to 35 bushels; barley, 15 to 30 bushels; rye, 20 to 30 bushels.
On the heavy coast lands, potatoes yield 6 to 12 tons per acre; mangolds, 30 to 50 tons; turnips, 15 to 25 tons.
Yields of leguminous crops on heavy land are: beans, 30 to 45 bushels; peas, 30 to 45 bushels per acre. On the fighter lands, peas, 15 to 25 bushels; and beans (which are seldom grown), 15 to 20 bushels.
OTAGO LAND DISTRICT.
The Otago Land District embraces 8,969,000 acres. It extends on the west coast from Big Bay to Stripe Point (about 1œ miles south of the mouth of John o' Groat's River), and on the east coast from the mouth of the Waitaki river to the mouth of Longbeach Creek. The district is closely settled, there being no less than 5,493,938 acres occupied by Crown tenants, while only 111,467 acres are available for future disposal. Further, 1,986,382 acres are held in fee-simple. A fairly large portion of the district consists of country eminently adapted for the grazing of sheep, and, as a consequence, the principal exports of the province are wool and frozen mutton. The climate is a salubrious one and fairly equable except in the interior, where it is colder in winter and hotter in summer than near the coast-line. Production of gold, mostly by river-dredging, is next in importance to the wool and frozen-meat industries as a revenue-raising factor, and at the present time there are forty-five dredges winning gold. The culture of fruit in Central Otago is another industry growing in importance. To aid its expansion the Government is rapidly pushing on irrigation-works with a view to the watering of arid country and so rendering it suitable for plantation of orchards. Land already irrigated in Central Otago has been found to be exceedingly well adapted for fruit-growing, and the yield of fruit from this province promises to largely increase every year as the irrigation-works are extended. Agriculture and dairying also flourish, but suffer somewhat at present from a scarcity of labour. There is a keen demand for competent farm labourers, dairy hands, and domestic servants.
SOUTHLAND LAND DISTRICT.
The Southland Land District, which occupies the extreme southern portion of the South Island, contains an area of 7,882,369 acres, of which 1,579,394 acres are hold on freehold, 1,725,174 acres are leased under Crown tenures, 140,402 acres are occupied by roads, rivers, lakes, &c., 3,551,113 acres have been reserved for various purposes, and the balance of 886,286 acres are unalienated Crown lands.
Generally speaking, the settlers are engaged in mixed agricultural farming, dairying, and the raising of cattle, sheep, horses, &c. The progress of settlement in this district during the past decade has been of a very marked and substantial character. There was a time when the climatic conditions were looked upon as a drawback to closer and successful settlement, but during recent years a marked improvement has taken place this respect. The climate is bracing in the winter and warm and genial in the spring and summer. The temperature varies from 40° in winter to 70° in summer. The district is eminently suitable for the growing of various crops common to temperate climates, such as oats, wheat, barley, mangolds, rape, beet, turnips, &c. Oats frequently give 70 to 80 bushels, and wheat 40 to 60 bushels to the acre.
The scheme initiated by the Crown for closer settlement under the Land for Settlements Act by the acquisition of private lands for subdivision has proved of immense benefit in Southland and has been the means of settling a large number of people on the land. The success of this system has led to the subdivision of numerous large private estates representing some hundreds of thousands of acres, and the whole aspect of the district is being transformed from large stretches of virgin country into nicely cultivated and smiling farms. There is still room for a very much larger population to develop the agricultural, pastoral, and varied resources which at present are only in their infancy. The dairying industry is increasing in a surprising fashion, and has now developed to very important dimensions. It has proved of great benefit to all classes of settlers, more particularly those who are in occupation of bush sections by providing them with an assured income during the process of clearing their holdings. At the present time there are 64 cheese-factories and 4 butter and condensing factories in actual operation throughout the district. The intake of milk at these factories ranges from 800 to 12,000 gallons per day, the proceeds for which represent the respectable sum of £280,000 for circulation among the dairy-farmers. All classes of stock raised in this portion of the Dominion hold a high place in the estimation of stock-owners both in the Commonwealth of Australia and the northern parts of New Zealand. Northern buyers are frequently purchasing numbers of Southland horses, cattle, and sheep for stud and other purposes, while large numbers of draught horses are shipped to the Commonwealth of Australia. Sheep-breeding is very extensively carried on, and as the country is well adapted for this purpose the small farmer is enabled to buy stores at a price that pays him to fatten. Southland has long been noted for the high quality of its frozen meat, which forms an important and increasing factor in its exports. Southland has made great strides during the past few years, and it is anticipated that the output of its products will steadily increase in the future.
The Crown lands remaining comprise mostly bush-clad areas. The settlement of these lands follows the removal of the marketable timber by the saw-millers. Under ordinary circumstances from fifteen to eighteen months is the period between the axe and the first grass fit for stock. The felling costs £1 to £1 10s. per acre; logging-up 15s., and burning 5s. to 7s. 6d. Bush-felling generally commences about May and ends about November. Burning and sowing last from the end of January to the end of April. Most of the bush land will grow good grass, which holds well by the sowing of a judicious mixture of grasses, when the land is first laid down. For surface sowing ordinary bush lands of a fairly dry and free nature, the following mixture is recommended: 20 lb. cocksfoot and 4 lb. white clover. Where the land is wet or peaty the mixture should be 15 lb. cocksfoot and 15 lb. timothy.
NATIVE lands and Native affairs generally are administered by the Native Department, with several subsidiary branches, the duties of each being as indicated below.
The Head Office conducts the general administration of the Department, deals with all matters to be brought before Cabinet, and prepares Orders in Council, parliamentary returns, and reports on petitions referred to the Government by the Native Affairs Committee. The purchase of lands by the Native Land Purchase Board is also controlled by the Head Office.
The Native Land Court is the Court of Record of Titles, and deals with the partition and exchange of Native lands, succession, probate and letters of administration, consolidation of interests, incorporation of owners, and alienation; the latter only as regards Native lands in the South Island.
The work of the Native Land Court is divided into seven Court districts, as follows:—
| District. | Location. |
|---|---|
| Tokerau | North Auckland. |
| Waikato-Maniapoto | South Auckland. |
| Waiariki | Bay of Plenty. |
| Tairawhiti | Gisborne. |
| Ikaroa | Wellington and Hawke's Bay. |
| Aotea | Wanganui and Taranaki. |
| Southland | South Island. |
Maori Land Boards, of which there are six, all located in the North Island, are concerned with the confirmation and approval of alienations, the administration of Native lands by way of sale or lease, and the administration of estates as farms. The Boards also act as agents for beneficial owners, and receive and pay out rents and purchase-moneys.
The Registrars of the Native Land Courts are also the administrative officers of the Maori Land Boards of the district.
The boundaries of the Court and Maori Land Board Districts in the North Island are coterminous.
Maori Councils elected for defined districts and composed of Natives supervise matters generally affecting the Maori settlements and kaingas, more particularly as regards sanitary arrangements.
The terms “partition” and “individualization” as applied to Native Land Court dealings are often confused. To individualize is to partition in severalty and not merely to define relative interests, which may be done without further partition. To partition is to cut out certain interests in a block of land, and may not necessarily be for an individual. The term “customary land” which is also sometimes misunderstood is applied to land not yet clothed with a Native Land Court title. Customary land was formerly known as papatupu land.
Reference to an early map of the North Island of New Zealand shows with striking fidelity the boundaries of the landed possessions of the main tribes (some twenty). The map shows that practically every acre of the Island and of the principal adjoining islets was accounted for and claimed by one or the other of these tribes. It thus shows in a nutshell the main system of tribal tenure. Of this main system it is sufficient in passing along to observe that any attempt to interfere with the main boundaries was promptly resented, and was considered equivalent to a declaration of tribal war. It is also to be observed that where natural features existed, such as coast-line, river, lake, mountain, mountain-ranges and ridges, rock-clusters, caves, and so on, these served the purposes of defining the trend of the tribal main boundaries. Where such did not exist or were inadequate artificial substitutes were set up, such as fighting forts (pa), carved and painted posts and pillars, carved rocks and trees, burial-places, and so on. All of these marks and their respective names, on being duly announced, became known as part of the tribal lore. A regular verbal tracing of these boundaries was the duty of the elders (kaumatua), and a grandfather took a peculiar pride in reciting and teaching his grandsons of the locations and existence. Whilst still active and vigorous he would traverse the boundaries with his grandsons, and point out to them the various forts, burial-places, eel-weirs, fishing-grounds, bird and rat trapping preserves, old cultivations of the tribe, and so on, giving at the same time their accompanying histories and incidental stories. In this way a thorough knowledge of these matters was imparted to the young people, who took great pains to commit the same to memory and treasure the particulars as something valuable and precious. The most treasured tribal songs, too, were those which contained references to these and kindred themes, including recitals of genealogical descent and of successful affairs of love and war. Pride of territorial possessions was strongly ingrained in the Maori, and he pays a fine tribute to his women in the aphorism: He wahine, he oneone; i ngaro ai te tangata (or, Woman and land largely account for the decimation of man). In other words, these largely account for wars and the accompanying slaughter of man. It need scarcely be added that of all his possessions the Maori prized the land the most. Thus far, then, as to the main scheme of Maori or tribal tenure.
Within this main system there was a group of internal systems which controlled and regulated the occupation and working of the lands by the sub-tribes, families, and individuals, and which recognized the several boundaries peculiar to each as being the bounds of their independent possessions. Here, again, as in the case of the main boundaries, any attempt to interfere with the sub-tribal or family holdings would lead to acrimonious dispute and intertribal strife. The same obtained as to individual possessions. For, although in the main the whole scheme was part and parcel of a system of communism, where families and individuals occupied and cultivated their separate portions, any interference with such at once gave rise to bitter dispute and strife. The Maori was himself a great stickler for what was right (tika), and what was wrong (he). Finally, lands were vested in and entirely controlled by the males.
Broadly speaking, original rights of ownership (take) to the land were acquired as follows:—
Ancestral rights (or take-tupuna). Where ancestral rights are acknowledged, and descendants have continued to occupy and to maintain lands within well defined boundaries, the right is perfectly good.
The right of original discovery and constant occupation (or whenua-kite-hou). This requires no particular comment or explanation.
The right of superior moral force (or mana). A kind of sovereign right.
The right of physical force, conquest, and occupation (or raupatu).
The right of long-continued use and occupation, and of its successful maintenance against opposition and attack (or na te ringa toa).
The right of long-continued use and occupation, free and undisturbed (or te ahi-ka-roa).
The right under cession (or tuku). Many typical cases of this are recorded. For instance, a useful and vigorous ally has been ceded a substantial and properly defined strip of tribal territory in return for important services. Use and occupation must follow and be permanent to maintain such a title.
The right by gift (or koha). Where such gift is made in the presence of the tribal and sub-tribal representatives, and where occupation and use follows, a first-class right is established and recognized. The boundaries must be clearly set out.
The right by marriage dowry (or pa-kuwha). As already stated, land vested in the males. In the case of a marriage alliance between persons of high rank and non-kindred tribes, the bridegroom has been presented—by the bride's people—with a considerable piece of well-defined land to settle upon and use. This custom prevented the bridegroom from being referred to as somewhat of a landless interloper. Where use and occupation followed, and where children of this union were born and continued their use and occupation, and their descendants after them, their rights remained perfectly valid. Conversely, where no children were born of this union, the land—on the death of the person in whose favour the dowry was given—automatically reverted to the donors.
In cases of adultery land has been taken as satisfaction.
Adopted children—invariably relatives—were provided with special lands; the fight so acquired was held to be good.
It is sometimes urged that no such thing as individual rights was recognized. As an answer to this there remains the indisputable fact that one individual has been known to put up a land-taking pillar within the boundaries of his neighbour. That was called a “pou-tango-whenua,” and if it did not lead to active strife, it was at least a matter to be decided by a council of the elders, whose decision held good. An individual was entitled to undisturbed possession of his home, and to as much land as he could reasonably use and cultivate.
Although the law of mere might may have been regarded as supreme, there still obtained a very fine and honourable law of moral right. An aggressive sub-tribe which constantly got its neighbours into trouble would, if it paid no heed to moral restraint, be wiped out by force. For a similar reason a junior chief who proved troublesome would be ordered to quit for fresh fields and pastures new. No pronounced cause of internal trouble and dissension would be permanently tolerated by the body corporate, because it would become notorious and interfere with good tribal policy.
Marriages were arranged on grounds of good tribal policy. No youth would be easily allowed to contract a marriage with a non-kindred tribe, because by joining the tribe of his wife he would to that extent weaken his home tribe, and raise up children who might eventually fight against his own people. The same objection ruled in the case of a maiden, who was not allowed to marry as she pleased, and in the direction of weakening her own tribe, while contributing to the strength of another. These facts indicate that the questions of the ownership of land and that of marriages were regarded as being associated, which they really were. In all probability the very earliest forms of recognized titles to land have given rise to, if not actually dictated, the system of marriages.
From about the year 1823 (which is the date of the first recorded deed) until the 6th February, 1840, the date of the Treaty of Waitangi, lands in New Zealand were acquired by direct purchase from the Maoris by individual members of the white races. During the years 1837 to 1839, or about the time it became probable that the sovereignty of the islands would be assumed by the United Kingdom, the greater number of these purchases were made, and they extended to most parts of the country. These purchases are technically known as “the old land claims,” and their total number (including pre-emptive claims), as estimated by Commissioner F. Dillon Bell in 1862, was 1,376, covering an area of about 10,322,453 acres, out of which large area grants were recommended for 292,475 acres. These figures have been slightly added to since, but not to any very large extent. The large area shown above was reduced on survey to about 474,000 acres, situated principally to the north of Auckland. The difference in area between the amount granted to the purchasers and the total area surveyed became what are termed “surplus lands of the Crown.” It was held that the Native title had been fully extinguished through such purchases over the whole area surveyed; but, as by Ordinance No. 2 of 9th June, 1841, the claimants could not be granted more than 2,560 acres each, the balance became vested in the Crown on the assumption of the sovereignty, the Native title having been fully extinguished.
In many cases the titles did not issue to those to whom the land was awarded, as they were compensated by scrip issued by the Government, with the understanding that such scrip was to be exercised in the purchase of Crown lands in the neighbourhood of Auckland, to which place it was desirable—so soon as the capital was founded—to draw a population. The lands thus paid for in scrip became Crown lands, and these, together with the surplus lands, have from time to time been disposed of by the Crown and settled on. The amount of scrip, &c., issued up to 1862 was over £109,000.
On the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on the 6th February, 1840, the pre-emptive right was ceded to the Government, and consequently private purchase ceased. This remained the law until the passing of the Native Land Act, 1862, when the Crown relinquished its right of pre-emption, whilst at the same time the purchase of Native lands for the Crown did not abate, but continued side by side with the private purchases up to the passing of the Native Land Court Act, 1894.
The Maori Lands Administration Act, 1900, was a measure intended to restrain Natives from pauperizing themselves in the future by parting with the freehold of the balance of their lands (about five millions of acres). Its main provisions were—
Prohibition of further alienation of the freehold of Native lands, either to the Crown or to private purchasers, except as to inchoate transactions at the date of the passing of the Act and certain limited areas which were then comprised in separate titles and held by not more than two owners.
Leasing of Native lands through partly elected and partly nominated Councils possessing all the powers and, where authorized, exercising all or any of the functions of the Native Land Court.
Advances to Natives to road and otherwise improve their surplus lands for their own use and occupation.
The Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905, amended the above. Whilst placing the power of dealing with their lands in the hands of the Maori owners, through special Boards called “Maori Land Boards,” it restored to the Crown the right of purchasing Maori lands in certain districts, provided that the price to be paid was not less than that fixed by the Valuer-General as its value.
All dealings with Native land are now determined by the provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, which consolidated and repealed most of the numerous previous Acts, and came into force on the 31st March, 1910.
From time to time since 1840 various sums were appropriated by Government or by Parliament for the acquisition of a Crown estate. Up to the date of passing of the Native Land Act, 1862, these operations were conducted by officers of the Government specially appointed, who, from a knowledge of the Maoris, their customs and disposition, were successful in securing large areas of land for settlement. It must be conceded that their operations as a whole were successful, and that the number of disputed cases arising out of their labours was exceedingly small. The Waitara purchase is, however, here excluded, for there were reasons of general policy affecting that sale which did not prevail in other cases. This purchase was the ostensible cause of the Native rebellion of 1860 and following years, but the motives which led to t were far deeper than the mere purchase of a few acres—there was a great principle at stake.
The difference effected in the mode of purchase by the Native Land Act, 1862, was this: Previously, the title of the Maoris who were to receive payment for the land was decided by the Land Purchase officers; but the Act quoted set up a Court, presided over by able Judges, who determined the titles, which were afterwards registered in a special Court. Purchases have since been effected with the registered owners.
It is difficult to obtain figures showing the actual area acquired by the Crown from the Maoris up to 1870, but in round numbers it was 6,000,000 acres in the North Island; whilst the whole of the South Island, with the exception of reserves for the original Native owners, was acquired prior to the passing of the Native Land Act, 1862. Stewart Island was purchased from the Native owners by deed dated 29th June, 1864.
The Native rebellion of 1860–69 brought Native-land purchases, for the time being, practically to a standstill.
The Immigration and Public Works Acts of 1870 and 1873 appropriated £200,000 and £500,000 respectively for the purchase of lands in the North Island; and these amounts had, up to the 31st of March, 1910, been augmented by further annual appropriations from the public funds and other loan-moneys, covering altogether a total expenditure since 1870 of £2,072,322, with the following result: Area finally acquired in the North Island from Natives, from 1870 to 31st March, 1910, 8,004,851 acres.
The purchase of Native lands by the Crown was continued under the provisions of the Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905, but is now carried out by the Native Land Purchase Board under the provisions of Part XIX of the Native Land Act, 1909.
The Native Land Act, 1909, repeals some 71 statutes or parts of statutes. The main feature of the Act is the widening of the avenue for the alienation and settlement of Native lands. Formerly the disposal of Native lands was more or less restricted, and in some cases absolutely prohibited. The Act of 1909 removes all restrictions and prohibitions on the alienation of land by a Native or on the alienation of Native land, with certain exceptions.
Under the Act the alienation of Native land may be effected in four different ways:—
Private alienation by the owners themselves.
Alienation by a Maori Land Board as the statutory trustee or agent of the owners.
Alienation by a committee of management by the incorporated owners.
Alienation in pursuance of a resolution of a majority of the owners assembled in a meeting called for that purpose by a Board.
The first of these methods is prohibited in cases where the land is owned by more than ten owners in common. All private alienation requires confirmation by the Maori Land Board in the North Island, or by the Native Land Court in the South Island. Confirmation must be refused if the Native alienating would be left without sufficient land for his support. In the case of leases special provisions are made for securing compensation to the tenant for his improvements. Mortgages are not permitted (except in favour of the Public Trustee or Government) unless approved by the Governor in Council.
By the second method alienation is effected by a Maori Land Board, either as a statutory trustee or as the agent of the Native owners. In respect of the former the land is vested in the Board, and is to be disposed of by public auction or tender by way of lease or sale in equal proportions. In respect of the latter, the land is not vested in the Board, but is administered by it as agent for the owners. It may be leased by the Board to Natives only, and is inalienable by the owners themselves.
The third mode of alienation is that effected by elective committees of management of the Native owners incorporated by order of the Native Land Court in substantial accordance with the practice existing before the coming into operation of the Act of 1909.
The fourth mode of alienation is in pursuance of a resolution of the assembled owners. A Maori Land Board may summon a meeting of the owners of any Native land to consider proposals for its alienation. A resolution proposed at any such meeting is carried if the owners voting for it own a larger area of the land affected than those who vote against it. The resolution is then submitted to the Board for confirmation, and, if confirmed, will be carried into effect either by Order in Council, instrument of alienation executed by the Board on behalf of the owners, or by such other means as is appropriate to the nature of the resolution.
Any such meeting of assembled owners may in this manner do any of the following things:—
Vest the land in the Board for sale or lease.
Agree to incorporation by the Native Land Court.
Carry into effect any proposed alienation—e.g., a sale or lease to a particular individual.
Sell the land to the Crown.
To prevent the aggregation of large areas of Native lands a purchaser or lessee of Native land must make a declaration that the land applied for, together with all other land already held by him, does not exceed 5,000 acres of third-class land calculated as follows: First-class land as 7œ acres, and second-class land as 2œ acres, of third-class land. The class to which any lands belong shall be determined in accordance with the Act.
The Crown has power under Part XIX of the Act to acquire Native lands through the Native Land, Purchase Board, which consists of the Native Minister, the Under-Secretary for Crown Lands, the Under-Secretary of the Native Department, and the Valuer-General.
Any area, negotiations for which are in contemplation for purchase by the Crown may, under section 363 of the Act, be prohibited from private alienation for the period of one year (subject to a further extension of twelve months from date of Gazette notice).
All offers to the Crown should be addressed to the Native Land Purchase Board, Native Department, Wellington.
All surveys are undertaken by the Land and Survey Department, under authorities issued by the Judge of the Native Land Court or President of the Maori Land Board, and funds are provided (if necessary) as under:—
For the purpose of the purchase and settlement of Native land by the Crown, the Minister of Finance is empowered to raise loans not to exceed in all £500,000 in any one financial year, and if the full amount authorized is not raised within the year, the balance may be borrowed within the next year, in addition to the amount otherwise authorized for that year. The moneys so obtained may, under the Native Land Settlement Account, be applied to the following uses:—
The purchase or acquisition of Native land.
The survey of Native land.
The making of advances to Maori Land Boards for the construction of roads and bridges and otherwise opening up and preparing for settlement any Native lands under the control of the Boards, or for the purpose of discharging any mortgage or charge to which such land is subject. The advances to any one Board are limited to £50,000 in any one financial year, and are to be a charge on the land for the benefit of which the expenditure was incurred.
The revenue derived from the lands, together with interest and payments received, will be applied in the first place to the payment of interest and sinking fund on the advances, together with administrative and other necessary expenses; the balance to be paid to the Native owners, or invested for their benefit, as the Board decides.
Regulations as to procedure for alienations through the Maori Land Boards or Native Land Courts are notified on page 1717, New Zealand Gazette No. 50 of 1910.
As to alienation of the lands in the South Island, these are dealt with by the Native Land Court, and any communication in connection therewith should be made to the Registrar, Native Land Court. South Island District, Wellington.
A Native owning Native land in severalty may upon application have his land declared European land by the Native Appellate Court if that body thinks fit.
The Native Land Amendment Act, 1912, provides that any Native may apply to be declared a European for the purpose of the Act.
The Native Land Amendment Act, 1913, provides for amendments in administrative control and power for the Crown to acquire any Native land, no matter how held, except as provided for.
No Native land can be willed to a European other than the wife or husband of the testator, or a European who would have been entitled had the deceased died intestate, or to a relative not more remote than the fourth degree.
The Native Townships Act, 1910, makes better provision with respect to the ownership and disposition of land subject thereto. Under the Act land situated in a Native township may be sold to the Crown or to private persons. It is provided that the Maori Land Board administering a Native township shall be a leasing authority within the meaning of the Public Bodies' Leasing-powers Act, 1908, and may grant what are known as “Glasgow leases,” vide section 4 of the last-named Act. The provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, apply, with certain exceptions, to a Native township. This Act repeals seven statutes or parts of statutes.
The Rating Amendment Act, 1910, provides, with certain modifications, that Native freehold land shall be liable to rating and subject to the provisions of the Rating Act, 1908, in the same manner as European land. Customary land (land, title to which has not been investigated and determined) is exempt from rating.
The Thermal Springs Districts Act, 1910, repeals the Act (similar title) of 1908, and thereby releases from restriction some 300,000 acres of Native land. This large area of land may now be dealt with under the provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, subject to certain restrictions with respect to lands having thermal or mineral waters thereon.
It may be worthy of note that the legislation, commencing with 1909, affecting Native lands all tends towards the betterment of titles and disposition and settlement thereof.
PRIOR to 1870 conveyancing in New Zealand was based upon the English laws of real property as existing at the date of the constitution of the colony, varied in some important particulars by the Conveyancing Ordinance of 1842, and other colonial legislation, now embodied in the Property Law Consolidation Act, 1908. Considerable areas of land in all parts of the Dominion are still held and dealt with under this system. Although provision is made for the registration of deeds affecting such land, registration is no guarantee of their validity, and a purchaser has to rely for the security of his title upon the skill and care of his legal adviser.
By the Land Transfer Act, 1870, the system of title by registration was introduced. This principle had long been in vogue in parts of central Europe, but was unknown in the British Dominions until its introduction into the Australasian Colonies in 1856 by Sir Robert Torrens, after whom it is popularly known as the Torrens system. It was first introduced by him into South Australia, and was afterwards adopted by the other colonies. The title to land under this system is not affected by the execution of documents. Registration is the fundamental principle, and it is only on registration that any interest passes. The Land Transfer Department assumes all responsibility for the registration, and any person named in the Register as taking an interest under a registered instrument acquires a practically indefeasible title.
For the purposes of administration the Dominion is divided into eleven districts. The two systems are worked side by side in the same offices under the combined title of the “Land and Deeds Registry.” In each district one officer acts as both Registrar of Deeds and District Land Registrar. The Registrar at Wellington is also Registrar-General of Land.
The Land Transfer system in New Zealand originated with the Land Transfer Act, 1870. This was re-enacted with amendments as the Land Transfer Act, 1885, and this again gave place to the present consolidated Land Transfer Act, 1908. Some amendments of the present Act have been effected by the Land Transfer Amendment Act, 1913.
Land subject to Act.
The land subject to the Land Transfer Act comprises all land alienated from the Crown since 1870, all land included in any order under the Native Land Acts vesting such land in any person in freehold tenure, and all land vested in any person in fee-simple by virtue of any Act of the General Assembly, besides land which has been brought under the Act on the application of the proprietors after investigation and acceptance of the title by the Department
Certificate of Title.
Every registered proprietor of a freehold estate in possession in land under the Act is entitled to a certificate of title for the same. Duplicates of all certificates of title are retained in the office and bound up to form the Register-book. The certificate of title may be described as the backbone of the whole system. Upon it are entered memorials of all registered dealings affecting the particular land, and it is received as conclusive evidence of the title of any person named as proprietor of any estate or interest.
Method of Dealing.
Forms of transfer, mortgage, lease, &c., are prescribed by the Act. When any dealing is effected the appropriate form is filled up and signed by the necessary parties and stamped, and is then presented at the Registry Office with the certificate of title for registration. No interest passes on the execution of the instrument, but only on registration. The instrument itself is retained in the office, a memorial of it being noted on the certificate, which is then handed to the transferee or other person entitled. Mortgages and leases are executed in duplicate, or in triplicate if so desired, one copy being retained in the office and the other, or others, returned to the parties.
Implied Covenants.
All usual covenants are implied in the various instruments by the Act, and provision is also made for the introduction of special covenants by the use of abbreviated forms, so that a dealing which under the old system would have necessitated a lengthy deed may be effected under the Act by a very short one.
Mortgages.
One of the most notable differences between the present system and the former is in the form of a mortgage. Under the old system the mortgagor conveyed the land to the mortgagee subject to a right to a reconveyance or “equity of redemption” on repayment of the money. Under the Act no transfer of the property takes place, but a charge only is created, the mortgagee being specially empowered to sell the land in the event of default being made in payment. A simple receipt by the mortgagee for the amount secured releases the land from the encumbrance. Provision is made, similar to that contained in the Property Law Consolidation Act, for sale through the Registrar of the Supreme Court in the event of the mortgagee desiring to buy in the mortgaged land.
Transmission.
Persons becoming entitled to any estate by transmission, such as administrators or trustees, may be registered as proprietors on application in writing made to the Registrar.
Trusts.
It is a cardinal principle of the land-transfer system that no notice of trusts may be entered on the Register, and no instrument declaring any trust may be registered.
Caveat.
Any person claiming to be beneficially interested in any land by virtue of any trust or under any unregistered instrument may enter a caveat, and so long as such caveat remains in force no entry can be made on the Register affecting the estate or interest protected by such caveat. In the event of a dealing being presented for registration, notice is sent to the caveator, who is allowed fourteen days within which to take steps to enforce his rights. Failing action being taken within that time the caveat lapses.
Execution of Instruments.
Every instrument for registration under the Act is required to be signed by the registered proprietor and attested by at least one witness, whose occupation and address must be added. For the protection of the parties as well as of the Department the attesting witness is required to be a solicitor, licensed land-broker, Justice of the Peace, Postmaster, or other official or well-known person. Instruments executed in other parts of the British Dominions may be verified in accordance with the Imperial Statutory Declarations Act, 1835, or any local enactment respecting the verification of instruments for use abroad; if executed in any foreign country, by declaration made according to the law of such country and certified by the British Consul; or if there be no such law the instrument must be attested by the British Consul, who shall certify that no provision is made by the laws of such country. Every instrument must also have indorsed upon it a certificate that it is correct for the purposes of the Act, signed by the party claiming under it or by a solicitor or licensed land-broker employed by him.
Assurance Fund.
Any person sustaining loss or damage through any omission or mistake of the Department may bring an action against the Registrar-General of Lands for recovery of damages. Certain classes of cases are excepted, such as loss occasioned by breach of trust, or by the improper use of the seal of any corporation, or the improper exercise of any power of sale or re-entry, and action can only be brought within six years after right of action accrued. To meet claims an Assurance Fund is maintained by a payment of a halfpenny in the pound on the value of all land when first brought under the Act.
Surveys.
In order to ensure accuracy in the certificate of title a declared survey plan by a licensed surveyor is usually required when bringing land under the Act on application and also on subsequent subdivisions. The examination of survey plans, preparation of diagrams, &c., is performed by the Land Transfer Survey Branch, which is drawn from the Survey Department for this special work. All survey plans are approved by the Chief Surveyor of the district before being accepted for deposit.
Licensed Land-brokers.
The Act provides that the Registrar-General of Lands, with the sanction of the Governor, may license fit and proper persons to be land-brokers for transacting business under the Act. A bond is required from them in the sum of £1,000, with two sureties in the sum of £500 each, and a license fee of £5 is paid annually.
Appeal.
If the District Land Registrar refuses to perform any act which he is required to perform, or if any person is dissatisfied with his decision in any matter, the person deeming himself aggrieved may summon him to appear before the Supreme Court to substantiate the grounds of his refusal or decision. An appeal may also be made in the first instance to the Registrar-General of Lands whose decision will be binding upon the District Land Registrar, but will be subject to appeal to the Supreme Court in like manner as the decision of a District Land Registrar.
Searches.
The register and other books and registered and deposited instruments and plans are open to search during business hours. Assistance is given to persons searching, but the Department does not undertake to make searches.
Regulations, Fees, &c.
The general regulations and schedule of fees payable under the Act are contained in an Order in Council of 22nd January, 1914. The fees are as follows:—
Fees payable to District Land Registrars under the Land Transfer Act, 1908.
| For bringing land under the provisions of the Act (over and above the cost of advertisement),— | £ | s. | d. |
|---|---|---|---|
| When the title consists of a Crown grant and none of the land included therein has been dealt with | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £300 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £200 and does not exceed £300 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £100 and does not exceed £200 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| When the title is of any other description and the value does not exceed £100 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Contribution to Assurance Fund, upon first bringing land under this Act, in the pound sterling | 0 | 0 | 0œ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Other fees,— | |||
| For every application to bring land under the Act | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| For every certificate of title on transfer for a monetary consideration not exceeding £100 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| For every other certificate of title | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Registering memorandum of transfer, mortgage, encumbrance, or lease | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Registering transfer or discharge of mortgage or of encumbrance, or increase or reduction of principal or of interest, or extension or shortening of term | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Registering transfer or surrender of lease | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Registering transmission | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Registering any vesting affected by Act of Parliament unless otherwise provided by such Act | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Entering notice of marriage | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Registering re-entry by lessor | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Registering vesting of lease in mortgagee consequent on refusal of official assignee to accept same | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Registering of any order of the Native Land Court | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Entering notice of writ or order of Supreme Court | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Noting caveat | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Cancelling or withdrawal of caveat, and for every notice relating to any caveat | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Registering any instrument not otherwise provided for | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| When any instrument purports to deal with land included in more than one folium of the register-book, for each folium after the first | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| For every outstanding interest noted on certificate of title | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Depositing power of attorney, declaration of trust, or any other instrument | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Depositing any map or plan | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Noting revocation of power of attorney | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Issuing registration abstract | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Cancelling registration abstract | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| For every notice to produce deeds or instruments | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| For every search | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| For every general search | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| For certified copy of any instrument not exceeding five folios | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Plan (if any) for every section or part of a section | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| For every folio or part folio after first five | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Application for provisional certificate of title and issuing same | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| For issuing provisional lease The same fees as for a certified copy. | |||
| For approving any form | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Taking affidavit or statutory declaration | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| For exhibiting deeds surrendered by applicant | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Attending at Court to produce documents or to give evidence, for each day or part of a day | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Provision has existed since 1841, and is now contained in the Deeds Registration Act, 1908, for the Registration of Deeds and Instruments affecting land which is not subject to the provisions of the Land Transfer Act. Registration is not essential to the validity of the instrument, but it is highly important as a record and to secure priority. The Act provides that every deed shall be void as against any person claiming for valuable consideration under any subsequent deed duly registered unless the earlier deed was registered before the subsequent one.
The Department is not responsible for the form or matter of the instruments registered beyond seeing that they are duly stamped and contain a sufficient description of the land to identify it.
Instruments are registered by being first entered in the “Book of Primary Entry,” from which the registration number is taken. Particulars are then inserted in the “Index Book” under the heading of the land affected, and they are then copied in extenso into the “Record Books.”
Provision is also made for the deposit of instruments in the Deeds Registry office for safe custody and reference, and such deposit operates as a release from any covenant for production.
The Deeds Index and all recorded and deposited instruments are open to public inspection, and certified copies may be obtained, on payment of the prescribed fees.
| Fees Payable under the heeds Registration Act, 1908. | £ | s. | d. |
|---|---|---|---|
| For the registration of any instrument | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| For the recording and comparing thereof, for every folio of seventy-two words | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| For every section or part of section, allotment or part of allotment contained in any map or plan delineated on or annexed to any instrument presented for registration (exclusive of sections or allotments unaffected by the instrument but necessarily delineated to show the boundaries of the land dealt with by the instrument) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| For every copy of or extract from any recorded or deposited instrument or memorial, for every folio of seventy-two words therein | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| For every section or allotment, or part of a section or allotment, delineated thereon | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| For every copy of or extract from the general index, for every line | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| For every search or inspection of indexes or recorded or deposited instrument, for each individual property, section, or allotment in respect of which search or inspection is made | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| For every certificate under seal verifying a copy of or extract from any recorded or deposited instrument, in addition to the fee per folio for copying | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| On the deposit of any instrument for safe custody | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| For every attendance to produce any instrument under section 48 of this Act, for each day or part of a day's attendance | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| For the registration of any map or plan accompanied by a statutory declaration | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| For recording, per folio of seventy-two words | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| For every section or part of a section delineated | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| For recording any instrument in the Maori language, and for any copy of the recorded copy thereof, per folio of seventy-two words | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| For recording the translation of any instrument in the Maori language, per folio of seventy-two words | 0 | 0 | 6 |
The first of the tables which follow shows for the year 1913–14 the applications to bring land under the Land Transfer Act and the certificates of title issued in each of the eleven districts into which the Dominion is divided.
LAND TRANSFER ACT APPLICATIONS AND CERTIFICATES, 1913–14.
| District. | Applications. | Certificates issued. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Area. | Value. | |||
| Town and Suburban. | Country. | ||||
| Acres. | Acres. | £ | No. | ||
| Auckland | 199 | 90 | 21,023 | 550,776 | 4,276 |
| Taranaki | 23 | 8 | 1,076 | 40,130 | 549 |
| Wellington | 52 | 6 | 29,863 | 149,322 | 2,301 |
| Hawke's Bay | 13 | 3 | 2,959 | 36,937 | 768 |
| Poverty Bay | 1 | 1,484 | 12,800 | 430 | |
| Nelson | 15 | 2 | 1,070 | 21,544 | 227 |
| Marlborough | 14 | 4 | 18,167 | 120,463 | 187 |
| Canterbury | 195 | 34 | 47,145 | 403,699 | 2,278 |
| Otago | 31 | 5 | 790 | 19,001 | 944 |
| Southland | 20 | 4 | 135 | 6,370 | 848 |
| Westland | 59 | ||||
| Totals | 563 | 156 | 123,712 | ,361,042 | 12,867 |
Of the certificates issued, 1,661 were in lieu of Crown grants. Similar information to that given in the above table is also given for each of the past ten years.
LAND TRANSFER ACT.—APPLICATIONS AND CERTIFICATES, 1904–5 TO 1913–14.
| Year ended 31st March. | Applications. | Certificates issued. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Area. | Value. | |||
| Town and Suburban. | Country. | ||||
| Acres. | Acres. | £ | No. | ||
| 1905 | 699 | 465 | 112,957 | 1,049,633 | 8,400 |
| 1906 | 657 | 379 | 161,872 | 1,405,766 | 9,472 |
| 1907 | 690 | 308 | 87,719 | 1,200,942 | 10,137 |
| 1908 | 797 | 389 | 124,028 | 1,693,271 | 11,208 |
| 1909 | 617 | 526 | 79,157 | 1,061,537 | 10,570 |
| 1910 | 565 | 876 | 64,697 | 821,306 | 9,525 |
| 1911 | 705 | 324 | 73,054 | 1,229,990 | 11,645 |
| 1912 | 571 | 330 | 65,028 | 1,078,124 | 12,907 |
| 1913 | 656 | 398 | 108,945 | 1,561,589 | 13,075 |
| 1914 | 563 | 156 | 123,712 | 1,361,042 | 12,867 |
Tables next follow showing transfers registered under the Land Transfer Act in each district during the year ended 31st March last and in the whole Dominion for each of the past ten years.
TRANSFERS REGISTERED, 1913–14.
| District. | No. | Area. | Consideration Money. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Town and Suburban. | Country. | |||
| Acres. | Acres. | £ | ||
| Auckland | 6,876 | 3,098 | 669,734 | 4,113,834 |
| Taranaki | 1,145 | 310 | 120,740 | 957,318 |
| Wellington | 4,071 | 1,682 | 308,558 | 3,528,055 |
| Hawke's Bay | 1,416 | 234 | 244,097 | 1,574,999 |
| Poverty Bay | 625 | 243 | 96,496 | 564,189 |
| Nelson | 524 | 78 | 64,864 | 255,233 |
| Marlborough | 268 | 89 | 131,597 | 349,038 |
| Canterbury | 4,390 | 739 | 289,549 | 2,912,709 |
| Otago | 2,405 | 376 | 140,165 | 1,240,436 |
| Southland | 1,518 | 464 | 130,313 | 71,467 |
| Westland | 145 | 20 | 10,155 | 40,359 |
| Totals | 23,983 | 7,333 | 2,206,268 | 16,307,637 |
| TRANSFERS REGISTERED, 1904–5 TO 1913–4. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | No. | Area. | Consideration Money. | |
| Town and Suburban. | Country. | |||
| Acres. | Acres. | £ | ||
| 1905 | 15,423 | 5,588 | 1,449,549 | 8,944,630 |
| 1906 | 17,045 | 6,340 | 2,056,485 | 11,102,481 |
| 1907 | 18,388 | 6,683 | 2,709,539 | 13,695,013 |
| 1908 | 21,791 | 6,678 | 2,939,491 | 17,220,142 |
| 1909 | 19,096 | 6,000 | 1,925,218 | 12,209,843 |
| 1910 | 17,277 | 5,623 | 1,457,395 | 9,820,261 |
| 1911 | 22,157 | 7,394 | 1,958,709 | 14,285,759 |
| 1912 | 24,297 | 7,298 | 2,391,004 | 17,405,278 |
| 1913 | 24,495 | 7,471 | 2,516,821 | 17,325,730 |
| 1914 | 23,983 | 7,333 | 2,206,268 | 16,307,637 |
Similar tables are given in respect of mortgages registered under the Land Transfer Act.
MORTGAGES REGISTERED UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1913–4.
| District. | No. | Area. | Amount secured. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Town and Suburban. | Country. | |||
| Acres. | Acres. | £ | ||
| Auckland | 6,072 | 1,646 | 976,948 | 3,651,799 |
| Taranaki | 2,033 | 368 | 347,236 | 1,341,201 |
| Wellington | 4,724 | 1,400 | 796,579 | 4,169,733 |
| Hawke's Bay | 1,399 | 190 | 447,906 | 1,894,420 |
| Poverty Bay | 866 | 258 | 398,065 | 734,322 |
| Nelson | 583 | 222 | 124,536 | 259,447 |
| Marlborough | 285 | 98 | 256,413 | 395,454 |
| Canterbury | 4,186 | 644 | 777,774 | 3,324,817 |
| Otago | 2,154 | 392 | 463,511 | 1,212,453 |
| Southland | 1,527 | 362 | 254,242 | 1,041,252 |
| Westland | 159 | 62 | 18,953 | 55,803 |
| Totals | 23,988 | 5,642 | 4,862,163 | 18,080,701 |
| MORTGAGES REGISTERED UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1904–5 TO 1913–14. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | No. | Area. | Amount secured. | |
| Town and Suburban. | Country. | |||
| Acres. | Acres. | £ | ||
| 1905 | 13,618 | 4,150 | 2,749,113 | 9,190,523 |
| 1906 | 15,746 | 4,760 | 2,903,882 | 10,944,149 |
| 1907 | 17,105 | 5,713 | 3,650,562 | 12,708,772 |
| 1908 | 19,795 | 5,352 | 5,090,682 | 15,337,486 |
| 1909 | 20,715 | 5,904 | 4,174,036 | 14,650,466 |
| 1910 | 19,955 | 5,379 | 3,734,962 | 13,611,123 |
| 1911 | 23,397 | 6,069 | 4,485,402 | 16,896,484 |
| 1912 | 25,127 | 8,033 | 4,784,883 | 19,128,732 |
| 1913 | 23,883 | 10,965 | 5,549,385 | 18,643,708 |
| 1914 | 23,988 | 5,642 | 4,862,163 | 18,080,701 |
In regard to mortgages under the Land Transfer Act, a table is added showing the total amount remaining secured by such mortgages on the 31st March, 1914.
| LAND TRANSFER ACT.—MORTGAGES REMAINING ON 31ST MARCH, 1914. | |
|---|---|
| District. | Amount. |
| £ | |
| Auckland | 16,084,614 |
| Taranaki | 8,521,464 |
| Wellington | 27,860,816 |
| Hawke's Bay | 10,761,900 |
| Poverty Bay | 3,356,187 |
| Nelson | 1,921,724 |
| Marlborough | 1,588,136 |
| Canterbury | 21,644,220 |
| Otago | 6,412,956 |
| Southland | 7,153,329 |
| Westland | 386,655 |
| Total | 105,692,021 |
The total, £105,692,021, represents a net increase of £7,875,646 during the year, the amount of mortgages paid off since 1st April 1913, being £10,205,055 as against mortgages registered amounting to £18,080,701, shown above.
A table is also given containing information concerning the registration of deeds during the year ended 31st March, 1914.
| DEEDS REGISTRATION, 1913–14. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District. | Deeds. | Fees. | |||
| Unrecorded on 31st March, 1913. | Received for Registration during the Year ended 31st March, 1914. | Registered during the same Period. | Unrecorded on 31st March. 1914. | ||
* Includes Crown-grant fees, £88; and district-agency fees, £6. | |||||
| No. | No. | No. | No. | £ | |
| Auckland | 221 | 7,733 | 7,725 | 229 | 7,548 |
| Taranaki | 3 | 732 | 765 | 20 | 720 |
| Wellington | 197 | 2,208 | 2,301 | 104 | 2,161 |
| Hawke's Bay | 69 | 1,415 | 1,360 | 124 | 1,523 |
| Poverty Bay | 63 | 63 | 65 | ||
| Nelson | 100 | 966 | 1,008 | 58 | 827 |
| Marlborough | 3 | 432 | 423 | 14 | 429 |
| Canterbury | 28 | 1,455 | 1,209 | 274 | 1,362 |
| Otago | 202 | 2,334 | 2,387 | 149 | 2,181 |
| Southland | 3 | 633 | 629 | 7 | 599 |
| Westland | 72 | 69 | 3 | 55 | |
| Totals | 626 | 18,093 | 17,939 | 982 | 17,470* |
OCCUPATION OF LAND.
THE figures in the following tables relating to occupation of land are those for the season 1910–11. No statistics were collected for the past three seasons, nor for 1909–10.
The area of land in occupation during 1910–11 has been returned at 40,238,126 acres, including Crown lands leased for pastoral purposes only, or 2,033,777 acres in excess of the area for the year 1903–9.
Tables are given showing the numbers and acreages of holdings, grouped according to size, 1905–6 to 1910–11. The holdings are shown to have increased by the number of 3,934 since 1905–6.
OCCUPIED LANDS: HOLDINGS.
[This and the succeeding statement deal with the full extent of occupied and, including Crown pastoral leases.]
| Sizes of Holdings, in Acres. | Number of Holdings. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1905–6 | 1906–7. | 1907–8. | 1908–9. | 1910–1. | |
| 1 to 10 inclusive | 19,787 | 20,455 | 21,186 | 21,927 | 18,075 |
| 11 to 50 inclusive | 11,745 | 12,012 | 12,147 | 12,360 | 12,151 |
| 51 to 100 inclusive | 7,562 | 7,767 | 7,760 | 7,780 | 7,948 |
| 101 to 200 inclusive | 9,950 | 10,251 | 10,098 | 10,206 | 10,746 |
| 201 to 320 inclusive | 6,531 | 6,820 | 6,827 | 6,831 | 7,083 |
| 321 to 640 inclusive | 7,219 | 7,497 | 7,602 | 7,828 | 8,466 |
| 641 to 1,000 inclusive | 2,750 | 2,936 | 3,011 | 3,202 | 3,611 |
| 1,001 to 5,000 inclusive | 3,497 | 3,682 | 3,816 | 4,090 | 4,780 |
| 5,001 to 10,000 inclusive | 408 | 415 | 436 | 458 | 526 |
| 10,001 to 20,000 inclusive | 237 | 248 | 247 | 235 | 264 |
| 20,001 to 50,000 inclusive | 166 | 167 | 153 | 151 | 136 |
| Over 50,000 acres | 90 | 88 | 84 | 84 | 90 |
| 69,942 | 72,338 | 73,367 | 75,152 | 73,876 | |
The total acreage of occupied land for each of the five years, 1905–6 to 1910–11, is shown:—
| OCCUPIED LANDS: ACREAGES. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sizes of Holdings, in Acres. | 1905–6. | 1900–7. | 1907–8. | 1908–9. | 1910–11. |
| Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
| 1 to 10 inclusive | 79,926 | 81,339 | 86,870 | 88,749 | 81,397 |
| 11 to 50 inclusive | 324,375 | 328,657 | 340,498 | 346,453 | 335,056 |
| 51 to 100 inclusive | 591,209 | 599,236 | 604,567 | 611,622 | 618,980 |
| 101 to 200 inclusive | 1,514,084 | 1,544,242 | 1,533,048 | 1,544,963 | 1,628,608 |
| 201 to 820 inclusive | 1,692,824 | 1,742,123 | 1,764,903 | 1,769,875 | 1,818,087 |
| 321 to 640 inclusive | 3,306,475 | 3,390,762 | 3,491,728 | 3,582,822 | 3,872,809 |
| 641 to 1,000 inclusive | 2,220,149 | 2,354,891 | 2,425,028 | 2,618,008 | 2,931,721 |
| 1,001 to 5,000 inclusive | 6,955,310 | 7,212,587 | 7,677,624 | 8,088,931 | 9,388,126 |
| 5,001 to 10,000 inclusive | 2,874,562 | 2,822,030 | 2,994,620 | 3,193,571 | 3,525,514 |
| 10,001 to 20,000 inclusive | 3,278,498 | 3,536,334 | 3,365,132 | 3,234,480 | 3,751,346 |
| 20,001 to 50,000 inclusive | 5,273,472 | 4,911,977 | 4,870,772 | 4,781,801 | 4,157,740 |
| Over 50,000 acres | 9,056,576 | 8,884,295 | 8,409,298 | 8,343,074 | 8,128,742 |
| 37,167,460 | 37,408,473 | 37,564,288 | 38,204,349 | 40,238,126 | |
Of a total of 73,876 holdings in 1910–11, 38,174, or 51.67 per cent., were from 1 to 100 acres in extent; 48,920, or 66.22 per cent., were from 1 to 200 acres; and 56,003, or 75.81 per cent., were from 1 to 320 acres in size. The total number over 320 acres was only 17,873, or 24.19 per cent. of the whole, thus indicating a considerable degree of moderately close settlement, although the area of the holdings over the 320-acres limit necessarily shows as very large in a table which includes the Crown pastoral leases.
The extent of land occupied as shown in the returns according to tenure is tabulated for each provincial district. The acreage in the last column of the statement is apparently short of the actual facts, judging from the figures shown in the table of “Crown Tenants,” as given in the report of the Surveyor-General. The difference lies in what has been returned for Crown pastoral leases to the agricultural-statistics collectors and the areas on which rent is paid given by the Lands Department.
| OCCUPATION OF LAND: TENURE 1910–11. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial Districts. | Total of Holdings. | Freehold. | Leased from Individuals or Public Bodies. | Leased from Natives. | Held from Crown under Different Tenures. |
| Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
| Auckland | 7,769,048 | 4,382,289 | 610,095 | 787,515 | 1,989,149 |
| Taranaki | 1,358,271 | 618,246 | 257,973 | 117,565 | 364,487 |
| Hawke's Bay | 3,211,080 | 1,757,830 | 278,959 | 654,021 | 520,276 |
| Wellington | 4,434,755 | 2,518,309 | 673,605 | 462,106 | 780,735 |
| Marlborough | 2,440,109 | 804,021 | 105,561 | 41,975 | 1,488,552 |
| Nelson | 2,314,116 | 1,002,256 | 139,476 | 21,490 | 1,150,894 |
| Westland | 961,068 | 76,966 | 34,237 | 6,963 | 842,902 |
| Canterbury | 6,587,587 | 2,581,682 | 926,471 | 19,322 | 3,060,112 |
| Otago— | |||||
| Otago portion | 7,997,952 | 1,493,718 | 509,807 | 30,995 | 5,963,372 |
| Southland portion | 3,164,134 | 1,316,380 | 462,642 | 5,476 | 1,379,636 |
| Totals | 40,238,126 | 16,551,697 | 3,998,886 | 2,147,428 | 17,540,115 |
Arranged according to the number of holdings, the provincial districts stand in order as under:—
| Auckland | 21,180 holdings. |
|---|---|
| Otago | 13,484 holdings. |
| Canterbury | 11,576 holdings. |
| Wellington | 11,252 holdings. |
| Taranaki | 5,423 holdings. |
| Hawke's Bay | 4,648 holdings. |
| Nelson | 3,650 holdings. |
| Marlborough | 1,718 holdings. |
| Westland | 945 holdings. |
The occupied holdings of the North Island now considerably outnumber those of the South Island, the numbers being—North Island, 42,503; South Island, 31,373. For the year 1900–1 the returns showed 30,086 holdings for the South Island, against 32,700 for the North.
The full details of holdings and acreages, classified according to size, for the year 1910–11 will be found in the following table:—
OCCUPATION OF LAND: PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS. CLASSIFIED HOLDINGS.
| TABLE showing for the Year 1911 the Occupied Holdings and the Acreages (including Crown Pastoral Leases) in Groups of Sizes, according to the Provincial Districts. | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial Districts. | Total of Holdings. | 1–10 Acres, inclusive. | 11–50 Acres, inclusive. | 51–100 Acres, inclusive. | 101–200 Acres, inclusive. | 201–320 Acres, inclusive. | 321–640 Acres, inclusive. | 641–1,000 Acres, inclusive. | 1,001–5,000 Acres, inclusive. | 5,001–10,000 Acres, inclusive. | 10,001–20,000 Acres, inclusive. | 20,001–50,000 Acres inclusive. | Over 50,000 Acres. |
| Auckland: Area in acres | 7,769,048 | 20,500 | 102,821 | 195,792 | 509,383 | 533,707 | 1,151,137 | 834,126 | 2,457,800 | 735,717 | 539,919 | 371,657 | 316,489 |
| Number of holdings | 21,180 | 4,638 | 3,618 | 2,478 | 3,361 | 2,074 | 2,512 | 1,038 | 1,284 | 116 | 44 | 12 | 5 |
| Taranaki: Area in acres | 1,358,271 | 4,845 | 17,447 | 65,544 | 205,928 | 178,111 | 242,835 | 173,088 | 438,215 | 32,258 | |||
| Number of holdings | 5,433 | 954 | 638 | 822 | 1,305 | 700 | 533 | 216 | 251 | 4 | |||
| Hawke's Bay: Area in acres | 3,211,06 | 6,973 | 21,025 | 34,782 | 77,235 | 79,780 | 180,228 | 190,780 | 872,251 | 567,103 | 475,686 | 277,080 | 428,168 |
| Number of holdings | 4,648 | 1,408 | 788 | 472 | 511 | 322 | 386 | 233 | 406 | 80 | 32 | 11 | 5 |
| Wellington: Area in acres | 4,434,755 | 14,813 | 48,465 | 86,664 | 230,651 | 228,896 | 573,232 | 459,587 | 1,542,537 | 496,209 | 436,872 | 92,337 | 224,492 |
| Number of holdings | 11,252 | 3,254 | 1,770 | 1,094 | 1,528 | 896 | 1,240 | 60 | 799 | 73 | 31 | 3 | 4 |
| Marlborough: Area in acres | 2,440,109 | 1,946 | 5,478 | 10,466 | 26,758 | 31,044 | 107,707 | 84,23 | 385,980 | 194,694 | 407,263 | 506,544 | 677,506 |
| Number of holdings | 1,718 | 475 | 209 | 139 | 179 | 119 | 226 | 105 | 192 | 31 | 24 | 15 | 4 |
| Nelson: Area in acres | 2,314,116 | 3,390 | 17,811 | 31,897 | 64,925 | 82,599 | 207,741 | 196,282 | 529,000 | 159,171 | 152,122 | 279,162 | 590,016 |
| Number of holdings | 3,650 | 806 | 65 | 407 | 444 | 317 | 448 | 250 | 282 | 21 | 10 | 8 | 4 |
| Westland: Area in acres | 961,068 | 700 | 4,66 | 8,098 | 18,370 | 29,782 | 56,857 | 42,853 | 59,820 | 127,099 | 129,856 | 340,535 | 142,437 |
| Number of holdings | 945 | 200 | 163 | 105 | 120 | 115 | 125 | 46 | 29 | 20 | 9 | 11 | 8 |
| Canterbury: Area in acres | 6,587,587 | 14,502 | 60,890 | 460 | 194,829 | 250,770 | 553,054 | 408,450 | 1,381,409 | 36,680 | 386,271 | 788,005 | 2,126,267 |
| Number of holdings | 11,576 | 3,381 | 2,192 | 1,137 | 1,317 | 976 | 1,231 | 509 | 698 | 55 | 27 | 27 | 26 |
| Otago— | |||||||||||||
| Otago portion: Area in acres | 7,997,952 | 8,955 | 35,913 | 62,724 | 161,144 | 197,984 | 401,721 | 314,783 | 1,247,213 | 673,802 | 935,894 | 1,093,700 | 2,864,119 |
| Number of holdings | 8,020 | 1,940 | 1,320 | 833 | 1,094 | 772 | 885 | 365 | 584 | 95 | 67 | 34 | 31 |
| Southland portion: Area, acres | 3,164,184 | 4,773 | 20,545 | 36,553 | 139,385 | 205,414 | 398,302 | 227,049 | 473,901 | 202,781 | 287,463 | 408,720 | 759,248 |
| Number of holdings | 5,464 | 1,019 | 800 | 461 | 881 | 792 | 880 | 289 | 261 | 31 | 20 | 15 | 9 |
| Totals Area in acres | 40,238,126 | 81,397 | 335,056 | 618,980 | 1,628,60 | 1,818,087 | 3,872,809 | 2,931,721 | 9,388,126 | 3,525,514 | 3,751,346 | 4,157,740 | 8,128,742 |
| Number of holdings | 73,876 | 18,075 | 12,151 | 7,948 | 10,746 | 7,083 | 8,466 | 3,611 | 4,780 | 526 | 264 | 136 | 90 |
Lands occupied cannot be properly compared with the returns of Crown lands alienated or in process of alienation, for certain lands have passed into the hands of Europeans which were never made waste lands of the Crown. Similarly, occupation of land must not be confused with ownership, a good deal of land being held which is unused and unoccupied.
OWNERSHIP OF LAND.
From the tables following it will be seen that of the total area of New Zealand (66 million acres) there was held as freehold on 31st March, 1910, more than nineteen and a half millions of acres of rural lands. The balance is in the hands of owners of urban lands, the Crown, Native owners, local bodies, church, education, friendly societies, and other public bodies. The number of freeholders of country lands (i.e., exclusive of those in boroughs and townships), with the area held, and the capital and unimproved values of same on 31st March, 1910, was as follows:—
| Size of Holdings, in Acres. | Number of Owners. | Total Area. | Capital Value. | Unimproved Value. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acres. | £ | £ | ||
| 5 and under 320 | 36,234 | 3,457,551 | 39,426,890 | 26,224,383 |
| 320 and under 640 | 5,394 | 2,422,803 | 18,177,896 | 13,049,185 |
| 640 and under 1,000 | 2,063 | 1,618,609 | 11,179,793 | 8,087,573 |
| 1,000 and under 2,000 | 1,748 | 2,487,571 | 14,967,929 | 11,034,208 |
| 2,000 and under 5,000 | 1,006 | 3,966,195 | 16,733,307 | 12,612,376 |
| 5,000 and under 10,000 | 306 | 2,113,081 | 9,214,768 | 6,934,896 |
| 10,000 and under 20,000 | 121 | 1,661,381 | 6,044,068 | 4,665,446 |
| 20,000 and under 30,000 | 28 | 683,368 | 1,984,990 | 1,508,004 |
| 30,000 and under 40,000 | 5 | 175,001 | 313,003 | 232,999 |
| 40,000 and under 50,000 | 6 | 262,565 | 331,727 | 196,091 |
| 50,000 and under 100,000 | 11 | 727,156 | 723,084 | 565,858 |
| 100,000 and under 150,000 | ||||
| 150,000 and over | ||||
| Totals | 46,922 | 19,575,281 | 119,097,455 | 85,111,019 |
| NUMBER OF FREEHOLDERS (EXCLUSIVE OF THOSE IN BOROUGHS on TOWNSHIPS) WITH SIZES OF HOLDINGS. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sizes of Holdings, in Acres. | Number of Freeholders in | ||||||
| 1883. | 1886. | 1889. | 1892. | 1902. | 1906. | 1910. | |
| 5 and under 320 | 25,407 | 28,521 | 31,324 | 32,211 | 34,800 | 35,200 | 36,234 |
| 320 and under 640 | 2,695 | 2,982 | 3,189 | 3,553 | 4,735 | 5,107 | 5,394 |
| 040 and under 1,000 | 931 | 1,043 | 1,035 | 1,143 | 1,580 | 1,862 | 2,063 |
| 1,000 and under 2,000 | 816 | 916 | 906 | 992 | 1,369 | 1,553 | 1,748 |
| 2,000 and under 5,000 | 465 | 509 | 507 | 566 | 775 | 864 | 1,006 |
| 5,000 and under 10,000 | 203 | 220 | 221 | 208 | 260 | 278 | 306 |
| 10,000 and under 20,000 | 141 | 151 | 134 | 148 | 123 | 129 | 121 |
| 20,000 and under 30,000 | 49 | 43 | 50 | 45 | 40 | 40 | 28 |
| 30,000 and under 40,000 | 23 | 31 | 26 | 30 | 21 | 14 | 5 |
| 40,000 and under 50,000 | 11 | 5 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 |
| 50,000 and under 100,000 | 19 | 25 | 18 | 20 | 18 | 12 | 11 |
| 100,000 and under 150,000 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | ||
| 150,000 and over | 2 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 1 | |
| Totals | 30,764 | 34,450 | 37,432 | 38,935 | 43,735 | 45,068 | 46,922 |
Prior to the year 1906 the areas of freehold lands under 10,000 acres were not classified, but it is possible to compare the areas above that quantity as held in 1889, 1906, and 1910. Still excluding lands in the hands of Native owners, local bodies, church, education, friendly societies, and other public bodies, the figures are,—
| Area, in Acres. | 1889. | 1906. | 1910. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acres. | Acres | Acres. | |
| 10,000 and under 20,000 | 1,911,154 | 1,817,562 | 1,661,381 |
| 20,000 and under 30,000 | 1,221,829 | 1,002,816 | 683,368 |
| 30,000 and under 40,000 | 921,435 | 474,822 | 175,001 |
| 40,000 and under 50,000 | 570,646 | 353,100 | 262,565 |
| 50,000 and under 75,000 | 723,459 | 490,507 | 560,250 |
| 75,000 and under 100,000 | 522,590 | 342,493 | 166,906 |
| 100,000 and under 150,000 | 241,423 | .. | .. |
| 150,000 and over | 1,389,664 | 223,242 | .. |
It would appear from the above that there has been a reduction in the total held in areas of 10,000 acres and over of 2,797,658 acres during the period 1889–1906, and a further reduction of 1,195,071 acres during the period 1906 to 1910, or a total reduction of 3,992,729 acres between 1889 and 1910. The average area held by owners of 10,000 acres and upwards shows a steady decrease since 1889, as follows:—
| Average Area held. | |
|---|---|
| Year. | Acres. |
| 1889 | 30,009 |
| 1892 | 29,924 |
| 1902 | 28,312 |
| 1906 | 23,061 |
| 1910 | 20,523 |
Table of Contents
THE Dominion of New Zealand is a country specially favoured for primary production. The soil covering is varied in character, a considerable portion of it being of exceptional fertility, but even the poorer soils are often capable of profitable utilization by reason of the comparatively mild and equable weather-conditions. The best grasses and fodder plants flourish in the congenial environment, and the country has already gained a world-wide reputation for the quality of its pastures. Numerous streams intersect the country and present to the farmer a great potential source of cheap power which is already being used in individual cases for shearing sheep, separating milk, crushing grain, cutting firewood, and lighting the home.
A conspicuous feature of New Zealand farming is that the stock do not require to be stalled in the winter, though necessarily the pastures have to be supplemented by fodder crops in the colder months of the year. This fact, combined with rare fertility of the soil, enables the New Zealand farmer to produce stock at a much smaller cost than the farmer in countries where artificial feeding has to be employed and where droughts periodically occur.
New Zealand is primarily a grazing-country, and, while more of the land is every year being given up to the cultivation of fodder crops, its future will, no doubt, be inseparably associated with stock-raising, principally of dairy cattle and sheep. Though not a century old, over sixteen million acres of land in the Dominion have been sown down in English grasses, and when it is considered that the area under pasture in Great Britain is only twenty million acres, the splendid progress made by the farmers of New Zealand will be realized. A great proportion of the crops grown in the Dominion are for the production of secondary commodities, such as meat, wool, and dairy-produce. Only a minor proportion are exported direct, and in these may be included the native Phormium tenax fibre. The production of this, at the present time conducted on a highly payable basis, may be regarded as a fairly permanent industry, as the larger areas of the Phormium tenax plant are in swampy locations which, under present conditions at least, are incapable of being effectively drained for agricultural purposes.
Grain crops, principally oats and wheat, are grown on a fairly large scale in the eastern and southern districts of the South Island for export purposes. Barley is also grown, but to a very much smaller extent. Much of the crop of oats produced, however, is chaffed for stock-feeding purposes within the country. Root crops, principally turnips, have been grown on a large scale for winter feed and for stock-fattening purposes, more particularly in the South Island. Owing to the difficulty of growing large areas of turnips free from disease, other stock-foods are coming into prominence. Mangolds are being cultivated to a larger extent; farmers are just beginning to realize the great value of lucerne; and silver-beet for feeding to dairy stock is proving successful. Ensilage-making, particularly in the stack form, is increasing in use in dairying districts. Quite a feature of milk-producing operations is the growing of green fodder crops to maintain the milk-supply during the drier months of the year, and for this purpose maize is specially favoured, though such crops as barley and tares are increasing in use. It will be seen that live-stock in New Zealand are entirely maintained on food produced on the farm itself, there being no such thing as the use of concentrated foodstuffs, except in the case of calf and pig meals, much of which is locally manufactured, principally from imported ingredients.
THE NORTH ISLAND.
The North Island of the Dominion is remarkable for the congenial environment it furnishes for many phases of primary production. In no part is the winter really severe, and the question of stalling stock during the colder months of the year has not to be considered. It is more a grazing than an agricultural country, and practically all the grain crops raised are used for feeding to farm stock. The dominant industries are dairying and sheep-farming. There is probably no finer sheep-country in the world than the limestone downs of the fertile province of Hawke's Bay, while on the west coast the Waimate Plains provide an ideal environment for dairy cattle. It may be said with every confidence that there is more butter-fat produced to the acre on many farms in this part of the Dominion than on any equal area in the world when it is considered that all the food provided for the stock is produced on the farm itself. Within a radius of twenty miles of the township of Eltham the value of the dairy-produce manufactured in the year is just on £2,000,000. One of the chief factories, that of Kaupokonui, said to be the largest cheese-manufacturing plant in the world, turned out last season 2,395 tons of cheese and 102 tons of butter manufactured from the butter-fat saved from the residual whey. Some idea of the expansion of the dairying industry, for which the North Island is mainly responsible, may be gauged from the fact that the value of the export of butter and cheese in 1890 was £207,687; in 1900, £969,731; and in 1910, £3,007,348, while for the year 1913 it was £3,831,948. In the year 1891 the number of cattle in the Dominion was 831,831. In 1911 the herds had increased to 2,020,171 head—an increase of 143 per cent.
Sheep-farming in the North Island has also made great headway, and with the steady increase in the area of land being taken up for this purpose, particularly in the back country, the gain being made in the number of the flocks more than compensates for the sheep-breeding areas on the better lands being taken up for dairy-farming.
In the northern portions of the island fruit-growing is being placed on a sound commercial basis. In this part of the Dominion citrus fruits can be successfully produced, and, with the adoption of better methods in the production of these, such fruits as oranges, lemons, and grapes will be cultivated on a large scale.
The remarkable demonstration provided by the Department of Agriculture. Industries, and Commerce at the Waerenga Experimental Farm in the utilization of poor “gum” land, considered useless for ordinary agricultural purposes, for the production of fruit, has provided a key to the unlocking of a vast area of land in the North Island. That fruit of the best quality can be successfully produced on such country is now an accomplished fact. In connection with the demonstration work at Waerenga a number of fruit-farms were laid out and, as they reached the profit-making stage, were disposed of. It has also been demonstrated at this farm that wattle-trees thrive in some northern lands, and the Department has established large plantations that are periodically harvested for wattle-bark, which is ground on the property and sold at remunerative prices for tanning purposes. The industry of fruitgrowing should in the future provide an important addition in these parts of the Dominion to individual and national wealth.
During recent years it has been discovered that the Waikato district and the Auckland Province in general are admirably adapted for the industry of milk-production, and dairying in this part of the Dominion has made remarkable headway. Exports during the last ten years are conclusive evidence of this. In the year 1902 the exports of dairy-produce from the Auckland Province were—Butter, 55,510 packages; cheese. 3,778 packages; whereas last year they were—Butter, 390,230 packages; cheese, 14,813 packages.
With the adoption of improved methods in the treatment of the land and the demonstration, particularly at the Ruakura Farm of Instruction, of the correct manurial treatment, farming in the Auckland Province has been placed on a much more stable basis. Assisted by a most favourable climate, of which a very mild winter is a conspicuous feature, stock-raising of all descriptions is being carried on with conspicuous success. The country is eminently adapted for the production of root and fodder crops, and stock can be brought to maturity and fattened for the market at a minimum of cost.
While the greater part of the North Island of New Zealand has been settled and is carrying a prosperous community of farmers, a large area still remains to be settled. Much of this is in the interior and at rather high altitudes, but a considerable amount of land now in the hands of the Natives is of a fertile nature, and when settled will carry a large community of small fanners. The rare productivity of the soil in the best sections of the Island has led to the values of these advancing to a very high level, with the result that closer settlement of them is inevitable. While this is so, the standard of dairy-farming is steadily improving, not only by reason of special fodder being provided for the drier parts of the summer and the colder months of the year, but on account of the fact that the farmer is coming to realize the vast difference in the productive character of individual cows.
THE SOUTH ISLAND.
The South Island was the portion of the Dominion where agriculture was first established, the settlement of the land being greatly facilitated by the fact that on the eastern, southern, and northern portions large fertile plains, rolling downs, and hills were available, devoid of the forests which in the North Island have had to be cleared before the land could be utilized by the farmer. Agricultural operations in the south have been maintained at a high standard for many years, principally in Otago and Canterbury, many of the pioneers of which districts were British yeomen farmers who brought with them the best methods of the Old Land. So in the breeding of live-stock, many of the original holders of land in the south and the shepherds and herdsmen they employed were well trained in stock-management by live-stock breeders of the Mother-country. The South Island may fairly be termed the nursery of the live-stock of the Dominion, and the high quality of the stock bred in the country is in a large measure due to the capacity of the men who founded and developed the flocks and herds in the eastern and southern districts of the South Island.
While the climate in the southern districts of the South Island is not so congenial as that in the northern, there are only a few portions where the winter is at all vigorous. The Nelson Province, in the north-west corner of the Island, is noted for the rare quality of its climate. This is never of an extreme nature, and is remarkably equable in character. Nelson has a sunshine-record which is equalled in but few parts of the Temperate Zone. The district is specially suitable for fruit-growing, which is being developed on a rapidly expanding commercial scale, local growers having already established an export trade in apples. At the other end of the Island, in Central Otago, a peculiar configuration of the country enables fruit-growing to be prosecuted with unique success. The winter is severe, but the warm summer suns and the absence of wind make it an ideal environment for fruit-growing.
Generally, however, stock-raising is the main industry in the southern half of the Dominion, while in some sections, particularly in Canterbury, Otago, and Marlborough, grain-growing is prosecuted on a considerable scale, and wheat and oats are staple articles of export. The Canterbury Plains, extending one hundred and fifty miles north and south and running inland for forty miles from the sea, represent an area of over 3,000,000 acres. This forms the principal grain-growing area. Wheat, oats, and barley are cultivated to a large extent. In Otago and the lower portions of that province—Southland—oats are the grain principally produced. The average grain-yields in New Zealand for the season 1913–14 were—Wheat, 31.37 bushels per acre; oats, 40.75 bushels per acre; and barley, 37.65 bushels per acre. In some of the richer lands the yield of wheat has reached very high figures, even up to 80 or 90 bushels per acre, while over 100 bushels to the acre have been recorded for crops of oats. In root crops up to 70 tons per acre of turnips have been secured, while the yield of mangolds has frequently reached 90 tons.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIES, AND COMMERCE.
Under the direct control of the Minister of Agriculture, who at the present time is also Prime Minister of the Dominion, the Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce is a service which is mainly concerned in advancing the interests of agriculture. It has special branches dealing with the leading phases of primary production. Under a Secretary of Agriculture there are Directors of Divisions of Live-stock and Meat; Dairy-produce; Fields and Experimental Farms; and Orchards, Gardens, and Apiaries. Attached to the Department there is also a biological and botanical section, while a special agricultural chemist is on the staff of the Dominion Analyst. Over four hundred officers are engaged.
While the service is mainly educative, it also carries out important inspection work, such as—
Live-stock and meat inspection: All meat exported is inspected by qualified officers. Cattle are inspected for tuberculosis and other bovine troubles, sheep are inspected for disease, slaughterhouses are licensed and controlled, and all stock exported and imported are examined by veterinary surgeons, of whom there are twenty-eight in the employment of the Department.
Dairy-produce is inspected and graded prior to shipment, a close supervision being also exercised over the moisture in butter and cheese, as well as over the weights of such produce, dairy-farm premises are inspected, and herd-testing and semi-official testing-work is controlled, and milk-samples are tested for dairy companies and farmers. Altogether twenty-five dairy experts are employed.
Officers of the Fields and Experimental Farms Divisions conduct a close supervision over the control of noxious weeds, and the suppression of rabbits, and a special staff is employed to grade New Zealand phormium-fibre prior to export.
The Orchards, Gardens, and Apiaries Division is charged with the inspection of fruit and trees imported and offered for sale, inspects orchards and apiaries, and generally controls diseases of plants and bees.
There are six experimental farms, which carry out experiments and demonstrations of national as well as local import. Plant-breeding work is being conducted at two of the farms, and at three of them purebred herds of dairy cattle are being bred according to pedigree of performance. Several of the farms were established to solve local problems, and the objective in each case has been attained. Attached to three of the farms are a number of learners, mainly farmers' sons, who are being trained in up-to-date methods of agriculture.
The instructional work covers a comprehensive field, all classes of farmers being assisted by advice. Over five thousand farmers visited the experimental farms last year, while nearly ten thousand letters of advice were written by the managers. Large educational displays are made at the several winter shows, chiefly illustrative of the experiments conducted at the farms of the Department. This year 900 farmers are co-operating with the Department in conducting experiments on their farms. Leaflets are periodically issued, and a monthly journal is published at a nominal subscription. Any farmer can have his soil analysed, his seed examined for germination-capacity and purity, his milk tested for butter-fat content or for the presence of disease, plants identified, and diseases of either animals or plants described, and a remedy suggested—all these services being rendered free of charge.
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
By an Act of the General Assembly passed in 1913 provision was made for the establishment of a Board of Agriculture, consisting of not more than twelve members appointed by the Governor, of whom not more than four were to be appointed on the recommendation of the agricultural and pastoral societies of the North Island, and an equal number on the recommendation of such societies in the South Island. The functions of the Board (which has now been set up) are to advise the Minister of Agriculture on matters relating to the development of agricultural and other rural industries in New Zealand. In particular, but without limiting the application of the term “agricultural and rural industries,” the functions of the Board extend to the following matters:—
The aiding, improving, and developing of agriculture and all rural industries, including fruit-culture, horticulture, forestry, dairying, the breeding of stock and poultry, beekeeping, and the flax industry;
The prevention and control of disease in stock and poultry, the control of rabbits and noxious weeds, and the dipping of sheep; (c.) The establishment of agricultural colleges and agricultural education generally; and
The aiding or facilitating of the carriage and distribution of produce.
NOTES ON NEW ZEALAND SOILS.
The following notes on the New Zealand soils have been furnished by Mr. B. C. Aston. F.I.C., Agricultural Chemist to the New Zealand Government:—
New Zealand is a country remarkable for containing within a comparatively small land-area such a number of differing types of soil that a continent would require to be ransacked to discover elsewhere a similar variety.
Starting from the far south, the Subantarctic Islands (Campbell Island, Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands, Snares Island) are covered with a peaty cap similar to that on the Orkneys of Britain. Campbell Island the Dominion's southernmost possession, which is in occupation as a sheep-run and whaling-station, approximates in general conditions to the Falkland Islands. The other Subantarctic Islands are uninhabited. The Chatham Islands are also covered with a peaty soil many feet in depth.
Otago (including Southland), the most southerly portion of the South Island of New Zealand, presents great topographical and climatic contrasts—the eastern coastal lands with an annual rainfall of from 30 in. to 50 in being in sharp contrast to the contiguous dry or even arid central area, consisting of mountain and plain (rainfall from 6 in. to 15 in.). This, again, is separated, by high mountains from the wet west coast (rainfall up to 250 in.). There is thus an island climate at the coasts with a continental climate island. The arid district of Central Otago contains the richest soils of the Dominion in the rare typo derived from the mica-schist rocks; but somewhat paradoxically this is one of the most sparsely settled areas in New Zealand, owing to the want of available water. The fact that some of the densest civilizations known to history have developed by preference in arid territory* finds no counterpart in New Zealand. When engineering science shall have overcome the difficulties attending the irrigation of the arid lands of Otago, these may some day prove the brightest gem of Now Zealand's diadem.
The fertile Canterbury Plains supply excellent examples, derived from the Southern Alps (Maitai series—Triassic), of gravel-fans covered with soils of varying depths and fineness. Sometimes the soil may have had a water-borne origin (clay sand), sometimes air-borne (loess). The climate of this area is drier than the southern coastal districts. Canterbury lacking the damp coastal climate which is such a prominent feature of Otago. Excepting the Banks Peninsula area, the climate of this portion of the Island (Canterbury) becomes increasingly wetter as the cast, coast is left and the west is approached.
In Westland the mica-schist soils are found under humid conditions, and when properly tilled and treated with lime yield abundant crops, as their composition would lead one to expect. Further north, in Westland and west Nelson, occur large areas of poor, sour moorland, sometimes underlain by a refractory iron pan or iron conglomorate, and known generally as “pakihi” lands. In Collingwood occur silty soils, composed of what the miner would call “hungry quartz.” These provide the best examples of the efficacy of manuring with phosphates, which are almost entirely wanting in the soil. Certain parts of Nelson Province are largely composed of serpentine rocks, which on weathering give rise to soils containing a large excess of magnesia.
Coming to the North Island, the soils of the Wellington and Hawke's Bay Provinces are derived from the greywakes, slates, mudstones (Triassic), or on the central volcanic plateau are of recent igneous origin. These soils have either been distributed aerially from the volcanoes, or have resulted from the weathering of the acid lavas and breccias which form the chief country rock of that district.
North Taranaki owes its fertility largely to the basic lavas and showers of apilli ejected from Mount Egmont (8,260 ft.), coupled with a very humid climate, thus providing ideal dairying country. The soils generally are light in texture and very intolerant of drought.
The lands of the northern province (Auckland) are derived from a variety of rocks, ranging from the basaltic lavas yielding rich loams to the sedimentaries giving the poor Waitomata clays. There are huge areas of unimproved country under swamp, the reclamation of which presents interesting problems not altogether of an engineering type. These extreme northern soils are much warmer and more responsive to artificial fertilizers, especially phosphates, than are those of the south. The southern farmer stands astonished at the amounts of fertilizer which his northern cousin finds it payable to use. Correlated with this is the chemical fact that, broadly speaking, the further one advances north the poorer are the soils in plant-food. The tabular statement appended shows this in a striking manner.
The coral soil of the Cook Islands, growing coconuts, bananas, oranges, and other fruits requiring tropical humid conditions is the last variety one may quote as worthy of mention.
Thus the possessions of New Zealand, stretching, as they do, from latitude 20° to 52° south (corresponding approximately to that of Cape Verd Islands and England respectively in the North) will be found to exhibit every variety of climate, aspect, altitude, and chemical and physical characters that one can imagine.
* Egypt, Cartilage, Mexico, Arabia, Assyria, Mesopotamia, Persia parts of the Indian Peninsula—Punjab, Sindh, Rajputana.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS ANALYSED.
| District. (Number of Samples analysed, in Brackets.) | Rating. | Available Plant-food, determined by B. Dyer's Method, modified by A. D. Hall. | Total Nitrogen | Number of Soils analysed. | Rating (Maereker). | Total Phosphoric Acid (P2O5). | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Potash (K2O). | Phosphoric Acid (P2O5). | ||||||
| No. of Samples | No. of Samples | No. of Samples | No. of Samples | ||||
| Southland and Otago (95) | Deficient | 1 | 3 | 3 | 70 | Poor | |
| Normal | 18 | 21 | 14 | Medium | 13 | ||
| Good | 76 | 71 | 78 | Normal | 17 | ||
| Good | 29 | ||||||
| Rich | 11 | ||||||
| Percentage deficient | 1 | 3 | 3 | 19 | |||
| Canterbury (41) | Deficient | 3 | 3 | 31 | Poor | ||
| Normal | 4 | 8 | 5 | Medium | 2 | ||
| Good | 37 | 30 | 33 | Normal | 19 | ||
| Good | 10 | ||||||
| Rich | |||||||
| Percentage deficient | Nil | 7 | 7 | 6 | |||
| Westland (32) | Deficient | 3 | 12 | 4 | 10 | Poor | 3 |
| Normal | 11 | 2 | 6 | Medium | 3 | ||
| Good | 18 | 18 | 22 | Normal | 4 | ||
| Good | |||||||
| Rich | |||||||
| Percentage deficient | 10 | 40 | 13 | 60 | |||
| Nelson and Marlborough (37) | Deficient | 11 | 1 | 20 | Poor | ||
| Normal | 5 | 6 | 4 | Medium | 6 | ||
| Good | 32 | 20 | 32 | Normal | 7 | ||
| Good | 6 | ||||||
| Rich | 1 | ||||||
| Percentage deficient | Nil | 30 | 3 | 30 | |||
| Wellington (123) | Deficient | 3 | 40 | 5 | 90 | Poor | 7 |
| Normal | 36 | 36 | 10 | Medium | 32 | ||
| Good | 84 | 47 | 108 | Normal | 28 | ||
| Good | 11 | ||||||
| Rich | 12 | ||||||
| Percentage deficient | 2œ | 33 | 4 | 43 | |||
| Taranaki (12) | Deficient | 1 | 7 | Poor | |||
| Normal | 2 | 3 | Medium | ||||
| Good | 10 | 8 | 12 | Normal | 1 | ||
| Good | 4 | ||||||
| Rich | 2 | ||||||
| Percentage deficient | Nil | 8 | Nil | Nil | |||
| Hawke's Bay (27) | Deficient | 16 | 16 | Poor | |||
| Normal | 3 | 4 | 1 | Medium | 7 | ||
| Good | 24 | 7 | 26 | Normal | 3 | ||
| Good | 5 | ||||||
| Rich | 1 | ||||||
| Percentage deficient | Nil | 59 | Nil | 44 | |||
| Auckland (121) | Deficient | 4 | 79 | 10 | 80 | Poor | 26 |
| Normal | 24 | 17 | 14 | Medium | 20 | ||
| Good | 93 | 25 | 97 | Normal | 18 | ||
| Good | 12 | ||||||
| Rich | 4 | ||||||
| Percentage deficient | 3 | 65 | 8 | 57 | |||
| CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS BY PLANT-FOOD PERCENTAGES. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Maereker's Rating. | ||
| Grade of Soil. | Phosphoric Acid. | Nitrogen. |
| Poor | Below 0.05 | Below 0.05 |
| Medium | 0.05–0.10 | 0.05–0.10 |
| Normal | 0.10–0.15 | 0.10–0.15 |
| Good | 0.15–0.25 | 0.15–0.25 |
| Rich | Above 0.25 | Above 0.25 |
Rating adopted for Available Plant-food, as determined by B. Dyer's Method.
| Grade of Soil. | Potash. | Phosphoric Acid. |
|---|---|---|
* Very few soils from Taranaki have been analysed. Further data may alter considerably the position of this province in the table. | ||
| Deficient | Below 0.005 | Below 0.01 |
| Normal | 0.005–0.01 | 0.01–0.015 |
| Good | Above 0.01 | Above 0.015 |
SUBSECTION B.—AGRICULTURE.
UP to and including the 1908–9 season, complete agricultural statistics were collected annually, the plan adopted being similar to that used in the United Kingdom, the account of land laid down in crop being ascertained at an early date, while statistics of produce were made up after the results of threshing were known.
For the 1909–10 season full statistics were not collected, but the area under the principal grain and root crops was ascertained and an estimate made of the yields.
In conjunction with the census of 1911, complete statistics were collected by the Government Statistician, covering the 1910–11 season, and these are the latest statistics available in regard to any but the principal grain, grass-seed, and root crops. In each of the past three seasons returns have been collected by post regarding the acreage and yield of the principal crops, and the results obtained should be taken as fairly reliable estimates only. The total area actually sown would probably be slightly in excess of that obtained under the system of collection by post.
The table following shows the acreage and yield of certain corn and pulse crops, grass-seed and potatoes for the last ten years.
It will be seen that of the eight crops shown for 1913–14 in only two cases (maize and potatoes) was the area sown greater than in the previous year. As against this, however, the average yield per acre appears to have been more in most cases in 1913–14 than in 1912–13, the exceptions been grass-seed and potatoes.
| ACREAGE AND ACTUAL YIELD OF CORN AND PULSE CROPS, GRASSES, ETC., FOR THE YEARS 1904–5 TO 1913–14. | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Wheat.* | Oats.* | Barley.* | Rye.* | Maize.* | ||||||||||
| Acres. | Yield Acre, in Bushels. | Total Bushels. | Acres. | Yield Acre, in Bushels. | Total Bushels. | Acres. | Yield Acre, in Bushels. | Total Bushels. | Acres. | Yield Acre, in Bushels. | Total Bushels. | Acres. | Yield Acre, in Bushels. | Total Bushels. | |
* For threshing only. | |||||||||||||||
| 1904–5 | 258,015 | 35.36 | 9,123,673 | 342,189 | 42.53 | 14,553,611 | 29,484 | 38.26 | 1,128,164 | 1,129 | 28 | 31,612 | 10,084 | 48.63 | 490,405 |
| 1905–6 | 222,183 | 30.60 | 6,798,934 | 354,291 | 35.36 | 12,707,982 | 29,644 | 34.54 | 1,024,045 | 1,397 | 38 | 63,086 | 10,485 | 60.39 | 633,212 |
| 1906–7 | 206,185 | 27.18 | 5,605,252 | 351,929 | 31.83 | 11,201,789 | 33,305 | 31.08 | 1,035,346 | 1,298 | 32 | 41.536 | 8,869 | 45.83 | 406,491 |
| 1907–8 | 193,031 | 28.84 | 5,567,139 | 386,885 | 38.82 | 15,021,861 | 36,177 | 32.15 | 1,163,406 | 2,958 | 23.9 | 70,702 | 8,869 | 56.74 | 503,301 |
| 1908–9 | 252,391 | 34.75 | 8,772,790 | 406,908 | 46.46 | 18,906,788 | 48,853 | 39.67 | 1,938,452 | 3,506 | 26 | 91,156 | 11,522 | 61.95 | 713,838 |
| 1909–10 | 311,000 | 28 | 8,661,100 | 377,000 | 37 | 13,804,000 | 41,500 | 31 | 1,304,000 | ||||||
| 1910–11 | 322,167 | 25.73 | 8,290,221 | 302,827 | 33.41 | 10,118,917 | 33,491 | 27.68 | 927,112 | 4,395 | 24.18 | 106,271 | 13,057 | 43.64 | 569,807 |
| 1911–12 | 215,528 | 33.69 | 7,261,138 | 403,668 | 48.71 | 19,662,668 | 31,644 | 39.65 | 1,254,684 | 6,094 | 45.66 | 278,252 | |||
| 1912–13 | 189,869 | 27.28 | 5,179,626 | 386,786 | 35.12 | 13,583,924 | 37,486 | 36.75 | 1,377,610 | 4,683 | 47.43 | 222,115 | |||
| 1913–14 | 166,774 | 31.37 | 5,231,700 | 361,741 | 40.75 | 14,740,946 | 32,022 | 37.65 | 1,205,628 | 5,942 | 51.79 | 307,736 | |||
| Year. | Peas.* | Beans.* | Rye-grass. | Cocksfoot. | Potatoes. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acres. | Yield per Acres, in Bushels. | Total Bushels. | Acres. | Yield per Acres, in Bushels. | Total Bushels. | Acres. | Yield per Acres, in B'ls of 20 lb. | Total Bushels | Acres. | Yield per Acres, in Pounds. | Total Pounds. | Acres. | Yield per Acres, in Tons. | Total Tons. | |
* For threshing only. | |||||||||||||||
| 1904–5 | 11,426 | 33.09 | 378,195 | 2,545 | 35.34 | 89,964 | 31,662 | 23.95 | 758,387 | 39,707 | 223.90 | 8,890,775 | 26,331 | 5.11 | 134,608 |
| 1905–6 | 13,211 | 29.89 | 394,903 | 2,054 | 33.21 | 68,222 | 30,626 | 32.23 | 987,243 | 37,039 | 237.14 | 8,783,571 | 26,834 | 4.59 | 123,402 |
| 1906–7 | 11,519 | 29.21 | 336,452 | 1,960 | 37.39 | 73,299 | 25,893 | 22.37 | 579,399 | 31,633 | 183.19 | 5,795,915 | 31,289 | 5.42 | 169,875 |
| 1907–8 | 8,416 | 28.78 | 242,245 | 1,168 | 37.6 | 43,923 | 40,435 | 28.69 | 1,160,413 | 28,731 | 144.37 | 4,147,902 | 27,035 | 5.28 | 142,990 |
| 1908–9 | 6,993 | 42.77 | 299,162 | 1,251 | 41.65 | 52,116 | 50,126 | 32.53 | 1,630,615 | 32,705 | 144.35 | 4,721,159 | 29,919 | 6.52 | 195,206 |
| 1909–10 | 56,550 | 33 | 1,894,650 | 29,500 | 151 | 4,451,000 | 30,500 | 6 | 180,509 | ||||||
| 1910–11 | 14,829 | 34.50 | 511,600 | 1,798 | 40.13 | 72,150 | 46,706 | 25 | 1,167,650 | 41,918 | 140 | 5,868,520 | 29,023 | 4.87 | 141,510 |
| 1911–12 | 19,946 | 32.38 | 645,851 | 77,535 | 28.36 | 2,198,893 | 38,297 | 182.12 | 6,974,650 | 28,248 | 5.13 | 144,912 | |||
| 1912–13 | 19,649 | 25.83 | 507,534 | 63,031 | 23.15 | 1,458,947 | 34,007 | 238.37 | 8,106,249 | 23,480 | 6.29 | 147,689 | |||
| 1913–14 | 13,871 | 31.64 | 438,878 | 55,936 | 19.64 | 1,098,835 | 25,935 | 191.11 | 4,956.438 | 29,164 | 5.39 | 157,194 | |||
| AREA IN CULTIVATION AND IN OCCUPATION, 1910–11. | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial District. | In Grain and Pulse Crops. | In Green and Root Crops. | In Fallow Land. | In Sown Grasses: Land ploughed (For all purposes.) | In Sown Grasses: Land not ploughed. (For all purposes.) | In Hay: Area included in two Previous Columns. | In Orchard and Vineyard. | In Garden. (Market and Private.) | In Plantation. (Not Native Bush.) | Total Area in Cultivation. | In Tussock or Native Grass, and Unimproved Land. | Total Area in Occupation. |
| Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
| Auckland | 52,811 | 57,502 | 56,201 | 802,262 | 2,541,999 | 16,890 | 12,035 | 3,435 | 20,401 | 3,546,646 | 4,222,402 | 7,769,048 |
| Taranaki | 11,984 | 23,982 | 3,274 | 211,189 | 793,385 | 12,397 | 953 | 610 | 1,332 | 1,046,709 | 311,562 | 1,358,271 |
| Hawke's Bay | 22,819 | 35,573 | 7,281 | 356,925 | 1,405,543 | 3,874 | 2,421 | 1,098 | 3,810 | 1,835,470 | 1,375,616 | 3,211,086 |
| Wellington | 49,327 | 58,799 | 7,183 | 357,980 | 2,699,664 | 10,149 | 3,646 | 2,745 | 5,463 | 3,184,807 | 1,249,943 | 4,434,755 |
| Marlborough | 36,344 | 11,614 | 3,189 | 100,255 | 421,898 | 1,243 | 592 | 272 | 1,927 | 576,091 | 1,864,018 | 2,440,109 |
| Nelson | 32,071 | 18,475 | 5,445 | 139,318 | 418,063 | 2,594 | 4,894 | 662 | 4,544 | 623,472 | 1,690,644 | 2,314,116 |
| Westland | 668 | 1,524 | 778 | 9,903 | 73,768 | 470 | 208 | 85 | 14 | 86,948 | 874,120 | 961,068 |
| Canterbury | 474,503 | 228,936 | 64,708 | 1,455,519 | 507,446 | 6,344 | 3,943 | 3,715 | 18,112 | 2,756,882 | 3,830,705 | 6,587,587 |
| Otago— | ||||||||||||
| Otago portion | 193,994 | 136,995 | 40,220 | 818,416 | 227,346 | 5,927 | 3,08.1 | 1,685 | 6,851 | 1,428,588 | 6,569,364 | 7,997,952 |
| Southland portion | 141,301 | 140,282 | 21,694 | 748,459 | 125,403 | 2,712 | 960 | 852 | 1,326 | 1,180,277 | 1,983,857 | 3,164,134 |
| Totals | 1,015,822 | 713,682 | 209,973 | 5,000,226 | 9,214,515 | 62,600 | 32,733 | 15,159 | 63,780 | 16,265,890 | 23,972,236 | 40,238,126 |
| LAND IN CULTIVATION.—ACREAGE UNDBR CROP, FALLOW LAND, SOWN GRASSES, ETC., FOR EACH COUNTY AS AT THE 1ST JANUARY, 1911. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County. | Total under Crop. | Fallow Land. | In Sown Grasses, Land ploughed. | In Surface Sown Grasses, Land not ploughed. | In Orchard and Vineyard. | In Garden. | Plantation. | Total Area under Cultivation. |
| North Island. | ||||||||
| Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
| Mangonui | 859 | 332 | 9,590 | 31,946 | 151 | 57 | 4 | 42,939 |
| Whangaroa | 244 | 186 | 794 | 9,179 | 71 | 42 | 9 | 10,525 |
| Hokianga | 1,319 | 481 | 3,348 | 81,418 | 389 | 174 | 54 | 87,183 |
| Bay of Islands | 1,465 | 871 | 8,023 | 50,456 | 216 | 78 | 16 | 61,125 |
| Whangarei | 1,899 | 1,914 | 30,461 | 139,997 | 1,124 | 107 | 76 | 175,578 |
| Hobson | 935 | 1,314 | 4,996 | 90,171 | 162 | 100 | 145 | 97,823 |
| Otamatea | 1,058 | 1,181 | 8,753 | 103,319 | 282 | 85 | 37 | 114,715 |
| Rodney | 1,323 | 2,095 | 17,776 | 102,884 | 1,427 | 125 | 149 | 125,779 |
| Waitemata | 2,233 | 5,293 | 29,930 | 43,310 | 2,945 | 351 | 367 | 84,429 |
| Edon | 517 | 442 | 14,253 | 14,246 | 460 | 680 | 127 | 30,725 |
| Manukau | 13,814 | 11,365 | 138,965 | 73,633 | 1,024 | 301 | 951 | 240,053 |
| Coromandel | 271 | 77 | 3,343 | 23,443 | 90 | 73 | 8 | 27,305 |
| Thames | 855 | 435 | 7,225 | 11,098 | 310 | 80 | 17 | 20,020 |
| Waikato | 8,584 | 5,926 | 75,012 | 48,269 | 728 | 164 | 5,427 | 144,110 |
| Raglan | 3,244 | 2,781 | 28,510 | 147,219 | 213 | 65 | 113 | 182,145 |
| Waipa | 10,081 | 3,941 | 78,650 | 21,687 | 384 | 112 | 466 | 115,321 |
| Kawhia | 226 | 135 | 1,041 | 48,849 | 49 | 22 | 6 | 50,328 |
| Waitomo | 3,083 | 2,833 | 21,734 | 87,019 | 148 | 69 | 91 | 114,977 |
| Awakino | 364 | 8 | 699 | 59,328 | 18 | 13 | 1 | 60,431 |
| Ohinemuri | 2,161 | 1,063 | 15,233 | 15,679 | 119 | 107 | 84 | 34,446 |
| Piako | 7,749 | 3,413 | 70,314 | 28,765 | 232 | 58 | 408 | 110,939 |
| Matamata | 9,894 | 5,262 | 91,186 | 19,807 | 116 | 61 | 651 | 126,977 |
| Tauranga | 9,597 | 1,596 | 54,403 | 32,637 | 549 | 86 | 343 | 99,211 |
| Rotorua | 1,092 | 406 | 7,240 | 24,791 | 81 | 57 | 9,937 | 43,604 |
| East Taupo | 715 | 46 | 1,897 | 2,475 | 13 | 12 | 518 | 5,676 |
| West Taupo | 3,387 | 896 | 13,907 | 21,791 | 14 | 17 | 35 | 40,047 |
| Ohura | 526 | 30 | 197 | 62,833 | 54 | 28 | 3 | 63,671 |
| Whakatane | 2,162 | 811 | 11,672 | 25,582 | 83 | 18 | 14 | 40,342 |
| Opotiki | 3,427 | 319 | 15,669 | 58,092 | 118 | 32 | 28 | 77,685 |
| Waiapu | 5,057 | 69 | 654 | 273,575 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 279,447 |
| Cook | 9,872 | 529 | 31,699 | 467,904 | 378 | 194 | 199 | 510,775 |
| Waikohu | 2,300 | 151 | 5,088 | 320,597 | 57 | 36 | 86 | 328,315 |
| Clifton | 2,772 | 315 | 17,601 | 95,310 | 109 | 42 | 24 | 116,173 |
| Taranaki | 9,302 | 1,122 | 53,259 | 101,095 | 341 | 245 | 462 | 165,826 |
| Egmont | 4,170 | 212 | 18,579 | 73,363 | 84 | 33 | 134 | 96,575 |
| Stratford | 5,680 | 295 | 14,226 | 141,286 | 84 | 79 | 105 | 161,755 |
| Whangamomona | 129 | 14 | 1,163 | 73,796 | 36 | 17 | 5 | 75,160 |
| Eltham | 3,129 | 412 | 11,270 | 73,152 | 74 | 56 | 100 | 88,193 |
| Waimate West | 2,629 | 246 | 18,093 | 24,608 | 40 | 25 | 69 | 45,710 |
| Hawera | 2,621 | 190 | 30,727 | 59,921 | 71 | 58 | 193 | 93,781 |
| Patea | 5,534 | 468 | 46,271 | 150,854 | 114 | 55 | 240 | 203,536 |
| Wairoa | 6,626 | 342 | 14,655 | 393,581 | 103 | 57 | 144 | 415,508 |
| Hawke's Bay | 19,949 | 3,173 | 169,151 | 290,299 | 1,778 | 641 | 1,783 | 486,774 |
| Waipawa | 16,726 | 1,673 | 57,644 | 152,007 | 116 | 83 | 706 | 228,955 |
| Waipukurau | 3,189 | 286 | 26,862 | 12,873 | 43 | 59 | 267 | 43,579 |
| Patangata | 3,914 | 494 | 68,273 | 247,275 | 71 | 60 | 655 | 320,742 |
| Dannevirke | 4,796 | 735 | 13,958 | 161,874 | 123 | 135 | 138 | 181,759 |
| Weber | 271 | 185 | 599 | 61,483 | 23 | 11 | 51 | 62,623 |
| Woodville | 2,921 | 393 | 5,783 | 86,151 | 164 | 52 | 66 | 95,530 |
| Pahiatua | 2,025 | 219 | 4,663 | 149,539 | 208 | 111 | 116 | 156,881 |
| Akitio | 542 | 22 | 719 | 137,488 | 50 | 26 | 68 | 138,915 |
| Eketahuna | 1,311 | 59 | 1,499 | 71,881 | 70 | 35 | 71 | 74,926 |
| Waimarino | 1,197 | 42 | 661 | 71,363 | 29 | 28 | 99 | 73,419 |
| Kaitieke | 447 | 14 | 336 | 32,138 | 39 | 22 | 2 | 32,998 |
| Waitotara | 3,040 | 291 | 24,429 | 103,584 | 184 | 82 | 90 | 131,700 |
| Wanganui | 3,828 | 415 | 17,772 | 207,759 | 219 | 304 | 332 | 230,629 |
| Rangitikei | 23,680 | 1,141 | 74,352 | 324,036 | 470 | 289 | 975 | 424,943 |
| Kiwitea | 4,400 | 269 | 9,402 | 160,471 | 137 | 60 | 157 | 174,896 |
| Pohangina | 1,523 | 147 | 1,989 | 94,329 | 97 | 19 | 63 | 98,167 |
| Oroua | 7,860 | 613 | 17,829 | 84,058 | 248 | 94 | 164 | 110,866 |
| Manawatu | 13,453 | 850 | 46,741 | 52,596 | 186 | 186 | 545 | 114,557 |
| Kairanga | 4,361 | 477 | 21,485 | 66,501 | 422 | 179 | 311 | 93,732 |
| Horowhenua | 4,957 | 461 | 12,090 | 105,251 | 342 | 256 | 224 | 123,584 |
| Masterton | 12,498 | 822 | 36,939 | 317,066 | 209 | 27 | 449 | 368,259 |
| Mauriceville | 520 | 30 | 1,595 | 45,118 | 33 | 8 | 27 | 47,331 |
| Castlepoint | 479 | 10 | 3,640 | 114,656 | 30 | 20 | 154 | 118,989 |
| Wairarapa South | 7,853 | 291 | 24,930 | 149,525 | 144 | 61 | 255 | 183,059 |
| Featherston | 12,196 | 790 | 49,993 | 246,918 | 305 | 151 | 1,130 | 311,483 |
| Hutt | 1,288 | 112 | 4,931 | 104,507 | 191 | 446 | 127 | 111,602 |
| Makara | 668 | 108 | 1,985 | 60,880 | 33 | 93 | 104 | 63,871 |
| Totals for North Island | 312,797 | 73,939 | 1,728,356 | 7,440,591 | 19,055 | 7,888 | 31,006 | 9,613,632 |
| County. | Total under Crop. | Fallow Land. | In Sown Grasses, Land ploughed. | In Surface Sown Grasses, Land not ploughed. | In Orchard and Vineyard. | In Garden. | Plantation. | Total Area under Cultivation. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Island. | ||||||||
| Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | Acres. | |
| Sounds | 360 | 21 | 503 | 91,580 | 64 | 17 | 35 | 92,580 |
| Marlborough | 43,646 | 2,631 | 72,616 | 266,914 | 472 | 220 | 1,805 | 388,304 |
| Kaikoura | 3,952 | 537 | 27,136 | 63,404 | 56 | 35 | 87 | 95,207 |
| Collingwood | 175 | 40 | 1,921 | 19,899 | 76 | 19 | 4 | 22,134 |
| Takaka | 1,100 | 352 | 5,176 | 33,561 | 187 | 16 | 7 | 40,399 |
| Waimea | 23,462 | 2,406 | 32,876 | 185,710 | 4,215 | 409 | 532 | 249,610 |
| Buller | 192 | 95 | 2,006 | 15,720 | 155 | 50 | 3 | 18,221 |
| Inangahua | 441 | 256 | 4,527 | 8,230 | 72 | 41 | 1 | 13,568 |
| Murchison | 513 | 164 | 776 | 28,094 | 45 | 12 | 3 | 29,609 |
| Amuri | 15,135 | 1,813 | 53,329 | 80,581 | 57 | 70 | 3,298 | 154,283 |
| Cheviot | 9,528 | 319 | 38,705 | 46,268 | 87 | 45 | 696 | 95,648 |
| Grey | 863 | 321 | 6,471 | 24,514 | 128 | 47 | 32,344 | |
| Westland | 1,329 | 457 | 3,432 | 49,254 | 80 | 38 | 14 | 54,604 |
| Waipara | 23,509 | 1,943 | 101,688 | 102,963 | 67 | 74 | 902 | 231,146 |
| Tawera | 5,440 | 949 | 10,224 | 15,337 | 17 | 17 | 140 | 32,124 |
| Ashley | 74,567 | 6,041 | 174,287 | 75,699 | 392 | 310 | 1,099 | 332,395 |
| Selwyn | 21,348 | 2,038 | 65,053 | 3,869 | 39 | 51 | 1,552 | 93,950 |
| Waimairi | 4,931 | 531 | 12,082 | 1,354 | 612 | 655 | 220 | 20,385 |
| Malvern | 51,462 | 4,029 | 94,035 | 2,114 | 115 | 138 | 2,190 | 154,083 |
| Paparua | 15,490 | 947 | 17,193 | 758 | 114 | 112 | 190 | 34,804 |
| Heathcote | 422 | 263 | 3,885 | 2,333 | 277 | 392 | 146 | 7,718 |
| Halswell | 3,263 | 152 | 9,355 | 3,678 | 69 | 113 | 193 | 16,823 |
| Springs | 13,055 | 1,497 | 24,550 | 2,675 | 45 | 48 | 186 | 42,056 |
| Ellesmere | 32,982 | 2,528 | 50,905 | 1,335 | 215 | 78 | 797 | 88,840 |
| Mount Herbert | 310 | 45 | 8,599 | 20,348 | 90 | 12 | 109 | 29,513 |
| Akaroa | 62 | 8,379 | 88,800 | 144 | 58 | 164 | 97,607 | |
| Wairewa | 2,404 | 122 | 8,764 | 52,545 | 56 | 33 | 154 | 64,078 |
| Ashburton | 203,661 | 14,542 | 408,830 | 22,182 | 427 | 586 | 5,716 | 655,944 |
| Geraldine | 67,705 | 5,654 | 133,784 | 47,842 | 301 | 311 | 1,769 | 257,366 |
| Levels | 52,760 | 5,722 | 74,033 | 6,989 | 323 | 290 | 922 | 141,039 |
| Mackenzie | 24,022 | 1,609 | 61,546 | 19,638 | 150 | 52 | 572 | 107,589 |
| Waimate | 106,046 | 16,096 | 188,327 | 36,987 | 490 | 385 | 1,091 | 349,422 |
| Waitaki | 85,529 | 9,707 | 179,412 | 53,251 | 390 | 313 | 986 | 329,588 |
| Waihemo | 12,648 | 554 | 33,561 | 9,880 | 54 | 49 | 107 | 56,853 |
| Waikouaiti | 6,669 | 465 | 19,064 | 42,378 | 146 | 132 | 164 | 69,018 |
| Taieri | 25,551 | 2,119 | 81,378 | 16,300 | 302 | 368 | 401 | 126,419 |
| Peninsula | 1,375 | 108 | 2,839 | 13,129 | 50 | 169 | 70 | 17,740 |
| Bruce | 42,968 | 3,215 | 98,177 | 9,241 | 131 | 135 | 447 | 154,314 |
| Clutha | 62,728 | 6,038 | 168,885 | 41,947 | 191 | 151 | 519 | 280,459 |
| Tuapeka | 44,947 | 3,308 | 113,033 | 26,153 | 998 | 141 | 3,377 | 191,957 |
| Vincent | 13,065 | 6,580 | 33,122 | 4,177 | 664 | 75 | 59 | 57,742 |
| Lake | 12,256 | 3,992 | 17,164 | 7,670 | 91 | 84 | 216 | 41,473 |
| Maniototo | 23,253 | 4,134 | 71,781 | 3,220 | 64 | 68 | 505 | 103,025 |
| Southland | 218,260 | 14,776 | 574,686 | 67,454 | 778 | 705 | 977 | 877,636 |
| Wallace and Fiord | 63,318 | 6,918 | 173,772 | 56,276 | 179 | 143 | 346 | 300,952 |
| Stewart Island | 5 | 1 | 1,673 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1,689 | |
| Totals for South Island | 1,416,707 | 136,034 | 3,271,870 | 1,773,924 | 13,678 | 7,271 | 32,774 | 6,652,258 |
| Totals for Dominion | 1,729,504 | 209,973 | 5,000,226 | 9,214,515 | 32,733 | 15,159 | 63,780 | 16,265,890 |
WHEAT.
The wheat harvest of 1914 showed an average yield of 31.37 bushels per acre, the crop realized being 5,231,700 bushels, against 5,179,626 bushels in 1913, and 7,261,138 bushels in 1912. The estimated area under wheat for threshing decreased from 322,167 acres in 1910–11. to 215,528 acres in 1911–12, 189,869 acres in 1912–13, and 166,774 acres in 1913–14.
Export of Wheat.
The figures given below show that there is no regular export of wheat from New Zealand. Unless there is a rise in price, consequent on a general shortage, it is found more profitable to consume any surplus grain on the farm and export other products.
| Year. | Wheat Exported. Bushels. |
|---|---|
| 1892 | 2,460,774 |
| 1894 | 228,904 |
| 1896 | 453,123 |
| 1898 | 10,090 |
| 1900 | 2,867,069 |
| 1902 | 194,671 |
| 1903 | 71,700 |
| 1904 | 813,535 |
| 1905 | 967,151 |
| 1906 | 61,199 |
| 1907 | 1,374 |
| 1908 | 1,385 |
| 1909 | 1,419,217 |
| 1910 | 1,294,328 |
| 1911 | 1,254,557 |
| 1912 | 505,205 |
| 1913 | 62,338 |
The imports of wheat during 1898 exceeded the exports by upwards of 50,000 bushels, but from 1899 to 1906 the imports were practically nil, the small quantity introduced being for seeding purposes only. In 1913 the import was 91 centals, of which 53 centals came from the United Kingdom, and 37 from Victoria.
Wheat-crop of Australasia, 1913–14.
The following shows the area in wheat, and the estimated produce, in each State of the Commonwealth of Australia and in New Zealand for the season 1913–14:—
| State. | Wheat-crop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Acres. | Bushels. | Bushels per Acre. | |
| Queensland | 132,345 | 2,053,783 | 15.52 |
| New South Wales | 3,206,600 | 38,043,360 | 11.86 |
| Victoria | 2,565,861 | 32,936,245 | 12.84 |
| South Australia | 2,267,851 | 16,936,988 | 7.47 |
| Western Australia | 1,104,753 | 13,496,242 | 12.22 |
| Tasmania | 18,054 | 421,380 | 23.34 |
| Totals for Commonwealth | 9,295,464 | 103,887,998 | 11.18 |
| New Zealand | 166,774 | 5,231,700 | 31.37 |
| Grand totals | 9,462,238 | 109,119,698 | 11.53 |
World's Wheat-crop.
According to information collected by the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, the wheat-crop of the Northern Hemisphere in 1913 and the Southern Hemisphere in 1913–14 aggregated 1,066,527,734 quintals (of 220.46 lb.). The produce of a few countries are not included in this total, so that the world's wheat production for the season may be set down at approximately eleven hundred millions of quintals. The principal countries contributing to his total are as follows:—
| Country. | Quintals (of 22040 lb.). |
|---|---|
* 19152 figures. | |
| Russia | 265,567,503 |
| United States | 207,761,501 |
| India | 97,537,464 |
| France | 87,833,200 |
| Canada | 63,064,099 |
| Austria-Hungary | 62,020,019 |
| Italy | 58,352,000 |
| Germany | 46,559,560 |
| Argentine Republic | 35,800,000 |
| Australasia | 32,313,670 |
| Spain | 30,590,794 |
| Roumania | 22,913,340 |
| Bulgaria | 16,500,000 |
| United Kingdom | 15,428,645 |
| Egypt | *8,409,639 |
| Algeria | 7,500,000 |
| Japan | 6,860,339 |
| Belgium | 4,093,884 |
| Chile | 3,262,000 |
| Sweden | 2,539,180 |
OATS.
The estimated extent of land in oats sown for grain in 1913–14 was 361,741 acres, as against 386,786 acres in the preceding year. The breadth of land in oats for chaffing, ensilage, or feeding down in 1910–11 (the latest year available) was 290,569 acres.
The yield per acre was, in 1913, 35.12 bushels, and in 1914 40.75 bushels, and the quantity of grain produced was 13,583,924 bushels and 14,740,946 bushels for the respective years.
Export of Oats.
The quantity of oats exported in 1891 and succeeding years was as follows:—
| Year. | Export of Oats. Bushels. |
|---|---|
| 1891 | 4,052,414 |
| 1892 | 3,830,444 |
| 1894 | 1,963,288 |
| 1896 | 2,247,053 |
| 1898 | 816,210 |
| 1900 | 5,818,648 |
| 1901 | 10,514,924 |
| 1903 | 4,956,330 |
| 1904 | 2,693,417 |
| 1905 | 1,076,916 |
| 1906 | 734,997 |
| 1907 | 36,693 |
| 1908 | 972,896 |
| 1909 | 5,133,473 |
| 1910 | 444,586 |
| 1911 | 72,826 |
| 1912 | 4,123,920 |
| 1913 | 239,268 |
Of the oats exported in 1913, New South Wales received 133,846 bushels, Victoria 47,239 bushels, Ceylon 17,724 bushels, and Uruguay 12,545 bushels.
Oat-crop of Australasia, 1912–13.
The oat-crop for 1912–13 in the States of the Commonwealth of Australia and in New Zealand was as follows:—
| Acres. | Bushels. | Average per Acre | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Queensland | 4,232 | 82,420 | 19.48 |
| New South Wales | 84,979 | 1,669,259 | 19.64 |
| Federal Capital Territory | 196 | 4,816 | 24.57 |
| Victoria | 439,242 | 8,323,639 | 18.95 |
| South Australia | 155,545 | 1,673,508 | 10.76 |
| Western Australia | 127,645 | 2,105,812 | 16.50 |
| Tasmania | 62,445 | 2,257,258 | 36.15 |
| Totals for Commonwealth | 874,284 | 16,116,712 | 18.43 |
| New Zealand | 386,786 | 13,583,924 | 35.12 |
| Grand totals | 1,261,070 | 29,700,636 | 23.55 |
Of the total acreage under oats in Australasia, 30.67 per cent. was in New Zealand, while 4574 per cent. of the total output belonged to the Dominion. The New Zealand average yield per acre was somewhat below the mean of recent years, but was nevertheless nearly double that of the Commonwealth as a whole.
BARLEY.
The estimated area under barley (for threshing) for the season 1913–14 was 32,022 acres, the crop being estimated at 1,205,628 bushels, an average yield per acre of 37.65 bushels. In 1912–13 the area under barley was 37,486 acres, and the yield 1,377,610 bushels, or 36.75 bushels per acre.
MAIZE.
The returns for 1913–14 show that there were 5,942 acres sown for grain, an area considerably in excess of that for the previous season (4,683 acres). The yield in 1913 was 222,115 bushels of corn, an average of 47.43 bushels per acre, and in 1914, 307,736 bushels, an average of 51.79 bushels per acre. Maize is grown only in the North Island, with the exception of a few acres. In 1913–14, the Provincial District of Auckland had 5,293 acres; Hawke's Bay, 308 acres; Taranaki, 93 acres; Wellington, 183 acres; Marlborough, 3 acres; Nelson, 35 acres; Canterbury, 26 acres; and Otago, 1 acre.
EYE.
There were 4,395 acres in rye, yielding 106,271 bushels, or at the rate of 24.18 bushels per acre, in 1910–11. No figures are available for the past three years.
PEAS AND BEANS.
The area under peas for threshing in the season 1912–13 was 19,649 acres, yielding 507,534 bushels, or an average of 25.83 bushels per acre. The area in 1913–14 was 13,871 acres, the average yield per acre 31.64 bushels, and the total yield 438,878 bushels.
There were 1,798 acres under beans in 1910–11, giving a return of 72,150 bushels, the average being 40.13 bushels per acre. No returns have been collected since 1910–11.
New Zealand has a considerable export of peas and beans, the figures for the past ten years being:—
| EXPORT OF PEAS AND BEANS. | |
|---|---|
| Year. | Bushels. |
| 1904 | 193,017 |
| 1005 | 187,829 |
| 1906 | 128,098 |
| 1907 | 120,905 |
| 1908 | 90,751 |
| 1909 | 181,517 |
| 1910 | 198,527 |
| 1911 | 332,227 |
| 1912 | 464,609 |
| 1913 | 339,998 |
POTATOES.
The area under potatoes in 1913–14 was 29,164 acres, yielding a return of 157,194 tons, or at a rate of 5.39 tons per acre, against 23,480 acres in 1912–13 and 147,689 tons (or 6.29 tons per acre).
The following table shows the average yield per acre of potatoes in each of the Australian States and New Zealand during the past five years:—
AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF POTATOES. 1908–9 to 1912–13.
| State. | 1908–9. | 1909–10. | 1910–11. | 1911–12. | 1912–13. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | |
| Queensland | 1.85 | 1.76 | 1.88 | 1.70 | 1.86 |
| New South Wales | 2.73 | 2.80 | 2.72 | 1.74 | 2.69 |
| Victoria | 3.19 | 2.80 | 2.60 | 2.50 | 4.02 |
| South Australia | 2.67 | 2.28 | 3.06 | 3.06 | 3.85 |
| Western Australia | 3.30 | 3.42 | 3.27 | 3.44 | 2.62 |
| Tasmania | 3.46 | 3.46 | 2.67 | 2.85 | 2.95 |
| Commonwealth | 3.07 | 2.82 | 2.64 | 2.31 | 3.25 |
| New Zealand | 6.52 | 6.00 | 4.87 | 5.13 | 5.39 |
TURNIPS, MANGOLDS, AND RAPE.
Turnips and rape form a most important crop in a sheep-breeding country such as New Zealand, and in 1892 the area of land under this crop amounted to 422,359 acres. The returns for 1898 gave only 470,582 acres, but for the 1913–14 season 714,479 acres (493,568 acres in turnips and 220,911 acres in rape) were set down as under these crops. The average yield of turnips per acre in 1913–14 was 13.03 tons.
The area under mangolds in 1913–14 was 10,182 acres, and the total yield 305,358 tons, equal to an average of 29.99 tons per acre.
HOPS.
Information re hops has not been obtained since 1910–11.
There were 653 acres under hops in 1910–11, as against 688 acres at the previous collection (in 1908–9). No account of the produce has been taken for some years, but in 1895 the yield was 7,556 cwt.
Of the land under hops in 1910–11, 605 acres were in the Waimea County and 14 in Takaka, both in the Provincial District of Nelson. The import of hops in 1913 amounted to 780 cwt., and the exports to 4,460 cwt., of which 13 cwt. were re-exports.
TOBACCO.
Official statistics of the growing of tobacco have not been collected since 1895. In 1889, 34 acres were being cultivated; in 1890, 25 acres; in 1891, 16 acres; in 1892, 6 acres; in 1893, 4 acres; in 1894, 4 acres; and in 1895, 5 acres, the production in 1895 being 1,599 lb. of dried leaf. Experiments carried out at various times have proved conclusively that parts of New Zealand are well adapted to the growing of tobacco, the Hawke's Bay District being specially suited by soil and climatic conditions to the growth of pipe and cigarette tobaccos. The New Zealand Tobacco Company some few years ago took up land at Clive for the purpose of tobacco-growing, and in 1913–14 had an area under crop amounting to 60 acres, the yield of leaf being more than 50,000 lb. The operations having so far been very successful, the company, it is stated, intends next season to increase the acreage to 120 acres
PHORMIUM TENAX.
Large areas in various parts of New Zealand are covered with phormium tenax, the fibre of which is largely used for rope-making, &c. At the census of 1911 there were 81 mills in operation, employing 1,244 hands. The export of fibre and tow during each of the past ten years was as follows:—
| PHORMIUM EXPORTED, 1904–13. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year. | Fibre. Tons. | Tow. Tons. |
| 1904 | 26,936 | 1,201 |
| 1905 | 27,877 | 3,283 |
| 1906 | 27,779 | 5,520 |
| 1907 | 28,547 | 6,885 |
| 1908 | 17,403 | 3,846 |
| 1909 | 14,318 | 2,974 |
| 1910 | 20,645 | 4,501 |
| 1911 | 17,366 | 3,283 |
| 1912 | 18,641 | 3,388 |
| 1913 | 28,092 | 6,299 |
GARDENS AND PLANTATIONS.
The extent of land in garden in 1910–11 was 15,159 acres, of which 10,400 acres were private gardens and 4,759 acres market gardens. In plantations of forest-trees there were 63,780 acres.
ORCHARDS AND THE FRUIT INDUSTRY.
Each succeeding year sees a marked increase in the area planted in commercial orchards in the Dominion. The area being planted this year (1914) is 3,179 acres, making a total of 42,000 acres for the whole of New Zealand, as compared with 28,558 acres in 1908, an increase of 13,442 acres in six years.
Remarkable progress is being made in the Nelson District, 1,300 acres being planted in that district alone during this season (1914). The industry is also making rapid development in the Auckland, Hawke's Bay, Canterbury, and Otago Districts.
A good market exists locally for choice clean fruit, but as the large areas recently planted come into bearing growers will have to look to outside markets to take the surplus, and it is hoped that the export of fruit will become in time one of the largest of the Dominion.
Already a good start has been made in the export trade in apples, 67,964 cases having been shipped this year to South America, which market will be able to absorb all the Dominion can supply for several years to come, at satisfactory prices to the growers.
The Agricultural Department assists orchardists by supplying information on fruit-growing generally, and as to the most up-to-date methods to adopt for the control of diseases and insect pests, pruning, &c. Practical demonstrations of pruning, spraying, and the grading and packing of fruit are given regularly by the Orchard Instructors attached to the Department.
Co-operative fruit-testing plots are established in various parts of the Dominion. These plots are for the purpose of—
Ascertaining which varieties of fruit are best adapted to particular districts.
Demonstrating various methods of priming.
Conducting modified manurial experiments.
Two or more trees of each variety are selected and planted.
The importance of these plots can hardly be overestimated, and growers exhibit great eagerness to co-operate in establishing them.
Extensive experiments have recently been carried out by the Department in the growing of tomatoes and the control of diseases affecting them, many thousands of pounds having been lost through failure of the tomato crops grown under glass during the last two or three years. The results of these experiments have proved of great value, and have enabled growers to adopt successful methods for the production of large and profitable crops.
Growers are beginning to realize the advantages of cool storage, and copies of full plans and specifications of a cool store capable of holding 4,000 cases of fruit have been prepared by the Department, and are supplied free on application.
The canning of fruit is also another important feature of the fruit industry. Plans and specifications for the building and equipment of a factory capable of turning out 4,000 cans per day are also available, free of charge, by those contemplating the erection of a factory.
The total acreage in vineyards is 779 acres, and there are about 715 vine-houses.
The growing of outdoor grapes is chiefly confined to the districts situated between the North Cape and Hawke's Bay.
It is estimated that 90,350 gallons of wine were produced last season, which, at 2s. 6d. per gallon, represents a total of £11,294. A large quantity of outdoor-grown grapes are sold for table use. The yield of fruit from grapes grown under glass for last season is estimated at 463,243 lb., representing a value of £23,162.
SOWN GRASSES AND SEEDS.
New Zealand is essentially suited for grazing purposes. Wherever there is light and moisture English grasses thrive when the natural bush and fern are cleared off—in fact, the white clover gradually overcomes the fern; and, from the mildness of the winter season, there are few places where there is not some growth, even in the coldest months of the year. In all parts of the Dominion stock live, although in varying condition, without other food than such as they can pick up. Sown-grass land, as might be expected, heads the list of cultivations.
At the beginning of the year 1911 there were 14,214,741 acres under artificial grasses. Of these, 5,000,226 acres had been previously ploughed, while 9,214,515 acres had not been ploughed. Much of the latter area was bush or forest land, sown down in grass after the timber had been wholly or partially burnt off.
The area under rye-grass for seed in the season 1913–14 was 55,936 acres, yielding 1,098,835 bushels of 20 lb., or a rate of 19.64 bushels per acre.
In cocksfoot there were 25,935 acres, which yielded 4,956,438 lb., or an average of 191–11 lb. per acre. The area in the previous season was 34,007 acres, and the total yield 8,106,249 lb., the average yield per acre being 238.37 lb.
Seeds for sowing pasture lands are used much as in Great Britain, the following being a common mixture: Perennial rye-grass, 25 lb. to 30 lb. per acre; cocksfoot, 2 lb.; alsike, 2 lb.; timothy, 3 lb.; cowgrass, 2 lb.; red clover, 2 lb.; white clover, 2 lb.; rape, 1 lb.: total, 39 lb. to 44 lb. per acre. Pastures are renewed at intervals of from four to eight years, according to the nature of the land.
The following shows the acreage in sown grasses in each State of Australia and in New Zealand for the 1910–11 season:—
| Acres. | |
|---|---|
| Queensland | 140,196 |
| New South Wales | 1,055,303 |
| Victoria | 991,195 |
| South Australia | 26,416 |
| Western Australia | 8,348 |
| Tasmania | 493,233 |
| New Zealand | 14,214,741 |
It will be observed that the acreage of land under sown grasses is far greater in New Zealand than in the whole of Australia and Tasmania. When compared in size with the States of Australia, New Zealand is not large—about one-thirtieth of their total area—but in respect of grazing capabilities the relative importance of this country is much greater. Australia is generally unsuitable, owing to conditions of climate, for the growth of English grasses, and the amount of feed produced by the natural grasses throughout the year is very much less per acre than is obtained from the sown-grass lands in New Zealand; indeed, it may be said that the average productiveness of grass land is about nine times as great here as in Australia, or, in other words, that land in New Zealand covered with English grasses may be considered equal for grazing purposes to an area of Australian land about nine times as great.
In addition to the artificially sown pastures, the returns for 1910–11 show that 23,972,236 acres of unimproved land, including that in tussock or native grass, belonged to the occupied holdings, and were available for stock-feeding by the sheep-farmers and cattle-farmers.
SUBSECTION C.—LIVE-STOCK.
A COMPARATIVE table is presented showing the increase in livestock since the year 1858. The figures are taken from the census as far as 1891 and for 1911, but for 1895–96 and following years up to 1910 the results of the enumeration made annually by the Department of Agriculture have been made use of. No enumeration has been taken since 1911 except as regards sheep.
| Year. | Horses. | Asses and Mules. | Cattle. | Sheep. | Goats. | Pigs. | Poultry. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Not enumerated | |||||||
| 1858 | 14,912 | 122 | 137,204 | 1,523,324 | 11,797 | 40,734 | * |
| 1861 | 28,275 | 153 | 193,285 | 2,761,383 | 12,191 | 43,270 | 236,098 |
| 1864 | 49,409 | 339 | 249,760 | 4,937,273 | 12,005 | 61,276 | 378,414 |
| 1867 | 65,715 | 323 | 312,835 | 8,418,579 | 11,964 | 115,104 | 676,065 |
| 1871 | 81,028 | 397 | 436,592 | 9,700,629 | 12,434 | 151,460 | 872,174 |
| 1874 | 99,859 | 267 | 494,917 | 11,704,853 | 14,276 | 123,921 | 1,058,198 |
| 1878 | 137,768 | 241 | 578,430 | 13,069,338 | 14,243 | 207,337 | 1,323,542 |
| 1881 | 161,736 | 362 | 698,637 | 12,985,085 | 11,223 | 200,083 | 1,566,114 |
| 1886 | 187,382 | 297 | 853,358 | 16,564,595 | 10,220 | 277,901 | 1,679,021 |
| 1891 | 211,040 | 348 | 831,831 | 18,128,186 | 9,055 | 308,812 | 1,790,070 |
| 1895 | 237,418 | 426 | 1,047,901 | 19,826,604 | * | 239,778 | * |
| 1896–97 | 249,813 | 434 | 1,138,067 | 19,138,493 | * | 209,834 | * |
| 1897–98 | 252,834 | 393 | 1,209,165 | 19,687,954 | * | 186,027 | * |
| 1898–99 | 258,115 | 534 | 1,203,024 | 19,673,725 | * | 193,512 | * |
| 1899–00 | 261,931 | 459 | 1,222,139 | 19,348,506 | * | 249,751 | * |
| 1900–1 | 266,245 | 480 | 1,256,680 | 19,355,195 | * | 250,975 | * |
| 1901–2 | 279,672 | 406 | 1,361,784 | 20,233,099 | * | 224,024 | * |
| 1902–3 | 286,955 | 464 | 1,460,663 | 20,342,727 | * | 193,740 | * |
| 1903–4 | 298,714 | 468 | 1,593,547 | 18,954,553 | * | 226,591 | * |
| 1904–5 | 314,322 | 448 | 1,736,850 | 18,280,806 | * | 255,320 | * |
| 1905–6 | 326,537 | 429 | 1,810,936 | 19,130,875 | * | 249,727 | * |
| 1906–7 | 342,608 | 451 | 1,851,750 | 20,108,471 | * | 242,273 | 3,191,604 |
| 1907–8 | 352,832 | 425 | 1,816,299 | 20,983,772 | * | 241,128 | * |
| 1908–9 | 363,259 | 519 | 1,773,326 | 22,449,053 | * | 245,092 | * |
| 1909 | * | * | 23,480,707 | * | * | * | |
| 1910 | * | * | 24,269,620 | * | * | * | |
| 1911 | 404,284 | 404 | 2,020,171 | 23,996,126 | * | 348,754 | 3,693,137 |
| 1912 | * | * | 23,750,153 | * | * | * | |
| 1913 | * | * | 24,191,810 | * | * | * | |
| 1914 | * | * | * | 24,595,405 | * | * | * |
The stock owned by Maoris in April, 1911, which are included in the above figures, comprised: Horses, 48,222; cattle, 61,300; sheep, 486,922; pigs, 33,290.
The graphs contained in the following diagram will give an idea of the large increase in the number of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs since 1858.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height the number of animals, as follows: Sheep, one million; cattle, one hundred thousand; horses and pigs, each fifty thousand.
Live-stock in Australasia.
The following gives the number of the principal kinds of livestock in Australasia for the year 1913:—
| State. | Sheep. | Cattle. | Horses. | Pigs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
* 1911 figures. | ||||
| Queensland | 21,786,600 | 5,322,033 | 707,265 | 140,045 |
| New South Wales | 39,842,518 | 2,836,801 | 746,377 | 288,162 |
| Victoria | 12,113,682 | 1,528,553 | 562,331 | 221,277 |
| South Australia | 5,073,057 | 352,905 | 283,641 | 64,119 |
| Northern Territory | 67,109 | 417,643 | 22,792 | 1,018 |
| Western Australia | 4,418,402 | 829,489 | 155,831 | 47,756 |
| Tasmania | 1,745,356 | 205,743 | 43,941 | 37,990 |
| Totals for Commonwealth | 85,046,724 | 11,493,167 | 2,522,178 | 800,367 |
| New Zealand | 24,191,810 | 2,020,171* | 404,284* | 348,754* |
LIVE-STOCK IN EACH COUNTY.
Details of the live-stock in each county of New Zealand are appended:—
| NUMBER OF HORSES, CATTLE, PIGS, AND ANGORA GOATS IN EACH COUNTY IN THE DOMINION IN APRIL, 1911, AND OF SHEEP IN APRIL, 1913. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County. | Horses. | Asses and Mules. | Cattle (including Dairy Cows). | Dairy Cows (in Milk and Dry). | Sheep. | Angora Goats. | Pigs. |
| Provincial District of Auckland. | |||||||
| Mangonui | 3,164 | 1 | 13,678 | 3,398 | 31,435 | 112 | 2,819 |
| Whangaroa | 1,100 | 3,264 | 607 | 9,112 | 132 | 938 | |
| Hokianga | 4,443 | 18,409 | 4,669 | 25,973 | 29 | 2,619 | |
| Bay of Islands | 2,741 | 6 | 14,933 | 3,491 | 44,808 | 264 | 1,899 |
| Whangarei | 5,415 | 6 | 45,581 | 14,583 | 45,188 | 260 | 4,475 |
| Hobson | 2,109 | 22,055 | 4,803 | 61,810 | 34 | 1,793 | |
| Otamatea | 2,716 | 4 | 24,376 | 6,608 | 62,328 | 134 | 2,757 |
| Rodney | 2,972 | 5 | 20,391 | 5,807 | 80,152 | 116 | 2,125 |
| Waitemata | 3,594 | 14 | 15,553 | 6,084 | 46,327 | 175 | 3,242 |
| Eden | 6,124 | 15 | 9,047 | 4,145 | 3,190 | 60 | 2,939 |
| Manukau | 10,910 | 10 | 60,766 | 28,492 | 46,173 | 406 | 11,360 |
| Franklin | 52,761 | ||||||
| Coromandel | 997 | 1 | 6,114 | 1,531 | 29,135 | 74 | 750 |
| Thames | 1,558 | 8,507 | 3,398 | 4,630 | 6 | 1,983 | |
| Waikato | 5,791 | 1 | 36,091 | 14,371 | 44,502 | 276 | 8,002 |
| Raglan | 3,951 | 1 | 31,659 | 5,617 | 179,206 | 137 | 2,793 |
| Waipa | 5,383 | 3 | 32,500 | 13,541 | 24,677 | 44 | 7,319 |
| Kawhia | 1,091 | 5,832 | 1,304 | 47,803 | 3 | 773 | |
| Waitomo | 4,508 | 19,952 | 4,451 | 95,502 | 13 | 3,828 | |
| Awakino | 657 | 7,514 | 496 | 78,100 | 318 | ||
| Ohinemuri | 2,504 | 3 | 11,405 | 4,319 | 5,798 | 12 | 2,871 |
| Piako | 2,910 | 22,127 | 8,866 | 45,936 | 7 | 3,825 | |
| Matamata | 3,525 | 1 | 28,402 | 9,993 | 29,435 | 3 | 4,365 |
| Tauranga | 5,335 | 2 | 27,926 | 8,264 | 5,903 | 4 | 4,802 |
| East Taupo and Rotorua | 3,104 | 1 | 5,979 | 1,876 | 36,957 | 1,735 | |
| West Taupo and Ohura | 4,085 | 8 | 20,325 | 3,430 | 76,130 | 1 | 4,574 |
| Whakatane | 1,970 | 4 | 11,684 | 3,909 | 37,179 | 1 | 1,259 |
| Opotiki | 2,301 | 9,121 | 3,152 | 106,044 | 1 | 1,9566 | |
| Waiapu | 5,713 | 94 | 36,682 | 560 | 622,445 | 13 | 2,681 |
| Cook | 10,159 | 15 | 69,332 | 6,625 | 946,349 | 32 | 4,625 |
| Waikohu | 4,191 | 45,182 | 1,596 | 489,862 | 1,113 | ||
| Totals | 115,021 | 195 | 684,387 | 180,386 | 3,414,850 | 2,349 | 96,538 |
| Provincial District of Taranaki. | |||||||
| Clifton | 2,040 | 21,994 | 6,287 | 86,858 | 104 | 2,782 | |
| Taranaki | 5,268 | 53,113 | 25,027 | 38,514 | 828 | 10,019 | |
| Egmont | 3,369 | 4 | 39,983 | 17,770 | 9,134 | 8 | 5,055 |
| Stratford | 3,489 | 44,405 | 22,184 | 122,883 | 315 | 7,859 | |
| Whangamomona | 739 | 2 | 7,449 | 1,406 | 102,135 | 19 | 403 |
| Eltham | 2,573 | 32,944 | 17,995 | 54,711 | 65 | 7,590 | |
| Waimate West | 1,909 | 24,690 | 15,688 | 1,181 | 6,155 | ||
| Hawera | 3,255 | 35,933 | 16,385 | 85,990 | 11 | 7,153 | |
| Patea | 3,763 | 37,649 | 11,499 | 267,343 | 3,644 | ||
| Totals | 26,405 | 6 | 298,160 | 134,241 | 768,749 | 1,350 | 50,660 |
| Provincial District of Hawke's Bay. | |||||||
| Wairoa | 6,711 | 29,455 | 3,245 | 692,751 | 7 | 1,901 | |
| Hawke's Bay | 9,705 | 9 | 50,196 | 7,285 | 1,128,654 | 95 | 3,964 |
| Waipawa | 3,152 | 16,383 | 3,029 | 430,384 | 1,137 | ||
| Waipukurau | 869 | 4,298 | 765 | 104,224 | 221 | ||
| Patangata | 2,752 | 37,790 | 1,506 | 658,185 | 116 | 360 | |
| Weber | 490 | 5,036 | 725 | 107,560 | 150 | 81 | |
| Dannevirke | 3,652 | 24,636 | 9,135 | 276,458 | 7 | 3,657 | |
| Woodville | 1,577 | 15,404 | 5,711 | 92,264 | 2,379 | ||
| Totals | 28,908 | 9 | 183,198 | 31,401 | 3,488,480 | 375 | 13,700 |
| Provincial District of Wellington. | |||||||
| Pahiatua | 2,455 | 26,095 | 9,959 | 217,189 | 4,758 | ||
| Akitio | 1,397 | 16,421 | 1,528 | 281,466 | 267 | ||
| Eketahuna | 1,346 | 12,974 | 5,821 | 87,511 | 10 | 2,432 | |
| Waimarino | 1,496 | 6,232 | 1,386 | 170,389 | 609 | ||
| Kaitieke | 733 | 2 | 1,914 | 510 | 48,412 | 299 | |
| Waitotara | 2,256 | 11 | 18,538 | 4,330 | 211,537 | 31 | 2,550 |
| Wanganui | 4,208 | 2 | 27,544 | 4,577 | 577,565 | 35 | 1,361 |
| Rangitikei | 8,608 | 7 | 48,529 | 10,198 | 1,027,146 | 19 | 3,832 |
| Kiwitea | 3,010 | 19,551 | 4,429 | 340,753 | 2,395 | ||
| Pohangina | 1,567 | 13,898 | 3,805 | 167,835 | 13 | 1,995 | |
| Oroua | 3,147 | 6 | 18,396 | 8,772 | 155,439 | 4,269 | |
| Manawatu | 4,108 | 3 | 28,121 | 11,971 | 151,289 | 17 | 6,963 |
| Kairanga | 4,045 | 1 | 28,025 | 11,216 | 106,587 | 8 | 5,804 |
| Horowhenua | 3,729 | 1 | 24,761 | 8,447 | 144,019 | 40 | 5,405 |
| Masterton | 4,306 | 1 | 34,021 | 3,855 | 609,821 | 7 | 1,574 |
| Mauriceville | 506 | 5,306 | 1,447 | 77,699 | 585 | ||
| Castlepoint | 855 | 14,712 | 441 | 174,462 | 128 | ||
| Wairarapa South | 2,637 | 4 | 25,442 | 7,598 | 199,551 | 39 | 3,857 |
| Featherston | 4,163 | 4 | 40,034 | 6,874 | 492,674 | 9 | 4,087 |
| Hutt | 2,867 | 30 | 11,026 | 4,876 | 155,080 | 139 | 1,493 |
| Makara | 3,019 | 2 | 4,704 | 2,701 | 76,942 | 26 | 1,912 |
| Totals | 60,458 | 74 | 426,244 | 114,741 | 5,473,366 | 393 | 56,575 |
| Provincial District of Marlborough. | |||||||
| Sounds | 314 | 2,780 | 974 | 186,859 | 29 | 1,475 | |
| Marlborough | 6,421 | 12,763 | 4,624 | 345,664 | 569 | 3,991 | |
| Awatere | 287,633 | ||||||
| Kaikoura | 1,663 | 5,159 | 1,859 | 205,274 | 15 | 1,267 | |
| Totals | 8,398 | 20,702 | 7,457 | 1,025,430 | 613 | 6,733 | |
| Provincial District of Nelson. | |||||||
| Collingwood | 467 | 5,359 | 1,685 | 14,487 | 14 | 953 | |
| Takaka | 1,032 | 5,217 | 2,432 | 49,837 | 88 | 1,907 | |
| Waimea | 5,964 | 13,517 | 5,214 | 305,998 | 548 | 4,349 | |
| Buller | 1,148 | 6,009 | 2,268 | 3,465 | 6 | 969 | |
| Inangahua | 597 | 1 | 3,293 | 1,050 | 12,259 | 49 | 705 |
| Murchison | 662 | 4,824 | 1,265 | 37,483 | 707 | ||
| Amuri | 2,233 | 3,605 | 607 | 410,228 | 519 | ||
| Cheviot | 1,544 | 3,215 | 627 | 196,904 | 4 | 454 | |
| Totals | 13,647 | 1 | 45,039 | 15,148 | 1,030,661 | 709 | 10,563 |
| Provincial District of Westland. | |||||||
| Grey | 1,435 | 1 | 7,529 | 2,223 | 26,444 | 14 | 1,510 |
| Westland | 2,343 | 17,085 | 4,427 | 28,158 | 5 | 1,096 | |
| Totals | 3,778 | 1 | 24,614 | 6,650 | 54,602 | 19 | 2,606 |
| Provincial District of Canterbury. | |||||||
| Waipara | 2,530 | 2,997 | 767 | 371,900 | 622 | ||
| Ashley | 8,792 | 2 | 17,233 | 8,012 | 444,251 | 23 | 11,032 |
| Kowai | |||||||
| Oxford | |||||||
| Rangiora | |||||||
| Eyre | |||||||
| Tawera | 844 | 992 | 396 | 75,950 | 488 | ||
| Selwyn | 1,482 | 1,289 | 527 | 605,194 | 709 | ||
| Waimairi | 2,461 | 2 | 5,507 | 3,637 | 10 | 4,613 | |
| Malvern | 3,450 | 2,769 | 1,323 | 2,645 | |||
| Paparua | 2,281 | 1 | 3,375 | 2,199 | 19 | 3,875 | |
| Heathcote | 2,732 | 1 | 2,247 | 1,471 | 43 | 1,473 | |
| Halswell | 1,042 | 1 | 3,665 | 2,061 | 1,173 | ||
| Springs | 1,573 | 4,326 | 2,335 | 2,955 | |||
| Ellesmere | 3,480 | 7,428 | 3,869 | 44 | 8,823 | ||
| Mount Herbert | 467 | 1,794 | 387 | 50,842 | 52 | 281 | |
| Akaroa | 1,596 | 2 | 16,829 | 4,510 | 94,063 | 12 | 1,412 |
| Wairewa | 956 | 1 | 5,708 | 1,853 | 97,234 | 855 | |
| Ashburton | 14,018 | 14 | 15,226 | 6,438 | 936,768 | 16 | 11,058 |
| Geraldine | 6,218 | 18 | 9,360 | 4,083 | 391,365 | 24 | 5,452 |
| Levels | 5,150 | 6 | 6,242 | 2,905 | 226,812 | 3,261 | |
| Mackenzie | 2,564 | 5 | 3,392 | 1,009 | 420,485 | 1 | 976 |
| Waimate | 8,315 | 3 | 9,811 | 4,047 | 598,041 | 25 | 6,506 |
| Totals | 69,951 | 56 | 120,190 | 51,829 | 4,312,905 | 269 | 68,209 |
| Provincial District of Otago. | |||||||
| OTAGO PORTION. | |||||||
| Waitaki | 9,080 | 19 | 19,051 | 9,529 | 618,906 | 15 | 5,811 |
| Waihemo | 1,712 | 1 | 3,610 | 1,814 | 146,719 | 1,020 | |
| Waikouaiti | 2,113 | 1 | 9,376 | 5,477 | 71,766 | 6 | 2,267 |
| Taieri | 7,481 | 3 | 20,042 | 8,749 | 227,373 | 5,277 | |
| Peninsula | 939 | 4,767 | 3,449 | 7,626 | 831 | ||
| Bruce | 4,996 | 1 | 11,269 | 4,867 | 214,339 | 2,928 | |
| Clutha | 6,519 | 7 | 16,587 | 6,646 | 364,617 | 3,644 | |
| Tuapeka | 5,073 | 2 | 7,260 | 2,367 | 436,661 | 1,831 | |
| Vincent | 2,542 | 3,725 | 1,243 | 311,514 | 3 | 811 | |
| Lake | 1,720 | 4,013 | 797 | 227,826 | 8 | 697 | |
| Maniototo | 3,145 | 8 | 5,055 | 1,392 | 317,254 | 382 | |
| Totals | 45,320 | 42 | 104,755 | 46,330 | 2,944,601 | 32 | 25,499 |
| SOUTHLAND PORTION. | |||||||
| Southland | 24,836 | 20 | 88,981 | 36,845 | 1,132,455 | 10 | 14,328 |
| Wallace and Fiord | 7,515 | 23,712 | 8,618 | 474,397 | 3,329 | ||
| Stewart Island | 47 | 189 | 87 | 2,934 | 14 | ||
| Totals | 32,398 | 20 | 112,882 | 45,550 | 1,609,786 | 10 | 17,671 |
| Totals for Otago | 77,718 | 62 | 217,637 | 91,880 | 4,554,387 | 42 | 43,170 |
| Chatham Islands | 68,380 | ||||||
| Totals for Dominion | 404,284 | 404 | 2,020,171 | 633,733 | 24,191,810 | 6,119 | 348,754 |
SHEEP.
The Dominion is eminently suited for sheep - breeding, practically every description of sheep finding a favourable local habitat. In the hilly and down country of the South Island the merino has been bred for very many years, and was the original sheep depastured. In fact, the merino ewe furnished the foundation of the crossbred stock which has made Canterbury mutton famous on British meat-markets. In the early days of the Canterbury meat trade the English Leicester of the original type was the favourite ram for putting to the merino ewe. Of later years the Lincoln has been largely employed to cross with the merino, and black-faced rams have been further employed to put to the crossbred ewes. In the North Island the Romney sheep, which suits the rather moist climate of this portion of the Dominion, has become the most popular sheep; it is also increasing in numbers in the South Island. The Lincoln and Border-Leicester are also favoured in both Islands, while the Southdown is displacing other breeds for fat-lamb production right throughout the Dominion. The Leicesters, mainly the English variety, are still the most popular British breed in the South.
From the table following it will be seen that the flocks of the North Island increased from 5,285,907 sheep in the year 1886 to 9,203,963 in 1904 and 13,145,445 in 1913, or at the rate of 74.12 per cent. in the first eighteen years of the period and of 4282 per cent. between 1904 and 1913. Sheep in the South Island decreased from 9,888,356 in 1886 to 9,076,843 in 1904, a decrease of 8.21 per cent. in the eighteen years. Between 1904 and 1913, however, the South Island shows an increase of 1,969,522, or at the rate of 21.70 per cent.
| Year. | North Island. | South Island. | Total. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1886 | 5,285,907 | 9,888,356 | 15,174,263 |
| 1904 | 9,203,963 | 9,076,843 | 18,280,806 |
| 1905 | 9,388,605 | 9,742,270 | 19,130,875 |
| 1906 | 10,009,731 | 10,098,740 | 20,108,471 |
| 1907 | 10,854,018 | 10,129,754 | 20,983,772 |
| 1908 | 11,632,201 | 10,816,852 | 22,449,053 |
| 1909 | 12,193,211 | 11,287,496 | 23,480,707 |
| 1910 | 12,917,662 | 11,351,958 | 24,269,620 |
| 1911 | 12,814,353 | 11,181,773 | 23,996,126 |
| 1912 | 12,618,089 | 11,132,064 | 23,750,153 |
| 1913 | 13,145,445 | 11,046,365 | 24,191,810 |
There was an increase of 5,237,257 in the total number of sheep between 1903 and 1913, representing a rate of 27.63 per cent. in the ten years.
