THE NEW ZEALAND OFFICIAL YEAR-BOOK 1907


Table of Contents

PREFACE.

THIS is the sixteenth issue of the New Zealand Official Yearbook.

The system of pamphlets of “Advance Sheets” has allowed most of the information to be already published.

The new Customs Tariff will be found given as an appendix, and, by way of inset, some of the leading features of the new Land and Income Assessment Act, with the scale of graduated land-tax.

Any reader detecting errors that may have crept into this work is requested to report such with a view to their correction in future issues.

E. J. VON DADELSZEN

Registrar-General's Office,
Wellington, N.Z.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

PAGE 27.—Consul of Germany at Christchurch: Carl Joosten. Honorary Consul of Chili at Wellington: Albert Martin, M.D.

Page 28.—Vice-Consul of Norway at Westport: Richard Rowland Whyte.

Page 29.—Honours held by Colonists — The Most Honourable Privy Council: Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G. (9th May, 1907). Knight Bachelor: Sir James Mills (1907).

Page 29.—Hon. Sir John Hall, K.C.M.G., deceased.

Page 31.—Staff of His Excellency the Governor: 1st Aide-de-Camp, Captain the Honourable Nigel Charles Gathorne-Hardy, 5th (Northumberland) Fusiliers; 2nd Aide-de-Camp, Lieutenant Edward Lycett Lyon, 18th Hussars.

Page 33.—Hon. W. M. Bolt, deceased; Hon. W. Kelly, deceased.

Page 33.—Legislative Council: Hon. J. E. Jenkinson and Hon, J. Rigg, reappointed 1st July, 1907.

Page 36.—H. J. H. Okey, Esq., elected to represent Taranaki in place of Edward Metcalf Smith, deceased. For “Seddon, Thomas Youd,” read “Seddon, Thomas Edward Youd.”

Page 46.—Native Department: Insert “Under-Secretary, Thomas W. Fisher”; after “Chief Clerk” insert “Clerk (also Private Secretary to the Native Minister), W. T. Gordon.”

Page 134.—First paragraph, 4th line: After the word “situated,” should read, “Two only of these, Rotorua and Hampstead, have more than 1,000 inhabitants.”

Page 417.—Nos. 1 and 2: Paparoa Coal Company No. 1 and 2 seams, description of coal, should be “semi-anthracite.”

Page 734.—Second line, excise the following: “These works are gazetted as Government grading and cool stores, which is a great convenience for outside dairy factories, as it avoids risk of injury to their produce after it has been graded.”

PART I.—INTRODUCTORY: OFFICIAL.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. NEW ZEALAND.

THE Colony of New Zealand consists of three main islands, with several groups of smaller islands lying at some distance from the principal group. The main islands, known as the North, the Middle, and Stewart Islands, have a coast-line 4,330 miles in length: North Island, 2,200 miles; Middle Island, 2,000 miles; and Stewart Island, 130 miles. Other islands included within the colony are the Chatham, Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes, Bounty, and Kermadec Islands. The annexation of the Cook and sundry other islands has necessitated an enlargement of the boundaries of the colony, which will be specially treated of further on.

New Zealand is mountainous in many parts, but has, nevertheless, large plains in both North and Middle Islands. In the North Island, which is highly volcanic, is situated the famous Thermal-Springs District, of which a special account will be given. The Middle Island is remarkable for its lofty mountains, with their magnificent glaciers, and for the deep sounds or fiords on the western coast.

New Zealand is firstly a pastoral and secondly an agricultural country. Sown grasses are grown almost everywhere, the extent of land laid down being nearly twelve millions and three-quarters of acres. The soil is admirably adapted for receiving these grasses, and, after the bush has been burnt off, is mostly sown over without previous ploughing. In the Middle Island a large area is covered with native grasses, all used for grazing purposes. The large extent of good grazing-land has made the colony a great wool, meat, and dairy-produce country; while its agricultural capabilities are, speaking generally, very considerable. The abundance of water and the quantity of valuable timber are other natural advantages.

New Zealand is, besides, a mining country. Large deposits of coal are met with, chiefly on the west coast of the Middle Island. Gold, alluvial and in quartz, is found in both Islands, the yield having been over sixty-nine millions and a half sterling in value to the present time. Full statistical information on this subject is given further on, compiled up to the latest dates.

DISCOVERY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT

The first authentic account of the discovery of New Zealand is that given by Abel Jansen Tasman, the Dutch navigator. He left Batavia on the 14th August, 1642, in the yacht “Heemskirk,” accompanied by the “Zeehaen” (or “Sea-hen”) fly-boat. After having visited Mauritius, and discovered Tasmania, named by him “Van Diemen's Land,” in honour of Anthony van Diemen, Governor of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, he steered eastward, and on the 13th December of the same year sighted the west coast of the Middle Island of New Zealand, described by him as “a high mountainous country, which is at present marked in the charts as New Zealand.”

Tasman, under the belief that the land he saw belonged to a great polar continent, and was part of the country discovered some years before by Schouten and Le Maire, to which the name of Staaten Land had been given, gave the same name of Staaten Land to New Zealand; but within about three months afterwards Schouten's “Staaten Land” was found to be merely an inconsiderable island. Upon this discovery being announced, the country that Tasman had called Staaten Land received again the name of “New Zealand,” by which it has ever since been known. Tasman sailed along the coast to a bay, where he anchored. To this he gave the name of Murderers (now Massacre) Bay, on account of an unprovoked attack on a boat's crew by the Natives, and the massacre of four white men. Thence he steered along the west coast of the North Island, and gave the name of Cape Maria van Diemen to the north-western extremity thereof. After sighting the islands of the Three Kings he finally departed, not having set foot in the country.

There is no record of any visit to New Zealand after Tasman's departure until the time of Captain Cook, who, after leaving the Society Islands, sailed in search of a southern continent then believed to exist. He sighted land on the 6th October, 1769, at Young Nick's Head, and on the 8th of that month cast anchor in Poverty Bay. After having coasted round the North Island and the Middle and Stewart Islands—which last he mistook for part of the Middle Island—he took his departure from Cape Farewell on the 31st March, 1770, for Australia. He visited New Zealand again in 1773, in 1774, and in 1777.

M. de Surville, a French officer in command of the vessel “Saint Jean Baptiste,” while on a voyage of discovery, sighted the northeast coast of New Zealand on the 12th December, 1769, and re mained for a short time. A visit was soon after paid by another French officer, M. Marion du Fresne, who arrived on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand on the 24th March, 1772, but was, on the 12th June following, treacherously murdered at the Bay of Islands by the Natives.

In 17.93 the “Dædalus,” under the command of Lieutenant Hanson, was sent by the Government of New South Wales to New Zealand, and two chiefs were taken thence to Norfolk Island. There was after this an occasional intercourse between the islands of New Zealand and the English settlements in New South Wales.

In 1814 the first missionaries arrived in New Zealand—Messrs. Hall and Kendall — who had been sent as forerunners by Mr. Marsden, chaplain to the New South Wales Government. After a short stay they returned to New South Wales, and on the 19th November of that year again embarked in company with Mr. Marsden, who preached his first sermon in New Zealand on Christmas Day, 1814. He returned to Sydney on the 23rd March, 1815, leaving Messrs. Hall and Kendall, who formed the first mission station at Rangihoua, Bay of Islands, under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society. Six years later, in 1821, the work of evangelization was put on a more durable basis; but the first station of the Wesleyan mission, established by Mr. Leigh and his wife, at the valley of the Kaeo, Whangaroa, was not taken possession of until the 10th June, 1823.

COLONISATION

The first attempt at colonisation was made in 1825 by a company formed in London. An expedition was sent out under the command of Captain Herd, who bought two islands in the Hauraki Gulf and a strip of land at Hokianga. The attempt, however, was a failure, owing to the savage character of the inhabitants. In consequence of frequent visits of whaling-vessels to the Bay of Islands, a settlement grew up at Kororareka — now called Russell—and in 1833 Mr. Busby was appointed British Resident there. A number of Europeans gradually settled in different parts of the country, and married Native women.

In 1838 a colonisation company, known as the New Zealand Company, was formed to establish settlement on systematic principles. A preliminary expedition, under the command of Colonel William Wakefield, was despatched from England on the 12th May, 1839, and arrived in New Zealand in the following August. Having purchased land from the Natives, Colonel Wakefield selected the shore of Port Nicholson, in Cook Strait, as the site of the first settlement. On the 22nd January, 1840, the first body of immigrants arrived, and founded the town of Wellington. About the same time —namely, on the 29th January, 1840 — Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands, empowered, with the consent of the Natives, to proclaim the sovereignty of Queen Victoria over the Islands of New Zealand, and to assume the government thereof. A compact called the Treaty of Waitangi, to which in less than six months five hundred and twelve names were affixed, was entered into, whereby all rights and powers of sovereignty were ceded to the Queen, all territorial rights being secured to the chiefs and their tribes. New Zealand was then constituted a dependency of the Colony of New South Wales, but on the 3rd May, 1841, was proclaimed a separate colony. The seat of Government had been previously established at Waitemata (Auckland), round which a settlement was formed.

The New Zealand Company having decided to form another settlement, to which the name of “Nelson” was to be given, despatched a preliminary expedition from England in April, 1841, for the purpose of selecting a site. The spot chosen was the head of Blind Bay, where a settlement was established. About the same time a number of pioneers arrived in Taranaki, despatched thither by the New Plymouth Company, a colonising society which had been formed in England, and had bought 50,000 acres of land from the New Zealand Company.

The next important event in the progress of colonisation was the arrival at Port Chalmers, on the 23rd March, 1848, of the first of two emigrant ships sent out by the Otago Association for the foundation of a settlement by persons belonging to or in sympathy with the Free Church of Scotland.

In 1849 the “Canterbury Association for founding a Settlement in New Zealand” was incorporated. On the 16th December, 1850, the first emigrant ship despatched by the association arrived at Port Cooper, and the work of opening up the adjoining country was set about in a systematic fashion, the intention of the promoters being to establish a settlement complete in itself, and composed entirely of members of the then United Church of England and Ireland.

THE MAORIS

Prior to the colonisation of New Zealand by Europeans, the earliest navigators and explorers found a race of people already inhabiting both Islands. Papers written in 1874 by Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Fox and Sir Donald McLean (then Native Minister) state that at what time the discovery of these Islands was made by the Maoris, or from what place they came, are matters of tradition only, and that much has been lost in the obscurity enveloping the history of a people without letters. Nor is there anything on record respecting the origin of the Maori people themselves, beyond the general tradition of the Polynesian race, which seems to show a series of successive migrations from west to east, probably by way of Malaysia to the Pacific. Little more can now be gathered from their traditions than that they were immigrants, and that they probably found inhabitants on the east coast of the North Island belonging to the same race as themselves—the descendants of a prior migration, whose history is lost. The tradition runs that, generations ago, the Maoris dwelt in a country named Hawaiki, and that one of their chiefs, after a long voyage, reached the northern island of New Zealand. Returning to his home with a flattering description of the country he had discovered, this chief, it is said, persuaded a number of his kinsfolk and friends, who were much harassed by war, to set out with a fleet of double canoes for the new land. The names of most of the canoes are still remembered, and each tribe agrees in its account of the doings of the people of the principal canoes after their arrival in New Zealand; and from these traditional accounts the descent of the numerous tribes has been traced. Calculations, based on the genealogical staves kept by the tohungas, or priests, and on the well-authenticated traditions of the people, indicate that about twenty-one generations have passed since the migration, which may therefore be assumed to have taken place about five hundred and twenty-five years ago. The position of the legendary Hawaiki is unknown, but many places in the South Seas have been thus named in memory of the motherland. The Maoris speak a very pure dialect of the Polynesian language, the common tongue, with more or less variation, in all the eastern Pacific islands. When Captain Cook first visited New Zealand he availed himself of the services of a Native from Tahiti, whose speech was easily understood by the Maoris. In this way much information respecting the early history of the country and its inhabitants was obtained which could not have otherwise been had.

For results of recent researches as to probable origin and present numbers of the Maoris, see Year-book for 1901.

BOUNDARIES AND AREA

The Proclamation of Captain Hobson on the 30th January, 1840, gave as the boundaries of the colony the following degrees of latitude and longitude: On the north, 34° 30' S. lat.; on the south, 47° 10' S. lat.; on the east, 179° O' E. long.; on the west, 166° 5' E. long. These limits excluded small portions of the extreme north of the North Island and of the extreme south of Stewart Island.

In April, 1842, by Royal Letters Patent, and again by the Imperial Act 26 and 27 Vict., c. 23 (1863), the boundaries of the colony were altered so as to extend from 33° to 53° of south latitude and from 162° of east longitude to 173° of west longitude. By Proclamation bearing date the 21st July, 1887, the Kermadec Islands, lying between the 29th and 32nd degrees of south latitude and the 177th and 180th degrees of west longitude, were declared to be annexed to and to become part of the Colony of New Zealand.

By Proclamation bearing date the 10th June, 1901, the Cook Group of islands, and all the other islands and territories situate within the boundary-lines mentioned in the following Schedule, were included in the Colony of New Zealand:—

A line commencing at a point at the intersection of the twenty-third degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-fifty-sixth degree of longitude west of Greenwich, and proceeding due north to the point of intersection of the eighth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-fifty-sixth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due west to the point of intersection of the eighth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-sixty-seventh degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due south to the point of intersection of the seventeenth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-sixty-seventh degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due west to the point of intersection of the seventeenth degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-seventieth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; thence due south to the point of intersection of the twenty-third degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-seventieth degree of longitude west of Greenwich; and thence due east to-the point of intersection of the twenty-third degree of south latitude and the one-hundred-and-fifty-sixth degree of longitude west of Greenwich.

The following now constitute the Colony of New Zealand:—

  1. The island commonly known as the North Island, with its adjacent islets, having an aggregate area of 44,468 square miles, or 28,459,520 acres.

  2. The island known as the Middle Island, with adjacent islets, having an aggregate area of 58,525 square miles, or 37,456,000 acres.

  3. Stewart Island, and adjacent islets, having an area of 665 square miles, or 425,390 acres.

  4. The Chatham Islands, situate 536 miles eastward of Lyttelton in the Middle Island, with an area of 375 square miles, or 239,920 acres.

  5. The Auckland Islands, about 200 miles south of Stewart Island, extending about 30 miles from north to south, and nearly 15 from east to west, the area being 210,650 acres.

  6. The Campbell Islands, in latitude 52° 33' south, and longitude 169° 8' west, about 30 miles in circumference, with an area of 45,440 acres.

  7. The Antipodes Islands, about 458 miles in a south-easterly direction from Port Chalmers, in the Middle Island. These are detached rocky islands, and extend over a distance of between 4 and 5 miles from north to south. Area, 12,960 acres.

  8. The Bounty Islands, a small group of islets, thirteen in number, lying north of the Antipodes Islands, and about 415 miles in an east-south-easterly direction from Port Chalmers. Area, 3,300 acres.

  9. The Kermadec Islands, a group lying about 614 miles to the north-east of Russell, in the Bay of Islands. Raoul, or Sunday Island, the largest of these, is about 20 miles in circuit. The next in size is Macaulay Island, about 3 miles round. Area of the group, 8,208 acres.

  10. Islands forming the Cook Group:—

    Rarotonga.—Distance from Auckland, 1,638 miles; circumference, 20 miles; height, 2,920 ft.

    Mangaia. — Distance from Rarotonga, 116 miles; circumference, 30 miles; height, 656 ft.

    Atiu.—Distance from Rarotonga, 116 miles: circumference, 20 miles height, 374 ft.

    Aitutaki. — Distance from Rarotonga, 140 miles; circumference, 12 miles; height, 366 ft.

    Mauke.—Distance from Rarotonga, 150 miles; circumference, 6 miles height, about 60 ft.

    Mitiaro.—Distance from Rarotonga, 140 miles; circumference, 5 miles; height, about 50 ft.

    Takutea.—Distant from Rarotonga, 125 miles.

    The Herveys (Manuae and Aoutu).—Distant from Rarotonga, 120 miles;

    Total area of above Group, 150 square miles.

  11. Islands outside the Cook Group:—

    Savage or Niue.—Distance from Rarotonga, 580 miles; circumference, 40 miles; height, 200 ft.; area, about 100 square miles.

    Palmerston.—Distance from Rarotonga, 273 miles; an atoll, 4 miles by 2 miles.

    Penrhyn, or Tongareva.—Distance 735 miles from Rarotonga; an atoll, 12 miles by 7 miles.

    Humphrey, or Manahiki.—Distance from Rarotonga, 650 miles; an atoll, 6 miles by 5 miles.

    Rierson, or Rakaanga.—Distance from Rarotonga, 670 miles; an atoll, 3 miles by 3 miles.

    Danger, or Pukapuka.—Distance from Rarotonga, 700 miles; an atoll, 3 miles by 3 miles.

    Suwarrow.—Distance from Rarotonga, 530 miles; an atoll.

    Total area of islands outside the Cook Group, 130 square miles.

The total area of the colony is thus about 104,751 square miles, of which the aggregate area of the outlying groups of islands that are practically useless for settlement amounts to about 498 square miles.

Area of the Commonwealth States of Australia

The areas of the several Australian States, as stated by different authorities, vary considerably. The total area of the Australian Continent is given as 2,944,628 square miles, according to a computation made by the late Surveyor-General of Victoria, Mr. J. A. Skene, from a map of Continental Australia compiled and engraved under his direction; but the following areas are taken from the latest official records of each colony:—

 Square Miles.
Queensland668,497
New South Wales310,700
Victoria87,884
South Australia903,690
Western Australia975,920
Total, Continent of Australia2,946,691
Tasmania26,215
Total, Commonwealth of Australia2,972,906

The size of these States (with New Zealand) may be better realised by comparison of their areas with those of European countries. The areas of the following countries—Austria-Hungary, Germany, France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Portugal, Spain, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Switzerland, Greece Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, Eastern Roumelia, and Turkey' in Europe—containing on the whole rather less than 1,600,000 square miles, amount to little more than half the extent of the Australian Continent. If the area of Russia in Europe be added to those of the other countries the total would be about one-seventh larger than the Australian Continent, and about one-twelfth larger than the Australian States, with New Zealand.

Area of the Colony of New Zealand

The area of the Colony of New Zealand is about one-seventh less than the area of Great Britain and Ireland, the Middle Island of New Zealand being a little larger than the combined areas of England and Wales.

United Kingdom.Area in Square Miles.
England and Wales58,311
Scotland30,463
Ireland32,531
Total121,305
New ZealandArea in Square Miles
North Island44,468
Middle Island58,525
Stewart Island665
Chatham Islands375
Other islands718
Total104,751

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE NORTH ISLAND

The North Island extends over a little more than seven degrees of latitude, a distance in a direct line from north to south of 430 geographical or 498 statute miles; but, as the northern portion of the colony, which covers more than three degrees of latitude, treads to the westward, the distance in a straight line from the North Cape to Cape Palliser, the extreme northerly and southerly points of the island, is about 515 statute miles.

This Island is, as a whole, hilly, and in parts mountainous in character, but there are large areas of plain or comparatively level country that are, or by clearing may be made, available for agricultural purposes. Of these, the principal are the plains in Hawke's Bay on the east coast, the Wairarapa Plain in the Wellington District, and a strip of country along the west coast, about 250 miles in length, extending from a point about thirty miles from the City of Wellington to a little north of New Plymouth. The largest plain in the North Island, Kaingaroa, extends from the shore of Lake Taupo in a north-north-easterly direction to the sea-coast in the Bay of Plenty; but a great part of it is covered with pumicesand, and is unfit for tillage or pasture. There are several smaller plains and numerous valleys suitable for agriculture. The level or undulating country in this Island fit, or capable of being made fit, for agriculture has been roughly estimated at 13,000,000 acres. This includes lands now covered with standing forest and swamps that can be drained; also large areas of clay-marl and pumice-covered land. The clay-marl in its natural state is cold and uninviting to the farmer, but under proper drainage and cultivation it can be brought to a high state of productiveness. This kind of land is generally neglected at the present time, as settlers prefer soils more rapidly remunerative and less costly to work. The larger portion of the North Island was originally covered with forest. Although the area of bush land is still very great, yet year by year the amount is being reduced, chiefly to meet the requirements of settlement, the trees being cut down and burnt, and grass-seed sown on the ashes to create pasture. Hilly as the country is, yet from the nature of the climate it is especially suited for the growth of English grasses, which will flourish wherever there is any soil, however steep the land may be; once laid down in grass very little of the land is too poor to supply food for cattle and sheep. The area of land in the North Island deemed purely pastoral or capable of being made so, while too steep for agricultural purposes, is estimated at 14,200,000 acres. In the centre of the Island is a lake, about twenty miles across either way, called Taupo. A large area adjacent to the lake is at present worthless pumice country. The Waikato River, the largest in the North Island, flows out of the north-eastern corner of this lake, and runs thence north-westward until it enters the ocean a little distance south of the Manukau Harbour. This river is navigable for small steamers for about a hundred miles from its mouth. The Maori King-country, occupied by Natives who for several years isolated themselves from Europeans, lies between Lake Taupo and the western coast. The River Thames, or Waihou, having its sources north of Lake Taupo, flows northward into the Firth of Thames. It is navigable for about fifty miles, but only for small steamers. The other navigable rivers in this island are the Wairoa (Kaipara), the Wanganui, and the Manawatu, the two last of which flow towards the south-west into Cook Strait.

The mountains in the North Island are estimated to occupy about one-tenth of the surface, and do not exceed 4,000 ft. in height, with the exception of a few volcanic mountains that are more lofty. Of these, the three following are the most important:—

  1. The Tongariro Mountain, situated to the southward of Lake Taupo. It consists of a group of distinct volcanic cones, the lava-streams from which have so overlapped in their descent as to form one compact mountain-mass at the base. The highest of these cones is called Ngauruhoe, and attains an elevation of 7,515 ft. The craters of Ngauruhoe, the Red Crater (6,140 ft.), and Te Mari (4,990 ft.) are the three vents from which the latest discharges of lava have taken place, the most recent having occurred in 1868. These craters are still active, steam and vapour issuing from them with considerable force and noise, the vapours, charged with pungent gases and acids, making it dangerous to approach too near the crater-lips.

  2. Ruapehu. This mountain lies to the south of Ngauruhoe and Tongariro. It is a volcanic cone in the solfatara stage, and reaches the height of 9,008 ft., being in part considerably above the line of perpetual snow. The most remarkable feature of this mountain is the crater lake on its summit, which is subject to slight and intermittent eruptions, giving rise to vast quantities of steam. In March, 1895, such an eruption took place, forming a few hot springs on the margin of the lake, and increasing the heat in the lake itself. This lake lies at the bottom of a funnel-shaped crater, the steep sides of which are mantled with ice and snow. The water occupies a circular basin about 500 ft. in diameter, some 300 ft. below the enclosing peaks, and is quite inaccessible except by the use of ropes. This lake, and the three craters previously mentioned on Tongariro, are all in one straight line, which, if produced, would pass through the boiling springs at Tokaanu on the southern margin of Lake Taupo, the volcanic country north-east of that lake, and White Island, an active volcano in the Bay of Plenty, situated about twenty-seven miles from the mainland.

  3. Mount Egmont. This is an extinct volcanic cone, rising to a height of 8,260 ft. The upper part is always covered with snow. This mountain is situated close to New Plymouth, and is surrounded by one of the most fertile districts in New Zealand. Rising from the plains in solitary grandeur, it is an object of extreme beauty, the cone being one of the most perfect in the world.

It is estimated that the area of mountain-tops and barren country at too high an altitude for sheep, and therefore worthless for pastoral purposes, amounts, in the North Island, to 300,000 acres.

Without a doubt the hot springs form the most remarkable feature of the North Island. They are found over a large area, extending from Tongariro, south of Lake Taupo, to Ohaeawai, in the extreme north—a distance of some 300 miles; but the principal seat of hydrothermal action appears to be in the neighbourhood of Lake Rotorua, about forty miles north-north-east from Lake Taupo. By the destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces and of Lake Rotomahana during the eruption of Mount Tarawera on the 10th June, 1886, the neighbourhood has been deprived of attractions unique in character and of unrivalled beauty; but the natural features of the country — the numerous lakes, geysers, and hot springs, some of which possess remarkable curative properties in certain complaints—are still very attractive to tourists and invalids. The world-wide importance of conserving this region as a sanatorium for all time has been recognised by the Government, and it is now dedicated by Act of Parliament to that purpose.

Notwithstanding the length of coast-line, good harbours in the North Island are not numerous. Those on the west coast north of New Plymouth are bar harbours, unsuitable for large vessels. The principal harbours are the Waitemata Harbour, on which Auckland is situated—this is rather a deep estuary than a harbour; several excellent havens in the northern peninsula; and Port Nicholson, on the borders of which Wellington is situated. This is a landlocked harbour, about six miles across, having a comparatively narrow but deep entrance from the ocean. The water is deep nearly throughout.

The Cape Colville Peninsula is rich in gold-bearing quartz.

COOK STRAIT

Cook Strait separates the North and Middle Islands. It is some sixteen miles across at its narrowest part, but in the widest about ninety. The strait is invaluable for the purpose of traffic between different parts of the colony.

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE MIDDLE ISLAND

The extreme length of the Middle Island, from Jackson's Head, in Cook Strait, to Puysegur Point, at the extreme south-west, is about 525 statute miles; the greatest distance across at any point is in Otago (the southernmost) District, about 180 miles.

The Middle Island is intersected along almost its entire length by a range of mountains known as the Southern Alps. Some of the summits reach a height of from 10,000 ft. to 12,000 ft., Mount Cook, the highest peak, rising to 12,349 ft.

In the south, in the neighbourhood of the sounds and Lake Te Anau, there are many magnificent peaks, which, though not of great height, are, owing to their latitude, nearly all crowned with perpetual ice and snow. Further north the mountains increase in height—Mount Earnslaw, at Lake Wakatipu; and Mount Aspiring, which has been aptly termed the New Zealand Matterhorn, 9,949 ft. in height, at Lake Wanaka. Northward of this again are Mount Cook (or Aorangi), Mount Sefton, and other magnificent peaks.

For beauty and grandeur of scenery the Southern Alps of New Zealand may worthily compare with, while in point of variety they are said actually to surpass, the Alps of Switzerland. In New Zealand few of the mountains have been scaled; many of the peaks and most of the glaciers are as yet unnamed; and there is still, in parts of the Middle Island, a fine field for exploration and discovery—geographical, geological, and botanical. The wonders of the Southern Alps are only beginning to be known; but the more they are known the more they are appreciated. The snow-line in New Zealand being so much lower than in Switzerland, the scenery, though the mountains are not quite so high, is of surpassing grandeur.

There are extensive glaciers on both sides of the range, those on the west being of exceptional beauty, as, from the greater abruptness of the mountain-slopes on that side, they descend to within about 700 ft. of the sea-level, and into the midst of the evergreen forest. The largest glaciers on either side of the range are easily accessible.

The following gives the sizes of some of the glaciers on the eastern slope:—

Name.Area of Glacier.Length of Glacier.Greatest Width.Average Width.
 Acres.Miles ch.Miles ch.Miles ch.
Tasman13,66418 02 141 15
Murchison5,80010 701 50 66
Godley5,3128 01 551 3
Mueller3,2008 00 610 50
Hooker2,4167 250 540 41

The Alletsch Glacier in Switzerland, according to Ball, in the “Alpine Guide,” has an average width of one mile. It is in length and width inferior to the Tasman Glacier.

Numerous sounds or fiords penetrate the south-western coast. They are long, narrow, and deep (the depth of water at the upper part of Milford Sound is 1,270 ft., although at the entrance only 130 ft.), surrounded by giant mountains clothed with foliage to the snow-line, with waterfalls, glaciers, and snowfields at every turn. Some of the mountains rise almost precipitously from the water's edge to 5,000 ft. and 6,000 ft. above the sea. Near Milford, the finest of these sounds, is the great Sutherland Waterfall, 1,904 ft. high.

The general surface of the northern portion of the Middle Island, comprising the Provincial Districts of Nelson and Marlborough, is mountainous, but the greater part is suitable for grazing purposes. There are some fine valleys and small plains suitable for agriculture, of which the Wairau Valley or Plain is the largest. Deep sounds, extending for many miles, break the coast-line abutting on Cook Strait. The City of Nelson is situated at the head of Blind Bay, which has a depth inwards from Cook Strait of about forty statute miles.

The Provincial District of Canterbury lies to the south of the Marlborough District, and on the eastern side of the Island. Towards the north the land is undulating; then there is a stretch of almost perfectly level country extending towards the south-west 160 miles, after which, on the south, the country is undulating as far as the borders of the Otago District. On the east a block of hill country rises abruptly from the plain and extends for some miles seaward. This is Banks Peninsula, containing several good harbours, the principal being Port Cooper, on the north, on which is situated Lyttelton, the chief port of the district: the harbour of Akaroa, one of the finest in the colony, is on the southern coast of this peninsula.

The District of Otago is, on the whole, mountainous, but has many fine plains and valleys suitable for tillage. The mountains, except towards the west coast, are generally destitute of timber, and suitable for grazing sheep. There are goldfields of considerable extent in the interior of this district. The inland lakes are also very remarkable features. Lake Wakatipu extends over fifty-four miles in length, but its greatest width is not more than four miles, and its area only 114 square miles. It is 1,070 ft. above sea-level, and has a depth varying from 1,170 ft. to 1,296 ft. Te Anau Lake is somewhat larger, having an area of 132 square miles. These lakes are bounded on the west by broken, mountainous, and wooded country, extending to the ocean.

The chief harbours in Otago are Port Chalmers, at the head of which Dunedin is situated, and the Bluff Harbour, at the extreme south.

The District of Westland, extending along the west coast of the Middle Island, abreast of Canterbury, is more or less auriferous throughout. The western slopes of the central range of mountains are clothed with forest trees to the snow-line; but on the eastern side timber is scarce, natural grasses covering the ground.

The rivers in the Middle Island are for the most part mountain-torrents, fed by glaciers in the principal mountain-ranges. When the snow melts they rise in flood, forming, where not confined by rocky walls, beds of considerable width, generally covered by enormous deposits of shingle. The largest river in the colony as regards volume of water is the Clutha. It is 154 miles in length, but is only navigable for boats or small river-steamers for about thirty miles. The Rivers Buller, Grey, and Hokitika, on the west coast, are navigable for a short distance from their mouths. They form the only ports in the Westland District. In their unimproved state they admitted, owing to the bars at their mouths, none but vessels of small draught; but, in consequence of the importance of the Grey and Buller Rivers as the sole ports available for the coal-export trade, large harbour-works have been undertaken, resulting in the deepening of the beds of these rivers, and giving a depth of from 18 ft. to 26 ft. of water on the bar.

The area of level or undulating land in the Middle Island available for agriculture is estimated at about 15,000,000 acres. About 13,000,000 are suitable for pastoral purposes only, or may become so when cleared of forest and sown with grass-seed. The area of barren land and mountain-tops is estimated at about 9,000,000 acres.

STEWART ISLAND

Foveaux Strait separates the Middle from Stewart Island. This last island has an area of only 425,390 acres.

Stewart Island is a great tourist resort during the summer months, and is easily reached by steamer from the Bluff, distant about 25 miles.

The principal peak is Mount Anglem, 3,200 ft. above sea-level, which has an extinct crater at its summit. Most of the island is rugged and forest-clad; the climate is mild, frost being seldom experienced; and the soil, when cleared of bush, is fertile.

The chief attractions are the numerous bays and fiords. Paterson Inlet is a magnificent sheet of water, about ten miles by four miles, situated close to Half-moon Bay, the principal port, where over two hundred people live. Horseshoe Bay and Port William are within easy reach of Half-moon Bay. Port Pegasus, a land-locked sheet of water about eight miles by a mile and a half, is a very fine harbour. At “The Neck” (Paterson Inlet) there is a Native settlement of Maoris and half-castes. The bush is generally very dense, with thick undergrowth. Rata, black-pine, white-pine, miro, and totara are the principal timber trees. Fish are to be had in great abundance and variety; oysters form an important industry. Wild pigeons, ducks, and mutton-birds are plentiful.

THE OUTLYING ISLANDS

The outlying group of the CHATHAM ISLANDS, 480 statute miles east-south-east from Wellington, and 536 miles eastward of Lyttelton, consists of two principal islands and several unimportant islets. The largest island contains about 222,490 acres, of which an irregular-shaped lake or lagoon absorbs 45,960 acres. About one-quarter of the surface of the land is covered with forest, the rest with fern or grass. The hills nowhere rise to a great height. Pitt Island is the next in size; the area is 15,330 acres. The greater portion of both islands is used for grazing sheep.

The KERMADEC GROUP of islands, four in number, is situated between 29° 10' and 31° 30' south latitude, and between 177° 45' and 179° west longitude. They are named Raoul or Sunday Island, Macaulay Island, Curtis Islands, and L'Espérance or French Rock. The principal island, Sunday, is 600 miles distant from Auckland. The islands are volcanic, and in two of them signs of activity are still to be seen. The rainfall is plentiful, but not excessive. The climate is mild and equable, and slightly warmer than the north of New Zealand. The following are the areas of the islands and islets of the group: Sunday Island, 7,200 acres; Herald group of islets, 85 acres; Macaulay Island, 764 acres; Curtis Islands, 128 acres and 19 acres; L'Espérance, 12 acres: total, 8,208 acres. Sunday Island is twenty miles in circumference, roughly triangular in shape, and at the highest point 1,723 ft. above the sea-level. It is rugged and broken over a very large extent of its surface, and, except in a few places, covered with forest. The soil everywhere on the island is very rich, being formed by the decomposition of a dark-coloured pumiceous tuff and a black andesitic lava, with which is closely mixed a fine vegetable mould. The great luxuriance and richness of the vegetation bear witness to the excellence of the soil, which is everywhere—except where destroyed by eruptions, and on the steep cliffs—the same rich loam. Want of water is one of the drawbacks. Three of the four lakes on the island are fresh, but so difficult of approach as to be practically useless.

MAP SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF NEW ZEALAND WITH THE ANNEXED PACIFIC ISLANDS.

The AUCKLAND ISLANDS are about 290 miles south of Bluff Harbour, their position being given on the Admiralty chart as latitude 50° 31' 29” S., and longitude 166° 19' 12” E. They have several good harbours. Port Ross, at the north end of the principal island, was described by the eminent French commander, D'Urville, as one of the best harbours of refuge in the known world. At the southern end of the island there is a through passage extending from the east to the west coast. It has been variously named Adams Strait and Carnley Harbour, and forms a splendid sheet of water. The largest of the islands is about 27 miles long by about 15 miles broad, and is very mountainous, the highest part being about 2,000 ft. above the sea. The west coast is bold and precipitous, but the east coast has several inlets. The wood on the island is, owing to the strong prevailing wind, scrubby in character. The New Zealand Government maintains at this island a depot of provisions and clothing for the use of shipwrecked mariners.

The COOK ISLANDS, with others now included within the extended boundaries of the colony, are as under:*

*See Part IV, “Notes on Annexed Islands” following descriptions of land districts.

RAROTONGA (Cook Group): A magnificent island, rising to a height of 3,000 ft., clothed to the tops of the mountains with splendid vegetation. It has abundant streams, considerable tracts of sloping land, and rich alluvial valleys. The two harbours are poor.

MANGAIA, the south-easternmost of the Cook Group, is of volcanic origin, and about thirty miles in circumference. The productions, which are numerous and cheap, are obtained by assiduous labour.

ATIU (Cook Group) resembles Mangaia in appearance and extent. It is a mere bank of coral, 10 ft. or 12 ft. high, steep and rugged, except where there are small sandy beaches and some clefts, where the ascent is gradual.

AITUTAKI (Cook Group) presents a most fruitful appearance, its shores being bordered by flat land, on which are innumerable cocoanut and other trees, the higher ground being beautifully interspersed with lawns. It is eighteen miles in circuit.

MAUKE or Parry Island (Cook Group) is a low island; it is about two miles in diameter, well wooded, and inhabited.

MITIARO (Cook Group) is a low island, from three to four miles long and one mile wide.

HERVEY ISLANDS (Cook Group): This group consists of two islands, surrounded by a reef, which may be 10 1/2 miles in circumference.

NIUE, or Savage Island, lying east of the Friendly Islands, is a coral island, thirty-six miles in circumference, rising to a height of 200 ft. It has the usual tropical productions.

PALMERSTON ISLAND, lying about 500 miles east of Niue and about 220 from the nearest island of the Cook Group (Aitutaki), is remarkable as the “San Pablo” of Magellan, the first island discovered in the South Sea. It has no harbour. The soil is fairly fertile, and there is some good hardwood timber.

PENRHYN ISLAND (Tongareva) lies about 300 miles north-east of Manahiki. It is one of the most famous pearl islands in the Pacific, and there is a splendid harbour, a lagoon with two entrances, fit for ships of any size.

MANAHIKI, lying about 400 miles eastward of Danger Island, is an atoll, about thirty miles in circumference, valuable from the extent of the cocoanut groves. The interior lagoon contains a vast deposit of pearl-shell.

RAKAANGA is an atoll, three miles in length and of equal breadth.

DANGER ISLAND (Pukapuka): Next to the 10th parallel, but rather north of the latitude of the Navigators, and east of them are a number of small atolls. Of these, the nearest to the Samoan Group—about 500 miles—is Danger Island, bearing north-west of Suwarrow about 250 miles.

SUWARROW ISLAND has one of the best harbours in the Pacific. It lies about 500 miles east of Apia, the capital of the Samoan Group. It is a coral atoll, of a triangular form, fifty miles in circumference, the reef having an average width of half a mile across, enclosing a land-locked lagoon twelve miles by eight, which forms an excellent harbour. The entrance is half a mile wide, and the accommodation permits of ships riding in safety in all weathers, with depths of from three to thirty fathoms. It is out of the track of hurricanes, uninhabited, but capable by its fertility of supporting a small population. As a depot for the collection of trade from the various islands it ought to be very valuable.

CONSTITUTION

British sovereignty was proclaimed over New Zealand in January, 1840, and the country became a dependency of New South Wales until the 3rd May, 1841, when it was made a separate colony. The seat of Government was at Auckland, and the Executive included the Governor, and three gentlemen holding office as Colonial Secretary, Attorney-General, and Colonial Treasurer.

The successors of these gentlemen, appointed in August, 1841, May, 1842, and January, 1844, respectively, continued in office until the establishment of Responsible Government on the 7th May, 1856. Only one of them—Mr. Swainson, the Attorney-General—sat as a member of the first General Assembly, opened on the 27th May, 1854. During the session of that year there were associated with the permanent members of the Executive Council certain members of the General Assembly. These latter held no portfolios.

The Government of the colony was at first vested in the Governor, who was responsible only to the Crown; but in 1852 an Act granting representative institutions to the colony was passed by the Imperial Legislature. Under it the constitution of a General Assembly for the whole colony was provided for, to consist of a Legislative Council, the members of which were to be nominated by the Governor, and of an elective House of Representatives. The first session of the General Assembly was opened on the 27th May, 1854, but the members of the Executive were not responsible to Parliament. The first Ministers under a system of Responsible Government were appointed in the year 1856. By the Act of 1852 the colony was divided into six provinces, each to be presided over by an elective Superintendent, and to have an elective Provincial Council, empowered to legislate, except on certain specified subjects. The franchise amounted practically to household suffrage. In each case the election was for four years, but a dissolution of the Provincial Council by the Governor could take place at any time, necessitating a fresh election both of the Council and of the Superintendent. The Superintendent was chosen by the whole body of electors of the province; each member of the Provincial Council by the electors of a district. The Provincial Governments, afterwards increased to nine, remained as integral parts of the Constitution of the colony until the 1st November, 1876, when they were abolished by an Act of the General Assembly, that body having been vested with the power of altering the Constitution Act. On the same day an Act of the General Assembly which subdivided the colony (exclusive of the areas included within municipalities) into counties, and established a system of local county government, came into force.