Of the provincial districts, Wellington had most sheep in 1913, Otago came next, and Canterbury occupied the third place. The particulars given below show that in five of the nine provinces the figures for 1913 show increases on those for 1912 amounting in the aggregate to 588,947, decreases in Otago, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland, however, reducing the net increase to 441,657.
| Provincial District. | No. of Sheep in 1912. | No. of Sheep in 1913. | Increase in 1913. | Decrease in 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including Chatham Islands. | ||||
| Wellington | 5,255,166 | 5,473,366 | 218,200 | |
| Otago | 4,655,939 | 4,554,387 | 101,552 | |
| Canterbury* | 4,319,694 | 4,381,285† | 61,591 | |
| Hawke's Bay | 3,343,672 | 3,488,480 | 144,808 | |
| Auckland | 3,299,563 | 3,414,850 | 115,287 | |
| Nelson | 1,041,903 | 1,030,661 | 11,242 | |
| Marlborough | 1,056,072 | 1,025,430 | 30,642 | |
| Taranaki | 719,688 | 768,749 | 49,061 | |
| Westland | 58,456 | 54,602 | 3,854 | |
| Totals | 23,750,153 | 24,191,810 | 441,657 | |
| NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1906, 1911, AND 1913. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size of Flocks. | 1891. | 1896. | 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1913. |
| Under 500 | 8,272 | 12,028 | 11,700 | 11,793 | 11,463 | 11,053 |
| 500 and under 1,000 | 1,691 | 2,605 | 3,059 | 3,431 | 4,366 | 4,459 |
| 1,000 and under 2,000 | 969 | 1,460 | ||||
| 2,000 and under 5,000 | 666 | 892 | 2,877* | 3,340* | 4,833* | 5,232* |
| 5,000 and under 10,000 | 287 | 340 | 397 | 394 | 540 | 536 |
| 10,000 and under 20,000 | 239 | 231 | 189 | 213 | 216 | 188 |
| 20,000 and upwards | 169 | 147 | 138 | 94 | 75 | 59 |
| Totals | 12,293 | 17,703 | 18,360 | 19,265 | 21,493 | 21,527 |
The average size of the flocks is found to have been 1,081 sheep in 1896, 1,116 in 1911, and 1,124 in 1913.
Crossbreds and other longwools comprise 93 per cent. of the New Zealand flocks, the merino being less suited for freezing. The number of the different classes composing the flocks in April, 1912, and April, 1913, was as follows:—
| 1901. | 1906. | 1911. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| * From 1,000 to 2,500 | 2,189 | 2,558 | 3,703 | 3,946 |
| * From 2,500 to 5,000 | 688 | 782 | 1,130 | 1,286 |
| 2,877 | 3,340 | 4,833 | 5,232 | |
| Stud— | 1912. | 1913. | ||
| Merino | 50,533 | 52,620 | ||
| Lincoln | 95,348 | 96,203 | ||
| Romney | 286,349 | 301,612 | ||
| Border Leicester | 87,336 | 84,415 | ||
| English Leicester | 87,744 | 84,124 | ||
| Shropshire | 19,817 | 19,592 | ||
| Southdown | 33,167 | 38,104 | ||
| Other breeds | 46,137 | 45,672 | ||
| Totals | 706,431 | 722,342 | ||
| Flock— | ||||
| Crossbreds and other longwools | 21,449,226 | 22,007,415 | ||
| Merino | 1,594,496 | 1,462,053 | ||
| Totals | 23,043,722 | 23,469,468 | ||
| Grand totals | 23,750,153 | 24,191,810 | ||
An interim return gives the number of sheep in New Zealand on the 30th April, 1914, as 24,595,405, an increase of 403,595 during the year. In the North Island the number was 12,970,131, and in the South Island 11,625,274, a decrease of 175,314 in the North Island, and an increase of 578,909 in the South Island.
Breeding-ewes.
The number of breeding-ewes in April, 1912, was 12,277,029, and in April, 1913, 12,521,036, an increase of 244,007 for the year. Figures for ten years are given:—
| BREEDING-EWES. | |
|---|---|
| 1904 | 9,222,448 |
| 1905 | 10,079,184 |
| 1906 | 10,479,187 |
| 1907 | 10,736,846 |
| 1908 | 11,244,041 |
| 1909 | 12,370,346 |
| 1910 | 12,515,380 |
| 1911 | 12,324,463 |
| 1912 | 12,277,029 |
| 1913 | 12,521,036 |
The estimated lambing percentage for the 1913 lambing season works out at 96œ per cent. in the case of stud ewes, and at 89œ per cent. for flock ewes.
Consumption and Export of Mutton and Lamb.
Figures showing sheep and lambs slaughtered for food purposes each year since 1904–5, together with the exports of frozen mutton and lamb, are given in the tables following.
| SHEEP. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Sheep slaughtered for Food Purposes. | Frozen Mutton exported. | ||
| Number. | Weight. | Number of Carcases, including Pieces at 60 lb. to a Sheep. | Weight. | |
| Cwt. | Cwt. | |||
| 1905 | 2,226,593 | 1,192,817 | 1,926,748 | 965,503 |
| 1906 | 1,897,118 | 1,016,313 | 1,546,722 | 776,116 |
| 1907 | 2,730,448 | 1,462,740 | 2,058,770 | 1,033,055 |
| 1908 | 2,381,264 | 1,275,677 | 1,841,332 | 906,425 |
| 1909 | 2,830,453 | 1,516,314 | 1,866,531 | 927,429 |
| 1910 | 2,793,878 | 1,496,720 | 1,775,090. | 883,361 |
| 1911 | 3,372,150 | 1,806,509 | 2,193,665 | 1,068,881 |
| 1912 | 3,189,527 | 1,708,675 | 1,867,828 | 912,926 |
| 1913 | 3,306,588 | 1,771,386 | 2,208,330 | 1,092,692 |
| 1914 | 4,019,831 | 2,153,570 | 2,557,639 | 1,271,935 |
| Totals for 10 years | 28,747,850 | 15,400,721 | 19,842,655 | 9,838,323 |
| LAMBS. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Lambs slaughtered for Food Purposes. | Frozen Lamb exported. | ||
| Number. | Weight. | Number of Carcases. | Weight. | |
| Cwt. | Cwt. | |||
| 1905 | 2,042,105 | 656,444 | 1,894,361 | 603,612 |
| 1906 | 2,544,999 | 808,035 | 1,932,214 | 616,823 |
| 1907 | 2,944,271 | 946,364 | 2,666,564 | 818,556 |
| 1908 | 2,862,067 | 919,950 | 2,732,792 | 837,141 |
| 1909 | 3,332,218 | 1,071,070 | 2,629,817 | 873,061 |
| 1910 | 3,675,676 | 1,181,467 | 3,356,702 | 1,049,113 |
| 1911 | 4,044,953 | 1,301,056 | 3,839,922 | 1,167,980 |
| 1912 | 3,192,108 | 1,026,034 | 3,093,091 | 932,835 |
| 1913 | 3,505,986 | 1,126,924 | 2,956,249 | 901,146 |
| 1914 | 4,338,180 | 1,394,415 | 3,854,348 | 1,186,638 |
| Totals for 10 years | 32,482,563 | 10,431,759 | 28,956,060 | 8,986,905 |
In addition to the figures given above, it is estimated that 4,000,000 sheep, representing a weight of 270,000,000 lb., and about 550,000 lambs, of a weight of 20,000,000 lb., were killed by farmers for local consumption. It would therefore appear that about 1,075,000,000 lb. of mutton and lamb were consumed in the Dominion during the ten years shown. The average annual consumption per head of population, including Maoris, is thus over 100 lb.
The following table, extracted from the last annual report of the Colonial Consignment and Distributing Company (Limited), shows that New Zealand supplies larger quantities of frozen mutton and lamb to the United Kingdom than do either Australia or South America.
| Year. | Imports of Frozen Mutton and Lamb into United Kingdom from | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| New Zealand. | Australia. | South America. | |
| 1904 | 3,883,588 | 450,848 | 2,938,227 |
| 1905 | 3,707,773 | 1,368,472 | 3,201,486 |
| 1906 | 4,147,834 | 1,732,328 | 2,919,240 |
| 1907 | 4,796,755 | 2,337,961 | 3,015,229 |
| 1908 | 4,234,512 | 1,831,245 | 3,585,786 |
| 1909 | 5,035,094 | 2,678,739 | 3,352,898 |
| 1910 | 5,407,470 | 4,219,012 | 3,353,726 |
| 1911 | 5,233,783 | 3,611,051 | 4,125,350 |
| 1912 | 5,495,251 | 2,883,505 | 3,630,378 |
| 1913 | 5,672,343 | 4,442,201 | 2,820,011 |
Sheep in Australasia.
The number of sheep in the several States of the Commonwealth of Australia and in New Zealand for the years 1900, 1905, 1910, and 1913 was as follows:—
| 1900. | 1905. | 1910. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including Northern Territory. † Figures for April following. | ||||
| Queensland | 10,339,185 | 12,535,231 | 20,331,838 | 21,786,600 |
| New South Wales | 40,020,506 | 39,506,764 | 45,560,969 | 39,842,518 |
| Victoria | 10,841,790 | 11,455,115 | 12,882,665 | 12,113,682 |
| South Australia* | 5,283,247 | 6,339,542 | 6,324,717 | 5,140,166 |
| Western Australia | 2,434,311 | 3,120,703 | 5,158,516 | 4,418,402 |
| Tasmania | 1,683,956 | 1,583,561 | 1,788,310 | 1,745,356 |
| New Zealand† | 19,355,195 | 19,130,875 | 23,996,126 | 24,595,405 |
| Total for Australasia | 89,958,190 | 93,671,791 | 116,043,141 | 109,642,129 |
Sheep Flocks of the World.
The following figures show that the sheep flocks of the world have increased since 1895, but not quite so rapidly as the population. It is not possible in every case to obtain information for uniform years to compare with 1895, therefore the latest figures available have been used.
| Country. | Sheep. | Population. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latest Figures available. | 1695. | Latest Figures available. | 1895. | |
| Number. | Number. | Persons. | Persons. | |
| Europe | 175,831,136 | 198,194,214 | 461,494,000 | 419,623,000 |
| Australasia | 109,612,129 | 110,561,331 | 5,984,000 | 3,810,000 |
| South America | 112,713,521 | 102,847,134 | 50,500,000 | 28,746,000 |
| North America | 57,583,345 | 57,158,600 | 115,041,000 | 88,895,000 |
| Africa | 51,663,329 | 31,890,052 | 45,476,000 | 8,210,000 |
| Asia | 110,707,842 | 21,957,752 | 374,115,000 | 339,500,000 |
| Total | 618,146,302 | 522,609,083 | 1,052,610,000 | 888,784,000 |
Wool.
Wool is the most important product of New Zealand. The annual value of the export is about a third of the value of the total exports of the Dominion, the figures for 1912 and 1913 being—
| 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |
| Wool | 7,105,483 | 8,057,620 |
| Total exports of New Zealand produce | 21,272,405 | 22,577,890 |
The quantity of wool exported in 1913 was 186,533,036 lb., a decrease of 1,828,754 lb., on the quantity exported in the previous year. The annual production of wool for the last twenty years, taking the exports for the twelve months immediately preceding the commencement of shearing, and adding thereto the quantity used in the Dominion for manufacturing purposes, is shown in the next table, but no addition has been made for wool on sheep-skins exported, nor for loss in scouring and washing.
| Year ended 30th September. | Quantity exported. | Quantity purchased by Local Mills. | Total. |
|---|---|---|---|
| lb. | lb. | lb. | |
| 1894 | 128,480,457 | 2,476,155 | 130,956,612 |
| 1895 | 129,333,769 | 3,299,132 | 132,632,901 |
| 1896 | 128,309,673 | 3,989,934 | 132,299,607 |
| 1897 | 134,410,955 | 3,298,469 | 137,709,424 |
| 1898 | 150,401,399 | 3,763,831 | 154,165,230 |
| 1899 | 143,644,203 | 4,258,505 | 147,902,708 |
| 1900 | 144,829,515 | 3,223,392 | 148,052,907 |
| 1901 | 143,064,789 | 4,629,924 | 147,694,713 |
| 1902 | 155,652,563 | 4,203,312 | 159,855,875 |
| 1903 | 160,919,693 | 5,294,652 | 166,214,345 |
| 1904 | 141,031,699 | 5,191,451 | 146,223,150 |
| 1905 | 146,889,767 | 3,651,343 | 150,541,110 |
| 1906 | 152,765,232 | 4,372,472 | 157,137,704 |
| 1907 | 164,006,579 | 4,116,722 | 168,123,301 |
| 1908 | 163,930,722 | 4,779,198 | 168,709,920 |
| 1909 | 187,619,181 | 5,202,821 | 192,822,002 |
| 1910 | 194,472,934 | 5,642,113 | 200,115,047 |
| 1911 | 184,854,149 | 6,048,164 | 190,902,313 |
| 1912 | 189,553,723 | 6,284,114 | 195,837,837 |
| 1913 | 195,353,533 | 6,823,545 | 202,177,078 |
From this table it will be seen that the total for the year ended 30th September, 1913, is the highest yet recorded, being 2,062,031 lb. in excess of that for 1909–10, the next highest.
The percentages of greasy, scoured, and washed wool to the total quantities exported during the last ten years are,—
| Year. | Greasy. Per Cent. | Scoured and Sliped. Per Cent. | Washed. Per Cent. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1904 | 79.87 | 18.93 | 1.20 |
| 1905 | 82.09 | 16.82 | 1.09 |
| 1906 | 82.25 | 16.91 | 0.84 |
| 1907 | 83.59 | 15.87 | 0.54 |
| 1908 | 81.60 | 17.35 | 1.05 |
| 1909 | 82.40 | 17.09 | 0.51 |
| 1910 | 83.48 | 16.27 | 0.25 |
| 1911 | 80.63 | 19.16 | 0.21 |
| 1912 | 80.96 | 18.77 | 0.27 |
| 1913 | 83.28 | 16.43 | 0.29 |
The following diagram shows the increase in the weight of wool exported since 1882, also the great expansion of the frozen-meat trade in the same period.
EXPORTS OF WOOL AND FROZEN MEAT, 1882–1913.
EXPLANATION OP GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year and the vertical height twenty millions of pounds (weight).
Continuous curve represents wool.
Dotted curve represents frozen meat.
According to information contained in Dalgety's “Annual Wool Review,” the oversea shipments of wool from Australasia for the year ended 30th June, 1914, total 2,527,463 bales, or 826,924,667 lb., as compared with 2,247,265 bales or 721,821,516 lb. in the previous year, an increase of 280,198 bales or 105,103,151 lb.
The shipment figures from each State compare as under with the previous season:—
| — | 1912–13. | 1913–14. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| States— | Bales. | lb. | Bales. | lb. |
| Queensland | 254,495 | 81,743,794 | 387,277 | 127,414,133 |
| New South Wales | 773,010 | 248,290,812 | 853,104 | 281,259,858 |
| Victoria | 435,795 | 139,977,354 | 486,976 | 152,301,744 |
| South Australia | 164,259 | 52,759,990 | 152,930 | 46,031,930 |
| Western Australia | 68,656 | 22,052,307 | 64,921 | 19,541,221 |
| Tasmania | 22,271 | 7,153,445 | 21,368 | 5,747,992 |
| Commonwealth | 1,718,486 | 551,977,702 | 1,966,576 | 632,296,878 |
| New Zealand | 528,779 | 169,843,814 | 560,887 | 194,627,789 |
| Australasia | 2,247,265 | 721,821,516 | 2,527,463 | 826,924,667 |
The average value per bale of all the wool sold in Australasia during the past twelve months was £13 4s. 11d., as compared with £13 13s. 1d. for the previous year. The average weight of wool to the bale was 321.2 lb in 1912–13, and 327.2 lb in 1913–14.
The following table gives the latest information as to quantity of wool used annually for manufacturing purposes in certain principal countries.
| AMOUNT OF WOOL USED FOR MANUFACTURING PURPOSES. | |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 515,000,000 pounds. |
| United States | 505,000,000 pounds. |
| France | 480,000,000 pounds. |
| Germany | 400,000,000 pounds. |
| Austria-Hungary | 140,000,000 pounds. |
| Italy | 60,000,000 pounds. |
The following interesting information with reference to the wool-clip, the local sales, &c., is also extracted from “Dalgety's Annual Wool Review” for the season ended 30th June, 1914. Referring to New Zealand, the Review reports as follows:—
From a buyer's point of view the North Island clip was not so attractive as that of the previous year. The Hawke's Bay wools were well grown and in light condition, but from other districts the staple was shorter and heavier in condition (to the extent, perhaps, of 3 per cent.) than the clip of 1912–13. A good deal of the hogget wool was somewhat tender.
Owing to the delayed shearing on account of strikes and wet weather there was more seed in the wool that usual, and the clip generally lacked brightness. The South Island wools were well grown and well up to the average of excellence, in fact the Otago and Southland clip was above the average in every way.
The clip, so far as the Wellington District was concerned, was not up to the standard of the previous year. Immediately the early consignments became available, it was noticed that for growth of staple, brightness, and soundness it did not compare favourably with the wool of the previous season; but it must be remembered that in 1912–13 there was an exceptionally fine clip in all respects. Generally the wool was heavier in the grease, and “bidi-bidi,” which seeded early last season, was very prevalent in some of the wool. There was less cotted wool than customary, but wool from hoggets showed traces of tenderness in the staple, and was often tick-stained. It was noticeable that classing and preparation had been carefully attended to by the majority of growers.
Each year an improvement in quality can be looked for, as considerable attention is being paid to the breeding of flocks, and on many farms high-class rams and ewes are being used with a view to the growing of the best wool possible.
Owing to the exceedingly dry season a, large portion of the Auckland wools was earthy and tender, and the clip was much heavier in condition that the previous year's growth.
The Gisborne district of late years has produced a useful class of wool, but last season the condition of portion of the clip was rather disappointing. Although fairly heavy in grease, the wool lacked lustre and was wanting in body. The chief cross used in the district is a strong-woolled Romney with the Lincoln, producing a wool of great length and strength, and generally of a bright, lustrous character. In a few cases the English Leicester has been tried, but the climate has proved too wet for that class of sheep.
The clip marketed in Christchurch, mainly comprised, as customary, crossbred wools of from 40's to 56's qualities. Owing to a mild winter the wool was generally well grown and sound in staple. The early clips from the plains were on the whole bright and attractive, but carried rather more condition than the previous year. The latter clips from the hill country opened up attractively, and were light and dry in condition, though in some cases yolk-stained and slightly off in colour. On the whole, while there were perhaps fewer super clips than usual, the average of quality and condition compared very favourably with that of the previous season, and a continued improvement was noticeable in the way the wool was got up for the market.
The South Canterbury wools marketed in Timaru were above the average as regards length of staple and soundness, but owing to the mild winter and abundance of feed carried more condition than usual.
The quality of the Otago clip marketed in Dunedin during the past season was fully up to the average, and in the best known brands of merino, half-bred, and crossbred was better than customary. The wool was well grown, fairly free from seed (except the late-shorn lines), and in point of yield would be from 2 per cent. to 4 per cent. better than the 1912–13 clip.
The Southland clip was exceptionally light in condition and of better quality than usual.
The following table setting out the prices ruling at the different auctions held at Dunedin is a good indication as to how values ruled at the New Zealand sales, as, naturally, with the same buyers attending in each centre and sales following one another at very short intervals, the position of the market was reflected at the various selling centres. With the figures for the first two sales of the 1913–14 season are g by way of comparison the figures for the first sale of the previous season.
| PRICES CURRENT AT THE DUNEDIN SALES, SEASONS 1912–13 AND 1913–14. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Description. | December, 1912. | December, 1913. | January, 1914. |
| Per lb. | Per lb. | Per lb. | |
| Merino— | d. d. | d. d. | d. d. |
| Super | 12 to 13 | 12 to 13Ÿ; | |
| Medium to good | 10 to 11œ | 10 to 10Ÿ; | 10 to 11œ |
| Inferior | 8œ to 9œ | 7œ to 9 | 8 to 9œ |
| Half-bred— | |||
| Super | 13 to 14Ÿ; | 11œ to 12Œ | 12 to 14 |
| Medium to good | 10œ to 12œ | 10 to 11 | 10œ to 11Ÿ; |
| Inferior | 9 to 10 | 8 to 9œ | 9 to 10 |
| Crossbred— | |||
| Super | 12 to 13Ÿ; | 10 to 10Ÿ; | 10œ to 12œ |
| Medium to good | 9œ to 11œ | 8Ÿ; to 9Ÿ; | 9 to 10 |
| Inferior | 8œ to 9 | 7œ to 8 | 7Ÿ; to 8œ |
| Pieces— | |||
| Super | 10œ to 12Œ | 9Œ to 11 | 10 to 11Ÿ; |
| Medium to good | 8œ to 10 | 7œ to 8œ | 7œ to 9œ |
| Inferior | 6œ to 8 | 5 to 6 | 6 to 7Œ |
| Locks | 4 to 7 | 3 to 4Ÿ; | 3œ to 6 |
The third sale at Dunedin in 1913–14 was held on the 18th February, when prices were quoted at œd. to 1d. per lb. above rates current at the January sale.
CATTLE.
All the leading breeds of the cattle of Great Britain are represented in the Dominion by herds bred on sound lines, though the beef breeds of later years are not making such headway owing to the advance taking place in dairying operations. There are still very many fine Shorthorn herds of the beef type, while Aberdeen, Angus, and Hereford cattle are also bred. There are herd-books for each of these breeds.
The breeding of dairy cattle has made considerable progress in recent years. A special Jersey herd-book has been in existence for some time, and herd-book societies are now well established for the Holstein and Ayrshire breeds as well. During the past season the Dairy-produce Division of the Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce proposed a scheme for establishing registers of merit in connection with purebred dairy cattle. This was at once accepted by the Holstein and Jersey Herd-book Societies, and during the coming season the Ayrshire Herd-book Society will also co-operate in this movement. It is confidently expected that this will give a great fillip to the breeding of purebred dairy stock as it will place this work on a greatly improved plane. Its chief value will no doubt be found in the fact that the ordinary dairy farmer will be able in future to secure a bull of undoubted milking quality. He will be thus encouraged to use purebred bulls and thereby to assist materially in raising the standard of the dairy stock of the country. The farmer will be further encouraged to support the breeding of purebred stock, by reason of the fact that he is now coming to appreciate the value of herd-testing work, and thus knowing the really profitable cows in his herd, will be anxious to secure a bull which will enable them to perpetuate their good qualities.
An important factor responsible for the improved position of dairy cattle in New Zealand is the advent of the milking-machine, which is making the farmer more independent of hired labour. A feature of dairying operations in the country is that the farms generally are on a fairly large scale, but with the increasing price of land there is a gradual tendency towards smaller farms and the keeping of fewer but better cows. Also, there is a growing realization of the necessity of a more liberal system of feeding, particularly in the direction of growing special fodder crops to maintain the milk flow at all seasons of the year. Generally, dairy-farming in New Zealand is being conducted on a sound and profitable basis, and the outlook for the industry is most encouraging.
A policy which has been partly responsible for placing the breeding of dairy cattle on up-to-date principles has been the establishment of purebred herds at three of the experimental farms of the Department of Agriculture, and there breeding them according to an exact record of performance. High-priced stock have been imported by the Department in order that the foundation herds at the farms may be of the best quality. The milk of all the cattle is daily weighed and periodically tested, official check tests being conducted by experts of the Dairy-produce Division of the Department. The yearling bulls from these State milk-record herds command high values. Sensational figures have been recorded at the sales of the Holstein bull calves from the Weraroa Experimental Farm, as much as 295 guineas having been given at auction for a bull calf from the best cow of the herd. The appreciation of the farming community for this officially-tested stock has been chiefly responsible for the gratifying manner in which private breeders of pedigree stock have participated in the official register of merit scheme of the Department and the herd-book societies. In the season of 1910–11 the Department established a model herd-testing association in the Wairarapa district, carrying out the work of testing and of recording results free of all charge to the farmers taking part. This had the effect of creating at once wide interest in the important herd-testing movement, and the following season model associations were established in several leading dairying districts. This was intended not only to demonstrate the Value of herd-testing when properly conducted and with full comparative records published at the end of the season, but also to encourage farmers to establish co-operative testing associations on their own account. The object was achieved, and many associations are now in operation throughout the Dominion. The cattle as enumerated in 1911 for each provincial district are given in the following table, and show an increase over the figures for 1908–9 of 246,845.
| SUMMARY OF PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial District. | Bulls (all Ages). | Dairy Cows (in Milk and Dry). | Heifers to calve next Season intended for Dairying. | All other Kinds. | Totals. |
| No comparison is possible with the 1908 figures, as the classification is not the same. | |||||
| Auckland | 13,114 | 180,386 | 59,411 | 431,476 | 684,387 |
| Taranaki | 6,358 | 134,241 | 31,616 | 125,945 | 298,160 |
| Hawke's Bay | 2,976 | 31,401 | 8,781 | 140,040 | 183,198 |
| Wellington | 8,255 | 114,741 | 31,212 | 272,036 | 426,244 |
| Marlborough | 543 | 7,457 | 1,981 | 10,721 | 20,702 |
| Nelson | 1,142 | 15,148 | 4,080 | 24,669 | 45,039 |
| Westland | 418 | 6,650 | 2,088 | 15,458 | 24,614 |
| Canterbury | 2,837 | 51,829 | 11,506 | 54,018 | 120,190 |
| Otago: Otago portion. | 2,536 | 46,330 | 8,620 | 47,269 | 104,755 |
| Otago: Southland portion | 2,691 | 45,550 | 11,050 | 53,591 | 112,882 |
| Totals | 40,870 | 633,733 | 170,345 | 1,175,223 | 2,020,171 |
The large increase in cattle is fairly evenly distributed, the only district showing a decrease being the Otago portion of the Otago Provincial District. The following table shows the respective increases, &c., of the provincial districts:—
| Provincial District. | Increase. | Decrease. |
|---|---|---|
| Auckland | 93,531 | |
| Taranaki | 40,767 | |
| Hawke's Bay | 15,907 | |
| Wellington | 47,040 | |
| Marlborough | 2,958 | |
| Nelson | 7,827 | |
| Westland | 2,954 | |
| Canterbury | 19,273 | |
| Otago: Otago portion | 6,367 | |
| Southland portion | 22,955 | |
| Totals | 253,212 | 6,367 |
| Net increase | 246,845 |
Out of a total of 2,020,171 cattle, the North Island is shown to have had 1,591,989, or 79 per cent., while the South Island had 428,182, or 21 per cent. The dairy cows and heifers intended for dairying in the North Island numbered 591,789, or 74 per cent., and in the South Island 212,289, or 26 per cent.
The following table shows the number and weight of cattle slaughtered for food purposes in each of the past ten years, together with the weight of beef exported :—
| Year ended 31st March. | Cattle slaughtered for Food Purposes. | Weight of Beef exported. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number. | Weight. | ||
| Cwt. | Cwt. | ||
| 1905 | 109,297 | 780,693 | 159,133 |
| 1906 | 117,186 | 837,043 | 155,086 |
| 1907 | 173,336 | 1,238,114 | 320,815 |
| 1908 | 202,473 | 1,446,236 | 354,147 |
| 1909 | 273,269 | 1,951,921 | 373,390 |
| 1910 | 300,800 | 2,148,571 | 478,930 |
| 1911 | 286,256 | 2,044,686 | 500,022 |
| 1912 | 237,696 | 1,697,829 | 210,629 |
| 1913 | 259,935 | 1,856,679 | 260,880 |
| 1914 | 299,409 | 2,139,529 | 325,593 |
| Totals for 10 years | 2,259,657 | 16,141,301 | 3,138,625 |
In addition, it is estimated that 33,600 cattle, weighing 240,000 cwt. of beef, were killed by farmers for local consumption between the 1st April, 1904, and the 31st March, 1914. The weight of beef consumed within the Dominion during the ten years may thus be reckoned at 13,242,676 cwt., or an average of 154 lb. per person per annum, or, including Maoris, 146 lb. per annum.
The Dairy Industry Act, 1908, is a consolidation of all previous legislation in force in New Zealand on the subject. The Act provides for the appointment of inspectors of dairy stock and factories or other places used for the manufacture of dairy-produce, and power is given to condemn or forbid their use, if necessary. The sale of unwholesome milk or other dairy-produce is prohibited, and provision is made for the inspection, grading, and shipping of all such produce exported. Provision is made for the framing of regulations for the registration of dairies, licensing of persons carrying on the manufacture or sale of the produce, registration of trade marks or brands, and for inspection and grading. A fine not exceeding £50 may be inflicted for any offence under this part of the Act.
Authority is given under Part II of the Act for Government advances to dairy companies, on the security of their assets, for the purposes of acquiring land, erecting buildings and machinery for carrying on the manufacture of dairy-produce. Loans are repayable by equal half-yearly instalments within fifteen years, and bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum.
Part III provides for the registration of co-operative dairy companies, and shareholders are protected in the event of certain contingencies.
The total quantity of butter exported during the year 1913 was 372,258 cwt. The estimated consumption in New Zealand at 20 lb. per head of population (including Maoris) per annum equals 199,730 cwt. Adding the quantity consumed locally to the quantity exported, the estimated total production of butter for the year would equal 571,988 cwt.
The estimated consumption of cheese for the year 1913, allowing 3 lb. per inhabitant, was 29,960 cwt., and the total quantity exported was 611,663 cwt., making an estimated total production of 641,623 cwt. for the year. An appreciable quantity of cheese is made at private factories and dairies of which no record has been obtained.
The number of butter and cheese factories in each district as in April, 1914, with the output for the previous year, is next shown. The districts shown do not in all cases correspond exactly with the provincial districts of the same name.
| Provincial District. | Number of Factories. | Skimming-stations. | Output. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Butter. | Cheese. | Butter. | Cheese. | ||
| Tons. | Tons. | ||||
| Auckland | 53 | 23 | 121 | 13,209 | 1,509 |
| Taranaki | 50 | 82 | 87 | 5,664 | 19,566 |
| Hawke's Bay | 11 | 19 | 22 | 1,242 | 1,808 |
| Wellington | 31 | 54 | 55 | 5,477 | 6,155 |
| Marlborough | 3 | 7 | 89 | 730 | |
| Nelson | 7 | 4 | 3 | 975 | 312 |
| Westland | 7 | 3 | 4 | 298 | 72 |
| Canterbury | 9 | 14 | 35 | 2,285 | 1,035 |
| Otago and Southland | 10 | 87 | 47 | 2,236 | 7,477 |
| Totals, 1914 | 181 | 293 | 374 | 31,475 | 38,664 |
| Totals, 1913 | 174 | 276 | 409 | 28,854 | 34,105 |
| Totals, 1912 | 172 | 224 | 427 | 26,174 | 26,663 |
| Totals, 1911 | 185 | 218 | 431 | 26,588œ | 23,966 |
| Totals, 1910 | 189 | 194 | 417 | 24,601œ | 24,037 |
| Totals, 1909 | 193 | 152 | 419 | 21,155œ | 17,685 |
| Totals, 1908 | 196 | 147 | 438 | 19,782 | 15,514œ |
| Totals, 1907 | 212 | 109 | 463 | 23,989 | 10,312 |
| Totals, 1906 | 211 | 82 | 460 | 22,466Π| 7,671 |
| Totals, 1905 | 298 | 448 | 22,108Π| 5,121 | |
In addition to the above, in April, 1914, there were 102 private dairies for butter and 23 for cheese, also 31 packing-houses.
The total export of butter and cheese in the past twenty years, and the quantity of each commodity sent to the United Kingdom, are tabulated:—
| Year. | Total Export of Butter. | Butter exported to the United Kingdom. | Total Export of Cheese. | Cheese exported to the United Kingdom. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
| 1894 | 60,771 | 58,845 | 55,655 | 54,540 |
| 1895 | 57,964 | 55,194 | 76,743 | 73,369 |
| 1896 | 71,353 | 60,092 | 71,372 | 58,692 |
| 1897 | 99,002 | 79,849 | 77,683 | 67,681 |
| 1898 | 96,801 | 80,814 | 68,711 | 41,412 |
| 1899 | 136,086 | 121,502 | 69,440 | 40,901 |
| 1900 | 172,583 | 165,871 | 102,849 | 81,908 |
| 1901 | 201,591 | 170,903 | 104,294 | 74,510 |
| 1902 | 253,998 | 170,207 | 74,746 | 50,325 |
| 1903 | 285,106 | 249,016 | 74,780 | 64,661 |
| 1904 | 314,360 | 299,171 | 84,526 | 82,046 |
| 1905 | 305,722 | 282,275 | 88,562 | 85,653 |
| 1906 | 320,225 | 306,739 | 131,206 | 129,321 |
| 1907 | 328,441 | 314,081 | 236,833 | 234,517 |
| 1908 | 229,971 | 211,242 | 280,798 | 276,212 |
| 1909 | 321,108 | 301,693 | 400,607 | 398,619 |
| 1910 | 356,535 | 345,400 | 451,915 | 449,167 |
| 1911 | 302,387 | 283,505 | 439,174 | 435,616 |
| 1912 | 378,117 | 316,857 | 577,070 | 572,562 |
| 1913 | 372,258 | 288,224 | 611,663 | 608,933 |
Exports of butter to countries other than the United Kingdom in 1913 include 56,149 cwt. to Canada, 16,616 cwt. to United States, 7,107 cwt. to Natal, 1,211 cwt. to Cape of Good Hope, and 1,169 cwt. to the Society Islands.
Natal took 1,507 cwt. of cheese; Cape of Good Hope, 564 cwt.; New South Wales, 227 cwt.; Fiji, 149 cwt.; and Victoria, 127 cwt.
Exports of butter and cheese (weight and value) since 1880 are shown in the next diagram. Up to 1896 the quantities of both products exported were about equal, but from 1896 to 1907 there was a considerable excess of butter. The position has, however, now changed, and cheese has assumed the lead.
Light dotted curve represents weight of butter.
Light continuous curve value butter.
Heavy continuous curve represents weight of cheese.
Heavy dotted curve represents value cheese.
The increase in horses is shown for six census years :—
| Census Years. | Number of Horses. | Numerical Increase. | Increase per Cent. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1886 | 187,382 | ||
| 1893 | 211,010 | 23,658 | 12.63 |
| 1896 | 237,418 | 26,378 | 12.50 |
| 1901 | 266,245 | 28,827 | 12.14 |
| 1906 | 326,537 | 60,292 | 22.65 |
| 1911 | 404,284 | 77,747 | 23.81 |
At the enumeration made in April, 1911, the number of horses was found to have increased to 404,688 (including 404 mules and asses), for which particulars are given. It will be seen that the Provincial District of Auckland had by far the most horses, Otago and Canterbury following, Wellington taking fourth place.
| SUMMARY OF TOTALS. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial District. | (Entires all Ages). | Geldings over Two Years Old. | Mares over Two Years Old. | Colts and Fillies under Two Years Old. | Total Horses (including Asses and Mules). |
* The totals include 404 asses and mules for 1911, and 519 for 1908. Increase for horses 41,025. Decrease for asses and mules 115. | |||||
| Auckland | 1,245 | 48,550 | 45,843 | 19,578 | 115,216 |
| Taranaki | 182 | 10,319 | 11,931 | 3,979 | 26,411 |
| Hawke's Bay | 280 | 12,063 | 12,050 | 4,524 | 28,917 |
| Wellington | 597 | 25,331 | 26,514 | 8,090 | 60,532 |
| Marlborough | 71 | 3,526 | 3,717 | 1,084 | 8,398 |
| Nelson | 132 | 5,804 | 5,936 | 1,776 | 13,648 |
| Westland | 59 | 1,544 | 1,507 | 669 | 3,779 |
| Canterbury | 678 | 29,523 | 29,966 | 9,840 | 70,007 |
| Otago : Otago portion | 373 | 18,591 | 19,559 | 6,839 | 45,362 |
| Otago : Southland portion | 201 | 13,132 | 14,081 | 5,004 | 32,418 |
| 1911 | 3,818 | 168,383 | 171,104 | 61,383 | 404,688* |
| Totals 1908 | 3,407 | 155,586 | 153,298 | 51,487 | 363,778* |
| Increase | 411 | 12,797 | 17,806 | 9,896 | 40,910 |
The following table shows the number of pigs and angora goats in the Dominion in 1911 compared with 1908. The angora goats, of which however there is not a large number, have more than doubled during the three years. Pigs have increased from 245,092 to 348,754, the rate of increase being 42 per cent for the period.
| Provincial District. | Pigs. | Goats. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1911. | 1908 | Increase. | 1911. | 1908. | Increase | |
| Auckland | 96,538 | 71,895 | 24,643 | 2,349 | 882 | 1,467 |
| Taranaki | 50,660 | 50,265 | 395 | 1,350 | 368 | 982 |
| Hawke's Bay | 13,700 | 8,746 | 4,954 | 375 | 336 | 39 |
| Wellington | 56,575 | 44,472 | 12,103 | 393 | 45 | 348 |
| Marlborough | 6,733 | 3,146 | 3,587 | 613 | 265 | 348 |
| Nelson | 10,563 | 6,865 | 3,698 | 709 | 527 | 182 |
| Westland | 2,606 | 1,782 | 824 | 19 | 5 | 14 |
| Canterbury | 68,209 | 32,073 | 36,136 | 269 | 64 | 205 |
| Otago: Otago portion | 25,499 | 15,773 | 9,726 | 32 | 32 | |
| Otago: Southland portion | 17,671 | 10,075 | 7,596 | 10 | 2 | 8 |
| Totals | 348,754 | 245,092 | 103,662 | 6,119 | 2,494 | 3,625 |
During the ten years ended 31st March, 1914, 1,381,730 pigs were slaughtered in New Zealand for food purposes, the weight of pork, bacon, and hams being. 1,603,795 cwt. Very little of this was exported, and it is estimated that 93 per cent was consumed in the Dominion. Figures showing the slaughter for each of the ten years are given :—
| Year ended 31st March. | Number of Pigs. | Weight of Pork, Bacon, and Hams. |
|---|---|---|
| Cwt. | ||
| 1905 | 67,025 | 77,797 |
| 1906 | 72,573 | 84,237 |
| 1907 | 100,731 | 116,920 |
| 1908 | 108,498 | 125,935 |
| 1909 | 139,810 | 162,279 |
| 1910 | 113,491 | 131,731 |
| 1911 | 163,307 | 189,553 |
| 1912 | 232,091 | 269,391 |
| 1913 | 192,407 | 223,330 |
| 1914 | 191,797 | 222,622 |
While poultry-keeping may never come to be regarded as an independent industry in New Zealand, there are specialists who are making a living at it, but these men have exceptional qualifications and manage the business on most up-to-date principles. Poultry-keeping, however, is rapidly extending and is being recognized as a very profitable sideline to the small farmer. New Zealand is favoured in this industry. The White Leghorn breed bred in the Dominion is of a very high standard from an egg-producing point of view. At the egg-laying competitions conducted in Christchurch in 1912 the winning pen of six White Leghorns laid 1,632 eggs, an average of 272 eggs each. The winning pen of six Indian Runner ducks at the same competition laid 1,493 eggs in the 51 weeks, an average of 248 eggs each. The 360 fowls taking part in the egg-laying competition averaged 200.8 eggs for the 51 weeks, the estimated profit per bird over cost of feeding being 12s. 8œ. Some idea of the advance which has taken place in the egg-yielding capacity of the New Zealand poultry may be gained from the figures giving the average yield per bird in the nine annual egg-laying competitions which have been held.
| Number of Birds. | Egg-yield per Bird. | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st competition, 12 months | 228 | 132.3 |
| 2nd competition, 12 months | 528 | 100.0 |
| 3rd competition, 10 months | 288 | 150.0 |
| 4th competition, 11œ months | 264 | 180.0 |
| 5th competition, 12 months | 288 | 169.0 |
| 6th competition, 11 months | 336 | 198.0 |
| 7th competition, 12 months | 360 | 197.0 |
| 8th competition, 51 weeks months | 360 | 200.8 |
| 9th competition, 51 months | 324 | 198.4 |
Birds of almost equal quality are scattered throughout the Dominion. The Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce has two up-to-date poultry-breeding stations where birds are bred according to egg performance, and sold to fanners and others at a moderate cost. Stock from the Department's plants have occupied prominent positions in the egg-laying competitions. Sittings of eggs of the Mediterranean breeds are sold at 6s. 6d., and of the general-purpose breeds at 4s. 6d. These latter—Black Orpingtons, White Rocks, and White Wyandottes—are also bred according to egg-laying capacity. The offering of sittings of the latter breeds at reduced prices is with the object of encouraging farmers to produce stock which will be profitable as egg-producers while at the same time providing good table carcases. It has been proved by an experiment conducted by the Department that eggs can be shipped to British and American markets under cool temperatures in a highly satisfactory manner. Indeed, the trial shipment sent to London by the Department was declared by Home authorities to be equal to anything reaching that market from abroad, and that the eggs could fairly be classed as new laid. It is not expected that the export of eggs will, for a considerable time at least, develop into a permanent business, but rather that the shipments will occasionally be made when outside markets favour or to relieve any glut in the Dominion, and thereby maintain values on a payable level on the local markets.
The Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce has a highly qualified Poultry Instructor, who is introducing the most up-to-date methods of poultry-keeping throughout the Dominion, giving, besides individual instruction on the farm and poultry plant, lectures to meetings of farmers. Instructional notes on utility poultry-keeping are also published every month in the Journal of the Department.
The number of poultry in New Zealand at the time of the census was ascertained to be 3,693,137, which is an increase of 501,533 on the number for the year 1906, this last being 3,191,604.
The figures for 1906 and 1911 in respect of each class of poultry were as under:—
| 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|
| Fowls | 2,784,269 | 3,215,031 |
| Ducks | 281,999 | 329,230 |
| Turkeys | 77,101 | 97,933 |
| Geese | 44,300 | 45,389 |
| Other poultry | 3,935 | 5,554 |
Fifty-two ostriches have been included in the number of “Other Poultry” in 1906 and 29 in 1911.
The poultry owned in the North Island numbered 1,926,283 and in the South Island 1,765,674, the remaining 1,180 belonging to the Chatham Islands.
When consideration is given to the fact that previous to the year 1839 there were no honey-bees in New Zealand, and that at the taking of the last census in April, 1911, it was found that there were 11,011 persons keeping bees who had a total of 71,605 colonies, it can be readily seen what a remarkable growth bee-keeping has made in the Dominion and that it is destined to become an important industry.
It was on the 13th March, 1839, that the first black bees were landed in New Zealand, and Miss Burnby, a sister of one of the early missionaries, was the happy possessor of these. She brought them with her from England in two straw skeps. They were landed at Mungunga, Hokianga, and were placed in the mission churchyard, this place being considered the most free from possible disturbance through the curiosity of the Natives, who had never previously seen the bee.
In the year 1840, Lady Hobson, wife of the first Governor of New Zealand, also brought bees with her from New South Wales, and two years later the Rev. W: Cotton brought some with him from England to Russell, Bay of Islands. Some were also in the same year landed at Nelson for Mr. Allom. The first Italian bees were brought to the Auckland District in 1880.
The climate of New Zealand seems to have been especially adapted for bees, as they rapidly increased until about the year 1880, when the foul-brood (Bacillus larvæ) began to deplete the apiaries, and as its deadly infectious nature was not at first recognized, it speedily spread from district to district until the year 1900, when there was scarcely a part of the Dominion free from disease. Beekeeping had at this time begun to attract the attention of many persons who had hitherto no experience in the work. Many of these, when they found their colonies dying out, simply left them to their fate without trying to combat the disease. This, of course, only encouraged the spread of the infection, as when a colony became weakened other bees attacked it, carrying off the stores of honey containing the germs of foul-brood, thus disseminating them far and wide.
From then on, commercial beekeeping in New Zealand seemed doomed to failure, and it was not until the year 1905 that the Government (in response to representations made to them) decided to encourage the industry by the, appointment of experts. The services of one of the foremost beekeepers in the country were secured, and two years later the Apiaries Act of 1907 was placed on the statute-book. This Act made the keeping of what is known as the “box” hive (a hive containing no frames) illegal, at the same time making it compulsory for owners to rid their apiaries of diseases.
Through the co-operation of the Department of Agriculture with the agricultural section of the community, four apiary instructors and inspectors supervise the main beekeeping sections of the two Islands, on the lookout for any breach of the Act. These give practical instruction on the best methods in management, the producing of honey under the best conditions, and the preparation of the products of the apiaries for the markets. They inspect districts for the purpose of eradicating disease, giving lectures and demonstrations where favourable opportunity occurs.
Bach month an advisory column is published in the Journal of Agriculture outlining the particular branches of apiary management that should receive attention during the following month. In this way much assistance is rendered to beginners and those desiring instruction.
The census returns show that there are over eleven thousand persons keeping bees in the Dominion. With some, beekeeping is a living, with others it is a side line, and with others again it may be merely a hobby and a means of recreation. These apiarists, principally the first-named class, have organized themselves into a number of associations, of which there are eight in New Zealand, while others are in process of formation. To consolidate the whole a National Association has been established comprising delegates from district branches. This body meets annually and discusses matters pertaining to improved methods of apiculture and the advancement of the industry.
The important question of marketing products of the apiary to better advantage is now receiving attention, beekeepers combining to this end. It is proposed to establish a depot for the purpose of regulating the market supplies of the honey and therefore its value. This will relieve the beekeepers from attending to the commercial side of their business. The returns of the apiaries are increasing, and bee-farmers are turning their attention to exportation as the means of relieving the congested state of the local markets
The Department has undertaken at the voluntary request of shippers to carefully grade free of charge all honey for export, as it is desirable to gain the full confidence of buyers in the Home market. It is hoped to make Government grading compulsory when the exportation of honey is well under way. At the present time shippers are taking advantage of the opportunity to have their produce officially graded before exportation. New Zealand honey goes principally to England, and will be therefore graded to suit the requirements of that market.
In general quality, New Zealand honey is amongst the finest the world produces, and compares favourably with French and Italian, which are considered to be the best. These latter bring in open competition 45s. to 57s. 6d. per hundredweight. The New Zealand article has brought up to 56s., the average price being about 42s. 6d.
The industry in New Zealand has certainly a bright future before it. The number of hives has probably increased since the last census, and beekeepers are adopting improved methods, leading to an increased production. An export trade is developing, and the Customs returns show that the honey sent out of the country for the year ended 31st March, 1913, was 65,578 lb., valued at £1,182. The figures for 1914 show a considerable increase. 211,120 lb. having been exported, valued at £3,716.
In order to encourage the industry, a model apiary has been established at the Ruakura Farm of Instruction in the Auckland Province. This apiary is for the purpose of demonstrating the latest methods connected with honey-production. A limited number of cadets and others desirous of obtaining a knowledge of beekeeping are received each season at the apiary, which is under the supervision of an expert. No fees are charged for instruction, but applicants must find and bear the cost of accommodation, which can be obtained at a reasonable charge close to the farm. The initial experience gained at the apiary forms a good foundation for practical apiculture.
Like every other country, New Zealand has, of course, its good seasons—when the honey crops are often phenomenal—and its comparatively poor ones, although a really bad season is exceptional.
Table of Contents
IN 1899 an officer who had visited Europe and America on the instructions of the New Zealand Government for the purpose of making inquiries re fisheries, presented a report in which the following remarks appeared :—
“In her fisheries (both sea and fresh water) New Zealand has a most valuable asset, as her natural advantages in this connection are undoubtedly superior to those possessed by any other country in the Southern Hemisphere.
“In countries fortunate enough to possess a large supply of food-fishes the harvest of the sea is recognized as a great and extremely reproductive one for the employment of labour and capital, and it seems to me unwise to allow this great wealth to lie comparatively ungarnered at our doors.
“With its great extent of coast-line and abundance of fish the Colony of New Zealand ought to become in time a large fishing centre in the Southern Pacific.”
Various recommendations were embodied in the report referred to, one of these being that arrangements be made for testing the fishing-grounds round the coast of New Zealand, and that a small steam-trawler he subsidized for that purpose.
In accordance with this recommendation the steam-trawler “Doto” was chartered in March, 1900, for the purpose of carrying out trawling experiments in order to ascertain the best fishing-grounds off the coast. Two cruises were made, and the reports submitted showed conclusively that the waters round the coast of the Dominion were well stocked with fish.
In 1907 further experimental trawling was done, the trawler “Nora Niven” being chartered by the Government for two periods of three months each. During the first three months the fishing-grounds were tested from Stewart Island up the East Coast to Mercury Islands, in the Bay of Plenty, also round the Chatham Islands. During the second charter of the vessel, grounds were worked to the westward of Cook Strait, in Tasman and Golden Bays, and down the west coast of the South Island as far as the Hokitika River; also from Auckland northward round North Cape and down the West Coast to Farewell Spit. Large areas of splendid trawling-ground were found to exist off different parts of the coast of both islands, and the Chatham Islands locality was proved to be a rich fishing-ground.
Arrangements were recently made with the Government of Canada for Professor Prince, the Canadian Commissioner of Fisheries, who has a world-wide reputation in connection with fish and fisheries, to visit New Zealand for the purpose of examining and reporting on the fisheries of this country. Professor Prince arrived in New Zealand in April, 1914, and spent some three months in examining into both sea and inland fisheries. One of the Government steamers was placed at his disposal while conducting his inquiries regarding the sea-fisheries. He has made a preliminary report to the Government, but it has not yet (September, 1914) been presented to Parliament.
Up to the present time New Zealand's fisheries can scarcely be said to have attained to national importance. With a few exceptions, the fishing-grounds so far worked have been those within easy reach of the principal centres. Beyond them is an immense extent of grounds, a few sections of which have been partly prospected, but of the greater part practically nothing is known regarding the value and extent of its fish-supply.
The fishing-grounds which have been principally worked up to the present time are the Bay of Islands, Hauraki Gulf and Great Barrier, Thames, Kaipara and Manukau, Bay of Plenty, Hawke Bay, Wellington and Cook Strait, Marlborough Sounds, Tasman and Golden Bays, Pegasus Bay and round Banks Peninsula, Timaru, Oamaru and Moeraki, from Waikouaiti to Nugget Point, and Stewart Island and Foveaux Straits to Preservation Inlet.
At the Bay of Islands the principal fish taken are mullet, schnapper, flounders, hapuku, and crayfish, and the markets for fish are Whangarei and Auckland and the towns and settlements inland. Considerable quantities of mullet are canned at Porerua.
The Auckland boats fish principally in the Hauraki Gulf and out as far as the Mercury and Great Barrier Islands. A steam-trawler working the Gulf has considerably increased the quantity of fish marketed, and on the whole a very fair supply is brought in. The principal fish marketed are schnapper, mullet, hapuku, tarakihi, flounders, and crayfish.
At the Thames, flounders, schnapper, and mullet are the fish principally caught, and the fish is marketed at Auckland and the inland towns south of Auckland and as far south as Palmerston North and Wellington.
Mullet, flounders, and schnapper are the fish principally caught in the Kaipara and Manukau Inlets. After supplying local requirements the balance of the fish is sent to the Auckland market. There are two mullet canneries in the Kaipara—one at Batley and the other at Helensville.
The prospecting cruise of the “Nora Niven” in 1907 proved that extensive and prolific fishing-grounds exist in the Bay of Plenty. The best trawling-grounds were found between Whale Island and Cape Runaway, where very large and consistent hauls of fish were made with the trawl net. The most plentiful fish taken were schnapper, tarakihi, gurnard, hapuku, and kingfish. The western side of the Bay is worked by launches and small sailing-boats from Tauranga.
The Hawke Bay fishing-grounds have for a number of years supplied most of the fish required for the towns from Napier to Wellington. The fishing is principally done by steam-trawlers, two of which—the “Nora Niven” and “Countess”—being large vessels with cool-storage for their fish, are able to stay out for a week at a time, if necessary, and frequently work the grounds to the north of the Mahia, and make occasional trips to the Bay of Plenty. During recent years the supply of flat fish from the old trawling-grounds in Hawke Bay has been rather poor, but last year improved considerably, the catches generally showing an improvement. The Hawke Bay fishing-grounds have always yielded a good variety of fish, including soles, flounders, brill, schnapper, kingfish, hapuku, trevalli, tarakihi, and moki.
The fishing-grounds of Wellington and Cook Strait are almost entirely worked by oil-launches and small sailing-boats. Good trawling-grounds exist in Cloudy Bay and off Kapiti Island and Palliser Bay, and they are occasionally worked by some of the Napier trawlers. The fish taken on the Wellington and Cook Strait grounds include blue cod, red cod, moki, trevalli, schnapper, tarakihi, flounders, ware-hou, butterfish, hapuku, hake, and kahawai.
The principal fish caught in the Marlborough Sounds are blue-cod, butterfish, hapuku, and herrings. The boats used are almost all oil-launches.
Extensive fishing-grounds exist in Tasman and Golden Bays. Trawling was successfully carried on there some years ago by the “Doto,” “Nora Niven,” and other vessels, but owing to the expense of getting their fish to the Wellington market it was discontinued, and the fishing is now being done by oil-launches. These grounds yield a splendid variety of fish, consisting of soles, flounders, brill, schnapper, tarakihi, moki, hapuku, gurnard, hake, and kingfish. These are the only fishing-grounds where the real hake (Lotella rhacinus) has yet been taken in large quantities.
The principal fishing-grounds worked off the Canterbury coast are Pegasus Bay, round Banks Peninsula, and off Timaru. At present there are four steam-trawlers working from Lyttelton, the other vessels being oil-launches and sailing-boats. From Timaru there are five trawlers working, the other fishing-vessels being large well equipped auxiliary oil-launches. The principal fish caught are flounders, soles, brill, kingfish, moki, hapuku, tarakihi, and crayfish.
Most of the fishing-boats licensed at Oamaru are oil-launches. These work the grounds off Oamaru and Moeraki, as far south as Shag Point. The principal fish taken are blue cod, red cod, hapuku, moki, tarakihi, and kingfish.
Among the vessels licensed at Dunedin are four steam-trawlers. The trawling-grounds off the Otago coast have been successfully worked for a number of years, and give satisfactory results. Tie principal fish taken by all classes of boats working from Port Chalmers and Nugget Bay are flounders, soles, hapuku, red cod, tarakihi, moki, kingfish, and barracouta.
Two of the fishing-vessels licensed at Invercargill and Bluff are steamers carrying trawling-gear and a lining outfit, the others being cutters used in blue cod fishing and oystering, and oil-launches and sailing-boats. The fishing in Foveaux Straits, round Stewart Island, and in Preservation Inlet is principally for blue-cod, the bulk of which is exported to Melbourne and Hobart. A good variety of the other best kinds of market fish is also plentiful on these grounds. A large extent of good trawling bottom well stocked with flat fishes was found in Te Waewae Bay during the prospecting cruise of the “Doto” in 1900. Since that time these grounds have occasionally been fished by trawlers from the Bluff with very satisfactory results.
A site for a marine fish hatchery was selected at Purakanui, Otago, in 1900, but this being found unsuitable for its intended purpose, another site was chosen at Portobello, in Otago Harbour. The erection of the hatchery was carried out by a Board set up to superintend the work of the hatchery, funds being provided by the Government, and grants being made by the Otago Institute, the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and a number of Acclimatization Societies. The Government makes an annual grant towards the maintenance of the hatchery, the buildings and equipment of which have also been added to from time to time.
Experiments have been carried out with a view to introducing English food-fishes to New Zealand waters, and these have been very successful as regards the three species dealt with so far—viz., lobsters, edible crabs, and turbot. Much valuable work has also been done in the direction of hatching the spawn of various indigenous fishes and in making a study of their life habits.
The principal oyster-beds round the coast of New Zealand are those situated in Foveaux Strait, between South and Stewart Islands, and the rock-oyster beds on the east and west coasts of the Auckland peninsula. The Foveaux Strait beds are very extensive, and are considered to be inexhaustible. An official prospecting cruise was carried out in respect of these beds in 1904, resulting in a number of new beds being discovered, and reliable information being ascertained concerning the areas and qualities of the various beds.
The rock-oyster beds of Auckland were worked for many years under a variety of systems, including the leasing of the beds to individuals and the licensing of pickers to take oysters on payment of a fee, but owing to stripping of the beds, close seasons had frequently to be proclaimed. For some years an export duty of 6d. per hundredweight was payable on all North Island oysters exported, and in 1899 the export of rock-oysters was absolutely prohibited. A further step towards conserving the beds was taken in 1908, when the picking of rock-oysters from the North Island beds was undertaken by the Government, private picking being prohibited. A table is given showing the quantity and value of oysters picked and sold by the State each year since the inception of the new system; also the cost of picking and selling, this item including interest and depreciation on the cost of the oil-launches used by the Inspectors. It will be seen that a profit accrues to the State, and the scheme has, moreover, resulted in the conservation of the beds.
| Season. | Oysters sold. | Prices realized. | cost of picking and selling. |
|---|---|---|---|
* Beds kept closed. | |||
| Sacks. | £ | £ | |
| 1908 | 11,005 | 6,939 | 5,705 |
| 1909 | 7,934 | 4,776 | 4,205 |
| 1910* | |||
| 1911 | 4,782 | 3,013 | 2,447 |
| 1912 | 7,728 | 5,212 | 4,065 |
| 1913 | 9,069 | 6,168 | 4,798 |
Various attempts were made about fifteen years ago to form artificial oyster-beds, but none of these met with success.
In the earlier part of the nineteenth century New Zealand was the centre of an important whale fishery, many whaling-stations being established in the North of Auckland and in Cook and Foveaux Straits. The industry gradually declined in importance until at present only two or three stations remain. At Whangamumu, North Auckland, a whaling-steamer, fitted with the most modern appliances for killing and handling whales, has been placed in commission, and a very serviceable whaling plant has been established. The whales caught in this locality are mostly of the hump-back variety, fifty-six of these being taken last season. These yielded 270 tons of oil and 60 tons of bonedust. Whaling operations are also carried on from Kaikoura and Tory Channel, in Marlborough.
A serious attempt to revive the whaling industry was made some two or three years ago, and a fleet of vessels was sent out from Norway, but their operations did not meet with the success anticipated.
A close season for seals existed in New Zealand from the end of August, 1894, until 1913, but owing to poaching, which it was found impossible to stop, the seals did not increase to any great extent. It was proposed a few years ago to grant licenses for the right to take seals, one of the conditions of which was that a royalty should be paid on each skin. Tenders were invited for the licenses, but none were received. It has not been possible to ascertain the number of skins taken during the season, but 490, valued at £529, were exported from the Dominion. It is proposed that there shall be an open season this year.
As early as 1867 attempts were made to introduce English brown trout into New Zealand. The first attempt was not successful, but from ova imported in the two following years and hatched at Opoho, the bulk of the trout now inhabiting the streams and lakes of the Dominion have descended. In later years Loch Leven and Scottish brown trout were introduced, as also rainbow trout, perch, carp, and tench.
Beginning in 1874, various attempts were made to introduce salmon into New Zealand. Up to 1889 ova of Atlantic salmon to the number of 474,000 had been imported and the fry liberated in the Aparima River, but no salmon have been caught in that river. Similarly, quinnat-salmon fry were liberated in the Waitaki River about 1878 and in various subsequent years, but up to 1900 none of the fish had been caught. Beginning with 1901 several more shipments of quinnat ova were imported, and at length, in 1905, several specimens of this fish were taken in the Waitaki River, as well as in Oamaru Bay. Every season since 1905 the quinnat salmon have returned to the Waitaki in increasing numbers, and they seem to be now firmly established as an adjunct to the Dominion's freshwater fisheries. Last season 251,000 quinnat ova were collected in the tributaries of the Waitaki River, of which 150,000 were hatched at the Department's salmon-hatchery at Kokatahi and liberated in the tributaries of the Hokitika River, 25,000 were sent to Tasmania, 45,000 were liberated at Hakataramea, and the fry from 20,000 were kept in the ponds at Hakataramea. Several thousand were hatched out at Taupapa for the fresh-water aquarium at the Auckland Exhibition.
Ova of the sock-eye or blue-back salmon were imported in 1902, and specimens of this fish were caught in 1907. Further efforts to introduce the Atlantic salmon have also been made in recent years, but at present it is impossible to say whether these have met with success.
Several shipments of whitefish ova have been made since 1898, the fry being liberated in Lakes Kanieri and Tekapo. Reports as to the fish having been seen are received from time to time, but so far as is known none have yet been caught.
One of the recommendations made in 1899 by the officer sent to England and America was that an attempt should be made to induce local bodies to provide suitable fish-markets. In 1908 the Marine Department approached the City Councils of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin to ascertain their views on the question of providing municipal fish-markets, where the fishermen and the public would be brought into closer contact.
On the 4th October, 1912, a fish-market established by the Wellington City Council near the waterfront was opened for business, and has already met with considerable success. The market is open daily from 6 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. in the summer months and from 7 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. in the winter months. Small fish are sold by the bundle if so made up, or at per pound if loose, large fish at per pound; rabbits are also sold (6d. each). All sales are for cash.
Fish is sold either at a price fixed by the consignor, or to the best advantage, the latter system being that usually followed by fishermen. The market is in charge of a salesman, the charge for selling being 10 per cent. A smokehouse has been erected, and any surplus fish may be smoked, the charge for smoking being 6d. per dozen.
The general average of prices realized is as follows:—
| Fish. | Price. |
|---|---|
| Kahawai, horse-mackerel | 1d. to 1œd. per lb. |
| Barracouta | 1œd. to 2d. per lb. |
| Warehou, trevalli, john-dory, conger eels, gurnard | 2d. per lb. |
| Tarakihi, mullet | 2d. to 2œd. per lb. |
| Schnapper, hake, kingfish, moki | 2œd. per lb. |
| Butterfish, blue cod, hapuku (sliced) | 3d. per lb. |
| Trumpeter (sliced) | 4d. per lb. |
| Flat fish, fresh trout (in season), smoked fish other than trout | 6d. per lb. |
| Trout (smoked) | 10d. per lb. |
| Garfish | 6d. to 1s. per dozen. |
| Oysters | 4d. per lb. |
During the year ended 31st March, 1914, fish of an approximate weight of 105 tons was sold at the market, the total amount realized being £2,718, of which £2,192 was handed to the consignors, the balance representing commission and freight charges. The total number of purchases made was 41,331, the average amount per sale being 1s. 3Ÿ;d. A small amount of wholesale trade is done, but no reduction in price is made.
The registration and licensing of fishing-boats and of boats engaged in taking oysters was made compulsory in July, 1904. A table is appended showing the number licensed at the various ports of the Dominion in each of the past five years.
| Port. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland | 218 | 244 | 249 | 270 | 341 |
| Blenheim | 9 | 8 | 6 | 9 | 4 |
| Bluff | 85 | 91 | 86 | 87 | 86 |
| Chatham Islands | 13 | ||||
| Dunedin | 106 | 95 | 92 | 80 | 88 |
| Greymouth | 2 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 9 |
| Hokianga | 14 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 18 |
| Hokitika | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |
| Invercargill | 30 | 36 | 38 | 36 | 34 |
| Kaipara | 25 | 31 | 40 | 43 | 43 |
| Lyttelton | 207 | 199 | 210 | 204 | 221 |
| Mangonui | 14 | 15 | 13 | ||
| Napier | 78 | 62 | 65 | 68 | 57 |
| Nelson | 63 | 51 | 57 | 54 | 70 |
| New Plymouth | 23 | 24 | 29 | 20 | 18 |
| Oamaru | 32 | 30 | 32 | 32 | 31 |
| Picton | 38 | 32 | 36 | 21 | 36 |
| Poverty Bay | 17 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 15 |
| Russell | 48 | 59 | 59 | 55 | 55 |
| Tauranga | 21 | 32 | 39 | 24 | 20 |
| Thames | 45 | 41 | 33 | 41 | 41 |
| Timaru | 26 | 28 | 30 | 26 | 23 |
| Wanganui | 3 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 7 |
| Wellington | 81 | 61 | 57 | 46 | 51 |
| Westport | 27 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 16 |
| Totals | 1,216 | 1,187 | 1,231 | 1,179 | 1,297 |
Provision exists (in the Fisheries Act, 1908) whereby owners of boats and fish-curers may be required to make returns to the Marine Department in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed by the Governor in Council, but advantage of this provision has not vet been taken to enable information to be collected as to quantity of fish caught.
At the census of 1906 an attempt was made to collect information of this nature, and the results obtained are tabulated below. These cannot be taken as complete and reliable, but merely as indicative of the true facts and as demonstrating the existence of the basis of a substantial industry.
| FISHERIES. 1905. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial District. | Persons engaged. | Boats employed. | Nets. | Fish caught. | ||
| No. | Tonnage. | Quantity. | Value. | |||
| No. | No. | £ | ||||
| Auckland | 249 | 131 | 354 | 365 | 20,216 cwt. | 15,042 |
| 70,627 doz. | ||||||
| Taranaki | 6 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 200 cwt. | 344 |
| 263 cwt. | ||||||
| Hawke's Bay | 40 | 14 | 186 | 11 | 10,272 cwt. | 9,505 |
| Wellington | 105 | 59 | 100 | 403 | 10,761 cwt. | 9,330 |
| Marlborough | 90 | 59 | 70 | 171 | 6,669 cwt. | 4,242 |
| 2,708 doz. | ||||||
| Nelson | 12 | 12 | 20 | 40 | 1,883 cwt. | 779 |
| Westland | 6 | 1 | 36 | 75 cwt. | 68 | |
| 614 doz. | ||||||
| Canterbury | 82 | 66 | 129 | 456 | 7,381 cwt. | 7,141 |
| 603 doz. | ||||||
| Otago | 192 | 116 | 501 | 69 | 37,607 cwt. | 24,790 |
| Totals | 782 | 465 | 1,367 | 1,565 | 95,064 cwt. | 71,241 |
| 74,815 doz. | ||||||
An attempt was also made to obtain some account of oyster-gathering, but only 16 returns were received, 14 boats and 33 dredges being covered. The weight of oysters gathered was returned as 38,803 cwt., valued at £6,122.
At the census of 1911 further efforts were made to obtain statistics of the fishing industry, but the information obtained was so unreliable and incomplete that no tabulation of the results was carried out. According to the occupations returned on household schedules the number of fishermen and others employed in connection with the industry was 1,442, made up as follows :—
| Fishermen and oystermen | 899 |
|---|---|
| Fish and oyster salesmen | 456 |
| Fish-curers | 87 |
| Total | 1,442 |
The industrial returns collected at the same census showed that 20 fish-curing and preserving works were in operation, 59 hands being employed. These works turned put in the year 1910 cured fish to the value of £22,599, tinned fish valued at £5,929. and other products valued at £474.
Included in New Zealand produce exported during the past five years were,—
| Item. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Fish | 23,598 | 20,600 | 27,608 | 33,746 | 23,721 |
| Oysters | 2,939 | 2,617 | 2,178 | 2,984 | 2,813 |
| Whalebone | 1,930 | 1,010 | 4,552 | 3,196 | 1,537 |
| Whale-oil | 240 | 1,609 | 2,732 | 2,052 | 18,481 |
| Ambergris | 46 | 26,800 | |||
| Other products of fisheries | 395 | 285 | 233 | 222 | 159 |
| Totals | 29,148 | 26,121 | 37,303 | 42,200 | 73,511 |
The value of fish imported in 1913 was £90,545.
Table of Contents
THE natural mineral resources of New Zealand are considerable, and have exercised in the past a most important influence on the development and progress of the Dominion. Gold to the value of £82,058,543 was obtained up to the 31st December, 1913; the value of the output for the year 1913 having been £1,459,499. In the earliest years the gold was obtained from alluvial diggings, but at the present time the greatest quantity is taken from gold-bearing quartz, which is distributed widely through several parts of the country.
The yield of silver to the end of 1913 amounted to £1,938,714 in value, the quantity mined in 1913 having been 975,616 oz., valued at £103,866.
Of other minerals, the value of the output to the same date amounts to £37,319,355, of which kauri-gum has yielded £16,759,563, and coal, with coke, £20,094,490.
The quantities and values of precious metals and minerals obtained during the year 1913, and the total value of all mining produce since 1853, are,—
| 1913. | Total Value since 1853. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Oz. | £ | £ | |
| Gold | 376,161 | 1,459,499 | 82,058,543 |
| Silver | 975,616 | 103,866 | 1,938,714 |
| 1,351,777 | 1,563,365 | 83,997,257 | |
| Tons. | |||
| Copper-ore | |||
| 19,198 | |||
| Chrome-ore | 38,002 | ||
| Antimony-ore | 54,941 | ||
| Manganese-ore | 61,905 | ||
| Scheelite-concentrate | 221 | 22,933 | 103,198 |
| Mixed minerals | 2,706 | 8,599 | 210,843 |
| Coal | 1,888,005 | 1,043,138 | 20,069,515 |
| Coke (exported) | 28 | 50 | 24,975 |
| Kauri-gum | 8,780 | 549,106 | 16,759,563 |
| Shale | 7,215 | ||
| £3,187,191 | £121,346,612 | ||
The total value of mineral production for Australasia to the end of the year 1912 is shown in the following table :—
| State. | Gold. | Silver and Lead. | Copper. | Tin. | Coal. | Other Minerals. | Totals. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Inclusive of kauri-gum, £16,210,457. | |||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Queensland | 75,217,830 | 2/245,056 | 10,948,399 | 8,110,704 | 5,377,235 | 2,001,649 | 103,901,473 |
| New S'th Wales | 59,462,975 | 60,221,900 | 11,784,102 | 9,327,609 | 69,087,688 | 17,488,353 | 227,372,627 |
| Victoria | 291,703,453 | 213,935 | 215,761 | 782,680 | 2,462,390 | 409,147 | 295,793,366 |
| South Australia | 920,810 | 338,854 | 27,746,552 | 1,420,413 | 30,426,629 | ||
| N'th'n Territory | 2,065,688 | 74,819 | 329,406 | 328,898 | 43,962 | 2,842,773 | |
| W'st'n Australia | 109,298,871 | 708,981 | 1,113,065 | 1,054,125 | 1,069,435 | 85,005 | 113,329,482 |
| Tasmania | 7,407,282 | 6,258,748 | 10,256,981 | 11,972,602 | 572,963 | 201,203 | 36,669,779 |
| New Zealand | 80,599,044 | 1,834,848 | 19,198 | 19,051,302 | 16,655,029 | 118,159,421 | |
| Totals | 626,675,953 | 71,903,741 | 62,413,464 | 31,576,618 | 97,621,013 | 38,304,761* | 928,495,550 |
Gold-mining operations in New Zealand are divided into three branches, viz.: (1) Quartz-mining, (2) alluvial mining, and (3) dredge mining.
The statement following shows for the year 1913 the value of the bullion production and dividends declared by gold-mines, also the number of persons ordinarily employed, and the number of mines and dredges working :—
| — | Production of Bullion (including Silver). | Dividends paid. (By Registered Companies only.) | Number of Persons ordinarily employed. | Number of Working Mines, Dredges, and Claims. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |||
| Quartz-mining | 1,071,818 | 287,088 | 3,031 | 63 |
| Dredge mining | 195,848 | 18,750 | 621 | 74 |
| Alluvial mining | 295,704 | 11,643 | 1,097 | 223 |
| Totals, 1913 | 1,563,365 | 317,481 | 4,749 | 360 |
As regards dredging, the bullion-production is from 74 dredges, but the dividends given are from only 11 of these, the property of registered companies. The profits of privately owned dredges and mines are unobtainable.
The number of alluvial claims is 223, but the dividends are ascertainable only from those few that are the property of registered companies.
The most important gold-mining operations in New Zealand consist in the working of quartz lodes and the extraction of the precious metals therefrom by means of stamp and tube mills and by cyanidation. Quartz-mining is conducted in the North Island in the Ohinemuri, Thames, and Coromandel Counties. The mountain-ranges and hills of andesite and dacite which form the Hauraki Goldfields are intersected by lodes impregnated with gold and silver. In the South Island the most important quartz-mining operations are carried out in the Reefton and Blackwater districts, also in the Wakamarina Valley (Marlborough). In Otago, where formerly gold-quartz mining was profitably carried on, the only operations are in connection with the working of quartz-mines in which scheelite is associated with gold. The following is a statement showing the tons of ore treated, the value of bullion produced, and the amount of dividends paid by quartz-mining companies in each of the inspection districts during the years 1912 and 1913 :—
| Inspection District. | Tons of Ore treated. (2,240 lb.) | Value of Bullion. | Dividends paid. (By Registered Companies only.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1913. | 1912. | 1913. | 1912. | 1913. | 1912. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
| Northern (North Island) | 327,590 | 264,831 | 865,619 | 781,716 | 260,188 | 299,303 |
| West Coast (of South Island) | 126,260 | 55,098 | 201,987 | 116,408 | 26,900 | 15,600 |
| Southern (Otago and Southland) | 10,658 | 15,722 | 4,207 | 8,065 | ||
| Totals | 404,508 | 335,651 | 1,071,813 | 906,189 | 287,088 | 314,903 |
Alluvial gold is found chiefly on the west coast of the South Island and in Otago, where mining operations have been conducted over an area of 17,000 square miles. On the West Coast the auriferous alluvium originated from the weathering and denudation of the gold-bearing lodes during countless ages. The rich leads or defined placers of auriferous wash are the result of concentration. The first transportation of auriferous gravel from the mountains was by streams, and following this the glaciers carried much material from the interior seawards. On the retreat of these glaciers immense masses of drift were deposited all over the lowlands and even high up on the lower hills. Since glacial times the rivers have continued the movement of auriferous gravel from the interior to the sea. In Otago the conditions are different—the alluvial gold rests in the hollows of the denuded surface of the schistose rocks from which it has most probably been derived.
The method of working these deposits depends on the depth of the superincumbent strata and the elevation at which they occur; for if there is ample fall and a good supply of water hydraulic sluicing has been generally adopted; but where the material is mainly or partly below water-level and is comparatively free from hard boulders or hard matrix hydraulic sluicing and elevating or dredging is employed. Although no developments of importance occurred in this branch of the gold-mining industry during 1913, yet with the addition of new sluicing plants being laid down to deal with low-grade gravel on a large scale, the future prospects are favourable to at least the maintenance of the present output. The production in 1913 was valued at £295,704, as against £266,322 in 1912. The approximate value of gold won by alluvial mining in New Zealand up to the 31st December last is set down at £46,000,000.
This system of gold-mining, which originated in New Zealand, is generally employed upon rivers and streams and at places where the sluicing method may not be advantageously applied owing to absence of water-supply or to excessive water in the deposits. Gold-dredging is rapidly declining in importance, the number of productive dredges having decreased from 201 during 1902, when dredge-mining was at its zenith, to seventy-four during 1913. On the west coast of the South Island ten dredges were in commission in 1913, while in Otago and Southland the fleet consisted of sixty-four dredges.
The greatest weekly output by a New Zealand gold-dredge was attained by the “Lady Ranfurly” during six days ended the 4th November, 1904, when operating on the River Molyneux (Clutha), 1,273 oz. of gold being obtained. This dredge was owned by the Electric Gold-dredging Company, which at the end of 1913 had produced by dredging gold to the value of £222,155, of which £129,992 was distributed as dividends. During 1913 the most productive dredge was the “Worksop” operating at Antonio's Flat, near Reefton, which obtained gold to the value of £18,244, of which £11,400 was distributed as dividends. During the past three years this dredge has obtained gold valued at £49,687.
The following table shows the result of dredge mining operations in New Zealand during the past eight years :—
| Year. | Total Number of Dredges working. | Value of Production. | Average Production per Dredge. | Dividend-paying Dredges owned by Registered Companies. | Number of Persons employed. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number. | Dividends. | |||||
| £ | £ | £ | ||||
| 1906 | 167 | 505,199 | 3,025 | 66 | 103,722 | |
| 1907 | 128 | 419,634 | 3,278 | 65 | 89,707 | 1,150 |
| 1908 | 123 | 373,818 | 3,039 | 47 | 75,800 | 1,013 |
| 1909 | 111 | 327,676 | 2,952 | 37 | 56,788 | 893 |
| 1910 | 104 | 315,237 | 3,031 | 35 | 51,918 | 838 |
| 1911 | 93 | 297,900 | 3,203 | 31 | 45,318 | 775 |
| 1912 | 87 | 257,333 | 2,958 | 28 | 38,841 | 694 |
| 1913 | 74 | 195,848 | 2,646 | 11 | 18,750 | 621 |
The gold-yield of Australia and New Zealand (in fine ounces) during the years 1900, 1905, 1910, and 1912 was as follows :—
| 1900. | 1905. | 1910. | 1912. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
* Including Northern Territory. | ||||
| Fine Ounces. | Fine Ounces. | Fine Ounces. | Fine Ounces. | |
| Queensland | 676,026 | 592,622 | 441,402 | 347,946 |
| New South Wales | 252,116 | 274,267 | 188,857 | 165,295 |
| Victoria | 760,319 | 747,163 | 570,363 | 480,131 |
| South Australia* | 19,418 | 18,086 | 11,703 | 11,929 |
| Western Australia | 1,414,312 | 1,955,317 | 1,470,633 | 1,282,659 |
| Tasmania | 74,445 | 73,540 | 37,048 | 37,973 |
| New Zealand | 338,912 | 492,954 | 446,431 | 316,671 |
| Totals | 3,535,548 | 4,153,949 | 3,166,437 | 2,642,604 |
The value is as follows: 1900, £15,018,040 : 1905, £17,644,846; 1910, £13,450,158; 1912, £11,225,059.
The following figures showing the world's gold - production are taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States :—
| WORLD'S GOLD-PRODUCTION, 1902–11. | |
|---|---|
| Year. | Fine Ounces. |
| 1902 | 14,354,680 |
| 1903 | 15,852,620 |
| 1904 | 16,804,372 |
| 1905 | 18,396,451 |
| 1906 | 19,471,080 |
| 1907 | 19,977,260 |
| 1908 | 21,422,244 |
| 1909 | 21,965,111 |
| 1910 | 22,023,178 |
| 1911 | 22,327,088 |
Nearly the whole of the silver-production of New Zealand, amounting in value at the end of 1913 to £1,938,714, was obtained from the refinement of bullion from the quartz-mines, principally from those of the Hauraki Goldfield, where the two precious metals are found alloyed as an electrum, the ratio of the two metals in the alloy varying greatly. No other silver-mining operations have been carried out profitably in this country. Recently, however, the Silverstream Mines (Limited) have developed lodes near Maratoto, which contain hessite or telluride of silver. A trial shipment to Australia of 5 tons of ore produced bullion valued at £103.
Near Wangapeka, in the Nelson Provincial District, there has been a slight revival in prospecting for silver-lead ore. Levels have been driven upon outcrops of fairly strong but lenticular quartz lodes exposed in the gullies of Nuggety, Blue, and Connor's Creeks, all tributaries of the Rolling River. The lodes occur at altitudes varying between 1,300 ft. and 1,850 ft. above sea-level, in greywacke country near its intersection with the overlying crystalline limestone. Small shoots of variable ore, containing silver, lead, and zinc, have been intersected; but hitherto these have been too small for profitable working, the contents by assay of picked samples being from 2 oz. to 26 oz. of silver per ton, and lead up to 33 per cent., which warrants further drifting. More substantial lenses of ore may exist.
Scheelite, one of the principal ores of tungsten, is mined at the gold-scheelite-quartz mines at Macrae's Flat, Mount Judah, Glenorchy, and Lake Wakatipu, Otago; also at Wakamarina Valley, Marlborough; at which places milling and concentrating plants have been installed.
The product finds a ready market, principally in Germany. The uses of tungstic acid are various—viz., as a mordant in calico-printing, as a constituent in some finer grades of paint, for the manufacture of electric-light filaments, and for rendering fabric non-inflammable. Its greatest use, however, is in the manufacture of steel of the highest grade, such as that required for lathes and for inner tubes of big guns. It imparts to the steel great density, toughness, and hardness. Scheelite occurs commonly in Otago in mica-schist and altered sedimentary rocks. At Macrae's it is found in bunches and stringers, through well-defined quartz lodes, the scheelite being generally associated with gold, but where the finest deposits occur gold is scarce. In Marlborough, at the new Dominion Consolidated Mine, the scheelite occurs associated with gold in a strong quartz lode.
The ore, after crushing and concentration to about 60 per cent. tungsten trioxide, is shipped to Europe. Owing to the great fluctuations in price, the scheelite-mining industry has remained somewhat stationary. Seventeen scheelite – mines were in operation during 1913.
The following statement shows the quantity and value of scheelite exported since the year 1899 :—
| Year. | Quantity exported. | Value. |
|---|---|---|
| Tons. | £ | |
| 1899 | 32 | 2,788 |
| 1900 | 54 | 2,635 |
| 1901 | 2 | 83 |
| 1902 | 39 | 1,200 |
| 1903 | 42 | 1,439 |
| 1904 | 17 | 791 |
| 1905 | 28 | 1,848 |
| 1906 | 55 | 3,407 |
| 1907 | 137 | 15,486 |
| 1908 | 68 | 6,055 |
| 1909 | 58 | 4,263 |
| 1910 | 143 | 15,070 |
| 1911 | 138 | 11,853 |
| 1912 | 135 | 13,347 |
| 1913 | 221 | 22,933 |
| Totals | 1,169 | 103,198 |
Almost every known variety of iron-ore has been discovered in New Zealand. At Parapara, near Nelson, immense quantities of limonite ore occur on the surface of the ground. When converted, the product is of the variety called white iron. Another deposit, about 60 ft. thick, is that on the west side of Mount Peel. This ore contains 56 per cent. of metallic iron, and has been traced a distance of three miles, beyond which point it is reported to swell out to as much as a mile in width. An extensive and valuable deposit (limonite and glauconite) occurs on the western slope of Mount Royal, Otago. It contains about 37 per cent. of the metal, and as regards both quality and position this deposit is of importance.
Samples of outcrop ore taken from the Parapara deposit some years ago were found to contain 51.38 per cent. of metallic iron. By means of prospecting-drives during 1913, more definite information concerning the ore has been obtained, and the samples analysed showed the percentage of metallic iron to be 45.02. A comparison of the surface ore and ore taken from the drives is given :—
| Outcrop Ore: Average of 28 Samples | Ore from Drives: Average of 15 Samples. | |
|---|---|---|
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| Silica | 9.56 | 16.42 |
| Alumina | 3.36 | 5.39 |
| Ferric oxide | 71.25 | 64.32 |
| Ferrous oxide | 1.94 | |
| Manganous oxide | 0.65 | 0.71 |
| Lime | 0.51 | |
| Magnesia | 0.10 | 0.16 |
| Titanium-oxide | 0.63 | 0.49 |
| Phosphoric anhydride | 0.35 | 0.31 |
| Sulphuric anhydride | 0.21 | 0.18 |
| Carbon-dioxide | 0.10 | 0.46 |
| Alkalies | 0.08 | |
| Water, and loss on ignition | 11.84 | 11.56 |
| 100.58 | 100.00 | |
| Equivalents. | ||
| Metallic iron | 51.38 | 45.02 |
| Phosphorus | 0.15 | 0.13 |
| Sulphur | 0.08 | 0.075 |
The Parapara deposit occurs about a mile south-west of the Parapara River. It is estimated that the main deposit contains nearly 64 millions of tons of ore, but in the absence of any system of prospecting this estimate must not be regarded as in any way conclusive. There is a large deposit of nearly pure crystalline limestone on the banks of the Parapara River which would be valuable as a flux for use in blast furnaces.
In the form of sand, the chief deposits are on the sea-shore of the west coast of both islands, the best known being that near New Plymouth. The Taranaki ironsand has been the subject of many experiments to determine the best method of smelting it. A variety of articles have been manufactured from the product of the sand and submitted to experts, who have expressed a favourable opinion as to quality.
As the result of successful experiments in the treatment of Taranaki ironsand at the metallurgical works of the Waihi Gold-mining Company at Waikino, it is proposed to erect an experimental blast furnace near New Plymouth. The process to be adopted consists in the briquetting of 60 per cent. ironsand with 40 per cent. small coal from the Liverpool State Colliery, the coke from which contains only 0.25 per cent. sulphur. The briquettes will then be coked before introduction into the furnace. It is claimed by the patentees that by this process the titanic anhydride in the ironsand amounting to from 8 to 9.2 per cent., will be eliminated in the furnace. If this process proves successful the iron industry may be established on the shores of Taranaki.
Ores of copper are found in New Zealand in no fewer than thirty-two localities, but hitherto attempts at their successful exploitation have been unprofitable, the total recorded copper-production at the end of 1913 amounting in value to only £19,198.
Copper-mines have been worked on Kawau and Great Barrier Islands in the Hauraki Gulf, and on the Dun Mountain, near Nelson. Underground prospecting has been carried on near Kaeo, Whangaroa; at Maharahara, near Woodville; and at Mount Radiant, near Karamea; but operations at all the last-named places were discontinued, presumably owing to shortage of capital, before any conclusive results were obtained.
At Maharahara a strong siliceous hæmatite lode in the Ruahine Range carries small but rich bunches of chalcopyrite. At Mount Radiant strong quartz lodes in porphyritic granite country carry small bunches of chalcopyrite moderately high in copper, but very low in gold and silver contents; molybdenite is also present.
On the Dun Mountain, near Nelson, several copper-bearing minerals occur in much-shattered serpentine rocks, and in small and scattered lenses, which are inconsiderable in both horizontal and vertical extension.
Manganese-ore has been found at Otau, Wairoa, Bay of Islands, Purua Bay, Mangapai, Otonga, Waiheke Island, and Taieri Mouth. The principal operations have been carried on at Waiheke Island, distant about twelve miles from Auckland. On that island manganese-ore may be traced for several miles, where it occurs in massive but bunchy form and of excellent quality, bulk analyses returning 56.5 per cent. metallic manganese. Some thousands of tons have been exported, but it is supposed that fluctuating prices prevented expansion of this industry. The total quantity of manganeseore exported amounted at the end of 1913 to 19,3644 tons, value £61,905.
Manganese-ore is used for the generation of chlorine, for bleaching purposes, also for calico-printing. The value of the common ore varies between £3 and £4 per ton f.o.b.
This, the only valuable ore of quicksilver, occurs at Ohaeawai, near Lake Omapere, Bay of Islands, associated with large masses of pyrite, and is now being deposited from hot solutions brought up by thermal springs. An attempt was made some years ago by an English syndicate to work these deposits, but the large volume of sulphuretted hydrogen gas and intense heat of the ground led to the abandonment of operations.
At Mackaytown, near Karangahake, a lode of flint and quartz traversing andesite rocks carries small bunches of cinnabar containing about 10 per cent. of quicksilver, with occasional very rich specimens. The lode bas been traced for about 15 chains on the face of the hill above the township. A few years ago an Auckland syndicate erected a Novak furnace and roasted about 50 tons of ore, but very little quicksilver was recovered.
In Otago samples of cinnabar were found in the early alluvial diggings at Nevis, Nokomai, Waipori, and Waitahuna. Some prospecting was done, and some rich ore was taken out at a shallow depth, but until 1899 there was no underground development. During that year a low-level crosscut was commenced near Waitahuna, in Tuapeka County; this intersected a lode at a distance of 231 ft., and a level 300 ft. in length was subsequently driven upon the lode, but as no ore was found in the level operations ceased.
Cassiterite in the form of “stream-tin” occurs near Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, where it has been worked to some extent. “Lodetin” has been found in the same locality, and is now being prospected. Small quantities of cassiterite have also been detected in the stream-gravels of the Reefton, Greymouth, and Westport districts. Among other localities in which traces of tin occur are Wet Jacket Arm (Otago), and Campbell Island.
Coal, varying in grade from anthracite to lignite, occurs in many parts of New Zealand. In proportion to the present yearly consumption of somewhat under 2,500,000 tons (about 10 per cent. of which is imported) the supply may be considered relatively large, but in comparison with probable future needs it is decidedly small. It is likely, indeed, that the proved coal resources of the Dominion will be practically exhausted within a hundred years.
The following is an approximate estimate of the proved and probable coal in New Zealand :—
| Class of Coal. | Proved. | Probable. | Possible. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperial Tons. | Imperial Tons. | ||
| Anthracite | Very little | Very little | Small. |
| Bituminous | 374,000,000 | 477,000,000 | Moderate. |
| Semi-bituminous | 114,000,000 | 341,000,000 | Moderate. |
| Brown | 234,500,000 | 728,000,000 | Large. |
| Lignite | 278,500,000 | 839,000,000 | Large. |
| Totals | 1,001,000,000 | 2,385,000,000 | Large. |
No individual coal-seam has yet been traced for more than a few miles in any direction. The variations in thickness are extraordinary. There are many instances of seams of 10 ft. to 20 ft. thick thinning to 1 ft. or 2 ft. in distances of a quarter of a mile or less. The following instances of think seams may be mentioned : In the Waikato district (Auckland), 50 ft. to 60 ft. of brown coal; in the Buller-Mokihinui district (Nelson), 53 ft. of bituminous coal; in the Kaitangata district (Otago), 30 ft. or more of brown coal; at Coal Creek, near Roxburgh, Central Otago, 80 ft. (or, according to Professor Park, 100 ft.) of lignite; at Nightcaps (Southland), 36 ft. of brown coal in three bands.
In New Zealand the difficulties in settling the relative ages of the principal coalfields are such that for many years the subject has been a controversial one. The known facts may be summarized as follows: In south-east Otago (Waikawa, Catlin's River) and in Southland (Hokonui Hills) small seams of coal occur in Jurassic rocks, but in no case is a workable seam known to be present. The chief coal-bearing rocks are probably of early Tertiary age, but late Cretaceous coal-seams almost certainly occur. There are also considerable quantities of lignite of Miocene, Pliocene, and possibly even Pleistocene age.
The following is a table showing the output of coal from each coalfield :—
| Coalfield. | Class of Coal. | Output during 1913. | Total Output to End of 1913. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperial Tons. | Imperial Tons. | ||
| North Auckland | Semi-bituminous | 102,710 | 3,127,113 |
| Waikato | Brown | 243,316 | 3,474,084 |
| Mokau | Brown | 3,560 | 85,120 |
| Nelson | Bituminous | 14,717 | 239,321 |
| Buller | Bituminous | 679,283 | 12,157,911 |
| Inangahua | Bituminous | 13,708 | 229,594 |
| Grey | Bituminous | 349,856 | 7,132,072 |
| Canterbury | Lignite | 14,430 | 671,471 |
| Otago | Brown and lignite | 306,647 | 7,965,296 |
| Southland | Brown and lignite | 159,778 | 2,266,837 |
| Totals | 1,888,005 | 37,348,819 |
The following statement shows the tons of coal and shale raised, persons employed, lives lost, &c., from 1894 to 1913 :—
| Year. | Output of Mineral. | Persons employed. | Tons of Mineral raised per Person employed Underground. | Tons of Mineral raised per Life lost. | Persons employed per Life lost. | Lives lost per Thousand Persons employed. | Number of Lives lost. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Year of Brunner explosion. † All the principal collieries were rendered idle by the strike during November and December. | |||||||
| 1894 | 719,546 | 1,899 | 516 | 119,924 | 316 | 3.16 | 6 |
| 1895 | 726,654 | 1,799 | 618 | 145,331 | 300 | 3.33 | 5 |
| 1896* | 792,851 | 1,937 | 588 | 12,013 | 29 | 34.07 | 66 |
| 1897 | 810,713 | 1,912 | 609 | 210,178 | 478 | 2.09 | 4 |
| 1898 | 907,033 | 2,003 | 627 | 907,033 | 2,003 | 0.49 | 1 |
| 1899 | 975,234 | 2,153 | 609 | 325,078 | 717 | 1.39 | 3 |
| 1900 | 1,093,990 | 2,400 | 593 | 273,497 | 615 | 1.62 | 4 |
| 1901 | 1,239,686 | 2,754 | 600 | 413,228 | 918 | 1.09 | 3 |
| 1902 | 1,305,040 | 2,885 | 655 | 682,520 | 1,443 | 0.69 | 2 |
| 1903 | 1,420,229 | 2,852 | 665 | 355,057 | 713 | 1.40 | 4 |
| 1904 | 1,537,838 | 3,288 | 609 | 384,459 | 822 | 1.21 | 4 |
| 1905 | 1,585,756 | 3,269 | 651 | 264,293 | 546 | 1.83 | 6 |
| 1906 | 1,729,536 | 3,692 | 687 | 288,256 | 615 | 1.62 | 6 |
| 1907 | 1,831,009 | 3,910 | 662 | 152,584 | 326 | 3.07 | 12 |
| 1908 | 1,860,975 | 3,894 | 641 | 372,195 | 778 | 1.28 | 5 |
| 1909 | 1,911,247 | 4,191 | 633 | 273,035 | 599 | 1.79 | 7 |
| 1910 | 2,197,362 | 4,599 | 634 | 137,335 | 283 | 3.55 | 16 |
| 1911 | 2,066,073 | 4,290 | 706 | 147,577 | 306 | 3.26 | 14 |
| 1912 | 2,177,615 | 4,328 | 681 | 241,975 | 355 | 2.08 | 9 |
| 1918† | 1,888,005 | 4,250 | 590 | 314,667 | 708 | 1.38 | 6 |
The State Coal-mines Act of 1901 provided for the acquisition and working of State coal-mines in New Zealand, under the direct control of the Minister of Mines.
In pursuance of such authority two mines were acquired—viz., the Point Elizabeth Mine, situated on the Grey Coalfield, and distant about five miles from Greymouth, and the Westport-Cardiff Mine (subsequently renamed the Seddonville Mine), situated on the Buller Coalfield, and distant by Government railway about twenty-nine miles from Westport. The coal produced from the coalfields in which these two mines are situated is of bituminous class, and is recognized as a superior coal for general purposes. In 1902 the Point Elizabeth Mine, included within a lease of about 4,840 acres, was taken over by the State from the Greymouth – Point Elizabeth Railway and Coal Company. The sum of £21,000 was paid by the Government to this company for the partly constructed line of railway from the mine to Greymouth, and the line was subsequently completed with funds set apart for State coal-mine purposes; but it was transferred to the Railway Department subsequently on payment of £65,543 (including the above sum of £21,000). being the total cost of purchase and completion, in addition to which interest thereon, amounting to £1,363, was also refunded.
During the construction of this branch line of railway a new mine the Point Elizabeth No. 1 State Colliery) was laid down near Runanga, the output stage being reached in 1904. and coal of uniformly superior quality has been produced ever since; but owing to the frequency of faults and the thinning of the seam to the dip it is believed that the profitable life of this mine will probably not exceed three years, unless further developments occur. As a State colliery this mine had produced up to the end of March, 1913, 1,737,574 tons of coal.
In 1900 the Westport-Cardiff lease was also determined by the Government. Acting upon a favourable report in 1901 by the Government mining experts the property was prospected and subsequently developed as the Seddonville State Colliery, the output stage being reached in November, 1903, since when the colliery has been worked continuously; but the quality of the coal has been found to be extremely variable and unsatisfactory, owing to the large proportion of crushed and soft coal, for which the demand is irregular.
Owing to the exhaustion of marketable coal the Seddonville colliery was finally closed during May, 1914. The total output under State control at the end of 1913 amounted to 524,691 tons, mostly small and unprofitable coal.
In addition to the mines mentioned, as the result of a favourable expert report, dated 1907, a new mine, known as the Point Elizabeth Liverpool State Colliery was laid down towards the head of Seven-mile Creek, to the north-east of the No. 1 State Colliery, and connected therewith by an extension of the Government railway about three miles in length. The line has been carried through extremely rough and broken country. The equipment of this mine is of considerable magnitude; the coal-storage bin (capacity, 4,000 tons) and screening arrangements are constructed upon the most modern design. The self-acting endless - rope system of haulage installed upon the incline connecting the mines with the new branch railway to Greymouth has been designed to transport an output of 2,000 tons per day. Three separate sections of board-and-pillar workings are now being developed. No. 1 mine is situated at the upper terminus of the surface haulage incline, a distance of two miles from the coal-storage bin and branch railway, and 1,735 ft. above sea-level; No. 2 mine is situated about a quarter of a mile down the incline from its terminus; and No. 3 mine immediately above the coal-storage bin and branch railway terminus, the latter being about 800 ft. above sea-level. The coal-seams, of which there are several, are of exceptional quality for steam, gas-production, and for coke-manufacture, but the prevalence of faulting and the friable nature of the coal are unfavourable characteristics.
During 1913 the output stage was reached, and 9,714 tons of coal were produced.
The total coal produced by the principal countries of the world, so ar as can be ascertained, for the years 1907–11 was as follows:—
| – | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Metric tons of 2,204 lb. | |||||
| 1,000 Tons. | 1,000 Tons. | 1,000 Tons. | 1,000 Tons. | 1,000 Tons | |
| British Empire :— | |||||
| United Kingdom | 267,831 | 261,529 | 263,774 | 264,433 | 271,892 |
| British India | 11,147 | 12,770 | 11,870 | 12,047 | 12,716 |
| Australian Commonwealth | 9,681 | 10,194 | 8,186 | 9,737 | 10,550 |
| Canada | 9,385 | 9,720 | 9,376 | 11,526 | 10,082 |
| South Africa | 4,679 | 4,938 | 5,535 | 6,350 | 6,781 |
| New Zealand | 1,831 | 1,861 | 1,911 | 2,197 | 2,066 |
| Other colonies and possessions | 169 | 213 | 250 | 279 | 240 |
| Foreign Countries :— | |||||
| United States of America | 428,896 | 371,288 | 411,432 | 477,854 | |
| Germany* | 143,186 | 147,671 | 148,788 | 152,828 | 160,748 |
| France* | 35,989 | 36,633 | 37,116 | 37,635 | 38,644 |
| Belgium* | 23,705 | 23,558 | 23,518 | 23,917 | 23,054 |
| Austria* | 13,850 | 13,875 | 13,713 | 13,774 | 14,380 |
| Japan | 13,875 | 14,821 | 15,044 | 15,531 | |
Indications of the existence of petroleum have been found in the Tertiary rocks of the Taranaki, Dannevirke, Gisborne, and Grey districts, and during recent years a considerable number of boreholes have been drilled in search of petroleum, ten companies having been so engaged in the North Island.
The most successful of these operations are those being carried out at Moturoa by the Taranaki Oil-wells (Limited) (formerly the Taranaki Petroleum Company), who at that place have drilled in Miocene rocks several productive wells, and, having produced therefrom by August, 1912, half a million gallons of crude oil of specified quality, obtained the Government bonus of £5,000 offered for such production. This company has recently laid down a refinery of modern design with a capacity of 10,000 gallons per day, and is now engaged refining the crude oil, the quality of which is very high, containing on an average 97 per cent. of oil capable of distillation.
The following analyses are from crude oil from this company's wells, Nos. 2 and 3, at Moturoa :—
| No. 2 Well. | No. 3 Well. | |
|---|---|---|
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| Water | 0.15 | |
| Benzene (distilling below 150° C.) | 0.85 | 5.6 |
| Burning oil (distilling between 150° and 200° C.) | 30.00 | 37.2 |
| Lubricating-oil (distilling between 300° and 400° C.) | 48.00 | 35.2 |
| Paraffin (distilling between 300° and 400° C.) | 21.00 | 22.0 |
| Pitch or coke | ||
| Loss | ||
| 100.00 | 100.0 |
Drilling operations were vigorously carried out during 1913 in the North Island, especially in the Provincial District of Taranaki, but the result of such operations has not materially added to the known supply of petroleum. The most interesting development has been the tapping by the Taranaki Oil Lands Company of a productive well near Moturoa, at a distance of about 12 or 13 chains east of the No. 5 or most productive well of the Taranaki Oil-wells (Limited). In the new well, at a depth of 2,170 ft., the flow of oil commenced, and during January and February of the current year over 1,000 barrels are reported to have been produced. At 2,232 ft. the well-drilling was temporarily suspended, owing to influx of water. This well is lined with 10 in. casing to the bottom.
The Taranaki Oil-wells (Limited) commenced operations at their new refinery during the year, but have experienced some difficulty in eliminating an aromatic substance from the kerosene. The two prospecting boreholes drilled by this company at Waitara failed to find oil, and were discontinued at depths of 2,970 ft. and 3,821 ft. respectively. This company is now drilling by rotary plant a new hole at Moturoa; a depth of 2,200 ft. has already been attained.
Drilling is also being carried on by the Bonithon Freehold Oil Company near New Plymouth, the United Oil Company at Waitara, the Phœnix Oil Company at Moturoa, the Consolidated Oilfields of Taranaki at Huiroa, and the Mangaone Oilfields (Limited) near Eketahuna.
This product is the solidified turpentine of the kauri, and is a true resin, the name “kauri-gum” being a misnomer.
Kauri-resin has, next to gold, contributed more to the revenue of New Zealand than any of the minerals.
Kauri-resin formerly occurred in great abundance, and now is found in considerable quantity in the northern parts of the Auckland Provincial District from the North Cape to middle Waikato, over an approximate area of 814,000 acres. It is dug up alike on the driest fernhills and in the deepest swamps. A large quantity is also obtained from the forks of living trees, but this is considered of inferior quality, and fetches a lower price. In the fossil state kauri-resin occurs in larger or smaller lumps, from the size of a walnut to that of a man's head. Pieces have been found weighing upwards of 100 lb. When scraped the best specimens are of light colour; transparent or semi-transparent specimens fetch very high prices from collectors; occasionally specimens are found with leaves, seeds, or small insects enclosed. When obtained from swamps the resin is very dark-coloured, or even almost black, and fetches a low price. Waikato resin is the darkest of all. The great bulk of this resin is used in the manufacture of oil varnishes, and in all countries where varnish of high quality is used it holds the chief place in the market. It is also used considerably in linoleum-manufacture, but for this purpose of recent years it has been replaced to some extent in American manufactories by a cheaper substitute, china-wood oil, the high price ruling for turpentine and other oils used with kauri-resin in linoleum-manufacture being to a certain extent the cause of such competition.
The following are the grades on the London market, arranged in the order of value : Pale amber; ordinary three-quarter-scraped; brown fair half and three-quarter scraped : half-scraped : fair half-scraped; and pickings.
The gum-diggers equipment is of a simple character: a light pointed iron rod fixed in a convenient handle is used to test the ground; the gum is dug out with a spade. Many diggers, notably Austrians, who are the most numerous on the fields, do not use a spear, but dig the ground over completely, sometimes to a depth of 10 ft.
During recent years it has been found that in places the remains of buried kauri forests exist above one another, and this has added considerably to the life of the kauri-gum industry.
At present owing to an improvement in prices, there is a revival in gum-digging. In various parts of the Hobson County diggers are making good earnings, in some cases as much as £1 per day. Owners of farms whereon kauri-trees originally flourished are constantly being importuned to grant digging-rights over their properties, and in many instances receive handsome royalties. Occasionally the diggers strike rich patches, and their good luck serves as an incentive to further toil on the part of their fellow-workers. During 1913 some Austrians took £150 worth of gum from a small gully, and dining one week in September some Maoris digging on the Kohuroa Estate, unearthed a patch of half a ton.
Gum-digging has always been a standing resource for the industrious unemployed, and has enabled Auckland in years past to tide over periods of commercial depression with comparatively little difficulty. It has also been of vast benefit to hundreds of settlers with but small capital.
During 1913 there was a considerable increase in the quantity and value of kauri-gum exported, which amounted to 8,780 tons, valued at £519,106, the highest in both quantity and value during the past six years. The total production for the year actually amounted to 9,596 tons, the highest since 1904. The average value of the gum marketed during that year was, however, considerably greater than for 1913, this being due to the fact that of recent years there has been a steady sale, for the grades known in the trade as “chips” and “dust,” which are now sent forward in large quantities, and are understood to go mostly to Germany to be used in the manufacture of linoleums. The market price of gum varies greatly according to quality; the best-grade gum, which is very scarce, sells as high as £300 per ton. For single pieces of specimen gum but little larger than a man's list, transparent, in colour varying from that of brandy to a light amber, collectors have paid as much as £25. A collection of transparent and highly polished specimen gum of varied shades of brown and yellow makes a very beautiful and valuable exhibit. The Mitchelson collection, recently presented to the Auckland Museum is valued at over £2,000.
A good market being available for the low-grade gum, mechanical methods are now employed in obtaining it from swamps. In the Piako district gum is obtained by the ground-sluicing method of pioneer-alluvial gold-mining.
A company with a capital of £30,000 has recently been formed for the purpose of dredging for gum on a swamp at Awanui, in the north of the Auckland peninsula. A gold-dredge altered to adapt it to gum-dredging will be used.
Since 1902 there has been no sulphur exported from New Zealand, but during the five years preceding 4,927 tons, valued at £13,239, were exported from White Island. White Island consists of the summit of a volcano whereon thermal activity is unusually pronounced. From one large vent known as the “Blowhole” there is a remarkable display of solfataric and fumarolic action unrivalled in New Zealand, so-called smoke and steam being ejected to a height of about 300 ft. Around the fumaroles there are conical mounds of almost pure sulphur, varying from 4 ft. to 6 ft. high, and the floors and sides of the crater are covered to an unknown depth with alternating layers of siliceous mud, ash-beds, flour of sulphur (averaging 7 ft. in thickness), and gypsum. By systematic prospecting a reserve of sulphur has been exposed, and a considerable quantity has been obtained and stacked for treatment.
During 1913 the White Island property was acquired by the New Zealand Sulphur Company, which laid down a steaming plant consisting of a steam-boiler and four retorts. A dam was also constructed for the storage of surface rain-water for the production of steam. During the early part of 1914, owing to corrosion of one of the cast-iron retorts by hydrochloric acid introduced in the sulphurus charge, an explosion occurred with fatal results to a workman, upon which operations ceased pending the installation of non-corrodible retorts.
Shortly after the further resumption of operations—viz., in September, 1914—an eruption or landslide resulted in the camp being buried to a depth of several feet. No trace of the workmen has yet (6th October, 1914) been found.
At Clarendon and Milburn, Otago, considerable deposits of phosphate rock were discovered in 1902, and have since been actively worked. The present annual production is roughly 10,000 tons per annum. Phosphatic nodules are found in the Kaikorai Valley (near Dunedin), at Weka Pass (North Canterbury), and elsewhere. A limestone containing 10.60 per cent. of tricalcic phosphate occurs in the neighbourhood of Onewhero, Waikato district. Other districts where phosphate rock of good quality, though, so far as known, not in commercial quantities, is found, are Amberley (North Canterbury), Tutira Block (Mangaharuru Survey District, Hawke's Bay), and Whangarei.
Phosphatic minerals, the most common of which is the hydrous iron phosphate, vivianite, have been discovered in numerous other localities besides those mentioned above, but commercially these occurrences are of little importance.
The mineral nephrite, the “pounamu” of the Maori, more popularly known as one of the varieties of “greenstone,” whenever observed in situ occurs as rounded segregations in talc or talc serpentine rocks. These segregations vary up to 2 ft. or even more in lateral dimension. As a rule they average less than 1 ft. in width. So far as known, the mineral has only been found in its original locus in the Griffin Range, Turiwhate Survey District, North Westland.
Pounamu is a deep-green semi-transparent mineral with dark opaque patches. With the wearing-away of the enclosing matrix the segregations are freed as rounded masses, and were once transported by the Arahura, Taramakau, and other glaciers, and are now found as boulders in the glacial debris along the lower streams of the Arahura and Taramakau Valleys. From boulders all greenstone ornaments have hitherto been manufactured. The largest boulder found, weighing approximately 5 tons, was exported to Germany, where the cutting and polishing of this extremely hard stone is done by special appliances, consisting of a revolving band of iron upon which emery powder is used.
The mineral known to the Maori as “tangiwai” is sometimes considered as a variety of pounamu. It is in reality bowenite, a hard variety of serpentine, but is much softer than nephrite. It is found in the form of boulders at Big Bay and Martin's Bay, Milford Sound, and in situ at Anita Bay, Milford Sound.
Prices in New Zealand for rough greenstone range between 9d. and 2s. 6d. per pound, varying with the quality. The purchase of rough blocks is speculative, as when the block is cut up the quality may be found to be entirely different to anticipation.
During the past ten years the average quantity of greenstone exported per annum amounts to 8 tons 4 cwt., the average price obtained in New Zealand being 1s. 4d. per pound.
New Zealand possesses a great variety of handsome and durable building-stones scattered throughout both Islands. In Auckland there is basalt, andesite, porphyrite, and quartz-biotite-diorite, known in the building trade as Coromandel “granite.” a hard, coarsely crystalline rock capable of taking a fine polish. Besides these rocks are the Whaugarei limestone and Raglan stone, the former an excellent building-stone, the latter a good freestone. Taranaki has the hornblende andesites of New Plymouth and Mount Egmont, and Wellington the andesites of Ruapehu.
In Nelson there is the granite of Tata Island and Tonga Bay, and the marble and crystalline limestones of the Pikikiruna (Riwaka) Range. West Nelson and Westland are well provided with granites and limestones of good quality, well adapted for building purposes; and in the Griffin Range, North Westland, there is found an abundance of finely coloured serpentine, unsurpassed as a decorative stone. Building-stone is scarce in Marlborough, but Canterbury is well supplied, having an abundance of Lyttelton bluestone (andesite) and Mount Somers stone, a limestone of exceptional quality. In Otago there is an abundance of excellent building-stone, ranging from the well-known Oamaru stone to the granite, gneiss, and limestones of Fiordland, all close to deep water. In Southland there is the so-called Ruapuke “granite,” the norite of the Bluff, and the granites of Stewart Island.
The principal buildings in New Zealand have been constructed in stone from local quarries.
The following is a list of building-stone which attracted a considerable amount of attention when exhibited in the Mines Department Court of the Auckland Exhibition, 1913–14.
| Class of Stone. | Locality. | Owners of Quarry or Land | Principal Buildings erected thereof. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quartz biotite-diorite | Coromandel | New Zealand Granite Company, Auckland | Parliament House, Wellington; Post-office, Auckland. |
| Granite | Tonga Bay | J. and A. Wilson, Wellington | Post-office, Wellington. |
| Granite | Ruatuna | J. G. Coates, Esq., Matakohe | Not yet developed. |
| Trachyte | Drury | W. Parkinson, Auckland | Not yet developed. |
| Trachyte | Pukekaroro | Trachyte Stone Company, Auckland | Not yet developed. |
| Andesite | Sumner | ||
| Basalt | Mount Eden | Government of New Zealand | His Majesty's Prison, Auckland; Churches, &c. |
| Andesite | Christchurch | Cashmere Estate, Christchurch | Anglican Cathedral, Christchurch: Bank of New Zealand. |
| Basalt Andesite | Timaru New Plymouth | Government of New Zealand | His Majesty's Prison, New Plymouth. |
| Basalt Andesite | Ruapaki | ||
| Fossil limestone | Whangarei Heads | ||
| Limestone Limestone, pink | Mt. Somers | Messrs. Blackburn and Smith, Christchurch | Banks of Australia and Australasia, Christchurch. |
| Limestone Limestone, pink “T” | Oamaru | Teschmaker Estate, Oamaru | Many important buildings, including town halls, churches, and hanks in New Zealand and Australia. |
| Limestone Limestone, pink “K” | Oamaru | H. S. Bingham and Co., Dune in | |
| Marble | Sandy Bay, Nelson | New Zealand Marble and Cement Company, Palmerston North | Quarries newly developed. In the interior of the New Zealand Houses of Parliament this marble will be used. |
| Serpentine | Griffin Range, Wetland | New Zealand Greenstone (Limited), Greymouth | Now being developed, and a large plant installed. |
| Porphyritic granite | Kumara, Westland | Government of New Zealand | Undeveloped. |
The following is a summary of persons killed or seriously injured in metalliferous mines during the seven years 1907–13 :—
| TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF DEATHS FROM ACCIDENTS AT METAL-MINES DURING THE YEARS 1907–13. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of Accident. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. |
| Explosion | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Fall of ground | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| In shafts | 1 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Miscellaneous: Underground | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Miscellaneous On surface | 2 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
| About dredges | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Total killed | 7 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| Number of employees | 9,389 | 8,880 | 7,651 | 8,121 | 7,400 | 5,239 | 4,941 |
| Number persons killed per 1,000 employed | 0.84 | 1.69 | 1.83 | 1.84 | 0.67 | 0.95 | 2.02 |
The following is a summary of coal-mining accidents during 1913, with their causes :—
| – | Fatal Accidents. | Non-fatal Accidents. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Separate Fatal Accidents. | Number of Deaths. | Number of Separate Non-fatal Accidents. | Number of Persons injured. | |
| Explosions of firedamp | ||||
| Falls in mine | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 |
| Miscellaneous—Underground | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 |
| In shafts | 1 | 1 | ||
| Totals | 6 | 6 | 13 | 13 |
The number of deaths was in the proportion of 1.38 per 1,000 persons employed, as against 2.08 during 1912.
In September, 1914, forty-three lives were lost in a coal-mining accident at Taupiri, Huntly. At the inquest held it was found that the accident was due to an explosion of fire-damp. A Royal Commission is now (October, 1914) pursuing further investigations.
Since 1905, when statutory provision was made for advances by way of loans for mining development, five companies have been assisted by grants of loans aggregating £32,725, of which £20,600 has been paid by the State as the mining operations have proceeded and in accordance with the conditions upon which such loans were granted. It cannot be stated that there is any evidence that the mining industry has yet benefited by these loans, and no company so assisted has paid a dividend; in two cases, however, the developments for which the loan was granted are not yet completed, and it is premature to pronounce thereon. The provision regarding mining loans is taken advantage of by mining promoters who are unable to obtain subscribers for their shares, to make up shortage of capital on the extremely favourable terms which the State offers—4œ per cent.
The opening-up by roads of remote or inaccessible mining fields still continues; and when the rugged character of many of these fields is taken into consideration it will be found that the mining industry is now well served as regards roads and bridges. Mining being generally the pioneer for agriculture, the roads constructed in some of the older mining fields are more used by farmers than by miners. During 1913–14 the sum of £1,748 in the form of subsidies, and £22,395 as direct grants out of the Public Works Fund was expended on roads on goldfields. In addition, the goldfields local bodies were credited with goldfields revenue amounting to £17,139 7s. 7d., and gold duty amounting to £22,039 11s. 5d. The total amount of State aid thus given to local bodies on behalf of the mining industry during the past financial year was therefore £63,322.
The Waimea-Kumara and Mount Ida Water-races, which render possible hydraulic mining in the Kumara district, Westland, and the Naseby district, Central Otago, have supplied 100 miners with water for sluicing during 1913, the value of gold obtained being approximately £23,226.
For the year ended the 31st March, 1914, the receipts for sales of water from the races amounted to £3,305 6s. 9d., the expenditure in upkeep and supervision during the same period being £3,214 19s. 9d., as compared with £2,588 0s. 8d. and £3,273 11s. 3d. respectively during the previous year.
New branch races have been constructed to serve miners in the Waimea-Stafford districts, and a race deviation is now being constructed from the Erin-go-bragh Water-race, recently purchased by the Government, to Argus Terrace, near Maori Point, Westland, where alluvial gold has been intermittently mined for many years.
The Kumara Water-race extension, which carries by inverted siphon a large supply of water across the valley of the River Taramakau to the northern terraces at Westbrook, has not received much support from the miners of the district. Independently of mining this siphon is of considerable value for hydro-electric power, the water-supply being considerable and the pressure adequate.
In Central Otago the Mount Ida Race has been extended for nearly a mile towards its terminus to enable new ground to be worked.
Three diamond drills of Schram-Harker type, with a boring-capacity of 2.500 ft., 1,500 ft., and 500 ft. respectively, one diamond drill of Sullivan CN type, capacity 800 ft., also three Keystone traction placer drills of 350 ft. capacity, are lent out by the Government to mining companies and local bodies free of charge. The borrowers have, however, to keep the machines in good order, and pay all expenses and wages in connection therewith, including those of the Government Superintendent of the drill.
During the year 112 holes, of an aggregate depth of 2,949 ft., were drilled by two Keystone drills in alluvial gravel, and seven holes, of an aggregate depth of 3,144 ft., were drilled in search of coal.
There are Government subsidized schools of mines at Coromandel, Thames, Waihi, Karangahake, Westport, and Reefton, Seventy-eight senior students presented themselves at the annual Government examinations held at the schools during December, 1913. The following is a summary of the results :—
| Position. | Locality of School of Mines. | Average Number of Marks awarded per Paper submitted. | Number of Students examined. | Number of Papers submitted. | Total Marks awarded. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Thames | 60.83 | 16 | 24 | 1,459 |
| 2 | Waihi | 57.20 | 18 | 34 | 1,945 |
| 3 | Karangahake | 56.47 | 11 | 30 | 1,694 |
| 4 | Reefton | 49.66 | 14 | 27 | 1,341 |
| 5 | Coromandel | 39.23 | 7 | 13 | 510 |
| 6 | Westport | 38.43 | 12 | 23 | 884 |
| Totals, 1913 | 51.87 | 78 | 151 | 7,833 | |
| Totals, 1912 | 62.00 | 66 | 123 | 7,629 | |
In comparison with the results obtained at the examination for the previous year, the average number of marks per paper has decreased, but the number of students submitting themselves for examination has increased.
The expenditure by the Government on schools of mines since their inception, exclusive of subsidies paid to the University of Otago towards the School of Mines in connection with that institution is as follows: Subsidies towards erection and maintenance, £31,405; chemicals and apparatus, also mineralogical specimens supplied, £3,044: scholarships, £1,896; salaries of teachers, and travelling-expenses, &c. £22,269; total sum paid by the Department towards the schools of mines, £58,614.
Examinations are held by the Boards of Examiners annually of candidates for certificates as first and second-class mine-managers, battery superintendents, and dredge-masters under the Mining Act, 1908, and for certificates as first- and second-class mine-managers, underviewers, and firemen and deputies under the Coal Mines Act, 1908. No candidate is permitted to present himself for examination unless he holds an authority from the Secretary to the Board of Examiners stating that his certificates of service comply with the Acts and regulations, and have been accepted by the Board.
Table of Contents
ALTHOUGH abundant water-power is available throughout New Zealand, comparatively little use had been made of it before 1900, but during the last decade the development has been very extensive, and promises to be still more extensive in the early future. The Public Works Act of 1908 vests the sole right to use the water-power of the Dominion in His Majesty, subject to any existing rights, and gives the Government the right to develop such power, or to delegate such power to any local authority, or, outside a mining district, to any person or company, subject to conditions. Advantage has been taken of this in several cases, the right in the case of local authorities being issued free of royalty, and in the case of private individuals developing water-power for electrical distribution subject to a royalty of 1/20d. per unit generated.
The following table shows the actual horse-power in use in the various districts in 1903, 1910, 1912, and 1913:—
| 1903. | 1910. | 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland | 4,868 | 5,752 | 6,551 | 13,640 |
| Hawke's Bay | 30 | 82 | 96 | |
| Taranaki | 1,181 | 1,892 | 1,891 | 2,782 |
| Wellington | 658 | 694 | 270 | 389 |
| Marlborough | 315 | 282 | 245 | 202 |
| Nelson | 912 | 922 | 1,151 | 680 |
| Westland | 290 | 942 | 1,794 | 3,662 |
| Canterbury | 400 | 536 | 1,282 | 1,167 |
| Otago | 1,301 | 5,258 | 7,612 | 10,617 |
| Southland | 129 | 1,993 | 2,021 | 1,817 |
| Total | 9,911 | 18,353 | 22,913 | 34,956 |
The following table gives the analysis of the purposes for which this water-power was employed as on 31st July, 1914 :—
| District. | Mining | Electric supply. | Flax-mills. | Saw-mills. | Flour-mills. | Dairying. | Construction-work. | Freezing-works. | Paper-mills. | Miscellaneous. | Total. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland | 1,464 | 155 | 10 | 116 | 832 | 2,577 | |||||
| Auckland South | . | 11,010 | 53 | 11,063 | |||||||
| Hawke's Bay | |||||||||||
| Taranaki | 1,904 | 40 | 30 | 14 | 707 | 87 | 2,782 | ||||
| Wellington North | 235 | 50 | 3 | 288 | |||||||
| Wellington | 10 | 25 | 19 | 47 | 101 | ||||||
| Marlborough | 16 | 118 | 46 | 2 | 20 | 202 | |||||
| Nelson North | 8 | 76 | 12 | 16 | 112 | ||||||
| Nelson South | 299 | 163 | 5 | 56 | 4 | 41 | 568 | ||||
| Westland | 1,223 | 1,755 | 37 | 46 | 600 | 1 | 3,662 | ||||
| Canterbury | 691 | 62 | 191 | 15 | 94 | 1,053 | |||||
| Canterbury South | 27 | 30 | 54 | 3 | 114 | ||||||
| Otago | 157 | 10,025 | 51 | 50 | 29 | 305 | 10,617 | ||||
| Southland | 6 | 55 | 29 | 45 | 4 | 5 | 1,200 | 465 | 8 | 1,817 | |
| Totals | 3,159 | 25,980 | 511 | 262 | 412 | 783 | 721 | 1,200 | 465 | 1,454 | 34,956 |
Of the 34,956 h.p. of water-power now in use, 11,963 h.p. is distributed electrically for public supply from thirteen power-stations, eight operated by the local authorities, one (Rotorua) by the Government Tourist Department, three (Stratford, Hawera, and Reefton) by private companies, and one by a private individual. The following table gives details of these thirteen installations :—
| Locality. | Supply Authority. | Population served. | Power installed. | Distance transmitted: Miles. | Voltage of Transmission. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H.P. | K.W. | |||||
| Dunedin | City Council | 64,237 | 9,000 | 6,000 | 32 | 35,000 |
| Rotorua | Tourist Department | 2,360 | 380 | 200 | 13 | 6,600 |
| Hawera | Electric Light Company | 2,685 | 400 | 250 | 12 | 5,000 |
| Stratford | Electric Supply Company | 2,639 | 150 | 90 | 2 | 2,000 |
| New Plymouth | Borough Council | 5,238 | 1,020 | 680 | 5 | 6,600 |
| Inglewood | 1,273 | 200 | 120 | |||
| Patea | 919 | 200 | 120 | 4 | 3,000 | |
| Te Aroha | 1,298 | 255 | 150 | 3 | 3,000 | |
| Akaroa | 622 | 45 | 20 | 1 | 220 | |
| Taihape | 1,577 | 133 | 100 | 2 | 460 | |
| Mangaweka | Town Board | 1,800 | 47 | 35 | 3 | 2,400 |
| Brightwater | Private individual | 800 | 53 | 40 | 4 | 2,500 |
| Reefton | Electric Supply Company | 1,500 | 80 | 60 | 1 | 230 |
Of these the only one of any size is the power-station of the Dunedin City Council on the Waipori River, thirty-two miles from the city This plant was started in 1907 with two units of 1,000 kilowatts (1,500 h.p.) each. Two more similar units were added in 1910, and two more were installed in 1913, which brings the total capacity up to 6,000 kilowatts (9,000 h.p.). The retail rates charged range from 5d. to 1d. per unit for lighting and from 2d. to œd. per unit for power purposes, the average revenue obtained during the year ended 31st March, 1913, being 3.2d. from lighting, 0.606d. from power-consumption, and 0.842d. from tramway supply. The total outlay to that date was £404,337, including distribution; the total revenue for the year ended 31st March, 1913, £43,721; and the total expenditure, including interest, sinking fund, depreciation, and renewal funds, £42,640, leaving a net profit of £1,081. The number of consumers supplied was 2,986, and the capacity of the motors connected to the mains 5,133 h.p. in addition to the tramway and lighting loads.
The Aid to Water-power Act of 1910 empowered the Government to establish hydro-electric supply installations, and the first is now in course of construction at Lake Coleridge, in the Southern Alps, seventy miles east of Christchurch. This plant is being designed for a total capacity of 9,000 kilowatts (12,000 h.p.). Of this one-half is included in the first installation, which it is expected to put into operation by October, 1914. The natural features of the lake and adjacent rivers allow of a very large extension of the supply up to 58,000 h.p. The transmission-line is being laid in duplicate by separate routes to Christchurch, thus ensuring continuity of supply, each line having a capacity of 5,000 k.w. The population to be served is over 110,000, and a large demand is anticipated immediately supply commences, including the bulk supply to the Christchurch City Council and some fifteen other local bodies for retail distribution, the Christchurch Tramway Board, Christchurch Drainage Board, the electrification of the Christchurch-Lyttelton suburban railway-line and ultimately of the main lines, and the power-supply to the large meat-freezing works, flour-mills, woollen-mills, and other factories and industries of the Canterbury Plains. The contract already entered into with the Christchurch City Council, which will form the basis of other supply contracts, provides for a charge for the first 300 kilowatts (400 h.p.) of £8 13s. 4d. per annum per kilowatt of maximum load (equivalent to £6 10s. per horsepower) and all over 300 kilowatts at £5 per annum per kilowatt of maximum load (equivalent to £3 15s. per h.p.). This will enable the Council to retail it to the public at an average of about 3d. per unit for light and 1œd. per unit for power in small units and £10 per annum per kilowatt of maximum load for power to larger consumers. It is estimated that a capital expenditure of about £375,000 will be required to complete the 12,000 h.p. development at Lake Coleridge, completing the present design.
A large and comprehensive scheme is now under consideration for the supply of electrical energy in the North Island, with the object of making it generally available, as far as possible, to all the towns and districts throughout the Island, and it is anticipated that advantage will be taken of the facilities offered to work the railways by electricity and to promote a system of light railways throughout the country districts now suffering from lack of communication because of the difficulty of obtaining stone for surfacing the roads.
There are two fair-sized hydro-electric mining transmissions in service—namely, a 700 h.p. on the Fraser River, Otago, supplying the Earnscleugh Gold-mining Company's dredge, and a 1,000 h.p. installation at Lake Kanieri, supplying the Ross Gold-mining Company's underground alluvial working at Ross; the latter involves a transmission-line of twenty-three miles at a pressure of 24,000 volts.
In addition to these two mining installations in service the Waihi Gold-mining Company have installed a 9,000 h.p. plant on the Waikato River at Horahora Rapids, near Cambridge, a distance of fifty miles from the mines at Waihi and the battery at Waikino, the transmission pressure being 50,000 volts. This plant was put in service in March, 1914. In addition to the mines in the neighbourhood of Waihi, the company has also the right to supply local authorities en route with power in bulk for public distribution.
In addition to the developed power in New Zealand there is a practically unlimited amount of undeveloped power. The following table gives the particulars of the more important available water-powers, over 1,000 horse-power, showing also the nearest market consisting of a city or an actual or potential port. A considerable number of these are suitable for general industrial development, but the largest ones, as a rule being in the unsettled portions of the South Island and near the deep-water sounds, are particularly suitable for utilization in connection with electro-chemical or electro-metallurgical industries.
| Source of Power. | Position of Power-house. | Available Flow Five Feet per Second. | Available Head: Feet. | Average Power. | Nearest City, Port, or Deep Water. | Distance: Miles. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H.P. | K.W. | ||||||
| NORTH ISLAND. | |||||||
| North Auckland District. | |||||||
| Wairua Falls | Wairua Falls | 300 | 130 | 3,200 | 2,400 | Whangarei | 16 |
| South Auckland District. | |||||||
| Kaituna | Okere Falls | 800 | 784 | 52,000 | 39,000 | Tauranga | 25 |
| Auckland | 125 | ||||||
| Waikato River | Huka Falls | 6,000 | 67 | 33,000 | 25,000 | Auckland | 158 |
| Waikato River | Aratiatia Rapids | 6,000 | 100 | 50,000 | 37,000 | Auckland | 158 |
| Waikato River | Orakeikorako Rapids | 6,000 | 35 | 17,500 | 13,000 | Auckland | 148 |
| Waikato River | Aniwhaniwha Falls | 6,000 | 80 | 40,000 | 30,000 | Auckland | 142 |
| Waikato River | Atiamuri Rapids | 6,000 | 25 | 12,500 | 9,300 | Auckland | 139 |
| Waikato River | Horahora Rapids | 6,000 | 28 | 14,000 | 10,500 | Auckland | 97 |
| Waikato River | Waihi | 47 | |||||
| Hawke's Bay District. | |||||||
| Waikaremoana | Waikaretaheki | 1,100 | 1,420 | 133,000 | 100,000 | Gisborne | 65 |
| Napier | 75 | ||||||
| Wellington | 280 | ||||||
| Waikareiti | Waikaremoana | 180 | 700 | 10,500 | 8,200 | Gisborne | 75 |
| Napier | 85 | ||||||
| Wellington | 290 | ||||||
| Te Reinga Falls | Te Reinga Falls | 600 | 125 | 6,200 | 4,700 | Gisborne | 35 |
| Napier | 70 | ||||||
| Wanganui District. | |||||||
| Lake Rotoaira | River Patu | 260 | 520 | 11,000 | 8,500 | Wanganui | 105 |
| Mangawhero River | Raukawa Falls | 300 | 220 | 5,500 | 4,100 | Wanganui | 45 |
| Mangawhero River | Wanganui River | 300 | 900 | 22,000 | 17,000 | Wanganui | 24 |
| Palmerston N. | 60 | ||||||
| Manganui | Wanganui River | 700 | 10,000 | 7,500 | Wanganui | 65 | |
| Rangitikei River | Vinegar Hill | 1,500 | 400 | 50,000 | 37,500 | Wanganui | 48 |
| Wellington | 142 | ||||||
| Taranaki District. | |||||||
| Waitara River | Waitara River | 800 | 30 | 2,000 | 1,500 | New Plymouth | 35 |
| Wellington District. | |||||||
| Mangahai River | Tokomaru | 115 | 1,050 | 10,000 | 7,500 | Palmerston N. | 16 |
| Wellington | 76 | ||||||
| Tokomaru River | Tokomaru | 100 | 440 | 4,000 | 3,000 | Palmerston N. | 16 |
| Wellington | 76 | ||||||
| Makuri River | Makuri Gorge | 100 | 384 | 3,200 | 2,400 | Palmerston N. | 28 |
| Wellington | 107 | ||||||
| Waiohine River | Woodside | 200 | 400 | 6,600 | 5,000 | Masterton | 20 |
| Wellington | 51 | ||||||
| Otaki River | Otaki | 4,000 | 3,000 | Wellington | 47 | ||
| Tauherenikau River | Featherston | 150 | 440 | 5,500 | 4,200 | Wellington | 46 |
| Hutt River | Mungaroa | 300 | 365 | 9,900 | 6,800 | Wellington | 25 |
| SOUTH ISLAND. | |||||||
| Nelson District. | |||||||
| Boulder Lake | Aorere River | 50 | 2,600 | 11,000 | 8,000 | Golden Bay | 10 |
| Rotoiti Lake | Gowan River | 200 | 1,200 | 20,000 | 15,000 | West port | 48 |
| Nelson | 48 | ||||||
| Rotoroa Lake | Buller River | 900 | 400 | 30,000 | 22,000 | Westport | 48 |
| Nelson | 48 | ||||||
| Buller River | Lyell | 25,000 | 18,000 | Westport | 24 | ||
| Inangahua River | Blackwater River | 780 | 125 | 8,000 | 6,000 | 18 | |
| Westland District. | |||||||
| Lake Brunner | Stillwater | 1,750 | 200 | 29,000 | 22,000 | Greymouth | 10 |
| Kumara Water-race | Kumara | 87 | 330 | 2,400 | 1,800 | Greymouth | 12 |
| Otira River | Otira | 40 | 700 | 2,300 | 1,700 | Greymouth | 52 |
| Rolleston River | 36 | 700 | 2,000 | 1,500 | Greymouth | 52 | |
| Kanieri Lake | Kanieri River | 100 | 330 | 2,800 | 2,100 | Hokitika | 20 |
| Toaroha River | Toaroha River | 300 | 760 | 19,000 | 14,300 | Hokitika | 17 |
| Whitcombe River | Hokitika River | 250 | 800 | 16,000 | 12,000 | Hokitika | 20 |
| Kakapotahi River | Kakapotahi River | 100 | 580 | 4,800 | 3,600 | Hokitika | 26 |
| Wanganui River | Hende's Ferry | 830 | 580 | 40,000 | 30,000 | Hokitika | 36 |
| Wataroa River | Wataroa | 1,360 | 700 | 80,000 | 60,000 | Hokitika | 48 |
| Canterbury District. | |||||||
| Clarence River | Jollies Pass | 200 | 1,160 | 20,000 | 15,000 | Christchurch | 82 |
| Clarence River | Conway River | 1,150 | 1,050 | 100,000 | 75,000 | Christchurch | 88 |
| Kaikoura | 25 | ||||||
| Wainu-ua River | Culverden | 1,600 | 200 | 27,000 | 20,000 | Christchurch | 75 |
| Waimakariri River | Gorge Bridge | 2,000 | 160 | 27,000 | 20,000 | Christchurch | 30 |
| Lake Coleridge | Rakaia River | 200 | 480 | 8,000 | 6,000 | Christchurch | 70 |
| Acheron River | Rakaia River | 50 | 480 | 2,000 | 1,500 | Christchurch | 70 |
| Harper River | Rakaia River | 420 | 480 | 16,800 | 12,600 | Christchurch | 70 |
| Wi berforce River | Rakaia River | 1,100 | 480 | 44,000 | 33,000 | Christchurch | 70 |
| Rakaia River | Gorge Bridge | 2,600 | 30 | 6,500 | 4,800 | Christchurch | 52 |
| Lake Heron | Rakaia River | 300 | 200 | 4,000 | 3,000 | Christchurch | 88 |
| Rangitata River | Arundel | 1,100 | 250 | 23,000 | 17,000 | Timaru | 35 |
| Opihi River | Opihi Gorge | 200 | 400 | 6,700 | 5,000 | Timaru | 30 |
| Opuha River | Opihi Gorge | 200 | 400 | 6,700 | 5,000 | Christchurch | 100 |
| Tekapo Lake | Fairlie | 5,100 | 900 | 400,000 | 300,000 | Timaru | 40 |
| Ohau Lake | Waitaki River | 5,000 | 600 | 250,000 | 180,000 | Timaru | 52 |
| Otago and Southland Districts. | |||||||
| Ahuriri River | Waitaki River | 600 | 200 | 10,000 | 7,500 | Oamaru | 62 |
| Timaru | 100 | ||||||
| Waipori Falls | Waipori River | 135 | 650 | 7,300 | 5,500 | Dunedin | 29 |
| Leo Stream | Outram | 15 | 750 | 1,280 | 970 | Dunedin | 18 |
| Deep Stream | Taieri River | 110 | 900 | 8,400 | 6,300 | Dunedin | 20 |
| Taieri River | Deep Stream | 700 | 220 | 12,000 | 9,000 | Dunedin | 44 |
| Lilla Burn | Clutha River | 30 | 890 | 2,200 | 1,600 | Dunedin | 60 |
| Teviot River | Roxburgh | 200 | 1,900 | 32,000 | 24,000 | Dunedin | 90 |
| Mauwherika River | Chatto Creek | 200 | 350 | 5,800 | 4,400 | Dunedin | 127 |
| Hawea Lake | Wanaka Lake | 3,600 | 220 | 66,000 | 50,000 | Dunedin | 170 |
| Wakatipu Lake | Kawarau River | 11,000 | 544 | 500,000 | 375,000 | Dunedin | 140 |
| Shotover | Wakatipu Lake | 500 | 250 | 14,500 | 11,000 | Invercargill | 112 |
| Lake Hall | Doubtful Sound | 220 | 2,625 | 48,000 | 36,000 | On seaboard | 112 |
| Lake Cecil | Lake Te Anau | 200 | 900 | 15,000 | 11,200 | On seaboard | 112 |
| Lake Hilda | Lake Te Anau | 1,550 | 1,190 | 55,000 | 41,000 | On seaboard | 112 |
| Lake Te Anau | George Sound | 12,030 | 694 | 750,000 | 560,000 | On seaboard | 112 |
| Lake Manapouri | Smith Sound | 8,400 | 600 | 420,000 | 315,000 | On seaboard | 112 |
| Lake Monowai | Lake Hauroto | 700 | 410 | 24,000 | 18,000 | Invercargill | 60 |
| Lake Hauroto | Tewaewae Bay | 2,300 | 514 | 100,000 | 75,000 | Invercargill | 51 |
Table of Contents
IN connection with the following tables relating to census industrial statistics it should be mentioned, to avoid misunderstanding, that they do not purport to include all “factories” registered under the Factories Act. The tables, as in previous census collections, only show the results of returns collected from manufactories and works employing over two hands. In a number of cases where work was carried on by the same manufacturer in separate buildings a considerable distance from one another, each building would be registered as a distinct “factory,” but only one census return would be furnished. For instance, in the case of a butter-factory with, say, a dozen or more creameries separating and supplying cream, each creamery would be registered as a separate “factory,” but the particulars for all would be included in one census return. Certain industries also which are registered as factories (bakers, blacksmiths, &c.) do not furnish returns for census purposes. The present collection has followed as closely as possible the lines of previous census collections.
| Manufactories and Works, 1911 and 1906. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| April, 1911. No. | April. 1906. No. | Increase 1906–11 No. | |
* Omitting Government Railway Workshops and Government Printing Office. † Decrease. | |||
| Number of establishments* | 4,402 | 4,186 | 216 |
| Hands employed— | |||
| Males | 42,267 | 44,946 | −2;679† |
| Females | 13,967 | 11,413 | 2,554 |
| Totals | 56,234 | 56,359 | −125† |
| 1910. | 1905. | 1905–10. | |
| Wages paid— | £ | £ | £ |
| To males | 4,865,426 | 3,979,593 | 885,833 |
| To females | 706,844 | 478,026 | 223,818 |
| Totals | 5,572,270 | 4,457,619 | 1,114,651 |
| H.p. | H.p. | H.p. | |
| Horse-power | 100,587 | 60,335 | 40,252 |
| Value of all manufactures or produce (including repairs) | £ | £ | £ |
| 31,729,002 | 23,444,235 | 8,284,767 | |
| Total approximate value of — | |||
| Land | 3,890,921 | 3,264,862 | 626,059 |
| Buildings | 5,174,890 | 3,851,902 | 1,322,988 |
| Machinery and plant | 7,665,548 | 5,392,522 | 2,273,026 |
| Totals | 16,731,359 | 12,509,286 | 4,222,073 |
The number of establishments has increased in the quinquennium by 216, but the returns show that there were 125 less hands employed in 1911 than in 1906. A remarkable feature of this is that while the number of males decreased by 2,679, or at a rate of 596 per cent., the females actually increased by 2,554, or 22.38 per cent. In 1906, males represented 79.75 per cent. of the hands employed, and females 20.25 per cent., while in 1911 the proportions were 75.16 per cent. and 24.84 per cent. respectively.
In spite of the decrease in the hands employed, and in the proportion of males, the wages paid in 1910 show a considerable increase on the figures for 1905. The wages paid in the factories or industrial works dealt with in the census returns were returned for 1905 at £4,457,619, and for 1910 at £5,572,270, the increase on the total sum being at the rate of 25 per cent.
The average amount of wages paid to male hands in 1905 was £88 10s. 11d., and in 1910 £115 2s. 3d.; for females, £41 17s. 8d. and £50 12s. 2d. in the respective years. It must be remembered that these are not adult wages, but those of persons of all ages.
The increase for the quinquennium in the horse-power stated in the returns was 40,252, equal to a rate of 66.71 per cent.
The approximate value of the land used for purposes of the factories was returned as £3,264,862 for 1905, and £3,890,921 for 1910. The value of the lands used for mining is not included in the above figures, and the value of Crown lands has been omitted throughout.
As in the previous quinquennium a very large increase is found in the value of machinery and plant. The figures for the censuses of 1901, 1906, and 1911 are £3,852,457, £5,392,522, and £7,665,548 respectively. The rate of increase during the first of the two five-yearly periods was 39.98 per cent., and for the second 42.15 per cent.
The increase in the value of manufactures or produce (including repairs) is at the rate of 35.34 per cent. for the quinquennium as against an increase of 31.31 per cent. for the preceding five years. The development is analysed in the following statement, which includes nearly the whole increase, and has been worked down to a limit of £20,000 to show the main features. The factories or works in connection with our great primary industries, agricultural, pastoral, timber, and flax, include the greater part of the money.
| Principal Increases between 1905 and 1910. | £ |
|---|---|
| Meat freezing and preserving and boiling-down works | 2,493,642 |
| Butter and cheese factories | 1,337,545 |
| Sawmills, sash and door factories | 571,122 |
| Tailoring establishments | 357,821 |
| Iron and brass foundries, &c. (excluding Government Railway Workshops) | 312,077 |
| Printing and bookbinding establishments (excluding Government Printing Office) | 310,099 |
| Clothing and boot and shoe factories | 278,621 |
| Dressmaking and millinery establishments | 243,791 |
| Gasworks | 236,289 |
| Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments | 200,460 |
| Grain-mills | 189,315 |
| Furniture- and cabinet-making factories | 169,496 |
| Breweries and malt-houses | 141,895 |
| Sugar-boiling and confectionery works | 120,863 |
| Ham- and bacon-curing establishments | 117,684 |
| Coach building and painting works | 101,194 |
| Soap and candle works | 90,079 |
| Saddlery and harness factories | 79,551 |
| Lime and cement works | 77,011 |
| Ship- and boat-building yards | 76,447 |
| Hosiery-factories | 72,854 |
| Aerated-water factories | 61,010 |
| Paper bag and box factories | 50,110 |
| Sail, tent, and oilskin factories | 46,928 |
| Electric light and supply works | 42,921 |
| Fruit-preserving and jam-making factories | 37,474 |
| Cooperages | 35,683 |
| Tinware-factories | 33,434 |
| Baking-powder factories | 30,602 |
| Mattress-factories | 29,023 |
| Sausage-casing factories | 28,233 |
| Agricultural-implement factories | 22,299 |
| Glass-works | 21,204 |
From this table has been omitted reference to electric tramways, returns of which were collected in 1911 for the first time, as well as certain industries included with others in 1906, but shown separately in 1911.
The amounts shown above are in some cases over the fact. For instance, some of the butter made is included in returns for meat-freezing establishments, as well as in the butter-factory returns; timber cut is valued under sawmilling, and some again in the furniture-making line; while leather is valued in the tanning returns, and some part of it again in the boot and saddlery items. A certain amount of duplication is unavoidable. This is admitted in the accounts of industrial statistics of the United States of America and elsewhere.
Where decreases have been found in the returns these may be referred to in a comparative statement which follows.
Particulars relating to individual industries clearly show that quantities as well as the value of manufactures have risen, so that the development is not merely a question of market prices, but of actual output.
This information was given in case of most industries, but in some cases estimates had to be made to obtain completeness. The sum arrived at for the year 1910 is £20,810,211. The difference between this amount and the total value of all the manufacture and produce (with repairs) may be termed the net value of the manufacture in a sense, and duplications on account of the articles of any one kind becoming materials operated upon for another sort would be eliminated. But to arrive at any approximate estimate as to profit £5,572,270 spent in wages ought further to be deducted, and also interest and depreciation on £16,731,359 invested in land, buildings, machinery, and plant, together with taxes, insurance, and other incidental expenses.
All the various industries for which returns were received in 1911 are given in the statement below, which thus enumerates completely the manufactories and works in operation, specifying the provincial districts in which they are situated :—
| INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufactories, Works, &c. | Number of Industries in Provincial Districts. | Total Number of Industries | |||||||||
| Auckland. | Taranaki. | Hawke's Bay. | Wellington. | Marlborough. | Nelson. | Westland. | Canterbury. | Otago. | Southland. | ||
* Excluding Government Railway Workshops | |||||||||||
| Animal food— | |||||||||||
| Meat freezing and preserving works | 8 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 41 | |
| Ham-and bacon-curing establishments | 7 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 4 | 42 | ||
| Fish curing and preserving works | 9 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 20 | |||
| Butter and cheese factories | 57 | 75 | 18 | 65 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 33 | 15 | 53 | 338 |
| Condensed-milk factories | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
| Vegetable food— | |||||||||||
| Grain-mills | 4 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 23 | 16 | 4 | 66 | ||
| Biscuit-factories | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 | ||||
| Fruit-preserving and jam-making works | 5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 22 | |||
| Sugar-boiling and confectionery works | 7 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 33 | ||
| Sugar-refining works | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Baking-powder factories | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 11 | ||||||
| Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants— | |||||||||||
| Breweries | 8 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 60 |
| Malthouses | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 28 | ||
| Colonial-wine making | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 12 | |||||
| Aerated-water factories | 28 | 6 | 7 | 35 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 15 | 13 | 4 | 124 |
| Coffee and spice works | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 12 | |||||
| Tobacco and cigarette works | 3 | 6 | 9 | ||||||||
| Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 23 | |||
| Animal matters (not otherwise classed)— | |||||||||||
| Soap and candle works | 6 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 20 | ||||
| Glue-factories | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
| Sausage-casing factories | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | ||||
| Boiling-down works | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 23 | |
| Bone-mills and other manure-works | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 10 | |||||
| Working in wood— | |||||||||||
| Cooperages | 4 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 20 | ||||
| Sawmills, sash and door factories | 118 | 17 | 29 | 123 | 22 | 64 | 38 | 53 | 23 | 47 | 534 |
| Woodware and turnery factories | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 9 | ||||||
| Vegetable produce for fodder— | |||||||||||
| Chaff-cutting establishments | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 13 | |||||
| Grass-seed-dressing establishments | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 9 | 7 | 37 | ||
| Paper-manufacture— | |||||||||||
| Paper-mills | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Paper bag and box factories | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 13 | |||||
| Gasworks | 10 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 48 |
| Electric light and supply works | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 14 | ||||
| Electric tramways | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||||||
| Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.— | |||||||||||
| Lime and cement works | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 17 | ||||
| Asphalt-works | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | |||||||
| Brick, tile, and pottery works | 17 | 3 | 10 | 24 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 8 | 10 | 94 |
| Monumental-masonry works | 4 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 26 | ||
| Glass-works | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 12 | ||||||
| Electro-plating works | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | |||||||
| Pumice-works | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Fibrous-plaster works | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 13 | ||||||
| Metals other than gold or silver— | |||||||||||
| Tinware-factories | 13 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 9 | 5 | 65 |
| Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c. | 17 | 2 | 1 | 20 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 69 | |
| Heel- and toe-plate factories | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Engineering-works* | 26 | 2 | 6 | 23 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 21 | 20 | 10 | 120 |
| Electrical-engineering works | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 15 | ||||||
| Manufactories, Works, &c. | Number of Industries in Provincial Districts. | Total Number of Industries | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland. | Taranaki. | Hawke's Bay. | Wellington. | Marlborough. | Nelson. | Westland. | Canterbury. | Otago. | Southland. | ||
* Excluding Government Printing Office. | |||||||||||
| Range-making works | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 11 | ||||||
| Spouting and ridging works | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 17 | ||
| Lead-headed-nail works | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||||||
| Wirework-factories | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 14 | |||||
| Books and publications— | |||||||||||
| Printing and book-binding offices* | 56 | 11 | 13 | 53 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 34 | 36 | 16 | 241 |
| Musical instruments— | |||||||||||
| Musical instrument factories | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | ||||||
| Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares— | |||||||||||
| Toy factories | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Picture-frame makers | 3 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 14 | ||||
| Basket and perambulator factories | 6 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 26 | ||||
| Lapidaries | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||||||||
| Equipment for sports and games— | |||||||||||
| Billiard-table works | 1 | 4 | |||||||||
| Designs, medals, type, and dies— | |||||||||||
| Rubber-stamp making | 3 | 2 | 5 | ||||||||
| Ammunition — | |||||||||||
| Ammunition-works | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Machines, tools, and implements— | |||||||||||
| Agricultural - implement factories | 1 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 19 | |||||
| Brush and broom factories | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10 | |||||
| Carriages and vehicles — | |||||||||||
| Coach building and painting works | 43 | 12 | 14 | 39 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 29 | 20 | 8 | 180 |
| Cycle-works | 4 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 17 | 2 | 71 | |
| Harness, saddlery, and leather-ware— | |||||||||||
| Saddlery and harness factories | 32 | 10 | 6 | 22 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 20 | 14 | 5 | 117 |
| Whip-thong factories | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Portmanteau-factories | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | |||||||
| Tanning, fellmongering, and wool - scouring establishments | 8 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 28 | 9 | 7 | 79 |
| Ships, boats, and their equipment— | |||||||||||
| Ship- and boat-building yards | 20 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 29 | ||||
| Block and pump factories | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Sail, tent, and oilskin factories | 7 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 34 |
| Manufactories, Works, &c. | Number of Industries in Provincial Districts. | Total Number of Industries | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland. | Taranaki. | Hawke's Bay. | Wellington. | Marlborough. | Nelson. | Westland. | Canterbury. | Otago. | Southland. | ||
* Included in Otago, 1906. | |||||||||||
| Furniture— | |||||||||||
| Furniture and cabinetmaking | 55 | 15 | 17 | 51 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 25 | 21 | 9 | 207 |
| Venetian-blind works | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Mattress-factories | 8 | 1 | 7 | 13 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 42 | ||
| Wool, rug, and mat making | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Chemicals and by-products— | |||||||||||
| Varnish-factories | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |||||||
| Ink-factories | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
| Starch-factories | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||||
| Chemical-works | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 13 | ||||||
| Hæmatite-paint works | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
| Sheep-dip works | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
| Match-factories | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
| Blacking-factories | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
| Textile fabrics— | |||||||||||
| Woollen-mills | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 11 | ||||
| Flock-mills | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
| Cleaning and dyeing works | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 14 | |||||
| Dress— | |||||||||||
| Tailoring establishments | 104 | 30 | 25 | 97 | 8 | 20 | 12 | 74 | 60 | 18 | 448 |
| Dressmaking and millinery establishments | 76 | 19 | 29 | 84 | 6 | 12 | 4 | 77 | 53 | 22 | 382 |
| Boot and shoe factories | 25 | 3 | 14 | 19 | 10 | 3 | 74 | ||||
| Clothing and waterproof factories | 16 | 1 | 23 | 14 | 14 | 1 | 69 | ||||
| Corset and belt factories | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
| Hosiery-factories | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 14 | |||||
| Umbrella-factories | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | ||||||
| Fibrous materials— | |||||||||||
| Rope and twine works | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 8 | |||||
| Bag and sack works | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Flax-mills | 14 | 2 | 38 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 81 | |
| Returns not included in above | 6 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 35 | |||
| Totals, census 1911 | 934 | 253 | 251 | 982 | 95 | 214 | 107 | 724 | 549 | 293 | 4,402 |
| Totals, census 1906 | 885 | 247 | 214 | 846 | 68 | 229 | 112 | 696 | 889 | * | 4,186 |
The principal industries returned at the census of 1911, and particulars relating thereto, are given in detail in the following table. These industries are arranged in classes according to their nature.
| DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nature of Industries. | Total Number of Industries | Number of Hands employed. | Wages paid. | Amount of Power employed (Horsepower). | Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910. | Value of all Manufacture or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.* | Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant. | ||||
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | ||||||
* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume. † For fuller particulars respecting these industries see special tables in this section and in Census volume. ‡ Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified . To this total of the cost of materials used should he added an amount estimated at £25000 to cover the cost of gas fittings, pipes, &c., purchased and sold to consumers, the proceeds from which go to make up the amount of total revenue given in next column. | |||||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | H.p. | £ | £ | £ | |||||
| Animal food— | |||||||||||
| Meat freezing and preserving works† | 41 | 3,954 | 24 | 3,978 | 444,237 | 1,161 | 445,398 | 16,531 | 6,533,363 | 7,304,676 | 1,741,170 |
| Ham- and bacon-curing establishments† | 42 | 200 | 1 | 201 | 27,016 | 39 | 27,055 | 678 | 285,354 | 371,621 | 103,266 |
| Fish curing and preserving works† | 20 | 57 | 2 | 59 | 5,660 | 73 | 5,733 | 109 | 18,207 | 29,002 | 20,724 |
| Butter and cheese factories† | 338 | 1,481 | 23 | 1,504 | 169,380 | 685 | 170,065 | 5,995 | 3,304,993 | 3,919,184 | 954,122 |
| Condensed-milk factories‡ | 2 | 34 | 22 | 56 | 40 | ||||||
| Vegetable food — | |||||||||||
| Grain-mills† | 66 | 419 | 5 | 424 | 50,774 | 210 | 50,984 | 3,624 | 1,040,762 | 1,248,001 | 407,720 |
| Biscuit-factories† | 9 | 210 | 171 | 381 | 22,356 | 7,736 | 30,092 | 448 | 98,460 | 168,122 | 89,974 |
| Fruit-preserving and jam-making works† | 22 | 164 | 125 | 289 | 12,548 | 4,179 | 16,727 | 327 | 90,248 | 135,506 | 55,461 |
| Sugar-boiling and confectionery works† | 33 | 311 | 418 | 729 | 30,794 | 16,928 | 47,722 | 403 | 143,831 | 259,498 | 141,074 |
| Sugar-refining works‡ | 1 | 338 | 338 | 1,313 | |||||||
| Baking-powder factories | 11 | 37 | 31 | 68 | 4,423 | 1,001 | 5,424 | 81 | 26,027 | 46,954 | 16,223 |
| Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants— | |||||||||||
| Breweries† | 60 | 738 | 3 | 741 | 109,465 | 79 | 109,544 | 1,378 | 304,062 | 634,759 | 499,357 |
| Malthouses | 28 | 106 | 1 | 107 | 13,727 | 50 | 13,777 | 114 | 118,395 | 152,773 | 114,170 |
| Colonial-wine making† | 12 | 20 | 20 | 1,438 | 1,438 | 10 | 2,461 | 5,498 | 17,290 | ||
| Aerated-water factories† | 121 | 537 | 33 | 570 | 61,578 | 1,359 | 62,937 | 431 | 75,501 | 250,571 | 200,965 |
| Coffee and spice works | 12 | 47 | 19 | 66 | 4,559 | 770 | 5,329 | 108 | 21,388 | 32,261 | 25,977 |
| Tobacco and cigarette works | 9 | 8 | 12 | 20 | 768 | 511 | 1,279 | 16 | 10,962 | 16,403 | 10,501 |
| Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories† | 23 | 80 | 63 | 143 | 7,436 | 2,648 | 10,084 | 102 | 38,846 | 62,726 | 34,751 |
| Animal matters (not otherwise classed)— | |||||||||||
| Soap and candle works† | 20 | 223 | 29 | 252 | 27,177 | 1,213 | 28,390 | 308 | 197,259 | 268,635 | 92,609 |
| Glue factories‡ | 2 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 50 | ||||||
| Sausage-casing factories | 13 | 174 | 174 | 19,300 | 19,300 | 39 | 37,233 | 65,278 | 13,101 | ||
| Boiling-down works† | 23 | 117 | 117 | 14,252 | 14,252 | 366 | 96,117 | 117,511 | 75,260 | ||
| Bone-mills and other manure-works | 10 | 92 | 92 | 10,991 | 10,991 | 180 | 54,663 | 80,716 | 40,175 | ||
| Working in wood— | |||||||||||
| Cooperages† | 20 | 170 | 1 | 171 | 14,841 | 150 | 14,991 | 484 | 48,517 | 73,807 | 33,881 |
| Sawmills, sash and door factories† | 534 | 6,871 | 6 | 6,877 | 774,043 | 359 | 774,402 | 19,484 | 1,253,153 | 2,699,888 | 1,806,628 |
| Woodware and turnery factories | 9 | 30 | 30 | 3,045 | 3,045 | 56 | 6,267 | 12,602 | 7,228 | ||
| Vegetable produce for fodder— | |||||||||||
| Chaffcutting establishments | 13 | 37 | 37 | 2,924 | 2,924 | 167 | 39,318 | 48,398 | 16,266 | ||
| Grass-seed-dressing establishments | 37 | 110 | 110 | 11,359 | 11,359 | 729 | 238,414 | 275,693 | 116,011 | ||
| Paper-manufacture— | |||||||||||
| Paper-mills‡ | 3 | 69 | 31 | 100 | 782 | ||||||
| Paper-bag and box factories | 13 | 100 | 140 | 240 | 10,060 | 8,152 | 18,212 | 344 | 29,345 | 62,051 | 60,915 |
| Gasworks† | 48 | 751 | 6 | 757 | 92,721 | 429 | 93,150 | §176,306 | 623,209 | 1,079,387 | |
| Electric light and supply works† | 14 | 168 | 2 | 170 | 23,735 | 734 | 24,469 | 16,780 | 22,372 | 124,951 | 404,681 |
| Nature of Industries. | Total Number of Industries | Number of Hands employed. | Wages paid. | Amount of Power employed (Horsepower). | Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910. | Value of all Manufacture or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.* | Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | ||||||
* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume. † For fuller particulars respecting these industries, see special tables in this section and in Census volume. ‡Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified. Particulars in reference to the operations of the Government Printing Office and the Government Railway Workshops are not included in the table. The total value of output at the Government Railway Workshops for the year to 31st March, 1911, was £701,175. In the Government Printing Office there were 326 male and 106 female hands employed; there were 12 electric motors and 3 steam-engines, with an aggregate horse-power of 170; 4 linotypes and 7 monotypes were in operation; and the total value of output was £83,293. Includes £782,665 permanent-way, and £249,218 cars and other vehicles. The cost of materials used in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and pottery is not given, as the actual cost of the clay operated upon (apart from the outlay for labour) is practically nil. | |||||||||||
| Electric tramways† | 5 | 1,633 | 1,633 | 221,229 | 221,229 | 106,187 | 548,842 | 1,387,635|| | |||
| Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.— | |||||||||||
| Lime and cement works† | 17 | 456 | 456 | 53,934 | 53,934 | 3,586 | 80,882 | 184,686 | 255,614 | ||
| Asphale-works | 7 | 33 | 33 | 3,666 | 3,666 | 10 | 8,921 | 16,831 | 7,044 | ||
| Brick, tile, and pottery works† | 94 | 966 | 966 | 112,328 | 112,328 | 3,039 | 235,220 | 326,290 | |||
| Monumental - masonry works | 26 | 121 | 1 | 122 | 14,823 | 52 | 14,875 | 107 | 22,126 | 47,718 | 34,221 |
| Glass-works | 12 | 84 | 84 | 8,705 | 8,705 | 59 | 11,974 | 26,327 | 15,070 | ||
| Electro-plating works | 6 | 12 | 1 | 13 | 1,514 | 104 | 1,618 | 22 | 955 | 4,885 | 6,650 |
| Pumice works‡ | 1 | 20 | 20 | 40 | |||||||
| Fibrous-plaeter works | 13 | 65 | 1 | 66 | 7,242 | 21 | 7,263 | 5 | 4,151 | 16,907 | 15,445 |
| Metals, other than gold or silver— | |||||||||||
| Tinware-factories† | 65 | 414 | 414 | 40,493 | 40,493 | 146 | 76,942 | 160,584 | 98,589 | ||
| Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.† | 69 | 1,304 | 1 | 1,305 | 137,816 | 52 | 137,868 | 1,179 | 142,861 | 374,155 | 241,381 |
| Heel- and toe-plate factories‡ | 3 | 6 | 6 | 7 | |||||||
| Engineering-works† | 120 | 2,442 | 2,442 | 260,225 | 260,225 | 3,333 | 315,371 | 751,485 | 514,809 | ||
| Electrical-engineering works | 15 | 128 | 128 | 10,543 | 10,543 | 49 | 40,015 | 69,673 | 28,576 | ||
| Range-making works | 11 | 271 | 271 | 34,156 | 34,156 | 265 | 24,730 | 82,600 | 58,542 | ||
| Spouting and ridging works | 17 | 92 | 92 | 10,290 | 10,290 | 83 | 23,769 | 44,728 | 20,541 | ||
| Lead-headed-nail works | 6 | 10 | 10 | 970 | 970 | 24 | 3,759 | 5,905 | 3,650 | ||
| Wirework-factories | 14 | 64 | 64 | 6,439 | 6,439 | 68 | 15,147 | 31,991 | 18,708 | ||
| Books and publications— | |||||||||||
| Printing and bookbinding offices† | 241 | 8,433 | 789 | 4,222 | 454,812 | 35,434 | 490,246 | 3,370 | 314,763 | 1,377,926 | 1,302,497 |
| Musical instruments— | |||||||||||
| Musical-instrument factories | 6 | 17 | 17 | 2,112 | 2,112 | 10 | 1,330 | 4,954 | 5,274 | ||
| Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares– | |||||||||||
| Toy-factories | 4 | 19 | 19 | 1,688 | 1,688 | 47 | 1,706 | 5,139 | 3,538 | ||
| Picture-frame makers | 14 | 29 | 8 | 37 | 3,170 | 475 | 3,645 | 9 | 5,024 | 14,135 | 11,132 |
| Basket and perambulator factories | 26 | 140 | 17 | 157 | 12,458 | 841 | 13,299 | 18 | 15,289 | 40,025 | 29,115 |
| Lapidaries | 4 | 6 | 6 | 576 | 576 | 10 | 158 | 1,423 | 2,747 | ||
| Equipment for sports and games— | |||||||||||
| Billiard-table works | 4 | 35 | 35 | 4,574 | 4,574 | 45 | 7,914 | 20,165 | 13,407 | ||
| Designs, medals, type, and dies— | |||||||||||
| Rubber-stamp making | 5 | 6 | 6 | 369 | 369 | 413 | 1,460 | 2,640 | |||
| Ammunition— | |||||||||||
| Ammunition-works† | 1 | 20 | 65 | 85 | 48 | ||||||
| Nature of Industries. | Total Number of Industries | Number of Hands employed. | Wages paid. | Amount of Power employed (Horsepower). | Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910. | Value of all Manufacture or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.* | Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | ||||||
* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume. † For fuller particulars respecting these industries, see special tables in this section and in Census volume. ‡ Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified. | |||||||||||
| Machines, tools, and implements— | |||||||||||
| Agricultural - implement factories† | 19 | 646 | 646 | 81,026 | 81,026 | 426 | 81,237 | 222,040 | 118,631 | ||
| Brush and broom factories | 10 | 90 | 43 | 133 | 8,860 | 1,939 | 10,799 | 139 | 17,497 | 33,303 | 18,714 |
| Carriages and vehicles— | |||||||||||
| Coach building and painting works† | 180 | 1,436 | 3 | 1,439 | 149,699 | 107 | 149,806 | 657 | 156,829 | 396,012 | 320,974 |
| Cycle-works† | 71 | 310 | 5 | 315 | 30,137 | 229 | 30,366 | 239 | 38,904 | 92,141 | 144,877 |
| Harness, saddlery, and leatherware— | |||||||||||
| Saddlery and harness factories | 117 | 541 | 53 | 594 | 59,233 | 3,249 | 62,482 | 21 | 114,993 | 220,364 | 142,974 |
| Whip-thong factories‡ | 1 | 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| Portmanteau-factories | 6 | 32 | 7 | 39 | 2,978 | 372 | 3,350 | 10,496 | 16,585 | 6,611 | |
| Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments† | 79 | 1,372 | 1,372 | 136,875 | 136,875 | 1,927 | 1,788,772 | 2,036,770 | 261,456 | ||
| Ships, boats, and their equipment— | |||||||||||
| Ship- and boat-building yards† | 29 | 589 | 589 | 69,415 | 69,415 | 292 | 37,059 | 143,019 | 74,741 | ||
| Block and pump factories‡ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Sail, tent, and oilskin factories† | 34 | 113 | 111 | 224 | 12,533 | 5,754 | 18,287 | 43 | 61,572 | 92,249 | 46,593 |
| Furniture— | |||||||||||
| Furniture- and cabinet-making factories† | 207 | 1,568 | 101 | 1,689 | 172,930 | 5,082 | 178,042 | 1,339 | 215,031 | 497,681 | 327,682 |
| Venetian-blind works | 5 | 24 | 10 | 34 | 2,377 | 411 | 2,788 | 15 | 6,942 | 11,368 | 8,589 |
| Mattress-factories | 42 | 112 | 16 | 128 | 11,680 | 742 | 12,422 | 49 | 24,886 | 46,915 | 23,978 |
| Wool-, rug-, and mat-making works | 5 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 859 | 330 | 1,189 | 11 | 1,852 | 5,267 | 3,950 |
| Chemicals and by-products— | |||||||||||
| Varnish-factories | 4 | 15 | 2 | 17 | 1,780 | 77 | 1,857 | 29 | 11,718 | 16,260 | 8,555 |
| Ink-factories‡ | 2 | 7 | 7 | 9 | |||||||
| Starch-factories‡ | 3 | 18 | 6 | 24 | 60 | ||||||
| Chemical-works | 13 | 46 | 52 | 98 | 5,880 | 1,885 | 7,765 | 62 | 31,346 | 49,866 | 36,488 |
| HaEmatite-paint works‡ | 2 | 3 | 3 | 12 | |||||||
| Sheep-dip works‡ | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | |||||||
| Match-factories‡ | 2 | 28 | 160 | 188 | 113 | ||||||
| Blacking-factories‡ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| Textile fabrics— | |||||||||||
| Woollen-mills† | 11 | 664 | 746 | 1,410 | 77,787 | 59,374 | 137,161 | 2,641 | 248,187 | 377,713 | 289,089 |
| Flock-mills‡ | 2 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 24 | ||||||
| Cleaning and dyeing work | 14 | 32 | 27 | 59 | 3,323 | 1,407 | 4,730 | 37 | 1,672 | 11,599 | 14,141 |
| Dress— | |||||||||||
| Tailoring establishments | 448 | 1,581 | 2,644 | 4,225 | 193,957 | 149,308 | 343,265 | 150 | 364,389 | 936,237 | 483,719 |
| Dressmaking and millinery establishments | 382 | 43 | 4,065 | 4,128 | 6,041 | 180,407 | 186,448 | 95 | 285,573 | 575,059 | 359,819 |
| Corset and belt factories‡ | 2 | 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| Boot and shoe factories† | 74 | 1,359 | 713 | 2,072 | 154,244 | 43,549 | 197,793 | 680 | 334,880 | 619,873 | 227,057 |
| Hosiery-factories† | 14 | 49 | 478 | 527 | 6,930 | 29,772 | 36,702 | 99 | 82,132 | 140,442 | 92,159 |
| Umbrella-factories | 5 | 16 | 45 | 61 | 1,475 | 2,276 | 3,751 | 4 | 17,581 | 22,885 | 6,768 |
| Clothing and waterproof factories† | 69 | 477 | 2,470 | 2,947 | 52,957 | 116,695 | 169,652 | 576 | 297,913 | 507,125 | 194,481 |
| Nature of Industries. | Total Number of Industries | Number of Hands employed. | Wages paid. | Amount of Power employed (Horsepower). | Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910. | Value of all Manufacture or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.* | Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males. | Females. | Total. | Males. | Females. | Total. | ||||||
* For information as to quantified manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume. † For fuller particulars respecting these industries see special tables in this section and in Census volume. ‡ Value of output, wage-, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified. Particulars in reference to the operations of the Government Printing Office and the Government Railway Workshops are not included in the tablle. NOTE.—Two or more distinct industries were carried on at soma establishments. In such cases particulars of power, hands, and plant employed, and wages paid, unless stated separately for each branch of industry, have been treated as belonging to the most important work. | |||||||||||
| Fibrous materials— | £ | £ | £ | H.p. | £ | £ | |||||
| Rope and twine works† | 8 | 190 | 190 | 20,377 | 20,377 | 1,071 | 65,020 | 104,325 | 98,342 | ||
| Bag and sack works | 4 | 9 | 36 | 45 | 674 | 1,995 | 2,669 | 36 | 39,387 | 50,871 | 12,885 |
| Flax-mills† | 81 | 1,240 | 4 | 1,244 | 143,676 | 219 | 143,895 | 2,516 | 73,835 | 284,399 | 342,638 |
| Values for industries of which less than four of any one sort were found in the returns‡ | 69,991 | 12,976 | 82,967 | 796,689 | 952,926 | 422,988 | |||||
| Returns not included in above | 35 | 128 | 79 | 207 | 12,963 | 3,244 | 16,207 | 149 | 67,608 | 107,650 | 60,458 |
| Totals census 1911 | 4,402 | 42,267 | 13,967 | 56,234 | 4,865,426 | 706,844 | 5,572,270 | 100,587 | 20,810,211 | 31,729,002 | 16,731,359 |
| Totals, census 1906 | 1,186 | 44,946 | 11,413 | 56,359 | 3,979,593 | 478,026 | 4,457,619 | 60,335 | 13,163,692 | 23,444,235 | 12,509,286 |
The succeeding statement shows the most important industries in operation in 1911, ranged in order of the values of their output for 1910, and compared with the results obtained for the years 1905, 1900, 1895, and 1890 :—
| Total Value of all Manufactures or Produce, including Repairs. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1910. | 1905. | 1900. | 1895. | 1890. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Meat freezing and preserving and boiling down works | 7,422,187 | 4,928,545 | 3,834,891 | 1,652,275 | 1,464,659 |
| Butter and cheese factories Sawmills, sash and door factories | 3,919,184 | 2,581,639 | 1,535,150 | 501,274 | 150,957 |
| 2,699,888 | 2,128,766 | 1,268,689 | 898,807 | 832,959 | |
| Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments | 2,036,770 | 1,836,310 | 1,888,107 | 1,237,252 | 1,026,349 |
| Printing establishments (not including Government Printing Office) | 1,377,926 | 1,067,827 | 704,285 | 389,124 | 354,559 |
| Grain-mills | 1,248,001 | 1,058,686 | 682,884 | 874,656 | 991,812 |
| Clothing and boot and shoe factories | 1,126,998 | 848,377 | 897,299 | 649,414 | 591,943 |
| Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c. (not including Government Railway Workshops) | 1,125,640 | 813,563 | 870,864 | 302,815 | 403,635 |
| Tailoring establishments | 936,237 | 578,416 | 301,356 | ||
| Breweries and malthouses | 787,532 | 645,637 | 659,298 | 418,830 | 380,849 |
| Gasworks | 623,209 | 386,920 | 290,567 | 199,025 | 178,947 |
| Dressmaking and millinery establishments | 575,059 | 331,268 | 312,436 | ||
| Electric tramways | 548,842 | ||||
| Furniture and cabinet-making factories | 497,681 | 328,185 | 241,024 | 85,327 | 131,314 |
| Coach building and painting factories | 396,012 | 294,818 | 216,077 | 148,969 | 139,650 |
| Woollen-mills | 377,713 | 397,348 | 359,382 | 302,423 | 279,175 |
| Ham- and bacon-curing establishments | 371,621 | 253,937 | 159,564 | 86,022 | 83,435 |
| Flax-mills | 284,399 | 557,808 | 203,492 | 32,546 | 234,266 |
| Grass-seed-dressing establishments | 275,693 | 270,028 | 241,239 | ||
| Soap and candle works | 268,635 | 178,556 | 158,649 | 152,298 | 155,714 |
| Sugar-boiling and confectionery work | 259,498 | 138,635 | 88,580 | 33,235 | 17,248 |
| Aerated-water factories | 250,571 | 189,561 | 151,811 | 98,609 | 91,691 |
| Brick, tile, and pottery works | 235,220 | 216,550 | 122,230 | 66,140 | 56,830 |
| Agricultural-implement factories | 222,040 | 199,741 | 138,094 | 102,054 | 144,472 |
| Saddlery and harness factories | 220,364 | 140,813 | 147,626 | 63,735 | 37,347 |
| Lime and cement works | 184,686 | 107,675 | 45,142 | 15,881 | 19,416 |
| Biscuit-factories | 168,122 | 225,476 | 197,989 | 118,979 | 127,147 |
| Tinware-factories | 160,584 | 127,150 | 98,587 | 63,723 | 14,297 |
| Ship- and boat-building yards | 143,019 | 66,572 | 45,811 | 25,233 | 35,847 |
| Hosiery-factories | 140,442 | 67,588 | 31,265 | 9,357 | 5,650 |
| Total Value of all Manufactures or Produce, including Repairs. | |||||
| 1910. | 1905. | 1900. | 1895 | 1890. | |
| Fruit-preserving and jam-making | 135,506 | 98,032 | 58,092 | 36,108 | 27,255 |
| Electric light and supply | 124,951 | 82,030 | 23,234 | ||
| Rope and twine works | 104,325 | 100,753 | 87,863 | 52,400 | 76,711 |
| Sail, tent, and oilskin factories | 92,249 | 45,321 | 44,854 | 30,166 | 31,083 |
| Cycle-works | 92,141 | 75,991 | 65,047 | 18,817 | 5,655 |
| Range-making works | 82,600 | 64,271 | 53,307 | ||
| Bone-mills and other manure-works | 80,716 | 66,558 | 40,298 | 12,246 | 4,628 |
| Cooperages | 73,807 | 38,124 | 37,521 | 19,233 | 11,540 |
| Sausage casing factories | 65,278 | 37,045 | 30,674 | 13,472 | 10,582 |
| Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories | 62,726 | 56,326 | 38,082 | 13,417 | 6,407 |
| Paper bag and box factories | 62,051 | 11,941 | 14,217 | 7,698 | 4,497 |
| Bag and sack factories | 50,871 | ||||
| Chemical-works | 49,866 | 95,390 | 64,834 | 75,320 | 41,568 |
| Chaffcutting establishments | 48,398 | 139,060 | 169,313 | 78,497 | 63,236 |
| Monumental - masonry works | 47,718 | 35,993 | 22,313 | ||
| Baking powder factories | 46,954 | 16,352 | 18,163 | 10,153 | 5,637 |
| Mattress-factories | 46,915 | 17,892 | 16,296 | 1,850 | |
| Spouting and ridging works | 44,728 | 73,756 | 112,691 | 23,762 | 33,140 |
| Basket and perambulator factories | 40,02 | 34,103 | 17,942 | 11,920 | 7,381 |
| Brush and broom factories | 33,303 | 36,345 | 21,131 | 23,363 | 13,340 |
| Coffee and spice works | 32,261 | 60,758 | 45,628 | 74,339 | 64,024 |
| Wirework-factories | 31,991 | ||||
| Fish curing and preserving works | 29,002 | 28,109 | 25,173 | 10,292 | 19,537 |
| Glass-works | 26,327 | 5,123 | |||
| Umbrella-factories | 22,885 | ||||
| Billiard table factories | 20,165 | 10,417 | |||
| Fibrous-plaster works | 16,907 | ||||
| Asphalt-works | 16,831 | ||||
| Portmanteau-factories | 16,585 | 12,064 | 5,483 | 2,889 | |
| Tobacco and cigarette works | 16,403 | ||||
| Varnish-factories | 16,260 | 6,732 | 6,850 | ||
| Picture-frame making | 14,135 | 16,296 | 5,771 | ||
| Wood ware and turnery factories | 12,602 | 110,225 | 37,552 | 18,276 | 9,050 |
| Cleaning and dyeing works | 11,599 | 10,332 | 7,855 | 7,530 | 13,667 |
The order of the principal industries, ranged according to the number of hands employed, is as follows:—
| Number of Hands. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1911. | 1906. | 1901. | 1896. | |
| Sawmills, sash and door factories | 6,877 | 9,111 | 6,812 | 4,059 |
| Clothing and boot and shoe factories | 5,019 | 4,357 | 5,439 | 4,500 |
| Tailoring establishments | 4,225 | 2,997 | 1,621 | |
| Printing and bookbinding establishments (excluding Government Printing Office) | 4,222 | 3,898 | 3,134 | 2,351 |
| Dressmaking and millinery establishments | 4,128 | 3,039 | 2,888 | |
| Meat freezing, preserving, and boiling-down works | 4,095 | 3,260 | 2,282 | 2,037 |
| Iron and brass foundries, machinists, &c. (excluding Government Railway Workshops) | 3,747 | 3,706 | 3,397 | 1,642 |
| Furniture- and cabinet-making works | 1,689 | 1,528 | 1,310 | 496 |
| Electric tramways | 1,633 | |||
| Butter and cheese factories | 1,504 | 1,484 | 1,188 | 576 |
| Coach building and painting works | 1,439 | 1,465 | 1,185 | 807 |
| Woollen-mills | 1,410 | 1,549 | 1,693 | 1,416 |
| Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments | 1,372 | 1,336 | 1,963 | 1,629 |
| Flax-mills | 1,244 | 4,076 | 1,698 | 647 |
| Brick, tile, and pottery works | 966 | 1,254 | 838 | 455 |
| Breweries and malthouses | 848 | 821 | 827 | 560 |
| Gasworks | 757 | 954 | 572 | 295 |
| Sugar-boiling and confectionery works | 729 | 571 | 305 | 69 |
| Agricultural-implement factories | 646 | 793 | 586 | 581 |
| Saddlery and harness factories | 594 | 544 | 652 | 266 |
| Ship- and boat-building yards | 589 | 237 | 211 | 108 |
| Aerated-water factories | 570 | 586 | 452 | 347 |
| Hosiery-factories | 527 | 374 | 282 | 133 |
| Lime and cement works | 456 | 280 | 184 | 79 |
| Grain-mills | 424 | 540 | 515 | 419 |
| Tinware-factories | 414 | 473 | 337 | 289 |
| Biscuit-factories | 381 | 587 | 667 | 425 |
| Sugar-refining works | 338 | 228 | 256 | 160 |
| Cycle-works | 315 | 452 | 395 | 125 |
| Fruit-preserving and jam-making works | 289 | 311 | 172 | 193 |
| Range-making works | 271 | 230 | 193 | |
| Soap and candle works | 252 | 238 | 232 | 190 |
| Paper bag and box factories | 240 | 100 | 81 | 86 |
| Sail, tent, and oilskin factories | 224 | 163 | 231 | 143 |
| Ham- and bacon-curing establishments | 201 | 224 | 196 | 123 |
| Rope and twine works | 190 | 195 | 192 | 150 |
| Match-factories | 188 | 206 | 183 | 121 |
| Sausage-casing factories | 174 | 151 | 98 | 56 |
| Cooperages | 171 | 116 | 138 | 76 |
| Electric light and supply works | 170 | 118 | 52 | |
| Basket and perambulator factories | 157 | 148 | 118 | 76 |
| Sauce and pickle factories | 143 | 219 | 151 | 74 |
| Brush and broom factories | 133 | 154 | 128 | 92 |
| Mattress-factories | 128 | 53 | 55 | 15 |
| Grass-seed-dressing establishments | 110 | 92 | 60 | 7 |
| Paper-mills | 100 | 116 | 98 | 84 |
| Chemical-works | 98 | 178 | 95 | 114 |
| Bone-mills and other manure-works | 92 | 216 | 47 | 46 |
| Spouting and ridging works | 92 | 159 | 261 | 90 |
| Ammunition-works | 85 | 130 | 105 | 90 |
| Glass-works | 84 | 14 | 9 | 6 |
| Baking-powder factories | 68 | 25 | 29 | 19 |
| Coffee and spice works | 66 | 120 | 78 | 119 |
| Fibrous-plaster works | 66 | |||
| Wirework-factories | 64 | |||
| Umbrella-factories | 61 | |||
| Cleaning and dyeing works | 59 | 46 | 51 | 58 |
| Fish curing and preserving works | 59 | 106 | 137 | 75 |
| Condensed-milk factories | 56 | 58 | 33 | 10 |
| Bag and sack factories | 45 | 36 | 6 | 22 |
| Portmanteau-factories | 39 | 4 | 22 | 13 |
| Chaffcutting establishments | 37 | 197 | 266 | 212 |
| Picture-frame makers | 37 | 34 | 22 | |
| Billiard-table factories | 35 | 25 | 7 | 2 |
| Venetian-blind works | 34 | 35 | 51 | 45 |
| Woodware and turnery factories | 30 | 304 | 156 | 81 |
| Starch-manufactories | 24 | 25 | 32 | 27 |
| Colonial-wine making | 20 | 51 | 59 | 53 |
| Tobacco and cigarette works | 20 | 13 | 38 | 19 |
| Pumice-works | 20 | 12 | 28 | 20 |
The following table showing for provincial districts the number of engines, &c., driven by the various kinds of motive power will be of interest. When compared with previous censuses a very large increase is apparent in the figures for electricity.
| TABLE SHOWING MOTIVE POWER EMPLOYED IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provincial District. | Number of Works. | Motive Power employed : Number of Engines, &c., driven by | Amount of Horse-power. | |||||||
| Steam. | Water. | Gas. | Oil | Horse. | Hand. | Electricity. | Total. | |||
| NOTE.—In 1905 wind was used as the motive power in two cases; in 1900 one case, and in 1895 seven cases. | ||||||||||
| Auckland | 934 | 497 | 16 | 219 | 62 | 17 | 189 | 1,000 | 23,398 | |
| Taranaki | 253 | 167 | 67 | 29 | 32 | 3 | 49 | 347 | 3,677 | |
| Hawke's Bay | 251 | 111 | 5 | 72 | 22 | 2 | 7 | 23 | 242 | 3,891 |
| Wellington | 982 | 470 | 13 | 205 | 46 | 14 | 303 | 1,051 | 27,547 | |
| Marlborough | 95 | 69 | 3 | 15 | 7 | 4 | 98 | 1,577 | ||
| Nelson | 214 | 110 | 14 | 36 | 11 | 6 | 177 | 2,293 | ||
| Westland | 107 | 100 | 11 | 27 | 1 | 3 | 142 | 3,176 | ||
| Canterbury | 724 | 267 | 41 | 145 | 20 | 1 | 3 | 338 | 815 | 16,719 |
| Otago | 549 | 231 | 48 | 81 | 15 | 9 | 239 | 623 | 11,400 | |
| Southland | 293 | 199 | 12 | 43 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 287 | 6,909 |
| 4,402 | 2,221 | 230 | 872 | 231 | 4 | 61 | 1,163 | 4,782 | 100,587 | |
| Industries not included in 1896, 1901, and 1906 | 883 | 3 | 1 | 19 | 20 | 79 | 102 | 628 | ||
| Totals for 1910 (net) | 3,519 | 2,218 | 229 | 853 | 231 | 4 | 61 | 1,084 | 4,680 | 99,959 |
| Totals for 1905 | 3,495 | 1,372 | 197 | 452 | 97 | 19 | 99 | 55 | 2,293 | 60,278 |
| Totals for 1900 | 3,163 | 1,359 | 216 | 400 | 31 | 72 | 15 | 2,094 | 39,052 | |
| Totals for 1895 | 2,459 | 1,201 | 236 | 179 | 6 | 93 | 1 | 1,723 | 28,096 | |
The next table shows, according to industries, the numbers of works established during each of the last six years, and for various periods of years prior to 1905. Five electric tramways are excluded from the table.
| TABLE SHOWING AGES OF INDUSTRIES. | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industry. | Number established in | ||||||||||||||
| Prior to 1860. | 1860–9. | 1870–9. | 1880–9. | 1890–4 | 1895–9. | 1900–4. | 1905. | 1906. | 1907. | 1908. | 1909. | 1910. | Not stated. | Total. | |
| Meat-freezing | 1 | 1 | 13 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 41 | ||
| Bacon-curing | 3 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 42 | |||
| Fish-curing | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 20 | |||||
| Butter and cheese | 4 | 24 | 46 | 57 | 57 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 15 | 30 | 37 | 23 | 338 | ||
| Condensed milk | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Grain-mills | 4 | 5 | 14 | 16 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 66 | |||
| Biscuits | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 9 | ||||||||||
| Fruit-preserving | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 22 | |||
| Confectionery | 1 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 33 | |
| Sugar-refining | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Baking-powder | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 11 | ||||||||
| Brewing | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 60 | |
| Malting | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 28 | |||||
| Colonial wine | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 12 | ||||||||
| Aerated waters | 14 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 9 | 20 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 124 | |
| Coffee and spice | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 12 | ||||||||
| Tobacco and cigarettes | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | |||||||
| Sauce, pickle, &c. | 2 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 23 | ||||||
| Soap and candle | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20 | |||||
| Glue | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Sausage-casings | 1 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 13 | |||||||||
| Boiling-down | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 23 | ||||
| Bone-mills | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||
| Cooperages | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 20 | ||||||
| Sawmilling | 5 | 8 | 25 | 42 | 40 | 57 | 79 | 32 | 25 | 51 | 47 | 36 | 31 | 50 | 534 |
| Woodware and turnery | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 9 | ||||||||||
| Chaffcutting | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | |||||
| Grass-seed dressing | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 37 | ||
| Paper-mills | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||
| Paper bag and box | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 13 | ||||||
| Gasworks | 5 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 48 | |||
| Electric light and supply | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 14 | |||||||
| Lime and cement works | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 17 | |||||
| Asphalt-works | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | ||||||||
| Brick, tile, and pottery | 8 | 4 | 12 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 18 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 94 | |
| Monumental masonry | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 26 | ||||
| Glass-works | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 12 | |||||
| Electro-plating | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 6 | ||||||||||
| Pumice-works | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Fibrous-plaster | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 13 | |||||
| Tinware-factories | 4 | 9 | 12 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 65 | |
| Iron and brass foundries | 1 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 69 |
| Heel and toe plates | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||||||||
| Engineering-works | 2 | 9 | 17 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 120 |
| Electrical engineering | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 15 | ||||
| Range-making | 6 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 11 | ||||||||||
| Spouting and ridging | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 17 | ||||||
| Lead-headed nails | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6 | |||||||||||
| Wire-working | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 14 | ||||||||
| Printing | 9 | 33 | 38 | 30 | 27 | 28 | 22 | 5 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 17 | 241 |
| Musical instruments | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||||||||
| Toy-factories | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||
| Picture-framers | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 14 | |||||
| Basket and perambulator | 2 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 26 | |||||
| Lapidaries | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||
| Billiard-tables | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |||||||||||
| Rubber-stamps | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||||||||||
| Ammunition | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Agricultural implements | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 19 | ||||||
| Brush and broom | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 10 | |||||||||
| Coachbuilding | 3 | 9 | 30 | 39 | 22 | 11 | 21 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 14 | 180 |
| Cycle-works | 2 | 6 | 13 | 16 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 71 | |||
| Saddlery and harness | 1 | 7 | 7 | 34 | 8 | 15 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 18 | 117 |
| Whip-thong factories | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Portmanteau | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | |||||||||
| Tanning and fellmongering | 4 | 5 | 23 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 79 | |
| Ship and boat building | 1 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 29 | ||||
| Block and pump | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Sail, tent, and oilskin | 2 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 34 | ||||
| Furniture and cabinet-making | 1 | 8 | 8 | 18 | 24 | 19 | 38 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 16 | 9 | 26 | 207 |
| Venetian-blinds | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||||
| Mattress-factories | 2 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 42 | |
| Wool, rug, and mat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | |||||||||
| Varnish-factories | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | |||||||||||
| Ink-factories | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Starch | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||||
| Chemical-works | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | ||||||
| HaEmatite paint | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Sheep-dip | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Match-factories | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Blacking | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 | |||||||||
| Flock-mills | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Cleaning and dyeing | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14 | |||||
| Tailoring | 8 | 10 | 22 | 45 | 41 | 41 | 77 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 18 | 35 | 38 | 20 | 448 |
| Dressmaking | 4 | 13 | 18 | 38 | 29 | 18 | 70 | 17 | 16 | 24 | 24 | 28 | 44 | 30 | 382 |
| Corset and Belt | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Boot and shoe | 4 | 14 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 74 | ||
| Hosiery-factories | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 14 | |||||||
| Umbrella-factories | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||||||||||
| Clothing and waterproof | 4 | 13 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 69 | ||
| Bope and twine | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | |||||||||
| Bag and Sack | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||
| Flax-mills | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 23 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 81 | |
| Miscellaneous | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 35 | |
| Totals | 62 | 223 | 369 | 559 | 440 | 424 | 670 | 182 | 200 | 214 | 194 | 218 | 245 | 397 | 4,397 |
The two following tables give information as to capital of (1) private registered companies and (2) public registered companies :—
| TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL OF PRIVATE REGISTERED COMPANIES. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Capital is included in figures given for furniture-factories. | |||||
| Industry. | Number of Private Companies. | (a.) Amount of Subscribed Capital, including all Classes of Shares. | (b.) Amount of Paid-up Capital. | (c.) Amount of Loan-capital—i.e., Debentures and Fixed Loans. | (d.) Amount of Paid-up Shares issued to Vendors included in (b)). |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||
| Meat-freezing | 4 | 44,211 | 34,682 | 15,156 | |
| Ham and bacon caring | 4 | 73,055 | 59,501 | 1,809 | |
| Butter and cheese factories | 8 | 18,731 | 10,069 | 4,242 | 5,141 |
| Grain-mills | 13 | 172,000 | 156,560 | 4,951 | 57,300 |
| Biscuit-factories | |||||
| Fruit-preserving | |||||
| Sugar-boiling and confectionery | |||||
| Breweries | 6 | 100,850 | 100,350 | 49,850 | |
| Malthouses | |||||
| Aerated-water factories | 7 | 31,600 | 29,600 | 500 | 13,418 |
| Coffee and spice works | 5 | 14,792 | 14,792 | 750 | 4,000 |
| Sauce, pickle, and vinegar works | 8 | 97,000 | 96,000 | 1,600 | 5,000 |
| Soap and candle works | 5 | 44,000 | 30,250 | 1,500 | 14,000 |
| Boiling-down works | |||||
| Sawmilling | 73 | 436,722 | 355,629 | 104,722 | 97,241 |
| Grass-seed dressing | 10 | 12,500 | 12,095 | 405 | |
| Paper bag and box making | |||||
| Gasworks | |||||
| Electric light and supply | |||||
| Lime and cement works | 4 | 4,975 | 4,975 | 445 | |
| Brick, tile, and pottery works | 9 | 62,000 | 51,900 | 1,800 | 600 |
| Glass-works | 4 | 2,350 | 2,350 | ||
| Iron and brass foundries | 15 | 98,424 | 97,949 | 6,032 | 58,400 |
| Engineering-works | 16 | 263,787 | 257,787 | 21,275 | 59,300 |
| Electrical engineering | 5 | 10,370 | 10,370 | 3,000 | |
| Printing-works | 37 | 389,858 | 309,679 | 45,376 | 135,650 |
| Agricultural-implement works | 5 | 47,500 | 45,625 | 15,000 | 3,000 |
| Coachbuilding | 4 | 17,300 | 14,728 | 8,577 | |
| Cycle-works | 6 | 60,930 | 58,545 | 14,216 | 45,070 |
| Saddlery and harness works | 5 | 60,000 | 51,734 | 1,443 | 8,004 |
| Tanneries and fellmongery works | 11 | 54,521 | 52,208 | 1,500 | 19,003 |
| Ship and boat building | |||||
| Sail, tent, and oilskin making | |||||
| Furniture factories | 13 | 66,617 | 61,967 | 6,950 | |
| Mattress-making* | 6 | ||||
| Woollen-mills | |||||
| Tailoring establishments | 15 | 22,350 | 13,768 | 3,000 | |
| Dressmaking and millinery | 39 | 26,030 | 23,730 | 1,500 | 7,650 |
| Boot and shoe factories | 6 | 121,396 | 100,100 | 7,590 | |
| Hosiery-factories | |||||
| Clothing and waterproof factories | 12 | 43,365 | 41,865 | 1,300 | |
| Flax-milling | 10 | 121,550 | 114,511 | 14,181 | 45,560 |
| Industries not included above | 5 | 10,085 | 11,500 | 8,015 | |
| Industries, less than four of one kind | 63 | 421,896 | 381,616 | 60,282 | 139,021 |
| Totals | 433 | 2,950,765 | 2,606,435 | 326,275 | 798,050 |
| TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL OF PUBLIC REGISTERED COMPANIES. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industry. | Number of Public Companies. | (a.) Amount of Subscribed Capital, including all Classes of Shares. | (b.) Amount of Paid-up Capital. | (c.) Amount of Loan-capital—i.e., Debentures and Fixed Loans. | (d.) Amount of Paid-up Shares issued to Vendors (included in (b)). |
* Capital in some cases is included in the figures given for meat-freezing and boiling-down. † Capital is included in figures given for woollen-mills. | |||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||
| Meat-freezing | 29 | 1,664,983 | 1,336,818 | 233,999 | 58,000 |
| Ham and bacon curing | 4 | 17,427 | 13,212 | 2,059 | 870 |
| Butter and cheese factories | 110 | 898,627 | 625,273 | 160,372 | 36,517 |
| Grain-mills | 8 | 167,587 | 144,876 | 13,750 | 47,507 |
| Biscuit-factories | 5 | 63,008 | 63,008 | 22,250 | 10,000 |
| Fruit-preserving | 6 | 119,167 | 111,016 | 2,750 | |
| Sugar-boiling and confectionery | 5 | 41,917 | 41,917 | 24,084 | |
| Breweries | 15 | 925,052 | 838,782 | 240,784 | 427,675 |
| Malthouses | 14 | 136,500 | 130,000 | 5,050 | 12,300 |
| Aerated-water factories | 14 | 45,300 | 25,408 | 12,896 | 4,000 |
| Coffee and spice works | |||||
| Sauce, pickle, and vinegar works | |||||
| Soap and candle works | 4 | 115,000 | 88,585 | 4,000 | |
| Boiling-down works | 6 | 43,382 | 42,141 | 1,000 | |
| Sawmilling | 50 | 2,212,600 | 1,935,843 | 179,108 | 588,609 |
| Grass-seed dressing | 10 | 559,000 | 259,000 | ||
| Paper bag and box making | 4 | 34,500 | 34,500 | 1,200 | 3,500 |
| Gasworks | 22 | 1,144,423 | 837,421 | 162,175 | 14,100 |
| Electric light and supply | 5 | 33,025 | 33,025 | 24,000 | 5,300 |
| Lime and cement works | |||||
| Brick, tile, and pottery works | 12 | 158,977 | 146,707 | 32,840 | 74,562 |
| Glass-works | |||||
| Iron and brass foundries | 10 | 55,635 | 55,635 | 3,458 | 28,835 |
| Engineering-works | 25 | 197,080 | 187,919 | 20,900 | 68,300 |
| Electrical engineering | |||||
| Printing-works | 36 | 703,735 | 591,715 | 69,628 | 38,920 |
| Agricultural-implement works | 7 | 122,623 | 108,967 | 6,955 | 30,999 |
| Coachbuilding | 6 | 107,054 | 77,208 | 6,000 | 28,927 |
| Cycle-works | |||||
| Saddlery and harness works | 6 | 78,000 | 73,500 | 18,000 | 12,000 |
| Tanneries and fellmongery works* | 10 | 90,000 | 80,000 | 11,500 | 60,000 |
| Ship and boat building | 4 | 32,000 | 32,000 | ||
| Sail, tent, and oilskin making | 4 | 3,811 | 3,811 | 1,000 | |
| Furniture-factories | 10 | 35,149 | 35,904 | 1,880 | 6,500 |
| Mattress-making | |||||
| Woollen-mills | 7 | 1,169,511 | 1,076,868 | 79,350 | |
| Tailoring establishments | 8 | 46,000 | 38,500 | 17,950 | |
| Dressmaking and millinery | 19 | 38,200 | 38,200 | 7,000 | 12,100 |
| Boot and shoe factories | 4 | 59,168 | 58,302 | 506 | |
| Hosiery-factories† | 5 | ||||
| Clothing and waterproof factories | 8 | 15,382 | 15,382 | 2,000 | |
| Flax-milling | |||||
| Industries not included above | 6 | 95,375 | 95,375 | 3,500 | |
| Industries, less than four of one kind | 68 | 1,265,897 | 1,224,874 | 387,632 | 187,815 |
| Totals | 566 | 12,497,095 | 10,501,692 | 1,738,126 | 1,778,786 |
Of the total number of works (4,402) in operation at the census of 1911, 2,076 were under individual ownership. Public registered companies owned only 566 of the works, or 12.86 per cent. of the whole, but the value of the manufactures or products of these 566 amounted to £15,635,535, or 49.28 per. cent. of the total output. A summary is given showing figures for the various works as classified according to character of organization.
| TABLE SHOWING CHARACTER OF ORGANIZATION OF MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character of Organization. | Number of Works. | Hands employed. | Power. | Cost of Materials used or operated upon. | Value of Manufactures or Products. | ||
| Number. | Wages. | Number using. | Horsepower. | ||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
| Individual | 2,076 | 13,654 | 1,164,137 | 973 | 12,444 | 2,292,634 | 4,498,825 |
| Firm or limited partnership | 1,126 | 11,497 | 1,141,979 | 747 | 15,933 | 2,562,074 | 4,706,066 |
| Public registered company | 566 | 19,480 | 2,059,360 | 474 | 40,995 | 11,697,405 | 15,635,535 |
| Private registered company | 433 | 9,118 | 905,238 | 332 | 12,104 | 2,281,193 | 4,062,757 |
| Co-operative and miscellaneous | 201 | 2,485 | 301,556 | 154 | 19,111 | 1,976,905 | 2,825,819 |
| Totals | 4,402 | 56,234 | 5,572,270 | 2,680 | 100,587 | 20,810,211 | 31,729,002 |
The establishments increased from 48 in 1901 to 56 in 1906, and the hands employed from 2,282 to 3,260; while in 1911 the number of works was returned as 64, employing 4,095 hands. The value of output for 1910 greatly exceeds that for 1905, showing £2,493,642 increase, the figures being £7,422,187 against £4,928,545. Of the total value for 1910 (£7,422,187), sheep and lambs frozen were valued at £3,598,251, excluding legs of mutton. The number of carcases of sheep frozen in 1910 was more than in 1905 by 644,197, and carcases of lambs frozen increased by 1,599,792. Frozen beef increased at a great rate between 1905 and 1910, as regards both weight and value. The freezing of butter and other produce which developed very greatly between 1900 and 1905, shows (except in the case of rabbits) a decrease between 1905 and 1910, the figures for the respective years being £1,728,468 and £1,537,248.
The table below shows that while some items of the output decreased there has been considerable advance made on the operations taken as a whole.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 56 | 64 | |
| Number hands employed | 3,260 | 4,095 | |
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 283,916 | 459,650 |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 9,625 | 16,897 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 126,174 | 196,327 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 732,802 | 845,159 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 644,631 | 774,944 |
| Output for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frozen sheep— | |||
| Carcases | No. | 1,355,934 | 2,000,131 |
| Value | £ | 1,023,385 | 1,337,407 |
| Frozen lambs— | |||
| Carcases | No. | 2,258,211 | 3,858,003 |
| Value | £ | 1,407,761 | 2,260,844 |
| Frozen logs of mutton— | |||
| Quantity | Cwt. | 15,598 | 41,452 |
| Value | £ | 23,210 | 49,807 |
| Frozen beef— | |||
| Quantity | Cwt. | 160,133 | 461,858 |
| Value | £ | 114,988 | 520,734 |
| Frozen rabbits— | |||
| Quantity | No. | 2,632,874 | 2,830,076 |
| Value | £ | 60,329 | 60,523 |
| Frozen produce (butter and all other)— | |||
| Value | £ | 1,728,468 | 1,537,248 |
| Preserved meats— | |||
| Quantity | Cwt. | 44,453 | 52,527 |
| Value | £ | 88,719 | 140,610 |
| Tallow— | |||
| Quantity | Tons | 13,910 | 19,267 |
| Value | £ | 316,532 | 561,261 |
| Bonedust— | |||
| Quantity | Tons | 0 | 6,356 |
| Value | £ | 28,859 | 39,174 |
| Output for Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Other manures— | |||
| Quantity | Ton | 6,410 | 4,845 |
| Value | £ | 28,349 | 31,473 |
| Neatsfoot and trotter oil— | |||
| Quantity | Gal. | 32,938 | 44,804 |
| Value | £ | 3,879 | 4,420 |
| Bones, horns, hoofs, — | |||
| Quantity | Tons | 240 | 44 |
| Value | £ | 1,276 | 1,277 |
| Other products—Value | £ | 62,790 | 877,729 |
| Total value of output | £ | 4,928,545 | 7,422,187 |
These were 42 in number, employing 201 hands, against 52 with 224 hands in 1905. There is a steady in crease observed in the value of the output, the figures being £86,022 for 1895, £159,564 for 1900, £253,937 for 1905, and £371,621 for 1910. The business done in hams and bacon in 1910 amounted to 132,007 cwt., besides which there was a large output of lard (370,533 lb.).
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 52 | 42 | |
| Number hands employed | 224 | 201 | |
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 22,222 | 27,055 |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 532 | 678 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 21,098 | 18,342 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 35,130 | 51,814 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 22,738 | 33,110 |
| Value of material used | £ | 186,375 | 285,354 |
| Output for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hams and bacon—Quantity | Cwt. | 67,822 | 132,007 |
| Lard—Quantity | lb. | 364,896 | 370,533 |
| Total value of output | £ | 253,937 | 371,621 |
There was a considerable increase shown in the value of fish cured and tinned in 1910 as compared with 1905. The figures for 1905 were £11,859 for fish cured, and £2,736 for fish tinned, and the corresponding totals for 1910 were £22,599 and £5,929 respectively. The value of other products decreased from £13,514 to £474, but the total value of all products of the establishments rose from £28,109 to £29,002.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Approximate value of land | £ | 5,555 | 6,017 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 7,155 | 7,069 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 7,662 | 7,638 |
| Output for Years | 1905. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fish cured—value | £ | 11,859 | 22,599 |
| Fish tinned—Value | £ | 2,736 | 5,929 |
| Value of other products | £ | 13,514 | 474 |
| Total value of output | £ | 28,109 | 29,002 |
Comparison of the results shown by the returns collected at the census of 1906 with that of 1901 showed great development, and a similar development between 1905 and 1910 is shown by the census of 1911. Not only did the number of factories increase from 264 to 338 during the five years, but the value of the output in 1910 rose to £1,337,545 over the amount for 1905. The figures are £2,581,639 for 1905, and £3,919,184 for 1910.
The produce of factory-made butter for 1905 was set down at 462,666 cwt., and for 1910 at 541,851 cwt., while cheese made increased from 150,061 cwt. to 474,111 cwt. in the same period.
By far the greater number of butter and cheese factories are in the North Island, the number having been 215 (out of a total of 338) which turned out 467,753 cwt. of butter and 315,460 cwt. of cheese in the year 1910, leaving 74,098 cwt. of butter and 158,651 cwt. of cheese as the output for the South Island. Taranaki is the provincial district in which the operations are by far the largest, 142,913 cwt. of butter and 197,690 cwt. of cheese being the result of the factory operations. Wellington factories show for 1910 a total of 111,158 cwt. of butter and 74,568 cwt. of cheese. Otago makes more cheese (127,411 cwt.) in her factories than any other district with the exception of Taranaki, while Auckland, which makes little cheese, heads the list of provinces for output of butter.
The money invested for purposes of this industry in land, buildings, machinery, and plant has largely increased. Full particulars are given in the subjoined table :—
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of factories | 264 | 338 | |
| Number hands employed | 1,484 | 1,504 | |
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 131,123 | 170,065 |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 3,759 | 5,995 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 56,008 | 110,360 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 215,178 | 381,308 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 345,080 | 462,454 |
| Produce for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Butter— | |||
| Quantity | Cwt. | 462,666 | 541,851 |
| Value | £ | 2,195,681 | 2,685,103 |
| Cheese— | |||
| Quantity | Cwt. | 150,061 | 474,111 |
| Value | £ | 362,684 | 1,199,677 |
| Other Produce— | |||
| Value | £ | 23,274 | 34,404 |
| Total value of all produce | £ | 2,581,639 | 3,919,184 |
The result of the inquiry regarding this industry is to show that so far as it relates to number of mills and hands employed there has been a decrease during the past five years. There has, however, been an increase as regards value of materials operated on, and of output.
The flour produced in 1905 was given as 95,528 tons, against which 105,939 tons were produced in 1910. The value of the output of all kinds, which includes meal, was returned for 1905 as £1,058,686, and for 1910 as £1,248,001.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of mills | 77 | 66 | |
| Number hands employed | 540 | 424 | |
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 57,335 | 50,984 |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 3,188 | 3,624 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 71,870 | 81,513 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 160,799 | 153,668 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 178,889 | 172,539 |
| Grain operated on in | 1905. | 1910. | |
| Wheat—Quantity | Bush. | 4,352,544 | 5,165,763 |
| Total grain—Value | £ | 835,477 | 1,040,762 |
| Produce for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
| Flour | Tons | 95,528 | 105,939 |
| Oatmeal | Tons | 7,247 | 6,758 |
| Other products—Value | £ | 144,188 | 192,502 |
| Total value of output | £ | 1,058,686 | 1,248,001 |
A comparison of hands employed in the year 1910 with those in 1905 shows 381 against 587, a decrease of 206. The male hands decreased by 169 and females by 37 in the five years. In biscuit-making an increase from 4,133 to 5,667 tons is shown, but the value of biscuits manufactured decreased from £178,646 to £158,253, while that of other products (chiefly confectionery) decreased from £46,830 to £9,869. The total output came to only £168,122 as against £225,476 in 1905. Confectionery included in returns of biscuit-factories is, however, only a small portion of that made in the Dominion, as will be seen from a separate table, relating to confectionery-works and sugar-boiling only, which exhibits further output valued at £259,498, and 729 hands employed, for the year 1910.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 12 | 9 | |
| Number hands employed | 587 | 381 | |
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 33,881 | 30,092 |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 389 | 448 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 26,131 | 14,000 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 42,440 | 29,780 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 52,795 | 46,194 |
| Value of materials used | £ | 110,396 | 98,460 |
| Manufactures for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
| Biscuits made— | |||
| Quantity | Tons | 4,133 | 5,667 |
| Value | £ | 178,646 | 158,253 |
| Other products—Value | £ | 46,830 | 9,869 |
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 225,476 | 168,122 |
This industry is now of considerable magnitude, and gives employment to a large number of persons. There were 33 works in 1911, against 36 in 1906, a decrease of 3. The value of the manufactured articles, however, which, for the year 1905 reached the sum of £138,635, was returned for 1910 as £259,498, an increase of nearly 100 per cent. Besides the output of £259,498 for the year 1910 given in these returns, a certain amount of confectionery is included in “other products” in the biscuit-factory table. The confectionery and sugar-boiling works used 3,836 tons of sugar, valued at £55,488, during the year 1910, together with other materials valued at £88,343. The hands employed show an increase from 571 to 729, of which latter number 418 were females.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 36 | 33 | |
| Number hands employed | 571 | 729 | |
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 29,410 | 47,722 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 22,840 | 27,300 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 26,654 | 51,311 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 34,258 | 62,463 |
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
| Sugar used— | |||
| Quantity | Tons | 2,350 | 3,836 |
| Value | £ | 44,703 | 55,488 |
| Other materials used—Value | £ | 44,252 | 88,343 |
| Total value of output | £ | 138,635 | 259,498 |
The weight of fruit preserved in cans in New Zealand during 1910 was returned at 11,957 cwt., valued at £20,372, and in addition there were 3,026 dozen of bottled fruit, valued at £2,499. The total weight of fruit canned or bottled in 1905 was 5,910 cwt., valued at £9,537; so that the output has more than doubled in the five years. The manufacture of jams and jellies also increased, the figures being 46,396 cwt. in 1905 and 49,661 cwt. in 1910. The value of the total output stood at £135,506, against £98,032 five years previously. The results shown for this industry are very satisfactory, although the actual money value of the total manufacture is not so great as in the case of many industries.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 24 | 22 | |
| Number hands employed | 311 | 289 | |
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 12,203 | 16,727 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 10,828 | 11,179 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 20,021 | 23,297 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 11,468 | 20,985 |
| Manufactures for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit bottled or preserved—Value | £ | 9,537 | 22,871 | ||
| Jams and jellies made— | |||||
| Quantity | Cwt. | 46,396 | 49,661 | ||
| Value | £ | 83,520 | 88,281 | ||
| Other preserves—Value | £ | 4,975 | 24,354 | ||
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 98,032 | 135,506 | ||
The number of breweries in the Dominion shown in the census returns for 1911 was somewhat fewer than that returned five years previously, but the hands employed were more numerous and the quantity of beer manufactured considerably greater.
While in the year 1905 there were 7,634,362 gallons of beer brewed, the output for 1910 amounted to 9,582,790 gallons, being an increase of nearly 2,000,000 gallons in the five-year period. In addition, 489,972 gallons of stout, valued at £29,058, and other products of the value of £6,608 were produced in 1910. The value of the total output in 1910 amounted to £634,759, as against £572,579 in 1905.
The quantities of beer on which excise duty was paid were—for 1905, 7,796,160 gallons, and for 1910 9,399,440 gallons. These quantities are in close agreement with those returned at the corresponding censuses as manufactured.
The imported beer entered at the Customs for home consumption increased in quantity only from 218,270 gallons in 1905 to 271,594 gallons in 1910, which tends to show that the colonial-made beer has practically displaced the beer brought from abroad. The consumption of beer per head of population, which was 7.421 gallons in the year 1895, reached 9.150 in the year 1900, 9.212 in 1905, and 9.741 in 1910.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of breweries | 72 | 60 | |||
| Number hands employed | 731 | 741 | |||
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 92,308 | 109,544 | ||
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 703 | 1,378 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 82,590 | 130,932 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 156,541 | 208,543 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 95,800 | 159,882 | ||
| Beer made in | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Quantity | Gal | 7,634,362 | 9,582,790 | ||
| Value | £ | 572,579 | 599,093 | ||
The number of malthouses returned in 1911 was 28, as against 22 in 1906. The industry, though as yet not of any great dimensions, is a growing one, the output having more than doubled between 1905 and 1910, the figures for the respective years being £73,058 and £152,773. The malt produced in 1910 amounted to 509,391 bushels.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of malthouses | 22 | 28 | |
| Number hands employed | 90 | 107 | |
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 8,673 | 13,777 |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 59 | 114 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 15,618 | 21,715 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 49,050 | 67,513 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 10,139 | 24,942 |
| Value of output, 1905 and 1910 | £ | 73,058 | 152,773 |
Establishments for the manufacture of colonial wine decreased in number from 22 in 1906 to 12 in 1911. and the output of wine from 33,842 gallons in 1905 to 11,285 gallons in the year 1910. Cider-making seems to have increased slightly as regards amount, but to have decreased in value of output.
In 1905, 11,595 gallons of cider, of a value of £1,208, were produced in these establishments, while in 1910 the output was 12,200 gallons, valued at £956. A considerable quantity of cider is, however, turned out by aerated-water and cordial manufactories, for which see special table following.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 22 | 12 | |||
| Number of hands employed | 51 | 20 | |||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 13,334 | 7,315 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 7,768 | 4,490 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 3,690 | 5,485 | ||
| Manufactures for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Wine— | |||||
| Quantity | Gal. | 33,842 | 11,285 | ||
| Value | £ | 8,558 | 4,552 | ||
| Cider— | |||||
| Quantity | Gal. | 11,595 | 12,200 | ||
| Value | £ | 1,208 | 956 | ||
| Other products—Value | £ | 199 | |||
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 9,965 | 5,498 | ||
Although the output of these factories appears to have decreased as regards quantity, a considerable increase in value is shown. The value of manufactures increased from £189,561 in 1905 to £250,571 in 1910, an increase of £61,010, or at the rate of 32.18 per cent.
On the other hand, decreases in quantity of output are recorded. In 1905, 2,220,174 dozen of aerated waters, 37,945 dozen of cordials, and 106,607 dozen of hop-beer were produced, the corresponding figures for 1910 being 1,780,163 dozen, 36,399 dozen, and 95,400 dozen respectively.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 123 | 124 | |||
| Number hands employed | 580 | 570 | |||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 49,617 | 62,937 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 57,083 | 71,737 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 52,128 | 62,904 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 57,259 | 66,324 | ||
| Manufactures for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Aerated waters—Quantity | Doz. | 2,220,174 | 1,780,163 | ||
| Cordials—Quantity | Doz. | 37,945 | 36,399 | ||
| Hop-beer—Quantity | Doz. | 106,607 | 95,400 | ||
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 189,561 | 250,571 | ||
This industry employed 115 males and 104 females in 1906, the numbers for 1911 being 80 and 63 respectively. Sauces and pickles with other condiments and vinegar were manufactured to the value of £62,726 in 1910, an increase of £6,400 over the amount made five years before. The quantities of the various articles manufactured, however, show considerable decreases.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 27 | 23 | |||
| Number hands employed | 219 | 143 | |||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 11,163 | 10,084 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 14,483 | 11,176 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 22,842 | 16,995 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 7,657 | 6,580 | ||
| Manufactures for Year | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Sauces— | |||||
| Quantity | Doz. pt. | 111,982 | 67,983 | ||
| Value | £ | 23,408 | 29,613 | ||
| Pickles— | |||||
| Quantity | Doz. pt. | 46,901 | 28,364 | ||
| Value | £ | 13,090 | 20,668 | ||
| Vinegar— | |||||
| Quantity | Gal. | 130,092 | 62,301 | ||
| Value | £ | 6,473 | 8,090 | ||
| Other condiments—Value | £ | 13,295 | 4,355 | ||
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 56,326 | 62,726 | ||
The value of manufactures of all kinds at these works reached the sum of £178,556 for the year 1905, and £268,635 for 1910. The soap made in 1910 was 7,609 tons, or 1,818 tons more than that produced five years previously. The making of candles also increased, according to the returns, the output for 1910 being 3,520,205 lb., valued at £75,047, as against 1,930,544 lb., of a value of £48,385, in 1905. Additional manufactures in 1910 consisted of 1,252 tons of soda crystals, valued at £5,628, and 70 tons of glycerine, valued at £3,519.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 19 | 20 | |||
| Number hands employed | 238 | 252 | |||
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 21,853 | 28,390 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 9,447 | 16,459 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 27,533 | 44,562 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 31,586 | 31,588 | ||
| Manufactures for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Soap— | |||||
| Quantity | Tons | 5,791 | 7,609 | ||
| Value | £ | 107,012 | 149,970 | ||
| Candles— | |||||
| Quantity | lb. | 1,930,544 | 3,520,205 | ||
| Value | £ | 48,385 | 75,047 | ||
| Other manufactures—Value | £ | 23,159 | 51,802 | ||
| Total value o all manufactures | £ | 178,556 | 268,635 | ||
These numbered 20 according to the returns for 1911. The manufacture of casks would appear to have decreased slightly between the years 1905 and 1910, judging from the comparison given below. Kegs, however, went up by nearly 200 per cent., and butter-boxes by well over 100 per cent., while cheese cases and crates manufactured in 1910 numbered 184,343, against 10,645 in 1905.
The total value of the manufacture of all kinds increased by nearly 100 per cent. during the five-year period.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 22 | 20 | |||
| Number hands employed | 116 | 171 | |||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 9,503 | 14,991 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 10,283 | 9,915 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 7,200 | 9,104 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 9,253 | 14,862 | ||
| Manufactures for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Kegs | No. | 11,297 | 32,028 | ||
| Casks | No. | 37,936 | 36,859 | ||
| Butter-boxes | No. | 212,776 | 512,414 | ||
| Cheese cases and crates | No. | 10,645 | 184,343 | ||
| Other manufactures—Value | £ | 7,620 | 9,684 | ||
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 38,124 | 73,807 | ||
The great development of this industry between 1901 and 1906 has not been maintained at a similar rate during the five years preceding the census of 1911, though the value of the total output shows an increase of £571,122, the figures for 1910 being £2,699,888, as against £2,128,766 for 1905. Most of this increase, however, is due to higher prices, as there were decreases in the quantities of sawn timber and of mouldings in 1910, which are not compensated for by an increase in the quantity of flooring and skirting. The number of works increased in the quinquennium from 444 to 534, but the number of hands employed decreased by 2,234, this being due to the increased use of machinery.
The value of the output for the mills for the year 1910 was far greater in the Auckland Provincial District than in any other, the order being as follows:—
| Value of Output of Sawmills. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | |||
| Auckland | 1,194,953 | ||
| Wellington | 558,573 | ||
| Otago (including Southland, £159,044) | 230,594 | ||
| Westland | 173,670 | ||
| Canterbury | 127,761 | ||
| Hawke's Bay | 122,041 | ||
| Nelson | 103,691 | ||
| Taranaki | 94,613 | ||
| Marlborough | 93,992 |
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of mills | 444 | 534 | |||
| Number hands employed | 9,111 | 6,877 | |||
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 834,927 | 774,402 | ||
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 13,278 | 19,484 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 373,313 | 340,968 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 181,899 | 283,122 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 649,631 | 826,436 | ||
| Produce for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Sawn timber— | |||||
| Quantity | Ft. | 336,470,930 | 296,033,017 | ||
| Value | £ | 1,442,950 | 1,725,827 | ||
| Posts, rails, &c.—Value | £ | 12,297 | 56,778 | ||
| Resawing, planed, flouring, skirting, &c.— | |||||
| Quantity | Ft. | 51,588,812 | 56,770,537 | ||
| Value | £ | 517,954 | 435,986 | ||
| Moulding— | |||||
| Quantity | Ft. | 12,148,474 | 10,896,134 | ||
| Value | £ | 56,027 | 80,056 | ||
| Doors and sashes—Value | £ | 99,538 | 150,302 | ||
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 2,128,766 | 2,699,888 | ||
The operations of the gasworks in the Dominion for the year 1910 still show such expansion as must be considered highly satisfactory, and this notwithstanding the increased use of electricity in substitution for gas.
There were 38 gasworks at the time of the census of 1906. employing 954 hands, and 48 with 757 hands in 1911. The quantity of gas generated in 1910 shows a big increase on the figures for 1905, being 2,074,566,794 cubic feet, against 1,274,873,860 cubic feet. The output of coke and tar also increased during the five years, but no exact comparison of these items can be given, as in 1906 the value of “output” was returned, while the figures collected in 1911 are as regards “sales.”
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 38 | 48 | |
| Number hands employed | 954 | 757 | |
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 113,785 | 93,150 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 132,188 | 151,101 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 135,919 | 174,858 |
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 1,107,134 | 753,428 |
| Value of materials used | £ | 134,474 | 176,306 |
| Produce for Year | 1910. | ||
| Gas made—quantity | C. ft. | 2,074,566,794 | |
| Gas sold— | |||
| Quantity | C. ft. | 1,881,867,919 | |
| Value | £ | 500,299 | |
| Coke sold— | |||
| Quantity | Tons | 58,960 | |
| Value | £ | 60,718 | |
| Tar sold— | |||
| Quantity | Gal. | 1,643,765 | |
| Value | £ | 30,575 | |
| Other receipts | £ | 31,617 | |
| Total receipts | £ | 623,209 | |
| Total expenditure | £ | 494,297 | |
The number of works at the census of 1911 was 14, an increase of 1 since 1906. The hands employed increased from 118 to 170, and the amount of wages paid from £17,627 to £23,969. The units generated during 1910 aggregated 18,392,733, and the units sold 12,419,940. The total revenue for 1910 amounted to £124,951, and the total expenditure to £120,866. Certain comparisons with the previous census are given below, and other items, concerning which no comparison can be given, will be found in Appendix E of the Census volume.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 13 | 14 | |||
| Number hands employed | 118 | 170 | |||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 17,627 | 3,969 | ||
| Amount horse-power | H.p. | 6,029 | 16,780 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 48,245 | 83,032 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 51,222 | 86,983 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 223,961 | 234,666 | ||
In 1911, returns re electric tramways were collected for the first time. These show that 1,633 hands were employed, the length of lines being 146 miles, including 26 miles of double track. During 1910, 8,080,155 car-miles were run, and 82,865,450 passengers carried. The revenue for the year amounted to £548,812 and the expenditure to £491,119.
Twenty of these works, employing 280 hands, were in operation in 1906. In 1911 the number of works was only 17, but the number of hands employed had increased to 456. The value of the manufacture for 1910 was nearly double that for 1905, the figures being £184,686 and £107,675 for these years respectively. The value of land, buildings, machinery, and plant more than doubled during the five years.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 20 | 17 | |
| Number hands employed | 280 | 456 | |
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 34,249 | 53,934 |
| Amount horse-power | H.p. | 1,175 | 3,586 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 17,565 | 45,289 |
| Approximate buildings | £ | 23,539 | 43,650 |
| machinery and plant | £ | 75,642 | 166,675 |
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
| Value of materials used | £ | 36,251 | 80,882 |
| Total value of manufactures | £ | 107,675 | 184,686 |
These works employed 966 hands in 1910, against 1,254 in 1905, and the number of bricks made decreased from 69,785,911 to 62,735,239 in the quinquennium. There were also firebricks made to the number of 774,281 in 1905, and 877,028 in 1910. The value of bricks of all kinds made in 1910 was £131,594, a decrease of £18,606 on the figures for 1905. The value of pottery made, including drain-pipes, rose from £52,193 to £92,125, and the total value of all the manufactures from £216,550 to £235,220. The number of brick, stone, and concrete dwellinghouses increased between the last two censuses from 8,359 to 9,650, a rate of 15.44 per cent. Houses built of wood or iron increased from 178,551 to 209,760, the rate, 17.48 per cent., being somewhat higher than that which obtained for brick and stone dwellings.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 125 | 94 | |||
| Number hands employed | 1,254 | 966 | |||
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 99,246 | 112,328 | ||
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 1,496 | 3,039 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 96,001 | 97,890 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 83,367 | 103,501 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 94,463 | 124,899 | ||
| Manufactures for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bricks— | |||||
| Common | No. | 69,785,911 | 62,735,239 | ||
| Firebricks | No. | 774,281 | 877,028 | ||
| Total value | £ | 150,200 | 131,594 | ||
| Pottery— | |||||
| Drainpipes | No. | 1,460,250 | 1,529,721 | ||
| Tiles | No. | 484,741 | 1,409,700 | ||
| Flower-pots | No. | 179,050 | 43,063 | ||
| Miscellaneous—Value | £ | 14,157 | 11,501 | ||
| Total value | £ | 52,193 | 92,125 | ||
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 216,550 | 235,220 | ||
Again a steady development is observed in respect of this industry. The value of the manufacture rose from £98,587 in 1900 to £127,150 in 1905, and to £160,584 in 1910. In 1895 the value of the goods was only £63,723. The number of hands decreased from 473 to 414 between 1905 and 1910, though the wages paid were more in 1910 than in 1905, the figures being £40,493 and £36,467 for the respective years.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 54 | 65 | |||
| Number hands employed | 473 | 414 | |||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 36,467 | 40,493 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 36,792 | 39,072 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 23,657 | 38,564 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 19,821 | 20,953 | ||
| Total value of manufactures and repairs | £ | 127,150 | 160,584 | ||
The total value of the manufacture (including repairs) in connection with these industries was returned for the year 1910 at £374,155, which sum is £2,372 less than the amount returned for the year 1905. The number of works decreased in the quinquennium by 2, and the number of hands employed by 533.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 71 | 69 | |||
| Number hands employed | 1,838 | 1,305 | |||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 145,042 | 137,868 | ||
| Amount horse-power | H.p. | 1,221 | 1,179 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 87,392 | 90,772 | ||
| Approximate buildings | £ | 67,851 | 63,230 | ||
| Approximate machinery and plant | £ | 129,632 | 87,379 | ||
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Value of materials used or operated on | £ | 173,685 | 142,861 | ||
| Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 376,527 | 374,155 | ||
The number of these increased from 61 in 1905 to 120 in 1910, and the hands employed increased from 1,868 to 2,442 in the five years.
The total value of manufactures, including repairs, amounted to £751,485 in 1910, as against £437,036 in 1905.”
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOTE.—Particulars in reference to the Government Railway Workshops are not included above. The value of output of these for the year ended 31st March, 1911, was £701,175. | ||||
| Number of works | 61 | 120 | ||
| Number hands employed | 1,868 | 2,442 | ||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 167,996 | 260,225 | |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 1,109 | 3,333 | |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 80,837 | 149,872 | |
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 49,237 | 125,761 | |
| Approximate value machinery and plant | £ | 119,827 | 239,176 | |
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | ||
| Value of materials used | £ | 223,365 | 315,371 | |
| Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 437,036 | 751,485 | |
It is necessary to remark previously to considering the figures given that, for the sake of obtaining true comparisons, particulars relating to the Government Printing Office have been omitted. To arrive at the full measure of the printing and bookbinding industry as in 1911, 432 hands should be added, with £89,293 value of output for 1910.
The number of establishments increased from 239 in 1906 to 241 in 1911, and the number of hands employed from 3,898 to 4,222. Female hands increased from 660 to 789. The linotypes used in 1906 numbered 110, and the monolines in operation were 31, while in 1911 the number of linotypes was 216, and of monolines 26. The value of output increased in the five years from £1,067,827 to £1,377,926.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 239 | 241 | |||
| Hands employed— | |||||
| Males | No. | 3,238 | 3,433 | ||
| Females | No. | 660 | 789 | ||
| Approximate value of land, buildings, machinery, and plant | £ | 920,022 | 1,302,497 | ||
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Wages paid— | |||||
| Males | £ | 374,872 | 454,812 | ||
| Females | £ | 25,940 | 35,434 | ||
| Value of all manufactures | £ | 1,067,827 | 1,377,926 | ||
The total value of all manufacture increased from £199,741 to £222,040, including repairs. On the other hand, however, the number of works decreased from 29 to 19 in five years, while the hands employed decreased by 147.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 29 | 19 | ||
| Number of hands employed | 793 | 646 | ||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 79,042 | 81,026 | |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 419 | 426 | |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 27,878 | 42,914 | |
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 30,791 | 30,006 | |
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 36,798 | 45,711 | |
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | ||
| Value of all materials used | £ | 91,043 | 81,237 | |
| Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 199,741 | 222,040 | |
The value of the manufacture and repairs rose from £294,818 in 1905 to £396,012 in 1910, an increase of £101,194, or at a rate of 34 per cent. The number of establishments decreased by 3, and the number of hands employed by 26.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 183 | 180 | |||
| Number of hands employed | 1,465 | 1,439 | |||
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 116,204 | 149,806 | ||
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 395 | 657 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 116,916 | 142,414 | ||
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 97,238 | 127,754 | ||
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 37,563 | 50,806 | ||
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Value of materials used | £ | 122,384 | 156,829 | ||
| Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 294,818 | 396,012 | ||
The number of cycle-works was 71 in 1911, being 26 less than in 1906. The value of the manufacture rose from £75,991 for the year 1905 to £92,141 for 1910, or at a rate of 21 per cent. The value of land, buildings, machinery, and plant was much higher in 1911 than in 1906.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 97 | 71 | ||
| Number of hands employed | 452 | 315 | ||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 30,831 | 30,366 | |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 38,020 | 71,266 | |
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 33,664 | 58,244 | |
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 11,982 | 15,367 | |
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | ||
| Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 75,991 | 92,141 | |
A considerable increase in the value of output is shown, as compared with 1905, the figures for 1910 being £220,364, or an increase of £79,551 during the five years. The number of works in 1911 was 117, or 11 more than in 1906.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 106 | 117 | ||
| Number of hands employed | 544 | 594 | ||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 42,213 | 62,482 | |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 65,038 | 76,913 | |
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 36,554 | 54,995 | |
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 7,082 | 11,066 | |
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | ||
| Value of materials used | £ | 72,662 | 114,993 | |
| Total value of manufactures (including repairs) | £ | 140,813 | 220,364 | |
Although the number of works decreased from 99 to 79 during the five years, the value of manufactures and products was £200,000 more in 1910 than in 1905. Hands employed increased by 36, while horse-power shows an increase of nearly 100 per cent.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 99 | 79 | |||
| Number of hands employed | 1,336 | 1,372 | |||
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 102,506 | 136,875 | ||
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 980 | 1,927 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 48,386 | 46,305 | ||
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 80,380 | 124,894 | ||
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 53,916 | 90,257 | ||
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Value of materials used | £ | 1,261,026 | 1,788,772 | ||
| Wool scoured and sliped | lb. | 23,347,891 | 25,281,998 | ||
| Pelts salted or preserved | No. | 4,432,103 | 2,944,360 | ||
| Total value of manufactures and produce | £ | 1,836,310 | 2,036,770 | ||
As to the number of hands employed and the total value of all manufactures and repairs, the returns for last census show a great improvement on those for 1906. Nevertheless, the number of establishments has fallen from 30 to 29, and boatbuilding is shown to have very slightly declined, while the number of larger vessels built shows a decided decrease.
Of vessels under 50 tons, 95 were built in 1910, and of those 50 to 100 tons, 5. There were also built 3 vessels over 100 tons.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of establishments | 30 | 29 | |||
| Number of hands employed | 237 | 589 | |||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 20,889 | 69,415 | ||
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Total value of manufactures | £ | 52,070 | 40,763 | ||
| Total value of repairs | £ | 14,502 | 102,256 | ||
| Total value of manufactures and repairs | £ | 66,572 | 143,019 | ||
This industry, though still of small dimensions, shows a considerable advance during the quinquennium. In 1911 there were 34 establishments employing 224 hands, as against 29 establishments and 163 hands in 1906. The value of products was £92,249 in 1910, an amount more than double that for 1905.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 29 | 34 | ||
| Total value of hands employed | 163 | 224 | ||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 11,205 | 18,287 | |
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | ||
| Sails manufactured | No. | 489 | 1,505 | |
| Tents and flies manufactured | No. | 6,048 | 15,921 | |
| Oilskins manufactured | No. | 15,920 | 31,773 | |
| Horse and cow covers manufactured | No. | 11,345 | 15,292 | |
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 45,321 | 92,249 | |
In this branch of industrial work a substantial increase took place during the five years' operations. The value of the output, which was £328,185 in 1905, rose to £497,681 in 1910. There were 1,689 hands employed in 1911. being an increase of 161 on the number for 1906.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of factories | 172 | 207 | |||
| Number of hands employed | 1,528 | 1,689 | |||
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 134,584 | 178,042 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 98,966 | 134,279 | ||
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 99,373 | 138,039 | ||
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 41,036 | 55,364 | ||
| Years | 1906. | 1910. | |||
| Value of materials used | £ | 157,484 | 215,031 | ||
| Total value of manufactures | £ | 328,185 | 497,681 | ||
In April, 1911, there were 11 woollen-mills in the Dominion, which employed 1,410 persons—664 males and 746 females. These factories therefore provide more occupation for women and girls than for the male sex.
The value of manufactures shown for 1910 is less than that for 1905 by nearly £20,000. It must be pointed out, however, that in 1910 hosiery branches of woollen-mills have been excluded from the woollen-mills table and included with the hosiery-factories in a separate table. In 1905, 80,578 dozen pairs of hosiery, manufactured in hosiery branches of woollen-mills, helped to swell the value of output of woollen-mills for that year. In comparing 1910 with 1905 increases are shown in respect of blankets, shawls and rugs, and yarn, while the quantity of flannel and of tweed and cloth manufactured was less in 1910 than in 1905.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 10 | 11 | |
| Number of hands employed | 1,549 | 1,410 | |
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 105,036 | 137,161 |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 1,945 | 2,641 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 9,003 | 7,694 |
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 110,297 | 100,941 |
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 188,459 | 180,454 |
| Wool used— | |||
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
| Quantity | lb. | 3,835,064 | 3,092,777 |
| Value | £ | 167,291 | 214,387 |
| Output for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
| Tweed | Yard | 1,300,471 | 1,160,686 |
| Flannel | Yard | 1,368,268 | 1,140,794 |
| Blankets | Pair | 59,572 | 67,201 |
| Rugs and shawls | No. | 23,780 | 49,073 |
| Yarn | lb. | 259,067 | 260,397 |
| Total value | £ | 397,348 | 377,713 |
This industry employs nearly three thousand hands, and is therefore of considerable importance in the matter of labour, especially that of the female sex, of whom 2,470 are employed.
The value of all manufacture for the year 1905 was returned at £308,943, and for 1910 £507,125, the increase for the quinquennium being £198,182, or at the rate of 64 per cent.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 23 | 69 | |
| Number of hands employed— | |||
| Males | 375 | 477 | |
| Females | 1,539 | 2,470 | |
| Amount of wages paid— | |||
| Males | £ | 38,045 | 52,957 |
| Females | £ | 67,516 | 116,695 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 32,985 | 63,036 |
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 42,493 | 92,285 |
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 15,163 | 39,160 |
| Output for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Suits | No. | 101,113 | 196,825 |
| Shirts | Doz. | 45,239 | 94,249 |
| Caps and hats | Doz. | 5,895 | 23,861 |
| Waterproof garments | No. | 7,280 | 745 |
| Other garments | No. | 27,985 | 355,445 |
| Total value | £ | 308,943 | 507,125 |
At the census of 1911 returns were obtained from 14 hosiery-factories, employing 49 males and 478 females. The value of the output amounted to £140,442, against £67,588 in 1905. To the total for 1905, however, should be added the value of 80,578 dozen pairs of hose, manufactured in hosiery branches of woollen-mills, and included in the woollen-mills table for that year.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 10 | 14 | |
| Number of hands employed | 374 | 527 | |
| Amount of wages paid | £ | 21,960 | 36,702 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 4,248 | 4,077 |
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 5,513 | 32,067 |
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 26,936 | 56,015 |
| Manufactures for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
| Hose—Quantity | Doz. | 12,499 | 33,348 |
| Half-hose—Quantity | Doz. | 44,165 | 50,794 |
| Shirts and pants—Quantity | Doz. | 19,129 | 21,444 |
| Other knitted goods—Value | £ | 6,581 | 39,939 |
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 67,588 | 140,442 |
The total value of all manufactures as brought out is £619,873 for 1910, an increase of £118,808 on the figures for 1905. The output from the factories during 1910 was 1,324,477 pairs of boots and shoes, 68,040 pairs of slippers, 98,644 pairs of shoe-ettes, and 17,464 pairs of uppers.
Comparison of quantity and value of output from the boot and shoe factories of New Zealand for the year 1910 with the returns rendered for 1905 exhibits a great improvement in the condition of the industry. Increases are shown in number of factories as well as in value of output. Moreover a decreases n the value of boots imported is shown, the imports for 1910 aggregating only £261,327, as against £282,211 in 1905.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 72 | 74 | |||
| Number of hands employed— | |||||
| Males | 1,518 | 1,359 | |||
| Females | 688 | 713 | |||
| Amount of wages paid— | |||||
| Males | £ | 142,826 | 154,244 | ||
| Females | £ | 28,669 | 43,549 | ||
| Approximate value of land | £ | 46,409 | 61,602 | ||
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 50,170 | 74,751 | ||
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 57,412 | 90,704 | ||
| Manufactures for Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Boots and shoes | Pair | 1,081,644 | 1,324,477 | ||
| Slippers | Pair | 89,378 | 68,040 | ||
| Uppers | Pair | 38,410 | 17,464 | ||
| Loggings | Pair | 1,468 | 2,279 | ||
| Shoe-ettes | Pair | 20,000 | 98,644 | ||
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 501,065 | 619,873 | ||
This industry was in the lowest depths of depression at the time of the census of 1896. At that time only 52 mills were left in operation, and the hands employed had fallen in number to 484 men and 163 boys. Returns for 1901 showed a revival in the mills to 101 in operation, with 1,519 men and 179 boys, while in 1906 there were 240 mills with a total of 4,076 employees. But the census returns for 1911 shows only 81 mills in operation during April of that year, with 1,244 persons employed thereat. The wages paid stood at £227,646 for the year 1905, but decreased to £143,895 for 1910. While nearly 200,000 tons of raw material were used in 1905 only 126,034 tons were used in 1910. The money value of the total output in 1910 was £284,399, against £557,808 in 1905. Of the total value of output for 1910 the Provincial District of Wellington contributed £217,879, or 77 per cent.
The most important particulars given in the returns are tabulated below :—
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 240 | 81 | |
| Number of hands employed | 4,076 | 1,244 | |
| Amount paid in wages | £ | 227,646 | 143,895 |
| Amount of horse-power | H.p. | 3,087 | 2,516 |
| Approximate value of land | £ | 192,471 | 236,306 |
| Approximate value of buildings | £ | 43,751 | 31,197 |
| Approximate value of machinery and plant | £ | 119,618 | 75,135 |
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |
| Raw material used— | |||
| Quantity | Tons | 199,171 | 126,034 |
| Value | £ | 185,894 | 73,835 |
| Fibre dressed— | |||
| Quantity | Tons | 22,128 | 15,130 |
| Value | £ | 544,070 | 270,530 |
| Tow produced— | |||
| Quantity | Tons | 2,439 | 2,396 |
| Value | £ | 13,738 | 13,869 |
| Total value of output | £ | 557,808 | 284,399 |
The number of these works decreased from 10 in 1906 to 8 in 1911, and the number of hands employed also decreased slightly. The output, however, shows a great increase as regards quantity, 1,377 tons of rope and 1,490 tons of twine being produced in 1910, as against 618 tons of rope and 1,117 tons of twine in 1905. On account of a drop in prices the value of the output increased by only £3,572 during the quinquennium. As to materials used, phormium comes by far the first, 5,267 tons in 1910 being utilized, against 558 tons of manila.
| Census Years | 1906. | 1911. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of works | 10 | 8 | |||
| Number of hands employed | 195 | 190 | |||
| Materials used— | |||||
| Years | 1905. | 1910. | |||
| Phormium— | |||||
| Quantity | Tons | 1,568 | 5,267 | ||
| Value | £ | 35,165 | 44,040 | ||
| Manila— | |||||
| Quantity | Tons | 363 | 558 | ||
| Value | £ | 16,524 | 14,469 | ||
| Total value of all manufactures | £ | 100,753 | 104,325 | ||
Table of Contents
If the land offered as the security for the desired advance is of any one of the classes of land lettered (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (i), (j), (k), or (n), the applicant must, before despatching his application, post to the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the district in which the land is situated a notice of his application, in order that the Commissioner may at once furnish the Superintendent with a report respecting the leasehold. A copy of the form of notice can be obtained from any post-office.
NOTE.—Envelopes for posting applications to the Superintendent may be obtained at any post-office in New Zealand, together with application forms.
Loans can be granted only on the instalment system (fully described hereafter) :—
The classifying of securities, the granting of advances, and the determining of what shall be considered first-class agricultural land shall rest solely with the Board of the office.
Where an advance is required for the purpose of erecting a building, the amount of the loan granted by the Board may either be paid over in one sum when the building is completed, or, if the applicant desires it, may be advanced in progress payments from time to time as the erection of the building proceeds. An inspection and report must be made by an officer of the Valuation Department prior to payment of any progress payment on account of the loan, and for each such inspection a fee as per scale below shall be paid by the applicant.
The Department requires that not less than three inspections be made, and, in the case of other than farm properties, that the fencing be completed before, all the loan is paid over.
A copy of the plan and specifications for a proposed building must be provided for the Department's use, and such shall become and remain the property of the Department.
Every applicant after lodging an application for a loan should await the decision of the Board before proceeding with the erection of the building.
No loan of less than £25 or more than £2,000 can be granted. Applications for loans not exceeding £500 shall have priority over applications for larger sums. If the applicant has already obtained any advance under the Act and is desirous of obtaining a further advance, either on the same security or on a separate security, the amount of the application, added to the amount of the advances already obtained, must not exceed £2,000. The security which the applicant offers for the loan must consist of one or more holdings of the several classes of tenure mentioned above, and must, of course, be of the necessary value; and, if the security is leasehold, all the covenants and conditions of the lease, including the payment of rent, must have been regularly complied with.
All applications must be accompanied by a valuation fee according to the following scale :—
Scale of Valuation Fees. (Advances to Settlers.)
| On an application for a loan not exceeding | £ | s. | d. |
|---|---|---|---|
| £100 | 0 | 10 | 6 |
| Exceeding £100 but not exceeding £250 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £500 | 1 | 11 | 6 |
| Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £2,000 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Mortgages are repayable by half-yearly payments of principal and interest combined. They may also be wholly repaid at any time. Interest is charged at the rate of 5 per cent., reducible to 4œ per cent. provided payment is made not later than fourteen days after due date and no arrears in respect of instalments or other payments under the mortgage remain outstanding.
Tables showing half-yearly instalments, apportioned as principal and interest payments, and showing also amount of rebate, and balance of principal owing at end of half-year, were published in the 1913 issue of the Year-book.
The mortgagor may pay to the Superintendent at any time the whole balance of principal owing with interest to date of payment, and obtain a discharge of the mortgage on payment of the fee prescribed for such discharge.
The mortgagor may also from time to time pay to the Superintendent, in addition to the half-yearly payments, sums of £5 or a multiple of £5, which, at the next instalment due date, may be applied in one of the following methods, according as he directs :—
In payment of the half-yearly instalments (consisting partly of interest and partly of principal) as they fall due, until the deposit is exhausted; or
In payment of as many future half-yearly instalments of principal (but not of interest) as it will cover, and, as far as such instalments are concerned, the corresponding interest will not be charged. On the next half-yearly date, however, the mortgagor will be required to continue his payments as before, the advance payment having the effect of reducing the period during which lie would have to pay such instalments. For instance, a mortgagor has a loan of £100 for a term of 36A years. On the due date of his eighth half-yearly instalment lie pays, in addition to the amount due, a sum of .£5. This is applied in payment of his ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth instalments of principal 12s. 2d., 12s. 6d., 12s. 10d., 13s. Id., 13s. 3d., 13s. 9d., Us. 2d. (see table), making a total of £4 11s. lid.; and the corresponding interest -,£2 7s. 10d., £2 7s. 6d., £2 7s. 2d., £2 Gs. lid., £2 6s. 7d., £2 6s. 3d., £2 5s. lOd. (which has not begun to accrue)-is not charged. A balance of 8s. Id. remains in his favour. Then, on the next due date he has to make the half-yearly payment* as usual (less 8s. Id.), but, instead of being the ninth, it counts as the sixteenth instalment, and by this means the whole loan is repaid three ye and a half earlier (seven half-yearly payments) than it otherwise would be.
It may be applied as provided in the next paragraph.
On the due date of any instalment, after at least one-tenth of the loan has been repaid by means of the half-yearly instalments or
of moneys repaid in advance, or both, the mortgagor (provided he is not in arrear with any instalment or other payment due under the mortgage) may, with the consent of the Superintendent, readjust the loan by treating the balance of principal then unpaid as a fresh loan duly granted on that date for a fresh term. But no readjustment is allowed to any amounts less than £100. Under this arrangement the mortgagor will be relieved of paying interest on the original amount of the loan, and will pay only on the balance of principal owing.
Following is the scale of fees payable for preparation of mortgages:—
Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage (to be deducted from the advance):—
| £ | s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| If advance be not exceeding £250 | 0 | 7 | 6 |
| Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £500 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £750 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| Exceeding £750 but not exceeding £1,000 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £1,500 | 1 | 6 | 0 |
| Exceeding £1,500 but not exceeding £2,000 | 1 | 11 | 6 |
With cash disbursements, which are the same in every case, namely: —
| Search fee (with an additional 2s. for every certificate of title after the first) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | |
| 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Registration (with an additional 2s. for every certificate of title after the first) | 0 | 10 | 0 |
Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage (to be deducted from the advance) :—
| £ | s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| If advance be not exceeding £150 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| Exceeding £150 but not exceeding £250 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £500 | 1 | 5 | 0 |
| Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £750 | 1 | 13 | 0 |
| Exceeding £750 but not exceeding £1,000 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £1,500 | 2 | 13 | 0 |
| Exceeding £1,500 but not exceeding £2,000 | 3 | 13 | 0 |
| With cash disbursements :— | |||
| Fee chargeable by solicitor not residing in registration centre for employing agent to register mortgage | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Fee for partial or total discharge of mortgage | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Fee for execution of consent by the Superintendent of any document | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Fee for production of title-deeds held by the Superintendent | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Valuation reports 011 the securities offered are made on behalf of the Department by expert land-valuers permanently employed by the Government Valuation of Land Department; and these reports, together with the corresponding valuations appearing in the district valuation rolls, prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, and reports from the Commissioners of Crown Lands in the case of Crown leaseholds, are considered by the General Board. Board meetings are held weekly, or as occasion requires, and the Superintendent is bound by the resolutions of the Board. A resolution is taken with regard to every application placed before the General Board, so that on the Board rests the responsibility of granting loans or of refusing to grant them.
Some applicants offer securities which are obviously not eligible; and in that event the valuation fees paid are returned, the securities are not reported on, and the applications do not go before the Board.
By arrangements made with the Post Offices, mortgagors are enabled to pay their instalments and interest to the credit of the Superintendent at any money-order office, and free of all costs for remitting the money to Wellington. This is an arrangement at once convenient and economical for the large number of persons scattered all over New Zealand who have financial dealings with the Advances Office. Loans may also be repaid in part or in full through the Post Office, and advances also are made through the Post Office. The total amount advanced to settlers since the establishment of the Department (including moneys repaid and again advanced) was, up to the 31st March, 1914, £14,545,360.
During the year ended 31st March, 1914, applications for 3,604 loans were received, amounting to £1,400,248. The advances granted during the year numbered 2,098, aggregating £973,005. The number of borrowers and the sums actually advanced during the year, classified according to amount, were,—
| Category. | Number of Advances. | Amount advanced. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | |||
| Not exceeding £500 | 1,713 | 602,995 | |
| Exceeding £500, but not exceeding | £1,000 | 272 | 191,355 |
| Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding | £2,000 | 98 | 142,070 |
| Exceeding £2,000, but not exceeding | £3,000 | 15 | 36,585 |
| Totals | 2,098 | £973,005 | |
The nature of the security upon which these advances were made was as follows :—
| Security. | Number of Advances. | Amount advanced. |
|---|---|---|
| £ | ||
| Freehold | 1,082 | 187,080 |
| Leasehold | 985 | 466,260 |
| Freehold and leasehold combined | 31 | 19,665 |
| Totals | 2,098 | £973,005 |
The total loans authorized to the 31st March, 1914, classified according to provincial districts, are shown in tabular form :—
| Provincial District. | Number of Applications. | Amount of Advances authorized. |
|---|---|---|
| £ | ||
| Auckland | 12,831 | 4,389,048 |
| Taranaki | 4,865 | 2,248,699 |
| Hawke's Bay | 2,026 | 645,810 |
| Wellington | 10,046 | 3,941,448 |
| Marlborough | 1,138 | 480,800 |
| Nelson | 734 | 224,690 |
| Westland | 834 | 211,115 |
| Canterbury | 3,888 | 1,298,480 |
| Otago— | ||
| Otago portion | 2,244 | 871,010 |
| Southland portion | 2,814 | 1,036,790 |
| Totals | 41,420 | 15,347,890 |
The total sum raised by the Government for investment on mortgage is £8,408,950. Nineteen thousand and forty-one mortgagors are indebted to the Department to the extent of £7,730,569 in respect of principal moneys.
The advances outstanding, classified according to amount, are as follows:—
| Category. | Number of Advances. | Amount outstanding | |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | |||
| Not exceeding £500 | 14,561 | 3,059,382 | |
| Exceeding £500, but not exceeding | £1,000 | 2,900 | 2,217,982 |
| Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding | £2,000 | 1,366 | 1,920,811 |
| Exceeding £2,000, but not exceeding | £3,000 | 214 | 532,394 |
| Totals | 19,041 | £7,730,569 | |
The nature of the security for the total amount of advances outstanding on 31st March. 1914, was,—
| Security. | Number of Advances. | Amount outstanding. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | |||
| Freehold | 11,669 | 5,602,254 | |
| Leasehold | 7,086 | 1,953,939 | |
| Freehold and leasehold combined | 286 | 174,376 | |
| Totals | 19,041 | £7,730,569 | |
The average freehold advance is £480, the average leasehold advance £276, and the average of advances secured on both freehold and leasehold combined £610. Corresponding figures for the year ended 31st March, 1913, are freehold, £483; leasehold, £274; and combined freehold and leasehold, £609.
The number and amounts advanced on rural, and urban and suburban, land since the inception of the Department are,—
| Number. | Amount | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | ||
| On rural land | 11,937 | 5,025,485 | 10 | 1 |
| On urban and suburban land | 7,104 | 2,705,073 | 3 | 6 |
| Totals | 19,041 | £7,730,568 | 13 | 7 |
The average rural advance is £421, and the average urban and suburban advance is £380.
The following table shows the transactions of the State Advances Office in respect of advances to settlers during each of the financial years ended 31st March, 1906–14, and the total transactions to the latter date.
| ADVANCES TO SETTLERS, 1905–6 TO 1913–14. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Applications received. | Loans authorized. | Amount advanced. | Amount repaid. | ||
| Number. | Amount. | Number. | Amount. | |||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
| 1906 | 2,288 | 949,432 | 2,054 | 786,735 | 633,453 | 261,381 |
| 1907 | 2,420 | 999,461 | 2,098 | 819,190 | 767,730 | 340,111 |
| 1908 | 3,183 | 1,668,135 | 2,955 | 1,355,450 | 1,197,416 | 568,655 |
| 1909 | 4,471 | 2,050,252 | 3,078 | 1,202,995 | 1,493,836 | 559,163 |
| 1910 | 4,131 | 1,539,150 | 3,201 | 1,038,340 | 1,095,120 | 545,528 |
| 1911 | 4,957 | 2,122,749 | 3,571 | 1,282,880 | 1,204,310 | 726,714 |
| 1912 | 5,355 | 2,593,084 | 4,610 | 2,191,300 | 2,174,085 | 1,018,286 |
| 1913 | 3,187 | 1,164,225 | 2,114 | 749,590 | 850,300 | 693,511 |
| 1914 | 3,604 | 1,400,248 | 2,390 | 878,855 | 973,005 | 700,253 |
| Total to 31st March, 1914 | 53,101 | 21,443,453 | 41,420 | 15,347,890 | 14,545,360 | 6,814,791 |
The gross profits for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, were £93,484, and the cost of management £11,264, being 0.13 per cent., or 2s. 7d. per £100 on the capital employed. The net profits amounted to £81,894.
The liabilities and assets at 31st March, 1914, of the Settlers' Branch of the State Advances Office were,—
| £ | s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|---|
* Of the mortgage instalments overdue, a large percentage had been received by Postmasters at 31st March, 1914, and was in course of transit. | |||
| Liabilities | |||
| Sundry loans | 8,408,950 | 1 | 7 |
| Temporary advance from Public Debt Sinking Fund Branch | 45,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Reserve Fund | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Advances Suspense Account | 28,901 | 1 | 0 |
| Fire Loss Suspense Account | 2,077 | 11 | 8 |
| Interest payable on loans, accrued but not due | 56,677 | 16 | 1 |
| Interest payable on deposits, accrued but not due | 8 | 5 | 1 |
| Profit and Loss Account | 286,243 | 3 | 9 |
| £8,877,857 | 19 | 2 | |
| Assets. | |||
| Investment Account— | |||
| Less total repayments | 7,722,143 | 9 | 6 |
| *Plus mortgage instalments overdue—principal | 8,425 | 4 | 1 |
| Total principal owing by mortgagors at 31st March 1914 | 7,730,568 | 13 | 7 |
| * Mortgage instalments overdue—interest | 26,263 | 9 | 6 |
| Interest on mortgages, accrued but not due | 92,165 | 16 | 3 |
| Suspense Account | 688 | 8 | 0 |
| Loan Charges Account | 30,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Office Furniture and Equipment Account | 1,023 | 15 | 7 |
| Sinking Fund— | |||
| Public Trustee | 322,904 | 13 | 9 |
| Advances Office Sinking Fund Branch | 128,090 | 12 | 2 |
| Temporary advances to Workers' Branch | 70,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Interest accrued on amounts deposited in London | 1,700 | 0 | 0 |
| Insurance Premiums Account | 393 | 5 | 11 |
| Cash in band and in bank on 31st March, 1914 | 474,059 | 4 | 5 |
| £8,877,857 | 19 | 2 | |
The Superintendent of the State Advances Office is authorized to lend money, for the purpose of purchasing or erecting a dwelling, to any person employed in manual or clerical work who is not in receipt of an income of more than £200 per annum, and is not the owner of any land other than the allotment on which it is proposed to build. The sum advanced must not exceed £450, nor may any advance be granted exceeding the value of the dwelling-house to be erected. The advance is secured by a mortgage over the whole property.
The interest is payable half-yearly, together with an instalment of the principal, which by this means is fully repaid in thirty-six and a half years, thirty years, or twenty years, as the case may be, when the mortgage is released. Valuation fees and the cost of preparing and registering the necessary deeds are fixed by regulation on an exceedingly low scale, and are payable by the borrower.
A worker is defined as a person of either sex engaged (whether as an employee or on his or her own account) in manual or clerical work, who is not in receipt of an income of more than £200 per annum, and is not the owner of any land other than that offered as security.
A valuation fee of 7s. 6d. must accompany each application, and no loan can be granted to any person who does not take up permanent residence on the security.
The amount of the loan granted by the Board may either be paid over in one sum, or, when the dwelling is to be erected, may be advanced in progress payments as the erection of the building proceeds. An inspection and report must be made by an officer of the Valuation Department prior to any progress payment being made on account of the loan, and for each such inspection a fee of 7s. 6d. is payable by the applicant. Every applicant after lodging an application for a loan should await the decision of the Board before proceeding with the erection of the building.
A copy of the plan and specifications for a proposed building must be provided for the Department's use, and such becomes and remains the property of the Department.
On securities classified by the Board as first class, loans may be granted for a term of thirty-six and a half years; on securities classified by the Board as second class, loans may be granted for a term of thirty years; on securities classified by the Board as third class, loans may be granted for a term of twenty years. The classifying of securities rests entirely with the Board.
Loans are granted only on the instalment system, and may be repaid or readjusted as in the case of a loan from the Advances to Settlers Branch. Interest is charged at the rate of 5 per cent., reducible to 4œ per cent. provided payment is made not later than fourteen days after due date, and no arrears or other payment under the mortgage remain outstanding.
Mortgages under the Land Transfer Act, 1908, are, if the applicant's title is free from encumbrance, prepared and completed free of charge to mortgagors, with the exception of the repayment of cash disbursements, which are deducted from the advance. Except as above provided, the scale of costs and fees with respect to advances to settlers applies to advances to workers.
Any person desiring an advance should make a written application on the form provided for the purpose, a copy of which can be obtained from any Postmaster in the Dominion. The Postmaster will also supply an envelope in which the application may be forwarded, and will give the applicant any explanation which may be required respecting the filling-in of the form. Application for a loan may also be made to representatives of the Valuation Department, who, together with Postmasters, only, act as agents for the office throughout the Dominion. No professional assistance is necessary, and no charge is authorized for the filling-in of the application form. The Department has no agents authorized to act on its behalf in this respect.
The total of the advances to workers up to 31st March. 1914 (including moneys repaid and again advanced), was £2,543,725. The Department supplies applicants with plans and specifications free of charge. Eighteen different types of homes, containing from two to eight rooms, are covered by the plans. They are drawn with a view to getting the maximum of room and convenience for a reasonable price. The cost of the buildings varies ac cording to the size from £120 to £640. The plans may be inspected at the Chief Post-offices in the Dominion, and at the Valuation Offices at Invercargill, Dunedin, Christchurch, and Auckland.
The reason for including a type of building to cost £200 above the maximum authorized to be lent to workers is that an applicant may have some money saved and would wish to expend the amount on a better building than could be erected for the sum borrowed.
The applications received for loans during the year ended 31st March, 1914, numbered 1,599, the aggregate amount required being £528,240. The advances actually granted during the year numbered 879 for an aggregate of £272,860. The tenures upon which these loans were made were,—
| Tenure. | Number of Loans. | Aggregate Amount. |
|---|---|---|
| Freehold | 831 | 262,492 |
| Leasehold | 48 | 10,368 |
| Totals | 879 | 272,860 |
The total number of loans and the aggregate amount authorized in each provincial district from the inception of the system to the 31st March, 1914, are as follows :—
| Provincial District. | Number of Applications. | Amount of Advances authorized. |
|---|---|---|
| £ | ||
| Auckland | 2,764 | 771,460 |
| Taranaki | 313 | 85,000 |
| Hawke's Bay | 593 | 165,070 |
| Wellington | 2,390 | 709,885 |
| Marlborough | 319 | 91,830 |
| Nelson | 190 | 45,805 |
| Westland | 187 | 40,505 |
| Canterbury | 2,292 | 693,445 |
| Otago— | ||
| Otago portion | 721 | 201,000 |
| Southland portion | 359 | 93,040 |
| Totals | 10,128 | 2,897,040 |
The total amount advanced to the end of the financial year was £2,543,725, and the net amount outstanding at the same date was £2,199,844, secured upon the following tenures :—
| Tenure | Number of Loans outstanding. | Aggregate Amount outstanding. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | |||
| Freehold | 7,065 | 2,103,296 | |
| Leasehold | 517 | 96,548 | |
| Totals | 7,582 | 2,199,844 | |
The following table gives particulars of the transactions for each of the past eight years and the total transactions since the passing of the Government Advances to Workers Act on 29th October, 1906 :—
| ADVANCES TO WORKERS, 1906–7 TO 1913–14. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Applications received. | Loans authorized. | Amount advanced. | Amount repaid. | ||
| Number. | Amount. | Number. | Amount. | |||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
| 1907 | 160 | 42,920 | 107 | 27,875 | 5,490 | |
| 1908 | 1,150 | 308,690 | 1,072 | 268,430 | 203,978 | 6,312 |
| 1909 | 1,784 | 472,989 | 1,220 | 307,495 | 298,184 | 18,792 |
| 1910 | 2,028 | 550,651 | 1,854 | 470,425 | 362,353 | 26,295 |
| 1911 | 2,125 | 660,892 | 1,521 | 473,530 | 407,760 | 47,925 |
| 1912 | 2,223 | 750,772 | 1,900 | 612,910 | 543,840 | 78,853 |
| 1913 | 1,805 | 574,493 | 1,254 | 397,175 | 449,260 | 84,771 |
| 1914 | 1,599 | 528,240 | 1,200 | 339,200 | 272,860 | 80,933 |
| Total to 31st March, 1914 | 12,874 | 3,889,647 | 10,128 | 2,897,040 | 2,543,725 | 343,881 |
The financial position of the Advances to Workers Branch of the State Advances Office as on 31st March, 1914, is shown in the following table:—
| £ | s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|---|
* Of the mortgage instalments overdue, a large percentage had been received by Postmasters at 31st March, 1914, and was in course of transit. | |||
| Liabilities. | |||
| Sundry loans | 2,281,926 | 12 | 7 |
| Temporary loan from Settlers Branch | 70,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Interest payable on loans, accrued but not due | 28,406 | 7 | 8 |
| Advances Suspense Account | 14,245 | 0 | 0 |
| Fire Loss Suspense Account | 1,107 | 17 | 6 |
| Reserve Fund | 13,860 | 11 | 7 |
| £2,409,546 | 9 | 4 | |
| Assets. | |||
| Investment Account— | |||
| Less total repayments | 2,196,516 | 5 | 4 |
| *Plus mortgage instalments overdue—principal | 3,327 | 10 | 11 |
| Total principal owing by mortgagors at 31st March, 1914 | 2,199,844 | 2 | 3 |
| *Mortgage instalments overdue—interest | 8,040 | 17 | 1 |
| Interest on mortgages, accrued but not due | 29,445 | 5 | 4 |
| Interest accrued on amounts deposited in London | 6,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Loan Charges Account | 52,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Insurance Premiums Account | 116 | 8 | 7 |
| Sinking Fund —Public Trustee | 52,715 | 17 | 9 |
| Sinking Fund — Advances Office Sinking Fund Branch | 1,927 | 17 | 5 |
| Suspense Account | 3,341 | 16 | 8 |
| Cash in hand and in bank at 31st March, 1914 | 33,114 | 4 | 3 |
| £2,409,546 | 9 | 4 | |
Loans are granted to Municipal Corporations, County Councils, Road Boards, or any other local body empowered to strike rates for the security of loans for,—
The construction of a road, including channelling;
The construction of a bridge;
The construction of waterworks for the supply of water within a district;
The construction of drain age-works or irrigation-works ; or
The construction of sanitary works.
The rate of interest at which loans are granted is to be 4œ per cent. per annum, or ⅛ per cent. per annum more than the rate of interest at which the money is borrowed (whichever charge is the greater). Special provision is made for advances to local authorities for the purpose of constructing roads and bridges in outlying districts, and for metalling such roads for the first time. Applications for such loans receive preference. Loans are repayable, principal and interest, in thirty-six years and a half. Power is given to lend for a term up to fifty years, but loans for a longer term than thirty-six years and a half are not favoured by the Board. After the poll by the ratepayers is taken and the resolution levying the rate gazetted the Department does all that is necessary. The loans may be obtained by instalments (not exceeding four) as the work proceeds (the loan must be lifted within one year of the granting of the same), and so payment of interest on unused moneys avoided, as interest is charged by the Department only on moneys paid out. Tables are issued as in the case of advances to settlers and workers, so that the borrowing authority can ascertain the exact amount owing at any time. In any case where a local authority is authorized by the ratepayers to borrow moneys and the Advances Board has provisionally approved or finally granted an application for a loan at a specified rate of interest, the loan, or any part thereof, may be raised at a higher rate of interest without any further consent of the ratepayers being obtained if, before the loan or any part thereof is paid to the local authority, a resolution in the prescribed form making a special rate sufficient to cover the increased payments in respect of the loan or part thereof as aforesaid is passed by the local authority at a special meeting and is gazetted. Special provisions exist in respect of joint loans. Two or more local authorities are permitted to unite and raise an aggregate amount for several works.
During the year ended 31st March, 1914, one hundred and sixty-seven new applications for loans to local bodies were provisionally approved, one hundred and forty-seven of these being for local bodies situated in the North Island. Information as to the number of applications and amount of advances provisionally approved is given for each provincial district.
| Provincial District. | Number of Applications approved. | Amount of Advances provisionally approved. |
|---|---|---|
| £ | ||
| Auckland | 73 | 69,825 |
| Taranaki | 23 | 33,805 |
| Hawke's Bay | 16 | 17,200 |
| Wellington | 35 | 25,220 |
| Marlborough | 5 | 2,990 |
| Nelson | 2 | 2,500 |
| Westland | 2 | 2,600 |
| Canterbury | 5 | 4,875 |
| Otago | 6 | 7,150 |
| Totals | 167 | £166,165 |
The new applications finally approved during the year numbered seventy-two, and amounted to £84,970.
The amount actually paid over to local bodies during the year was £259,430.
The total sum raised by the Government for loans to local bodies to 31st March, 1914, is £2,058,067.
Local bodies were at 31st March last indebted to the Department to the extent of £1,889,682 in respect of principal moneys.
WORKERS' DWELLINGS.
The Workers' Dwellings Act, 1905, made provision for the erection by the State of workers' dwellings on Crown or settlement lands set apart for that purpose. It was laid down that the cost of construction must not exceed £300, and the dwellings were to be disposed of to workers on a weekly tenancy or by way of lease for a period of fifty years, with right of renewal. The rent fixed by the Act was to be at the rate of 5 per cent. on the capital value of the dwellings, plus insurance and rates. Provision was also made for a worker to acquire the freehold of the dwelling in one of three ways—viz., by a cash payment after a twenty-five years lease; by monthly payments over periods of thirty-two or forty-one years; or by taking out a life-insurance policy (with the State Office) covering a term of twenty-five, thirty-two, or forty-one years, the policy-moneys to be paid to the State on maturity.
By an amendment passed shortly after the principal Act, certain lands reserved for defence purposes were set aside as sites for workers' dwellings, and the maximum cost of construction was raised to £350 in the case of a wooden dwelling, or £100 for a dwelling of brick, stone, or concrete.
A worker was defined in the Act of 1905 as one who is landless and whose earnings do not exceed £156 per annum. The maximum of annual earnings was increased in 1906 to £200, but in 1910 a new Workers' Dwellings Act was passed which fixed the maximum at £175.
The Act of 1910 contained other important alterations in the law relating to workers dwellings. The maximum capital value was set down at £600, and a new system of disposal of the dwellings was instituted. Dwellings may now be let on a weekly or monthly
tenancy at a rental of 6 per cent., plus rates and insurance, or may be leased for a term of twenty-one years, with right of renewal. In cases where the worker desires to acquire the freehold, he may do so on the instalment system—viz., by weekly, fortnightly, or monthly payments for a period of 25œ years, instalments being calculated at 7 per cent. (5 per cent. on account of interest and 2 per cent. on account of principal). An initial deposit of £10 is payable, and the purchaser may reduce the term of 25œ years by at any time paying off principal the sum of £7 or any multiple thereof.
The number of dwellings erected under the original Act was 126, and up to the 31st March, 1914, 183 had been erected under the Act of 1910, while thirty-one were in course of construction. The following table sets out the information :—
| District | Erected under Act of 1905. | Erected under Act of 1910. | In Course of Erection on 31st March, 1914. | Total. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| To 31st March, 1913. | During Year ending 31st March, 1914. | ||||
| Auckland | 35 | 22 | 36 | 93 | |
| Wellington | 40 | 23 | 63 | ||
| Christchurch | 31 | 20 | 7 | 58 | |
| Dunedin | 20 | 2 | 22 | ||
| Wanganui | 13 | 13 | |||
| Palmerston North | 6 | 6 | |||
| Nelson | 6 | 6 | |||
| Westport | 12 | 12 | |||
| Greymouth | 14 | 14 | |||
| Temuka | 9 | 9 | |||
| Timaru | 9 | 10 | 19 | ||
| Willowbridge | 13 | 13 | |||
| Invercargill | 12 | 12 | |||
| Totals | 126 | 102 | 81 | 31 | 340 |
The whole of the dwellings erected under the 1905 Act were leased or let, after their erection, to applicants for same; but a number of them have, since the passing of the 1910 Act, been disposed of under the instalment-purchase system provided in the latter Act. The whole of the dwellings erected under the 1910 Act were built for applicant purchasers.
The total expenditure in connection with workers' dwellings during the year ended 31st March, 1914, was £42,680, this amount including £656 incurred for maintenance, fire insurance, rates,©, upon the dwellings erected under the Act of 1905, and leased to occupants. The balance, £42,024, was made up as follows:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Acquisition of land | 13,602 |
| Preparation of land | 1,215 |
| Erection of dwellings | 26,924 |
| Administration, &c. | 283 |
| £42,024 |
The total instalments payable during the year amounted to £9,969. The average weekly instalments payable by purchasers of four- and five-roomed dwellings built under the Act are shown below. The amounts shown include fire insurance, but not rates or maintenance.
| Town. | Four Rooms and Section. | Five Rooms and Section. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| s. | d. | s. | d. | |
| Auckland | 14 | 3 | 15 | 5 |
| Wellington | 14 | 5 | 15 | 11 |
| Christchurch | 12 | 2 | 13 | 9 |
| Dunedin | 14 | 4 | 15 | 5 |
| Wanganui | 13 | 4 | 14 | 6 |
| Palmerston North | 12 | 7 | 14 | 2 |
| Greymouth | 10 | 7 | 12 | 2 |
| Temuka | 12 | 2 | 13 | 2 |
| Timaru | 12 | 4 | 13 | 9 |
| Invercargill | 13 | 1 | 14 | 1 |
| Average for all towns | 13 | 0 | 14 | 3 |
The Act of 1905 contained provisions whereby the management and control of any workers' dwellings erected by the State could be placed under the control of a local body. The Municipal Corporations Act, 1908, gave authority for Borough Councils to erect workers' dwellings, and an amendment to the Counties Act, 1913, extended this authority to County Councils.
Table of Contents
ON the 26th June, 1894, a Committee of ten members of the House of Representatives was appointed to examine into and report upon the question of making provision for old age. The report of this Committee was brought up on the 27th September, 1894, and ordered to be printed. No particular scheme was recommended, but a suggestion was made that the Government should appoint a Royal Commission to inquire into the question.
On the 8th July, 1896, a Bill providing for the payment of old-age pensions was introduced by the late Right Honourable R. J. Seddon into the House of Representatives, but lapsed in Committee on the 16th September.
Later in the same year, on the 14th October, a Registration of People's Claims Bill was introduced, the object being to ascertain the probable cost of establishing an Old-age Pension Fund. This Bill passed through all its stages in Parliament, and received the Governor's assent on the 17th October.
In 1897 an Old-age Pensions Bill was again introduced, and passed all its stages in the House of Representatives, but was thrown out at the second reading in the Legislative Council.
Still again, in 1898, an Old-age Pensions Bill was introduced, and this year succeeded in passing both Houses, receiving the Governor's assent on the 1st November, 1898. Under this Act the Registration of People's Claims Act of 1896 was repealed.
Amending Acts were passed in 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1905. Early in the session of 1908 a consolidating Act was passed, since which there have been further amending Acts in 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, and 1913. Coincident with the 1913 amendment, a further consolidation was approved by the Legislature in which were merged the Acts relating to Widows' and Military Pensions.
The original Act of 1898 provided for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of a pension of £18 per annum, or 6s. 11d. per week, without contribution by the beneficiaries. This amount was, however, increased to £26 per annum (i.e., 10s. a week or £2 3s. 4d. a month) by the Amendment Act of 1905, which came into operation on the 1st September of that year.
The Act is administered by a Commissioner located at Wellington, who is responsible to the Minister of Pensions. For the purposes of administration New Zealand is divided into seventy-three districts, each in charge of a Registrar. In the chief centres of population the duties are performed by officers specially appointed for the purpose, but otherwise they are undertaken by Clerks of Stipendiary Magistrates' Courts. All claims are investigated by Stipendiary Magistrates, who alone have the power to grant or refuse pensions.
The Act applies to all residents of New Zealand who fulfil the necessary conditions, except—
Maoris who receive votes other than pensions out of the grant appropriated by the Civil List Act, 1908.
Alien.-.
Naturalized subjects who have not been naturalized one year.
Chinese or other Asiatics, whether naturalized or not. and whether British subjects by birth or not.
The qualifications for the pension are briefly as follows:—
The applicant, if a male, must have reached the age of sixty-five, or, if a female, must have reached the ago of sixty.
NOTE.—The pension age has been reduced to fifty-five for women and to sixty for men where the applicant is the parent of two or more children under fourteen years of age for the maintenance of whom he (or she) is responsible. The pension payable in such cases may be any sum up to £13 per annum, in addition to the ordinary pension payable as set out hereunder.
The applicant must have resided continuously in New Zealand for the past twenty-five years.
NOTE.—Continuous residence is not interrupted by occasional absences not exceeding two years. An additional six months' period of absence is allowed for every additional year's residence in excess of the twenty-five years immediately preceding the date of application, provided that the applicant has resided in New Zealand during the twelve months immediately preceding the said date of application. In the case of a seaman, continuous residence is not interrupted by absences on board a ship registered in New Zealand, provided the applicant establishes the fact that his home is in New Zealand.
The applicant must not during the past twelve years have been imprisoned for four months or on four occasions for an offence punishable by twelve months' imprisonment.
The applicant must not during the past twenty-five years have been imprisoned for five years for any offence.
The applicant must not during the past twelve years have deserted his wife {or husband as the case may be) and children.
The applicant must have lived a sober and reputable life during the past year.
The yearly income of the applicant, if single, must not reach £G0, and, if married, £100.
The net value of accumulated property must not be £2GQ or over.
(9.} The applicant must not have deprived himself or herself of property or income to qualify for a pension.
Each applicant must apply to the Registrar of the district in which he resides, and all in a claim form. The Registrar proceeds at once to verify the applicant's statements, and the results of his inquiries are transmitted, with the form of application, to the nearest Stipendiary Magistrate, when a date is fixed for the personal examination of the pensioner.
The Magistrate, who is required to hear each case in chambers, has power to dispense with the personal attendance of the applicant, if he is satisfied that the documentary evidence in support of the claim is sufficient to establish it.
The Magistrate intimates his decision to the Commissioner, who, if the pension is allowed, issues a pension-certificate for the amount granted, without which no payment can be received.
Each pension is granted for twelve months, the first instalment being payable on the first day of the month following the date on which the Magistrate grants the pension. A fresh application is required to be made each year for a renewal of the pension.
Payment of the pension is made by twelve monthly instalments at the most convenient post-office.
Instalments are payable on the 1st of the month, but may be collected up to the 1st day of the month following, after which date the special authority of the Minister of Finance is required before payment can be made. Instalments falling due on the 1st of January may be paid on any day not earlier than the 23rd December.
The full pension of £26 is reduced by—
£1 for every complete £1 of income over £34.
£1 for every complete £10 of net accumulated property.
£1 for every year or part of a year by which the age of the applicant is loss than sixty-five years.
The income of a married applicant for pension purposes is half of the joint incomes of husband and wife. The joint incomes of a married couple, however, must not exceed, with pension added, the sum of £100.
Income is money, valuable consideration or profits derived by any means from any source, and includes free board and lodging up to £26 per annum, but does not include :—
Sick allowance or funeral benefits paid by a friendly society.
Relief by way o'. charity, or gifts from relatives, up to £52 in any year.
Grants from the Gold-miners' and Coal-miners' Relief Funds.
Capital expended for the benefit of the applicant, or the wife or husband of the applicant.
Property received on the intestacy, or under the will, of a deceased husband or wife.
The income chargeable is that derived during the twelve months preceding the date of application, the Magistrate having power to exempt all personal earnings earned at a rate not exceeding £2 a week, provided it is shown to his satisfaction that owing to loss of employment or any other cause such earnings have ceased.
Income at the rate of the disqualifying amount—i.e., £60 for a single person, and £100 for a married person—being received at the date of application is a bar to the granting of a pension.
Net accumulated property is the capital value of all real and personal property owned by an applicant, other than life assurance policies and annuities, or other life interests in the capital sum of which the applicant has no interest beyond the income derived therefrom, less the following deductions :—
The amount of mortgage existing on the property.
£340 from the home, including furniture and personal effects.
£50 from any other property.
The net accumulated property of a husband or wife for pension purposes is half of the total net accumulated properties of both.
The pension is not affected by any increase in the value of property used exclusively as a home, which is taken at the valuation obtaining at the date of the original grant of the pension.
Provision is made for including transferred property, or property disposed of by will by the husband or wife of an applicant, in the computation of the pension.
To ascertain whether a pensioner is entitled to a renewal of his pension, he is required each year, shortly before the expiry of the certificate held by him, to furnish the Registrar with a statement of his income during the past year, and also of his property. On receipt of this statement the Registrar proceeds to verify the contents, and then submits it to the Magistrate, who investigates it in the same manner as an original claim, the pensioner being required to attend at the discretion of the Magistrate. The decision of the Magistrate is notified to the Commissioner, who issues a fresh pension-certificate for the amount for which the pension is renewed, and authorizes payment for another twelve months. The expired certificate is retained by the paying officer on payment of the final instalment, and forwarded to the Commissioner, by whom it is filed.
A pensioner may have any instalment paid at any post-office in New Zealand.
If a person is physically unfit to draw his pension in person, he may apply to the Commissioner to have an agent appointed to collect instalments. Any authority issued to such an agent holds good only for the pension-certificate for any one year, but it may be renewed each year when the pension itself is renewed.
A pension granted to a person maintained in a charitable institution is paid to the governing body of the institution on production of an authority signed by the local Registrar. A fresh authority is required each month in cases of this nature.
When any person to whom a pension has already been granted is committed to a mental hospital, the instalments of such pension are payable to the superintendent of the institution. An inmate of a mental hospital, however, cannot lodge an original claim for a pension.
The pension, being for the personal support of the pensioner, is absolutely inalienable, whether by way of assignment, charge, execution, bankruptcy, or otherwise howsoever.
No payment is made of an instalment which falls due while a pensioner is in gaol or out of New Zealand.
On the death of a pensioner the portion of the instalment accruing to date of death, together with any unpaid instalment then payable, may be paid if applied to defray funeral expenses, or, in the case of a charitable institution, towards cost of maintenance.
If the Commissioner has reason to believe that any pension has been improperly obtained, he may suspend payment and cause an inquiry to be held before a Magistrate, who has full power to act.
If during the currency of a pension-certificate a pensioner or the wife or husband of a pensioner, becomes possessed of property
or income in excess of the amount allowed by law, the Commissioner may apply to the Magistrate to have the pension cancelled or varied.
A Magistrate has power on his own initiative to review any previous decision, and to cancel or amend any pension-certificate.
Any person who by a wilfully false statement obtains or attempts to obtain a pension to which he is not entitled is liable to six months' imprisonment, or to a fine of £50, as also is any person who aids or abets such person.
It is an offence to receive any money in consideration of the procuring of a pension for any person; and it is also an offence to refuse to answer any question concerning any applicant or any statement contained in any application, the penalty being a fine not exceeding £10 in each case.
Where it has been found that a pensioner has been overpaid, and the Magistrate is of opinion that such overpayment was obtained by fraud, the pensioner is liable, in addition to imprisonment, to a penalty of double the amount paid in excess.
If on the death of a pensioner, or the wife or husband of a pensioner, it is found that he, or either of them, was possessed of property in excess of the amount allowed by law in respect to the amount of pension granted, double the amount of pension so overpaid may be recovered from the estate so found to be in excess.
If a pensioner is convicted of drunkenness or of any offence punishable by imprisonment for one month or more, or misspends, wastes, or lessens his estate, the Commissioner is empowered to pay the instalments of pension to an agent for the benefit of the pensioner, or to suspend the pension for such period as he deems fit.
Any person otherwise qualified to receive a pension who owns property on which he resides, and which does not permit of the granting of a full pension, may qualify for the full pension by transferring the said property to the Public Trustee. The pensioner is permitted to reside on the property rent-free during his lifetime, but he must pay all rates and charges thereon. If a husband and wife, both being pensioners, are living together, and one dies, the survivor is permitted to continue to reside on the property. On the death of both pensioner and survivor, or where the pensioner is no longer entitled to a pension, the Public Trustee shall sell the property, and, after deducting from the proceeds of the sale the amount of pension paid as a consequence of the transfer of the property, together with his commission and interest at the rate of 4 per cent., shall pay the balance to the person or persons entitled thereto. Provision is made for a pensioner, or survivor, or next-of-kin paying such amounts as aforesaid at any time, with a view to obtaining a retransfer of the property and obviating a sale.
Two registers are kept in the office of each Registrar—namely, a Pension-claim Register and an Old-age Pensions Register.
The Pension - claim Register contains a record of each claim filed, and how it is dealt with.
The Old-age Pensions Register contains a record of each pension granted in the district, as also of each pension transferred from any other district. All changes made from time to time in regard to any pension are entered up in this register.
Each Registrar is required to supply the following monthly returns:—
The number of old-age pensioners at the end of each financial year since the Act came into operation, the gross yearly payments, and the cost per head of population are as follows:—
| At 31st March, | Pensioners. | Cost per Head of | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amount. | Population | |||
| £ | s. | d. | ||
| 1899 | 7,443 | 3,124 | 0 | 1 |
| 1900 | 11,285 | 157,342 | 4 | 1 |
| 1901 | 12,405 | 197,292 | 5 | 1 |
| 1902 | 12,776 | 207,468 | 5 | 3 |
| 1903 | 12,481 | 210,140 | 5 | 2 |
| 1904 | 11,926 | 203,164 | 4 | 10 |
| 1905 | 11,770 | 195,475 | 4 | 6 |
| 1906 | 12,582 | 254,367 | 5 | 8 |
| 1907 | 13,257 | 314,184 | 6 | 10 |
| 1908 | 13,569 | 325,199 | 6 | 11 |
| 1909 | 14,396 | 336,760 | 6 | 11 |
| 1910 | 15,320 | 362,496 | 7 | 4 |
| 1911 | 16,020 | 383,393 | 7 | 7 |
| 1912 | 16,649 | 406,256 | 7 | 10 |
| 1913 | 16,509 | 415,761 | 7 | 10 |
| 1914 | 18,050 | 416,776 | 7 | 7 |
| Gross total | £4,389,197 | |||
The number and value of existing pensions at each rate on 31st March, 1914, were,— | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rate. | Number. | Liability. |
| Average pension, £24 16s. | ||
| £ | £ | |
| 39 | 36 | 1,404 |
| 38 | 2 | 76 |
| 37 | 1 | 37 |
| 36 | 1 | 36 |
| 35 | 1 | 35 |
| 33 | 2 | 66 |
| 32 | 2 | 64 |
| 30 | 1 | 30 |
| 29 | 1 | 29 |
| 28 | 1 | 28 |
| 26 | 14,270 | 371,020 |
| 25 | 555 | 13,875 |
| 24 | 542 | 13,008 |
| 23 | 460 | 10,580 |
| 22 | 370 | 8,140 |
| 21 | 422 | 8,862 |
| 20 | 185 | 3,700 |
| 19 | 175 | 3,325 |
| 18 | 152 | 2,736 |
| 17 | 113 | 1,921 |
| 16 | 114 | 1,824 |
| 15 | 83 | 1,245 |
| 14 | 85 | 1,190 |
| 13 | 83 | 1,079 |
| 12 | 67 | 804 |
| 11 | 68 | 748 |
| 10 | 70 | 700 |
| 9 | 41 | 369 |
| 8 | 35 | 280 |
| 7 | 24 | 168 |
| 6 | 25 | 150 |
| 5 | 20 | 100 |
| 4 | 19 | 76 |
| 3 | 13 | 39 |
| 2 | 10 | 20 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 18,050 | £447,765 | |
The ages of pensioners (exclusive of Maoris) on the roll on the 3lst March last are as shown in the following table:— | |
|---|---|
| Age. | Number. |
* Not including 671 Maoris. | |
| 60 | 190 |
| 61 | 199 |
| 62 | 260 |
| 63 | 259 |
| 64 | 267 |
| 65 | 488 |
| 66 | 710 |
| 67 | 816 |
| 68 | 925 |
| 69 | 1,311 |
| 70 | 953 |
| 71 | 1,083 |
| 72 | 1,058 |
| 73 | 1,058 |
| 74 | 967 |
| 75 | 900 |
| 76 | 832 |
| 77 | 756 |
| 78 | 709 |
| 79 | 721 |
| 80 | 659 |
| 81 | 595 |
| 82 | 409 |
| 83 | 340 |
| 84 | 230 |
| 85 | 178 |
| 86 | 127 |
| 87 | 108 |
| 88 | 73 |
| 89 | 70 |
| 90 | 43 |
| 91 | 18 |
| 92 | 21 |
| 93 | 16 |
| 94 | 19 |
| 95 | 2 |
| 96 | 2 |
| 97 | 1 |
| 98 | 4 |
| 99 | 1 |
| 100 | 1 |
| Total | 17,379* |
Tables are also given showing (1) original nationality and (2) sex and conjugal condition of all pensioners on the roll on 31st March, 1914.
| (1.) ORIGINAL NATIONALITIES OF ALL PENSIONERS ON THE ROLL ON THE 31ST MARCH, 1914. | |
|---|---|
| Number. | |
| British (England) | 8,154 |
| British (Ireland) | 3,726 |
| British (Scotland) | 3,269 |
| British (New Zealand) | 581 |
| British (Australia) | 360 |
| British (Wales) | 146 |
| British (Canada) | 102 |
| British (Channel Is'ds) | 63 |
| British (India) | 17 |
| British (West Indies) | 15 |
| British (South Africa) | 15 |
| British (Isle of Man) | 15 |
| British (Newfoundland) | 9 |
| British (Fiji) | 2 |
| British (Malta) | 2 |
| British (Pitcairn Island | 1 |
| German | 319 |
| Dane | 157 |
| Swede | 98 |
| Norwegian | 94 |
| Austrian | 42 |
| French | 38 |
| Italian | 36 |
| American | 32 |
| Swiss | 18 |
| Dutch | 14 |
| Portuguese | 12 |
| Russian | 10 |
| Finn | 7 |
| Pole | 7 |
| Greek | 6 |
| Belgian | 6 |
| Hungarian | 3 |
| Spaniard | 2 |
| Chilian | 1 |
| Maori | 671 |
| Total | 18,050 |
These pensioners are now all British subjects, as required by law.
| (2.) SEX AND CONJUGAL CONDITION OF PENSIONERS ON THE ROLL ON THE 31ST MARCH, 1914. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex. | Single. | Married. | Widowed. | Totals. |
| Male | 2,221 | 3,892 | 2,571 | 8,684 |
| Female | 332 | 3,340 | 5,694 | 9,366 |
| Totals | 2,553 | 7,232 | 8,265 | 18,050 |
The conjugal condition of all old-age pensioners (40,144) admitted to the roll since the Act of 1899 came into force is as follows: Single, 6,819; married, 18,760; widowed, 14,565.
The Widows' Pensions Act, 1911, which received the Governor's assent on the 28th October, came into operation on the 1st January, 1912. The scope of this Act was widened by an amendment Act passed in 1912, further amendments being embodied in the Act of 1913 consolidating the law relating to Old Age, Widows', and Military Pensions.
Similarly to Old-age Pensions, this part of the Act is administered by the Commissioner of Pensions at Wellington.
The term “widow” includes a woman whose husband is detained in a mental hospital.
Applicants must be British subjects of good character, and applications require to be lodged with the local Registrar of Pensions, and to be investigated by a Magistrate, who alone has power to grant pensions.
The following scale of payments is provided for :—
| To a widow with one child under fourteen years | £12 | per annum. |
|---|---|---|
| To a widow with two children under fourteen years | £18 | per annum. |
| To a widow with two three children under fourteen years | £24 | per annum. |
| To a widow with two more than three children under fourteen years | £30 | per annum. |
The term “child” includes a step-child, or a child legally adopted during the lifetime of the husband of the applicant.
For children born before the arrival of their parents in New Zealand, ten years' residence is required. A child born out of New Zealand during the temporary absence of its mother, however, is not debarred from the benefits of the Act.
The foregoing rates of pension are subject to a deduction of £1 for every £1 of the annual income of the widow and her children under fourteen in excess of £30. Such annual income, however, does not include personal earnings which do not exceed £100.
Property which produces no income, or an income of less than 5 per cent. of its value, is deemed to produce an income of at least 5 per cent. of such value, and such amount is included in the computation of the annual income.
Property does not include furniture and personal effects, nor property used as a home up to £340 in value. The pension is not affected by any increase in the valuation of the home, which is charged at the valuation obtaining at the date of the original granting of the pension.
The Act does not apply to aliens, or to Chinese or other Asiatics. Similarly to old-age pensions, all payments are made through the Post Office. In practically every other respect the same conditions as apply to an Old-age Pension apply to a Widow's Pension.
Provision is also made for continuance of the pension, after the death of a widow, to the guardian of her children.
The number of pensions in force under this head on the 31st March, 1914, was 1,540, the annual value of these being represented by the sum of £29,320.
Tables are given showing (1) ages and (2) original nationalities of widows in receipt of pensions as at 31st March last.
| (1.) AGES OF WIDOWS IN RECEIPT OF PENSIONS AS AT 31ST MARCH, 1914. | |
|---|---|
| Age. | Number |
* Not including 15 Maoris. | |
| 21 | 4 |
| 22 | 2 |
| 23 | 5 |
| 24 | 8 |
| 25 | 14 |
| 26 | 22 |
| 27 | 21 |
| 28 | 27 |
| 29 | 27 |
| 30 | 36 |
| 31 | 44 |
| 32 | 41 |
| 33 | 61 |
| 34 | 50 |
| 35 | 57 |
| 36 | 67 |
| 37 | 68 |
| 38 | 69 |
| 39 | 62 |
| 40 | 67 |
| 41 | 81 |
| 42 | 46 |
| 43 | 79 |
| 44 | 66 |
| 45 | 63 |
| 46 | 58 |
| 47 | 65 |
| 48 | 57 |
| 49 | 36 |
| 50 | 48 |
| 51 | 45 |
| 52 | 29 |
| 53 | 27 |
| 54 | 29 |
| 55 | 15 |
| 56 | 10 |
| 57 | 6 |
| 58 | 7 |
| 59 | 3 |
| 63 | 1 |
| 64 | 1 |
| 68 | 1 |
| Total | 1,525* |
| (2.) ORIGINAL NATIONALITIES OF WIDOWS IN RECEIPT OF PENSIONS AS AT 31ST MARCH, 1914. | |
|---|---|
| Number | |
| British (New Zealand) | 1,021 |
| British (England) | 232 |
| British (Ireland) | 91 |
| British (Australia) | 91 |
| British (Scotland) | 61 |
| British (Wales) | 5 |
| British (Channel Islands) | 2 |
| British (Pitcairn Island) | 1 |
| British (Isle of Man) | 1 |
| German | 11 |
| Dane | 4 |
| Italian | 3 |
| Norwegian | 1 |
| American | 1 |
| Maori | 15 |
| Total | 1,540 |
The Military Pensions Act, 1912, which received the Governor's assent on the 7th November, 1912, was enacted to provide for payment out of the Consolidated Fund of an annual pension of £36 to veterans of the Maori War who have been awarded the New Zealand War Medal for active service in such war. This Act is now embodied in the Pensions Act of 1913 above referred to, which consolidates the law relating to Old-age, Widows', and Military Pensions.
The qualifications of an applicant for this pension are as follows:—
He must have resided in New Zealand for the 10 years immediately preceding the date of his application.
He must not have been imprisoned during the same period for any offence punishable by imprisonment for two years.
He must not during the same period have deserted or failed to provide for his wife and children.
He must be of good character and sober habits.
Unlike the old-age and widows' pensions, which require to be applied for through a Registrar and determined by a Stipendiary Magistrate, the military pension is obtained by applying direct to the Commissioner of Pensions' at Wellington, or to the nearest
officer of the Defence Department, who reports to the Commissioner.
The number of pensions in force on 31st March, 1914, was 1,240, the annual value of these being £44,640.
| The ages of pensioners as at 31st March last are shown below :— | |
|---|---|
| Age. | Number. |
| * Not including 128 Maoris. | |
| 56 | 1 |
| 57 | 1 |
| 58 | 2 |
| 59 | 2 |
| 60 | 6 |
| 61 | 6 |
| 62 | 10 |
| 63 | 12 |
| 64 | 31 |
| 65 | 43 |
| 66 | 47 |
| 67 | 62 |
| 68 | 64 |
| 69 | 68 |
| 70 | 76 |
| 71 | 82 |
| 72 | 69 |
| 73 | 96 |
| 74 | 63 |
| 75 | 56 |
| 76 | 52 |
| 77 | 47 |
| 78 | 42 |
| 79 | 49 |
| 80 | 32 |
| 81 | 27 |
| 82 | 10 |
| 83 | 19 |
| 84 | 6 |
| 85 | 5 |
| 86 | 8 |
| 87 | 5 |
| 88 | 7 |
| 89 | 1 |
| 91 | 2 |
| 93 | 1 |
| 96 | 2 |
| Total | 1,112* |
The question of providing pensions for the public and semi-public servants of the Dominion on their retirement has received a good deal of attention in recent years. The schemes now in force embrace the Government Railways (1903), Public Service (1908) including Police (1899), and Teachers (1906), while the various local bodies are empowered to establish schemes under the Local Authorities Superannuation Act, 1908.
The Public Service Superannuation Act, 1907, now embodied in the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Act, 1908, which with its amendments includes ail branches of the Public Service except the Railway Department and so much of the Education Department as is included in Part IX of the Education Act, 1908 (mainly inspectors and teachers of public schools), came into force on the 1st January, 1908. The scheme, although optional on the part of public servants permanently employed at that date, is compulsory on all persons appointed thereafter.
The principal benefits are,—
Females may retire after 30 years' service or at the age of 55, while the retiring age may be reduced in certain cases for both males
and females. Special pensions may be given in the case of a member of the Police Force for injuries received on duty.
The contributions vary with the age on joining the fund: For ages under 30 they are 5 per cent. of the salary; ages 30 and under 35, 6 per cent.; 35 and under 40, 7 per cent.; 40 and under 45, 8 per cent.; 45 and under 50, 9 per cent.; 50 and over, 10 per cent.
The contributions are returned on withdrawal.
On the 31st December, 1913, there were 10,808 contributors paying £117,993 per annum into the fund. The pensioners numbered 811 and were entitled to £60,970 per annum, made up as follows: —
| Number. | Pension. | |
|---|---|---|
| £ | ||
| Retired for age or length of service | 438 | 48,727 |
| Retired for ill health | 97 | 7,576 |
| Police injured on duty | 4 | 442 |
| Widows | 138 | 2,484 |
| Children | 134 | 1,742 |
| 811 | £60,970 | |
The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st December, 1913, were as follows :—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Revenue. | |
| Amount of funds at beginning of year | 423,556 |
| Members' contributions— | |
| Under section 29 (ordinary) | 116,388 |
| Transfers from other superannuation funds | 37 |
| Government contribution | 48,000 |
| Interest | 20,803 |
| Fines, &c. | 234 |
| £609,018 | |
| Expenditure. | |
| Retiring-allowances— | |
| To members | 54,545 |
| To widows and children | 3,69 |
| Contributions returned— | |
| Under section 46, Amendment Act (left service) | 9,364 |
| Under section 42 or 43 (death) | 967 |
| Under section 32 (ee) | 221 |
| Under section 38 (retirement) | 194 |
| Transfers to other superannuation funds (section 48) | 5 |
| Compensation (section 32 (f)) | 942 |
| Interest (section 2, Amendment Act, 1909) | 8 |
| Expenses— | |
| Salaries | 912 |
| Office expenses | 140 |
| Medical fees | 53 |
| Board members' travelling-expenses | 10 |
| Crown Law charges | 1 |
| Post Office charges | 50 |
| Amount of fund at end of year | 537,914 |
| £609,018 | |
The assets and liabilities of the fund, as at 31st December last, are set out in the annexed statement:—
| BALANCE-SHEET AT THE 31ST DECEMBER, 1913. | |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| Liabilities. | |
| Fund as per Revenue Account | 537,914 |
| Retiring and other allowances due, in course of payment — | |
| Members | 1,024 |
| Widows and children | 69 |
| Refunds of contributions due, in course of payment— | |
| Under section 46, Amendment Act (left service) | 963 |
| Under section 42 or 43 (death) | 287 |
| Under section 32 (ee) | 221 |
| Under section 38 (retirement) | 93 |
| Transfers to other funds due, in course of payment (section 48) | 3 |
| Compensation (section 32 (f)) due, in course of payment | 205 |
| Expenses due, in course of payment— | |
| Salaries | 326 |
| Office expenses | 1 |
| Medical fees | 2 |
| Post Office charges | 50 |
| Postal Department | 3,262 |
| Unclaimed (contributions, &c.) | 453 |
| Contributions paid in advance and in error | 36 |
| £544,909 | |
| Assets. | |
| Amount invested with the Public Trustee | 520,511 |
| Contributions due, in transmission— | |
| Under section 29 (ordinary) | 8,362 |
| Transfers from other superannuation funds | 1 |
| Interest accrued, but not due | 16,020 |
| Fines due, in course of transmission | 15 |
| £544,909 | |
An amendment of the law under which the fund is administered was passed during the session of 1912, abolishing the provision for reduction or postponement of allowances to widows and children in cases where compensation is paid under the Workers' Compensation Act for the death of a contributor by accident. The new law came into operation from the date of its passage. Two widows and two children, whose allowances had been deferred previously, became entitled to payment as from that date.