GOVERNMENT

The Governor is appointed by the King. His salary is £5,000 a year, with an annual allowance of £1,500 on account of his establishment, and of £500 for travelling-expenses, provided by the colony.

Members of the Legislative Council hold their seats under writs of summons from the Governor. Till the year 1891 the appointments were for life; but in September of that year an Act was passed making appointments after that time tenable for seven years only, though Councillors may be reappointed. In either case seats may be vacated by resignation or extended absence. One member of the Council is an aboriginal Native chief.

The members of the House of Representatives are elected for three years from the time of each general election; but at any time a dissolution of Parliament by the Governor may render a general election necessary. Four of the members are representatives of Native constituencies. For the purposes of European representation the colony is divided into seventy-six electoral districts, each returning one member. The full number of members composing the House of Representatives is thus eighty. Members of the House of Representatives are chosen by the votes of the inhabitants in every electoral district appointed for that purpose. No person who, being a bankrupt within the meaning of “The Bankruptcy Act, 1892,” has not obtained an order of discharge under that Act shall be qualified to be nominated as a candidate for election, or to be elected, or to take his seat as a member of the House of Representatives, anything in any other Act to the contrary notwithstanding.

In 1889 an amendment of the Representation Act was passed, which contained a provision prohibiting any elector from giving his vote in respect of more than one electorate at any election. “The Electoral Act, 1893,” extended to women of both races the right to register as electors, and to vote at the elections for members of the House of Representatives. The qualification for registration is the same for both sexes. No person is entitled to be registered on more than one electoral roll within the colony. Women are not qualified to be elected as members of the House of Representatives. The electoral laws are the subject of special comment further on in this work. Every man registered as an elector, and not specially excepted by the Electoral Act now in force, is qualified to be elected a member of the House of Representatives for any electoral district. For European representation every adult person, if resident one year in the colony and three months in one electoral district, can be registered as an elector. Freehold property of the value of £25 held for six months preceding the day of registration until 1896 entitled a man or woman to register, if not previously registered under the residential qualification; but the Amendment Act of 1896 abolished the property qualification (except in case of existing registrations), and residence alone now entitles a man or woman to have his or her name placed upon an electoral roll. For Maori representation every adult Maori resident in any Maori electoral district (of which there are four only in the colony) can vote. Registration is not required in Native districts. [The above provisions are now incorporated in “The Electoral Act, 1905,” which consolidates the electoral laws, with such amendments as were found necessary.]

THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT

Up to the year 1865 the seat of Government of New Zealand was at Auckland. Several attempts were made by members of Parliament, by motions in the Legislative Council and House of Representatives, to have it removed to some more central place; but it was not until November, 1863, that Mr. Domett (the then ex-Premier) was successful in carrying resolutions in the House of Representatives that steps should be taken for appointing some place in Cook Strait as the permanent seat of Government in the colony. The resolutions adopted were: “(1.) That it has become necessary that the seat of Government in the colony should be transferred to some suitable locality in Cook Strait. (2.) That, in order to promote the accomplishment of this object, it is desirable that the selection of the particular site in Cook Strait should be left to the arbitrament of an impartial tribunal. (3.) That, with this view, a Bill should be introduced to give effect to the above resolutions.” On the 25th November an address was presented to the Governor, Sir George Grey, K.C.B., by the Commons of New Zealand, requesting that the Governors of the Colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania, might each be asked to appoint one Commissioner for the purpose of determining the best site in Cook Strait. Accordingly, the Hon. Joseph Docker, M.L.C., New South Wales; the Hon. Sir Francis Murphy, Speaker of the Legislative Council, Victoria; and R. C. Gunn, Esq., Tasmania, were appointed Commissioners.

These gentlemen, having made a personal inspection of all suitable places, arrived at the unanimous decision “that Wellington, in Port Nicholson, was the site upon the shores of Cook Strait which presented the greatest advantages for the administration of the government of the colony.”

The seat of Government was, therefore, in accordance with the recommendation of the Commissioners, removed to Wellington in February, 1865.

PUBLIC WORKS

Nearly all the public works of New Zealand are in the hands of the Government of the colony, and in the early days they simply kept pace with the spread of settlement. In 1870, however, a great impetus was given to the progress of the whole country by the inauguration of the “Public Works and Immigration Policy,” which provided for carrying out works in advance of settlement. Railways, roads, and water-races were constructed, and immigration was conducted on a large scale. As a consequence, the population increased from 267,000 in 1871 to 501,000 in 1881, and to 908,718 in December, 1906; besides whom there were 47,731 Maoris, and also 12,340 persons residing in the Cook and other Pacific Islands within the extended boundaries of the colony.

Chapter 2. SUCCESSIVE GOVERNORS.

SUCCESSION OF GOVERNORS OF NEW ZEALAND, AND THE DATES ON WHICH THEY ASSUMED AND RETIRED FROM THE GOVERNMENT

Captain William Hobson, R.N., from Jan., 1840, to 10 Sept., 1842.

[British sovereignty was proclaimed by Captain Hobson in January, 1840, and New Zealand became a dependency of the Colony of New South Wales until 3rd May, 1841, at which date it was proclaimed a separate colony. From January, 1840, to May, 1841, Captain Hobson was Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand under Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales, and from May, 1841, Governor of New Zealand; the seat of Government being at Auckland, where he died in September, 1842. From the time of Governor Hobson's death, in September, 1842, until the arrival of Governor Fitzroy, in December, 1843, the Government was carried on by the Colonial Secretary, Lieutenant Shortland.]

Lieutenant Shortland, Administrator, from 10 Sept., 1842, to 26 Dec., 1843.

Captain Robert Fitzroy, R.N., from 26 Dec., 1843, to 17 Nov., 1845.

Captain Grey (became Sir George Grey, K.C.B., in 1848), from 18 Nov., 1845, to 31 Dec., 1853.

[Captain Grey held the commission as Lieutenant-Governor of the colony until the 1st January, 1848, when he was sworn in as Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, and as Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster. After the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act, Sir George Grey was, on the 13th September, 1852, appointed Governor of the colony, the duties of which office he assumed on the 7th March, 1853. In August, 1847, Mr. E. J. Eyre was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster: he was sworn in, 28th January, 1848. On 3rd January, 1848, Major - General George Dean Pitt was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Ulster: he was sworn in, 14th February, 1848; died, 8th January, 1851; and was succeeded as Lieutenant-Governor by Lieutenant - Colonel Wynyard, appointed 14th April, 1851; sworn in, 26th April, 1851. The duties of the Lieutenant-Governor ceased on the assumption by Sir George Grey of the office of Governor, on the 7th March, 1853.]

Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Henry Wynyard, C.B., Administrator, from 3 Jan., 1854, to 6 Sept., 1855.

Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, C.B., from 6 Sept., 1855, to 2 Oct., 1861.

Sir George Grey, K.C.B., Administrator, from 3 Oct., 1861; Governor, from 4 Dec., 1861, to 5 Feb., 1868.

Sir George Ferguson Bowen, G.C.M.G., from 5 Feb., 1868, to 19 Mar., 1873.

Sir George Alfred Arney, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 21 Mar. to 14 June, 1873.

Sir James Fergusson, Baronet, P.C., from 14 June, 1873, to 3 Dec., 1874.

The Marquis of Normanby, P.C., G.C.M.G., Administrator, from 3 Dec., 1874; Governor, from 9 Jan., 1875, to 21 Feb., 1879.

James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 21 Feb. to 27 Mar., 1879.

Sir Hercules George Robert Robinson, G.C.M.G., Administrator, from 27 Mar., 1879; Governor, from 17 April, 1879, to 8 Sept., 1880.

James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 9 Sept. to 29 Nov., 1880.

The Honourable Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, G.C.M.G., from 29 Nov., 1880, to 23 June, 1882.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 24 June, 1882, to 20 Jan., 1883.

Lieutenant - General Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B., from 20 Jan., 1883, to 22 Mar., 1889.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 23 Mar. to 2 May, 1889.

The Earl of Onslow, G.C.M.G., from 2 May, 1889, to 24 Feb., 1892.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 25 Feb., to 6 June, 1892.

The Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G., from 7 June, 1892, to 6 Feb., 1897.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator, from 8 Feb., 1897, to 9 Aug., 1897.

The Earl of Ranfurly, G.C.M.G., from 10 Aug., 1897, to 19 June, 1904.

The Right Honourable William Lee, Baron Plunket, K.C.M.G., from 20 June, 1904.

Chapter 3. SUPREME COURT JUDGES

SUPREME COURT JUDGES, PAST AND PRESENT, WITH DATES OF APPOINTMENT, AND OF RESIGNATION OR DEATH

Sir W. Martin, appointed Chief Justice, 10 Jan., 1842. Resigned, 12 June, 1857.

H. S. Chapman, appointed, 26 Dec., 1843. Held office until March, 1852. Reappointed, 23 Mar., 1864. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

S. Stephen, appointed, 30 July, 1850. Appointed Acting Chief Justice, 20 Oct., 1855. Died, 13 Jan., 1858.

Daniel Wakefield, appointed, Oct., 1855. Died, Oct., 1857.

Hon. H. B. Gresson, appointed temporarily, 8 Dec., 1857. Permanently, 1 July, 1862. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

Sir G. A. Arney, appointed Chief Justice, 1 Mar., 1858. Resigned 31 Mar., 1875.

A. J. Johnston, appointed, 2 Nov., 1858. Died, 1 June, 1888.

C. W. Richmond, appointed, 20 Oct., 1862. Died, 3 Aug., 1895.

J. S. Moore, appointed temporarily, 15 May, 1866. Relieved, 30 June, 1868.

C. D. R. Ward, appointed temporarily, 1 Oct., 1868. Relieved, May, 1870. Appointed temporarily, 21 Sept., 1886. Relieved, 12 Feb., 1889.

Sir J. Prendergast, appointed Chief Justice, 1 April, 1875. Resigned, 25 May, 1899.

T. B. Gillies, appointed, 3 Mar., 1875. Died, 26 July, 1889.

J. S. Williams, appointed, 3 Mar., 1875.

J. E. Denniston, appointed, 11 Feb., 1889.

E. T. Conolly, appointed, 19 Aug., 1889. Resigned, 9 Sept., 1903.

Hon. Sir P. A. Buckley, K.C.M.G., appointed, 20 Dec., 1895. Died, 18 May, 1896.

W. B. Edwards, appointed, 11 July, 1896.

F. W. Pennefather, appointed temporarily, 25 April, 1898. Resigned, 24 April, 1899.

Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., appointed Chief Justice, 22 June, 1899.

J. C. Martin, Acting Judge, appointed, 12 April, 1900. Resigned, 4 Dec., 1900.

Theophilus Cooper, appointed, 21 Feb., 1901.

F. R. Chapman, appointed, 11 Sept., 1903.

C. E. Button, appointed temporarily, 12 March, 1907.

Chapter 4. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, 1843–56

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND PREVIOUS TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT (NOT INCLUDING THE OFFICERS COMMANDING THE FORCES)

Willoughby Shortland, Colonial Secretary, from 3 May, 1841, to 31 Dec., 1843; succeeded by Mr. Sinclair.

Francis Fisher, Attorney-General, from 3 May to 10 Aug., 1841; succeeded by Mr. Swainson.

George Cooper, Colonial Treasurer, from 3 May, 1841, to 9 May, 1842; succeeded by Mr. Shepherd.

William Swainson, Attorney-General, from 10 Aug., 1841, to 7 May, 1856.

Alexander Shepherd, Colonial Treasurer, from 9 May, 1842, to 7 May, 1856.

Andrew Sinclair, Colonial Secretary, from 6 Jan., 1844, to 7 May, 1856.

[The three gentlemen last mentioned were nominated by Her late Majesty as ex officio members of the Executive Council. Two of them, the Colonial Secretary and the Colonial Treasurer, were not members of the General Assembly, opened for the first time 27th May, 1854, but all three remained in office until the establishment of Responsible Government.]

James Edward FitzGerald, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Henry Sewell, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Frederick Aloysius Weld, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Francis Dillon Bell, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 30 June to 11 July, 1854.

Thomas Houghton Bartley, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 14 July to 2 Aug., 1854.

Thomas Spencer Forsaith, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

William Thomas Locke Travers, M.H.R., without portfolio, 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

James Macandrew, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

Chapter 5. PARLIAMENTS

NUMBER OF PARLIAMENTS SINCE THE CONSTITUTION ACT PASSED FOR CONFERRING REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS UPON THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND, WITH THE DATES OF OPENING AND CLOSING OF SESSIONS AND DATES OF DISSOLUTION

Parliament.Date of Opening of Sessions.Date of Prorogation.

* Owing to the death of the Premier, the Hon. J. Ballance, on 27th April, 1893.

† Owing to the death of the Premier, Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.C., on 10th June, 1906.

First (dissolved 15th September, 1855)27 May, 18549 August, 1854.
31 August, 185416 September, 1854.
8 August, 185515 September, 1855.
Second (dissolved 5th November, 1860)15 April, 185616 August, 1856.
(No session in 1857) 
10 April, 185821 August, 1858.
(No session in 1859) 
30 July, 18605 November, 1860.
Third (dissolved 27th January, 1866)3 June, 18617 September, 1861.
7 July, 186215 September, 1862.
19 October, 186314 December, 1863.
24 November 186413 December, 1864.
26 July, 186530 October, 1865.
Fourth (dissolved 30th December, 1870)30 June, 18668 October, 1866.
9 July, 186710 October, 1867.
9 July, 186820 October, 1868.
1 June, 18693 September, 1869.
14 June, 187013 September, 1870.
Fifth (dissolved 6th December, 1875)14 August, 187116 November, 1871.
16 July, 187225 October, 1872.
15 July, 18733 October, 1873.
3 July, 187431 August, 1874.
20 July, 187521 October, 1875.
Sixth (dissolved 15th August, 1879)15 June, 187631 October, 1876.
19 July, 187710 December, 1877.
26 July, 18782 November, 1878.
11 July, 187911 August, 1879.
Seventh (dissolved 8th November, 1881)24 September, 187919 December, 1879.
28 May, 18801 September, 1880.
9 June, 188124 September, 1881.
Eighth (dissolved 27th June, 1884)18 May, 188215 September, 1882.
14 June, 18838 September, 1883.
5 June, 188424 June, 1884.
Ninth (dissolved 15th July, 1887)7 August, 188410 November, 1884.
11 June, 188522 September, 1885.
13 May, 188618 August, 1886.
26 April, 188710 July, 1887.
Tenth (dissolved 3rd October, 1890)6 October, 188723 December, 1887.
10 May, 188831 August, 1888.
20 June, 188919 September, 1889.
19 June, 189018 September, 1890.
Eleventh (dissolved 8th November, 1893)23 January, 189131 January, 1891.
11 June, 189125 September, 1891.
23 June, 189212 October, 1892.
22 June, 18937 October, 1893.
Twelfth (dissolved 14th November, 1896)21 June, 189424 October, 1894.
20 June, 18952 November, 1895.
11 June, 189619 October, 1896.
Thirteenth (dissolved 15th November, 1899)7 April, 189712 April, 1897.
23 September, 189722 December, 1897.
24 June, 18985 November, 1898.
23 June, 189924 October, 1899.
Fourteenth (dissolved 5th November, 1902)22 June, 190022 October, 1900.
1 July, 19018 November, 1901.
1 July, 19024 October, 1902.
Fifteenth (dissolved 29th November, 1905)29 June, 190325 November, 1903.
28 June, 19048 November, 1904.
27 June, 190531 October, 1905.
Sixteenth27 June, 19063 July, 1906.
21 August, 190629 October, 1906.

Chapter 6. SUCCESSIVE MINISTRIES

SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT IN NEW ZEALAND IN 1856

Name of Ministry.Assumed Office.Retired.
1. Bell-Sewell7 May, 185620 May, 1856.
2. Fox20 May, 18562 June, 1856.
3. Stafford2 June, 185612 July, 1861.
4. Fox12 July, 18616 August, 1862.
5. Domett6 August, 186230 October, 1863.
6. Whitaker-Fox30 October, 186324 November, 1864.
7. Weld24 November, 186416 October, 1865.
8. Stafford16 October, 186528 June, 1869.
9. Fox28 June, 186910 September, 1872.
10. Stafford10 September, 187211 October, 1872.
11. Waterhouse11 October, 18723 March, 1873.
12. Fox3 March, 18738 April, 1873.
13. Vogel8 April, 18736 July, 1875.
14. Pollen6 July, 187515 February, 1876.
15. Vogel15 February, 18761 September, 1876.
16. Atkinson1 September, 187613 September, 1876.
17. Atkinson (reconstituted)13 September, 187613 October, 1877.
18. Grey15 October, 18778 October, 1879.
19. Hall8 October, 187921 April, 1882.
20. Whitaker21 April, 188225 September, 1883.
21. Atkinson25 September, 188316 August, 1884.
22. Stout-Vogel16 August, 188428 August, 1884.
23. Atkinson28 August, 18843 September, 1884.
24. Stout-Vogel3 September, 18848 October, 1887.
25. Atkinson8 October, 188724 January, 1891.
26. Ballance24 January, 18911 May, 1893.*
27. Seddon1 May, 189321 June, 1906.†
28. Hall-Jones21 June, 19066 August, 1906.
29. Ward6 August, 1906. 

Chapter 7. PREMIERS OF SUCCESSIVE MINISTRIES

Name of Premier.Name of Premier.
Henry Sewell.
William Fox.
Edward William Stafford.
William Fox.
Alfred Domett.
Frederick Whitaker.
Frederick Aloysius Weld.
Edward William Stafford.
William Fox.
Hon. Edward William Stafford.
George Marsden Waterhouse.
Hon. William Fox.
Hon. Julius Vogel, C.M.G.
Hon. Daniel Pollen, M.L.C.
Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G.
Harry Albert Atkinson.
Harry Albert Atkinson (Ministry reconstituted).
Sir George Grey, K.C.B.
Hon. John Hall.
Frederick Whitaker, M.L.C.
Harry Albert Atkinson.
Robert Stout.
Harry Albert Atkinson.
Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G.
Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G.
John Ballance.
Rt. Hon. Richard John Seddon, P.C.
William Hall-Jones.
Hon. Sir Joseph George Ward, K.C.M.G.

Chapter 8. SPEAKERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL

WITH DATES OF THEIR APPOINTMENT AND DATES OF RETIREMENT OR DEATH

Name of Speaker.Date of Appointment.Date of Retirement or Death.
Hon. William Swainson16 May, 18548 August, 1855.
Hon. Frederick Whitaker8 August, 185512 May, 1856.
Hon. Thomas Houghton Bartley12 May, 18561 July, 1868.
Hon. Sir John Larkins Cheese Richardson, Kt.1 July, 186814 June, 1879.
Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.14 June, 187922 April, 1887.
Hon. George Marsden Waterhouse22 April, 188721 September, 1887.
Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.21 September, 188723 January, 1891.
Hon. Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G.23 January, 189128 June, 1892.
Hon. Sir Henry John Miller8 July, 1892. 
6 October, 18979 July 1903.
Hon. W. C. Walker, C.M.G.9 July, 19035 January, 1904.
Hon. John Rigg (Acting)5 January, 19047 July, 1904.
Hon. Sir A. J. Cadman, K.C.M.G.7 July, 190423 March, 1905.
Hon. R. H. J. Reeves (Acting)23 March, 19054 July, 1905.
Hon. C. C. Bowen4 July, 1905. 

Chapter 9. SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

WITH DATES OF THEIR ELECTION AND DATES OF RETIREMENT

Name of Speaker.Date of Election.Date of Retirement.
Sir Charles Clifford, Bart.26 May, 1854 
15 April, 18563 June, 1861.
Sir David Monro, Kt. Bach.3 June, 1861 
30 June, 186613 Sept., 1870.
Sir Francis Dillon Bell, K.C.M.G., C.B.14 August, 187121 October, 1875.
Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.15 June, 187613 June, 1879.
Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach.11 July, 1879 
24 September, 1879 
18 May, 1882 
7 August, 1884 
6 October, 18873 October, 1890.
Hon. Major William Jukes Steward23 January, 18918 November, 1893.
Hon. Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach.21 June, 1894 
6 April, 1897 
22 June, 19005 November, 1902.
Arthur Robert Guinness29 June, 1903. 
27 June, 1906. 

Chapter 10. FOREIGN CONSULS.

CONSULS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES RESIDING IN, OR WITH JURISDICTION OVER, NEW ZEALAND, 31ST MARCH, 1907.

Country represented.Office held.Name.Place of Residence.
Argentine RepublicVice-Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand)Hon. T. FergusDunedin.
Austria-HungaryConsul-General for the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the South Sea IslandsHeinrich JeblitschkaSydney.
 ConsulE. LangguthAuckland.
BelgiumConsul - General for Australasia and FijiF. HuylebroeckMelbourne.
BelgiumConsul - General (with jurisdiction over the Provincial Districts of Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, and Wellington)Hon. Charles John JohnstonWellington.
BelgiumVice-ConsulG. F. JohnstonWellington.
BelgiumConsulJoseph James KinseyChristchurch.
Belgium John BurnsAuckland.
Belgium George Lyon DennistonDunedin.
BrazilVice-ConsulA. H. MilesWellington.
ChiliConsul - General for the Commonwealth of Australia, and New ZealandWilliam BrownSydney.
ChiliHonorary ConsulGeorge DunnetAuckland.
ChiliHonorary ConsulHarold BeauchampWellington.
ChiliHonorary ConsulJ. G. F. PalmerChristchurch.
ChiliHonorary ConsulJ. A. RobertsDunedin.
DenmarkConsul (for North Island)Francis Henry Dillon BellWellington (Principal Consulate).
DenmarkConsul (for South Island)Emil Christian SkogChristchurch.
DenmarkVice-ConsulFrederick Ehrenfried BaumeAuckland.
DenmarkVice-ConsulWilliam Edward PerryHokitika.
DenmarkVice-ConsulOdin Henry MöllerDunedin.
FranceConsul (for New Zealand)Robert BoeufvéAuckland.
FranceChancelierAuguste A LelièvreAuckland.
FranceVice-ConsulPercival Clay NeillDunedin.
FranceConsular AgentGeorge HumphreysChristchurch.
FranceConsular AgentHarold BeauchampWellington.
German EmpireConsul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and FijiDr. IrmerSydney.
German EmpireVice-Consul GeneralCount Deyne Von StritezSydney.
German EmpireConsulCarl SeegnerAuckland.
German EmpireConsulWilli FelsDunedin.
German EmpireConsulPhilip KippenbergerChristchurch.
German EmpireConsulFriedrich August KrullWanganui.
German EmpireVice-ConsulEberhard FockeWellington.
GreeceVice-ConsulJoseph Frank DyerWellington.
HondurasConsul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, and New ZealandFrederic WalshSydney.
ItalyConsul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and FijiC. BertolaMelbourne.
ItalyConsular AgentThomas WallaceChristchurch.
ItalyConsular AgentRoland Thomas RobertsonWellington.
ItalyConsular AgentJohn Roberts, C.M.G.Dunedin.
ItalyConsular AgentGeraldo Giuseppe PerottiGreymouth.
ItalyConsular AgentRichard A. CarrAuckland.
JapanConsulA. S. AldrichWellington.
LiberiaConsulA. M. MeyersAuckland.
LiberiaHonorary ConsulArnold Woodford IzardWellington.
NetherlandsConsul - General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and FijiW. L. BosschartMelbourne.
FijiConsulHon. Charles John JohnstonWellington.
FijiVice-ConsulGeorge RitchieDunedin.
FijiVice-ConsulAmbrose MillarAuckland.
FijiVice-ConsulHarold Featherston JohnstonWellington.
FijiVice-ConsulG. de VriesChristchurch.
NorwayConsul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the adjacent IslandsO. RömckeMelbourne.
NorwayVice-ConsulH. J. GundersenMelbourne.
NorwayConsulA. W. NewtonWellington.
NorwayVice-ConsulLeslie Robert WilsonDunedin.
NorwayVice-ConsulRoland St. ClairAuckland.
NorwayVice-ConsulHenry Dalby CarterChristchurch.
NorwayVice-ConsulWalter Sinclair WaterstonInvercargill.
ParaguayConsulA. E. KernotWellington.
PortugalConsulJohn DuncanWellington.
PortugalVice-ConsulHenry Rees GeorgeAuckland.
PortugalVice-ConsulArthur Donald Stuart DuncanWellington.
PortugalVice-ConsulCharles William RattrayDunedin.
RussiaConsul-GeneralMichel OustinoffMelbourne.
SpainConsul-in-Chief (with jurisdiction over Australia and New Zealand)Henry CaveMelbourne.
SpainHonorary Vice-ConsulAlexander H. TurnbullWellington.
SwedenConsulArthur Edward PearceWellington.
SwedenVice-ConsulSidney Jacob NathanAuckland.
SwedenVice-ConsulAlbert KayeChristchurch.
United States of AmericaConsul - General (for New Zealand, Fiji, Society, and other South Sea Islands)William A. PrickittAuckland.
DittoVice-Consul-GeneralLeonard A. BachelderAuckland.
DittoConsular AgentFrank GrahamChristchurch.
DittoConsular AgentJ. G. DuncanWellington.
DittoConsular AgentFrederick Orlando BridgemanDunedin.

Chapter 11. HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR NEW ZEALAND, IN LONDON.

The Hon. W. P. Reeves, Westminster Chambers, 13 Victoria Street, S.W. (Appointed as from 14th June, 1905.) Secretary—Walter Kennaway, C.M.G.

Chapter 12. THE COLONIAL OFFICE.

(DOWNING STREET, S.W., LONDON), WITH DATES OF APPOINTMENT.

Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies—Right Hon. Earl of Elgin, K.G., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., 11th December, 1905.

Parliamentary Under-Secretary—The Right Hon. Winston L. S. Churchill, P.C., M.P.

Assistant Under-Secretaries: Frederick Graham C.B.; Charles P. Lucas, C.B.; H. B. Cox, C.B. (Legal); and Reginald L. Antrobus, C.B.

Chapter 13. CROWN AGENTS FOR THE COLONIES.

WHITEHALL GARDENS, S.W. CITY OFFICE: 1, TOKENHOUSE BUILDINGS, E.C., LONDON.

Crown Agents—Sir Ernest Edward Blake, K.C.M.G.; Major Maurice Alexander Cameron, C.M.G., late R.E.; and William Hepworth Mercer, C.M.G.

Chapter 14. HONOURS HELD BY COLONISTS.

KNIGHTS COMMANDERS OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE (K.C.M.G.).

Hall, Hon. Sir John, 1882.

Hector, Sir James, 1887.

Perceval, Sir Westby Brook, 1894.

Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, 1886.

Ward, Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1901.

KNIGHTS BACHELOR (KT. BACH.).

Campbell, Sir John Logan, 1902.

Miller, Hon. Sir Henry John, 1901.

O'Rorke, Hon. Sir George Maurice, 1880.

Prendergast, Hon. Sir James, 1881.

Russell, Sir William Russell, 1902.

Steward, Hon. Sir William Jukes, 1902.

COMPANIONS OF THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE BATH (C.B.).

Cradock, Major Montagu, 1900.

Davies, Brevet-Colonel R. H., 1900.

Newall, Colonel Stewart, 1900.

Porter, Colonel T. W., 1902.

Robin, Brevet-Colonel Alfred William, 1900.

COMPANIONS OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE (C.M.G.).

Bauchop, Lieut.-Colonel A., 1902.

Gudgeon, Lieut.-Colonel Walter Edward, 1890.

Jowsey, Lieut.-Colonel Thomas, 1900.

Kennaway, Walter, 1891.

Richardson, Hon. Edward, 1879.

Roberts, John, 1891.

COMPANIONS, DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER (D.S.O.).

Abbott, Lieut.-Colonel F. W., 1902.

Bartlett, Major E., 1902.

Hickey, Lieutenant D. A., 1902.

Hughes, Captain J. G., 1900.

Major, Major C. T., 1900.

Poison, Major D., 1900.

Stevenson, Captain R., 1902.

Todd, Captain T. J. M., 1900.

Walker, Captain G. H., 1901.

COMPANIONS, IMPERIAL SERVICE ORDER (I.S.O.).

Heywood, James B., 1905.

ROYAL RED CROSS.

Williamson, Miss J. M. N., 1900.

VICTORIA CROSS.

Hardham, Lieut. W. J., 1901.

NEW ZEALAND CROSS.

Adamson, Thomas, 1869.

Biddle, Benjamin, 1869.

Black, Solomon, 1869.

Hill, George, 1869.

Lingard, William, 1869.

Mace, Francis Joseph, 1869.

Maling, Christopher, 1869.

Mair, Gilbert, 1870.

Preece, George, 1869.

Roberts, John Mackintosh, 1869.

Shepherd, Richard, 1869.

Wrigg, Harry Charles William, 1898.*

* For service rendered in 1867.

DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT MEDALS AWARDED TO MEMBERS OF NEW ZEALAND CONTINGENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA (1899–1902).

Baigent, Private Ivanhoe.

Black, Sergeant-Major G. C.

Burr, Sergeant-Major W. T.

Cassidy, Sergeant W.

Fletcher, Sergeant-Major W. H.

Free, Private A.

Kent, Sergeant W.

Langham, Sergeant-Major J.

Lockett, Sergeant-Major E. B.

Pickett, Sergeant-Major M.

Rouse, Farrier-Sergeant G.

Wade, Private H. B.

White, Sergeant-Major H.

PERSONS ALLOWED TO RETAIN THE TITLE OF “HONOURABLE” WITHIN HIS MAJESTY'S DOMINIONS.

By despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated Downing Street, 15th June, 1893, His Excellency the Governor was apprised that the title of “Honourable,” appertaining to Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils in colonies possessing Responsible Government, whether confined to duration of office or continued for life, was approved by Her late Majesty for use and recognition throughout her dominions, either during office or for life, as the case may be.

By further despatch of 10th March, 1894, the Secretary of State announced that he was prepared in future to submit for the approval of the Sovereign the recommendation of the Governor of any colony having Responsible Government that the President of the Legislative Council or the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly may, on quitting office after three years' service in their respective offices, be permitted to retain the title of “Honourable.” This title is now held by Sir G. M. O'Rorke and Major Sir William Jukes Steward.

Besides the members of the Executive and Legislative Councils, the following ex-Ministers, whose names do not appear in the list given above, are allowed, as such, to retain the title of “Honourable”: Bryce, John, 1884; Duncan, Thomas Y., 1906; Fergus, Thomas, 1891; Hislop, Thomas W., 1891; Johnston, Walter W., 1884; Mills, Charles H., 1906; Mitchelson, Edwin, 1891; Montgomery, William, 1907; Oliver, Richard, 1884; Reeves, William P., 1896; Richardson, George F., 1891; Thompson, Thomas, 1900; Tole, Joseph A., 1888.

By another despatch of 14th November, 1896, the Secretary of State requested to be informed if the Government of New Zealand desired that members of the Legislative Council in this colony should on retirement or resignation, after a continuous service in such Council of not less than ten years, be eligible for recommendation by the Governor for Royal permission to retain the title of “Honourable.”

Mr. William Montgomery has been allowed to retain the title as from 14th December, 1906, accordingly on such retirement.

RETIRED JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT.

By despatch of 29th August, 1877, it was announced that retired Judges of the Supreme Court may be allowed the privilege of bearing the title of “Honourable” for life, within the colony. This title is now held by Sir James Prendergast and the Hon. Edward Tennyson Conolly.

Chapter 15. GOVERNOR OF NEW ZEALAND.
1ST APRIL, 1907.

PLUNKET, His Excellency The Right Honourable William Lee, fifth Baron (United Kingdom, 1827), formerly an Attaché in the Diplomatic Service, and subsequently Private Secretary to successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland (1900–4); Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George; Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order; son of fourth Baron (Archbishop of Dublin); born 19th December, 1864; succeeded 1897; married, 1894, Lady Victoria Alexandrina Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, daughter of first Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, K.P., G.C.B., &c. Issue: Two sons (Honourables Terence and Brinsley) four daughters (Honour-ables Helen, Eileen, Moira, and Joyce). Appointed 9th March, 1904, and assumed office 20th June, 1904, as Governor and Commander-in-Chief in and over His Majesty's Colony of New Zealand and its Dependencies. Salary, £5,000. Allowance on account of establishment, £1,500, and travelling-expenses, £500 per annum. The allowance is not payable for any period during which the Governor is absent from the colony. Residences: Old Connaught, Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland; Government House, Wellington; Government House, Auckland.

Private Secretary: Horace Clare Waterfield, Esq.

1st Aide-de-Camp:

Aide-de-Camp: Captain John Hugh Boscawen (honorary).

ADMINISTRATOR OF THE GOVERNMENT. — The Chief Justice, appointed under a dormant Commission.

Chapter 16. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
1ST APRIL, 1907.

THE annual appropriation for Ministers' salaries is fixed by statute at the sum of £8,900, of which £1,600 is for the Prime Minister, £1,300 for the Minister for Railways, and £1,000 for each of six other Ministers. All Ministers to whom salaries are appropriated are members of the Executive Council, holding one or more of the offices specified by law. Members of the Executive Council travelling within the colony on public service are entitled to allowance not exceeding £1 10s. per day when so engaged, but not during the time a Minister is attending a session of the General Assembly. The members of the Executive Council to whom salaries are payable, and who are not otherwise provided with residences at the seat of Government, are entitled to an allowance in lieu there of at the rate of £200 a year.

The Executive Council now consists of:—

His Excellency the GOVERNOR presiding.

Hon. Sir Joseph George Ward, K.C.M.G., Prime Minister, Colonial Treasurer, Postmaster-General, Minister of Telegraphs, Minister of Defence, and Minister of Tourist and Health Resorts.

Hon. William Hall-Jones, Minister for Railways and Minister for Public Works.

Hon. James Carroll, Native Minister and Minister of Stamp Duties.

Hon. James McGowan, Minister of Justice, Minister of Mines, Minister of Industries and Commerce, and Minister of Immigration.

Hon. John George Findlay, L.LD., Attorney-General and Colonial Secretary.

Hon. John Andrew Millar, Minister of Customs, Minister of Labour, and Minister in Charge of the Marine Department.

Hon. Robert McNab, Minister of Lands and Minister for Agriculture.

Hon. George Fowlds, Minister of Education and Minister of Public Health.

Clerk of the Executive Council—Alexander James Willis.

Chapter 17. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

THE number of members at present constituting the Legislative Council is forty-eight. The number cannot be less than ten, but is otherwise unlimited. Prior to 1891 Councillors summoned by the Governor held their appointments for life; but on the 17th of September of that year an Act was passed giving the Council power to elect its own Speaker for a period of five years, and making future appointments to the Council tenable for seven years only, to be reckoned from the date of the writ of summons of the Councillor's appointment, though every such Councillor may be reappointed. The qualifications are that the person to be appointed be a male of the full age of twenty-one years, and a subject of His Majesty, either natural-born or naturalised by or under any Act of the Imperial Parliament or by or under any Act of the General Assembly of New Zealand. All contractors to the public service to an amount of over £50 and Civil servants of the colony are ineligible as Councillors. Payment of Councillors is at the rate of £200 a year, payable monthly. Actual travelling-expenses to and from Wellington are also allowed. A deduction of £1 5s. per sitting-day is made in case of an absence exceeding fourteen sitting-days in any one session, except through illness or other unavoidable cause. Under “The Legislative Council Act, 1891,” a seat is vacated by any member of the Council (1) if he takes any oath or makes any declaration or acknowledgment of allegiance, obedience, or adherence to any foreign Prince or Power; or (2) if he does, or concurs in, or adopts any act whereby he may become a subject or citizen of any foreign State or Power, or is entitled to the rights, privileges, or immunities of a subject of any foreign State or Power; or (3) if he is a bankrupt, or compounds with his creditors under any Act for the time being in force; or (4) if he is a public defaulter, or is attainted of treason, or is convicted of felony or any infamous crime; or (5) if he resigns his seat by writing under his hand addressed to and accepted by the Governor; or (6) if for more than one whole session of the General Assembly he fails, without permission of the Governor notified to the Council, to give his attendance in the Council. By the Standing Orders of the Council, the presence of one-fourth of the members of the Council, exclusive of those who have leave of absence, is necessary to constitute a meeting for the exercise of its powers. This rule, however, may be altered from time to time by the Council.

COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND TO BE STYLED “DOMINION OF NEW ZEALAND.”

Notice in Supplement to the New Zealand Gazette of 12th September, 1907.

Prime Minister's Office, Wellington, 12th September, 1907.

BY resolutions passed by the House of Representatives on the 12th July, 1907, and by the Legislative Council on the 16th July, 1907, addresses were forwarded to His Majesty the King respectfully requesting that the necessary steps might be taken to change the designation of New Zealand from the Colony of New Zealand to the Dominion of New Zealand; and it is hereby notified that His Majesty the King, by Order in Council dated 9th September, 1907, and by Proclamation issued 10th September, 1907, has been graciously pleased to change the style and designation of the Colony of New Zealand to “The Dominion of New Zealand”; such change to take effect on and from Thursday, the 26th day of September, 1907.

JOSEPH GEORGE WARD,
Prime Minister.

Proclamation above referred to.

BY THE KING.

A PROCLAMATION.

EDWARD R. & I.

WHEREAS We have, on the petition of the members of the Legislative Council and House of Representatives of Our Colony of New Zealand, determined that the title of the Dominion of New Zealand shall be substituted for that of the Colony of New Zealand as the designation of the said colony: We have therefore, by and with the advice of Our Privy Council, thought fit to issue this Our Royal Proclamation, and We do ordain, declare, and command that on and after the twenty-sixth day of September, one thousand nine hundred and seven, the said Colony of New Zealand and the territory belonging thereto shall be called and known by the title of the Dominion of New Zealand, and We hereby give Our commands to all Public Departments accordingly.

Given at Our Court, at Buckingham Palace, this ninth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand nine hundred and seven, in the seventh year of Our reign.

GOD SAVE THE KING I

Erratum.—See page 33. In roll of members, Legislative Council, read “Findlay, the Hon. John George, L.L.D., since appointed K.C.”; date of appointment, “23rd November, 1906,” instead of “22nd January, 1907.”

The ordinary sitting-days are Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, from 2.30 p.m. to 5 p.m., resuming again at 7.30 T m. when necessary.

ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE HONOURABLE THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF NEW ZEALAND (1ST APRIL, 1907).

Speaker—Hon. C. C. BOWEN.

Chairman of Committees—The Hon. R. H. J. REEVES.