The Government Actuary, in his report on the actuarial examination of the fund for the first triennium, recommended that the Government subsidy be increased from £23,000 to £48,000 pet-annum during the current triennium. By the amending Act mentioned above parliamentary sanction was given to the increased payment as from the 1st January, 1913. The increase in the subsidy was necessitated through officers retiring, with service for which they had paid no contributions, the basis of the scheme being that the Government should pay for these pensions except in so far as they were provided for by the members' contributions.
The Report of the Board, covering the year 1913, shows that up to the end of that year the sum of £149,555 in compensation to officers had been avoided by the Consolidated Fund, by their retiring on pensions. This sum nearly equals the Government subsidies paid to the fund (£156,500).
Since the initiation of the Superannuation Fund there has been also a large decrease in the annual grant from the Consolidated Fund for gratuities to the widows and children of public servants. The liabilities of the Government to the Fund are therefore offset by savings in other directions.
The Police Provident Fund, which was established on the 1st December, 1899, under the Police Provident Act, 1899, was merged in the Public Service Superannuation Fund on the 1st April, 1910, and members of the Police Force contributing at that date now pay the same contributions and receive the same benefits (plus the special allowance if injured on duty) as other members of the public service.
This was established by the Teachers' Superannuation Act, 1905, winch came into operation on the 1st January, 1906. Under this scheme the pensions were computed at 1/60;th of the total salary received during the years of contribution and 1/120;th of the total salary received during service between 1st January, 1878, and 1st January, 1906. with a minimum pension of £52 per annum.
The benefits were brought into line with those of the Public Service by the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908, and with a few exceptions all the contributors accepted the new benefits.
There are a few slight differences between the Public Service and the Teachers' Funds, the chief being that (1) the service of the teachers need not be continuous; (2) no pensions are payable on retirement for ill health unless the service exceeds fifteen years; and (3) in the case of reduction of status owing to age or infirmity, there is no provision that the pension should be computed on the higher salary as in the Public Service Fund.
Education service to which the Act applies is defined as service in any capacity for not less than twenty hours a week,—
Under the provisions of the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1912, those persons who were in the Education service on the 1st January, 1906, and who were still in the service, could elect, on or before the 30th June, 1913, to become contributors to the fund, contributions being payable as from 1st January, 1906. This provision was taken advantage of by 156 persons.
Provision was also made whereby those persons employed in the University Colleges at the date of the coming into operation of the Act (7th November, 1912) could elect, on or before the 30th June, 1913, to become contributors to the fund, and in these cases such contributors would be entitled to count back service. Forty-six persons joined the Fund under this provision. All persons first permanently employed under the University of New Zealand and the University Colleges after the date of the passing of the Amendment Act must become contributors to the fund.
It was also provided that the Government contribution to the fund as from the 1st January, 1913, should be increased from £7,000 to £17,000 per annum.
On the 31st December, 1913, there were 4,017 contributors, the annual contributions amounting to nearly £45,000.
The pensions were 460, representing a charge of £29,898 per annum, made up of—
| Number. | Amount of Pension. | |
|---|---|---|
| £ | ||
| Retired for age or length of service | 284 | 24,050 |
| Retired for ill health | 50 | 3,882 |
| Widows | 63 | l,147 |
| Children | 63 | 819 |
| 460 | £29,898 | |
The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st December, 1913, were as follows :—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Revenue. | |
| Funds at beginning of the year | 214,298 |
| Contributions | 54,892 |
| Re-credits | 118 |
| Government subsidy | 17,000 |
| Interest | 12,395 |
| £298,703 | |
| Expenditure. | |
| Pensions | 28,287 |
| Contributions refunded and transferred | 4,941 |
| Commission | 77 |
| Legal expenses | 4 |
| Unclaimed contributions, to date | 258 |
| Funds at the end of the year | 265,136 |
| £298,703 | |
The balance-sheet of the Teachers' Superannuation Fund as at 31st December, 1913, reads as follows :—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Assets. | |
| Amount in hands of Public Trustee | 258,692 |
| Contributions in transit | 1,380 |
| Contributions outstanding | 4,679 |
| Allowance paid in advance | 8 |
| Interest accrued and outstanding | 836 |
| £265,595 | |
| Liabilities. | |
| Fund as per Revenue Account | 265,136 |
| Retiring-allowances in transit | 61 |
| Retiring-allowances unpaid | 89 |
| Refund of contributions in transit | 18 |
| Contributions paid in advance | 33 |
| Unclaimed contributions | 258 |
| £265,595 | |
This was established on the 1st January, 1903, by the Government Railways Superannuation Fund Act, 1902, now embodied in the Government Railways Act, 1908.
The pension is here also 1/60;th of the annual rate of pay, for every year of service, but the retiring age is sixty for both males and females, instead of ages sixty-five and fifty-five respectively as in the Public Service. The only other differences of importance are that the annual allowances to widows and children are paid only on the death of contributors before retiring on a pension, and that the pension is computed on the last salary except where the contributor has served in a lower grade within the previous five years, in which case the average for seven years is taken.
The contributions originally were, for ages not exceeding thirty when the first contribution became payable. 3 per cent.; ages thirty and under thirty-five, 4 per cent.; thirty-five and under forty, 5 per cent.; forty and under forty-five, 6 per cent.; forty-five and under fifty, 7 per cent.; fifty and over, 10 per cent.
These contributions are still payable by members who joined the scheme prior to the 1st January, 1908, but for those who joined subsequently the contributions are the same as are payable under the Public Service scheme.
The number of contributors on 31st March, 1914, was 10,508, and at that date there were 1,301 persons on the fund, drawing annual allowances amounting to £71,012.
The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st March, 1914, were,—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Revenue. | |
| Amount of funds on 1st April, 1913 | 264,455 |
| Contributions (including arrears) | 71,682 |
| Interest | 11,899 |
| Fines | 470 |
| Donation by His Excellency the Governor | 10 |
| Balance of N.Z.R. Transvaal War Relief Fund paid over by Trustees | 317 |
| Government subsidy | 25,000 |
| £373,833 | |
| Expenditure. | |
| Retiring-allowances to members | 60,953 |
| Allowances to widows and children | 6,928 |
| Payments to legal representatives of deceased members | 105 |
| Contributions refunded | 10,075 |
| Contributions transferred to Public Service Superannuation Fund | 41 |
| Fines remitted. | 6 |
| Expenses | 255 |
| Amount of funds at the end of the year | 295,470 |
| £373,833 | |
The assets and liabilities of the fund as at 31st March, 1914, were,—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Assets. | |
| Amount in hands of Public Trustee | 286,392 |
| Contributions and fines in transit | 6,299 |
| Arrears of contributions due by members in respect of casual service | 3,524 |
| £296,215 | |
| Liabilities. | |
| Fund as per Revenue Account | 295,470 |
| Life allowances not paid | 204 |
| Widows' allowances not paid | 334 |
| Contributions due to be refunded not paid | 207 |
| £296,215 | |
The Local Authorities Superannuation Act, 1908, which came into force on 10th October, 1908, applies to Borough Councils, County Councils, Town Boards, Road Boards, Harbour Boards, Charitable Aid Boards, Tramway Companies, or any body possessing rating powers over any district.
The benefits and contributions are the same as in the Public Service Fund. Under the Act of 1908 a contributor's service prior to joining the fund was not counted for pension purposes. By an amendment, passed in 1912, however, local authorities were empowered, when establishing superannuation funds, to grant in respect of prior service an additional retiring allowance not exceeding 1/60;th of the annual salary for each year of such prior service.
The Wellington Harbour Board having decided to inaugurate a superannuation scheme in respect of its permanent employees, such employees were allowed six months from 1st April, 1913, in which to decide as to whether they would become contributors to the fund. Of a total of 328 permanent employees, 262 had decided, at 30th September, to join the fund. The Board's contribution—65 per cent. of the employees' contributions—amounted for the six months ended 30th September, 1913, to £974, which, with other expenses, brought the total cost to the Board for the half-year to £1,017.
Several other local bodies have been considering the advisability of adopting superannuation schemes, but, so far as is known, none of these are yet in operation.
The National Provident Fund was established by Act in 1910, and came into operation on 1st March, 1911. This measure offers facilities for voluntary thrift on the basis of mutual contributions by the State and the individual, and represents a striking departure in social legislation undertaken by the Government of New Zealand, there being particular features in this scheme that distinguish it from the provident systems of other countries.
The Fund is administered by a Board composed of the Hon. the Minister of Finance as Chairman and four members appointed by the Governor, one of whom is the Superintendent of the Fund.
The main object of the scheme is to provide for annuities in old age. This, however, is supplemented by benefits for the protection of the family from birth to old age.
The system is open to any person between the ages of 16 and 45 years residing in New Zealand, and whose average income during the three years prior to joining has not exceeded £200 per annum. There is no medical examination on entry, and the method of joining is extremely simple, the applicant having merely to fill in a form at a postal money-order office and pay a first weekly contribution.
The benefits are as follows :—
After twelve months in the Fund a payment not exceeding' £G for medical attendance on the birth of a contributor's child or children.
After five years in the Fund an allowance, after three months' incapacity for work, of 7s. 6d. per week for each child of a contributor under 14 years of age.
A weekly pension at age 60 of 10s., 20s., 30s., or 40s., according to the scale of contributions.
After five years in the Fund an allowance, on the death of a contributor, of 7s. 6d. per week for each child until 14 years of age, and 7s. 6d. for the widow so long as any child is under 14 years of age.
The maternity allowance is payable only if the combined income of a contributor and wife or husband does not exceed £200 per annum at the time of claim, but this limitation does not debar from the other benefits. The incapacity allowance is not payable where the incapacity is due to the serious misconduct of the contributor, and the amount is not to exceed the pecuniary loss which, in the opinion of the Board, the contributor has probably suffered during incapacity. Further, the income of a contributor during incapacity, independent of the Fund, is not to exceed the rate of £4 per week.
The contributions range from 9d. per week at age 17, 1s. at age 22, 1s. 3d. at 25, and so on to age 45, for the 10s. pension, the rate being two, three, or four times as much if a higher pension is applied for. A contributor may increase or decrease his pension after entry. The pension does not affect the rights of any person to the old-age pension.
The contributions are payable in weekly sums at any postal money-order office; but, as any number of contributions may be paid at one time, contributors have the privilege of paying as they like by weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, yearly, or at irregular intervals.
In the event of a contributor leaving the Fund or dying, all contributions (less any benefits received) are returnable. If a contributor dies before the first five years are completed, his representatives receive the contributions he has paid, less anything he received during lifetime by way of maternity benefit. Should he die after age 60, before receiving in benefits a sum equal to the contributions paid in during his lifetime, the difference is returnable to his representatives; and, further, if the allowances paid for widow and children do not exhaust the contributions, his representatives are entitled to the residue. If a contributor dies before 60, leaving a widow and no children, all the contributions are returnable, less benefits paid out.
The latitude allowed for arrears is very wide, and covers a period of eighteen months, but after six months a fine equal to one-fourth of the contributions is to be paid. If a contributor is drawing the incapacity allowance he pays no contributions during that period.
Moneys payable out of the Fund cannot be assigned in any way, nor, on the death of a contributor, be assets to pay his debts or liabilities.
The benefits under the Act are guaranteed by the State, which subsidizes the contributions to the extent of one-fourth of the amount paid into the Fund.
Organizing lecturers are operating in the various centres and personally explaining the system to the workers at their factories, work places, &c., a method that is found to be productive of satisfactory results, and is consequently being extended.
The result of the Fund's operations up to the end of the third year is indicated in the following table:—
| — | Number of Contributors. | Annual Rate of Contribution payable. | Amount of Fund. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | £ | ||
| At 31st December, 1911 | 550 | 3,171 | 15 | 8 | 1,826 |
| At 31st December, 1912 | 2,660 | 11,726 | 13 | 0 | 10,038 |
| At 31st December, 1913 | 5,791 | 22,719 | 0 | 4 | 29,327 |
Information as to contributors to the Fund from the date of its inception to 31st December last is shown in the next table. The total number of contributors to the date mentioned was 6,625, of whom 831 have left the Fund, leaving a balance of 5,791, whose annual contributions amount to £22,719 0s. 4d., or an average of £3 18s. 6d.
| CONTRIBUTORS TO NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND TO END OF 1913. | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Number of Contributors. | Annual Contributions. | ||||||||||||||||
| Class 1 Pension Rate, 10s. | Class 2. Pension Rate, 20s. | Class 3. Pension Rate, 30s. | Class 4. Pension Rate, 40s. | Aggregate. | ||||||||||||||
| M. | F. | T | M. | F. | T. | M. | F. | T. | M. | F. | T. | M. | F. | T. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Total entered | 5,445 | 873 | 5,818 | 580 | 90 | 620 | 72 | 11 | 83 | 97 | 7 | 104 | 6,144 | 481 | 6,625 | |||
| Total transferred from other classes | 76 | 1 | 77 | 11 | 4 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 92 | 8 | 100 | |||
| 5,521 | 374 | 5,895 | 541 | 94 | 635 | 74 | 13 | 87 | 100 | 8 | 108 | 6,236 | 489 | 6,725 | 26,401 | 18 | 4 | |
| Total discontinued | 686 | 55 | 741 | 57 | 11 | 68 | 11 | 3 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 765 | 69 | 834 | ||||
| Total transferred to other classes | 10 | 3 | 13 | 58 | 2 | 60 | 8 | 2 | 10 | 16 | 1 | 17 | 92 | 8 | 100 | |||
| 696 | 58 | 754 | 115 | 13 | 128 | 19 | 5 | 24 | 27 | 1 | 28 | 857 | 77 | 934 | 3,082 | 18 | 0 | |
| Total contributors on books at 31st December, 1913 | 4,825 | 316 | 5,141 | 426 | 81 | 507 | 55 | 8 | 63 | 73 | 7 | 80 | 5,379 | 412 | 5,791 | 22,719 | 0 | 4 |
The benefits paid out of the Fund for the year ended 31st December, 1913, amounted to only £698 8s., which sum represents maternity grants paid to 119 contributors.
Table of Contents
THE Banking Act, 1908, consolidates the law of New Zealand relating to the general business of banking in the Dominion. The Act provides that the incorporation of banks by Royal Charter shall be as effectual within New Zealand as Acts of the General Assembly. The number of directors is prescribed, and authority given to any bank to increase its capital on a resolution of the shareholders. Transfers of shares on which there is any liability must be approved by the directors, or their duly appointed attorney or attorneys. Every bank trading in the Dominion is required to furnish quarterly statements of its business, for publication in the Gazette. A sworn copy of an entry in the books of a bank shall in all legal proceedings be evidence of such entry, and a bank is not required in any legal proceedings to which it is not a party to produce its books before a Court, unless ordered by a Judge for special cause. Provision is made for bank holidays and for the destruction of cheques, drafts, bills of exchange, or promissory notes, after the expiration of ten years from the date or due date of such documents.
Part II of the Bills of Exchange Act, 1908, consolidates the law relating to cheques on a bank.
The Companies Act, 1908, with the exception of Part IX (as to companies incorporated outside New Zealand), and also of the provisions relating to branch registers, does not apply to companies formed within and carrying on business within the Dominion, but the whole Act applies to companies incorporated outside the Dominion.
There are six banks of issue trading in New Zealand, two of these institutions, the Bank of New Zealand and the National Bank of New Zealand, being incorporated by special Acts of the General Assembly of the Dominion. The Bank of New Zealand (special reference to which is made later on in this subsection) has branches in London, Australia, and Fiji, while its branches and agencies within the Dominion number 208, the other five banks having between them 209 such establishments, a total of 417, being an average of one bank to every 2,601 inhabitants, excluding Maoris.
The paid-up capital of the above banks, their reserve funds, and the rate and amount of their last dividend as on the 31st December, 1913, were as follows:—
| Bank. | Paid-up Capital. | Rate per Cent. per Annum of Last Dividend and Bonus. | Amount of Last Half-yearly Dividend and Bonus. | Reserve Fund. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
* Interest on stock. † For twelve months. | ||||
| Bank of New Zealand— | £ | Per Cent. | £ | £ |
| 4-per-cant. stock guaranteed by Government of New Zealand | 1,000,000 | 4* | 40,000* | |
| Preferred shares subscribed for by Government of New Zealand | 500,000 | 10 | 50,000† | 1,418,117 |
| Capital payable by shareholders | 500,000 | 12 and bonus 3 per cent. | 75,000† | |
| Union Bank of Australia (Limited) | 1,500,000 | 10 and bonus 4 per cent. | 105,000 | 1,649,003 |
| Bank of New South Wales | 3,500,000 | 10 | 168,947 | 2,350,000 |
| Bank of Australasia | 2,000,000 | 14 and bonus 12/- per share. | 136,000 | 2,689,100 |
| National Bank of New Zealand (Limited) | 750,000 | 12 and bonus 2 per cent. | 35,000 | 595,756 |
| Commercial Bank of Australia (Limited)— | ||||
| Ordinary | 95,644 | |||
| Preference | 2,117,350 | 8 per cent. | 31,760 | 7,675 |
| 11,962,994 | 8,709,651 | |||
The development of banking in New Zealand since the year 1857 has been very great. Taking for each year the average of the four quarters' returns made by the banks of issue, the figures for 1857, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, and each of the past four years are,—
| Year. | Deposits. | Advances. | Assets. | Liabilities. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1857 | 343,316 | 419,860 | 432,494 | |
| 1870 | 3,127,769 | 4,547,217 | 6,315,354 | 3,819,670 |
| 1880 | 8,538,935 | 11,300,404 | 14,220,275 | 9,550,177 |
| 1890 | 12,368,610 | 14,096,446 | 17,735,259 | 13,356,598 |
| 1900 | 15,570,610 | 12,084,744 | 17,314,535 | 16,964,582 |
| 1910 | 24,908,761 | 19,772,656 | 26,398,927 | 26,742,081 |
| 1911 | 26,765,122 | 22,601,863 | 29,433,614 | 28,625,803 |
| 1912 | 25,622,083 | 24,268,634 | 31,196,400 | 27,508,348 |
| 1913 | 25,733,187 | 24,005,038 | 30,708,932 | 27,591,099 |
In 1880 the deposits of these banks were £18 per head of the mean population; in 1890 they were £19.92 per head; in 1900 they were £20.39; in 1910, £25.15; and in 1911, £26.37. In 1912, however, the average fell to £24.66 and in 1913 (the strike year) a further fall is recorded, the rate per head being £24.08. The ratio of advances to deposits, which was 132.34 per cent. in 1880, reached its maximum in 1883, when it stood at 173.35 per cent. The proportion since that year fell, till in 1903 it was only 75.96 per cent. In 1904 the ratio stood at 82.10 per cent., in 1908 at 103.08 per cent., in 1912 at 94.72 per cent, and in 1913 at 93.28 per cent.
In 1886 the average amount of advances made by the banks was £15,853,420, equal to £27.23 per head of the mean population. The advances gradually declined in amount and proportion to population until 1891, when they were in value £11,549,145, or £18.34 per head. In 1897 advances stood at £10,892,111, or £15.09 per head, which is the lowest average since the year 1872. There was then a continuous rise both in amounts of advances and in rates per head of population until 1908, for which year the figures were £22,495,576, or £23.80 per head. In 1910 they stood at £19,772,656, or £19.92 per head, in 1911, £22,601,863, or £22.27 per head, in 1912, £24,268,634, or £23.36 per head, and in 1913 £24,005,038 or £22.46 per head. The discounts in 1908 amounted to £2,235,209, or £2.37 per head of mean population; in 1910 to £1,741,984, or £1.75 per head; in 1912 to £1,847,016, or £1.78 per head; and in 1913 to £1,951,665, or £1.83 per head. The largest amount of discounts in any year was £6,061,959 in 1879, a rate of £13.53 per head. From 1879 there was a fall year by year until 1896, when the sum was £1,756,791, or £2.49 per head, since when the ratio has fluctuated between £2.45 and £1.75 per head, the last five years showing the lowest figures, the rate per head being less than £2 in each of the five.
The liabilities of the banks of issue for the last ten years are shown in the table following, the figures given referring to New Zealand business only. The liabilities shown represent the average of the four quarters of the year, with the exception that in the figures for 1912 only the last quarter is taken in respect of the Commercial Bank of Australia, as this institution did not commence operations in the Dominion until fairly late in that year.
| Year. | Notes in Circulation. | Bills in Circulation. | Balances due to other Banks. | Deposits. | Total Liabilities. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1904 | 1,468,161 | 54,409 | 45,829 | 19,074,960 | 20,643,359 |
| 1905 | 1,468,977 | 77,055 | 52,533 | 20,545,601 | 22,144,166 |
| 1906 | 1,574,254 | 91,969 | 54,542 | 22,422,243 | 24,143,008 |
| 1907 | 1,644,645 | 97,727 | 74,865 | 23,517,111 | 25,334,348 |
| 1908 | 1,615,109 | 93,300 | 81,741 | 21,821,753 | 23,611,903 |
| 1909 | 1,577,556 | 93,582 | 60,565 | 21,996,621 | 23,728,326 |
| 1910 | 1,626,094 | 93,603 | 53,622 | 24,968,761 | 26,742,080 |
| 1911 | 1,677,842 | 113,582 | 69,257 | 26,765,122 | 28,625,803 |
| 1912 | 1,714,667 | 111,877 | 59,721 | 25,622,083 | 27,508,348 |
| 1913 | 1,674,333 | 108,518 | 75,061 | 25,733,187 | 27,591,099 |
ASSETS.
The average assets, as shown below, for the periods corresponding to those above, include Colonial Government securities, which in 1913 amounted to £1,047,725.
| Year. | Coin and Bullion. | Notes and Hills discounted. | Debts due, exclusive of Bad Debts. | All other Assets. | Total Assets. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1904 | 3,896,195 | 2,072,356 | 12,578,842 | 2,345,703 | 20,893,096 |
| 1905 | 4,006,108 | 2,125,511 | 13,370,885 | 2,268,021 | 21,770,525 |
| 1906 | 4,593,954 | 2,068,404 | 14,580,925 | 2,586,650 | 23,829,933 |
| 1907 | 4,836,718 | 2,014,848 | 16,499,197 | 3,233,476 | 26,584,239 |
| 1908 | 4,840,942 | 2,235,209 | 18,937,599 | 3,084,817 | 29,098,567 |
| 1909 | 4,947,096 | 1,928,178 | 17,149,854 | 2,912,137 | 26,937,265 |
| 1910 | 5,035,764 | 1,741,984 | 16,698,015 | 2,923,164 | 26,398,927 |
| 1911 | 5,195,333 | 1,792,261 | 19,467,467 | 2,978,553 | 29,433,614 |
| 1912 | 5,338,295 | 1,847,016 | 21,062,101 | 2,948,988 | 31,196,400 |
| 1913 | 5,204,266 | 1,951,665 | 20,950,633 | 2,602,368 | 30,708,932 |
DEPOSITS AND ADVANCES.
The total amount of deposits, the amount per head of population, the total advances, and the ratio of advances to deposits, taking the average of the four quarters for each of the past ten years, are as follows:—
| Year. | Deposits. | Advances: | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Amount. | Per Head of Population. | Total Amount. | Ratio to Deposits. | |||
| £ | £ | s. | d. | £ | Per Cent. | |
| 1904 | 19,074,960 | 22 | 11 | 5 | 15,661,253 | 82.10 |
| 1905 | 20,545,601 | 23 | 12 | 5 | 16,595,156 | 80.77 |
| 1906 | 22,422,243 | 25 | 0 | 10 | 17,833,640 | 79.54 |
| 1907 | 23,517,111 | 25 | 11 | 10 | 19,838,799 | 84.35 |
| 1908 | 21,821,753 | 23 | 1 | 10 | 22,495,576 | 103.08 |
| 1909 | 21,996,621 | 22 | 10 | 2 | 20,386,367 | 92.68 |
| 1910 | 24,968,761 | 25 | 3 | 0 | 19,772,656 | 79.19 |
| 1911 | 26,765,122 | 26 | 7 | 5 | 22,601,863 | 84.45 |
| 1912 | 25,622,083 | 24 | 13 | 2 | 24,268,634 | 94.72 |
| 1913 | 25,733,187 | 24 | 1 | 7 | 24,005,038 | 93.28 |
Deposits per head of population in hanks of issue in each of the Australian States during the past five years are shown. Figures for New Zealand are also given by way of comparison.
| DEPOSITS PER HEAD IN BANKS OF ISSUE IN AUSTRALASIA, 1909–13. | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State. | 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | ||||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Queensland | 28 | 8 | 6 | 29 | 11 | 6 | 32 | 2 | 2 | 32 | 13 | 0 | 33 | 1 | 3 |
| New South Wales | 28 | 0 | 4 | 30 | 13 | 5 | 33 | 9 | 1 | 34 | 15 | 5 | 31 | 14 | 9 |
| Victoria | -30 | 14 | 0 | 32 | 14 | 9 | 35 | 1 | 10 | 35 | 11 | 1 | 34 | 6 | 10 |
| South Australia | 24 | 17 | 5 | 27 | 1 | 2 | 27 | 3 | 7 | 27 | 14 | 10 | 1 | 8 | |
| Western Australia | 19 | 0 | 4 | 22 | 14 | 10 | 25 | 11 | 0 | 23 | 9 | 2 | 20 | 6 | 11 |
| Tasmania | 19 | 6 | 1 | 19 | 11 | 0 | 19 | 7 | 7 | 21 | 17 | 11 | 26 | 15 | 0 |
| Northern Territory | 17 | 17 | 0 | 22 | 16 | 8 | 26 | 17 | 10 | ||||||
| Total Commonwealth | 27 | 12 | 8 | 29 | 16 | 5 | 32 | 1 | 8 | 32 | 15 | 10 | 31 | 6 | 1 |
| New Zealand | 22 | 10 | 2 | 25 | 3 | 0 | 26 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 13 | 2 | 24 | 1 | 7 |
The graphs in the following diagram show the amounts of liabilities, assets, and deposits of banks of issue in New Zealand each year from 1857 to 1913.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each square represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height five hundred thousand pounds sterling.
Assets shown thus ___
Liabilities shown thus .....
Deposits shown thus
ISSUE OF NOTES.
The Banking Act, 1908, deals with the issue of notes generally. The Governor may empower any bank to issue and circulate notes, subject to the provisions and restrictions contained in the charter or letters patent under which such bank is incorporated, all such notes to be payable in gold only at the office of the bank at the place of issue, such notes to be a first charge on all assets of the bank.
The private Acts of the Bank of New Zealand and the National Bank of New Zealand (Limited) contain the following clause: “That the total amount of promissory notes payable on demand, issued and in circulation within the Dominion, shall not at any time exceed the amount of coin, bullion, and public securities which shall for the time being be held by the same corporation within the Dominion; nor shall the proportion of coin be less than one-third part of the amount of the coin, bullion, and public securities so held by the said corporation within the Dominion.”
On the 5th August, 1914, an amendment to the Banking Act was passed empowering the Governor in Council, from time to time, to make a Proclamation declaring “that the notes payable on demand by any bank therein named, and then issued 01 thereafter to be issued or reissued within New Zealand under any lawful authority in that behalf, shall during the period limited by the Proclamation be everywhere within New Zealand a good and legal tender of money to the amount therein expressed to be payable.” Conditions governing the issue of such Proclamation are laid down, and the bank may be required to give adequate security that it will redeem the notes in gold on the expiration of the period covered by the Proclamation. Provision is also made for payment by the State Treasury in case of default by the bank. During the period any such Proclamation is in force, gold must not be exported except with the consent of the Minister of Finance, and any gold exported or attempted to be exported in breach of this provision is to be forfeited to the Government.
Immediately on the passing of the amendment referred to, Great Britain being then at war with Germany, a Proclamation was gazetted declaring notes of all six banks of issue doing business in New Zealand to be legal tender from the 6th August to the 6th September, 1914.
Further extensions of time have since been made.
In 1894 an Act was passed whereby a special issue of shares by the Bank of New Zealand, amounting to £2,000,000, was guaranteed by the New Zealand Government. One-half of this sum was to be at the disposal of the bank for use in its ordinary business, and the remainder was to be invested as the Colonial Treasurer, representing the State, might approve. Until the calling-in or cancellation of the guaranteed shares, no dividend could be paid to ordinary shareholders without the consent of the Treasurer, who was empowered to satisfy himself that any proposed dividend would not unduly affect the security of the State in respect of the guarantee. The Treasurer could require the directors of the bank to call up £500,000, being one-third of the reserve capital, within twelve months, and this was accordingly done. The Government appointed a president and two auditors.
In 1895 a further Act dealing with the Bank of New Zealand was passed. This Act provided for writing off the paid-up capital of the bank (£900,000) together with the proceeds (estimated at £450,000) of the first call of £3 6s. 8d. on the reserve liability of £10 per share. New capital amounting to £500,000 bearing interest at 3œ per cent. was raised by preferred shares, and issued to the State in exchange for Government securities. The bank was given the right to repurchase at par within six years, and this provision was taken advantage of. Further share capital was created by a second call of the reserve liability (£3 6s. 8d.) per share, and it was provided that the remaining third might be called up at any time after the 31st December. 1898. The sum of £1,000,000, which under the Act of 1894 was required to be invested as the Colonial Treasurer might approve, was released for employment in the ordinary business of the bank.
An Assets Realization Board, consisting of two members appointed by the Government and one chosen by the directors of the bank, was established to purchase all the assets of the Bank of New Zealand Estates Company (Limited) and of the Auckland Agricultural Company, for the sum of £2,731,706. being the estimated value of the properties on the 31st March, 1895, subject, however, to an adjustment of station accounts, the purchase-money to be paid in debentures issued by the Board, having a nine-years' currency and bearing interest at 3œ per cent., any deficiency to be guaranteed by the Government. The Colonial Treasurer was empowered, in the event of such deficiency, to appoint a receiver in respect of the securities.
The Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act, 1898, provided for a Board of Directors consisting of six persons, instead of five as formerly, four of the directors to be appointed by the Governor in Council, and two to be elected by the shareholders.
The Bank of New Zealand Act, 1903, was passed in anticipation of the guaranteed shares issued under the authority of the Act of 1894 reaching maturity on the 19th of July of the year 1904, and of the expiry of the term of currency of the debentures issued by the Assets Realization Board (31st March, 1904). It also made provisions under which the remaining liability of the proprietors of the bank, under section 21 of the Banking Act, 1861, ranked as ordinary uncalled capital, and for the issue of fresh shares to the Government in lieu of the preferred shares originally issued to the Crown, but afterwards repurchased by the bank. Besides the above, the Act dealt with other matters affecting the business of the bank and the Assets Realization Board.
Under this Act every ordinary share in the bank was deemed to be of the nominal value of £6 13s. 4d. paid up to the extent only of the amount actually paid on account of instalments of the call in respect of such share, leaving a liability of the balance of instalments, and the further liability of £3 6s. 8d. per share, but no more. The guaranteed stock issued under the Share Guarantee Act, 1894, to the extent of two million pounds, matured on the 19th July, 1904, and was redeemed by the bank, and another issue of guaranteed stock, representing the sum of one million pounds sterling, having a currency not exceeding ten years, was made in lieu thereof. This stock was declared, by an Act passed in the following year, to have priority, as to both capital and dividend, over all existing shares of the bank, whether preference or ordinary. The preferred shares, representing £500,000 new capital, issued under the authority of the Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act. 1895, and subsequently repurchased by the bank were cancelled and in lieu thereof the Government purchased 75,000 preference shares of the bank, fully paid, representing £500,000 new capital. These shares rank for dividend purposes in priority to ordinary shares to the extent of 5 per cent. per annum (non-cumulative), and for dividends in excess of 5 per cent. they are entitled to only half the rate payable on ordinary shares; so that where, for example, the dividend on the ordinary shares is at the rate of 6 per cent. the dividend on the preference shares is at the rate of 5œ per cent. The maximum rate of dividend payable on preference shares is 10 per cent., while that payable on ordinary shares is not limited. Otherwise the preference shares confer the same rights and privileges as ordinary shares. The Act of 1903 empowered the Assets Board, for the purpose of redeeming such of its debentures as might be outstanding at maturity, to issue fresh debentures, with currency of five years, for a sum not exceeding in all the face value of the residue of the outstanding debt, and bearing interest at a rate not higher than 3œ per cent. per annum.
The properties vested in the Assets Board were to be valued at appointed times, and the actual deficiency between such value and the amount of outstanding debentures ascertained. When the assets were found to be sufficient to meet liabilities, the Governor by Order in Council declared that the Board should cease to exist, its properties being handed over to the bank, which thereupon was empowered to redeem all the outstanding debentures of the Board.
A Proclamation by the Governor in Council was published in a supplement to the New Zealand Gazette, dated the 7th December, 1906, to the effect that valuations in the terms of the above provisions having been duly made and confirmed by the Valuer-General, the assets were found to be sufficient to meet the outstanding liabilities, and the Assets Realization Board, from the 17th December, 1906, ceased to exist.
The guaranteed stock issued under the Act of 190.3 matured on the 19th July, 1914, and a further Act was passed in 1913 whereby the bank was empowered to cover the redemption of this by the issue of stock to the extent of £1,000,000, having a currency not exceeding twenty years, and carrying a dividend not exceeding 4 per cent. per annum, payable half-yearly. As in the former case this stock is to have priority as to both capital and dividend as against the assets of the bank over all other shares.
Power was also given by the Act of 1913 for the raising of additional capital for the bank. An amount not exceeding £3,000,000 may be raised by the creation and issue of 150,000 shares, to be called “B” preference shares, of £6 13s. 4d. each and 300,000 new ordinary shares of the same value. The Government is to have the first option of purchasing the “B” preference shares, which in respect of capital are to rank next after the former or “A” preference shares and in priority to all other shares, and in other respects to be equal to the ordinary shares. For each two ordinary shares to be issued under the Act of 1913, one “B” preference share must also be issued at the same time. The number of shares that may be held by any one shareholder is now fixed at 6,000 instead of 3,000 as formerly.
In connection with the Post Office in New Zealand, a savings-bank is conducted. The minimum deposit receivable, except in certain specified cases, is one shilling, and no interest is given on any sum less than £1 or in excess of £1,000. Prior to the 1st January, 1914, the maximum amount on which interest was payable was £600. Interest on sums up to £300 must not exceed 5 per cent. per annum, and on sums between £300 and £1,000 4 per cent. is the maximum allowable. The Post Office Act contains provisions whereby a depositor may be required to give seven days' notice of withdrawal of any money, and in consequence of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Germany this provision has recently (August, 1914) been taken advantage of by the Post Office authorities as regards sums in excess of £2.
The number of post-offices open for the transaction of savings bank business at the end of 1913 was 747.
There were 81,260 new accounts opened in 1913, and 54,865 accounts were closed during the year. The total number of open accounts at the end of 1913 was 458,594, or one in every 2.37 of the population, excluding Maoris.
The deposits received during the year amounted to £11,286,702, and the withdrawals to £11,041,454, the excess of deposits over withdrawals having thus been £245,248. The total sum standing at credit of all accounts on the 31st December, 1913, was £17,131,414, which gave an average of £37 7s. 2d. to the credit of each open account. Information for each of the past ten years is given:—
| PORT OFFICE SAVINGS-BANK. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number of Depositors at End of Year. | Total Amount of Deposits during Year. | Total Amount of Withdrawals during Year. | Excess of Deposits over Withdrawals. | Total Amount to Credit of Depositors at End of Year. |
| £ | £ | £ | |||
| 1904 | 259,164 | 5,836,540 | 5,664,770 | 171,770 | 7,761,382 |
| 1905 | 276,066 | 6,625,744 | 5,984,185 | 641,559 | 8,662,023 |
| 1906 | 298,746 | 7,907,155 | 6,907,104 | 1,000,051 | 9,953,266 |
| 1907 | 319,773 | 9,351,664 | 8,125,123 | 1,226,541 | 11,523,231 |
| 1908 | 342,077 | 9,674,075 | 9,417,820 | 256,255 | 12,159,294 |
| 1909 | 359,714 | 9,611,120 | 9,499,320 | 111,800 | 12,666,898 |
| 1910 | 380,585 | 10,708,939 | 9,695,515 | 1,013,424 | 14,104,990 |
| 1911 | 405,566 | 11,627,368 | 10,662,046 | 965,322 | 15,543,187 |
| 1912 | 432,199 | 11,725,183 | 11,449,711 | 275,472 | 10,330,257 |
| 1913 | 458,594 | 11,286,702 | 11,041,454 | 245,248 | 17,131,414 |
The Post Office Savings-bank commenced operations on 1st February, 1867, and the progress of the establishment since that date is shown below in graphical representation, the curves representing number of open accounts, total amount to credit, and average amount to credit respectively.
EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small square represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height 10,000 accounts, £200,000 to credit of total accounts or £1 to credit of each account.
The number of open accounts (as on the 31st December) for five years, classified according to amounts at credit, is as follows:–
| 1909. | 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not exceeding £20 | 257,174 | 270,812 | 290,157 | 311,389 | 329,669 |
| Exceeding £20 and up to £50 | 38,998 | 19,931 | 42,266 | 43,952 | 47,387 |
| Exceeding £50 and up to £100 | 25,409 | 26,96 | 28,061 | 29,602 | 31,196 |
| Exceeding £100 and up to £200 | 20,577 | 22,070 | 23,162 | 24,195 | 26,109 |
| Exceeding £200 and up to £300 | 8,902 | 9,536 | 10,277 | 10,832 | 11,406 |
| Exceeding £300 and up to £400 | 4,259 | 4,761 | 5,274 | 5,667 | 5,989 |
| Exceeding £400 and up to £500 | 2,088 | 2,544 | 2,750 | 2,850 | 3,107 |
| Exceeding £500 and up to £600 | 1,343 | 1,651 | 1,980 | 2,020 | 1,986 |
| Exceeding £600 | 964 | 1,314 | 1,639 | 1,692 | 1,745 |
| Totals | 359,714 | 380,585 | 405,566 | 432,199 | 458,594 |
The following were the securities standing in the name of the Postmaster-General on account of the Post Office Savings-bank Fund on the 31st December, 1913:—
| Description of Securities. | Nominal Value. | Value at Cost-price. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 200 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1900 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 56,500 | 0 | 0 | 56,500 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1901 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 32,600 | 0 | 0 | 32,600 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1901 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 2,500 | 0 | 0 | 2,500 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1901 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 8,100 | 0 | 0 | 8,100 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1902 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 128,000 | 0 | 0 | 128,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1903 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 1,250 | 0 | 0 | 1,250 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1903 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 170,100 | 0 | 0 | 170,100 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1903 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 61,525 | 0 | 0 | 61,525 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1906 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 500,000 | 0 | 0 | 500,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1906 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 61,750 | 0 | 0 | 61,750 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1906 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 8,650 | 0 | 0 | 8,650 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent, | 200,000 | 0 | 0 | 200,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement, Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 50,000 | 0 | 0 | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1909 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 300 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1911 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 50,000 | 0 | 0 | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1911 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 49,000 | 0 | 0 | 49,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1912 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 175,300 | 0 | 0 | 175,300 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1913 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 115,000 | 0 | 0 | 115,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Water-power Works Act 1910 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 50,000 | 0 | 0 | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Aid to Water-power Works Act 1910 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 80,000 | 0 | 0 | 80,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Appropriation Act 1912 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 10,000 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Canadian Stock, 3 per cent. | 5,000 | 0 | 0 | 4,800 | 0 | 0 |
| Canadian Stock, 2œ per cent. | 12,666 | 15 | 11 | 10,133 | 8 | 9 |
| The Cape of Good Hope Consolidated Stock, 3œ per cent. | 200 | 0 | 0 | 186 | 1 | 3 |
| The Coal-mines Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 40,000 | 0 | 0 | 40,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Coal-mines Act 1908 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 135,000 | 0 | 0 | 135,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Consolidated Loan Act 1867 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 13,000 | 0 | 0 | 13,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Consolidated Stock Act 1884 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 194,200 | 0 | 0 | 194,200 | 0 | 0 |
| The Consolidated Stock Act 1884 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 283,500 | 0 | 0 | 283,500 | 0 | 0 |
| The Consolidated Stock Act 1884 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 165,000 | 0 | 0 | 165,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Dairy Industry Act 1898 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 438 | 0 | 0 | 438 | 0 | 0 |
| The Dairy Industry Act 1898 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 1,343 | 0 | 0 | 1,343 | 0 | 0 |
| The Defence and other Purposes Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 75,000 | 0 | 0 | 75,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Defence and other Purposes Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 8,100 | 0 | 0 | 8,100 | 0 | 0 |
| The General Purposes Loan Act 1873 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 5,200 | 0 | 0 | 5,200 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Advances to Settlers Act 1906 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 105,000 | 0 | 0 | 105,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Advances to Settlers Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 12,900 | 0 | 0 | 12,964 | 10 | 0 |
| The Government Advances to Settlers Extension Act 1901 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 80,000 | 0 | 0 | 80,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Advances to Workers Act 1906 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 25,000 | 0 | 0 | 25,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act 1886 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 231,500 | 0 | 0 | 231,500 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Railways Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 85,000 | 0 | 0 | 85,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Railways Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 10,000 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Railways Act 1908 and Finance Act 1909 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Railways Act 1908 and Finance Act 1909 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 50,000 | 0 | 0 | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 50,350 | 0 | 0 | 50,350 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 11,150 | 0 | 0 | 11,150 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures. 3Ÿ; per cent. | 10,000 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 5,000 | 0 | 0 | 5,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 30,000 | 0 | 0 | 30,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Greymouth Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent. | 240,000 | 0 | 0 | 240,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Hamilton Borough Debentures, 4œ per cent. | 3,000 | 0 | 0 | 3,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Acts 1903 and 1905 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 100,000 | 0 | 0 | 100,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1905 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 50,000 | 0 | 0 | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1907 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 10,000 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 67,000 | 0 | 0 | 67,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 27,590 | 0 | 0 | 27,590 | 0 | 0 |
| The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 15,000 | 0 | 0 | 15,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Immigration and Public Works Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 20,900 | 0 | 0 | 20,900 | 0 | 0 |
| India Stock, 3œ per cent. | 216 | 14 | 5 | 213 | 18 | 9 |
| India Stock, 3 per cent. | 52 | 13 | 9 | 45 | 15 | 0 |
| Inscribed Stock, 3œ per cent. | 618,000 | 0 | 0 | 618,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Inscribed Stock, 3 per cent. | 2,260,495 | 11 | 1 | 2,244,582 | 18 | 0 |
| Irish Land Stock, 2Ÿ; percent. | 100 | 0 | 0 | 89 | 15 | 0 |
| The Irrigation and Water-supply Act 1913 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 10,000 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 300 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 400 | 0 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 76,150 | 0 | 0 | 76,150 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 62,000 | 0 | 0 | 62,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 27,000 | 0 | 0 | 27,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 4,700 | 0 | 0 | 4,700 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 2,400 | 0 | 0 | 2,400 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 20,000 | 0 | 0 | 20,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 10,650 | 0 | 0 | 10,650 | 0 | 0 |
| The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 5,000 | 0 | 0 | 5,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act 1894 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 339,000 | 0 | 0 | 339,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1901 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 100,000 | 0 | 0 | 100,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 785,000 | 0 | 0 | 785,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 150,000 | 0 | 0 | 150,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 786,000 | 0 | 0 | 786,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 50,000 | 0 | 0 | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Maori Land Settlement Act 1905 Debentures, 3œ per cent, | 25,650 | 0 | 0 | 25,650 | 0 | 0 |
| The Maori Land Settlement Act Amendment Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 50,000 | 0 | 0 | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Native Land Purchase Act 1892 and New Zealand Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 125,000 | 0 | 0 | 125,000 | 0 | 0 |
| New South Wales Stock, 3œ per cent. | 27,000 | 0 | 0 | 26,865 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand Consols Act, 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 340 | 0 | 0 | 340 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand Consols Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 400 | 0 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 400,000 | 0 | 0 | 400,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 1,918,600 | 0 | 0 | 1,918,600 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand Land for Settlements Act 1908 and New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 44,925 | 0 | 0 | 44,925 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 and the New Zealand Loans Act 1908 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 99,000 | 0 | 0 | 99,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 8,000 | 0 | 0 | 8,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3œ per cent | 64,850 | 0 | 0 | 64,850 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 15,300 | 0 | 0 | 15,300 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 12,350 | 0 | 0 | 12,350 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 21,500 | 0 | 0 | 21,500 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 741,066 | 0 | 0 | 741,066 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advance's Act 1909 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 410,000 | 0 | 0 | 410,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Advances to Settlers Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 750,000 | 0 | 0 | 750,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909 (Advances to Settlers Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent | 37,000 | 0 | 0 | 37,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Advances to Workers Branch) Debenture, 3œ per cent. | 205,000 | 0 | 0 | 205,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Advances to Workers Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 100,000 | 0 | 0 | 100,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Native Land Settlement Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 30,000 | 0 | 0 | 30,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Now Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Native Land Settlement Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 50,000 | 0 | 0 | 50,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909 (Native Land Settlement Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 54,500 | 0 | 0 | 54,500 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Native Land Settlement Branch) Debentures, 4 per cent. | 110,000 | 0 | 0 | 110,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Local Authorities Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 96,000 | 0 | 0 | 96,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Local Authorities Branch) Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 275,000 | 0 | 0 | 275,000 | 0 | c |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Local Authorities Branch) Debentures, 4 per cent. | 9,000 | 0 | 0 | 9,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Local Authorities Branch) Debentures, 4 per cent. | 48,000 | 0 | 0 | 48,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Guaranteed Mining Advance-Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 5,000 | 0 | 0 | 5,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Oamaru Borough Consolidated Loan Debentures, 5 per cent. | 13,800 | 0 | 0 | 13,800 | 0 | 0 |
| Patea Harbour Board Debentures, 4œ per cent. | 35,000 | 0 | 0 | 35,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Post office Savings-bank Fund Investment Act 1907 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 125,009 | 0 | 0 | 125,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Post and Telegraph Act 1908 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 75,000 | 0 | 0 | 75,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Railways Improvement Authorization Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 25,000 | 0 | 0 | 25,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Reserve Fund Securities Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 800,000 | 0 | 0 | 800,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Scenery Preservation Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 40,000 | 0 | 0 | 40,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Scenery Preservation Act 1908 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent. | 20,000 | 0 | 0 | 20,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Scenery Preservation Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent. | 11,000 | 0 | o | 14,000 | 0 | 0 |
| South Australian Stock, 4 per cent. | 1,772 | 16 | 2 | 1,861 | 9 | 0 |
| South Australian Stock, 3œ per cent. | 12,000 | 0 | 0 | 11,760 | 0 | 0 |
| Thames Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent. | 10,000 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Timaru Borough Council Debentures, 4 per cent. | 4,000 | 0 | 0 | 4,000 | 0 | 0 |
| The Public Revenues Act 1910 Treasury Bills, 4 per cent. | 100,000 | 0 | 0 | 100,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Victorian Stock, 3 per cent. | 12,379 | 19 | 10 | 10,708 | 13 | 10 |
| The Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent. | 100,000 | 0 | 0 | 100,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Wellington City Council Debentures, 4 per cent. | 100,000 | 0 | 0 | 99,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Wellington City Council Debentures, 4 per cent. | 25,000 | 0 | 0 | 24,500 | 0 | 0 |
| Wellington Harbour Board Debentures, 4Πper cent. | 28,400 | 0 | 0 | 28,400 | 0 | 0 |
| Wellington Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent. | 45,000 | 0 | 0 | 45,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Westport Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent. | 489,500 | 0 | 0 | 489,500 | 0 | 0 |
| Totals | 17,105,711 | 11 | 2 | 17,083,638 | 9 | 7 |
| Most of this fund is invested in securities of the New Zealand General Government. A summary of the investments is as follows:— | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | |
| In New Zealand Government securities | 16,040,622 | 11 | 1 |
| In local bodies' securities | 993,700 | 0 | 0 |
| In other securities | 71,389 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | £17,105,711 | 11 | 2 |
There are five savings-banks not connected with the Post Office. The total amount deposited in them during the year ended 31st March, 1914, was £1,478,309, of which the deposits by Maoris comprised £283. The withdrawals reached the sum of £1,461,510 or £16,799 less than the deposits. The total amount to the credit of the depositors at 31st March, 1914, was £1,792,108, of which sum £375 belonged to Maoris. Figures for ten years are as follows:—
| PRIVATE SAVINGS-BANKS. 1904–13. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number of Depositors at End of Year. | Total Amount of Deposits during Year. | Total Amount of Withdrawals during Year. | Excess of Deposits over Withdrawals. | Total Amount to Credit of Depositors at End of Year. |
The minus sign (–) represents excess of withdrawals over deposits. * 15 months ended 31st March following. † 12 months ended 31st March following. | |||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||
| 1904 | 38,405 | 893,979 | 891,986 | 1,993 | 1,077,925 |
| 1905 | 40,310 | 902,166 | 904,918 | –2,752 | 1,111,931 |
| 1906 | 42,368 | 1,013,571 | 947,988 | 65,583 | 1,216,759 |
| 1907 | 44,649 | 1,036,568 | 993,841 | 42,727 | 1,301,832 |
| 1908 | 46,868 | 1,124,510 | 1,121,285 | 3,225 | 1,352,972 |
| 1909 | 49,056 | 1,168,735 | 1,169,654 | –919 | 1,398,512 |
| 1910 | 51,534 | 1,338,338 | 1,269,973 | 68,363 | 1,515,525 |
| 1911 | 54,036 | 1,420,321 | 1,337,586 | 82,735 | 1,651,275 |
| 1912* | 71,728 | 1,824,606 | 1,833,390 | –8,784 | 1,713,283 |
| 1913† | 74,088 | 1,478,309 | 1,461,510 | 16,799 | 1,792,108 |
The deposits in the savings-banks of New South Wales on 31st December, 1912, of the other States of the Commonwealth on 30th June, 1913, and of New Zealand on 31st December, 1913 (Post Office), and 31st March, 1914 (other institutions) were as given below. The figures for Australian States are taken from the Official Year-book of the Commonwealth.
| State. | Number of Depositors. | Amount on Deposit at End of Year. | Average Amount per Depositor at End of Year. | Deposits to Credit per Head of Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | ||
| New South Wales | 619,224 | 28,862,592 | 46 | 12 | 2 | 15 | 19 | 0 |
| Victoria | 703,084 | 22,232,196 | 31 | 12 | 5 | 15 | 19 | 10 |
| Queensland | 168,438 | 8,668,284 | 51 | 9 | 3 | 13 | 4 | 2 |
| South Australia | 251,963 | 8,766,182 | 34 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 4 | 3 |
| Western Australia | 121,201 | 4,682,738 | 38 | 12 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 8 |
| Tasmania | 70,402 | 2,036,211 | 28 | 18 | 4 | 10 | 9 | 4 |
| Commonwealth | 1,934,312 | 75,248,203 | 38 | 18 | 0 | 15 | 13 | 4 |
| New Zealand | 532,682 | 18,923,522 | 35 | 10 | 6 | 17 | 8 | 11 |
If the total deposits in the banks of issue at the end of the year be assumed to be equal to the average deposits for the four quarters of the year, then it may be affirmed that, exclusive of Government moneys, the deposits in the said banks of issue and in the two classes of savings-banks amounted at the end of 1913 to £42,679,286. In addition, there are the deposits with building societies, which in 1913 were £612,170, and it is known that there were also deposits with financial companies of which no particulars have been collected. The ascertained deposits reach an average of £39 18s. 3d. per head of the population, or, including Maoris, £38 3s. 2d.
LIFE ASSURANCE.
At the close of the year 1912 the following life-assurance offices were represented in New Zealand:—
The Australian Temperance and General Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited).
The Australian Mutual Provident Society.
The Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited).
The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States.
The Mutual Life and Citizens' Assurance Company (Limited).
The National Mutual Life Association of Australasia (Limited).
The New York Life Insurance Company.
The Norwich Union Life Insurance Company.
The Provident Life Assurance Company.
The Yorkshire Insurance Company.
The Life Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government.
The New Zealand Government and the Provident are the only purely New Zealand institutions, five of the societies having their head offices in Australia, two in England, and two in the United States of America. One office, the Equitable of the United States, has ceased to issue policies in the Dominion. During the year 1910 an amalgamation of the Mutual Life and Citizens' Company and the Australian Widows' Fund Society was arranged whereby the latter became absorbed in the former.
The Provident Life Assurance Company and four of the Australian offices transact both ordinary life and industrial business. Several of the companies, including the New Zealand Government Office, have branches for assurance against accident.
The following table shows the total ordinary life-assurance business in force in the Dominion at the end of each of the ten years from 1903 to 1912:—
| ORDINARY LIFE ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS, 1903–12. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number of Policies in Force, including Annuities. | Amount insured. | Annuities per Annum. | Annual Premium Income, including Annuities. |
| £ | £ | £ | ||
| 1903 | 104,982 | 25,878,909 | 49,080 | 832,851 |
| 1904 | 110,227 | 27,074,171 | 54,835 | 873,588 |
| 1905 | 114,553 | 28,087,349 | 60,583 | 908,349 |
| 1906 | 118,265 | 29,036,047 | 65,754 | 935,068 |
| 1907 | 122,924 | 30,207,134 | 71,291 | 970,216 |
| 1908 | 127,721 | 31,447,101 | 32,759 | 1,005,984 |
| 1909 | 133,558 | 32,629,734 | 34,369 | 1,040,303 |
| 1910 | 137,514 | 33,816,736 | 34,686 | 1,073,010 |
| 1911 | 143,652 | 35,323,742 | 37,009 | 1,116,772 |
| 1912 | 150,079 | 37,162,918 | 45,975 | 1,164,699 |
Similar information to the above is given respecting the industrial business of the companies operating in New Zealand.
| INDUSTRIAL ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS, 1903–12. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number of Policies in Force, including Annuities. | Amount insured. | Annuities per Annum. | Annual Premium Income, including Annuities. |
| £ | £ | £ | ||
| 1903 | 30,714 | 756,051 | 36,250 | |
| 1904 | 34,364 | 851,688 | 42,367 | |
| 1905 | 36,502 | 877,871 | 46,096 | |
| 1906 | 40,613 | 981,086 | 53,382 | |
| 1907 | 43,889 | 1,053,874 | 59,258 | |
| 1908 | 49,435 | 1,188,920 | 888 | 69,822 |
| 1909 | 56,269 | 1,366,985 | 81,999 | |
| 1910 | 64,119 | 1,608,793 | 16 | 96,394 |
| 1911 | 72,194 | 1,887,111 | 16 | 113,421 |
| 1912 | 80,419 | 2,158,273 | 130,691 | |
The number of ordinary life policies in force in 1902 was 99,908 so that the increase in number during the ten years was 50 per cent., while in the industrial business the number of policies increased by 193 per cent. in the period, the number in force in 1902 having been 27,418. Taking both classes of life assurance together the policies increased in number by 81 per cent. in the decennium, as compared with an increase in the total population of 30 per cent. during the same period. A statement of the income and outgo of all the companies operating in the Dominion further illustrates the large increase in the business for the ten years.
| ORDINARY LIFE ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS.—INCOME AND OUTGO. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Receipts and Expenditure | Expenses of Management. | ||||
| Total Receipts, excluding Transfers. | Total Expenditure, excluding Transfers. | Excess of Receipts. | Total. | Proportion to Premium Receipts. | Proportion to Gross Receipts. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| 1903 | 1,191,779 | 765,736 | 426,043 | 164,735 | 20.14 | 13.82 |
| 1904 | 1,263,257 | 755,038 | 508,219 | 163,081 | 18.96 | 12.91 |
| 1905 | 1,329,378 | 789,906 | 539,472 | 168,389 | 18.78 | 12.67 |
| 1906 | 1,382,262 | 846,218 | 536,044 | 165,967 | 18.02 | 12.01 |
| 1907 | 1,427,033 | 866,789 | 560,244 | 160,808 | 16.84 | 11.27 |
| 1908 | 1,488,975 | 933,066 | 555,909 | 167,188 | 16.77 | 11.23 |
| 1909 | 1,556,282 | 970,808 | 585,474 | 172,325 | 16.83 | 11.07 |
| 1910 | 1,717,820 | 961,198 | 756,622 | 166,367 | 15.78 | 9.68 |
| 1911 | 1,679,576 | 1,100,297 | 579,279 | 177,078 | 16.06 | 10.54 |
| 1912 | 1,756,183 | 1,127,743 | 628,440 | 184,108 | 15.90 | 10.48 |
The general expense rate, which in 1910 fell for the first time below 10 per cent., shows throughout the ten years the general decrease which might he expected to accompany the growing volume of the business, and in the premium-expense rate there is even a more marked decline, the rate having decreased from 20.14 per cent. in 1903 to 15.78 per cent. in 1910 and 15.90 per cent. in 1912. Results under similar headings are given in the next table for industrial assurance.
| INDUSTRIAL ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS.–INCOME AND OUTGO. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Receipts and Expenditure | Expenses of Management. | ||||
| Total Receipts, excluding Transfers. | Total Expenditure, excluding Transfers. | Excess of Receipts. | Total. | Proportion to Premium Receipts. | Proportion to Gross Receipts. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| 1903 | 32,177 | 25,675 | 6,502 | 19,547 | 63.85 | 60.75 |
| 1904 | 38,289 | 27,455 | 10,834 | 21,021 | 58.06 | 54.90 |
| 1905 | 44,385 | 30,908 | 13,477 | 22,676 | 56.15 | 51.09 |
| 1906 | 49,146 | 34,850 | 14,296 | 26,904 | 58.41 | 54.74 |
| 1907 | 55,461 | 37,379 | 18,082 | 28,903 | 54.21 | 52.11 |
| 1908 | 77,894 | 46,734 | 31,160 | 34,455 | 56.28 | 44.23 |
| 1909 | 76,763 | 55,185 | 21,578 | 40,121 | 55.57 | 52.26 |
| 1910 | 93,971 | 60,871 | 33,100 | 43,554 | 51.62 | 46.35 |
| 1911 | 107,238 | 70,224 | 37,014 | 52,508 | 51.88 | 48.96 |
| 1912 | 126,897 | 79,505 | 47,392 | 59,357 | 49.42 | 46.78 |
This class of business has only recently attained any magnitude in the Dominion. The expense rate is exceedingly high, as is common with industrial assurance.
Liabilities and Assets.
The New Zealand liabilities of all the institutions in respect of their ordinary life business at the end of 1912 were as follows:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Life Assurance and annuity funds | 12,732,635 |
| Depreciation, reserve, and other special funds | 124,897 |
| Other liabilities | 132,883 |
| Total | £12,990,415 |
At the same date the liabilities of the industrial branch of the Provident Life Assurance Company and the Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society were,—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Capital | 15,000 |
| Funds | 44,824 |
| Other liabilities | 10,009 |
| Total | £69,833 |
The three other companies transacting both ordinary life and industrial assurance business did not show separate returns for their industrial branches.
The assets balance the liabilities in every case and are stated as follows:—
| Ordinary Assurance. | Industrial Assurance. | |
|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |
| Mortgages on property | 7,563,340 | 23,967 |
| Loans on policies | 2,079,846 | 438 |
| Government securities | 792,713 | |
| Other investments | 1,308,325 | 21,842 |
| Cash | 74,582 | 3,674 |
| Other assets | 1,171,609 | 19,912 |
| Total | £12,990,415 | £69,833 |
ACCIDENT INSURANCE.
At the close of the year 1913 there were twenty-seven insurance offices doing accident business in the Dominion. Returns of receipts and expenditure have been submitted by each office and the figures are given in the next table. The table relates only to the accident business transacted by the various offices within the Dominion.
| ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN NEW ZEALAND.—RECEIPTS AND EXENDITURE, 1913. | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Office. | Receipts. | Expenditure. | ||||||||||||||||
| Premiums. | Other Receipts. | Total. | Claims paid. | Other Payments. | Total. | |||||||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Alliance | 3,114 | 2 | 7 | 3,114 | 2 | 7 | 821 | 17 | 9 | 1,240 | 5 | 6 | 2,062 | 3 | 3 | |||
| Atlas | 2,000 | 17 | 6 | 2,000 | 17 | 6 | 589 | 5 | 11 | 720 | 15 | 2 | 1,310 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Australian Temperance and General | 346 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 347 | 17 | 9 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 255 | 3 | 1 | 345 | 3 | 1 |
| Colonial Mutual | 3,597 | 8 | 5 | 890 | 6 | 11 | 4,487 | 15 | 4 | 1,936 | 5 | 6 | 1,125 | 19 | 8 | 3,062 | 5 | 2 |
| Commercial Union | 15,522 | 17 | 2 | 15,522 | 17 | 2 | 6,426 | 10 | 6 | 5,363 | 18 | 8 | 11,795 | 9 | 2 | |||
| Farmers' Co-operative | 1,664 | 1 | 11 | 1,664 | 1 | 11 | 400 | 18 | 11 | 633 | 19 | 4 | 1,034 | 18 | 3 | |||
| Guardian | 4,592 | 0 | 9 | 4,592 | 0 | 9 | 2,031 | 15 | 6 | 2,463 | 18 | 2 | 4,495 | 13 | 8 | |||
| Liverpool and London and Globe | 6,434 | 7 | 2 | 6,434 | 7 | 2 | 2,095 | 12 | 9 | 2,540 | 10 | 4 | 4,636 | 3 | 1 | |||
| London and Lancashire | 7,440 | 17 | 1 | 324 | 17 | 6 | 7,765 | 14 | 7 | 1,873 | 10 | 7 | 3,424 | 5 | 0 | 5,297 | 15 | 7 |
| Mutual Life and Citizens | 13,919 | 8 | 8 | 13,919 | 8 | 8 | 4,242 | 8 | 7 | 1,858 | 3 | 8 | 6,100 | 12 | 3 | |||
| National | 16,687 | 4 | 7 | 16,687 | 4 | 7 | 8,089 | 18 | 4 | 5,840 | 9 | 0 | 13,930 | 7 | 4 | |||
| New Zealand | 73,766 | 18 | 2 | 73,766 | 18 | 2 | 37,553 | 15 | 9 | 21,241 | 16 | 10 | 58,795 | 12 | 7 | |||
| Northern | 1,806 | 2 | 2 | 364 | 0 | 0 | 2,170 | 2 | 2 | 1,007 | 2 | 4 | 805 | 5 | 0 | 1,812 | 7 | 4 |
| Norwich and London | 14,334 | 10 | 2 | 261 | 5 | 0 | 14,595 | 15 | 2 | 5,907 | 1 | 9 | 5,559 | 5 | 7 | 11,466 | 7 | 4 |
| Ocean | 29,030 | 10 | 2 | 29,030 | 10 | 2 | 13,539 | 16 | 9 | 12,750 | 2 | 1 | 26,269 | 18 | 10 | |||
| Phœnix | 1,320 | 11 | 9 | 1,320 | 11 | 9 | 185 | 7 | 9 | 698 | 4 | 10 | 883 | 12 | 7 | |||
| Queensland | 7,535 | 1 | 11 | 375 | 0 | 0 | 7,910 | 1 | 11 | 3,013 | 15 | 8 | 2,799 | 8 | 5 | 5,813 | 4 | 1 |
| Royal | 13,751 | 13 | 5 | 13,751 | 13 | 5 | 4,988 | 1 | 7 | 4,168 | 6 | 2 | 9,156 | 7 | 9 | |||
| Royal Exchange | 10,173 | 12 | 11 | 10,173 | 12 | 11 | 2,118 | 10 | 2 | 3,639 | 18 | 11 | 5,758 | 4 | 1 | |||
| Sawmillers Mutual | 1,925 | 19 | 0 | 124 | 4 | 10 | 2,050 | 3 | 10 | 1,535 | 12 | 6 | 233 | 0 | 1 | 1,768 | 12 | 7 |
| South Exchange | 49,773 | 6 | 11 | 49,773 | 6 | 11 | 25,892 | 16 | 8 | 17,208 | 10 | 10 | 43,101 | 7 | 6 | |||
| Standard | 20,198 | 3 | 1 | 20,198 | 3 | 1 | 6,508 | 15 | 3 | 7,706 | 11 | 1 | 14,215 | 6 | 4 | |||
| Union | 5,073 | 4 | 8 | 5,073 | 4 | 8 | 1,462 | 5 | 7 | 1,158 | 19 | 5 | 2,621 | 5 | 0 | |||
| United | 3,394 | 8 | 5 | 3,394 | 8 | 5 | 1,391 | 2 | 7 | 1,294 | 5 | 5 | 2,685 | 8 | 0 | |||
| Victoria | 3,911 | 11 | 2 | 3,911 | 11 | 2 | 935 | 1 | 0 | 1,501 | 5 | 8 | 2,436 | 6 | 8 | |||
| Yorkshire | 1,807 | 1 | 1 | 1,807 | 1 | 1 | 371 | 17 | 6 | 357 | 16 | 8 | 729 | 14 | 2 | |||
| Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government | 22,900 | 8 | 9 | 3,587 | 16 | 8 | 26,488 | 5 | 5 | 11,492 | 4 | 0 | 7,499 | 5 | 0 | 18,991 | 9 | 0 |
| Totals | 336,023 | 4 | 7 | 5,928 | 13 | 8 | 341,951 | 18 | 3 | 146,501 | 11 | 2 | 114,094 | 4 | 7 | 260,595 | 15 | 9 |
GOVERNMENT ACCIDENT INSURANCE.
The Accident Branch of the Government Insurance Department was opened in 1901. General accident business is undertaken, but the branch was opened more especially with a view to relieve employers of labour of the liability imposed upon them by the Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900. This Act greatly extended the liability of employers, and gave to a workman the right of compensation for all injuries arising out of, and in the course of, his employment, not attributable to his own serious and wilful misconduct.
This liability has been more or less extended by subsequent Acts, and under the Workers' Compensation Act, 1908, (which came into operation on the 1st January, 1909), and its amendments, the scale of compensation is as follows:—
Where death results from the injury and the workman leaves dependants wholly dependent upon his earnings, the compensation is one hundred and fifty-six times his average weekly earnings, but not to be less than £200, nor to exceed £500.
If the dependants are only partially dependent upon the workman's earnings, the compensation is to be such sum as is reasonable, and proportionate to the injury to such dependants, not exceeding the amount payable under paragraph (a).
In either of the above cases the employer is also liable for medical and burial expenses not exceeding £20, and an amount not exceeding this sum can be claimed where there are no dependants.
Where a workman is totally incapacitated for work, he is entitled to a weekly payment of one-half his average weekly earnings, not exceeding the sum of £2 10s. per week, but the weekly compensation is not to be less than £1 in cases where the worker's earnings at the time of the accident are not less than 30s. per week.
Where the workman is partially incapacitated only, the compensation is one-half the loss of wages.
In addition to the weekly allowance medical or surgical expenses, not exceeding £1, may be claimed.
The compensation is payable from the date of the accident where the incapacity lasts for fourteen days or more, but if the duration of the incapacity is less than fourteen days, no payment is made for the first week.
Weekly payments are not to extend over a longer period than six years, and the aggregate amount is not to exceed £500.
Special provision is made in the case of wharf labourers, and also for increased compensation to persons under the age of twenty-one, who are permanently incapacitated.
Certain diseases due to the nature of the trade, such as anthrax, lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, &c., are regarded as accidents.
If the accident occurs in the course of employment in or about a mine, building, factory, or ship, the compensation becomes a charge on the employer's interest in the property. In nearly all cases this charge takes precedence of all existing or subsequent charges or encumbrances howsoever created.
The Department's policies cover the full liability of an employer to his workmen under the Workers' Compensation Act, and the liability under common law to the extent of £500 per man.
The premiums are assessed on the wages, and vary from 4s. and 5s. 6d. per £100 of wages for the lightest occupations to 20s. per cent. for building trades, 56s. per cent. for coal-mines to cover accidents only, and 105s. 6d. per cent. for bushfelling.
Policies protecting mortgagees from loss through the charge of an injured workman taking precedence of a mortgage are issued at premiums varying from 1s. per cent. of the mortgage for small mortgages to 6d. per cent. for large mortgages.
Personal-accident policies are also issued securing amounts for accidental death and permanent total or partial disablement, and weekly allowances during temporary disablement.
The premium income and claims of the Accident Branch since the commencement of business have been as follows:—
| Year. | Premium Income. | Claims. |
|---|---|---|
* From 7th June to 31st December. | ||
| £ | £ | |
| 1901* | 11,856 | 2,428 |
| 1902 | 14,100 | 7,364 |
| 1903 | 24,381 | 13,230 |
| 1904 | 23,768 | 12,105 |
| 1905 | 23,970 | 11,242 |
| 1906 | 20,815 | 13,720 |
| 1907 | 21,477 | 11,288 |
| 1908 | 20,898 | 11,926 |
| 1909 | 26,337 | 12,805 |
| 1910 | 21,364 | 12,522 |
| 1911 | 20,756 | 10,497 |
| 1912 | 23,513 | 12,016 |
| 1913 | 23,677 | 11,492 |
The funds, assets, and liabilities of the Government Insurance Department belonging to its Accident Insurance Branch are kept separate and distinct from the main life-insurance business, and powers are vested in the Governor to make regulations in regard to tables fixing rates of premium and other details for the conduct of the Accident Insurance Branch. The assets and liabilities on 31st December, 1913, were as follows:—
| £ | s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liabilities. | |||
| Accident Funds as per Revenue Account | 15,321 | 14 | 9 |
| Claims admitted (proofs not yet completed) | 11,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Commission | 144 | 4 | 3 |
| Premium and other deposits | 25 | 12 | 6 |
| Reserve for unearned premiums | 10,475 | 0 | 0 |
| Investment Fluctuation Reserve | 2,000 | 0 | 0 |
| Reserve Fund constituted under section 20 of the Government Accident Insurance Act, 1908 | 39,035 | 16 | 6 |
| £78,002 | 8 | 0 | |
| Assets. | |||
| Mortgages on property | 72,694 | 4 | 0 |
| Overdue interest | £23 | 5 | 0 |
| Outstanding interest due hut not overdue | 120 | 16 | 3 |
| Interest accrued hut not duo | 872 | 14 | 5 |
| 1,016 | 15 | 8 | |
| Agents' balances | 507 | 0 | 0 |
| Sundry accounts owing | 319 | 3 | 11 |
| Cash in hand and on current account | 3,464 | 18 | 5 |
| £78,002 | 8 | 0 | |
At the end of the year 1913, twenty-nine companies and four associations, besides the New Zealand State Fire Insurance Office, were carrying on the business of fire insurance in the Dominion, seven of the companies, as well as all four of the associations, being New Zealand institutions. The full list is as follows:—
Alliance Assurance Company (Limited).
Atlas Assurance Company (Limited).
Australian Alliance Assurance Company.
British Crown Assurance Corporation (Limited).
British Dominions General Insurance Company (Limited).
Commercial Union Assurance Company (Limited).
Excess Insurance Company (Limited).
Farmers' Co-operative Fire and Marine Insurance Association of New Zealand (Limited).
Gordon, Woodroffe and Company.
Guardian Assurance Company (Limited).
Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Company.
London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Company.
National Insurance Company of New Zealand (Limited).
New Zealand Insurance Company.
North British and Mercantile Insurance Company.
Northern Assurance Company (Limited).
Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society (Limited).
Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation (Limited).
Phœnix Assurance Company (Limited).
Queensland Insurance Company (Limited).
Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation of London.
Royal Insurance Company (Limited).
South British Insurance Company (Limited).
Standard Fire and Marine Insurance Company of New Zealand (Limited).
State Fire Insurance Office.
Sun Insurance Office.
Union Assurance Society of London (Limited).
United Insurance Company (Limited).
Victoria Insurance Company (Limited).
Yorkshire Insurance Company (Limited).
In the year 1903 an Act was passed “to establish a State Fire Insurance Office and to make other provisions for the insurance and protection of insurable property in New Zealand against loss or damage by fire.”
The statute provides for the establishment of an office to be administered by a General Manager appointed by the Governor, and for the necessary staff—not subject to the laws regulating the Civil Service.
There is provision for the constitution of a Board, to consist of the Minister of Finance, the General Manager, the Government Insurance Commissioner, and two other persons (not being in the Civil Service) appointed by the Governor. The latter hold office for two years, with eligibility for reappointment, and are to be remunerated according to appropriation by Parliament.
In order to provide capital for the business, the Minister of Finance, on being authorized by the Governor in Council, is empowered to raise from time to time such sums as he thinks fit, not exceeding in the whole £100,000, any of which may, if found convenient, be raised in New Zealand.
In the event of such capital not being found sufficient, the Minister of Finance, on being authorized by the Government, is empowered to raise additional capital as required. To enable this to be done the General Manager must, if the Board approves, apply to the Minister for supplementary capital (not exceeding £20,000 at a time) to carry on business until the pleasure of Parliament is signified.
The rate of interest on debentures, scrip, or other security issued in respect of any sum raised under the Act may not be higher than 4œ per cent.
All moneys payable to the General Manager are to be paid to the credit of the State Fire Insurance Account, out of which shall be payable, without further appropriation than the Act under notice, all costs and expenses, salaries, tire losses, and other outgoings of the business—including interest payable on securities issued.
Provision is made for the General Manager, with consent of the Board, to buy, sell, or lease land, with or without buildings for the purposes of the office.
On the 4th January, 1905, the State Fire Insurance Office opened for public business, and at the end of that year the public support accorded resulted in insurances therein to the extent of £3,000,000. At the end of the year 1913 the gross amount at risk had increased to £14,773,000.
As a consequence of the operations of the State Fire Office, the rates on trade risks and the like have been reduced by 10 per cent., and those on dwellings, offices, and similar risks by 33⅓ per cent.
The premium income after deducting premiums on reinsurances during the nine years 1905–13 was as follows:—
| Year. | Amount of Premium Income |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| 1905 | 13,128 |
| 1906 | 20,962 |
| 1907 | 23,195 |
| 1908 | 26,657 |
| 1909 | 33,281 |
| 1910 | 40,552 |
| 1911 | 47,745 |
| 1912 | 54,380 |
| 1913 | 59,418 |
The premium rates have remained unaltered during the above years. Debentures to the amount of £2,000 were raised under the authority of the Act governing the office, but have now been redeemed. The office has the sum of £44,250 invested in Government securities, and has accumulated funds amounting to £65,672.
The net profits for the year 1913, after appropriating a sum of £2,014 to reserve for unearned increments, was £15,444, as against £14,024 for 1912 and £5,037 for 1911. The total accumulated profit at 31st December, 1913, amounted to £41,904.
FOREIGN INSURANCE COMPANIES.
Every foreign company—i.e., a company registered or established out of New Zealand, and including a local company whose chief office is situate out of the Dominion—which proposes to commence in New Zealand the business of life insurance, whether conjointly or not with any other class of business, must deposit with the Public Trustee a sum of not less than £5,000 nor more than £50,000 in cash or approved securities. The amount of deposit is calculated on the total amount assured by current policies at the rate of £5,000 deposit for every £100,000 assured until the maximum deposit is reached.
A foreign company proposing to carry on fire and marine insurance business in the Dominion must first obtain from the Public Trustee a certificate in the form prescribed authorizing the company to transact its business for a period of twelve months from the date of the certificate. The certificate is renewable annually provided the Public Trustee is satisfied that the company is financially sound.
Accident insurance or insurance business of any class not previously mentioned may be transacted in New Zealand by a foreign company, provided the company deposit with the Public Trustee the sum of £10,000 in cash or approved securities. If the company carries on a life-assurance business as well as accident insurance the last mentioned deposit must be made in addition to that described in the first paragraph.
All cash deposited with the Public Trustee as deposit shall bear interest, which is payable to the company making the deposit.
THE Public Trust Office of New Zealand was constituted in 1872 by the Public Trust Office Act of that year. The original Act was amended on various occasions, and the original scope of the office and the powers of the Public Trustee have been much enlarged. The Act of 1872 with its various amendments was consolidated in 1894, and a further consolidation took place in 1908. The Act of 1908 with amendments of 1912 and 1913 is that in force at present. The Public Trustee is constituted by the Act a corporation sole with perpetual succession and a seal of office. There is a deputy, appointed to act in the place of the Public Trustee in the event of the illness, death, resignation, or absence of that officer. The Amendment Act of 1912 provided for the appointment of not more than four Local Deputy Public Trustees, one each at Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin, and the other at some town in the provincial district of Wellington. Deputies have accordingly been appointed at Auckland, Wellington, and Dunedin. These officers are subject to the direction and control of the Public Trustee, and have such of the functions and powers and perform such of the duties of the Public Trustee as are delegated to him by that officer in writing.
Public Trust Office Board.
In connection with the office there is a Board, whose directions the Public Trustee is subject to. Up to 1913 the Board consisted of two Ministers of the Crown and five public officers, including the Public Trustee himself. The amendment of 1913 altered the constitution of the Board, which now consists of the Minister of Finance, the Public Trustee, the Government Insurance Commissioner, the Valuer-General, the Superintendent of the State Advances Office, and two persons (not holding any office in the Public Service) appointed by the Governor.
The office is designed mainly to afford, at low rates of commission, a secure and convenient recourse in every case where a person residing either in New Zealand or abroad, and desiring to form a trust or appoint an agent or attorney in the Dominion, may be in doubt or difficulty as to the choice of a trustee, executor, agent, or attorney. The office is also designed to relieve those who may be appointed trustees of property in the Dominion, or who, after having accepted the trusts of such property, may, for various reasons, be unwilling or unable to undertake or continue the administration.
The appointment, however, of the Public Trustee, otherwise than to the administration of an intestate estate, is subject to the consent of the Board of the Public Trust Office; and the Public Trustee cannot under any circumstances accept an appointment jointly with any other person.
“The Public Trust Office Act, 1908,” a consolidation of former enactments, itself affords in sections 12, 13, and 14, a clear, succinct, and comprehensive idea of the objects of the Public Trust Office, and of the nature of the business which the office may undertake. Those sections provide as follows:—
Where the Crown, the Governor in Council, or the Governor, or a public officer, or a Court, Judge, public or private corporate body, or any person, now or hereafter can appoint a trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, committee, agent, or attorney, any of such appointments may be made of the Public Trustee if he consents thereto.
Subject to the express provisions of this Act, the duties and rights of the Public Trustee under any appointment shall be the same as if the appointment had been of a private person.
With the consent of the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof—
Executors, whether appointed before or after the coming into operation of this Act, may, unless expressly prohibited, before or after taking out probate, appoint the Public Trustee sole executor:
Administrators, with or without a will annexed, whether appointed before or after the coming into operation of this Act, may, unless expressly prohibited, appoint the Public Trustee sole administrator.
Trustees, whether appointed before or after the coming into operation of this Act, and whether appointed under a deed, deed-poll, or will, may, unless expressly prohibited, and notwithstanding the terms of the trust as to the number of trustees, appoint the Public Trustee (if he consents thereto) sole trustee in their place without obtaining the consent of the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof.
Executors whose duties continue in the nature of a trusteeship after their administration is closed shall for the purposes of the last-preceding subsection be deemed to be trustees.
Where there are more trustees, executors, or administrators than ore, any one trustee or executor (whether before or after proving a will), or any one administrator, may apply to the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof to have the Public Trustee appointed sole trustee, executor, or administrator.
All applications to the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof under this section may be by petition, or in such other manner as may be prescribed by rules made under section thirty-one hereof; and the Court or Judge may, and is hereby given jurisdiction to, make such order as it or he thinks fit.
Where to the appointment of a trustee, executor, or administrator the consent of any person is requisite, and such person refuses to consent to the Public Trustee being appointed, or where the person to consent is an infant, idiot, or lunatic, or a person of unsound mind, or is absent from New Zealand, or is under any other disability, then an appointment of the Public Trustee may be made without such consent, if a Judge of the Supreme Court consents thereto.
Where the Crown, the Governor in Council, the Governor, or any public officer, or any Court or Judge, or any corporate body or association, or person, whether public or private, within or without New-Zealand, desires to or can create any trust, then, unless expressly prohibited, the Crown (by the Governor), the Governor in Council, the Governor, or such public officer, Court, or Judge, corporate body, association, or person may, for the purposes of such trust, appoint
the Public Trustee to be trustee, upon such trusts, and under and subject to such powers, provisions, and conditions, as are expressed.
Upon any appointment of the Public Trustee under this or the last-preceding section, then, by virtue of the appointment all properly, rights, powers, and functions shall, without any conveyance or assignment, become thereby vested in the Public Trustee.
The Public Trustee, when appointing or acting under this Act as trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, committee, agent, or attorney, shall have the same rights and immunities as a private person acting in any of those capacities would have.
On the death of any person domiciled in New Zealand, or who has property in New Zealand, who has died or hereafter dies in New Zealand or elsewhere intestate, the Public Trustee shall, if he thinks fit to apply therefor, be entitled to administration.
The application may be made in any judicial district of the Court at the discretion of the Public Trustee.
Upon such application, no further proof of the death and intestacy of any person shall be required than an affidavit that, after due inquiries, the Public Trustee is satisfied that such person died intestate.
The Public Trustee shall be entitled, as of right, to such administration: Provided that if some other person in New Zealand who, if it were not for this section, would be entitled to such administration, applies for such administration, then the Court or Judge may grant administration to such person: Provided also that it shall not be necessary for the Public Trustee, nor shall the Court or Judge require him, to give notice of such application to any such person.
The Public Trust Office is a department of the Government service, and the security and fidelity of the administration is guaranteed by statute, the State being pledged to maintain the integrity of capital funds placed in the Public Trust Office, either without any direction for investment, or to be invested at the option of the Public Trustee in any of the securities in which, unless expressly prohibited, he may invest all capital—that is, in any of the securities authorized by section 34 of the Consolidated Act of 1908 and section 9 of the Amendment of 1912:—
In the Government securities of the United Kingdom, or of any colony or dependency thereof, issued under the authority of the Parliament or other legislative authority of the said kingdom, colony, or dependency respectively, and secured upon the public revenues thereof:
† In debentures issued by any local authority (being the Council, Board, or other governing authority of a city, borough, county, town district, road district, drainage district, harbour district, or river district) under any law now or hereafter in force, secured upon general or special rates, or upon real estate held in fee-simple free from encumbrances, or upon the rents and profits of real estate held in fee-simple free from encumbrances: Provided that no greater advance shall be made where the debentures arc secured upon real estate than three-fifths of the value of such real estate; and if the debentures are secured upon rents and profits, then no advances shall be made unless such rents and profits are sufficient to pay two-thirds more than the annual interest payable in respect of the advance:
In advances by way of mortgage on the security of any real estate held in fee-simple in New Zealand and free from encumbrances, to an amount not exceeding three-fifths of the estimated value of such estate, according to a valuation approved by the Board:
In fixed deposits in any bank of issue created or established by or under any Act of the General Assembly, or by Royal Charter, and carrying on business in New Zealand, or in the Post Office Savings-bank, or other savings-bank established in New Zealand in accordance with any law affecting such banks.
In advances by way of first mortgage on the security of any of the following classes of leasehold estate, free from encumbrances, to an amount not exceeding three-fifths of the mortgagor's interest in the estate, according to a valuation approved by the Board:—
Crown land held under perpetual lease, lease in perpetuity, renewable lease, or occupation with right of purchase:
Native land held under lease granted by a Maori Land Board or by or on behalf of the Native owners, of which the unexpired term (including in the computation thereof ail periods for which there is a right of renewal) is for a period not less than twenty-one years.
The State further guarantees on the capital funds arising from the estates in the office, and available for investment at the discretion of the Public Trustee, a common rate of interest, determined from time to time by the Governor in Council, and to be credited quarterly, free of all charges of the office, to the properties from which the funds arise. The annual rate of interest allowed must not exceed 5 per cent. on the first £6,000 in any estate, and 4Œ per cent. on the excess.
If after the death of a person leaving a will, of which the Public Trustee is not appointed executor, three months should elapse without an application being made for probate or administration, the Public Trustee may, on applying, obtain letters of administration, unless the person entitled to probate should then apply or give satisfactory reasons for the delay. As to the estates of persons dying intestate in New Zealand or elsewhere, and domiciled in or having property in the Dominion, the Public Trustee is entitled as of right to the administration in cases where the persons who would otherwise be entitled to administer neglect to apply for or fail to obtain the necessary authority.
When an estate (testate or intestate) to be administered by the Public Trustee is of no greater value than £400, he is authorized to assume the administration by filing in the Supreme Court an election to administer. If it is subsequently found that the property is of a gross value of more than £600, probate must thereupon be obtained.
For the purposes of the administration of an estate where the Public Trustee may be appointed trustee, executor, administrator, guardian or committee, or may be otherwise authorized to act, he may, where he is not prohibited by statute or instrument, and without the consent of the Supreme Court, do everything in general that an owner might do, except to sell, lease, dispose of, or borrow money upon real estate of value exceeding £1,000. These powers enable the Public Trustee not only to avoid delays and interruptions in the course of his management of an estate and the expense which may thus be occasioned, but to save to the estate the profit which only the possession of such powers would make it practicable to save.
The Public Trustee may at any time exercise the necessary powers of executor or administrator for the protection of an estate, and his authority to assume this temporary power extends to testate as well as intestate estates. This authority is highly serviceable to the interests of estates in every case where a property may be suffering, or in danger of suffering, injury through neglect or delay to take out probate or administration.
The Public Trustee may further use a large discretion in the application of the residue of intestate estates; and he is in like manner empowered to apply, consistently with the provisions of the instruments under which he is acting, the shares of testate or trust estates towards the maintenance, education, or advancement of the beneficiaries.
Thus, in the case of an intestate estate, the Public Trustee may deal thus with the net residue:—
When not exceeding £200, he may apply it to the maintenance, &c., of the widow or infants:
When not exceeding £50, he may pay it wholly to the widow:
When there are infants entitled, and the share of an infant does not exceed £50, he may pay such share to the widow or other person for the maintenance, education, or advancement of the infant:
Where an infant's share exceeds £50, the Public Trustee may, on obtaining an order of the Supreme Court, pay part of such share for the purposes specified in (3):
When the person entitled to the residue does not claim it within three years after the death of the intestate, and the Public Trustee does not know or is unable to ascertain the existence of any next-of-kin, he may pay or transfer it wholly to the widow.
And in the case of testate or trust estates, where provisions are not expressly made for the maintenance of an infant, or where provisions are not expressly made to the contrary, the Public Trustee may apply—
The whole or part of income to which an infant is entitled in possession to the maintenance of the infant:
The half, or to the extent of £500, of the capital share to which an infant is entitled in reversion immediately expectant on a prior life-interest to the maintenance of the infant, on the written consent of the person having such life-interest:
The presumptive or contingent shares of infants in the capital and income towards the maintenance of the persons of the class to whom such capital and income would be payable in certain contingencies, with the consent of the persons having prior estates or interest.
The special powers of the Public Trustee in respect to testate and trust estates enable him to supply promptly and inexpensively what may be described as deficiencies or omissions in instruments of trust.
The Public Trustee's authority to accept the appointment of agent or attorney—that is, to act in effect as a public attorney, for whose conduct the state is responsible—enables him to render a great variety of services of a temporary and subordinate character. To persons leaving the Dominion for a time, or desiring for other reasons to arrange for the temporary management of their property, the Public Trust Office proves a convenience.
ADVISORY TRUSTEE.
In the administration of any trust estate as trustee thereof the Public Trustee may act with an advisory trustee or trustees, who may be appointed by the testator, settlor, or other creator of the trust, or by the Supreme Court. Where the Public Trustee acts with advisory trustees, the trust property is vested in him, and he has the sole management and administration of the estate and its trusts, but he may consult the advisory trustees who may advise the Public Trustee on any matter relating to the trusts or the estate. If they differ the Supreme Court may be asked to decide, and its decision is binding.
CUSTODIAN TRUSTEE.
In connection with any trust estate in which there are private trustees, the Public Trustee may be appointed Custodian Trustee, in which case the trust property is vested in him as if he were the sole trustee, but he acts as directed by the private trustees. The sole function of the Public Trustee is to hold the trust property, invest its funds, and dispose of the assets as the private trustees in writing direct. If he is of opinion that any such direction conflicts with the trusts or the law, or exposes him to any liability, he may submit the matter to a Judge of the Supreme Court, whose decision is binding.
WILLS OF LIVING PERSONS.
Wills of living persons may be deposited in the office for safe custody. The Courts of the Dominion competent to grant probate or letters of administration refer, in the case of any application for such probate or letters, to the list of wills in the Public Trust Office; so that the deposit of a will with the Public Trustee insures that it shall be forthcoming on the death of the testator, and when the administration of the relative estate becomes necessary.
MENTAL PATIENTS' ESTATES.
The estates of mental patients are by statute placed in the Public Trust Office in cases where no committee is appointed. Where the estate is of a complicated nature, an expert may be appointed by the Supreme Court to assist the Public Trustee in dealing with it.
The condition and accounts of any private trust estate (meaning an estate which is not being administered by the Public Trustee) may, on application to the Public Trustee by or on behalf of any private trustee or beneficiary, be investigated and audited by such solicitor or public registered accountant as may be agreed on between the applicant, trustee, or beneficiary, and the Public Trustee, or, in default of such agreement, by the Public Trustee. On the other hand a solicitor or accountant authorized in writing by a beneficiary is entitled as of right to examine the accounts and vouchers of any trust estate administered by the Public Trustee. Any beneficiary aggrieved by any act, omission, or decision of the Public Trustee may apply in a summary way to a Judge in Chambers, who may make such order as he thinks fit.
SAFE DEPOSITS.
A safe-deposit system is established at the Head Office in Wellington and at the Dunedin Branch, and will in course of time be extended to other Branch Offices.
The advantages of this system are well recognized in Europe, America, and Australia, and the safe-deposits in the Public Trust Offices of New Zealand have already proved a great convenience.
For an annual fee of from £1 to £5, a person can obtain the exclusive use of a specially built and self-contained steel safe. To open the safe, two keys must be used—one is kept by the lessee, and the other, the master-key, by the Office. By this means, a person can easily and cheaply provide himself with a place of absolute security for the deposit of debentures, deeds, documents of importance and value, articles of jewellery, &c., whilst having full and exclusive access to them himself.
CHARGES.
The commissions and charges which the Public Trustee is authorized to levy for the services of the Public Trust Office are calculated to be no more than sufficient to meet the expense of maintaining the department without loss.
The following was the number of estates in the Public Trust Office on the 31st March. 1910 to 1914:—
| Class. | Number of Estates and Accounts. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| On 31st March, 1910. | On 31st March, 1911. | On 31st March, 1912. | On 31st March, 1913. | On 31st March, 1914. | |
| Wills and trusts | 1,737 | 1,810 | 2,217 | 2,5 | 2,921 |
| Investment agencies | 221 | 284 | |||
| Intestates' estates | 1,558 | 1,788 | 1,747 | 1,828 | 1,747 |
| Mental patients' estates | 1,238 | 1,422 | 1,520 | 1,953 | 1,877 |
| Convicts' estates | 12 | 17 | 19 | ||
| Native reserves | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 |
| West Coast settlement reserves | 460 | 460 | 460 | 460 | 460 |
| Unclaimed lands | 379 | 392 | 406 | 418 | 420 |
| Sinking funds | 94 | 143 | 100 | 242 | 408 |
| Pension funds | 4 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 11 |
| Land Settlement Finance Act, 1909 | 22 | 35 | 38 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 20 | 99 | 105 | ||
| Miscellaneous Native accounts | 666 | 839 | |||
| Totals | 5,564 | 6,112 | 6,694 | 8,496 | 9,223 |
The value of these estates and accounts was as shown in the next table:—
| Class. | Value of Estates and Accounts. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| On 31st March, 1910. | On 31st March, 1911. | On 31st March, 1912. | On 31st March, 1913. | On 31st March, 1914. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Wills and trusts | 2,803,724 | 3,257,297 | 3,619,753 | 4,366,450 | 4,771,855 |
| Investment agencies | 162,362 | 109,984 | |||
| Intestates' estates | 385,755 | 385,090 | 457,366 | 474,072 | 590,456 |
| Mental patients' estates | 395,642 | 429,958 | 462,149 | 524,095 | 509,442 |
| Convicts' estates | 4,295 | 8,450 | 6,485 | ||
| Native reserves | 465,000 | 430,000 | 480,000 | 430,000 | 430,000 |
| West Coast settlement reserves | 1,100,000 | 940,000 | 940,000 | 940,000 | 940,000 |
| Miscellaneous Native accounts | 171,074 | 213,027 | 233,449 | ||
| Unclaimed lands | 34,719 | 35,330 | 37,668 | 39,465 | 40,209 |
| Sinking funds | 1,438,877 | 1,711,060 | 1,991,451 | 2,300,603 | 2,408,337 |
| Pension funds | 536,609 | 675,489 | 812,976 | 997,284 | 1,208,825 |
| Land Settlement Finance Act, 1909 | 245,493 | 465,516 | 501,493 | ||
| Maori Land Board funds | 46,491 | 79,765 | 75,347 | 117,850 | |
| Miscellaneous funds | 87,618 | 78,785 | 93,225 | 94,963 | 118,935 |
| Office funds | 58,458 | 63,123 | 84,595 | 94,604 | 120,125 |
| Office premises, furniture, &c. | 52,545 | 59,719 | 64,149 | 82,073 | 85,438 |
| Totals | 7,358,947 | 8,112,342 | 9,493,959 | 11,268,311 | 12,282,883 |
The capital funds of the Public Trust Office invested amounted, on the 31st March, 1914, to £6,158,332. The investments are as follows:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| New Zealand Government securities | 157,505 |
| Land Settlement Finance Act Debentures | 266,681 |
| Local Bodies' debentures | 509,850 |
| Mortgages of freehold property | 4,989,907 |
| Freehold property and furniture | 85,438 |
| Advances to estates | 147,602 |
| Fixed deposits | 1,348 |
| £6,158,332 |
The net profits of the office during each of the past ten years are shown:—
| Year. | Net Profits. |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| 1905 | 13,955 |
| 1906 | 11,990 |
| 1907 | 11,653 |
| 1908 | 9,640 |
| 1909 | 10,851 |
| 1910 | 11,739 |
| 1911 | 11,241 |
| 1912 | 25,920 |
| 1913 | 27,551 |
| 1914 | 29,222 |
SUBSECTION D.—MISCELLANEOUS.
BUILDING SOCIETIES.
There were 109 registered building societies in operation on the 31st March, 1911. Of these, 72 were terminable societies, and 37 were permanent.
The dates upon which these societies close their accounts vary considerably within the year, but the figures given below may be taken as corresponding to the periods stated. The liabilities and assets of all the societies at the close of each of the past five financial years were as follows:—
| LIABILITIES OF BUILDING AND INVESTMENT SOCIETIES, 1909–10 TO 1913–14. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | To Shareholders (including Reserve Funds and Undivided Profits). | Deposits. | To Bankers and other Creditors. | Total Liabilities. |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1909–10 | 1,779,745 | 460,376 | 104,171 | 2,344,292 |
| 1910–11 | 1,895,425 | 475,830 | 132,461 | 2,503,716 |
| 1911–12 | 2,020,614 | 497,063 | 131,939 | 2,649,616 |
| 1912–13 | 2,105,837 | 540,768 | 132,544 | 2,779,149 |
| 1913–14 | 2,151,098 | 612,170 | 105,476 | 2,668,744 |
| ASSETS OF BUILDING AND INVESTMENT SOCIETIES, 1909–10 TO 1913–14. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Advances on Mortgage. | Other Investments. | Cash in Hand and on Deposit. | Total Assets. |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1909–10 | 2,180,053 | 50,072 | 114,167 | 2,344,292 |
| 1910–11 | 2,327,299 | 60,001 | 116,416 | 2,503,716 |
| 1911–12 | 2,473,766 | 65,898 | 109,952 | 2,649,616 |
| 1912–13 | 2,614,849 | 63,825 | 100,475 | 2,779,149 |
| 1913–14 | 2,715,771 | 67,739 | 85,234 | 2,868,744 |
JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES.
During the year ended 31st December, 1913, 282 joint-stock companies were registered, with a total nominal capital of £6,658,722, including 143 private companies, with a nominal capital of £980,946.
The following table gives the total number of companies and the aggregate nominal capital registered during each of the five years 1909–13:—
| JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES REGISTERED, 1909–13. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number of Companies registered. | Aggregate Nominal Capital. |
| £ | ||
| 1909 | 290 | 3,224,656 |
| 1910 | 283 | 2,663,968 |
| 1911 | 327 | 3,673,759 |
| 1912 | 316 | 3,591,362 |
| 1913 | 282 | 6,658,722 |
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.
The Registrar of Friendly Societies received returns for the year 1913 from 681 lodges, courts, tents, &c., having a membership at the end of the year of 73,691.
The total value of the assets of these societies was £1,643,177, of which the value of the sick and funeral benefit funds was £1,465,159.
The receipts during the year on account of the sick and funeral funds amounted to £217,525, and the expenditure to £133,140, of which the sick-pay to members reached the sum of £74,783. In addition to the sick-pay, the sum of £70,016 was paid out of the medical and management expenses fund for attendance given and medicine supplied to the members and their families.
The total membership and funds of the 681 lodges, courts, &c., and of the various orders at 31st December, 1913, was,—
| FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—MEMBERSHIP AND FUNDS, 1913. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name of Order. | Number of Members. | Total Worth of Funds. |
| £ | ||
| Independent Order of Odd Fellows, M.U. | 24,044 | 745,510 |
| Independent Order of Odd Fellows of N.Z. | 6,251 | 105,953 |
| National Independent Order of Odd Fellows | 458 | 5,315 |
| British United Order of Odd Fellows | 147 | 3,176 |
| Ancient Order of Foresters | 16,502 | 400,200 |
| Ancient Order of Shepherds | 74 | 1,298 |
| United Ancient Order of Druids | 17,664 | 229,266 |
| Independent Order of Rechabites | 3,965 | 77,384 |
| Sons and Daughters of Temperance | 567 | 17,341 |
| Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society | 3,063 | 33,574 |
| Protestant Alliance Friendly Society of Australasia | 918 | 21,804 |
| Eden Temperance Benefit Friendly Society | 38 | 2,356 |
| Totals | 73,691 | 1,643,177 |
The next table shows the progress of the Friendly Societies of New Zealand during ten years:—
| FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—MEMBERSHIP AND FUNDS, 1904–13. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Number of Lodges tabulated. | Number of Members. | Total Funds. | Average Capital. | ||
| £ | £ | s. | d. | |||
| 1904 | 479 | 47,302 | 936,388 | 19 | 15 | 11 |
| 1905 | 501 | 51,103 | 996,224 | 19 | 9 | 11 |
| 1906 | 500 | 53,759 | 1,057,821 | 19 | 13 | 6 |
| 1907 | 516 | 56,817 | 1,118,217 | 19 | 13 | 7 |
| 1908 | 505 | 58,517 | 1,123,886 | 19 | 4 | 1 |
| 1909 | 567 | 64,428 | 1,266,297 | 19 | 13 | 1 |
| 1910 | 609 | 68,006 | 1,367,282 | 20 | 2 | 1 |
| 1911 | 658 | 71,771 | 1,441,353 | 20 | 1 | 8 |
| 1912 | 664 | 73,243 | 1,553,339 | 21 | 4 | 2 |
| 1913 | 681 | 73,691 | 1,643,177 | 22 | 6 | 0 |
The value of the various funds and the way in which they are invested will be seen by reference to the following table. The funds include those of the central bodies:—
| FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—FUNDS AND ASSETS ON 31ST DECEMBER. 1913. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Funds. | — | Assets. | — |
| £ | £ | ||
| Sick and Funeral Funds | 1,465,159 | Investments at interest | 1,391,972 |
| Surplus Appropriation Funds, &c. | 52,549 | Value of land and buildings | 173,614 |
| Management Funds, goods, &c. | 83,615 | Cash not bearing interest | 51,339 |
| Value of goods | 14,073 | ||
| Widow and Orphans' Funds | 13,156 | Other assets | 10,439 |
| Distress, Benevolent Funds, &c. | 28,698 | Owing by Management Fund | 1,740 |
| Total | 1,643,177 | Total | 1,643,177 |
Interest-bearing investments form 85 per cent. of the total assets. The net income from investments credited to the Sick and Funeral Funds during the year 1913 was £68,723, the average rate of interest earned being £4 19s. per cent., as compared with £4 19s. 2d. in 1912.
Particulars are given of the number of members, the amount of accumulated capital, and the average capital per member of the friendly societies in the States of Australasia arranged in order of membership. The figures for New Zealand are for 1913, and those for South Australia for 1909, while in the case of the other States the year is 1912.
| FRIENDLY SOCIETIES IN AUSTRALASIA.—MEMBERSHIP AND FUNDS. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State. | Number of Lodges. | Number of Members. | Amount of Funds. | Capital per Member. | ||
| £ | £ | s. | d. | |||
| New South Wales | 1,898 | 186,577 | 1,617,616 | 8 | 13 | 5 |
| Victoria | 1,505 | 153,921 | 2,361,464 | 15 | 6 | 10 |
| New Zealand | 681 | 73,691 | 1,643,177 | 22 | 6 | 0 |
| South Australia | 529 | 58,292 | 863,998 | 14 | 16 | 5 |
| Queensland | 519 | 47,204 | 630,090 | 13 | 7 | 0 |
| Tasmania | 187 | 22,480 | 216,334 | 9 | 12 | 6 |
| Western Australia | 289 | 18,901 | 200,223 | 10 | 11 | 10 |
MORTGAGES.
In a return prepared for the House of Representatives it is stated that during the year ended 31st March, 1914, 28,919 mortgages to the value of £21,352,695 were registered in the several land and deeds registration districts, while the monetary value of those paid off (18,940 in number) amounted to £12,726,773. Compared with a similar return for the year 1912–13 the mortgages registered show a decrease of £1,244,783, the total amount for the earlier year having been £22,597,478. At 31st March, 1914, mortgages to the amount of £106,442,297 remained on the register.
The amounts shown in the following tables do not represent the true amounts of advances secured by deed. In cases where the property mortgaged is situated in more than one registration district the deed is registered for the full amount in each district, and thus there is some degree of duplication. On the other hand, mortgages are not all registered, those given in security for temporary loans, stock, and crop liens, bills of sale, and chattels transfers being not included in the figures.
The total amounts represented in the mortgages registered and paid off in each registration district during 1912–13 and 1913–14 were,—
| District. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortgages registered. | Mortgages paid off. | Mortgages registered. | Mortgages paid off. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Auckland | 5,290,594 | 2,071,410 | 4,791,065 | 2,316,173 |
| Poverty Bay | 934,447 | 472,105 | 748,103 | 418,558 |
| Taranaki | 1,621,473 | 1,116,561 | 1,430,832 | 826,238 |
| Hawke's Bay | 2,421,052 | 1,069,045 | 2,237,495 | 1,075,170 |
| Wellington | 4,828,475 | 3,300,706 | 4,994,921 | 3,377,455 |
| Marlborough | 298,950 | 198,991 | 473,547 | 163,142 |
| Nelson | 364,438 | 262,351 | 415,058 | 211,412 |
| Westland | 75,807 | 33,120 | 63,032 | 20,085 |
| Canterbury | 3,927,447 | 2,787,981 | 3,549,520 | 2,675,376 |
| Otago | 1,446,037 | 1,210,239 | 1,481,308 | 946,939 |
| Southland | 1,388,758 | 771,397 | 1,167,814 | 696,225 |
| Totals | £22,597,478 | £13,293,906 | £21,352,695 | £12,726,773 |
Classified according to the various rates of interest, the amounts in the mortgage deeds registered during the two years were,—
| Rate of Interest. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. | Rate of Interest. | 1912–13. | 1913–14. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per Cent. | £ | £ | Per Cent. | £ | £ |
| 0 | 26,462 | 22,431 | 6/120; | 1,850 | |
| œ | 300 | 6/110; | 160 | ||
| 1 | 1,650 | 1,350 | 6⅕ | 60 | |
| 1œ | 700 | 6Œ | 43,100 | 42,540 | |
| 1⅘ | 125 | 6/310; | 5,000 | ||
| 2 | 600 | 615 | 6⅓ | 30,000 | 4,485 |
| 2⅕ | 2,764 | 6œ | 746,494 | 801,919 | |
| 2Œ | 200 | 6Ÿ; | 38,815 | 2,380 | |
| 2œ | 3,860 | 1,700 | 7 | 1,745,173 | 1,128,676 |
| 2Ÿ; | 1,160 | 1,468 | 7⅛ | 800 | |
| 2/78; | 1,278 | 700 | 7Π| 2,130 | 3,632 |
| 3 | 5,265 | 8,389 | 7/310; | 3,000 | |
| 3⅕ | 1,175 | 7⅓ | 940 | 4,500 | |
| 3Œ | 9,225 | 7œ | 442,636 | 199,653 | |
| 3/38; | 1,000 | 7Ÿ; | 42,800 | 750 | |
| 3œ | 6,208 | 20,266 | 8 | 855,220 | 814,164 |
| 3Ÿ; | 2,556 | 2,087 | 8Œ | 200 | 350 |
| 4 | 64,296 | 78,053 | 8⅓ | 330 | |
| 4Œ | 6,200 | 132 | 8⅖ | 200 | |
| 4⅓ | 2,316 | 8œ | 41,813 | 32,560 | |
| 4œ | 1,043,517 | 325,487 | 9 | 93,608 | 64,279 |
| 4/710; | 3,713 | 9Π| 850 | ||
| 4Ÿ; | 148,239 | 8,339 | 9⅓ | 400 | |
| 5 | 6,711,712 | 4,792,360 | 9œ | 400 | 1,800 |
| 5/120; | 4,106 | 10 | 179,597 | 181,868 | |
| 51œ | 6,000 | 10⅖ | 250 | ||
| 5/110; | 1,600 | 11 | 900 | 192 | |
| 5⅛ | 200 | 800 | 12 | 1,815 | 3,687 |
| 5Œ | 245,669 | 349,805 | 12œ | 1,038 | 2,185 |
| 5/310; | 23,000 | 15 | 1,556 | 1,325 | |
| 5⅓ | 16,900 | 62,600 | 15/320; | 22 | |
| 5/38; | 100 | 15Ÿ; | 2,500 | ||
| 5œ | 3,810,124 | 3,968,897 | 20 | 1,135 | 150 |
| 5/58; | 4,105 | Unspecified | 885,616 | 1,905,325 | |
| 5/58; | 3,600 | ||||
| 5Ÿ; | 89,872 | 176,044 | |||
| 6 | 5,194,362 | 6,317,723 | Totals | 22,597,478 | 21,352,695 |
Comparison of the foregoing with the amounts at the various rates of interest in the mortgages registered during 1895–96 shows the lowering of the rates that has taken place :—
| Year 1895–90. | |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| 26,285 | in small sums at less than 5 per cent. |
| 833,226 | at from 5 per cent. to 5Πper cent. |
| 732,764 | at 5œ per cent. |
| 116,600 | at 5Ÿ; per cent. |
| 1,372,261 | at from 6 per cent. to 6Πper cent. |
| 371,896 | at from 6œ per cent. to 6Ÿ; per cent. |
| 599,542 | at from 7 per cent. to 7Πper cent. |
| 111,651 | at 7œ per cent. |
| 382,348 | at 8 per cent. |
| 173,416 | in small sum, at rates above 8 per cent. |
| 853,801 | at rates not specified. |
| £5,573,790 | |
Issues of the Year-book up to 1908 contained estimates of the private wealth of the Dominion based on the assumption that the wealth of the living is proportionately equal to that left by the dead. In making these estimates no consideration was taken of the ages of the deceased or of the age constitution of the living. This was seen to be a serious defect, as the younger (and more numerous) section of the population do not possess the same amount of accumulated wealth as those at the more advanced ages. Accordingly the old system of estimating the private wealth of the community was abandoned, and steps were taken for the adoption of a better method by ascertaining the ages of deceased persons leaving estates.
In lieu of obtaining merely the total amounts of estates certified for stamp duty, arrangements were made for obtaining the name and date of death of each deceased person whose estate was dealt with by the Stamp Office. From the information thus supplied, it was possible to ascertain, by reference to the death registers, the age at death of each person whose estate was dealt with. By a system of cards tables have now been prepared for the six years 1908–13, giving for quinquennial age-groups the number and value of estates, the average wealth per person dying, and the total estimated private wealth. From the following table compiled from the estates and deaths of the six years it will be seen that the estimated private wealth of the Dominion amounted on 31st December last to £270,619,832, or an average of £255 per head of population, excluding Maoris. Estates left by Maoris are excluded from the calculation.
The average wealth of persons of twenty years of age and over (practically the adult population) is found to be £424.
| ESTIMATED PRIVATE WEALTH, 1913. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, in Years. | Number of Estates certified (1908–13.) | Total Amount, including Allowance for Unrecorded Estates. | Number of Deaths registered (1908–1913.) | Average Wealth per Person dying. | Estimated Population 31st Dec., 1913. | Estimated Private Wealth. |
| Private wealth per head of population excluding Maoris = £255. | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | ||||
| Under 5 | 18 | 1,077 | 12,405 | 0.0868 | 126,989 | 11,023 |
| 6 and under 10 | 11 | 1,763 | 1,115 | 1.5812 | 114,171 | 180,527 |
| 10 and under 15 | 16 | 2,918 | 791 | 3.6890 | 98,454 | 363,197 |
| 15 and under 20 | 57 | 7,900 | 1,195 | 6.6109 | 95,271 | 629,827 |
| 20 and under 25 | 206 | 121,238 | 1,809 | 67.0193 | 103,195 | 6,916,057 |
| 25 and under 30 | 362 | 165,428 | 2,293 | 72.1448 | 110,086 | 7,942,132 |
| 30 and under 35 | 550 | 389,444 | 2,368 | 164.4611 | 99,218 | 16,317,501 |
| 35 and under 40 | 657 | 635,631 | 2,433 | 261.2540 | 78,509 | 20,510,790 |
| 40 and under 45 | 671 | 888,979 | 2,158 | 411.9458 | 62,959 | 25,935,696 |
| 45 and under 50 | 864 | 1,556,650 | 2,262 | 688.1742 | 48,368 | 33,285,610 |
| 50 and under 55 | 954 | 2,027,685 | 2,486 | 815.6416 | 39,703 | 32,383,418 |
| 55 and under 60 | 1,212 | 3,077,306 | 2,839 | 1,083.401 | 31,551 | 34,199,394 |
| 60 and under 65 | 1,409 | 3,105,423 | 3,156 | 983.9743 | 24,815 | 24,417,322 |
| 65 and under 70 | 1,818 | 7,613,129 | 1,481 | 1,698.9799 | 21,154 | 35,940,221 |
| 70 and under 75 | 2,102 | 5,913,304 | 5,072 | 1,165.8722 | 15,854 | 18,483,738 |
| 75 and under 80 | 1,841 | 5,964,226 | 1,768 | 1,250.8863 | 9,125 | 11,414,337 |
| 80 and under 85 | 1,181 | 4,042,699 | 3,034 | 1,332.4651 | 3,751 | 4,998,077 |
| 85 and under 90 | 592 | 2,686,022 | 1,365 | 1,967.7817 | 1,155 | 2,272,788 |
| 90 and under 95 | 137 | 584,178 | 458 | 1,275.4978 | 280 | 357,139 |
| 95 and over | 31 | 135,640 | 120 | 1,130.3333 | 54 | 61,038 |
| Totals | 14,599 | 38,920,640 | 56,608 | 1,084,662 | 276,619,832 | |
The table well illustrates the defect of the old system. The average value of estates of persons under 20 years of age, who form such a large proportion of the living population, is exceedingly small, while at the group 65 to 70 the average is £1,699 and at 85 to 90, £1,968.
The number of estates dealt with during the six years 1908–13 is equal to only about 25 per cent. of the deaths registered during that period; and as most persons leave some estate, however small, it is necessary to make an allowance for estates which have not passed through the Stamp Office. In this connection it should be noted that estates below £200 in value are exempt from stamp and succession duty, though in many cases, estates of a lower value than £200 are dealt with, being passed for probate and for the granting of letters of administration. The allowance made for unrecorded estates in. the calculations shown above is 10 per cent., which is probably somewhere near the mark. Comparatively little estate is disposed of before death by settlement or deed of gift, and on such as is so disposed of gift duty is payable.
It should be noted that the estimate is that of the private wealth in the Dominion, whether owned by residents of the Dominion or by others, and does not, moreover, include estates belonging to New Zealanders, but situated in other countries.
A table is given showing the number of estates finally passed during 1913, classified according to amount. Estates of Maoris are included.
| Category. | Number of Estates. | Aggregate Net Value. |
|---|---|---|
| £ | No. | £ |
| Under 500 | 1,357 | 284,197 |
| £500 and under 1,000 | 477 | 343,088 |
| £1,000 and under 2,000 | 409 | 586,560 |
| £2,000 and under 3,000 | 190 | 460,008 |
| £3,000 and under 4,000 | 113 | 399,088 |
| £4,000 and under 5,000 | 80 | 356,088 |
| £5,000 and under 7,500 | 96 | 579,257 |
| £7,500 and under 10,000 | 54 | 463,906 |
| £10,000 and under 15,000 | 49 | 607,918 |
| £15,000 and under 20,000 | 27 | 451,276 |
| £20,000 and over | 46 | 3,097,082 |
| Totals | 2,898 | 7,628,462 |
A statement has been prepared by the Valuer-General showing the value of public lands and improvement thereon, including public buildings, but excluding lessees' interests, as at 31st March, 1911.
The following table gives this information together with similar figures as at 31st March, 1908. The value of Government Railways and other public works (taken at cost) is also shown.
| TABLE SHOWING VALUE OF PUBLIC PROPERTY AS AT 31ST MARCH, 1908 AND 1911. | ||
|---|---|---|
| 31st March, 1908. | 31st March, 1911. | |
| £ | £ | |
| Crown lands | 21,511,653 | 25,432,145 |
| Local authorities' lands | 7,163,722 | 7,901,969 |
| Educational lands | 5,038,615 | 3,685,819 |
| Church and other lands | 3,555,271 | 4,623,214 |
| 37,269,261 | 41,643,147 | |
| Government railways open and under construction | 26,735,140 | 31,509,960 |
| Other public works—viz., telegraphs, lighthouses, harbours, and water-supply on goldfields | 5,428,000 | 5,750,000 |
| Totals | £69,432,401 | £78,903,107 |
A total increase of £9,470,706 is shown for the three years. The decrease in educational lands is due to the abolition of the School Commissioners and the vesting of their lands in the Crown, which also accounts for a considerable portion of the increase of nearly £4,000,000 in the value of Crown lands.
In addition to the items enumerated above there must be taken into account the value of such public undertakings by local authorities as water-supply, lighting and power, tramways, and harbours. Excluding buildings, these works, apart from streets, footways, or bridges, have cost approximately £9,000,000.
The value of Native lauds and improvements, exclusive of the value of lessees' interests, on 31st March, 1908, was £11,413,545, and on 31st March 1911, £10,860,815. The decrease is due to purchase of Native lands by private individuals and by the Crown.
The value of the total production of New Zealand has been estimated for the year 1910–11, and the result is given together with figures for 1907–8. In regard to the last item for each year, the amount has been arrived at by an indirect though recognized method, but may be regarded as a fair approximation.
| 1907–8. | 1910–11. | |
|---|---|---|
| *1905–6. | ||
| £ | £ | |
| Agricultural produce | 4,020,449 | 4,150,789 |
| Pastoral produce | 19,787,710 | 25,416,830 |
| Mining produce | 3,775,835 | 3,774,898 |
| Manufactures | 7,240,913 | 7,640,640 |
| Miscellaneous (including fisheries and forestry) | 1,766,815 | 2,079,866 |
| £36,591,722 | £43,063,023 | |
| Value of building trade, industries not included in manufactories, and general labour | 7,038,380* | 8,287,260 |
| Total | £43,630,102 | £51,350,283 |
The most noticeable point in the table is the large increase in the output of pastoral produce during the four years. Agricultural produce shows but a small increase, while mining produce shows a slight decrease.
The following tables, compiled from returns furnished by police officers, show the range of average prices of the principal articles of food and drink at the chief centres of population in each provincial district during the last month of the year 1913, as well as of the average rates of wages ruling at the same localities during the year.
| RANGE OF AVERAGE PRICES OF PRODUCE, LIVE-STOCK, PROVISIONS, ETC., IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OF NEW ZEALAND DURING DECEMBER, 1913. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Articles. | Auckland. | Taranaki. | Hawke's Bay. | Wellington. | Marlborough. | Nelson. | Westland (Goldfield). | Canterbury. | Otago (Part Goldfield). |
| I. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. | |||||||||
| Wheat per bushel (60 lb.) | 5/6 | 4/6 to 5/ | 4/6 to 5/ | 4/6 to 5/3 | 4/6 to 5/ | 4/6 to 4/9 | 5/6 to 6/6 | 3/7 to 4/9 | 3/6 to 5/6 |
| Barley per bushel (50 lb.) | 4/6 to 5/ | 3/7 to 4/ | 3/6 to 5/ | 3/6 to 4/3 | 4/ | 4/ | 4/ to 5/6 | 3/3 to 4/9 | 3/ to 5/9 |
| Oats per bushel (40 lb.) | 3/3 to 4/ | 3/ | 2/11 to 3/6 | 2/7 to 3/9 | 2/6 to 4/ | 3/6 | 2/11 to 3/6 | 2/6 to 3/6 | 2/ to 3/4 |
| Maize per bushel (56 lb.) | 4/9 to 5/6 | 6/6 | 4/6 to 5/3 | 5/ to 6/6 | 4/10 | 5/6 to 6/ | 5/ to 6/ | 4/3 to 8/ | |
| Bran per bushel (20 lb.) | 1/2 to 1/8 | 1/3 to 1/6 | 1/6 to 2/ | 1/3 to 1/9 | 1/ to 2/ | 1/3 to 1/6 | 1/3 to 1/6 | 1/ to 1/6 | 1/ to 1/6 |
| Hay, Grass per ton | £3 15/ to £4 | £3 to £4 | £3/10 to £5 | £2/10 to £3 | £4 to £5 | £3 to £5/10 | £2/10 to £4/10 | £2 to £4 | |
| Hay, Oaten per ton | £5/10 to £6/5 | £4/10 to £4/12/6 | £4/10 to £5 | £4/5 to £5/15 | £2/15 to £3/1C | £5 to £5/15 | £6/10 to £7 | £3 to £4/10 | £2/10 to £4/12/6 |
| II. FLOUR AND BREAD. | |||||||||
| Flour, wholesale per ton of 2,000 lb. | £9 to £11 | £10 to £10/8 | £9/10 to £11 | £9 to £11/10 | £10/ to £12 | £10 to £11 | £10/10 to £11/10 | £9 to £11 | £9 to £12 |
| Flour, retail per bag of 50 lb | 5/ to 6/6 | 5/9 to 6/ | 5/9 to 6/6 | 5/6 to 7/ | 6/ to 6/3 | 5/9 to 6/6 | 6/6 to 7/ | 5/6 to 6/6 | 5/6 to 7/6 |
| Bread per 4 lb. loaf | 8d. | 8d. | 8d. | 7d. to 8d. | 7d. | 7d. to 8d. | 7d. to 8d. | 6œd. to 8d. | 6d. to 8d. |
| III. LIVE-STOCK AND MEAT. | |||||||||
| Horses, draught per head | £25 to £50 | £20 to £50 | £30 to £50 | £20 to £50 | £25 to £40 | £30 to £45 | £22 to £40 | £30 to £45 | £30 to £40 |
| Horses, saddle and harness per head | £10 to £25 | £10 to £20 | £8 to £16 | £10 to £25 | £10 to £20 | £12 to £20 | £12 to £20 | £9 to £25 | £10 to £25 |
| Cattle, fat per head | £6/15 to £11/15 | £10 | £6 to £12 | £7/5 to £11/10 | £7 to £8 | £10 | £8 to £13 | £8 to £15 | £9 to £14 |
| Cattle, milch cows per head | £7 to £9 | £9 to £10 | £7 to £9 | £7 to £9/10 | £8 to £10 | £7 to £10 | £5 to £10 | £7 to £12 | £7/10 to £12 |
| Sheep, fat per head | 19/6 to 22/6 | 23/ to 25/ | 16/ to 20/ | 17/6 to 20/ | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 20/ | 20/ to 27/ | 18/ to 24/ | 20/ to 25/ |
| Lambs, fat per bead | 15/ to 18/ | 16/6 to 17/6 | 14/ to 18/ | 14/6 to 16/ | 14/ to 15/ | 13/ to 18/ | 13/ to 16/ | 16/ to 21/ | 14/ to 20/ |
| Butchers' meat:— | |||||||||
| Beef per lb. | 4œd. to 7d. | 5d. to 7œd. | 4d. to 6d. | 4d. to 7d. | 5d. to 6d. | 6d. to 7d. | 6d. to 7d. | 4d. to 8d. | 5d. to 7œd. |
| Mutton per lb. | 4œd. to 6d. | 5d. to 6œd. | 4d. to 5d. | 4d. to 5d. | 4œd. to 6d. | 6d. to 7d. | 5d. to 7d. | 4d. to 6d. | 4d. to 6d. |
| Veal per lb. | 6d. | 5d. to 7d. | 5d. to 6d. | 4œd. to 6d. | 6d. | 5d. to 7d. | 6d. to 7d. | 4d. to 6d. | 4d. to 6d. |
| Pork per lb. | 6d. to 8d. | 7d. to 8d. | 6d. to 8d. | 6d. to 8d. | 6d. to 6œd. | 7d. to 8d. | 8d. | 7d. to 8d. | 7d. to 9d. |
| Lamb per lb. | 5d. to 7œd. | 6d. to 7d. | 6d. to 8d. | 6œd. to 9d. | 6d. to 7d. | 7d. to 8d. | 7d. to 8d. | 5d. to 7d. | 6d. to 8d. |
| IV. DAIRY-PRODUCE. | |||||||||
| Butter, fresh, factory per lb. | 1/2 to 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/1 to 1/3 | 1/2 to 1/3 | 1/2 to 1/3 | 1/ to 1/3 | 1/1 to 1/3 | 1/1 to 1/3 | 1/2 to 1/3 |
| Butter, fresh, dairy per lb. | 11d. to 1/1 | 11d. to 1/1 | 1/ to 1/1 | 11d. to 1/ | 10d. to 1/ | 10d. to 1/ | 1/ | 10œd. to 1/ | 10d. to 1/1 |
| Butter, salt per lb. | 9d. to 1/1 | 1/ | 9d. to 1/ | 10d. to 1/ | 10d. to 1/ | 1/ | 10d. to 1/ | 9d. to 1/ | 10d. to 1/1 |
| Cheese, colonial per lb. | 9d. to 11d. | 8d. to 9d. | 8d. to 10d. | 8d. to 9d. | 8d. to 9d. | 8d. to 9d. | 8d. to 9d. | 7d. to 9d. | 8d. to 9d. |
| Cheese, imported per lb. | 1/ to 2/6 | 1/6 to 2/6 | 1/6 | 1/ to 2/ | 1/9 to 2/ | ||||
| Milk per quart | 3d. to 4d. | 4d. | 3d. to 4d. | 4d. | 4d. | 5d. | 4d. to 6d. | 4d. | 3d. to 4d. |
| V. FARM-YARD PRODUCE. | |||||||||
| Geese per pair | 8/ to 11/ | 6/6 to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | 5/ to 11/ | 7/ to 10/ | 6/ to 7/ | 9/ to 15/ | 6/ to 12/ | 7/6 to 12/ |
| Ducks per pair | 4/ to 7/ | 3/6 to 6/ | 4/6 to 6/ | 4/6 to 7/ | 5/ to 6/ | 5/ | 6/ to 7/6 | 6/ to 8/6 | 5/ to 8/ |
| Fowls per pair | 4/ to 6/ | 4/ to 6/ | 4/ to 4/6 | 3/6 to 5/6 | 4/ to 5/ | 3/ to 4/ | 4/ to 6/ | 4/ to 6/ | 3/ to 5/6 |
| Turkeys per head | 6/ to 12/6 | 5/ to 10/6 | 7/ to 12/6 | 6/ to 12/ | 10/ | 6/ to 10/ | 10/ | 7/ to 15/ | 6/ to 12/ |
| Bacon per lb. | 10d. to 1/ | 1/ | 11d. to 1/3 | 1/ to 1/3 | 10d. to 1/1 | 1/ to 1/1 | 11d. to 1/3 | 10d. to 1/1 | 11d. to 1/2 |
| Ham per lb. | 1/1 to 1/2 | 1/ | 11d. to 1/3 | 1/1 to 1/2 | 1/ to 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/1 to 1/3 | 11d. to 1/1 | 1/ to 1/3 |
| Eggs per doz. | 1/2 to 1/4 | 1/2 to 1/6 | 1/2 to 1/6 | 1/ to 1/6 | 1/ to 1/2 | 1/2 to 1/6 | 1/6 to 2/ | 1/to 1/6 | 1/ to 1/6 |
| VI. GARDEN PRODUCE. | |||||||||
| Potatoes (old), wholesale per ton | £3 to £5/10 | £6 | £4 to £7 | £3/10 to £6 | £3/10 to £4 | £4 to £4/10 | £3 to £8 | £1/5 to £4 | £1/15 to £3/10 |
| Potatoes (new), wholesale per ton | £4/5 to £7/10 | £5 to £8 | £6 to £7/10 | £4 to £6 | £6 to £9 | £4/15 to £9 | £6 to £12 | £6 to £12 | £4/10 to £10/10 |
| Potatoes (old), retail per cwt. | 3/6 to 6/ | 7/6 | 5/ to 9/ | 4/ to 7/6 | 4/ to 5/ | 4/6 to 6/ | 3/6 to 10/ | 2/6 to 5/ | 2/ to 5/ |
| Potatoes (new), retail per cwt. | 5/ to 8/6 | 5/6 to 9/ | 7/6 | 5/ to 8/ | 9/4 to 11/ | 6/6 to 10/ | 7/6 to 14/ | 8/ to 12/ | 7/ to 14/ |
| Onions per lb. | 2d. to 3d. | 1œd. | 1œd. to 3d. | 1d. to 3d. | 2d. to 3d. | 2œd. to 3d. | 2d. to 3d. | 1œd. to 3d. | 1œd. to 3d. |
| Carrots per doz. bnchs. | 1/ to 2/ | 1/6 to 1/9 | 10d. to 2/3 | 1/ to 2/ | 1/ to 2/ | 2/ | 1/ to 3/ | 1/- to 1/6 | 1/ to 3/ |
| Turnips per doz. bnchs. | 1/ to 2/ | 1/6 to 1/9 | 1/ to 2/3 | 1/ to 2/ | 1/ to 2/ | 2/ | 1/ to 3/ | 1/- to 1/6 | 1/ to 3/ |
| Cabbages per doz. | 2/6 to 4/ | 2/ | 2/ to 3/6 | 1/9 to 3/6 | 2/ to 3/ | 3/ | 2/ to 4/6 | 1/3 to 2/6 | 2/ to 3/6 |
| VII. MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. | |||||||||
| Tea per lb. | 1/4 to 2/ | 2/ | 1/6 to 1/8 | 1/4 to 2/ | 1/8 to 2/ | 1/6 to 2/3 | 1/6 to 2/ | 1/6 to 1/10 | 1/6 to 2/ |
| Coffee per lb. | 1/4 to 1/10 | 1/9 to 2/ | 1/6 to 2/ | 1/8 to 2/ | 1/8 to 1/10 | 1/6 to 2/ | 1/6 to 1/9 | 1/6 to 1/10 | 1/8 to 1/10 |
| Sugar per lb. | 2d. to 3d. | 2œd. to 3d. | 2œd. to 3d. | 2Œd. to 3d. | 3d. | 2œa. | 2œd to 3d. | 2œd. to 3d. | 2œd. to 3œd. |
| Rice per lb. | 2d. to 3d. | 3d. | 2œd. to 3d. | 2d. to 3d. | 3d. | 2d. to 3d. | 2œd. to 3d. | 2d. to 2œd. | 2d. to 3d. |
| Salt per lb. | 1d. | 1d. | 1d. | 1d. | 1d. | 1d. | 1d. | 1d. | 1d. to 1œd. |
| Soap per cwt. | 16/6 to 30/ | 24/ to 27/ | 12/ to 27/ | 12/ to 25/6 | 14/ to 28/ | 13/6 to 20/ | 18/ to 23/ | 14/ to 25/ | 12/ to 30/ |
| Candles per lb. | 6d. to 8d. | 7d. to 8d. | 6d. to 8d. | 6d. to 8d. | 7d. to 8d. | 7d. to 8d. | 6d. to 8d. | 6d. to 9d | 5œd. to 8d. |
| Tobacco per lb. | 5/3 to 6/8 | 5/9 | 6/ to 6/6 | 5/3 to 6/3 | 5/ to 6/6 | 5/9 to 6/ | 6/ | 5/6 to 8/ | 5/6 to 6/ |
| Coal per ton | 17/ to 32/ | 40/ to 45/ | 40/ to 55/ | 36/ to 45/ | 40/ | 24/ to 36/ | 22/ to 30/ | 36/ to 52/ | 22/ to 38/ |
| Firewood per cord | 20/ to 45/ | 40/ | 25/ to 39/ | 27/6 to 54/ | 30/ to 37/6 | 25/ to 40/ | 16/ to 40/ | 18/ to 44/ | 16/ to 40/ |
| VIII. BEER, WINES, SPIRITS. | |||||||||
| Beer, colonial per hhd. | £3/10 to £4/12/6 | £4/5 to £4/14 | £4/4/6 to £5/3 | £4 to £4/15 | £4/2/6 to £4/10 | £4 to £4/10 | £4/10 | £4 to £4/10 | £4/3 to £5/10 |
| Beer, English, bottled'd per doz. qts | 13/6 to 18/ | 15/ to 18/ | 14/6 to 18/ | 13/ to 15/6 | 13/ to 18/ | 15/ | 15/ to 16/ | 13/ to 14/6 | 13/6 to 20/ |
| Brandy per gallon | 26/6 to 36/ | 30/ | 25/ to 36/ | 24/6 to 30/ | 27/6 to 30/ | 26/ to 28/ | 25/ to 26/ | 25/ to 36/ | 24/6 to 30/ |
| Rum per gallon | 26/6 to 35/ | 22/6 to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 22/6 to 30/ | 27/6 to 34/ | 24/ to 26/ | 25/ | 24/ to 34/ | 22/6 to 36/ |
| Whisky per gallon | 26/6 to 30/ | 30/ | 30/ | 24/6 to 30/ | 27/6 to 30/ | 28/ to 30/ | 25/ to 28/ | 25/6 to 36/ | 24/ to 36/ |
| Gin per gallon | 24/ to 30/ | 20/ to 30/ | 20/ to 30/ | 19/6 to 30/ | 25/ | 20/ | 20/ to 30/ | 22/ to 32/ | 20/ to 36/ |
| Wine, Australian per gallon | 15/ to 30/ | 15/ to 20/ | 17/6 to 30/ | 12/6 to 20/ | 19/ to 30/ | 15/ to 18/ | 14/ to 15/ | 14/ to 33/ | 14/ to 30/ |
| Wine, European per gallon | 18/ to 30/ | 17/6 to 20/ | 20/ to 30/ | 15/ to 20/ | 25/ to 30/ | 16/ to 20/ | 18/ to 20/ | 20/ to 35/ | 19/ to 24/ |
| RANGE OF AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1913. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Description of Labour. | Auckland. | Taranaki. | Hawke's Bay. | Wellington. | Marlborough | Nelson. | Westland (Goldfield). | Canterbury. | Otago (Part Goldfield). |
| 1. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR. | |||||||||
| Farm labourers: | |||||||||
| With board, per week | 20/ to 30/ | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ | 25/ to 40/ | 22/6 to 35/ | 20/ to 30/ |
| Without board, per day | 8/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | 8/ | 8/ to 9/ | 6/8 to 9/ | 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ |
| Ploughmen: | |||||||||
| With board, per week | 25/ to 35/ | 40/ | 25/ to 40/ | 30/ to 35/ | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30 | 25/ to 30/ | |
| Without board, per day | 8/ to 9/ | 9/ | 9/ to 10/ | 8/ to 9/ | 8/ to 10/ | 10/ | 9/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | |
| Harvesters: | |||||||||
| With board, per week | 30/ to 50/ | 30 to 35/ | 30/ to 50/ | 27/6 to 50/ | 40/ | 40/ | 25/ to 40/ | ||
| Without board, per hour | 1/ to 1/6 | 1/ to 1/6 | 1/ to 1/6 | 1/ to 1/6 | 1/ | 1/4 | 1/3 to 1/6 | 1/ to 1/6 | |
| Men cooks on farms With board, per week | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 30/ | 30/ to 35/ | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 20/ to 30/ | ||
| Female farm servants: With board, per week | 10/ to 20/ | 15/ to 25/ | 15/ to 20/ | 17/ to 25/ | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 25/ | 15/ to 25/ |
| 2. PASTORAL LABOUR. | |||||||||
| Shepherds, with board, per annum | £60 to £80 | £75 | £60 to £95 | £65 to £78 | £80 to £95 | £70 to £7. | £60 to £85 | ||
| Stock-keepers, with board, per annum | £60 to £80 | £60 to £95 | £65 to £78 | £80 | £70 | £60 to £80 | |||
| Station labourers: | |||||||||
| With board, per week | 22/6 to 25/ | 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ | 25/ to 30/ | |
| Shearers, with board, per 100 sheep shorn | 20/ to 22/6 | 22/6 | 20/ | 20/ to 25/ | 20/ | 20/ | 25/ | 20/ to 25/ | 20/ to 22/6 |
| Men cooks on stations, with board, per week | 30/ to 35/ | 20/ to 35/ | 30/ to 35/ | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 35/ | 30/ | 25/ to 30 | 20/ to 35/ | |
| 3. ARTISAN LABOUR (per day, without board). | |||||||||
| Masons | 12/8 to 14/ | 14/ to 15/ | 12/ to 14/ | 12/ to 15/ | 12/ to 14/ | 11/ | 12/6 to 14/ | 12/ to 14/ | |
| Plasterers | 12/ to 16/ | 14/ to 16/ | 13/ to 16/ | 12/ to 15/ | 14/ to 16/ | 12/ | 12/6 to 14/0 | 12/ to 14/ | |
| Bricklayers | 12/ to 14/ | 13/ to 14/ | 12/ to 14/ | 12/ to 15/ | 10/ to 12/ | 12/ to 14/ | 10/ to 12/ | 12/ to 14/6 | 12/ to 14/ |
| Cabinetmakers | 10/ to 11/ | 10/ to 11/ | 11/ | 11/ to 12/ | 10/ to 12/ | 11/ to 12/ | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ to 14/ | 11/ to 12/ |
| Carpenters | 10/ to 12/ | 11/ to 12/ | 11/ to 12/ | 10/ to 12/ | 12/ | 11/ to 12/ | 12/ | 11/ to 12/8 | 10/ to 12/ |
| Boilermakers | 10/ to 11/ | 11/ | 11/ | 10/ to 11/ | 10/ to 12/ | 11/ | 10/ to 11/ | 10/ to 11/ | |
| Blacksmiths | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ to 11/6 | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ to 11/ | 10/ to 12/ | 9/ to 12/ | 10/ to 13/ | 10/6 to 13/ | 10/ to 12/ |
| Tinsmiths | 10/8 | 11/ | 10/8 to 12/ | 9/ to 11/ | 11/ | 11/ to 12/ | 9/ to 12/ | 9/ to 10/6 | 10/ to 12/ |
| Wheelwrights | 11/ to 12/ | 10/ to 11/ | 10/ | 10/ to 12/4 | 11/ to 12/ | 11/ to 13/ | 11/ to 12/ | 9/ to 10/6 | 10/ to 12/ |
| Shipwrights | 10/8 to 12/ | 12/ | 12/ | 10/ to 13/ | 12/ | 12/ | |||
| Plumbers | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ to 12/ | 11/ to 12/ | 10/ to 11/ | 12/ | 11/ to 12/ | 10/ to 12/ | 9/ to 12/ | 10/8 to 12/ |
| Painters | 10/ to 11/ | 10/ | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ to 11/ | 11/ to 12/ | 10/ to 12/ |
| Saddlers | 9/4 to 10/ | 9/ to 10/ | 8/8 to 10/ | 9/6 to 11/ | 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | 10/ | 8/8 to 9/6 | 8/ to 10/ |
| Shoemakers | 9/ | 9/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | 9/ to 10/ | 9/ to 10/ | 8/ to 9/2 | 10/ | 8/6 to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ |
| Coopers | 9/6 | 9/ to 10/ | 10/ to 12/ | 9/4 to 11/6 | 11/ | 10/ | 8/6 to 10/ | 10/ to 12/ | |
| Watchmakers | 10/ to 12/6 | 10/ to 12/6 | 10/ | 8/4 to 11/ | 11/6 | 12/ to 13/ | 9/ to 12/6 | 8/ to 12/ | |
| 4. SERVANTS. | |||||||||
| Married couples without family, with board, per annum | £95 to £100 | £100 | £90 to £100 | £90 to £100 | £85 to £100 | £75 to £100 | £75 to £110 | £70 to £100 | |
| Married couples with family, with board, per annum | £80 to £95 | £80 to £100 | £100 | £80 to £100 | £80 | £100 | £65 to £110 | £70 to £100 | |
| Grooms, with board, per week | 25/ to 30/ | 20/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 20/ to 30/ | 30/ | 30/ | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 35/ |
| Gardeners: | |||||||||
| With board, per week | 25/ to 30/ | 20/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 20/ to 35/ | 30/ | 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 40/ |
| Without board, per day | 8/ to 9/ | 8/ to 10/ | 8/ to 9/ | 7/ to 10/ | 7/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | 9/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ |
| Cooks, with board, per week | 20/ to 30/ | 30/ to 35/ | 20/ to 35/ | 25/ to 35/ | 17/6 to 30/ | 20/ to 40/ | 25/ to 40/ | 20/ to 40/ | 17/6 to 40/ |
| Laundresses, with board, per week | 20/ to 25/ | 18/ to 25/ | 20/ to 30/ | 20/ to 35/ | 22/6 to 25/ | 20/ to 25/ | 25/ to 30/ | 15/ to 30/ | 17/6 to 30/ |
| General house servants, with board, per week | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 25/ | 15/ to 20/ | 12/ to 25/ | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 25/ | 12/6 to 22/6 |
| Housemaids, with board, per week | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 22/6 | 15/ to 20/ | 15/ to 25/ | 17/6 to 20/ | 15/ to 20/ | 12/ to 22/6 |
| Nursemaids, with board, per week | 8/ to 15/ | 6/ to 15/ | 10/ to 15/ | 10/ to 17/ | 10/ to 15/ | 10/ to 15/ | 10/ to 12/6 | 12/ to 15/ | 10/ to 17/6 |
| Needle women: | |||||||||
| With board, per week | 20/ | 24/ | 15/ to 25/ | 15/ to 30/ | 20/ to 30/ | 20/ | 18/ to 30/ | 15/ to 18/6 | 15/ to 25/ |
| Without board, per day (lunch always provided) | 3/6 to 5/ | 6/ to 8/ | 4/ to 7/ | 4/ to 6/ | 6/ | 5/ to 6/ | 3/ to 6/ | 4/6 to 5/ | 4/ to 6/ |
| 5. MISCELLANEOUS. | |||||||||
| General labourers, without board, per day | 8/ to 10/ | 9/ to 10/ | 8/ to 9/ | 8/ to 10/ | 8/ | 9/ to 10/ | 9/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ | 8/ to 10/ |
| Stonebreakers, per cubic yard | 4/ to 6/ | 3/3 to 3/6 | 3/ to 3/6 | 3/ to 5/6 | 5/ | 3/ | 3/6 | ||
| Seamen, with board, per month | £6 to £8 | £8 | £8/10 to £9 | £8 | £8 to £8/10 | £4 to £10 | £6 to £9 | ||
| Miners, without board, per day | 9/6 to 14/ | 10/ | 10/ to 12/6 | 10/ | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ to 12/6 | 9/ to 11/ | |
| Engine-drivers, without board, per day | 9/ to 12/ | 8/4 to 10/ | 9/ to 11/ | 9/6 to 12/ | 10/ to 12/ | 8/4 to 12/ | 11/8 to 14/ | 8/ to 12/ | 9/ to 12/ |
| Tailors, without board, per day | 8/4 to 12/ | 8/6 to 12/ | 9/2 to 11/ | 9/2 to 11/ | 12/ | 10/ to 12/ | 10/ to 10/10 | 9/2 to 11/ | 9/ to 10/ |
| Tailoresses, without board, per week | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 40/ | 30/ to 35/ | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 35/ | 25/ to 35/ |
| Dressmakers, without board, per week | 20/ to 55/ | 22/6 to 40/ | 20/ to 50/ | 17/6 to 40/ | 27/6 to 30/ | 25/ to 35/ | 15/ to 30/ | 20/ to 40/ | 20/ to 30/ |
| Milliners, without board, per week | 20/ to 55/ | 37/6 to 45/ | 20/ to 50/ | 20/ to 40/ | 27/6 | 25/ to 60/ | 30/ to 50/ | 25/ to 45/ | 20/ to 60/ |
| Machinists (sewing), without board, per week | 25/ to 35/ | 27/ to 40/ | 25/ to 40/ | 20/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 25/ to 30/ | 20/ to 35/ | |
| Storekeepers, without board, per week | 45/ to 70/ | 55/ to 60/ | 50/ to 80/ | 48/ to 70/ | 60/ | 80/ | 80/ to 90/ | 40/ to 70/ | 50/ to 80/ |
| Storekeepers, assistants, without board, per week | 30/ to 50/ | 50/ | 30/ to 60/ | 25/ to 50/ | 45/ to 50/ | 45/ to 70/ | 55/ to 60/ | 20/ to 60/ | 40/ to 60/ |
| Drapers' assistants, without board, per week | 25/ to 65/ | 60/ | 30/ to 60/ | 50/ to 70/ | 50/ to 55/ | 40/ to 60/ | 30/ to 70/ | 45/ to 80/ | 50/ to 60/ |
| Grocers' assistants, without board, per week | 40/ to 60/ | 40/ to 70/ | 30/ to 60/ | 45/ to 60/ | 45/ to 60/ | 40/ to 60/ | 50/ to 60/ | 48/ to 60/ | 45/ to 60/ |
| Butchers, without board, per week | 50/ to 70/ | 50/ to 52/6 | 50/ to 60/ | 52/6 to 60/ | 55/ to 60/ | 25/ to 70/ | 60/ to 70/ | 45/ to 65/ | 45/ to 60/ |
| Bakers, without board, per week | 48/ to 70/ | 55/ to 65/ | 50/ to 80/ | 50/ to 70/ | 50/ to 60/ | 50/ to 65/ | 60/ | 50/ to 65/ | 45/ to 65/ |
| Storemen, without board, per week | 45/ to 50/ | 40/ to 60/ | 30/ to 55/ | 45/ to 50/ | 50/ | 60/ to 70/ | 60/ | 45/ to 65/ | 45/ to 65/ |
| Compositors, without board, per week | 45/ to 70/ | 42/ to 80/ | 50/ to 72/ | 55/ to 74/ | 55/ | 55/ to 75/ | 55/ to 65/ | 52/ to 73/ | 50/ to 80/ |
| Sawmill hands, without board, per week | 36/ to 60/ | 45/ to 72/ | 48/ to 60/ | 54/ to 72/ | 60/ to 66/ | 48/ to 84/ | 60/ to 84/ | 50/ to 84/ | 48/ to 60/ |
| Flax-mill hands, without board, per week | 48/ to 60/ | 50/ to 60/ | 48/ to 60/ | 60/ | 42/ to 72/ | 66/ to 72/ | 42/ to 60/ | 45/ to 54/ | |
The following table shows the average weekly rents paid for dwellings in selected boroughs according to the particulars returned on the Household Schedules :—
| AVERAGE WEEKLY RENTS PAID FOR DWELLINGS IN SELECTED BOROUGHS AT THE CENSUS OF APRIL, 1911. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name of Borough. | Three Rooms. | Four Rooms. | Five Rooms. | Six Rooms. | Seven Rooms. | Eight Rooms. | Nine Rooms. | Ten Rooms. | ||||||||||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Whangarei | 0 | 7 | 4.20 | 0 | 8 | 9.11 | 0 | 11 | 1.07 | 0 | 12 | 9.78 | 0 | 13 | 6.50 | 0 | 18 | 3.67 | 0 | 17 | 9.33 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Birkenhead | 0 | 7 | 10.55 | 0 | 9 | 7.39 | 0 | 11 | 2.59 | 0 | 12 | 1.37 | 0 | 15 | 3.33 | 0 | 17 | 6 | 0 | 19 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Northcote | 0 | 6 | 0.86 | 0 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 10.37 | 0 | 14 | 11.61 | 0 | 16 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 9.78 | 1 | 6 | 6 | |||
| Devonport | 0 | 8 | 3.86 | 0 | 11 | 9.15 | 0 | 14 | 11.37 | 0 | 17 | 5.76 | 0 | 18 | 6.20 | 1 | 2 | 3.47 | 1 | 3 | 9.24 | 1 | 2 | 8 |
| Auckland | 0 | 8 | 5.88 | 0 | 10 | 9.94 | 0 | 13 | 5.48 | 0 | 16 | 2.80 | 0 | 18 | 10.51 | 1 | 2 | 4.08 | 1 | 4 | 8.46 | 1 | 11 | 10.32 |
| Grey Lynn | 0 | 10 | 7.64 | 0 | 11 | 6.29 | 0 | 14 | 4.93 | 0 | 16 | 8.74 | 0 | 19 | 0.58 | 0 | 19 | 10 | ||||||
| Newmarket | 0 | 9 | 3.33 | 0 | 10 | 7.33 | 0 | 13 | 1.78 | 0 | 16 | 5.74 | 0 | 18 | 7.03 | 1 | 1 | 5.25 | 1 | 17 | 4.50 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| Mount Eden | 0 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 11 | 11.91 | 0 | 15 | 0.61 | 0 | 17 | 4.79 | 0 | 19 | 11.64 | 1 | 0 | 10.92 | 1 | 2 | 5.30 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| Mount Albert | 0 | 8 | 7.86 | 0 | 12 | 4.31 | 0 | 14 | 3.48 | 0 | 16 | 1.64 | 0 | 17 | 11.59 | 1 | 2 | 0.92 | 1 | 6 | 3.20 | |||
| Parnell | 0 | 9 | 8.10 | 0 | 10 | 11.72 | 0 | 13 | 3.28 | 0 | 15 | 7.20 | 0 | 19 | 7.22 | 1 | 3 | 4.96 | 1 | 8 | 7.36 | 1 | 10 | 3.61 |
| Onehunga | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 11.28 | 0 | 10 | 11.73 | 0 | 12 | 2.89 | 0 | 13 | 2.54 | 0 | 16 | 2.92 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6.33 |
| Waihi | 0 | 6 | 7.78 | 0 | 8 | 6.76 | 0 | 9 | 10.23 | 0 | 11 | 7.42 | 0 | 13 | 5.25 | |||||||||
| Gisborne | 0 | 8 | 2.77 | 0 | 12 | 0.77 | 0 | 14 | 7.04 | 0 | 16 | 314 | 1 | 0 | 1.20 | 1 | 0 | 0.35 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 6 | 1.77 |
| New Plymouth | 0 | 6 | 6.40 | 0 | 9 | 1.59 | 0 | 10 | 8.62 | 0 | 13 | 7.63 | 0 | 16 | 4.89 | 0 | 15 | 9.96 | 0 | 16 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Napier | 0 | 8 | 10.72 | 0 | 11 | 2.16 | 0 | 14 | 3.67 | 0 | 17 | 10.18 | 1 | 0 | 5.26 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6.86 | 1 | 5 | 9.25 |
| Dannevirke | 0 | 6 | 10.28 | 0 | 8 | 5.38 | 0 | 9 | 8.97 | 0 | 12 | 4.49 | 0 | 15 | 6.26 | 0 | 18 | 9.92 | 0 | 14 | 10.50 | 1 | 6 | 6 |
| Wanganui | 0 | 8 | 2.79 | 0 | 9 | 11.46 | 0 | 12 | 6.80 | 0 | 14 | 10.01 | 0 | 17 | 5.94 | 0 | 19 | 6.49 | 0 | 19 | 5.20 | 1 | 5 | 11.53 |
| Wanganui East | 0 | 7 | 0.83 | 0 | 9 | 4.32 | 0 | 10 | 1.79 | 0 | 11 | 10.95 | 0 | 13 | 3.43 | |||||||||
| Palmerston North | 0 | 8 | 0.49 | 0 | 10 | 3.12 | 0 | 12 | 6.62 | 0 | 14 | 8.99 | 0 | 18 | 1.16 | 0 | 19 | 3.51 | 0 | 18 | 2.89 | 1 | 5 | 5.80 |
| Masterton | 0 | 7 | 4.45 | 0 | 7 | 11.91 | 0 | 10 | 9.47 | 0 | 12 | 2.84 | 0 | 14 | 5.75 | 0 | 15 | 10.91 | 0 | 18 | 8.56 | |||
| Lower Hutt | 0 | 8 | 1.80 | 0 | 11 | 3.27 | 0 | 13 | 2.64 | 0 | 15 | 5.16 | 1 | 3 | 0.36 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 10 | 2.50 | |||
| Petone | 0 | 8 | 9.24 | 0 | 10 | 10.92 | 0 | 12 | 6.84 | 0 | 13 | 9.75 | 0 | 14 | 8.05 | 0 | 17 | 7.71 | 1 | 5 | 0 | |||
| Onslow | 0 | 9 | 2.40 | 0 | 11 | 5.05 | 0 | 13 | 1.41 | 0 | 16 | 7.69 | 1 | 0 | 1.20 | 0 | 18 | 9.66 | ||||||
| Wellington | 0 | 11 | 5.83 | 0 | 14 | 4.26 | 0 | 17 | 1.88 | 1 | 0 | 11.58 | 1 | 5 | 1.15 | 1 | 9 | 3.96 | 1 | 15 | 8.99 | 1 | 19 | 5.10 |
| Karori | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0.05 | 0 | 14 | 5.05 | 0 | 17 | 5.33 | 0 | 17 | 7.50 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||||||
| Miramar | 0 | 9 | 11.08 | 0 | 11 | 8.06 | 0 | 15 | 1.13 | 0 | 16 | 2.68 | 0 | 15 | 2.20 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Nelson | 0 | 6 | 8.33 | 0 | 8 | 7.05 | 0 | 10 | 9.95 | 0 | 12 | 5.17 | 0 | 14 | 7.47 | 0 | 15 | 7.12 | 0 | 19 | 10.30 | 1 | 0 | 3.80 |
| Greymouth | 0 | 7 | 1.79 | 0 | 10 | 0.73 | 0 | 12 | 5.29 | 0 | 13 | 4.72 | 0 | 16 | 8.49 | 0 | 18 | 7.50 | 0 | 19 | 4.50 | |||
| Lyttelton | 0 | 6 | 0.91 | 0 | 8 | 3.98 | 0 | 9 | 11.69 | 0 | 12 | 6.20 | 0 | 15 | 3.36 | 0 | 15 | 1017 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |||
| Christchurch | 0 | 7 | 11.16 | 0 | 10 | 5.97 | 0 | 13 | 2.88 | 0 | 15 | 5.22 | 0 | 18 | 10.48 | 1 | 0 | 8.82 | 1 | 2 | 11.69 | 1 | 6 | 6.75 |
| Woolston | 0 | 7 | 6.60 | 0 | 9 | 9.64 | 0 | 12 | 0.20 | 0 | 12 | 3.30 | 0 | 16 | 6 | |||||||||
| Spreydon | 0 | 7 | 5.55 | 0 | 10 | 10.93 | 0 | 12 | 8.71 | 0 | 15 | 4.46 | 0 | 17 | 8.29 | 1 | 10 | 0 | ||||||
| New Brighton | 0 | 9 | 3.07 | 0 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 13 | 10.07 | 0 | 14 | 1.49 | 0 | 16 | 1.85 | 0 | 15 | 0 | ||||||
| Sumner | 0 | 10 | 0.67 | 0 | 13 | 11.66 | 0 | 16 | 9.23 | 0 | 16 | 6.33 | 1 | 3 | 10.59 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Timaru | 0 | 7 | 4.44 | 0 | 10 | 5.17 | 0 | 13 | 8.27 | 0 | 17 | 11.07 | 1 | 1 | 9.32 | 1 | 3 | 5.22 | 1 | 8 | 1 | |||
| Oamaru | 0 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 11.50 | 0 | 10 | 5.83 | 0 | 12 | 3.61 | 0 | 15 | 4.74 | 1 | 0 | 8.46 | 0 | 19 | 7.50 | |||
| Dunedin | 0 | 7 | 9.29 | 0 | 10 | 6.01 | 0 | 13 | 1.04 | 0 | 15 | 11.21 | 0 | 19 | 1.29 | 1 | 4 | 0.22 | 1 | 6 | 6.50 | 1 | 7 | 8.87 |
| West Harbour | 0 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 10.55 | 0 | 9 | 0.80 | 0 | 12 | 2.04 | 0 | 14 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Maori Hill | 0 | 7 | 3.71 | 0 | 9 | 9.43 | 0 | 12 | 9.52 | 0 | 12 | 11.16 | 0 | 18 | 4.25 | 1 | 0 | 7.33 | 1 | 10 | 0 | |||
| Roslyn | 0 | 7 | 2.30 | 0 | 9 | 9.65 | 0 | 12 | 11.73 | 0 | 16 | 10.48 | 1 | 1 | 1.14 | 0 | 19 | 11.71 | 1 | 2 | 0.86 | 1 | 8 | 8 |
| Mornington | 0 | 6 | 11.45 | 0 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 2.27 | 0 | 14 | 11.77 | 0 | 18 | 9.97 | 0 | 19 | 2.38 | 1 | 2 | 8.75 | |||
| St. Kilda | 0 | 8 | 7.91 | 0 | 11 | 1.53 | 0 | 14 | 2.11 | 0 | 16 | 11.43 | 0 | 18 | 7.06 | 1 | 0 | 5 | ||||||
| Green Island | 0 | 5 | 10.50 | 0 | 7 | 11.33 | 0 | 9 | 9.02 | 0 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 13 | 10.43 | ||||||
| Invercargill | 0 | 6 | 11.92 | 0 | 8 | 8.47 | 0 | 11 | 5.08 | 0 | 13 | 11.02 | 0 | 16 | 4.62 | 0 | 19 | 8.70 | 1 | 0 | 3.87 | 1 | 0 | 5.75 |
| Invercargill South | 0 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 4.44 | 0 | 9 | 3.29 | 0 | 8 | 6.31 | 0 | 12 | 3.33 | 0 | 16 | 2 | ||||||
| Campbelltown | 0 | 5 | 10.25 | 0 | 9 | 5.58 | 0 | 9 | 11.97 | 0 | 11 | 10.12 | 0 | 1! | 4 | 0 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 0 | |||
The Government offers facilities for men with moderate incomes to obtain homes for themselves on easy terms. The system is described in this book under the heading “State Aid to Settlers and Workers.”
Table of Contents
THE various Acts relating to the custody and administration of the public moneys and securities are now consolidated in the Public Revenues Act, 1908. All public moneys, excepting those payable to or received by the Post Office, the Government Insurance Office, the Public Trust Office, the Commissioners of the Public Debt Sinking Funds, the New Zealand State Advances Office, the State Fire Insurance Office, and the deposits under the New Zealand Consols Act, are paid into one account at the bank called the “Public Account,” and are carried to one or other of the following accounts or funds in the books of the Treasury—
The Consolidated Fund.
The Public Works Fund.
Separate accounts or funds created under any special Act.
The main Consolidated Fund Account records the ordinary public revenue and expenditure. There are certain subsidiary accounts to this fund which come under the third head in the above category. The Public Works Fund Account contains receipts from loans or aids from the Consolidated Fund and the expenditure on public works, immigration, or special services legally chargeable to that account.
The financial year commences on the 1st day of April and ends on the 31st day of March. The revenue of any financial year is the money received into the Public Account at the bank at Wellington within the year; the expenditure is the money paid at the Treasury within the year, and the money paid by imprestees, of which accounts are received at the Treasury within the year. Imprests not accounted for at the end of a financial year are included in the accounts of the following year.
At the end of each financial year the Appropriation Acts lapse, but the Minister of Finance is authorized for a period of three months from the commencement of the next financial year to pay money in respect of any service, provided the amount does not exceed the unexpended balance voted for that purpose in the previous year, together with an amount equal to one-fourth of such vote.
The usual practice is for Parliament to meet at the end of June in each year, and vote supplies from month to month until the estimated expenditure for the year has been approved and the annual Appropriation Act is passed.
In the audit of expenditure both the pre-audit and post-audit systems are in operation. Pre-audit is applied to vouchers in respect of payments on account of salaries of new appointees, temporary officers, and officers claiming more than one month's salary at any time; interest, loan transactions, and return of deposits; on account of unauthorized expenditure; or chargeable against the accounts of local bodies. Post-audit is applied to all other payments. Vouchers must be certified as correct by the proper officer, and forwarded by him to the Head of his Department for approval. Vouchers subject to pre-audit are then forwarded to the Audit Office, and on being found correct are sent on to the Treasury to be entered on requisitions for payment. Vouchers subject to post-audit are transmitted by the Head of the Department direct to the Treasury. Payment is made by the Treasury, and the claim is afterwards submitted for audit.
The total revenue and expenditure of the Consolidated Fund Account for the financial years ended the 31st March, 1905 to 1914, is shown in the following table, together with the excess of revenue for each year and the amount of such excess transferred to the Public Works Fund in the succeeding year :—
| Year ended 31st March. | Revenue. | Expenditure. | Excess of Revenue over Expenditure. | Amount of Excess transferred to the Public Works Fund. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1905 | 7,347,197 | 6,635,902 | 711,295 | 600,000 |
| 1906 | 7,650,098 | 7,122,340 | 527,758 | 500,000 |
| 1907 | 8,478,956 | 7,774,926 | 704,030 | 775,000 |
| 1908 | 9,063,989 | 8,213,965 | 850,024 | 800,000 |
| 1909 | 9,001,986 | 8,785,513 | 216,473 | 800,000 |
| 1910 | 9,238,917 | 8,990,922 | 247,995 | |
| 1911 | 10,297,273 | 9,343,106 | 954,167 | 800,000 |
| 1912 | 11,061,161 | 10,340,368 | 720,793 | 500,000 |
| 1913 | 11,734,271 | 11,032,038 | 652,233 | 750,000 |
| 1914 | 12,229,661 | 11,825,864 | 403,797 | 675,000 |
| Totals, 10 years | 96,103,509 | 90,114,944 | 5,988,565 | 6,200,000 |
To the amount of excess revenue for the ten years must be added the sum of £649,740 brought forward from the financial year ended 31st March, 1904, making a total of £6,638,305. Deducting the total amount transferred to the Public Works Fund, and a sum of £11,400 for redemption of debentures (in 1913–14), there remains a balance of £426,905, which has been carried forward to the current year's account.
The total amount of excess revenue transferred to the Public Works Fund during the twenty-three financial years ended 31st March, 1914, was £9,955,000. The Minister of Finance proposes to transfer £350,000 during the year ending 31st March, 1915.
An analysis of the revenue received during each of ten financial years is made in the next table.
| CONSOLIDATED FUND—REVENUE, 1904–5 TO 1913–14. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Revenue derived from | Total Revenue. | |||
| Taxation. | Services. | Crown Lands. | Other Sources. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1905 | 3,754,379 | 3,014,212 | 260,021 | 318,585 | 7,347,197 |
| 1906 | 3,841,596 | 3,195,849 | 260,789 | 351,864 | 7,650,098 |
| 1907 | 4,264,555 | 3,558,616 | 250,900 | 404,885 | 8,478,956 |
| 1908 | 4,645,754 | 3,793,356 | 289,603 | 335,276 | 9,063,989 |
| 1909 | 4,377,761 | 4,047,034 | 222,857 | 354,334 | 9,001,986 |
| 1910 | 4,180,516 | 4,420,096 | 269,730 | 368,575 | 9,238,917 |
| 1911 | 4,837,322 | 4,743,056 | 310,894 | 406,001 | 10,297,273 |
| 1912 | 5,296,590 | 4,987,088 | 311,156 | 466,327 | 11,061,161 |
| 1913 | 5,606,829 | 5,379,966 | 313,923 | 433,553 | 11,734,271 |
| 1914 | 5,918,034 | 5,551,913 | 262,846 | 496,868 | 12,229,661 |
| Totals, 10 years | 46,723,336 | 42,691,186 | 2,752,719 | 3,936,268 | 96,103,509 |
Revenue under the head of “Taxation” includes Customs and excise duties, land-tax, income-tax, death duties, a tax on bank-note issue, and totalizator taxes. Revenue from “Services” consists of Railway, Post, Telegraph, and Telephone receipts, and certain fees paid in return for special services. Revenue from “Crown Lands” includes proceeds of sales up to and including 1912–13, but not for 1913–14. The other items in Crown Lands Revenue are rents and National Endowment Revenue. The amounts shown under “Other Sources” include miscellaneous revenue and sundry amounts recovered in respect of expenditure of previous years.
The total revenue per head of population, and the amounts per head derived from taxation and from other sources, during the past ten years are shown in the following table:—
| REVENUE PER HEAD OF POPULATION, TEN YEARS. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Revenue per Head derived from | Total Revenue per Head. | |||||||
| Taxation. | Other Sources. | ||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d | £ | s. | d. | |
| 1905 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 6 |
| 1906 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 4 |
| 1907 | 4 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 13 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 0 |
| 1908 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 15 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 10 |
| 1909 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 4 | 17 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 11 |
| 1910 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 11 |
| 1911 | 4 | 16 | 11 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 |
| 1912 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 5 | 13 | 1 | 10 | 16 | 11 |
| 1913 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 1 | 11 | 4 | 3 |
| 1914 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 5 | 17 | 4 | 11 | 7 | 4 |
Expenditure out of the Consolidated Fund is grouped under two main headings by the Treasury, “Permanent” and “Annual.” Permanent appropriations, as the name implies, are those fixed by special Acts of the Legislature. Annual appropriations are voted each year by resolution of Parliament, and include the cost of the business undertakings of the State. In the following table this grouping has not been adopted, as it is considered more desirable to show the growth of the main items of expenditure during the last ten financial years :—
| Year ended 31st March. | Amount expended on | Total Expenditure. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working Railways. | Post and Telegraph. | Education. | Interest, &c., on Public Debt. | Other Expenses. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1905 | 1,471,844 | 557,535 | 653,272 | 1,993,729 | 1,959,522 | 6,635,902 |
| 1906 | 1,594,954 | 577,115 | 714,071 | 2,087,204 | 2,148,996 | 7,122,340 |
| 1907 | 1,850,047 | 617,270 | 813,580 | 2,172,092 | 2,321,937 | 7,774,926 |
| 1908 | 1,963,428 | 707,146 | 843,311 | 2,187,419 | 2,512,661 | 8,213,965 |
| 1909 | 2,120,987 | 806,293 | 874,818 | 2,258,365 | 2,725,050 | 8,785,513 |
| 1910 | 2,168,189 | 855,862 | 936,875 | 2,397,462 | 2,632,534 | 8,990,922 |
| 1911 | 2,270,851 | 911,529 | 984,854 | 2,458,452 | 2,717,420 | 9,343,106 |
| 1912 | 2,467,718 | 986,527 | 1,072,992 | 2,656,344 | 3,156,787 | 10,340,368 |
| 1913 | 2,817,141 | 1,066,922 | 1,148,897 | 2,717,013 | 3,332,065 | 11,082,038 |
| 1914 | 3,004,181 | 1,170,883 | 1,206,678 | 2,887,981 | 3,556,141 | 11,825,864 |
| Totals, 10 years | 21,729,340 | 8,257,082 | 9,249,348 | 23,816,061 | 27,063,113 | 90,114,944 |
Among the items included in “Other Expenses” is old-age pensions, which amounted to £197,911 in 1904–5 and to £416,279 in 1913–14. The charges of the public debt are found to have absorbed 27.32 per cent. of the revenue in 1904–5 (excluding amounts received by alienation of Crown lands) and 23.61 per cent. in 1913–14.
The total receipts of the Consolidated Fund for the financial year 1913–14, including a balance of £709,508 brought forward from the previous year, were £12,939,169, and the total expenditure for the same period was £11,825,864, excluding £675,000 transferred to the Public Works Fund, and £11,400 expended in the redemption of debentures, leaving a balance of £426,905 to carry forward.
| CONSOLIDATED FUND—RECEIPTS, 1913–14. | |
|---|---|
| From taxation— | £ |
| Customs | 3,426,744 |
| Excise | 127,041 |
| Land— | |
| Ordinary | 506,407 |
| Graduated | 258,135 |
| Absentee | 2,909 |
| 767,451 | |
| Income-tax | 554,271 |
| Death duties | 613,751 |
| Bank note-issue tax | 50,230 |
| Totalizator tax | 100,132 |
| Other taxes | 278,414 |
| From services— | 5,918,034 |
| Railways | 4,028,739 |
| Postal | 695,136 |
| Telegraph | 342,595 |
| Telephone | 232,191 |
| Other services | 253,252 |
| Land revenue— | 5,551,913 |
| Rents, Crown lands | 190,444 |
| Net revenue from National Endowment lands (1912–13) | 72,402 |
| 262,846 | |
| Miscellaneous | 496,868 |
| Total | £12,229,661 |
Taxation represented 48.39 per cent. of the total revenue for the year 1913–14, and services contributed 4540 per cent. For the previous financial year the proportions were 47.78 per cent. and 45.85 per cent. respectively.
The amount shown as net revenue from National Endowment lands represents the money received from that source during the previous financial year. The method adopted is to place the amount received under this head each year to a separate account, and, after deducting necessary expenses, to transfer the balance to the Consolidated Fund Account. Seventy per cent. of this balance is expended on education, and thirty per cent. on old-age pensions.
| CONSOLIDATED FUND—EXPENDITURE, 1913–14. | |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| Charges of the public debt (excluding interest and sinking fund charges paid out of separate accounts) | 2,887,981 |
| Pensions and allowances— | |
| Old-age pensions | 416,279 |
| Widows' pensions | 27,073 |
| Civil and military pensions and allowances | 70,469 |
| Civil Service, Railway, and Teachers' Superannuation Funds | 90,000 |
| 603,821 | |
| Payment to local bodies— | |
| Subsidies | 144,462 |
| Endowments revenue | 71,198 |
| Thirds and fourths rents of Crown lands | 53,227 |
| Timber and flax royalties | 2,357 |
| Other payments | 802 |
| 272,046 | |
| Public instruction— | |
| Elementary | 707,431 |
| Secondary and higher | 108,437 |
| Manual and technical | 79,736 |
| Training of teachers | 42,765 |
| Native schools | 30,522 |
| Industrial schools | 35,645 |
| School buildings | 115,000 |
| Departmental and miscellaneous | 36,461 |
| National Endowment Revenue not included above | 50,681 |
| Judicial and legal— | 1,206,678 |
| Administration of justice | 135,558 |
| Police | 214,860 |
| Prisons | 48,670 |
| 399,088 | |
| Railways, working-expenses | 3,004,181 |
| Postal and Telegraph services | 1,170,883 |
| Defence (including naval defence) | 538,611 |
| Other expenditure— | |
| Departmental | 1,601,358 |
| Miscellaneous | 141,217 |
| 1,742,575 | |
| Total | £11,825,864 |
A comparison of the revenue of the Consolidated Fund for the year 1913–14 with that for the previous year, the percentage of each item to the totals and the increase or decrease, as the case may be, is given in the following table :—
| CONSOLIDATED FUND—REVENUE FOR 1913–14, COMPARED WITH 1912–13. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of Revenue. | Revenue of Consolidated Fund. | Increase during 1913–14. | ||||
| 1912–13. | Per Cent. of Total. | 1913–14. | Per Cont. of Total. | Numerical | Per Cent. | |
* Decrease. The figures for 1912–13, however, include proceeds of land sales amounting to £56,172. | ||||||
| Taxation— | £ | £ | £ | |||
| Customs and Excise | 3,531,761 | 30.10 | 3,553,785 | 29.06 | 22,024 | 0.62 |
| Land | 728,636 | 6.21 | 767,451 | 6.28 | 38,815 | 5.33 |
| Income | 462,994 | 3.95 | 554,271 | 4.53 | 91,277 | 19.71 |
| Death duties | 458,265 | 3.91 | 613,751 | 5.02 | 155,486 | 33.93 |
| Other taxes | 425,173 | 362 | 428,776 | 3.51 | 3,603 | 0.85 |
| Services— | ||||||
| Railways | 3,968,350 | 33.82 | 4,028,739 | 32.94 | 60,389 | 1.52 |
| Postal | 644,637 | 5.49 | 695,136 | 5.68 | 50,499 | 7.83 |
| Telegraph | 321,951 | 2.74 | 342,595 | 2.80 | 20,644 | 6.41 |
| Telephone | 201,238 | 1.71 | 232,191 | 1.90 | 30,953 | 15.38 |
| Other services | 243,790 | 2.08 | 253,252 | 2.07 | 9,462 | 3.88 |
| Land revenue | 313,923 | 2.68 | 262,846 | 2.15 | –51,077* | –16.27* |
| Miscellaneous | 433,553 | 3.69 | 496,868 | 4.06 | 63,315 | 14.60 |
| Totals | 11,734,271 | 100.00 | 12,229,661 | 100.00 | 495,390 | 4.22 |
The expenditure of the Consolidated Fund Account for the last two financial years is presented in the next table in similar form to the above.
| CONSOLIDATED FUND—EXPENDITURE FOR 1913–14, COMPARED WITH 1912–13. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Head of Expenditure. | Expenditure of Consolidated Fund. | Increase during 1913–14. | ||||
| 1912–13. | Per Cent. of Total. | 1913–14. | Per Cent. of Total. | Numerical. | Per Cent. | |
| £ | £ | £ | ||||
| Charges of the public debt | 2,717,013 | 24.52 | 2,887,981 | 24.42 | 170,968 | 6.29 |
| Pensions and allowances | 555,539 | 5.01 | 603,821 | 5.11 | 48,282 | 8.69 |
| Payment to local bodies | 275,997 | 2.49 | 272,046 | 2.30 | –3,951* | –1.43* |
| Public instruction | 1,148,897 | 10.37 | 1,206,678 | 10.20 | 57,781 | 5.03 |
| Judicial and legal | 371,548 | 3.35 | 399,088 | 3.38 | 27,540 | 7.41 |
| Railways, working-expenses | 2,817,141 | 25.42 | 3,004,181 | 25.40 | 187,040 | 6.64 |
| Postal and Telegraph services | 1,066,922 | 9.63 | 1,170,883 | 9.90 | 103,961 | 9.74 |
| Defence (including naval) | 605,343 | 5.46 | 538,611 | 4.55 | –66,732* | –11.03* |
| Other expenditure | 1,523,638 | 13.75 | 1,742,575 | 14.74 | 218,937 | 14.37 |
| Totals | 11,082,038 | 100.00 | 11,825,864 | 100.00 | 743,826 | 6.71 |
| * Decrease. | ||||||
The receipts of this account mainly consist of the proceeds of loans raised for the construction of public works. From time to time the fund has been aided by substantial transfers of surplus revenue from the Consolidated Fund Account. The receipts for the last ten years are shown in the next table.
| PUBLIC WORKS FUND.—RECEIPTS, TEN YEARS. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Amounts received | Total Receipts. | ||
| From Loans. | Transfers from Consolidated Fund. | Other Sources. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1905 | 1,297,050 | 600,000 | 11,633 | 1,908,683 |
| 1906 | 1,052,574 | 500,000 | 3,194 | 1,555,768 |
| 1907 | 1,125,686 | 775,000 | 17,395 | 1,918,081 |
| 1908 | 1,029,600 | 800,000 | 16,454 | 1,846,054 |
| 1909 | 2,813,790 | 800,000 | 14,480 | 3,628,270 |
| 1910 | 2,091,090 | 2,607 | 9,093,697 | |
| 1911 | 2,590,140 | 800,000 | 6,508 | 3,396,648 |
| 1912 | 744,307 | 500,000 | 12,149 | 1,256,456 |
| 1913 | 2,420,685 | 750,000 | 130,044 | 3,300,729 |
| 1914 | 2,763,884 | 675,000 | 39,867 | 3,478,751 |
Included in amounts received from “Other Sources” in 1912–13 is the sum of £25,000 which was formerly held in the Deposit Account for the purchase of permanent-way material; also £86,970, receipts under section 16 of the Reserves and other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act. 1912. This column for 1913–14 includes a further amount of £21,890, receipts under the Act mentioned.
During the year 1908–9 the Wellington–Manawatu Railway was taken over by the Government, and a loan of £1,000,000 was raised for that purpose. In addition to the amount shown above, the sum of £3,755,000 was transferred during the years 1891–92 to 1903–4 from the Consolidated Fund Account to the Public Works Fund. The next table shows the expenditure at intervals of five years from 1884–85 to 1904–5, and for each year since 1904–5 upon services which are charged to the Fund. As will be seen further on the whole of what may be termed public works are not included in this account.
| EXPENDITURE ON SERVICES PROVIDED FOR BY THE PUBLIC WORKS FUND. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Immigration. | Railways. | Roads. | Development of Goldfields. | Telegraph Extension. | Public Buildings. | Lighthouses, &c. | Other Services. | Totals. |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1885 | 57,148 | 663,063 | 317,043 | 8,029 | 25,799 | 117,361 | 34,033 | 114,251 | 1,336,727 |
| 1890 | 867 | 289,572 | 84,126 | 284 | 16,346 | 35,473 | 9,434 | 46,362 | 482,464 |
| 1895 | 101 | 247,545 | 164,833 | 5,865 | 19,229 | 54,190 | 3,145 | 9,578 | 504,486 |
| 1900 | 385 | 417,937 | 285,532 | 21,815 | 26,771 | 115,427 | 9,026 | 116,330 | 993,223 |
| 1905 | 6,482 | 811,994 | 230,012 | 6,258 | 79,298 | 116,678 | 5,990 | 97,446 | 1,354,158 |
| 1906 | 8,753 | 1,077,978 | 360,766 | 18,533 | 77,186 | 160,214 | 4,946 | 103,443 | 1,811,819 |
| 1907 | 14,353 | 1,326,792 | 366,581 | 11,064 | 114,068 | 226,918 | 4,504 | 104,614 | 2,168,894 |
| 1908 | 9,131 | 1,272,828 | 331,107 | 8,632 | 155,491 | 226,035 | 6,863 | 99,797 | 2,109,882 |
| 1909 | 15,077 | 2,278,327 | 481,976 | 32,859 | 163,033 | 285,521 | 19,217 | 87,885 | 3,363,895 |
| 1910 | 17,002 | 1,279,807 | 367,230 | 18,598 | 123,422 | 276,949 | 16,683 | 116,706 | 2,216,397 |
| 1911 | 9,441 | 1,184,083 | 270,648 | 10,845 | 111,868 | 325,613 | 8,427 | 137,766 | 2,058,691 |
| 1912 | 11,681 | 1,178,969 | 430,647 | 21,245 | 147,692 | 349,655 | 12,576 | 187,915 | 2,340,380 |
| 1913 | 14,684 | 1,179,554 | 376,078 | 10,644 | 251,375 | 445,142 | 16,785 | 254,646 | 2,548,918 |
| 1914 | 33,914 | 1,114,756 | 382,097 | 4,889 | 392,648 | 1369,600 | 9,059 | 423,835 | 2,760,798 |
The receipts and expenditure of the fund, including the renewal of loans maturing, during the financial year ended 31st March, 1914, were as under:—
| PUBLIC WORKS FUND—RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE, 1913–14. | |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| Receipts— | |
| Balance, 31st March, 1913 | 735,705 |
| Instalments received in respect of loans authorized | 1,919,896 |
| Inscribed stock created | 596,988 |
| Proceeds of debentures issued under the Government Railways Amendment Act, 1910 | 45,000 |
| Proceeds of debentures issued under the Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act, 1910 | 2,000 |
| Proceeds of debentures issued under the Aid to Water-power Works Act, 1910 | 165,000 |
| Proceeds of debentures issued under the Irrigation and Water-supply Act, 1913 | 35,000 |
| 2,763,884 | |
| Receipts under section 16 of the Reserves and other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act, 1912 | 21,890 |
| Receipts under the Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement Act, 1910 (including interest) | 7,328 |
| Other receipts | 10,649 |
| 39,867 | |
| Transfer from Consolidated Fund | 675,000 |
| Temporary advances (repaid during year) and debentures issued for redemptions and renewals | 737,124 |
| Total | £4,951,580 |
| Expenditure— | |
| Railways | 1,144,756 |
| Roads | 382,097 |
| Public buildings | 369,600 |
| Telegraph extension | 392,648 |
| Contingent Defence | 30,186 |
| Immigration | 33,914 |
| Development of goldfields | 4,889 |
| Lighthouses, harbour-works, and harbour defences | 9,059 |
| Tourist and Health Resorts | 14,989 |
| Lands improvement | 16,996 |
| Development of water-power | 142,827 |
| Irrigation and water-supply | 33,602 |
| Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers improvement | 13,132 |
| Departmental | 66,650 |
| Charges and expenses of raising and renewing loans | 105,453 |
| 2,760,798 | |
| Debentures redeemed and renewed | 492,150 |
| Temporary advances repaid | 390,000 |
| Balance, 31st March, 1914 | 1,308,632 |
| Total | £4,951,580 |
The expenditure on roads out of the Public Works Fund does not comprise all of the moneys spent under that head by the general Government. Between 1896–97 and 1910–11 the sum of £469,236 was expended on construction of roads to open up Crown lands out of the moneys raised for loans to local bodies.
Further expenditure on the construction of roads to open up Grown Lands includes amounts of £45,690 in 1919–11, £49,739 in 1911–12, £47,951 in 1912–13, and £63,245 in 1913–14, charged to the Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account.
The roading of lands purchased for closer settlement is made a charge upon the Land for Settlements Account, and is included in the value upon which the rentals of those lauds are based. The sum of £34,171 was transferred from the Land for Settlements Account to the Opening up Crown Lands Account during the year 1913–14, and money actually expended out of this amount is included in the total (£63.245) shown above.
The reclamation by drainage and opening up by means of roads of an area of the Hauraki Plains is provided for out of moneys borrowed for that purpose and shown in a separate account.
The accounts included under this heading in some cases comprise revenue of different kinds mixed up with loan-money, while others are merely records of transactions which of their nature cannot be considered as properly belonging to the Public Account. Among the former may be counted the State Forests and State Coal-mines Accounts, and among the latter the accounts of local bodies, which consist of revenue collected on behalf of and paid over to local authorities, and the Deposit Accounts, consisting partly of moneys held in trust and partly of moneys held in suspense for various reasons. The transactions of these accounts or funds are shown in the tables following.
An Act of the General Assembly passed in 1908, authorizes the construction of works necessary for the drainage, reclamation, and opening up for settlement of a block of swampy land, part of the Hauraki Plains. The Act provides for borrowing the funds required to carry out the work, and lays down that the future revenues of the land recovered shall be applied to the repayment of the moneys so raised. The transactions for each of the last five years and the total to date are given in the following table :—
| Head | Year ended 31st March, | Total to 31st March, 1914. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Receipts— | ||||||
| Land sales, leases, &c. | 6,014 | 4,660 | 6,865 | 8,135 | 25,674 | |
| Transfers from Local Bodies Account | 19,000 | 31,000 | ||||
| Advances made by New Zealand State | 10,000 | 40,000 | 20,000 | 15,000 | 10,000 | 95,000 |
| Advances Office | ||||||
| Debentures issued | 5,000 | 5,000 | ||||
| Totals | 29,000 | 46,014 | 24,660 | 21,865 | 23,135 | 156,674 |
| Expenditure— | ||||||
| Reclamation, drainage, and road-construction | 22,235 | 29,607 | 37,142 | 22,695 | 18,993 | 142,344 |
| Payment of principal and interest | 834 | 2,662 | 3,913 | 2,475 | 9,884 | |
| Totals | 22,235 | 30,441 | 39,804 | 26,608 | 21,468 | 152,228 |
The operations of this account during each of the five financial years ended 31st March, 1910–14, and the total transactions to the latter date, are shown in the following table:—
| Head | Year ended 31st March, | Total to 31st March, 1914. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1910. | 1911. | 1912. | 1913. | 1914. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Receipts— | ||||||
| Loans raised | 915,735 | 44,000 | 306,588 | 6,228,500 | ||
| Advances made by | 33,000 | 407,500 | 399,497 | 163,878 | 1,003,875 | |
| New Zealand State | ||||||
| Advances Office | ||||||
| Sale of Lands | 3,603 | 139,566 | 143,169 | |||
| Rents, &c. | 281,359 | 285,543 | 293,869 | 323,242 | 342,278 | 3,235,937 |
| Total Receipts | 1,197,094 | 318,543 | 701,369 | 770,342 | 952,310 | 10,611,481 |
| Expenditure— | ||||||
| Land purchases | 260,793 | 158,796 | 381,483 | 428,045 | 560,497 | 6,936,613 |
| Transfer to Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account | 34,171 | 34,171 | ||||
| Interest on loans | 217,164 | 224,144 | 223,149 | 243,625 | 266,205 | 2,506,267 |
| Payment to sinking fund | 58,779 | 59,079 | 63,154 | 66,857 | 48,910 | 459,372 |
| Incidental expenses | 35,431 | 25,623 | 24,140 | 36,983 | 25,902 | 600,760 |
| Total expenditure | 572,167 | 467,642 | 691,926 | 775,510 | 935,685 | 10,537,183 |
The whole of the annual contributions to the sinking fund were formerly paid to the Public Trustee for investment. By section 26 of the State Advances Act, 1913, however, it was provided that future contributions should be paid to the Public Trustee only in respect of loans not obtained from any Department of the Public Service. For loans from the State Advances and other Departments the sinking fund contributions are to be paid to the Consolidated Fund in terms of the Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910.
The accrued sinking funds held by the Public Trustee in connection with the Land for Settlements Account amounted at 31st March, 1914, to £526,552.
| Native Land Settlement Account. | |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| Receipts. | |
| Instalments of Loan | 218,889 |
| Amount received from State Advances Office | 135,000 |
| Transfer from Maori Land Settlement Account (now closed) | 3,844 |
| Amount received for surveys | 29,180 |
| Land Sales | 19,482 |
| Rents, &c. | 32,862 |
| Receipts under sec. 379 (1), Native Land Act, 1909 | 1,116 |
| Repayments of Advances by Maori Land Boards (sec. 274 of Act) | 453 |
| Total | £440,826 |
| Expenditure. | |
| Native land purchases | 832 |
| Expenditure under the Act | 280,491 |
| Interest and sinking fund | 20,040 |
| Advances under sec. 274 and 417 of Native Land Act, 1909 | 25,000 |
| Total | £326,363 |
| Maori Land Settlement Act Account. | |
| Receipts. | |
| Nil. | |
| Expenditure. | |
| Transfer to Native Land Settlement Account | 3,844 |
| Total | £3,844 |
| Loans to Local Bodies Account. | |
| Receipts. | |
| Refund to Waimairi County under sec. 64 of Act | |
| Total | £526 |
| Expenditure. | |
| Advance to local authorities | 2,400 |
| Transfer to State Advances Account under sec. 72 of Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913 | 3,083 |
| Total | £5,483 |
| Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account. | |
| Receipts. | |
| Advances made by State Advances Office | 63,955 |
| Transfer from Land for Settlements Account | 34,171 |
| Total | £98,126 |
| Expenditure. | |
| Roads to open up Crown lands | 63,245 |
| Total | £63,245 |
Under the Land Act, 1908, the net revenues from certain areas of Crown lands are to be applied to educational purposes and to payment of old-age pensions in the proportion of 70 per cent. and 30 per cent. in each case respectively. From the gross revenue is deducted any expenditure which may be incurred in the construction of roads, and also any sums which by law have been appropriated to local authorities out of the rents. The method adopted in dealing with the funds is to keep a separate account of all receipts and disbursements during the financial year, and at the end of that period to allocate the balance to the purposes stated above. The transactions during the year ended 31st March, 1914, were,—
| £ | ||
|---|---|---|
| Receipts. | ||
| Rents, &c. | 88,235 | |
| Total | £88,235 | |
| Expenditure. | £ | |
| Construction of roads | 4,282 | |
| Payment to local authorities, &c. | 77,308 | |
| Total | £81,590 | |
| Treasury Bills Account. | ||
| Dr. | ||
| Treasury Bills issued during year | 1,125,000 | |
| Renewed during year | 525,000 | |
| Total | £1,650,000 | |
| Cr. | ||
| Treasury Bills renewed during year | 525,000 | |
| Paid off during year | 1,125,000 | |
| Total | £1,650,000 | |
| State Forests Account. | ||
| Receipts. | ||
| Rents from lands set apart | 1,541 | |
| Timber royalties and miscellaneous receipts | 9,814 | |
| Contribution from Consolidated Fund | 5,000 | |
| Total | £16,355 | |
| Expenditure. | ||
| Expenses of nurseries, tree-planting and forest conservation | 28,442 | |
| Total | £28,442 | |
| Naval Defence Act Account. | ||
| Receipts. | ||
| Naval Defence Act, 1909—Proceeds of sale of 3œ - percent. Inscribed Stock | 15,000 | |
| Total | £15,000 | |
| Expenditure. | ||
| Expenditure under the Act The Naval Defence Act, 1909— | 69,035 | |
| Charges and expenses | 1,782 | |
| Total | £70,817 | |
| Scenery Preservation Account. | ||
| Receipts. | ||
| Debentures issued | 14,000 | |
| Land sales | 70 | |
| Rents | 35 | |
| Total | £14,105 | |
| Expenditure. | ||
| Scenery preservation | 13,010 | |
| Total | £13,010 | |
| Local Bodies Account. | ||
| Receipts. | ||
| Revenue received on account of local bodies— | ||
| Fees, fines, &c. | 11,773 | |
| Endowments of land, &c. | 19,418 | |
| Goldfields revenue | 14,790 | |
| Gold duty | 21,443 | |
| Counties separate account | 171 | |
| Advance Account— | ||
| Amounts repaid by local bodies | 25,378 | |
| Total | £92,973 | |
| Expenditure. | ||
| Revenue paid over to local bodies— | ||
| Fees, fines, &c. | 11,484 | |
| Endowments of land, &c. | 20,709 | |
| Goldfields revenue | 15,840 | |
| Gold duty | 19,781 | |
| Counties separate account | 74 | |
| Advance Account— | ||
| Sundry payments made on behalf of local bodies | 21,562 | |
| Total | £89,450 | |
| Deposit Accounts. | ||
| Receipts. | ||
| Lodgments | 551,952 | |
| Total | £551,952 | |
| Expenditure. | ||
| Withdrawals | 523,381 | |
| Total | £523,381 | |
This account deals with revenue collected for and paid over to local authorities, also sundry payments made on behalf of such authorities and refunded by them.
This account consists of moneys to be applied to specific purposes under various Acts, collections on behalf of local institutions, and miscellaneous items in suspense.
| £ | ||
|---|---|---|
| Conversion Account. | ||
| Dr. | ||
| 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock— | ||
| Issued for conversion of debentures | 4,893,045 | |
| Issued for expenses of conversion | 7,162 | |
| Total | £4,900,207 | |
| Cr. | ||
| Scrip and Debentures converted into 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock— | ||
| Amount converted | 4,815,300 | |
| Premiums | 77,745 | |
| Expenses Account— | ||
| Brokerage and commission | 18 | |
| Stamp duty | 13,593 | |
| Discount | 69 | |
| Rent and office expenses | 544 | |
| Total | £4,907,269 | |
| Rangitaiki Land Drainage Account. | ||
| Receipts. | ||
| Receipts under the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Act, 1910 | 110 | |
| Advances from State Advances Office | 5,000 | |
| Debentures issued | 5,000 | |
| Total | £10,110 | |
| Expenditure. | ||
| Expenditure under the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Act, 1910 | 17,873 | |
| Total | £17,873 | |
| Bank of New Zealand Act, 1903, Account. | ||
| Dr. | ||
| Investment Account | 500,000 | |
| Total | £500,000 | |
| Cr. | ||
| 75,000 preference shares issued by the Bank of New Zealand | 500,000 | |
| Total | £500,000 | |
| Reserve Fund Account. | ||
| Dr. | ||
| Investment Account | 800,000 | |
| Total | £800,000 | |
| Cr. | ||
| Securities | 800,000 | |
| Total | £800,000 | |
| New Zealand Consols Account. | ||
| Dr. | ||
| Cash in Deposit Account | 7 | |
| Investment Account | 475,885 | |
| Deposits inscribed during year 1913–14 | 100 | |
| Total | £475,992 | |
| Cr. | ||
| Cash in Deposit Account | 107 | |
| Investment Account | 475,885 | |
| Total | £475,992 | |
| Cheviot Estate Account. | ||
| Receipts. | ||
| Rents from land | 15,716 | |
| Interest on securities | 1,987 | |
| Total | £17,703 | |
| Expenditure. | ||
| Interest on loan | 4,433 | |
| Roading, &c. | 1 | |
| Total | £4,434 | |
| Workers' Dwellings Account. | ||
| Receipts. | ||
| Sale of dwellings under sec. 16 of Act | 3,673 | |
| Total | £3,673 | |
| Expenditure. | ||
| Nil. | ||
| Total | Nil. | |
This account has now been separated from the State Advances Account proper (section 4 of the Mining Amendment Act, 1913). The operations of the account for the year 1913–14 are shown.
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Receipts. | |
| Amount received from State Advances office | 8,386 |
| Total | £8,386 |
| Expenditure. | |
| Advances to mining companies | 7,376 |
| Payment to Sinking Fund | 100 |
| Total | £7,476 |
| State Coal-mines. | |
| Receipts. | |
| Proceeds of sale of coal | 161,843 |
| Instalments of loan authorized | 15,596 |
| Inscribed Stock created to cover expenses of raising loan | 2,601 |
| Total | £180,040 |
| Expenditure. | |
| Working - expenses and development | 191,159 |
| Interest on debentures | 6,130 |
| Charges and expenses of raising loan | 2,601 |
| Total | £199,890 |
The cash balances and investments of the foregoing accounts, as on 31st March, 1914, are shown in the following table:—
| Account. | Cash. | Investments. | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | |
| Cr. | |||
| Consolidated Fund, ordinary revenue | 426,905 | 426,905 | |
| State Forests | 13,856 | 13,856 | |
| State Coal-mines | 31,217 | 31,217 | |
| Scenery-preservation | 1,428 | 1,428 | |
| Naval Defence Act | 7,044 | 7,044 | |
| Local Bodies | 11,818 | 11,818 | |
| Deposit Accounts | 172,331 | 172,331 | |
| Public Works Fund (proper) | 1,168,584 | 10,000 | 1,178,584 |
| Wellington-Hutt Railway and Road Improvement | 359 | 359 | |
| Railways Improvements | 5,530 | 5,530 | |
| Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement | 25,287 | 60,000 | 85,287 |
| Aid to Water-power Works | 37,163 | 37,163 | |
| Irrigation and Water-supply | 1,709 | 1,709 | |
| Cheviot Estate | 37,148 | 50,000 | 87,148 |
| Land for Settlements | 64,297 | 64,297 | |
| Native Land Settlement | 124,094 | 124,094 | |
| Conversion Account | 7,901 | 7,901 | |
| Mining Advances | 910 | 910 | |
| Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement | 45,285 | 45,285 | |
| Hauraki Plains Settlement | 4,445 | 4,445 | |
| National Endowment Account | 80,487 | 80,487 | |
| Workers' Dwellings | 6,631 | 6,631 | |
| Rangitaiki Land Drainage | 1,836 | 1,836 | |
| New Zealand Consols | 107 | 475,885 | 475,992 |
| Reserve Fund | 800,000 | 800,000 | |
| Bank of New Zealand (preference shares) | 500,000 | 500,000 | |
| Totals | 2,276,372 | 1,895,885 | 4,172,257 |
The State Advances Account, which is administered directly by the Advances Board, is not included in the above statement, nor is the Loans Redemption Account. In addition there are the funds of the Government Life Insurance Department, the State Fire Insurance Department, and the Public Trust Office, which are administered by the Departments concerned. Reference to the working of these Departments will be found elsewhere in this book.
ALL revenue collected by means of taxation is applied to general purposes. Customs duties on imported goods, excise duties on beer, and also on a few minor items, constitute the indirect taxation, land and income taxes, death duties, a tax on bank-note issues, duty on cheques and receipts for payments being the main source of revenue by direct taxation. Particulars of the collections during the past ten years, under the main headings, are shown in the following table :—
| Year ended 31st March. | Amount of Taxation derived from | Total. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Customs and Excise Duties. | Land-tax. | Income-tax. | Death Duties. | Other Taxes. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1905 | 2,728,193 | 352,854 | 253,952 | 174,805 | 244,575 | 3,754,379 |
| 1906 | 2,795,546 | 385,756 | 261,816 | 127,174 | 271,304 | 3,841,596 |
| 1907 | 3,048,622 | 447,342 | 277,867 | 191,509 | 299,215 | 4,264,555 |
| 1908 | 3,217,538 | 537,846 | 304,905 | 246,032 | 339,433 | 4,645,754 |
| 1909 | 2,917,462 | 604,901 | 321,044 | 260,238 | 274,116 | 4,377,761 |
| 1910 | 2,786,490 | 642,270 | 316,835 | 192,014 | 242,907 | 4,180,516 |
| 1911 | 3,145,929 | 628,723 | 407,235 | 323,783 | 331,652 | 4,837,322 |
| 1912 | 3,398,143 | 647,015 | 448,935 | 361,186 | 441,311 | 5,296,590 |
| 1913 | 3,531,761 | 728,636 | 462,994 | 458,265 | 425,173 | 5,606,829 |
| 1914 | 3,553,785 | 767,451 | 554,271 | 613,751 | 428,776 | 5,918,034 |
The percentage under each heading to the total amount collected for each year is as under :—
| Year ended 31st March. | Proportion per Cent. derived from | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Customs and Excise Duties. | Land tax. | Income-tax. | Death Duties. | Other Direct Taxes. | |
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| 1905 | 72.67 | 9.40 | 6.76 | 4.66 | 6.51 |
| 1906 | 72.77 | 10.04 | 6.82 | 3.31 | 7.06 |
| 1907 | 71.49 | 10.49 | 6.51 | 4.49 | 7.02 |
| 1908 | 69.26 | 11.58 | 6.56 | 5.29 | 7.31 |
| 1909 | 66.64 | 13.82 | 7.33 | 5.95 | 6.26 |
| 1910 | 65.63 | 15.13 | 7.46 | 4.52 | 7.26 |
| 1911 | 65.03 | 13.00 | 8.42 | 6.69 | 6.86 |
| 1912 | 64.16 | 12.21 | 8.48 | 6.82 | 8.33 |
| 1913 | 62.99 | 13.00 | 8.26 | 8.17 | 7.58 |
| 1914 | 60.05 | 12.97 | 9.37 | 10.37 | 7.24 |
The revenue from taxation per head of mean population during the past ten years is shown in the next table.
| REVENUE FROM TAXATION PER HEAD OF MEAN POPULATION, 1904–5 TO 1913–14. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Including Maoris. | Excluding Maoris. | ||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| 1905 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 4 | 8 | 2 |
| 1906 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 7 |
| 1907 | 4 | 9 | 10 | 4 | 14 | 7 |
| 1908 | 4 | 15 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 4 |
| 1909 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 11 |
| 1910 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| 1911 | 4 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 16 | 11 |
| 1912 | 4 | 19 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 10 |
| 1913 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 2 |
| 1914 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 0 |
During the year ended 31st March, 1914, the sum of £3,426,74 was collected, after deduction of drawbacks, for duty on imported goods, and £127,041 for excise duties, a total of £3,553,785. The amount of revenue derived from these sources for each of the past ten years is shown below.
| Year ended 31st March. | Customs Duties. | Excise Duties. | Total. |
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | |
| 1905 | 2,631,983 | 96,210 | 2,728,193 |
| 1906 | 2,697,411 | 98,135 | 2,795,546 |
| 1907 | 2,941,040 | 107,582 | 3,048,622 |
| 1908 | 3,103,565 | 113,973 | 3,217,538 |
| 1909 | 2,801,248 | 116,214 | 2,917,462 |
| 1910 | 2,671,121 | 115,369 | 2,786,490 |
| 1911 | 3,027,829 | 118,100 | 3,145,929 |
| 1912 | 3,279,012 | 119,131 | 3,398,143 |
| 1913 | 3,407,538 | 124,223 | 3,531,761 |
| 1914 | 3,426,744 | 127,041 | 3,553,785 |
The revenue from Customs and excise duties in 1903–4 was £2,698,046, and the increase for the ten years is £855,739 or 31.72 per cent. In the ten calendar years corresponding to the same period the value of imports increased from £12,788,675 to £22,288,302, or at the rate of 74.28 per cent. The increased volume of trade has been accompanied by considerable decreases and remissions in rates of duty levied, and the increase in the total duties collected is thus entirely due to the increased prosperity of the country as reflected in its trade.
A table is given showing for 1900 and each of the past ten calendar years the imports, other than specie, per head of mean population, excluding Maoris, the Customs revenue per head actually collected, and the revenue that would have been collected had the ratio between imports and duties ruling in 1900 remained constant. A column is added showing by means of index numbers the relative
ratio of Customs revenue to imports, the index number for 1900 being taken as 1,000.
| IMPORTS (EXCLUDING SPECIE) AND CUSTOMS REVENUE PER HEAD. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Imports per Head. | Customs Revenue per Head. | Index Number of Customs Revenue to Imports. | |||||||
| Actual. | As with 1900 Ratio. | |||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | ||
| 1900 | 13 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 16 | 10 | 2 | 16 | 10 | 1000 |
| 1904 | 15 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 967 |
| 1905 | 14 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1000 |
| 1906 | 15 | 19 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 954 |
| 1907 | 17 | 19 | 11 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 6 | 876 |
| 1908 | 18 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 17 | 7 | 791 |
| 1909 | 15 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 14 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 842 |
| 1910 | 16 | 17 | 5 | 2 | 19 | 6 | 3 | 11 | 9 | 829 |
| 1911 | 18 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 18 | 8 | 782 |
| 1912 | 19 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 763 |
| 1913 | 20 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 744 |
It will be seen that though the Customs revenue per head of population increased from £2 16s. 10d. in 1900 to £3 4s. 1d. in 1913, or at the rate of 13 per cent., yet the proportion of Customs revenue to total imports decreased in the period by 26 per cent.
Of the total Customs duties collected in 1913, only £116,938 was derived from foods and non-alcoholic drinks. The amount is less than half that derived from this source in 1891, while the percentage to the total has decreased from 2005 in 1891 to 4.29 in 1913. The tables hereunder show the amounts and percentages collected at intervals of five years, 1891–1911 and in 1912 and 1913, in respect of (1) foods and non-alcoholic drinks, (2) clothing and textiles, (3) alcoholic drinks and tobacco, and (4) all other articles. Excise duties on alcoholic liquors, tobacco, &c., are not included.
| PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF IMPORTS FROM WHICH CUSTOMS REVENUE DERIVED. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Amount of Duty derived from | Total. | |||
| Foods and Nonalcoholic Drinks. | Clothing and Textiles. | Alcoholic Drinks and Tobacco. | All other Articles. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1891 | 312,809 | 276,072 | 651,680 | 320,141 | 1,560,702 |
| 1896 | 329,622 | 322,947 | 715,019 | 400,264 | 1,767,852 |
| 1901 | 321,625 | 434,112 | 928,176 | 512,853 | 2,196,766 |
| 1906 | 369,964 | 610,873 | 1,130,837 | 787,429 | 2,899,103 |
| 1911 | 147,456 | 682,710 | 1,286,601 | 1,048,890 | 3,165,657 |
| 1912 | 158,077 | 708,853 | 1,395,837 | 1,072,952 | 3,335,719 |
| 1913 | 140,938 | 790,862 | 1,408,977 | 1,078,649 | 3,425,426 |
| PERCENTAGE OF EACH CLASS TO THE TOTAL DUTY COLLECTED. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Percentage of Total Duty collected on | |||
| Foods and Nonalcoholic Drinks. | Clothing and Textiles. | Alcoholic Drinks and Tobacco. | All other Articles. | |
| Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | |
| 1891 | 20.05 | 17.69 | 41.75 | 20.51 |
| 1896 | 18.64 | 18.27 | 40.45 | 22.64 |
| 1901 | 14.64 | 19.76 | 42.25 | 23.35 |
| 1906 | 12.76 | 21.07 | 39.01 | 27.16 |
| 1911 | 4.66 | 21.57 | 40.64 | 33.13 |
| 1912 | 4.74 | 21.25 | 41.84 | 32.17 |
| 1913 | 4.29 | 23.09 | 41.13 | 31.49 |
Of the total for 1913 classed under the heading of “foods and non-alcoholic drinks,” £33,375 was collected on imports of confectionery and £26,915 on fruit.
Land-tax in New Zealand is assessed on the unimproved value of the land, after deduction of registered mortgages, in respect of which land-tax, assessed on the capital value, is payable by the mortgagee. The ordinary land-tax is 1d. in the pound, and land-tax payable on mortgages is Ÿ;d. in the pound. An owner of land, the value of which, apart from improvements, together with mortgages owing to him, does not exceed £1,500 (after deducting mortgages owing by him) is allowed an exemption of £500, but where such value exceeds £1,500 the exemption diminishes by £1 for every £2 that such value increases, so that no exemption is allowable when £2,500 is reached. In certain specified cases, where the payment of the tax would entail hardship, the Commissioner of Taxes has discretionary powers to grant relief.
When the unimproved value of land owned by a single individual or company exceeds £5,000, a graduated land-tax becomes payable, ranging up to 5/56;d. in the pound for land with an unimproved value in excess of £200,000 per annum. The graduated tax is increased by 50 per cent. in the case of absentees, but the additional absentee tax does not apply to companies.
Income-tax in the case of persons and firms is payable on all incomes, with certain exemptions, in excess of £300 per annum. In the case of registered companies the whole of the income is assessable, but dividends paid by such companies to shareholders are not assessable to the latter. Among the incomes exempt from income-tax are those derived directly from land, the principle being that where the capital is taxed (as in land and mortgages, referred to above) the income earned by such capital is exempt.
Income-tax ranges from 6d. to 1s. 4d. in the pound in the case of persons and firms, and from 1s. to 1s. 4d. in the case of registered companies. The full rates are as follows:—
| Income. | Rate of Tax per £1. | For each £1 in excess of Lower Amount shown in First Column, Rate increased by |
|---|---|---|
| (a.) Registered Companies. | ||
| £ | Pence. | Pence. |
| 1,200 | 12 | |
| 1,200–1,600 | 12 | 1/200; |
| 1,000–2,400 | 14 | 1/400; |
| 2,400 and over | 16 | |
| (b.) Persons and Firms. | ||
| 300–400 | 6 | |
| 400–1,400 | 6 | Ÿ00; |
| 1,400–2,400 | 13œ | 1/400; |
| 2,400 and over | 16 | |
Full information concerning the land- and income-tax assessment appears in the 1913 issue of this book (pp. 884–895).
The income-tax for the year ended 31st March, 1914, amounted to £554,271, and the land-tax to £767,451. The number of income-tax payers was 14,277. Land-tax payers numbered 40,889, and the net assessed taxable unimproved value of land and value of mortgages, after allowing all exemptions, was £140,448,406.
The total number of land- and income-tax payers for each of the past ten years was,—
| NUMBER OF TAXPAYERS. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Land-tax. | Income-tax. |
| 1905 | 23,895 | 8,934 |
| 1906 | 24,246 | 8,993 |
| 1907 | 27,659 | 9,540 |
| 1908 | 28,991 | 10,420 |
| 1909 | 30,855 | 10,839 |
| 1910 | 33,162 | 11,175 |
| 1911 | 33,516 | 11,303 |
| 1912 | 35,273 | 12,207 |
| 1913 | 38,232 | 13,167 |
| 1914 | 40,889 | 14,277 |
The land-tax payers increased from 20,865 in 1903–4 to 40,889 in 1913–14, the increase during the ten years being at the rate of 95.97 per cent. Similarly, payers of income-tax increased by 72.89 per cent. during the ten years.
The revenue derived from land-tax (ordinary, graduated, and absentee) and income-tax during each of the past ten years is as shown below.
| LAND AND INCOME TAX, 1904–5 to 1913–14. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Land-tax. | Income-tax. | ||
| Ordinary. | Graduated. | Absentee. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1905 | 254,726 | 94,703 | 3,425 | 253,952 |
| 1906 | 277,144 | 104,949 | 3,663 | 261,816 |
| 1907 | 317,176 | 125,929 | 4,237 | 277,867 |
| 1908 | 346,166 | 186,000 | 5,680 | 304,905 |
| 1909 | 389,844 | 209,248 | 5,809 | 321,044 |
| 1910 | 417,668 | 220,044 | 4,558 | 316,835 |
| 1911 | 416,426 | 209,493 | 2,804 | 407,235 |
| 1912 | 439,398 | 205,114 | 2,503 | 448,935 |
| 1913 | 475,281 | 251,275 | 2,080 | 462,994 |
| 1914 | 506,407 | 258,135 | 2,909 | 554,271 |
The cost of the collection of the income-tax for 1913–14, including the cost of assessment, was 1.31 per cent., and for land-tax, including the cost of valuation of land, 2.53 per cent. The cost of collection of both taxes was 2.02 per cent.
Under the Death Duties Act, 1909, an estate duty is levied upon the final balance of all property of a deceased person which is situated in New Zealand at his death in excess of the value of £500. In the case of any estate the final balance of which does not exceed £10,000, any interest acquired by the wife of the deceased up to the value of £5,000 is exempt from estate duty, but the rate of duty on the whole estate must be determined before the deduction is made. The following is the scale of duties :—
| Net Value of Estate. | Rate of Duty. |
|---|---|
| Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £1,000 | 1 per cent. |
| Exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £2,000 | 2 per cent. |
| Exceeding £2,000 but not exceeding £3,000 | 2œ per cent. |
| Exceeding £3,000 but not exceeding £4,000 | 3 per cent. |
| Exceeding £4,000 but not exceeding £5,000 | 3⅓ per cent. |
| Exceeding £5,000 but not exceeding £6,000 | 3⅔ per cent. |
| Exceeding £6,000 but not exceeding £7,000 | 4 per cent. |
| Exceeding £7,000 but not exceeding £8,000 | 4⅓ per cent. |
| Exceeding £8,000 but not exceeding £9,000 | 4⅔ per cent. |
| Exceeding £9,000 but not exceeding £10,000 | 5 per cent. |
| Exceeding £10,000 but not exceeding £12,000 | 5⅓ per cent. |
| Exceeding £12,000 but not exceeding £14,000 | 5⅔ per cent. |
| Exceeding £14,000 but not exceeding £16,000 | 6 per cent. |
| Exceeding £16,000 but not exceeding £18,000 | 6⅓ per cent. |
| Exceeding £18,000 but not exceeding £20,000 | 6⅔ per cent. |
| Exceeding £20,000 but not exceeding £25,000 | 7 per cent. |
On estates exceeding £25,000 the rate of duty progresses by one-third of one per cent. for each successive £5,000, but the maximum rate must not exceed 15 per cent. Personal property of persons domiciled in New Zealand is liable to estate duty wherever situated.
Succession duty is payable by any person who acquires a beneficial interest in the estate of a deceased person either by will or by intestacy, according to the following scale :—
By wife, child, grandchild, or other descendant of deceased. If the value of the succession does not exceed £20,000 no duty is payable, but if the value is in excess of that amount a tax of 2 per cent. is levied on the total value, but the duty payable must not be greater than the amount by which the succession exceeds £20,000.
By husband, 2 per cent.
By relatives in any degree not more remote than the fourth, 5 per cent.
In all other cases 10 per cent.
In regard to the last three mentioned cases no duty is payable in respect of any succession the value of which does not exceed £200, and the duty payable on any succession in excess of that sum is not to be greater than the amount by which the succession exceeds £200.
Excepting in the first case mentioned above, if the value of the succession exceeds £20,000, any such excess is charged with double the rate of the ordinary duty. Charitable trusts are exempt from succession duty.
A gift means any disposition of property which is made otherwise than by will, whether with or without an instrument in writing, without fully adequate consideration in money or its equivalent. The duty payable is as follows :—
On a gift which together with the value of all other gifts made at the same time, or within twelve months previously or subsequently by the same donor to the same or any other beneficiary, otherwise than by way of a charitable trust, does not exceed the value of £1,000, no duty shall be charged.
On gifts exceeding the value of £1,000, 5 per cent. Antenuptial marriage settlements and charitable gifts are exempt from duty.
Death duties are due and payable to the Commissioner of Stamps within six months from the death of the deceased, and gift duties at the time the gift is made.
The revenue received from death duties during each of the past ten years was,—
| Year ended 31st March. | Amount. |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| 1905 | 174,805 |
| 1906 | 127,174 |
| 1907 | 191,509 |
| 1908 | 246,032 |
| 1909 | 260,238 |
| 1910 | 192,014 |
| 1911 | 323,783 |
| 1912 | 361,186 |
| 1913 | 458,265 |
| 1914 | 613,751 |
Full information concerning the law as to the use of the totalizator in New Zealand is given in the section of this book dealing with Law and Grime. The Government tax on totalizator investments is 2œ per cent. of the gross amount passed through the machines. Prior to 1st March, 1910, the percentage was 1œ.
The following table shows for each year since 1889–90 the number of totalizator licenses issued, the amount of investments by the public, and the amount paid to the Treasury as a percentage of such investments. The amounts shown as “Percentage paid to Treasury” represent the amounts paid in respect of the race meetings held during the year as shown, but do not in all cases coincide with the amount of totalizator revenue received during the financial year, for the reason that the percentage in respect of race meetings held late in March may not he paid to the Treasury until after the end of the financial year :—
| Financial Year. | Number of Totalizator Licenses issued for Meetings held during Financial Year. | Days. | Percentage paid to Treasury. | Total Amount invested by the Public. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |||
| 1889–90 | 187 | 241 | ||
| 1890–91 | 219 | 278 | ||
| 1891–92 | 234 | 300 | 7,591 | 506,078 |
| 1892–93 | 240 | 307 | 10,800 | 720,029 |
| 1893–94 | 247 | 318 | 10,375 | 691,673 |
| 1894–95 | 207 | 268 | 10,446 | 696,456 |
| 1895–96 | 170 | 256 | 11,156 | 743,763 |
| 1896–97 | 158 | 250 | 11,911 | 794,096 |
| 1897–98 | 155 | 268 | 13,297 | 886,567 |
| 1898–99 | 144 | 250 | 13,695 | 912,969 |
| 1899–1900 | 154 | 278 | 15,983 | 1,065,580 |
| 1900–1 | 153 | 278 | 17,541 | 1,168,732 |
| 1901–2 | 165 | 309 | 19,040 | 1,275,813 |
| 1902–3 | 148 | 276 | 19,734 | 1,274,102 |
| 1903–4 | 151 | 282 | 20,486 | 1,357,263 |
| 1904–5 | 156 | 294 | 21,571 | 1,437,431 |
| 1905–6 | 158 | 298 | 22,898 | 1,555,638 |
| 1906–7 | 159 | 303 | 27,651 | 1,837,095 |
| 1907–8 | 152 | 292 | 29,996 | 1,999,757 |
| 1908–9 | 157 | 307 | 27,961 | 1,834,333 |
| 1909–10 | 167 | 323 | 29,645 | 2,030,426 |
| 1910–11 | 144 | 287 | 48,338 | 1,933,534 |
| 1911–12 | 142 | 264 | 72,184 | 2,887,371 |
| 1912–13 | 148 | 265 | 86,095 | 3,600,465 |
| 1913–11 | 126 | 231 | 92,260 | 3,690,390 |
The racing year ends on 31st July, and the position as regards the last three years is better shown in the next table, which gives figures for July years. Information as to gate-money, licenses, &c., is also given. Figures for racing years prior to 1911–12 are not obtainable.
| Racing Year. | Number of Totalizator Licenses issued. | Days. | Amount invested on Totalizator by the Public. | Amount of Gate-money, Licenses, &c. | Amounts paid to Treasury. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| As Tax on Investments. | From Gate-money, Licenses, &c. | |||||
| 1911–12 | 138 | 250 | 2,898,596 | 90,921 | 72,465 | 2,273 |
| 1912–13 | 138 | 250 | 3,538,188 | 102,686 | 88,455 | 2,567 |
| 1913–14 | 138 | 250 | 4,188,594 | 123,932 | 104,714 | 3,099 |
Local governing authorities have power, under various Acts of the legislature, to impose taxes for general or special purposes. These powers are fully set out in another section of this book.
The amount of revenue collected for local purposes during ten years is shown below.
| Year ended 31st March. | Local Revenue derived from | Total. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Rates. | Special and Separate Rates. | Licensee and other Taxes. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1904 | 640,475 | 309,675 | 100,786 | 1,050,936 |
| 1905 | 704,315 | 315,116 | 101,947 | 1,121,878 |
| 1906 | 817,443 | 333,777 | 106,905 | 1,258,125 |
| 1907 | 889,711 | 343,337 | 105,488 | 1,338,536 |
| 1908 | 949,139 | 407,119 | 110,340 | 1,466,598 |
| 1909 | 970,225 | 420,473 | 111,195 | 1,501,893 |
| 1910 | 1,058,447 | 467,860 | 108,470 | 1,634,777 |
| 1911 | 1,118,112 | 474,489 | 108,234 | 1,700,835 |
| 1912 | 1,156,718 | 521,159 | 113,106 | 1,790,983 |
| 1913 | 1,252,717 | 546,582 | 169,468 | 1,968,767 |
The period comprehended in the above table was marked by exceptional activity in local enterprise, the necessary funds being provided partly out of general rates, but mainly by borrowing, interest on loans and payments to sinking funds being secured in most cases by special rates. The increase in the amount of general rates collected during the ten years 1902–3 to 1912–13 was £671,254 or 115.44 per cent., special and separate rates increased by £281,330 or 106.06 per cent., and total rates by £1,018,855 or 107.26 per cent. Licenses and other taxes show an increase for the ten years of £66.271 or 64.22 per cent.
A table is given setting out in greater detail the taxation by local authorities during the year ended 31st March, 1913.
| REVENUE FROM LOCAL TAXATION, 1912–13. | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General. | Special and Separate. | ||||||||||||||
| Local Bodies. | Rates. | Licenses. | Other Taxes. | Total. | |||||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Counties | 580,471 | 15 | 2 | 87,331 | 14 | 7 | 18,153 | 12 | 8 | 18,259 | 14 | 1 | 704,216 | 16 | 6 |
| Boroughs | 458,805 | 19 | 4 | 418,587 | 13 | 2 | 57,552 | 15 | 6 | 67,720 | 17 | 0 | 997,667 | 5 | 0 |
| Town Boards | 20,639 | 17 | 0 | 6,226 | 1 | 0 | 3,551 | 11 | 8 | 991 | 1 | 6 | 31,411 | 11 | 2 |
| Road Boards | 74,252 | 12 | 11 | 17,935 | 3 | 0 | 1,138 | 16 | 1 | 2,076 | 9 | 4 | 95,423 | 1 | 4 |
| River Boards | 8,481 | 12 | 11 | 2,459 | 0 | 1 | 10,940 | 13 | 0 | ||||||
| Land Drainage Boards | 8,882 | 4 | 11 | 5,239 | 17 | 2 | 14,122 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| Harbour Boards | 30,199 | 14 | 11 | 36,199 | 14 | 11 | |||||||||
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 69,983 | 4 | 0 | 4,089 | 0 | 2 | 74,072 | 4 | 2 | ||||||
| Tramway Boards | 1,591 | 3 | 9 | 1,591 | 3 | 9 | |||||||||
| Water-supply Boards | 3,122 | 6 | 4 | 3,122 | 6 | 4 | |||||||||
| Totals | 1,252,717 | 1 | 2 | 546,581 | 19 | 3 | 80,416 | 15 | 11 | 89,051 | 1 | 11 | 1,968,766 | 18 | 3 |
EARLY in the history of the settlement of New Zealand the necessity for financial assistance to open up the forest-clad, rugged country was made apparent. In the year 1856 the first Loan Act was passed by the General Assembly, and under that authority £500,000 was raised. In addition to the requirements for necessary initial public works, the opposition to settlement by the Maoris, resulting in active hostilities, compelled considerable borrowing. At the conclusion of the Maori war the work of road and railway construction was mainly carried on under the administration of Provincial Councils, who exercised control over expenditure within their respective districts, the General Government being responsible for undertakings of a national character. Under this system of divided responsibility no general and comprehensive scheme of public works could be carried out.
Up to the end of the year 1870 the General Government had borrowed £4,543,316, while the debt of the Provincial Councils amounted to £3,298,575. In that year the General Government brought forward a public works and immigration policy, by which it was proposed to raise a loan of ten millions for the construction of main trunk railways, roads, and other public works of importance to the country as a whole, as well as for the promotion of settlement on a large scale, the expenditure to be spread over a period of ten years. This policy was accepted by the Legislature, and embodied in the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870. The necessity for local railways and other works soon caused the original proposals to be exceeded and to a far greater amount than was at first contemplated. Broadly stated, the system of opening up the lands in advance of settlement was adopted, the State retaining the ownership and control of facilities for transport and communication.
In 1892 the General Government began the repurchase of lands already alienated. The money required for this purpose has been borrowed, but the rentals obtained by the leasing of the lands are sufficient for the payment of interest and sinking fund on the amount raised. In 1894 the Advances to Settlers Act was passed, authorizing the raising of loans for advances on the security of real estate. This was followed by the Advances to Workers Act in 1906. A considerable amount has been borrowed for these purposes, but both interest and sinking funds are derived from the special revenues, and thus are not a charge upon the Consolidated Fund. In order to assist local governing bodies to obtain money at low rates of interest the General Government has borrowed over six millions. Under this scheme the advances are repaid to the State by instalments.
The money composing the debt has been borrowed on the security of the public revenues. No portion of the public estate is pledged for payment of either principal or interest.
The Minister of Finance may raise loans when authorized by Parliament so to do, by the issue of debentures, or scrip, or stock, in New Zealand or elsewhere at his discretion, and may prescribe the mode and conditions of repayment of loans, the rates of interest (not exceeding the maximum rate fixed by the authorizing Act), and the times and places of the payment of principal and interest respectively. Power is given to convert debentures or scrip into consolidated stock, and the Minister may specify the terms of conversion at the time when a loan is raised, or arrange that terms shall be subsequently agreed upon. For the purpose of paying off or renewing at maturity any debenture, scrip, or other security, new debentures or other securities may be issued and disposed of if necessary.
The gross and net indebtedness of the General Government, the amount of sinking fund accrued, and the rate of indebtedness per head of population, for each of the past twenty years, is given in the following table :—
| As at 31st March | Estimated or Census Population | Amount of Debentures and Stock in Circulation. | Gross Indebtedness per Head of European Population. | Amount of Sinking Fund accrued. | Net Indebtedness. | Net Indebtedness per Head of European Population. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | s. | d. | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | ||
| 1895 | 689,475 | 40,386,964 | 58 | 11 | 6 | 751,932 | 39,635,032 | 57 | 9 | 9 |
| 1896 | 703,187 | 43,050,780 | 61 | 4 | 5 | 778,891 | 42,271,889 | 60 | 2 | 4 |
| 1897 | 717,649 | 44,366,618 | 61 | 16 | 5 | 814,294 | 43,552,324 | 60 | 13 | 9 |
| 1898 | 731,713 | 44,963,424 | 61 | 9 | 0 | 881,903 | 44,081,521 | 60 | 4 | 11 |
| 1899 | 746,673 | 46,938,006 | 62 | 17 | 3 | 857,279 | 46,080,727 | 61 | 14 | 4 |
| 1900 | 758,616 | 47,874,452 | 63 | 2 | 2 | 914,375 | 46,930,077 | 61 | 17 | 3 |
| 1901 | 772,719 | 49,591,245 | 64 | 3 | 7 | 1,033,494 | 48,557,751 | 62 | 16 | 10 |
| 1902 | 789,994 | 52,966,447 | 67 | 0 | 11 | 1,128,816 | 51,837,631 | 65 | 12 | 4 |
| 1903 | 814,842 | 55,899,019 | 68 | 12 | 0 | 1,357,739 | 54,541,280 | 66 | 18 | 8 |
| 1904 | 838,954 | 57,522,215 | 68 | 11 | 4 | 1,500,687 | 56,021,528 | 66 | 15 | 6 |
| 1905 | 864,971 | 59,912,000 | 69 | 5 | 4 | 1,650,718 | 58,261,282 | 67 | 7 | 2 |
| 1906 | 839,968 | 62,191,040 | 69 | 17 | 7 | 1,661,519 | 60,529,521 | 68 | 0 | 3 |
| 1907 | 913,873 | 64,179,040 | 70 | 4 | 7 | 2,042,068 | 62,136,972 | 67 | 19 | 10 |
| 1908 | 987,587 | 66,453,897 | 70 | 17 | 6 | 1,268,361 | 65,185,536 | 69 | 10 | 6 |
| 1909 | 968,313 | 70,938,534 | 73 | 5 | 2 | 1,479,224 | 69,459,310 | 71 | 14 | 8 |
| 1910 | 987,481 | 74,890,645 | 75 | 16 | 10 | 1,503,225 | 73,387,420 | 74 | 6 | 4 |
| 1911 | 1,008,468 | 81,078,122 | 80 | 7 | 11 | 1,754,486 | 79,323,636 | 78 | 13 | 2 |
| 1912 | 1,031,500 | 84,353,913 | 81 | 15 | 7 | 2,160,603 | 82,193,310 | 79 | 13 | 8 |
| 1913 | 1,061,748 | 90,060,763 | 84 | 16 | 5 | 2,603,642 | 87,457,121 | 82 | 7 | 5 |
| 1914 | 1,089,827 | 99,730,427 | 91 | 10 | 2 | 3,063,992 | 91,689,835 | 84 | 2 | 8 |
The gross indebtedness at 31st March, 1914, includes the sum of £4,976,600 raised at the end of the year 1913–14 for redemption of debentures failing due early in 1914–15. The net indebtedness does not include this amount.
In issues of the Year-book prior to 1912, in addition to the customary deduction made for sinking funds accrued, the gross debt was further reduced for the years 1903 to 1911 by taking off the amount of Government securities in which the New Zealand Consols deposits are invested, as well as the value of the preference shares held by the Government in the Bank of New Zealand (£500,000); for the years 1908 to 1911, the cost-price of securities (£800,000) purchased for a reserve to meet any unexpected financial contingency was also similarly deducted from the gross debt. In 1912, however, the Government decided that as these items are not strictly sinking funds proper they should not be included in official statements of the Dominion's sinking funds, and they are now accordingly omitted. In order that the above table may show a proper comparison of the growth of the accrued sinking fund, the total net indebtedness, and the net indebtedness per head of population, the last three columns have been recast for the years 1903 to 1911, the figures for all the years shown being thus put on the same basis.
In regard to the investments of New Zealand Consols deposits in Government securities, it may be stated that the amounts so invested during the ten years 1904–5 to 1913–14 were as follows :—
| Year ended 31st March, | Amount. |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| 1905 | 357,650 |
| 1906 | 359,050 |
| 1907 | 360,425 |
| 1908 | 360,575 |
| 1909 | 377,765 |
| 1910 | 308,840 |
| 1911 | 335,240 |
| 1912 | 347,180 |
| 1913 | 348,960 |
| 1914 | 348,960 |
These sums represent the amount of the public debt held by the New Zealand Government itself for those years.
The increase of the public debt during 1913–14 was £9,669,664. Of this amount, however, £4,976,600 was raised for redemptions of loans falling due early in 1914–15, so that this sum is really twice included. The table following sets out the allocation of the increase, including and excluding the redemption money referred to.
| ALLOCATION OF LOANS RAISED DURING 1913–14 | ||
|---|---|---|
| (a) Including Redemption Money, £4,976,600. | (b) Excluding Redemption Money, £4,976,600. | |
* Redeemed and not renewed. | ||
| £ | £ | |
| (a.) Directly reproductive undertakings,— | ||
| Railways | 2,116,500 | 979,408 |
| Telegraphs and telephones | 709,497 | 332,061 |
| Lighthouses and harbours | 16,369 | 7,661 |
| Tourist and health resorts | 27,084 | 12,676 |
| Water-power development | 165,000 | 165,000 |
| State Fire Insurance | – 2,000* | – 2,600* |
| £3,032,450 | £1,494,806 | |
| (b.) Investments,— | ||
| Advances to Settlers | 1,318,981 | 451,681 |
| Advances to Workers | 1,039,985 | 289,985 |
| Advances to Local Authorities | 583,852 | 583,852 |
| Land for Settlements | 934,732 | 358,932 |
| Native Land Settlement | 413,500 | 413,500 |
| Opening-up Crown Lands | 98,126 | 98,126 |
| Hauraki Plains Settlement | 15,000 | 15,000 |
| Rangitaiki Drainage | 10,000 | 10,000 |
| New Zealand Consols | 100 | 100 |
| £4,414,276 | £2,221,176 | |
| (c.) Indirectly productive works,— | ||
| Roads and bridges and land improvement | 751,239 | 371,281 |
| Immigration | 61,281 | 28,681 |
| Development of goldfields and coal-mines | 8,834 | 4,135 |
| £821,354 | £404,097 | |
| (d.) Unproductive,— | ||
| Public buildings | 667,851 | 312,569 |
| Defence | 503,045 | 40,528 |
| Scenery-preservation | 14,000 | 14,000 |
| Cost of loan flotations and conversions | 216,688 | 205,888 |
| £1,401,584 | £572,985 | |
| Totals | £9,669,664 | £4,693,064 |
The purposes for which loans have been raised are generally classed under the four heads shown in the preceding table, viz. :—
Directly reproductive undertakings of the State,
Investments,
Indirectly productive public utilities, and
Unproductive.
In considering the increase of the public debt the financial year 1890–91 is generally selected as the basis of comparison, because that year marks the beginning of a period during which the functions of the State have been widely extended, most notably as regards financial assistance to settlers, workers, and local bodies, the repurchase of alienated lands, the working of coal-mines, and the establishment of State fire and accident insurance offices. In every department these new activities, as well as the old, have been directly successful, while the indirect benefits, though admittedly great, are incapable of measurement. A considerable portion of the annual interest on the debt, although paid out of the Consolidated Fund, does not fall upon the whole taxpaying community, the net revenue of the railways being sufficient to meet the interest on the money borrowed for their construction and equipment.
The increase of the gross public debt since the 31st March, 1891, amounts to £60,900,077. In dealing; with expenditure of public debt, however, the sum of £4,976,600, referred to above as having been raised in 1913–14, for redemption in 1914–15, must be excluded, the increase being thus reduced to £55,922,477. One of the largest items in the increase is £8,677,325 raised for advances to settlers, which represents investments by the Government bearing interest and lent on continually improving security, the principal being repaid by instalments. Other items which may be considered as interest-bearing investments are those under the heads “Land for settlements,” “Native-land purchases,” “Loans to local bodies,” “Lands improvement,” “N.Z. Consols,” “Advances to workers,” “Bank of N.Z. preferred shares,” and “Reserve Fund securities.”
| EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC DEBT. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — | Up to 31st March, 1891. | Since 31st March, 1891. | Total to 31st March, 1914. |
| £ | £ | £ | |
| (a.) Directly reproductive undertakings,— | |||
| Railways | 14,580,000 | 13,841,304 | 28,421,304 |
| Telegraphs and telephones | 769,000 | 1,439,884 | 2,208,884 |
| Lighthouses and harbours | 484,000 | 128,971 | 612,971 |
| Tourist and health resorts | 168,995 | 168,995 | |
| State coal-mines | 225,000 | 225,000 | |
| Development of water-power | 218,920 | 218,920 | |
| Totals | 15,833,000 | 16,023,074 | 31,856,074 |
| (b.) Investments,— | |||
| Advances to Settlers | 8,677,325 | 8,677,325 | |
| Advances to Workers | 2,536,927 | 2,536,927 | |
| Advances to Local Authorities | 2,568,067 | 2,568,067 | |
| Land for Settlements | 7,230,093 | 7,230,093 | |
| Native Land Settlement | 929,600 | 929,600 | |
| Guaranteed Mining Advances | 15,000 | 15,000 | |
| Opening up Crown Lands | 251,911 | 251,911 | |
| Hauraki Plains Settlement | 100,000 | 100,000 | |
| Rangitaiki Drainage | 45,000 | 45,000 | |
| Purchase of Native lands | 1,546,000 | 1,169,217 | 2,715,217 |
| Loans to local bodies | 325,000 | 3,182,000 | 3,507,000 |
| Investment of New Zealand consols | 475,991 | 475,991 | |
| Bank of New Zealand preference shares | 500,000 | 500,000 | |
| Reserve Fund securities | 800,000 | 800,000 | |
| Totals | 1,871,000 | 28,481,131 | 30,352,131 |
| (c.) Indirectly productive,— | |||
| Roads, bridges, and land-improvement | 5,106,000 | 2,969,334 | 8,075,334 |
| Immigration | 2,459,000 | 62,878 | 2,521,878 |
| Development of goldfields and coalmines | 571,000 | 325,992 | 896,992 |
| Totals | 8,136,000 | 3,358,204 | 11,494,204 |
| (d.) Unproductive,— | |||
| Public buildings | 1,800,000 | 4,643,556 | 6,443,556 |
| Maori war | 2,357,000 | 2,357,000 | |
| Defence | 1,638,000 | 2,082,011 | 3,720,011 |
| Scenery-preservation | 74,000 | 74,000 | |
| Deficiencies in revenue, charges, and expenses of raising loans, increase by conversion, &c., provincial liabilities, and miscellaneous | 7,195,350 | 1,261,501 | 8,456,851 |
| Totals | 12,990,350 | 8,061,068 | 21,051,418 |
| Grand totals | 38,830,350 | 55,923,477 | 94,753,827 |
Only a portion of the expenditure of the Old Provincial Councils on railways became public debt. The estimated total expenditure on railway-construction by the Provincial and General Governments to the 31st March, 1914, was £34,980,576, which includes £1,104,281 spent by the Provincial Councils, £82,259 being for the Dunedin and Port Chalmers line.
In the table given above any unexpended balances have been allocated to those purposes for which the loans were raised or to those purposes on which the money will be most probably expended. The proportion per cent. of each class to the total debt is as follows:—
| Class. | Percentage of Indebtedness. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prior to 31st March, 1891. | Since 31st March, 1891. | Total. | |
| (a.) Reproductive expenditure | 40.78 | 28.65 | 33.62 |
| (b.) Investments | 4.82 | 50.93 | 32.03 |
| (c.) Indirectly productive expenditure | 20.95 | 6.01 | 12.13 |
| (d.) Unproductive expenditure | 33.45 | 14.41 | 22.22 |
| Totals | 100.00 | 1000.00 | 100.00 |
The directly interest-earning portion amounts to 65.65 per cent. of the total debt, and is represented by assets which are of much greater value than the amount of borrowed money spent upon them, a considerable amount of surplus ordinary revenue having been expended from time to time on railways and other public services, as well as other moneys of the nature of special receipts.
The proportion of the debt allocated to directly interest-earning investments has greatly increased since 1890–91, being 79.58 per cent. of the total indebtedness incurred since that year as against 45.60 per cent before 31st March, 1891.
The whole of the public debt as stated in the foregoing tables comprises inscribed stocks and debentures with varying periods of currency. Treasury bills issued in anticipation of revenue have not been included in the total. The following table shows the relative increase of the different classes of securities during the past ten financial years:—
| Year ended 31st March. | Inscribed Stock. | Debentures. | Total. | Treasury Hills outstanding nor previously included. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1905 | 45,615,839 | 14,296,161 | 59,912,000 | 700,000 |
| 1906 | 47,306,029 | 14,885,011 | 62,191,040 | 700,000 |
| 1907 | 48,235,514 | 15,943,526 | 64,179,040 | 550,000 |
| 1908 | 48,869,405 | 17,584,492 | 66,453,897 | 400,000 |
| 1909 | 50,109,257 | 20,829,277 | 70,988,534 | 250,000 |
| 1910 | 51,364,868 | 23,525,777 | 74,890,645 | 100,000 |
| 1911 | 54,882,570 | 26,245,552 | 81,078,122 | |
| 1912 | 55,626,235 | 28,727,678 | 84,353,913 | |
| 1913 | 59,960,105 | 30,100,658 | 90,060,768 | |
| 1914 | 66,076,250 | 33,654,177 | 99,730,427 |
Until comparatively recent years the large proportion of the productive power of the Dominion diverted to the construction of railways, roads, &c., and engaged in the preparation of land for farming necessitated the borrowing of capital from abroad; but of late the accumulation of savings, chiefly of small sums deposited in the savings-banks, has enabled the Government to raise considerable amounts from time to time locally. Australian investors greatly increased their investments in New Zealand securities during the five years ended 31st March, 1911. The following table shows the amount raised in London, Australia, and New Zealand for each of the past ten years:—
| PUBLIC DEBT, WHERE RAISED. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Inscribed Stock. | Debentures. | Total. | |||
| London. | New Zealand. | London. | Australia. | New Zealand. | ||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1905 | 45,140,105 | 475,734 | 4,239,514 | 1,209,550 | 8,847,097 | 59,912,000 |
| 1906 | 46,829,178 | 476,851 | 4,081,814 | 2,586,450 | 8,216,747 | 62,191,040 |
| 1907 | 47,757,279 | 478,235 | 3,830,514 | 3,087,850 | 9,025,162 | 64,179,040 |
| 1908 | 48,390,951 | 478,449 | 2,767,714 | 3,554,700 | 11,262,078 | 66,453,897 |
| 1909 | 49,630,684 | 478,573 | 5,000,414 | 3,869,800 | 11,959,063 | 70,938,534 |
| 1910 | 50,954,744 | 410,124 | 6,778,914 | 4,113,985 | 12,632,878 | 74,890,645 |
| 1911 | 54,370,404 | 462,166 | 7,851,414 | 4,213,985 | 14,180,153 | 81,078,122 |
| 1912 | 55,152,124 | 474,111 | 8,852,750 | 4,213,985 | 15,660,943 | 84,353,913 |
| 1913 | 59,484,214 | 475,891 | 9,445,250 | 4,213,985 | 16,441,423 | 90,060,763 |
| 1914 | 65,600,259 | 475,991 | 13,024,050 | 4,286,800 | 16,343,327 | 99,730,427 |
The percentage of the total debt raised in each of the markets in 1903–4 and 1913–14 was,—
| 1903–4. | 1913–14 | |
|---|---|---|
| Market. | Per Cent. | Per Cent |
| London | 83.53 | 78.84 |
| New Zealand | 15.09 | 16.86 |
| Australia | 1.38 | 4.30 |
| 100.00 | 100.00 |
A summary of the loans outstanding on 31st March, 1914, showing the amounts falling due in each financial year, is given:—
| Due Date: Year ending 31st March. | Amount. |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| 1915 | 9,890,865 |
| 1916 | 4,275,921 |
| 1917 | 1,885,140 |
| 1918 | 3,406,556 |
| 1919 | 1,792,915 |
| 1920 | 769,780 |
| 1921 | 915,500 |
| 1922 | 2,026,950 |
| 1923 | 1,220,450 |
| 1924 | 3,868,000 |
| 1925 | 552,991 |
| 1926 | 100,000 |
| 1930 | 29,778,302 |
| 1940 | 17,568,932 |
| 1946 | 9,659,980 |
| 1948 | 895,000 |
| 1949 | 1,423,600 |
| 1950 | 1,106,500 |
| 1963 | 8,593,045 |
| £99,730,427 |
The amounts that have matured or will mature during the current financial year, with their due dates, areas follows:—
| £ | Due Date. |
|---|---|
| 10,800 | 15th May, 1914. |
| 381,500 | 30th June, 1914. |
| 4,584,300 | 1st July, 1914. |
| 266,300 | 15th July, 1914. |
| 250,300 | 1st Sept., 1914. |
| 54,700 | 28th Nov., 1914. |
| 70,000 | 1st Dec., 1914. |
| 3,528,100 | 31st Dec., 1914. |
| 99,575 | 1st Jan., 1915. |
| 3,000 | 2nd Jan., 1915. |
| 819,490 | 1st Feb., Jan., 1915. |
| 262,800 | 1st March, Jan., 1915. |
| 60,000 | 31st Jan., 1915. |
| £9,890,865 |
Of the total amount of public debt outstanding at the end of March, 1914, nearly fifty-one millions bore interest at the rate of 4 per cent., nearly thirty-five millions at 3œ per cent., and nearly ten millions at 3 per cent. The following are the rates of interest payable on the whole public debt:—
| Rates of Interest. | Amount at each Rate. |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| 6 per cent. | 15,100 |
| 5 per cent. | 321,000 |
| 4œ per cent. | 173,000 |
| 4Πper cent. | 47,100 |
| 4 per cent. | 50,911,788 |
| 3Ÿ; per cent. | 3,667,566 |
| 3œ per cent. | 34,795,167 |
| 3 per cent. | 9,799,706 |
| Total | £99,730,427 |
The total amount of interest payable to bondholders on the full amount of the public debt as quoted above is £3,812,570, which gives an average rate of £3 16s. 5d. per £100. On the total public debt outstanding on the 31st March, 1891, the average interest charge was £4 10s. 3d. per £100. During the period 1890–91 to 1912–13, therefore, the average rate is found to have declined by 13s. 10d. per £100. There was, however, an increase of 2s. 7d. per £100 in 1913–14 as compared with 1912–13.
The foregoing refers to interest payable to bondholders only, and has nothing to do with sinking-fund requirements, which are included in the whole annual charge of the public debt.
The actual payments during the past twenty years for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund are shown in the following table, together with the rate per head of population and the percentage of ordinary and territorial revenue absorbed by the public-debt charges:—
| Year ended 31st March. | Amounts actually paid for Interest and Sinking Fund out of the Consolidated Fund. | Rate per Head of Mean Population. | Percentage of Revenue absorbed by Public Debt Charges. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public Debt. | Treasury Bills. | Total. | |||||||
| Interest. | Sinking Fund. | Total. | Interest. | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | ||
| 1895 | 1,619,925 | 57,979 | 1,677,904 | 38,985 | 1,716,889 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 38.96 |
| 1896 | 1,602,933 | 41,183 | 1,644,116 | 39,659 | 1,683,775 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 36.96 |
| 1897 | 1,630,577 | 41,858 | 1,672,435 | 37,034 | 1,709,469 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 35.62 |
| 1898 | 1,668,697 | 43,380 | 1,712,077 | 29,336 | 1,741,413 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 34.28 |
| 1899 | 1,689,749 | 44,651 | 1,734,400 | 33,068 | 1,767,468 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 33.61 |
| 1900 | 1,674,618 | 46,073 | 1,720,691 | 28,703 | 1,749,394 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 31.07 |
| 1901 | 1,671,552 | 46,364 | 1,717,916 | 27,700 | 1,745,616 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 29.83 |
| 1902 | 1,722,819 | 47,724 | 1,770,543 | 33,396 | 1,803,939 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 29.80 |
| 1903 | 1,817,701 | 50,464 | 11,868,165 | 32,814 | 1,900,979 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 29.77 |
| 1904 | 1,875,376 | 53,408 | 1,928,784 | 29,179 | 1,957,963 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 27.89 |
| 1905 | 1,914,296 | 54,933 | 11,969,229 | 24,500 | 1,993,729 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 27.38 |
| 1906 | 2,006,537 | 56,167 | 2,062,704 | 24,500 | 2,087,204 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 27.52 |
| 1907 | 2,048,990 | 97,351 | 2,146,341 | 25,751 | 2,172,092 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 25.86 |
| 1908 | 2,085,018 | 81,842 | 2,166,860 | 20,559 | 2,187,419 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 24.15 |
| 1909 | 2,149,739 | 91,438 | 12,241,177 | 17,188 | 2,258,365 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 25.09 |
| 1910 | 2,282,182 | 95,124 | 2,377,306 | 20,156 | 2,307,462 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 25.95 |
| 1911 | 2,381,000 | 54,104 | 2,435,104 | 23,348 | 2,458,452 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 23.87 |
| 1912 | 2,446,493 | 198,388 | 2,644,881 | 11,459 | 2,656,340 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 24.02 |
| 1913 | 2,506,025 | 202,757 | 12,708,782 | 8,231 | 2,717,013 | 2 | 11 | 11 | 23.15 |
| 1914 | 2,649,796 | 221,726 | 2,871,512 | 16,468 | 2,887,980 | 2 | 13 | 8 | 23.61 |
The above amounts shown as interest and sinking fund do not comprise the whole of the interest and sinking fund paid by the Government in respect of moneys raised by way of loans. Thus, for loans raised under the Land for Settlements Acts, the Government Advances to Settlers and Workers Acts, and for the purchase of the Cheviot Estate, the interest, although made a charge upon the Consolidated Fund, is recovered from the receipts derived from the leasing of the lands, or from instalments paid by borrowers. The amount of interest thus charged and recovered during last year was £716,990 (under the Land for Settlements Acts, £247,705; Advances to Settlers and Workers Acts, £370,084; Cheviot Estate, £4,433; Local Authorities. £71,228; Native Land Settlement, £20,040; and Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement, £3,500). Such interest does not become a burden upon the taxpayer, and consequently is not included in the figures upon which the rate per head of mean population is calculated.
The amount actually paid for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund during 1913–14 was £170,967 more than that for the previous year, and the rate of charge per head of population shows an increase of 1s. 9d.
From time to time in the financial history of the Dominion sinking funds have been created in respect of various loans. Some of these funds have matured and been applied to their legitimate purposes; in other cases the pressing needs of the country justified their diversion to other and comparatively more useful purposes. Of the existing funds one, attached to a loan of £15,200 borrowed under the Canterbury Loan Ordinance, 1862, now amounts to £24,840, and one, to provide for a loan of £266,300, under the New Zealand Loan Act, 1863, amounts to £264,196. The first-mentioned loan matures partly in 1915 and partly in 1916, and the last-mentioned in 1914. More recently provision was made for the repayment of loans raised for local bodies and for war and defence purposes. The whole of these funds are invested.
Another class of sinking fund may more correctly be termed an “internal reserve fund,” because the accumulations are immediately converted into capital, although kept apart in the accounts. These are funds belonging to the State Advances Office, consisting of an annual contribution out of the surplus revenue equal to 1 per cent. of the loan liabilities of the office in each financial year. On the 31st March, 1914, the following was the position of the various funds and reserves:—
| Purpose. | Amount accrued. |
|---|---|
| £ | |
| Canterbury Loan Ordinance, 1862 | 24,840 |
| New Zealand Loan Act, 1863 | 264,196 |
| Loans to local bodies | 799,601 |
| War and defence loans | 192,691 |
| Naval Defence Act, 1909 | 173,449 |
| State advances | 1,144,957 |
| Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910 | 464,258 |
| £3,063,992 |
The nature of the investment of the accrued sinking funds, excluding those under the State Advances Act and the Public Debt Extinction Act, is shown in the following table:—
| STATEMENT of the SECURITIES in which the SINKING FUNDS of the several LOANS were invested on the 31st March, 1914. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | |
| New Zealand 5-per-cent. Debentures | 4,670 | 0 | 0 |
| New Zealand 4œ-per-cent. Debentures | 1,700 | 0 | 0 |
| New Zealand 4-per-cent. Debentures | 12,191 | 0 | 0 |
| New Zealand 3Ÿ;-per-cent. Debentures | 7,600 | 0 | 0 |
| New Zealand 3œ-per-cent. Debentures | 3,010 | 0 | 0 |
| New Zealand 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock | 134,693 | 2 | 10 |
| New Zealand 3œ-per-cent. Inscribed Stock | 24,823 | 6 | 3 |
| New Zealand 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock | 19,809 | 9 | 2 |
| New Zealand Consols Act, 1908, 4 per cent. | 595 | 0 | 0 |
| New South Wales 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock | 4,386 | 18 | 4 |
| Victoria 3-per cent. Inscribed Stock | 1,429 | 4 | 1 |
| Tasmania 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock | 6,645 | 15 | 1 |
| Queensland 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock | 2,433 | 8 | 8 |
| Straits Settlement 3œ-per-cent. Stock | 4,902 | 12 | 6 |
| India 3œ-per-cent. Stock | 42,320 | 15 | 1 |
| Cape of Good Hope 3œ-per-cent. Stock | 1,500 | 0 | 0 |
| Bank of New Zealand Guaranteed Stock, 4 per cent. | 4,800 | 0 | 0 |
| Southern Nigeria 4-per-cent. Debentures | 2,700 | 0 | 0 |
| County of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures | 60 | 0 | 0 |
| Borough of Brunner 6-per-cent. Debentures | 990 | 0 | 0 |
| Borough of Palmerston North 4œ-per-cent. Debentures | 530 | 0 | 0 |
| Borough of Patea 4œ-per-cent. Debentures | 420 | 0 | 0 |
| Borough of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures | 200 | 0 | 0 |
| Westport Harbour Board 4-per-cent. Debentures | 660 | 0 | 0 |
| Waimakariri-Ashley Water-supply Board 5-per-cent. Debentures | 320 | 0 | 0 |
| Waverley Town Board 5-per-cent. Debentures | 1,030 | 0 | 0 |
| London County and Westminster Bank Deposits at call | 4,251 | 6 | 5 |
| 288,671 | 18 | 5 | |
| Invested with Public Trustee:— | |||
| Local Bodies Loans Act, 1908 | 799,600 | 12 | 0 |
| The War and Defence Loans | 192,690 | 12 | 7 |
| Naval Defence Act, 1909 | 173,448 | 13 | 11 |
| Cash balance, 31st March, 1914 | 364 | 7 | 2 |
| Total | £1,454,776 | 4 | 1 |
Of the total amount, £14,895 is represented by stock and debentures of the Australian States, and £51,423 by those of Straits Settlement, India, and Africa; £209,092 is invested in similar securities of the New Zealand Government; £4,210 in debentures of various local governing bodies; and £4,800 in Bank of New Zealand guaranteed stock; £4,251 is deposited in an English bank; while £1,165,740 is in the hands of the Public Trustee.
A scheme making provision to repay the existing public debt, with application to future borrowings, was embodied in the Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910. This Act provides for the setting apart each year, on the certificate of the Controller and Auditor-General, out of the Consolidated Fund an amount equal to the sum which, if invested at compound interest at 4 per cent. per annum for seventy-five years, would repay the whole of the public debt as at the preceding 31st March. In this manner for every loan raised in the future an additional proportional amount will be contributed to the fund to enable such new loan to be extinguished at the expiry of seventy-five years from the date of issue.
The annual payment will be increased, (a) for every new loan, by an amount needed to extinguish it in seventy-five years; (b) in case the fund at any time fails to earn 4 per cent., by an amount which will supply the deficiency.
The fund is administered by a Board constituted under the Act, and must be invested in loans to settlers, to workers, and to local authorities. It is expressly forbidden to invest any of the moneys in New Zealand Government securities. If at any time the funds cannot be invested as above stated, the Board may purchase at or below par, and cancel, any New Zealand Government stock or debentures charged upon the consolidated revenue. In order to preserve the continuity of the fund it is provided that in the event of any stock or debentures being redeemed before the expiry of the seventy-five years there shall be paid annually out of the Consolidated Fund into the Sinking Fund Account a sum sufficient to compensate for the loss of earnings of the money so expended. There is also a provision that if the earnings of the fund should fall below 4 per cent. any deficiency must be made good out of the Consolidated Fund Account.
The most prominent features of the scheme are the mode of investment, which is intended to prevent any improper use being made of the accumulations; the provision for preserving the continuity of the fund by the adjustment of the annual contributions; and the automatic action of the fund whereby the total debt will be extinguished in seventy-five years from any date on which the liability exists.
No further payments are to be made to the Public Trustee on account of the sinking funds of the war and defence and local bodies' loans, but the accumulated capital of these funds remains invested with him as at the date of passing of the Act, the interest being paid by him to the Consolidated Fund each year.
The contributions to the fund to 31st March, 1914, amounted to £445,800, and this amount has been augmented by the sum of £18,640, consisting of interest, &c., so that at the end of the financial year the amount at credit of the fund was £464,440. The payments to the fund in each of the three years which have elapsed since the passing of the Act were £144,885, £149,343, and £151,572 respectively. The amount required to be set aside during the financial year 1914–15 is £169,404.
The sum of £153,935 was at 31st March last invested in mortgages to settlers and £117,880 to local authorities. The former amount bears interest at 5 per cent., reducible to 4œ per cent. if instalments are paid within 14 days of due date. Of the £117,880 advanced to local authorities, £99,535 bears interest at 4⅛ per cent., and £18,345 at 4œ per cent.
The highest and lowest London prices for the New Zealand 4, 3œ, and 3 per cent. stock, taken over a range of twenty years, are quoted:—
| QUOTATIONS, NEW ZEALAND STOCK. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | 4-per-cents. (1943–63.) | 4-per-cents. (1929.) | 3œ-per-cents. (1940.) | 3-per-cents. (1945.) | ||||
| Highest. | Lowest. | Highest. | Lowest. | Highest. | Lowest. | Highest. | Lowest. | |
| 1894 | 109/78; | 105/38; | 103œ | 96Œ | ||||
| 1895 | 113œ | 105/38; | 107œ | 100 | 95Ÿ; | 91 | ||
| 1896 | 118Œ | 106œ | 110/38; | 101œ | 103œ | 90 | ||
| 1897 | 117 | 112/38; | 111 | 104Ÿ; | 102 | 99œ | ||
| 1898 | 116/78; | 108 | 109/78; | 103 | 101œ | 96œ | ||
| 1899 | 116œ | 105œ | 109 | 102 | 99Œ | 94Œ | ||
| 1900 | 113Œ | 109 | 106Ÿ; | 103/38; | 98œ | 95Œ | ||
| 1901 | 115/38; | 110Ÿ; | 109Ÿ; | 104⅛ | 99œ | 93⅛ | ||
| 1902 | 113œ | 109 | 109œ | 102⅛ | 97 | 93/58; | ||
| 1903 | 110⅛ | 105 | 104Ÿ; | 99œ | 96 | 88 | ||
| 1904 | 107œ | 104œ | 101œ | 96Ÿ; | 90 | 86Œ | ||
| 1905 | 110Œ | 105Œ | 100⅛ | 97/58; | 89/78; | 89œ | ||
| 1906 | 110Ÿ; | 104/58; | 102œ | 98/38; | 91Œ | 87Œ | ||
| 1907 | 108Ÿ; | 103Œ | 101 | 98 | 89Ÿ; | 84 | ||
| 1908 | 109/58; | 105⅛ | 101 | 98Œ | 90œ | 85Ÿ; | ||
| 1909 | 108/38; | 104Ÿ; | 99Ÿ; | 97/38; | 88/38; | 85/58; | ||
| 1910 | 106Ÿ; | 103 | 99 | 94Œ | 88/38; | 84Ÿ; | ||
| 1911 | 106Ÿ; | 102⅛ | 98œ | 95Œ | 87/38; | 85 | ||
| 1912 | 105 | 100 | 97Ÿ; | 90/38; | 87Ÿ; | 79œ | ||
| 1913 | 101 | 96/38; | 102œ | 95œ | 91/78; | 87Ÿ; | 80Ÿ; | 76Œ |
The following figures show the public debt of each State of the Australian Commonwealth on 30th June, 1913, and of New Zealand on 31st March, 1914:—
| State. | Fixed Debt. | Floating Debt. | Total Public Debt. | Amount per Head of Population. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debentures. | Inscribed Stock. | ||||||
* Includes an advance of £100,000 from Queensland Government to Victorian Government. † There was also a Commonwealth Public Debt amounting to £7,430,949, or £1 10s. 11d. per head. | |||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | s. | d. | |
| New South Wales | 6,634,450 | 98,784,297 | 750,000 | 106,170,747 | 58 | 13 | 4 |
| Victoria | 12,611,607 | 43,331,257 | 6,733,860 | *62,776,724 | 45 | 3 | 0 |
| Queensland | 14,803,889 | 37,713,794 | 1,087,050 | 53,604,733 | 81 | 13 | 4 |
| South Australia | 2,654,666 | 24,104,212 | 3,389,005 | 30,147,883 | 68 | 18 | 5 |
| Western Australia | 381,000 | 28,422,366 | 1,473,070 | 30,276,436 | 96 | 8 | 0 |
| Tasmania | 1,957,383 | 9,463,970 | 74,610 | 11,495,963 | 59 | 0 | 2 |
| Total, Commonwealth States† | 39,044,995 | 241,819,896 | 13,507,595 | 294,472,486 | 61 | 6 | 5 |
| New Zealand | 33,654,177 | 66,076,250 | 99,730,427 | 91 | 10 | 2 | |
Each of the Australian States and New Zealand had accumulated sinking funds to set against the gross debt shown above, making in some cases an appreciable difference in the amount per head. The net indebtedness per head of population is as follows:—
| £ | s. | d. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| New South Wales | 58 | 9 | 2 |
| Victoria | 44 | 5 | 4 |
| Queensland | 81 | 12 | 2 |
| South Australia | 68 | 4 | 8 |
| Western Australia | 85 | 18 | 0 |
| Tasmania | 56 | 11 | 0 |
| Total, Commonwealth States | 60 | 2 | 5 |
| New Zealand | 84 | 2 | 8, |
New Zealand has thus a greater net liability per head of population than any of the Australian States, with the exception of Western Australia.
Table of Contents
FOR purposes of local government New Zealand is divided into counties and boroughs, the counties being, for administrative purposes, in some cases subdivided into road and town districts, and certain of the latter, having a population of over five hundred, possess powers independent of county control.
Counties are constituted by special Act, but two or more existing counties may, by Proclamation, be united to form one county. Boroughs are constituted by Proclamation, and must possess a population of not less than one thousand, but must not exceed in area more than nine square miles, nor must any point be distant farther than six miles from another. Any locality not exceeding two square miles in area, outside a borough, and wherein there are not less than fifty householders, may be proclaimed a town district. A road district may comprise any portion of the area of the county within which it lies, and may be created by special order of the council of such county. Harbour Boards are formed by special Act, and in some cases possess rating-powers over areas already included within counties and boroughs. Special districts, with limited powers, may be constituted for specific purposes such as river protection, drainage, water-supply, &c., within the areas wherein such services are required.
Although the boroughs, of which there were 115 on 31st March, 1913, lie geographically within the counties, yet by the law they are not considered as part of them. On the 31st March, 1913, the counties numbered 124. The number is increased from time to time as need is found by the subdivision of existing districts. In the year 1878 there were only 63 counties. There were 136 road districts (one without a Board) in existencé in March, 1913, and 56 town districts. One of these latter is the special Town District of Rotorua, the affairs of which are administered by officers of the General Government. Besides the above there were 37 river protective districts (excluding Inch-Clutha, in Bruce County, which is also a road district), 3 city and suburban drainage districts (Christchurch, Dunedin, and Auckland), 7 water-supply districts (5 without Boards), 44 land drainage districts under the Land Drainage Act (2 without Boards) and 2 tramway boards. The Harbour Boards numbered 35, excluding Coromandel, Kawhia, Tokomaru Bay, Port Robinson, Kaikoura, Fortrose, and Half-moon Bay, for which the County Councils of Coromandel, Kawhia, Waiapu, Cheviot, Kaikoura, Southland, and Stewart Island act as the Harbour Boards, also New River and Port Molyneux, for which the Invercargill Borough Council and the Clutha River Board act as Harbour Boards.
These bodies levied rates in the financial year 1912–13 to the amount of £1,799,299, of which £1,252,717 consisted of general rates, and £546,582 special and separate rates. The sum of £80,417 was raised by licenses, and £89,051 by other taxes, making £1,968,767 altogether, which sum is equivalent to £1 17s. 7d. per head of the mean European population. In the year 1911–12 the local taxation was £1 15s. 1d. per head, or 2s. 6d. less than in 1912–13.
Revenue derived from rates increased from £508,157 in 1892–93 to £1,799,299 in 1912–13. Revenue from Government has increased in the same period from £136,515 to £225,262. Receipts which cannot be classed as “revenue” were £340,538 in 1892–93, and £2,383,123 in 1912–13; but these figures vary from year to year according to circumstances, such as large operations by way of construction of works, for which money has to be specially raised.
The receipts (distinguishing revenue from other sources of income) and expenditure of the various local bodies, with the amount of rates collected, and the amount of indebtedness on account of loans for each of the past twenty years, are shown in the table following.
| LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RATES, RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURE, AND LOANS, 1893–94 TO 1912–13.* | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Receipts. | Expenditure.† | Outstanding Loans (excluding Government Loans, for which see the following Columns). | Government Loans to Local Bodies. | |||||||
| Revenue from | Receipts not Revenue. | Total Receipts. | Outstanding Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act. | Loans from New Zealand State Advances Office outstanding on 31st March. | Net Indebtedness in February of each Year under Local Bodies' Loans Acts (including Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, converted). | ||||||
| Rates. | Licenses, Fees, Rents, and other Sources. | Government. | Total Revenue. | ||||||||
* The figures for the Harbour Boards (excepting Wellington, the period being for the year ended 30th September, 1912, and the Whangateaa- Omaha, Coromandel, Tokomaru Bay, Kawhia, Kaikoura, Fortrose, Half-moon Bay and Horse-shoe Bay, New River, Port Molyneaux, and Riverton Harbour Boards, the figures for which are for the year ended 31st March, 1913) included are for the calendar years ended three months previous to the financial years. † Not including balances, deposits, or amounts paid to sinking funds and for redemption of debentures. | |||||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1894 | 551,412 | 547,560 | 134,271 | 1,233,243 | 623,038 | 1,856,281 | 1,589,124 | 6,614,824 | 2,685 | 547,679 | |
| 1895 | 581,868 | 545,629 | 138,228 | 1,265,725 | 328,798 | 1,594,523 | 1,584,518 | 6,685,510 | 2,015 | 621,903 | |
| 1896 | 592,903 | 581,966 | 156,180 | 1,331,049 | 269,145 | 1,600,194 | 1,627,079 | 6,737,578 | 1,442 | 667,451 | |
| 1897 | 598,526 | 586,599 | 178,448 | 1,363,573 | 246,919 | 1,610,492 | 1,636,716 | 6,793,398 | 1,077 | 709,282 | |
| 1898 | 644,552 | 608,436 | 182,166 | 1,435,154 | 304,645 | 1,739,799 | 1,733,016 | 6,834,361 | 712 | 742,530 | |
| 1899 | 685,769 | 642,289 | 178,438 | 1,506,496 | 385,368 | 1,891,864 | 1,778,574 | 6,963,254 | 347 | 789,618 | |
| 1900 | 714,151 | 695,988 | 152,044 | 1,562,183 | 372,028 | 1,934,211 | 1,960,073 | 7,057,350 | 810,192 | ||
| 1901 | 734,023 | 751,046 | 168,785 | 1,653,854 | 825,039 | 2,478,893 | 2,250,572 | 7,563,069 | 902,769 | ||
| 1902 | 800,471 | 848,983 | 170,041 | 1,819,495 | 775,432 | 2,594,927 | 2,528,092 | 7,839,695 | 1,046,645 | ||
| 1903 | 846,716 | 897,328 | 156,254 | 1,900,298 | 966,087 | 2,866,385 | 2,867,506 | 8,217,196 | 1,266,002 | ||
| 1904 | 950,150 | 1,029,550 | 176,519 | 2,156,219 | 1,142,595 | 3,298,814 | 3,230,712 | 8,898,910 | 1,401,752 | ||
| 1905 | 1,019,431 | 1,088,587 | 166,635 | 2,274,653 | 1,350,631 | 3,625,284 | 3,497,321 | 10,018,242 | 1,526,353 | ||
| 1906 | 1,151,219 | 1,223,138 | 169,010 | 2,543,367 | 1,326,597 | 3,869,964 | 3,601,506 | 10,718,051 | 1,580,494 | ||
| 1907 | 1,233,049 | 1,386,459 | 192,932 | 2,812,440 | 1,227,473 | 4,039,913 | 3,897,515 | 11,616,048 | 1,647,273 | ||
| 1908 | 1,356,257 | 1,548,479 | 202,186 | 3,106,922 | 1,410,994 | 4,517,916 | 4,491,113 | 12,532,334 | 1,691,083 | ||
| 1909 | 1,390,698 | 1,710,712 | 223,410 | 3,324,820 | 1,440,746 | 4,765,566 | 4,800,711 | 13,303,622 | 1,839,017 | ||
| 1910 | 1,526,317 | 1,738,410 | 195,624 | 3,460,351 | 2,362,171 | 5,822,522 | 4,898,482 | 14,937,685 | 1,925,606 | ||
| 1911 | 1,592,601 | 1,941,655 | 230,070 | 3,764,326 | 1,776,958 | 5,541,284 | 5,360,261 | 15,727,613 | 404,163 | 2,025,663 | |
| 1912 | 1,677,877 | 2,075,126 | 223,808 | 3,976,811 | 2,425,258 | 6,402,069 | 6,074,372 | 16,590,877 | 1,186,611 | 1,948,852 | |
| 1913 | 1,799,299 | 2,306,424 | 225,262 | 4,330,985 | 2,383,123 | 6,714,108 | 6,537,769 | 17,483,332 | 1,711,797 | 1,863,281 | |
The indebtedness of local governing bodies on account of outstanding, loans has increased in the twenty years 1892–93 to 1912–13 from £6,203,869 to £17,483,332, exclusive of moneys borrowed from Government, which represented a further indebtedness of £3,575,078 at the end of March, 1913 (Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Act, £1,863,281, and loans from the New Zealand State Advances Office, £1,711,797).
A summary of receipts for the year 1912–13 is given below. The total revenue of the local bodies for the financial year was £4,330,985, and they further received a sum of £2,383,123 which could not properly be termed “revenue,” making altogether a grand total of receipts amounting to £6,714,108. The rates formed 41.55 per cent. of the revenue proper. Licenses, rents, and other sources yielded 53.25 per cent., and 5.20 per cent. was granted by the General Government.
While the revenue proper of the counties amounted to £926,875, of which those bodies raised £667,803 by way of rates, the Road Boards' revenue was only £125,897, of which £92,188 represented the result of their rating. The boroughs had the far larger revenue of £2,080,814, including £872,394 of rates, and their receipts under the heading of licenses, rents, and other sources amounted to the considerable sum of £1,171,409.
| — | Revenue from | Receipts not Revenue. | Total Receipts. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rates. | Licenses, Rents, &c. | Government. | County. | |||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Counties | 667,803 | 89,127 | 169,945 | 451,241 | 1,378,116 | |
| Boroughs | 872,394 | 1,171,409 | 37,011 | 1,264,306 | 3,345,120 | |
| Town Boards | 26,866 | 13,252 | 2,939 | 44,049 | 87,106 | |
| Road Boards | 92,188 | 12,921 | 15,366 | 5,423 | 85,632 | 211,530 |
| River Boards | 10,941 | 6,103 | 7,630 | 24,674 | ||
| Land Drainage Boards | 14,122 | 1,038 | 12,300 | 27,460 | ||
| Water-supply Boards | 3,122 | 3,058 | 841 | 7,021 | ||
| Tramway Boards | 1,591 | 137,591 | 7,392 | 146,574 | ||
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 74,072 | 5,593 | 159,974 | 239,639 | ||
| Harbour Boards | 36,200 | 860,910 | 349,758 | 1,246,868 | ||
| Totals | 1,799,299 | 2,301,002 | 225,261 | 5,423 | 2,383,123 | 6,714,108 |
The receipts from Government are shown under various heads in the next table, which also gives the specification of loans under Loans to Local Bodies Acts, and from the State Advances Office, as well as special grants, which are here included with “Receipts not Revenue.”
| LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS FROM GOVERNMENT, 1912–13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Counties. | Boroughs. | Town Boards. | Road Boards. | River Boards (excluding Inch-Clutha, also Road Board). | Land Drainage Boards. | Harbour Boards. | City and Suburban Drainage Boards. | Totals. | |||||||||||||||||||
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| Rates on Crown and Native lands | 250 | 8 | 6 | 27 | 3 | 2 | 90 | 13 | 6 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 368 | 14 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| One-third receipts from land sold on deferred payment and from perpetual lease | 38,387 | 6 | 6 | 324 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 2,170 | 14 | 0 | 40,892 | 4 | 4 | ||||||||||||
| One-fourth of rents from small grazing-runs | 2,966 | 10 | 6 | 219 | 4 | 10 | 3,185 | 15 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Timber and flax royalties | 13,958 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 6 | 353 | 1 | 9 | 14,318 | 13 | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Goldfields revenue and gold duty | 19,829 | 1 | 7 | 9,370 | 13 | 2 | 8 | 19 | 8 | 29,208 | 14 | 5 | |||||||||||||||
| Subsidies on rates | 93,452 | 8 | 5 | 22,780 | 16 | 8 | 2,796 | 12 | 5 | 12,436 | 11 | 9 | 131,466 | 9 | 3 | ||||||||||||
| Fees and fines | 541 | 4 | 5 | 913 | 17 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 24 | 0 | 3 | 1,489 | 11 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| Other receipts | 560 | 1 | 10 | 3,587 | 2 | 8 | 31 | 9 | 1 | 152 | 13 | 4 | 4,331 | 6 | 11 | ||||||||||||
| Total Revenue Account | 169,945 | 2 | 9 | 37,011 | 5 | 0 | 2,939 | 6 | 5 | 15,365 | 14 | 7 | 225,261 | 8 | 9 | ||||||||||||
| Loans from Government under Loans to Local Bodies Acts and from New Zealand State Advances Office | 210,321 | 5 | 6 | 211,865 | 14 | 0 | 22,578 | 8 | 6 | 43,368 | 18 | 6 | 997 | 0 | 0 | 7,701 | 6 | 7 | 38,000 | 0 | 0 | 534,832 | 13 | 1 | |||
| Grants for special works, &c. | 188,018 | 16 | 4 | 10,457 | 13 | 6 | 1,249 | 13 | 10 | 20,681 | 17 | 6 | 2,511 | 13 | 5 | 2,829 | 17 | 7 | 715 | 0 | 0 | 184 | 0 | 0 | 226,648 | 12 | 2 |
| Total receipts from Government | 568,285 | 4 | 7 | 259,334 | 12 | 6 | 26,767 | 8 | 9 | 79,416 | 10 | 7 | 3,508 | 13 | 5 | 10,531 | 4 | 2 | 38,715 | 0 | 0 | 184 | 0 | 0 | 986,742 | 14 | 0 |
TABLE showing the Amount of Indebtedness of Counties, Boroughs, Town, Road, River, Land Drainage, City and Suburban Drainage, Water-supply, and Tramway Boards, as on the 31st March, 1913, and of Harbour Boards as on the 31st December, 1912, classified according to the Rates of Interest paid, distinguishing Loans raised in New Zealand from those raised elsewhere. (See note.)
| Local Bodies. | Under 4 per Cent. | 4 per Cent. | 4Œ per Cent. | 4/38; per Cent. | 4œ per Cent. | 4Ÿ; per Cent. | 5 per Cent. | 5œ per Cent. | 5Ÿ; per Cent. | 6 per Cent. | 7 per Cent. | Total. | Loans from New Zealand State Advances Office.* | Totals, all Loans.† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Amount outstanding on 31st March, 1913. † Not including loans, amounting to £1,863,281, repayable by instalments, under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Acts. ‡ Boroughs—£25,000 on which no interest is paid, £20,766 at 3œ per cent. Harbour Boards—£60,000 at 3Ÿ; per cent. | ||||||||||||||
| Loans raised in New Zealand. | ||||||||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Counties | 68,050 | 21,323 | 31,538 | 1,000 | 121,911 | 483,442 | 605,353 | |||||||
| Boroughs | 45,766‡ | 1,708,890 | 286,530 | 37,000 | 2,592,324 | 135,200 | 592,666 | 16,864 | 3,000 | 146,015 | 2,000 | 5,566,255 | 897,769 | 6,464,024 |
| Town Boards | 47,100 | 2,500 | 33,520 | 700 | 83,820 | 73,067 | 156,887 | |||||||
| Road Boards | 15,400 | 5,000 | 7,400 | 10,840 | 38,640 | 148,784 | 187,424 | |||||||
| River Boards | 3,200 | 18,000 | 650 | 5,500 | 27,350 | 2,688 | 30,038 | |||||||
| Land Drainage Boards | 8,050 | 1,520 | 9,570 | 45,664 | 55,234 | |||||||||
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 50,000 | 82,100 | 362,300 | 494,400 | 192 | 494,592 | ||||||||
| Water-supply Boards | 13,000 | 13,000 | 13,000 | |||||||||||
| Tramway Boards | 443,400 | 142,800 | 7,000 | 593,200 | 593,200 | |||||||||
| Harbour Boards | 60,000‡ | 1,415,800 | 1,004,600 | 532,800 | 173,100 | 336 | 3,186,636 | 60,191 | 3,246,827 | |||||
| Total raised in New Zealand | 105,766‡ | 3,261,340 | 1,821,630 | 37,000 | 3,737,047 | 137,700 | 857,364 | 18,384 | 3,000 | 153,551 | 2,000 | 10,134,782 | 1,711,797 | 11,846,579 |
| Loans raised outside New Zealand. | ||||||||||||||
| Boroughs | 1,543,500 | 302,900 | 651,600 | 11,250 | 438,300 | 35,000 | 535,400 | 3,517,950 | 3,517,950 | |||||
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 300,000 | 145,600 | 200,000 | 645,600 | 645,600 | |||||||||
| Harbour Boards | 300,000 | 7,900 | 535,000 | 1,982,500 | 2,800 | 356,800 | 3,185,000 | 3,185,000 | ||||||
| Total raised outside New Zealand | 2,143,500 | 310,800 | 1,332,200 | 11,250 | 2,420,800 | 37,800 | 1,092,200 | 7,348,550 | 7,348,550 | |||||
| Total Loans raised. | ||||||||||||||
| Counties | 68,050 | 21,323 | 31,538 | 1,000 | 121,911 | 483,442 | 605,353 | |||||||
| Boroughs | 45,766‡ | 3,252,390 | 589,430 | 37,000 | 3,243,924 | 146,450 | 1,030,966 | 51,864 | 3,000 | 681,415 | 2,000 | 9,084,205 | 897,769 | 9,981,974 |
| Town Boards | 47,100 | 2,500 | 33,520 | 700 | 83,820 | 73,067 | 156,887 | |||||||
| Road Boards | 15,400 | 5,000 | 7,400 | 10,840 | 38,640 | 148,784 | 187,424 | |||||||
| River Boards | 3,200 | 18,000 | 650 | 5,500 | 27,350 | 2,688 | 30,038 | |||||||
| Land Drainage Boards | 8,050 | 1,520 | 9,570 | 45,664 | 55,234 | |||||||||
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 350,000 | 82,100 | 507,900 | 200,000 | 1,140,000 | 192 | 1,140,192 | |||||||
| Tramway Boards | 13,000 | 13,000 | 13,000 | |||||||||||
| Water-supply Boards | 443,400 | 142,800 | 7,000 | 593,200 | 593,200 | |||||||||
| Harbour Boards | 60,000‡ | 1,715,800 | 1,012,500 | 1,067,800 | 2,155,600 | 2,800 | 357,136 | 6,371,636 | 60,191 | 6,431,827 | ||||
| Total loans raised | 105,766‡ | 5,404,840 | 2,132,430 | 37,000 | 5,069,247 | 148,950 | 3,278,164 | 56,184 | 3,000 | 1,245,751 | 2,000 | 17,483,332 | 1,711,797 | 19,195,129 |
The expenditure of the various classes of local governing bodies during 1912–13 is also shown.
| LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—EXPENDITURE, 1912–13. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Public Works. | Hospitals and Charitable Aid. | Management. | Interest on Loans and Overdraft. | Other. | Total. |
* Included in Public Works. | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Counties | 1,083,546 | 81,943 | 115,283 | 95,441 | 31,311 | 1,407,524 |
| Boroughs | 2,384,757 | 57,816 | 144,722 | 440,783 | 64,019 | 3,092,097 |
| Town Boards | 83,324 | 1,787 | 7,653 | 5,421 | 1,579 | 99,764 |
| Road Boards | 209,916 | 6,911 | 20,158 | 10,635 | 3,863 | 251,483 |
| River Boards | 19,063 | 3,398 | 4, | 192 | 27,264 | |
| Land Drainage Boards | 27,017 | 2,759 | 5,166 | 284 | 35,226 | |
| Water-supply Boards | 4,542 | 1,882 | 1,332 | 7,756 | ||
| Tramway Boards | 96,173 | * | 27,811 | 123,984 | ||
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 215,904 | 9,391 | 23,293 | 1,577 | 250,165 | |
| Harbour Boards | 724,898 | 32,301 | 286,969 | 198,338 | 1,242,506 | |
| Totals | 4,849,140 | 148,457 | 337,547 | 901,462 | 301,163 | 6,537,769 |
The expenditure of the local bodies amounted to £6,537,769, as shown above. In the counties the cost of management, including salaries, travelling-expenses, rent, printing and advertising, collection of rates or tolls, legal expenses, and sundries, was £115,283. The Borough Councils expended in the same way £144,722, and the Road Boards £20,158.
The percentages borne by the cost of management to the total receipts and total expenditure of counties, boroughs, and road districts were,—
| Cost of Management per Cent. of | Total Receipts. | Total Expenditure. |
|---|---|---|
| Counties | 8.37 | 8.19 |
| Boroughs | 4.33 | 4.68 |
| Road Boards | 9.53 | 8.02 |
In a table on the next page will be found a summary of the amounts raised by loan, classified according to the rates of interest paid, distinguishing loans raised in New Zealand from those raised abroad. It will be noticed that the amount raised abroad (£7,348,550) is now considerably less than that raised in New Zealand (£11,846,579). Figures for twenty consecutive years given in a table further on show that the operations have been such as to leave the total outside indebtedness somewhat less in March, 1913, than it was in 1911, while on the other hand the inside indebtedness has increased steadily. The lowest rate of interest paid in 1913 was 3œ per cent., but the large sum of £3.278,164 was raised at per cent., and £1,245,751 at 6 per cent., while £2,000 bears interest as high as 7 per cent.
TABLE showing the Amount of Indebtedness of Counties, Boroughs, Town, Road, River, Land Drainage, City and Suburban Drainage, Water-supply, and Tramway Boards, as on the 31st March, 1913, and of Harbour Boards as on the 31st December, 1912, classified according to the Rates of Interest paid, distinguishing Loans raised in New Zealand from those raised elsewhere. (See note.)
| Local Bodies. | Under 4 per Cent. | 4 per Cent. | 4Œ per Cent. | 4/38; per Cent. | 4œ per Cent. | 4Ÿ; per Cent. | 5 per Cent. | 5œ per Cent. | 5Ÿ; per Cent. | 6 per Cent. | 7 per Cent. | Total. | Loans from New Zealand State Advances Office.* | Totals, all Loans.† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Amount outstanding on 31st March, 1913. † Not including loans, amounting to £1,863,281, repayable by instalments, under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Acts. ‡ Boroughs—£25,000 on which no interest is paid, £20,766 at 3/13; per cent. Harbour Boards—£60,000 at 3/34; per cent. | ||||||||||||||
| Loans raised in New Zealand. | ||||||||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Counties | 68,050 | 21,323 | 31,538 | 1,000 | 121,911 | 483,442 | 605,353 | |||||||
| Boroughs | 45,766‡ | 1,708,890 | 286,530 | 37,000 | 2,592,324 | 135,200 | 592,666 | 16,864 | 3,000 | 146,015 | 2,000 | 5,566,255 | 897,769 | 6,464,024 |
| Town Boards | 47,100 | 2,500 | 33,520 | 700 | 83,820 | 73,067 | 156,887 | |||||||
| Road Boards | 15,400 | 5,000 | 7,400 | 10,840 | 38,640 | 148,784 | 187,424 | |||||||
| River Boards | 3,200 | 18,000 | 650 | 5,500 | 27,350 | 2,688 | 30,038 | |||||||
| Land Drainage Boards | 8,050 | 1,520 | 9,570 | 45,664 | 55,234 | |||||||||
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 50,000 | 82,100 | 362,300 | 494,400 | 192 | 494,592 | ||||||||
| Water-supply Boards | 13,000 | 13,000 | 13,000 | |||||||||||
| Tramway Boards | 443,400 | 142,800 | 7,000 | 593,200 | 593,200 | |||||||||
| Harbour Boards | 60,000‡ | 1,415,800 | 1,004,600 | 532,800 | 173,100 | 336 | 3,186,636 | 60,191 | 3,246,827 | |||||
| Total raised in New Zealand | 105,766‡ | 3,261,340 | 1,821,630 | 37,000 | 3,737,047 | 137,700 | 857,364 | 18,384 | 3,000 | 153,551 | 2,000 | 10,134,782 | 1,711,797 | 11,846,579 |
| Loans raised outside New Zealand. | ||||||||||||||
| Boroughs | 1,543,500 | 302,900 | 651,600 | 11,250 | 438,300 | 35,000 | 535,400 | 3,517,950 | 3,517,950 | |||||
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 300,000 | 145,600 | 200,000 | 645,600 | 645,600 | |||||||||
| Harbour Boards | 300,000 | 7,900 | 535,000 | 1,982,500 | 2,800 | 356,800 | 3,185,000 | 3,185,000 | ||||||
| Total raised outside New Zealand | 2,143,500 | 310,800 | 1,332,200 | 11,250 | 2,420,800 | 37,800 | 1,092,200 | 7,348,550 | 7,348,550 | |||||
| Total Loans raised. | ||||||||||||||
| Counties | 68,050 | 21,323 | 31,538 | 1,000 | 121,911 | 483,442 | 605,353 | |||||||
| Boroughs | 45,766‡ | 3,252,390 | 589,430 | 37,000 | 3,243,924 | 146,450 | 1,030,966 | 51,864 | 3,000 | 681,415 | 2,000 | 9,084,205 | 807,769 | 9,981,974 |
| Town Boards | 47,100 | 2,500 | 33,520 | 700 | 83,820 | 73,067 | 156,887 | |||||||
| Road Boards | 15,400 | 5,000 | 7,400 | 10,840 | 38,640 | 148,784 | 187,424 | |||||||
| River Boards | 3,200 | 18,000 | 650 | 5,500 | 27,350 | 2,688 | 30,038 | |||||||
| Land Drainage Boards | 8,050 | 1,520 | 9,570 | 45,664 | 55,234 | |||||||||
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 350,000 | 82,100 | 507,900 | 200,000 | 1,140,000 | 192 | 1,140,192 | |||||||
| Tramway Boards | 13,000 | 13,000 | 13,000 | |||||||||||
| Water-supply Boards | 443,400 | 142,800 | 7,000 | 593,200 | 593,200 | |||||||||
| Harbour Boards | 60,000‡ | 1,715,800 | 1,012,500 | 1,067,800 | 2,155,600 | 2,800 | 357,136 | 6,371,636 | 60,191 | 6,431,827 | ||||
| Total loans raised | 105,766‡ | 5,404,840 | 2,132,430 | 37,000 | 5,069,247 | 148,950 | 3,278,164 | 56,184 | 3,000 | 1,245,751 | 2,000 | 17,483,332 | 1,711,797 | 19,195,129 |
| LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES, MARCH, 1913.—NET INDEBTEDNESS AND ANNUAL CHARGE. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | (a) Debentures and Stock in Circulation. | (b.) Loans from State Advances Office. | Total Net Indebtedness, (a) and (b). | Total Annual Charge, (a) and (b). | |||||||
| Amount borrowed. | Sinking Fund accrued. | Net Indebtedness. | Annual Charge (excluding Exchange and Commission.) | Amount borrowed. | Net Indebtedness on 31st March, 1913. | Annual Charge (Instalments of Principal and Interest). | |||||
| Interest. | Sinking Fund. | Total. | |||||||||
* Repayable by annual instalments of £116,728, representing 4œ per cent. per annum on £1,161,579, 4 per cent. per annum on £104 444, and 3œ per cent. per annum on £1,722,285, the amount inscribed to 1st February, 1913. Repayments on the amount inscribed (£2,988,298, including £89,878 debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, exchanged) would be £3,964,233. The actual repayments to date are £1,462,522, leaving £2,501,712 to be paid by way of interest and sinking fund, on a present indebtedness of £1,863,281. | |||||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Counties | 121,911 | 6,306 | 115,605 | 5,328 | 688 | 6,016 | 490,075 | 483,442 | 24,135 | 599,047 | 30,151 |
| Boroughs | 9,084,205 | 726,241 | 8,357,964 | 405,253 | 65,462 | 470,715 | 914,995 | 897,769 | 44,763 | 9,255,733 | 515,478 |
| Town Boards | 83,820 | 2,079 | 81,741 | 3,858 | 434 | 4,292 | 73,980 | 73,067 | 3,630 | 154,808 | 7,922 |
| Road Boards | 38,640 | 1,685 | 36,955 | 1,703 | 317 | 2,020 | 151,445 | 148,784 | 7,433 | 185,739 | 9,453 |
| River Boards | 27,350 | 6,726 | 20,624 | 1,300 | 564 | 1,864 | 2,730 | 2,688 | 135 | 23,312 | 1,999 |
| Land Drainage Boards | 9,570 | 14 | 9,556 | 493 | 207 | 700 | 46,755 | 45,664 | 2,284 | 55,220 | 2,984 |
| City and Suburban Drainage Boards | 1,140,000 | 108,843 | 1,031,157 | 52,346 | 4,631 | 56,977 | 195 | 192 | 10 | 1,031,349 | 56,987 |
| Tramway Boards | 593,200 | 17,702 | 575,498 | 25,621 | 3,176 | 28,797 | 575,498 | 28,797 | |||
| Water-supply Boards | 13,000 | 335 | 12,665 | 585 | 130 | 715 | 12,665 | 715 | |||
| Harbour Boards | 6,371,636 | 730,475 | 5,641,161 | 291,340 | 38,917 | 330,257 | 60,750 | 60,191 | 3,003 | 5,701,352 | 333,260 |
| Totals | 17,483,332 | 1,600,406 | 15,882,926 | 787,827 | 114,526 | 902,353 | 1,740,925 | 1,711,797 | 85,393 | 17,594,723 | 987,746 |
| Inscribed debt of Local Bodies under the Loans to Local Bodies Acts (including inscribed stock exchanged for debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882 | 1,863,281* | 1,863,281* | 116,728 | 1,863,281 | 116,728 | ||||||
| Totals | 19,346,613 | 1,600,406 | 17,746,207 | 787,827 | 114,526 | 1,019,081 | 1,740,925 | 1,711,797 | 85,393 | 19,458,004 | 1,104,474 |
| INDEBTEDNESS AND INTEREST CHARGE OF LOCAL BODIES, EXCLUDING LOANS UNDER THE ROADS AND BRIDGES CONSTRUCTION ACT AND THE LOANS TO LOCAL BODIES ACTS, £1,863,281, AND LOANS FROM STATE ADVANCES OFFICE, £1,711,797. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Indebtedness. | Interest. | Average Rate. | Year ended 31st March. | Indebtedness. | Interest. | Average Rate. |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | ||
| 1894 | 6,614,824 | 357,135 | 5.40 | 1904 | 8,898,910 | 439,879 | 4.94 |
| 1895 | 6,685,510 | 358,292 | 5.36 | 1905 | 10,018,242 | 487,145 | 4.86 |
| 1896 | 6,737,578 | 361,306 | 5.36 | 1906 | 10,718,051 | 515,188 | 4.81 |
| 1897 | 6,793,398 | 363.352 | 5.35 | 1907 | 11,616,048 | 548,387 | 4.72 |
| 1898 | 6,834,361 | 363,569 | 5.32 | 1908 | 12,532,334 | 587,564 | 4.69 |
| 1899 | 6,963,254 | 363,915 | 5.23 | 1909 | 13,303,622 | 616,330 | 4.63 |
| 1900 | 7,057,350 | 367,019 | 5.20 | 1910 | 14,937,685 | 684,630 | 4.58 |
| 1901 | 7,563,069 | 385,959 | 5.10 | 1911 | 15,727,613 | 715,289 | 4.55 |
| 1902 | 7,839,695 | 396,460 | 5.06 | 1912 | 16,590,877 | 748,805 | 4.51 |
| 1903 | 8,217,196 | 409,238 | 4.91 | 1913 | 17,483,332 | 787,827 | 4.51 |
| GROSS LOAN INDEBTEDNESS OF LOCAL BODIES. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st Mar. | Raised in New Zealand. | Raised Abroad. | Borrowed from Government. | Total. |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1894 | 1,198,774 | 5,416,050 | 550,364 | 7,165,188 |
| 1895 | 1,261,960 | 5,423,550 | 623,918 | 7,309,428 |
| 1896 | 1,276,503 | 5,461,075 | 668,893 | 7,406,471 |
| 1897 | 1,336,698 | 5,456,700 | 710,359 | 7,503,757 |
| 1898 | 1,343,161 | 5,491,200 | 743,242 | 7,577,603 |
| 1899 | 1,478,154 | 5,485,100 | 789,965 | 7,753,219 |
| 1900 | 1,579,050 | 5,478,300 | 810,192 | 7,867,542 |
| 1901 | 2,052,269 | 5,510,800 | 902,769 | 8,465,838 |
| 1902 | 2,287,595 | 5,552,100 | 1,046,645 | 8,886,340 |
| 1903 | 2,880,596 | 5,336,600 | 1,266,002 | 9,483,198 |
| 1904 | 3,369,410 | 5,529,500 | 1,401,752 | 10,300,662 |
| 1905 | 3,479,642 | 5,638,600 | 1,526,353 | 10,644,595 |
| 1906 | 5,250,551 | 5,467,500 | 1,580,494 | 12,298,545 |
| 1907 | 6,145,548 | 5,470,500 | 1,647,273 | 13,263,321 |
| 1908 | 7,246,834 | 5,285,500 | 1,691,083 | 14,223,417 |
| 1909 | 7,785,922 | 5,517,700 | 1,839,017 | 15,142,639 |
| 1910 | 7,967,385 | 6,970,300 | 1,925,606 | 16,863,291 |
| 1911 | 8,254,313 | 7,473,300 | 1,429,826 | 17,157,439 |
| 1912 | 9,574,527 | 7,016,350 | 3,135,463 | 19,726,340 |
| 1913 | 10,134,782 | 7,348,550 | 3,575,078 | 21,058,410 |
From the above tables it will be seen that, excluding loans from the General Government, the total amount owing on the 31st March, 1913, was £17,483,332. But, against this, accrued sinking funds to the value of £1,600,406 were held, leaving a net debt of £15,882,926, exclusive of moneys borrowed from the General Government and repayable by annual instalments.
The total annual charge (excluding exchange and commission) stood at £902,353 of which £787,827 was for interest, and the remainder, £114,526, contributions to sinking fund accounts.
Of the total net indebtedness in 1912–13 other than to the State the debt of the Borough Councils, £8,357,964, formed the largest item, while the Harbour Boards owed £5,641,161.
On referring to the comparative table on the previous page, a great advance in the outstanding loans of local governing bodies will be noticed. Between 1902–3 and 1912–13 the gross indebtedness increased from £9,483,198 to £21,058,410, an addition of £11,575,212, or 122 per cent. during the ten years. During the same period the population advanced at the rate of 30 per cent., while the value of land and improvements increased from £154,816,132 on 31st March, 1902, to £340,559,728 on 31st March, 1913, or at the rate of 120 per cent. in the eleven years.
The aggregate interest-charge for the year under review was £787,827, and £348,083 of this was payable on loans raised outside the Dominion. The average rate of interest payable to bondholders was £4 10s. 2d. per cent. These figures do not include interest payable on loans from Government.
The table following gives, n respect of boroughs only, the expenditure out of loan-money during the past ten years, classified under various heads.
| EXPENDITURE OUT OF LOANS.—BOROUGHS ONLY, 1903–4 TO 1912–13. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year ended 31st March. | Streets, Footways, and Bridges. | Drainage and Sanitation. | Waterworks. | Tramways. | Abattoirs, Slaughter houses and Pounds. | Lighting and Power Services. | Other Public Works. | Management, Interest, and Sundries. | Total. |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1904 | 113,351 | 39,020 | 112,213 | 254,372 | 25,631 | 12,819 | 33,127 | 12,329 | 602,862 |
| 1905 | 87,139 | 65,998 | 144,178 | 208,684 | 11,462 | 29,972 | 47,269 | 16,403 | 611,165 |
| 1906 | 43,826 | 68,040 | 76,935 | 122,090 | 4,655 | 76,704 | 39,153 | 13,361 | 444,764 |
| 1907 | 63,790 | 74,651 | 210,567 | 118,696 | 6,135 | 122,236 | 39,719 | 15,338 | 651,132 |
| 1908 | 91,688 | 59,921 | 165,664 | 137,188 | 14,505 | 244,126 | 44,243 | 25,957 | 783,292 |
| 1909 | 111,295 | 111,336 | 150,592 | 43,336 | 23,671 | 139,502 | 16,686 | 17,849 | 614,267 |
| 1910 | 87,819 | 129,994 | 160,662 | 81 | 15,120 | 106,452 | 44,786 | 10,098 | 555,012 |
| 1911 | 113,216 | 132,037 | 143,717 | 52,195 | 1,922 | 139,409 | 53,153 | 22,841 | 658,490 |
| 1912 | 149,057 | 206,393 | 246,485 | 114,653 | 3,626 | 137,599 | 98,176 | 14,651 | 970,640 |
| 1913 | 182,251 | 205,373 | 169,447 | 61,224 | 15,596 | 134,873 | 103,985 | 16,433 | 889,182 |
The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913 (a consolidation of previous enactments), empowers local authorities to raise special loans for and in connection with the construction of public works or the establishment or purchase of any business which they may legally undertake. The consent of the ratepayers must first be obtained by means of a poll, and a majority of three-fifths of the total number of valid votes recorded is required to carry the proposal, except in the case of a borough or town district, where a bare majority will suffice.
A poll need not, however, be taken in the case of a loan raised for repayment of overdraft or other liabilities lawfully incurred for any purpose for which a special loan may be raised; for redemption, conversion or consolidation of existing loans; for undertakings authorized by special Acts; or where at least three-fourths of the ratepayers (representing more than half the capital value of property) of any district containing not more than one hundred ratepayers consent in writing to the proposal. As security for repayment of principal and interest a local authority may pledge all or any of its property, revenues or funds, excepting Government grants, and must levy an annually recurring special rate to provide for interest or interest and sinking fund. In certain cases the annual charge may be paid out of the general fund.
Where a loan is raised for the benefit of any particular portion or legal subdivision of a local district, the special rate may be levied on the rateable property within such portion or subdivision only.
Loans are raised by issue of debentures bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 5œ per cent. per annum, the debentures to be in form as set out in a schedule to the Act.
Special provision is made for borrowing by local authorities of mining districts. Loans may be raised for public works within a mining district, and a special rate on all mining privileges not already rateable must be levied as security for the annual charge. Goldfield revenue may be pledged as collateral security.
The Local Bodies' Loans Amendment Act, 1912, made provisions dealing with the merger of rating areas over which a rate has been made as security for a loan in the district of a local authority other than the local authority that made the rate. This amendment is now incorporated in the main act, by the consolidation of 1913.
In order that local authorities might share the advantages possessed by the State in borrowing money at a low rate of interest, provision was made under the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, by which the Advances Board was empowered, on application being made, to grant loans on debentures issued by local authorities for the purposes already stated, for a period not exceeding fifty years, principal and interest to be repaid by equal half-yearly instalments. It was originally provided that the sum so raised should bear interest at such rate (not exceeding 4œ per cent. per annum) as the Minister of Finance might prescribe. Section 68 of the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913, however, fixes the rate of interest at 4œ per cent. per annum or ⅛d. per cent. more than the rate at which the money was actually raised by the Government, whichever is the greater.
The Board must be satisfied that the local authority is duly empowered by statute to raise the loan, and has taken all statutory and other proceedings necessary for that purpose; also that, irrespective of any other security, there is the security of a special rate sufficient to meet 10 per cent. more than the periodical repayments as they fall due.
Prior to taking the necessary formal steps to raise a loan the local body may make preliminary application to the Board in order to ascertain if the amount would be granted and if the terms proposed are suitable, and the Board may approve or reject such application or propose other terms at its discretion. A provisional approval shall not constitute an agreement on the part of the Board to grant any loan nor affect its right to impose any conditions on the grant. Such provisional approval lapses unless an application for the loan so approved is made within six months of the date of approval.
Section 6 of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act, 1912, provided that the Superintendent may not advance moneys to local authorities except for the following purposes: (a) The construction of a road or street, including channelling; (b) the construction of a bridge; (c) the construction of water-works for the supply of water within a district; (d) the construction of drainage-works or irrigation-works; and (e) the construction of sanitary works.