Name.Provincial District.Date of Appointment.
* Life members.
Anstey, the Hon. JohnCanterbury22 January, 1907.
Baillie, the Hon. William Douglas HallMarlborough    8 March, 1861.*
Baldey, the Hon. AlfredOtago18 March, 1903.
Barr, the Hon. JohnCanterbury22 January, 1907.
Beehan, the Hon. WilliamAuckland22 June, 1903.
Bolt, the Hon. William MouatOtago16 October, 1906.
Bowen, the Hon. Charles ChristopherCanterbury23 January, 1891.*
Callan, the Hon. John BartholomewOtago22 January, 1907.
Carncross, the Hon. Walter Charles FrederickTaranaki18 March, 1903.
Collins, the Hon. William EdwardWellington22 January, 1907.
Feldwick, the Hon. HenryOtago16 October, 1906.
Findlay, the Hon. John GeorgeWellington22 January, 1907.
George, the Hon. Seymour ThorneAuckland22 June, 1903.
Gilmer, the Hon. HamiltonWellington22 January, 1907.
Harris, the Hon. BenjaminAuckland    3 February, 1904.
Holmes, the Hon. JamesWestland18 April, 1902.
Jenkinson, the Hon. John EdwardCanterbury    6 June, 1900.
Johnston, the Hon. Charles JohnWellington23 January, 1891.*
Jones, the Hon. GeorgeOtago13 December, 1902.
Kelly, the Hon. ThomasTaranaki16 October, 1906.
Kelly, the Hon. WilliamAuckland    3 February, 1904.
Loughnan, the Hon. Robert AndrewWellington    6 May, 1907.
Louisson, the Hon. Charles Canterbury22 December, 1900.
Luke, the Hon. Charles ManleyWellington22 January, 1907.
McCardle, the Hon. William WilsonAuckland22 January, 1907.
Macdonald, the Hon. Thomas KennedyWellington22 June, 1903.
McLean, the Hon. GeorgeOtago19 December, 1881.*
Marshall, the Hon. JamesWestland18 April, 1902.
Miller, the Hon. Sir Henry John, Kt.Otago    8 July, 1865.*
Montgomery, Hon. WilliamCanterbury16 October, 1906.
Ormond, the Hon. John DaviesHawke's Bay20 January, 1891.*
O'Rorke, the Hon. Sir George Maurice, Kt.Auckland25 June, 1904.
Paul, the Hon. John ThomasOtago22 January, 1907.
Reeves, the Hon. Richard Harman JeffaresNelson13 December, 1902.
Rigg, the Hon. JohnWellington    6 June, 1900.
Samuel, the Hon. OliverTaranaki22 January, 1907.
Sinclair, the Hon. John RobertOtago22 January, 1907.
Scotland, the Hon. HenryTaranaki24 February, 1868.*
Smith, the Hon. William CowperHawke's Bay13 December, 1902.
Smith, the Hon. George JohnCanterbury22 January, 1907.
Stevens, the Hon. Edward Cephas JohnCanterbury    7 March, 1882.*
Thompson, the Hon. ThomasAuckland18 March, 1903.
Trask, the Hon. FrancisNelson18 March, 1903.
Tucker, the Hon. William HenryAuckland22 January, 1907.
Walker, the Hon. LancelotCanterbury15 May, 1885.*
Wherowhero, the Hon. Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau teAuckland 22 May, 1903.
Wigram, the Hon. Henry FrancisCanterbury22 June, 1903.
Wi Pere, the Hon.Auckland22 January, 1907.
        Clerk of Parliaments, Clerk of the Legislative Council, and Examiner of Standing Orders upon Private Bills—Leonard Stowe.
        Clerk-Assistant—Arthur Thomas Bothamley.
        Second Clerk-Assistant—George Moore.
        Interpreter—Frank Herbert Phillips.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The number of members constituting the House of Representatives is eighty—seventy-six Europeans and four Maoris. This number was fixed by the Act of 1900, which came for the first time into practical operation at the general election of 1902. Previously (from 1890) the House consisted of seventy-four members, seventy Europeans and four Maoris; and previously to that (from 1881) of ninety-five members, ninety-one Europeans and four Maoris. The North Island at present returns thirty-eight European members, and the Middle Island thirty-eight. But a new division of the colony has been made, coming into operation at the next general election. The elections are triennial, except in the case of a dissolution by the Governor. Every registered elector, being of. the male sex, and free from any of the disqualifications mentioned in “The Electoral Act, 1905,” is eligible for membership. All contractors to the public service of New Zealand to whom any public money above the sum of £50 is payable, directly or indirectly, in any one financial year, as well as the Civil servants of the colony, are incapable of being elected as, or of sitting or voting as, members. The payment made to members of the House of Representatives is £25 per month, amounting to £300 per annum, subject to certain deductions for absence during session not due to sickness or other unavoidable cause. Travelling-expenses to and from Wellington are also allowed. This scale of payment came into force on the 7th November, 1901, under the provisions of “The Payment of Members Act, 1901.” Twenty members, inclusive of the Speaker, constitute a quorum. Unless otherwise ordered, the sitting-days of the House are Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, from 2.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m., resuming at 7.30 p.m. Order of admission to the Speaker's Gallery is by ticket obtained from the Speaker. The Strangers' Gallery is open free to the public.

ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
(1ST APRIL, 1907).
Speaker—ARTHUR ROBERT GUINNESS.
Chairman of Committees—RODERICK MC KENZIE.

Name.Electoral District.Date when Writs made returnable.
        For European Electorates.  
Aitken, John Guthrie WoodWellington East13 December, 1905.
Alison, Ewen WilliamWaitemata13 December, 1905.
Allen, Edmund GiblettChalmers13 December, 1905.
Allen, JamesBruce13 December, 1905.
Arnold, James FrederickDunedin South13 December, 1905.
Barber, William Henry PeterNewtown13 December, 1905.
Barclay, Alfred RichardDunedin North13 December, 1905.
Baume, Frederick EhrenfreidAuckland East13 December, 1905.
Bennet, James;Tuapeka13 December, 1905.
Bollard, JohnEden13 December, 1905.
Buddo, DavidKaiapoi13 December, 1905.
Carroll, Hon. JamesWaiapu13 December, 1905.
Colvin, JamesBuller13 December, 1905.
Davey, Thomas HenryChristchurch East13 December, 1905.
Dillon, AlfredHawke's Bay13 December, 1905.
Duncan, Hon. Thomas YoungOamaru13 December, 1905.
Ell, Henry GeorgeChristchurch South13 December, 1905.
Field, William HughesOtaki13 December, 1905.
Fisher, Francis Marion BatesWellington Central13 December, 1905.
Flatman, Frederick RobertGeraldine13 December, 1905.
Fowlds, Hon. GeorgeGrey Lynn13 December, 1905.
Fraser, Alfred Levavasour DurellNapier13 December, 1905.
Fraser, WilliamWakatipu13 December, 1905.
Graham, JohnCity of Nelson13 December, 1905.
Gray, Charles MatthewChristchurch North13 December, 1905.
Greenslade, Henry JamesWaikato13 December, 1905.
Guinness, Arthur RobertGrey13 December, 1905.
Hall, CharlesWaipawa13 December, 1905.
Hall-Jones, Hon. WilliamTimaru13 December, 1905.
Hanan, Josiah AlfredInvercargill13 December, 1905.
Hardy, Charles Albert CreerySelwyn13 December, 1905.
Herries, William HerbertBay of Plenty13 December, 1905.
Hogan, James ThomasWanganui13 December, 1905.
Hogg, Alexander WilsonMasterton13 December, 1905.
Hornsby, John Thomas MarryatWairarapa13 December, 1905.
Houston, Robert MorrowBay of Islands13 December, 1905.
Izard, Charles HaywardWellington North13 December, 1905.
Jennings, William ThomasEgmont13 December, 1905.
Kidd, AlfredAuckland Central13 December, 1905.
Lang, Frederic WilliamManukau13 December, 1906.
Laurenson, GeorgeLyttelton13 December, 1905.
Lawry, FrankParnell13 December, 1905.
Lethbridge, Frank YatesOroua13 December, 1905.
Lewis, CharlesCourtenay13 December, 1905.
McGowan, Hon. JamesThames13 December, 1905.
McKenzie, RoderickMotueka13 December, 1905.
Mackenzie, ThomasWaikouaiti13 December, 1905.
McLachlan, JohnAshburton13 December, 1905.
McNab, Hon. RobertMataura13 December, 1905.
Macpherson, John AndrewMount Ida13 December, 1905.
Malcolm, Alexander ScottClutha13 December, 1905.
Major, Charles EdwinHawera13 December, 1905.
Mander, FrancisMarsden13 December, 1905.
Massey, William FergusonFranklin13 December, 1905.
Millar, Hon. John AndrewDunedin Central13 December, 1905.
Mills, Hon. Charles HoughtonWairau13 December, 1905.
Poland, HughOhinemuri13 December, 1905.
Poole, Charles HenryAuckland West13 December, 1905.
Reid, Donald (jun.)Taieri13 December, 1905.
Remington, Arthur EdwardRangitikei13 December, 1905.
Rhodes, Robert HeatonEllesmere13 December, 1905.
Ross, Robert BeatsonPahiatua13 December, 1905.
Rutherford, Andrew WilliamHurunui13 December, 1905.
Seddon, Thomas YoudWestland20 July, 1906.
Sidey, Thomas KayCaversham13 December, 1905.
Smith, Edward MetcalfTaranaki13 December, 1905.
Stallworthy, JohnKaipara13 December, 1905.
Stevens, JohnManawatu13 December, 1905.
Steward, Hon. Sir William Jukes, Kt. Bach.Waitaki13 December, 1905.
Symes, WalterPatea13 December, 1905.
Tanner, William WilcoxAvon13 December, 1905.
Thomson, John CharlesWallace13 December, 1905.
Ward, Hon. Sir Joseph George, K. C. M. G.Awarua13 December, 1905.
Wilford, Thomas MasonHutt13 December, 1905.
Witty, GeorgeRiccarton13 December, 1905.
Wood, William ThomasPalmerston13 December, 1905.
        For Maori Electorates.  
Heke, HoneNorthern Maori11 January, 1906.
Kaihau, HenareWestern Maori11 January, 1906.
Parata, TameSouthern Maori11 January, 1906.
Ngata, Apirana TurupaEastern Maori11 January, 1906.
        Clerk of House of Representatives—H. Otterson.
        Clerk-Assistant—A. J. Rutherfurd.
        Second Clerk-Assistant—A. F. Lowe.
        Sergeant-at-Arms—Major T. V. Shepherd.
        Reader and Clerk of Bills and Papers—E. W. Kane.
        Chief Hansard Reporter—Silas Spragg.
        Hansard Supervisor—M. F. Marks.
        Interpreters—L. M. Grace, D. F. G. Barclay.
        Clerk of Writs—H. Pollen.
        Deputy Clerk of Writs—R. F. Lynch.
        Chief Librarian—Charles Wilson.

Chapter 18. OFFICIAL LIST.
1st April, 1907.

Table of Contents

PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE.

Prime Minister—Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Secretary to Cabinet and Clerk of the Executive Council—A. J. Willis

COLONIAL TREASURER'S DEPARTMENT.

CHIEF OFFICE.

Colonial Treasurer—Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Secretary to the Treasury, Receiver-General, Paymaster-General, and Registrar of New Zealand Consols—Robert J. Collins

Accountant to the Treasury—Richard B. Vincent

Cashier—C. E. Chittey

Corresponding Clerk—H. Blundell

Clerks—E. L. Mowbray, A. O. Gibbes, H. N. W. Church, A. J. Morgan, Jas. J. Esson, T. J. Davis, F. H. Tuckey, H. Hawthorn, W. Wilson, G. C. Rodda, L. McIntosh, W. Gillanders, E. M. Bodmin, M. Ralston, D. M. Schramm, E. M. Taylor, W. L. Clapson, A. Hore, P. Dunstan, R. B. Banks

Cadets — H. Stafford, E. M. Joyce, J. C. M. Nutt, A. Macdonald, J. W. Dowling, C. J. Fisher, F. H. Waters, T. J. King, W. H. Welsh, D. E. Mackay

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES DEPARTMENT.

Registrar—R. E. Hayes

Revising Barrister—L. G. Reid

Actuary—A. Traversi

Clerk and Deputy Registrar—C. T. Benzoni

Clerk—J. G. Roache

Cadette—M. A. Bridson

Cadets—A. T. Stratton, G. E. Bradley

LAND AND INCOME TAX DEPARTMENT.

Commissioner—P. Heyes.

Deputy Commissioner — F. J. M. D. Walmsley

LAND TAX.

Clerk in Charge—H. Nancarrow

Clerks — E. W. Watson, E. Randell, J. M. Smythe, R. R. Leys, E. J. R. Cumming, H. S. Barron, C. E. J. Dowland

INCOME TAX.

Clerk in Charge—J. M. King

Clerks—W. M. Tyers, D. G. Clark, G. W. Jänisch, D. R. Purdie, M. Fraser, C. T. Rout, J. Ferguson, J. M. Park

Receiver of Land and Income Tax—C. V. Kreeft

Shorthand-writer and Typewriter (Private Secretary to Hon. Minister of Lands)—J. Stevenson

Cadets—N. H. Mackie, G. C. Smith, J. S. Arthur, J. D. Eves

POST AND TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT.

GENERAL POST OFFICE.

Postmaster - General and Minister of Telegraphs — Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Secretary—

Superintendent of Electric Lines—J. K. Logan

Assistant Secretary and Inspector—D. Robertson

Inspector of Post-offices—D. Cumming

Controller of Money-orders and Savings. banks, and Accountant—W. R. Morris

Chief Clerk—F. V. Waters

Assistant Controller of Money-orders and Savings - banks, and Assistant Accountant—J. L. H. Ledger

Clerks, Secretary's Office—J. C. Williamson (Second Clerk), W. Crow, W. Beswick, V. J. Brogan, W. Isbister, T. Ward, D. E. Lindsay, H. D. Grocott, J. C. Redmond, A. T. Markmann. W. J. Gow, F. W. Furby, J. B. Jordan, S. Macalister, J. P. P. Clouston, A. Donovan, W. J. Wilkie, W. H. Barnett, C. T. Andrew, S. J. Smith, K. T. Colman, J. G. Rodger, E. Brooke, E. Davidson

Clerks, Inspector's Branch—G. V. Hudson, J. Brennan, W. A. Tanner, S. M. Harrison, H. McGill. G. A. Maskew, J. L. M. Harkness, L. Sleightholme, J. A. Agar

Clerks, Accountant's Branch—H. A. R. Huggins (First Clerk), H. G. Cornwall, W. Chegwidden, R. D. Kelly, W. A. Andrews, G. Levy, D. A. Jenkins, C. B. Harton, S. J. Bolton, F. E. Beamish, G. H. Harris, P. D. Hoskins, H. C. Milne, F. Stewart, D. Gollan, H. C. Hickson, J. C. A. Dudley, W. R. Wakelin, G. G. Rose, J. Robertson, A. Marshall, G. F. W. Kröner, H. E. Combs, J. E. Hull, F. G. A. Eagles, E. White, J. Snell, S. H. A. Levien, J. Madden, W. K. Frethey, P. Cutforth, W. I. Dawson, G. Foote, T. M. Highet, W. Gilbert, R. M. Porteous, D. Rutherford, A. Leeden, R. H. Twose, J. M. Dale, W. A. Smith, C. Gamble, H. A. Lamb, T. A. Churches, C. H. Clinkard, G. A. Eastick, C. B. Burdekin, G. B. Williamson, O. L. T. Harrison, J. A. Humphrey, T. Brown, D. A. McCurdy, H. J. Sanders, W. M. Krebs, D. J. Lattimore, E. E. Mortimer, S. G. Turner, H. A. Hamilton, N. V. Ross, W. M. Moore, J. Macmorran, W. C. Purdie, H. D. Smith, J. A. Miller, G. E. Miller, F. Furness, H. W. Cockerill, F. C. Ambridge, W. Appleton, R. Lynch, E. J. G. Loader, E. B. Tustin, F. Levin, W. Findlay, A. Hall, E. Bermingham, S. Brock, E. Harris, B. M. Kenny, V. Johnston, M. A. MacLeod, M. J. Mackellar, C. M. A. Smith, M. A. Asquith, I. R. Dansey, E. E. Warren, H. G. Kimbell, E. M. Rapley, R. E. E. Alexander

Electrician—T. Buckley

Assistant Electrician—R. M. Baird

Mechanicians—R. Heinitz, F. Palmer

Storekeeper—J. Black

Assistant Storekeeper—C. B. Mann

Clerks in Store—C. Nicholls, R. Crow, T. Palmer, W. H. Carter, M. McGilvray, J. G. Howard, J. L. Murphy, S. C. O. Cox, J. W. Brabyn

CHIEF POSTMASTERS.

Auckland—F. D. Holdsworth

*Thames—W. H. Nicholls

*Gisborne—W. H. Renner

Napier—J. H. Sheath

*New Plymouth—W. J. Chaney

*Wanganui—D. Miller

Wellington—J. A. Hutton

*Blenheim—E. Northcroft

*Nelson—S. P. Stevens

*Westport—H. Logie

*Greymouth—G. W. Sampson

*Hokitika—D. St. George

Christchurch—J. F. McBeth

*Timaru—W. McHutcheson

*Oamaru—W. W. Beswick

Dunedin—W. St. G. Douglas

*Invercargill—H. W. Capper

INSPECTORS OF TELEGRAPHS.

Auckland—W. G. Meddings

Christchurch—J. W. Gannaway

Dunedin—J. Orchiston

Nelson—C. C. Robertson

Wellington—W. S. Furby

Wellington—Assistant Inspector of Telegraphs—C. H. M. Hawk

Wellington — Sub-Inspector of Telegraphs—W. E. Chisholm

ASSISTANT INSPECTORS OF POST-OFFICES.

P. Curtis (Northern District); G. B. Dall (Central District); E. V. Senn (Midland District); T. T. King (Southern District)

OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF TELEGRAPH OFFICES.

Auckland—H. F. Seager

Napier—B. H. Keys

Wellington—H. W. Harrington

Christchurch—B. N. Martin

Dunedin—J. G. Ballard

BOARD OF APPEAL.

F. G. B. Waldegrave, Under-Secretary, Department of Justice (Chairman), nominated

*Combined post and telegraph offices.

J. K. Logan, Superintendent of Electric Lines, nominated

A. F. Wimsett, Representing Postal Branch, elected

H. L. Slyfield, Representing Telegraph Branch, elected

DEPARTMENT OF TOURIST AND HEALTH RESORTS.

Minister—Hon Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

General Manager—T. E. Donne

Chief Clerk—C. R. C. Robieson

Accountant—P. J. Kelleher.

Inspector—F. Moorhouse

Journalist—J. Cowan

Draughtsman—J. McDonald

Clerks—W. H. Frethey, H. Kirk, H. W. Rowden, J. Andrews, J. W. Hill, S. J. Collett, G. A. Cormack, W. R. Aekins, J. H. Barr, C. Freyberg

Shorthand-writers and Typistes—S. Dimant, N. Lambert, R. Jenkins, O. Mills, E. Boyd

District Agents—Auckland, W. R. Blow; Te Aroha, G. F. McGirr; Rotorua, C. Walnult; Christchurch, G. W. C. Moon; Dunedin, J. A. Tipping; Invercargill, T. F. McLaughlin

Oversea Agencies — Melbourne, H. J. Manson; Sydney, E. H. Montgomery; Adelaide, F. E. Brittain (Honorary Agent); Chicago, U.S.A., British Consulate (Honorary Agency)

Government Balneologist, Rotorua — A. S. Wohlmann, M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

House Surgeon, Rotorua—J. M. S. Levis, F.R.C.S.I., D.P.H.

Resident Medical Officer, Te Aroha—G. G. Kenny, M.B.

Engineer in Charge, Rotorua—L. Birks, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E.

Clerk—J. F. Robieson

Manager, Hanmer Hot Springs—J. B. Gould

OLD-AGE PENSIONS DEPARTMENT.

Head Office — Government Buildings, Wellington.

Registrar—J. Eman Smith

Chief Clerk—G. C. Fache

Clerks—J. A. Thomson, F. M. Leckie, F. G. Twiss, J. H. Reynolds, J. S. Lambert, H. D. Thomson, P. Cunningham

Cadets—G. N. Morris, L. C. Barnes, A. H. Parfitt

District Agencies.

Deputy Registrars—

Auckland—S. Ruddock. Cadet—J. H. Boyes

Wellington—L. Crow

Christchurch—P. A. Keddell

Dunedin—R. S. Stokes. Cadet—B. E. Murphy

Invercargill—J. R. Colyer. Cadet—E. B. Patrick

Coromandel—J. McIndoe

Dargaville—S. Thompson

Hamilton—W. Shanaghan

Helensville—G. A. Tapp

Kaitaia—W. Sefton

Mangonui—W. Drummond

Maungaturoto—J. Hemphill

Otahuhu—G. Foreman

Raglan—J. O'Sullivan

Rawene—G. H. Fry

Rotorua—A F. Bent

Russell—B. J. Parsons

Taupo—W. Bern

Warkworth—E. M. Johnson

Whangarei—W. J. Reeve

Whangaroa—P. J. Carmody

Thames—J. Jordan

Opotiki—C. O'Reilly

Paeroa—H. R. Bush

Tauranga—W. A. Thom

Te Aroha—H. R. Bush

Whakatane—J. S. Willcocks

Gisborne—G. J. A. Johnstone

Port Awanui—C. H. Mellsop

Napier—R. B. Mathias

Dannevirke—S. Tansley

Waipawa—J. Eccleton

Wairoa—H. H. Carr

New Plymouth—W. A. D. Banks

Stratford—M. Foley

Wanganui—C. A. Barton

Hawera—A. Trimble

Marton—H. C. N. Ladley

Patea—M. O'Brien

Feilding—W. Matravers

Carterton—H. Salmon

Masterton—E. Rawson

Otaki—T. O'Rourke

Pahiatua—J. Fitzgerald

Palmerston North—C. J. Hewlett

Nelson—E. C. Kelling

Motueka—J. C. Willis

Blenheim—J. Terry

Havelock—A. T. Ching

Akaroa—D. Jackson

Amberley—F. Lewin

Ashburton—T. W. Tayler

Culverden—A. S. Bird

Kaiapoi—A. G. Ashby

Kaikoura—J. P. Clarkson

Timaru—T. Howley

Fairlie—D. Hyland

Temuka—J. Gillespie

Waimate—W. Y. Purchase

Greymouth—B. Harper

Reefton—H. Smith

Hokitika—J. C. Malfroy

Westport—E. D. Mosley

Oamaru—R. P. Ward

Balclutha—W. A. Matthews

Clyde—F. T. D. Jeffrey

Lawrence—A. M. Eyes

Milton—D. McRae

Naseby—F. W. Hart

Palmerston South—W. Hilliard

Waikouaiti—T. Kidd

Queenstown—A. J. Thompson

Riverton—J. M. Adam

Chatham Islands—R. W. Rayner

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE.

Minister of Defence—The Hon. Sir Joseph George Ward, K.C.M.G.

Acting Minister of Defence—The Hon. Robert McNab

Private Secretary—James Hislop

COUNCIL OF DEFENCE.

President—The Hon. Minister of Defence, Sir Joseph George Ward, K.C.M.G.

First Military Member—Colonel Alfred William Robin, C.B., N.Z.M., Chief of the General Staff

Second Military Member—Colonel William Holden Webb, N.Z.M. (late H. M. 109th Foot, Adjutant-General and Quartermaster-General (acting)

Third Military Member—Colonel Richard Hutton Davies, C.B., N.Z.M., Inspector-General

Finance Member—Lieutenant - Colonel Robert Joseph Collins (V.D.), N.Z.M.

Member and Secretary—Colonel William Holden Webb, N.Z.M. (late H.M. 109th Foot)

DEPARTMENT OF THE CHIEF OF THE GENERAL STAFF.

Chief of the General Staff—Colonel Alfred William Robin, C.B., N.Z.M.

Staff Officer (Acting)—Major John Gethin Hughes, D.S.O. N.Z.M.

General Instructional Staff.

Mounted — Captain Henry Harwood Browne, N.Z.M. (North Island)

Artillery Services — Master - Gunner George S. Richardson; Staff Sergeant-major Henry A. Wilson

Instructional and Military Examination Board.

Members — Officer Commanding Permanent Forces (ex officio); Lieutenant-Colonel R. J. Collins (V.D.), N.Z.M.; Lieutenant-Colonel G. F. C. Campbell; Major H. S. E. Hobday; Major C. T. Tatum; Major A. C. Robinson (D.E.S.); Acting-Major R. W. Tate; Captain W. G. Duthie; Captain D. J. Cameron; Captain D. Pringle; Captain T. W. McDonald, N.Z.M.

Executive Officer—Captain T. W. McDonald, N.Z.M.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL AND QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

Adjutant-General and Quartermaster-General — Colonel William Holden Webb, N.Z.M. (late H.M. 109th Foot), (acting)

Staff Officer—Captain Richard John S. Seddon, N.Z.M.

Medical Service—Surgeon-General Sidney Skerman (V.D.), N.Z.M., New Zealand Medical Corps

Veterinary Services—Lieutenant-Colonel John Anderson Gilruth, M.R.C.V.S., Eng.

Military Pensions Board—President: Lieutenant-Colonel Hon. William Edward Collins, M.B., M.L.C., N.Z. Medical Corps. Members: Surgeon-Major James R. Purdy, M.B., N.Z. Medical Corps; Surgeon-Captain William E. Herbert, M.D., F.R.C.S., Edin., N.Z. Militia.

Director of Ordnance Artillery Services—

Director of Engineer Services—Major Alick Christopher Robinson, N.Z.M. (Captain R.E.)

Director of Stores—James O'Sullivan

Assistant Storekeeper—Frederick Silver

Testing Officer (Ammunition)—Master-Gunner A. Duvall

Magazine - keepers — William Thomas Beck (Auckland); Richard Fredric (Wellington)

Armourers — Staff - Sergeant Betram Buckley; Staff-Sergeant John Hunter; Staff-Sergeant William E. Luckman

DEPARTMENT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL, NEW ZEALAND DEFENCE FORCES.

Inspector - General — Colonel Richard Hutton Davies, C.B., N.Z.M.

Staff Officer—Lieutenant Robert Oswald Chesney, R.N.Z.A.

DEPARTMENT OF THE FINANCE MEMBER, COUNCIL OF DEFENCE.

Finance Member — Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Joseph Collins (V.D.), N.Z.M.

Accountant—Frederick B. Mabin

HEADQUARTERS OFFICE, COUNCIL OF DEFENCE.

Clerical Staff.

Chief Clerk—Thomas Francis Grey

Senior Clerk—William Edward Butler

Accountant—Frederick B. Mabin

Record Clerk—William McGoldrick

Clerks—M. M. Dodd; F. Jennings; Lieutenant J. F. Rockstrow, N.Z.M.; W. R. Collett; H. M. Griffen; H. B. Jacobs; G. F. Rudkin; G. L'E. Logan

Junior Clerks—D. S. Lyons; A. W. Jackson

Clerical Cadet—E. Fennessy

Typistes and Shorthand-writers — Miss E. M. Gardiner; Miss M. Davidson

OFFICER COMMANDING PERMANENT FORCE.

Major John Edward Hume

IMPERIAL PAY BRANCH.

Paymaster-General — Lieutenant-Colonel Robert J. Collins (V.D.), N.Z.M.

Senior Officer in Charge—Lieutenant Frederick B. Mabin, N.Z.V.

NEW ZEALAND DEFENCE FORCES RIFLE ASSOCIATION.

Patron—His Excellency The Right Hon. William Lee, Baron Plunket, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O.

Vice-Patron—The Hon. Sir Joseph George Ward, K.C.M.G.

President — Colonel William Holden Webb, N.Z.M. (Secretary Council of Defence)

Executive Officer — Lieutenant-Colonel Robert J. Collins (V.D.), N.Z.M. (Wellington)

Executive Committee—Major A. de B. Brandon (Wellington); Major Robert Hughes, S.C. (Wanganui); Captain Louis P. Skinner (V.D.), (Auckland); Captain G. Proudfoot (Otago); Captain C. Harcourt Turner (Wellington); Captain Charles G. Foster (Canterbury); F. W. Williams, Esq. (Napier)

Auditor—Captain W. R. Morris (Wellington)

DISTRICT COMMANDS.

Auckland.

Officer Commanding District—Lieutenant-Colonel George Cecil Burleigh Wolfe, N.Z.M. (late Captain R.M.L.I.)

Principal Medical Officer—Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Walker (V.D.)

D.A.A.G. “A”—Lieutenant Robert Carpenter, N.Z.M.

D.A.A.G. “B”—Captain Harry R. Potter, N.Z.M.

Wellington.

Officer Commanding District — Lieutenant - Colonel Arthur Bauchop, C.M.G., N.Z.M.

Adjutant — Captain Thomas William McDonald, N.Z.M.

Principal Medical Officer — Surgeon-Lieutenant - Colonel Hon. William Edward Collins, M.L.C., M.B.

D.A.A.G. “B”—P.S. Captain Charles H. Turner.

Nelson.

Officer Commanding District — Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) Lewis John Joyce, N.Z.M.

Principal Medical Officer—Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Relf Pearless (V.D.)

Canterbury.

Officer Commanding District — Lieutenant-Colonel John Edward Hawkins (V.D.), N.Z.M.

Principal Medical Officer — Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Thomas, M.B. (V.D.).

D.A.A.G. “A” — Captain Charles J. Treleaven

D.A.A.G. “B”—P.S. Captain Walter Harry Meddings

Otago.

Officer Commanding District — Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) Vere Staunton Smyth, N.Z.M. (Reserve of Officers), late H.M. Royal Warwickshire Regiment.

Adjutant — Captain Sydney Vincent Trask, N.Z.M.

Principal Medical Officer — Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Harry Archibald de Lautour (V.D.)

D.A.A.G. “A”—Major John Stuart Hislop

D.A.A.G. “B”—Captain John McIndoe

DETACHMENT ROYAL N.Z. ARTILLERY.

Auckland.

Officer Commanding—Captain Herbert Edward Pilkington

Lieutenant—Sydney George Sandle

Surgeon-Captain—Harry Charles Bennett

DETACHMENT ROYAL N.Z. ENGINEERS.

Auckland.

Lieutenant—Rayner Barrington Smythe

ROYAL NEW ZEALAND ARTILLERY.

Wellington.

Major—John Edward Hume

Lieutenants — George E. B. Mickle; Robert Oswald Chesney; Ivon Tatham Standish

Surgeon - Captain — Hamilton Andrew Hugh Gilmer, N.Z.M.

Hon Chaplain—Rev. George P. Davys, M.A.

ROYAL NEW ZEALAND ENGINEERS.

Wellington.

Lieutenants — Frank Symon; John Evelyn Duigan

Honorary Captain — Robert Fraser (Lieutenant R.N.R.)

Honorary Lieutenant—John Macpherson

DETACHMENT ROYAL N.Z. ARTILLERY.

Lyttelton.

Captain—William Patrick Wall.

Honorary Chaplain—Rev. Edward Eliot Chambers (V.D.)

DETACHMENT ROYAL N.Z. ARTILLERY.

Dunedin.

Captain—Murray Menzies Gardner

Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel — Harry Archibald de Lautour (V.D.), Dunedin

Surgeon-Captain—William Henry Borrie, Port Chalmers

RAILWAYS DEPARTMENT.

Minister for Railways—Hon. W. Hall-Jones

HEAD OFFICE.

General Manager—T. Ronayne

Chief Clerk—R. W. McVilly

Clerks — E. J. Andrews, W. S. Ridler, J. L. Day, J. O. Duff, J. Hislop, J. E. Widdop, J. V. Fogo, D. MacKellar, J. Thomson, W. A. Wellings, P. J. McGovern, W. P. Miller, F. M. Sherwood, A. J. Levick, W. H. Rennie, J. A. Jones, G. H. Hoare, J. H. McIlroy, R. A. Fahy, W. A. H. Love, F. S. Gray

Audit Inspectors—D. Munro, R. Hislop, I. Faris, H. Williams

Railway Accountant—H. Davidson

Clerks—J. H. Davies, S. P. Curtis, G. G. Wilson, J. McLean, E. Davy, A. Morris, C. Batten, J. Firth, W. B. Fisher, E. J. Fleming, H. H. Leopard, R. J. Loe, W. Bourke, T. Pattle, A. H. Hunt, H. D. Smith, W. E. Ahern, F. K. Porteous, A. D. C. Gosman, T. A. O'Connor, A. E. Wilson, C. C. Felton, J. W. Dayman, W. H. Simmons, J. B. Gauntlett, P. J. Wright, A. T. Parkes, T. H. Jones, N. O. McKay, E. D. H. Heaton, J. Jessen, A. R. Charlton

STORES BRANCH.

Stores Manager—H. Baxter

Stores Audit Inspector—F. J. Dawes

Clerks—M. C. Rowe, A. E. F. Jarman, S. Alpe, H. W. Barbor, A. E. Bright, A. E. Boyes, R. P. Bray, S. S. Millington, A. D. Lincoln, J. Brabiner, J. Hayes, V. C. Hardie, G. D. Pattle, W. P. McCormick, J. P. Harris, A. B. Leggett, C. H. Nelson, A. H. G. Lambert

TRAFFIC BRANCH.

Chief Traffic Manager—H. Buxton

Relieving District Traffic Manager—(vacant)

Clerks—J. E. Armstrong, G. A. C. Robieson, J. D. Nash

Traffic Superintendents—Wellington, T. Arthur; Dunedin, A. Grant

District Managers—Whangarei, J. D. Harris; Auckland, T. W. Waite; Wanganui, W. J. Stringleman; Westland, J. Ashley; Christchurch, S. F. Whitcombe; Invercargill, C. A. Piper

Stationmasters in Charge—Kawakawa, A. G. Pickmere; Kaihu, R. B. Peat; Gisborne, G. G. Wellsted; Westport, R. B. Brebner; Nelson, T. S. Edwards; Picton, P. Couch

MAINTENANCE BRANCH.

Chief Engineer for Working Railways—J. Coom, M. Inst. C.E.

Inspecting Engineer—J. Burnett, M. Inst. C.E.

Signal Engineer—H.J. Wynne, A.M. Inst. C.E.

Railway Land Officer—J. T. Ford

Inspector of Bridge Construction—A. H. Alabaster

Electrician—J. T. Fahy, A.M.I.E.E.

Electrical Mechanician—T. Hendry

Electric Lines Inspector—E. A. Tomkies

Office Engineer—G. A. Troup

Draughtsmen—J. Besant, Ad. Howitt, C. T. Jeffreys, A. S. Henderson, W. W. Fry, A. S. Wansbrough, H. W. Beasley

Clerks—W. P. Hicks, W. A. Mirams, H. Jessup, T. H. Wilson, E. S. Kelly, J. M. Robb, F. J. Rowden, E. D. Richards, W. B. O'Brien, G. P. Parrell, T. Trezise, H. McAlister, W. B. Lee, H. W. Franklin, F. McGovern, G. H. Fearn, T. H. Morris, D. S. Morris, N. C. D. Mason, F. W. Baillie, R. Greig, P. McGrath

District Engineers—Auckland, D. T. McIntosh; Wanganui, C. H. Biss; Wellington, F. J. Jones; Westport and Westland, F. C. Widdop; Christchurch, H. Macandrew; Dunedin, F. W. MacLean; Invercargill, A. J. McCredie

Resident Engineer—Petone, A. C. Koch

Assistant Engineer—C. M. Benzoni

LOCOMOTIVE BRANCH.

Chief Mechanical Engineer—A.L. Beattie

Clerks—J. P. Kelly, R. Aekins, D. D. Weir, B. A. Marris, J. H. Leopard, C. H. Virtue, H. McKeowen, C. L. Pettit, N. P. G. Ewart, L. C. Fama, J. M. Porteous, J. P. McKeowen, L. G. Armstrong, A. E. Britten, J. R. Robertson, P. Burge, M. M. Sullivan, R. G. Chisholm, A. J. Ridler

Chief Draughtsman—R. Pye-Smith

Draughtsmen—S. H. Jenkinson, C. G. G. Berry

Engineering Cadet—R. H. P. Ronayne

Boiler Inspector—J. W. Nichols

Locomotive Engineers—Auckland, A. V. Macdonald; Wellington-Napier-New Plymouth, G. A. Pearson; Hurunui-Bluff, H. H. Jackson; Westport and Westland, E. E. Gillon. Relieving, F. T. Murison

Brake Engineer—J. H. Fox

Loco. Inspector—E. L. W. Haskins

Tech. Clerk—G. Wilson

BOARD OF APPEAL.

North Island.

Chairman—H. Eyre Kenny, Stipendiary Magistrate, appointed by the Governor

W. Bowles, Traffic Clerk, Wellington, elected

W. T. Wilson, Engineman, Palmerston North, elected

M. J. Mack, Guard, Franckton Junction, elected

W. Morrison, Ganger, Pahiatua, elected

W. G. D. Evans, Turner, Petone, elected

Middle Island.

Chairman—Mr. District Judge Haselden, appointed by the Governor

J. Gray, Traffic Inspector, Christchurch, elected

A. Williams, Guard, Invercargill, elected

J. Robertson, Engineman, Invercargill, elected

J. H. Jones, Turner, Addington, elected

J. P. Puttick, Ganger, Totara, elected

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT.

HEAD OFFICE.

Minister for Public Works—Hon. W. Hall-Jones

Under-Secretary—H. J. H. Blow

Engineer-in-Chief—

Inspecting Engineer—R. W. Holmes, M. Inst. C.E.

Assistant Engineer—W. E. Fitzgerald

Architect—J. Campbell, F.R.I.B.A.

Chief Clerk—W. D. Dumbell

Accountant—G. J. Clapham

Land-purchase Officer—H. Thompson

Assistant Land-purchase Officer—E. Bold

Record Clerk—H. W. H. Millais

Clerks—G. C. Schmidt, P. S. Waldie, A. Biddell, A. H. Kimbell, N. Jacobs, C. E. Crawford, W. McNamara, H. F. Curtis, J. J. Bennett, L. White, K. Webb, E. Twohill, P. J. Fennell, W. H. Boys, R. Brown, F. E. Banks

Chief Draughtsman—W. G. Rutherford

Draughtsmen—E. Jackson, W. Withers, L. L. Richards, T. J. McCosker, W. G. C. Swan, J. H. Price, A. E. King, R. G. Applegarth, A. F. Macrae, N. Pasquali, S. W. May-Somerville, A. T. Ford, G. V. Venning, R. Walker, H. C. North, A. Stevenson, R. H. Warner, P. F. M. Burrows, A. W. Kemp, W. Stewart, C. E. Paton, H. V. S. Griffiths

Head Storekeeper—J. C. Fulton

Engineering Cadets—J. P. Church, L. W. Wogan

Architectural Cadet—B. F. Kelly

Clerical Cadets—J. A. Wilkinson, C. E. Nairn

Clerical Cadettes—W. L. J. Mellsop, G. F. Edenborough

DISTRICT OFFICES.

District Engineers—Auckland, C. R. Vickerman; Dunedin, E. R. Ussher, M.Inst.C.E.; Stratford, G. L. Cook, M.Inst.C.E.