Section 8 limited to £60,000 the amount that may be advanced to a local authority within a period of three years. Section 9 provided for the setting-apart in each of the ten years next following the passing of the Act of an amount not exceeding £250,000 to be advanced to local authorities for the construction of roads and bridges in outlying districts. In each of the first ten years of a loan granted out of money so set aside the Minister of Finance is to pay to the Superintendent of the State Advances Department an amount equal to 1 per cent. of the loan, and in each of the succeeding ten years an amount equal to œ per cent. of the loan. The amounts so paid by the Minister are to be deducted from the amounts from time to time payable by the local authority in respect of instalments of principal and interest.
As indicated above, the law relating to loans of local bodies is now consolidated in the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913. The portion of the State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, and its amendments, dealing with State advances to local bodies is retained with certain alterations, and Part IV of the new Act contains provision for the raising of loans by the local bodies themselves under State guarantee. Where State guarantee to a loan is given payment of interest and repayment of principal must be made out of the Consolidated Fund in case of default by the local body.
The Municipal Corporations Act, 1908, and the Municipal Corporations Amendment Act, 1910, deal with the franchise in the case of boroughs, and provides that, in addition to the persons who are already entitled to be enrolled, every person shall be so entitled who possesses the freehold or residential qualifications stated in the Act.
The possession of the freehold qualification is defined as being the beneficial and duly registered owner of a freehold estate in land of the capital value of not less than £25, situated in the borough, notwithstanding that any other person is the occupier thereof, or part thereof, under any tenancy.
A rating qualification may be possessed by any person whose name appears for the time being as the occupier of any rateable property within the borough.
Every person is deemed to possess a residential qualification within a borough if he has resided for one year in New Zealand, and has resided in the borough or in the ward of a divided borough during the three months then last past, and is a British subject, either by birth or naturalization in New Zealand, or has been for at least three months last past a residential occupant within such borough as a tenant of a tenement the rental of which is not less than £10 per annum, or as a subtenant or joint tenant of a tenement the rental of which is at the rate of not less than £10 per year for each of the several subtenants or joint tenants.
No person may be entered in the burgess lists in respect of more qualifications than one; but any person who has more than one qualification may select the one in respect of which he wishes to be entered.
In the case of husband and wife, any qualification possessed by one of them is deemed to be possessed by each.
No person enrolled on a burgess roll has more than one vote, and no person enrolled by virtue of the residential qualification can vote on any proposal relating to loans or rates.
An Act of the General Assembly, passed in 1908, authorizes any local authority to establish a superannuation fund for the benefit of its employees. Two or more bodies, whether of the same or different descriptions, may unite for this purpose. The Act prescribes the method by which the fund may be established, scale of contributions and the computation of retiring-allowances. The solvency of every fund must be guaranteed by the local authority or authorities establishing the same, and the funds are to be vested in the Public Trustee. Statements of accounts and membership must be submitted to Parliament annually, and an actuarial examination of the fund made every third year of its existence. Subject to regulations made by Order in Council, every fund shall be administered by the local authority by which it is established.
Fuller information is given in the section of this book dealing with Pensions, Superannuation Funds, &c.
By annual appropriation of Parliament a subsidy is paid out of the Consolidated Fund to the local authority of each county, road district, and town district in respect of the general rates (exclusive of rates payable by Natives) levied for the year ending on the 31st March, and actually collected on or before the 30th June ensuing next after the expiry of that year. Subsidies are similarly paid to Borough Councils under the authority of the Municipal Corporations Act.
Upon application, any local authority may be granted an advance of 75 per cent. of the subsidy payable on the amount of rates collectible for the year then current.
Where any local authority has adopted the system of rating on the capital value or the unimproved value, no subsidy shall be paid on any amount collected which exceeds the product of a rate of Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value of rateable property. If the rate is levied on the annual value, no subsidy shall be paid on any amount exceeding that produced by a rate of 1s. in the pound.
The rates of subsidy are as shown hereunder, in respect of general rates collected.
| Boroughs. | |
|---|---|
| Not exceeding £750 | 5s. in the pound. |
| Exceeding £750 | 2s. 6d. in the pound. |
In the latter case no lesser sum than £187 10s. nor greater sum than £450 shall be payable in any one year.
No subsidy is paid on any part of general rates expended by Borough Councils in contributing to the funds of any other local authority not receiving subsidy.
Counties wherein there are no road districts—
| Not exceeding £1,000 | 10s. in the pound. |
|---|---|
| Exceeding £1,000 | 5s. in the pound. |
Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £500 nor greater sum than £2,500 shall be paid in any one year.
Counties wherein there are road districts—
| Not exceeding £500 | 10s. in the pound. |
|---|---|
| Exceeding £500 | 5s. in the pound. |
Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £250 nor greater sum than £500 shall be paid in any one year.
If the Counties Act is not in full force within a county, this subsidy is paid to the Board of each road district; if the Act is in full force, then the subsidy is paid to each Road Board and to the County Council in equal parts. If any road district does not collect rates the county, if it collects rates within such district, may claim the subsidy on its behalf.
Subsidy is paid to a County Council on general rates collected on such portions of the county as lie outside of road or town districts—
| Not exceeding £500 | 10s. in the pound. |
|---|---|
| Exceeding £500 | 5s. in the pound. |
Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £250 nor greater sum than £500 shall be paid in any one year.
No greater sum in all than £2,500 shall be paid in any year in respect of any county and its road districts.
| Town Districts. | |
|---|---|
| When the general rates collected do not exceed £750 | 5s. in the pound. |
| When the general rates collected exceed £750 | 2s. 6d. in the pound. |
Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £187 10s. nor greater sum than £450 shall be paid in any one year.
The system of rating is upon the basis that 1s. in the pound on the annual value is deemed to be equivalent to Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value of any rateable property, or that the annual value of any rateable property is equal to 6 per cent. on the capital value of such property. Rating on the unimproved value must be so adjusted as to equal as nearly as may be, but not to exceed, in producing-capacity, the limit of rating-power on the capital or annual value, as the case may be.
The system of rating on the unimproved value formerly did not apply to water rates, gas rates, electric-light rates, sewage rates, or hospital and charitable-aid rates, which could be levied on the annual or capital value only, but by the Rating Amendment Act, 1911, it is provided that the system shall apply to these rates. This provision is not to be retrospective, but a poll in any district where the system was previously in force is, on petition, to be taken on the proposal that it shall apply to them.
Section 29 of the Rating Amendment Act, 1910, provides that when the union of two or more boroughs takes place the rating system in force in the borough having the largest population shall be observed throughout the united borough.
The annual value is deemed to be the letting-value less 20 per cent. in case of houses, buildings, and other perishable property, and 10 per cent. of land, but in no case less than 5 per cent. of the value of the fee-simple. The capital value is deemed to be the selling-value of the land, including improvements, at the time of valuation. The unimproved value is deemed to be the selling-value of the land at the time of valuation, excluding the value of any existing improvements.
General Rate.—Two shillings in the pound on the annual or 1œd. in the pound on the capital value of all rateable property, or its equivalent on the unimproved value. In divided boroughs the rate levied may vary in different wards, but must not in any case exceed the above limit.
Separate Rates for Special Works.—Three-farthings in the pound in any one year on the capital, or 1s. in the pound on the annual, or its equivalent on the unimproved, value of the rateable property.
Water-supply.—Ordinary supply 10s. per annum where the annual value does not exceed £12 10s., 7 per cent. on the first £100 in excess of £12 10s., 6 per cent. on the second £100 of such value, 5 per cent. on the third £100, and 4 per cent. on so much of such value as exceeds £300. Half-rates on stores or warehouses, and all land and buildings to which water can be but is not supplied, situate within 100 yards from any part of the waterworks. The rate or charge for extraordinary supply may be fixed by the Council. Where rating on unimproved value in respect of water-supply is in force, the charge must not exceed the equivalent of 1d. in the pound on the capital value.
Lighting Streets and Public Buildings.—Sixpence in the pound on the annual value.
Sanitation.—Sixpence in the pound on the annual value, or a uniform annual fee may be levied in lieu of a rate, provided the total proceeds of such fee shall not exceed the proceeds of such rate.
Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value.
Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the borough may be liable.
Harbour.—Any Council appointed a Harbour Board may, for the purpose of constructing or maintaining harbour-works, levy a rate not to exceed in any one year /38;d. in the pound on the capital value.
Special rates for the purpose of producing interest, or interest and sinking-fund, upon any special loan are not limited by statute. Such special rate shall be made a continuing rate for a period of years equal to the currency of a loan. With certain exceptions, no special loan may be raised without the consent of a majority of the ratepayers affected.
General Rate.—In counties where there are no road or town districts 3d. in the pound, or where there are road or town districts 3d. in the pound in outlying districts, and in all other parts of the county 1œd. in the pound on the capital value of rateable property, or its equivalent on the unimproved or annual value.
Separate Rates within any Riding of the County or within such Portion of the County as is defined in a Special Order.—The total amount of general and separate rates together must not exceed the amount of the maximum general rate.
Special Works Rates.— Three-farthings in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent as aforesaid.
Sanitation.—One halfpenny in the pound on the capital value, or a uniform annual charge the total proceeds of which must not exceed the total product of such rate.
Water-supply.—A County Council undertaking the supply of water for purposes of irrigation or domestic use has power to levy special rates for payment of interest on and repayment of money borrowed for such purpose, and such rates may be levied either on a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands. A fixed charge may be made for water supplied, and such charge may be estimated to cover interest and sinking fund on loans.
Drainage.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent over the whole or any part of the county, to secure interest and repayment of money borrowed.
Harbour.—A Council exercising the powers of a Harbour Board may levy special rates for the construction and maintenance of harbour-works, such rate not to exceed in any one year ⅜d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent.
Bridge Rate, for Reconstruction of Bridges.—One farthing in the pound on the capital value of all rateable property in the whole or any part of the county.
Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value or its equivalent in cases where the library is managed by the Council.
Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the county may be liable.
Special rates to provide interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans are not limited by statute as to amount.
General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent on the unimproved value, or 2s. in the pound on the annual value, as the case may be. In the event of a receiver being appointed, the power is extended by ⅜d. in the pound if the Counties Act is suspended, or 3/16d. in the pound if the Act be in force, upon the capital value.
Separate Rates (in Subdivided Road Districts).—May be levied over any or every subdivision of the district, but must not, together with the general rate, exceed the limit of œd. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent.
Special Rates for Particular Works.—Three-farthings in the pound on the capital value over the whole or any portion of the district.
Water-supply for Domestic Use.—According to the scale prescribed by the Municipal Corporations Act for boroughs. This applies only to certain Road Boards specially authorized.
Irrigation.—Where the Counties Act is not in operation or suspended, two or more adjoining road districts may amalgamate for the purpose of forming a water-supply district with the full rating-powers of such districts. Any Road Board which had constructed water - races or irrigation-works prior to 1891 may continue to exercise in this respect the same rating-powers as a County Council.
Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value or its equivalent. Only where the public library is managed by the Road Board.
Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the Board may be liable.
Harbour. —Should a Road Board be declared a Harbour Board it may, by consent of the ratepayers, levy a special rate for the construction or maintenance of harbour-works, such rate not to exceed in any one year ⅜d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent.
Special rates to provide interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans are not limited by statute as to amount.
General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value, or its equivalent on the unimproved value, or 2s. in the pound on the annual value.
Separate Rate.—For special works in any particular portion of the district, not to exceed 1s. in the pound on the annual value, or its equivalent, in any such portion.
Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value or its equivalent. Only where the public library is managed by the Town Board.
Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the Board may be liable.
Special rates for interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans may be levied in the same manner as for boroughs.
For any purpose connected with a harbour, or for interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans, a rate not to exceed Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value, or its equivalent on the annual or unimproved value.
Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—for payment of interest and to provide for the redemption of loans, may be levied either upon a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands. A fixed charge, estimated to cover interest and sinking fund on loans, may be made for water supplied.
General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent, leviable either on a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands in the district.
Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—may be levied to secure the interest and provide a fund for the repayment of loans.
General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent, leviable either on a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands in the district.
Separate rates shall not, together with the general rates levied, exceed the amount limited in respect to general rates.
Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—may be levied to secure the interest and provide a fund for the repayment of loans.
General Rate.—Three-sixteenths of a penny in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent of all rateable property within the rabbit district, the proceeds of such rate to be expended in the destruction of rabbits.
General Rate.—One farthing in the pound on the capital value of all rateable property in the district under the control of the Board.
Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—may be levied to secure the interest and provide for repayment of loans.
Borough Councils, County Councils, Road or Town Boards within a fire district may, in order to raise the amount required to be contributed to the Fire Board, levy a separate rate, on the value of the buildings only, within the fire district.
Borough Councils, County Councils, Town Boards, and Road Boards in counties where the Counties Act is suspended or not in force, are empowered to raise funds for the destruction of injurious birds by levying a general rate not exceeding 1⅙d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent on the annual or unimproved value.
A separate rate not exceeding œd. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent may be levied by any local authority over the whole or any portion of the district, for payment of expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of the Public Health Act.
Where the local authority is authorized to make a special rate providing for the annual or half-yearly charges on a loan, such special rate shall be made a continuing rate for a period of years equal to the currency of the loan.
Every local authority which suffers loss of revenue from license fees under the Licensing Act, in consequence of the reduction or prohibition of licenses in the district, may make good such loss by an equivalent sum to be levied and collected by an increase of the general rate in the district.
Native land that has become freehold and is held under individual title is liable to full rates, subject to certain exemptions. Lands held by Natives under Native custom are, however, totally exempt from rating.
All mining property held by an occupier in any borough, town district, or county within a mining district in the South Island is liable to be rated by the local authority in the same manner as other rateable property in the district, but subject to special provisions of the Rating Act, 1908.
The Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896, was passed by the General Assembly to afford local bodies the opportunity of adopting the principle of rating which is expressed in the title of the measure. The Act is now incorporated in the Rating Act, 1908. It is entirely at the option of the bodies to adopt the system, and provision is made for a return to the old system of rating, if desired, after three years' experience of the new one. The Act provides that a proportion of the ratepayers on the roll, varying from 25 per cent. where the total number does not exceed 100, to 15 per cent. where the number exceeds 300, may by demand in writing, delivered to the mayor or chairman of the district, require that a proposal to rate property on the basis of the unimproved value may be submitted to the ratepayers, whose votes shall be taken between twenty-one and twenty-eight days after delivery of the demand. The poll is to be taken in the same manner as in case of a proposal to raise a loan in the district under the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913.
Under the original Act it was necessary for a minimum number of one-third of the ratepayers to vote, and a majority of their votes carried the proposal. Now, the question of adoption or otherwise is decided by a bare majority of the valid votes recorded, irrespective of the number of ratepayers who have voted.
A rescinding proposal can be carried at a poll by the same means as one for adoption, but not until after three years have elapsed; and, vice versa, rejection of a proposal bars its being again brought forward for a similar period.
The valuation roll is supplied to the local authority by the Valuer-General under the provisions of the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, and the definitions of “capital value,” “improvements,” “unimproved value,” and “value of improvements” found in that Act apply also to rating on unimproved value. Provision is made for adjustment of rating-powers given under previous Acts by fixing equivalents. Thus a rate of 1s. in the pound on the annual value under former Acts is to be considered equal to Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value.
The adjustments are to be made so that the rates on the unimproved value shall be such as to produce as much as, but not more than, the rates under the Rating Act, 1908. For instance, supposing a local authority has a rating-power up to Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value, then it can levy any rate in the pound on the unimproved value of land in its district so long as the producing-capacity of such rate is not greater than would be the producing-capacity of a Ÿ;d. rate on the capital value of the district. When a fixed rate, under the older system of rating, is security for a loan, the Controller and Auditor-General is given power to interfere and fix the new rate himself if of opinion that the new rate on the unimproved value does not afford equally as good security as the one to be given up.
The results, as shown by notifications in the New Zealand Gazette, of proposals to levy rates on the unimproved value of land are given in full.
| TABLE SHOWING THE RESULT OF POLLS TAKEN ON THE PROPOSAL TO RATE ON THE UNIMPROVED VALUE, TO 31ST MARCH, 1914. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Date of Poll. | Result of Poll. | Votes recorded. | ||
| For | Against. | Informal | |||
(a) Now part of Invercargill Borough. (b) Now Awatere County. (c) For rescission. (d) Now in Wairoa Borough. (e) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. Poll taken 6th June, 1904. For rescission, 176; against, 415; informal, 6. | |||||
| Akitio County | 16 Feb., 1905 | Carried | 112 | 32 | 3 |
| Alexandra Borough | 1 Dec., 1913 | Rejected | 47 | 153 | 1 |
| Ashburton Borough | 14 Jan., 1903 | Rejected | 102 | 199 | 4 |
| Auckland City | 7 Aug., 1901 | Rejected | 753 | 1,697 | |
| Avenal Borough (a) | 7 Dec., 1904 | Carried | 48 | 10 | 2 |
| Avondale Road District | 27 Jan., 1912 | Rejected | 89 | 136 | 4 |
| Awatere Road District(b) | 3 May., 1905 | Carried | 146 | 8 | |
| Awhitu Road District | 25 Jan., 1907 | Carried | 23 | 15 | 1 |
| Balclutha Borough | 7 July, 1902 | Carried | 60 | 33 | |
| Birkenhead Borough | 9 Feb., 1910 | Rejected | 193 | 248 | 3 |
| Birkenhead Borough | 30 April, 1913 | Carried | 354 | 141 | 20 |
| Blenheim Borough | 17 June, 1903 | Carried | 224 | 64 | |
| Buller County | 10 Sept., 1904 | Carried | 302 | 84 | 5 |
| Campbelltown Borough | 14 Sept., 1904 | Carried | 101 | 86 | 6 |
| Castlepoint County | 8 Nov., 1905 | Carried | 56 | 45 | |
| Castlepoint County (c) | Carried | 41 | 19 | ||
| Cheviot County | 6 Oct., 1898 | Carried | 165 | 41 | |
| Christchurch City | 30 June, 1902 | Carried | 596 | 512 | |
| Clyde Town District(d) | 22 Feb., 1907 | Carried | 68 | 12 | 1 |
| Collingwood County | 30 July, 1913 | Carried | 126 | 10 | |
| Dannevirke Borough | 27 Feb., 1907 | Carried | 308 | 94 | 13 |
| Devonport Borough (e) | 30 Oct., 1900 | Carried | 356 | 109 | |
| Eastbourne Borough | 8 Aug., 1906 | Carried | 78 | 24 | |
| Eketahuna Borough | 16 Sept., 1907 | Carried | 88 | 9 | |
| Eketahuna County | 1 Feb., 1900 | Carried | 149 | 21 | 1 |
| Featherston County | 15 Sept., 1911 | Rejected | 173 | 181 | 5 |
| Featherston Town District | 11 May, 1908 | Carried | 101 | 14 | 1 |
| — | Date of Poll. | Result of Poll. | Votes recorded. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For | Against. | Informal | |||
(a) Now Borough. (b) Now part of Auckland City. (c) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. Poll taken 3rd May, 1904. For rescission, 116; against, 148. (d) Proposal to rescind rejected. Poll taken 28th August, 1907. For rescission, 108; against, 161; informal, 5. (e) Now Heathcote County. (f) Proposal to rescind rejected. Poll taken 4th May, 1906. For rescission, 300; against, 462. (g) Proposal to rescind rejected. Poll taken 28th June, 1909. For rescission, 219; against, 373; informal 14. (h) Now part of Christchurch City. (i) Road district not now in existence. (j) Illegal, not in accordance with provisions of Rating Act. | |||||
| Feilding Borough | 16 April, 1901 | Carried | 268 | 56 | 1 |
| Foxton Borough | 20 June, 1902 | Rejected | 53 | 98 | 4 |
| Foxton Borough | Dec. 1907 | Carried | 104 | 36 | 3 |
| Frankton Town District(a) | 1 Feb., 1911 | Carried | 70 | 14 | 3 |
| Gisborne Borough | 2 Feb., 1911 | Carried | 474 | 279 | |
| Gonville Town District | 18 Feb., 1913 | Carried | 278 | 88 | 3 |
| Gore Borough | 7 July, 1901 | Carried | 122 | 67 | 5 |
| Grey Lynn Borough (b) | 20 Mar., 1901 | Carried | 140 | 71 | 2 |
| Greymouth Borough | 23 Feb., 1898 | Carried | 214 | 48 | 1 |
| Hamilton Borough(c) | 13 Feb., 1901 | Carried | 77 | 52 | |
| Hastings Borough | 14 July, 1902 | Rejected | 250 | 265 | 15 |
| Hastings Borough | 30 Aug., 1905 | Rejected | 314 | 374 | 21 |
| Hastings Borough | 11 Feb, 1909 | Carried | 323 | 246 | 6 |
| Hastings Borough | 14 Mar., 1913 | Carried | 207 | 61 | 1 |
| Havelock Town District | 21 Mar., 1914 | Carried | 40 | 10 | |
| Havelock North Town District | 2 Oct., 1913 | Rejected | 52 | 58 | |
| Hawera Borough (d) | 8 April, 1903 | Carried | 129 | 9 | 1 |
| Heathcote Road District(e) | 14 Mar., 1905 | Rejected | 135 | 403 | 14 |
| Hikurangi Town District | 10 Mar., 1913 | Carried | 58 | 10 | |
| Hobson County | 14 Feb., 1905 | Carried | 227 | 196 | 8 |
| Hokianga County | 11 Mar., 1899 | Carried | 109 | 25 | 6 |
| Hokitika Borough | 5 May, 1901 | Carried | 212 | 53 | 1 |
| Hokitika Borough | 22 Aug., 1912 | Carried | 185 | 74 | |
| Hanua Road District | 5 April, 1899 | Carried | 60 | 2 | |
| Inangahua County | 14 May, 1898 | Carried | 284 | 11 | 2 |
| Invercargill Borough (f) (g) | 5 June, 1901 | Carried | 386 | 174 | 4 |
| Johnsonville Town District | 20 Nov., 1913 | 61 | 22 | ||
| Kaiapoi Borough | 7 Sept., 1905 | Rejected | 83 | 251 | 16 |
| Kairanga County | 14 Jan., 1905 | Carried | 142 | 54 | 2 |
| Karori Borough | 4 April, 1898 | Carried | 93 | 3 | 1 |
| Kawhia County | 21 Nov., 1905 | Carried | 96 | 7 | |
| Leamington Town District | 18 Oct., 1911 | Rejected | 36 | 49 | 1 |
| Linwood Borough (h) | 30 May, 1901 | Carried | 276 | 38 | 2 |
| Lower Hutt Borough | 12 Oct., 1901 | Carried | 94 | 68 | 4 |
| Mackenzie Town District | 19 Feb., 1910 | Carried | 14 | 3 | |
| Manawatu Road District(i) | 6 Jan., 1900 | Carried | 105 | 10 | |
| Maori Hill Borough | 25 Jan., 1904 | Carried | 119 | 27 | |
| Maraetai Road District | 2 June, 1900 | Carried | 16 | ||
| Mareretu Road District(j) | 28 June, 1902 | Carried | 24 | ||
| Martinborough Town District | 11 Feb., 1914 | Carried | 119 | 107 | 7 |
| Marton Borough | 30 Oct., 1912 | Carried | 192 | 168 | 4 |
| Masterton Borough | 29 Aug., 1901 | Carried | 221 | 139 | 6 |
| Masterton County | 1 Sept., 1906 | Rejected | 243 | 245 | 3 |
| Matamata County | 13 Nov., 1909 | Rejected | 156 | 271 | 8 |
| Mataura Borough | 27 Mar., 1907 | Rejected | 17 | 58 | 1 |
| Mataura Borough | 5 April, 1912 | Carried | 115 | 95 | 5 |
| — | Date of Poll. | Result of Poll. | Votes recorded. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For | Against. | Informal | |||
a) Now part of Wellington City. (b) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. For proposal. 23; against, 38; informal, 3. (c) For rescission. (d) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. For proposal, 85; against, 124; informal, 2. Now part of Invercargill Borough. (e) Now part of Christchurch City. (f) Now Spreydon Borough. (g) Including Whangamomona County, since constituted. * New poll taken under Act of 1900. | |||||
| Mauku Road District | 2 July, 1904 | Rejected | 23 | 39 | 1 |
| Melrose Borough(a) | 3 Mar., 1898 | Carried | 236 | 40 | 6 |
| Miramar Borough | 30 Nov., 1905 | Carried | 117 | 45 | 1 |
| Mosgiel Borough | 27 Feb., 1902 | Rejected | 58 | 87 | 1 |
| Mosgiel Borough | 20 Feb., 1912 | Carried | 193 | 103 | |
| Napier Borough | 9 April, 1913 | Carried | 397 | 266 | 7 |
| Napier South Town District | 31 July, 1912 | Carried | 115 | 9 | 1 |
| New Brighton Borough | 27 Feb., 1908 | Carried | 133 | 76 | 2 |
| New Plymouth Borough | 16 Mar., 1905 | Rejected | 167 | 313 | 3 |
| Ngaruawahia Town District | 27 Feb., 1909 | Carried | 16 | 15 | |
| Normanby Town District(b) | 15 Nov., 1897 | Carried | 82 | 56 | 4 |
| Northcote Borough | 1 Nov., 1911 | Rejected | 92 | 191 | |
| North-east Valley Borough | 12 Jan., 1905 | Carried | 202 | 172 | |
| North-east Valley Borough (c) | 30 Mar., 1908 | Carried | 354 | 185 | |
| North Invercargill Borough (d) | 1 April, 1903 | Carried | 107 | 24 | 2 |
| Ohura County | 25 Feb., 1911 | Carried | 100 | 15 | |
| Onslow Borough | 20 Mar., 1901 | Carried | 140 | 8 | |
| Opotiki Borough | 3 Aug., 1912 | Carried | 62 | 37 | 10 |
| Opotiki County | 15 April, 1909 | Carried | 45 | 37 | 1 |
| Otahuhu Borough | 21 Mar., 1914 | Carried | 230 | 168 | |
| Otane Town District | 19 Mar., 1914 | Carried | 40 | 7 | 1 |
| Otautau Town District | 13 July, 1912 | Carried | 47 | 32 | 2 |
| Pahiatua Borough | 19 June, 1897 | Carried | 136 | 38 | 1 |
| Pahiatua County | 27 June, 1901 | Carried | 350 | 31 | 3 |
| Palmerston North Borough | 5 Mar., 1897 | Carried | 402 | 12 | 3 |
| Papakura Road District | 10 Mar., 1900 | Carried | 30 | 1 | |
| Pelorus Road District | 31 Mar., 1900 | Carried | 98 | 41 | |
| Petone Borough | 6 Nov., 1901 | Rejected | 100 | 134 | 4 |
| Petone Borough | 23 Mar., 1905 | Carried | 311 | 112 | |
| Piako County | 22 Aug., 1908 | Carried | 228 | 59 | |
| Picton Borough | Rejected | 27 | 73 | 1 | |
| Picton Borough | 30 July, 1903 | Carried | 47 | 38 | 9 |
| Raglan County | 23 Nov., 1901 | Carried | 116 | 85 | 2 |
| Rangiora Borough | 2 Mar., 1914 | Carried | 215 | 160 | |
| Riccarton Borough | 27 Feb., 1914 | Carried | 188 | 61 | 1 |
| Riverton Borough | 18 Mar., 1912 | Carried | 90 | 22 | 1 |
| St. Albans Borough(e) | 13 Feb., 1902 | Carried | 350 | 218 | 15 |
| St. Kilda Borough | 28 Nov., 1907 | Rejected | 152 | 223 | 1 |
| St. Kilda Borough | 12 Sept., 1912 | Carried | 420 | 248 | |
| South Invercargill Borough | 2 Feb., 1902 | Carried | 106 | 54 | 1 |
| Southland County | 1 Mar., 1902 | Carried | 919 | 574 | |
| Spreydon Road District(f) | 16 May, 1901 | Carried | 141 | 57 | 4 |
| Stratford Borough | 23 July, 1902 | Carried | 137 | 64 | 1 |
| Stratford County(g) | 29 June, 1901 | Carried | 399 | 23 | 2 |
| Sumner Borough | 21 Nov., 1901 | Carried | 91 | 19 | |
| Sydenham Borough(e) | 14 Mar., 1901 | Carried | 353 | 3 | |
| — | Date of Poll. | Result of Poll. | Votes recorded. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For | Against. | Informal | |||
(a) Road district not now in existence. (b) Including Woodville, Waipukurau, and Dannevirke Counties, since constituted. (c) Poll taken prior to coming into operation of section 2 of the Local Government Voting Reform Act, 1899; less than one-third of ratepayers voted, and proposal consequently rejected. The county has since been subdivided and absorbed in other counties. (d) Now part of Wanganui Borough. (e) New poll taken under Act of 1900. Proposal to rescind rejected; poll taken, 9th March, 1906. For proposal, 213; against, 228. Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected; poll taken, 3rd April, 1912. For rescission, 167; against, 310; informal, 8. | |||||
| Taihape Borough | 13 Nov., 1908 | Rejected | 30 | 68 | 1 |
| Takaka County | 2 Sept., 1905 | Carried | 136 | 40 | 5 |
| Taradale Town District | 10 Mar., 1913 | Rejected | 48 | 60 | |
| Taratahi-Carterton Road District(a) | 26 Aug., 1897 | Carried | 261 | 53 | |
| Tauranga County | 9 Feb., 1901 | Carried | 90 | 13 | 2 |
| Te Awamutu Town District | 23 Dec., 1913 | Rejected | 54 | 133 | 7 |
| Temuka Borough | 17 Jan., 1908 | Rejected | 118 | 176 | 5 |
| Thames County | 30 July, 1913 | Carried | 510 | 110 | |
| Timaru Borough | 10 Oct., 1900 | Rejected | 93 | 246 | 5 |
| Timaru Borough | 18 April, 1905 | Rejected | 372 | 440 | |
| Timaru Borough | 13 Mar., 1913 | Rejected | 673 | 742 | |
| Upper Hutt Town District | 12 Mar., 1913 | Carried | 75 | 3 | |
| Waikohu County | 4 Mar., 1912 | Carried | 167 | 7 | 3 |
| Waimarino County | 23 Sept., 1903 | Carried | 43 | 13 | |
| Waimate Borough | 2 Feb., 1901 | Carried | 235 | 61 | 14 |
| Waimate County | 1 Nov., 1900 | Carried | 368 | 162 | |
| Waipawa County(b) | 2 Feb., 1898 | Carried | 462 | 28 | 3 |
| Wairarapa North County(c) | 8 Nov., 1899 | Rejected | 331 | 68 | 10 |
| Wairarara South County | 23 Oct., 1902 | Carried | 187 | 8 | |
| Wairoa Porough | 21 Mar., 1910 | Carried | 79 | 21 | |
| Wanganui Borough | 17 Dec., 1903 | Rejected | 303 | 331 | 2 |
| Wanganui East Borough(d) | 20 May, 1909 | Rejected | 162 | 189 | |
| Warkworth Town District | 26 Oct., 1913 | Rejected | 52 | 72 | |
| Waverley Town District | 4 Mar., 1913 | Carried | 97 | 22 | 1 |
| Weber County | 19 Mar., 1909 | Carried | 78 | 10 | 1 |
| Wellington City | 11 Nov., 1901 | Carried | 1,261 | 591 | |
| West Harbour Borough | 18 April, 1904 | Carried | 62 | 30 | 2 |
| Westport Borough | 19 April, 1904 | Carried | 280 | 163 | 7 |
| Whangarei Borough | 27 Sept., 1905 | Rejected | 166 | 226 | 2 |
| Whangarei Borough | 6 Aug., 1913 | Carried | 327 | 228 | 9 |
| Winton Borough | 29 Nov., 1901 | Carried | 39 | 31 | 1 |
| Woodville Borough | 21 Mar., 1898 | Carried | 175 | 7 | 1 |
| Woolston Borough | 24 June, 1902 | Carried(e) | 252 | 190 | 7 |
A county having decided to levy rates on the unimproved value makes it compulsory for all interior Town and Road Boards, excepting certain town districts having a population of 500 or over, which under the Town Boards Amendment Act, 1908 (No. 2), do not form part of the county, to adopt the same system of rating. But in counties where the Counties Act is suspended, or where a general rate is not levied, the ratepayers of any Road or Town Board may take a poll on the question. It is also permissible for any Town Board within a county not rating on the unimproved value to adopt that system for the purpose of levying Town Board rates, the decision to do so having been carried by vote of the ratepayers.
The amount of general and special rates collected, the capital value of rateable property, and the system of rating in force by the various local authorities during the financial year ended 31st March, 1913, is shown in the following tables. The population and capital rateable value shown for each of the minor divisions of counties is already included in the parent district.
Rates collected by the Mokau, Wairoa, Napier, Wairau, and Oamaru Harbour Boards and the Gonville-Castlecliff Tramway Board cannot be allocated, as the rates are levied and collected over the districts as a whole, and no record is kept of the amounts received from each local district. A table showing the rates collected by the Boards mentioned, together with a list of the various local districts included in the respective districts, is given at the end of this section.
Although the capital value of all rateable property is shown, it must be pointed out that some of the North Island counties contain large areas of Native land upon which no rates are collected. Much of this land is rateable, but the difficulty of collecting the amount levied has hitherto been found insuperable. The figures, however, show the potentialities of the local authorities, assuming that this difficulty was removed.
| RATES COLLECTED IN COUNTIES, 1912–13.[System of rating: U. represents rating on the unimproved value, C. on the capital value, and A. on the annual value.] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Counties and their Subdivisions. | Population, Census 1911. | Amount collected during the Year for | Capital Value of all Rateable Properties. 31st March, 1913. | System of Rating, 1912–13. | |
| General Rates | Separate and Special Rates. | ||||
| £ | £ | £ | |||
| Mangonui | 3,105 | 1,710 | 346,316 | C. | |
| Whangaroa | 775 | 430 | 124,137 | C. | |
| Hokianga | 3,041 | 3,190 | 62 | 651,430 | U. |
| Bay of Islands | 3,147 | 3,119 | 820,124 | C. | |
| Whangarei | 7,161 | 5,685 | 1,062 | 1,268,198 | C. |
| Kamo Town District | 337 | 137 | 41,165 | C. | |
| Kaurihohore Road District | 162 | 85 | 28,881 | C. | |
| Maungakaramea Road District | 318 | 127 | 55,100 | C. | |
| Marua Road District | 257 | 165 | 43,440 | C. | |
| Otonga Road District | 288 | 122 | 34,850 | C. | |
| Parua Road District | 281 | 109 | 39,768 | C. | |
| Ruarangi Road District | 94 | 60 | 29,085 | C. | |
| Waikiekie Road District | 173 | 141 | 92,978 | C. | |
| Waipu Road District | 443 | 271 | 83,526 | C. | |
| Waipu North Road District | 368 | 132 | 40,521 | C. | |
| Whareora Road District | 174 | 53 | 25,080 | C. | |
| Waipu River District | 134 | C. | |||
| Hobson | 4,078 | 5,271 | 1,339 | 1,172,256 | U. |
| Otamatea | 3,548 | 3,734 | 796 | 910,029 | C. |
| Mangawai Road District | 303 | 90 | 53,237 | C. | |
| Mareretu Road District | 165 | 181 | 61,173 | C. | |
| Matakohe Road District | 502 | 137 | 94,945 | C. | |
| Raupo Land Drainage District | 523 | C. | |||
| Rodney | 3,560 | 2,396 | 1,270 | 962,687 | C. |
| Albertland North Road District | 58 | 29 | 15,167 | C. | |
| Albertland South Road District | 396 | 193 | 58,295 | C. | |
| Komokoriki Road District | 84 | 80 | 34,745 | C. | |
| Mahurangi East Road District | 138 | 40 | 25,717 | C. | |
| Matakana East Road District | 144 | 90 | 40,895 | C. | |
| Matakana West Road District | 219 | 184 | 51,445 | C. | |
| Puhoi Road District | 450 | 306 | 106,988 | C. | |
| Warkworth Road District | 342 | 191 | 65,041 | C. | |
| Wharehine Road District | 82 | 214 | 78,208 | C. | |
| Waitemata | 7,386 | 9,595 | 2,245 | 1,948,323 | C. |
| Kaukapakapa Road District | 515 | 202 | 149,730 | C. | |
| Pukeatua Road District | 488 | 217 | 55,467 | C. | |
| Eden | 21,927 | 6,909,424 | |||
| Arch Hill Road District | 2,120 | 738 | 1,104 | 205,390 | A. |
| Avondale Road District | 2,103 | 1,323 | 648 | 430,016 | C. |
| Eden Terrace Road District | 2,595 | 897 | 589 | 258,714 | C. |
| Epsom Road District | 2,699 | 1,979 | 544 | 1,088,314 | C. |
| Mount Roskill Road District | 1,113 | 638 | 680 | 741,002 | C. |
| Mount Wellington Road District | 419 | 741 | 280,700 | C. | |
| One-tree Hill Road District | 3,365 | 2,419 | 878 | 1,278,219 | C. |
| Orakei Road District | 34 | 11 | 80,455 | C. | |
| Panmure Township Road District | 255 | 80 | 24,846 | C. | |
| Point Chevalier Road District | 1,295 | 383 | 132 | 142,494 | C. |
| Remuera Road District | 5,284 | 4,771 | 6,087 | 2,037,400 | C. |
| Tamaki West Road District | 645 | 1,072 | 79 | 421,874 | C. |
| Waiatarua Land Drainage District | 67 | C. | |||
| Auckland and Suburban Drainage District | 761 | ||||
| Manukau Water-supply District | 3,122 | C. | |||
| Manukau | 5,342 | 2,116,524 | C. | ||
| Papakura Town District | 453 | 377 | 97,499 | C. | |
| Howick Township Road District | 319 | 155 | 40,830 | C. | |
| Mangere Road District | 897 | 1,147 | 124 | 556,445 | C. |
| Manurewa Road District | 423 | 470 | 118,571 | C. | |
| Maraetai Road District | 102 | 93 | 36,950 | U. | |
| Otahuhu Road District | 1,847 | 326 | 102 | 317,599 | C. |
| Pakuranga Road District | 278 | 290 | 164,250 | C. | |
| Papakura Road District | 607 | 518 | 68 | 156,865 | U. |
| Paparoa Road District | 204 | 120 | 5 | 80,620 | C. |
| Papatoitoi Road District | 386 | 488 | 174,727 | C. | |
| Tamaki East Road District | 580 | 649 | 311,690 | C. | |
| Turanga Road District | 247 | 171 | 133 | 82,725 | C. |
| Wairoa Road District | 846 | 1,166 | 295,352 | C. | |
| Franklin | 8,362 | 1,652 | 2,389,647 | C. | |
| Awhitu Road District | 390 | 214 | 52,541 | U. | |
| Drury Road District | 488 | 501 | 32 | 163,263 | C. |
| Karaka Road District | 396 | 344 | 161,414 | C. | |
| Mauku Road District | 631 | 367 | 183 | 185,565 | C. |
| Maungatawhiri Road District | 286 | 98 | 88,270 | C. | |
| Mereer Township Road District | 274 | 89 | 55,543 | C. | |
| Opaheke Road District | 337 | 218 | 52 | 117,350 | C. |
| Paparata Road District | 443 | 181 | 60 | 103,280 | C. |
| Pokeno Road District | 355 | 210 | 120,858 | C. | |
| Pollok Settlement Road District | 111 | 60 | 17,283 | C. | |
| Pukekohe East Road District | 1,199 | 632 | 276 | 252,285 | C. |
| Pukekohe West Road District | 1,024 | 559 | 210,707 | C. | |
| Waipipi Road District | 1,203 | 1 | 313,946 | C. | |
| Waiuku Road District | 747 | 784 | 275 | 283,919 | C. |
| Aka Aka Land Drainage District | 396 | 59 | C. | ||
| Otaua Land Drainage District | 228 | C. | |||
| Pukekohe Land Drainage District | 10 | 14 | C. | ||
| Coromandel | 2,732 | 1,223 | 136 | 372,345 | C. |
| Thames | 4,388 | 1,814 | 208 | 715,707 | C. |
| Ohinemuri | 6,044 | 1,831 | 283 | 1,085,195 | C. |
| Waikato | 5,291 | 2,611 | 2,553,245 | C. | |
| Cambridge Road District | 835 | 1,038 | 475,475 | C. | |
| Huntly Road District | 813 | 339 | 156 | 203,706 | C. |
| Kirikiriroa Road District | 2,399 | 4,035 | 1,223,173 | C. | |
| Tamahere Road District | 444 | 680 | 327,568 | C. | |
| Whangamarino Road District | 800 | 401 | 882 | 320,323 | C. |
| Waikato River District | 26 | C. | |||
| Eureka Land Drainage District | 167 | 19 | C. | ||
| Fencourt Land Drainage District | 112 | C. | |||
| Hautapu Land Drainage District | 240 | 228 | C. | ||
| Hautapu South Land Drainage District | 28 | C. | |||
| Hillside Land Drainage District | 195 | C. | |||
| Kirikiriroa Land Drainage District | 28 | C. | |||
| Woodlands Land Drainage District | 95 | 73 | C. | ||
| Waipa | 5,858 | 4,298 | 1,250 | 3,197,487 | C. |
| Kihikihi Town District | 259 | 77 | 37 | 33,795 | C. |
| Leamington Town District | 378 | 174 | 23 | 92,235 | C. |
| Ngaruawahia Town District | 478 | 255 | 100,348 | C. | |
| Te Awamutu Town District | 645 | 471 | 236,628 | C. | |
| Newcastle Road District | 763 | 570 | 8 | 418,770 | C. |
| Pukekura Road District | 1,134 | 759 | 662,940 | C. | |
| Rangiaohia Road District | 556 | 491 | 467,400 | C. | |
| Tuhikaramea Road District | 207 | 258 | 246,875 | C. | |
| Frankton Land Drainage District | 88 | C. | |||
| Mangahoe Land Drainage District | 19 | C. | |||
| Ngaroto Land Drainage District | 25 | 24 | C. | ||
| Ohaupo Land Drainage District | 119 | C. | |||
| Rotomanuka Land Drainage District | 2 | C. | |||
| Te Rapa Land Drainage District | 155 | C. | |||
| Raglan | 2,907 | 4,783 | 1,594 | 1,713,381 | U. |
| Raglan Town District | 246 | 117 | 26,522 | C. | |
| Awakino | 605 | 600,962 | |||
| Waitomo | 3,595 | 2,931 | 33 | 2,034,524 | C. |
| Kawa Land Drainage District | 15 | C. | |||
| Ohura | 1,436 | 836 | 887,650 | U. | |
| Kawhia | 875 | 996 | 21 | 516,553 | U. |
| Kawhia Town District | 157 | 48 | 27,388 | U. | |
| Matamata | 2,946 | 4,685 | 777 | 1,157,205 | C. |
| West Taupo | 974 | 270,383 | |||
| East Taupo | 528 | 297,208 | |||
| Rotorua | 1,154 | 489,251 | |||
| Piako | 3,200 | 4,854 | 27 | 1,432,074 | U. |
| Morrinsville Town District | 565 | 298 | 138 | 183,835 | U. |
| Hungahunga Land Drainage District | 287 | 239 | C. | ||
| Tauhei Land Drainage District | 97 | 121 | C. | ||
| Waikehau Land Drainage District | 10 | 26 | C. | ||
| Waitoa Land Drainage District | 96 | C. | |||
| Tauranga | 2,932 | 3,573 | 790 | 1,172,668 | U. |
| Kati Kati Road District | 383 | 33 | 99,152 | U. | |
| Te Puke Road District | 930 | 60 | 279,500 | U. | |
| Judea Land Drainage District | 20 | U. | |||
| Te Puke Land Drainage District | 11 | U. | |||
| Tumu - Kaituna Land Drainage District | 21 | 40 | U. | ||
| Whakatane | 1,700 | 1,887 | 1,131 | 522,160 | C. |
| Opotiki | 1,483 | 2,314 | 1,102,590 | U. | |
| Waiapu | 1,734 | 8,729 | 231 | 2,467,237 | C. |
| Cook | 6,420 | 27,148 | 2,983 | 5,184,773 | C. |
| Aroha Road District | 48 | 18 | 181,126 | C. | |
| Ormond Road District | 437 | 138,433 | C. | ||
| Patutahi Road District | 648 | 386,994 | C. | ||
| Taruheru Road District | 671 | 228,473 | C. | ||
| Titirangi Road District | 132 | 27 | 74,997 | C. | |
| Waikohu | 2,963 | 11,120 | 1,869 | 2,504,915 | U. |
| Clifton | 2,198 | 5,581 | 477 | 965,718 | C. |
| Taranaki | 6,311 | 8,380 | 2,522 | 2,000,347 | C. |
| Moa Road District | 2,915 | 2,135 | 1,598 | 795,506 | C. |
| Okato Road District | 406 | 153 | 282 | 146,848 | C. |
| Tataraimaka Road District | 150 | 66 | 74 | 71,577 | C. |
| Waitara West Road District | 833 | 446 | 131 | 329,568 | C. |
| Werekino Road District | 83 | 112 | 84 | 56,128 | C. |
| Egmont | 3,264 | 7,442 | 1,365,890 | C. | |
| Opunake Town District | 488 | 91 | 65,291 | C. | |
| Parihaka Road District | 1,872 | 1,612 | 1,257 | 867,567 | C. |
| Waimate West | 1,821 | 5,658 | 1,358 | 1,411,123 | C. |
| Hawera | 3,659 | 14,588 | 2,514,358 | C. | |
| Normanby Town District | 441 | 206 | 39,212 | U. | |
| Eltham | 3,339 | 7,203 | 257 | 1,506,994 | C. |
| Kaponga Town District | 384 | 393 | 180 | 48,738 | C. |
| Eltham Land Drainage District | 48 | 190 | C. | ||
| Patea | 2,939 | 4,410 | 1,294 | 2,181,609 | C. |
| Kohi Road District | 184 | 117,681 | C. | ||
| Motoroa Road District | 35 | 13 | 64,628 | C. | |
| Okotuku Road District | 156 | 39 | 125,493 | C. | |
| Wairoa Road District | 124 | 33 | 146,855 | C. | |
| Waitotara-Momohaki Road District | 476 | 502 | 136 | 249,589 | C. |
| Whenuakura - Waitotara Road District | 363 | 308,920 | C. | ||
| Stratford | 5,226 | 10,540 | 6,534 | 2,040,577 | U. |
| Whangamomona | 1,615 | 1,730 | 492 | 481,945 | C. |
| Waitotara | 2,213 | 5,346 | 117 | 1,546,616 | C. |
| Waimarino | 3,408 | 2,203 | 447 | 1,304,931 | U. |
| Raetini Town District | 399 | 63,089 | |||
| Kaitieke | 1,966 | 1,454 | 657,398 | C. | |
| Manunui Town District | 515 | 43 | 45,138 | ||
| Wanganui | 3,549 | 5,813 | 405 | 2,358,169 | C. |
| Kaukatea Road District | 245 | 308 | 111,467 | C. | |
| Mangawhero Road District | 588 | 209 | 663,110 | C. | |
| Mataongaonga Road District | 98 | 209 | 49,849 | C. | |
| Wangaehu Upper Road District | 1,153 | 1,125 | 725 | 510,599 | C. |
| Rangitikei | 7,371 | 13,608 | 3,112 | 4,523,882 | C. |
| Lethbridge Town District | 263 | 97 | 35,113 | A. | |
| Kiwitea | 2,781 | 5,940 | 2,273 | 1,981,164 | C. |
| Pohangina | 1,797 | 3,449 | 2,235 | 1,184,430 | C. |
| Kairanga | 3,877 | 6,248 | 1,588 | 2,934,678 | U. |
| Mangaone River District | 87 | U. | |||
| Aorangi Land Drainage District | 205 | 284 | C. | ||
| Makerua Land Drainage District | 31 | 605 | C. | ||
| Manawatu Land Drainage District | 1,940 | 308 | U. | ||
| Oroua | 3,588 | 4,855 | 1,996,812 | C. | |
| Manawatu | 4,461 | 7,150 | 1,394 | 2,355,074 | C. |
| Rongotea Town District | 313 | 250 | 45 | 40,154 | C. |
| Moutoa Land Drainage District | 323 | 218 | C. | ||
| Oroua Land Drainage District | 490 | 4 | C. | ||
| Sluggish River Land Drainage District | 749 | 158 | C. | ||
| Horowhenua | 6,064 | 7,668 | 3,260 | 3,411,156 | C. |
| Otaki Road District | 1,579 | 657 | 64 | 486,699 | C. |
| Wairoa | 1,876 | 10,618 | 494 | 2,898,587 | C. |
| Hawke's Bay | 9,220 | 21,389 | 1,383 | 7,706,786 | C. |
| Napier South Town District | 1,666 | 967 | 181,562 | U. | |
| Havelock North Town District | 501 | 133 | 161,694 | C. | |
| Hawke's Bay River District | 2,460 | 308 | C. | ||
| Waipawa | 3,041 | 6,688 | 817 | 2,180,363 | U. |
| Waipawa River District | 135 | C. | |||
| Dannevirke | 4,683 | 5,902 | 951 | 1,999,415 | U. |
| Norsewood Town District | 210 | 23 | 16,450 | U. | |
| Ormondville Town District | 360 | 72 | 39,531 | U. | |
| Waipukurau | 538 | 1,473 | 473,515 | U. | |
| Woodville | 1,880 | 2,557 | 508 | 1,052,241 | U. |
| Patangata | 1,936 | 7,093 | 1,214 | 3,356,419 | C. |
| Otane Town District | 260 | 232 | 56,495 | A. | |
| Mangatarata Road District | 26 | 480 | 20,641 | C. | |
| Oero Road District | 312 | 1,782 | 569,395 | C. | |
| Patangata Road District | 258 | 164 | 318,980 | C. | |
| Porangahau Road District | 429 | 785 | 634,448 | C. | |
| Purimu Road District | 56 | 251 | 145,345 | C. | |
| Tamumu Road District | 282 | 505 | 723,109 | C. | |
| Wallingford Road District | 179 | 968 | 453,661 | C. | |
| Wanstead Road District | 134 | 373 | 224,345 | C. | |
| Weber | 526 | 2,610 | 479,667 | U. | |
| Pahiatua | 3,398 | 5,741 | 2,337 | 1,682,648 | U. |
| Akitio | 1,421 | 5,204 | 1,022 | 743,655 | U. |
| Castlepoint | 620 | 2,690 | 355 | 836,958 | C. |
| Eketahuna | 1,914 | 2,186 | 1,313 | 693,815 | U. |
| Mauriceville | 950 | 1,288 | 360 | 419,958 | C. |
| Masterton | 4,020 | 7,945 | 3,916 | 3,316,250 | C. |
| Wairarapa South | 2,745 | 4,463 | 1,327 | 2,140,896 | U. |
| Featherston | 2,591 | 7,472 | 1,497 | 3,225,285 | C. |
| Ahihouka River District | 63 | C. | |||
| Waiohine River District | 95 | C. | |||
| Hutt | 4,139 | 5,725 | 201 | 1,797,113 | C. |
| Hutt River District | 456 | 1,659 | C. | ||
| Makara | 2,703 | 2,031 | 794,968 | C. | |
| Chatham Islands | 234 | 92,446 | |||
| Sounds | 1,181 | 566,958 | |||
| Marlborough | 6,521 | 3,066,333 | |||
| Havelock Town District | 301 | 140 | 47 | 27,325 | C. |
| Omaka Road District | 1,943 | 1,637 | 799,514 | C. | |
| Pelorus Road District | 1,642 | 1,155 | 468,869 | U. | |
| Picton Road District | 851 | 872 | 318,815 | C. | |
| Spring Creek Road District | 845 | 702 | 387,828 | C. | |
| Wairau Road District | 939 | 1,584 | 18 | 1,063,982 | C. |
| Pukaka River District | 213 | C. | |||
| Spring Creek River District | 401 | C. | |||
| Wairau Lower River District | 2,790 | C. | |||
| Awatere | 1,535 | 3,352 | 54 | 1,593,188 | U. |
| Kaikoura | 1,926 | 4,163 | 112 | 1,197,700 | C. |
| Kaikoura River District | 357 | C. | |||
| Collingwood | 1,206 | 1,224 | 248 | 201,956 | C. |
| Takaka | 1,820 | 996 | 429 | 365,856 | U. |
| Waimea | 8,626 | 10,597 | 191 | 1,953,145 | C. |
| Dovedale Road District | 252 | 65 | 59,823 | C. | |
| Moutere Upper Road District | 443 | 66,673 | C. | ||
| Riwaka Road District | 945 | 168,171 | C. | ||
| Stoke Road District | 1,493 | 409,563 | C. | ||
| Suburban North Road District | 586 | 189,705 | C. | ||
| Waimes West Road District | 321 | 103,776 | C. | ||
| Buller | 6,682 | 5,614 | 213 | 1,010,046 | U. |
| Inangahua | 4,503 | 5,392 | 667 | 374,764 | U. |
| Murchison | 1,014 | 1,153 | 80 | 252,027 | U. |
| Grey | 7,202 | 4,450 | 547,533 | C. | |
| Westland | 4,274 | 2,888 | 421,238 | C. | |
| Amuri | 1,695 | 4,039 | 369 | 1,944,308 | C. |
| Waiau Township River District | 67 | C. | |||
| Cheviot | 1,383 | 3,034 | 51 | 1,459,969 | U. |
| Mackenzie Town District | 191 | 69 | 4 | 28,444 | U. |
| Waipara | 1,966 | 6,518 | 2,499,239 | C. | |
| Ashley | 710 | 1,795 | 242 | 576,672 | C. |
| Sefton - Ashley Land Drainage District | 426 | C. | |||
| Kowai | 2,080 | 2,405 | 144 | 903,118 | C. |
| Amberley Town District | 346 | 102 | 34,813 | C. | |
| Eyre | 1,872 | 115 | 1,834 | 824,444 | C. |
| Oxford | 1,867 | 1,618 | 645 | 823,860 | C. |
| Rangiora | 2,888 | 2,889 | 1,259,520 | C. | |
| Mandeville-Rangiora River District | 575 | C. | |||
| Waimairi | 10,693 | 10,230 | 3,887 | 2,500,286 | C. |
| South Waimakariri River District | 31 | C. | |||
| Christchurch Drainage District | 2,865 | 9 | C. | ||
| Tawera | 1,241 | 467 | 330,524 | C. | |
| Malvern | 3,458 | 1,867 | 96 | 1,562,085 | C. |
| Paparua | 4,092 | 2,373 | 1,393 | 1,612,959 | C. |
| Heathcote | 4,154 | 3,876 | 1,506 | 1,019,109 | C. |
| Christchurch Drainage District | 1,318 | C. | |||
| Halswell | 1,898 | 1,954 | 682,080 | C. | |
| Ellesmere Land Drainage District | 977 | C. | |||
| Springs | 1,891 | 1,677 | 1,003,504 | C. | |
| Ellesmere | 3,773 | 4,223 | 2,194,934 | C. | |
| Southbridge Town District | 418 | 162 | 32,297 | C. | |
| Selwyn | 1,267 | 2,240 | 1,146,678 | C. | |
| Akaroa | 2,251 | 1,616 | 174 | 1,501,572 | C. |
| Akaroa and Wainui Road District | 1,273 | 1,663 | 702,861 | C. | |
| Le Bons Bay Road District | 237 | 402 | 71 | 199,926 | C. |
| Okains Bay Road District | 521 | 786 | 284,645 | C. | |
| Pigeon Bay Road District | 220 | 634 | 314,140 | C. | |
| Wairewa | 894 | 2,603 | 869,612 | C. | |
| Mount Herbert | 464 | 887 | 382,105 | C. | |
| Ashburton | 10,284 | 7,193 | 688 | 7,550,189 | C. |
| Anama Road District | 468 | 776 | 454,408 | C. | |
| Ashburton Upper Road District | 2,239 | 1,539 | 1,381,706 | C. | |
| Coldstream Road District | 456 | 576 | 304,325 | C. | |
| Longbeach Road District | 1,044 | 1,032 | 796,749 | C. | |
| Mount Hutt Road District | 1,716 | 1,345 | 1,318,854 | C. | |
| Mount Somers Road District | 840 | 740 | 58 | 357,988 | C. |
| Rangitata Road District | 713 | 612 | 544,367 | C. | |
| South Rakaia Road District | 1,646 | 1,466 | 1,502,129 | C. | |
| Wakanui Road District | 1,162 | 872 | 829,663 | C. | |
| Wakanui River District | 48 | C. | |||
| Geraldine | 5,165 | 2,514 | 942 | 2,881,532 | C. |
| Geraldine Road District | 2,500 | 2,000 | 1,121,380 | C. | |
| Mount Peel Road District | 271 | 392 | 328,449 | C. | |
| Temuka Road District | 2,394 | 1,818 | 1,431,703 | C. | |
| Orari Upper River District | 64 | C. | |||
| Rangitata Island River District | 37 | 54 | C. | ||
| Timaru Harbour District | 1,919 | ||||
| Levels | 4,826 | 7,607 | 417 | 2,252,537 | C. |
| Timaru Harbour District | 1,758 | ||||
| Mackenzie | 2,647 | 4,561 | 240 | 2,035,070 | C. |
| Timaru Harbour District | 1,308 | ||||
| Waimate | 6,730 | 8,086 | 2,682 | 4,808,855 | U. |
| Wainono Land Drainage District | 91 | 304 | U. | ||
| Timaru Harbour District | 2,046 | ||||
| Waitaki | 9,733 | 9,669 | 277 | 3,842,370 | C. |
| Waihemo | 1,647 | 2,341 | 563,837 | C. | |
| Waikouaiti | 4,318 | 2,258 | 767,786 | C. | |
| Peninsula | 1,895 | 492,989 | |||
| Otago Heads Road District | 135 | 238 | 65,327 | C. | |
| Peninsula Road District | 643 | 480 | 154,865 | C. | |
| Portobello Road District | 998 | 977 | 234,250 | C. | |
| Tomahawk Road District | 119 | 118 | 38,547 | C. | |
| Taieri | 6,202 | 6,783 | 720 | 1,626,246 | C. |
| Outram Town District | 429 | 92 | 65 | 45,127 | C. |
| Western Taieri Land Drainage District | 646 | 2,144 | C. | ||
| Bruce | 4,835 | 6,398 | 1,140 | 1,308,953 | C. |
| Balmoral Road District | 763 | 292,755 | C. | ||
| Inch-Clutha Road District | 312 | 85,255 | C. | ||
| Mount Stuart Road District | 421 | 156 | 143,933 | C. | |
| Clutha | 7,266 | 6,983 | 1,733 | 2,025,868 | C. |
| Clinton Town District | 451 | 136 | 26,849 | A. | |
| Tuapeka | 5,732 | 7,606 | 1,816,966 | C. | |
| Maniototo | 2,812 | 2,552 | 897,983 | C. | |
| Vincent | 3,734 | 3,729 | 135 | 604,484 | C. |
| Lake | 1,958 | 2,147 | 269 | 354,446 | C. |
| Southland | 25,797 | 37,533 | 884 | 9,569,693 | U. |
| Benmore-Limehills River District | 30 | 54 | U. | ||
| Dipton River District | 22 | U. | |||
| Dipton Uppper River District | 33 | U. | |||
| Lochiel River District | 103 | U. | |||
| Makarewa-Hedgehope River District | 178 | U. | |||
| Winton River District | 114 | U. | |||
| Winton Upper River District | 27 | U. | |||
| Winton West River District | 59 | U. | |||
| Pyramid Block Land Drainage District | 53 | 27 | U. | ||
| Waimumu Stream Land Drainage District | 4 | U. | |||
| Wallace | 8,678 | 11,375 | 1,303 | 2,697,971 | C. |
| Otautau River District | 219 | C. | |||
| Fiord | 42 | 16,022 | |||
| Stewart Island | 325 | 120 | 38,256 | C. | |
| Totals | 689,180 | 116,626 | |||
| RATES COLLECTED IN BOROUGHS, 1912–13.[System of rating: U. represents rating on the unimproved value, C. on the capital value and A. on the annual value.] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borough. | Estimated Population, 31st March, 1913. | Number of Rate-payers. | Amount collected during the Year for | Capital Value of all Rateable Properties, 31st March, 1913. | System of Rating, 1912–13. | |
| General Rates. | Separates and Special Rates. | |||||
* Included in Auckland City. * Included in Dunedin City. | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | ||||
| Whangarei | 2,790 | 675 | 3,252 | 870 | 577,769 | C. |
| Dargaville | 1,352 | 426 | 1,156 | 215,633 | C. | |
| Northcote | 1,537 | 380 | 809 | 698 | 309,283 | A. |
| Birkenhead | 2,073 | 501 | 1,516 | 506 | 295,686 | A. |
| Devonport | 7,501 | 1,606 | 4,426 | 7,724 | 1,182,868 | U. |
| Auckland | 47,783 | 8,030 | 37,721 | 75,194 | 15,391,134 | A. |
| Auckland and Suburban Drainage District | 3,545 | |||||
| Grey Lynn | 8,491 | 2,120 | 3,587 | 4,098 | 1,135,658 | U. |
| Auckland and Suburban Drainage District | 266 | |||||
| Newmarket | 3,127 | 606 | 2,635 | 1,912 | 424,538 | A. |
| Auckland and Suburban Drainage District | 103 | |||||
| Parneil | * | 4,287 | 4,484 | * | ||
| Auckland and Suburban Drainage District | 119 | |||||
| Mount Eden | 10,078 | 2,462 | 4,451 | 3,166 | 1,761,279 | A. |
| Auckland and Suburban Drainage District | 402 | |||||
| Mount Albert | 7,878 | 2,050 | 2,836 | 3,464 | 1,132,278 | C. |
| Auckland and Suburban Drainage District | 267 | |||||
| Onehunga | 4,872 | 1,088 | 1,878 | 2,026 | 756,204 | A. |
| Otahuhu | 1,934 | 415 | 1,083 | 1,330 | 317,599 | C. |
| Pukekohe | 1,290 | 289 | 1,127 | 662 | 361,735 | C. |
| Thames | 3,712 | 684 | 1,806 | 1,133 | 234,121 | A. |
| Te Aroha | 1,359 | 267 | 749 | 373 | 73,463 | A. |
| Waihi | 6,740 | 1,390 | 847 | 1,006 | 395,695 | A. |
| Hamilton | 3,710 | 1,000 | 2,665 | 2,092 | 898,779 | U. |
| Cambridge | 1,532 | 389 | 1,579 | 1,109 | 193,355 | A. |
| Te Kuiti | 1,326 | 400 | 905 | 945 | 324,329 | C. |
| Taumarunui | 1,181 | 270 | 245 | 966 | 125,397 | U. |
| Tauranga | 1,410 | 450 | 1,250 | 51 | 250,508 | A. |
| Opotiki | 980 | 291 | 877 | 231,999 | U. | |
| Gisborne | 9,317 | 1,600 | 12,200 | 12,000 | 2,203,389 | U. |
| Waitara | 1,520 | 406 | 941 | 1,003 | 103,520 | C. |
| New Plymouth | 7,575 | 1,670 | 4,368 | 7,838 | 1,253,977 | A. |
| Inglewood | 1,332 | 300 | 901 | 1,613 | 148,248 | C. |
| Stratford | 2,763 | 741 | 2,582 | 1,752 | 480,123 | U. |
| Hawera | 2,811 | 604 | 3,647 | 1,991 | 588,123 | U. |
| Eltham | 1,818 | 409 | 1,985 | 1,615 | 299,376 | C. |
| Patea | 961 | 321 | 681 | 39 | 56,583 | A. |
| Wanganui | 13,380 | 12,845 | 5,471 | 2,811,941 | A. | |
| Wanganui East | 1,184 | 208 | ||||
| Marton | 1,505 | 350 | 1,374 | 1,239 | 290,191 | U. |
| Taihape | 1,651 | 320 | 698 | 2,583 | 201,148 | C. |
| Ohakunc | 1,161 | 300 | 268 | 108 | 76,172 | U. |
| Feilding | 3,310 | 850 | 3,187 | 3,133 | 843,278 | U. |
| Palmerston North | 11,709 | 1,827 | 9,723 | 8,992 | 2,099,375 | U. |
| Foxton | 1,714 | 395 | 1,281 | 574 | 213,309 | U. |
| Levin | 1,683 | 498 | 1,586 | 880 | 273,774 | C. |
| Wairoa | 1,148 | 460 | 1,371 | 1,101 | 242,524 | U. |
| Hastings | 6,583 | 1,530 | 5,928 | 1,151 | 1,561,973 | U. |
| Napier | 10,910 | 1,520 | 12,594 | 7,871 | 1,673,497 | A. |
| Waipawa | 1,133 | 240 | 715 | 1,720 | 206,738 | U. |
| Dannevirke | 3,527 | 750 | 2,893 | 3,601 | 705,122 | U. |
| Waipukurau | 1,092 | 266 | 368 | 222 | 189,049 | U. |
| Woodville | 1,219 | 460 | 640 | 1,007 | 135,602 | U. |
| Eketahuna | 844 | 254 | 793 | 581 | 139,335 | U. |
| Pahiatua | 1,421 | 380 | 1,095 | 1,354 | 216,215 | U. |
| Masterton | 5,585 | 1,966 | 5,079 | 4,519 | 1,120,046 | U. |
| Carterton | 1,618 | 665 | 1,063 | 1,206 | 260,077 | C. |
| Greytown | 1,090 | 240 | 674 | 504 | 185,556 | A. |
| Lower Hutt | 4,440 | 1,182 | 8,496 | 4,955 | 1,367,765 | U. |
| Petone | 7,010 | 1,035 | 7,051 | 2,755 | 1,231,402 | U. |
| Onslow | 1,969 | 700 | 1,774 | 1,646 | 528,254 | U. |
| Wellington | 66,338 | 8,250 | 86,247 | 66,806 | 18,754,349 | U. |
| Karori | 1,534 | 782 | 3,122 | 5,115 | 473,227 | U. |
| Eastbourne | 601 | 348 | 573 | 426 | 180,939 | U. |
| Miramar | 1,739 | 665 | 4,377 | 4,075 | 769,382 | U. |
| Picton | 1,424 | 396 | 1,176 | 276 | 253,393 | U. |
| Blenheim | 4,048 | 954 | 3,570 | 945 | 696,531 | U. |
| Nelson | 8,465 | 1,596 | 7,754 | 6,926 | 1,084,403 | A. |
| Richmond | 735 | 180 | 419 | 268 | 130,262 | C. |
| Motueka | 1,286 | 236 | 573 | 52 | 174,690 | C. |
| Westport | 4,952 | 1,400 | 2,910 | 2,252 | 619,547 | U. |
| Greymouth | 5,560 | 963 | 4,075 | 4,377 | 701,082 | U. |
| Runanga | 1,638 | 276 | 238 | .. | 43,656 | C. |
| Brunner | 1,054 | 207 | 216 | 288 | 20,461 | A. |
| Kumara | 820 | 240 | 95 | 95 | 24,009 | A. |
| Hokitika | 2,368 | 600 | 981 | 1,703 | 200,369 | U. |
| Ross | 672 | 161 | 173 | 178 | 18,777 | C. |
| Rangiora | 1,920 | 420 | 1,173 | 119 | 236,664 | C. |
| Kaiapoi | 1,908 | 393 | 864 | 171,461 | A. | |
| Christchurch | 55,098 | 10,292 | 53,103 | 32,618 | 10,821,206 | U. |
| Waimaka iri South River District | 42 | |||||
| Christchurch Drainage District | 33,402 | 4,080 | ||||
| Woolston | 3,699 | 900 | 1,992 | 2,179 | 442,761 | U. |
| Christchurch Drainage District | 363 | |||||
| Spreydon | 3,560 | 1,473 | 1,752 | 869 | 489,838 | U. |
| Christchurch Drainage District | 205 | |||||
| Riccarton | 3,027 | 896 | 472,119 | C. | ||
| New Brighton | 1,990 | 1,221 | 1,400 | 612 | 329,249 | U. |
| Christchurch Drainage District | 71 | |||||
| Sumner | 1,987 | 2,261 | 1,998 | 473,000 | U. | |
| Lyttelton | 4,151 | 629 | 2,807 | 327,852 | A. | |
| Akaroa | 650 | 133 | 581 | 94,481 | C. | |
| Ashburton | 2,797 | 640 | 2,948 | 1,461 | 430,308 | A. |
| Temuka | 1,823 | 448 | 1,004 | 520 | 194,421 | C. |
| Timaru Harbour District | 141 | |||||
| Geraldine | 989 | 381 | 494 | 413 | 116,969 | C. |
| Timaru Harbour District | 79 | |||||
| Timaru | 12,048 | 2,530 | 6,998 | 15,070 | 2,065,600 | A. |
| Timaru Harbour District | 1,751 | |||||
| Waimate | 1,845 | 460 | 1,008 | 815 | 258,216 | U. |
| Timaru Harbour District | 190 | |||||
| Oamaru | 5,405 | 1,001 | 2,974 | 2,951 | 734,040 | A. |
| Hampden | 361 | 102 | 50 | 22,744 | C. | |
| Palmerston | 828 | 245 | 426 | 73 | 74,878 | C. |
| Waikouaiti | 720 | 200 | 488 | 65,606 | C. | |
| Port Chalmers | 2,199 | 409 | 977 | 1,293 | 231,945 | A. |
| West Harbour | 2,119 | 499 | 699 | 862 | 188,640 | U. |
| Dunedin | 48,988 | 7,906 | 31,059 | 39,683 | 8,710,046 | A. |
| Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District | 22,273 | |||||
| Maori Hill | 2,278 | 590 | 1,339 | 275 | 338,842 | U. |
| Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District | 571 | |||||
| Roslyn | * | 2,023 | 1,200 | * | ||
| Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District | 1,412 | |||||
| Mornington | 4,917 | 1,275 | 2,527 | 2,474 | 557,694 | A. |
| Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District | 1,000 | |||||
| St. Kilda | 4,486 | 1,325 | 1,583 | 2,851 | 759,935 | U. |
| Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District | | | 1,040 | ||||
| Green Island | 1,991 | 480 | 1,212 | 413 | 207,647 | A. |
| Mosgiel | 1,671 | 380 | 833 | 1,012 | 230,620 | U. |
| Milton | 1,410 | 345 | 1,071 | 163,360 | A. | |
| Kaitangata | 1,640 | 322 | 487 | 146 | 95,795 | A. |
| Balclutha | 1,320 | 314 | 726 | 586 | 192,653 | U. |
| Lawrence | 953 | 228 | 785 | 363 | 93,668 | A. |
| Roxburgh | 461 | 99 | 199 | 32,565 | A. | |
| Tapanui | 347 | 80 | 196 | 28,550 | A. | |
| Naseby | 324 | 103 | 51 | 135 | 13,951 | A. |
| Cromwell | 614 | 180 | 461 | 240 | 38,610 | A. |
| Alexandra | 807 | 190 | 454 | 438 | 47,261 | A. |
| Arrowtown | 424 | 105 | 167 | 37 | 14,994 | A. |
| Queenstown | 728 | 240 | 223 | 480 | 51,801 | A. |
| Gore | 3,412 | 860 | 3,019 | 1,622 | 545,052 | U. |
| Mataura | 1,255 | 302 | 667 | 704 | 192,338 | A. |
| Winton | 590 | 149 | 307 | 72,666 | U. | |
| Invercargill | 13,590 | 3,900 | 10,135 | 10,028 | 2,696,555 | U. |
| Invercargill South | 1,549 | 589 | 503 | 482 | 141,655 | U. |
| Campbelltown | 1,865 | 500 | 1,251 | 328 | 252,961 | U. |
| Riverton | 979 | 270 | 361 | 33 | 110,447 | A. |
| Totals | 521,051 | 422,296 | ||||
| RATES COLLECTED BY TOWN BOARDS WITH INDEPENDENT POWERS OF ADMINISTRATION, 1912–13.[System of rating: U. represents rating on the unimproved value, C. on the capital value, and A. on the annual value.] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Town Districts. | Estimated Population 31st March, 1913. | Number of Rate-payers. | Amount collected during the Year for | Capital Value of all Rateable Propertie-31st March, 1913. | System of Rating 1912–13. | |
| General Rates. | Separates and Special Rates. | |||||
* Now included in New Plymouth Borough. | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | ||||
| Hikurangi | 725 | 128 | 268 | 197 | 70,455 | C. |
| Warkworth | 721 | 149 | 467 | 104 | 76,882 | C. |
| Helensville | 701 | 180 | 295 | 45 | 88,365 | A. |
| New Lynn | 619 | 210 | 727 | 6 | 130,445 | C. |
| Ellerslie | 991 | 290 | 1,083 | 208,623 | C. | |
| Huntly | 1,381 | 184 | 452 | 313 | 157,850 | C. |
| Frankton | 1,166 | 380 | 1,247 | 369 | 339,964 | C. |
| Rotorua | 2,503 | 422 | 382 | 489,967 | C. | |
| St. Aubyn | * | 202 | 261 | 33 | * | |
| Manaia | 562 | 170 | 376 | 265 | 64,727 | C. |
| Gonville | 1,630 | 977 | 1,401 | 694 | 378,503 | U. |
| Castlecliff | 648 | 406 | 296 | 112,972 | C. | |
| Waverley | 655 | 145 | 529 | 85,850 | C. | |
| Hunterville | 688 | 191 | 464 | 754 | 72,911 | C. |
| Mangaweka | 517 | 125 | 195 | 116 | 44,338 | C. |
| Bull's | 543 | 133 | 192 | 82 | 50,721 | A. |
| Taradale | 936 | 214 | 824 | 141,305 | C. | |
| Waipukurau (see also Boroughs) | 1,092 | 565 | 346 | |||
| Martinborough | 660 | 209 | 660 | 681 | 113,917 | C. |
| Featherston | 778 | 220 | 440 | 168 | 89,494 | U. |
| Upper Hutt | 1,100 | 507 | 933 | 205 | 218,445 | U. |
| Johnsonville | 973 | 250 | 797 | 146 | 209,469 | C. |
| Hampstead | 1,560 | 400 | 519 | 129 | 139,586 | C. |
| Tinwald | 563 | 182 | 232 | 78,861 | C. | |
| Pleasant Point | 515 | 141 | 184 | 55,473 | C. | |
| Timaru Harbour District | 38 | |||||
| Bay | 1,090 | 635 | 1,073 | 835 | 288,492 | C. |
| Wyndham | 693 | 186 | 483 | 98,713 | A. | |
| Otautau | 778 | 206 | 515 | 199 | 111,281 | C. |
| Totals | 15,516 | 6,069 | ||||
The next table shows the total amount of rates collected by the Gonville and Castlecliff Tramway Board and certain Harbour Boards in counties, boroughs, and town districts, but not included in any of the foregoing tables.
| RATES COLLECTED IN CERTAIN DISTRICTS DURING THE YEAR 1912–13 NOT INCLUDED IN THE FOREGOING TABLES. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| District. | Local Districts in which Rates collected. | Amount of Rates collected. | |
| General. | Separate and Special. | ||
| £ | £ | ||
| Mokau Harbour District | 58 | ||
| Gonville and Castlecliff Tramway District | .. | 1,591 | |
| Waitotara County | |||
| Wanganui Borough | |||
| Gonville Town District | |||
| Castlecliff Town District | |||
| Wairoa Harbour District | 595 | ||
| Wairoa County | |||
| Wairoa Borough | |||
| Napier Harbour District | 15,056 | ||
| Wairoa County | |||
| Hawke's Bay County | |||
| Waipawa County | |||
| Patangata County | |||
| Napier Borough | |||
| Hastings Borough | |||
| Waipawa Borough | |||
| Taradale Town District | |||
| Waipukurau Town District | |||
| Otane Town District | |||
| Wairau Harbour District | 426 | ||
| Marlborough County | |||
| Awatere County | |||
| Blenheim Borough | |||
| Oamaru Harbour District | 10,835 | ||
| Waitaki County | |||
| Waimate County | |||
| Waimate Borough | |||
| Oamaru Borough | |||
| Hampden Borough | |||
| 26,970 | 1,591 | ||
Table of Contents
THE system of separately assessing the value of the land itself and the value of the buildings and improvements effected thereon was first put into practice in New Zealand for the purposes of State taxation on the passing of the Land-tax Act, 1878, under which a tax was levied on land-values, the impost being œd. in the pound on the capital value of real estate, less the assessed value of the improvements.
The Land-tax Act, 1878, was repealed in the following year, and was superseded by the Property-tax Act, 1879, which provided for the levy of a uniform tax of 1d. in the pound on the capital value of all property—real and personal—above the amount of £500 in value.
The Property-tax Act, 1879, was in its turn repealed in 1891 and superseded by the Land and Income Assessment Act, 1891. Under this enactment a land-tax was imposed on land and mortgages of land, with an exemption of improvements on land up to £3,000. An exemption from income-tax was also allowed on all incomes derived from land and mortgages of land.
Two years later, under the provisions of the Land and Income Assessment Act Amendment Act, 1893, all improvements on land were entirely exempted.
An endeavour to extend the principle of general exclusion of improvements to local taxation resulted in the passing of the Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896, which gave local authorities the option of deciding that equivalent rates on the unimproved values of lands in their jurisdiction should be substituted for the rates levied on the full capital values, or on the annual values.
It will thus be seen from the nature of the legislation referred to that in accordance with the requirements of the law valuations of land irrespective of the buildings, and separate valuations of improvements, have been made from time to time in New Zealand during a period extending over thirty-five years:
The valuing of land up to the year 1896 was not, however, conducted on a uniform basis. Each Government Department and each local authority worked quite independently, and employed as valuers whom it thought fit. The Land-tax Department periodically employed a small army of temporary valuers when it required a new valuation of lands for taxation purposes, and each local authority had its own particular method of making up its roll for the levying of rates. The undesirable class of men employed as valuers—some of whom had not sufficient independence for a faithful performance of duty, whilst others had insufficient knowledge of the principles governing land-valuation—and the diversity of the methods employed, resulted in unevenness of values. Estimates of values varied to a dangerous degree. Some values were very high, being based on speculative prices, while many were extremely low. Frequently the same property had several values assigned to it.
In order to overcome as far as possible the obvious defects of the old system, the Government determined to establish a new system of valuation, by which all valuations required by Government Departments—whether for loan, taxation, or other purposes—and by local authorities that rate on the capital or unimproved value, should be made by valuers employed by the State at fixed salaries and responsible to the Government alone.
The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896, was in due course introduced and passed. This Act provided for the setting-up of a separate Department of State, altogether independent of the Land and Income Tax Department, charged with the duty of estimating the values of real estate in the Dominion for taxation and other Government purposes and local rating purposes.
It may be pointed out here that land is valued—not assessed—under the Valuation of Land Act, a valuation being the process of determining what a particular piece of land might be worth for the best use to which it is adapted, whereas an assessment is the process of determining what the same land might be worth for the use to which it is applied.
The Valuation Department has been in existence for seventeen years, and, having regard to the want of knowledge on the part of the public respecting the provisions of the Valuation of Land Act, and to the initiatory difficulties which had to be overcome in making valuations from information which, although not entirely new, was yet defective by reason of the unevenness of the old land-values, it may be affirmed that the objects of the Act have been fairly attained with comparatively little friction. Of course, inaccuracies and mistakes have occurred, and will occur, but these are inevitable in any system of valuation. They will, however, diminish gradually. Each successive revision of values furnishes a safer basis for a further advance towards greater accuracy in values at a greatly reduced cost.
The whole of the existing law relating to the valuation of land in New Zealand is contained in the Valuation of Land Act, 1908 (which is a consolidation of the Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896, and the Acts amending the same), the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1908, and the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, and the regulations made under these Acts.
The work of the Valuation Department is directed by the Valuer-General, who is, by Order in Council gazetted, appointed by the Governor and holds office during pleasure, and on such terms as to salary and otherwise, and with such powers and duties, as the Governor in Council thinks fit.
The actual work of valuation is done by District Valuers, who, with such assistant valuers as are deemed necessary, are appointed by the Public Service Commissioner.
Local valuers are temporarily employed by the Valuer-General to make valuations at such times and on such conditions as are found necessary. Local valuers are remunerated by fees.
A valuation made by an assistant valuer or local valuer is subject to indorsement by the District Valuer before it is accepted by the Valuer-General.
The essential qualifications of a valuer who is employed in a country district are reputed local knowledge of land-values and a practical knowledge of farming pursuits, both agricultural and pastoral, and of values of improvements. A valuer who is employed in a city or suburban district must have a special knowledge of building-construction and of the values of all kinds of improvements in addition to a knowledge of land-values.
A valuer is unrestricted in his means of ascertaining facts necessary to enable him to make valuations. He is required to be diligent in securing evidence of values, and to act upon the best evidence he is able to obtain. He has to be specially familiar with the real-estate market in the district in which he values property.
A valuer before he undertakes his duties must make a declaration that he will faithfully and impartially, and to the best of his skill and judgment, make a true and faithful valuation of all real estate which it becomes his duty to value.
A valuer employed by the Government at a yearly salary is not allowed to undertake for payment any validation, assessment, or work relating thereto except with the previous written consent of the Valuer-General; any breach of this rule makes him liable to a penalty of £5 for each offence, and he must further pay into the Government account any fees or other moneys paid or payable to him, and is liable to instant dismissal.
A valuer may at all times during the day enter on any land for the purpose of making a valuation of the same, and it is incumbent upon the owner, or occupier, or manager thereof to answer any questions put to him by the valuer, and generally to afford any information to enable a correct valuation to be made. Every person who in any way obstructs or hinders a valuer in the exercise of his functions, or refuses to answer any relevant questions, or to afford any information in his power, is liable to a fine not exceeding £10.
The Dominion is divided for administrative purposes into convenient valuation districts, to each of which is assigned a District Valuer, whose functions are not, however, confined to a specific district, but may be exercised in such districts as the Valuer-General from time to time directs. A valuation district is one continuous area comprising several counties, road districts, boroughs, town districts, and special-rating districts.
Maps of cities, counties, boroughs, town districts, road districts, and special-rating areas, showing the official sectional designation and area of each property and subdivision of a property (Crown and freehold) included therein have been compiled by the draughting staff attached to the Department. These maps are kept up to date, and supplemented by copies of plans of sub-divisions of properties which are deposited from time to time in the Land Transfer and Deeds Registry Offices. Particulars and obligations relating to Crown and freehold lands, whether sold, leased, conveyed, mortgaged, devised, or subject to liens, are, searched out and abstracted systematically from the public registers and furnished to the valuer.
The valuer is also supplied with a mass of evidence affecting land-values which is obtained as it becomes available from every possible public and private source. The identification of each property is a responsibility which rests on the Officers-in-Charge of District Offices. The real estate owned or occupied by any person, unclaimed land, reserves, and Crown and Native land; the city, borough, or county, etc., wherein each property is situated; and the exact description of each property are ascertained, identified, and entered in the valuer's note-book (technically called the “field-book”) before the field-book is sent to the valuer.
The duty of a valuer is to examine each property and to estimate to the best of his ability (1) the unimproved value of the land contained therein, (3) the value of any buildings or other improvements upon such land, and (3) the “capital value” of the property.
First, as to “land.” The definition of “land” in the Valuation of Land Act, 1908. as amended by the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, is as follows: “'Land' means all land, “tenements, and hereditaments, whether corporeal or incorporeal, “in New Zealand, and all chattel or other interests therein, and “all timber or flax growing or standing thereon : Provided that “native bush or trees which have been planted for shelter or ornamental or utility purposes shall not be included in the definition “of land.”
Second, as to “unimproved value.” It is defined in the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, as follows: “'Unimproved “value' of any land means the sum which the owner's estate or “ interest therein, if unincumbered by any mortgage or other “charge thereon, might be expected to realize at the time of valuation if offered for sale on such reasonable terms and conditions “as a bona fide seller might be expected to impose, and if no improvements (as hereinafter defined) had been made on the said land.”
There are few terms used in connection with land-valuation which are more imperfectly understood than the term “unimproved value.” Some owners, who, having in their lifetime seen and personally carried out on their own land the clearing of country from its original natural state, interpret the words to mean the original value of the land at the time when it was in its virgin state; while others understand it to mean the present value, assuming all the land in the locality or district to be unimproved. Neither of these interpretations is correct.
Under the New Zealand law the increased value attaching to any piece of land which is due to the successful working of other lands in the district, or to State expenditure on public works, or to the general prosperity of the country consequent upon high prices obtaining for agricultural and pastoral and other products of land, forms portion of the “unimproved value.” Any increased value, however, which is represented by the improvements effected by the individual possessor, either past or present, does not form part of the “unimproved value.”
In estimating, therefore, the “unimproved value” of a particular piece of land, it is necessary that the valuer shall regard that piece of land as if it alone had not been improved at the date of the valuation, and ask himself what would be its probable present condition supposing that no capital or labour had been expended upon it. Having answered this question, he would then require to ask himself what price the land in such condition would sell for in the open market at the date of valuation, assuming, of course, that everything else in the country which affects selling-values was actually in its present condition—the Dominion progressive or otherwise; stock high or low; roods, railways, and bridges constructed; telegraphs, telephones, schools, etc., built; and improvements on all other lands duly effected and in their present condition. The answer to this question will be the valuer's estimate of the unimproved value.
It may be argued that the test thus enjoined for estimating the “unimproved value” of a piece of land is mainly hypothetical. The valuer has, however, several guides which together constitute an adequate basis on which to make his estimate of value. Land in city, town, and country in its improved state and in its unimproved state is continually being bought, sold, or leased for good consideration in the open market throughout the Dominion. Particulars of these transactions are ascertained with regularity, and tabulated by the Head and district offices of the Department, and furnished to the valuer, and from the prices realized—covering an extended period—together with evidence of prices asked by would-be sellers and offers made by would-be purchasers, and after inquiry as to whether increased values are due to speculation or otherwise, and whether a decline in values is due to private conditions or to a general decline of the locality in which the property is situated, and also as to the best use to which the land is adapted, the valuer is able to form a reasonable estimate of the fair selling-value. It will thus be seen that the data and inferences on which the valuer's estimate is based can be understood and criticized by any one possessed of common-sense and local knowledge. With such evidence it is not a difficult matter for the valuer to arrive at a standard unimproved valuation of land in a district.
Having arrived at such, a standard it then becomes necessary for the valuer to adjust his values according to the quality of the soil, situation, accessibility, configuration, or other natural peculiarities of each particular piece of land.
Uniformity of unimproved value of land is of the utmost importance. Rural land of similar quality and position must be valued uniformly, whether in a large or a small holding, so as to ensure uniformity of unimproved values.
It is frequently contended that there should be one value for loan purposes, and a lower value for taxation and rating purposes. Such a contention is quite unsound. If such a system were in force it would be found that a high value would no more ensure a high loan being granted than a low value would ensure a low rate being struck. Whether it be for loan purposes, State taxation, or rating purposes, land can have only one value.
It is frequently objected that the Valuation of Land Act should not make the selling-price the basis of valuation, but that the land should be valued on its producing-capacity. As a matter of fact the producing-power of land must, more or less, regulate the selling-price. Indirectly, therefore, the producing-power of land is already a factor in determining the value of land under the present law. The impossibility of adopting the producing-power as the sole basis of valuation of land is at once apparent when the subject is fully considered. For instance, how could a valuer estimate the full producing-power of a piece of vacant town, suburban, or rural land which is not producing anything? The land might be capable of producing a great deal in the hands of one man and a very little in the hands of another man. Much would depend upon the use for which the land was best adapted. Again, under a system of valuation based solely on the assumed producing-power of land it would frequently happen that the land of the good farmer would be valued higher than the land of the indifferent or bad farmer, although the quality and advantages of The former might not be any better than those of the latter. Consequently the good farmer would have to pay more by way of taxes and rates than the indifferent or bad farmer, with the result that good farming would be discouraged.
Another objection to such a system would be the difficulty of determining what was the producing-power of a farm, and as to how the income derivable therefrom should be ascertained. All owners would require to keep books to show what their land produced, an undertaking which could not be carried out in practice. These and other objections present themselves to any system of valuation based solely on the assumed producing-capacity of land.
Third, as to “improvements.” The Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, defines “improvements” as follows : “'Improvements' on land means all work done or material used at any “time on or for the benefit of the land by the expenditure of capital “or labour by any owner or occupier thereof in so far as the effect “of the work done or material used is to increase the value of the “land, and the benefit thereof is unexhausted at the time of “valuation; but does not include work done or material used on “or for the benefit of the land by the Crown or by any statutory “public body, except so far as the same has been paid for by the “owner or occupier either by way of direct contribution or by way “of special rates on loans raised for the purpose of constructing “within a county any road, bridge, irrigation-works, water-races, drainage-works, or river-protection works: Provided that “the value of improvements made out of loan-moneys raised for the “purpose of constructing within a county any road, bridge, irrigation-works, water-races, drainage-works, or river-protection “works as aforesaid shall not exceed the amount of principal “estimated by the Valuer-General to have been repaid by the owner “in respect of any such loan by way of special rates.”
Subject to the limitations contained in the above definition, all buildings, fencing, planting, draining, constructing of private roads and water-races, clearing of timber. &c., permanent grassing, and all other work of a permanent nature effected upon or for the benefit of land are improvements.
No work can, however, be considered an improvement if the benefit thereof is exhausted at the date of valuation. The Government lends money on the security of improvements, and it is obvious that if exhausted improvements were included in the valuation the security would be a very poor one. English grass, for instance, may take well and improve by time on some farms, in which case it would be valued at full value. It may, however, on other lands become choked with noxious weeds, or native grass may take its place, in which case it becomes more or less exhausted, and must be valued accordingly.
Noxious weeds, if allowed to spread, not only exhaust improvements, but depreciate the unimproved value as well. Gorse and blackberry, if allowed to spread, may exhaust the grassing, and in country that was formerly bush-clad, fern, if not kept under, will act similarly. Bush-clearing also will become more or less exhausted if the undergrowth is allowed to grow up.
Drains and orchards are improvements which frequently become exhausted. A drain is an improvement as long as it acts as a drain and is effective, for it necessarily adds to the selling-value of the land. An open drain which was cut many years ago and has become filled in and grassed over owing to the necessity for it having passed away would, however, be considered as exhausted improvement.
An improvement which has become exhausted and has been renewed—such as is frequently the case with grassing—is valued at the amount by which the then state of the improvement increases the selling-value, not at the accumulated values of the repeated renewals. It would be manifestly improper to lend money on grassing which had been ploughed in.
Machinery, whether fixed to the soil or not, is not an improvement, and it is not included in the capital value. The buildings containing the machinery would, however, be valued as an improvement.
Fourth, as to “value of improvements.” The Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, defines “value of improvements” as “the added value which at the date of valuation the improvements “give to the land.”
A frequent source of objection is that improvements are valued too low. Misapprehension exists on the part of the public in reference to this matter. Many owners who do not contest the fairness of the estimate of capital value claim to deduct so much therefrom for the value of improvements that the resultant value would be less than the fair selling-value of the land without improvements. In such cases an increase in value of improvements would only serve to increase the capital value and would not reduce the unimproved value.
Other owners claim that the improvements give all the added value to the land. Such a claim is manifestly untenable.
Under the terms of the definition in the Act the added value which improvements give to a piece of land is the amount by which they increase the fair and full selling-value of the land. Before, therefore, an objection to value of improvements can be maintained it must be proved that the estimated value of the improvements is less than the proportionate sum which such improvements represent in the selling-value of the whole property.
It has been frequently suggested that the Department should fix a standard value for all buildings, fencing, draining, construction of water-races, clearing of bush or scrub, felling, grassing, making of embankments or protection-works, &c., for the guidance of valuers, so as to secure uniformity of value. It would, however, be impossible to fix a maximum or a minimum value for any class of improvement which would be general in its application, as values vary in different parts of the Dominion, and must also vary according to the condition of the improvements and their degree of usefulness at the date of valuation. Moreover, great diversity of opinion exists amongst owners themselves regarding the value of their improvements.
Beyond issuing instructions that improvements are to be valued at their full market value no restrictions are placed by the Valuer-General upon valuers in this matter.
As has been already stated, improvements can only be valued to the extent to which they increase the selling-value of the property. A large house and extensive outbuildings may be built on a small area of farming-land. The ordinary farmer who would purchase such a property would not be likely to pay for the house or building any sum approaching their cost—he would only pay the price of a house and buildings suitable to the requirements of the farm. The selling-value of the house and buildings must therefore be valued at what the ordinary purchaser would be likely to give for them, or, in other words, at the sum by which they increase the selling-value of the property. Sometimes an owner will expend his capital and labour injudiciously, and the result will prove detrimental to the land instead of being an improvement to it.
In many portions of the Dominion land has been cleared for so many years that there is not a vestige of its former condition now apparent, and it is impossible at the present day to say with certainty by what process it was cleared. It becomes, therefore, a question for the valuer to determine as to whether the land would not sell at the present day at a higher price with the timber on it than it would without the timber.
Clearing of open country is often accomplished by burning and by stock running on the land, in which case comparatively little labour or capital may have been expended.
Were it not for the limitation imposed by the Act in the definition of “improvements” it would be quite possible, especially in the cases of many of the older holdings where money has been spent injudiciously or improvements have been renewed again and again, for the valuer to find that in the aggregate the work done by way of improvements exceeded in value the total selling-price of the property.
The amount of the principal repaid by owners in respect of loans by way of direct contribution or special rates raised for the purpose of constructing within a' county the works enumerated in the definition of “improvements” hereinbefore quoted are estimated by the Valuer-General and furnished to valuers, who credit the several amounts to “improvements.”
From the foregoing it will be seen that it devolves upon the valuer to ascertain carefully the condition of an improvement before estimating its value. It also devolves upon the owner to afford the valuer all the information in his power, so as to ensure a fair and accurate value being placed on his improvements.
Fifth, as to “capital value.” “Capital value” is defined in the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, as follows: “'Capital value' “of land means the sum which the owner's estate or interest “therein, if unincumbered by any mortgage or other charge thereon, might be expected to realize at the time of valuation if offered “for sale on such reasonable terms and conditions as a bona fide “seller might be expected to require.”
Having estimated the unimproved value, and the value of the improvements, the valuer is able to apply a check on his estimates, as these two values combined must represent the fair selling-value (known as capital value) of the whole.
If the valuer's estimates combined exceed the fair selling-value, then his estimate of the unimproved value, or of the improvements, or of both, is too high, and he must reduce his estimates accordingly. If his estimates combined do not reach the total selling-value, then he is too low either in the unimproved value, or in the improvements, or in both, and he must increase his estimates accordingly.
The capital value is the fair selling-value in the open market, but not the auction value or value derivable at a forced sale Valuers are cautioned against taking temporary speculative values as their guide in estimating ordinary selling-values.
To arrive at the ordinary selling-value in a district all the sales which have taken place in that district of recent date are tabulated, and it is not, as a rule, a difficult matter to ascertain from the prices actually realized—covering an extended period—what is the ordinary selling-value, and whether the tendency is to increase or diminish. The prices involved in exchanges of properties are to he entirely ignored.
The valuer is required to exercise special care in fixing the capital value at such a sum as will he fair to both the borrower and the lender should the property be offered as a security.
It has been argued that the selling-value does not always represent the true value, as owners, when selling, are frequently satisfied with a small deposit, allowing a large proportion of the purchase-money to remain on mortgage. It must, however, be remembered that so long as a sale is a bona fide one the purchaser has to pay interest on any sum outstanding, and with a steady land market the security of the land for the unpaid balance should be as good as cash for the owner, and the delay attending the investment of the proceeds is obviated.
Land containing or supposed to contain oil, coal, or other mineral deposits is valued as for the surface use only, and is of the same unimproved value as similar land in the neighbourhood, always without any regard to speculative mineral value, until the oil or minerals are produced, when the profits (if any) will be duly valued.
In cases of coal-mines valuers are required to value the surface of the land and the improvements effected both above and below the surface, and enter these values in their field-books. The additional data relating to rent, royalty, output, yearly profits, and the separate interests of lessor and lessee, &c., are ascertained by the Valuer-General.
Capitalization is on a percentage basis varying according to the nature of the industry, its stability, attendant risks and losses, &c.
Quarries are similar to coal-mines, except that they are worked from the surface. They are valued on the same principle.
The Valuation of Land Act directs that a valuation roll shall be prepared for each district setting forth in respect of each separate property the following particulars:—
The name of the owner of the land and the nature of his estate or interest therein, together with the name of the beneficial owner in the case of land held in trust:
The name of the occupier within the meaning of the Rating Act:
The situation, description, and area of the land:
The nature and value of the improvements on the land:
The unimproved value of the land:
The capital value of the land:
Such other particulars as are prescribed.
The valuations appearing on the district, valuation roll (verified by inspection of the properties where necessary) are used as a basis for the following purposes:—
Advances and investments on mortgage of land by or on behalf of—The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office; the Public Trust Office; the Government Insurance Department; the Post Office; the Commissioner of Public Debts Sinking Funds Office; the Trustee Act, 1908.
The assessment of stamp duties and duties in deceased persons' estates.
The assessment of the capital value of property of claimants or pensioners under the Old-age Pensions Act.
The guidance of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners and of the Public Works Department when acquiring land for settlement or for State purposes.
Estimating the fair value of Native land for the purposes of the Maori Land Board and Native Land Court.
Ascertaining the capital value of land comprised in Crown renewable leases the fee-simple of which lessees have the right to acquire under the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912.
The levying of land-tax.
The levying of local rates by local authorities rating on the unimproved value or on the capital value of land.
Such other public purposes as the Government from time to time directs.
The guidance of all who may desire to ascertain the fair selling-value of any piece of land for investment, mortgage, or other purpose.
On receipt of an application for a loan the lending Boards of Government Departments are supplied with special valuations of the securities. These valuations necessitate a special inspection of the property by the valuer, and the valuation returned represents such amounts as are fair to both lender and borrower.
Though a special valuation and report furnished to a lending Board is used as a guide for the Board, it does not follow that a loan will be granted on the valuation supplied—there may be other considerations which will influence the Board in declining a loan.
On application in a form provided for the purpose, and on payment of a fee, the Valuer-General will supply to any person a certified copy of any entry in the district valuation roll.
The district valuation rolls may be revised by the Valuer-General as at such date or dates as the Governor in Council from time to time directs, and the revision may relate either to all the properties on a valuation roll or to any of them. There are no fixed periods between one general revision and another—the periods vary from two years in recently settled districts to three years or more in old-established districts. The necessity for revision really depends upon whether or not the roll values are correct.
When a revision of a district is ordered the valuer makes a careful scrutiny of the unimproved values as well as the values of improvements and capital values, taking into account every change in the district—appreciation or depreciation of values—and makes such readjustments and corrections as are found necessary. During the period intervening between revisions the Valuer-General cannot alter the unimproved values of the roll entries unless the owner pays a fee to cover the cost and demands a revaluation of his property, or in case of an admitted error having taken place. During this intervening period, however, the Valuer-General may of his own motion, from time to time and at any time during its currency (meaning thereby the period elapsing between the date as at which the roll was prepared and the first revision thereof, or, as the case may be, between any one revision and the next), make all such alterations and amendments therein as are necessary in order to readjust and correct the valuations and entries and bring them up to date, whenever they are found to be inaccurate or not up to date in consequence of—
Any improvements being added to or removed from the land:
Any change in the ownership or occupancy of the land:
Any amended valuation being made on the application of the owner of the land on payment of a valuation fee (such valuation is subject to the same right of objection and review as it would be in the case of the revision of the district roll):
Any land being omitted from the roll, or the name of the owner or the description or other particulars of the land being erroneously entered therein:
Any subdivision of the land.
The Valuer-General may also, at any time and from time to time during the currency of a valuation roll, make such alterations or adjustments of value in the case of land which is leased or subject to any other terminable charge or interest as are necessary for the purpose of correctly assessing the respective owners' interests at any specified time. Except for the purposes above enumerated all valuations made during the currency of any district valuation roll are recorded in a supplementary roll, and not in the district valuation roll. The supplementary roll may be used for the same purpose as the district valuation roll, except for the assessment of land-tax and local rates (for which purposes the district valuation roll is alone used).
After the values in a district have been revised a new valuation roll is prepared and the Valuer-General addresses to each person whose name appears thereon a notice setting forth the values at which his property is entered, and naming a date on or before which all objections to the values must be lodged. The omission to give notice does not, however, invalidate the valuation.
The valuation roll is deposited for public inspection at a convenient public office situated within the district of the local authority, on such days, and at such times during the day, as the Valuer-General publicly notifies by advertisement in a newspaper circulating in the district.
An objection to a valuation must be made in writing by the objector or his authorized agent or attorney, who must, inter alia, furnish in the form used for the purpose, the objector's estimate of the selling-value of the property. The Valuer-General may, if he chooses, refuse to entertain any objection received after the date named in the notice.
Objections to value can only be on the ground that the valuation does not represent the true selling-value of the property, as that is the test imposed by the Act.
The fact that the new valuation will cause an increase in the amount of local rates or hind-tax payable on the property is not considered a sufficient cause for objecting. The Valuation Department docs not fix the rate in either case, and any such objection can only be based on an assumption that the rate to be levied will be the same as previously. Neither is the fact that the new valuation shows an increase or decrease on the last valuation considered a sufficient ground of objection, as the selling-value may have increased or decreased since the last valuation was made, or the previous valuation may have been erroneous.
The objection that improvements are valued too high or too low is frequently a ground of objection. Before, however, such an objection can be maintained it must be ascertained whether the capital value of the property is valued at the fair and full selling-value. If, for instance, the capital value of a property is set below the fair selling-value, the improvements will necessarily be valued in proportion. In such cases as this an increase in the value of improvements would only serve to increase the capital value, and would not reduce the unimproved value. If an objector fails to appear at the Assessment Court and is not represented there by his agent or attorney, his objection will not be heard.
All objections of a technical nature, such as errors in ownership, occupancy, area, or description, &c., are attended to and corrected as a matter of course by the Valuer-General without reference to the Assessment Court.
The Valuer-General invariably refers objections to values to the District Valuer to enable him to review valuations before the sitting of the Assessment Court. If after careful reconsideration by the District Valuer, who is at all times ready and willing to consult with an objector in a difficult case, it is decided that an objection shall be allowed or a reasonable compromise effected, the valuation is altered accordingly. On the other hand, if the Valuer-General is in possession of evidence that the valuer's estimates are fair, but the objector will not accept them, the objection is heard and determined by the Assessment Court.
The Assessment Court consists of three members, of whom one is the Stipendiary Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in the Magistrate's Court situated in or near the locality in which the subject-matter of the objection arises. Of the other two members of the Court, one member is appointed by the Governor in Council and the other member by the local authority of the district whose roll has been revised, or by two or more local authorities acting in unison, provided the appointee is not a member of any local authority. If the local authority fails to appoint an assessor, then the appointment is made by the Governor in Council. The Magistrate is President of the Court.
The Assessment Court sits at such times and places as are generally mutually arranged between the President of the Court and the Valuer-General. Due notice of the sitting of the Court is given by advertisement in a newspaper, and at every sitting the presence of the President and at least one other member of the Court is necessary. The Valuer-General is entitled to appear either personally or by solicitor, or by an officer of the Department, in any Court or in any other proceedings.
Prior to the sitting of the Assessment Court a list of all objections which are to be heard is prepared by the Valuer-General and laid before the Court, and all decisions given by the Court are entered thereon and initialled by the President. If the objection is allowed, the reduction or addition is immediately entered on the valuation roll. If the objection is disallowed, the owner may, within fourteen days after the hearing by the Assessment Court, give notice to the Valuer-General that he requires the capital value to be reduced to the value which he (the objector) considers to be the fair selling-value as specified in his notice, or the land to be acquired on behalf of His Majesty at that value.
If the Valuer-General is of opinion that the Assessment Court has made an unfair reduction in a valuation he may, within fourteen days of the hearing, require the owner to consent to what he (the Valuer-General) considers is the fair selling capital value, and, failing such consent being given within thirty days after notice is delivered at its address, he may, with the approval of the Governor in Council, acquire the property at that value on behalf of His Majesty.
The decision of the Assessment Court on any objection before it is subject to appeal to the Supreme Court on question of law. On all other questions the decision of the Assessment Court is final.
The district valuation roll so long as it continues in force is by law the roll from which the valuation roll of every local authority rating on the capital or on the unimproved value is framed, and for that purpose the Valuer-General, at the request of each local authority, and upon receiving from it an accurate description of the boundaries of its rating district, compiles from the district valuation roll, and supplies to such local authority, a valuation roll of all rateable property within such rating district, and such valuation roll must while the district valuation roll continues in force he the valuation roll of the local authority for the purposes of rating.
The local authority is required to forward its roll for correction and amendment at such time and to such place as the Valuer-General directs, and may forward to the Valuer-General at other times a list of any alterations which it desires to have made on the roll, but it is not lawful for the local authority, without the consent of the Valuer-General, to make any alterations in the valuation roll, except as to changes of ownership or occupancy, of which notice has been received by the local authority Under the Eating Act.
Every rate levied by the local authority in any year must be levied in accordance with the values appearing on the roll as corrected from the district valuation roll up to the 31st day of March next preceding the date of the levy, and the rate is not effected by any alteration in value during the year.
In any case where the boundaries of the district of a local authority are altered, or a new district is constituted, the Valuer-General, at the request of the local authority, makes new rolls, or such alterations in the existing valuation rolls as may be necessary. The cost of, and incidental to; the preparation, revision, or correction of the district valuation roll is borne in equal one-third shares, but no local authority can be called upon in any year to contribute towards such cost any sum exceeding 1s. per centum of the capital value of all property appearing on its valuation roll.
It may be pointed out that it is not the duty of the Valuer-General in fixing values to take into consideration the financial exigencies of local authorities. Such a proceeding would be consonant neither with justice nor the principle of the Valuation of Land Act.
Under the Valuation of Land Act all land in New Zealand, whether leasehold or freehold, if not subject to any statutory restriction as to the use to which the land can be put, must be valued on the basis of an unencumbered estate in fee-simple. In the case of leasehold property where the lease contains terms favourable to the lessee the duty devolves upon the Valuation Department of computing the separate interests of lessor and of lessee.
The interest of a sublessee is computed in the same way as that for a lessee, the lessee's interest being reducible by the amount of the sublessee's interest.
The aggregate of all such interests must equal the total capital value, unimproved value, and value of improvements for the property.
The fair market annual rental of any property is assumed under the Act to be 5 per cent. of its total value. Where a lessee pays a rental in excess of 5 per cent. of the total value of any property and the lease does not provide for compensation for improvements he can have no assessable interest therein. In cases where the lessee pays a rental of less than 5 per cent. of the total value and the lease does not provide for any right of renewal, purchase, or compensation for improvements, then the difference capitalized at 5 per cent. for the unexpired term of the lease represents the interest assessable to Mm as lessee. The lessor's interest is the balance of the total amount of the valuation after having deducted the amount of the lessee's interest. The lessor's interest can, however, be independently computed. It represents the present, value of the net rent per annum for the unexpired term of the lease, plus the present value of the reversion to which he is entitled. The nature of the reversion depends entirely upon the nature of the lease. The leases recorded in the district valuation rolls vary considerably as to terms and conditions. In computing, therefore, the interests of lessor and lessee regard must be paid to the particular terms of each lease. The requisite factors for the computation of interests are:—
The unexpired term of the lease.
The annual rent payable under the lease.
The terms of any right of renewal, purchase, or compensation for improvements.
Besides the computation of the total interests of lessor and of lessee there have to be ascertained what respective proportions of those interests are represented in the unimproved value and in the value of improvements. Excepting in a case where the lessee has a special interest in the land or in the improvements, as the case may be, his total interest must be divided between the unimproved value and value of improvements in the same relative proportion as the total capital value is divided between the unimproved value and the value of improvements.
It is part of the duty of the valuer to ascertain the rent, length of term of lease, and all other particulars, and record them in his field-book.
General valuations of land for the whole of New Zealand were made periodically up to the year 1897–98. Since that year no general valuations for the whole Dominion have been made, but portions have been revalued from time to time. The figures in the three following tables showing valuations over a number of years therefore represent general valuations up to 1897 only, while for subsequent years the figures have been revised to include the latest valuations of small divisions.
The first table shows the capital value of land with improvements (distinguishing the unimproved value of land) for all lands in New Zealand from 1878, with separate figures for North and South Islands.
| TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES, 1878–1913. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | NORTH ISLAND. | SOUTH ISLAND. | NEW ZEALAND. | |||
| Total Value of Land in the North Island, New Zealand. | Total Value of Land in the South Island, New Zealand (including Stewart Island). | Total Value of Land in New Zealand. | ||||
| Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value (included in previous Column). | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1878 | 34,262,479 | 20,323,840 | 65,304,200 | 42,250,028 | 99,566,679 | 62,573,868 |
| 1882 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 101,000,000 | |
| 1885 | 48,699,698 | .. | 64,570,951 | .. | 113,270,649 | |
| 1888 | 49,607,873 | 32,088,913 | 61,529,841 | 43,408,466 | 111,137,714 | 75,497,379 |
| 1891 | 57,441,115 | 34,340,500 | 64,783,914 | 41,447,395 | 122,225,029 | 75,832,465 |
| 1897 | 71,680,952 | .. | 66,910,395 | . | 138,591,347 | 84,401,244 |
| 1902 | 83,439,974 | 49,622,887 | 71,376,158 | 45,224,840 | 154,816,132 | 94,847,727 |
| 1904 | 101,924,877 | 61,855,053 | 80,871,364 | 50,774,359 | 182,796,241 | 112,629,412 |
| 1905 | 110,810,384 | 67,834,587 | 86,874,091 | 55,102,539 | 197,684,475 | 122,937,126 |
| 1906 | 124,751,914 | 77,784,310 | 93,670,638 | 59,384,208 | 218,422,552 | 137,168,548 |
| 1907 | 137,998,395 | 87,469,010 | 98,646,141 | 62,213,679 | 236,644,536 | 149,682,689 |
| 1908 | 149,783,914 | 95,005,640 | 103,656,258 | 66,319,123 | 253,440,172 | 161,324.763 |
| 1909 | 160,917,161 | 101,907,555 | 110,598,861 | 70,852,393 | 271,516,022 | 172,759,948 |
| 1910 | 165,014,036 | 103,790,934 | 112,616,047 | 71,498,927 | 277,630,083 | 175,289,861 |
| 1911 | 175,485,540 | 109,366,048 | 117,631,525 | 74,696,750 | 293,117,065 | 184,062,798 |
| 1912 | 193,506,090 | 121,776,349 | 121,997,123 | 77,407,912 | 315,503,213 | 199,184,261 |
| 1913 | 210,292,824 | 130,380,779 | 130,266,904 | 82,582,689 | 340,559,728 | 212,963,468 |
The next table shows the capital value of land with improvements and the unimproved value of land in counties, boroughs, and town districts in New Zealand from 1878 to 1913.
| TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES, COUNTIES, BOROUGHS, AND INDEPENDENT TOWN DISTRICTS IN NEW ZEALAND, 1878–1913. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Counties. | Boroughs and Town Districts. | ||||
| Number. | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Number. | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | |
* Boroughs. † Town Districts. | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
| 1878 | 63 | 72,608,163 | 48,212,290 | 61 | 26,958,516 | 14,361,578 |
| 1888 | 76 | 76,340,577 | 57,201,387 | 85 | 34,797,137 | 18,295,992 |
| 1891 | 78 | 85,818,167 | 57,880,233 | 90 | 36,406,862 | 17,907,662 |
| 1897 | 81 | 95,710,266 | 63,732,516 | 98 | 42,881,081 | 20,668,728 |
| 1902 | 89 | 106,550,772 | 71,747,758 | 102 | 48,265,360 | 23,099,969 |
| 1904 | 95 | 121,966,152 | 82,513,630 | 100 | 60,830,089 | 30,115,782 |
| 1905 | 96 | 131,929,078 | 90,440,275 | 101 | 65,755,397 | 32,496,851 |
| 1906 | 97 | 144,003,158 | 99,236,462 | 104 | 74,419,394 | 37,932,086 |
| 1907 | 98 | 152,695,969 | 106,373,461 | *106 †18 | 83,948,567 | 43,309,228 |
| 1903 | 102 | 162,289,950 | 114,301,726 | *109 †23 | 91,150,222 | 47,023,037 |
| 1909 | 107 | 175,601,263 | 123,339,350 | *110 †24 | 95,914,759 | 49,420,598 |
| 1910 | 111 | 177,701,619 | 124,560,720 | *107 †23 | 99,928,464 | 50,729,141 |
| 1911 | 118 | 185,042,337 | 129,990,593 | *110 †26 | 108,074,728 | 54,072,205 |
| 1912 | 123 | 198,114,138 | 138,813,886 | *113 †26 | 117,389,075 | 60,370,375 |
| 1913 | 124 | 218,282,038 | 152,273,929 | *115 †25 | 122,277,690 | 60,689,539 |
Similar information for North and South Islands is given in the following table:—
| TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES, COUNTIES, BOROUGHS, AND INDEPENDENT TOWN DISTRICTS IN NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS, 1878–1913. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Counties. | Boroughs and Town Districts. | ||||
| Number. | Capital Value (Laud and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Number. | Capital Value (Laud and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Laud (included in previous Column). | |
* Boroughs. † Town Districts. | ||||||
| (a) North Island. | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
| 1878 | 31 | 24,255,180 | 14,434,762 | 13 | 10,007,299 | 5,889,078 |
| 1888 | 43 | 32,752,002 | 22,907,939 | 29 | 16,855,871 | 9,180,974 |
| 1891 | 45 | 39,256,818 | 24,716,598 | 32 | 18,184,297 | 9,623,902 |
| 1897 | 47 | 48,436,977 | 29,346,497 | 36 | 23,243,975 | 12,474,262 |
| 1902 | 55 | 56,543,535 | 35,344,738 | 38 | 26,896,439 | 14,278,149 |
| 1904 | 59 | 66,968,046 | 42,476,621 | 39 | 34,956,831 | 19,378,432 |
| 1905 | 60 | 72,301,289 | 46,620,552 | 41 | 38,509,095 | 21,214,035 |
| 1906 | 61 | 79,532,180 | 52,044,276 | 44 | 45,219,734 | 25,740,064 |
| 1907 | 62 | 86,208,889 | 57,764,425 | *46 †13 | 51,789,506 | 29,704,585 |
| 1908 | 66 | 93,347,352 | 63,088,267 | *49 †17 | 56,436,562 | 31,917,373 |
| 1909 | 69 | 100,530,234 | 68,177,049 | *50 †18 | 59,514,721 | 33,730,506 |
| 1910 | 70 | 103,042,636 | 69,217,402 | *51 †17 | 61,971,400 | 34,573,532 |
| 1911 | 71 | 107,734,511 | 72,375,111 | *54 †20 | 67,751,029 | 36,990,937 |
| 1912 | 72 | 117,194,751 | 78,630,607 | *56 †20 | 76,311,339 | 43,145,742 |
| 1913 | 72 | 131,042,439 | 87,417,493 | *58 †19 | 79,250,385 | 42,963,286 |
| (b.) South Island. | ||||||
| 1878 | 32 | 48,352,983 | 33,777,528 | 48 | 16,951,217 | 8,472,500 |
| 1888 | 33 | 43,588,575 | 34,293,448 | 56 | 17,941,266 | 9,115,018 |
| 1891 | 33 | 46,561,349 | 33,163,635 | 58 | 18,222,565 | 8,283,760 |
| 1897 | 34 | 47,273,289 | 34,386,019 | 62 | 19,637,106 | 8,194,466 |
| 1902 | 34 | 50,007,237 | 36,403,020 | 64 | 21,368,921 | 8,821,820 |
| 1904 | 36 | 54,998,106 | 40,037,009 | 61 | 25,873,258 | 10,737,350 |
| 1905 | 36 | 59,627,789 | 43,819,723 | 60 | 27,246,302 | 11,282,816 |
| 1906 | 36 | 64,470,978 | 47,192,186 | 60 | 29,199,660 | 12,192,022 |
| 1907 | 36 | 66,487,080 | 48,609,036 | *60 †5 | 32,159,061 | 13,604,643 |
| 1908 | 36 | 68,942,598 | 51,213,459 | *60 †6 | 34,713,660 | 15,105,664 |
| 1909 | 38 | 75,071,029 | 55,162,301 | *60 †6 | 36,400,038 | 15,690,092 |
| 1910 | 41 | 74,658,983 | 55,343,318 | *56 †6 | 37,957,064 | 16,155,609 |
| 1911 | 47 | 77,307,826 | 57,615,482 | *56 †6 | 40,323,699 | 17,081,268 |
| 1912 | 51 | 80,919,387 | 60,183,279 | *57 †6 | 41,077,736 | 17,224,633 |
| 1913 | 52 | 87,239,599 | 64,856,436 | *57 †6 | 43,027,305 | 17,726,253 |
The total valuations are given for counties and boroughs, and for town districts not forming parts of counties. The particulars for component parts of counties, being road districts, town districts forming parts of counties, and portions of outlying country, will be found in the Statistical Volume for 1912.
TABLE showing Capital Value of Land with Improvements (and distinguishing the unimproved Value of Lard) for all Lands and for Rateable Properties in each County in New Zealand, as at the 31st March, 1913, with the Area, Population, Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll, and the Year in which the Values were last revised.
| County. | Area in Square Miles (including Interior Boroughs,©). | Population, as at Census. 1911. | Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll. | Gross Values. | System of Rating. | Rateable Values. | Values last revised as at 31st March, in † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | ||||||
* Counties Act not wholly in force. † In cases where more than one year is shown in this column the revision of the county was carried out in sections, certain ridings, road districts, or town districts being revised in the years stated. | |||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||||||
| Mangonui | 895 | 3,105 | 1,750 | 434,708 | 255,361 | C.V. | 346,310 | 182,903 | 1910 |
| Whangaroa | 155 | 775 | 547 | 137,479 | 87,396 | C.V. | 124,137 | 76,745 | 1912 |
| Bay of Islands | 848 | 3,147 | 2,629 | 996,989 | 729,275 | C.V. | 820,124 | 507,762 | 1912 |
| Hokianga | 958 | 3,041 | 2,621 | 958,324 | 702,948 | U.V. | 651,430 | 408,669 | 1911 |
| Whangarei | 894 | 7,161 | 3,887 | 1,351,459 | 761,557 | C.V. | 1,268,198 | 094,061 | 1909, 1910, 1912 |
| Hobson | 626 | 4,078 | 1,558 | 1,226,567 | 764,742 | U.V. | 1,172,250 | 719,369 | 1913 |
| Otamatea | 443 | 3,548 | 1,805 | 949,336 | 571,304 | C.V. | 910,029 | 540,043 | 1912 |
| Rodney | 493 | 3,560 | 1,680 | 998,046 | 606,921 | C.V. | 962,687 | 578,800 | 1912 |
| Waitemata | 630 | 7,386 | 5,229 | 2,027,209 | 1,279,549 | C.V. | 1,948,323 | 1,225,322 | 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913 |
| Eden | 35 | 21,927 | 9,433 | 7,347,949 | 4,476,381 | * | 6,909,424 | 4,201,481 | 1909, '11, '12. '13 |
| Manukau | 197 | 5,342 | 2,136 | 2,174,136 | 1,464,696 | C.V. | 2,116,524 | 1,431,862 | 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913 |
| Franklin | 620 | 8,362 | 3.620 | 2,436,997 | 1,472,561 | C.V. | 2.389,647 | 1,449,775 | 1911, 1912, 1913 |
| Islands— | |||||||||
| Great and Little Barrier | .. | 418 | 300 | 69,423 | 40,942 | .. | 47,617 | 33,532 | 1897 |
| Waiheke, &c. | .. | 494 | 157 | 285,720 | 187,747 | .. | 227,080 | 140,377 | 1913 |
| Waikato | 613 | 5,291 | 1,737 | 2,671,571 | 1,853,950 | C.V. | 2,553,245 | 1,709,186 | 1912 |
| Raglan | 855 | 2,907 | 2,007 | 1,774,528 | 1,132,538 | U.V. | 1,713,381 | 1,080,201 | 1911 |
| Waipa | 284 | 5,858 | 2,680 | 3,274,081 | 2,226,420 | C.V. | 3,197,487 | 2,181,526 | 1913 |
| Kawhia | 351 | 875 | 826 | 553,220 | 355,746 | U.V. | 516,513 | 321,992 | 1913 |
| Awakino | 416 | 605 | 439 | 644,100 | 422,567 | * | 600,962 | 380,347 | 1911 |
| Waitomo | 1,115 | 3,595 | 2,827 | 2,156,643 | 1,423,777 | C.V. | 2,034,524 | 1,312,056 | 1913 |
| Ohura | 527 | 1,436 | 974 | 1,001,611 | 647,064 | U.V. | 887,650 | 538,313 | 1913 |
| Coromandel | 440 | 2,732 | 1,585 | 438,709 | 286,486 | C.V. | 372,345 | 235,759 | 1913 |
| Thames | 58 | 4,388 | 2,088 | 789,778 | 482,025 | C.V. | 715,707 | 420,552 | 1913 |
| Ohinemuri | 6,044 | 2,705 | 1,265,295 | 779,617 | C.V. | 1,085,195 | 653,387 | 1913 | |
| Tauranga | l | 2,932 | 2,342 | 1,288,016 | 840,887 | U.V. | 1,172,668 | 738,796 | 1912 |
| Piako | 4 | 3,200 | 1,282 | 1,493,388 | 927,971 | U.V. | 1,432,074 | 883,135 | 1911, 1913 |
| Matamata | 720 | 2,946 | 1,030 | 1,254,020 | 762,404 | C.V. | 1,157,205 | 677,469 | 1911 |
| Rotorua | 995 | 1,154 | 1,095 | 613,593 | 478,534 | * | 489,251 | 385,647 | 1912 |
| Whakatane | 1,550 | 1,700 | 1,313 | 678,246 | 529,102 | C.V. | 522,160 | 384,031 | 1908 |
| Opotiki | 1,509 | 1,483 | 1,138 | 1,238,776 | 785,824 | U.V. | 1,102,590 | 654,003 | 1913 |
| East Taupo | 2,470 | 528 | 559 | 468,714 | 348,903 | Nil | 297,208 | 180,252 | 1906 |
| West Taupo | 1,650 | 974 | 586 | 453,032 | 398,032 | Nil | 270,383 | 226,784 | 1906 |
| Islands— | |||||||||
| Mayor and Motiti | .. | 3 | .. | 5,700 | 3,616 | Nil | 2,262 | 1,018 | 1897 |
| Waiapu | 1,102 | 1,734 | 917 | 2,696,426 | 1,647,854 | C.V. | 2,467,237 | 1,465,152 | 1913 |
| Waikohu | 896 | 2,903 | 945 | 2,566,549 | 1,537,545 | U.V. | 2,504,915 | 1,480,589 | 1912 |
| Cook | 1,088 | 6,420 | 3,588 | 5,240,574 | 3,500,891 | C.V. | 5,184,773 | 3,482,803 | 1911, 1912, 1913 |
| Wairoa | 1,887 | 1,870 | 1,560 | 5,004,127 | 1,899,318 | C.V. | 2.898,587 | 1,807,918 | 1913 |
| Hawke's Bay | 1,985 | 9,220 | 4,443 | 7,813,179 | 5,942,469 | C.V. | 7,706,786 | 5,885,718 | 1907, 1911, 1912, 1913 |
| Waipukurau. | 85 | 538 | 244 | 475,632 | 367,651 | U.V. | 473,515 | 366,609 | 1908 |
| Waipawa | 440 | 3,041 | 1,069 | 2,209,895 | 1,565,365 | U.V. | 2,180,303 | 1,542,172 | 1908 |
| Woodville | 170 | 1,880 | 792 | 1,070,457 | 695,319 | U.V. | 1,052,241 | 682,855 | 1908 |
| Dannevirke | 398 | 4,683 | 1,550 | 2,038,923 | 1,359,348 | U.V. | 1,999,415 | 1,333,154 | 1908 |
| Patangata | 718 | 1,936 | 874 | 1,370,962 | 2,670,644 | C.V. | 3,356,419 | 2,602,119 | 1909, 1912 |
| Weber | 108 | 526 | 200 | 482,764 | 279,883 | U.V. | 479,667 | 278,555 | 1909 |
| Clifton | 615 | 2,198 | 1,349 | 1,000,353 | 563,079 | C.V. | 965,718 | 532,833 | 1911 |
| Taranaki | 386 | 6,311 | 2,923 | 2,235,105 | 1,251,615 | C.V. | 2,200,347 | 1,132,262 | 1912, 1913 |
| Egmont | 197 | 3,264 | 1,537 | 1,408,379 | 836,893 | C.V. | 1,365,890 | 809,090 | 1904, 1909 |
| Stratford | 391 | 5,226 | 1,653 | 2,078,576 | 1,218,047 | U.V. | 2,040,577 | 1,192,245 | 1909 |
| Whangamomona | 378 | 1,615 | 621 | 505,107 | 284,104 | U.V. | 481,945 | 204,799 | 1909 |
| Waimate West | 75 | 1,821 | 499 | 1,414,785 | 1,121,517 | C.V. | 1,411,123 | 1,120,455 | 1913 |
| Hawera | 195 | 3,659 | 1,580 | 2,540,774 | 1,922,300 | C.V. | 2,514,358 | 1,907,514 | 1907, 1910, 1913 |
| Eltham | 201 | 3,339 | 899 | 1,527,544 | 1,067,286 | C.V. | 1,506,994 | 1,054,134 | 1907, 1908 |
| Patea | 626 | 2,939 | 1,443 | 2,251,775 | 1,542,099 | C.V. | 2,181,609 | 1,491,256 | 1908 |
| Waitotara | 447 | 2,213 | 879 | 1,573,270 | 1,145,780 | C.V. | 1,546,616 | 1,121,091 | 1909 |
| Wanganui | 627 | 3,549 | 1,467 | 2,403,139 | 1,539,241 | C.V. | 2,358,169 | 1,503,737 | 1911, 1913 |
| Waimarino | 945 | 3,408 | 2,008 | 1,596,746 | 1,107,258 | U.V. | 1,304,931 | 841,852 | 1913 |
| County. | Area in Square Miles (including Interior Boroughs, &c. | Population, as at Census, 1911. | Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll. | Gross Values. | System of Rating. | Rateable Values. | Values last revised as at 31st March in † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital Value (Laud and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column.) | ||||||
* Counties Act not wholly in force. † In cases where more than one year is shown in this column the revision of the county was carried out in sections, certain ridings, road districts, or town districts being revised in the years stated. | |||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||||||
| Rangitikei | 852 | 7,371 | 3,007 | 4,571,940 | 3.084,285 | C.V. | 4,523,882 | 3,053,678 | 1908, 1909, 1912 |
| Kiwitea | 336 | 2,781 | 1,496 | 2,015,489 | 1,351,435 | C.V. | 1,981,164 | 1,328,390 | 1910, 1911 |
| Pohangina | 295 | 1,797 | 956 | 1,220,981 | 810,728 | C.V. | 1,184,430 | 779,479 | 1911 |
| Kaittieke | 575 | 1,966 | 936 | 951,763 | 764,438 | C.V. | 657,398 | 474,838 | 1912 |
| Kairanga | 186 | 3,877 | 1,145 | 2,980,644 | 2,177,667 | U.V. | 2,934,678 | 2,161,966 | 1912 |
| Oroua | 213 | 3,588 | 1,491 | 2,008,854 | 1,476,316 | C.V. | 1,996,812 | 1,472,645 | 1909, 1913 |
| Manawatu | 267 | 4,461 | 1,538 | 2,371,296 | 1,692,481 | C.V. | 2,355,074 | 1,687,143 | 1911, 1912 |
| Horowhenua | 498 | 6,064 | 2,891 | 3,583,163 | 2,526,644 | C.V. | 3,411,156 | 2,452,356 | 1908, 1913 |
| Islands— | |||||||||
| Kapiti, Mana, and Somes | .. | 10 | 17 | 17,984 | 13,378 | Nil | 10,484 | 9,378 | 1898 |
| Chatham I lands | 375 | 234 | 27 | 95,557 | 55,838 | Nil | 92,446 | 53,614 | 1898 |
| Pahiatua | 301 | 3,398 | 2,241 | 1,727,480 | 1,033,763 | U.V. | 1,682,648 | 1,001,907 | 1907 |
| Akitio | 326 | 1,421 | 755 | 757,319 | 439,760 | U.V. | 743,655 | 429,803 | 1907 |
| Castlepoint | 250 | 620 | 167 | 840,766 | 543,485 | C.V. | 836,958 | 542,778 | 1913 |
| Eketahuna | 166 | 1,914 | 922 | 707,560 | 417,433 | U.V. | 693,815 | 407,911 | 1908 |
| Mauriceville | 136 | 950 | 436 | 439,822 | 252,255 | C.V. | 419,958 | 235,365 | 1907 |
| Masterton | 733 | 4,020 | 1,550 | 3,358,302 | 2,163,778 | C.V. | 3,316,250 | 2,145,446 | 1909, 1910 |
| Wairarapa South | 452 | 2,745 | 1,032 | 2,170,631 | 1,354,107 | U.V. | 2,140,896 | 1,334,853 | 1913 |
| Featherston | 961 | 2,591 | 1,002 | 3,294,297 | 2,290,302 | C.V. | 3,225,285 | 2,230,375 | 1912 |
| Hutt | 483 | 4,139 | 2,606 | 2,060,675 | 1,328,575 | C.V. | 1,797,113 | 1,204,491 | 1908, 1909, 1913 |
| Makara | 101 | 2,703 | 1,253 | 905,512 | 488,416 | C.V. | 794,968 | 461,102 | 1908, 1909 |
| Collingwood | 719 | 1,206 | 878 | 246,046 | 145,803 | C.V. | 201,956 | 109,093 | 1909 |
| Takaka | 454 | 1,820 | 781 | 416,626 | 195,142 | U.V. | 365,856 | 149,743 | 1909 |
| Waimea | 1,662 | 8,626 | 3,743 | 2,096,363 | 1,252,669 | C.V. | 1,953,145 | 1,154,200 | 1909 |
| Sounds | 473 | 1,181 | 893 | 593,933 | 397,973 | Nil | 566,958 | 342,836 | 1908 |
| Kaikoura | 703 | 1,926 | 749 | 1,228,544 | 909,116 | C.V. | 1,197,700 | 903,360 | 1913 |
| Marlborough | 3,198 | 6,521 | 2,634 | 3,163,474 | 2,403,929 | * | 3,066,333 | 2,330,358 | 1904, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913 |
| Awatere | 1,535 | 518 | 1,607,647 | 1,251,884 | U.V. | 1,593,188 | 1,243,976 | 1913 | |
| Buller | 1,818 | 6,682 | 3,028 | 1,399,462 | 728,168 | U.V. | 1,010,046 | 408,272 | 1913 |
| Murchison | 1,640 | 1,014 | 757 | 565,896 | 426,177 | U.V. | 252,027 | 118,596 | 1910 |
| Inangahua | 741 | 4,503 | 1,718 | 570,414 | 287,051 | U.V. | 374,764 | 113,698 | 1912 |
| Grey | 1,452 | 7,202 | 2,450 | 952,447 | 619,968 | C.V. | 547,533 | 272,313 | 1912 |
| Westland | 4,420 | 4,274 | 3,295 | 943,057 | 737,879 | C.V. | 421,238 | 238,047 | 1707 |
| Cheviot | 322 | 1,383 | 640 | 1,472,116 | 1,184,926 | U.V. | 1.459,969 | 1,178,548 | 1913 |
| Amuri | 2,362 | 1,695 | 615 | 1,980,776 | 1,621,046 | C.V. | 1,944,308 | 1,598,606 | 1911, 1912 |
| Waipara | 901 | 1,966 | 749 | 2,511,637 | 2,179,232 | C.V. | 2,499,239 | 2,174,922 | 1909 |
| Ashley | 311 | 710 | 325 | 597,109 | 493,391 | C.V. | 576,672 | 474,738 | 1909 |
| Kowai | 160 | 2,080 | 931 | 916,261 | 698,013 | C.V. | 903,118 | 695,473 | 1906, 1907 |
| Oxford | 324 | 1,867 | 932 | 857,015 | 682,795 | C.V. | 823,860 | 656,798 | 1912 |
| Rangiora | 95 | 2,888 | 1,169 | 1,271,386 | 983,271 | C.V. | 1,259,520 | 979,415 | 1905, 1913 |
| Eyre | 175 | 1,872 | 698 | 829,854 | 669,720 | C.V. | 824,444 | 668,184 | 1905 |
| Waimairi | 74 | 10,693 | 3,932 | 2,951,945 | 1,772,163 | C.V. | 2,500,286 | 1,511,589 | 1909, 1911 |
| Paparua | 136 | 4,092 | 1,498 | 1,653,441 | 1,184,721 | C.V. | 1,612,959 | 1,174,533 | 1909, 1910 |
| Malvern | 248 | 3,458 | 1,298 | 1,579,926 | 1,222,486 | C.V. | 1,562,085 | 1,219,048 | 1909 |
| Tawera | 932 | 1,241 | 326 | 342,719 | 268,396 | C.V. | 330,524 | 264,925 | 1907, 1909, 1910. |
| Heathcote | 21 | 4,154 | 1,971 | 1,043,189 | 550,548 | C.V. | 1,019,109 | 542,878 | 1909, 1910 |
| Halswell | 42 | 1,898 | 423 | 709,535 | 541,181 | C.V. | 682,080 | 534,046 | 1910, 1913 |
| Selwyn | 977 | 1,267 | 567 | 1,152,874 | 952,290 | C.V. | 1,146,678 | 948,474 | 1908 |
| Springs | 89 | 1,891 | 616 | 1,046,672 | 826,482 | C.V. | 1,003,504 | 823,334 | 1913 |
| Ellesmere | 183 | 3,773 | 1,198 | 2,220,920 | 1,817,609 | C.V. | 2,194,934 | 1,812,909 | 1906, 1911 |
| Mount Herbert | 59 | 464 | 175 | 389,135 | 309,117 | C.V. | 382,105 | 306,902 | 1909 |
| Wairewa | 165 | 894 | 496 | 881,106 | 731,148 | C.V. | 869,612 | 722,074 | 1909 |
| Akaroa | 163 | 2,251 | 805 | 1,513,282 | 1,203,857 | C.V. | 1,501,572 | 1,200,917 | 1909 |
| Ashburton | 2,542 | 10,284 | 3,980 | 7,646,059 | 6,257,384 | C.V. | 7,550,189 | 5,199,092 | 1906, '07, '11,'12 |
| Geraldine | 949 | 5,165 | 2,278 | 2,907,498 | 2,345,584 | C.V. | 2,881,532 | 2,331,034 | 1911, 1912 |
| Levels | 273 | 4,826 | 1,923 | 2,265,682 | 1,788,206 | C.V. | 2,252,537 | 1,785,430 | 1909 |
| Mackenzie | 2,537 | 2,647 | 1,096 | 2,069,553 | 1,660,068 | C.V. | 2,035,070 | 1,641,485 | 1911, 1912, 1913 |
| Waimate | 1,343 | 6,730 | 2,629 | 4,876,578 | 3,984,966 | U.V. | 4,808,855 | 3,952,864 | 1906, 1913 |
| Waitaki | 2,333 | 9,733 | 3,773 | 3,908,789 | 3,057,155 | C.V. | 3,842,370 | 3,038,618 | 1909 |
| Maniototo | 1,239 | 2,812 | 1,755 | 924,000 | 643,773 | C.V. | 897,983 | 632,352 | 1912, 1913 |
| County. | Area in Square Miles (including Interior Boroughs, &c. | Population, as at Census, 1911. | Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll. | Gross Values. | System of Rating. | Rateable Values. | Values last revised as at 31st March in † | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital Value (Laud and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column.) | ||||||
* Counties Act not wholly in force. † In cases where more than one year is shown in this column the revision of the county was carried out in sections, certain ridings, road districts, or town districts being revised in the years stated. | |||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||||||
| Waihemo | 336 | 1,647 | 807 | 568,852 | 412,093 | C.V. | 563,837 | 410,884 | 1908 |
| Waikouaiti | 320 | 4,318 | 1,912 | 885,449 | 512,660 | C.V. | 767,786 | 495,698 | 1908 |
| Peninsula | 37 | 1,895 | 1,462 | 529,692 | 306,741 | * | 492,989 | 300,517 | 1908, 1011 |
| Taieri | 930 | 6,202 | 2,779 | 1,682,067 | 1,192,204 | C.V. | 1,626,246 | 1,171,300 | 1906, 1907, 1909 |
| Tuapeka | 1,365 | 5,732 | 2,619 | 1,874,190 | 1,338,900 | C.V. | 1,816,966 | 1,315,207 | 1011, 1912 |
| Bruce | 503 | 4,835 | 2,248 | 1,329,387 | 953,322 | C.V. | 1,308,953 | 946,659 | 1906,'07,'08,'09 |
| Clutha | 970 | 7,266 | 3,411 | 2,119,176 | 1,385,139 | C.V. | 2,025,868 | 1,334,574 | 1907, 1908, 1909, 1913 |
| Vincent | 2,684 | 3,734 | 2,147 | 644,788 | 428,214 | C.V. | 604,484 | 408,597 | 1906, 1908, 1911 |
| Islands— | |||||||||
| Quarantine and Goat | .. | .. | .. | 3,454 | 900 | Nil | .. | ||
| Lake | 3,712 | 1,958 | 1,381 | 395,638 | 285,135 | C.V. | 354,446 | 253,138 | 1897, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 |
| Fiord | 3,059 | 42 | 90 | 144,464 | 137,684 | Nil | 16,022 | 15,242 | 1897 |
| Wallace | 3,696 | 8,678 | 3,464 | 2,835,618 | 1,967,944 | C.V. | 2,697,971 | 1,848,358 | 1908. '09, '12,'13 |
| Southland | 3,754 | 25,797 | 10,592 | 9,746,179 | 6,806,727 | U.V. | 9,569,693 | 3,704,115 | 1907, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913 |
| Stewart I land | 665 | 325 | 295 | 163,799 | 129,606 | C.V. | 38,256 | 18,222 | 1904 |
| Islands— | |||||||||
| Antipodes, &c. | .. | 7 | 13,880 | 13,880 | Nil | 12,000 | 12,000 | 1897 | |
TABLE showing Capital Value of Land with Improvements (and distinguishing the Unimproved Value of Land) for all Lands and for Rateable Properties in each Borough in New Zealand, as at the 31st March, 1913, with the Area, Population, Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll, and the Year in which the Values were last revised.