Resident Engineers—Raurimu, J. D. Louch, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E.; Ohakune, F. W. Furkert; Nelson, J. J. Hay, M.A.; Westport, R. A. Young, Assoc. M.Inst.C.E.; Greymouth, J. Thomson, B.E., M.Inst.C.E.; Broken River, J. A. Wilson, M.Inst.C.E.; Tormore, J. E. W. McEnnis

Assistant Engineers—S. J. Harding, S. H. Dobson, F. M. Hewson, J. Hannah, J. H. Lewis, G. C. McGlashan, C. E. Armstrong, W. Widdowson, H. Dickson, A. Ross, J. V. Haskell, J. Meenan, A. Stewart, W. P. Moynihan, W. Sherratt, C. J. McKenzie, J. J. Wilson, F. S. Dyson, J. Wood, H. Vickerman, B.Sc., L. B. Campbell, J. Norris, P. Keller, F. C. Hay, H. H. Sharp, H. T. Thompson

Engineering Surveyor—H. R. Atkinson

Engineering Cadets—T. M. Crawford, R. Park, H. Patterson, W. Hall-Jones, jun., A. J. Baker, C. D. Handley, A. D. Thorpe, W. G. Pearce, G. G. Wilson, J. R. Marks, W. S. King, T. M. Ball, H. G. Shannon, T. G. C. Mackay, G. H. J. Mellsop

Draughtsmen—C. Wood, W. H. Hislop, J. J. Fraser, H. C. W. Wrigg, J. B. Robertson, W. J. C. Slane

Clerks—C. T. Rushbrook, A. R. Stone, J. H. Denton, A. J. Sutcliffe, E. Waddell, J. Holroyd, G. T. Grace, E. G. Beale, J. A. White, C. A. Alabone, E.J. Edwards, L. M. Shera, S. A. Holland, L. W. Parsons, W. A. Bowie, A. D. Park, H. M. O'Donnell, H. Colvin, W. Sotheran, C. Ball, A. Ross, P. H. Beaton, E. J. Colquhoun

Storekeepers—T. Douglas, S. J. Moncrieff, E. Kidd

DEPARTMENT OF ROADS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Minister in Charge—Hon. W. Hall-Jones

Chief Engineer—C. W. Hursthouse

Chief Clerk—W. S. Short (Solicitor)

Chief Accountant—J. R. Smyth

Clerks—J. O. Anson, H. Arthur, W. Barclay, F. Blake, J. W. Black, C. E. Bennett, J. Connell, O. Ellison, A. W. Innes, R. F. Madden, F. Mueller, R. B. Orr, J. B. Poynter, L. E. Johnson, F. A. Lewis

Draughtsman—G. H. Murray

Cadets—J. D. Brosnan, G. F. Jackson, J. M. Tudhope

Cadette—E. A. Pettit

District Officers.

District Road Engineers—Auckland, A. B. Wright; Te Kuiti, T. Burd; Hawke's Bay, D. N. McMillan; Taranaki, G. T. Murray; Wanganui, R. H. Reaney; Wellington, G. F. Robinson; Marlborough, C. H. Williams; Canterbury, F. B. Wither; Southland, J. H. Treseder

Assistant Road Engineers—Auckland, A. H. Vickerman, C. B. Turner; Rotorua, G. G. Menzies, E. M. Donaldson; Te Kuiti, A. Julian; Wellington, T. Carroll, W. Nathan

District Accountants—Auckland, G. A. Kallender; Wellington, R. Howe

Clerks—Auckland, H. J. Kallender, W. J. Wiggs; Te Kuiti, E. H. Baker, C. Turner, J. D. McNaught; Hawke's Bay, P. S. Foley; Taranaki, J. Clarke, C. W. Richards; Wanganui, F. Manson, W. Merson, J. R. Cade, E. V. Allison; Wellington, P. J. Moran, S. d'A. Grut, T. C. Duncan; Nelson, J. A. Hay; Marlborough, F. H. Ibbetson; Westland, L. Cooper, H. Seymour; Canterbury, P. W. Willson; Otago, W. H. Trimble; Southland, N. J. Ryan, R. W. Gill

Cadets—Auckland, C. W. Carver, W. H. Mardon, E. Puttick; Rotorua, H. Watkinson; Hawke's Bay, S. L. Searell; Taranaki, H. Powell; Wanganui, H. A. Joyce, T. L. Cooper; Wellington, A. W. Craig; Southland, F. K. Wilkie

Draughtsmen—Auckland, R. C Anderson, F. I. Ellis; Te Kuiti, J. T. V. Kirkby; Hawke's Bay, P. S. Reaney, W. H. Gilmour; Taranaki, C. H. Lawn; Wellington, G. R. Ibbetson

Road Inspectors—Auckland, R. J. Baff, R. R. Menzies, R. Hill, H. H. Thompson, S. R. James, J. Higgins, J. W. Civil; Rotorua, W. Fairley, G. H. Donaldson; Te Kuiti, R. Barron, W. J. Worthington, E. J. Early; Hawke's Bay, T. H. Strauchon, D.G. Robertson; Taranaki, H. C. Strombom, E. Julian, R. D. Tosswill, W. Rigg; Wanganui, A. L. Soufflot, R. S. Summers, B. Wolff, J. A. Rutherfurd; Wellington, J. C. Scott, C. Hardinge, G. T. Whittaker; Nelson, J. F. Rasmussen, J. Brough; Westland, W. Adair; Canterbury, R. H. Young, U. Hurrell; Otago, B. Marr, J. Kelly; Southland, H. C. Sutton, J. Maher

Bridge Inspector—Te Kuiti, M. W. Forsyth

Overseers—Auckland, A. L. Menzies, J. P. Wright; Te Kuiti, W. Bond, J. Smyth; Hawke's Bay, J. Allison, A. W. Horne, J. McLeod, E. Hallett, W. Brook; Taranaki, C. Skitrop, G. Denison, V. Jackson, J. Caddy; Wanganui, W. Waters, E. A. Vine, J. Corlett, E. Gould, G. F. Manson, A. H. Wright; Wellington, W. Boyden, W. Campbell; Nelson, M. Green, J. Quinn, G. Gillbank; Marlborough, T. James, D. Watson; Westland, A. M. Beer, P. Purcell, G. O'Malley; Otago, P. Fitzpatrick

PRINTING AND STATIONERY DEPARTMENT.

Minister in Charge—Hon. W. Hall-Jones

Government Printer, Stationery Office Manager, and Controller of Stamp Printing—John Mackay

Chief Clerk and Accountant—B.B. Allen

Clerks—N. B. K. Manley, F. Barraud, J. W. Hall, R. Watts, A. Stace, W. Hutchings, A. Williams, G. Garnham, C. T. Williams

Cadets—P. C. Jordan, C. P. Cosgrove

Cadette—G. Allnutt

Copy Supervisor—M. F. Marks

MECHANICAL DIVISION.

Superintending Overseer—J. F. Rogers Printing Branch—

Overseers—G. Tattle, W. P. McGirr, W. A. G. Skinner

Night Foreman—D. Joslin

Readers—W. Fuller, H. S. Mountier, W. Sutherland, P. Riddick

Stereotyper and Electrotyper—W. J. Kirk

Binding Branch—

Overseer—W. Franklin

Sub-overseer—G. H. Broad

Forewoman—A. O'Malley

Machine-room—

Overseer—J. Phillips

Sub-overseer—J. Hughes

Stamp Branch—

Overseer—J. Burns

Lithographic and Photographic Branch—

Overseer—D. Ross

Chief Draughtsman—G. N. Sturtevant

Engineer—T. R. Barrer

STAMP DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Stamp Duties—Hon. James Carroll

Commissioner of Stamps—C. A. St. G. Hickson

Chief Clerk—C. H. W. Dixon

Accountant—J. P. Murphy

Custodian and Issuer of Stamps—W. H. Shore

Clerk—V. Willeston

Chief Stamper—A. A. Somerville

Cadette—C. McIntosh

Cadets—R. Wakelin, J. Morrison

DEPUTY COMMISSIONERS OF STAMPS.

Auckland—E. Bamford

Gisborne—R. N. Jones

Taranaki—T. Hutchison

Hawke's Bay—Thomas Hall

Wellington—J. Murray

Wanganui—D. Miller

Nelson—W. W. de Castro

Marlborough—F. Broughton

Canterbury—P. G. Withers

Timaru—W. McHutchison

Otago—P. C. Corliss

Southland—C. E. Nalder

Westland—R. J. Acheson

LAND TRANSFER DEPARTMENT AND DEEDS REGISTRY.

Registrar-General of Land and Deeds—J. M. Batham

Secretary, Land and Deeds—C. A. St. G. Hickson

DISTRICT LAND REGISTRARS AND REGISTRARS OF DEEDS.

Auckland—E. Bamford

Taranaki—T. Hutchison

Wellington—J. M. Batham

Hawke's Bay—Thomas Hall

Poverty Bay—R. N. Jones

Nelson—H. Eyre Kenny

Marlborough—T. Scott-Smith

Canterbury—G. G. Bridges

Otago—W. Wyinks

Southland—C. E. Nalder

Westland—R. J. Acheson

EXAMINERS OF TITLES.

Auckland—E. Bamford

Taranaki—T. Hutchison

Wellington—J. M. Batham, G. A. L. Pauling

Hawke's Bay—Thomas Hall

Poverty Bay—R. N. Jones

Nelson—H. Eyre Kenny

Marlborough—T. Scott-Smith

Canterbury—G. G. Bridges

Otago—W. Wyinks

Southland—C. E. Nalder

Westland—R. J. Acheson

REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES.

C. A. St. G. Hickson

REGISTRARS OF BUILDING SOCIETIES, INDUSTRIAL AND PROVIDENT SOCIETIES, AND ASSISTANT REGISTRARS OF COMPANIES.

Auckland—E. Bamford

Poverty Bay—R. N. Jones

Taranaki—T. Hutchison

Hawke's Bay—Thomas Hall

Wellington—C. H. W. Dixon

Nelson—W. W. de Castro

Marlborough—F. Broughton

Canterbury—P. G. Withers

Otago—P. C. Corliss

Southland—C. E. Nalder

Westland—R. J. Acheson

NATIVE DEPARTMENT.

Native Minister—Hon. James Carroll

Under-Secretary—

Chief Clerk—W. H. Bowler

Record Clerk—J. B. Hackworth

Clerk—L. A. Teutenberg

Translator—G. H. Davies

Chief Judge of Native Land Court—Jackson Palmer

President of Native Appellate Court—H. G. Seth-Smith

Judges of Native Land Court—H. F. Edger, W. G. Mair, R. C. Sim, J. W. Browne, W. E. Rawson, C. E. MacCormick, R. N. Jones, T. W. Fisher, M. Gilfedder

Registrars of Native Land Court—Auckland, A. G. Holland; Wellington, E. A. Welch; Gisborne, H. Carr

Clerks and Interpreters of Native Land Court—L. M. Grace, D. F. G. Barclay, A. F. Puckey, C. W. P. Seon, W. E. Goffe, C. P. Newton, H. R. H. Balneavis

Presidents of Maori Land Boards—Tokerau, Waiariki, Waikato, and Maniapoto-Tuwharetoa Boards, J. W. Browne; Tairawhiti Board, T. W. Porter; Aotea Board, T. W. Fisher; Te Ikaroa Board, R. C. Sim

Superintendent of Maori Councils—Gilbert Mair

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.

HEAD OFFICE.

Minister of Justice—Hon. James McGowan

Under-Secretary—F. Waldegrave

Chief Clerk—G. C. B. Jordan

Clerks—A. M. Smith, C. E. Matthews, G. F. Dixon

Cadet—G. H. A. Tanner

PATENT OFFICE.

Registrar of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks—J. C. Lewis

Deputy Registrar—

Clerks—Mary Eyre, E. P. O'Donnell

Cadet—J. A. Hardie

JUDICIAL.

Supreme Court Judges.

Chief Justice—

Wellington—Sir R. Stout, K.C.M.G.

Judges—

Wellington—Theo. Cooper, F. R. Chapman, C. E. Button (acting)

Auckland—W. B. Edwards (on leave)

Christchurch—J. E. Denniston

Dunedin—J. S. Williams

District Court Judges.

Hamilton and Thames—C. C. Kettle

Wairarapa, Wanganui, New Plymouth, Stratford, Hawera, Palmerston North, Pahiatua, Nelson, Ashburton, Timaru, Oamaru, Queenstown, Naseby, Lawrence, Invercargill, Gore, Hokitika, Greymouth, Westport, Reefton, and Kumara—W. R. Haselden

Registrars of the Supreme Court.

Auckland—R. E. G. Thomas

New Plymouth—T. Hutchison (on leave), W. G. Riddell

Wanganui—R. L. Stanford

Palmerston North—A. D. Thomson

Napier—H. W. Brabant

Gisborne—W. A. Barton

Wellington—D. G. A. Cooper

Nelson—H. Eyre Kenny

Blenheim—T. Scott-Smith

Christchurch—A. R. Bloxam

Hokitika—R. J. Acheson

Dunedin—G. A. King

Invercargill—J. R. Colyer

Sheriffs.

Auckland—R. E. G. Thomas

Taranaki—W. A. D. Banks

Hawke's Bay—H. W. Brabant

Poverty Bay—W. A. Barton

Wellington—D. G. A. Cooper

Wairarapa—E. Rawson

Wanganui and Rangitikei—C. A. Barton

Manawatu—C. J. Hewlett

Nelson—W. Heaps

Westland North—E. D. Mosley

Central Westland—A. Askenbeck

Marlborough—J. Terry

Canterbury—A. R. Bloxam

Timaru—C. A. Wray

Westland—R. J. Acheson

Otago—G. A. King

Southland—J. R. Colyer

Crown Solicitors.

Auckland—Hon. J. A. Tole

New Plymouth—W. Kerr

Gisborne—J. W. Nolan

Napier—H. A. Cornford

Wellington—F. H. D. Bell

Wanganui—G. Marshall

Palmerston North—H. S. Fitzherbert

Nelson—C. Y. Fell

Blenheim—R. McCallum

Christchurch—T. W. Stringer

Timaru—J. W. White

Dunedin—J. F. M. Fraser

Invercargill—T. M. Macdonald

Oamaru—A. G. Creagh

Crown Prosecutors (District Courts).

Hamilton and Thames—Hon. J. A. Tole

New Plymouth—W. Kerr

Stratford—W. Kerr

Hawera—E. L. Barton

Wanganui—G. Marshall

Palmerston North—H. S. Fitzherbert

Pahiatua—W. Tosswill

Masterton—A. R. Bunny

Nelson—C. Y. Fell

Westport and Reefton—A. A. Wilson

Hokitika—J. Park

Greymouth—M. Hannan

Timaru—J. W. White

Oamaru—A. G. Creagh

Queenstown—Wesley Turton

Invercargill—T. M. Macdonald

Stipendiary Magistrates.

Auckland—C. C. Kettle

Waikato, &c.—H. W. Northcroft

Onehunga, &c.—R. W. Dyer*

* Are also Wardens of Goldfields.

Russell, &c.—R. S. Florance

Tauranga, &c.—J. M. Roberts*

Thames, &c.—R. S. Bush*

Gisborne, &c.—W. A. Barton

New Plymouth—T. Hutchison (on leave), W. G. Riddell

Hawera, &c.—A. Turnbull

Wanganui, &c.—R. L. Stanford

Palmerston North, &c.—A. D. Thomson

Wellington, &c.—A. McArthur, M.A., LL.D.

Wairarapa, &c.—W. P. James

Napier, &c.—H. W. Brabant

Nelson, &c.—H. Eyre Kenny*

Blenheim, &c.—T. Scott-Smith*

Christchurch, &c.—H. W. Bishop

Kaiapoi, &c.—V. G. Day

Timaru, &c.—C. A. Wray

Greymouth, Westport, &c.—W. G. K. Kenrick*

Hokitika, &c.—R. J. Acheson*

Dunedin, &c.—H. Y. Widdowson, C. C. Graham

Oamaru, &c.—J. Keddell*

Milton, &c.—G. Cruickshank*

Clyde, &c.—F. J. Burgess*

Naseby—J. McEnnis*

Invercargill, &c.—S. E. McCarthy*

Chatham Islands—Dr. G. H. Gibson

Official Assignees in Bankruptcy.

Auckland—E. Gerard, J.P.

Wellington—J. Ashcroft, J.P.

Christchurch—G. L. Greenwood

Dunedin—C. C. Graham

Clerks of District and Magistrates' Courts.

Thames—J. Jordan

Hamilton—W. Shanaghan

New Plymouth—W. A. D. Banks

Hawera—A. Trimble

Stratford—M. Foley

Wanganui—C. A. Barton

Palmerston North—C. J. Hewlett

Dannevirke—S. Tansley

Masterton—E. Rawson

Pahiatua—J. Fitzgerald

Nelson—E. C. Kelling

Hokitika—J. C. Malfroy

Kumara—J. N. Nalder

Greymouth—B. Harper

Westport—E. D. Mosley

Reefton—H. Smith

Timaru—T. Howley

Ashburton—T. W. Tayler

Oamaru—R. P. Ward

Invercargill—J. R. Colyer

Gore—J. M. Rodgers

Queenstown—A. J. Thompson

Lawrence—A. M. Eyes

Naseby—F. W. Hart

Receivers of Gold Revenue, Mining Registrars, and Clerks of Wardens' and Magistrates' Courts.

Thames—J. Jordan

Coromandel—J. McIndoe

Paeroa—H. R. Bush

Waihi—E. W. Cave

Tauranga—W. A. Thom

Whangarei—W. J. Reeve

Havelock (Marlborough)—A. J. Ching

Nelson—E. C. Kelling

Blenheim—John Terry

Motueka—J. C. N. Willis

Collingwood—G. H. Harris

Westport—E. D. Mosley

Charleston—E. Brophy

Reefton—H. Smith

Ahaura—F. Bird, jun.

Greymouth—B. Harper

Kumara—J. N. Nalder

Hokitika—J. C. Malfroy

Ashburton—T. W. Tayler

Naseby, &c.—F. W. Hart

Wyndham—D. Bogue

Clyde, Black's, and Alexandra—F. T. D. Jeffrey

Cromwell—O. E. Bowling

Queenstown and Arrowtown—A. J. Thompson

Lawrence—A. M. Eyes

Gore—J. M. Rodgers

Riverton—J. M. Adam

Clerks of Magistrates' Courts.

Auckland—H. H. G. Ralfe

Rotorua—A. F. Bent

Gisborne—G. J. Johnstone

Napier—R. B. Mathias

Hastings—D. Banks

Wairoa—H. H. Carr

Marton, &c.—H. C. N. Ladley

Feilding—W. Matravers

Otaki—T. O'Rourke

Wellington—A. H. Holmes

Christchurch—W. S. Fisher

Lyttelton—W. D. Wallace

Kaiapoi—A. G. Ashby

Waimate—W. Y. Purchase

Dunedin—W. G. P. O'Callaghan

Port Chalmers—J. Miller

* Are also Wardens of Goldfields.

CORONERS.

Auckland, T. Gresham; Arrowtown, H. Graham; Coromandel, A. R. H. Swindley; Collingwood, E. Davidson; Dannevirke, T. L. Buick; Feilding, J. J. Bagnall; Foxton, A. Fraser; Hamilton, J. S. Bond; Hawera, C. E. Major; Kawhia, T. D. Hamilton; Marton, J. J. McDonald; Otahuhu,; Otaki, W. H.; Simcox; Paeroa, W. Forrest; Pahi, J. B. Ariell; Palmerston North, J. Mowlem; Port Albert, L. P. Becroft; Queenstown, L. Hotop; Raglan, W. H. Wallis; Midhirst, J. Mackay; Taihape, J. P. Aldridge; Takaka, A. Sinclair; Tapanui, W. Quin; Thames, A. Brnce; Taumarunui, A. S. Laird; Tauranga, A. C. H. Tovey; Te Awamutu, J. B. Teasdale; Te Kopuru, T. Webb; Waihi, M. D. King; Waipawa, J. C. Taylor; Wellington, J. Ashcroft; Westport, G. B. Sinclair; Whangarei, J. M. Killen; Woodville, E. J. Gothard. All Stipendiary Magistrates are ex officio Coroners.

VALIDATION COURT.

Chief Judge—Jackson Palmer

Judges—The Judges of the Native Land Court

Registrars—The Registrars of the Native Land Court

“MAORI LANDS ADMINISTRATION ACT, 1900.”

Superintendent—P. Sheridan

Administrative Officer—P. Sheridan

Presidents of Boards.

District of Tokerau—J. W. Browne

District of Maniapoto-Tuwharetoa—J. W. Browne

District of Waikato—J. W. Browne

District of Waiariki—J. W. Browne

District of Te Ikaroa—R. C. Sim

District of Aotea—T. W. Fisher

District of Tairawhiti—T. W. Porter

PRISONS DEPARTMENT.

Inspector—Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Hume, N.Z.M.

Clerks—T. E. Richardson, W. Gollan

Gaolers—Auckland, Francis Egerton Severne; Dunedin, John Henry Bratby; Hokitika, Alexander William Ironside; Invercargill, Thomas Risson Pointon; Lyttelton, Matthew Michael Cleary; Napier, Michael Flannery; New Plymouth, Sidney George Millington; Wanganui, Robert T. N. Beasley; Wellington, Alexander Armstrong; Waiotapu, Alexander William Roberts; Hanmer Springs, James Thomas Reid; Dumgree, Edward Murphy; Waipa Valley, Edward Byrne

NEW ZEALAND POLICE DEPARTMENT.

Head Office.

Commissioner—Walter Dinnie

Chief Clerk and Accountant—Sub-Inspector Arthur H. Wright

Police Force.

Inspectors—John Cullen, John Wybrant Ellison, Robert James Gillies, Terence O'Brien, Ewen Macdonell, Nicholas Kiely, Edward Wilson, Alfred James Mitchell

Sub-Inspectors—Patrick Black, Henry Green, John Dwyer, John O'Donovan, Arthur H. Wright, Douglass Gordon

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCE.

Minister—Hon. James McGowan

Secretary—T. E. Donne

Chief Clerk—C. R. C. Robieson

Accountant—P. J. Kelleher

Clerk—C. E. Rigg

MINES DEPARTMENT.

CHIEF OFFICE.

Minister of Mines—Hon. James Mc-Gowan

Under - Secretary for Mines—T. H. Hamer

Chief Clerk—H. E. Radcliffe

Inspecting Engineer—Frank Reed

Geologist—Alexander McKay, F.G.S.

Draughtsman—C. H. Pierard

Shorthand-writer—J. T. Watkins

Cadet—T. H. Sherwood

INSPECTORS OF MINES.

Thames and Auckland Districts—James Coutts; Cadet, G. S. W. R. Hanson; Waihi—Assistant Inspector, Boyd Bennie: Canterbury, Dunedin, and Southland Districts—E. R. Green; Assistant Inspector, Robert McIntosh; Clerk, H. Paton: West Coast Districts—R. Tennent; Assistant Inspector, A. H. Richards; Cadet—C. M. Wilson

MINING BUREAU.

Secretary—P. Galvin

MANAGERS OF WATER-RACES.

Waimea-Kumara—J. Rochford

Mount Ida—R. Murray

COLONIAL ANALYST BRANCH.

Colonial Analyst—James S. Maclaurin, D.Sc., F.C.S.

Assistants—W. Donovan, Roy Girling-Butcher

Cadet—C. M. Wright

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH.

Director—J. M. Bell, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.G.S.

Geologists—Percy G. Morgan, M.A., Colin Fraser, M.Sc.

Assistant Geologists—E. J. Webb, E. de C. Clarke, J. H. Adams

Topographer—R. P. Greville

Draftsmen—R. J. Crawford, O. A. Darby

Clerks—J. Thompson, P. Clarke

SCHOOLS OF MINES.

Lecturers and Instructors: Thames—W. H. Baker; Assistant, W. A. Given, M.A.: Coromandel—D. V. Allen: Waihi—A. H. V. Morgan, M.A.: Karangahake—R. B. McDuff: Reefton—J. Henderson

BOARD OF EXAMINERS UNDER “THE COAL-MINES ACT, 1905.”

The Surveyor-General; the Inspecting Engineer of Mines; the Chief Inspector of Machinery, Wellington; James Bishop; Jonathan Dixon; and H. A. Gordon, F.G.S.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS UNDER “THE MINING ACT, 1905.”

Same official members as above Board, excepting the Chief Inspector of Machinery, Wellington, with the following private members: H. A. Gordon, F.G.S., Auckland; G. S. Clark, Thames; Benjamin Sutherland, Reefton; and H. P. Hornibrook, Waiomio

The Director of Geological Surveys is Chairman of both Boards, and H. E. Radcliffe is the Secretary

STATE COAL-MINES.

Manager—W. C. Gasquoine

Accountant—L. H. Eilers

Agent, Westport—H. Crowther

Mine-manager, Point Elizabeth Colliery, Greymouth—James Bishop

Mine-manager, Seddonville Colliery, Westport—T. Murray

IMMIGRATION DEPARTMENT.

Minister for Immigration—Hon. James McGowan

Under-Secretary—W. C. Kensington

Chief Clerk—F. T. O'Neill

COLONIAL SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT.

CHIEF OFFICE.

Colonial Secretary—Hon. Dr. J. G. Findlay, LL.D.

Under-Secretary—Hugh Pollen

Chief Clerk—R. F. Lynch

Clerks—J. F. Andrews, A. R. Kennedy, F. A. de la Mare

Officer in Charge of Government Buildings—W. H. Hennah

FINE ARTS AND DRAMATIC WORKS COPYRIGHT OFFICE.

Registrar—Charles T. Benzoni

AUDIT OFFICE.

Controller and Auditor-General—J. K. Warburton

Assistant Controller and Auditor—J. B. Heywood

Chief Clerk—L. C. Roskruge

Clerks—W. G. Holdsworth, H. S. Pollen, E. J. A. Stevenson, J. T. Dumbell

C. E. Easton, E. A. Casey, C. G. Colline, A. L. B. Jordan, H. Wylie

Cadets—G. G. Smith, J. A. Hay, G. S. Gapper, H. T. Thompson, R. M. Sunley, J. P. Rutherford, T. Treahy, A. A. Cairns, H. L. Marbrook, F. E. Kelly, T. Anton, R. J. Miller

Extra Clerks—D. C. Innes, A. E. Bybles, E. E. Smythe, J. McC. Hamilton, T. S. Hamer, J. Ward, R. Garrioch, W. W. Knowles, A. G. Robinson, K. D. McLeod, H. M. Nalder, G. H. Richardson, C. A. Ralston, O. R. Younghusband

Chief Audit Inspector and Audit of Local Bodies—P. P. Webb

Audit Officer, London—C. F. W. Palliser

Audit Inspectors—A. H. Maclean, J. King, A. W. Eames, G. H. I. Easton, C. P. Johnson, H. A. Lamb, A. A. Bethune, J. H. Fowler, R. A. Gray, W. G. Runcie

REGISTRAR-GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT.

Registrar-General and Government Statistician—E. J. von Dadelszen

REGISTRATION BRANCH, HEAD OFFICE.

Senior Clerk and Deputy of Registrar-General—W. W. Cook

Clerk and Examiner of Returns from Officiating Ministers and Registrars—G. A. Schoch

Clerk for Searches, Documents, &c.—C. Janion

Index Clerk—S. Coffey

Cadet—J. W. Butcher

STATISTICAL BRANCH.

Clerks—(In charge of Census Compilation Staff), General Statistics and Yearbook, W. M. Wright; General Statistics, F. H. Machattie

REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS, DEATHS AND MARRIAGES.

Four Chief Towns.

Auckland—E. H. Lyons

Wellington—G. G. Hodgkins

Christchurch—L. C. Williams

Dunedin—H. Maxwell

(There are also 220 District Registrars located throughout the colony.)

COLONIAL MUSEUM AND OBSERVATORY.

Director—A. Hamilton

Astronomical Observer—T. King

NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE.

President—G. M. Thomson, F.L.S., F.C.S.

Hon. Treasurer—M. Chapman

Secretary—T. H. Gill, M.A., LL.B.

ELECTORAL DEPARTMENT.

Minister in Charge—Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Chief Electoral Officer—F. W. Mansfield

Chief Clerk—F. Evans

Acting Accountant—J. E. Read

Clerks—J. D. Ferguson, F. C. Fraser, J. Geoghan, H. L. Jenkins, I. J. Johnston, W. A. Waters, A. G. Wiffin

Typistes—R. Rees, E. Swift

CROWN LAW DEPARTMENT.

Attorney-General—Hon. J. G. Findlay, LL.D.

CROWN LAW OFFICE.

Solicitor-General—F. Fitchett, M.A., LL.D.

Assistant Law Officer—L. G. Reid

Chief Clerk—E. Y. Redward

Clerk (also Private Secretary to Attorney-General)—E. N. G. Poulton

Clerk—J. Christie

LAW DRAFTING OFFICE.

Counsel—J. W. Salmond, M.A., LL.D.

Acting Law Draftsman—W. Jolliffe

DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND CUSTOMS.

Minister of Customs—Hon. J. A. Millar

Secretary and Inspector of Customs—W.T. Glasgow

Chief Clerk—T. Larchin

Assistant Chief Clerk—W. B. Montgomery

Clerks, Customs—G. F. McKellar, A. Barron

Cadets—K. H. Smyth, W. L. Bardsley

Audit—G. Craig

COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS.

Auckland—J. Mills

Poverty Bay—W. J. Hawley

New Plymouth—J. H. Hempton

Napier—W. Sibbald

Wellington—D. Johnston

Wanganui—A. Elliott

Nelson—A. Carter

Westport—H. J. Crowther

Greymouth—J. Howie

Hokitika—R. G. Ecclesfield

Lyttelton and Christchurch—R. Carter

Timaru—C. S. Nixon

Oamaru—T. M. Cullen

Dunedin—C. W. S. Chamberlain

Invercargill and Bluff Harbour—A. McDowell

OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF PORTS, AND COASTWAITERS.

Thames—T. C. Bayldon, Coastwaiter

Russell—H. Stephenson, Coastwaiter

Tauranga—C. E. Nicholas, Officer in Charge

Whangaroa—A. G. Ratcliffe, Coastwaiter

Whangarei—J. Munro, Coastwaiter

Mangonui—H. G. Hunt, Officer in Charge

Hokianga—C. C. Courtenay, Coastwaiter

Kaipara—D. Savident, Officer in Charge

Waitara—J. Cameron, Coastwaiter

Patea—J. W. Glenny, Officer in Charge

Waitara—H. A. Jackman, Officer in Charge

Picton—T. W. Lecocq, Officer in Charge

Chatham Islands—G. H. Gibson, Officer in Charge

MARINE DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Marine—Hon. J. A. Millar

Secretary—G. Allport

Chief Clerk—J. H. McAlister

Clerks—W. Canton, B. W. Millier

Cadets—D. H. Butcher, J. A. Munro

Cadette—M. Fisher

Marine Engineer for the Colony—

Marine Surveyor for the Colony—Commander C. G. Sinclair, R.I.M.

Nautical Adviser and Chief Examiner of Masters and Mates—H. S. Blackburne

Weather Reporter—R. A. Edwin, Com. R.N.

Assistant—Rev. D. C. Bates

Clerk—F. W. Simms

Superintendent of Mercantile Marine and Examiner of Masters and Mates, Auckland—C. E. W. Fleming

Assistant—T. A. G. Atwood

Clerk—J. Scully

Superintendent of Mercantile Marine and Examiner of Masters and Mates, Wellington—G. G. Smith

Assistant—S. G. Stringer

Clerk—T. G. Keane

Superintendent of Mercantile Marine and Examiner of Masters and Mates, Lyttelton—J. A. H. Marciel

Superintendent of Mercantile Marine and Examiner of Masters and Mates, Dunedin—N. Beaumont

Clerk—C. B. Jarman

Master of s.s. “Hinemoa”—J. Bollons

Master of s.s. “Tutanekai”—C. F. Post

Commander Training-ship “Amokura”—G. S. Hooper (R.N.R.)

INSPECTORS OF SEA-FISHERIES.

Wellington, Chief Inspector—L. F. Ayson

Raglan—J. O'Sullivan

Russell—H. Stephenson

Whangarei—John Munro

Kaipara—D. Savident

Manukau—J. Neale

Hokianga—C. C. Courtenay

Waihi—W. H. McKinnon

Wanganui—R. J. Issell

Auckland—J. P. Bennett, H. C. Haywood

Palmerston North—M. D. Stagpoole

Feilding—J. Forster

Foxton—F. Woods

Picton—W. D. L. Thompson

Hokitika—J. Marks

New Brighton—E. J. Rowe

Kaiapoi—J. K. Simpson

Dunedin—T. J. Sullivan, J. McIntyre, F. W. Beck

Bluff—P. McGrath

Stewart Island—J. M. Irwin

Napier—T. J. Wilton

HARBOURMASTERS.*

Collingwood—F. Stallard

Puponga—E. G. Stallard

Foxton—J. B. Hall

* The more important harbours are controlled by local Boards, not by the Marine Department.

Hokianga—G. Martin

Kaipara—D. Savident

Manukau—J. Neale

Picton—John Walter Jones

Port Robinson—J. Sinclair

Russell—H. Stephenson

Tauranga—W. A. Thom

Akaroa—H. W. Dawson

Wairau—H. Fisk

Waitapu—S. Fittall

INSPECTION OF MACHINERY DEPARTMENT.

Minister in Charge—Hon. J. A. Millar

Chief Inspector of Machinery, Chief Surveyor of Ships, and Chief Examiner of Marine Engineers and Stationary-engine Drivers—R. Duncan, Head Office, Wellington

Draughtsman—W. B. Morton

Accountant—R. P. Milne

Clerks—W. D. Andrews, J. G. Macpherson, J. Driscoll

Shorthand-writer and Typiste—A. Duncan

Cadets—Head Office: W. M. Egglestone, H. M. Mullins, J. C. O'Leary; Auckland office, W. J. Craig

Inspectors of Machinery, Surveyors of Ships, and Examiners of Marine Engineers and Stationary - engine Drivers:—

Auckland—H. Wetherilt, W. R. Douglas, P. Grant

Napier—M. Sharp

Wanganui—S. Dalrymple

Wellington—A. Calvert, C. W. R. Suisted, W. Cullen, J. Kydd

Nelson—N. D. Hood

Christchurch—P. J. Carman

Timaru—J. Williamson

Dunedin—A. Walker, A. Ramsay

Invercargill—A. W. Bethune

Board of Examiners of Stationary, Traction, Locomotive, and Winding Engine Drivers—Robert Duncan, Chief Inspector of Machinery, M.Inst.Nav.A., Chairman; Frank Reed, M.I.M.E., Inspecting Engineer of Mines; R. W. Holmes, M.Inst.C.E., Inspecting Engineer, P.W.D.; J. G. Macpherson, Secretary

DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR.

Minister of Labour—Hon. J. A. Millar

Wellington—

Secretary for Labour and Registrar of Industrial Unions—E. Tregear

Chief Inspector of Factories and Deputy Registrar of Industrial Unions—James Mackay

Deputy Chief Inspector of Factories—J. Lomas

Accountant—F. Rowley

Clerks—J. W. Collins, W. J. McKeown, W. J. Jamieson, A. J. Isherwood, T. McIntosh, J. Morgan, P. W. Woodroffe, M. Emerson

Shorthand-writers and Typistes—R. Ritson, C. Fama

Cadets—E. M. Casey, Thomas Boyce, F. S. Orr

Cadette—N. V. Saxon

Inspectors of Factories—

Wellington—J. B. Lindsay, C. E. Aldridge, M. S. Hawthorne, A. Donald

Auckland—J. Shanaghan, E. A. Le Cren. Clerk—D. Fisher. Cadets—W. E. Shanahan

Napier—W. J. Culver

New Plymouth—H. Willis

Wanganui—W. H. McQuarters

Palmerston North—J. Hollows. Cadet—A. E. Waite

Masterton—G. E. A. Hood

Nelson—S. Tyson. Cadet—R. A. Keddel

Greymouth—J. Isdell

Christchurch—W. H. Hagger, W. Newton. Clerks—W. Linklater, W. Hood. Cadet—S. G. Gow

Ashburton—R. S. Bean

Timaru—P. Keddie

Oamaru—T. O'Grady

Dunedin—P. Hally, D. Carmody, H. R. Morrison. Clerks—J. Maxwell, G. H. Wood, L. P. Bullen

Invercargill—L. D. Browett. Cadet—G. J. Agnew

And 160 local Inspectors.

(There are also 200 Bureau Agents in different parts of the colony.)

Inspectors of Scaffolding—

Wellington—R. A. Bolland

Auckland—H. Gresham

Christchurch—E. J. G. Stringer

Dunedin—F. Barton

ARBITRATION COURT.

Judge—His Honour Mr. Justice Sim

Employers' Member—Samuel Brown

Workers' Member—Robert Slater

Registrar—B. M. Wilson

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY.

HEAD OFFICE.

Minister of Lands and Commissioner of State Forests—Hon. Robert McNab

Under-Secretary for Crown Lands—W. C. Kensington

Surveyor-General—T. Humphries

Chief Draughtsman—W. D. B. Murray.

Chief Clerk—F. T. O'Neill

Accountant—R. A. Paterson

AUCKLAND DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—J. Mackenzie

District Surveyors—J. Langmuir, G. A. Martin, H. D. M. Haszard, W. J. Wheeler, R. S. Galbraith

Assistant Surveyors—A. G. Allom, H. F. Edgecumbe, W. C. O'Neill

Chief Draughtsman—C. R. Pollen

Receiver of Land Revenue—T. M. Taylor

HAWKE'S BAY DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—H. Trent

District Land Officer, Gisborne—T. N. Brodrick

District Surveyors—T. N. Brodrick, T. Brook. Assistant Surveyor—W. C. Wall

Chief Draughtsman—James Hay

Receiver of Land Revenue—F. Bull

TARANAKI DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—F. Simpson

District Surveyors—H. M. Skeet, G. H. Bullard, W. T. Morpeth

Chief Draughtsman—W. H. Skinner

Receiver of Land Revenue—F. A. Cullen

WELLINGTON DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—J. Strauchon

District Surveyors—J. D. Climie, F. A. Thompson, H. J. Lowe, J. R. Strachan

Assistant Surveyors—H. E. Girdiestone, T. A. Johnston

Chief Draughtsman—L. Smith

Receiver of Land Revenue—T. G. Waitt

NELSON DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands—F. W. Flanagan

Chief Surveyor—

District Surveyors—J. A. Montgomerie, J. Snodgrass, R. T. Sadd, J. D. Thomson

Chief Draughtsman—T. M. Grant

Receiver of Land Revenue—A. J. Redgrave

MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—F. S. Smith

District Surveyor—D. W. Gillies

Chief Draughtsman and Receiver of Land Revenue—W. Armstrong

WESTLAND DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—G. J. Roberts

District Surveyors—W. Wilson, H. Maitland

Chief Draughtsman—E. H. Wilmot

Receiver of Land Revenue—A. D. A. Macfarlane

CANTERBURY DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—E. C. Gold Smith

District Surveyor—G. H. McClure

Chief Draughtsman—C. B. Shanks

Receiver of Land Revenue—A. A. McNab

Superintendent of Village Settlements—J. E. March

OTAGO DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—David Barron

District Surveyors—D. M. Calder, D. I. Barron

Chief Draughtsman—S. Thompson

Receiver of Land Revenue—G. A. Reade

SOUTHLAND DISTRICT.

Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands—John Hay

District Surveyor—

Chief Draughtsman—G. Robinson

Receiver of Land Revenue—H. L. Welch

MEMBERS OF LAND BOARDS.

Auckland — J. Mackenzie, J. Renshaw, A. R. Harris, M. W. Armstrong, W. W. McCardle

Hawke's Bay—H. Trent, T. Hyde, R. R. Groom, C. R. Baines, O. E Bartram

Taranaki — F. Simpson, J. Heslop, James Rattebury, J. B. Connett, J. McCluggage

Wellington—J. Strauchon, A. Reese, J. Dawson, J. M. A'Court

Nelson—F. W. Flangan, O. Lynch, J. S. Wratt, G. Walker, A. Sinclair

Marlborough—F. S. Smith, J. Redwood, A. P. Seymour, H. M. Reader, G. E. Parsons

Westland—G. J. Roberts, J. S. Lang, A. Cumming, M. Pollock, G. Mallinson

Canterbury—E. C. Gold Smith, A. C. Pringle, J. Sealy, J. Allan, J. Stevenson

Otago—D. Barron, G. Livingstone, J. Tough, J. M. McKenzie, W. Dallas

Southland—J. Hay, A. Kinross, J. McIntyre, D. King, J. McLean

SURVEYORS' BOARD UNDER “THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE OF SURVEYORS AND BOARD OF EXAMINERS ACT, 1900.”

The Surveyor-General

John Strauchon, Esq

David Barron, Esq

The Hon. G. F. Richardson

P. E. Cheal, Esq.

The Surveyor-General is ex officio a member of the Board. Of the nominated members, two are selected annually by the Minister of Lands, and two by the Council of the Institute of Surveyors. The Board is one of the Federated Boards of Australasia, and works in conjunction with them.

Secretary, C. E. Adams

SCENERY PRESERVATION BOARD, CONSTITUTED UNDER “THE SCENERY PRESERVATION AMENDMENT ACT, 1906.”

The Surveyor - General, Mr. Thomas Humphries (Chairman)

The General Manager of Tourist and Health Resorts, Mr. T. E. Donne

The Commissioner of Crown Lands for each Land District in which are lands dealt with under the Act, as follows: Auckland, Mr. James MacKenzie; Hawke's Bay, Mr. Henry Trent; Taranaki, Mr. F. Simpson; Wellington, Mr. John Strauchon; Marlborough, Mr. F. Stephenson Smith; Nelson. Mr. F. W. Flanagan; Westland, Mr. G. J. Roberts; Canterbury, Mr. E. C. Gold Smith; Otago, Mr. David Barron; Southland, Mr. John Hay

Secretary—Mr. W. R. Jourdain

NATIVE LAND PURCHASE BOARD.

Officer in Charge—P. Sheridan

STATE FORESTS BRANCH.

Chief Forester—H. J. Matthews

Nurserymen in Charge—Rotorua, H. A. Goudie; Eweburn, A. W. Roberts; Tapanui, R. G. Robinson; Kurow, N. Craig; Starborough, W. Cromb; Hanmer Springs, T. B. Curle; Ruatangata, A. Gordon

“THE LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS ACT, 1900.”

BOARD OF LAND PURCHASE COMMISSIONERS.

Chairman and Land Purchase Inspector—A. Barron

W. C. Kensington, Under-Secretary for Lands

T. Humphries, Surveyor-General

Also for the following districts:

Auckland—

J. Mackenzie, Commissioner of Crown Lands R. Hall

Hawke's Bay—

Henry Trent, Commissioner of Crown Lands

Thomas Hyde

Wellington—

J. Strauchon, Commissioner of Crown Lands

Alexander Reese

Taranaki—

F. Simpson, Commissioner of Crown Lands

John Heslop

Marlborough—

F. Stephenson Smith, Commissioner of Crown Lands

J. H. Redwood

Nelson—

W. G. Murray, Commissioner of Crown Lands

Philip Best

Westland—

G. J. Roberts, Commissioner of Crown Lands

(Vacant)

Canterbury—

E. C. Gold Smith, Commissioner of Crown Lands A. C. Pringle

Otago—

D. Barron, Commissioner of Crown Lands

A. McKerrow

Southland—

J. Hay, Commissioner of Crown Lands

A. Kinross

VALUATION DEPARTMENT.

Valuer-General—G. F. C. Campbell

Officers in Charge — A. J. McGowan, Auckland; A. E. Fowler, Wellington; R. Hepworth, Christchurch; A. Clothier, Dunedin; T. Oswin, Invercargill

Clerks—J. W. Black, H. L. Wiggins, G. Halliday, J. Atkinson, C. J. Lovatt, H. A. Anderson, F. C. Douglas, G. F. Cooke

Draughtsman—H. H. Seed

Inspecting Valuer—John P. Dugdale

District Valuers — W. F. Thompson, Whangarei; E. Morgan, B. J. Esam, Auckland; H. D. Coutts, G. W. Hyde, Hamilton; W. F. Wallis, Tauranga; C. F. Lewis, Gisborne; W. E. Griffin, Napier; H. J. C. Coutts, Hawera; S. Hill, New Plymouth; A. Barns, Wanganui; J. Wells, Taihape; R. Gardner, Palmerston North; G. H. Lloyd, Woodville; J. Fraser, Masterton; J. Ames, F. N. Martin, Wellington; T. W. Caverhill, Petone; E. Kenny, Picton; H. Murray, W. L. Kernahan, A. Freeman, D. H. Pullar, Christchurch; D. Stowell, Timaru; E. A. Atkinson, Oamaru; W. L. Craig, J. Wright, H. G. Fisher, Dunedin; R. Milne, Milton; J. George, Lumsden; John Smaill, Gore; A. Pyper, Invercargill

Clerks—Auckland, T. C. Somers, F. B. Robertson; Christchurch, A. Millar, C. J. Walker; Dunedin, C. de R. Andrews, D. Corcoran

Cadets — Auckland, P. G. Pearce, E. J. Bell; Wellington, G. J. Russell, W. Lovell, A. T. McCaw, C. J. Hurley. A. C. Peart, C. W. Chilcott; Christchurch, H. H. Ffitch, B. Nixon; Dunedin, F. K. Tucker; Invercargill, G. J. Russell, G. Forbes, W. W. King

Cadettes — Christchurch, N. Smythe; Dunedin, M. J. Drysdale

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Minister in Charge—Hon. Robert McNab

HEAD OFFICE.

Secretary for Agriculture—J. D. Ritchie

Inspector of Offices—R. Evatt

Chief Clerk—F. S. Pope

Clerks—W. H. Gifford, R. W. Atkinson, T. D. H. Hall, J. R. F. Cameron

Cadet—D. Patterson

ACCOUNTANT'S OFFICE.

Accountant—E. J. Fitzgibbon

Clerks—S. T. K. Sharp, D. Sinclair, A. Bryson, V. A. Mills, W. A. Pye

VETERINARY DIVISION.

Chief Veterinarian and Pathologist — J. A. Gilruth, M.R.C.V.S.

Assistant Chief Veterinarian — C. J. Reakes, M.R.C.V.S.

Laboratory Assistant—G. H. Barker

Clerks—H. E. Carey, D. L. Luxford, A. Ironside

Cadet—H. R. Seddon

Caretaker, Laboratory Farm—D. Pattullo

Attendant at Laboratory—D. H. Bidwell

Veterinarians (Ms.R.C.V.S.)—Auckland, J. Lyons; New Plymouth, A. R. Young; Woodville, S. Burton; Wallaceville, J. G. Clayton; Dunedin, J. Kerrigan

Veterinarians and Meat Inspectors (Ms.R.C.V.S.)—Auckland, W. H. Hawthorn; Gisborne, C. R. Neale; Hastings, D. H. Rait; Waitara, A. J. Hickman; Wanganui, P. M. Edgar; Petone, D. Spilman; Ngahauranga, T. G. Palgrave; Nelson, A. W. Barnes; Belfast, J. R. Charlton; Ashburton, F. C. Robertson; Timaru,

T. G. Lilico; Pareora, A. M. Paterson; Oamaru, T. Cunningham; Dunedin, W. D. Snowball; Invercargill, W. T. Sabin

Veterinarians and Meat Inspectors—Auckland, H. L. Marsack (Ont.); Christchurch, H. S. S. Kyle (Melb.)

Meat Inspectors—Thames, J. Jarman; Paeroa, F. Beattie; Waihi, W. T. Wynyard; Napier, G. Thomson; Dannevirke, J. C. Mackley; New Plymouth, T. J. Reakes; Stratford, S. T. Evatt; Hawera, E. T. B. Worthy; Feilding, G. W. Mitchell; Masterton, D. Elliot; Blenheim, A. D. Gillies; Westport, G. B. Williams; Lyttelton, B. Thomson; Gore, F. Stewart

Assistant Meat Inspectors—Auckland, G. W. Rait; Gisborne, W. J. Walter, P. T. Emerson; Tomoana, H. F. Brittain; Port Ahuriri, J. W. Otway, C. R. Spragg; Pakipaki, T. P. Short; Patea, W. A. P. Sutton; Wanganui, C. J. Stone; Palmerston North, W. H. Rodney; Longburn, C. Aston; Petone, H. G. Wilton; Ngahauranga, A. C. Scandrett, J. D. S. Heaton; Picton, J. Millea; Belfast, T. Anderson; Islington, G. Ford; Addington, A. M. Spilman; Smithfield, A. M. R. Mills; Burnside, W. M. Watt; Mataura, W. C. Moore; Invercargill, J. Preston; Wallacetown, P. Dow; Ocean Beach, P. J. Sheridan

DAIRY DIVISION.

Dairy Commissioner—D. Cuddie

Clerk—R. W. Wilkinson

Cadet—W. R. King

Dairy Instructors — Auckland, A. G. Shirley; Palmerston North, F. Thomson, Wellington, W. Grant, N. Fulton; Dunedin, W. M. Singleton; Invercargill, J. Sawers

Dairy Instructress—New Plymouth, Miss N. Breen

Dairy-produce Graders—Auckland, A. A. Thornton; New Plymouth, J. Johnston, L. Hansen; Patea, W. Wright; Wellington, N. Fulton, E. A. Dowden; Lyttelton and Port Chalmers, S. Bowman; Bluff, J. Sawers

Clerks to Dairy produce Graders—Auckland, J. O. Lord; New Plymouth, J. S. Fleming; Patea, W. F. Shield; Lyttelton, R. F. Crosbie; Dunedin, J. M. Hutton; Bluff, R. Hutton

BIOLOGICAL, HORTICULTURAL, AND PUBLICATIONS DIVISION.

Biologist—T. W. Kirk, F.L.S.

Assistant Biologist—A. H. Cockayne

Fruit-preserving Expert—W. Jaques

Bee Expert—Auckland, I. Hopkins

Editor of Publications—G. Bisset

Clerks—B. Quirk, J. Hyland, W. R. Lloyd-Williams

Assistant Entomologist — Auckland, T. Broun, F.E.S.

Pomologists—Auckland, W. A. Boucher; Palmerston North, A. G. Simms; Christchurch, J. C. Blackmore

Inspectors of Imported Fruit—Auckland, T. Broun, F.E.S., G. Harnett; Wellington, H. Palethorpe; Christchurch, A. C. Smale; Dunedin, J. M. Hutton

Orchard Inspectors — Auckland, E. A. Reid, W. C. Thompson; Hamilton, S. I. Fitch; Havelock North, D. H. Williamson; Blenheim, E. Rabbits; Oamaru, W. J. Courtier

POULTRY DIVISION.

Chief Poultry Expert—D. D. Hyde

Assistant Poultry Expert—F. Brown

Poultry Graders — Auckland, R. W. Pounsford; Wellington, T. F. Leihy; Christchurch, S. Newton; Dunedin, T. P. Burke

CHEMICAL DIVISION.

Chief Chemist—B. C. Aston, F.C.S.

Assistant Chemist—H. Larkin

Clerk—R. Waters

Laboratory Assistant—V. R. Packham

STATISTICAL DIVISION.

Compiler of Statistics—F. C. Hjorring (acting)

Clerk—A. C. Philpott

FIBRE DIVISION.

Chief Fibre Expert—C. J. Fulton

Hemp Graders — Auckland, W. H. O. Johnston; Wellington, C. A. D. Hawkins (Grader in charge), W. H. Ferris, W. L. Rutherford, W. Petrie; Invercargill, W. H. Middlemiss

Hemp Instructor—J Stewart

Clerk, Chief Fibre Expert's Office—G. T. Tucker

Clerks to Graders—Auckland, T. Gedye; Wellington, H. Wynn-Williams; Lyttelton, R. F. Crosbie; Dunedin, J. M. Hutton; Bluff, R. Hutton

VITICULTURAL DIVISION.

Viticulturist—Auckland, R. Bragato

Clerk—P. G. Andrew

MANURE-STERILISING DIVISION.

Inspectors of Manure-sterilising — Sydney, F. G. Laurie; Calcutta, R. L. Ward

LIVE - STOCK AND AGRICULTURE DIVISION.

Chief Inspector of Stock and Director of Experimental Farms—E. Clifton

Clerks—W. C. Robinson, A. McTaggart, H. Gerard

Cadet—H. T. Payne

Inspectors of Stock.

Auckland Districts—Auckland, J. Duncan (Inspector in charge); Ohaeawai, H. Munro; Whangarei, *J. T. Stone; Auckland, R. Rowan, R. Hull; Hamilton, *J. Kerr; Te Kuiti, R. Alexander; Thames, V. A. Huddleston; Tauranga, *A. H. Burkill

Poverty Bay Districts—Gisborne, W. Miller (Inspector in charge), *C. Thomson; Te Puia, W. B. Hingston

Hawke's Bay Districts — Napier, D. Ross (Inspector in charge); Wairoa, *T.C. Webb; Hastings, D. A. Graham; Waipukurau, J. Harvey; Woodville, *D. Munro.

North Wairarapa District—Masterton, *F. G. Wayne

South Wairarapa District — Carterton, *A. T. P. Hubbard

West Coast (North Island) Districts—Wanganui, *A. K. Blundell (Inspector in charge); New Plymouth, *F. H. Brittain; Stratford, *J. Budge; Hawera, *J. W. Deem; Wanganui, W. R. Rutherfurd; Hunterville, W. Dalgliesh; Feilding, J. C. Miller; Palmerston North, *D. Fleming

Wellington District — Wellington, *A. Mills, J. Drummond (port)

Marlborough District — Blenheim, *J. Moore

Nelson District—Nelson, G. H. Jenkinson

Westland District — Hokitika, *C. C. Empson

Canterbury Districts — Christchurch, *H. T. Turner (Inspector in charge); Kaikoura, *F. W. Sutton; Rotherham, J. Munro; Rangiora, C. A. Cunningham; Lincoln, J. G. Scott; Ashburton, B. Fullarton; Timaru, J. C. Huddleston; Fairlie, F. Mackenzie

Otago Districts — Dunedin, J. L. Bruce (Inspector in charge); Kurow, W. Wills; Oamaru, *A. Ironside; Palmerston South, H. Hill; Dunedin, R. Fountain, *J. E. Thomson (port); Mosgiel, R. I. Gossage; Balclutha, T. Gilmour; Lawrence, *G. McLeod; Tapanui, T. Gillespie; Gore, S. M. Taylor; Invercargill, *R. Wright; Bluff, J. W. Raymond (port); Naseby, A. A. Clapcott; Clyde, *T. N. Baxter; Queenstown, W. M. Munro

Clerks—Auckland, J. E. D. Spicer, G. H. Graham, E. A. Farrington, H. Absolum, A. T. Stone (cadet); Hamilton, J. Hill; Napier, A. Callcott, W. McN. Miller; Masterton, A. E. Rowden; Wellington, G. A. Ross; Palmerston North, W. Nettlefold; Wanganui, D. Bell, F. S. Dayman (cadet); Nelson, E. B. Burdekin; Blenheim, J. Campbell; Hokitika, H. H. Halliday; Christchurch, J. Longton; Timaru, W. Pogson; Dunedin, L. G. Bruce; Invercargill, J. W. Bell, W. H. McLew (cadet)

Registrars of Brands.

Auckland,; Napier,; Wanganui, D. Bell; Nelson, E. B. Burdekin

(The Inspectors of Stock marked * are also Registrars of Brands.)

Inspectors of Ordinary Slaughterhouses.

Invercargill, F. W. Blair

(The Inspectors of Stock are also Inspectors of Ordinary Slaughterhouses.)

Inspectors of Dairies.

Auckland, W. R. Brown; Hamilton, E. Seddon; Gisborne, G. M. Williamson; Napier, J. G. Parker; Palmerston North, G. Ross; Wellington, J. Drummond; Christchurch, A. Macpherson; Timaru, M. O'Meara; Dunedin, J. C. Robinson (Assistant Inspector); Invercargill, F. W. Blair

(The Inspectors of Stock are also Inspectors of Dairies.)

Inspectors of Noxious Weeds.

Whangarei, A. S. England; Auckland, J. C. Hawkins; Otahuhu, A. Dickson; Hamilton, T. Mullaly; Tauranga,

J. Ross; Hastings, J. G. Parker; Waipawa, H. McLean; New Plymouth, R. Crockett; Stratford, F. Arden; Hawera, J. M. Hignett; Matapu, J. Heslop; Hunterville, A. P. Smith; Seddon, G. J. Ward; Nelson, H. Cleland; Takaka, W. J. Ward; Timaru, M. O'Meara; Invercargill, F. W. Blair

(The Inspectors of Stock are also Inspectors of Noxious Weeds.)

Rabbit Inspectors.

(The Inspectors of Stock are Inspectors under the Rabbit Nuisance Act.)

Rabbit Agents—Ngaruawahia, B. Bayly; Lichfield, T. Parker; Kihikihi, J. Case; Wairoa, W. C. King; Pahiatua, T. Bacon; Upper Rangitikei, C. Watson; Kiwitea, J. G. Johnston; Masterton, J. Halligan; Te Nui, C. A. M. Hardy-Johnston; Eketahuna, S. H. Ussher; Carterton, S. C. Ivens; Johnsonville, W. Ross; Weraroa, W. S. Goodall; Renwicktown, G. Gee; Motueka, A. C. Hackworth; Ashburton, C. Branigan; Fairlie, W. Johnston; Waimate, E. F. Sullivan; Leeston, C.S. Neville; Kurow, E. T. Payne; Oamaru, F. Urquhart; Inch Valley, A. Hughes; Waikouaiti, B. Grant; Taieri, H. McLeod; Sutton, R. Irving; Waipiata, C. S. Dalgliesh; Clyde, A. Clarke; Roxburgh, W. J. McCulloch; Lawrence, E. Fowler; Owaka, C. Shaw; Balclutha, H. A. Munro; Tapanui, A. Ingram; Gore, M. McLeod; Lumsden, H. Heckler; Wyndham, D. McLeod; Invercargill, J. McKellar; Riverton, J. R. Whyborn; Cromwell, S. W. Firth; Waitahuna, J. Wilson

Experimental Farms.

Overseers — Bickerstaffe, H. Winser; Waerenga, S. F. Anderson; Ruakura, W. Dibble; Arataki (Hawke's Bay), T. F. Ellis; Weraroa, J. Drysdale; Moumahaki, F. Gillanders, W. J. Palmer (in charge of Nursery)

Officer in Charge Fruit-testing Station, Tauranga—W. J. Palmer

Clerks — Waerenga, B. P. Bayly; Weraroa, D. M. Cole

Nurserymen—Waerenga, J. E. Barrett; Weraroa, W. H. Taylor; Moumahaki, T. H. Chapman

Cellarman—Waerenga, J. B. Andrews.

Assistant Apiarist—Ruakura, Miss L. Livesay

Poultry Stations.

Managers — Ruakura, C. Cussen; Moumahaki, A. H. Grant; Burnham, J. Rose; Milton, A. Carr

Live-stock Quarantine Stations.

Caretakers — Auckland, Thomas Hill; Wellington, J. P. Ross; Lyttelton, W. J. Thomas

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Education — Hon. Geo Fowlds

HEAD OFFICE.

Inspector-General of Schools — George Hogben, M.A.

Secretary for Education — Sir E. O. Gibbes, Bart.

Assistant Inspector - General — W. J. Anderson, M.A., LL.D.

Chief Clerk—F. K. de Castro

Assistant Inspector—T. H. Gill, M.A., L.L.B.

Editor, School Journal—W. E. Spencer, M.A., B. Sc.

Clerks—F. D. Thomson, B.A., H. J. Barrett, T. G. Gilbert, J. Beck, I. Davey, M. G. D. Grant, F. W. Millar, A. J. H. Benge, H. J. Bathgate, C. G. Rees, H. L. J. Machu, V. A. Mills, K. McKenzie, H. V. Croxton, I. Johnstone, J. A. Orr, J. R. McClune, A. M. Palmer, L. P. Arthur, W. L. Dunn, C. A. Berendsen, B. Egley, C. G. Murray, E. Windsor, W. C. Collier, T. C. Comrie, E. M. Hogg, H. D. Clyde, E. J. E. Anderson, T. H. Jamieson

NATIVE SCHOOLS BRANCH.

Inspector—W. W. Bird, M.A.

Assistant Inspector—J. Porteous, M.A.

Clerk in Charge—F. L. Severne

MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION BRANCH.

Inspectors—M. H. Browne (in charge of Branch), E. C. Isaac

PUBLIC SCHOOLS CADETS BRANCH.

Officer. Commanding — Lieut.-Colonel L. W. Loveday, V.D.

Clerk—T. McInerney

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS BRANCH.

Assistant Inspectors — R. H. Pope (in charge of Branch), T. A. Walker, and Miss J. Stewart (also a Visiting Officer)

Visiting Officers—E. G. Hyde, Mrs. A. Young, Mrs. C. F. Scale

Government Schools.

Managers of Industrial Schools—

Auckland (Mount Albert)—Miss S. E. Jackson

Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa—G. M. Burlinson

Receiving Home, Wellington—Mrs. E. S. Dick

Receiving Home, Christchurch—Miss A. B. Cox

Te Oranga Home, Christchurch—Mrs. E. T. Branting

Burnham—T. Archey

Caversham—Miss H. Petremant

Official Correspondent for Boarded-out Children, Otago—Miss J. Sievwright

Private Schools.

St. Mary's, Auckland—Rev. H. F. Holbrook

St. Joseph's, Wellington—Very Rev. W. J. Lewis, V. G.

St. Mary's, Nelson—Rev. J. D. Clancy

St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin—Rev. J. Coffey

SCHOOL FOR DEAF-MUTES, SUMNER.

Director—J. E. Stevens

EDUCATION BOARDS, WITH NAMES OF SECRETARIES.

Auckland—V. E. Rice

Taranaki—P. S. Whitcombe

Wanganui—W. J. Carson

Wellington—G. L. Stewart

Hawke's Bay—G. Crawshaw

Marlborough—J. Smith

Nelson—S. Ellis

Grey—C. Phillips

Westland—A. J. Morton, B.A.

Canterbury North—H. C. Lane

Canterbury South—A. Bell, M.A.

Otago—P. G. Pryde

Southland—J. Neill

SECRETARIES TO SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS.

Auckland—H. N. Garland

Taranaki—F. P. Corkill

Wellington—J. H. N. Wardrop

Hawke's Bay—E. P. A. Platford

Marlborough—J. Smith

Nelson—A. T. Jones

Westland—A. J. Morton

Canterbury—H. H. Pitman

Otago—C. Macandrew

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH.

Minister of Health—Hon. G. Fowlds

Director and Chief Health Officer, &c.—J. Malcolm Mason, M.D., D.P.H., &c.

Bacteriologist—R. H. Makgill, M.D. Edin., D.P.H. Camb. Assistant Bacteriologist and Assistant in Vaccine Laboratory—J. A. Hurley

Native Health Officers—Dr. Maui Pomare, Dr. Peter Buck

Chief Clerk—J. J. D. Grix

Accountant—H. Eastgate

Clerks—H. B. Magrath, T. P. Butler, J. W. Taylor, L. J. Ell. Typistes, Gwenllian Craig, G. Martelli

Pathologist—J.A. Gilruth, M.R.C.V.S.

Analysts—Wellington, Dr. J. S. Maclaurin; Auckland, J. A. Pond; Dunedin J. G. Black; Christchurch, A. A. Bickerton

District Health Officers—Auckland, Dr. J. S. Purdy; Napier, Dr. F. I. De Lisle; Wellington, Dr. J. P. Frengley; Nelson, Dr. Bett; Greymouth, Dr. C. G. Morice; Christchurch, Dr. H. E. Finch; Dunedin, Dr. F. Ogston

Port Health Officers—Picton, Dr. W. E. Redman; Oamaru, Dr. A. Douglas; Wanganui, Dr. R. C. Earle; Port Chalmers, Dr. G. Hodges; Wellington, Dr. H. Pollen; Westport, Dr. M. Mackenzie; Greymouth, Dr. C. G. Morice; Timaru, Dr. E. T. Thomas; Onehunga, Dr. W. G. Scott; Auckland, Dr. E. W. Sharman; Kaipara,

Dr. W. H. Horton; Whangarei, Dr. W. W. Baxter; Bluff, Dr. J. Torrance; Lyttelton, Dr. C. H. Upham; Gisborne, Dr. J. W. Williams; Napier, Dr. T. C. Moore; New Plymouth, Dr. H. A. McClelland; Hokianga, Dr. D. S. Coto; Thames, Dr. Walshe; Whitianga, Dr. Craig; Nelson, Dr. F. A. Bett; Chatham Islands, Dr. G. H. Gibson

Sanitary Inspectors—Chief Inspector: C. A. Schauer, Wellington. Inspectors: Wellington, C. E. Miller, and A. P. Bennett; Dunedin, W. E. Gladstone; Stratford, F. B. Gardiner; Auckland, C. C. Winstanley and R. Grieve; Napier, D. Munro; Hamilton, C. Middleton; Christchurch, R. H. McKenzie and M. Kershaw; Invercargill, K. Cameron; Marton, F. C. Wilson; Masterton, C. Dorizac; Feilding, M. O'Brien; Blenheim, J. Johnston; Wanganui, S. H. Sargeant

CAMBRIDGE SANATORIUM.

Medical Superintendent — Dr. E. E. Roberts

MENTAL HOSPITALS.

Inspector-General—Frank Hay, M.B., C.M.

Assistant Inspector—Miss Hester Maclean

Chief Clerk—D. Souter

Medical Superintendent, Auckland Mental Hospital—R. M. Beattie, M.B.

Medical Superintendent, Christchurch Mental Hospital—W. Baxter Gow, M.D.

Medical Superintendent, Porirua Mental Hospital—Gray Hassell, M.D.

Medical Superintendent, Wellington Mental Hospital—A. Crosby, M.R.C.S.

Medical Superintendent, Seacliff Mental Hospital—F. Truby King, M.B.

Superintendent, Hokitika Mental Hospital—John Downey; Medical Officer, H. Macandrew, M.B.

Superintendent, Nelson Mental Hospital—George Chapman; Medical Officer, W. J. Mackay, M.D.

Ashburn Hall, Waikari (private hospital)—Proprietors, Dr. E. W. Alexander and Executor of James Hume; Medical Officer, E. H. Alexander, M.B, C.M.

Home for Defectives, Richmond — Steward, Henry Buttle; Matron, Matilda C. Buttle

DEPARTMENT OF HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE AID.

Minister in Charge—Hon. G. Fowlds

Inspector-General of Hospitals — Dr. T. H. A. Valintine, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H.

Assistant Inspector—Miss Hester Maclean

Chief Clerk—O. Mewhinney

PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE.

Public Trustee—J. W. Poynton

Deputy Public Trustee and Chief Clerk—A. A. K. Duncan

Solicitor—F. J. Wilson

Inspector—T. S. Ronaldson

Accountant—T. D. Kendall

Examiner—A. Purdie

Clerks in Charge — T. Stephens, W. A. Fordham, C. Zachariah, P. Hervey, P. T. Fair, W. S. McGowan

Clerks—E. C. Reeves, G. A. Smyth, E. A. Smythe, W. Barr, E. O. Hales, G. M. Morris, N. Mulhane, C. A. Goldsmith, J. Finlay, R. Price, N. M. Chesney, H. Turner, C. M. Calders, M. E. Nash, J. Menzies, E. P. Hay, A. C. Bretherton, A. B. Chappell, G. H. Chesterman, A. H. T. Jones, J. W. Macdonald, E. E. McLean, A. Mackay, E. C. Clarke, G. H. Elliffe, A. J. Tobin, W. G. Baird, G. Ronaldson, K. A. Alexander, H. King, R. D. Newth, J. S. Donovan, E. R. Myers, N. P. Neilson, A. W. Whyte, T. J. Dwyer, G. S. Bogle, A. Watters

District Agent, Christchurch — M. C. Barnett. Clerks—G. P. Purnell, P. A. Devereux, A. W. Ironside, P. G. Dwyer, C. McDonald, V. E. Moon

District Agent, Auckland—E. F. Warren. Clerks—A. J. Cross, A. R. Jordan, S. Hunter, N. Shannon

District Agent, Napier—K. N. H. Browne. Cadette—I. I. Hutson.

District Agent, Dunedin—F. H. Morice. Clerks—C. F. Young, R. A. Ward, P. Naylor, W. C. Nicholls, M. Downes, F. M. Whyte

District Agent, Greymouth—J. Allen. Cadet—A. W. Watters

District Agent, Nelson—E. P. Watkis

West Coast Settlement Reserves Agent and District Agent, New Plymouth—J. B. Jack. Clerks—S. W. Smith, A. Quinney

District Agent, Wangnui—T. R. Saywell. Cadet—N. M. Macdougall

GOVERNMENT INSURANCE DEPARTMENT.

Commissioner—J. H. Richardson, F.F.A., F.I.A.V.

Assistant Commissioner—D. M. Luckie

Actuary—Morris Fox

Secretary—W. B. Hudson

Accountant—G. W. Barltrop

Chief Medical Officer—T. Cahill, M.D.

Assistant Actuary—P. Muter

Chief Clerk—R. C. Niven

Office Examiner—G. A. Kennedy

Clerks—J. W. Kinniburgh, W. S. Smith, A. H. Hamerton, A. Avery, F. B. Bolt, T. L. Barker. H. S. Manning, H. Rose, C. E. Galwey, G. Webb, F. K. Kelling, J. B. Young, R. P. Hood, G. A. N. Campbell, A. de Castro, H. L. Levestam, C. H. E. Stichbury, R. T. Smith, S. P. Hawthorne, J. G. Reid, J. R. Samson, R. Fullerton, T. Fouhy, G. S. Nicoll, G. E. Sadd, W. Spence, W. H. Woon, W. J. Ewart, T. M. Dimant, B. Trevithick, P. A. Anderson, W. E. Arnold, W. Thompson, M. A. Spicer, E. Tooman, H. Nicoll, E. K. Hay, I. Coulthard, W. Copeland, G. L. Osborne, I. E. Foot, J. W. Macdonald, I. L. O'Reilly, L. D. S. Maffey, P. C. Colquhoun, S. J. Wills, F. P. Cleary, E. T. O. Downard

Chief Messenger—W. Archer

AUCKLAND AGENCY.

District Manager—W. J. Speight

Chief Clerk—W. C. Marchant

Clerks—C. H. Ralph, P. M. West.

NAPIER AGENCY.

Resident Agent—J. H. Dean

WANGANUI AGENCY.

Resident Agent—A. E. Allison Clerk—F. D. Banks

WELLINGTON AGENCY.

District Manager and Supervisor of New Business—G. Robertson

Chief Clerk—M. J. K. Hey wood

Clerks—A. M. McDonald, G. H. Brialey

NELSON AGENCY.

Resident Agent—A. P. Burnes

GREYMOUTH AGENCY.

Resident Agent—R. S. Latta

CHRISTCHURCH AGENCY.

District Manager—J. C. Prudhoe

Chief Clerk—J. K. Blenkhorn

Clerks—G. J. Robertson, L. G. Blackwell

TIMARU AGENCY.

Resident Agent—S. T. Wickstesd

OAMARU AGENCY.

Resident Agent—A. W. G. Burnes Clerk—J. R. Wallace

DUNEDIN AGENCY.

District Manager—R. S. McGowan

Chief Clerk—O. H. Pinel

Clerks—A. Marryatt, T.P. Laurenson

INVERCARGILL AGENCY.

Resident Agent—J. Findlay

Clerk—J. Hendry

STATE FIRE INSURANCE OFFICE.

HEAD OFFICE.

General Manager—J. W. Brindley

Accountant and Chief Clerk — J. H. Jerram

Fire Surveyor—H. C. Rogers

Corresponding and Record Clerk—O. S.

Jones

Clerks—W. C. Prime, G. W. Greenish, P. H. Smith, H. J. Thompson, A. Berry

Typiste—A. Coltman

Cadets — W. Watson, E. McPherson, E. von Stürmer, S. O. Jones

BRANCHES.

Auckland.

Manager—R. J. Lusher

Chief Clerk—Joseph Rawson

Clerk—F. R. Gruzning

Cadet—Norman Dixon

Typiste—Miss A. Gaw

Canterbury.

Manager—F. J. G. Wilkinson

Chief Clerk—K. B. Bain

Clerk—Cecil Marshall

Cadet—D. Morrison

Otago and Southland.

Manager—F. H. Pope

Chief Clerk—W. Dobson

Clerk—R. McLean

Cadet—E. J. W. Carr

ADVANCES TO SETTLERS OFFICE.

Superintendent—P. Heyes

Assistant Superintendent—W. Waddel

Accountant—W. N. Hinchliffe

Clerks—J. E. Thompson, C. T. Fraser, A. W. Knowles, A. A. Prichard, W. Auld, T. W. Foote, J. B. Hobart, H. S. O'Rourke, C. D. Wilson, R. G. McLennan, A. Tudhope, G. Mackley, J. F. O'Leary

Typist—F. W. Crombie

Cadets—J. J. M. Harvey, F. J. R. Gledhill, S. O. Clarke, B. H. Horner, A. A. Falconer

CADETS IN GOVERNMENT SERVICE TO BE VOLUNTEERS.

Cadets in the Civil Service are required, after arriving at the age of eighteen years, to serve for three years in a Volunteer corps. Heads of Departments are required to see that cadets who come within the regulations join the Volunteer Force, and serve for the period named, and also to notify the Under-Secretary for Defence of the appointment of all cadets coming within this regulation.

Chapter 19. ECCLESIASTICAL.

THERE is no State Church in the colony, nor is State aid given to any form of religion. Government in the early days set aside certain lands as endowments for various religious bodies, but nothing of the kind has been done for many years past.

CHURCH OF THE PROVINCE OF NEW ZEALAND, COMMONLY CALLED THE “CHURCH OF ENGLAND.”

Bishops.

The Most Rev. Samuel Tarratt Nevill, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1871 (Primate).

The Right Reverend Moore Richard Neligan, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1903.

The Right Rev. William Leonard Williams, D.D., Waiapu; consecrated 1895.

The Right Rev. Frederic Wallis, D.D., Wellington; consecrated 1895.

The Right Rev. Charles Oliver Mules, M.A., Nelson; consecrated 1892.

The Right Rev. Churchill Julius, D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1890.

The Right Rev. Cecil Wilson, M.A., Melanesia; consecrated 1894.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.

Archbishop.

The Most Rev. Francis Redwood, S.M., D.D., Archbishop and Metropolitan, Wellington; consecrated 1874.

Bishops.

The Right Rev. George Michael Lenihan, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1896.

The Right Rev. John Joseph Grimes, S.M., D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1887.

The Right Rev. Michael Verdon, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1896.

ANNUAL MEETINGS AND OFFICERS.

The principal present heads or officers of the various Churches, and the places and times of holding the annual or periodical assemblies or meetings, are as follow:—

Church of England.—For Church purposes, the colony is divided into six dioceses — viz., Auckland, Waiapu, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Dunedin. The General Synods meets every third year in one or other of the dioceses. Representatives attend from each diocese, and also from the diocese of Melanesia. President, the Bishop of Dunedin, Primate. The Diocesan Synods meet once a year, under the presidency of the Bishop of the diocese.

Roman Catholic Church.—The diocese of Wellington, established in 1848, was in 1887 created an archdiocese and the metropolitan see. There are three suffragan dioceses—Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin. A retreat is held annually in each of the four dioceses, at the end of which a synod is held, presided over by the bishop or archbishop, and at which all his clergy attend.

In January, 1899, the first Provincial Council of New Zealand was held in Wellington, under the presidency of the Metropolitan, and attended by all the suffragan bishops, and a number of priests elected specially in each diocese as representatives of the whole Catholic clergy in the colony. The decrees of this Council were approved by Rome in April, 1900, were published on 1st January, 1901, and are now binding in every diocese in the colony.

Presbyterian Church of New Zealand.—The General Assembly will meet on the first Tuesday of November, 1907, in St. John's Church, Wellington. Moderator, the Rev. G. B. Monro, Remuera; Senior Clerk, Rev. David Sidey, D.D., Napier; Junior Clerk, Rev. David Borrie, Dunedin; Treasurer, Rev. W. J. Comrie; Presbyterian Church Offices, Wellington; Theological Professors, Rev. John Dunlop, M.A., D.D., and Rev. Michael Watt, M.A., D.D., Dunedin; Tutor in Greek, Mr. James Dunbar, Dunedin.

Methodist Church of Australasia in New Zealand.—The annual New Zealand Conference meets on or about the last Tuesday in February, the exact date being determined by the President, who holds office for one year. Each Conference determines where the next one shall assemble. President (1907–8), Rev. W. Slade, Dunedin; Secretary, Rev. C. H. Laws, B.A., Dunedin. The next Conference is to meet in Pitt Street Church, Auckland.

Primitive Methodist Connexion.—A Conference takes place every January. The next is to be held at Dunedin, commencing 11th January, 1908. The Conference officials for the present year are: President, Rev. C. E. Ward, Wellington; Vice-President, Mr. J. Huffey, Geraldine; Secretary, Rev. Ben Dudley, Waddington, Canterbury; Hon. District Secretary, Mr. D. Goldie, Pitt Street, Auckland; Treasurer of Mission Funds, Mr. Joseph Watkinson, Wapiti, Auckland.

Baptist Union of New Zealand.—President, Rev. J. C. Martin, Spreydon; Vice-President, Rev. W. L. Salter, Waihi; Secretary, Rev. R. S. Gray, Christchurch; Treasurer, Mr. A. Chidgey, Christ-church; Mission Secretary, Rev. J. C. Martin, Christchurch; Mission Treasurer, Mr A. Hoby, Wellington. The Union comprises 41 churches, 24 preaching - stations, 4,311 members, and a constituency of 18,000. The denominational organ is the New Zealand Baptist; Editor, Mr. H. H. Driver, Dunedin. The Foreign Missionary Society, with an average income of £1,400, employs a doctor, a missionary, three zenana ladies, and 14 Native helpers. The sphere of operations is in North Tipperah, East Bengal.

Congregational Union of New Zealand.—The annual meetings are held during the month of February, such place as may be decided on by vote of the Council. Chairman for 1907, Rev. W. Day, Mount Eden; Chairman-elect, Rev. W. Saunders, Dunedin; Secretary, Mr. J. P. Hoolon, Auckland; Treasurer, Mr. W. H. Lyon, Auckland; Registrar, Mr. G. Hunt, Wellington; Head Office, Auckland. In 1908 the meeting of the Council will be held at Wellington. The Committee of the Union meets in Auckland on the second Tuesday of each month.

Hebrews.—Ministers: Rev. S. A. Goldstein, Auckland; Rev. H. van Staveren, Wellington; Rev. I. Bernstein, Christchurch; Rev. A. T. Chodowski, Dunedin; Mr. Alexander Singer, Hokitika. Annual meetings of the general congregations are usually held at these places during the month of Elul (about the end of August).

Chapter 20. DEFENCES, MILITARY AND NAVAL.