| Roll No. | Borough. | Area in Acres. | Estimated Population, 31st March, 1913. | Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll. | Gross Values. | System of Rating. | Rateable Values. | Values last revised as at 31st March, in | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column) | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | |||||||
* Approximate. | ||||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |||||||
| 1 | Whangarei | 2,038 | 2,790 | 869 | 600,074 | 340,356 | C.V. | 577,769 | 326,416 | 1911 |
| 41C | Dargaville | 2,325 | 1,352 | 423 | 221,938 | 131,627 | C.V. | 215,633 | 128,622 | 1911 |
| 55 | Birkenhead | 2,700 | 2,073 | 573 | 304,324 | 132,824 | A.V. | 295,686 | 128,249 | 1909 |
| 56 | Devonport | 640 | 7,501 | 1,934 | 1,484,97] | 645,783 | U.V. | 1,382,868 | 510,777 | 1911 |
| 57 | Auckland | 2,356 | 47,783 | 8,245 | 17,960,264 | 11,318,429 | A.V. | 15,391,134 | 9,620,434 | 1912 |
| 64 | Newmarket | 150 | 3,127 | 535 | 439,370 | 206,513 | A.V. | 424,538 | 196,973 | 1909 |
| 65 | Grey Lynn | 900 | 8,491 | 2,160 | 1,171,548 | 508,678 | U.V. | 1,135,658 | 489,018 | 1911 |
| 66 | Onehunga | 1,200 | 4,872 | 1,154 | 805,111 | 361,039 | A.V. | 756,204 | 335,124 | 1910 |
| 90 | Northcote | 2,420 | 1,537 | 532 | 318,858 | 182,483 | A.V. | 309,283 | 176,123 | 1913 |
| 96 | Mt. Albert | 2,437 | 7,878 | 2,803 | 1,159,153 | 492,350 | C.V. | 1,132,278 | 480,935 | 1910 |
| 99 | Mt. Eden | 1,410 | 10,078 | 2,701 | 1,870,584 | 755,627 | A.V. | 1,761,279 | 722,487 | 1910 |
| 140 | Hamilton | 1,600 | 3,710 | 1,072 | 990,764 | 561,639 | U.V. | 898,779 | 496,199 | 1910 |
| 141 | Cambridge | 1,083 | 1,532 | 586 | 219,960 | 111,863 | A.V. | 193,355 | 97,305 | 1905 |
| 158A | Frankton | .. | 1,166 | 530 | 356,111 | 239,665 | C.V. | 339,964 | 227,868 | 1912 |
| 166 | Thames | 2,560 | 3,712 | 1,253 | 277,470 | 97,497 | A.V. | 234,121 | 87,978 | 1905 |
| 167 | Tauranga | 1.000 | 1,410 | 687 | 271,815 | 139,358 | A.V. | 250,508 | 130,808 | 1912 |
| 177B | Waihi | 3,130 | 6,740 | 1,691 | 424,258 | 151,468 | A.V. | 395,695 | 144,025 | 1908 |
| 187 | Te Aroha | 200 | 1,359 | 339 | 88,187 | 35,114 | A.V. | 73,463 | 28,875 | 1907 |
| 129A | Pukekohe | 5,082 | 1,290 | 406 | 377,250 | 237,570 | C.V. | 361,735 | 232,025 | 1912 |
| 230 | To Kuiti | 2,143 | 1,326 | 738 | 349,915 | 188,161 | C.V. | 324,329 | 175,247 | 1913 |
| 201A | Taumarunui | 1,925 | 1,181 | 520 | 136,441 | 68,470 | U.V. | 125,397 | 63,011 | 1911 |
| 117 | Otahuhu | 1,408 | 1,934 | 552 | 338,056 | 180,267 | C.V. | 317,599 | 168,440 | 1910 |
| 199 | Opotiki | 770 | 980 | 438 | 253,672 | 151,926 | U.V. | 231,999 | 139,741 | 1913 |
| 1 | Gisborne | 2,000 | 9,317 | 2,275 | 2,378,883 | 1,423,895 | U.V. | 2,203,389 | 1,308,890 | 1912 |
| 22 | Wairoa | 1,562 | 1,148 | 834 | 254,294 | 148,893 | 'U.V. | 242,524 | 143,723 | 1910 |
| 25 | Napier | 910 | 10,910 | 2,456 | 1,821,672 | 828,336 | A.V | 1,673,497 | 767,119 | 1906 |
| 26 | Hastings | 2,601 | 6,583 | 3,618 | 1,630,453 | 923,066 | U.V. | 1,561,973 | 892,221 | 1911 |
| 27 | Dannevirke | 1,222 | 3,527 | 1,192 | 763,366 | 381,428 | U.V. | 705,122 | 360,721 | 1911 |
| 28 | Woodville | 1,240 | 1,219 | 1,041 | 158,246 | 59,614 | U.V. | 135,602 | 53,863 | 1913 |
| 41 | Waipawa | 5,000 | 1,133 | 469 | 223,214 | 135,518 | U.V. | 206,738 | 127,287 | 1908 |
| 44C | Waipukurau | .. | 1,092 | 471 | 203,258 | 134,478 | U.V. | 189,049 | 128,940 | 1908 |
| 61 | New Plymouth | 850 | 7,575 | 2,001 | 1,395,632 | 829,647 | A.V. | 1,253,977 | 749,382 | Pt. 1906 pt, 1912 |
| 62 | Hawera | 500 | 2,811 | 1,126 | 638,045 | 320,229 | U.V. | 588,123 | 293,282 | 1912 |
| 63 | Patea | 1,420 | 961 | 380 | 64,710 | 22,089 | A.V. | 56,583 | 20,124 | 1902 |
| 70 | Waitara | 2,080 | 1,520 | 748 | 202,842 | 91,159 | C.V. | 193,520 | 87,074 | 1910 |
| 74 | Inglewood | 703 | 1,332 | 770 | 162,803 | 67,434 | C.V. | 148,248 | 59,218 | 1904 |
| 91 | Stratford | 1,920 | 2,763 | 1,882 | 521,769 | 239,665 | U.V. | 480,123 | 216,447 | 1912 |
| 97A | Eltham | 1,590 | 1,818 | 580 | 316,618 | 167,915 | C.V. | 299,376 | 158,455 | 1907 |
| 116 | Wanganui | 6,447 | 13,380 | 3,845 | 3,080,026 | 1,901,321 | A.V. | 2,811,941 | 1,736,225 | 1911 |
| 117 | Marton | 1,423 | 1,505 | 815 | 315,517 | 146,031 | U.V. | 290,191 | 134,990 | 1913 |
| 118H | Ohakune | 3,224 | 1,161 | 491 | 90,571 | 41,767 | U.V. | 76,172 | 30,248 | 1912 |
| 125A | Taihape | 1,030 | 1,651 | 551 | 234,567 | 107,794 | A.V. | 201,148 | 89,235 | 1909 |
| 1 | Feilding | 2,300 | 3,310 | 1,707 | 918,221 | 503,641 | U.V. | 843,278 | 450,650 | 1909 |
| 2 | Palmerston North | 4,595 | 11,709 | 4,359 | 2,225,911 | 1,132,195 | U.V. | 2,099,375 | 1,064,597 | 1906 |
| 3 | Foxton | 1,240 | 1,714 | 602 | 242,019 | 115,563 | U.V. | 213,309 | 102,438 | 1911 |
| 4 | Onslow | 2,000 | 1,969 | 1,177 | 581,250 | 290,254 | U.V. | 528,254 | 274,021 | 1908 |
| 5 | Karori | 2,240 | 1,534 | 1,332 | 510,275 | 319,405 | U.V. | 473,227 | 293,805 | 1913 |
| WELLINGTON— | ||||||||||
| 4A | Onslow portion | 9,500 | 66,338 | 486 | 320,480 | 206,651 | U.V. | 298,883 | 187,369 | 1913 |
| 5A | Karori portion | 872 | 508,577 | 222,480 | U.V. | 432,350 | 202,120 | 1913 | ||
| 7 | City portion | 11,470 | 16,492,763* | 8,437,406 | U.V. | 14,993,416 | 8,289,475 | 1906 | ||
| 8 | kilbirnie portion | 3,070 | 1,397,686 | 679,484 | U.V. | 1,367,250 | 657,408 | 1913 | ||
| 9 | Island Bay portion | 1,925 | 641,285 | 323,955 | U.V. | 603,900 | 308,797 | 1913 | ||
| 10 | Ohiro portion | 2,554 | 1,093,207 | 478,153 | U.V. | 1,058,550 | 456,918 | 1913 | ||
| 24A | Levin | 1,350 | 1,683 | 1,024 | 292,105 | 126,551 | C.V. | 273,774 | 120,969 | 1907 |
| 29 | Pahiatua | 720 | 1,421 | 570 | 228,652 | 101,223 | U.V. | 216,215 | 97,855 | 1906 |
| 30 | Masterton | 2,100 | 5,585 | 1,840 | 1,238,130 | 572,750 | U.V. | 1,120,046 | 536,066 | 1907 |
| 31 | Carterton | 1,880 | 1,618 | 762 | 279,117 | 118,680 | C.V. | 260,077 | 112,600 | 1908 |
| 32 | Grey town | 3,907 | 1,090 | 464 | 200,729 | 84,353 | A.V. | 185,556 | 82,614 | 1911 |
| 33 | Lower Hutt | 3,255 | 4,440 | 3,124 | 1,433,963 | 869,446 | U.V. | 1,367,765 | 821,724 | 1911 |
| 34 | Petone | 1,000 | 7,010 | 2,099 | 1,362,169 | 686,971 | U.V. | 1,231,402 | 899,501 | 1911 |
| 42B | Eketahuna | 960 | 844 | 448 | 151,753 | 68,415 | U.V. | 139,335 | 63,800 | 1912 |
| 64A | Eastbourne | 1,380 | 601 | 767 | 184,110 | 107,173 | U.V. | 180,939 | 105,307 | 1906 |
| 66 | Miramar | 2,250 | 1,739 | 1,829 | 847,996 | 619,206 | U.V. | 769,382 | 557,797 | 1908 |
| 67 | Richmond | 2,300 | 735 | 247 | 137,050 | 76,050 | C.V. | 130,262 | 73,367 | 1910 |
| 68 | Nelson | 4,800 | 8,465 | 2,468 | 1,197,596 | 577,684 | A.V. | 1,084,403 | 533,636 | 1905 |
| 69 | Picton | 560 | 1,424 | 825 | 286,177 | 153,526 | U.V. | 253,393 | 131,308 | 1909 |
| 70 | Blenheim | 1,571 | 4,048 | 1,517 | 752,173 | 340,639 | U.V. | 696,531 | 318,772 | 1909 |
| 77 | Motueka | 5,643 | 1,286 | 426 | 182,028 | 89,433 | C.V. | 174,690 | 87,773 | 1909 |
| 98 | Westport | 713 | 4,952 | 1,340 | 735,272 | 383,568 | U.V. | 619,547 | 307,803 | 1910 |
| 99 | Greymouth | 2,000 | 5,560 | 1,590 | 823,168 | 270,223 | U.V. | 701,082 | 227,668 | 1911 |
| 100 | Brunner | 5,700 | 1,054 | 524 | 71,011 | 11,980 | A.V. | 20,461 | 9,029 | 1898 |
| 101 | Kumara | 842 | 820 | 459 | 33,892 | 5,913 | A.V. | 24,009 | 3,858 | 1904 |
| 102 | Hokitika | 1,280 | 2,368 | 1,110 | 240,788 | 81,194 | U.V. | 200,369 | 65,653 | 1907 |
| 103 | Ross | 4,196 | 672 | 340 | 23,217 | 5,891 | C.V. | 18,777 | 4,779 | 1909 |
| 115A | Runanga | .. | 1,638 | 410 | 56,360 | 20,175 | C.V. | 43,656 | 11,232 | 1912 |
| 1 | Rangiora | 1,040 | 1,920 | 654 | 254,941 | 86,819 | C.V. | 236,664 | 82,212 | 1905 |
| 2 | Kaiapoi | 1,020 | 1,908 | 602 | 188,451 | 59,411 | A.V. | 171,461 | 56,646 | 1907 |
| CCHRISTCHURCH— | ||||||||||
| 25 | St. Albans Ward | 4,798 | 55,098 | 3,521 | 1,943,549 | 656,999 | U.V. | 1,916,969 | 648,299 | 1908 |
| 26–30 | Central Ward | 3,894 | 6,636,535 | 3.108,388 | U.V. | 6,079,238 | 2,944,806 | 1907 | ||
| 31 | Sydenham Ward | 3,570 | 1,804,009 | 592,593 | U.V. | 1,674,794 | 519,128 | 1908 | ||
| 32, 32A | Linwood Ward | 2,402 | 1,171,673 | 365,532 | U.V. | 1,150,205 | 358,874 | 1908 | ||
| 33 | Woolston | 1,276 | 3,699 | 1,180 | 464,916 | 172,631 | U.V. | 442,761 | 166,061 | 1908 |
| 34 | New Brighton | 1,500 | 1,990 | 1,829 | 337,704 | 167,565 | U.V. | 329,249 | 163,975 | 1913 |
| Roll No. | Borough. | Area in Acres. | Estimated Population, 31st March, 1913. | Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll. | Gross Values. | System of Rating. | Rateable Values. | Values last revised as at 31st March in | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | |||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |||||||
| 35 | Sumner | 4,876 | 1,987 | 1,301 | 505,260 | 267,820 | U.V. | 473,000 | 254,790 | 1913 |
| 36 | Lyttelton | 2,014 | 4,151 | 921 | 952,967 | 265,510 | A.V. | 327,852 | 94,450 | 1908 |
| 37 | Akaroa | 221 | 650 | 190 | 104,191 | 44,544 | C.V. | 94,481 | 40,761 | 1911 |
| 39E | Riccarton | 2,889 | 3,027 | 920 | 519,784 | 180,552 | C.V. | 472,119 | 163,257 | 1909 |
| 48 | Spreydon | 1,295 | 3,560 | 1,554 | 701,588 | 185,616 | U.V. | 489,838 | 183,216 | 1910 |
| 63 | Ashburton | 680 | 2,797 | 904 | 471,693 | 203,300 | A.V. | 430,308 | 179,225 | 1905 |
| 64, 64A | Timaru | 1,100 | 12,048 | 3,304 | 2,216,110 | 1,120,531 | A.V. | 2,065,600 | 1,047,166 | 1908 |
| 78 | Geraldine | 487 | 989 | 384 | 127,605 | 43,758 | C.V. | 116,969 | 40,893 | 1912 |
| 80, 80A | Temuka | 945 | 1,823 | 741 | 225,693 | 66,529 | C.V. | 194,421 | 56,989 | 1909 |
| 89 | Waimate | 649 | 1,845 | 640 | 291,091 | 98,639 | U.V. | 258,216 | 91,323 | 1910 |
| DUNEDIN— | ||||||||||
| 46 | Valley Ward | .. | .. | 582,961 | 212,067 | A.V. | 551,949 | 202,020 | 1907 | |
| 48 | Roslyn Ward | .. | .. | 955,117 | 347,956 | A.V. | 933,307 | 341,246 | 1908 | |
| 50, 51 | Leith Ward | 9,272 | 48,988 | 10,735 | 3,105,376 | 1,435,160 | A.V. | 2,666,469 | 1,228,585 | 1909 |
| 52, 53 | Central Ward | .. | .. | .. | 3,833,675 | 1,762,585 | A.V. | 3,359,996 | 1,526,635 | 1909 |
| 54, 55 | Caversham Ward | .. | .. | .. | 1,360,315 | 446,178 | A.V. | 1,198,325 | 395,498 | 1907 |
| 2 | Oamaru | 1,111 | 5,405 | 1,538 | 833,138 | 290,486 | A.V. | 734,940 | 258,049 | 1910 |
| 3 | Hampden | 640 | 361 | 393 | 27,010 | 9,682 | C.V. | 22,744 | 8,112 | 1907 |
| 23 | Naseby | 113 | 324 | 184 | 21,008 | 2,573 | A.V. | 13,951 | 1,908 | 1912 |
| 24 | Palmerston | 800 | 828 | 462 | 87,312 | 23,906 | C.V. | 74,878 | 21,800 | 1913 |
| 25 | Waikouaiti | 1,700 | 720 | 602 | 73,641 | 27,947 | C.V. | 65,606 | 26,665 | 1908 |
| 44 | Port Chalmers | 335 | 2,199 | 529 | 313,320 | 104,990 | A.V. | 231,945 | 88,165 | 1907 |
| 45 | West Harbour | 1,070 | 2,119 | 807 | 203,490 | 75,358 | U.V. | 188,640 | 66,963 | 1907 |
| 47 | Maori Hill | 3,700 | 2,278 | 705 | 406,597 | 165,065 | U.V. | 338,842 | 135,.05 | 1908 |
| 49 | Mornington | 654 | 4,917 | 1,350 | 578,314 | 187,746 | A.V. | 557,694 | 182,101 | 1907 |
| 56 | St Kilda | 463 | 4,486 | 1,647 | 803,085 | 305,045 | U.V. | 759,935 | 289,420 | 1913 |
| 65 | Green Island | 600 | 1,991 | 676 | 217,292 | 60,825 | A.V. | 207,647 | 58,715 | 1909 |
| 66 | Mosgiel | 967 | 1,671 | 668 | 253,785 | 97,748 | U.V. | 230,620 | 93,813 | 1912 |
| 67 | Roxburgh | 400 | 461 | 220 | 37,610 | 5,899 | A.V. | 32,565 | 4,779 | 1912 |
| 68 | Lawrence | 640 | 953 | 553 | 115,913 | 31,343 | A.V. | 93,668 | 26,073 | 1905 |
| 69 | Tapanui | 126 | 347 | 145 | 32,120 | 9,075 | A.V. | 28,550 | 8,495 | 1909 |
| 70 | Milton | 265 | 1,410 | 431 | 181,335 | 56,126 | A.V. | 163,360 | 52,771 | 1907 |
| 71 | Balclutha | 568 | 1,320 | 501 | 205,928 | 52,013 | U.V. | 192,653 | 76,318 | 1911 |
| 72 | Kaitangata | 1,158 | 1,640 | 736 | 106,586 | 31,325 | A.V. | 95,795 | 28,870 | 1905 |
| 114 | Cromwell | 640 | 614 | 499 | 45,500 | 10,870 | A.V. | 38,610 | 8,923 | 1906 |
| 115 | Alexandra | 840 | 807 | 461 | 53,009 | 10,048 | A.V. | 47,261 | 8,863 | 1900 |
| 1 | Arrowtown | 390 | 424 | 180 | 20,909 | 3,325 | A.V. | 14,994 | 2,847 | 1905 |
| 2 | Queenstown | 923 | 728 | 267 | 64,915 | 14,544 | A.V. | 51,801 | 12,244 | 1905 |
| 20 | Gore | 1,150 | 3,412 | 1,217 | 601,105 | 247,426 | U.V. | 545,052 | 218,416 | 1911 |
| 21 | Mataura | 1,530 | 1,255 | 447 | 200,272 | 75,864 | A.V. | 192,338 | 72,009 | 1912 |
| 22 | Winton | 160 | 590 | 227 | 81,446 | 27,935 | U.V. | 72,666 | 25,669 | 1911 |
| 27A | Invercargill | 2,549 | 13,590 | 4,116 | 3,004,612 | 1,273,316 | U.V. | 2.696,555 | 1,125,630 | 1911 |
| 28 | South Invercargill | 2,280 | 1,549 | 657 | 147,034 | 75,056 | U.V. | 141,655 | 72,876 | 1911 |
| 29 | Riverton | 718 | 979 | 521 | 126,778 | 44,020 | A.V. | 110,447 | 41,813 | 1913 |
| 80 | Campbelltown | 2,000 | 1,865 | 680 | 270,250 | 98,455 | U.V. | 252,961 | 91,475 | 1909 |
TABLE showing Capital Value of Land with improvements (and distinguishing the Unimproved Value of Land) for all Lands and for Rateable Properties in each Town District (outside the Jurisdiction of any Count}') in New Zealand, as at the 31st March, 1913, with the Population, Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll, and the Year in which the Values were last revised.
| Roll No. | Town District, independent of County (outside County Jurisdiction). | Estimated Population, 31st March, 1913. | Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll. | Gross Values. | System of Rating. | Rateable Values. | Values last revised as at 31st March, in | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | Capital Value (Land and Improvements). | Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column). | ||||||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | ||||||
| 24A | Hikurangi | 725 | 291 | 72,635 | 40,260 | C.V. | 70,455 | 39,470 | 1913 |
| 84 | Helensville | 701 | 261 | 97,705 | 34,460 | A.V. | 88,365 | 31,845 | 1911 |
| 79B | Warkworth | 721 | 194 | 82,367 | 26,540 | C.V. | 76,882 | 25,390 | 1912 |
| 143A | Huntly | 1,381 | 290 | 165,160 | 92,150 | C.V. | 157,850 | 89,570 | 1911 |
| 105A | Ellerslie | 991 | 299 | 225,158 | 104,610 | C.V. | 208,623 | 96,115 | 1909 |
| 92B | New Lynn | 619 | 268 | 132,650 | 76,260 | C.V. | 130,445 | 74,335 | 1912 |
| 192 | Rotorua | 2,503 | 706 | 736,320 | 461,907 | C.V. | 489,967 | 280,752 | 1911 |
| 32 | Taradale | 936 | 297 | 145,055 | 88,563 | C.V. | 141,305 | 87,608 | 1908 |
| 94 | Manaia | 562 | .. | 71,852 | 23,386 | C.V. | 64,727 | 21,895 | 1907 |
| 111 | Waverley | 655 | 257 | 97,250 | 43,316 | C.V. | 85,850 | 39,396 | 1912 |
| 115A | Gonville | 1,630 | 789 | 409,759 | 218,143 | U.V. | 378,503 | 203,268 | 1912 |
| 115B | Castlecliff | 648 | 464 | 120,352 | 56,097 | C.V. | 112,972 | 50,726 | 1913 |
| 125B | Mangaweka | 517 | 254 | 50,291 | 19,450 | C.V. | 44,338 | 16,140 | 1909 |
| 126 | Hunterville | 688 | 269 | 79,891 | 33,618 | C.V. | 72,911 | 30,929 | 1908 |
| 136 | Bull's | 543 | 177 | 56,759 | 23,716 | A.V. | 50,721 | 21,875 | 1908 |
| 52B | Martinborough | 660 | 421 | 119,016 | 36,877 | C.V. | 113,917 | 36,162 | 1910 |
| 54 | Featherston | 778 | 335 | 99,193 | 32,329 | U.V. | 89,494 | 30,650 | 1909 |
| 59 | Johnsonville | 973 | 679 | 228,214 | 139,181 | C.V. | 209,469 | 128,421 | 1909 |
| 62A | Upper Hutt | 1,100 | 1,185 | 233,780 | 139,482 | U.V. | 218,445 | 134,267 | 1908 |
| 71 | Hampstead | 1,560 | 472 | 150,746 | 65,875 | C.V. | 139,586 | 64,935 | 1908 |
| 75 | Tinwald | 563 | 247 | 81,835 | 45,302 | C.V. | 78,861 | 44,697 | 1905 |
| 83A | Pleasant Point | 515 | 253 | 60,652 | 24,504 | C.V. | 55,473 | 23,540 | 1909 |
| 64A | Bay | 1,090 | 698 | 295,032 | 134,799 | C.V. | 288,492 | 132,274 | 1911 |
| 35 | Otautau | 778 | 327 | 120,860 | 50,528 | C.V. | 111,281 | 47,463 | 1912 |
| 52 | Wyndham | 693 | 275 | 110,900 | 50,275 | A.V. | 98,713 | 44,445 | 1912 |
| I.—POPULATION. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Population (exclusive of Maoris and for Annexed Pacific Islands) on 31st December. | Births. | Deaths. | Marriages. | ||
| Males. | Females. | Totals. | ||||
| 1864 | 106,580 | 65,578 | 172,158 | 6,501 | 2,921 | 1,878 |
| 1865 | 117,376 | 73,231 | 190,607 | 7,490 | 2,757 | 1,908 |
| 1866 | 125,080 | 79,034 | 204,114 | 8,466 | 2,540 | 2,038 |
| 1867 | 131,929 | 86,739 | 218,668 | 8,918 | 2,702 | 2,050 |
| 1868 | 134,621 | 91,997 | 226,618 | 9,391 | 2,662 | 2,085 |
| 1869 | 140,112 | 97,137 | 237,249 | 9,718 | 2,721 | 1,931 |
| 1870 | 145,732 | 102,668 | 248,400 | 10,277 | 2,703 | 1,851 |
| 1871 | 156,431 | 110,555 | 266,986 | 10,592 | 2,642 | 1,864 |
| 1872 | 162,404 | 117,156 | 279,560 | 10,795 | 3,192 | 1,873 |
| 1873 | 170,406 | 125,540 | 295,946 | 11,222 | 3,645 | 2,276 |
| 1874 | 194,349 | 147,511 | 341,860 | 12,844 | 4,161 | 2,828 |
| 1875 | 213,294 | 162,562 | 375,856 | 14,438 | 5,712 | 3,209 |
| 1876 | 225,580 | 173,495 | 399,075 | 16,168 | 4,904 | 3,196 |
| 1877 | 227,681 | 180,937 | 408,618 | 16,856 | 4,685 | 3,114 |
| 1878 | 240,627 | 191,892 | 432,519 | 17,770 | 4,645 | 3,377 |
| 1879 | 257,894 | 205,835 | 463,729 | 18,070 | 5,583 | 3,352 |
| 1880 | 268,364 | 216,500 | 484,864 | 19,341 | 5,437 | 3,181 |
| 1881 | 274,986 | 225,924 | 500,910 | 18,732 | 5,491 | 3,277 |
| 1882 | 283,303 | 234,404 | 517,707 | 19,009 | 5,701 | 3,600 |
| 1883 | 294,665 | 246,212 | 540,877 | 19,202 | 6,061 | 3,612 |
| 1884 | 306,667 | 257,637 | 564,304 | 19,846 | 5,740 | 3,800 |
| 1885 | 312,125 | 263,101 | 575,226 | 19,693 | 6,081 | 3,813 |
| 1886 | 317,646 | 271,740 | 589,386 | 19,299 | 6,135 | 3,488 |
| 1887 | 324,558 | 278,803 | 603,361 | 19,135 | 6,137 | 3,563 |
| 1888 | 324,948 | 282,432 | 607,380 | 18,902 | 5,708 | 3,617 |
| 1889 | 328,588 | 287,464 | 616,052 | 18,457 | 5,772 | 3,632 |
| 1890 | 332,557 | 292,951 | 625,508 | 18,278 | 5,994 | 3,797 |
| 1891 | 336,174 | 297,884 | 634,058 | 18,273 | 6,518 | 3,805 |
| 1892 | 345,146 | 305,287 | 650,433 | 17,876 | 6,459 | 4,002 |
| 1893 | 357,635 | 314,630 | 672,265 | 18,187 | 6,767 | 4,115 |
| 1894 | 363,763 | 322,365 | 686,128 | 18,528 | 6,918 | 4,17 |
| 1895 | 369,725 | 328,981 | 698,706 | 18,546 | 6,863 | 4,110 |
| 1896 | 376,987 | 337,175 | 714,162 | 18,612 | 6,432 | 4,843 |
| 1897 | 384,703 | 344,353 | 729,056 | 18,737 | 6,595 | 4,928 |
| 1898 | 392,124 | 351,339 | 743,463 | 18,955 | 7,244 | 5,091 |
| 1899 | 398,679 | 357,826 | 756,505 | 18,835 | 7,680 | 5,461 |
| 1900 | 403,628 | 364,650 | 768,278 | 19,546 | 7,200 | 5,860 |
| 1901 | 414,223 | 373,434 | 787,657 | 20,491 | 7,634 | 6,095 |
| 1902 | 425,908 | 382,021 | 807,929 | 20,655 | 8,375 | 6,394 |
| 1903 | 439,674 | 392,831 | 832,505 | 21,829 | 8,528 | 6,748 |
| 1904 | 453,992 | 403,547 | 857,539 | 22,766 | 8,087 | 6,983 |
| 1905 | 467,366 | 415,096 | 882,462 | 23,682 | 8,061 | 7,200 |
| 1906 | 481,651 | 427,075 | 908,726 | 24,252 | 8,339 | 7,592 |
| 1907 | 492,649 | 436,835 | 929,484 | 25,094 | 10,066 | 8,192 |
| 1908 | 510,329 | 450,313 | 960,642 | 25,940 | 9,043 | 8,339 |
| 1909 | 520,406 | 462,520 | 982,926 | 26,524 | 8,959 | 8,094 |
| 1910 | 529,928 | 472,751 | 1,002,679 | 25,984 | 9,639 | 8,236 |
| 1911 | 539,729 | 485,677 | 1,025,406 | 26,354 | 9,534 | 8,825 |
| 1912 | 553,212 | 499,415 | 1,052,627 | 27,508 | 9,214 | 9,149 |
| 1913 | 569,109 | 515,553 | 1,084,662 | 27,935 | 10,119 | 8,813 |
NOTE.—Maori population excluded from above was 49,844 in 1911, and that of Cook and other Islands 12,598 persons.
| II.—PRODUCTION. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Occupied and Cultivated Holdings over One Acre in Extent. | Land (including Sown Grasses) under Cultivation. | Live-stock. | Coal-mines, Output from. | |||
| Horses. | Horned Cattle. | Sheep. | Pigs. | ||||
| Number. | Acre. | Tons. | |||||
| 1864 | .. | 382,655 | 49,409 | 249,760 | 4,937,273 | 61,276 | Prior to 1878, 709,931 |
| 1865 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| 1866 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| 1867 | .. | 676,909 | 65,715 | 312,835 | 8,418,579 | 115,104 | |
| 1868 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| 1869 | 11,932 | 783,435 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| 1870 | 13,476 | 997,477 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| 1871 | 10,211 | 1,140,279 | 18,028 | 436,592 | 9,700,629 | 151,460 | |
| 1872 | 14,874 | 1,226,222 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| 1873 | 15,304 | 1,416,933 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| 1874 | 15,883 | 1,651,712 | 99,859 | 494,917 | 11,704,853 | 123,921 | .. |
| 1875 | 16,092 | 1,943,653 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1876 | 17,250 | 2,377,402 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1877 | 18,750 | 2,940,711 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1878 | 20,519 | 3,523,277 | 137,768 | 578,430 | 13,069,338 | 207,337 | 162,218 |
| 1879 | 21,054 | 3,982,866 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 231,218 |
| 1880 | 23,129 | 4,506,889 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 299,923 |
| 1881 | 24,147 | 4,768,192 | 161,736 | 698,637 | 12,985,085 | 200,083 | 337,262 |
| 1882 | 26,298 | 5,189,104 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 378,272 |
| 1883 | 27,352 | 5,651,255 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 421,764 |
| 1884 | 28,587 | 6,072,949 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 480,831 |
| 1885 | 29,814 | 6,550,399 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 511,063 |
| 1886 | 31,763 | 6,668,920 | 187,382 | 853,358 | 16,564,595 | 277,901 | 534,353 |
| 1887 | 33,332 | 6,845,177 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 558,620 |
| 1888 | 34,743 | 7,284,752 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 613,895 |
| 1889 | 35,747 | 7,670,167 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 586,445 |
| 1890 | 38,170 | 8,015,426 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 637,397 |
| 1891 | 38,083 | 8,462,495 | 211,040 | 788,919 | 17,865,423 | 222,553 | 668,794 |
| 1892 | 41,224 | 8,893,225 | .. | .. | 18,570,752 | .. | 673,315 |
| 1893 | 42,768 | 9,713,745 | .. | .. | 19,380,369 | .. | 691,548 |
| 1894 | 45,290 | 10,063,051 | .. | 885,305 | 20,230,829 | .. | 719,546 |
| 1895 | 46,676 | 10,128,076 | .. | 964,034 | 19,826,604 | .. | 726,654 |
| 1896 | .. | 10,698,869 | 237,418 | 1,047,901 | 19,138,493 | 239,778 | 792,851 |
| 1897 | 58,940 | 11,550,075 | 249,8113 | 1,138,067 | 19,687,954 | 209,834 | 840,713 |
| 1898 | 60,759 | 11,444,563 | 252,834 | 1,209,165 | 19,673,725 | 186,027 | 907,033 |
| 1899 | 61,639 | 11,984,606 | 258,115 | 1,203,024 | 19,348,506 | 193,512 | 975,234 |
| 1900 | 62,485 | 12,474,511 | 261,931 | 1,222,139 | 19,355,195 | 249,751 | 1,093,990 |
| 1901 | 62,786 | 12,636,035 | 266,245 | 1,256,680 | 20,233,099 | 250,975 | 1,227,638 |
| 1902 | 63,982 | 13,083,971 | 279,672 | 1,361,784 | 20,342,727 | 224,024 | 1,362,702 |
| 1903 | 65,034 | 13,357,700 | 286,955 | 1,460,663 | 18,954,553 | 193,740 | 1,420,193 |
| 1904 | 66,092 | 13,504,004 | 298,714 | 1,593,547 | 18,280,806 | 226,591 | 1,537,838 |
| 1905 | 68,680 | 13,868,074 | 314,322 | 1,736,850 | 19,130,875 | 255,320 | 1,585,756 |
| 1906 | 69,942 | 14,114,925 | 326,537 | 1,810,936 | 20,108,471 | 249,727 | 1,729,536 |
| 1907 | 72,338 | 14,382,787 | 342,608 | 1,851,750 | 20,983,772 | 242,273 | 1,831,009 |
| 1908 | 73,367 | 14,884,617 | 352,832 | 1,816,299 | 22,449,053 | 241,128 | 1,860,975 |
| 1909 | 75,152 | 15,566,308 | 363,259 | 1,773,326 | 23,480,707 | 245,092 | 1,911,247 |
| 1910 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24,269,620 | .. | 2,197,362 |
| 1911 | 73,876 | 16,154,218 | 404,284 | 2,020,171 | 23,996,126 | 343,754 | 2,066,073 |
| 1912 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 23,750,153 | .. | 2,177,615 |
| 1913 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 24,191,810 | .. | 1,888,005 |
| III.—TRADE. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exports (the Produce of New Zealand). | ||||||
| Year. | Wool. | Grain. | Frozen Meat. | |||
| Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | |
| lb. | £ | Bushels. | £ | Cwt. | £ | |
| 1864 | 16,691,666 | 1,070,997 | 3,580 | 722 | .. | .. |
| 1865 | 19,180,500 | 1,141,761 | 25,447 | 6,076 | .. | .. |
| 1866 | 22,810,770 | 1,354,152 | 32,610 | 7,297 | .. | .. |
| 1867 | 27,152,966 | 1,580,608 | 158,811 | 26,986 | .. | .. |
| 1868 | 28,875,163 | 1,516,548 | 632,556 | 114,125 | .. | .. |
| 1869 | 27,765,636 | 1,371,230 | 520,556 | 96,441 | .. | .. |
| 1870 | 37,039,763 | 1,703,944 | 854,399 | 141,135 | .. | .. |
| 1871 | 37,793,734 | 1,606,144 | 1,032,902 | 164,087 | .. | .. |
| 1872 | 41,886,997 | 2,537,919 | 1,058,480 | 178,886 | .. | .. |
| 1873 | 41,535,185 | 2,702,471 | 598,431 | 136,832 | .. | .. |
| 1874 | 46,848,735 | 2,834,695 | 1,162,782 | 291,103 | .. | .. |
| 1875 | 54,401,540 | 3,398,155 | 1,276,927 | 231,417 | .. | .. |
| 1876 | 59,853,454 | 3,395,816 | 2,172,098 | 337,878 | .. | .. |
| 1877 | 64,481,324 | 3,658,938 | 1,323,910 | 276,452 | .. | .. |
| 1878 | 59,270,256 | 3,292,807 | 2,112,214 | 508,767 | .. | .. |
| 1879 | 62,220,810 | 3,126,439 | 3,470,344 | 660,557 | .. | .. |
| 1880 | 66,860,150 | 3,169,300 | 5,540,445 | 898,997 | .. | .. |
| 1881 | 59,415,940 | 2,909,760 | 5,815,960 | 986,072 | .. | .. |
| 1882 | 65,322,707 | 3,118,554 | 4,310,984 | 907,961 | 15,244 | 19,339 |
| 1883 | 68,149,430 | 3,014,211 | 6,723,303 | 1,286,724 | 87,975 | 118,328 |
| 1884 | 81,139,028 | 3,267,527 | 5,489,635 | 766,824 | 254,069 | 345,090 |
| 1885 | 86,507,431 | 3,205,275 | 4,597,645 | 513,697 | 296,473 | 373,857 |
| 1886 | 90,853,744 | 3,072,971 | 3,523,324 | 463,549 | 346,055 | 427,93 |
| 1887 | 88,824,382 | 3,321,074 | 4,126,836 | 443,780 | 402,107 | 455,870 |
| 1888 | 83,225,733 | 3,115,008 | 5,101,167 | 668,859 | 552,298 | 628,800 |
| 1889 | 102,227,354 | 3,976,375 | 6,120,202 | 985,224 | 656,822 | 783,374 |
| 1890 | 102,817,077 | 4,150,599 | 8,287,024 | 1,030,415 | 898,894 | 1,087,617 |
| 1801 | 106,187,114 | 4,129,686 | 5,877,059 | 676,338 | 1,000,307 | 1,194,724 |
| 1892 | 118,180,912 | 4,313,307 | 6,625,525 | 816,272 | 869,600 | 1,033,377 |
| 1893 | 109,719,684 | 3,774,738 | 4,855,368 | 583,397 | 903,836 | 1,085,167 |
| 1894 | 144,295,154 | 4,827,016 | 2,434,295 | 226,183 | 1,025,243 | 1,194,545 |
| 1895 | 116,015,170 | 3,662,131 | 2,381,837 | 215,783 | 1,134,097 | 1,262,711 |
| 1896 | 129,151,624 | 4,391,848 | 2,941,821 | 346,197 | 1,103,362 | 1,251,993 |
| 1897 | 135,835,117 | 4,443,144 | 1,919,887 | 235,429 | 1,407,921 | 1,566,286 |
| 1898 | 149,385,815 | 4,645,804 | 1,045,980 | 130,120 | 1,551,773 | 1,698,750 |
| 1899 | 147,169,497 | 4,324,627 | 6,985,999 | 721,817 | 1,865,827 | 2,088,856 |
| 1900 | 140,706,486 | 4,749,196 | 9,529,847 | 1,034,014 | 1,844,831 | 2,123,881 |
| 1901 | 146,820,079 | 3,699,103 | 13,373,515 | 1,285,811 | 1,857,547 | 2,253,262 |
| 1902 | 160,419,023 | 3,354,563 | 5,865,562 | 786,548 | 2,138,557 | 2,718,763 |
| 1903 | 155,128,381 | 4,041,274 | 5,362,748 | 533,865 | 2,378,650 | 3,197,043 |
| 1904 | 144,647,376 | 4,673,826 | 3,775,978 | 392,346 | 1,912,979 | 2,793,599 |
| 1905 | 139,912,737 | 5,381,333 | 2,282,853 | 294,574 | 1,690,684 | 2,694,432 |
| 1906 | 154,384,568 | 6,765,655 | 1,006,825 | 139,474 | 2,025,507 | 2,877,031 |
| 1907 | 171,635,595 | 7,657,278 | 229,593 | 53,205 | 2,354,808 | 3,420,064 |
| 1908 | 162,518,481 | 5,335,781 | 1,114,332 | 143,223 | 2,120,303 | 3,185,515 |
| 1909 | 189,683,703 | 6,305,888 | 6,951,926 | 823,149 | 2,572,604 | 3,601,093 |
| 1910 | 204,368,957 | 8,308,410 | 1,985,616 | 319,073 | 2,654,196 | 3,850,777 |
| 1911 | 169,424,811 | 6,491,707 | 1,763,509 | 330,186 | 2,250,565 | 3,503,406 |
| 1912 | 188,361,790 | 7,105,483 | 5,326,963 | 741,600 | 2,573,238 | 3,900,569 |
| 1913 | 186,533,036 | 8,057,620 | 650,790 | 131,203 | 2,578,693 | 4,449,933 |
| III.—TRADE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exports (the Produce of New Zealand) | ||||||
| Year. | Butter. | Cheese. | Phormium Fibre. | |||
| Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | |
* Not recorded separately. | ||||||
| Cwt. | £ | Cwt. | £ | Tons. | £ | |
| 1864 | * | * | * | * | 7 | 170 |
| 1865 | * | * | * | * | 3 | 75 |
| 1866 | 232 | l,590 | 13 | 65 | 45 | 996 |
| 1867 | 38 | 192 | 90 | 362 | 126 | 4,256 |
| 1868 | 138 | 532 | 335 | 1,240 | 534 | 8,137 |
| 1869 | 2,705 | 14,679 | 2,331 | 8,040 | 2,028 | 45,245 |
| 1870 | 3,435 | 12,995 | 2,735 | 9,327 | 5,471 | 132,578 |
| 1871 | 4,342 | 12,426 | 1,619 | 4,023 | 4,248 | 90,611 |
| 1872 | 1,629 | 4,462 | 1,362 | 4,379 | 3,985 | 99,405 |
| 1873 | 722 | 2,342 | 1,993 | 6,625 | 6,454 | 43,799 |
| 1874 | 357 | 1,168 | 1,326 | 4,408 | 2,038 | 37,690 |
| 1875 | 104 | 660 | 442 | 1,862 | 639 | 11,742 |
| 1876 | 871 | 3,910 | 885 | 3,488 | 897 | 18,285 |
| 1877 | 5,206 | 23,458 | 4,999 | 16,713 | 1,053 | 18,826 |
| 1878 | 3,106 | 12,111 | 3,019 | 9,368 | 622 | 10,666 |
| 1879 | 339 | 1,631 | 172 | 628 | 445 | 7,874 |
| 1880 | 2,717 | 8,350 | 717 | 1,983 | 894 | 15,617 |
| 1881 | 2,426 | 8,496 | 3,056 | 6,112 | 1,308 | 26,285 |
| 1882 | 11,264 | 52,088 | 3,553 | 10,130 | 2,040 | 41,955 |
| 1883 | 8,869 | 42,020 | 2,519 | 6,892 | 2,013 | 36,761 |
| 1884 | 15,766 | 66,593 | 10,342 | 25,074 | 1,525 | 23,475 |
| 1885 | 24,923 | 102,387 | 15,245 | 35,742 | 1,063 | 16,316 |
| 1886 | 23,175 | 105,537 | 16,429 | 45,657 | 1,112 | 15,922 |
| 1887 | 17,018 | 54,921 | 23,913 | 54,562 | 1,578 | 25,094 |
| 1888 | 29,995 | 118,252 | 36,682 | 78,918 | 4,042 | 75,269 |
| 1889 | 37,955 | 146,840 | 26,558 | 67,105 | 17,084 | 361,182 |
| 1890 | 34,816 | 122,701 | 40,451 | 84,986 | 21,158 | 381,789 |
| 1891 | 39,430 | 150,258 | 39,770 | 86,675 | 15,809 | 281,514 |
| 1892 | 53,930 | 227,162 | 41,493 | 91,042 | 12,793 | 214,542 |
| 1893 | 58,149 | 254,645 | 46,201 | 99,626 | 12,587 | 219,375 |
| 1894 | 60,771 | 251,280 | 55,655 | 115,203 | 4,677 | 66,256 |
| 1895 | 57,964 | 227,601 | 76,743 | 150,909 | 1,806 | 21,040 |
| 1896 | 71,353 | 281,716 | 71,372 | 130,166 | 2,968 | 32,985 |
| 1897 | 99,002 | 402,605 | 77,683 | 150,517 | 2,769 | 30,674 |
| 1898 | 96,801 | 403,690 | 68,711 | 135,776 | 4,850 | 74,556 |
| 1899 | 136,086 | 571,799 | 69,440 | 141,818 | 10,371 | 184,411 |
| 1900 | 172,583 | 740,620 | 102,849 | 229,111 | 15,906 | 332,182 |
| 1901 | 201,591 | 882,406 | 104,294 | 238,685 | 10,171 | 195,728 |
| 1902 | 253,998 | 1,205,802 | 74,746 | 163,539 | 20,852 | 534,031 |
| 1903 | 285,106 | 1,318,067 | 74,780 | 194,998 | 22,652 | 595,684 |
| 1904 | 314,360 | 1,380,460 | 84,526 | 185,486 | 26,936 | 710,281 |
| 1905 | 305,722 | 1,408,557 | 88,562 | 205,171 | 27,877 | 696,467 |
| 1906 | 320,225 | 1,560,235 | 131,206 | 341,002 | 27,779 | 776,106 |
| 1907 | 328,441 | 1,615,345 | 236,833 | 662,355 | 28,547 | 832,068 |
| 1908 | 229,971 | 1,171,182 | 280,798 | 783,419 | 17,403 | 396,288 |
| 1909 | 321,108 | 1,639,380 | 400,607 | 1,105,390 | 14,318 | 306,973 |
| 1910 | 356,535 | 1,811,975 | 451,915 | 1,195,373 | 20,645 | 448,414 |
| 1911 | 302,387 | 1,576,917 | 439,174 | 1 192,057 | 17,366 | 300,209 |
| 1912 | 378,117 | 2,088,809 | 577,070 | 1,680,393 | 18,641 | 376,264 |
| 1913 | 372,258 | 2,061,651 | 611,663 | 1,770,297 | 28,092 | 721,924 |
| III.—TRADE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exports (the Produce of New Zealand) | ||||||
| Year. | Gold. | Gum (Kauri). | Provisions, Tallow, Timber. &c. | Total New Zealand Produce Exported. | ||
| Quantity | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Value. | ||
| Oz. | £ | Tons. | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1864 | 480,171 | 1,857,847 | 2,228 | 60,590 | 59,089 | 3,050,634 |
| 1865 | 574,574 | 2,226,474 | 1,867 | 46,060 | 82,729 | 3,503,421 |
| 1866 | 735,376 | 2,844,517 | 2,535 | 70,572 | 116,901 | 4,396,090 |
| 1867 | 686,753 | 2,700,275 | 2,685 | 77,491 | 89,294 | 4,479,464 |
| 1868 | 637,474 | 2,504,326 | 2,690 | 72,493 | 51,361 | 4,268,762 |
| 1869 | 614,281 | 2,362,995 | 2,850 | 111,307 | 80,197 | 4,090,134 |
| 1870 | 544,880 | 2,157,585 | 4.391 | 175,074 | 212,044 | 4,544,682 |
| 1871 | 730,029 | 2,787,520 | 5,054 | 167,958 | 338,335 | 5,171,104 |
| 1872 | 445,370 | 1,730,992 | 4,811 | 154,167 | 396,976 | 5,107,186 |
| 1873 | 505,337 | 1,987,425 | 2,833 | 85,816 | 412,660 | 5,477,970 |
| 1874 | 376,388 | 1,505,331 | 2,568 | 79,986 | 397,762 | 5,152,143 |
| 1875 | 355,322 | 1,407,770 | 3.230 | 138,523 | 285,715 | 5,475,844 |
| 1876 | 318,367 | 1,268,559 | 2,888 | 109,234 | 351,731 | 5,488,901 |
| 1877 | 366,955 | 1,476,312 | 3,632 | 118,348 | 469,670 | 6,058,717 |
| 1878 | 311,437 | 1,244,190 | 3,445 | 132,975 | 573,735 | 5,784,619 |
| 1879 | 284,100 | 1,134,641 | 3,228 | 147,535 | 484,150 | 5,563,455 |
| 1880 | 303,215 | 1,220,263 | 4,725 | 242,817 | 544,973 | 6,102,300 |
| 1881 | 250,683 | 996,867 | 5,460 | 253,778 | 574,880 | 5,762,250 |
| 1882 | 230,893 | 921,664 | 5,533 | 260,369 | 921,290 | 6,253,350 |
| 1883 | 222,899 | 892,445 | 6,518 | 336,606 | 1,121,257 | 6,855,244 |
| 1884 | 246,392 | 988,953 | 6,393 | 342,151 | 1,116,799 | 6,942,486 |
| 1885 | 222,732 | 890,056 | 5,876 | 299,762 | 1,154,819 | 6,591,911 |
| 1886 | 235,578 | 939,648 | 4,920 | 257,653 | 1,058,552 | 6,386,682 |
| 1887 | 187,938 | 747,878 | 6,790 | 362,434 | 1,085,468 | 6,551,081 |
| 1888 | 229,608 | 914,309 | 8,482 | 380,933 | 1,274,780 | 7,255,128 |
| 1889 | 197,492 | 785,490 | 7,519 | 329,590 | 1,606,828 | 9,042,008 |
| 1890 | 187,641 | 751,360 | 7,438 | 378,563 | 1,440,731 | 9,428,761 |
| 1891 | 251,161 | 1,007,172 | 8,388 | 437,056 | 1,436,671 | 9,400,094 |
| 1892 | 237,393 | 951,963 | 8,705 | 517,678 | 1,200,525 | 9,365,868 |
| 1893 | 227,502 | 915,921 | 8,317 | 510,775 | 1,113,799 | 8,557,443 |
| 1894 | 221,614 | 887,865 | 8,338 | 404,567 | 1,112,233 | 9,085,148 |
| 1895 | 293,493 | 1,162,181 | 7,425 | 418,766 | 1,269,031 | 8,390,153 |
| 1896 | 263,694 | 1,041,428 | 7,126 | 431,323 | 1,269,680 | 9,177,336 |
| 1897 | 251,647 | 980,204 | 6,641 | 398,010 | 1,389,398 | 9,596,267 |
| 1898 | 280,175 | 1,080,691 | 9,905 | 586,767 | 1,562,834 | 10,324,988 |
| 1899 | 389,570 | 1,513,180 | 11,116 | 607,919 | 1,645,313 | 11,799,740 |
| 1900 | 373,614 | 1,439,602 | 10,159 | 622,293 | 1,784,350 | 13,055,249 |
| 1901 | 455,558 | 1,753,784 | 7,541 | 446,114 | 1,935,567 | 12,690,460 |
| 1902 | 507,852 | 1,951,426 | 7,430 | 450,223 | 2,333,704 | 13,498,599 |
| 1903 | 533,314 | 2,037,832 | 9,357 | 631,102 | 2,288,327 | 14,838,192 |
| 1904 | 520,323 | 1,987,501 | 9,203 | 501,817 | 1,976,471 | 14,601,787 |
| 1905 | 520,485 | 2,093,936 | 10,883 | 561,444 | 2,167,616 | 15,503,530 |
| 1906 | 563,843 | 2,270,904 | 9,154 | 522,486 | 2,587,453 | 17,840,346 |
| 1907 | 508,210 | 2,027,490 | 8,708 | 579,888 | 2,934,845 | 19,783,138 |
| 1908 | 506,381 | 2,004,799 | 5,530 | 372,798 | 2,501,525 | 15,894,530 |
| 1909 | 506,371 | 2,006,900 | 8,250 | 552,698 | 3,112,465 | 19,462,936 |
| 1910 | 478,286 | 1,896,318 | 8,693 | 465,044 | 3,648,779 | 21,944,163 |
| 1911 | 454,837 | 1,815,251 | 7,587 | 395,707 | 3,176,458 | 18,781,898 |
| 1912 | 343,163 | 1,345,131 | 7,908 | 401,305 | 3,623,851 | 21,272,405 |
| 1913 | 376,161 | 1,459,499 | 8,780 | 549,106 | 3,376,657 | 22,577,890 |
30—Ybk.
| III.—TRADE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Total Exports. | Imports. | Total Trade. | |||
| Total. | From United Kingdom. | From Australia. | From United States | |||
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1864 | 3,401,667 | 7,000,655 | 3,259,174 | 3,429,809 | 109,222 | 10,402,322 |
| 1865 | 3,713,218 | 5.594,977 | 2,606,994 | 2,565,285 | 45,084 | 9,308,195 |
| 1866 | 4,520,074 | 5,894,863 | 2,737,702 | 2,780,966 | 129,300 | 10,414,937 |
| 1867 | 4,644,678 | 5,344,607 | 2,779,463 | 2,182,995 | 92,590 | 9,989,285 |
| 1868 | 4,429,198 | 4,985,748 | 2,299,689 | 2,261,485 | 117,326 | 9,414,946 |
| 1869 | 4,224,860 | 4,976,126 | 2,458,579 | 2,106,859 | 69,109 | 9,200,986 |
| 1870 | 4,822,756 | 4,639,015 | 2,685,736 | 1,655,086 | 60,497 | 9,461,771 |
| 1871 | 5,282,084 | 4,078,193 | 1,808,636 | 1,969,914 | 59,345 | 9,360,277 |
| 1872 | 5,190,665 | 5,142,951 | 2,685,160 | 2,097,508 | 90,657 | 10,333,616 |
| 1873 | 5,610,371 | 6,464,687 | 3,781,130 | 2,198,849 | 143,273 | 12,075,058 |
| 1874 | 5,251,269 | 8,121,812 | 5,481,036 | 2,076,626 | 191,539 | 13,373,081 |
| 1875 | 5,828,627 | 8,029,172 | 5,103,610 | 2,355,988 | 213,492 | 13,857,799 |
| 1876 | 5,673,465 | 6,905,171 | 4,451,269 | 1,942,590 | 192,287 | 12,578,636 |
| 1877 | 6,327,472 | 6,973,418 | 4,115,544 | 2,288,253 | 269,656 | 13,300,890 |
| 1878 | 6,015,700 | 8,755,663 | 5,333,170 | 2,393,863 | 432,572 | 14,771,363 |
| 1879 | 5,743,126 | 8,374,585 | 5,302,823 | 2,197,452 | 438,399 | 14,117,711 |
| 1880 | 6,352,692 | 6,162,011 | 3,479,217 | 1,930,408 | 238,011 | 12,514,703 |
| 1881 | 6,060,866 | 7,457,045 | 4,530,316 | 1,952,767 | 343,645 | 13,517,911 |
| 1882 | 6,658,008 | 8,609,270 | 5,553,324 | 1,863,865 | 463,493 | 15,267,278 |
| 1883 | 7,095,999 | 7,974,038 | 5,241,847 | 1,576,183 | 419,250 | 15,070,037 |
| 1884 | 7,091,667 | 7,663,888 | 4,934,493 | 1,635,762 | 348,557 | 14,755,555 |
| 1885 | 6,819,939 | 7,479,921 | 5,227,551 | 1,254,908 | 401,532 | 14,299,860 |
| 1886 | 6,672,791 | 6,759,013 | 4,481,101 | 1,317,376 | 337,322 | 13,431,804 |
| 1887 | 6,866,169 | 6,245,515 | 4,173,497 | 1,030,094 | 298,736 | 13,111,684 |
| 1888 | 7,707,325 | 5,941,900 | 3,725,624 | 1,218,593 | 323,069 | 13,709,225 |
| 1889 | 9,341,864 | 6,308,863 | 4,138,077 | 1,107,132 | 342,436 | 5,650,727 |
| 1890 | 9,811,720 | 6,260,525 | 4,221,270 | 1,087,593 | 355,395 | 16,072,245 |
| 1891 | 9,566,397 | 6,503,849 | 4,369,633 | 1,013,549 | 361,795 | 16,070,246 |
| 1892 | 9,534,851 | 6,943,056 | 4,767,369 | 1,112,099 | 381,627 | 16,477,907 |
| 1893 | 8,985,364 | 6,911,515 | 4,481,955 | 1,411,465 | 379,378 | 15,896,879 |
| 1894 | 9,231,047 | 6,788,020 | 3,949,770 | 1,740,965 | 394,691 | 16,019,067 |
| 1895 | 8,550,224 | 6,400,129 | 3,992,359 | 1,261,125 | 394,233 | 14,950,353 |
| 1896 | 9,321,105 | 7,137,320 | 4,714,476 | 1,090,374 | 492,840 | 16,458,425 |
| 1897 | 10,016,993 | 8,055,223 | 5,310,675 | 1,001,003 | 628,044 | 18,072,216 |
| 1898 | 10,517,955 | 8,230,600 | 5,148,833 | 1,158,865 | 800,411 | 18,748,555 |
| 1899 | 11,938,335 | 8,739,633 | 5,526,645 | 1,336,828 | 775,309 | 20,677,968 |
| 1900 | 13,246,161 | 10,646,096 | 6,504,484 | 1,776,978 | 1,061,873 | 23,892,257 |
| 1901 | 12,881,424 | 11,817,915 | 6,885,831 | 1,979,320 | 1,415,260 | 24,699,339 |
| 1902 | 13,644,977 | 11,326,723 | 6,851,452 | 1,715,295 | 1,318,937 | 24,971,700 |
| 1903 | 15,010,378 | 12,788,675 | 7,512,668 | 2,154,966 | 1,441,358 | 27,799,053 |
| 1904 | 14,748,348 | 13,291,694 | 7,982,340 | 1,893,036 | 1,527,915 | 28,040,042 |
| 1905 | 15,655,947 | 12,828,857 | 7,795,284 | 1,815,717 | 1,438,501 | 28,484,804 |
| 1906 | 18,095,137 | 15,211,403 | 9,003,229 | 2,775,312 | 1,405,781 | 33,306,540 |
| 1907 | 20,068,957 | 17,302,861 | 10,278,019 | 3,127,553 | 1,425,596 | 37,371,818 |
| 1908 | 16,317,494 | 17,471,284 | 10,441,837 | 2,841,426 | 1,643,937 | 33,788,778 |
| 1909 | 19,661,996 | 15,674,719 | 9,287,786 | 2,764,210 | 1,166,063 | 35,336,715 |
| 1910 | 22,180,209 | 17,051,583 | 10,498,771 | 2,359,393 | 1,399,737 | 39,231,792 |
| 1911 | 19,028,490 | 19,545,879 | 11,787,300 | 2,944,991 | 1,682,129 | 38,574,369 |
| 1912 | 21,770,581 | 20,976,574 | 12,499,787 | 2,583,887 | 2,049,618 | 42,747,155 |
| 1913 | 22,986,722 | 22,288,302 | 13,312,193 | 2,914,848 | 2,107,990 | 45,275,024 |
| IV.—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Oversea Shipping. | ||||
| Inwards. | Outwards. | Registered Vessels belonging to New Zealand. | |||
| Vessels. | Tonnage. | Vessels. | Tonnage. | Gross Tonnage | |
| 1864 | 1,117 | 426,004 | 1,089 | 433,253 | 22,573 |
| 1865 | 862 | 295,025 | 783 | 283,020 | 24,484 |
| 1860 | 1,019 | 330,303 | 986 | 306,979 | 26,787 |
| 1867 | 944 | 399,568 | 950 | 308,169 | 23,240 |
| 1868 | 851 | 277,105 | 873 | 287,710 | 24,539 |
| 1869 | 764 | 250,731 | 771 | 247,764 | 25,990 |
| 1870 | 756 | 273,151 | 766 | 265,407 | 26,743 |
| 1871 | 729 | 274,643 | 709 | 265,618 | 27,107 |
| 1872 | 775 | 300,302 | 743 | 285,366 | 23,963 |
| 1873 | 739 | 289,297 | 704 | 281,847 | 30,035 |
| 1874 | 856 | 399,296 | 822 | 385,533 | 38,935 |
| 1875 | 926 | 416,727 | 940 | 417,820 | 42,025 |
| 1876 | 878 | 393,180 | 866 | 393,334 | 44,401 |
| 1877 | 812 | 388,568 | 848 | 400,609 | 42,479 |
| 1878 | 926 | 456,490 | 886 | 428,493 | 46,965 |
| 1879 | 894 | 473,940 | 908 | 475,752 | 64,457 |
| 1880 | 730 | 395,675 | 786 | 424,041 | 66,316 |
| 1881 | 765 | 420,134 | 762 | 413,487 | 72,387 |
| 1882 | 795 | 461,285 | 769 | 438,551 | 76,196 |
| 1883 | 805 | 494,926 | 851 | 507,565 | 84,903 |
| 1884 | 852 | 529,188 | 872 | 534,242 | 92,696 |
| 1885 | 786 | 519,700 | 780 | 513,000 | 95,887 |
| 1886 | 725 | 502,572 | 707 | 488,331 | 94,196 |
| 1887 | 653 | 489,754 | 675 | 493,583 | 94,027 |
| 1888 | 683 | 526,435 | 701 | 531,478 | 86,132 |
| 1889 | 781 | 602,634 | 762 | 593,252 | 87,411 |
| 1890 | 744 | 662,769 | 745 | 649,705 | 98,907 |
| 1891 | 737 | 618,515 | 744 | 625,807 | 102,068 |
| 1892 | 686 | 675,223 | 689 | 656,100 | 101,156 |
| 1893 | 617 | 615,604 | 635 | 642,466 | 100,388 |
| 1894 | 609 | 631,100 | 614 | 631,250 | 99,588 |
| 1895 | 611 | 672,951 | 597 | 648,946 | 100,988 |
| 1896 | 589 | 614,097 | 592 | 627,659 | 105,553 |
| 1897 | 600 | 686,899 | 587 | 675,333 | 119,713 |
| 1898 | 620 | 765,255 | 622 | 765,793 | 126,113 |
| 1899 | 609 | 811,183 | 604 | 807,866 | 129,583 |
| 1900 | 616 | 854,632 | 613 | 825,275 | 137,767 |
| 1901 | 688 | 1,063,274 | 691 | 1,075,906 | 143,183 |
| 1902 | 638 | 1,089,179 | 611 | 1,048,770 | 147,822 |
| 1903 | 617 | 1,102,064 | 608 | 1,113,165 | 150,909 |
| 1904 | 629 | 1,154,569 | 620 | 1,144,764 | 157,334 |
| 1905 | 627 | 1,139,410 | 627 | 1,141,552 | 170,957 |
| 1906 | 629 | 1,243,652 | 631 | 1,238,214 | 180,124 |
| 1907 | 645 | 1,254,266 | 615 | 1,225,382 | 197,001 |
| 1908 | 658 | 1,361,047 | 656 | 1,331,305 | 228,399 |
| 1909 | 605 | 1,263,935 | 596 | 1,253,878 | 230,614 |
| 1910 | 609 | 1,389,031 | 588 | 1,367,207 | 233,531 |
| 1911 | 621 | 1,482,378 | 624 | 1,467,402 | 234,084 |
| 1912 | 077 | 1,672,092 | 666 | 1,668,630 | 245,445 |
| 1913 | 645 | 1,738,985 | 635 | 1,699,807 | 254,117 |
| Year. | Government Railways. (Figures to 31st March following.) | Electric Telegraph. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miles open for Traffic. | Miles under Construction. | Railway Receipts. | Miles of Line. | Number of Messages. | Cash and Cash Values, including Telephones | |
| £ | £ | |||||
| 1864 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1865 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1866 | .. | .. | .. | 699 | 48,231 | 9,114 |
| 1867 | .. | .. | .. | 714 | 87,436 | 14,295 |
| 1868 | .. | .. | .. | 1,471 | 134,647 | 26,224 |
| 1869 | .. | .. | .. | 1,611 | 173,746 | 32,649 |
| 1870 | .. | .. | .. | 1,887 | 238,195 | 27,422 |
| 1871 | .. | .. | .. | 2,015 | 369,085 | 37,203 |
| 1872 | .. | .. | .. | 2,312 | 491,205 | 44,669 |
| 1873 | 345 | 434 | .. | 2,389 | 637,941 | 55,195 |
| 1874 | 209 | 621 | 21,198 | 2,632 | 844,301 | 62,322 |
| 1875 | 542 | 464 | 72,073 | 3,156 | 993,323 | 74,420 |
| 1876 | 718 | 427 | 469,051 | 3,170 | 1,100,599 | 80,841 |
| 1877 | 1,052 | 251 | 569,898 | 3,307 | 1,182,955 | 85,589 |
| 1878 | 1,089 | 142 | 758,096 | 3,434 | 1,260,324 | 92,433 |
| 1879 | 1,171 | 284 | 762,572 | 3,512 | 1,448,943 | 112,351 |
| 1880 | 1,288 | 192 | 836,077 | 3,758 | 1,304,712 | 100,023 |
| 1881 | 1,333 | 187 | 892,026 | 3,824 | 1,438,772 | 101,566 |
| 1882 | 1,371 | 171 | 953,347 | 3,974 | 1,570,189 | 102,378 |
| 1883 | 1,404 | 224 | 961,304 | 4,074 | 1,599,400 | 102,958 |
| 1884 | 1,479 | 158 | 1,045,712 | 4,264 | 1,654,305 | 101,482 |
| 1885 | 1,613 | 179 | 1,047,418 | 4,463 | 1,774,273 | 112,778 |
| 1886 | 1,721 | 171 | 998,768 | 4,546 | 1,836,266 | 115,666 |
| 1887 | 1,753 | 169 | 994,843 | 4,646 | 1,835,394 | 116,211 |
| 1888 | 1,777 | 163 | 997,615 | 4,790 | 1,765,860 | 104,116 |
| 1889 | 1,809 | 176 | 1,095,569 | 4,874 | 1,802,987 | 106,462 |
| 1890 | 1,842 | 132 | 1,121,701 | 5,060 | 1,961,161 | 110,697 |
| 1891 | 1,869 | 170 | 1,115,432 | 5,349 | 1,968,264 | 117,634 |
| 1892 | 1,886 | 188 | 1,181,522 | 5,479 | 1,904,143 | 103,813 |
| 1893 | 1,948 | 148 | 1,172,792 | 5,513 | 2,069,791 | 112,466 |
| 1894 | 1,993 | 127 | 1,150,851 | 5,823 | 2,046,839 | 114,510 |
| 1895 | 2,014 | 114 | 1,183,041 | 6,245 | 2,124,211 | 123,112 |
| 1896 | 2,018 | 124 | 1,286,158 | 6,285 | 2,520,169 | 129,632 |
| 1897 | 2,055 | 92 | 1,376,008 | 6,484 | 2,696,233 | 136,221 |
| 1898 | 2,090 | 113 | 1,469,665 | 6,736 | 2,960,738 | 145,295 |
| 1899 | 2,104 | 111 | 1,623,891 | 6,910 | 3,469,631 | 162,945 |
| 1900 | 2,212 | 208 | 1,727,236 | 7,249 | 3,898,128 | 186,978 |
| 1901 | 2,235 | 212 | 1,874,586 | 7,469 | 4,167,981 | 207,476 |
| 1902 | 2,291 | 194 | 1,974,038 | 7,749 | 4,559,304 | 222,495 |
| 1903 | 2,328 | 175 | 2,180,641 | 7,779 | 4,965,197 | 237,564 |
| 1904 | 2,374 | 173 | 2,209,231 | 7,944 | 5,159,745 | 250,063 |
| 1905 | 2,407 | 222 | 2,349,704 | 8,355 | 5,640,219 | 273,911 |
| 1906 | 2,458 | 208 | 2,624,600 | 8,953 | 6,396,332 | 307,521 |
| 1907 | 2,474 | 255 | 2,761,938 | 9,656 | 7,042,923 | 344,251 |
| 1908 | 2,674 | 188 | 2,929,526 | 10,404 | 7,425,693 | 369,353 |
| 1909 | 2,717 | 184 | 3,249,790 | 10,901 | 7,846,890 | 394,510 |
| 1910 | 2,753 | 192 | 3,494,182 | 11,316 | 8,360,647 | 434,116 |
| 1911 | 2,798 | 205 | 3,676,509 | 11,805 | 9,063,133 | 474,458 |
| 1912 | 2,851 | 192 | 3,971,002 | 12,508 | 9,944,272 | 523,189 |
| 1913 | 2,854 | 223 | 4,043,328 | 13,044 | 10,694,032 | 574,786 |
| V.—ACCUMULATION. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Banks of Issue. (Average of Four Quarters.) | Savings-Banks (Post Office and private). | Post Office Money Orders issued. | ||||
| Deposits. | Assets. | Liabilities. | Number of Depositors. | Balance to credit at End of Year. | Number. | Amount. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |||
| 1864 | 2,480,303 | 5,063,458 | 3,343,172 | 4,669 | 94,248 | 16,591 | 78,556 |
| 1865 | 2,638,414 | 5,455,289 | 3,522,146 | 4,304 | 87,400 | 17,236 | 78,576 |
| 1866 | 3,097,473 | 5,891,532 | 4,010,110 | 4,513 | 91,863 | 22,710 | 108,779 |
| 1867 | 2,904,594 | 5,947,160 | 3,737,695 | 6,579 | 156,855 | 24,473 | 115,610 |
| 1868 | 3,102,727 | 5,734,745 | 3,838,220 | 8,121 | 243,615 | 25,854 | 118,211 |
| 1869 | 3,174,831 | 6,231,416 | 3,863,006 | 10,103 | 320,383 | 28,427 | 127,218 |
| 1870 | 3,127,769 | 6,315,354 | 3,819,670 | 12,137 | 388,804 | 31,864 | 140,454 |
| 1871 | 3,334,672 | 5,871,888 | 3,988,400 | 14,275 | 454,966 | 36,291 | 157,397 |
| 1872 | 3,919,838 | 5,429,747 | 4,628,819 | 17,289 | 597,002 | 44,660 | 191,009 |
| 1873 | 4,713,806 | 7,267,720 | 5,538,030 | 21,807 | 812,144 | 52,351 | 219,258 |
| 1874 | 5,564,434 | 9,954,216 | 6,490,504 | 27,215 | 943,753 | 62,712 | 263,164 |
| 1875 | 5,967,205 | 10,987,178 | 6,987,318 | 30,310 | 897,326 | 73,027 | 293,481 |
| 1876 | 6,238,471 | 11,776,070 | 7,221,399 | 32,577 | 905,146 | 80,255 | 310,268 |
| 1877 | 7,185,106 | 12,992,104 | 8,152,230 | 35,709 | 964,430 | 90,672 | 334,973 |
| 1878 | 8,960,369 | 15,393,630 | 10,031,009 | 39,926 | 1,043,204 | 101,017 | 368,255 |
| 1879 | 8,021,073 | 16,054,295 | 9,057,463 | 42,679 | 990,337 | 117,999 | 428,673 |
| 1880 | 8,538,935 | 14,220,275 | 9,550,177 | 47,462 | 1,148,992 | 135,648 | 465,405 |
| 1881 | 9,069,377 | 14,863,645 | 10,083,188 | 61,054 | 1,549,515 | 135,556 | 452,182 |
| 1882 | 8,945,346 | 17,162,234 | 10,015,273 | 68,358 | 1,832,047 | 148,162 | 499,368 |
| 1883 | 8,659,477 | 17,794,761 | 9,706,700 | 73,546 | 1,784,631 | 172,556 | 541,133 |
| 1884 | 9,643,214 | 18,442,139 | 10,691,599 | 79,514 | 1,926,759 | 186,052 | 572,666 |
| 1885 | 10,083,296 | 18,811,567 | 11,130,244 | 85,769 | 2,142,560 | 188,622 | 581,395 |
| 1886 | 10,579,711 | 19,041,827 | 11,603,194 | 91,296 | 2,133,861 | 155,680 | 547,755 |
| 1887 | 11,031,614 | 18,799,847 | 11,995,495 | 97,496 | 2,407,776 | 159,579 | 555,744 |
| 1888 | 11,155,778 | 18,709,444 | 12,108,353 | 103,046 | 2,691,693 | 162,387 | 555,996 |
| 1889 | 11,528,424 | 17,652,915 | 12,486,717 | 110,566 | 2,858,644 | 172,076 | 589,545 |
| 1890 | 12,368,610 | 17,735,259 | 13,356,598 | 118,344 | 3,137,023 | 176,427 | 602,077 |
| 1891 | 12,796,098 | 16,814,518 | 13,820,458 | 126,886 | 3,406,949 | 195,239 | 651,990 |
| 1892 | 13,587,062 | 17,558,168 | 14,623,335 | 135,827 | 3,580,544 | 199,438 | 694,847 |
| 1893 | 14,433,777 | 18,255,534 | 15,489,633 | 147,199 | 3,966,849 | 210,957 | 750,929 |
| 1894 | 13,927,217 | 17,746,421 | 14,930,791 | 154,405 | 4,066,594 | 222,678 | 776,783 |
| 1895 | 13,544,415 | 18,159,781 | 14,491,627 | 163,513 | 4,620,696 | 243,497 | 812,604 |
| 1896 | 14,490,827 | 16,900,199 | 15,520,431 | 175,173 | 5,065,864 | 269,566 | 902,160 |
| 1897 | 14,290,512 | 17,276,771 | 15,380,248 | 187,954 | 5,520,080 | 293,659 | 970,831 |
| 1898 | 14,143,229 | 17,013,404 | 15,299,058 | 199,464 | 5,746,887 | 318,370 | 1,029,241 |
| 1899 | 14,91,223 | 17,190,433 | 15,834,858 | 213,172 | 6,128,297 | 344,664 | 1,118,808 |
| 1900 | 15,570,610 | 17,314,535 | 16,964,582 | 228,883 | 6,665,344 | 369,834 | 1,214,853 |
| 1901 | 16,034,848 | 18,422,274 | 17,490,035 | 245,024 | 7,268,103 | 405,967 | 1,286,508 |
| 1902 | 17,231,767 | 18,999,180 | 18,701,063 | 261,948 | 7,876,877 | 367,207 | 1,277,059 |
| 1903 | 19,011,114 | 19,913,546 | 20,563,879 | 280,011 | 8,432,958 | 396,312 | 1,416,224 |
| 1904 | 19,074,960 | 20,893,096 | 20,643,359 | 297,569 | 8,839,307 | 407,783 | 1,476,887 |
| 1905 | 20,545,601 | 21,770,525 | 22,144,166 | 316,376 | 9,773,954 | 417,441 | 1,541,712 |
| 1906 | 22,422,243 | 23,829,933 | 24,143,008 | 341,114 | 11,170,025 | 439,020 | 1,686,232 |
| 1907 | 23,517,111 | 26,584,239 | 25,334,348 | 364,422 | 12,825,063 | 441,487 | 1,773,591 |
| 1908 | 21,821,753 | 29,098,567 | 23,611,903 | 388,945 | 13,512,266 | 488,084 | 2,050,684 |
| 1909 | 21,996,621 | 26,937,265 | 23,728,326 | 408,770 | 14,065,410 | 538,740 | 2,307,593 |
| 1910 | 24,968,761 | 26,398,927 | 26,742,081 | 432,119 | 15,620,515 | 569,657 | 2,457,523 |
| 1911 | 26,765,122 | 29,433,614 | 28,625,803 | 459,602 | 17,194,461 | 607,764 | 2,759,393 |
| 1912 | 25,622,083 | 31,196,400 | 27,508,348 | 503,927 | 18,043,540 | 666,425 | 3,231,350 |
| 1913 | 25,733,187 | 30,708,932 | 27,591,099 | 532,682 | 18,923,522 | 690,745 | 3,357,774 |
| Year | Insurances in Force in the Government Life Insurance Department at End of Year. | Old-age Pensions, 31st March of following Year. | Friendly Societies from which Returns received. | Public Trust Office. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Policies. | Sums Assured and Bonuses. | No. of Pensions in Force. | Amount represented. | No. of Lodges, &c. | No. of Members. | Number of Estates. | Value of, Estates. | |
* From here figures are for year ended 31st March following. | ||||||||
| £ | £ | £ | ||||||
| 1864 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1865 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1866 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1867 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1868 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1869 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1870 | 59 | 30,250 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1871 | 454 | 200,611 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1872 | 1,689 | 625,421 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1873 | 2,634 | 995,986 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 257 | 17,500 |
| 1874 | 3,953 | 1,453,496 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 293 | 28,930 |
| 1875 | 4,989 | 1,836,859 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 347 | 42,163 |
| 1876 | 6,153 | 2,282,129 | .. | .. | 89 | 8,560 | 412 | 59,720 |
| 1877 | 7,149 | 2,716,907 | .. | .. | 88 | 8,828 | 575 | 67,675 |
| 1878 | 8,711 | 3,251,220 | .. | .. | 110 | 9,759 | 627 | 73,940 |
| 1879 | 10,223 | 3,726,330 | .. | .. | 138 | 13,165 | 713 | 96,315 |
| 1880 | 11,656 | 4,171,504 | .. | .. | 179 | 14,484 | 770 | 117,980 |
| 1881 | 12,411 | 4,471,182 | .. | .. | 272 | 18,634 | 836 | 150,750 |
| 1882 | 15,892 | 5,273,164 | .. | .. | 273 | 18,700 | 911 | 204,545 |
| 1883 | 19,917 | 5,992,111 | .. | .. | 275 | 18,848 | 1,024 | 317,680 |
| 1884 | 21,003 | 6,224,571 | .. | .. | 281 | 21,144 | 1,082 | 392,315 |
| 1885 | 23,218 | 6,552,242 | .. | .. | 302 | 22,794 | 1,190 | 457,620 |
| 1886 | 24,715 | 7,053,276 | .. | .. | 290 | 21,679 | 1,293 | 576,010 |
| 1887 | 25,439 | 7,136,944 | .. | .. | 347 | 24,928 | 1,304 | 715,860 |
| 1888 | 26,168 | 7,362,488 | .. | .. | 353 | 24,938 | 1,483 | 954,675 |
| 1889 | 27,218 | 7,600,537 | .. | .. | 365 | 26,013 | 1,561 | 1,130,960 |
| 1890 | 28,102 | 7,807,792 | .. | .. | 357 | 26,379 | 1,678 | 1,240,097 |
| 1891 | 29,226 | 8,390,803 | .. | .. | 364 | 27,372 | 1,825 | 1,252,625 |
| 1892 | 30,316 | 8,580,817 | .. | .. | 379 | 28,754 | 1,912 | 1,284,745 |
| 1893 | 31,709 | 8,821,255 | .. | .. | 372 | 29,763 | 2,022 | 1,450,918 |
| 1894 | 32,907 | 9,232,543 | .. | .. | 369 | 29,963 | 2,086* | 1,562,269* |
| 1895 | 33,968 | 9,345,229 | .. | .. | 376 | 30,905 | 2,236 | 1,806,953 |
| 1896 | 34,772 | 9,415,693 | .. | .. | 392 | 31,825 | 2,334 | 1,898,163 |
| 1897 | 36,174 | 9,857,010 | .. | .. | 388 | 32,670 | 2,413 | 1,950,314 |
| 1898 | 37,848 | 10,124,227 | 7,443 | 128,082 | 410 | 35,501 | 2,491 | 2,110,316 |
| 1899 | 39,366 | 10,341,702 | 11,285 | 193,718 | 433 | 38,202 | 2,667 | 2,192,594 |
| 1900 | 40,368 | 10,639,978 | 12,405 | 211,965 | 443 | 40,257 | 2,898 | 2,326,954 |
| 1901 | 41,291 | 10,627,263 | 12,776 | 217,192 | 445 | 41,236 | 3,049 | 2,467,614 |
| 1902 | 42,406 | 11,024,734 | 12,481 | 211,595 | 462 | 43,408 | 3,314 | 2,706,785 |
| 1903 | 43,116 | 11,111,807 | 11,926 | 200,915 | 465 | 45,255 | 3,470 | 3,152,882 |
| 1904 | 44,194 | 11,261,080 | 11,770 | 199,081 | 479 | 47,302 | 3,685 | 3,577,355 |
| 1905 | 45,137 | 11,725,977 | 12,582 | 313,018 | 501 | 51,103 | 3,977 | 4,009,992 |
| 1906 | 45,981 | 11,851,491 | 13,257 | 326,084 | 535 | 53,759 | 4,276 | 4,590,157 |
| 1907 | 46,945 | 11,980,123 | 13,569 | 333,340 | 552 | 56,817 | 4,718 | 4,065,989 |
| 1908 | 47,033 | 12,024,699 | 14,396 | 353,343 | 539 | 58,517 | 4,946 | 4,644,795 |
| 1909 | 48,016 | 12,447,748 | 15,320 | 374,699 | 567 | 64,428 | 5,466 | 5,184,840 |
| 1910 | 48,932 | 12,586,798 | 16,020 | 403,020 | 609 | 68,006 | 5,966 | 5,477,675 |
| 1911 | 49,376 | 12,683,277 | 16,649 | 1416,530 | 658 | 71,771 | 6,444 | 5,946,936 |
| 1912 | 50,458 | 13,271,699 | 16,509 | 412,408 | 664 | 73,243 | 7,208 | 6,774,082 |
| 1913 | 51,343 | 13,539,467 | 18,050 | 447,765 | 681 | 73,691 | 7,519 | 7,281,962 |
| VI.—EDUCATION. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year. | Scholars at Primary Schools. | Scholars at Secondary or High Schools. | Scholars at Private Schools. | New Zealand University Graduate (Direct Degrees). |
* In addition to these there were in December, 1913, 4,647 children attending the Native Schools, nearly all maintained by the Government, and 916 at Industrial Schools. † Including 1,664 secondary pupils attending Day Technical Schools. | ||||
| 1864 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1865 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1866 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1867 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1868 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1869 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1870 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1871 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1872 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1873 | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1874 | 38,215 | .. | 8,237 | .. |
| 1875 | 45,562 | .. | 7,316 | .. |
| 1876 | 51,964 | 654 | 9,357 | .. |
| 1877 | 56,239 | 716 | 9,992 | .. |
| 1878 | 65,040 | 868 | 9,206 | .. |
| 1879 | 75,556 | 1,417 | 10,234 | .. |
| 1880 | 82,401 | 1,631 | 11,238 | .. |
| 1881 | 83,560 | 1,819 | 9,987 | .. |
| 1882 | 87,179 | 1,899 | 10,002 | .. |
| 1883 | 92,476 | 2,384 | 11,255 | .. |
| 1884 | 97,238 | 2,642 | 12,203 | .. |
| 1885 | 102,407 | 2,659 | 11,989 | 103 |
| 1886 | 106,328 | 2,358 | 12,497 | 117 |
| 1887 | 110,919 | 2,242 | 13,417 | 145 |
| 1888 | 112,685 | 2,120 | 13,893 | 168 |
| 1889 | 115,456 | 2,147 | 13,458 | 199 |
| 1890 | 117,912 | 2,117 | 13,626 | 230 |
| 1891 | 119,523 | 2,205 | 14,142 | 279 |
| 1892 | 122,620 | 2,262 | 14,456 | 323 |
| 1893 | 124,690 | 2,251 | 14,922 | 366 |
| 1894 | 127,300 | 2,454 | 14,627 | 410 |
| 1895 | 129,856 | 2,525 | 14,659 | 464 |
| 1896 | 131,037 | 2,614 | 13,947 | 501 |
| 1897 | 132,197 | 2,709 | 14,447 | 546 |
| 1898 | 131,521 | 2,706 | 14,782 | 603 |
| 1899 | 131,315 | 2,723 | 15,295 | 64I |
| 1900 | 130,724 | 2,792 | 15,555 | 699 |
| 1901 | 131,351 | 2,899 | 15,344 | 757 |
| 1902 | 132,262 | 3,072 | 15,624 | 814 |
| 1903 | 133,568 | 3,722 | 15,609 | 869 |
| 1904 | 135–475 | 4,038 | 16,378 | 929 |
| 1905 | 137.623 | 4,060 | 16,639 | 992 |
| 1906 | 139,302 | 4,270 | 71,131 | 1,083 |
| 1907 | 141,071 | 4,196 | 18,088 | 1,157 |
| 1908 | 147,428 | 6,327 | 18,367 | 1,252 |
| 1909 | 152,416 | 7,063 | 17,930 | 1,327 |
| 1910 | 156,324 | 7,970 | 18,981 | 1,424 |
| 1911 | 161,648 | 6,806 | 19,868 | 1,515 |
| 1912 | 166,264 | 7,357 | 20,238 | 1,631 |
| 1913 | 172,168* | 7,815† | 21,115 | 1,758 |
NOTE.—Statistics of school's and scholars not being complete for years prior to 1874, no figures are entered for those years.
Table of Contents
ON page 157 of this book it is stated that mortality tables made up from census results are in course of preparation.
The work, which is to cover a number of past quinquennial periods, is being carried out in the Government Statistician's Office under a system recommended by Mr. A. T. Traversi, A.I.A. (London), Actuary to the Friendly Societies Office, whose actuarial advice and assistance have been available throughout. The complete tables, with a full explanation by Mr. Traversi as to the method adopted, will be issued separately later on. Meantime the work is sufficiently advanced to enable the following tables to be here given for the two quinquennia 1901–5 and 1906–10. These tables demonstrate the fact that the rates of mortality in New Zealand are considerably lower, and the expectations of life higher than those exhibited in previous periods.
| RATE OF MORTALITY (qx).(Rate of mortality in New Zealand during each year of age per 1,000 persons who enter upon such age.) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age. | Males. | Females. | ||
| 1901–5. | 1906–10. | 1901–5. | 1906–10. | |
| 0 | 83.06 | 77.96 | 68.54 | 62.03 |
| 1 | 12.19 | 11.22 | 11.63 | 10.58 |
| 2 | 5.85 | 5.30 | 5.41 | 5.27 |
| 3 | 4.36 | 3.86 | 4.22 | 3.31 |
| 4 | 3.48 | 2.85 | 3.31 | 2.52 |
| 5 | 2.82 | 2.38 | 2.65 | 2.24 |
| 6 | 2.50 | 2.10 | 2.25 | 1.90 |
| 7 | 2.25 | 1.89 | 2.00 | 1.85 |
| 8 | 2.00 | 1.70 | 1.69 | 1.61 |
| 9 | 1.80 | 1.53 | 1.52 | 1.42 |
| 10 | 1.68 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.38 |
| 11 | 1.69 | 1.47 | 1.47 | 1.41 |
| 12 | 1.74 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.46 |
| 13 | 1.85 | 1.63 | 1.65 | 1.56 |
| 14 | 2.05 | 1.84 | 1.87 | 1.72 |
| 15 | 2.30 | 2.09 | 2.14 | 1.93 |
| 16 | 2.57 | 2.35 | 2.43 | 2.15 |
| 17 | 2.82 | 2.58 | 2.68 | 2.36 |
| 18 | 3.07 | 2.78 | 2.90 | 2.56 |
| 19 | 3.34 | 2.98 | 3.12 | 2.77 |
| 20 | 3.60 | 3.17 | 3.33 | 2.98 |
| 21 | 3.83 | 3.34 | 3.54 | 3.20 |
| 22 | 4.00 | 3.49 | 3.74 | 3.40 |
| 23 | 4.09 | 3.60 | 3.94 | 3.60 |
| 24 | 4.10 | 3.67 | 4.14 | 3.81 |
| 25 | 4.09 | 3.72 | 4.33 | 401 |
| 26 | 4.08 | 3.79 | 4.49 | 4.19 |
| 27 | 4.13 | 3.87 | 4.61 | 4.34 |
| 28 | 4.22 | 3.98 | 4.66 | 4.44 |
| 29 | 4.34 | 4.10 | 4.65 | 4.50 |
| 30 | 4.48 | 4.22 | 4.62 | 4.55 |
| 31 | 4.64 | 4.37 | 4.62 | 4.61 |
| 32 | 4.80 | 4.54 | 4.69 | 4.72 |
| 33 | 4.98 | 4.75 | 4.85 | 4.89 |
| 34 | 5.17 | 4.99 | 5.08 | 5.11 |
| 35 | 5.38 | 5.25 | 5.34 | 5.34 |
| 36 | 5.59 | 5.50 | 5.60 | 5.55 |
| 37 | 5.80 | 5.73 | 5.84 | 5.72 |
| 38 | 5.99 | 5.90 | 6.04 | 5.80 |
| 39 | 6.16 | 6.02 | 6.22 | 5.83 |
| 40 | 6.35 | 6.15 | 6.40 | 5.84 |
| 41 | 6.59 | 6.34 | 6.58 | 5.89 |
| 42 | 6.94 | 6.64 | 6.77 | 6.02 |
| 43 | 7.40 | 7.10 | 6.93 | 6.23 |
| 44 | 7.95 | 7.67 | 7.07 | 0.50 |
| 45 | 8.56 | 8.30 | 7.22 | 6.81 |
| 46 | 9.20 | 8.94 | 7.45 | 7.17 |
| 47 | 9.85 | 9.54 | 7.81 | 7.57 |
| 48 | 10.51 | 10.06 | 8.32 | 8.01 |
| 49 | 11.18 | 10.52 | 8.95 | 8.49 |
| 50 | 11.87 | 11.02 | 900 | 9.01 |
| 51 | 12.60 | 11.58 | 10.41 | 9.58 |
| 52 | 13.36 | 12.30 | 11.16 | 10.21 |
| 53 | 14.11 | 13.22 | 11.87 | 10.90 |
| 54 | 14.83 | 14.27 | 12.56 | 11.63 |
| 55 | 15.61 | 15.42 | 13.31 | 12.42 |
| 56 | 16.53 | 16.63 | 14.15 | 13.29 |
| 57 | 17.67 | 17.84 | 15.10 | 14.26 |
| 58 | 1904 | 18.95 | 10.33 | 15.24 |
| 59 | 20.58 | 19.97 | 17.60 | 16.23 |
| 60 | 22.29 | 21.10 | 19.01 | 17.33 |
| 61 | 24.17 | 22.49 | 20.50 | 18.67 |
| 62 | 26.23 | 24.34 | 22.27 | 20.35 |
| 63 | 28.34 | 26.61 | 24.06 | 22.37 |
| 64 | 30.50 | 29.18 | 25.91 | 24.64 |
| 65 | 32.90 | 32 09 | 27.95 | 27.18 |
| 66 | 35.73 | 35.41 | 30.32 | 30.01 |
| 67 | 39.19 | 39.19 | 33.15 | 33.15 |
| 68 | 43.34 | 43.46 | 30.37 | 36.49 |
| 69 | 48.04 | 48.17 | 39.89 | 40.03 |
| 70 | 53.20 | 53.29 | 43.81 | 43.91 |
| 71 | 58.75 | 58.78 | 48.24 | 48.27 |
| 72 | 64.57 | 64.57 | 53.25 | 53.25 |
| 73 | 70.56 | 70.56 | 58.93 | 58.93 |
| 74 | 76.77 | 76.77 | 65.19 | 65.19 |
| 75 | 83.39 | 83.39 | 71.95 | 71.95 |
| 76 | 90.60 | 90.60 | 79.12 | 79.12 |
| 77 | 98.58 | 98.58 | 86.62 | 86.62 |
| 78 | 107.50 | 107.50 | 94.37 | 94.37 |
| 79 | 117.24 | 117.24 | 102.43 | 102.43 |
| 80 | 127.55 | 127.55 | 110.91 | 110.91 |
| 81 | 138.18 | 138.18 | 119.90 | 119.90 |
| 82 | 148.87 | 148.87 | 129.50 | 129.50 |
| 83 | 159.10 | 159.10 | 139.25 | 139.25 |
| 84 | 16,901 | 169.01 | 149.07 | 149.07 |
| 85 | 179.43 | 179.43 | 159.68 | 159.68 |
| 86 | 191.17 | 191.17 | 171.77 | 171.77 |
| 87 | 205.03 | 205.03 | 186.07 | 186.07 |
| 88 | 219.47 | 219.47 | 201.02 | 201.02 |
| 89 | 233.94 | 233.94 | 216.15 | 216.15 |
| 90 | 250.77 | 250.77 | 233.78 | 233.78 |
| 91 | 272.29 | 272.29 | 256.22 | 256.22 |
| 92 | 300.85 | 300.85 | 285.79 | 285.79 |
| 93 | 334.89 | 334.89 | 320.94 | 320.94 |
| 94 | 372.85 | 372.85 | 360.14 | 360.14 |
| 95 | 41,705 | 417.05 | 405.69 | 405.69 |
| 96 | 469.84 | 469.84 | 459.90 | 459.90 |
| 97 | 533.53 | 533.53 | 52,507 | 525.07 |
| 98 | 611.32 | 611.32 | 604.58 | 604.58 |
| 99 | 701.67 | 701.67 | 696.87 | 696.87 |
| 100 | 799.77 | 799.77 | 796.91 | 796.91 |
| 101 | 900.82 | 900.82 | 899.64 | 899.64 |
Example : According to the rates shown above for 1906–10, out of every 1,000 males reaching age 50, eleven will die before reaching age 51, and out of every 1,000 females, nine will die.
| SURVIVORS (lx,). | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Numbers surviving at each age in New Zealand out of 100,000 born.) | ||||
| 0 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 |
| 1 | 91,694 | 92,204 | 93,146 | 93,797 |
| 2 | 90,576 | 91,169 | 92,063 | 92,805 |
| 3 | 90,046 | 90,686 | 91,565 | 92,316 |
| 4 | 89,653 | 90,336 | 91,179 | 92,010 |
| 5 | 89,341 | 90,079 | 90,877 | 91,778 |
| 6 | 89,089 | 89,865 | 90,636 | 91,572 |
| 7 | 88,866 | 89,676 | 90,432 | 91,398 |
| 8 | 88,666 | 89,507 | 90,251 | 91,229 |
| 9 | 88,489 | 89,355 | 90,098 | 91,082 |
| 10 | 88,330 | 89,218 | 89,961 | 90,953 |
| 11 | 88,182 | 89,088 | 89,830 | 90,827 |
| 12 | 88,033 | 88,957 | 89,698 | 90,699 |
| 13 | 87,880 | 88,822 | 89,562 | 90,567 |
| 14 | 87,717 | 88,677 | 89,414 | 90.426 |
| 15 | 87,537 | 88,514 | 89,247 | 90,270 |
| Age. | Males. | Females. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901–5. | 1906–10. | 1901–6. | 1906–10. | |
| 16 | 87,335 | 88,329 | 89,056 | 90,096 |
| 17 | 87,111 | 88,121 | 88,840 | 89,902 |
| 18 | 86,860 | 87,894 | 88,602 | 89,690 |
| 19 | 86,593 | 87,650 | 88,345 | 89,460 |
| 20 | 86,304 | 87,389 | 88,069 | 89,212 |
| 21 | 85,993 | 87,112 | 87,776 | 88,946 |
| 22 | 85,664 | 86,821 | 87,465 | 88,661 |
| 23 | 85,321 | 86,518 | 87,138 | 88,360 |
| 24 | 84,972 | 86.207 | 86,795 | 88,042 |
| 25 | 84,624 | 85,891 | 86,436 | 87,707 |
| 26 | 84,278 | 85,571 | 86,062 | 87,355 |
| 27 | 83,934 | 85,247 | 85,676 | 86,989 |
| 28 | 83,587 | 84,917 | 85,281 | 86,611 |
| 29 | 83,234 | 84,579 | 84,884 | 86,226 |
| 30 | 82,873 | 84,232 | 84,489 | 85,838 |
| 31 | 82,502 | 83,877 | 84,099 | 85,447 |
| 32 | 82,119 | 83,510 | 83,710 | 85,053 |
| 33 | 81,725 | 83,131 | 83,317 | 84,652 |
| 34 | 81,318 | 82,736 | 82,913 | 84,238 |
| 35 | 80,898 | 82,323 | 82,492 | 83,808 |
| 36 | 80,463 | 81,891 | 82,051 | 83,360 |
| 37 | 80,013 | 81,441 | 81,592 | 82.897 |
| 38 | 79,549 | 80,974 | 81,116 | 82,423 |
| 39 | 79,073 | 80,496 | 80,626 | 81,945 |
| 40 | 78,586 | 80,011 | 80,125 | 81,467 |
| 41 | 78,087 | 79,519 | 79,612 | 80,991 |
| 42 | 77,572 | 79,015 | 79,088 | 80,514 |
| 43 | 77,034 | 78,490 | 78,553 | 80,029 |
| 44 | 76,464 | 77,933 | 78,009 | 79,530 |
| 45 | 75,856 | 77,335 | 77,457 | 79,013 |
| 46 | 75,207 | 76,693 | 76,898 | 78,475 |
| 47 | 74,515 | 76,007 | 76,325 | 77,912 |
| 48 | 73,781 | 75,282 | 75,729 | 77,322 |
| 49 | 73,006 | 74,525 | 75,099 | 76,703 |
| 50 | 72,190 | 73,741 | 74.427 | 76,052 |
| 51 | 71,333 | 72,929 | 73,708 | 75,367 |
| 52 | 70,434 | 72,084 | 72,941 | 74,645 |
| 53 | 69,493 | 71,197 | 72,127 | 73,883 |
| 54 | 68,512 | 70,256 | 71,271 | 73,078 |
| 55 | 67,496 | 69,253 | 70,376 | 72,228 |
| 56 | 66,442 | 68,185 | 69,439 | 71,331 |
| 57 | 65,344 | 67,051 | 68,456 | 70,383 |
| 58 | 64,189 | 65,855 | 67,418 | 69,379 |
| 59 | 62,967 | 64,607 | 66,317 | 68,322 |
| 60 | 61,671 | 63,317 | 65,150 | 67,213 |
| 61 | 60,296 | 61,981 | 63,911 | 66,048 |
| 62 | 58,839 | 60,587 | 62,597 | 64,815 |
| 63 | 57,296 | 59,112 | 61,203 | 63,496 |
| 64 | 55,672 | 57,539 | 59,730 | 62,076 |
| 65 | 53,974 | 55,860 | 58,182 | 60,546 |
| 66 | 52,198 | 54,067 | 56,556 | 58,900 |
| 67 | 50,333 | 52,152 | 54,841 | 57,132 |
| 68 | 48,360 | 50,108 | 53,023 | 55,238 |
| 69 | 46,264 | 47,930 | 51,095 | 53,222 |
| 70 | 44,041 | 45,621 | 49,057 | 51,092 |
| 71 | 41,698 | 43,190 | 46,908 | 48,849 |
| 72 | 39,248 | 40,651 | 44,645 | 46,491 |
| 73 | 36,714 | 38,026 | 42,268 | 44,015 |
| 74 | 34,123 | 35,343 | 39,777 | 41,421 |
| 75 | 31,503 | 32,630 | 37,184 | 38,721 |
| 76 | 28,876 | 29,909 | 34,509 | 35,935 |
| 77 | 26,260 | 27,199 | 31,779 | 33,092 |
| 78 | 23,671 | 24,518 | 29,026 | 30,226 |
| 79 | 21,126 | 21,882 | 26,287 | 27,374 |
| 80 | 18,619 | 19,317 | 23,594 | 24,570 |
| 81 | 16,270 | 16,853 | 20,977 | 21,845 |
| 82 | 14,022 | 14,524 | 18,462 | 19.226 |
| 83 | 11,935 | 12,362 | 16,071 | 16,736 |
| 84 | 10,036 | 10,395 | 13,833 | 14,406 |
| 85 | 8.340 | 8,638 | 11,771 | 12,258 |
| 86 | 6,844 | 7,088 | 9,891 | 10.301 |
| 87 | 5,536 | 5,733 | 8,192 | 8,532 |
| 88 | 4,401 | 4,558 | 6,668 | 6,944 |
| 89 | 3,435 | 3,558 | 5,328 | 5,548 |
| 90 | 2,631 | 2,726 | 4,176 | 4,349 |
| 91 | 1,971 | 2,042 | 3,200 | 3,332 |
| 92 | 1,434 | 1,486 | 2,380 | 2,478 |
| 93 | 1,003 | 1,039 | 1,700 | 1,770 |
| 94 | 667 | 691 | 1.154 | 1,202 |
| 95 | 418 | 433 | 738 | 769 |
| 96 | 244 | 252 | 439 | 457 |
| 97 | 129 | 134 | 237 | 247 |
| 98 | 60 | 63 | 113 | 117 |
| 99 | 23 | 24 | 44 | 46 |
| 100 | 7 | 7 | 13 | 14 |
| 101 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Example : According to the table for 1906–10, out of every 100,000 males born, 87,389 will reach age 20; and out of those 87,389, 63,317 will reach age 60. In the case of females 89,212 will reach age 20, and 67,213 age 60.
| EXPECTATION OF LIFE (ex). | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Expectation of life or average after-life-time in New Zealand at each year of age.) | ||||
| 0 | 58.092 | 59.165 | 60.549 | 61.764 |
| 1 | 62.308 | 63.125 | 63.967 | 64.816 |
| 2 | 62.071 | 62.836 | 63.714 | 64.503 |
| 3 | 61.433 | 62.168 | 63.058 | 63.843 |
| 4 | 60.700 | 61.407 | 62.323 | 63 053 |
| 5 | 59.911 | 60.581 | 61.528 | 62.211 |
| 6 | 59.079 | 59.724 | 60.689 | 61.350 |
| 7 | 58.225 | 58.849 | 59.825 | 60.465 |
| Age. | Males. | Females. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901–5. | 1906–10. | 1901–5. | 1906–10. | |
| 8 | 57.356 | 57.959 | 58.944 | 59.576 |
| 9 | 56.469 | 57.057 | 58.043 | 58.672 |
| 10 | 55.570 | 56.144 | 57.131 | 57.754 |
| 11 | 54.663 | 55.225 | 56.213 | 56.834 |
| 12 | 53.755 | 54.306 | 55.295 | 55.913 |
| 13 | 52.848 | 53.388 | 54.379 | 54.994 |
| 14 | 51.945 | 52.474 | 53.468 | 54.079 |
| 15 | 51.050 | 51.570 | 52.567 | 53.172 |
| 16 | 50.167 | 50.077 | 51.679 | 52.273 |
| 17 | 49.295 | 49.795 | 50.803 | 51.385 |
| 18 | 48.436 | 48.923 | 49.939 | 50.505 |
| 19 | 47.583 | 48.058 | 49.082 | 49.034 |
| 20 | 46.741 | 47.200 | 48.234 | 48.770 |
| 21 | 45.908 | 46.348 | 47.394 | 47.914 |
| 22 | 45.083 | 45.502 | 46.561 | 47.067 |
| 23 | 44.262 | 44.659 | 45.733 | 46.226 |
| 24 | 43.442 | 43.819 | 44.912 | 45.391 |
| 25 | 42.618 | 42.979 | 44.097 | 44.562 |
| 26 | 41.791 | 42.137 | 43.287 | 43.740 |
| 27 | 40.960 | 41.296 | 42.480 | 42.922 |
| 28 | 40.128 | 40.454 | 41.674 | 42.107 |
| 29 | 39.296 | 39.614 | 40.867 | 41.292 |
| 30 | 38.465 | 38.775 | 40.055 | 40.477 |
| 31 | 37.636 | 37.937 | 39.239 | 39.659 |
| 32 | 36.809 | 37.101 | 38.419 | 38.841 |
| 33 | 35.984 | 36.268 | 37.597 | 38.023 |
| 34 | 35.162 | 35.439 | 36.778 | 37.207 |
| 35 | 34.342 | 34.614 | 35.963 | 36.396 |
| 36 | 33.525 | 33.794 | 35.154 | 35.588 |
| 37 | 32.711 | 32.978 | 34.349 | 34.784 |
| 38 | 31.899 | 32.166 | 33.548 | 33.981 |
| 39 | 31.088 | 31.353 | 32.749 | 33.177 |
| 40 | 30.278 | 30.540 | 31.950 | 32.368 |
| 41 | 29.468 | 29.726 | 31.153 | 31.555 |
| 42 | 28.660 | 28.913 | 30.356 | 30.739 |
| 43 | 27.857 | 28.103 | 29.560 | 29.923 |
| 44 | 27.061 | 27.300 | 28.762 | 29.107 |
| 45 | 26.274 | 26.507 | 27.964 | 28.294 |
| 46 | 25.496 | 25.725 | 27.163 | 27.485 |
| 47 | 24.728 | 24.952 | 26.363 | 26.680 |
| 48 | 23.969 | 24.188 | 25.567 | 25.880 |
| 49 | 23.219 | 23.429 | 24.777 | 25.085 |
| 50 | 22.475 | 22.672 | 23.997 | 24.295 |
| 51 | 21.739 | 21.919 | 23.226 | 23.511 |
| 52 | 21,010 | 21.170 | 22.465 | 22.734 |
| 53 | 20.289 | 20.428 | 21.713 | 21.963 |
| 54 | 19.572 | 19.695 | 20.968 | 21.200 |
| 55 | 18.859 | 18.972 | 20.228 | 20.443 |
| 56 | 18.151 | 18.262 | 19.494 | 19.694 |
| 57 | 17.447 | 17.562 | 18.767 | 18.953 |
| 58 | 16.752 | 16.872 | 18.048 | 18.220 |
| 59 | 16.068 | 16.188 | 17.339 | 17.494 |
| 60 | 15.395 | 15.508 | 16.641 | 16.774 |
| 61 | 14.734 | 14.831 | 15.954 | 16.061 |
| 62 | 14.087 | 14.161 | 15.278 | 15.357 |
| 63 | 13.453 | 13.502 | 14.615 | 14.666 |
| 64 | 12.831 | 12.857 | 13.963 | 13.990 |
| 65 | 12.218 | 12.229 | 13.321 | 13.331 |
| 66 | 11.617 | 11.618 | 12.689 | 12.689 |
| 67 | 11.029 | 11.026 | 12 070 | 12 067 |
| 68 | 10.459 | 10.455 | 11.467 | 11.463 |
| 69 | 9.910 | 9.907 | 10.881 | 10.878 |
| 70 | 9.385 | 9.383 | 10.312 | 10.311 |
| 71 | 8.884 | 8.884 | 9.762 | 9.762 |
| 72 | 8.407 | 8.407 | 9.231 | 9.231 |
| 73 | 7.953 | 7.953 | 8.722 | 8.722 |
| 74 | 7.519 | 7.519 | 8.237 | 8.237 |
| 75 | 7.102 | 7.102 | 7.777 | 7.777 |
| 76 | 6.703 | 6.703 | 7.341 | 7.341 |
| 77 | 6.321 | 6.321 | 6.929 | 6.929 |
| 78 | 5.958 | 5.958 | 6.539 | 6.539 |
| 79 | 5.615 | 5.615 | 6.168 | 6.168 |
| 80 | 5.294 | 5.294 | 5.815 | 5.815 |
| 81 | 4.995 | 4.995 | 5.478 | 5.478 |
| 82 | 4.716 | 4.716 | 5.156 | 5.156 |
| 83 | 4.453 | 4.453 | 4.848 | 4.848 |
| 84 | 4.201 | 4.201 | 4.552 | 4.552 |
| 85 | 3.954 | 3.954 | 4.262 | 4.262 |
| 86 | 3.709 | 3.709 | 3.976 | 3.976 |
| 87 | 3.467 | 3.467 | 3.697 | 3.697 |
| 88 | 3.233 | 3.233 | 3.428 | 3.428 |
| 89 | 3.001 | 3.001 | 3.165 | 3.165 |
| 90 | 2.765 | 2.765 | 2.900 | 2.900 |
| 91 | 2.523 | 2.523 | 2.632 | 2.632 |
| 92 | 2.280 | 2.280 | 2.366 | 2.366 |
| 93 | 2.046 | 2.046 | 2.113 | 2.113 |
| 94 | 1.825 | 1.825 | 1.876 | 1.876 |
| 95 | 1.613 | 1.613 | 1.650 | 1.650 |
| 96 | 1.409 | 1.409 | 1.436 | 1.436 |
| 97 | 1.214 | 1.214 | 1.232 | 1.232 |
| 98 | 1.030 | 1.030 | 1.042 | 1.042 |
| 99 | 0.864 | 0.864 | 0.871 | 0.871 |
| 100 | 0.720 | 0.720 | 0.723 | 0.723 |
| 101 | 0.599 | 0.599 | 0.600 | 0.600 |
Example : According to the table for 1906–10, in the case of males aged 20, the expectation or average time yet to be lived is 47.200 years, and in the case of females aged 20, 48.770 years.
Table of Contents
[By P. G. MORGAN, Director of the Geological Survey.]
THE geological history of New Zealand is long and complicated, and is as yet by no means clearly deciphered. Since the beginning of the Palaeozoic periods that portion of the earth's crust where New Zealand is shown on the map has many times been elevated and depressed. Sometimes the land and the neighbouring ocean-floor as a whole have risen or fallen; at other times movement has been more or less local. Thus from age to age the land has greatly varied in outline, and whilst in one period it becomes a continent, in another it nearly or quite disappears beneath the ocean. The actual surface has been almost equally variable, for the mountain-chains of early periods have been planed down by denudation, and new mountains have risen to take their places. In short, the story of the land has been one of incessant, though as a rule slow-moving, change, and if the student would rightly interpret that story he must ever bear in mind that New Zealand in the past has never been quite or even nearly the same as we see it now. With the scanty materials at hand he must endeavour to reconstruct the land as it existed during past ages. A rich field for original research is open to the New Zealand geologist. Little has yet been accomplished in comparison with what remains to be done. There are many absorbing problems—some of great economic importance, some of world-wide interest—awaiting solution by the patient scientific worker.
The oldest rocks in New Zealand appear to be those of western Otago, where over a large area is exposed a complex of gneisses and schists, intruded by granite and other igneous rocks. The gneisses in the main are altered granites and diorites, but some of the schists, at any rate, are of sedimentary origin. A pre-Cambrian age was assigned to these rocks by Professor F. W. Hutton, but Professor James Park considers them to be probably of Cambrian age, and includes them in his Maniototo Series.
Perhaps next in age to the western Otago gneisses and schists are the mica, chlorite, and quartz schists of Central Otago. In the absence of fossils, however, the age of these rocks is uncertain. Professor Hutton regarded them as pre-Cambrian, Professor Park assigns a Cambrian age, whilst Dr. P. Marshall considers them to be little, if at all, older than the Triassic. Some schistose rocks in north, central, and western Nelson may be as old as, or even older than, the Otago mica-schists. The gneisses and schists on the western side of the Southern Alps may for the present be classed with the Nelson schists.
The oldest known fossiliferous rocks in New Zealand are the Ordovician argillites (“slates”), greywackes, and quartzites occurring near Collingwood (Nelson), and Preservation Inlet in south-west Otago. Ultimately these rocks may be found to have a considerable development in various parts of Nelson and Westland.
Rocks containing Silurian fossils occur in the Mount Arthur district, Nelson. They are principally altered limestone (practically marble), calcareous shale or argillite, sandstone, and quartzite.
At Reefton a small area exhibits quartzite, limestone, and slaty shale containing fossils believed to be of Devonian age. Elsewhere considerable areas have been assigned to the same period by Mr. Alexander McKay, but owing to the non-discovery of recognizable fossils definite proof of age is wanting. For a similar reason the age of most of the rocks placed in the Carboniferous period (“Maitai Series”) by McKay is uncertain. At Reefton the supposed Carboniferous rocks, which here contain many auriferous quartzveins, are probably of Ordovician age. In the typical locality near Nelson the fossils found in the Matai rocks indicate a Trias-Jura age, though possibly older rocks may be present also.
So far Permian rocks have not been satisfactorily identified in New Zealand. Park, however, considers his Aorangi and Kaihiku Series to be of Permian age.
During some of the Palæozoic periods it is conjectured that New Zealand formed part of or was the foreland of a large land-mass that extended far to the west. This land-mass possibly persisted to late Palæozoic times, and may have been the now-dismembered and all-but-lost continent known to geologists as Gondwana-land.
As yet the early and middle Mesozoic rocks of New Zealand have not been clearly separated by means of unconformities or fossil evidence. What may be called a Trias-Jura system is extensively developed in both the North and South Islands. The most fossiliferous localities are Hokonui Hills (Southland), near Nugget Point (Otago), Wairoa Valley, near the City of Nelson, Kawhia Harbour, and Waikato Heads, the two latter localities both on the west coast of Auckland. A broad belt of Trias-Jura or, according to Park, of Permo-Jurassic rocks extends through western Canterbury and Marlborough, and is continued as a somewhat narrower belt on the north side of Cook Strait from Wellington to the Capo Runaway district. Rocks of much the same age occur in the Mokau River watershed, in the Lower Waikato Valley, in the Coromandel Peninsula, and in North Auckland.
The supposed Jurassic rocks of Kawhia Harbour and Waikato Heads, mentioned above, may possibly be of Lower Cretaceous age. Admittedly Cretaceous rocks extend in a not-quite-continuous belt from Cape Campbell in Marlborough to the neighbourhood of Waipara in North Canterbury. At Amuri Bluff they are richly fossiliferous. Here and in several other localities the fossils include saurian remains. To the Cretaceous may also be assigned a somewhat extensive belt of rocks near the east coast of Wellington and southern Hawke's Bay. A continuation of this belt extends from a point northwest of Gisborne to the East Cape district.
The oldest known workable coal-seams in New Zealand probably occur in Cretaceous rocks. Much controversy, however, concerning the age of our coalfields has arisen. The late Sir James Hector, and with him Mr. Alexander McKay, considered that the coal-measures belonged to a Cretaceo-Tertiary system that extended from the Upper Cretaceous to the Middle Tertiary. For many years Mr. McKay was practically the sole exponent of this theory, but quite recently Dr. Marshall has advocated a very similar if not identical view. The truth, however, seems to be that the coal-measures concerning which there is a dispute are of two different ages. The Shag Point, Malvern Hills, and North Auckland coalfields are probably of Upper Cretaceous age. To these Park would add the Milton-Kaitangata coalfield and a small portion of the Green Island coalfield. The other coalfields, as mentioned below, are Tertiary.
Although there is certainly a palæontological break between the Upper Cretaceous (Waipara Series) and the Early Tertiary, the existence of an unconformity, as may be inferred from the previous paragraph, is a matter of doubt. The subdivision of the Tertiary strata, which are well represented in New Zealand, is still more or less tentative. To the Eocene may be assigned the bituminous coal-measures of the Grey, Buller, and Collingwood districts, and probably also some of the coal-bearing patches of central Nelson. Elsewhere Eocene rocks are not certainly known.
During the Early Eocene it is believed that New Zealand was again part of a continental area that extended far to the north, and was joined, or all but joined, to New Guinea and northern Australia. This continent may have included much of the area in the Pacific now studded with coral islands.
Its former existence is inferred mainly from various features in our plant and animal life. According to Mr. T. F. Cheeseman no less than 366 New Zealand plants are found also in Australia. More significant, perhaps, is the occurrence of many closely related species and genera in the two regions, for comparatively few of the 366 species are likely to have persisted since the Eocene. Many of our birds show marked affinities to Australian and Malayan species. In this connection an interesting line of support for & Tertiary extension of New Zealand to the north is afforded by the annual migrations of the New Zealand cuckoos and of the godwit.
During the Miocene period New Zealand subsided until little of the present land-surface was above water. Consequently, notwithstanding extensive denudation in later periods, Miocene strata are well represented in almost all parts of the country. They are typically developed in the Oamaru district (north-east Otago), and hence Hutton's name of “Oamaru Series” is generally applied to the Miocene strata of New Zealand. Miocene rocks are well represented in North Westland, an area in which a decided unconformity separates them from the Eocene coal-measures. They form much of the surface of the North Island, where the name ”papa” is commonly applied to the calcareous claystones and argillaceous sandstones which there form a great proportion of the Miocene rocks. In many places the Oamaru Series is characterized by the development of a fairly thick, soft, fossiliferous limestone about the middle horizon. This marks the time of greatest subsidence, or rather the time when the Miocene sea was deepest. Owing to their calcareous nature, the Miocene rocks give rise to some of the richest agricultural districts in New Zealand. In places they contain, in their lowest horizon, seams of good brown coal. There are also brown coals of late Miocene age.
In many localities the Miocene rocks pass without unconformity into strata considered to be of Pliocene age. In the Hawke's Bay and Wanganui districts these are marine and highly fossiliferous. They give rise to much good agricultural and more especially pastoral land adapted to sheep-farming or dairying. In Nelson and North Westland the Pliocene strata are largely composed of river-transported material, and are known as the Moutere Gravels. These in places are of a poorly auriferous character. In Nelson the Moutere Gravels form a poor pastoral soil, but one well adapted for apple-culture.
Towards the close of the Miocene and during the whole of the Pliocene period many parts of New Zealand, more particularly in the South Island, were undergoing elevation. As a result the North and South Islands (then quite different in outline from their present configuration), together with most of the outlying islands now in existence, such as the Chathams, Auckland Islands, &c., must have formed one large land-mass, which probably was united to an Antarctic continent. Since many New Zealand plants* are identical with, or closely allied to, South American forms, and there are also some striking resemblances in bird and other forms of animal life, it is thought that this Antarctic continent formed a bridge, probably at no time quite complete, between New Zealand and South America. By this route, in all likelihood, came the now extinct moas or their ancestral forms. At the time of this continental extension the Southern Alps rose far above their present heights, and were covered with one vast snowfield, that fed immense glaciers spreading far and wide over the lowlands to the east and the west. According to Park, during the Pleistocene there was one great sheet of ice over the whole of the present South Island, and over part of the North Island. Moreover, this ice-sheet was joined to the Antarctic ice. The extreme views of Professor Park are not shared by other New Zealand geologists, who, however, unanimously agree that a large area in the South Island was glaciated. The great ice-streams of Pleistocene times gave rise to rivers that carried enormous quantities of gravel and finer material derived
* According to T. F. Cheeseman's “Manual of the New Zealand Flora” (preface, p. ix), 108 New Zealand plants extend to South America.
from the mountains beyond the ice-front, and in great measure built up the lowlands of Canterbury and Westland. In the latter district the gravels sorted by these streams are in many places richly auriferous, but a greater and more permanent source of wealth is furnished by the fertile soil of the Canterbury Plains.
In many parts of Otago, Canterbury, Westland, and Nelson evidences of past glacial action are afforded by huge moraines, perched blocks, ice-worn surfaces (roches moutonnées), rock-benches, rock-basins, and other tokens of glaciation. To ice-action, it may here be mentioned, we owe some of the most magnificent features of the western Otago sounds.
At or before the end of the Pleistocene period the mountains lessened in height, both through denudation and a well-marked subsidence of the land. The climate grew milder, and the lowland ice melted away. The mighty glaciers rapidly retreated, geologically speaking, and are to-day represented only by the comparatively modest valley and mountain glaciers of north-west Otago, Canterbury, and Westland, with which may be included the small but permanent snowfield and glacier on Mount Ruapehu. While the glaciers were retreating the rivers of Canterbury and Westland, swollen by the melting ice, were unusually active in transporting debris to the lowlands and the sea-coast. At this time, too, as well as at somewhat earlier periods, the volcanoes of the North Island furnished an abundant supply of fragmentary material, much of which was transported by the streams, and used in building plains and river-fiats. Many of these are fertile, but in those districts where pumice abounded, a more or less barren soil, difficult of utilization, has resulted. Thus the land gradually became much as we see it now. In Recent times geological changes, such as the lowering of heights by denudation, the filling of lakes by sediment, the outward growth of coastal plains in some places, and the wearing away of the shores in other places, have slowly proceeded, and are to-day, of course, still going on. Slow movements of the land are probably in progress, but these have not been certainly detected. In 1855, however, as the result of a violent earthquake, the northern shore of Cook Strait, near Wellington Harbour, was raised on the average at least 5 ft., whilst the southern shore near Tory Channel and towards the mouth of the Wairau River was almost correspondingly depressed.
In the preceding paragraphs little notice has been given to igneous rocks or to volcanic action. The oldest igneous rocks of New Zealand are probably represented by the gneisses of western Otago, which, as previously stated, are mainly metamorphosed granites and diorites. Plutonic rocks intrude many of the Palæozoic and Mesozoic strata, and some of the formations also show evidence of contemporaneous volcanic action. Of the more ancient plutonic rocks granite is the most prominent. It occurs in many localities in Stewart Island, western Otago, Westland, and Nelson. It has, however, not been found in situ in the North Island, though in at least four localities boulders of granite, probably derived in all cases from ancient conglomerates, have been discovered. Ultra-basic igneous rocks, now largely altered to serpentine, occur in north-west Otago, Westland, and Nelson.
Throughout the greater part of the Tertiary periods volcanic action in New Zealand was probably more intense than in any former age. During the Late Eocene or Early Miocene period eruptions, at first principally of andesitic rocks and later of rhyolite, began in the Coromandel Peninsula, and with little intermission continued throughout Miocene and Pliocene times. These volcanic rocks contain the gold-silver veins which have yielded rich bonanzas at Thames and Coromandel, and are now being worked at the Waihi, Talisman, and other mines.
There are many areas of Miocene volcanic rocks in North Auckland, and near the City of Auckland numerous small volcanoes were in action during the Pleistocene. Some of these—for example, Mount Rangitoto—have probably been active within the last two or three thousand years. In Taranaki the beautiful cone of Mount Egmont was built up during Pliocene and Pleistocene times It is in the central part of the North Island, however, that the most intense volcanic activity has been displayed. Volcanic rocks, and more especially the pumice ejected during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, cover large areas. Vulcanism has not yet ceased, for minor eruptions of fragmentary material still take place from Ngauruhoe, a typical volcanic cone near Ruapehu. The most striking evidence of volcanic action, however, is afforded by the numerous steam-vents, hot springs, and geysers found in a belt extending from Ruapehu to White Island (in the Bay of Plenty), itself a volcano in the solfataric stage. It is more than a coincidence that this belt is in line with the Southern Alps. Solfataric action is generally regarded as a sign of dying vulcanism, but that the subterranean forces are still capable of mischief was shown by the eruption of Tarawera, an apparently extinct volcano, on the 10th June, 1886. On this occasion over a hundred lives were lost.
In the South Island vulcanism is apparently quite dead, for the hot springs of Hanmer Plains and the western side of the Alps are due to other causes. During the Miocene, however, volcanic outbursts took place in many localities, in some on a grand scale. Banks Peninsula is formed mainly of basaltic and andesitic rocks. Lyttelton and Akaroa harbours are believed to represent ancient craters or centres of eruption. In the neighbourhood of Dunedin occurs a very interesting series of alkaline volcanic rocks. These were first described by the late Professor G. H. F. Ulrich, and in later years Or. Marshall has given them exhaustive study.
In the course of a short article it is impossible to give any adequate idea of what has been accomplished by geological workers in New Zealand, or what remains yet to be done before even the foundation for future work shall be securely laid. The important branches of geology in its application to agriculture and mining have hardly been mentioned, but elsewhere in this volume will be found references to the agricultural and mineral resources. For detailed information the reader is referred to the bulletins of the New Zealand Geological Survey; to Professor Park's “Geology of New Zealand,” which contains an excellent bibliography; and to the treatise on “New Zealand Geology,” by Dr. Marshall, as well as to many other publications too numerous to be here named. Finally, it may be mentioned that in each of the University Colleges excellent instruction in geology is being given by capable and enthusiastic teachers, so that in the near future we may expect increased progress in solving the many knotty problems of New Zealand geology.
Table of Contents
[By K. SPEIGHT, M.Sc., F.G.S., Curator Canterbury Museum.]
IN a country like New Zealand, with marked variations in topographic relief and with a plentiful and well-distributed rainfall, the rivers must necessarily form characteristic features of the landscape. Mountains, however, exert an important influence on their adaptability to the necessities of commerce, reducing their value on the one hand while increasing it on the other. Owing to the steep grades of their channels few of the rivers are fitted for navigation except near their mouths, but to compensate for this disability they furnish in many places ideal sites for power plants, which will in all probability be so utilized in the near future that New Zealand may become the manufacturing centre of the Southern Hemisphere. No country south of the Equator, except Chile and Patagonia, possesses such stores of energy conveniently placed, which cannot become exhausted until the sun fails to raise vapour from the neighbouring seas—a contingency to be realized only when life on the earth is becoming extinct.
The only part of the country which possesses rivers capable of being used for navigation is the North Island. The relief is not so marked as in the South, and many streams flow in deep beds, with somewhat sluggish current. There are flowing into the Tasman Sea rivers like the Waikato, Wairoa, Mokau, and Wanganui, which served the Maoris as important means of communication, and which are decidedly useful for the purposes of modern transport. The first-mentioned of these is by far the most important. Rising in the snows of Ruapehu, and receiving numerous affluents from the western slopes of the Kaimanawa Range, it pursues a northerly course for twenty miles with all the features of a mountain torrent till it enters Lake Taupo. Almost immediately on leaving this it plunges over the Huka Falls, formed by a hard ledge of volcanic rock, and then runs first north-east and then northwest till it reaches the sea, the amount of water discharged exceeding 800,000 cubic feet per minute. In certain parts of its course the valley is gorge like in character and picturesque rapids obstruct its navigation, but in its lower reaches it widens out and flows for long distances through marshes and shallow lakes, and empties into the sea by a wide estuary which is unfortunately blocked by a bad bar. It receives on the west a large tributary, the Waipa, itself also navigable for small steamers, and a river which may ultimately play no small part in the development of the southwesterly portion of the Auckland Province.
The Northern Wairoa shows features which resemble those of the Waikato. It rises in the hilly land of the North Auckland Peninsula, and flows south as a noble stream till it enters Kaipara Harbour, a magnificent sheet of water with many winding and far-reaching arms, but with its utility greatly discounted by the presence of a bar which, though with sufficient depth of water for vessels of moderate size, is frequently impracticable. The total estimated discharge from the streams running into the Kaipara Harbour is about 500,000 cubic feet per minute, of which the Wairoa certainly contributes one-half.
The Mokau River, which enters the sea about sixty miles north-east of New Plymouth, is navigable for a considerable distance in its lower reaches. Here it is flanked by limestone bluffs, clad with a wealth of ferns and other native vegetation, forming one of the most picturesque rivers of the country. Higher up, as in the Waikato, there are fine falls, which may ultimately be used for power purposes owing to their proximity to one of the important agricultural districts of the North Island.
The last of the four principal navigable rivers on the west coast is the Wanganui. This river gathers its initial supplies from the western flanks of the volcanic ridge of the centre of the Island, from which numerous streams run west over the Waimarino Plain in somewhat open channels till they coalesce and form the main river. Other tributaries, such as the Tangarakau and the Maunganui-te-ao, subsequently add their quota, and the river then flows in a southerly direction in loops and windings depressed far below the level of the coastal plain, between high papa bluffs clad with rich vegetation, till it reaches the sea as a deep tidal stream, the amount of its discharge being estimated at over half a million cubic feet per minute. Through the greater part of its course it has a characteristic trench-like channel, with a fairly even gradient, and with only slight interruptions from rapids. At low water these are most troublesome, but at times of high river-level they are passed without serious difficulty. This fine stream affords communication into a country difficult of access by road or railway, and it may be taken as typical of other smaller streams to the west, such as the Waitotara, the Patea, and the Waitara, which are navigable to a less extent, principally owing to the obstructions of timber in their channels, while the rivers lying more to the east and with courses parallel to the Wanganui—e.g., the Rangitikei and the Wangaehu—are more rapid and have little adaptability to the needs of transport. Further east still, in the neighbourhood of the Ruahine Mountains, the rivers become true mountain torrents, with steep grades and rapid currents.
On the other coast of the North Island the only streams capable of being used for navigation except just at their mouths are those running into the Firth of Thames—the Piako and the Waihou. But no account of our navigable rivers would be complete without
a reference to the “drowned rivers” which characterize the northern parts of the Island. The Kaipara may be taken as a typical case of such, for the harbour merely represents the depressed and sunken lower reaches of the Wairoa and other streams. A further notable case is the Hokianga River, which runs for twenty miles between wooded hills and receives numerous tributaries from them, tidal for a considerable part of their courses, and allowing water communication to be used for at least fifteen miles from the point where actual discharge into the open sea takes place.
The remaining rivers of the North Island of any importance rise in the mountain axis that stretches from near Wellington towards the eastern margin of the Bay of Plenty. Towards its southern end, where it lies close to the shore of Cook Strait, the rivers from it are short and swift, the only exception being the Manawatu, which has cut a deep gorge in the mountain barrier and drains an extensive basin lying on the eastern flanks of the Ruahine Range to the north, and of the Tararua Range to the south, as well as a considerable area of country on the slopes of the Puketoi Range, its headwaters in this direction reaching nearly to the east coast of the Island. The Manawatu has an estimated discharge of over 600,000 cubic feet per minute, and judging by this it must be considered the second-largest river in the North Island. Although the Manawatu is the only stream which has succeeded up to the present in cutting through the range at its head, several of the rivers flowing west have eaten their way far back, and in future ages will no doubt struggle with the Manawatu for the supremacy of that tract of land lying to the east of the range. Remarkable changes are likely to occur in the direction of drainage, especially if the earth-movements now in progress in the neighbourhood of Cook Strait continue for any lengthy period.
The southern part of the Tararua and Rimutaka Ranges is drained by the Hutt River, which flows into Wellington Harbour, and by the Ruamahanga and its tributaries, flowing through the Wairarapa Plain. Most of these include within their basins some amount of papa country as well as steep mountain-slopes. While in the former they run in deep narrow channels, but when free from it they spread at times over wide shingly beds in a manner more characteristic of the streams of the South Island.
Several large rivers rise in the Ruahine Mountains and their northerly extensions. The chief of these flowing into Hawke Bay are the Ngaururoro, Mohaka, and Wairoa, the first being noteworthy for the enormous amount of shingle it has brought down; while further north the Waipaoa runs into Poverty Bay and the Waiapu into the open sea, both draining an extensive area of rich papa land. From the north-western side of the range the Whakatane and the Rangitaiki, two considerable streams, flow into the Bay of Plenty.
The chief factor which determines the characters of the rivers of the South Island is the great mountain mass of the Southern Alps, with its extensions and semi-detached fragments. Its general direction is parallel to the west coast of the Island, and nearer to this coast than to the eastern one; it also lies right athwart the path of the wet westerly winds which prevail in these latitudes. The moisture collected during their passage across the Tasman Sea is precipitated in the form of rain on the coastal plain and the hills behind it, while the mountain-tops intercept it chiefly in the form of snow, the amount of annual rainfall varying from about 100 in. at sea-level up to over 200 in. near the main divide. The eastern slopes of the range receive less rain, and are increasingly drier as the coast is approached, but there the amount is slightly augmented by moist winds coming from the open ocean to the east. In the higher mountain valleys on both sides of the range lie numerous glaciers, either of the small cliff type or large ones of the first order, the most notable being the Tasman, Hooker, Mueller, Rangitata, Lyell, and Ramsay on the east, and the Franz Josef and Fox on the west. The chief large rivers of the central district of the Island rise from the terminals of the glaciers and issue from the ice as streams of considerable volume. They reach their highest level in spring and summer, for not only does the heavier rainfall of that time of the year serve to swell them inordinately, but the snow and ice are melted under the combined influence of the rain itself and of the strong sun-heat. Although they are almost always more or less turbulent and dangerous to the traveller who attempts to ford them—in the warm months of the year they are liable to sudden and serious floods, and formerly they frequently blocked communication for weeks at a stretch—now, however, many of the worst streams have been bridged, and communication is thus easier and less precarious.
The general form of these valleys is of a fairly uniform type. Their heads are usually amphitheatre-like in shape, and for some distance they are occasionally covered by old moraines, and the course of the stream is impeded by huge angular blocks washed out of these or shed from the steep slopes; at times, too, the rivers flow through deep and somewhat narrow gorges. Lower down the valleys open out, with even steep sides, nearly perpendicular at times and with flat floors covered by a waste of shingle, over which the rivers wander in braided streams. The sides are clad with dense bush for a height of approximately 2,500 ft., that merges into a tangle of subalpine scrub, to be succeeded after another 1,000 ft. by open alpine meadow gradually passing upward into bare rock and perpetual snow.
After leaving the mountains the streams cross the narrow fringe of aggraded coastal plain, and cut down their channels through old glacial drifts which furnished in former times rich leads of alluvial gold. The mouths of these rivers are usually blocked by shallow bars, but after heavy floods a channel may be scoured out, only to be closed, when the river falls, by the vast quantities of drift material moved along the beach by the heavy seas and strong shore currents which sweep the open coast. It is only where it is possible to confine the river-mouths and direct their scour that open channels can be permanently maintained, and even these entrances to the river are at times extremely dangerous to shipping.
The chief rivers which flow from the central portion of the Southern Alps to the Tasman Sea are the Teramakau, Hokitika, Wanganui, Wataroa, Waihao, Karangarua, Haast, and Arawata. All rise in glaciers, and their valleys are remarkable for their magnificently diversified bush and mountain scenery. Occasionally lakes, ponded back behind old moraines or lying in rock-bound basins and fringed with primeval forest, lend charm to the landscape, and make a journey along the Westland Plain one of the most delightful in New Zealand from the scenic point of view.
Further north glaciers are absent, but the heavy rain feeds numerous large streams and rivers, the most notable being the Grey and the Buller, the last being in all probability the largest on the West Coast, the amount of its discharge being estimated at nearly 1,000,000 cubic feet per minute.
The general features of the rivers which flow into the West Coast Sounds are somewhat similar, except that few rise in glaciers, and there is no fringe of plain to the mountains. The valleys have steeper sides, waterfalls and lakes are more common, and are ideally situated for power installations. One of the large rivers of this area is the Hollyford, which flows into Martin's Bay; but the largest of all is the Waiau, which drains the eastern side of the Sounds region, receives the waters of Lakes Te Anau, Manapouri, and Monowai, and enters the sea on the south coast of the Island.
The rivers on the eastern slope of the Alps present features similar to those of the west coast in their upper courses, but the valleys are broader and flatter, floored from Avail to Avail with shingle and frequently containing large lakes of glacial origin. In those cases where lakes do not now exist there are undoubted signs that they occurred formerly, having been emptied by the erosion of the rock-bars across their lower extremities and filled at the same time by detrital matter poured in at their heads.
The largest of all these rivers is the Clutha; in fact, it discharges the greatest volume of water of any river in New Zealand, the amount being estimated at over 2,000,000 cubic feet per minute. The main streams which give rise to this river flow into Lakes Wanaka and Hawea, and have their sources in the main divide to the north of the ice-clad peak of Mount Aspiring and in the neighbourhood of the Haast Pass. After flowing as a united stream for nearly thirty miles it receives from the west a tributary nearly as large as itself called the Kawarau, whose discharge has been accurately gauged by Professor Park at 800,000 cubic feet per minute. This great volume of water is due to the fact that the Kawarau drains Lake Wakatipu, which serves as a vast reservoir for the drainage of a considerable area of mountain country, including snow-clad peaks at the head of the lake. The united streams continue in a south-easterly direction, and their volume is substantially increased by the Manuherikia on the east bank as well as by the Pomahaka on the west. The course of the Clutha lies through the somewhat arid schist region of Central Otago, gorge alternating with open valley and river-flats; but some ten miles or so before it reaches the sea it divides, only to reunite lower down and thus include the island known as Inch-Clutha. It almost immediately afterwards enters the sea, but its outlet is of little use as a harbour owing to a shifting and dangerous bar. Portions of its course are navigable to a very limited extent, but it is more important commercially, since it has yielded by means of dredging operations great quantities of gold; in fact, it may be regarded as a huge natural sluice-box, in which the gold disseminated through the schists of Central Otago has been concentrated through geological ages into highly payable alluvial leads.
The following large rivers belong to the Otago and Southland District, but do not reach back to the main divide—the Jacobs, Oreti, and Mataura; and forming the northern boundary of the Otago Provincial District is the Waitaki, which drains a great area of alpine country, and includes in its basin Lakes Tekapo, Pukaki, and Ohau. Its main affluents are the Tasman and the Godley, rising in glaciers of the same name near the axis of the range where it is at its highest. As the river approaches the sea it crosses shingle-plains, through which it has cut a deep channel flanked by terraces which rise bench-like for some hundreds of feet above the present level of the river. Its general features are similar to those of the rivers of Canterbury further north, except that a larger proportion of the course of the latter lies across the plains and uninterfered-with in any wav by the underlying harder and more consolidated rocks. The four principal rivers which rise in glaciers are the Rangitata, Ashburton, Rakaia, and Waimakariri; while further north are the Hurunui and Waiau, snow- and rain-fed rivers rising in the main range beyond the northerly limit of glaciers; and there are other streams which do not reach beyond the outer flanking ranges, and are almost entirely rain-supplied.
All these rivers carry down enormous quantities of shingle, but in former times they carried down even more, and built up the wide expanse of the Canterbury Plains by the coalescing and overlapping of their fans of detritus, the depth of shingle certainly exceeding a thousand feet. Subsequently, when conditions, climatic or otherwise, slightly altered, they cut down deep through this incoherent mass of material, forming high and continuous terraces. Nowhere is the terrace system more completely developed than at the point where the rivers enter on the plains, for there the solid rock that underlies the gravels is exposed, and by the protection that it affords to the bases of old river flood-plains or former terraces it contributes materially to their preservation in a comparatively uninjured condition. The valleys of all these rivers are now almost treeless except in their higher parts, but there the mixed bush of Westland is replaced by the sombre beech forest; it is only in exceptional cases that the totara, which forms an important element of the bush on the hills to the west, crosses the range and covers portions of the sides of the valleys on the east.
Both the Hurunui and the Waiau have cut down gorges through semi-detached mountain masses of older mesozoic rock, a result probably accelerated by movements of the earth's crust; and further north, in the Province of Marlborough, the Clarence, Awatere, and Wairau have their directions almost entirely determined by a system of huge parallel earth-fractures, running north-east and south-west, and the rivers are walled in on either side by steep mountains for the greater part of their length. The Clarence Valley is the most gorge-like of the three, since it lies between the great ridges known as the Seaward and Inland Kaikouras, which reach a height of about 9,000 ft. The last river of the three, the Wairau, flows for a considerable distance through a rich alluvial plain, and enters Cloudy Bay by an estuary which is practicable for small steamers as far as the Town of Blenheim. The most important of the streams on the southern shores of Cook Strait are the Pelorus, Motueka, Takaka, and Aorere, great structural faults being chiefly responsible for the position and characteristic features of the valleys of the last two
An important commercial aspect of our rivers is their use not only as drainage channels, but as a source of water for pastoral purposes. Hardly any area is without water for stock or with a subsoil wanting in moisture necessary for successful cultivation. Only in Central Otago and on the Canterbury Plains were there formerly wide stretches of arid country, but the deficiency in the water-supply has been remedied by well engineered systems of races, tapping unfailing streams at higher levels, and distributing a portion of their content far and wide, so that the districts mentioned are rendered highly productive and absolutely protected from the serious effects of drought. It is, however, the rich alluvial flats and well-drained terrace lands bordering on the livers that contribute specially to the high average yield per acre year after year for which this country has such a world-wide reputation.
From the brief summary given above it will be evident also that the country possesses enormous stores of energy awaiting exploitation. A beginning has been made in some places, such as at Waipori in Otago, at Lake Coleridge in Canterbury, at the Horohoro Falls in Auckland, and at a few other places where there are minor installations. These owe their development to their comparative nearness to centres of industry, but they represent an infinitesimal portion of the energy available, and the value of our vast store will be more truly appreciated when our somewhat limited reserves of coal show signs of failure or become difficult to work—unless, indeed, some new form of power is disclosed by the researches of science in the near future.
A list of the more important rivers of New Zealand is given, with their approximate lengths, the latter being as supplied by the Department of Lands and Survey.
| North Island. | |
|---|---|
| Miles. | |
| Flowing into the Pacific Ocean— | |
| Piako | 60 |
| Waihou or Thames | 90 |
| Rangitaiki | 95 |
| Whakatane | 60 |
| Waiapu | 55 |
| Waipaoa | 50 |
| Wairoa | 50 |
| Mohaka | 80 |
| Ngaururoro | 85 |
| Tukituki | 65 |
| Flowing into Cook Strait— | |
| Ruamahanga | 70 |
| Hutt | 35 |
| Otaki | 30 |
| Manawatu (tributaries: Pohangina and Tiraumea) | 100 |
| Rangitikei | 115 |
| Turakina | 65 |
| Wangaehu | 85 |
| Wanganui (tributaries: Ohura, Tangarakau, and Maunganui-te-ao) | 140 |
| Waitotara | 50 |
| Patea | 65 |
| Flowing into Tasman Sea— | |
| Waitara (tributary: Maunganui) | 65 |
| Mokau | 75 |
| Waikato (tributary: Waipa) | 220 |
| Wairoa | 95 |
| Hokianga | 40 |
| South Island. | |
|---|---|
| Miles. | |
| Flowing into Cook Strait— | |
| Aorere | 45 |
| Takaka | 45 |
| Motueka | 75 |
| Wai-iti | 30 |
| Pelorus | 40 |
| Wairau (tributary: Waihopai) | 105 |
| Awatere | 70 |
| Flowing into the Pacific Ocean— | |
| Clarence (tributary: Acheron) | 125 |
| Conway | 30 |
| Waiau (tributary: Hope) | 110 |
| Hurunui | 90 |
| Waipara | 40 |
| Ashley | 55 |
| Waimakariri (tributaries: Bealay, Poulter, Esk, and Broken River) | 93 |
| Selwyn | 55 |
| Rakaia (tributaries: Mathias, Wilberforce, Acheron, and Cameron) | 95 |
| Ashburton | 67 |
| Rangitata | 75 |
| Opihi | 50 |
| Pareora | 35 |
| Waihao | 45 |
| Waitaki (tributaries: Tasman, Tekapo, Ohau, Ahuriri, and Hakateramea) | 135 |
| Kakanui | 40 |
| Shag | 45 |
| Taieri | 125 |
| Clutha (tributaries: Kawarau, Makarora, Hunter, Manuherikia, and Pomahaka) | 210 |
| Flowing South into Foveaux Strait— | |
| Mataura | 120 |
| Oreti | 105 |
| Aparima. | 65 |
| Waiau (tributaries: Mararoa, Clinton, and Monowai) | 115 |
| Flowing into the Tasman Sea— | |
| Cleddau and Arthur | 20 |
| Hollyford | 50 |
| Cascade | 40 |
| Arawata | 45 |
| Haast (tributary: Landsborough) | 60 |
| Karanparua | 30 |
| Fox | 25 |
| Waiho | 20 |
| Wataroa | 35 |
| Wanganui | 35 |
| Waitaha | 25 |
| Hokitika (tributary; Kokatahi) | 40 |
| Arahura | 35 |
| Teramakau (tributaries: Otira and Taipo) | 45 |
| Grey (tributaries: Ahaura, Arnold, and Mawhera-iti) | 75 |
| Buller (tributaries: Matakitaki, Maruia, and Inangahua | 105 |
| Mokihinui | 30 |
| Karamea | 45 |
| Heaphy | 25 |
Table of Contents
[BY JAMES DRUMMOND, F.L.S., F.Z.S.]
NEW Zealand's native fauna has attracted the attention of investigators in nearly all parts of the world. Its special interest lies in its manifold peculiarities, in the incongruous characteristics possessed by some of its members, and in the ancient types found in different classes of its animals.
Beginning with the mammalia, the Dominion is surprisingly inadequately represented. Its only land mammals, except seals, are two bats. One of these, the long-tailed bat, belongs to a genus (Chalinolobus), which is found in the Australian and Ethiopian zoological regions, and to a species, morio, found in the south-east of Australia, as well as in New Zealand; but the other, the short-tailed bat (Mystacops tuberculatus), belongs to a genus peculiar to this Dominion. At one time it was believed that the Maori dog (Canis familiaris, variety maorium, the “kuri” of the Maoris) and the Maori rat (Mus exulans, the Maoris' “kiore”) were indigenous to New Zealand, but it is now generally believed that these two animals were introduced by the Maoris when they made their notable migrations from their legendary Hawaiki—probably Tahiti, in the Society Group—between 500 and 600 years ago. The dog was highly prized as a domestic pet, and the rat as an article of diet. Both could easily be taken across the sea in the large canoes used in those days. The dog, without doubt, is extinct. Statements by Captain Cook, J. R. and G. Forster, Sydney Parkinson, the artist, the Rev. W. Colenso, and early visitors to New Zealand show that the Maori dog was a very ordinary animal. It was small, with a pointed nose, pricked ears, and very small eyes. In colour it was white, black, brown, or parti coloured, and it had long hair, short legs, a short bushy tail, and no loud bark, but only a whine. The Maoris lavished upon it an abundance of affection. When dead its flesh was used for food, its skin for clothing, and its hair for ornaments. Opinions differ in regard to the approximate date of its extinction, and investigations in this respect are made somewhat difficult by the fact that for some years “wild dogs” as they were called—probably a cross between the Maori dog and dogs brought by Europeans—infested several districts in both the North Island and the South Island, and were confused with the Maori dog. It is probable that the pure Maori dog became extinct about 1885. The Maori rat, a forest-dweller, is not so plentiful as it was when Europeans first came to New Zealand, but it still lives in the forests.
The long-tailed species of bat was once fairly plentiful, especially in the forests, where it makes its home in hollow trees. Large
numbers also at one time were found under old bridges across streams, notably at the River Avon, in Christchurch. It is not very rare now, and specimens sometimes are found in the forests and in caves. The latest specimens are reported from a cave near Castle Rock on the Tiki Road, not far from Coromandel; and also from a cave at Orakeikorako, nine miles up the Waikato River from Atiamuri, in the Taupo district. The short-tailed species is not extinct, but rare. Most bats are exceptionally well adapted for life in the air, feeding on flying insects, and even drinking on the wing. But the short-tailed species of New Zealand possesses peculiarities of structure which enable it to creep and crawl with ease on the branches and leaves of trees, and probably it seeks its food there as well as in the air. Few naturalists, however, have had opportunities to observe it, and little is known of its habits.
The sea-lion, the sea-elephant, the sea-leopard, and the fur-seal are found on islands in the Dominion's boundaries. In the early days of colonization sealing was a great industry, and yielded large profits to some of the adventurous men who took part in it.
Amongst the sea mammals whales, of course, are the most important. At one time extensive whaling was carried on in New Zealand waters, 300 vessels, chiefly from America, sometimes visiting the country in one year. The industry began about 1795, reached the height of its prosperity between 1830 and 1840, and then began to dwindle. In recent years there has been an effort to revive the industry, but it will never attain the position it held in former years. Porpoises are plentiful, and the dolphin (Delphinus delphis) also is found in these waters. Mention should be made here of “Pelorus Jack,” a solitary whale which meets vessels near Pelorus Sound, and which has been protected by an Order in Council under the name of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus). He is the only member of the species reported from New Zealand waters.
In contrast with the species of land mammals, the members of the next class, Aves, were remarkably plentiful when settlement began. Bush and grass fires, cats, stoats and weasels, and the ruthless use of the gun have reduced their numbers, but they still stand as, probably, the most interesting avifauna in the world. They include a comparatively large number of absolutely flightless birds. No living birds in New Zealand are wingless, but the kiwi (Apteryx), the weka (Ocydromus), the kakapo parrot (Stringops), and the takahe (Notornis hochstetteri)* cannot use their wings for
* This bird is better known as Notornis mantelli. That name was first given by Sir Richard Owen to an extinct bird, represented by a fossil found at Waingongoro, in the North Island, by Mr. W. Mantell in 1847. When the first living specimen of the Notornis was found in 1849 scientists concluded that it was identical with the fossil, and it bore the same name; but when Dr. Meyer, of Dresden, examined the skeleton of the third specimen, he found that it was different from the fossil, and he changed the specific name from mantelli to hochstetteri, thus honouring Dr. Hochstetter, a naturalist who visited New Zealand in the early days.
flight, while a duck belonging to the Auckland Islands (Nesonetta) is practically in the same plight. There are also several species of birds whose wings are so weak that they can make only short flights. Other notable birds are the kea (Nestor notabilis), which is accused of killing sheep on stations in the South Island; the tui (Prosthemadera novæ-zealandiæ), which affords one of the most beautiful sights in the New Zealand forests, and charms visitors with its silvery notes; the huia (Heteralocha acutirostris), the only species known in which there is a wide divergence in the shape of the bills in the two sexes, the male's being short and straight, while the female's is curved, pliant, and long; and the wry-billed plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), the only bird known to possess a bill turned to one side. Cormorants or shags (Phalacrocorax) and penguins (Impennes) are exceptionally well represented in the avifauna. New Zealand, indeed, may be regarded as the headquarters of the penguins, as all the genera except one are found within the boundaries of this Dominion. The oldest fossil penguin known is from the Eocene and Oligocene rocks of New Zealand. New Zealand, probably, was the centre from which penguins were dispersed to other countries.
Several species of birds make notable migrations to New Zealand. The godwit (Limosa novæ-zealandiæ), it is believed, breeds on the tundras of eastern Siberia, and spends the summer months in New Zealand, arriving about October and leaving in March or April. The knot (Tringa canutus) is believed to make almost the same journey, and two cuckoos, the shining-cuckoo (Chalcococcyx lucidus) and the long-tailed cuckoo (Urodynamis taitensis), come from Pacific islands in the spring and leave for their northern homes about April. Both, like most members of the Cuculidæ family, are parasitical, and impose upon small native birds the duty of hatching and rearing young cuckoos. The kiwi, already mentioned, belongs to the same subclass as the ostrich, the emu, and the cassowary, all struthious birds, and has several peculiarities besides its Sightlessness. One of these is the position of its nostrils, at the tip of its bill, instead of at the base as in all other birds. Its plumage is peculiarly hair-like in appearance. It possesses a very generalized structure; as Sir Richard Owen once suggested, it seems to have borrowed its head from one group of birds, its legs from another, and its wings from a third. It was once believed to be almost extinct, but, in recent years, has been shown to be fairly plentiful in some districts where there is little settlement.
The takahe (Notornis) is one of the world's very rare birds. Only four specimens have been found. Two of the skins are in the British Museum, one is in the Dresden Museum, and one in the Otago Museum, in Dunedin. The fourth specimen was caught by two guides (Messrs. D. and J. Boss) at Notornis Bay, Lake Te Anau, in 1898. Although at the present time (1914) it is sixteen years since the Notomis was last seen, there is reason to believe that individuals still exist in the wild districts of the Southern Sounds.
The interest of the living avifauna is surpassed by the interest of the extinct birds. These include the great flightless moa (Dinornis), a goose (Cnemiornis minor), a gigantic rail (Aptornis otidiformis), and an eagle (Harpagornis moorei).
Reptilian life is restricted to about fifteen species of lizards, and to the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). This is a lizard-like creature, the only surviving representative of the order Rhynchocephalia, otherwise extinct. The tuatara is found in no other country. Its nearest ally is Homœosaurus, whose remains have been found in Jurassic rocks in Germany. It has been destroyed to a large extent by wild pigs, cats, and dogs, and is now seldom found except on a few islands off the coast of the mainland.
The amphibians are represented by a small frog (Liopelma hochstetteri), which is very rare, and has been recorded from only a few districts in the Auckland Province. Its nearest ally is in China.
About 250 species of fish have been found in New Zealand waters. A large number of these are used for food. Several species, notably the mudfish (Neochanna apoda), which is sometimes discovered buried 4 ft. deep in clay in places where rivers have overflowed in flood, and in swampy places, are interesting. Some of the genera are peculiar to New Zealand, but some also occur in Australian and South American waters.
Amongst the invertebrates, one of the peculiarities is the fact that the Dominion has few butterflies, although it is well supplied with moths. It has a red admiral butterfly (Vanessa), named after the European species, which it resembles, and a copper butterfly (Chrysophanus), which is very plentiful. In the forests there is that strange growth, the “vegetable caterpillar.” The Dominion has native bees and ants, dragon-flies, sober-coloured beetles, and representatives of other orders of insects. The katipo spider (Latrodectes katipo), which lives mostly on or near the sea-beach, is well known locally. Amongst the mollusca, there is a large and handsome land-snail, (Paryphanta), and Amphibola, an air-breathing snail, peculiar to the country, which lives in brackish water, mainly in estuaries. There are about twenty species of univalves and twelve of bivalves in the fresh - water shells, and about four hundred species in the marine shells, including the paper nautilus (Argonauta). Perhaps the most interesting of all the invertebrates is the Peripatus, an ancient type of creature which survives in New Zealand, and in parts of Australia, Africa, South America, the West Indies, New Britain, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. Zoologically, it belongs to the air-breathing division of the phylum Arthropoda, and has been placed in a special class, Prototracheata or Onychophora. It is about 3 in. long, has many feet, loves moisture, shuns light, and moves slowly. Two genera have been found in New Zealand. One genus, Peripatoides, contains two species, novœ-zealandiæ and suteri, and the other, OÖperipatus, contains only one species, viridimaculatus. The Peripatus is viviparous.
It is claimed that one New Zealand genus, OÖperipatus, is oviparous, but that has not been fully proved.* Professor A. Dendy, F.E S., has made special investigations in regard to the New Zealand species.
With the arrival of Europeans, the whole face of the fauna was changed. The first European animal introduced was the pig, liberated by Captain Cook in Queen Charlotte Sound in 1773. With settlement, sheep, cattle, horses, and other domestic animals were brought, some for utility, some for pleasure, such as song-birds, and some for sport, such as deer, trout, pheasants, and quail. In the work of acclimatization several' great and irretrievable blunders were made. The worst of these was the introduction of rabbits, stoats, and weasels.
* Professor Adam Sedgwick, F.R.S., late Professor of Zoology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, in the new Encyclopædia Britannica.
Table of Contents
[BY JAMES MACKENZIE, UNDER-SECRETARY OF LANDS.]
REASONS FOR AFFORESTATION.
CONSIDERING the apparently vast extent of our indigenous forests, the fine quality of our principal timbers, and their varied usefulness, it has often been the subject of much comment that it is considered necessary by the Government of this Dominion to inaugurate a policy of reafforestation. It can, however, readily be understood that the full facts of the case must be known and comprehended before it is possible to demonstrate clearly and cogently the reasons that have actuated the Government in the past and at the present time.
In the report on “Forestry in New Zealand,” published in 1909, statistics were given showing in detail the present estimated supply of timber from all classes of native trees, and the probable demand for timber in the future, and the conclusions then arrived at apply with even greater force at the present day. Before recapitulating them, however, it is desirable to explain briefly the nature of our indigenous trees, and their various drawbacks and good qualities.
New Zealand possesses a large variety of trees in its native forests, there being no fewer than eighty-six different species known to botanists. The majority of these are, unfortunately, useless for commercial purposes to any great extent, through various causes, and, as a matter of fact, the following trees are practically the staple supply of the timber trade.
Kauri (Agathis australis).—Grows only in the Auckland District The girth of marketable trees ranges from 4 ft. to 30 ft., and sometimes more, the general average being about 12 ft., and the contents about 3,000 ft. There is no pine in the world superior for all-round use. It is used for joinery, furniture-making, housebuilding, ship, yacht, and boat building, wharves, bridges, railway, and other works, but is well adapted for high-class joinery, and internal fittings, carvings, &c. When converted into veneers it is highly prized. Unfortunately, it takes from six hundred to twelve hundred years to attain its full size, and as it is very inflammable, its growth and preservation are a matter of considerable difficulty.
Totara.—Totara is found throughout the whole of New Zealand except in the Nelson District, though the bulk of the supply is in Wellington, Auckland, Hawke's Bay, and Westland. It is very durable, and of all New Zealand timbers is the best for resisting the ravages of the teredo, and consequently has been largely used in the construction of wharves, bridges, &c. It also lasts well in contact with the ground, and is utilized largely for general building and joinery purposes, telegraph-posts, railway-sleepers, fencing-posts, &c. The mottled variety is much sought after for panels, furniture, inlaying, &c. Its chief drawback is that it is somewhat brittle, but it is probably the best timber for general building purposes in the Dominion.
Rimu, or Red-pine.—This is the principal timber in the New Zealand forests, and is extensively used for building, joinery, &c. The figured variety is often beautifully grained, and is much in demand for furniture. It is a most valuable wood, owing to its wide adaptability and comparative cheapness. Though not equal to totara or kauri, yet, owing to its greater cheapness, it is more largely used.