THE defence forces consist of the Royal N.Z. Artillery and Royal N.Z. Engineers, and the auxiliary forces of Volunteers, Field Artillery, Garrison Artillery, Engineers (submarine mining and field), Mounted Rifles, Rifle, Cycle, Field Hospital and Bearer Corps, Defence Rifle Clubs, and Defence Cadets. The position of Commandant of the Forces ceased with the completion of General Babington's term of engagement, and under the scheme for the reorganization of the Defence Forces the duties appertaining to the administration and control of the forces will in future be carried out by the Council of Defence, which commenced duty early in the new year (1907). The Council consists of the Hon. Minister of Defence as President, the Chief of the General Staff, the Adjutant-General and Quartermaster-General, the Inspector-General of the Forces, the Finance Member, and the Secretary to the Council. Under the new regime, the designations of Artillery Staff Officer, Engineer Staff Officer, and the Defence Storekeeper become Director of Artillery Services, Director of Engineer Services, and Director of Stores respectively, those officers being responsible to the Adjutant-General in the administration of their various branches. The training-ship “Amokura” (formerly H.M.S. “Sparrow”), employed in the training of lads for the Mercantile Marine, has been transferred to the Marine Department.

MILITIA AND VOLUNTEER DISTRICTS.

The two Islands (North and Middle) are divided into five military districts, each commanded by an officer of field rank, with an Adjutant and clerical staff, besides a staff of N.C.O.s, mostly drawn from the Imperial Army, for instruction of Volunteers.

ROYAL N.Z. ARTILLERY.

This Force is divided into four detachments, which are stationed at Auckland, Wellington (headquarters), Lyttelton, and Dunedin; their principal duties are to look after and take charge of all guns, ordnance stores, ammunition, horses for Field Artillery, and munitions of war at these four centres. The Force has a strength of 248 of all ranks, the authorised establishment being 280. The training of Garrison and Field Artillery Volunteers is carried out by the Permanent Force under the direction of the Director of Artillery Services.

ROYAL N.Z. ENGINEERS.

This branch is divided between Auckland and Wellington, with small detachments at Lyttelton and Port Chalmers, and has a strength of 84 of all ranks, the authorised establishment being 113. They have charge of two submarine-mining steamers of the “Sir F. Chapman” class, and of all submarine-mining and electric-light stores, as well as the training of submarine-mining Volunteers.

VOLUNTEERS.—FIELD ARTILLERY.

There are six batteries of Field Artillery. They are armed with 15-pounder B.L., on field carriages, and go into camp annually for sixteen days. Present strength, 461 of all ranks (33 officers and 428 other ranks).

VOLUNTEERS.—NAVAL AND GARRISON ARTILLERY.

There are nine Garrison Artillery Corps. They go into camp annually for sixteen days. Present strength, 56 officers and 873 other ranks.

VOLUNTEERS.—ENGINEERS.

There are six Engineer Corps, two Submarine Mining and four Field Corps, with a total strength of 26 officers and 444 of other ranks. The Submarine Miners have cutters, &c., provided, and are instructed in rowing, knotting, splicing, signalling, and other duties pertaining to this branch of the service. Attendance at an annual camp is also compulsory. The Field Engineers, besides carrying rifles, are provided with entrenching tools and all appliances for blowing up bridges or laying land mines. Both Submarine Mining and Field Engineers go into camp for sixteen days each year.

VOLUNTEERS.—MOUNTED RIFLES.

There are seventy-three corps of Mounted Rifles. These corps go into camp for an annual training of seven days. Present strength, 353 officers, 3,836 other ranks.

VOLUNTEERS.—INFANTRY CORPS.

In this branch of the service there are a hundred and twenty corps, with a strength of 472 officers, 6,409 other ranks. These corps go into camp for an annual training of six days.

VOLUNTEERS.—CYCLE CORPS.

There are Volunteer Cycle Corps at Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin, of a maximum strength of two officers and thirty two non-commissioned officers, rank and file: they are attached to the infantry battalions at those centres. To the Cycle Corps at Christchurch and Dunedin is attached a Signalling Detachment of two officers and thirty-four other ranks. The Signalling Detachments at other centres are attached to Infantry Corps.

VOLUNTEERS.—FIELD HOSPITAL AND BEARER CORPS.

Volunteer Field Hospital and Bearer Corps at Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Dunedin are of a maximum strength of three officers and fifty non-commissioned officers rank and file.

VOLUNTEERS.—GARRISON BANDS.

There are five Garrison Bands, with a total membership of 142.

VOLUNTEERS.—DEFENCE CADET CORPS.

There is a force of fifty-eight Cadet Corps, with a total strength of 3,094 of all ranks.

DEFENCE RIFLE CLUBS.

These have lately been established. Members can purchase rifles at cost-price from Government. An annual grant of ammunition is made to those members who fulfil conditions as to quarterly drills, &c. There are 116 Rifle Clubs, comprising 3,141 members.

ARMS, ETC.

The whole of the adult portion of the Force have Lee-Enfield carbines or rifles; cadets being armed with magazine Lee-Enfield and Martini-Enfield carbines. Defence Rifle Clubs are armed with magazine Lee-Enfield rifles.

ENROLMENT, ETC.

Members of the Permanent Forces are enrolled to serve for a period of eight years from enrolment, the last three years of such being in the Reserve. Every member may, at the expiration of five years' service, if of good character, be allowed to continue in active service for a period of sixteen years.

INSTRUCTORS.

The Instructors for Artillery and Engineer and Submarine Mining Corps are obtained from the School of Gunnery at Shoe-buryness, and from the Royal Engineers respectively, under a three years' engagement, on completion of which they return to their regiments, if not re-engaged for a further term.

CAPITATION.

An annual capitation of £2 10s. is granted to each efficient garrison and field artillery and infantry Volunteer, £3 10s. to each efficient mounted Volunteer, and 12s. 6d. to each efficient cadet. The following annual allowances of small-arms ammunition per man are made annually to the various arms: Permanent Force, 100 rounds ball; Engineers, 100 rounds ball; Artillery, 100 rounds ball; Mounted Rifles, 180 rounds ball; Infantry, 180 rounds ball; Defence Cadets, 100 rounds ball; Defence Rifle Clubs, 120 rounds ball.

ADMINISTRATION.

The defence forces of New Zealand are administered under “The Defence Act, 1886,” and the Defence Act Amendment Acts, 1900, and 1906, and the General Regulations of the Defence Forces of New Zealand.

EXPENDITURE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF DEFENCES FROM 1897–98 TO 1905–6.*
Year.Military Expenditure.Harbour Defences.Total.
*The special expenditure on account of contingents for South Africa is not included.
 £££
1897–9883,0042,52585,529
1898–99114,78910,158124,947
1899–1900184,9705,328190,298
1900–1156,2183,960160,178
1901–2250,4786,678257,156
1902–3292,0816,126298,207
1903–4221,9592,885224,844
1904–5239,3332,515241,848
1905–6195,0281,300196,328

Chapter 21. DEPOTS FOR SHIPWRECKED MARINERS.

OUTLYING ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND.

MARINERS are informed that depots of provisions and clothing for castaways are established on the following islands:—

Kermadec Islands.—There are two depots, each a small iron shed, fitted with spouting and a tank to catch water, and containing a supply of clothing, biscuits, medicines, tools, &c. One is in 30° 15' S., 178° 31' W., at Lava Cascade, about 1 1/2 cables south-eastward of the northern point of Macaulay Island; the other is in 30° 35' S., 178° 36' W., on the southern side of Macdonald Cove (crater), on the N.W. side of Curtis Island.

Snares Islands.—A depot is established in 48° 0 3/4' S., 166° 33 3/4' E., in Boat Harbour, at the eastern end of N.E. Island.

Bounty Islands.—The depot is a hut at an elevation of 120 ft., visible from the northward, and situated in 47° 43 1/4' S., 179° 0 1/2' E., southward of the western inlet of the principal island—the north-eastern—of the western group.

Antipodes Islands.—The depot is a hut at an elevation of 100 ft., visible from some distance north-eastward, and situated in 49° 40' S., 178° 50' E., 300 ft. from the landing-place, on the N.E. side of the large island, and half a mile westward of its east point.

Auckland Islands.—There are three depots on the principal island: one, a square wooden house, in 50° 33 1/4' S., 166° 12' E., and a boat near the depot, on the S. side of Erebus Cove, Port Ross; on the E. side and at the northern end of the island; the second is in 50° 44 1/4' S., 166° 8' E., at the head of Norman Inlet (wrongly named “Musgrave Inlet” on charts), and not at the inlet named Norman Inlet, two miles and a half northward; the third, and a boat for shipwrecked people, is in 50° 50 1/2' S., 166° 1' E., in the western arm of Camp Cove, Carnley Harbour, at the S. end of the island. A lifeboat has been placed on Enderby Island, the north-eastern of the group; another at the N.W. end of Adams Island, the southern of the group; and one on Rose Island, immediately S.W. of Enderby Island.

Campbell Island.—The depot, indicated by a white staff and a boat, is in 52° 33' S., 169° 6 1/2' E., in Tucker Cove, at the head of S. or Perseverance Harbour, on the east side of the island.

Finger-posts to indicate the positions of the depots are erected on all these islands. The Government steamer visits the Kermadec Islands once a year; and the Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland, and Campbell Islands twice a year.

Three Kings.—A depot for castaways, containing provisions, has been established on the Big King Island.

VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA.

Depots with provisions and other necessaries for shipwrecked mariners have been established at Cape Beale Lighthouse in 48° 47 1/2' N., 125° 13 1/2' W., and Carmanah Lighthouse in 48° 36 3/4' N., 124° 46 1/2' W.

Notice boards have been erected at intervals between Cape Beale and Port San Juan (about twelve miles eastward of Carmanah Lighthouse), giving information for the use of shipwrecked mariners respecting the direction and distance of the nearest lighthouse, and also of the nearest Indian village where assistance can be obtained.

A note to this effect has been placed on the Admiralty charts; also, that Cape Beale and Carmanah Lighthouse are telegraph and signal stations.

INDIAN OCEAN: AMSTERDAM, ST. PAUL, AND KERGUELEN ISLANDS.

Depots containing provisions and clothing for the use of shipwrecked seamen have been established by the French vessel-of-war “Eure” on Amsterdam, St. Paul, and Kerguelen Islands.

Amsterdam Island.—The depot is in a large cavern, in approximately 37° 48 3/4' S., 77° 32 1/2' E., in the side of a hill, about 800 yards S., 73° W. from Hosken Point, the N.E. extremity of the island, and bears N. 85° W., about 600 yards from the first flagstaff southward of that point. At the entrance of the cavern is a board, fixed to two upright tarred posts, with the inscription, “France, Vivres, Vêtements pour naufragés, ‘Eure,’ Janvier, 1893,” on it. This depot contains 1,350 lb. of preserved beef, 1,125 lb. of biscuit, ten woollen shirts, ten pairs cotton drawers, ten blankets, and one soldered metal red box containing four packets of matches. The landing-place used by the “Eure” is about 400 yards southward of Hosken Point, and under the above flagstaff.

Directions for finding the Depot.—Having landed, go to either of the flagstaffs, from whence a cross will be seen; from the cross follow the direction of its arms, leading past two ruins of rough stones, and then directly to the cavern, the entrance to which faces seaward. In the cavern, besides the provisions and clothing, there are cots, a cooking-pot, and dry wood, left by the fishermen who sometimes live there. Cabbage and celery will be found near, and fish and lobsters (crayfish) abound near the landing-place.

St. Paul Island.—The depot is in a hut of rough stones with a thatched roof, in approximately 38° 42 3/4' S., 77° 34 3/4' E., on the northern side of the crater, near the jetty and about 50 yards from the flagstaff, and contains 1,350 lb. of preserved beef in boxes of 9 lb., 1,125 lb. of biscuits, ten woollen shirts, ten blankets, and one soldered metal box containing four packets of matches. The provisions and clothes are in thirteen iron-hooped barrels coated with tar and sand, and placed under a tarpaulin. On the door of the hut is the inscription, “France, Vivres et Vêtements pour naufragés, ‘Eure,’ Janvier, 1893”; and a similar inscription is on a board within the hut.

Kerguelen Island.—The depot is in approximately 49° 16 3/4' S., 69° 40 1/2' E., in the south-eastern part of Jachmann Peninsula, Hills-borough Bay, near the south-western shore of the eastern lake, and about 1/2 mile northward of the coast, opposite Gazelle Basin. It is in a cave at the foot of the W. cliff of a rocky chasm, running N. and S., and its position is indicated by a stone cairn, 11 1/2 ft. in height, and about 14 ft. broad at the base, erected on the summit of the W. cliff of the chasm. This cairn, visible from Gazelle Basin, is black, and shows clearly against the grey rocks which form the back ground. The entrance to the cave has been closed by large stones, and on the cliff a few yards above it is the inscription, “Vivres et Vêtements, ‘Eure,’ Janvier, 1893.” This depot contains 2,250 lb. of preserved beef in boxes of 9 lb., 1,125 lb. of biscuits, twenty swan-skin shirts, twenty pairs of woollen drawers, twenty woollen blankets, and four packets of matches. The boxes of preserved beef are stowed in a pile, coated with coal-tar. The biscuits are in four iron-hooped barrels, thickly covered with coal-tar. The clothes are in two similar barrels. The matches are in a box similar to the beef-boxes, painted with minium (red lead) and with a label of the contents on it.

In the event of the cairn being destroyed, the following directions should be followed to find the depot: Land on the N. side of the inlet opposite Gazelle Basin, in a small creek, sheltered by a rocky point, where boats may go alongside under any circumstances of wind or tide. Proceed directly inland about 1/2 mile as far as the shore of the lake, then turn to the westward and follow the lake to its western end, where the chasm in which the depot is situated will be seen on the left hand.

Chapter 22. GRAVING-DOCKS AND PATENT SLIPS.

VESSELS visiting New Zealand, and requiring docking or repairs, will find ample accommodation at the principal ports of the colony.

There are in New Zealand four graving docks; two of these are situated in Auckland, one at Lyttelton, and one at Port Chalmers.

AUCKLAND DOCKS.

The Auckland docks are the property of the Auckland Harbour Board, and cost, with machinery, appliances, &c., £250,300. The dimensions of the docks at Auckland are as follow:—

 Calliope Dock.Auckland Dock.
Length over all525 feet.312 feet.
Length on floor500 feet.300 feet.
Breadth over all110 feet.65 feet.
Breadth on floor40 feet.42 feet.
Breadth at entrance80 feet.43 feet.
Depth of water on sill (at high water, ordinary spring tides)33 feet.13 1/2 feet.

Alterations have been made to the lower altars of Calliope Dock which will enable vessels of 63 ft. beam to be docked without any difficulty.

The following is the scale of charges for the use of the Auckland and Calliope Graving-docks and appliances:—

AUCKLAND GRAVING-DOCK.
 £    s.    d.
Entrance fee1    1    0
For every vessel of 100 tons (gross register), or under, per day5    0    0
For every vessel from 101 to 200 tons (gross register), per day6    0    0
For every additional ton (gross register), per day0    0    2
Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates will be allowed when two or three vessels dock on the same tide, and remain in dock the same number of hours, but such reduction will not be allowed if any of the Auckland Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel.
For shores cut in docking or hanging the vessel there must be paid, according to injury done, such amount as may be fixed by the Dock-master.
For use of steam-kiln, 10s. per day.
For use of pitch-furnace, 10s. per day.
CALLIOPE GRAVING-DOCK.
 £    s.    d.
Entrance fee5    5    0
For all vessels up to 300 tons (gross register), for four days or less20    0    0
For all vessels 301 to 400 tons (gross register), for four days or less22    10    0
For all vessels 401 to 500 tons (gross register), for four days or less25    0    0
For all vessels 501 to 600 tons (gross register), for four days or less27    10    0
For all vessels 601 to 700 tons (gross register), for four days or less30    0    0
For all vessels 701 to 800 tons (gross register), for four days or less32    10    0
For all vessels 801 to 900 tons (gross register), for four days or less35    0    0
For all vessels 901 to 1,000 tons (gross register), for four days or less37    10    0
For all vessels 1,001 to 1,100 tons (gross register), for four days or less40    0    0
For all vessels 1,101 to 1,200 tons (gross register), for four days or less45    0    0
For all vessels 1,201 tons (gross register) and upwards, for four days or less50    0    0

After the fourth day in dock the following rates will be charged:—

For all vessels up to 500 tons (gross register)4d. per ton a day.
For all vessels up to 501 to 1,000 tons (gross register)3d. per ton a day.
For all vessels up to 1,001 to 2,000 tons (gross register)2 3/4d. per ton a day.
For all vessels up to 2,001 to 3,000 tons (gross register)2 1/2d. per ton a day.
For all vessels up to 3,001 to 4,000 tons (gross register)2 1/4d. per ton a day.
For all vessels up to 4,001 tons (gross register) and upwards2d. per ton a day.

Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates will be allowed when two or three vessels dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours, but such reduction will not be allowed if any of the Auckland Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel.

For shores cut in docking or hanging the vessel, there shall be paid, according to injury done, such amount as may be fixed by the Dockmaster.

During the year 1905, 105 vessels of various descriptions, with a total of 28,112 tons, made use of the Auckland Graving-dock, occupying it in all 259 days, for repairs or painting.

In Calliope Dock 18 vessels were docked, with an aggregate tonnage of 29,339, and occupying the dock for 173 days.

Dock dues for the year amounted to £3,208 7s. 5d.

Under arrangement with the Admiralty, a complete plant of the most efficient and modern machinery has been provided at Calliope Dockyard. The workshops are now erected, and all the machinery is placed in position, with the exception of the shear-legs, for which a contract has now been let. This plant includes 80-ton shear-legs complete; trolly to carry 80 tons, and rails; 10-ton steam-crane at side of dock, engines, boilers, over-head travellers; planing, shaping, and slotting machines; radial drills, vertical drills, band saws for iron, punching and shearing machines, plate-bending rolls; 24 in. centre gantry lathe, 70 ft. bed; 9 in. and 12 in. gantry lathes, milling-machines, emery grinders, screwing - machines, ditto for pipes, horizontal boring - machines, Root's blower, smiths' forges (six), coppersmith's forge, levelling-slabs, steam-hammers, lead-furnace, wall-cranes, zinc-bath, plate-furnace, jib crane for foundry, circular-saw bench, band saw for wood, lathe for wood, general joiners' and carpenters' benches (four), kiln for steaming boards, Fox's trimmer, cupola to melt 5 tons of metal, countersinking - machine, pipe-bending machine, tools of various descriptions, moulders' bins, force-pumps for testing pipes, vice-benches, electric-light engines, dynamos (two), &c., and all other appliances and machinery required to render the plant adequate to repair any of His Majesty's ships upon the station or any merchant vessel visiting the port. The dock and machinery will be available for use, when not required for His Majesty's vessels, in effecting repairs to any merchant vessel requiring same. Electric lights have been provided for workshops, dock, and dockyard. The dockyard is now connected by telephone with the central exchange. An abundant supply of the purest fresh water is available at Calliope Dock and Calliope Wharf; and a most complete establishment of up-to-date machinery and appliances has been provided.

WELLINGTON PATENT SLIP.

The Port of Wellington has no dock; but there is a well-equipped patent slip at Evans Bay, on which vessels of 2,000 tons can be safely hauled up. This slip is the property of a private company, and is in no way connected with the Harbour Board. It is 1,070 ft. long, with a cradle 260 ft. in length. There is a depth of 32 ft. at high water at the outer end of the slip. A dolphin and buoys are laid down for swinging ships in Evans Bay.

The company has convenient workshops, which contain machinery necessary for effecting all ordinary repairs to vessels using the slip.

During the year ended 31st March, 1906, 106 vessels of various sizes, of an aggregate of 50,229 tons, were taken up on the slip for repairs, cleaning, painting, &c. The charges for taking vessels on the slip and launching them are 1s. per ton on the gross tonnage for the first full twenty-four hours, and 6d. per ton per day after-wards, unless by special agreement.

LYTTELTON DOCK AND PATENT SLIP.

The Graving-dock at Lyttelton, which is the property of the Harbour Board, is capable of docking men-of-war, or almost all of the large ocean steamers now running to the colony. Its general dimensions are: Length over all, 503 ft.; length on floor, 450 ft.; length inside caisson at a height of 4 ft. above the floor, 462 ft.; breadth over all, 82 ft.; breadth on floor, 46 ft.; breadth at entrance, 62 ft.; breadth where ship's bilge would be, on 6 ft. blocks, 55 ft.; available docking depth at this breadth, 17 ft.; depth of water on sill at high water, springs, 23 ft.

The scale of charges for the use of the dock and pumping machinery is as follows:—

 £    s.    d.
For all vessels up to 300 tons, for four days or less20    0    0
For all vessels up to 301 to 400 tons, for four days or less22    10    0
For all vessels up to 401 to 500 tons, for four days or less25    0    0
For all vessels up to 501 to 600 tons, for four days or less27    10    0
For all vessels up to 601 to 700 tons, for four days or less30    0    0
For all vessels up to 701 to 800 tons, for four days or less32    10    0
For all vessels up to 801 to 900 tons, for four days or less35    0    0
For all vessels up to 901 to 1,000 tons, for four days or less37    10    0
For all vessels up to 1,001 to 1,100 tons, for four days or less40    0    0
For all vessels up to 1,101 to 1,200 tons, for four days or less45    0    0
For all vessels up to 1,201 tons and upwards, for four days or less50    0    0

After the fourth day in dock, the following rates are charged:—

For all vessels up to 500 tons4d. per ton per day.
For all vessels of 501 tons to 1,000 tons3d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 1,001 tons up to 2,000 tons2 3/4d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 2,001 tons up to 3,000 tons2 1/2d. per ton per day.
For all vessels over 3,001 tons up to 4,000 tons2 1/4 per ton per day.
For all vessels over 4,001 tons up to 5,000 tons2d. per ton per day.

Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates is allowed when two or three vessels can arrange to dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours. Two vessels of 1,000 tons each can be docked at the same time. The 20-per-cent. rebate is not allowed if any of the Lyttelton Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel. The twenty-four hours constituting the first day of docking commences from the time of the dock being pumped out.

Any vessel belonging to H.M. Navy or any colonial Government, or any commissioned ship belonging to any foreign nation, is admitted into the graving-dock without payment of the usual dock dues, but is charged only such sum as is necessary for the reimbursement of actual expenditure of stores, wages, and materials.

There are electric lights, one on each side of the graving-dock; and there are engineering works within a short distance of it, where repairs and heavy foundry-work can be undertaken.

The graving-dock and machinery cost £105,000. The interest and sinking fund on that sum, at 6 1/2 per cent., amounts to £6,825 per annum. Since its construction the dock dues for the twenty-four years ended 31st December, 1906, amounted to £25,427, and the working-expenses to £15,521, leaving a balance for twenty-four years ended 31st December, 1906, of £9,906.

During the year 1906 twenty-seven vessels were docked, and the dock dues amounted to £1,203 3s. 6d. For the twenty-four years ending 1906 508 vessels were docked, or an average of about twenty-one a year.

PATENT SLIP, LYTTELTON.

Alongside the graving-dock is a patent slip, with a cradle 150 ft. in length, suitable for vessels of 300 tons. It belongs to the Harbour Board.

The following is the scale of charges:—

Up to 75 tons gross register, £4 for five days, and 10s. per day after the fifth day.

Over 75 tons and up to 150 tons gross register, £6 for five days, and 15s. per day after fifth day.

Over 150 tons and up to 250 tons gross register, £8 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifth day.

Over 250 tons gross register, £10 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifth day.

A “day” to mean between sunrise and sunset.

The above rates cover the cost of all labour connected with hauling up and launching (the crew of the vessel to give their assistance as may be required), and the cost of blocking a vessel and shifting the blocks after hauling up.

OTAGO GRAVING-DOCK.

The dock at Port Chalmers is vested in the Otago Dock Trust, a body entirely distinct from the Otago Harbour Board. Vessels of large size can be taken in the Otago Dock, as the following measurements will show:—

Length over all335 feet.
Length on the floor328 feet.
Breadth over all68 feet.
Breadth on floor41 feet.
Breadth where ship's bilge would be43 feet.
Breadth at dock-gates50 feet.
Depth of water on sill at high water (ordinary spring tides)17 1/2 feet.

Connected with the Otago Dock are a large machine-shop, steam-hammer, and forge, with all the appliances necessary for performing any work that may be required by vessels visiting the port. An 80-ton shear-legs has also been erected for heavy lifts.

There is also a patent slip, used for taking up small vessels.

All vessels using the Otago Graving-dock are liable to dock dues according to the following scale (unless under special contract), revised since the beginning of 1896:—

 £    s.    d.
Vessels under 200 tons, for the first three days, or part of three days25    0    0
Vessels of 200 tons, and under 800 tons35    0    0
Vessels of 800 tons and upwards50    0    0

And for every day, or part of a day, after the first three days:—

Vessels under 300 tons8d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 300 tons and under 400 tons7 3/4d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 400 tons and under 5007 1/2d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 500 tons and under 6007 1/4d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 600 tons and under 7007d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 700 tons and under 8006 3/4d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 800 tons and under 9006 1/2d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 900 tons and under 1,0006 1/4d. per register ton per day.
Vessels under 1,000 tons and upwards6d. per register ton per day.

Chapter 23. HARBOURS.
PILOTAGE, PORT CHARGES, ETC.

PILOTAGE, port charges, berthage charges, &c., at eighteen of the principal harbours in New Zealand, as on the 1st January, 1907 (compiled by Mr. C. Hood Williams, Secretary to the Lyttelton Harbour Board, except as to the port of Gisborne, the information in this case being furnished by the Secretary to the Gisborne Harbour Board):—

AUCKLAND.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Sailing-vessels, inwards and outwards, 3d. per ton each way.

Steamers, inwards and outwards, 2d. per ton each way when services of pilot are taken.

Pilotage includes the removal fee to or from the berth at 1d. per ton. In the case of any vessel, the registered tonnage of which exceeds 5,000 tons, no pilotage rates shall be payable in respect of such excess.

Port charges: 3d. per ton half-yearly (on all vessels over 15 tons) in one payment. Vessels arriving for coal, stores, water, or for receiving or landing mails, which do not come to any wharf or receive or discharge cargo within the port, are exempt from port charges. In the case of any vessel the registered tonnage of which exceeds 5,000 tons, no port charges shall be payable in respect of such excess.

Harbourmaster's fees: 1d. per ton. Vessels paying pilotage are exempt.

Exemption berthage certificates are given to competent masters in the coastal and intercolonial trades, but not to those in foreign trade.

Berthage: Every person who shall use any wharf with any vessel shall pay for the use thereof—Licensed ferry steamers, 10s. to £1 10s. per month; other vessels under 20 tons, 6d. and 1s. per day, not exceeding 10s. per quarter. For every vessel not included in the above, 1/4d. per ton per day. Outside berths, 1/8d. per ton per day.

GISBORNE.*

Pilotage (not compulsory): Sailing-vessels over 100 tons, first 100 tons, 6d. per ton; every ton over 100 tons, 2d. per ton. Into and out of Turanganui River: Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton; sailing-vessels towed, 2d. per ton; steamers, 2d. per ton.

Port charges: Vessels, intercolonial or foreign, 1d. per ton on arrival, not to exceed 3d. per ton in any three months; vessels, coastal, over 200 tons, 1d. per ton on arrival, not to exceed 3d. per ton in any three months; vessels, coastal, 200 tons and under, 3d. per ton on arrival, not to exceed 3d. per ton in any three months.

Harbourmaster's fees: Free.

Berthage alongside the wharves: Per day or part, under 50 tons, 5s.; over 50 tons and up to 75 tons, 7s. 6d., over 75 tons up to 100 tons, 10s.; for every additional 50 tons or fraction thereof, 2s. 6d. Vessels discharging outside of others to pay half foregoing dues. Steamers to pay double rates as per tonnage; and in all cases sailing-vessels to make way for steamers.

THAMES.

Pilotage (compulsory): In and out—Sailing-vessels up to 100 tons, 6d. per ton, and 2d. for each ton over 100 tons; steamers up to 100 tons, 6d. per ton, and 4d. per ton for each additional ton.

Port charges: Regular traders, 2d. per ton per quarter; other vessels, 2d. per ton each trip, not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton in half-year.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: 20 tons and under, 10s. per ton per quarter; over 20 tons, 6d. per ton per quarter, or 2s. 6d. first 20 tons per day and 1/4d. each additional ton.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

NEW PLYMOUTH.

Pilotage (compulsory), charged both inwards and outwards: Intercolonial or coasting—Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton; steamers, 1 1/2d. per ton: foreign sailing-vessel or steamer, 1/2d. per ton.

Port charges: Intercolonial, 4d. per ton, payable half-yearly; foreign, 1/2d. per ton on arrival in roadstead.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage rate: 3 1/2d. per ton on all cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped outwards; on registered tonnage also 1/2d. per ton.

Warps: 1d. per ton register for first 100 tons; 1/2d. per ton for excess.

Fenders: 1s. per day or part of day.

Water (minimum 3s.): 5s. per 1,000 gallons.

WAITARA.

Pilotage: From signal-staff, 1/2d. per register ton each way, in and out. Ocean-going vessels 1/4d. per register ton (one way only).

Port charges: Steamers and sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton quarterly, payable first trip in each quarter; out-going vessels, 1/2d. per register ton, payable each trip.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Steamers 2d. per ton and sailing-vessels 3d. per ton every trip.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

PATEA.

Pilotage (in and out): 1d. per ton register.

Port charges: 3d. per ton every three months. Light dues, 1/4d. per ton.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: 6d. per ton on cargo, as per manifest.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

Water: 2s. 6d. per 1,000 gallons.

*These charges are now under revision.

WAIROA.

Pilotage (compulsory): 6d. per register ton.

Port charges: 3d. per ton per quarter.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage, warps, and fenders: Nil.

NAPIER.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Into Inner Harbour—Sailing-vessels, 4d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. To roadstead—First 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Every ton over 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 2d. per ton; steamers, 1d. per ton. Into Breakwater Harbour—First 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Every ton over 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 2d. per ton; steamers, 1d. per ton. Outward pilotage, half rates.

Port charges: 6d. per ton quarterly in advance, vessels plying within port only; 2d. per ton on arrival of vessels not plying within port, but not to exceed 1s. per ton in any half-year. Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial trading” or coasting vessels) returning to port within one month from date of first arrival are exempt from port charges for second or subsequent arrivals within calendar month.

Harbourmaster's fees: 5s. per vessel of less than 60 tons. Steamers under 60 tons and licensed as lighters are exempt. 1d. per ton, sailing-vessels 60 tons and upwards; 10s. per vessel, steamers of 60 tons and under 120 tons; 1d. per ton, steamers of 120 tons and upwards. Vessels paying for pilotage service inwards do not pay Harbourmaster's fees.

Harbour-improvement rate: 3d. per ton on cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped (weight or measurement at option of Board); 1s. each horse or large cattle shipped or transhipped; 1/2d. each sheep or small animal shipped or transhipped. Vessels licensed as lighters, tow-boats, or ferry boats shall, whilst actually employed as lighters, tow, or ferry boats, pay 3s. 4d. upon each and every trip.

Hawsers and moorings: Vessels at wharf in Breakwater Harbour, 1/4d. per ton per day, or part of a day, on registered tonnage. Vessels moored to buoys within Breakwater Harbour, 1/8d. per ton per day or part of a day.

Fenders: Vessels at wharves in Breakwater Harbour—5s. per day, vessels under 500 tons; 7s. per day, vessels of 500 tons and under 1,000 tons; 10s. per day, vessels of 1,000 tons and under 1,500 tons; 15s. per day, vessels of 1,500 tons and under 2,000 tons; £1 per day, vessels of 2,000 tons; and so on, in proportion.

WANGANUI.

Pilotage: All vessels when piloted by signals from the staff only, 1d. per ton register. River pilotage, to be charged for any assistance rendered by the pilot or any of his crew inside the bar, 2d. per ton. When a pilot boards and conducts a vessel outside the bar, 3d. per ton. Steamers engaged in tendering ocean steamers at anchor in the roadstead charged half pilotage rates.

Port charges: Vessels of 500 tons and up to 8,000 tons register, 1/2d. per ton. Not to exceed 3d. per ton in any half-year. Vessels paying pilotage exempt. Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial-trading” or “coastal”) returning to the port within one month of first arrival exempt as regards second or subsequent arrivals.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: For every steamer using any wharf, being berthed alongside, and whether discharging or loading cargo or not, 2d. per ton on gross register for first day of eight working-hours, and 1d. for every succeeding day of eight working-hours. For every sailing-vessel the charge to be 2d. for first day of eight working-hours, and 1/2d. for every succeeding day of eight working-hours, not exceeding five days. For every vessel occupying a berth outside another vessel, and loading or discharging cargo, 1/4d. per ton on gross register per day of eight working-hours whilst loading or discharging. Ships' dues on vessels detained in port by stress of weather will not be charged after the third day.

WELLINGTON.

Pilotage (optional): Sailing-vessels inwards, 4d. per ton; sailing-vessels outwards, 3d. per ton; steamers inwards, 3d. per ton; steamers outwards, 2d. per ton. Pilotage includes the removal fee to or from the berth at 3/4d. per ton.

Port charges: 2d. per ton on arrival; not exceeding 6d. in any half-year. Half-yearly days, 1st January and 1st July. Steamers arriving for coal, stores, water, or for receiving or landing mails or passengers and their luggage, which do not come to any wharf or receive or discharge cargo within the port, are exempt from port charges.

Harbourmaster's or berthing fee on vessels of 120 tons and upwards, 3/4d. per ton; under 120 tons, 10s. Vessels paying pilotage are exempt. Exemption berthage certificates are given to competent masters in the coastal and intercolonial trades, but not to those in foreign trade.

Berthage: 1/4d. per ton net register per day or part of a day (day counted from midnight to midnight). Vessels berthing after working-hours, and only landing passengers and luggage, not charged for that day. Vessels leaving wharf after midnight and prior to working-hours, and only on such day taking on board passengers and luggage, not charged for such day. Vessels not working cargo after noon on Saturdays pay half rates for such Saturday. No charge for Sundays or holidays. Vessels laid up for repairs, fitting-out, &c., half rates.

Harbour-improvement Rate.—The charge of 3d. per ton shall be made to and payable by ships to the Board, as a harbour-improvement rate, on all goods landed on the wharves or landing-places under the control of the Board, except on coal and on ballast, and except on such goods as are the products of the Colony of New Zealand and are landed for the purpose of transhipment to vessels to be carried out of the colony: Provided that for the purposes of this by-law the following measurements shall be taken: Empties, half tonnage; wool, five bales to the ton; great cattle, each one ton; small cattle, twelve to the ton; timber, 500 ft. superficial measurement to the ton; bricks, slates, and tiles, 500 to the ton; carts and carriages, each two tons; loose hides, twenty-five to the ton.

NELSON.

Pilotage (compulsory): Steamers, inwards and outwards, 1d. per registered ton; sailing-vessels, inwards and outwards, 3d. per ton. Minimum pilotage each way (in all cases), £1.

Port charges: Vessels not paying pilotage, to pay the following, upon first arrival, half-yearly: Vessels over 100 tons register, 1s. per ton; vessels under 100 tons register, 6d. per ton.

Harbour lights: Vessels not paying pilotage, over 100 tons register, 1d. per ton; under 100 tons register, 1/2d. per ton, on each arrival.

Harbourmaster's fees: 120 tons and upwards, 1d. per ton register; less than 120 tons, 10s. for each removal of any steamer or sailing-vessel within the harbour.

Berthage, fenders, and warps: Nil.

WESTPORT.

Pilotage (compulsory): All vessels up to 100 tons, free. Any vessel, steamer, or sailer above 100 tons register, 1d. per ton each way, in and out. One way only, half rates.

Port charges: Receiving and discharging ships' ballast, 1s. per ton; minimum charge, 20s.; 1d. per ton for use of shoot.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Use of wharf, for every vessel up to 1,400 tons lying at wharf, 1d. per ton net register per trip; for every vessel over 1,400 tons lying at a wharf, 2d. per ton net register per trip; minimum charge, 5s. No vessel to be charged for more than one trip in any one week.

Towage (both ways, in and out): Sailing-vessels, minimum charge, £7 10s.; maximum charge, £37 10s. Vessels 200 tons and upwards, 9d. per ton register. Steamers, minimum charge, £12 10s. maximum charge, £40. Vessels 1,000 tons and upwards, 3d. per ton register. Any vessel using the tug one way only, either in or out, half rates, and vessels arriving for “bunker” coal—i.e., coal to be used in the ship on her voyage and for no other purpose—half rates. Declaration to be made to this effect.

GREYMOUTH.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Signal-station. For sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; for steamers, 4d. per ton, each way.

Port charges: Discharging ships' ballast, 6d. per ton.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Use of wharf, 6d. per ton net register per trip. Vessels in ballast for coal or timber, 1d. per ton net register for the first four days: maximum, £5 10s.; minimum, 5s.

LYTTELTON.

Pilotage (compulsory): Inwards and outwards—Sailing-vessels 3 1/2d. per ton; steamers 2 1/2d. per ton. Foreign-going steamers and sailing-vessels free on second call on same voyage.

Port charges: 2d. per ton quarterly, in advance, for vessels of 100 tons and upwards plying within the port or employed in coasting only, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year; 2d. per ton for vessels of 100 tons and upwards not plying within the port or not solely employed in coasting, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year. For exemption from pilotage and harbour fees, see clauses 132, 133, and 134 of “The Harbours Act, 1878.”

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthing charges: On all vessels of 25 tons register and upwards 1/4d. per ton each trip.

Warps (21 in. coir hawsers): £1 per warp for use during a vessel's stay in port, not exceeding six months.

Fenders (soft wood): 10s. for first day, and 5s. per day after. 10s. for use of each hardwood fender.

TIMARU.

Pilotage (compulsory): Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton inwards and outwards; when tug used, 2d. per ton: steamers, 2d. per ton inwards and outwards. Foreign and intercolonial steamers under 3,500 cargo tons, working 800 tons or less, only one pilotage fee; 3,500 tons or over, working 1,000 tons cargo or less, one pilotage fee only. Foreign-going steamer or sailing-vessel calling more than once during same voyage before leaving New Zealand, one inward and outward rate only (subject to above exemptions).

Port charges: Coasters, 1 1/2d. per ton each trip; sailing-vessels, not coasters, 3d. per ton each trip; steam-vessels, not coasters, 6d. per ton on cargo worked; in all cases not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton in any half-year, dating from the 1st days of January and July in each year. Intercolonial steamers coming direct or coastwise 1 1/2d. per ton register, or 6d. per ton on cargo landed and shipped, whichever rate may be the lesser.

Harbourmaster's fees: 1d. per ton each service; vessels less than 120 tons, 10s.; steamers of 1,000 tons or over, which have loaded wholly in New Zealand or Australian ports, working 500 tons of cargo or less, only one Harbourmaster's fee. This fee is charged to all vessels or steamers not paying pilotage.

Berthage: 3d. per ton on all cargo landed or shipped.

Hawsers and moorings: Vessels at wharves, 1/2d. per ton register for first seven days; subsequent days, 1/4d. per ton. Vessels at buoys, under 800 tons register, 1/8d. per ton; over 800 tons, 1/16d. per ton.

Fenders: Sailing-vessels under 500 tons register, 2s. per day; under 1,000 tons, 3s. per day; over 1,000 tons, 4s. per day. Steamers under 1,000 tons register, 4s. per day; under 1,500 tons, 10s. per day; under 2,000 tons, 15s. per day; over 2,000 tons, £1 per day. Foreign-going vessels detained in the port sixty days, half rates thereafter for hawsers and moorings and fenders.

OAMARU.

Tonnage rate: On cargo, inwards or outwards—Coal, merchandise, stone, produce, and timber, 8d. per ton; wool, 2s. per ton; frozen sheep, 1d. per carcase; frozen lamb, 1d. per carcase; rabbits and hares, 3s. per ton, gross weight; all other frozen goods, 3s. per ton, gross dead-weight; live-stock, 1s. 8d. per ton. These charges are in lieu of the usual port dues, pilotage, and berthage dues. Cargo is computed as follows for tonnage rates and cranage: Timber (native), 480 ft., super., to the ton; timber (ironbark), 320 ft., super., to the ton; other hard wood, 380 ft., super., to the ton; posts and rails, 50 to the ton; palings, 320 to the ton; Oamaru stone, 22 cubic feet to the ton, or as per railway weight; wool, 4 bales to the ton; live sheep, 20 to the ton; horses, 2 tons each; cattle, 2 tons each; yearlings, half rates; pigs, 10 to the ton; light carriages, two-wheeled, 1 ton each; light carriages, four-wheeled, 2 tons each. In computing the tonnage-rate all goods may be charged upon the dead weight or measurement, at the option of the Board.

Warps: 1/2d. per ton per day for seven days; 1/4d. per ton per day thereafter. In the event of any vessel remaining at any wharf for a period exceeding six weeks, the charge for warps will thereafter be reduced to 1/8d. per ton register of such vessel for each day or part of a day that she may occupy a berth at the wharf.

OTAGO (DUNEDIN).

Pilotage (compulsory): Inwards and outwards—Sailing-vessels without tug, 6d. per ton; with tug, 4d. per ton: steamers, 4d. per ton. Foreign steamers calling twice on one voyage only charged once. All vessels holding exemption certificates, one annual pilotage. For every vessel under steam carrying an exempt pilot and employing a Board's pilot the charge shall be 1/2d. per ton for the Upper Harbour.

Port charges: 6d. per ton half-yearly, all vessels.

Harbourmaster's fees: Vessels less than 120 tons, 10s.; over 120 tons, 1d. per ton.

Berthage: Vessels trading within the port—10 tons, 5s. per quarter; 25 tons, 10s. per quarter; 50 tons, 15s. per quarter; 100 tons, £1 per quarter. Vessels trading beyond the port—Sailing-vessels 1/4d. per ton (maximum, eighteen days, £10); steam-vessels, 1/2d. per ton per day (maximum charge, £15). Vessels laid up for less than a month, one-half the above rates; over a month, 1/2d. per ton per month.

Towage: When assistance is given to steam-vessels under steam, one-fourth usual towage, not exceeding £5 for Upper Harbour and £7 for Lower Harbour.

NOTE.—Foreign steamers taking or discharging not more than 50 tons general cargo and 100 tons frozen produce pay £50 for port charges, pilotage, and Harbourmaster's fees; also maximum charges on any one vessel, not to exceed £180 on any one visit; and in the case of a foreign steamer calling twice at the port on one voyage, not to exceed £200.

BLUFF.

Pilotage (compulsory): Steamers, inwards and outwards, 2 1/2d. per registered ton: sailing-vessels, 4 1/2d. inwards and outwards if tug not employed; 2 1/2d. per registered ton inwards and outwards if tug employed. Sailing-vessels in ballast, 2 1/2d. per registered ton inwards and outwards. Steamers, in and out, 5d. per registered ton, payable yearly; sailing-vessels, in and out, 9d. per registered ton, payable yearly. On application by master or agent of foreign-going steamers ordinary charges for pilotage, port charges, and berthage may be suspended, and a charge of 5s. per ton for inward cargo and 10s. per ton for outward cargo may be substituted therefor, with a minimum charge of £50.

Port charges: On all vessels, per trip, 2d. per registered ton, but no vessel shall be required to pay more than 6d. per registered ton in any six months from date of entry.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Steamers, 2d. per ton net register for the first day, and 1d. per ton per week or part of a week thereafter. Sailing-vessels and bulks of over 50 tons register, 1d. per ton net register per week for the first four weeks, and 1/4d. per ton per week thereafter.

Towage assistance to steamers using their own motive power: Over 3,000 tons, £5; over 2,000 tons, £4; under 2,000 tons, £3.

Maximum charge for berthage dues, pilotage, and port charges, £180 in any one visit.

Steamers calling more than once on same voyage only charged one inward and outward pilotage.

WHARFAGE RATES

Wharfage rates at eighteen of the principal harbours in New Zealand, as on 1st January, 1907 (compiled by Mr. C. Hood Williams, Secretary to the Lyttelton Harbour Board, except as to the port of Gisborne):—

AUCKLAND.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton imports; 1s. per ton exports.

Transhipments: Half rates when declared before landing, or 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and seven days' storage.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped.

Transhipments: Half rates when declared before landing, or 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and seven days' storage.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped.

Transhipments: Half rates when declared, or 2s. 6d. per ton, including seven days' storage and labour.

Wool.—6d. per bale, shipped or landed.

Transhipments: If landed, dumped, and reshipped, 3d. per bale.

Coal.—1s. 3d. per ton landed; 6d. per ton shipped.

Transhipments: Half rates when declared. Shipped or discharged over side for steamer's use, free.

Timber.—Sawn, 2s. per 1,000 ft. landed; 1s. per 1,000 ft. shipped. Baulk or round (less 12 1/2 per cent.), 1s. per 1,000 ft. landed, 6d. per 1,000 ft. shipped.

Transhipments: Half rates when declared.

Passengers' luggage under half a ton, goods carried by hand by passengers and single packages under 5 ft. measurement, free.

GISBORNE.*

General Merchandise.—Imports 5s. to 6d., exports 2s. 6d. to 6d., by measurement, from 40 cubic feet to 4 cubic feet; same for weight. Ale, beer, and porter, per gallon—Import, 1 1/2d.; export, 1/2d.: spirits and wine, per ton measurement, 7s. 6d. No export charges on goods that have paid inward wharfage.

Transhipments: Free.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Grain—Imports, 5s.; exports, 1s. Grass-seed—Imports, 5s.; exports, 2s. Potatoes—Imports, 5s.; exports, 2s. 6d. (per 12 sacks).

Transhipments: Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Sheep, 2d. per carcase; lambs, 1d. per carcase; haunches, legs, &c., 2s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

* Rates now under revision.

Wool.—1s. 3d. per bale, export.

Transhipments: 3d. per bale if landed and reshipped. Free if transhipped into vessel in roadstead.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Timber.—Sawn, 4s. per 1,000 ft.: baulk, 1s. per 1,000 ft., imports; 1s., and 6d., per 1,000 ft., exports.

Transhipments: Free.

THAMES.

General Merchandise.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports or exports, without labour.

Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half rates otherwise.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports or exports, without labour.

Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half rates otherwise.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—None shipped.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Wool.—1s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Coal.—1s. 6d. per ton, without labour.

Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half rates otherwise.

Timber.—6d. to 1s. per 1,000 ft. sawn timber; 6d. per 1,000 shingles; 2s. per 100 props; 1s. 6d. per 100 slabs; 4s. per 100 sleepers; 2s. 6d. per 100 posts or rails; 2s. 6d. per 1,000 palings; 6d. per ton firewood.

NEW PLYMOUTH.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per 20 sacks.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Wool.—6d. per bale; five bales of 4 cwt., 2s. per ton; three bales of over 4 cwt., 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.

Coal.—2s. per ton; brown coal, 1s. 9d.: with labour.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates, with labour.

Timber.—480 ft. per ton, 2s.; hardwood, 320 ft. per ton (rough or sawn), 2s.: with labour.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.

WAITARA.

General Merchandise.—Inwards, 2s. per ton, including forty-eight hours' storage; outwards, 2s. per ton, including ten days' storage. Labour provided by the Board.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Imports, 2s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per 20 sacks. Labour provided. Exports, in not less than 3-ton lots, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. per ton weight, without labour.

Transhipments: Half rates, without labour.

Wool.—Dumped, 4 1/2d. per bale; undumped, 6d. per bale.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Coal.—Imports, 1s. 6d. per ton, without labour; brown coal, 1s. per ton, without labour.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Timber.—Under 5,000 ft., 3d. per 100 ft.; over 5,000 ft., 2d. per 100 ft.: without labour. Exported white-pine, if over 5,000 ft., 1 1/2d. per 100 ft.: without labour.

Transhipments: Half rates.

PATEA.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports or exports (produce shipped direct from South ports, 1s. 6d.).

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton of 10 sacks grain, 20 sacks cocksfoot grass-seed, 20 sacks bran, 40 sacks chaff, 16 sacks pollard or ryegrass. Potatoes, export, 1s. per ton; import, 3s. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Butter and cheese 1s. per ton, without labour, from grading-wharf; otherwise, 2s., with labour. Frozen meat, 1s. for 20 carcases sheep, 2s. per carcase cattle. Cased meats, 1s. per ton, without labour.

Wool.—6d. per bale, including storage.

Coal.—1s. per ton, without labour.

Timber.—4d. per 100 ft.; labour extra.

WAIROA.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports and exports.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports and exports.

Butter.—2s. per ton.

Wool.—9d. per bale, imports and exports.

Coal.—1s. per ton.

Timber.—2 1/2d. per 100 ft. Exports, fruit, free. Returned empties, free.

NAPIER.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton imports, 1s. per ton exports, according to measurement or weight. If labour supplied, add on 6d. imports, and 6d. exports. Ballast, inwards, 1s. per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton. Empties, half rates.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. imports, 1s. exports, according to measurement or weight. If labour supplied, add on 6d. imports, and 6d. exports.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

Frozen or Chilled Meat, &c.—Imports free; exports 1s. per ton. Tallow and pelts, imports free; exports 2s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

Wool.—6d. per bale, exports only. Imports, free.

Transhipments: Wool, flax, skins, or tow, 3d. over side; 3d. per bale if landed for transhipment or dumping.

Coal.—1s. imports; 1s. exports.

Transhipments: Quarter rates, Outer Harbour; half rates, Inner or Break-water Harbours. Coal for engines and freezing-ships, Outer Harbour, free, if declared so.

Timber.—3s. 4d. per 1,000 ft., imports; 1s. 3d. per 1,000 ft. exports.

Transhipments: Half rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours; quarter rates, Outer Harbour.

NOTE.—Goods other than wool, skins, tow, meats, and flax landed on a wharf for transhipment to a vessel lying at another berth charged inward wharfage only when declared at time of entry.

WANGANUI.

General Merchandise.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 1s. 6d. per ton. Potatoes, export, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Sheep, 1/2d. per carcase; lambs, 1/2d. per carcase; legs, shoulders, and loins calculated at so-many to a carcase, according to freight.

Wool.—3d. per bale.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Coal.—1s. 3d. per ton. Coal for ship's use, outward, 3d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Timber.—6d. per 100 ft.; for shipment, 2d.; white-pine, 1d.

Transhipments: Half rates.

WELLINGTON.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton inwards, including labour and one night's storage. Glass, acids, and special goods, 5s. per ton. Inward cargo landed after noon on Friday is stored free till noon on following Monday; landed after noon on Saturday is stored free till 5 p.m. on the following Tuesday. 1s. per ton outwards, including labour. Glass acids, and special goods, 2s. 6d. per ton. Railway wharfage—1s. inwards, 6d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and seven days' storage. Glass, acids, and special goods, 5s. per ton. Over side of vessel lying at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted more than a quarter of a mile. 6d. per ton extra.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton inwards, including labour and one night's storage; 1s. per ton outwards, including labour. Railway wharfage—1s. inwards, 6d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: 2s. per ton, including labour and seven days' storage. Over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted more than a quarter of a mile, 6d. per ton extra.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. inwards, 1s. outwards, per ton, without labour. Railway wharfage — 1s. inwards, 6d. outwards, per ton, without labour.

Transhipments: Meat, 1s. 3d. per ton, without labour; butter, 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and storage. Meat, butter, &c., over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton.

Wool.—4d. per bale at Railway Wharf, without labour; 6d. per bale at other wharves, including labour.

Transhipments: 6d. per bale, including labour, and 3d. additional if stored. If shifted more than a quarter of a mile, 3d. per bale extra. Over side of vessel to vessel at wharf, 3d. per bale.

Coal.—1s. per ton imports, 6d. per ton exports, without labour. Railway wharfage—1s. per ton inwards, 6d. per ton outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: Across wharf for steamer's use, free. From vessel or hulk to vessel at wharf, free.

Timber.—2d. per 100 ft. inwards; 1 1/2d. per 100 ft. outwards, without labour. If labour supplied, 2d. per 100 ft. added inwards, and 1 1/2d. outwards. Railway wharfage—2d. inwards, 1 1/2d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including seven days' storage and labour. If shifted more than a quarter of a mile, 6d. per ton extra. Over vessel's side into another vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton.

NELSON.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports and exports, with labour.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; 2s. 6d. if landed.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports and exports, with labour.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; 2s. 6d. if landed.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—None shipped.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Wool.—Exports, 1s. per bale; imports free.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Coal.—1s. per ton imports; 2s. with labour. Free, exports; 2s. 6d. per ton with labour.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf.

Timber.—1d. per 100 ft. super., import; 1d. per 100 ft. super., export; 2s. per ton by measurement: with labour.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed on wharf. Reshipments, 2s. 6d. per ton.

WESTPORT.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton., and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—2s. per ton, and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Coal.—6d. per ton.

Timber.—2d. per 100 ft. If for export and carried by rail, free.

GREYMOUTH.

General Merchandise.—3s. per ton. This charge includes 1s. a ton for receiving and delivering. Coke, bricks, and fireclay carried by rail for export, free.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—3s. per ton. This charge includes 1s. a ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—3s. per ton. This charge includes 1s. a ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Coal.—6d. per ton inwards; outwards, free, if carried by rail.

Timber.—Inwards, 2d. per 100 ft.; outwards, free, if carried by rail.

LYTTELTON.

General Merchandise.—1s. 9d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—9d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—8d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: Free.

Coal.—8d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise.

Timber.—3 1/2d. per 100 ft.

Transhipments: Free.

N.B.—All reshipments of goods from Lyttelton under declaration, free.

TIMARU.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton weight.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Wool.—1s. per bale.

Transhipments: Half rates.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half rates. For bunkering purposes, free.

Timber.—4d. per 100 ft.; 6d. per 100 ft. Australian and foreign timber.

Transhipments: Half rates.

OAMARU.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1/2d. per sheep. Butter, as merchandise, 2s. per ton. Other frozen goods, 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: Free.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Timber.—5d. and 7d. per 100 ft. Fencing posts and rails, 4s. per 100. Palings, 7d. per 100.

Transhipments: Free.

Stone.—1/2d. per foot.

Live Cattle and Horses.—2s. 6d. each; yearlings, half rates. Sheep, 2d. each; pigs, 4d. each.

OTAGO (DUNEDIN).

General Merchandise.—1s., 2s., 3s., 4s., and 5s. per ton, imports. (Classified.) Exports, manufactured articles and articles which have paid an import duty, free. Beer 2s. per ton. A rate of 2s. per ton by weight upon all flour, malt, meal, tallow, bone, ores, and quartz.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. per ton, imports; 6d. per ton by weight, exports; bran and pollard, exports, free; flour and oatmeal, 2s. A rate of 6d. per ton by weight upon all barley, wheat, oats, rye, beans, whole peas, maize, potatoes, turnips, carrots, onions, straw, hay, and building-stone.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Flax, fungus, rabbits, live-stock, and beef, 1s. per ton; imports (measurement), 6d. per ton exports; butter, imports, 4s. per ton; butter and cheese, exports, 1s. per ton (weight); frozen meat, imports, 5s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Wool.—Exports, 2s. 3d. per ton, wool, skins, and hides; 4s. per ton, imports (three bales to ton).

Transhipments: 1s. per ton by measurement.

Coal.—3s. per ton, imports; exports, free.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Timber.—6d. and 3d. per 100 superficial feet, imports; exports, free.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton by measurement. Notice of transhipment must be given within twenty-four hours after ship's arrival.

BLUFF.

General Merchandise.—1s. 10d. per ton, imports and exports.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—11d. per ton, imports and exports.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—11d. per ton, exports; cheese, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Wool.—Exports, 9d. per bale; imports, free.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed.

Coal.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports; free exports.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton when landed ex hulk; free when not landed on wharf.

Timber.—1s. per 1,000 ft. super., import; 1s. per 1,000 ft. super., export.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half rates if landed on wharf.

Chapter 24. LIGHTHOUSES

Number of Light.Name of Lighthouse.Order of Apparatus.Fixed, Flashing, or Revolving.Interval of Revolution or Flash.Height, in Feet, above High Water.Colour of Light.Distance visible in Nautical Miles.Colour of Lighthouse.

*An asterisk denotes those lighthouses which are in telephonic communication with telegraph system.

†Harbour lights.

NOTE.—The distance visible of lights of greater power than 5th order dioptric is calculated in nautical miles as seen from a height of 15 ft. above the sea. In very clear weather the lower-order lights may be seen at a greater distance than is given in this table.

1*Cape Maria Van Diemen1st order dioptricRevolving1 minute330White25White.
 *Cape Maria Van DiemenFixedRed, to show over Columbia Reef 
2Moko Hinau1st order dioptricFlashing10 seconds385White27White.
3Cuvier Island1st order dioptricRevolving30 seconds390White27
4*Tiritiri2nd order dioptricFixed300White, with red arc over Flat Rock24Red.
5†Bean Rock5th order dioptricFixed50White, red, green10White.
5a†Rangitoto BeaconPintsch's patent gaslightOcculting5 seconds68White, showing 5 sec. flash and 5 sec. obscured12 
6Ponui Passage5th order dioptricFixed50White and red10White.
7*East Cape2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds362White flash26White.
8†Gisborne Leading LightsDioptric side-lightsFixed60, 40Red5 
9Portland Island2nd order dioptricRevolving30 seconds300White24White.
 Portland Island…FixedRed, to show over Bull Rock  
10†Napier4th order dioptricFixed160White19White.
11Cape Palliser2nd order dioptricGroup fl., 2fl.30 seconds258White; interval of 3 sec. between flashes23 
12*Pencarrow Hd.2nd order dioptricFixed322White25White
 *Pencarrow Hd. Low-level LightWigham patentFixedWhite, with red arc10White
13†Somes Island2nd order dioptricFixed95White, red, and green15 1/2White.
14†Manawatu RiverOrdinary lampFixed44White5 
15†Wanganui River6th order port lightFixed65White8 
16†Patea5th order port lightFixed130Red10 
17*Cape Egmont2nd order dioptricFixed103White16White.
18†New Plymouth Leading Lights4th order port lightFixed100, 30Red16White
19Waitara6th order port lightFixed70White8 
20*Manukau3rd order dioptricFixed385White27Brown.
 †Manukau5th order port lightFixed70White and green10White.
21*Kaipara2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds278White23 1/2Red.
22†HokiangaMasthead-light152White5 
23*Nelson4th order port lightFixed60White, with red arc13White.
24French Pass6th order port lightFixed12White and red, with white light on beacon8White.
25Stephens Island1st order dioptricGroup fl., 2 fl.30 seconds600White32 1/2White.
26†Jackson HeadWigham bcn. lampFixed37White5Concrete bcn
27The Brothers2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds258White23White.
 The BrothersFixedRed, over Cook Rock 
28†Tory Channel Leading Lights5th order port lightFixed10 seconds86, 22White10White.
29†Wairau River6th order port lightFixed38White8 
30*Cape Campbell2nd order dioptricRevolving1 minute155White18 1/2Upper part white & lower part red.
31*Godley Head2nd order dioptricFixed450White29White.
32*Akaroa Head2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds270White23White.
33†Timaru5th order port lightFixed85Red and green10White
34Jack's Point4th order dioptricFixed94White15 1/2White.
35†Oamaru5th order dioptricFlashing14 seconds120White10Light stone.
36Moeraki3rd order dioptricFixed170White19 1/2White.
37*Taiaroa Head3rd order dioptricFixed196Red20 1/2White.
37a†Otago Harbour Entrance, N. Mole LightWigham bcn. lightOcculting29White8 
38*Cape Saunders2nd order dioptricRevolving1 minute210White21White.
39*Nugget Point1st order dioptricFixed250White22 1/2White.
40Waipapapa Point2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds70White14White
41Dog Island1st order catadioptricRevolving30 seconds150White18 1/2White & black bands.
42Centre Island1st order dioptricFixed265White, with red arcs23White.
43Puysegur Point1st order dioptricFlashing10 seconds180White20White.
44†Hokitika5th order dioptricFixed122White10White.
45†Greymouth6th order port lightFixed62White8Flagstaff.
46*Cape Foulwind2nd order dioptricRevolving30 seconds238White22White.
47†WestportDioptric masthead-It.Fixed50White8 
48Kahurangi Point2nd order dioptricFixed110White, with red sector to show over Stewart Breaker16 1/2White.
49*Farewell Spit2nd order dioptricRevolving1 minute97White, with red arc over Spit end16Upper part white & lower part red.

Chapter 25. NEW ZEALAND NEWSPAPERS.

THERE are (January, 1907) 226 publications on the register of newspapers for New Zealand. Of these, sixty-five are daily papers, thirty are published three times a week, twenty-six twice a week, sixty-nine once a week, two fortnightly, one three-weekly, and thirty-three monthly.

The names of the newspapers, with the postal districts and towns in which they are printed, are given in the following list, the second column showing the day or period of publication.

M. signifies morning paper; E. evening paper.

AUCKLAND.
Auckland—
          Auckland Free Press (M.)Saturday.
          Auckland Star (E.)Daily.
          Auckland “Weekly News and Town and Country Journal (M.)Thursday.
          Christian Worker (M.)Monthly.
          Church Gazette (M.)Monthly.
          Magnet (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Farmer, Stock and Station Journal (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Farmers' Weekly and Land Agents' Record (M.)Tuesday.
          New Zealand Graphic, Ladies' Journal, and Youths' Companion (M.)Wednesday.
          New Zealand Herald (M.)Daily.
          New Zealand Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic Review and Licensed Victuallers' Gazette (M.)Thursday.
          New Zealand Joyful News (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Motor and Cycle Journal (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Worker (E.)Wednesday.
          Observer (M.)Saturday.
          Saturday Night (E.)Saturday.
          Sentinel (E.)Thursday.
          Sharland's New Zealand Journal (M.)Monthly.
          Sport (E.)Saturday.
          Tourist and Resources of New Zealand (M.)Monthly.
          Voice (M.)Saturday.
Cambridge—
          Waikato Independent (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Coromandel—
          Coromandel County News and Kuaotunu and Mercury Bay Mail (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Dargaville—
          North Auckland Times (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
          Wairoa Bell and Northern Advertiser (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Hamilton—
          Waikato Argus (E.)Daily.
          Waikato Times and Thames Valley Gazette (E.)Daily.
Helensville—
          Kaipara Advertiser and Waitemata Chronicle (M.)Wednesday.
Kawakawa—
          Northern Luminary, Bay of Islands, Hokianga, Mangonui, and Whangaroa Counties Gazette (E.)Friday.
Kawhia—
          Kawhia Settler and Raglan Advertiser (E.)Friday.
Kohukohu—
          Hokianga County Times and North-western Representative (E.)Monday.
Mangonui—
          North Auckland Age (E.)Tuesday.
Onehunga—
          Manukau Chronicle and Auckland Provincial Times (M.)Saturday.
Raglan—
          Raglan County Chronicle (M.)Friday.
Rotorua—
          Hot Lakes Chronicle (M.)Wed., Saturday.
          Wonderland Gazette and Rotorua Times (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Taumarunui—
          Taumarunui Press and King-country Gazette (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Te Kuiti—
          King-country Chronicle (M.)Friday.
Warkworth—
          Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette (E.)Friday.
Whangarei—
          Morning Press (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
          Northern Advocate (E.)Daily.
          Press Weekly Budget (M.)Thursday.
THAMES.
Karangahake—
          Goldfields Advocate and Ohinemuri County Chronicle (M.) Saturday. 
Opotiki—
          East Coast Guardian (E.)Wed., Saturday.
          Opotiki Herald, Whakatane County and East Coast Gazette (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Paeroa—
          Ohinemuri Gazette (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Tauranga—
          Bay of Plenty Times and Thames Valley Warden (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Te Aroha—
          Te Aroha and Ohinemuri News and Upper Thames Advocate (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Thames—
          Thames Advertiser (M.)Daily.
          Thames Star (E.)Daily.
Waihi—
          Waihi Daily Telegraph (E.)Daily.
          Waihi Times (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
GISBORNE.
Gisborne—
          Gisborne Times (M.)Daily.
          Poverty Bay Herald (E.)Daily.
           
NEW PLYMOUTH.
Inglewood—
          Inglewood Record and Waitara Age (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
New Plymouth—
          Budget and Taranaki Weekly Herald (M.)Saturday.
          Daily News (M.)Daily.
          Taranaki Herald (E.)Daily.
          Taranaki News (M.)Saturday.
Opunake—
          Opunake Times (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Stratford—
          Stratford Evening Post (E.)Daily.
Waitara—
Waitara Evening Mail and Clifton County Chronicle (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
NAPIER.
Dannevirke—
          Dannevirke Advocate (E.)Daily.
          Dannevirke Daily Press (E.)Daily.
Hastings—
          Hastings Standard (E.)Daily.
          New Zealand Bulletin (M.)Saturday.
Napier—
          Daily Telegraph (E.)Daily.
          Hawke's Bay Herald (M.)Daily.
          New Zealand Fire and Ambulance Record (M.)Monthly.
Waipawa—
          Waipawa Mail (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Waipukurau—
          Waipukurau Press (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Wairoa—
          Wairoa Guardian and County Advocate (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
WANGANUI.
Eltham—
          Eltham Argus and Rawhitiroa and Kaponga Advertiser (E.)Daily.
Hawera—
          Egmont Star (M.)Saturday.
          Hawera and Norman by Star, Patea County Chronicle, and Waimate Plains Gazette (E.)Daily.
Hunterville—
          Hunterville Express and Upper Rangitikei Advertiser (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Manaia—
          Waimate Witness and Kaponga Advocate (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Mangaweka—
          Mangaweka Settler (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Marton—
          Rangitikei Advocate and Manawatu Argus (E.)Daily.
Patea—
          Patea County Press (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Taihape—
          Post (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
          Taihape and Waimarino News (E.)Daily.
Wanganui—
          New Zealand Good Templar Watchword (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Tit Bits (M.)Saturday.
          Wanganui Chronicle (M.)Daily.
          Wanganui Herald (E.)Daily.
          Weekly Chronicle and Patea-Rangitikei Advertiser (M.)Saturday.
          Yeoman (M.)Friday.
WELLINGTON.
Carterton—
          Wairarapa Daily News (E.)Daily.
          New Zealand Railway Review (E.)Monthly.
Eketahuna—
          Eketahuna Express and County Gazette (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Feilding—
          Feilding Star (E.)Daily.
Foxton—
          Manawatu Herald (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Greytown North—
Wairarapa Standard and Featherston Advocate (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Levin—
          Manawatu Farmer and Horowhenua County Chronicle (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Martinborough—
          Martinborough Star and District News (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
Masterton—
          Wairarapa Age (M.)Daily.
          Wairarapa Daily Times (E.)Daily.
Otaki—
          Otaki Mail and Horowhenua County and West Coast Advertiser (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri
Pahiatua—
          Pahiatua Era (E.)Daily.
          Pahiatua Herald (E.)Daily.
Palmerston North—
          Manawatu Daily Times (M.)Daily.
          Manawatu Evening Standard (E.)Daily.
Petone—
          Hutt and Petone Chronicle (E.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Wellington—
          Church Chronicle (M.)Monthly.
          Evening Post (E.)Daily.
          Farmers' Union Advocate (E.)Thursday.
          Katipo (E.)Monthly.
          Mercantile Gazette of New Zealand (E.)Wednesday.
          New Zealand Craftsman (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Dairyman and Farmers' Union Journal (E.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Free Lance (M.)Saturday.
          Now Zealand Gazette (E.)Thursday.
          New Zealand Mail, Town and Country Advertiser (M.)Wednesday.
          New Zealand Mines Record (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Primitive Methodist (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Times (M.)Daily.
          New Zealand Trade Review and Price Current (M.)Three-weekly.
          New Zealand Truth (M.)Saturday.
          Progress (M.)Monthly.
          Vanguard (E.)Sat., fortnightly.
          Young Man's Magazine (M.)Monthly.
Woodville—
          Examiner (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
          Freeman (E.)Monthly.
BLENHEIM.
Blenheim—
          Marlborough Express (E.)Daily.
          Marlborough Herald (E.)Daily.
Havelock—
          Pelorus Guardian and Miners' Advocate (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
Picton—
          Marlborough Press, County of Sounds Gazette (E.)Mon., Wed., Fri.
NELSON.
Collingwood—
          Golden Bay Argus (E.)Thursday.
Motueka—
          Motueka Star (E.)Tuesday, Friday.
Nelson—
          Colonist (M.)Daily.
          Nelson Evening Mail (E.)Daily.
Takaka—
          Golden Bay News (E.)Thursday.
WESTPORT.
ton—
          Charleston Herald, Brighton Times, and Croninville Reporter (M.)Wed., Saturday.
Murchison—
          Buller Post (E.)Tuesday.
Westport—
          Buller Miner (M.)Friday.
          Westport News (M.)Daily.
          Westport Times and Evening Star (E.)Daily.
GREYMOUTH.
Greymouth—
          Evening Star and Brunnerton Advocate (E.)Daily.
          Grey River Argus (M.)Daily.
          New Zealand Poultry Journal (M.)Monthly.
          West Coast Standard (M.)Saturday.
Reefton—
          Inangahua Herald and New Zealand Miner (M.)Daily.
          Inangahua Times and Reefton Guardian (E.)Daily.
HOKITIKA.
Hokitika—
          Hokitika Guardian and Evening Star (E.)Daily.
          Leader (M.)Saturday.
          West Coast Times (M.)Daily.
Kumara—
          Kumara Times and Dillman's and Goldsborough Advertiser (E.)Daily.
Ross—
          Ross and Okarito Advocate and Westland Advertiser (M.) Wed., Saturday. 
CHRISTCHURCH.
Akaroa—
          Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
Ashburton—
          Ashburton Daily News (E.)Daily.
          Ashburton Guardian (E.)Daily.
          Ashburton Mail, Rakaia, Mount Somers, and Alford Forest Advertiser (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Cheviot—
          Cheviot News (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
Christchurch—
          Canterbury Times (incorporating “Sportsman” and “New Zealand Cyclist”) (M.)Wednesday.
          Exhibition Sketcher (M.)Wednesday.
          Express (M.)Saturday.
          Lyttelton Times (M.)Daily.
          New Zealand Church News (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Co-operative News (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Poultry-keeper and Fanciers' Chronicle (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Schoolmaster (E.)Monthly.
          New Zealand War Cry and Official Gazette of the Salvation Army (M.)Saturday.
          Press (M.)Daily.
          Spectator (M.)Tuesday.
          Star (E.)Daily.
          Truth (E.)Daily.
          Weekly Press (incorporating “The Referee”) (M.)Wednesday.
          White Ribbon (M.)Monthly.
Kaikoura—
          Kaikoura Star and North Canterbury and South Marlborough News (E.)Daily.
          Kaikoura Sun, Farmers' Advocate, and County Gazetteer (E.)Daily.
Rangiora—
          Standard and North Canterbury Guardian (M.)Wed., Saturday
Southbridge—
          Ellesmere Guardian (M.)Wed., Saturday
TIMARU.
Temuka—
          Geraldine Guardian (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
          Temuka Leader (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
Timaru—
          Pioneer (M.)Monthly.
          Timaru Herald (M.)Daily.
          Timaru Post (E.)Daily.
Waimate—
          Waimate Advertiser (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
          Waimate Times (M.)Tues., Thur., Sat.
OAMARU.
Oamaru—
          North Otago Times (M.)Daily.
          Oamaru Mail (E.)Daily.
DUNEDIN.
Alexandra South—
          Alexandra Herald and Central Otago Gazette (E.)Wednesday.
Balclutha—
          Clutha Leader (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
          Free Press (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
Clyde—
          Dunstan Times, Vincent County Official Gazette, and General Goldfields Advertiser (E.)Monday.
Cromwell—
          Cromwell Argus and Northern Goldfields Gazette (E.)Monday.
Dunedin—
          Beacon (M.)Saturday.
          Evening Star (E.)Daily.
          Farmers' Circular (M.)Thur., fortn'ly.
          Farmers' Standard of New Zealand (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Baptist (E.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Guardian (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Journal of Education (M.)Monthly.
          New Zealand Mining, Engineering, and Building Journal (M.)Thursday.
          New Zealand Tablet (M.)Thursday.
          Otago Daily Times (M.)Daily.
          Otago Witness (M.)Thursday.
          Outlook (M.)Saturday.
          Red Funnel (M.)Monthly.
          Triad (M.)Monthly.
          Tribune (M.)Friday.
          Weekly Budget (M.)Saturday.
Lawrence—
          Tuapeka Times (M.)Wed., Saturday.
Milton—
          Bruce Herald (E.)Mon., Thursday.
          Milton Mirror (E.)Mon., Thursday.
Mosgiel—
          Taieri Advocate (E.)Tues., Friday.
Naseby—
          Mount Ida Chronicle (M.)Friday.
Palmerston—
          Palmerston and Waikouaiti Times (M.)Friday.
Roxburgh—
          Mount Benger Mail (M.)Wednesday.
Tapanui—
          Tapanui Courier and Central Districts Gazette (M.)Wednesday.
INVERCARGILL.
Arrowtown—
          Lake County Press (E.)Thursday.
Gore—
          Standard (M.)Daily.
          Mataura Ensign (E.)Daily.
Invercargill—
          Southern Cross (M.)Saturday.
          Southlander (M.)Friday.
          Southland Daily News (E.)Daily.
          Southland Times (M.)Daily.
          Weekly Times (M.)Friday.
Orepuki—
          Orepuki Advocate (M.)Saturday.
Otautau—
          Otautau Standard and Wallace County Chronicle (M.)Tuesday.
Queenstown—
          Lake Wakatipu Mail (E.)Tuesday.
Riverton—
          Western Star and Wallace County Gazette (E.)Tues., Friday.
Winton—
          Winton Record, Hokonui Advocate, and Awarua Guardian (M.)Friday.
Wyndham—
          Wyndham Farmer (M.)Tuesday, Friday.
          Wyndham Herald (M.)Tuesday, Friday.

The foregoing towns are arranged according to the postal district in which they are situated.

Taking the provincial districts, Auckland has 54 publications registered as newspapers, Taranaki 15, Hawke's Bay 12, Wellington 43, Marlborough 4, Nelson 12, Westland 9, Canterbury 31, and Otago 46.

Chapter 26. THE CUSTOMS TARIFF OF NEW ZEALAND,
Under the Customs and Excise Duties Acts, 1888 and 1895, “The Tobacco Excise Duties Act, 1896,” “The Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1900,” “The Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act, 1903.” [For rates under last-named Act, see p. 115, and “The New Zealand and South African Customs Duties Reciprocity Act, 1906” (see p. 117).

TABLE OF DUTIES.

THE headings of the respective classes in this Table and in the Table of Exemptions are used solely for convenience of classification, and shall not in any way affect the articles specified therein, or be construed to indicate the material of which any such article is made.

The word “iron” includes steel, or steel and iron combined.

Neither steam-engines, nor parts of steam-engines, nor steam-boilers (land or marine) are included in the expression “machines” or “machinery” in either this Table or the Table of Exemptions.

The abbreviation “n.o.e.” means not otherwise enumerated.

In computing ad valorem duties the invoice value is increased by 10 per cent.

CLASS I.—FOODS AND ARTICLES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.

Names of Articles and Rates of Duty.

1. Almonds, in shell, 2d. the lb.

2. Almonds, shelled, n.o.e., 3d. the lb.

3. Bacon and hams, 2d. the lb.

4. Biscuits, ships' plain and unsweetened, 3s. the cwt.

5. Biscuits, other kinds, 2d. the lb.

6. Boiled sugars, comfits, lozenges, Scotch mixtures, and sugar-candy, 2d. the lb., including internal packages.

7. Candied peel and drained peel, 3d. the lb.

8. Capers, caraway seeds, catsup, cayenne pepper, chillies, chutney, curry powder and paste, fish-paste, gelatine, isinglass, liquorice, olives, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

9. Chocolate confectionery, and all preparations of chocolate or cocoa—In plain trade packages, 3d. the lb.

In fancy packages, or in small packages for retail sale, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

10. Confectionery n.o.e., 2d. the lb., including internal packages.

11. Currants, 1d. the lb.

12. Fish, dried, pickled, or salted, n.o.e., 10s. the cwt.

13. Fish, potted and preserved, 2d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.*

* Such as is of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 115)

14. Fruit, fresh, viz.:—

Apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, medlars, apricots, quinces, tomatoes, 1d. the lb.

(No duty exceeding 1/2d. the lb. to be levied on apples and pears from 14th July to 31st December.)

Currants, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, and strawberries, 1/2d. the lb.

Lemons, 1/2d. the lb.

15. Fruits, dried, 2d. the lb.

This refers to dried fruits other than currants and raisins.

NEW TARIFF.

“THE Tariff Act, 1907,” of New Zealand, deemed to have come into operation on the 17th July, imposes new duties of Customs and excise, besides amending the laws relating thereto. A copy of the new tariff—general and preferential—with exemptions, and extracts from the statute enforcing its provision, is given as an appendix to this book.

In regard to reciprocity of Customs between the New Zealand Government and the Governments of certain Colonies in South Africa, the new Tariff Act maintains the schedule of Customs duties and exemptions brought into force by Order in Council of 7th January, 1907 (see pages 117 and 332).

16. Fruits preserved in juice or syrup, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

17. Fruit-pulp and partially preserved fruit n.o.e., 1 1/2d. the lb.

18. Fruits preserved by sulphurous acid, 1d. the lb.

29. Glucose, 1d. the lb.

20. Honey, 2d. the lb.

21. Jams, jellies, marmalade, and preserves, 2d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.

22. Jellies concentrated in tablets or powder, 4d. the lb.

23. Maizena and cornflour, 1/4 d. the lb.

24. Meats, potted or preserved, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

25. Milk, preserved, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

26. Mustard, 2d. the lb.

27. Nuts of all kinds, except cocoa-nuts, 2d. the lb.

28. Oysters, preserved, 2d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.

29. Pearl barley, 1s. the cwt.

30. Peas, split, 2s. the cwt.

31. Pickles, 3s. the imperial gallon.

32. Provisions, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

33. Raisins, 1d. the lb.

34. Rice-flour, 6s. the cwt.

35. Sardines, including the oil, 2d. the lb.

36. Sauces, 4s. the imperial gallon.

37. Spices, including pepper and pimento, unground, 2d. the lb.

38. Spices, including pepper and pimento, ground, 4d. the lb.

39. Sugar, 1/2d. the lb.

40. Treacle and molasses, 1/2d. the lb.

41. Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

42. Vinegar, table, not exceeding 6.5 per cent. of acidity,* 6d. the gallon.

CLASS II.—TOBACCO.

43. Cigarettes, not exceeding in weight 2 1/2 lb. per 1,000, 17s. 6d. the 1,000. And for all weight in excess of 2 1/2 lb. per 1,000, 6d. the oz.