Kahikatea, or White-pine.—This timber is also in great demand throughout the whole of the Dominion. It is found chiefly on low-lying or swampy land, and grows in all parts of the Dominion. Its lasting qualities vary, but, unfortunately, an insect borer finds it comparatively easy prey, and therefore it is not much used for general building purposes. Its greatest use is for making butter-boxes, for which purpose no substitute has yet been found, and large quantities are exported to Australia for this purpose.
Matai.—The next timber in importance is matai, or black-pine, which is a very heavy but short-grained timber. It is used for building purposes, and especially for weatherboards and flooring; also for small bridges and fencing purposes. It is second only to totara for durability, but is inclined to brittleness. It is found all over the Dominion in fairly large quantities.
The only other timbers in New Zealand which are used to any extent for general purposes are,—
Puriri, a very hard and tough wood, which makes good sleepers and posts, and is very durable. It is largely used for railway-works, bridge-stringers, and truck-frames. In weight, colour, and texture it somewhat resembles rosewood, but the figured varieties are marked like walnut. It is also largely used as veneers.
Rata, which is mostly used for firewood, is a hard, heavy, tough and very strong wood, mostly straight - grained, and used to a limited extent by wheelwrights, and as arms for telegraph-posts.
The various “Birches” (or “Beeches,” as they should be designated), which grow plentifully all over the Dominion, and are being used for railway-sleepers in the Wellington District, Fagus Menziesii having also been exported to Australia from the Westland and Southland Districts.
The other trees are used to such a limited extent, and chiefly for limited local requirements, that they do not meet the growing demand for superior timbers.
The peculiar characteristics of these trees must he carefully taken into account when considering the possibility of relying on their perpetuation, whether by way of natural regeneration or systematic reafforestation. First and foremost is the great drawback that all the indigenous trees suitable for conversion into marketable timber require such an inordinate length of time to grow and arrive at maturity; although, owing to the comparatively recent settlement of New Zealand by Europeans, it is impossible to arrive with absolute accuracy at the exact length of time required by each tree to mature under average conditions, it is known that this ranges between one hundred and five hundred years. Secondly, many of these trees require special treatment to be raised with success, and need considerable shade from the seedling to the adult stage, which can only be afforded by planting them amongst partially cleared forest land, where the natural undergrowth provides the requisite amount of protection. In such a case the annual clearing of undergrowth tending to suppress the seedling trees would be of such an exhaustive and expensive character as to prohibit the economical growth of native timber-trees. Thirdly, the principal exotic trees suited for commercial purposes take from one-fourth to one-tenth the time to attain timber-dimensions that the local product does, so that it is possible to raise on an average from three to five crops of larch or pine during the same time that it would take to raise one crop of totara or rimu.
Under these circumstances it has been generally recognized that it is out of the question to attempt to renew the indigenous trees for future commercial purposes, and all that can be done is to conserve the remaining supply as far as practicable so as to allow sawmilling to proceed under conditions that will ensure the greatest possible use being made of the existing timber. The timber-cutting and forest regulations for years past have been devised with the utmost care to accomplish this result, and, considering the remarkable increase that has taken place of late years in the timber industry, no adverse criticism can justly charge the administration of our native forests with any undue locking-up of natural resources. To assist the progress of settlement it has been imperative that every facility should be afforded the building and allied trades to obtain cheap and accessible timber, and as the periodical fires, that it has been impossible to prevent, continually ravage the portions of the forests nearest to settlement, it has been a wise policy to permit as much marketable timber to be used as was needed by the farming community and the building trades, and so serve a twofold purpose—viz., the gradual clearing of forest country adapted for settlement and its opening for occupation and farming, and the development of the building and constructive trades to cope with the increasing demand that a growing population constantly makes upon its resources.
Moreover, it must not be overlooked that some of the most fertile and productive soil and country in the Dominion was to be found in those very forests that contained the most valuable timber. The vanished Seventy-mile (or Forty-mile) bush, in the southern part of Hawke's Bay, and extending to and around Pahiatua and Eketahuna; the Awarua Forest, between Taihape and Mangaweka; and the numerous stretches of forest in the Auckland District all at one time stretched across and occupied mile upon mile of country that now supports a large and thriving population; and it would have been as useless and as difficult a matter to preserve these magnificent forests in their entirety, whether for aesthetic, sentimental, climatic, or commercial reasons, as it would have been to have prohibited the spread of settlement and the onward march of civilization.
But the Government, whilst permitting the gradual conversion of these forests, has never lost sight of the fact that it was necessary to maintain the timber-supply of the country, and to provide for its needs in the future. One of the earlier methods of inducing the planting of suitable trees was by means of “land grants”—a settler being given a free grant of Crown land if he planted a certain portion of his freehold land in suitable trees. This system was chiefly confined to the Canterbury District, though it was partially adopted in the Auckland and other districts, but only to a very limited extent. In Canterbury, where the system came into force in the early seventies, as much as 2 acres of Crown lands for 1 acre put down in plantation was sometimes granted, and every inducement was offered to the settlers to put down part of their farms in plantations. Several large plantations may now be seen in North Canterbury that were established by means of this method. As, however, it did not meet the growing needs of the country, the system was discontinued, and it came to pass that the methods of State afforestation that had proved so successful in older countries eventually came to be adopted in New Zealand.
In common with every manufacturing country in the world, the steady increase in demand for timber for commercial purposes has been experienced in New Zealand, and the following table shows how the timber industry has grown:—
| Year. | Number of Mills. | Hands employed. | Output for Year. | Cutting-capacity per Annum. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sup. ft. | Sup. ft. | |||
| 1886 | 220 | 3,890 | 163,740,546 | |
| 1895 | 299 | 4,055 | 191,053,466 | |
| 1900 | 334 | 6,085 | 261,583,518 | |
| 1905 | 414 | 6,912 | 413,289,742 | 704,930,600 |
| 1907 | 411 | 7,139 | 432,031,611 | 718,940,000 |
| 1909 | 423 | 7,414 | 413,868,919 | 755,465,480 |
To cope with the present demand taxes all the resources of the Dominion, as the supply of our indigenous forests is rapidly diminishing, as will be seen from the following estimates:—
| Year. | Estimated Amount of Milling-timber remaining in our Forests. |
|---|---|
| 1905 | 41,723,574,800 sup. ft. |
| 1907 | 35,785,873,467 sup. ft. |
| 1909 | 33,060,883,437 sup. ft. |
Judging from the vast quantity of forest that was not likely to be available for sawmilling, either through unsuitability of timber, difficulty of access, or cost of cutting and transport, and taking into consideration the loss annually experienced through accidental fires, and the fact that a large part of the timber stands on Native and private land which may be required for settlement purposes, thereby necessitating the felling and destruction of the timber, it was estimated in 1909 that the indigenous forests of New Zealand will not cope with the full demand for sawn timber for a longer period than from thirty-five to forty years, bearing in mind the fact that a certain amount of foreign timber will be arriving continually so as to ease the strain on local resources. Under these circumstances it will be understood why the Government deemed it advisable, many years ago, to inaugurate a system of tree-planting that would gradually take the place of the native forests and timber-supply.
The problem before the Government was faced in a systematic and comprehensive manner. Three experimental plantations of various trees, aggregating about 15 acres, were started on the Kaingaroa Plains, between Taupo and Rotorua. Another plantation of 15 acres was started at Tarukenga, on the Rotorua Railway-line, and another of 6 acres at Mamaku, not far away. These latter plantations were for the purpose of providing timber for railway requirements. Part of the Rotorua Town Belt was also planted.
Encouraged by the success of these preliminary experiments, a Forestry Branch of the Department of hands was started in 1896, and three nurseries were established—two at Tapanui and Eweburn in the Otago District of the South Island, and the other at Whakarewarewa, near Rotorua, in the North Island. The idea was conceived that, coincident with railway-extension, one or two central nurseries in each Island were sufficient for the growth of nursery stock, which could be distributed at various places in the district, according as circumstances warranted the extension of the system. Later on another nursery was formed at Hanmer, in the Canterbury District (South Island), and attempts were also made to establish nurseries at Starborough, in the Marlborough District (South Island), and Ruatangata, near Whangarei (North Island), but from various causes these latter two nurseries, with the plantations attached to them, were not altogether a success, and have been discontinued.
It must not be overlooked that New Zealand was the first antipodean country to face the problem of State afforestation, and that it was only by means of continuous experiments and the greatest care and forethought that the Department was able to advance on satisfactory lines with due regard to economy and efficiency. It was inevitable that some out of the many species of trees planted should not have proved so great a success as others, whilst the rapid expansion of domestic trades and industries has demonstrated the inadequacy of the original operations, and induced the Government to enlarge its annual provision for the continued extension of plantations to a scale more commensurate with the exigencies of the case.
It must also be distinctly explained that if the present operations do not, in the opinion of some persons, represent that degree of magnitude chat is deemed necessary in order to satisfy the whole of the future demand for timber in New Zealand, there are good and sufficient reasons for proceeding cautiously in the meantime. Although the foreign supply is more or less an unknown quantity, it is considered that the supply of eucalyptus from Australia and pine from Siberia, Manchuria, and possibly Korea, together with the Douglas fir from Western Canada, will for some years to come satisfy to a very large extent the continuous demand for sawn timber in New Zealand, and that the remaining forests of the Dominion will also be available for some considerable time to assist in supplying the requirements of the commercial community. Moreover, it is essential that the characteristics of exotic trees planted in the State plantations, and their growth and progress in the climate and soil of this country as compared with their growth elsewhere, together with their respective liability to or immunity from disease, shall be thoroughly studied and ascertained (and this cannot be done in a few years), before the inhabitants of the Dominion are committed to such a large increase in expenditure as would be necessary to ensure the future maintenance of the timber-supply from New Zealand sources. Hitherto the operations of the Forestry Branch have been more successful than was anticipated at the commencement of the project, but the losses that have been experienced have been quite large enough to convince the authorities that it is the best policy to proceed with due caution, and not to suddenly enlarge the operations, but rather to expand them very gradually after repeated experiments and results have proved the advisability of doing so under certain conditions.
It will be interesting to trace the evolution of the present system from the conditions that appeared to the Government to dominate the position at the time the afforestation policy was decided upon in 1896. They may be said to include,—
The recognition of the principle that land suitable for settlement should not be interfered with for the purposes of tree-planting.
The desirability of utilizing Crown land as far as practicable.
The selection of localities for the plantations which would be fairly accessible from existing lines of railway, and which would, in the future, be conveniently situated to the probable trade centres.
The selection of areas of open land that were not in proximity to standing forests, but the climatic conditions of which appeared suitable for tree-growing operations, and whose soil seemed sufficiently good for the purpose.
Owing to the varied nature of the climate, soil, and conditions in different parts of New Zealand, and the necessity of the officer in charge of operations being thoroughly acquainted with local conditions, it was not deemed advisable to engage a foreign expert to superintend operations, but the services of a young and enthusiastic New Zealand nurseryman were engaged at the commencement of the work, and the results that were achieved under his advice from the very start were a convincing proof of the wisdom of the course adopted. A careful and continuous study of the latest publications and methods in vogue on the Continent and elsewhere has been the practice laid down for the guidance of all officers of the Forestry Branch, and as the work of tree-planting in this Dominion becomes more and more important and extensive it is probable that further steps will be taken by the Government to keep the branch in touch with foreign systems and methods.
The late Mr. Henry Matthews was the officer whose appointment as Chief Forester inaugurated the formation of the Forestry Branch, and from 1896 to his unexpected death in 1909 he had the sole technical control of the tree-planting operations, and to him must therefore belong much of the credit or otherwise of the planting accomplished during this period.
Since his death the technical direction of affairs has been entrusted to two Superintending Nurserymen, one residing at Whakarewarewa and the other at Tapanui. These two officers keep a careful watch over the several nurseries and plantations under their control, and are responsible for the rearing and planting-out of all the trees in each Island. In charge of each State nursery is a Nurseryman, and in charge of each State plantation is a Forester. These officers direct the work of the labourers and others employed under them, and are carefully trained in the respective duties required of them and their staffs.
The Minister in charge of the State forests and all afforestation-work is the Commissioner of State Forests, and each year he lays before Parliament a report on the year's operations. The permanent officer in charge of the branch is the Under-Secretary of Lands, who has supreme administrative control over all operations; and it is to him that the Superintending Nurserymen report, and from him that they take instructions. The financial considerations and all forestry problems that arise from time to time are dealt with by him.
The cost of afforestation operations is defrayed by the sale of timber in State forests, supplemented by a contribution from the Consolidated Fund annually voted by Parliament. Owing to the youth of the plantations, and the immaturity of the timber therein, no returns have yet been derived from them, but it is hoped that in a few years' time a small revenue may be received, which will increase as larger thinnings are available for disposal. When an assured return of thinnings is available in sufficient quantity there may be a possibility of utilizing them for wood-pulp purposes. This is a matter for future consideration, as it depends largely as to whether the timber grown is suitable for that purpose.
Generally speaking, most of the seed is procured abroad until our own trees are large enough to become seed-producers—say, in thirty years' time—and the trees now grown in the State nurseries and plantations are those that continental experience and the results of experiments in New Zealand have shown are best fitted for the soils and climate of this country. The primary object of the Government is purely utilitarian, as only those trees are grown that are suitable for commercial purposes, and the fact that the formation of plantations will in many cases enrich the soil, regulate to a slight degree the temperature, and conserve the rainfall is more or less secondary, although no efforts have been spared to gain the greatest possible benefits from the operations of the State in this respect.
In almost every country in the world where forestry operations have been carried on it has been found that sooner or later forms of plant-disease inevitably make their appearance. In some instances great havoc has been worked, whilst of late years modern methods and discoveries have largely diminished the attendant dangers. It is of the utmost importance that in this fruitful land, where the conditions are so eminently favourable to plant-growth, that the equally favourable conditions to the formation and dissemination of plant-disease should be continuously and carefully watched, so that the smallest outbreak of any kind of disease may at once be notified, and every possible precaution taken to deal with it at the very commencement of its attack. Up to the present the indications of disease have been very small, but in order that the scrutiny of the officers of the Forestry Branch may be directed into the proper channels, and that the best advice may be available on this point, a special examination has recently been made by the Biologist of the Department of Agriculture, who has supplemented the constant supervision of the officers with a personal inspection in their company.
As time goes on, and the trees attain a greater age, whilst the area under plantation annually increases, such inspections will be made at frequent intervals; and by a rigid scrutiny of all plants apparently suffering from any disease or trouble it is hoped that disease may be kept well in check, and never permitted to spread beyond a confined radius where it originates.
Seeing that the plantations are still young, and that their area extends to only about 21,000 acres, it has been possible to carry on operations with a somewhat inexpensive staff of officers, and no great expenditure in the way of administration has yet been necessary. It has been absolutely necessary to employ the funds at the disposal of the Forestry Branch to their fullest extent in the direction of tree-planting, and consequently a rigid check has been kept upon all outlay that was not immediately and directly needed for present operations. In the future it will undoubtedly be necessary to increase the staff, and provide for duties and needs that have as yet hardly entered into practical consideration. Even under these conditions, however, it is essential that no lavish expenditure shall be entered upon, but that the best possible results shall be attained from every new departure. As the scope of operations widens, it will undoubtedly be necessary to select and specially educate a few able and intelligent young New-Zealanders to fill the positions that will later on be required for the development and skilful management of the State plantations, and it is thought that a practical training in the nurseries and plantations of the branch, combined with a University education comprising those subjects specially appertaining to forestry (such as botany, entomology, geology, agricultural chemistry, and other subjects included in the degree of Bachelor of Science), and subsequently a visit to the best forestry schools in England and the Continent, will enable the operations of the Government to be conducted with the highest degree of economy and efficiency, and ensure the best results being attained from past and future expenditure.
Every day increases the store of knowledge and literature appertaining to scientific forestry, and it is of the utmost importance that the training and methods of the officers of the branch should be as complete and efficient as is possible. At the present time both of the Superintending Nurserymen conduct a winter class, in which all the nurserymen and officers under their control have an opportunity of learning all that can be taught them of the work of their profession, and useful reference libraries have been established in each Island at the headquarters. The keenness and intelligence of the members of these classes are in the highest degree praiseworthy, and reflect the greatest credit on their instructors, and their individual efforts to advance in knowledge and usefulness. Special addresses are from time to time delivered by the Government experts who deal with matters a knowledge of which is of use to the staff.
Seeing how far the operations of any particular industry or business extend in modern days, and from what numerous sources it is necessary to gain information and assistance in order to achieve the best results, it will naturally be understood that the occasional services and advice of various officers of the Government service may from time to time be requisitioned for, and availed of, in connection with the work of tree-planting. A periodical inspection by a skilled biologist, an occasional examination by an agricultural chemist, visits by modern botanists and entomologists, for instance, will be of immense use in aiding the efforts of the permanent officers of the Forestry Branch; and it may soon be advisable to form a special advisory board of such experts, who would from time to time study and report upon any extraordinary or unexpected development in connection with the operations, and advise (if necessary) upon the general questions affecting the work of afforestation and timber-conservation. It is, however, to be distinctly understood that though it is essential to keep a watchful eye upon modern developments, and to display a foresight compatible with the importance of the subject, it is quite out of the question to lay down any hard-and-fast rules as to future management and administration; and the Government will in all cases be guided by the exigencies of each case as it arises, and meet the problems that constantly arise with the best means at its disposal, and in accord with the special circumstances of the matter. Possible future changes are merely indicated to show that the Government is fully alive to the needs of State afforestation in all its varying phases, and is facing future needs with foresight and discrimination.
On the 31st March. 1914, there were over seventeen million trees in the four nurseries of the Forestry Branch of the Department of Lands, and seven million trees had been sent out during the preceding twelve months. In the eleven plantations a total area of 22,458 acres had been planted with fifty-four million trees, the addition for the year being 1,825 acres. The annual expenditure now averages over £8,000 on the nurseries and about £14,000 on the plantations.
A Royal Commission was appointed in January, 1913, to investigate and report upon the existing condition of the State forests, nurseries, and plantations, and to recommend what action should be taken to meet future requirements. The Commission consisted of Mr. H. D. M. Haszard. F.R.G.S., Commissioner of Crown Lands, Westland (Chairman), Dr. Leonard Cockayne, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. (Christchurch), and Messrs. S. I. Clarke (Auckland), C. P. Murdoch (Auckland), F. Y. Lethbridge (Feilding), and T. W. Adams (Greendale, Canterbury). It took evidence, visited the principal forest districts of the Dominion, and presented a valuable report to the Government. The following is a brief summary of its findings:—
The Commission recommended generally that the mountain forests be permanently reserved for climatic and water-conservation purposes, and to prevent soil-denudation. An area of 1,782,970 acres of mountain ranges was definitely recommended for immediate reservation, together with the sources of rivers in Canterbury and the North Island dividing range. Recommendations were also made that the Waimakariri National Park be made a climatic reserve, that deer be limited to defined areas, so as to prevent their destroying the undergrowth of climatic reserves, and that certain areas be set aside for scenic purposes, such as the Poor Knights Islands, the forest-covered shores of Waikaremoana, and the Rotorua Lakes, together with the steep forest-covered banks of the Wanganui and Mokau Rivers. The Commission considered that the Waipoua Kauri Forest (excepting 200 acres) should be milled by the State, but that the Warawara Forest should be permanently reserved. As a broad principle, forest land, unless required for climatic or scenic purposes, &c., if suitable for settlement in reasonably limited areas, should be rendered available for same after the timber thereon has been milled. The Commission pointed out the desirability of improving the administration of forests for milling purposes, and recommended that a survey be undertaken of the beech forests (Fagus fusca, Fagus Solandri. and Fagus Menziesii). No restriction, in the opinion cf the Commission, should be placed on the export of white-pine (kahikatea), but experiments might be undertaken to test the capabilities of other timbers for butter-boxes, &c.
It was estimated that in thirty-five years' time the annual demand for timber would be about 716,000,000 ft., and various pines, Australian gums, as well as timber for the carriage of agricultural and other produce, will be the timbers required. It was recommended that 6,400 acres be annually planted by the State with suitable timber trees. A new central nursery for the South Island was recommended at Studholme Junction, and several now localities were recommended for afforestation.
The planting of Pinus radiata, Pinus laricio, Pinus ponderosa, Douglas fir, and Australian gums, was recommended as a financial proposition; while the planting of larch should, in the opinion of the Commission, be discontinued.
It was recommended that the State afforestation operations be placed on a business footing, and an executive officer appointed, assisted by an Advisory Board of four experts, who should meet at least once a quarter. The State Manual on Tree-planting should be brought up to date, and the future staff of the Forestry Branch be systematically trained.
In order to encourage tree-planting by private persons the Commission recommended that trees be supplied by the State at cost price, and planting undertaken under Government supervision, whilst taxes might be remitted on planted areas. Public bodies could also be supplied with trees for planting, at cost-price. An economic survey of existing private plantations was also desirable.
Finally, the Commission asked that the necessary legislation required to give effect to the recommendations made should be passed.
As far as the means at its disposal will permit the Government proposes to assist farmers in the growing of forest plantations and shelter-belts. The scheme proposed will be on the following lines:—
Any owner of land wishing to avail himself of the co-operation of the Government in the planting and cultivation of a permanent forest plantation or shelter-belt shall apply to the Forestry Branch, stating the location of the land on which the proposed plantation is to be made, and enclosing a fee of £5 5s. for expenses of inspection, supervision, &c.
On receipt of the application an officer of the Deparment will visit the land, and if he be satisfied that it is suitable for tree-growth he will arrange the signing by the applicant of a form of agreement with the Department setting forth the conditions under which the Government will be willing to assist in the work. While on the ground the forestry officer will confer with the applicant and arrange for the exact location of the proposed plantation or shelter-belt, advising him regarding the proper preparation of soil, the varieties of trees to be grown, the proper system of planting, and the care of the plantations when formed. When necessary he will prepare a plan or sketch for the applicant illustrating how the trees are to be planted.
When the plantation trees are being planted an officer will, if possible, visit the ground and see that the planting is proceeding on proper grounds.
After the plantation has been made the forestry officer will make periodical visits of inspection to see that the trees are being properly attended to and protected, and that they are not being attacked by insects or tree pests.
The Department, so far as the means at its disposal will permit, will furnish seed or young plants for planting the said forest plantation or shelter-belt at a small cost.
The Department will not furnish trees to private persons for planting on town or village lots, or ornamental or fruit trees for planting anywhere. Any trees sent out by the Department must be for wind-breaks, shelter-belts, or forest plantations for the supply of timber for farm purposes or firewood.
The agreement will provide that the wood and other products of the said plantation or shelter-belt shall belong to the owner of the property, but it is stipulated that the owner shall properly prepare the soil and plant and care for the trees after planting in accordance with the directions of the forestry officer. This will include providing protection against animals by fencing, and against fires by fire-guards and other effective means.
General.—It will be seen that the above system is distinctly cooperative in character. The Department furnishes officers to give expert advice and enable the carrying-out of the terms of the agreement, and in addition owners of the land are assisted by being supplied with young trees, cuttings, or seeds. On the other hand the owner is required to set apart a small area of his property for tree-growth, and to do all the actual work of preparation and cultivation of the land so set apart; to plant the seed, trees, or cuttings; and to take the proper care of the young growth after planting, according to the directions of the said forest officer.
Although the Department desires to meet the wishes of the settlers as far as possible, it must be understood that owing to the difficulty sometimes experienced in obtaining seeds or other planting-material the Government will not guarantee to furnish any specific quantity. Those desirous of obtaining the assistance of the Government as here outlined should apply to the Department before the 1st day of September two years previous to that in which it is wished to do the planting—i.e., applications for planting in the spring of 1916 should be made before the 1st. September, 1914, and so on—so as to enable the Department to provide ahead for the supply of nursery stock by sowing seeds for the future. Applications not received by that time may have to remain over till the following year unless tree-plants of the required species happen to be available.
A scheme somewhat on the above lines has been in operation for some eleven years in Canada, and its general success has been very encouraging to those actively engaged in carrying out the work. Numerous letters from the planters themselves testify to the satisfaction that the scheme has given them. Not only do they express satisfaction with the plantations from the point of view of direct utility, but they assert that the improvement of the general appearance of their farms and the increase of comfort add materially to the value of the property. The presence of trees round a homestead makes all the difference between a “house” and a “home.” It is practically impossible to have a really comfortable and attractive home without the shelter and adornment given by plantations of trees.
The point which is perhaps most worthy of note is the fact that a belt of trees becomes of actual value even after three or four years, for even at that age they serve to break the chilling winter winds and thus add to the well-being of the farm stock.
There are, of course, local conditions of climate and soil to be considered, and these must govern the methods employed and the varieties used for planting. Since 1901 the Canadian Tree-planting Division has distributed about sixteen million trees throughout the prairie provinces. From the nursery station at Indian Head the annual distribution in the future will run into three or four million seedlings and cuttings.
If the above outlined system has given such satsifaction to the farmer in Canada there is no reason why it should not be equally successful in this country.
Table of Contents
MOST of the statistical information given in the main portion of this book relates only to the three principal islands of the Dominion, with their adjacent islands and islets. There are, however, a number of outlying islands included within the boundaries of the Dominion, and brief descriptions of these are now given.
The outlying group of the CHATHAM ISLANDS, lying between the Darallels of 43° 30' and 44° 30' south latitude, and the meridians of 175° 40' and 177° 15' west Longitude, 480 statute miles east-south-east from Wellington, and 536 miles eastward of Lyttelton, consists of two principal islands and several unimportant islets. They were discovered by Lieutenant Broughton and named by him in honour of the Karl of Chatham. The largest island (Chatham Island) contains about 222,490 acres, of which an irregularly-shaped lake or lagoon absorbs 45,960 acres. About one-quarter of the surface of the land is covered with forest, the rest with fern or grass. The hills nowhere rise to a great height. Pitt Island is the next in size; the area is 15,330 acres. The greater portion of both islands is used for grazing sheep.
The KERMADEC GROUP of islands is situated between 29° 10' and 31° 30' south latitude, and between 177° 45' and 179° west longitude. They are named the Raoul or Sunday Island, Macaulay Island. Curtis Islands, and L'Espérance or French Rock. The principal Island. Sunday, is 600 miles distant from Auckland, and lies a little more than half-way to Tonga, but 100 miles to the eastward of the direct steam route to that place. It is 300 miles eastward of the steam route to Fiji, and 150 miles westward of the steam route from Auckland to Rarotonga. Macaulay Island (named after the father of Lord Macaulay) and Curtis Islands were discovered in May, 1788, by Lieutenant Watts, in the “Penrhyn,” a transport, ship. The remainder of the group was discovered in 1793, by Admiral Bruni d'Entrecasteaux. The Admiral gave the name of “Kermadec” to the whole group of islands, after the captain of his consort ship “L'Espérance,” and the name of the Admiral's ship “La Recherche” was given to the largest island. The name so given was not continued, but that of “Raoul” has taken its place, which would appear to have been given after the sailing master of the “La Recherche,” whose name was Joseph Raoul. The name of “Sunday” may also have become attached to the island from the fact that it was discovered on a Sunday. The islands are volcanic, and in two of them signs of activity are still to be seen. The rainfall is plentiful, but not excessive. The climate is mild and equable, and slightly warmer than the north of New Zealand. The following are the areas of the islands and islets of the group: Sunday Island. 7,200 acres; Herald group of islets, 85 acres; Macaulay Island, 764 acres; Curtis Islands, 128 acres and 19 acres; L'Espérance, 12 acres; total. 8,208 acres. Sunday Island is twenty miles in circumference, roughly triangular in shape, and at the highest point 1,723 ft. above the sea-level. It is rugged and broken over a very large extent of its surface, and, except in a few places, covered with forest. The soil everywhere on the island is very rich, being formed by the decomposition of a dark-coloured pumiceous tuff and a black andesitic lava, with which is closely mixed a fine vegetable mould. The great luxuriance and richness of the vegetation bear witness to the excellence of the soil, which is everywhere—except where, destroyed by eruptions, and on the steep cliffs—the same rich loam. Want of water is one of the drawbacks. Three of the four lakes on the island are fresh, but so difficult of approach as to be practically useless.
The AUCKLAND ISLANDS were discovered during a whaling voyage on 18th August, 1806, by Captain Abraham Bristow, in the ship “Ocean.” The discoverer named the group after Lord Auckland, again visited the islands in 1807 and then took formal possession of them. They lie about 290 miles south of Bluff Harbour, their accepted position being given as latitude 50° 32' S., and longitude 166° 13' E. They have several good harbours. Port Ross, at the north end of the principal island, was described by the eminent French commander D'Urville as one of the best harbours of refuge in the known world. At the southern end of the island there is a through passage extending from the east to the west coast. It has been variously named Adams Strait and Carnley Harbour, and forms a splendid sheet of water. The largest of the islands is about 27 miles long by about 15 miles broad, and is very mountainous, the highest part being about 2,000 ft. above the sea. The west coast is bold and precipitous, but the east coast has several insets. The wood on the island is, owing to the strong prevailing wind, scrubby in character. The New Zealand Government maintains at this island a depot of provisions and clothing for the use of shipwrecked mariners.
The ANTIPODES, an isolated group, consisting of several detached rocky islands lying nearly north and south over a space of four to five miles; accepted position, 49° 41' 15” south, and longitude 178° 43' east.
The BOUNTY ISLANDS, a little cluster of islets, thirteen in number and without verdure, discovered in 1788 by Captain Bligh, R.N., of H.M.S. “Bounty.” Position verified by observation, 47° 43' south, longitude 179° 0œ east.
CAMPBELL ISLAND was discovered in 1810 by Frederick Hazelburgh, master of the brig “Perseverance.” owned by Mr. Robert Campbell, of Sydney. It is mountainous, and of a circumference of about thirty miles. There are several good harbours.
The COOK ISLANDS, with others now included within the extended boundaries of the Dominion, are as under:—
RAROTONGA: A magnificent island, rising to a height of 3,000 ft., clothed to the tops of the mountains with splendid vegetation. It has abundant streams, considerable tracts of sloping land, and rich alluvial valleys. The two harbours are poor.
MANGAIA, the south-easternmost of the Cook Group, is of volcanic origin, and about thirty miles in circumference. The productions, which are numerous and cheap, are obtained by assiduous labour.
ATIU resembles Mangaia in appearance and extent. It is a mere bank of coral, 10 ft. or 12 ft. high, steep and rugged, except where there are small sandy beaches and some clefts, where the ascent is gradual.
AITUTAKI presents a most fruitful appearance, its shores being bordered by flat land, on which are innumerable coconut and other trees, the higher ground being beautifully interspersed with lawns. It is eighteen miles in circuit.
MAURE or Parry Island is a low-lying island; it is about two miles in diameter; well wooded, and inhabited.
MITIARO is a low-lying island, from three to four miles long and one mile wide.
HERVEY ISLANDS: This group consists of two islands, surrounded by a reef, which may be 10œ miles in circumference.
NIUE, or Savage Island, lying east of the Friendly Islands, is a coral island, thirty-six miles in circumference, rising to a height of 200 ft. It has the usual tropical productions.
PALMERSTON ISLAND, lying about 500 miles east of Niue and about 220 from the nearest island of the Cook Group (Aitutaki), is remarkable as the “San Pablo” of Magellan, the first island discovered in the South Sea. It has no harbour. The soil is fairly fertile, and there is some good hardwood timber.
PENRHYN ISLAND (Tongareva) lies about 300 miles north-east of Manahiki: It is one of the most famous pearl islands in the Pacific, and there is a splendid harbour, a lagoon with two entrances, fit for ships of any size.
MANAHIKI, lying about 400 miles eastward of Danger Island, is an atoll, about thirty miles in circumference, valuable from the extent of the coconut groves. The interior lagoon contains a vast deposit of pearl-shell.
RAKAANGA is an atoll, three miles in length and of equal breadth.
DANGER ISLAND (Pukapuka): Next to the 10th parallel, but rather north of the latitude of the Navigators, and east of them are a number of small atolls. Of these, the nearest to the Samoan Group—about 500 miles—is Danger Island, bearing north-west of Suwarrow about 250 miles.
SUWARROW ISLAND has one of the best harbours in the Pacific. It lies about 500 miles east of Apia, the capital of the Samoan Group. It is a coral atoll, of a triangular form, fifty miles in circumference, the reef having an average width of half a mile across, enclosing a land-locked lagoon twelve miles by eight, which forms an excellent harbour. The entrance is half a mile wide, and the accommodation permits of ships riding in safety in all weathers, with depths of from three to thirty fathoms. It is out of the track of hurricanes, uninhabited, but capable by its fertility of supporting a small population. As a depot for the collection of trade from the various islands it should in time be very valuable.
The Pacific Islands annexed to New Zealand in pursuance of resolutions passed by the House of Representatives in September and October, 1900, were Rarotonga, Mangaia, Mauke, Atiu, Aitutaki, Mitiaro, Hervey Islands, Palmerston, Niue, Danger, Rakaanga, Manahiki, Penrhyn, and Suwarrow (see above); Takutea and Nassau, not mentioned in the resolutions, also lie within the boundary-lines prescribed by the Imperial Order in Council and the New Zealand Proclamation dealing with the annexation. The Cook and other Islands Government Act, passed in 1901 by the New Zealand Parliament, continued the Federal Parliament of the Cook Islands and the several Native Councils under the names “Federal Council” and “Island Councils.” The Constitution of the Island Councils was altered in 1904, and each Island Council now consists of nine members, the Resident Agent being ex officio a member and President, the Arikis being ex officio members, and the remaining members being elected by the adult Natives of the island for a term not exceeding three years. The Federal Council has power to enact Federal Ordinances for the government of all the islands excepting Niue, while each Island Council can make local Ordinances governing the inhabitants within its jurisdiction. No Ordinance passed in the islands, however, can have the force of law until assented to by the Governor of New Zealand in the name and on behalf of His Majesty; and the Governor has power, by Order in Council, to direct that any of the laws in force in the islands at the commencement of the principal Act shall be repealed or modified. The Governor in Council has power also to apply to the islands any law in force in New Zealand, either in whole or with modifications, excepting the laws relating to alcoholic liquors. The Licensing Act, 1908, contains special provisions dealing with the question of liquor in the Cook and other Islands. The New Zealand Customs Tariff is, with certain exceptions, in force within the extended boundaries, and the Governor, by Order in Council, may from time to time modify the tariff as applying to any of the islands.
The laws are enforced through the High Court, which has jurisdiction throughout the whole of the islands excepting Niue; and, in the Cook Group, until 1905, there were also the Arikis' Courts, which were composed of Native Judges, except at Aitutaki, where no Court was legally constituted unless the European Magistrate was present. The Arikis' Courts have, however, been abolished in all those islands in which a European Resident Agent has been appointed, and the jurisdiction and power of these Courts or a Judge thereof are now exercised by such Resident Agent. The High Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of murder or of assault with intent to commit murder, and in all cases of manslaughter; in all criminal charges against foreign residents; and in all cases between foreign residents, or between foreign residents and Maoris in which the plaintiff may, with the consent of the Chief Judge, begin an action in the Court, or may with the same consent seek redress for any wrong alleged to have been done by any local Government in any island. The High Court has also jurisdiction in probate and insolvency, and the Resident Agents' Courts have jurisdiction in civil cases where the matter at issue does not exceed in value £50. The Chief Judge has power to send any case of a criminal charge against a foreign resident for trial before a Court constituted under the provisions of the Pacific Order in Council. The headquarters of the High Court are at Rarotonga, where it sits once a week, but visits are periodically made to the other islands within its jurisdiction. Appeals are allowed from the local Courts to the High Court, and from the High Court to the Supreme Court of New Zealand, and thence to the Court of Appeal.
At the census of 1911 the population of the Cook and other islands annexed in 1901 was found to be 12,598. Fuller information is given on page 132 of this book.
The educational requirements of the islands up to the present time have been met by missionary effort. The London Missionary Society has village schools in the various islands, and the Roman Catholic Mission and the Seventh-day Adventists are also maintaining schools, though to a less extent. The London Mission has six schools in Rarotonga, three in Mangaia, four in Aitutaki, one in Atiu, two in Mauke, one in Mitiaro, two in Penrhyn, two in Manihiki, one in Rakaanga, one in Pukapuka, and one in Palmerston. A boarding-school at Araura, Aitutaki, has been conducted by the London Missionary Society for some years. The teaching in this institution is more advanced than that in the village schools, and it may be considered in the light of a secondary school for the island.
The Sisters of St. Joseph have a very good school at Avarua. Rarotonga, where music is included among the subjects taught; and in the village of Titikaveka the Seventh-day Adventists have also a school.
At Niue an excellent school has been established by the Government, which is under the direction of an officer of the Education Department of New Zealand. The school is for boys, and the New Zealand syllabus is adopted with most satisfactory results. The pupils board at the school. Special interest is exhibited by the scholars in the technical branch of the school, where carpentry is taught, and the results of the instruction, both in this and the general branch of education, have been most satisfactory. It is confidently hoped that in the near future the school will have several boys in a sufficiently advanced stage to take charge of schools in the smaller villages, which the Government proposes to establish. This system of education is extremely popular among the Natives, who fully appreciate the benefits derived by the younger people, and the attendance is well maintained; in fact, there is much competition in the various villages to obtain places for boys in the school, who can be admitted only on the recommendation of leading Natives of the respective villages as vacancies occur.
The necessity for a more satisfactory system of education in the Cook Islands is recognized by the New Zealand Government, and it is proposed to establish immediately several schools on a similar system to that adopted for the Maori schools in New Zealand. Three schools are to be opened at Rarotonga, one at Aitutaki, and probably one at Mangaia. The principal of the three Rarotonga schools is to be conducted as a training-school, from which advanced Native scholars will be drafted to the outlying islands as teachers.
No land is sold by the Natives of the Cook Islands or Niue, but considerable areas have been leased in Rarotonga to European settlers. It is recognized that the prosperity of the islands depends in great measure on the settlement of the spare lands by a good class of white planters, and it is hoped that before long additional areas in Rarotonga as well as portions of the adjacent islands of Mauke and Atiu will be open for lease. At present there are difficulties in the way of securing leases from the Natives, but the work of surveying the land and defining the Native titles is proceeding rapidly, and every effort is being made to bring the unused lands into profitable occupation. It is desirable that the intending settler should have a capital equal to at least £10 for each acre he purposes taking up. The coconut-palm takes from eight to ten years to reach bearing-point, and during that time the planter must maintain himself by growing bananas or securing some outside employment. When the palms are in full bearing, however, the annual value of the crop may be estimated at not less than £6 per acre, and this may be regarded as a practically assured income for sixty years or more.
Cook and Northern Islands.—For the financial year ended the 31st March, 1914, the revenue of the Cook Islands, not including the balance from the previous year, was £11,723, and the expenditure £10,194. There is now a credit balance of £3,591. The following is a comparative statement of revenue and expenditure for the past ten years:—
| Year. | Revenue | Expenditure. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| £ | s. | d. | £ | s. | d. | |
| 1904–5 | 5,574 | 14 | 1 | 5,093 | 8 | 8 |
| 1905–6 | 7,157 | 1 | 0 | 5,455 | 10 | 11 |
| 1906–7 | 5,046 | 14 | 11 | 6,416 | 6 | 6 |
| 1907–8 | 6,349 | 6 | 1 | 6,189 | 14 | 1 |
| 1908–9 | 7,146 | 9 | 1 | 5,718 | 3 | 7 |
| 1909–10 | 7,655 | 12 | 8 | 8,230 | 2 | 11 |
| 1910–11 | 8,267 | 0 | 0 | 8,047 | 0 | 0 |
| 1911–12 | 8,923 | 18 | 11 | 9,430 | 2 | 8 |
| 1912–13 | 9,420 | 0 | 0 | 11,508 | 4 | 0 |
| 1913–14 | 11,722 | 18 | 5 | 10,194 | 2 | 0 |
Niue.—The revenue of Niue for the year ended the 31st March, 1914 (excluding balance from previous year), was £2,491 12s. 4d., and the expenditure £3,068 7s. 4d. The total funds to the credit of the Niue Government on the 31st March amounted to £1,272 16s. 2d.
Cook and Northern Islands.—The value of exports for the year 1913, excluding specie (£10,229), was £99,697, while the imports, also excluding specie (£13,285), amounted to £96,998. The principal items exported were as follows:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Coffee, 15 tons | 970 |
| Coconuts, 578,600 number | 2,893 |
| Copra, 1,429 tons | 33,679 |
| Bananas, 105,237 cases, 1,784 bunches | 35,700 |
| Oranges, 107,728 cases | 16,852 |
| Pineapples, 2,329 cases | 270 |
| Pearl-shell, 91 tons | 8,280 |
The following shows the countries to which the exports were sent:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| New Zealand | 67,164 |
| United Kingdom | 27,784 |
| United States of America | 14,629 |
| Tahiti | 349 |
| Total | £109,926 |
The amount of the imports is made up as follows:—
| Imports from— | £ |
|---|---|
| New Zealand | 83,096 |
| United Kingdom | 9,888 |
| United States | 9,846 |
| Tahiti | 3,244 |
| New South Wales | 2,754 |
| Canada | 907 |
| Victoria | 185 |
| Germany | 148 |
| Japan | 141 |
| France | 33 |
| Maiden Island | 22 |
| India | 17 |
| South Africa | 1 |
| Samoa | 1 |
| Total | £110,283 |
Niue.—The exports for 1913 (excluding specie, £187) amounted to £11,983, and the imports to £13,761. The principal items of export were,—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| Copra, 460 tons | 9,993 |
| Hats, 2,784 dozen | 1,651 |
| Yams, 10Ÿ; tons | 96 |
| Fungus, 73 cwt. | 117 |
The exports were shipped to the following countries:—
| £ | |
|---|---|
| New Zealand | 10,720 |
| Samoa | 1.145 |
| Australia | 305 |
| Total | £12,170 |
The imports represented (excluding specie, £1,141)—
| Imports from— | £ |
|---|---|
| New Zealand | 10,772 |
| Samoa | 844 |
| Australia | 425 |
| United States | 226 |
| Germany | 196 |
| Maiden Island | 93 |
| United Kingdom | 64 |
| Total | £12,620 |
His Excellency the Governor of New Zealand, Lord Liverpool, accompanied by the Countess of Liverpool, paid a visit to the extended boundaries of the Dominion in May—June, 1914. Leaving Wellington on the 22nd May by mail steamer their Excellencies proceeded to Rarotonga, where they boarded the Government steamer “Tutanekai.” They were welcomed by the Natives with much rejoicing, and many Native festivities were held in their honour during the few days spent in Rarotonga prior to visiting the other islands of the Group. On the 31st May their Excellencies left Rarotonga in the “Tutanekai.” which was escorted by H.M.S. “Philomel,” and visited the islands of Mangaia, Mauke, Mitiaro, Atiu, and Aitutaki. In all those islands the Native people demonstrated their devotion to the Throne by the warmth of their welcome to His Excellency the Governor and the Countess of Liverpool.
The party returned to Rarotonga on the 5th June, and left for New Zealand by the mail steamer “Moana” on the 10th of that month.
The Hon. Dr. Pomare, Minister in Charge of the Cook Islands Department, attended His Excellency throughout the tour.
During the visit some evidence of a hurricane which swept over the Group in January. 1914, was visible, but rapid recovery is being made, and the output of fruit and copra should soon assume its normal condition.
Table of Contents
DATES OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND.
1642. Dec. 13. Discovery of New Zealand by Abel Jansen Tasman.
1769. Oct. 8. Captain Cook landed at Poverty Bay on his first visit.
1788. June 30. Macaulay and Curtis Islands, of the Kermadec Group, discovered by Captain Sever, of H.M. transport “Lady Penrhyn.”
Sept. 19. Discovery of the Bounty Islands by Captain Blyth, in the “Bounty.”
1791. Nov. 23. Snares Islands discovered by Vancouver, in the “Discovery.”
Nov. 29. Chatham Islands discovered by Lieutenant Broughton, in H.M.S. “Chatham.”
1792. Dec. 1, First sealing gang left on New Zealand coast—at Dusky Sound.
1793. Feb. 25. Malaspina's expedition visited Doubtful Sound.
Nov. 17. Captain d'Entrecasteaux, with the “La Recherche” and “L'Espérance,” discovered Raoul or Sunday Island. (The latter name was given by Captain Raven, of the transport “Britannia,” who visited the island 6th Nov., 1796.)
Nov. Lieutenant-Governor King's (of Norfolk Island) visit to Doubtless Bay.
1795. Oct. 27. The ship “Endeavour,” Captain Bampton, sunk at Facile Harbour, Dusky Sound.
1800. March 3. Antipodes Island discovered by Captain Waterhouse, on board H.M.S. “Reliance.”
1806. Aug. 18. Auckland Isles discovered by Captain Bristow, ship “Ocean,” one of Enderby's whalers.
Ship “Venus” visited East Coast of New Zealand. She was taken by convicts at Port Dalrymple, Tasmania. Their visits gave rise to the Nga-Puhi southern expedition.
1807. Defeat of Hongi and Nga-Puhi Tribe at Moremonui, ten miles south of Maunganui Bluff, Kaipara.
1809. The taking and burning of the transport “Boyd” Whangaroa.
1810. Campbell and Macquarie Islands discovered by Captain F. Haselburg, of brig “Perseverance.”
1814. First arrival of the Rev. Mr. Marsden at Bay of Islands, and introduction of Christianity. Horses, oxen, sheep, and poultry first brought to New Zealand.
1815. Aug. Attempted capture of the “Trial” and “Brothers” at Kennedy Bay.
1818. Hongi's and Te Morenga's great expedition to East Cape.
1819–20. Patuone, Nene, and Te Rauparaha's raid on Taranaki and Port Nicholson.
1820. Hongi visited England; returned to New Zealand July, 1821.
Rev. S. Marsden travelled from Waitemata, via Kaipara, to the Bay of Islands—the first white man to do so.
1820. May. Bellingshausen called at Queen Charlotte's Sound with a Russian Antarctic Expedition.
Aug. The “Prince Regent” entered Auckland Harbour—the first vessel to do so.
1821. Nov. Fall of Mauinaina Pa, Auckland Isthmus, to Hongi.
Nov. Ngati-Toa migration from Kawhia to Otaki under Te Rauparaha.
Dec. Fall of Te Totara Pa, Thames, to Hongi.
1822. May, Fall of Matakitaki Pa, Waikato, to Hongi.
1823. May. Fall of Mokoia Pa, Rotorua Lake, to Hongi.
1823–28. Acts passed by the Imperial Parliament extending the jurisdiction of the Courts of justice in New South Wales to all the British subjects in New Zealand.
1824. Fall of Te Whetumatarau Pa, near East Cape, to Pomare.
1825. First attempt at colonization by an expedition under the command of Captain Herd, who bought two islands in the Hauraki Gulf.
Feb. Great defeat of Ngati-Whatua at Te Ikaaranganui, Kaipara, by Hongi.
1827. Destruction of mission-station at Whangaroa by Hongi's forces.
Feb. Admiral (then Captain) Dumont D'Urville anchored in Auckland Harbour.
1828. Hongi died at Whangaroa, from wounds received at Hokianga.
The “Maquarie,” Captain Kent, the first vessel to enter Kawhia.
1829. March. Brig “Hawes” captured at Whakatane by Maoris.
1830. Battle of Taumata-wiwi, near Cambridge.
Fall of Kaiapohia Pa, Canterbury, to Te Rauparaha.
March 6. Battle of Kororareka, between two Nga-Puhi Tribes.
Dec. Death of Tama-i-hara-nui at the hands of Te Rauparaha's people. He was brought from Port Cooper by Captain Steward, brig “Elizabeth.”
1831. Tory Channel whaling-station established.
Application of thirteen chiefs for the protection of King William the Fourth.
Dec. Pukerangiora Pa, Waitara, fell to Waikato.
1832. Feb. Repulse of Waikato at Nga-motu Pa, under Dicky Barrett.
1833. Mr. Busby appointed British Resident, to live at the Bay of Islands.
1834. Battle of Haowhenua and Pakakutu, near Otaki.
Bishop Williams's first visit to East Cape.
April 29. “Harriet” wrecked at Cape Egmont.
Oct. 1. H.M.S. “Alligator” shelled and took Waimate Pa, near Opunake. First occasion of H.M. troops being employed in New Zealand.
1835. Declaration of independence of the whole of New Zealand as one nation, with the title of “The United Tribes of New Zealand.”
Nov. and Ngati-Awa Tribes migrated to and conquered the Chatham Dec. Islands.
1836. March 28. Maketu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Waikato.
May 9. Te Tumu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Te Arawa.
Aug. 5. Battle at Matai-puku, Rotorua—Waikato beat Te Arawa.
Oct. Siege of Toka-a-kuku, Te Kaha, Bay of Plenty.
1838. The Roman Catholic Bishop Pompallier, with several priests, arrived at Hokianga.
Sept. 1. H.M.S. “Pelorus” discovers Pelorus Sound.
1839. April. Taking of the French whaler “Jean Bart” at Chatham Islands by Maoris.
May 12. Departure of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company from England.
June. Issue of Letters Patent authorizing the Governor of New South Wales to include within the limits of that colony any territory that might be acquired in sovereignty by Her Majesty in New Zealand.
Sept. 16. First body of New Zealand Company's emigrants sailed from Gravesend.
Sept. 20. Arrival in Port Nicholson of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company under Colonel Wakefield.
Oct. 16. Battle of Te Kuititanga, Otaki.
1840 Jan. 20. First steamer arrived in New Zealand.
Jan. 22. Arrival of first body of New Zealand Company's immigrants at Port Nicholson.
Jan. 29. Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands. On the following day (Jan. 30) he hoisted the Union flag, and read the commission, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom, which extended the boundaries of the Colony of New South Wales so as to embrace and comprehend the Islands of New Zealand; also his own commission as Lieutenant-Governor over territory that might be acquired in sovereignty.
Feb. 6. Treaty of Waitangi signed.
May 21. Date of Proclamations of sovereignty over the Islands of New Zealand.
June 17. The Queen's sovereignty over the South Island formally proclaimed at Cloudy Bay, by Major Bunbury, H.M. 80th Regiment, and Captain Nias, R.N.
Aug. 11. The British flag hoisted at Akaroa by Captain Stanley, R.N., and British authority exercised for the first time in the South Island by the holding of a Court. The French frigate “L'Aube” arrived there on the 13th August, and the vessel “Comte de Paris,” with fifty-seven immigrants, on the 16th August, in order to establish a French colony.
Sept. 18. The British flag hoisted at Auckland. The Lieutenant-Governor's residence established there.
Formation of Wanganui settlement under the name of “Petre.”
1841. Feb. 12. Issue of charter of incorporation to the New Zealand
Company.
Mar. 31. Arrival of first New Plymouth settlers.
May 3. New Zealand proclaimed to be independent of New South Wales.
Oct. Selection of site for settlement at Nelson.
1842. Feb. 1. Settlement founded at Nelson.
May 29. Arrival of Bishop Selwyn in New Zealand.
Sept. 10. Death of Governor Hobson.
1843. June. Affray with Natives at the Wairau, and massacre by Rangihaeata of Captain Wakefield, R.N., agent at Nelson of the New Zealand Company, and others, who had surrendered.
1844. July 8. The Royal flagstaff at Kororareka cut down by Heke.
1845. March 10. Attack on and destruction of Town of Kororareka by Heke.
Nov. 14. Arrival of Captain Grey, as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, from South Australia.
1846. Jan. 11. Capture of pa at Ruapekapeka, Bay of Islands, and termination of Heke's war.
March 3. Commencement of Native hostilities in the Hutt Valley, near Wellington.
May 16. Attack by Natives on a military outpost in the Hutt Valley.
July 23. Capture of Te Rauparaha at Porirua, near Wellington. He was detained for a year as a prisoner on board a ship of war.
Aug. Hostile Natives, under Te Rangihaeata, expelled from Matai taua Pa at Paua taha-nui, and retire up the coast.
Aug. 28. The New Zealand Government Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, under which a charter was issued dividing New Zealand into two provinces, New Munster and New Ulster, and granting representative institutions.
1847. May 19. Attack by Natives on settlement of Wanganui.
1848. Jan. 1. Captain Grey sworn in as Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, also as Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster.
Jan. 3. Major-General Pitt appointed by Governor Grey to be Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.
Jan. 28. Assumption by Lieutenant-Governor E. J. Eyre, at Wellington, of the administration of the Government of the Province of New Munster.
Feb. 21. Peace ratified at Wanganui.
March 7. Suspension by Imperial statute of that part of the New Zealand Government Act which had conferred representative institutions.
March. Otago founded by a Scotch company under the auspices of the Free Church of Scotland.
Oct. Severe earthquake at Wellington.
1850. July. Surrender of the New Zealand Company's charter, all its interests reverting to the Imperial Government.
Dec. Canterbury founded by the Canterbury Association in connection with the Church of England.
1851. Jan. 8. Death of Major-General Pitt. Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.
April 14. Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.
1852. Discovery of gold at Coromandel by Mr. Charles Ring.
June 30. The Constitution Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, granting representative institutions to New Zealand, and subdividing it into six provinces — Auckland Taranaki, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago.
1853. Jan. Promulgation of the Constitution Act.
March 7. Assumption by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., of the duties of Governor of New Zealand, in terms of the appointment after the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act, and cessation of the duties of the Lieutenant-Governors of New Ulster and New Munster.
Dec. 31. Departure of Governor Sir George Grey.
1854. Jan. 3. Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard assumed the administration of the Government.
May 27. Opening at Auckland of the first session of the General Assembly by Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, Administrator of the Government.
1855. Jan. Very severe earthquake on each side of Cook Strait.
Nov. 12. First members elected to House of Representatives under system of Responsible Government.
1856. May 7. Appointment of the first Ministry under the system of Responsible Government, under Mr. Sewell, Colonial Secretary.
May 14. Defeat of Mr. Sewell's Ministry.
May 20. Appointment of a Ministry under presidency of Mr. W. Fox, as Attorney-General.
May 28. Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a direct vote of want of confidence.
June 2. Appointment of a Ministry under the presidency of Mr. E. W. Stafford.
1857. First payable goldfield in New Zealand opened at Collingwood, in the Nelson Province.
1858. Aug. 21. New Provinces Act passed.
Nov. 1. Establishment of the Province of Hawke's Bay.
Dec. 22. The Austrian exploring frigate “Novara” arrived in Auckland Harbour. Dr. Ferdinand von Hochstetter, at the request of the New Zealand Government, was commissioned to make geological surveys of the greater part of Auckland and Nelson Provinces.
1859. March. Te Teira offered land at Waitara for sale to the Government.
Nov. 1. Establishment of the Province of Marlborough.
1860. March. Commencement of hostilities against Wiremu Kingi te Rangitake at Waitara.
March 18. Capture of Maori pa at Waitara.
March 28. Engagement at Waireka.
June 27. Engagement of Puketakauere at Waitara.
Nov. 6 Defeat at Mahoetahi, with heavy loss, of a force of Waikato Natives, who had crossed the Waitara River to join Wiremu Kingi.
Dec. 31. Capture of the Matarikoriko Pa, and defeat of a large body of Waikato Natives.
1861. Jan. 23. The Natives made a determined attack on the redoubt at Huirangi occupied by Imperial troops, and were repulsed with heavy loss.
April 1. Establishment of Province of Southland.
May 21. A truce agreed to.
May. Discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully, Otago.
July 5. Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a vote of want of confidence.
July 12. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Fox.
July 29. Incorporation of the Bank of New Zealand.
Sept. 26. Arrival of Sir George Grey, K.C.B., at Auckland, from Cape Colony, to succeed Governor Gore Browne. Sir George Grey was sworn in as Governor on the 3rd October.
1862. June 28. Coromandel proclaimed a goldfield.
June 29. Wreck of s.s. “White Swan” on East Coast (with loss of many public records, in transit from Auckland).
July 28. Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry by the casting-vote of the Speaker, on a proposed resolution in favour of placing the ordinary conduct of Native affairs under the administration of the Responsible Ministers.
Aug. 6. Appointment of a Ministry under the leadership of Mr. Alfred Domett.
1863. Feb. 7. Wreck of H.M.S. “Orpheus” on Manukau Bar; 181 lives lost.
Feb. 26. Definite relinquishment by the Imperial Government of control over administration of Native affairs.
1863. May Treacherous assault near Tataraimaka by Natives on a military escort. Murder of Lieutenant Tragett, Dr. Hope, and five soldiers of the 57th Regiment.
June 4. Defeat of Natives at Katikara, by a force under Lieut.-General Cameron.
July 17. Action at Koheroa, in the Auckland Province. Commencement of the Waikato War.
Oct. 27. Resignation of the Domett Ministry, in consequence of difficulties experienced in connection with arrangements for finding a fitting representative of the Government in the Legislative Council.
Oct. 30. Appointment of the Ministry formed by Mr. Fox, under the premiership of Mr. F. Whitaker.
Nov. Acceptance by the General Assembly of colonial responsibility in Native affairs.
Nov. 20. Battle of Rangiriri. Defeat of Natives and unconditional surrender of 183.
Dec. 1. The first railway in New Zealand opened for traffic by Mr. Samuel Bealey, Superintendent of Canterbury. The line was from Christchurch to Ferrymead Junction.
Dec. 3. The New Zealand Settlements Act passed, giving the Governor power to confiscate the lands of insurgent Natives.
Dec. 8. Occupation of Ngaruawahia. The British flag hoisted on the Maori king's flagstaff.
1864. Feb. 11. Engagement with Natives on Mangapiko River. Major (then Captain) Heaphy, of the New Zealand Forces, won the Victoria Cross for distinguished bravery on this occasion.
Feb. 22. Defeat of Natives at Rangiaohia.
April 2. Attack on and capture of pa at Orakau, Waikato.
April 21. Engagement near Maketu, Bay of Plenty. Tribes of the Rawhiti defeated by Arawa Natives, under Captain McDonnell.
April 29. Assault on Gate Pa, Tauranga, Bay of Plenty, and repulse of large British force by the Maoris. The pa was abandoned by the Natives during the following night.
April 30. Repulse of attack by rebel Hauhau Natives on redoubt at Sentry Hill, Taranaki.
May 14. Battle of Moutoa, an island in the Wanganui River, between friendly and rebel Hauhau Natives. Complete defeat of rebels.
June 21. Engagement at Te Ranga, near Tauranga, by Lieut.-Colonel Greer, 68th Regiment. Severe defeat of the Natives.
Discovery of gold on the west coast of the South Island.
Oct. 3. Wellington chosen as the seat of Government.
Nov. 24. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. F. A. Weld, the Whitaker-Fox Ministry having resigned during the recess.
Dec. 17. Confiscation of Native lands in Waikato by Sir George Grey.
1865. Feb. Removal of the seat of Government to Wellington.
March 2. Barbarous murder of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, a Church of England missionary, at Opotiki, by Hauhau fanatics, under Kereopa.
June 8. Submission of the Maori Chief Wiremu Tamihana te Waharoa (William Thompson).
June 17. Murder of Mr. Fulloon, a Government officer, and his companions, at Whakatane, by Hauhau fanatics.
1865. July 22. Capture of the Wereroa Pa, near Wanganui.
Aug. 2. Assault and capture of the Pa Kairomiromi, at Waiapu, by Colonial Forces under Captain Fraser, and Native Contingent under the chief Te Mokena. Eighty-seven rebels killed.
Sept. 2. Proclamation of peace issued by Governor Sir George Grey, announcing that the war, which commenced at Oakura, was at an end.
Sept. 30. Murder by Hauhaus, at Kakaramea, of Mr. Broughton, when sent as friendly messenger to them y Brigadier-General Waddy.
Oct. 12. Resignation of Mr. Weld's Ministry, on account of a resolution adverse to the Government policy, having been defeated only by the casting-vote of the Speaker.
Oct. 16. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. E. W. Stafford.
Dec. 25. Defeat of rebel Natives at Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces and Native Contingent.
1866. Jan. 4. Defeat of Natives at Okotuku Pa, on the west coast of the North Island, by force under Major-General Chute.
Jan. 7. Assault on and capture of Putahi Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.
Jan. 13. Assault on and capture of Otapawa Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.
Jan. 17–25. Period of Major-General Chute's march through the bush to New Plymouth.
March 29. Submission of the rebel chiefs Te Heuheu and Herekiekie, of Taupo district.
June 15. Commencement of Panama steam mail-service.
Aug. 26. The Cook Strait submarine telegraph cable laid.
Oct. 2. Engagement with rebel Natives at Pungarehu, West Coast, by Colonial Forces, under Major McDonnell.
Oct. 8. First Act passed to impose stamp duties.
Oct. 12. Defeats of rebel Natives at Omarunui and at Petane, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces.
1867. July. Opening of Thames Goldfield.
Oct. 10. An Act passed to establish an institute for the promotion of science and art.
Oct. 10. An Act passed for the division of New Zealand into four Maori electorates, and the admission of four Maori members to the House of Representatives.
1868. Jan. Establishment of the Province of Westland.
July 4. Seizure by Maori prisoners, under the leadership of Te Kooti, of the schooner “Rifleman,” and their escape from the Chatham Islands.
July 12. Night attack by Natives on redoubt at Turuturu Mokai. Sub-Inspector Ross and seven Europeans killed. Natives driven off by the arrival of a force under Major Von Tempsky.
Aug. 8. Pursuit by Lieut.-Colonel Whitmore of escaped Chatham Island prisoners, and indecisive engagement in the gorge of the Ruake Ture.
Aug. 21. Attack on Ngutu-o-te-Manu by force under Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell. Defeat of Natives; four Europeans killed and eight wounded.
Sept. 7. Engagement in bush at Ngutu-o-te-Manu. Major Von Tempsky, Captains Buck and Palmer, Lieutenants Hunter and Hastings, and fourteen men killed.
Oct. 19. Bishop Selwyn left New Zealand.
1868. Nov. 7. Attack on Moturoa and repulse of Colonial Forces, with severe loss.
Nov. 10. Massacre of thirty-two Europeans at Poverty Bay by Te Kooti's band of Natives, who had escaped from the Chatham Islands.
(Nov. 24; Dec. 3–5. Engagements between friendly Natives and rebels under Te Kooti, at Patutahi, Poverty Bay district.
1869. Jan. 5. Assault on and capture of Ngatapa Pa, Poverty Bay district, after a siege of six days, by the Colonial Forces of Europeans and friendly Natives under Colonel Whitmore and Major Ropata. Dispersion and pursuit of Te Kooti's band. More than 136 rebel Natives were killed.
Feb. 13. Treacherous murder of the Rev. John Whitely and seven other Europeans at the White Cliffs, Taranaki.
Feb. 18. Attack by rebel Natives on a foraging-party at Karaka Flat; one sergeant and six men killed.
March 3. Termination of Panama mail-service.
March 13. Attack on and defeat of Titokowaru's force at Otauto.
April 10. Native pa at Mohaka taken by Te Kooti, who killed forty friendly Natives and several Europeans in the neighbourhood.
April 12. First arrival of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in Wellington, in H.M.S. “Galatea.”
May 6. Surprise and capture of Harema Pa at Ahikereru, and Oamaru Teangi Pa, Urewera country. Defeat of Te Kooti.
June 13. Surrender to Major Noake and Mr. Booth, R.M., of the chief Tairua, with 122 men, women, and children of the Pakakohe Tribe, near Wanganui.
June 24. Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry on a want-of-confidence motion.
June 28. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. W. Fox.
Sept. 3. Act passed providing Government life insurance and annuities.
Oct. Seventy-four prisoners from the bands of Te Kooti and Titokowaru sentenced to death, after trial, for treason, but the sentences of seventy three were afterwards commuted to penal servitude for various terms.
Oct. 4. Pourere Pa stormed and taken by Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell, with a mixed force of Europeans and Natives.
1870. Jan. Three hundred friendly Natives under Topia, and three hundred under Major Keepa (known as Kemp), started up the Wanganui River in pursuit of Te Kooti, who retreated into the Urewera country.
Jan. 25. Capture of Tapapa Pa, occupied by To Kooti.
Feb. 24. The last detachment of the Imperial troops left New Zealand.
March 25. Major Keepa, with Native force, captured the position held by Te Kooti at Maraetahi, in Urewera country; nineteen rebels killed and seventy three of Te Kooti's men taken prisoners; but Te Kooti escaped with twenty followers.
March 26. Commencement of San Francisco mail-service.
June 28. Enunciation in the House of Representatives of the public works policy by the Colonial Treasurer, Mr. Vogel.
1870. July 9. Bounty Island taken possession of by Captain George Palmer, H.M.S. “Rosario.”
Aug. 27. Arrival in Wellington of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in H.M.S. “Galatea.” Second visit.
Sept. 12. An Act passed to establish the New Zealand University.
Sept. 12. The Land Transfer Act passed, to simplify the title to land and dealings with real estates.
Oct. 6. Southland Province reunited with Otago.
Dec. 5. Honiani te Puni, the chief of the Ngatiawas, a staunch friend of the Europeans, died at Petone, near Wellington, aged ninety years.
1871. March. Commencement of railway - construction under the public works policy.
Aug. 4. Death of Tamati Waka Nene, the great Ngapuhi chief and friend of the Europeans.
Nov. Capture of the notorious rebel Kereopa, the murderer of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, by the Ngatiporous.
1872. Jan. 5. Execution of Kereopa at Napier.
Jan. Remission of sentences on fifty-eight Native prisoners then undergoing imprisonment for rebellion.
Feb. 22. Visit of William King, the Maori chief of Waitara, to New Plymouth, and resumption of amicable relations with the Europeans.
Sept. 6. Defeat and resignation of Mr. Fox's Ministry.
Sept. 10. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. E. W. Stafford.
Oct. 4. Defeat of the Stafford Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Vogel.
Oct. 11. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, M.L.C.
Oct. 11. First appointment of Maori chiefs (two) to be members of the Legislative Council.
Oct. 25. The Public Trust Office Act passed.
1873. Jan. Establishment of the New Zealand Shipping Company.
March 3. The Hon. W. Fox appointed Premier on the resignation of that office by the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, the other members of the Ministry being confirmed in their offices.
April 8. Resignation of the premiership by the Hon. W. Fox, on the return of the Hon. J. Vogel, C.M.G., from Australia, and appointment of Mr. Vogel as Premier, the other Ministers being confirmed in their offices.
1874. Aug. 22. The Imprisonment for Debt Abolition Act passed.
31,774 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.
1875. Jan. 3. Visit of Sir Donald McLean to the Maori king; resumption of amicable relations.
July 6. Resignation of the Ministry, in consequence of the absence of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G., in England, and his being unable to attend the session of Parliament. Re-constitution thereof, under the premiership of the Hon. Dr. Pollen, M.L.C.
July. Establishment of the Union Steam Shipping Company of New Zealand.
18,324 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.
Oct. 12. The Abolition of Provinces Act passed.
1876. Feb. 15. Resignation of the Hon. Dr. Pollen's Ministry, and re-constitution under the premiership of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G.
1876. Feb. 18. Completion of the work of laying the telegraph cable between New Zealand and New South Wales.
June. Death of Dr. Isaac Earl Featherston, while acting as Agent-General for New Zealand in England. He was the first to hold that office, and had previously been Superintendent of the Province of Wellington from the time of the first establishment of provincial representative institutions.
Sept. 1. Resignation of Sir J. Vogel's Ministry in view of the appointment of Sir J. Vogel as Agent-General, and formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.
Sept. 13. Resignation of Major Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of doubts being entertained as to the constitutional position thereof. Reconstruction of the Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.
Nov. 1. The Abolition of Provinces Act, 1875, came into full operation; complete abolition of provincial institutions; New Zealand subdivided into counties and municipal boroughs.
1877. Oct. 8. Defeat of the Atkinson Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Larnach.
Oct. 15. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.
Nov. 29. The Education Act, providing for the free and compulsory education of children, passed.
1878. April 11. Bishop Selwyn died, in England.
Oct. 29. Sir George Grey's first land-tax passed.
1879. March. Removal of surveyors from the Waimate Plains by Natives acting under Te Whiti's orders.
May 25. The Natives from Parihaka, by order of Te Whiti, began ploughing up lands occupied by Europeans.
June. Arrest and imprisonment of 180 of these Natives for causing disturbances.
Jul 29. Defeat of the Grey Ministry on an amendment to the Address in Reply, moved by Sir William Fox, followed by a dissolution of Parliament.
Oct. 3. Defeat and subsequent resignation of Sir George Grey's Ministry.
Oct. 8. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. John Hall.
Dec. 19. An Act passed to assess property for the purpose of taxation.
Dec. 19. The Triennial Parliament Act passed.
Dec. 19. An Act passed to qualify every resident male of twenty-one years of age and upwards to vote.
1880. June. First portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners released by the Government.
Oct. Release of the last portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners.
Oct. 26. Sir Francis Dillon Bell appointed Agent-General.
1881. April 29. “Tararua,” steamer, wrecked; 130 lives lost.
June 26. Severe earthquakes in Wellington.
Nov. 5. March of force of Constabulary and Volunteers on Parihaka, and arrest of Te Whiti and Tohu, without bloodshed.
1882. Feb. 15. First shipment of frozen meat made from Port Chalmers (See Year-book, 1893, p. 192.)
April 21. Resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. J. Hall's Ministry, and its reconstruction under the premiership of the Hon. F. Whitaker, M.L.C.
1883. Jan. 26. A direct line of steam-communication between England and New Zealand inaugurated by the New Zealand Shipping Company.
Feb. 13. Proclamation of amnesty to Maori political offenders.
Feb. 19. Liberation of Te Whiti and Tohu.
Sept. 25. Resignation of the office of Premier and his seat in the Ministry by the Hon. F. Whitaker, and the appointment of the Hon. Major H. A. Atkinson to be Premier, the members of Mr. Whitaker's Ministry being confirmed in their offices.
1884. June 11. Defeat of Major Atkinson's Government.
Aug. 16. Resignation of Major Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of the result of the general election and formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.
Aug. 20. Defeat of Mr. Stout's Ministry by an amendment, expressive of want of confidence, to the Address in Reply being carried.
Aug. 28. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.
Aug. 29. Defeat of Major Atkinson's Ministry on a vote of want of confidence.
Sept. 3. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.
Nov. 8. An Act passed to enable certain loans of the New Zealand Government to be converted into inscribed stock and the accrued sinking funds released.
1885. Aug. 1. The New Zealand Industrial Exhibition opened at Wellington.
1886. June 10. Volcanic eruptions at Tarawera, and destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces; 101 lives lost.
1887. May 28. Defeat of Sir Robert Stout's Ministry.
July 21. A Proclamation issued declaring the Kermadec Islands to be annexed to and form part of New Zealand.
Aug. 17. Kermadec Group annexed to New Zealand; flag hoisted and proclamation read at Sunday Island.
Oct. 8. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major H. A. Atkinson, Sir Robert Stout's Ministry having resigned in consequence of the result of the election.
Dec. 19. An Act passed to reduce the number of members of the House of Representatives, after the expiration of the General Assembly then sitting, to seventy-four, including four Maori representatives.
Dec. 23. The Australian Naval Defence Act, being an Act to provide for the establishment of an additional naval force on the Australian Station, at the joint charge of the Imperial and the several Colonial Governments, was passed by the New Zealand Legislature.
1888. Oct. 27. Formal Proclamation of British Protectorate of Cook Group of Islands, by Captain Bourke, R.N., of H.M.S. “Hyacinth.”
1889. Sept. 2. Electors prohibited by statute from voting in respect of more than one electorate at any election for the House of Representatives.
Nov. 26. Opening of South Seas Exhibition, Dunedin.
1890. Dec. 5. First election of members of the House of Representatives under a practical manhood suffrage, and on the one-man-one-vote principle.
Aug. to Nov. Great maritime strike.
1891. Jan. 24. Resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. Sir H. A. Atkinson's Ministry and appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. John Ballance.
April 22. Proclamation by Governor of New Zealand to inhabitants at Rarotonga of appointment of British Resident for the Protectorate of the Cook Islands.
May 25. Adhesion of Australia to Postal Union.
Aug. 29. Passing of Truck Act, to prohibit payment of wages in goods or otherwise than in money.
Sept. 8. Passing of Land and Income Assessment Act for purposes of taxation, and repeal of property-tax.
Sept. 21. Passing of an Act for supervising and regulating factories and workrooms. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]
1892. June 28. Death of Sir H. A. Atkinson, K.C.M.G., Speaker of the Legislative Council, and previously four times Premier.
Oct. 1. Passing of Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act.
Oct. 8. Passing of Dairy Industry Act. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]
Oct. 8. Land for Settlements Act, 1892, authorizing purchase of lands from individuals for purposes of subdivision. [Repealed by Act of 1894. See post.]
Oct. 11. Land Act, 1892: Lease in perpetuity without revaluation system introduced; occupation with right of purchase; optional method of selection; small-farms associations.
1893. April 19. Cheviot Estate taken over by Government under the Land and Income Assessment Act.
April 27. Death of Hon. John Ballance, Premier of New Zealand.
May 1. Resignation of the Ministry in consequence of the death of the Hon. John Ballance, and appointment of a new Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. R. J. Seddon.
June 23. Death of Sir William Fox, K.C.M.G., four times Premier of New Zealand.
Sept. 2. Passing of Bank-note Issue Act, to make bank-notes a first charge on assets and to enable the Government to declare them to be a legal tender, &c.
Sept. 19. The Electoral Act. 1893, extending franchise to women.
Oct. 2. Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act passed. New licenses to be granted subject to the votes of the electors; reduction or abolition of licenses if desired.
Oct. 6. Passing of Criminal Code Act, 1893.
Oct. 6. Passing of Workmen's Wages Act, 1893.
Oct. 6. Native Land Purchase and Acquisition Act.
Nov. 28. A general election took place, being the first occasion on which women exercised the franchise.
1894. June 30. Bank of New Zealand Share Guarantee Act, 1894, to guarantee special issue of shares to amount of £2,000,000, and purchase of Assets Estates Company by Assets Board. [Amended on July 20.]
Aug. 31. Passing of an Act to encourage the formation of industrial unions and associations, and to facilitate the settlement of industrial disputes by conciliation and arbitration.
Oct. 18. New Zealand Consols Act, 1894.
Oct. 18. Government Advances to Settlers Act, 1894, for relief of settlers burdened by high charges of interest, &c.
Oct. 18. Passing of Land for Settlements Act, 1894, authorizing acquisition of private lands for purposes of settlement, with compulsory powers, and repealing Act of 1892; also Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894.
1894. Oct. 18. Passing of Shops and Shop-assistants Act, 1894, for limiting hours of business in shops.
Oct. 23. Dairy Industry Act, to regulate manufacture of butter and cheese, with inspection and grading for export, and to provide for purity of milk.
Oct. 28. Wreck of s.s. “Wairarapa” at Great Barrier Island; 135 lives lost.
1895. May 27. Government assumed management of the Midland Railway.
Aug. 20. Trustees of cemeteries authorized to provide for cremation of dead.
Sept. 20. Passing of an Act to regulate attachment of wages.
Sept. 20. Family Homes Protection Act, 1895, to secure homes for the people and to prevent them from mortgage or sale for debt.
1896. Jan. 10. Hon. W. P. Reeves appointed Agent-General in London.
March 26. Brunner Mine explosion; sixty-seven deaths.
Oct. 16. Land for Settlements Act amended: Special provision made for disposal of highly improved lands acquired; preference given to landless people; Boards may select applicants, &c.
Oct. 17. Alteration of franchise by abolition of non-residential or property qualification.
Oct. 17. Government Valuation of Land Act passed.
1897. July 29. Wreck of s.s. “Tasmania” at Mahia Peninsula; ten lives lost.
Dec. 22. Act to establish at Wellington the Victoria College, in connection with the New Zealand University.
1898. Oct. 15. The Municipal Franchise Reform Act passed.
The Divorce Bill passed both Houses. Her Majesty's assent thereto gazetted 13th April, 1899.
Nov. 1. An Act to provide for old-age pensions passed.
Death of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.
1899. March 13. Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., died.
April. Victoria University College opened in Wellington.
Oct. 19. Act passed constituting Labour Day.
Oct. 21. N.Z. Contingent (the first) consisting of 215 officers and men, left in s.s. “Waiwera” for Algoa Bay to assist the British in the Transvaal war.
1900. Jan. 21. The Second N.Z. Contingent (258 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Waiwera.”
Feb. 17. The Third N.Z. Contingent (264 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Knight Templar.”
March 24 and 31. The Fourth and Fifth Contingents (1,060 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.ss. “Monowai,” “Gymeric,” “Waimate,” and “Maori.”
Aug. 8. Immigration Restriction Act, 1899, assented to by Her Majesty in Council, came into operation.
Oct. 13. Public Health Act passed.
Oct. 18. The Maori Councils Act passed.
Oct. 20. The Representation Act, 1900, passed, increasing number of European representatives to seventy-six.
1901. Jan. 1. Universal penny postage adopted by New Zealand.
Jan. 28. Accession of King Edward VII proclaimed in New Zealand.
Jan. 30. Sixth N.Z. Contingent (578 officers and men) sailed for South Africa in s.s. “Cornwall.”
Feb. 14. Death (in England) of Sir Edward Stafford, G.C.M.G., formerly three times Premier of New Zealand.
1901. April 6. Seventh N.Z. Contingent (600 officers and men, rough-riders) sailed for South Africa, per s.s. “Gulf of Taranto.”
May 22. Deceased Husband's Brother Marriage Act came into operation after Royal assent.
June 10. Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York arrived in New Zealand.
June 10. Boundaries of New Zealand extended to include Cook and other Pacific Islands.
Nov. 7. State Coalmines Act passed.
1902. Feb. 1. North Island division of the Eighth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Surrey.”
Feb. 8. South Island division of the Eighth Contingent sailed from Lyttelton per s.s. “Cornwall.”
March 12. South Island division of the Ninth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Port Chalmers for South Africa per s.s. “Kent.”
March 19. North Island division of the Ninth Contingent sailed from Auckland per s.s, “Devon.”
March 24. End of Pacific cable landed in Doubtless Bay, Mangonui.
April 14. North Island division of the Tenth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Drayton Grange.”
April 14. Right Hon. R. J. Seddon sailed for London to attend Conference of Colonial Premiers, and to represent New Zealand at His Majesty the King's Coronation.
April 19. South Island division of the Tenth Contingent sailed for South Africa per s.s. “Norfolk.”
Aug. 9. Celebration in New Zealand on the occasion of the Coronation of His Majesty King Edward VII.
August. Return of N.Z. troopers from South Africa (Eighth Contingent loft Durban 5th July; Ninth, 9th July; Tenth, 15th July).
Nov. 9. Wreck of s.s. “Elingamite” on Three King's.
Dec. 8. Pacific (all red) Cable service opened for international business.
1903. May 22. Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau te Wherowhero (formerly known as the Maori King) summoned to the Legislative Council, and sworn in as a member of the Executive Council.
May 24. Empire Day proclaimed in New Zealand (anniversary of birth of late Queen Victoria).
Nov. 18. State Fire Insurance Act passed.
Nov. 24. Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act passed.
1904. July. A team of riflemen, chosen from the Defence Force of New Zealand to represent New Zealand, was sent to England under the command of Lieut.-Colonel R. J. Collins, V.D., to compete at Bisley for the “Kolapore Imperial Challenge Cup,” and succeeded in bringing the trophy to New Zealand.
1905. June 14. Hon. W. P. Reeves appointed first High Commissioner of New Zealand at London.
July 29. Old-age Pensions Act, 1905, passed, increasing amount of annual pension to £26.
Oct. 30. Workers' Dwellings Act passed.
1906. June 10. Death of the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.O., Premier of New Zealand.
June 21. Resignation of Ministry in consequence of the death of the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, and appointment of a new Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. W. Hall-Jones.
1906. Aug. 6. Resignation of Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. W. Hall-Jones, and appointment of a new Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.
Oct. 29. Government Advances to Workers Act passed to assist workers in providing homes for themselves.
Nov. 1. Opening of the New Zealand International Exhibition at Christchurch.
1907. April 15. Opening of Conference of Premiers at London. New Zealand represented by Hon. Sir Joseph Ward, K.C.M.G.
June 25. Death of Sir John Hall, K.C.M.G., formerly Premier of New Zealand.
Sept. 26. Style and designation of the “Colony of New Zealand” changed to “Dominion of New Zealand,” by Royal Proclamation of 10th September, 1907.
Oct. 26. Land and Income Assessment Act Amendment passed; graduated land-tax increased.
Nov. 20. Land Laws Amendment Act passed; lease in perpetuity abolished and renewable lease with periodical revaluation established.
Dec. 11. Parliament Buildings destroyed by fire.
1908. Aug. 4. Consolidated Statutes Enactment Act passed.
Aug. 7. First through train Wellington to Auckland.
Aug. 9. American fleet of battleships visited Auckland.
Oct. 6. New Zealand's subsidy to British Navy increased to £100.000 per annum.
Oct. 6. Second Ballot Act passed.
Oct. 10. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1908, passed. Boards of Conciliation abolished and Councils of Conciliation established.
Dec. 7. Purchase of Wellington-Manawatu Railway by General Government.
1909. Feb. 12. S.S. Penguin wrecked near Wellington. 75 lives lost.
March 22. New Zealand Government offers to the British Government at least one (and, if necessary, two) first-class battleships of the Dreadnought or latest types. Offer confirmed by Parliament on 14th June, 1909.
June 18. Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, Prime Minister, sailed for London to attend Imperial Defence Conference.
Dec. 24. Passing of Defence Act, 1909, introducing system of compulsory military training.
Dec. 24. Land Settlement Finance Act passed. To assist associations of private buyers in the purchase of freehold lands.
1910. Feb. Visit of Field Marshal Lord Kitchener to report and advise on the defences of the Dominion.
May 10. Accession of King George V proclaimed in New Zealand.
Sept. 28. Public Debt Extinction Act passed. To authorize the creation of sinking funds for the extinction of the whole of the New Zealand public debt in seventy-five years.
Nov. 21. National Provident Fund Act passed. To encourage the making of provision against destitution arising from old age, sickness, widowhood, and orphanage.
Nov. 21. Commercial Trusts Act passed. For the repression of monopolies in trade and commerce.
Dec. 3. Inalienable Life Annuities Act passed. To provide for the creation and issue of inalienable life annuities.
Dec. 3. Workers' Dwellings Act passed. To make better provision for the erection, &c., of workers' dwellings.
1911. March 6. Departure of the Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G., to attend the Imperial Conference and the Coronation of King George.
1911. April 2. General census of New Zealand taken for Sunday night. Population of Dominion, exclusive of Maoris, over one million.
June 22. Celebration in New Zealand on the occasion of the Coronation of His Majesty King George V.
July 26. Wireless telegraphy installed in New Zealand.
Aug. 26. Armorial bearings of Dominion authorized by Royal warrant.
Oct. 28. Act passed granting pensions to widows, with allowance for each child under fourteen years of age.
Dec. 7. First poll on national prohibition question taken in conjunction with local option poll and general election.
1912. March 23. Foundation-stone of new Parliament Buildings laid.
March 28. Resignation of Ward Ministry during recess, and formation of Ministry under leadership of Hon. T. Mackenzie.
May. Beginning of gold-miners' strike at Waihi, leading to disturbances in the town, resulting in the serious wounding of a policeman and the death of a striker.
July 10. Resignation of Mackenzie Ministry after defeat on vote of no confidence, and assumption of office by Ministry under leadership of Hon. W. F. Massey.
Aug. 22. Hon. T. Mackenzie appointed High Commissioner as from 23rd August, 1912.
Oct. 26. Amendment passed to Justices of the Peace Act, providing for legal assistance to indigent persons accused of indictable offences.
Nov. 7. Public Service Act passed, placing the Public Service (except Railways Department) under control of a Commissioner.
Nov. 7. Land Laws Amendment Act passed, empowering Crown to subdivide and dispose of European and Native freehold properties on behalf of owners; also authorizing sale of settlement lands in freehold and enabling holders of renewable leases thereof to acquire freehold, besides giving leases-in-perpetuity the right to acquire freehold on more favourable terms.
Nov. 7. Amendment passed to Births and Deaths Registration Act, providing for registration of births and deaths of Maoris.
Nov. 7. Public Revenues Amendment Act passed, setting aside £10,000 per annum as a fund for rebuilding and restoring public buildings destroyed or damaged by fire.
Nov. 7. Amendment passed to Native Land Act, providing that in certain cases a Native may be deemed a European.
Dec. 18. Arrival at Auckland of the Earl of Liverpool, M.V.O., K.C.M.G., Governor of New Zealand.
1913. Feb. 14. Arrival at Oamaru of the Scott Antarctic Expedition with news of the death of Captain R. F. Scott, R.N., and his four companions on their return journey from the South Pole, which they reached on 18th January, 1912, thirty-five days after Amundsen.
Feb. 24. Arrival at Bluff of Dominions Royal Commission, set up to inquire into the question of the trade relations, &c., of the British self-governing Dominions.
April 12. Arrival at Wellington of H.M.S. New Zealand, the Dreadnought presented by the Dominion to the Imperial Navy.
1913. Oct. 2. The “Britannia” aeroplane, presented to New Zealand as the first unit of the proposed Imperial Air Fleet, landed at Wellington.
Oct. 18. Wellington shipwrights ceased work, followed next day by a strike of the Wellington Waterside Workers, from which eventuated a series of strikes throughout the Dominion, extending over two months.
Dec. 1. Opening of Auckland Exhibition.
1914. March 29. Explosion during course of a fire at Upper Hutt. Eight lives lost.
May 27. Railway accident at Whangarnarino, three passengers being killed and a number injured.
June 25. Opening of Parliament (fourth session of eighteenth).
Aug. 5. His Excellency the Governor publicly notified that war bad been declared between Great Britain and Germany.
Aug. 15. New Zealand Advance Expeditionary Force left Wellington.
Aug. 29. New Zealand Advance Expeditionary Force landed at Apia, Samoa, unopposed.
Sept. 10. Probable date of White Island disaster. Eleven lives lost.
Sept. 12. Huntly coal-mine explosion, whereby 43 lives were lost.
Sept. 26. S.S. Kairaki foundered near Greymouth. Sixteen lives lost.
Oct. 16. New Zealand Main Expeditionary Force left Wellington.
The following list contains the names of some of the principal works dealing with New Zealand, but it does not purport to be a complete list of all the important works on the Dominion. The year of publication is given in each case, and the list is arranged as far as possible in chronological order of issue.
1807. New Zealand. By Dr. Savage. London—J. Murray.
1817. Voyage to New Zealand. By John L. Nicholas. London—Black.
1823. Journal of Ten Months' Residence in New Zealand. By Captain Cruise. London—Longmans.
1830. The New Zealanders (Library of Entertaining Knowledge). London—Chas. Knight.
1832. Nine Months' Residence in New Zealand. By Augustus Earle. London—Longmans.
1836. Two Visits to New Zealand. By Dr. Marshall. London—Nisbet and Co.
1840. Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders. By J. S. Polack. London—Madden and Co.
1843. Travels in New Zealand. By E. Diffenbach. London—Murray.
1855. Te-Ika-a-Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants. By Rev. Richard Taylor. London—Wertheim and Macintosh.
1856. Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders. By Edward Shortland. London—Longmans.
1859. Story of New Zealand. By Dr. Thompson. London—John Murray.
1863. Old New Zealand. By Judge Maning. Auckland—Creighton and Scales.
1874. Life of Henry Williams. By Hugh Carleton. Auckland—Upton.
1879. Reminiscences of the War in New Zealand. By T. W. Gudgeon. London—Sampson Low.
1879. George Augustus Selwyn. By Rev. H. W. Tucker. London—W. W. Gardner.
1890. Early History of New Zealand. By R. A. Sherrin and J. H. Wallace. (Brett's Historical Series.) Auckland—Brett.
1893. Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage round the World. Edited by Captain W. J. L. Wharton, R.N. London—Elliot Stock.
1895. History of New Zealand. By G. W. Rusden. Melbourne—Melville, Mullen, and Slade.
1896. The Art Workmanship of the Maori Race in New Zealand. By Augustus Hamilton. Dunedin—Fergusson and Mitchell.
1896. Journal of Sir Joseph Banks. Edited by Sir Joseph D. Hooker. London—Macmillan and Co.
1898. Abel Janszoon Tasman's Journal of His Discovery of Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand in 1642, &c. By J. E. Heeres. Amsterdam—F. Mueller and Co.
1898. The Long White Cloud, Aotearoa. By W. P. Reeves. London—Horace Marshall and Sons.
1898. New Zealand (Story of the Empire Series). By W. P. Reeves. London—Marshall and Sons.
1900. Old Marlborough. By T. L. Buick, Palmerston North—Hart and Keeling.
1902. State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand. By W. P. Reeves. London—Grant Richards.
1903. Old Manawatu. By T. L. Buick. Palmerston North—Buick and Young.
1905. The Maori Race. By E. Tregear. Wanganui—A. D. Willis.
1905. The Animals of New Zealand. An Account of the Colony's Air-breathing Vertebrates. By Captain F. W. Hutton and James Drummond. Third Edition, 1907. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1907. The Plants of New Zealand. By R. M. Laing and E. W. Blackwell. Second and Revised Edition. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1907. Our Feathered Immigrants. Evidence for and against Introduced Birds in New Zealand, together with Notes on Native Avifauna. Illustrated. By J. Drummond. Wellington —Government Printer.
1908. New Zealand. By F. W. Wright and W. P. Reeves. London—Black.
1908. New Zealand. (Romance of Empire Series.) By Reginald Horsley. London—T. C. and E. C. Jack.
1908. Adventures in New Zealand. By E. J. Wakefield. New Edition. Wellington—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1908. Historical Records of New Zealand. Vol. i (1770–1839). By Robert McNab. Wellington—Government Printer. (Another volume is in preparation.)
1909. New Zealand in Evolution, Industrial, Economic, and Political. By G. H. Scholefield, with an introduction by W. P. Reeves. London—T. F. Unwin.
1909. Murihiku. A History of the South Island of New Zealand and the Islands Adjacent and Lving to the South, from 1642 to 1835. By Robert McNab, Wellington—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1910. The Maoris of New Zealand. By J. Cowan. Wellington—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1910. The Geology of New Zealand. By James Park. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1910. New Zealand Plants and their Story. By L. Cockayne, Ph.D. F.L.S. Wellington—Government Printer.
1911. Hawaiki: The Original Home of the Maori. By S. Percy Smith. 3rd Edition. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).
1911. The Course of Prices in New Zealand. By James W. McIlwraith, LL.B., Litt.D. Wellington—Government Printer.
1911. State Socialism in New Zealand. By J. E. Le Rossignol and W. Downie Stewart. London—G. G. Harrop and Co.
1911. New Zealand. By the Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., LL.D., and J. Logan Stout, LL.B. Cambridge—University Press.
1913. The Lore of the Whare Wananga. 3rd Volume of Memoirs of Polynesian Society. On Maori Religion, Myths. Cosmogony, &c.
1914. The Constitutional History and Law of New Zealand. By J. Hight, Litt.D., and H. D. Bamford, LL.D. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs.
| Article on | Appeared for the Last or Only Time in Year-book of | |
|---|---|---|
| Year | Page | |
| Acclimatization | 1894 | 430 |
| Agriculture in New Zealand (by M. Murphy, P.L.S.) | 1912 | 809 |
| Building-stones | 1892 | 194 |
| Chatham Islands, the | 1900 | 531 |
| Cheviot Estate, the | 1895 | 264 |
| Christchurch to West Coast, journey from | 1899 | 548 |
| Coal-deposits of New Zealand, the | 1900 | 479 |
| Cook Islands, the laws of | 1902 | 573 |
| Co-operative system of constructing public works | 1894 | 234 |
| Exotic trees in Canterbury | 1904 | 569 |
| Forest trees and the timber industry | 1899 | 470 |
| Frozen-meat trade, the | 1894 | 311 |
| Gold-dredging industry, the | 1899 | 509 |
| Government Training-ship “Amokura” | 1913 | 942 |
| Hanmer Thermal Springs | 1905 | 631 |
| Hemp industry, the | 1900 | 477 |
| H.M.S. “New Zealand” | 1913 | 932 |
| Kauri-gum | 1900 | 489 |
| Labour in New Zealand | 1894 | 362 |
| Land- and Income-tax Assessment | 1913 | 884 |
| Laws of England and New Zealand, difference between | 1896 | 281 |
| Maori, ancient, his amusements, games, &c. | 1907 | 707 |
| Maori, ancient, his clothing | 1908 | 734 |
| Maori, chant (tangi) | 1907 | 711 |
| Maori, colour-sense of the | 1905 | 637 |
| Maori, marriage customs | 1906 | 638 |
| Maori, mythology | 1900 | 536 |
| Maori, neolithic, the | 1902 | 578 |
| Maori, religion | 1901 | 530 |
| Maori, sociology | 1903 | 641 |
| Maori, songs | 1908 | 739 |
| Marlborough Sounds, the | 1901 | 517 |
| Midland Railway, the | 1894 | 386 |
| Mineral Waters of New Zealand | 1913 | 896 |
| Moa, heir of the | 1899 | 517 |
| Mount Cook, a night on | 1900 | 525 |
| Mount Cook, district, the | 1899 | 554 |
| Mount Cook, its glaciers, and the Hermitage | 1898 | 552 |
| Mount Sefton, ascent of | 1900 | 519 |
| New Zealand Contingents for South Africa | 1900 | 449 |
| New Zealand International Exhibition | 1907 | 701 |
| Otago lakes, the | 1901 | 523 |
| Patents, designs, and trade marks | 1893 | 350 |
| Pumice-stone deposits of New Zealand | 1900 | 486 |
| Railways in New Zealand, their history and progress | 1894 | 377 |
| Scenic wonderland, a | 1898 | 565 |
| Sheep, crossbreeding of | 1994 | 308 |
| Sheep-farming | 1894 | 302 |
| Shipping Companies— | ||
| New Zealand Shipping Company | 1895 | 392 |
| Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company | 1895 | 393 |
| Union Company of New Zealand | 1895 | 389 |
| Southern Alps, the | 1894 | 474 |
| State farms | 1894 | 243 |
| Sydney Pageant, the | 1901 | 527 |
| Thermal Springs District | 1905 | 614 |
| Timber trees of the world | 1903 | 605 |
| Tokaanu to Raetihi | 1899 | 539 |
| Tree-planting | 1906 | 611 |
| Tuhoeland | 1899 | 546 |
| Varieties of soil | 1892 | 193 |
| Waihi Gold-mining Company | 1897 | 432 |
| Waikato district and through to Wanganui | 1899 | 520 |
| Waiouru to Mangaonoho | 1899 | 543 |
| Wanganui River, up the, to Tokaanu | 1900 | 509 |
| Wattle-growing in the Auckland Provincial District | 1897 | 430 |
| Wellington-Manawatu Railway, the | 1895 | 381 |
| West Coast Sounds, the | 1894 | 472 |
| White Island, a day on | 1906 | 637 |
A.
- Accidental Deaths, 181.
- Accident Insurance, 784.
- Government Office, 786.
- Accidents, Mining, 649.
- Accidents, Railway, 496.
- Acclimatization of Fishes, 626.
- Accumulation, 764–816.
- Acreage and Yield of Crops, 578.
- Adjacent Islands, Population of, 108.
- Administration of Land Laws, 508.
- Advances Board, Members of, 53.
- Advances to Local Authorities, 742.
- Advances to Settlers, 730–738.
- Advances to Workers, 738–741.
- Advertising Office, Official List, 43.
- A.........ed-water Factories, 688.
- Afforestation, 962–974.
- Official List, 49.
- After-life-time, Average, 940.
- Age, Mean, at Death, 157.
- Age, Mean, at Marriage, 188.
- Agents-General, successive, 27.
- Ages, 115.
- At Death, 157.
- Of Industries, 676.
- Of Issue left, 164.
- Of Parents, 143.
- Of Persons arrested and convicted, 283.
- Of Persons married, 187.
- Of Prisoners, 294, 297.
- Of Public-school Pupils, 215.
- Aggregation of Land, 520.
- Agricultural College, Lincoln, 235.
- Agricultural-implement Factories, 695.
- Agriculture and Live-stock, 569–620.
- Agriculture, Board of, 574.
- Act creating, 61.
- Members of Board, 51.
- Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce, Department of, 573.
- Official List, 50.
- Aid, State, to Settlers and Workers, 730–745.
- Aitutaki, Island of, 977.
- Alcoholic Liquors, Consumption of, 290, 398.
- Alienation of Native Lands, 548.
- Alien Immigrants, 100.
- Aliens, Naturalized, 101.
- Allocation of Public Debt and of Increase, 844.
- Alluvial Gold-mining, 633.
- Amendments Incorporation Act, 1913, 55.
- Anæmia, Deaths from, 179.
- Analyses of Soils, 576.
- Ancient System of Maori Land Tenure, 546.
- Anglican Church, 30.
- Angora Goats, 615.
- Animals, Domestic, 591–620.
- Antipodes Islands, 976.
- Apoplexy, Deaths from, 179.
- Appeal Board, Public Service, 35.
- Members of, 36.
- Appeal Board, Railway Members of, 39.
- Appeal Court, 274.
- Appendicitis, Deaths from, 180.
- Arbitration Act, 705.
- Arbitration Court, 707, 718.
- Area of New Zealand, 1.
- Area under Cultivation, 579.
- Armament of Defence Forces, 268.
- Arrested Persons—
- Birthplaces and Ages, 283.
- New-Zealand-born, 283.
- Convictions, 282.
- New-Zealand-born, 283.
- Offences and Ages, 283.
- New-Zealand-born, 283.
- Offences and Birthplaces, 283.
- Arrests for drunkenness, 287.
- Arrivals, 94.
- Race Aliens, 100.
- Arteriosclerosis, Deaths from, 180.
- Articles on Special Subjects, 936–982.
- Appearing in Previous Issues, 1001.
- Assembly, General, 23.
- Asses and Mules, 615.
- Assessment of Land and Income Tax, 836.
- Assets of Banks, 766.
- Assisted Immigration, 96.
- Atiu, Island of, 977.
- Auckland Graving-docks, 467.
- Auckland Islands, 976.
- Auckland Land District, 535.
- Audit of Expenditure, 817.
- Audit Office, Official List, 44.
- Australasia—
- Birth-rates of, 141.
- Capital Cities, 164.
- Death-rates of, 157.
- Capital Cities, 164.
- Debt of, 854.
- External Trade of, 335.
- Friendly Societies in, 802.
- Gold-production of, 635.
- Illegitimacy Rates of, 150.
- Index of Mortality of, 158.
- Live-stock in, 592.
- Marriage-rates of, 185.
- Mineral Production of, 632,
- Oat-crop of, 585.
- Potato-crop of, 587.
- Railway Revenue of, 495.
- Railway Rolling-stock in, 491.
- Savings-banks Deposits in, 780.
- Sheep in, 603.
- Trade of, 335.
- Vital Statistics of Capitals, 164.
- Wool shipped from, 605.
- Wheat-crop of, 584.
- Avifauna, 958.
B.
- Bachelors and Spinsters in Dominion, 186.
- Bacon-curing Establishments, 683.
- Bacteriological Observatory, Official List, 45.
- Balance of Trade, 329.
- Balances of Accounts, 832.
- Ranking, 761–780.
- Development of, 765.
- Bank-notes, Issue of, 768.
- Tax on, 833.
- Bank of New Zealand, 769.
- Account, 830.
- Bankruptcy, 273.
- Banks of Issue, 764–772.
- Banks, Savings—
- Post-office, 772.
- Private, 779.
- Baptist Union, 31.
- Barley, 586.
- Barmaids, Employment of, 323.
- Battle-cruiser “New Zealand,” 269.
- Beans and Peas, 586.
- Export of, 361, 586.
- Bee-farming, 618.
- Beef consumed and exported, 611.
- Beer, Consumption of, 290, 398.
- Bellingshausen's Visit, 3.
- Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death, 173.
- Bibliography, 999.
- Birthplaces, 117.
- Of Deceased Persons, 159.
- Of Old-age Pensioners, 752.
- Of Persons arrested and convicted, 283.
- Of Prisoners, 294.
- Of Widow Pensioners, 754.
- Births, 134–153.
- Premature, 181.
- Still, 152.
- Biscuit-factories, 685.
- Blind, Jubilee Institute for, 231.
- Blindness, Census, 1911, 123.
- Boards, Government, 36–54.
- Boat-building Works, 697.
- Boiler-making Establishments, 694.
- Boiling-down Works, 682.
- Bookbinding Establishments, 695.
- Boot and Shoe Factories, 700.
- Boroughs—
- Finances of, 859.
- Population of, 104.
- Rates collected, 889.
- Receipts from Government, 860.
- Value of Land and Improvements, 919.
- Boundaries and Area of Dominion, 1.
- Bounty Islands, 976.
- Brass Foundries, 694.
- Breeding-ewes, 601.
- Breweries, 687.
- Brick, &c., Works, 693.
- Bridegrooms, Occupations of, 189.
- Brides and Grooms—
- Ages of, 187.
- Condition of, 186.
- Mark Signatures of, 189.
- Bright's Disease, Deaths from, 180.
- British Sovereignty, Proclamation of, 6.
- Bronchitis, Deaths from, 180.
- Bronchopneumonia, Deaths from, 180.
- Building Societies, 800
- Building-stones, 647.
- Bursaries, 254.
- Home Science, 239.
- Bush and Swamp Lands, Settlement of, 519.
- Butter—
- Export of, 359, 612.
- Factories, 612, 684.
- Production and Consumption of, 612.
- By-elections, 314.
C.
- Cable, Pacific, 505
- Cadets, Senior, 265
- Calliope Dock, 467.
- Campbell Island, 976.
- Canadian Trade Commissioner, 28.
- Cancer, Deaths from, 177.
- Candle-factories, 689.
- Canterbury Agricultural College, 235.
- Canterbury Land District, 541.
- Capital City, 8.
- Capital of Registered Companies, 679.
- Capital Value of Land in Counties. &c., 911–924.
- Cattle, 608–614.
- Slaughtered for Food, 611.
- Causes of Death, 173–182.
- Causes of Insanity, 203.
- Caveat under Land Transfer Act, 556.
- Cement-works, 693.
- Census, 1911—Population Figures, 108–133.
- Cereals, 578–586.
- Cerebral Hæmorrhage, Deaths from, 179.
- Character of Stock, 848.
- Charges before Magistrates, 280.
- Charitable Institutions, 195.
- Chatham Islands, 975.
- Fishing-grounds, 621.
- Wireless-station at, 504.
- Cheese—
- Exported, 360, 612.
- Factories, 612, 684.
- Produced and consumed, 612.
- Cheviot Estate Account, 831.
- Chief Centres—
- Births and Birth-rates, 140.
- Deaths and Death-rates, 163.
- Infantile Mortality, 169.
- Population, 105.
- Childbirth, Deaths in, 181.
- Children born, Sexes of, 142.
- Children to a Marriage, 119, 144.
- Children's Homes, 201.
- Chinese in New Zealand, 133.
- Chlorosis, Deaths from, 179.
- Church of Christ, 32.
- Church of England, 30.
- Cinnabar, 639.
- Cirrhosis of Liver, Deaths from, 180.
- Cities—
- Births and Birth- 140.
- Deaths and Death-rates, 163.
- Infantile Mortality, 169.
- Population, 105.
- Civil Law Cases, 272.
- Civil Marriages, 190.
- Civil Service Guarantee, 35.
- Members of Board, 44.
- Classification of Lands, 509.
- Classification of Offences, 294.
- Classification of Soils, 576.
- Classification, Public-Service, 35.
- Climate, 69–90.
- Clothing Factories, 699.
- Coach-building, 696.
- Coal-mining, 639–643.
- Accidents, 649.
- Coastwise Shipping, 465.
- Cocksfoot, 590.
- Coin-in-slot Telephones, 503.
- Coleridge, Lake, Water-power, 655.
- Colleges and University, 256.
- Colonial Office, the, 28.
- Colonial Wine-making, 688.
- Colonies, Crown Agents for, 28.
- Colonization of New Zealand, 3.
- Commerce—
- Customs Revenue and Tariff, 416–461.
- Exports, 338–378.
- Imports, 379–415.
- Total Trade, 329–337.
- Companies. Registered, Capital of, 679.
- Compensation for Accidents, 711.
- Composition of Defence Forces, 261.
- Compulsory Training, 260.
- Conciliation Councils, 718.
- Confectionery-works, 686.
- Confinement, Deaths in, 181.
- Congenital Debility, 181.
- Congregational Union, 31.
- Conjugal Condition, 118.
- Of Parties Marrying, 186.
- Consolidated Fund, 819–823.
- Consols Account, 831.
- Constitution of New Zealand, 7.
- Consuls, Foreign, 29.
- Consumption, 398.
- Of Alcoholics Liquors, 290, 398.
- Of Beef, 611.
- Of Butter and Cheese, 612.
- Of Mutton and Lamb, 601.
- Of Pork, &c., 615.
- Contractors' Liens Act, 712.
- Conversion Account, 830.
- Conveyance, of Children to School, 211.
- Convictions—
- For Drunkenness, 286.
- In Superior Courts, 284.
- Of Maoris, 291.
- Of Persons arrested, 282.
- Summary, 280.
- Convulsions, Deaths of Children from, 179.
- Cook and other Pacific Islands, 977–982.
- Population of, 132.
- Trade of, 377, 415, 981.
- Cook Islands Administration Department, Official List, 42.
- Cook's Visits to New Zealand, 2.
- Cooperages, 690.
- Co-operative Public Works, 727.
- Copper, 638.
- Copyright Act, 1913, 54.
- Cordial-factories, 688.
- Corn-crops, Acreage and Yield of, 578–586.
- Council, Executive (1841–56). 11.
- Council, Executive (1914), 22.
- Council, Legislative, 23.
- Roll of Members, 24.
- Successive Speakers, 20.
- Counties—
- Amendment Act, 1913, 64.
- Finances of, 859.
- Population of, 102.
- Rates collected in, 880–888.
- Receipts from Government, 860.
- Value of Land and Improvements in, 914–918.
- Courts—
- Appeal, 274.
- Arbitration, 707, 718.
- Bankruptcy, 273.
- Divorce, 275.
- Magistrates', 272, 280.
- Native Land, 545.
- Supreme, 272, 284.
- Cow-testing, 609.
- Creameries, 612.
- Crime, Law and, 272–304.
- Criminal Cases before Courts, 280.
- Criminals, Habitual, 298
- Crown Agents for the Colonies, 28.
- Crown Lands, 506–544.
- Crown Law Office, Official List, 41.
- Customs Act, 1913, 66.
- Customs Department, Official List, 46.
- Customs Revenue, 410.
- Customs Tariff, 416–461.
- Customs, Taxation through, 417, 833.
- Cystitis, Deaths from, 180.
- Cycle-works, 696.
D.
- Dairy Industry, 608–614.
- Dairy-produce, 611.
- Export of, 360, 612.
- Grading of, 53.
- Danger Island, 977.
- Dates of Maturity of Loans, 849.
- Dates of Principal Events, 983–999.
- Day Technical Schools, 241.
- Deaf and Dumb (Census, 1911), 123.
- Deaf, School for, 232.
- Death Duties, 838.
- Deaths, 154–182.
- Debility, Congenital, Deaths from, 181.
- Debt of Local Bodies, 861.
- Debt, Public, 842–855.
- Deceased Husband's Brother, Marriage with, 183.
- Deceased Males, Occupations of, 160.
- Deceased Persons, Birthplaces of, 159.
- Deceased Wife's Sister, Marriage with, 183.
- Deeds Registration, 554–558.
- Defence, 260–271.
- Expenditure on, 270.
- Official List of Department, 45.
- Denominational Schools, 223.
- Density of Population, 110.
- Dentists, Registration of, 194.
- Departures, 94.
- Deposit Accounts, 830.
- Deposits in Banks, 767, 772, 780.
- Depots for Shipwrecked Mariners, 489.
- De Surville's Visit, 2.
- Detention, Reformative, 298.
- Diabetes, Deaths from, 179.
- Diamond Drills, 651.
- Diarrhoea, Deaths from, 180.
- Digest of Land Laws, 508–521.
- Diphtheria, Deaths from, 174.
- Diplomas in Public Health, 192.
- Direct Taxation, 834.
- Discovery of New Zealand, 1.
- Diseases, Various, Deaths from, 173.
- Distress and Replevin Amendment Act, 1913, 63.
- Distribution of Wealth, 805.
- ! District High Schools, 252.
- Divorce and Separation, 275.
- Docks, Graving-, 467.
- Domestic Servants granted Reduced Passages, 96.
- Dominion Laboratory, Official List, 43.
- Dominion Museum, Official List, 43.
- Dominion, New Zealand created a, 8.
- Dominion Observatory, Official List, 43.
- Dominion Rifle Association, 270.
- Dominions Royal Commission, 336.
- Drainage Boards, Finances of, 859.
- Dredging, Gold-, 634.
- Drugs, Sale of, 194.
- Drunkenness, 286.
- Du Fresne's Visit, 2.
- Dunedin Medical School, 200.
- Dunedin Wool Sales. Prices current at, 608.
- Duration of Marriage and Number of Children, 119, 145.
- Dutiable Imports, 420.
- Duties, Customs and Excise, 416.
- Duties, Death, 838.
- Dwellings, Workers', 526, 743.
E.
- Early Progress, 5.
- Early Settlement, 1.
- Ecclesiastical, 30.
- Education, 207–259.
- Official List of Department, 51.
- Educational Endowments, 527.
- Education Board Scholarships, 254.
- Education Boards, List of, showing Secretaries, 52.
- Egg-production, 616.
- Egmont By-election, 314.
- Election, General (1911), 308.
- Electoral, 304–318.
- Official List of Department, 43.
- Electric Current Supply Works, 692.
- Electric Telegraph, 501.
- Electric Tramways, 692.
- Embolism, Deaths from, 180.
- Emigration, 94.
- Empire Trade Commission, 336.
- Employees, Railway, 495.
- Employers and Employed (Census, 1911), 128.
- Employers' Liability, 711.
- Employment Branches of Labour Department, 728.
- Employment of Barmaids, 323.
- Endowments, Educational, 527.
- Endowments, National, 528.
- Engineering, School of, 235.
- Engineering-works, 694.
- Enteritis, Deaths from, 180.
- Epilepsy, Deaths from, 179.
- Equipment of Defence Forces, 268.
- Estate Duty, 838.
- Estates passed for Probate, 806.
- Estimated Population, 91.
- Ewes, Breeding-, 601.
- Examiners of Engine-drivers, Board of, 47.
- Examiners under Coal - mines Act, Board of, 42.
- Examiners under Mining Act, Board of, 43.
- Excise Duties, 416.
- Taxation by means of, 834.
- Executive Council (1841–56), 11.
- Executive Council (1914), 22.
- Exophthalmic Goitre, Deaths from, 179.
- Expectation of Life, 157, 940.
- Expenditure, Revenue and, 817–832.
- Experimental Farms, 573.
- Experimental Trawling, 621.
- Export Duty on Gold, 460.
- Export Duty on Timber, 460.
- Exports, 338–378.
- External Migration, 94.
- External Trade of Australasia, 335.
- Extinction of Public Debt, 852
F.
- Factories Act, 709.
- Factories, &c., 659–702.
- Factories, Butter and Cheese, 612.
- Farmers, Reduced Passages for, 96.
- Fathers—
- Ages of, 143.
- Occupations of, 146.
- Fauna, 957–961.
- Feeble-minded, Number of, 123.
- Feeble-minded, School for, 232.
- Fellmongeries, 697.
- Fifty Years' Progress, 925–935.
- Finance, Public, 817–855.
- Fire Inquests, 302.
- Fire Insurance, 788.
- State Office, 789.
- First Issue of Marriage, 146.
- First Offenders' Probation, 297.
- Fish-curing Works, 683.
- Fisheries, 621–630.
- Fishing-boats Licensed, 628.
- Fishing-grounds, 622.
- Fish-market, Wellington, 627.
- Flax Leases, 519.
- Flax-mills, 701.
- Flocks of Sheep, 600.
- Flotation of Loans, 848.
- Food and Drugs, Sale of, 194.
- Footwear Regulation Act, 1913, 62.
- Foreigners Naturalized, 101.
- Foreign Insurance Companies, 790.
- Foreign Nations, Consuls of, 29.
- Forestry Commission (1913), 971.
- Foundation Scholarships, 255.
- Franchise, 306.
- Municipal, 867.
- Free and Dutiable Imports, 420.
- Freeholders, Number of, 567.
- Freehold Tenure, 511.
- Free Secondary Education, 248.
- Freezing-works, 682.
- Friendly Societies, 801.
- Official List of Department, 37.
- Regalia exempt from Customs Duty, 459.
- Frozen Meat exported, 358, 601, 611.
- Fruit Industry, the, 588.
- Fruit-preserving Works, 686.
- Furniture-factories, 698.
G.
- Gaming and Lotteries, 302.
- Gaols, Prisoners in, 292.
- Gardens and Plantations, Acreage in, 588.
- Gastritis, Deaths from, 180.
- Gasworks, 691.
- General Assembly, the, 23.
- General Election, 1911, 308.
- Geological Survey Office, Official List, 42.
- Geology of New Zealand, 943–947.
- Germany, Imports from, 387, 420.
- Gift Duty, 839.
- Goats, Angora, 615.
- Goitre, Exophthalmic, Deaths from, 179.
- Gold, Discovery of, 5.
- Gold-dredging, 634.
- Gold, Export Duty on, 460.
- Gold exported, 362.
- Gold-miners' Relief Fund, 461.
- Gold-mining, 632.
- Goods carried on Railways, 492.
- Government, 7.
- Government Advances—
- To Local Bodies, 742.
- To Settlers, 730–738.
- To Workers, 738–741.
- Government Departments and Boards, Official List, 36.
- Government Insurance Office, 781.
- Official List, 53.
- Government Schools, Attendance at, 213.
- Government, Seat of, 8.
- Government Valuation of Land, &c., 895–924.
- Governor of New Zealand, 21.
- Visit to Cook Islands, 982.
- Governors, Successive, 10.
- Grading of Dairy-produce, 573.
- Graduated Land-tax, 836.
- Grain exported, 360, 585.
- Grain-mills, 684.
- Grass Lands, Acres of, 590.
- Grass-seed, 589.
- Graving-docks and Patent Slips, 467.
- Grazing-runs, Small, 515.
- Greasy Wool exported, 604.
- Greenstone, 647.
- Grey By-election, 315.
- Gross Indebtedness, 843.
- Grounds for Divorce, 275.
- Growth of Population, 92.
- Guarantee, Civil Service, 35.
- Gum-lands, Settlement of, 518.
H.
- Habitual Criminals, 298.
- Habitual Drunkards, 289.
- Hail, 77.
- Half-castes, 129.
- Hands employed, Principal Industries, 674.
- Hanson's Visit, 3.
- Harbours—
- Finances of Boards, 859.
- Port Charges, &c., 471–486.
- Rates collected by Certain Boards, 894.
- Harness-works, 697.
- Hauraki Plains—
- Settlement Account, 826.
- Amendment Act, 1913, 60.
- Hawke's Bay Land District, 537.
- Health, Public, 192.
- Official List of Department, 44.
- Heart Disease, deaths from, 179.
- Hebrew Church, 32.
- Hervey Islands, 977.
- Hides exported, 359.
- High Commissioner's Office, Official List, 43.
- High Commissioners, Successive, 27.
- High Schools, 242–252.
- District, 253.
- Historic and Official Section, 1–68.
- Hobson's Proclamation, 6.
- Holdings, Number of Occupied, 564.
- H.M.S. “New Zealand,” 269.
- Homo Produce exported, 346.
- Value affected by Prices, 349.
- Home Science Bursaries, 235.
- Honey, 618.
- Honorary Territorials, 265.
- Honourable, Holders of Title of, 34.
- Honours held, 32.
- Hops, cultivated, exported, and imported, 587.
- Horses, 615.
- Hosiery Factories, 700.
- Hospitals—
- Mental, 202.
- Private, 199.
- Public, 195.
- St. Helens, 199.
- Hospitals Department, Official List, 44.
- House of Representatives, 25.
- Occupations of Members, 316.
- Official List of Officers, 36.
- Roll of Members, 26.
- Successive Speakers, 20.
- House-rents in selected Boroughs, 815.
I.
- Igneous Rocks, 946.
- Illegitimate Births, 150.
- Immigration, 94.
- Assisted, 96.
- Official List of Department, 44.
- Restriction, 99.
- Imperial Trade Correspondents, 28.
- Imports, 379–415.
- Free and Dutiable, 420.
- Income-tax, 836.
- Official List of Department, 37.
- Increase of Population, 92.
- At successive Censuses, 113.
- Indebtedness of Local Bodies, 861.
- Indebtedness, Public, 842–855.
- Index of Mortality, 158.
- Indirect Taxation, 833.
- Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration, 705.
- Industrial Disputes dealt with, 718.
- Industrial Legislation, 703–729.
- Industrial Life Assurance, 782.
- Industrial Schools, 229.
- Industrial Unions registered, 720.
- Registration of, 705.
- Industries, 659–702.
- Infantile Mortality, 167.
- Infant Life Protection, 172, 233.
- Infectious Diseases, Prevention of, 192.
- Infirmities, 123.
- Influenza, Deaths from, 175.
- Inland Fisheries, 626.
- Inquests, 301.
- Fire, 302.
- Insanity, 123. 202.
- Causes of, 203
- Inspection of Machinery, 713.
- Official List of Department, 47.
- Institute for the Blind, 231.
- Instruction, Public, 209.
- Insurance, 781–790.
- Interest on Public Debt, 849.
- Internal Affairs Office. Official List, 43.
- Intestinal Obstruction, Deaths from, 180.
- Investment Board of Government Insurance Department, 53.
- Investments on Totalizator, 303.
- Tax on, 839.
- Iron-foundries, 694.
- Ironsands and Ores, 637.
- Irrigation and Water-supply Act, 1913, 55.
- Islands, Adjacent, Population of, 108.
- Islands, Outlying, 975–982.
- Issue Born to Marriage, 119, 143.
- Issue of Deceased Males, 164.
- Under 14 Years of Age, 166.
- Under 21 Years of Age, 167.
J.
- Jam-making Establishments, 686.
- Joint-stock Companies, 800.
- Journal of Agriculture, 619.
- Journal, School, 212.
- Jubilee Institute for the Blind 231.
- Judges, Supreme Court, 21.
- Entitled “Honourable,” 34.
- Justice Department, Official List, 40.
K.
- Kauri-gum, 641.
- Exported, 362.
- Lands, 518.
- Kermadec Islands, 975.
L.
- Labour Department—
- Act constituting, 718.
- Employment Branches, 728.
- Official List, 47.
- Labour Disputes Investigation Act (1913), 68, 709.
- Labour Laws, 703–729.
- Lake Coleridge Works, 655.
- Lamb, Consumption and Export of, 601.
- Lambing Averages, 601.
- Land and Income Tax, 830.
- Official List of Department, 37.
- Land Brokers, 557.
- Land Districts, Descriptions of, 535–544.
- Land Drainage Boards, Finances of, 859.
- Land for Settlements—
- Account, 826.
- Estates, 521.
- Official List of Department, 50.
- Land, Government Valuation of, 895–924.
- Land, Grass-sown, 590.
- Land Laws, Digest of, 508–521.
- Land, Occupation and Ownership of 564–568.
- Land Purchase Commissioners, 521.
- Board of, 50.
- Land Settlement Finance Associations, 525.
- Land-tax, 836
- Official List of Department, 37.
- Land Tenure and Settlement, 506–568.
- Land Transfer and Deeds Registration, 554–563.
- Official List of Department, 50.
- Land, Valuation of, 895–924.
- Lands and Survey Department, Official List, 48.
- Law and Crime, 272–304.
- Lease in Perpetuity, 513.
- Lease, Renewable, 511.
- Leases, Flax, 519.
- Leases, Transfers, &c., of, 513.
- Legislation of 1913 Session, 54–63.
- Legislative Council, 23.
- Officers of, 36.
- Prior to Responsible Government, 13.
- Roll of Members, 24.
- Prior to Responsible Government, 13.
- Successive Speakers, 20.
- Legitimate Birth-rates, 141.
- Legitimation Act, 151.
- Letters posted, 499.
- Liabilities of Banks, 766.
- Liability for Military Service, 260.
- Liability of Employers, 711.
- Libraries, School, 211.
- Libraries, Subsidies to, 259.
- Licensed Houses, 319.
- Licenses and Local Option, 319–328.
- Licenses, Publicans', 319.
- Licensing Laws, 321.
- Breaches of, 286, 321.
- Life Assurance, 781.
- Life, Expectation of, 157, 940.
- Lighthouses, 486.
- Lime and Cement Works, 693.
- Lincoln Agricultural College, 235.
- List, Official, 36–54.
- Liverpool, Earl of, 21.
- Visit to Cook Islands, 982.
- Live-stock and Agriculture, 569–620.
- Live-stock and Meat Inspection, 573.
- Loan Expenditure of Boroughs, 865.
- Loans, Dates of Maturity of, 849.
- Loans, Flotation of, 848.
- Loans of Local Bodies, 861.
- Loans to Local Bodies Account, 828.
- Local Bodies, 856–894.
- Account, 829.
- Advances to, 742.
- Loans Account, 828.
- Loans Acts, 865.
- Act of 1913, 60.
- Superannuation, 761.
- Taxation by, 840.
- Local Mills, Wool used at, 604.
- Local Option, 321.
- Local Taxation, 840.
- Lockouts, 726.
- Defined, 709.
- Lotteries, Gaming and, 302.
- Lunacy, 123.
- Lyttelton By-election, 314.
- Lyttelton Dock and Patent Slip, 469.
M.
- Machinery Inspection, 713.
- Official List of Department, 47.
- Magistrates' Courts—
- Amendment Act, 1913, 55.
- Civil Cases, 272.
- Criminal Cases, 280.
- Mail-services with England, Cost of, 501.
- Maize, 586.
- Malaspina's Visit, 3.
- Male and Female Death-rates, 155.
- Malt-houses, 687.
- Manahiki Island, 977.
- Mangaia Island, 977.
- Manganese-ore, 638.
- Mangolds, Acreage and Yield, 587.
- Manual and Technical Education, 234–242.
- Manufactories and Works, 659–702.
- Manufactures, Value of, 673.
- Maori Councils, 545.
- Official List, 39.
- Maori Land Boards, 545.
- Members of, 39.
- Maori Land Settlement Act Account, 828.
- Maori Lands, 545–553.
- Maori Land-tenure, Ancient System of, 546.
- Maoris, 129.
- Births of, 152.
- Law re Registration, 135.
- Children attending Schools, 225.
- Crime amongst, 291.
- Deaths of, 182.
- Distribution of, 131.
- Half-castes, 130.
- In Mental Hospitals, 204.
- Marriages of, 190.
- Population, 129.
- Representation, 307, 314.
- Schools for, 225.
- Wars with, 5.
- Marine Department, Official List, 47.
- Marine Fish-hatchery, 624.
- Mariners, Shipwrecked, Depots for, 489.
- Mark Signatures of Persons married, 189.
- Marlborough Land District, 539.
- Marriages, 183–191.
- Marsden's Arrival in New Zealand, 3.
- Massey Ministry, 22.
- Maternity Hospitals, 199.
- Maturity of Loans, Dates of, 849.
- Mauke Island, 977.
- Measles, Deaths from, 174.
- Meat, Frozen, Export of, 358.
- Medical Inspection of School Children, 210.
- Medical Practitioners, Registration of, 193.
- Medicine, School of, Dunedin, 201.
- Members of House of Representative, 26.
- Occupations of, 316.
- Members of Legislative Council, 24.
- Memorabilia 983–999.
- Meningitis, Simple, Deaths from, 179.
- Mental Defectives, 123.
- Law, re, 202.
- Mental Hospitals, 202–206.
- Official List of Department, 44.
- Metal Mines, Accidents at, 649.
- Meteorology, 69–90.
- Methodist Church, 31.
- Midwives, Registration of, 201.
- Migration, 94.
- Increase by, 96.
- Military Forces, 260–269.
- Military Pensions, 754.
- Military Service, Liability for, 260.
- Milking-machines, 609.
- Milling-timber, Amount remaining, 966.
- Mills, Wool used at, 604.
- Mineral-bearing Lands, Valuation of, 904.
- Minerals, Export of, 631.
- Mines and Minerals, 631–652.
- Mines Department, Official List, 42.
- Mining, 631–653.
- Mining Act, Board of Examiners under, 652.
- List of Members, 43.
- Mining Advances, 649.
- Account, 831.
- Ministers, Officiating, of each Denomination, 191.
- Marriages by, 190.
- Ministries, Successive, 19.
- Minors, Marriages of, 188.
- Missionaries. Arrival of, 3.
- Mitiaro Island, 977.
- Money-orders issued and paid, 501.
- Monopoly Prevention Act, 1913, 68.
- Mortality, Index of, 158.
- Mortality, Infantile, 167.
- Mortality Investigation, 936–942
- Mortgages, 803.
- Under Land Transfer Act, 561.
- Mothers, Ages of, 144.
- In illegitimate cases, 150.
- Motive Power in Factories, 676.
- Mules, 615.
- Municipal Corporations Amendment Act, 1913, 66.
- Municipal Franchise, 867.
- Museum, Official List of Officers, 43.
- Mutton consumed and exported, 601.
N.
- National Endowment Account, 828.
- National Endowments, 528.
- National Prohibition, 322.
- Result of Poll, 326.
- National Provident Fund, 761.
- Members of Board, 37.
- National Reserve, the, 267.
- National Restoration, 322.
- National Scholarships, 255.
- Nationalities of Pensioners, 752, 754.
- Native Department, Official List, 39.
- Native Land Act, 1909, 551.
- Marriages under Section 191 (1) (6), 190.
- Native Land Court, 545.
- Official List of, 39.
- Native Land Purchase Board, 545.
- Native Lands, 545, 553.
- Native Land Settlement Account, 827.
- Native Property, Value of, 807.
- Natives Reserves Board. Members of, 52.
- Native Schools, 225.
- Native Townships Act, 1910, 553.
- Natural Increase of Population, 94, 136.
- Naturalization, 101.
- Naval Defence, 269.
- Account, 829.
- Act of 1913, 62.
- Nelson Land District, 539.
- Nephritis, Deaths from, 180.
- New Minister Province, 7.
- Executive Council, 13.
- Legislative Councils, 15.
- Lieutenant-Governors, 10.
- Newspapers, 501.
- Posted, 499.
- New Zealand, Bank of, 769.
- New-Zealand-born, Crime amongst, 283.
- New - Zealand - born, Drunkenness amongst, 288.
- New-Zealand-born Prisoners, 296.
- “New Zealand,” H.M.S., 269.
- New Zealand Institute, Official List, 43.
- New Zealand Produce exported, 346.
- New Zealand's Extended Boundaries, 975–982.
- New Zealand University, 256.
- New Ulster Province, 7.
- Executive Council, 13.
- Legislative Councils, 15.
- Lieutenant-Governors, 10.
- Niue, Island of, 977.
- Trade of, 982.
- No-License Districts, Votingin, 324, 328.
- Nomination for Reduced Passages, 96.
- Note Issue of Banks, 768.
- Tax on, 833.
- Notes on New Zealand Soils, 574.
- Notification of Births, 135, 172.
- Nurses, Registration of, 201.
O.
- Oats, 585.
- Exported, 360, 585.
- Objections to Values, 807.
- Obstruction, Intestinal, 180.
- Occupation of Land, 564, 567.
- Occupation with Right of Purchase, 511.
- Occupations, 126.
- Of Bankrupts, 274.
- Of Bridegrooms, 189.
- Of Deceased Males, 160.
- Of Fathers, 146.
- Of M.P.s, 316.
- Offences, Classification of, 294.
- Offences of Convicted Persons, 282.
- Offences of Prisoners, 294.
- Office, Colonial, 28.
- Officers of Government Departments, 36–54.
- Official List, 36–54.
- Official Section, 1–68.
- Officiating Ministers, 191.
- Oilskin-factories, 698.
- Old-age Pensions, 746–752.
- Reciprocity Act, 1913, 54.
- Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account, 828.
- Opium Prohibition, 461.
- Optional System of selecting Land, 511.
- Orchards, 588.
- Organic Heart - disease, Deaths from 179.
- Organization of Defence Forces, 261.
- Organization of Factories, &c., Character of, 681.
- Ornamental Stones, 647.
- Orphanages, 201.
- Orphanhood, 164.
- Otago Graving-docks, 470.
- Otago Land District, 543.
- Otekaike Special School, 232.
- Outlying Islands, 975–982.
- Oversea Shipping, 462.
- Ownership of Land, 567.
- Oyster-picking, 624
P.
- Pacific Cable, 505.
- Palmerston Island, 977.
- Parapara Iron-ore Deposit, 637.
- Parcels Post, 500.
- Parents, Ages of, 143.
- Parliament Buildings, 9.
- Parliamentary Library, Official List, 36.
- Parliament, Members of, 26.
- Parliaments, Successive, 17.
- Passages at Reduced Rates for Immigrants, 96.
- Passengers, Railway, 492.
- Pastoral Runs, 516.
- Patent Office, Official List, 41.
- Patent Slips, 467.
- Peas and Beans, 586.
- Export of, 361, 586.
- Pelts, Export of, 359.
- Penrhyn Island, 977.
- Pension —
- Act of 1913, 55.
- Department, Official List, 38.
- Military, 754.
- Old-age, 746–752.
- Reciprocity Act, 1913, 54.
- Widows', 753.
- Peritonitis, Deaths from, 180.
- Permanent Forces, 263.
- Perpetual Leases, 513.
- Petroleum, 643.
- “Philomel,” H.M.S., 270.
- Phormium Tenax, 588.
- Fibre exported, 361, 588.
- Phosphate Rock, 646.
- Phthisis, Deaths from, 175.
- Physical Instruction, 210.
- Pickle factories, 689.
- Pigs, 615.
- Pilotage, Port Charges, &c., 471.
- Plantations, &c., Acreage in, 588.
- Plumbers Registration Act, 194.
- Board under, 45.
- Plural Births, 143.
- Ages of Parents, 114.
- Pneumonia, Deaths from, 180.
- Police, 278.
- Official List of Department, 42.
- Provident Fund, 758.
- Population, 91–133.
- Pork consumed, 615.
- Port Chalmers Dock, 471.
- Port Charges, Pilotage, &c., 471.
- Portobello Marine Fish-hatchery, 624.
- Postal and Telegraphic, 497–505.
- Official List of Department, 37.
- Postal Notes, 501.
- Post-office Savings-bank, 772.
- Potatoes, 586.
- Pottery-works, 693.
- Poultry-farming, 616.
- Pounamu, 647.
- Power employed in Factories, 676.
- Preferential Tariff, 418.
- Premature Births, 181.
- Premiers of Successive Ministries, 19.
- Presbyterian Church, 30.
- Previous Issue of Parents, 143.
- Prices, Effect of, on Exports, 349.
- Prices and Wages, 808.
- Prices of Stock, 854.
- Prime Minister's Office, Official List, 36.
- Prime Ministers, Successive, 19.
- Principal Events, Dates of, 983–999.
- Printing and Stationery Department, Official List, 44.
- Printing-works, 695.
- Prisoners, 292–301.
- New-Zealand-born, 296.
- Tree-planting by, 299.
- Prisons and Prisoners, 292–301.
- Prisons Board, 299.
- Members of, 42.
- Prisons Department, Official List, 42.
- Private Hospitals, 199.
- Private Land, Aggregation of, 520.
- Private Registered Companies, Capital of, 679.
- Private Savings-banks, 779.
- Private Schools, 223.
- Private Wealth, 805.
- Probate, Estates passed for, 806.
- Probation Act, First Offenders', 297.
- Production, Value of, 807.
- Progress, Early, 5.
- Progress, Fifty Years', 925–935.
- Prohibition, National, 322.
- Prohibition, Opium, 461.
- Prospecting Drills, 651.
- Protection of Infant Life, 172, 233.
- Provincial Districts, Population of, 102.
- Publicans' Licenses, 319.
- Public Debt, 842–855.
- Extinction Fund, 852.
- Sinking Fund Commissioners, 44.
- Public Finance, 817–855.
- Public Health, 192.
- Official List of Department, 44.
- Public Instruction, 209.
- Public Libraries, Subsidies to, 259.
- Public Property, Value of, 807.
- Public Revenues Amendment Act, 1913, 59.
- Public Service, 34.
- Classification, 35.
- Members and Officers of Board, 43.
- Members of Appeal Board, 36.
- Members and Officers of Board, 43.
- Members of P.S. Board, 36.
- Members and Officers of Board, 43.
- Superannuation, 755.
- Members and Officers of Board, 43.
- Public Trust Office, 791–799.
- Amendment Act, 1913, 58.
- Members of, 52.
- Board, 791.
- Members of, 52.
- Official List, 52.
- Public Works Department, Official List, 53.
- Public Works Fund, 823.
- Public Works Tenders Board, 54.
- Puerperal Accidents and Diseases, 181.
- Pukapuka Island, 977.
- Pulse exported, 361.
- Purchase of Estates by Government, 521.
- Purchase of Native Lands by Government, 548.
Q.
- Qualifications of M.L.C.s, 23.
- Qualifications of M.P.s, 25.
- Quarantine, 193.
- Quarterly Increases of Population, 94.
- Quartz-mining, 632.
- Quinnat Salmon, 626.
- Quorum, House of Representatives, 25.
- Quotations, New Zealand Stock, 854.
R.
- Rabbit-skins, Export of, 359.
- Race Aliens, 100.
- Race Meetings, 303.
- Radio-telegraph, 503.
- Rangitaiki Land Drainage—
- Account, 830.
- Act of 1913, 58.
- Railways, 491–496.
- Official List of Department, 38.
- Members of Board, 39.
- Superannuation Fund, 759.
- Members of Board, 39.
- Rainfall, 72.
- Figures for 1913, 80.
- Graphs, 82.
- Maps, 73–74.
- Rakaanga Island, 977.
- Rape and Turnips, Acres under, 587.
- Rarotonga Island, 977.
- Rates collected by Local Bodies, 858.
- In detail, 879–894.
- Rating Amendment Act, 1913, 64.
- Rating on Unimproved Value, 875.
- Result of Polls by Local Bodies, 870.
- Rating Powers of Local Authorities, 870.
- Rebate of Rent to Crown Tenants, 513.
- Reception of Immigrants, 98.
- Reciprocity, 337.
- With South Africa, 458, 461.
- Reduced Passages for Immigrants, 96.
- Reefton Gold-mining Dispute, 726.
- Re-exports, 345.
- Reformative Detention, 298.
- Registered Companies, Capital of, 679.
- Registered Vessels, 466.
- Registrar-General's Office, Official List, 44.
- Registrars, Marriages before, 190.
- Registration—
- Of Barmaids, 323.
- Of Births, 134.
- Of Deaths, 154.
- Of Deeds, 558.
- Of Dentists, 194.
- Of Marriages, 183.
- Of Medical Practitioners, 193.
- Of Nurses and Midwives, 201.
- Of Plumbers, 194.
- Religion, 122.
- Religious Denominations, 30.
- Marriages by Ministers of, 190.
- Ministers on Marriage List, 191.
- Renewable Leases, 511.
- Rents in certain Boroughs, 815.
- Rents, Rebate of, for Crown Tenants, 513.
- Representation, 304–318.
- Reserve, Defence Forces, 265.
- Reserve Fund Account, 830.
- Reserve, National, 267.
- Residence of Crown Tenants, 512.
- Restoration, National, 322.
- Restoration, Voting on, in No-license Districts, 324.
- Restriction, Immigration, 99.
- Retired Judges of Supreme Court, 34.
- Revenue, Customs, 416.
- Revenue, Public, 817–832.
- Rifle Association, Dominion, 270.
- Rifle Clubs, 266.
- River Boards—
- Amendment Act, 1913, 61.
- Finances of, 859.
- Rivers, 948–956.
- Road Boards, Finances of, 859.
- Road Districts, Rates collected in 880.
- Roll of M.L.C.s, 24.
- Roll of M.P.s, 26.
- Rolling-stock, 491.
- Roman Catholic Church, 31.
- Roman Catholic Schools, 223.
- Root Crops, 587.
- Rope and Twine Works, 701.
- Rye, 586.
- Rye-grass, 589.
S.
- Saddlery-works, 697.
- Sailmaking-works, 698.
- Sale of Food and Drugs, 194.
- Salmon, Acclimatization of, 626.
- Salvation Army, 32.
- Maternity Homes, 201.
- Sanitation, 192.
- Sash and Door Factories, 690.
- Sauce-factories, 689.
- Savage or Niue Island, 977.
- Trade of, 982.
- Savings-banks, 772.
- Sawmills, 630.
- Scarlet Fever, Deaths from, 174.
- Scenery Preservation—
- Account, 829.
- Board, List of Members and Officers, 49.
- Scheelite, 636.
- Scholarships, 254.
- School Journal, 212.
- School Libraries, 211.
- Schools, 209–253.
- Of Mines, 651.
- Science and Art, Board of, 43.
- Act constituting, 58.
- Scoured Wool exported, 604.
- Seals, 626.
- Seat of Government, 8.
- Secondary Education, 242–253.
- Free, 248.
- Second Ballot repealed, 308.
- Senility, Deaths from, 181.
- Senior Cadets, 265.
- Service under Defence Act, 260.
- Settlement, Early, 1.
- Settlement, Lands for, 521.
- Settlers, Advances to, 730–738.
- Sexes—
- Of Children born, 142.
- Of Issue of Deceased Males, 165.
- Of Public-school Children, 215.
- Proportions of, 114.
- Shearers' Accommodation, 717.
- Sheep, 599.
- Sheep-skins and Pelts exported, 359.
- Ship and Boat Building, 697.
- Shipping, 462–490.
- Shipping and Seamen Act, 713.
- Shipwrecked Mariners, Depots for, 489.
- Shops and Offices Act, 710.
- Signatures, Mark, of Persons Married, 189.
- Silver, Production of, 635.
- Sinking Funds, 851.
- Skimming-stations, 612.
- Slaughter of Animals for Food—
- Cattle, 611.
- Pigs, 616.
- Sheep and Lambs, 601.
- Sleeping Accommodation at Mental Hospitals, 206.
- Sliped Wool exported, 604.
- Slips, Patent, 407.
- Sly-grog Selling, 321.
- Small-farm Associations, 507.
- Small Grazing-runs, 515.
- Smallpox Epidemic (1913), 153.
- Snow, 76.
- Soap-works, 689.
- Soils, Notes on, 574.
- South Africa, Reciprocity with, 337
- Table of Duties, 458, 461.
- Southland Land District, 543.
- Sovereignty, British, Proclamation of, 6.
- Sown Grasses, Extent of, 590.
- Speakers, House of Representatives, 20.
- Speakers, Legislative Council, 20.
- Special Schools, 227–233.
- Special-settlement Associations, 514.
- Spinsters and Bachelors in Dominion 186.
- Spirits, Consumption of, 290, 398.
- Staff, Defence Forces, 261.
- Stamp Department, Official List, 37.
- State Advances, 730–742.
- Act of 1913, 61.
- Members of Board, 53.
- Official List of Department, 53.
- State Afforestation, 962–974.
- Official List of Department, 49.
- State Aid to Mining, 649.
- State Aid to Settlers and Workers, 730–745.
- State Aid to Water-power, 655.
- State Coal-mines, 641.
- Account, 831.
- Official List of Department, 43.
- State Fire Insurance, 789.
- Board, Members of, 43.
- Department, Official List, 53.
- State Forests Account, 829.
- State Instruction, 208–253.
- State Insurance—
- Accident, 786.
- Fire, 789.
- Life, 781.
- Statement of Balances of Accounts, 832.
- Statistical View of Fifty Years' Progress, 925–935.
- St. Helens Hospitals, 199.
- Still-births, 152.
- Stipendiary Magistrates' Courts—
- Civil Cases, 272.
- Criminal Cases, 280.
- Stock, Character of, 848.
- Stock, Live-, 591–620.
- Stock, Quotations for, 854.
- Stratigraphy, 943.
- Strike, Definition of, 708.
- Strikes, Summary of, 721.
- Subdivision of Land, Agreements for, 519.
- Subsidies to Local Authorities, 868.
- Subsidies to Public Libraries, 259.
- Succession Duty, 838.
- Sugar-boiling Works, 686.
- Sugar imported and consumed, 398.
- Suicide, 181.
- Sulphur, 646.
- Summary Convictions, 280.
- Summary of Legislation, 1913, 54–68.
- Sumner School for Deaf, 232.
- Sunshine, 69.
- Superannuation, 755–761.
- Supreme Court—
- Civil Cases, 272.
- Entitled “Honourable,” 34.
- Criminal Cases, 284.
- Entitled “Honourable,” 34.
- Judges, past and present, 21.
- Entitled “Honourable,” 34.
- Surveyors' Board, Members of, 49.
- Survivors at each Age, 938.
- Suwarrow Island, 977.
- Swamp and Bush Lands. Settlement of, 519.
T.
- Takutea Island, 978.
- Tallow exported, 358.
- Tanning-works, 697.
- Taranaki Land District, 536.
- Tariff, Customs, 416.
- In Detail, 422–461.
- Preferential, 418.
- Tasman's Discovery of New Zealand, 1.
- Taxation—
- By General Government, 833–840.
- By Local Bodies', 840.
- Per Head, 834.
- Tax, Land and Income, 836.
- Tax on Totalizator Investments, 839.
- Teachers, Public-school, 215.
- Superannuation Fund, 758.
- Training of, 217.
- Tea imported and consumed, 398.
- Technical Education, 234–242,
- Telegraphic and Postal, 497–505.
- Telephones, 502.
- Temperature, 70.
- At various Stations, 85–90.
- Temporary Employees Act, 1913, 63.
- Tent-making Works, 698.
- Tenure of Crown Lands, Exchange of 514.
- Tenure of Maori Lands, 546.
- Tenure of Occupied Lands, 565.
- Tenures under Land Act, 511.
- Territorial Forces, 260–269.
- Territorial Force, the, 264.
- Territorial Reserve, the, 265.
- Territorials. Honorary, 265.
- Thermal Springs Districts Act, 553.
- Thrombosis, Deaths from, 180.
- Thunderstorms, 76.
- Tile and Pottery Works, 693.
- Timber—
- Demand for, 965.
- Estimated Amount in Forests, 966.
- Export Duty on, 461.
- Export of, 362
- Principal Trees, 962.
- Tin, 639.
- Tinware-factories, 694.
- Tobacco culture, 587.
- Tobacco imported and consumed, 399.
- Customs and Excise Revenue from, 416.
- Tomato-culture, 589.
- Tongareva Island, 977.
- Totalizator, 303.
- Taxation, 839.
- Total Trade, 329–337.
- Tourist Department, Official List, 51.
- Town Districts—
- Finances of, 859.
- Population of, 107.
- Rates collected, 893.
- Receipts from Government, 860.
- Value of Land and Improvements, 924.
- Trade, 329–461.
- Trade Commissioners, 28.
- Trade Correspondents, Imperial, 28.
- Trade of the Empire Commission, 336.
- Training of Defence Forces, 267.
- Training of Teachers, 217.
- Train-miles run, 492.
- Tramway Boards, Finances of, 859.
- Tramways, Electric, 692.
- Transfers under Land Transfer Act, 554, 561.
- Trawling, 621.
- Treasury Bills Account, 829.
- Treasury Department, Official List, 36.
- Treaty of Waitangi, 4.
- Tree-planting, 962–974.
- By Prisoners, 299.
- Trout Acclimatization of, 626.
- Tuatara, the, 960.
- Tuberculosis, Deaths from, 175.
- Turnips, Acreage and Yield, 587.
- Twins and Triplets born, 143.
- Ages of Parents, 144.
- Typhlitis, Deaths from, 180.
- Typhoid-fever, Deaths from, 174.
U.
- Undeveloped Water-power, 656.
- Unemployed (Census, 1911), 129.
- Uniforms of Defence Forces, 268.
- Unimproved Value of Land in Counties, &c., 913–924.
- Unimproved Value, Rating on, 875.
- Unions Registered, 720.
- United States, Imports from, 387, 419.
- University of New Zealand, 256.
- Scholarships and Bursaries, 254.
- Uræmia, Deaths from, 180.
V.
- Vaccination, 153.
- Valuation of Land, 895–924.
- Official List of Department, 37.
- Value of Exports affected by Prices, 349.
- Vancouver's Visit, 2.
- Vessels entered and cleared, 462.
- Vessels registered, 466.
- Village Settlements, 515.
- Vinegar-factories, 689.
- Vineyards, 589.
- Violence, Deaths from, 181.
- Visits of Explorers, 2.
- Vital Statistics, 134–191.
- Voting at General Elections, 317.
- Election of 1911, 308.
- Voting at Local Option Polls, 325.
- Poll of 1911, 323.
W.
- Wages and Prices, 808.
- Wages Protection, 712.
- Waipori Power-supply, 655.
- Waitangi, Treaty of, 4.
- Wakari Private Mental Hospital, 205.
- War Organization of Defence Forces, 263.
- Washed Wool exported, 604.
- Water-power, 653–658.
- Waterproof-factories, 699.
- Water-races, 650.
- Waterside Workers' Strike, 721.
- Water-supply—
- Amendment Act, 1913, 64.
- Boards, Finances of, 859.
- Wealth, Private and Public, 805.
- Weather, 79.
- During 1913, 81.
- Weekly Rents, Average, 815.
- Wellington Fish-market, 627.
- Wellington, Foundation of, 4.
- Wellington Harbour Board Superannuation Fund, 761.
- Wellington Land District, 538.
- Wellington Patent Slip, 469.
- Westland Land District, 540.
- Whaling, 625.
- Wharfage Rates, 471.
- Wheat, 584.
- Export of, 360, 584.
- Whitefish Ova imported, 626.
- White Island Sulphur, 646.
- Whooping-cough, Deaths from, 174.
- Widows' Pensions, 753.
- Wind-roses, 78.
- Winds, 77.
- Wine, Consumption of, 290, 398.
- Wine-making Establishments, 688.
- Wireless Telegraphy, 503.
- Women, Deaths of, in Childbirth, 181.
- Women's Branch, Labour Department, 729.
- Women's Franchise, 306.
- Wood-pulp Industry, 518.
- Wool, 603.
- Exported, 358, 603.
- Used at Local Mills, 604.
- Woollen-mills, 698.
- Wool used at, 604.
- Wool-scouring Establishments, 697.
- Workers, Advances to, 738–741.
- Workers' Compensation, 711, 786.
- Amendment Act, 1913, 67.
- Workers' Dwellings, 527, 743.
- Account, 831.
- Board, Members of, 48.
- World's Coal-production, 643.
- World's Gold-production, 635.
- World's Sheep-flocks, 603.
- World's Wheat-crop, 584.
Y.
- Yields of Crops, 578.