44. Cigars, 7s. the lb.

45. Snuff, 7s. the lb.

46. Tobacco, 3s. 6d. the lb.

47. Tobacco, unmanufactured, entered to be manufactured in the colony in any licensed tobacco-manufactory, for manufacturing purposes only, into tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, or snuff, 2s. the lb.

CLASS III.—ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, AND MATERIALS FOR MAKING SAME.

48. Ale, beer of all sorts, porter, cider, and perry, the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or 12 reputed pint bottles, 2s. the gallon.

49. Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, 16s. the liquid gallon.

50. Hops, 6d. the lb.

51. Malt, 2s. the bushel.

52. Rice malt, 1d. the lb.

53. Solid wort, 6d. the lb.

54. Spirits and strong waters, the strength of which can be ascertained by Sykes's hydrometer, 16s. the proof gallon.

(No allowance beyond 16.5 under proof shall be made for spirits or strong waters of a less hydrometer strength than 16.5 under proof.)

55. Spirits and strong waters, sweetened or mixed, when not exceeding the strength of proof, 16s. the liquid gallon.

* Vinegar exceeding 6.5 per cent. of acidity to be treated as acetic acid.

Such as is of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 115).

56. Spirits and strong waters in cases shall be charged as follows, namely:—Two gallons and under, as two gallons; over two gallons and not exceeding three, as three gallons; over three gallons and not exceeding four, as four gallons; and so on for any greater quantity contained in any case.

57. Spirits or strong waters, mixed with ingredients in any proportion exceeding 33 per cent. of proof spirit, and although thereby coming under any other designation, excepting patent or proprietary medicines, or tinctures and medicinal spirits otherwise enumerated, 16s. the liquid gallon.

58. Wine, Australian, containing not more than 35 per cent. of proof spirit verified by Sykes's hydrometer, the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or twelve reputed pint bottles, 5s. the gallon.

59. Wine, other than sparkling and Australian, containing less than 40 per cent. of proof spirit verified by Sykes's hydrometer, the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or twelve reputed pint bottles, 6s. the gallon.

60. Wine, sparkling, 9s. the gallon.

GLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, AND MATERIALS FOR MAKING SAME.

61. Aerated and mineral waters and effervescing beverages, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

62. Chicory, 3d. the lb.

63. Chocolate, 3d. the lb.

64. Cocoa, 3d. the lb.

65. Coffee, essence of, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

66. Coffee, roasted, 3d. the lb.

67. Syrups; lime or lemon juice sweetened; raspberry vinegar, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

68. Tea, 2d. the lb.*

*“From and after the thirty-first day of March, one thousand nine hundred and four, no duty shall be leviable on tea grown in any part of the British dominions, except on tea in packets not exceeding one pound in weight.” (Section 9 of “The Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act, 1903.”)

CLASS V.—DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, AND DRUGGISTS'S UNDRIES.

69. Acid, acetic, n.o.e., containing not more than 30 per cent. of acidity, 1 1/2d. the lb.

For every 10 per cent. of acidity or fraction thereof additional, 1/2d. the lb.

70. Acid, tartaric, 1d. the lb.

71. Baking-powder, yeast preparations, and other ferments, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

72. Chemicals n.o.e., including photographic chemicals, and glacial acetic acid (B.P. standard), 15 per cent. ad valorem.

73. Cream of tartar, 1d. the lb.

Such as is of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 115).

74. Drugs and druggists' sundries and apothecaries' wares, n.o.e., 15 per cent. ad valorem.

75. Essences, flavouring, spirituous, 16s. the liquid gallon.

76. Essences, flavouring, n.o.e., 15 per cent. ad valorem.

77. Eucalyptus oil, in bulk or bottle, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

78. Glycerine, refined, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

79. Opium, 40s. the lb.

80. Patent medicines, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

81. Proprietary medicines, or medicaments, (1) bearing the name of the proprietor on label or package; (2) bearing a prefixed name in the possessive case; (3) n.o.e., prepared by any occult secret or art, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

82. Saccharine, except in the form of tabloids or tablets, 1s. 6d. the ounce.

83. Sarsaparilla, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

84. Soda, carbonate and bicarbonate, 1s. the cwt.

85. Soda, crystals, 2s. the cwt.

86. Tinctures and medicinal spirits of any recognised pharmacopœia, containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, 1s. the lb.

87. Tinctures and medicinal spirits of any recognised pharmacopœia, containing 50 per cent. proof spirit or less, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILE GOODS.

88. Apparel and ready-made clothing, and all articles n.o.e. made up wholly or in part from textile or other piece-goods, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

89. Apparel made by British or foreign tailors; dress, mantle, or jacket makers, to the order of residents in the colony, and intended for the individual use of such residents, whether imported by the residents themselves or through an importing firm, 40 per cent. ad valorem.

90. Blankets, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

91. Collars and cuffs, of paper or other material, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

92. Cotton counterpanes, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

93. Cotton piece-goods, to include turkey twills, dress prints (hard-spun and plain-woven), where the invoice value does not exceed 4d. the yard; and cotton piece-goods n.o.e., 10 per cent. ad valorem.

94. Cotton piece-goods—namely, tapestry; cretonnes; chintz art crêpe, and serges; velveteens, velvets, and plushes, all kinds; damasks; moquette; sateens; linenettes; crepons; crimps; zephyrs; ginghams; turkey twills; prints; printed cottons; piqués; vestings; quiltings, and marcellas; muslins of all kinds; nets; window-nets; hollands, curtains, and blinds; diapers; ticks, including coloured Belgian; towellings; laces, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

95. Drapery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

96. Feathers, ornamental (including ostrich), and artificial flowers, 25 per cent ad valorem.

97. Forfar, dowlas, and flax sheeting, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

98. Furs, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

99. Haberdashery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

100. Hats of all kinds, including straw hats, also caps, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

101. Hosiery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

102. Lace, and laces, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

103. Millinery of all kinds, including trimmed hats, caps, and bonnets, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

104. Ribbons and crape, all kinds, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

105. Rugs, woollen, cotton, opossum, or other, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

106. Shawls, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

107. Silks, satins, velvets, plushes, n.o.e., composed of silk mixed with any other material, in the piece, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

108. Textile piece-goods other than cotton or silk, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

109. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

110. Yarns n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS VII.—LEATHER AND MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER.

111. Boots, shoes, and slippers, n.o.e.; goloshes, clogs, pattens, vamps, uppers, and laces, 22 1/2 per cent. ad valorem.*

Such as is of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 115).

112. Heel-plates, and toe-stiffeners and plates, 22 1/2 per cent. ad valorem.

113. Leather—Leather belting, and belt-leather, harness, bridle, legging, bag, kip (other than East India), 4d. the lb.

Buff and split, including satin hides and tweeds, 3d. the lb.

Cordovan, levanted leather, roans, sheep-skins, morocco n.o.e., basils, 3d. the lb.

Sole-leather, 2d. the lb.

East India kip, Persians, lamb-skins and goat-skins (dressed other than morocco), kangaroo and wallabi skins (dressed), tan and coloured calf, 2d. the lb.

Leather n.o.e., 1d. the lb.

114. Leather board or compo, 4d. the lb.

115. Leather bags and leather-cloth bags n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

116. Leather, chamois, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

117. Leather cut into shapes, 22 1/2 per cent. ad valorem.

118. Leather leggings, 22 1/2 per cent. ad valorem.

119. Leather manufactures n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

120. Portmanteaux; trunks; travelling-bags and brief-bags of leather or leathercloth, 10 in. in length and upwards, and carpet-bags, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

121. Saddlery and harness; whips and whip-thongs, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD FURNISHING.

122. Basket and wicker ware n.o.e., not being furniture, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

123. Carpets, and druggets; floorcloth; mats, and matting, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

124. Desks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

125. Furniture and cabinetware n.o.e., and other than iron, 25 per cent. ad valorem.*

126. Furniture, knife, and plate powder and polish, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

127. Mantelpieces, other than stone, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

128. Upholstery n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHEN GOODS.

129. Bricks, known as firebricks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

130. China, porcelain, and parianware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

131. Drainage pipes and tiles, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

132. Earthen flooring and garden-tiles, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

133. Earthenware, stoneware, and brownware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

134. Filters, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

135. Fireclay, ground, and fireclay goods, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

136. Glass, crown, sheet, and common window, 2s. the 100 superficial feet.*

137. Glassware; also plate glass, and glass polished, coloured, and other kinds, n.o.e.; globes and chimneys for lamps, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

138. Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

139. Plate glass, bevelled or silvered; mirrors and looking-glasses, framed or un framed, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC.

140. Artificial flies, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

141. Cards, playing, 6d. per pack.

142. Clocks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

143. Dressing-cases, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

144. Fancy goods, and toys, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

* Such as is of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 115).

145. Fishing tackle, including artificially baited hooks other than flies, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

146. Jewellery; plate, gold or silver; greenstone, cut or polished, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Plate, gold or silver, if of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 116).

147. Mouldings in the piece for picture-frames, cornices, or ceilings, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

148. Musical instruments of all kinds n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

* Pianos, if of foreign manufacture, are subject to preferential duty (see p. 116)

149. Oil, perfumed, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

150. Papier-maché ware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

151. Perfumery n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

152. Perfumed spirits and Cologne-water, £1 10s. the liquid gallon.

153. Photographic goods n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

154. Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs, framed or un framed; picture or photograph frames and mounts, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

155. Platedware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

156. Statues, statuettes, casts, and bronzes, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

157. Tobacco pipes and cases, cigar and cigarette holders and cases, cigarette papers and cases, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

158. Toilet preparations n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

159. Watches, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

160. Walking-sticks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XI.—PAPER MANUFACTURES AND STATIONERY.

161. Calendars and show-cards, all kinds, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

162. Cardboard boxes complete, or cardboard cut and shaped for boxes (including match-boxes), 25 per cent. ad valorem.

163. Directories of New Zealand, or of any part thereof; also covers for directories, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

164. Handbills, programmes and circulars, playbills and printed posters, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

165. Ink, writing, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

166. Paper bags, coarse (including sugar-bags), 7s. 6d. the cwt.

167. Paper bags n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

168. Paperhangings, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

169. Paper, wrapping—viz., blue candle, glazed cap, glazed casings, small hand, lumber hand, and tissue, 5s. the cwt.

170. Paper, wrapping, other kinds, including brown, cartridge, and sugar papers, 5s. the cwt.

171. Printed matter relating to patent or proprietary medicines; trade catalogues, price-lists, and fashion-plates of the goods of firms or persons in the colony, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

172. Stationery and writing-paper n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

173. Stationery, manufactured—viz., account-books; manuscript books; bill head, invoice, and statement forms; printed or ruled paper; counter-books; cheque and draft forms; tags; labels; blotting-pads; sketchbooks; book-covers; copying letter-books; manifold writers; albums (other than for photographs); diaries; birthday-books; plain or faintlined ruled books; printed window-tickets; printed, lithographed, or embossed stationery; and Christmas, New Year, birthday, and Easter cards and booklets, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

174. Stereotypes and matrices, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XII.—MANUFACTURES OF METAL.

175. Bicycles, tricycles, and the like vehicles; also finished or partly finished or machined parts of same, n.o.e., including weldless steel tubing cut to short lengths, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Such as is of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 115).

176. Boilers, land and marine, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

177. Brass cocks, valves, unions, lubricators, and whistles, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

178. Brass manufactures n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

179. Cartridges (shot), 10 to 24 bore, 1s. 6d. the 100.

180. Cartridge-cases, 9d. the 100.

181. Cartridges n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

182. Cash-registering machines, 10 per cent. ad valorem.

183. Coffin-furniture, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

184. Composition piping, 3s. 6d. the cwt.

185. Copper manufactures n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

186. Copying-presses, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

187. Crab-winches, cranes n.o.e., capstans, and windlasses, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

188. Cutlery, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

189. Firearms, all kinds, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

190. Galvanised iron manufactures n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

191. Gasometers, and other apparatus for producing gas; also gas-meters, 10 per cent. ad valorem.

192. Gaspipes, iron, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

193. Hardware, ironmongery, and holloware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

194. Iron bridges, and iron material n.o.e. for the construction of bridges, wharves, jetties, or patent slips, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

195. Iron columns for buildings, and other structural ironwork, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

196. Iron doors for safes and vaults, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

197. Iron galvanised corrugated sheets, screws, and nails, 2s. per cwt.

198. Iron galvanised tiles, ridging, guttering, and spouting, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

199. Iron gates and gate-posts, staples, standards, straining posts and apparatus, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

200. Iron nails, 2s. per cwt.*

201. Iron pipes, and fittings for same, including main-cocks, 5 per cent. ad valorem.*

202. Iron, plain galvanised sheet and hoop, 1s. 6d. the cwt.

203. Iron tanks, exceeding 200 gallons and not exceeding 400 gallons, 10s. each.

204. Iron tanks of and under 200 gallons, 5s. each.

205. Iron work and wire work, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

206. Japanned and lacquered metal ware, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

207. Lawn-mowers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

208. Lead, in sheets, 1s. 6d. the cwt.

209. Lead piping, 3s. 6d. the cwt.

210. Machinery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

211. Machinery, electric, and appliances, 10 per cent. ad valorem.

212. Machinery for flour-mills, woollen-mills, paper-mills, rope and twine making, dredging, saw milling, planing, oil-refining, boring; and also machinery for refrigerating or preserving meat, leather-splitting machines and band-knives for same, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

213. Manufactures, n.o.e., of metal, or of metal in combination with any other material, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

214. Nails n.o.e., 3s. the cwt.

215. Printing machines and presses, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

216. Pumps and other apparatus for raising water n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

* Such as is of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 115).

217. Railway and tramway plant and materials n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

218. Sad-irons, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

219. Shot, 10s. the cwt.

220. Soda-water machines; also, machines for aerating liquids, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

221. Steam-engines and parts of steam-engines n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

222. Steam-engines, and parts thereof, including the boiler or boilers therefor, imported specially for mining or gold-saving purposes and processes, or for dairying purposes, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

223. Tinware, and tinsmiths' furniture n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

224. Waterworks pipes, iron, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

225. Weighbridges and weighing-machines, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

226. Wire mattresses and webbing, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

227. Zinc tiles, ridging, guttering, piping, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

228. Zinc manufactures n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, AND ARTICLES MADE FROM TIMBER.

229. Bellows, other than forge, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

230. Blocks, wooden tackle, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

231. Buckets and tubs, of wood, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

232. Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, and perambulators, and wheels for the same, 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

* Such as is of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 115).

233. Carriage shafts, spokes, and felloes, dressed; bent carriage timber n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

234. Doors, glazed with ornamental glass, 4s. each.

235. Doors, plain, 2s. each.

236. Sashes, glazed with ornamental glass, 4s. the pair.

237. Sashes, plain, 2s. the pair.

238. Timber, palings, 2s. the 100.

239. Timber, posts, 8s. the 100.

240. Timber, rails, 4s. the 100.

241. Timber, sawn, dressed, 4s. the 100 ft. superficial.

242. Timber, sawn, rough, 2s. the 100 ft. superficial.

243. Timber, shingles and laths, 2s. the 1,000.

244. Woodenware and turnery n.o.e, and veneers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XIV.—OILS, PAINTS, ETC.

245. Axle-grease, and other solid lubricants, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

246. Harness oil and composition, and leather dressing, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

247. Naphtha, 6d. the gallon.

248. Oil, linseed, 6d. the gallon.

249. Oil, mineral, including shale-waste or unrefined mineral-oil n.o.e., 6d. the gallon.

250. Oil n.o.e., 6d. the gallon.

251. Oil, olive, in bulk, 6d. the gallon.

252. Oil, vegetable, in bulk, n.o.e., 6d. the gallon.

253. Oil, vegetable or other, in bottle, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

254. Paints and colours ground in oil or turpentine, 2s. 6d. the cwt.

255. Paints and colours mixed ready for use, 5s. the cwt.

256. Putty, 2s. the cwt.

257. Stearine, 1 1/2d. the lb.

258. Stearine for match-making, 3/4d. the lb.

259. Varnish; enamel paints; gold size, 2s. the gallon.

260. Whiting and chalk, 1s. the cwt.

CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL AND FARM PRODUCTS, ETC.

261. Animals, food for, of all kinds, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

262. Cattle (horned), 10s. each.

263. Chaff, £1 the ton.

264. Grain—namely, barley, 2s. the 100 lb.

265. Grain and pulse of every kind n.o.e., 9d. the 100 lb.

266. Grain and pulse of every kind, when ground or in any way manufactured, n.o.e., 1s. the 100 lb.

267. Horses, £1 each.

268. Linseed, £1 the ton.

269. Maize, 9d. the 100 lb.

270. Onions, £1 the ton.

271. Prepared calf-meal, £1 5s. the ton.

CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS.

272. Bags, flour, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

273. Bags, calico, forfar, hessian, and linen, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

274. Bagging and bags n.o.e., 15 per cent. ad valorem.

275. Blacking and boot-gloss, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

276. Blacklead, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

277. Blue, 2d. the lb

278. Brooms, brushes, and brushware, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

279. Brushes, hair, and combs; toilet, clothes, and hat brushes, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

280. Candles, 1d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.*

281. Cement, 2s. the barrel.*

282. Cordage and rope, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.*

* Such as is of foreign produce or manufacture, subject to preferential duty (see p. 115).

283. Cork, cut, including bungs, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

284. Fireworks n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

285. Flock, 10 per cent. ad valorem.

286. Glue and size, 1 1/2d. the lb.

287. Granite, sawn on not more than two sides, and not dressed or polished, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

288. Marble, granite, and other stone, dressed or polished, and articles made therefrom, including mantelpieces, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

289. Matches—

Wooden, in boxes containing not more than 60 matches, 1s. the gross of boxes.

In boxes containing over 60 and not more than 100 matches, 2s. the gross of boxes.

In boxes containing more than 100 matches, for every 100 matches or fraction thereof contained in one box, 2s. the gross of boxes.

Wax, “plaid vestas” in cardboard boxes containing under 100 matches, 1s. the gross of boxes.

“Pocket vestas” in tin or other boxes containing under 100 matches, 1s. 4d. the gross of boxes.

“Sportsman's,” “Ovals,” and “No. 4 tin vestas,” in boxes containing not more than 200 matches, 4s. 6d. the gross of boxes.

Wax, other kinds, for every 100 matches or fraction thereof contained in one box, 2s. 3d. the gross of boxes.

290. Nets and netting, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

291. Paraffin wax, 3/4d. the lb.

292. Powder, sporting, 6d. the lb.

293. Sacks, other than cornsacks and jute sacks, 15 per cent. ad valorem.

294. Sausage-skins and casings (including brine or salt), 3d. the lb.

295. Soap, common yellow, and blue mottled, 5s. the cwt.

296. Soap n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

297. Soap-powder, extract of soap, dry soap, and soft-soap, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

298. Spirits, methylated, 1s. the liquid gallon.

299. Spirits, cleared from warehouse, methylated, under prescribed conditions, 6d. the liquid gallon.

300. Starch, 2d. the lb.

301. Tarpaulins, tents, rick and wagon covers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

302. Twine n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

303. Washing-powder, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

304. Wax, mineral, vegetable, and Japanese, 1 1/2d. the lb.

In addition to any duty chargeable by law on any goods imported into the colony, a further duty of 20 per cent. ad valorem shall be charged when the goods are prison-made.

Chapter 27. TABLE OF EXEMPTIONS FROM DUTIES OF CUSTOMS.

CLASS I.—FOODS, ETC.
Names of Articles.

305. Almonds, Barbary, Sicily, and French, used in confectioners' manufactures.

306. Anchovies, salted, in casks.

307. Arrowroot, sago, tapioca, macaroni, vermicelli, and prepared groats.

308. Salt.

309. Rice, dressed or undressed.

310. Rice manufactured into starch in bond.

CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, ETC.

311. Cocoa-beans.

312. Coffee, raw.

CLASS V.—DRUGS, ETC.

313. Acids—viz.: boracic; carbolic, in bulk; fluoric; muriatic; n**ic; oxalic; oleic; picric; pyrogallic; salicylic; sulphuric.

314. Concentrated extracts or essences in liquid form or preserved in fat for perfume-manufacturing purposes in manufacturing warehouses, in bottles of not less than 1 lb. in weight.

315. Disinfectants.

316. Drugs and chemicals—viz.: alum; sulphate of aluminium; sulphate of ammonia; anhydrous ammonia; aniline dyes; arsenic; bluestone, or sulphate of copper; borax; catechu; chloride of calcium; nitrate of silver; cochineal; creosote, crude or commercial; glycerine, crude; gum, arabic and tragacanth; gum benzoin; artificial gum arabic; gum damar; phosphorus; potash, caustic potash, and chlorate of potash; pearlash; prussiate of potash; cyanide of potassium; cyanide of sodium; liquid chlorine; sal-ammoniac; saltpetre; acetate of soda, crude; soda-ash; caustic soda; nitrate of soda; silicate of soda; sulphate of soda; sulphide of sodium; hyposulphite of sodium; strychnine; sulphur; chloride of zinc; iron-sulphates; gall-nuts; turmeric; saffron; nitrous-oxide gas; tree-washes; insecticides; maltine; chlorodyne.

317. Essential oils, except eucalyptus; cod-liver oil; oil of rhodium.

318. Horse drenches.

319. Medicinal barks, leaves, herbs, flowers, roots and gums.

320. Scrub-exterminator.

321. Sheep-dip; sheep-drenches; sheep-licks.

322. Surgical and dental instruments and appliances.*

323. Scientific and assay balances, retorts, flasks, and other appliances for chemical analysis and assay work.

324. Water-hardening chemicals for brewers' use.

CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILES.

325. Accoutrements for military purposes, excepting uniform clothing.†

326. Brace-elastic and brace-mountings.

327. Bunting, in the piece.

328. Butter and cheese cloth.

329. Buttons, tapes, wadding, pins, needles.

330. Calico, white and grey, also cotton sheetings, in the piece.

* If of foreign manufacture, subject to duty (see p. 116).

† Subject to the provisions of section 28 of “The Defence Act, 1900,” as follows:—

Equipments to be admitted free of Customs Duty.

“28. All military clothing, saddlery, and equipments imported into the colony for the bona fide use of a Volunteer corps shall, on the certificate in writing of the Minister of Defence that the same are or have been imported for such purpose, be admitted into the colony free of Customs duty.”

331. Corduroy, moleskin, and plain beaver-skin, of cotton, in the piece.

332. Coloured cotton shirtings; flannelette shirtings.*

333. Forfar, dowlas, and flax sheeting, when cut up under supervision in sizes not exceeding 47 in. x 36 in. for making flour-bags, and not exceeding 54 in. for lining wool mats.

334. Fur-skins, green or sun-dried.

335. Gold or silver lace or braid for military clothing.

336. Hatmakers' materials—viz.: silk plush; felt hoods; shellac; galloons; calicoes; spale-boards for hat-boxes; leathers and linings; blocks; moulds; frames; ventilators; and tassels.

337. Hessians, plain or striped, and scrim.

338. Leather-cloth.

339. Minor articles (required in the making-up of apparel, boots, shoes, hats, caps, saddlery, umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades), enumerated in any order of the Commissioner, and published in the Gazette.

340. Sailcloth, canvas, and unbleached double-warped duck, in the piece.†

341. Sewing cottons, silks, and threads; crochet, darning, and knitting cottons; angola mendings not exceeding 45 yards, on cards.

342. Silk for flour-dressing.

343. Silk twist (shoemakers' and saddlers').

344. Staymakers' binding, eyelets, corset-fasteners, jean, ticks, lasting, sateen, and cotell.

345. Tailors' trimmings—viz.: plain-coloured imitation hair-cloth; canvas; plain Verona and plain diagonal, and such patterns of checked Italian cloth as may be approved of by the Commissioner of Customs; Italian cloth of cotton or wool; buckram; wadding and padding; silk, worsted, and cotton bindings and braids; stay-bindings; Russia braids; shoulder-pads; buckles; silesias; drab, slate, and brown jeans; pocketings; slate, black, and brown dyed unions and linens.

346. Umbrella-makers' materials—viz.: reversible and levantine silk mixtures, gloria, and satin de chêne of not less than 44 in. in width; alpaca cloth, with border; zanella cloth, with border; also other piece-goods on such conditions as the Commissioner may approve; sticks, runners, notches, caps, ferrules, cups, ribs, stretchers, tips, and rings.

347. Union shirtings the invoice value of which does not exceed 6d. the yard.*

348. Waterproof material in the piece.

CLASS VII.—LEATHER, AND ARTICLES USED IN LEATHER MANUFACTURES.

349. Boot-elastic.

350. Bootmakers' linings, canvas, plain or coloured, bag and portmanteau linings, of such materials, qualities, and patterns as may be approved by the Commissioner.

351. Boots, shoes, and slippers—viz., children's, No. 0 to 3.

352. Cork soles, and sock soles.

353. East India kip, crust or rough-tanned, but undressed.

354. Goat-skins, crust or rough-tanned, but undressed.

355. Grindery, except heel and toe plates.

356. Hogskins.

357. Kangaroo, wallabi skins, undressed.

358. Leather, japanned or enamelled; goat-skins, dressed as morocco, coloured (other than black).

359. Saddle-trees.

* Whenever any dispute arises as to the application of the exemption in favour of coloured cotton, flannelette, or union shirtings, in the case of fabrics alleged to be such shirtings, the Commissioner has power to decide such dispute; and in case of doubt on his part, he may require the fabric in dispute to be cut up for shirt-making, under such conditions as he prescribes. (See section 6 of “The Customs and Excise Duties Act 1895.”

† If of foreign manufacture, subject to duty (see p. 116).

360. Saddlers' ironmongery (except bits and stirrup-irons), hames, and mounts for harness; straining, surcingle, brace, girth, and roller webs; collarcheck, and the same article plain, of such quality as may be approved by the Commissioner; legging-buckles.

361. Tanning materials, crude.

CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE, ETC.

362. Blind-webbing and tape.

363. Upholsterers' webbing, hair-seating, imitation hair-seating; curled hair; gimp and cord of wool, cotton, or silk; tufts, and studs.

CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, ETC.

364. Bottles, empty, plain glass, not being cut or ground; also, jars up to 3 in. in diameter at the mouth.

365. Glass plates (engraved) for photo-lithographic work.

366. Jars or other dutiable vessels, containing free goods or goods subject to a fixed rate of duty, and being ordinary trade packages for the goods contained in them.

CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS, ETC.

367. Action-work and keys, in frames or otherwise, for manufacture of organs, harmoniums, and pianos; organ-pipes and stop-knobs.

368. Artists' canvas, colours, brushes, and palette-knives.

369. Magic-lanterns, lenses, and slides.

370. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes, and lenses for same.

371. Musical instruments, specially imported for Volunteer bands.

372. Paintings, statuary, and works of art, presented to or imported by any public institution or art association registered as a body corporate, for display in the buildings of such institution or association, and not to be sold or otherwise disposed of.

373. Photographic cameras and lenses.

374. Photographs of personal friends in letters or packets.

375. Precious stones, cut or uncut and unmounted.

376. Sensitized surfaces for photographic purposes.

CLASS XI.—PAPER, ETC.

377. Bookbinders' materials—viz., cloth, leather, thread, headbands, webbing, end-papers, tacketing-gut, marbling-colours, marble-paper, blue paste for ruling-ink, staple presses, wire staples, staple-sticks.

378. Butter-paper, known as parchment paper or waxed paper.

379. Cardboard and pasteboard, of sizes not less than that known as “royal.”

380. Cardboard boxes, material for—viz., gold and silver paper, plain and embossed, gelatine and coloured papers, known as “box-papers.”

381. Cartridge-paper for drawing-books.

382. Cloth-lined boards, not less than “royal.”

383. Cloth-lined papers, enamelled paper; ivorite and gelatine; metallic paper; not less than “demy.”

384. Copy-books and drawing-books.

385. Copying-paper, medium and double-foolscap, in original mill wrappers and labels.

386. Hand-made cheque-paper.

387. Ink, printing.

388. Masticated para.

389. Millboard, and bookbinders' leather-board.

390. Paper, hand-made or machine-made book or writing, of sizes not less than the size known as “demy,” when in original wrappers.

391. Printing-paper.*

392. Printed books, papers, and music n.o.e.

393. School slates, and educational apparatus.

*If of foreign manufacture, subject to duty (see p. 116).

CLASS XII.—METALS.

394. All machinery for agricultural purposes, including chaff-cutters, corn-crushers; corn-shellers, also articles used in manufacturing the same—viz., chaff - cutting knives, tilt - rakes, fittings for threshing - mills, forgings for ploughs.

395. All agricultural implements.

396. All bolts and nuts, blank or screwed nuts, black or finished nuts.

397. Anchors.

398. Artificers' tools.

399. Axes and hatchets; spades, shovels, and forks; picks; mattocks; quartz and knapping hammers; scythes, sheep-shears, reaping-hooks; soldering-irons; paperhangers' scissors; butchers' saws and cleavers.

400. Axles, axle-arms and boxes.

401. Band-saws and folding-saws, including frames.

402. Bellows-nails.

403. Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for—viz., rubber tires, pneumatic tires, out-side covers, and inner tubes; rubber and cork handles, and pedal-rubbers; also drop-forgings and stampings, ball-bearings, weldless steel tube in full lengths, rims, forks, and spokes, in the rough.*

404. Blacksmiths' anvils, forges, and fans.

405. Blowers.

406. Brass and copper, in pigs, babies, or sheets.

407. Brass tubing and stamped work, in the rough, for gasaliers and brackets.

408. Caps, percussion.

409. Card-clothing for woollen-mills.

410. Chain pulleys, and chains for same.

411. Chains, trace and plough chains; or metal articles required to repair or complete riding or driving harness or saddlery to be repaired or made in the colony.

412. Chamfering, crozing and howelling machine for cask-making.

413. Copper and composition, rod, bolts, sheathing, and nails.

414. Couch-roll jackets, machine-wires, beater-bars, and strainer-plates for paper-mills.

415. Crucibles.

416. Emery-grinding machines and emery-wheels.

417. Empty iron drums, not exceeding 10 gallons capacity.

418. Engineers', boilermakers', brass-finishers', smiths', and all metal-and wood-workers' machine and hand tools.

419. Engine governors.

420. Eyelets.

421. Fire-engines, including Merryweather's chemical fire-engines.

422. Fish-hooks.

423. Galvanising baths, welded.

424. Gas engines and hammers, and oil-engines.*

425. Glassmakers' moulds.

426. Hydraulic cranes.

427. Iron and brass-wove wire and wire gauze; also wire netting.

428. Iron boiler-plates and unflanged end-plates for boilers; boiler-tubes not exceeding 6 in. in diameter, and unflanged; Bowling's expansion rings; furnace-flues.

429. Iron, plain black sheet, rod, bolt, bar, plate,* hoop, and pig.†

430. Iron rolled girders.

431. Iron plates, screws, and castings for ships.

432. Iron wire n.o.e., including fencing-wire, plain and barbed.

433. Lead, in pigs and bars.

434. Locomotives.

435. Machine saws.

* If of foreign manufacture, subject to duty (see p. 116).

† Hoop and pig iron not affected by preferential tariff.

436. Machinery exclusively for the purpose of the manufacture of beet-root sugar.

437. Machinery for dairying purposes.

438. Machinery of every description for mining purposes, including machine pumps, but not including machinery for dredging.

439. Machinery for gold-saving purposes and processes.

440. Metal fittings for trunks, portmanteaux, travelling-bags, leggings, bags, and satchels.

441. Metal sheaves for blocks.

442. Metallic capsules.

443. Perambulators and the like vehicles, fittings for, n.o.e.

444. Perforated or cellular sheet zinc or iron.

445. Portable engines on four or any greater number of wheels, with boiler of locomotive type; also traction-engines.

446. Printing type and materials n.o.e.

447. Rails for railways and tramways.*

448. Reapers and binders, and reaping and mowing machines, and extra parts for same; materials for manufacturing agricultural machinery, namely, reaper-knife sections, fingers, brass and steel springs, malleable castings, discs for harrows, mould-boards and plough-shares, mould-board plates, and steel share-plates cut to pattern, skeith-plates; ploughs and harrows; combined threshers.

449. Riddles and sieves.

450. Rivets and washers.

451. Separators and coolers for dairying purposes.

452. Set-screws, engineers' studs, and split-pins.

453. Sewing, knitting, and kilting machines.

454. Spiral springs (except sofa and mattress springs).

455. Steam and hydraulic pressure and vacuum gauges.

456. Steel rams, black or finished, for hydraulic cranes or jiggers.

457. Surveyors' steel bands and measuring-tapes.

458. Swords.

459. Tacks of all kinds.

460. Tea-packing lead.

461. Tin, in pigs, bars, or sheets.

462. Tinsmiths' fittings, including stamped or blocked tin, planished or unplanished.

463. Tins, tops of, ornamented.

464. Welded and flanged boiler-furnaces, plain or corrugated.

465. Wire, of brass, copper, or lead.

466. Zinc, plain sheet.

467. Zinc plates and copper plates for photo-lithographic work.

CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, ETC.

468. Ash, hickory, and lancewood timber, unwrought.

469. Blacksmiths' bellows.

470. Brush woodware.

471. Carriage and cart shafts, spokes and felloes in the rough; hubs, all kinds; poles if unbent and unplaned, all kinds; bent wheel-rims.

472. Carriage and cart makers' materials—viz, springs, mountings, trimmings, brass hinges, tire-bolts, shackle-holders, step treads, and other iron fittings (except steps, lamp-irons, dash-irons, seat-rails, and fifth wheels), rubber-cloth.

473. Churns.

474. Lignum-vitæ.

475. Sieves, hair.

476. Wooden handles for tools.

* See preferential tariff, p. 116.

CLASS XIV.—OILS, ETC.

477. Benzine in bulk.

478. Oils—viz., candlenut, fish, kerosene, penguin, palm seal, whale.

479. Paints and colours n.o.e.

480. Shale oil, once run, suitable for gas-making.

481. Spirits of tar.

482. Turpentine, driers, and terebene.

CLASS XV.—MISCELLANEOUS.

483. Apparatus and appliances solely for teaching purposes, as may be approved by the Commissioner.

484. Bags made of New Zealand tow or flax.

485. Belting for machinery, other than leather.

486. Binder-twine.

487. Bricks, other than fire-bricks.

488. Building materials n.o.e.

489. Brushes for cream-separators and combined screens.

490. Candlenuts and candlenut kernels.

491. Candle-wick.

492. Canvas aprons and elevators for reapers and binders.

493. Carpenters' baskets.

494. Charts and maps.

495. Confectioners' moulding-starch.

496. Cotton waste.

497. Dye-stuffs and dyeing materials, crude.

498. Felt sheathing.

499. Food preservative n.o.e.

500. Gum boots.*

501. Hawsers of 12 in. and over.

502. Honey and brown Windsor soap composition.

503. Iron and steel cordage.*

504. Jute bagging, bags, and sacks.

505. Manures.

506. Marble, and other stone, hewn or rough sawn, not dressed or polished.

507. Netmakers' cotton twine.

508. Official supplies for consular officers of countries where a similar exemption exists in favour of British Consuls.

509. Papermakers' felts.

510. Passengers' baggage and effects, including only wearing-apparel and other personal effects that have been worn or are in use by persons arriving in the colony; also implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupation, or employment of such persons; and household or other effects not exceeding £100 in value, which have been in use for twelve months prior to embarkation by the persons or families bringing them to the colony, and not intended for any other person or persons or for sale†; also cabin-furnishings belonging to such persons.

511. Plaster-of-paris.

512. Powder, blasting and meal.

513. Ship-chandlery n.o.e.

514. Ships' rockets, blue-lights, and danger-signals.

515. Stones, mill, grind, oil, and whet.

516. Tobacco for sheepwash or for insecticide, after being rendered unfit for human consumption to the satisfaction of the Commissioner.

517. Treacle or molasses, mixed with bone-black in proportions to the satisfaction of the Commissioner.

518. Tubular woven cotton-cloth in the piece, for meat-wraps.

519. Typewriters.

* If of foreign manufacture, subject to duty (see p. 116).

† Including bicycles which have been in use for twelve months.

520. Wax, bottling.

521. Woolpacks and woolpockets.

522. Yarn—viz., coir, flax, hemp.

523. Articles and materials (as may from time to time be specified by the Commissioner) which are suited only for, and are to be used solely in, the fabrication of goods within the colony. All decisions of the Commissioner in reference to articles so admitted free to be published from time to time in the Gazette.

524. And all articles not otherwise enumerated.

Chapter 28. TABLE OF EXCISE DUTIES.

525. Tobacco, 1s. the lb.*

526. Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff, 1s. 6d. the lb.*

527. Beer, 3d. the gallon.

528. Articles in which spirit is a necessary ingredient, manufactured in a ware house appointed under section 26 of “The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1882,” namely—

Tinctures, essences, extracts, and medicinal spirits of any recognised pharmacopœia containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, 9d. the lb.

Tinctures, essences, extracts, and medicinal spirits of any recognised pharmacopœia containing less than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, 3d. the lb.

Culinary and flavouring essences, 12s. the liquid gallon, from 1st February, 1896.

Perfumed spirit, 20s. the liquid gallon, from 1st February, 1896.

Toilet preparations which are subject to 16s. the liquid gallon on importation, 12s. the liquid gallon.

Toilet preparations which are subject to 25 per cent. duty on importation, 6s. the liquid gallon.

DUTIES IMPOSED BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR UNDER SECTION 17 OF “THE CUSTOMS AND EXCISE DUTIES ACT, 1888.”

529. Olive-stones, ground (see New Zealand Gazette, 15th May, 1890), 4d. the lb.

530. Brewers' caramel (see New Zealand Gazette, 21st August, 1890), 3d. the lb.

531. Liquid hops (see New Zealand Gazette, 21st December, 1893), 6s. the lb.

532. The United Asbestos Patent Salamander Decorations (see New Zealand Gazette, 14th May, 1896), 15 per cent. ad valorem.

533. Matches of any material other than wood or wax, a duty corresponding to the duty payable on wooden matches (see New Zealand Gazette, 27th April, 1899).

534. Fibre conduit pipes and fittings for same (see New Zealand Gazette, 4th May, 1899), 5 per cent. ad valorem.

535. Caramel cereal (see New Zealand Gazette, 14th March, 1901), 1/2d. the lb.

* “The Tobacco Excise Duties Act, 1896,” section 2, enacts:—

“On and after the thirty-first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, section three of ‘The Customs and Excise Duties Act, 1891,’ shall be deemed to be repealed, and in lieu of the duties imposed by that section there shall be levied, collected, and paid, on and after that day, upon tobacco manufactured in the colony, at the time of making the entry for home consumption thereof, the several duties of excise following, that is to say—

“On tobaccoOne shilling the pound.
On cigars and snuffOne shilling and sixpence the pound,
On cigarettes—
      If manufactured by machineryTwo shillings and sixpence the pound,
      If made by handOne shilling the pound.”

536. Compo board (see New Zealand Gazette, 12th December, 1901), 4s. the 100 ft. super.

537. Leather-board or compo cut into shapes (see New Zealand Gazette, 20th August, 1903), 4d. the lb.

538. Creamalina (see New Zealand Gazette, 17th September, 1903), 1d. the lb.

539. Ground cocoa-shells (see New Zealand Gazette, 7th January, 1904), 3d. the lb.

540. Brunak (see New Zealand Gazette, 8th September, 1904), 3d. the lb.

541. Tartaraline, a substitute for cream of tartar (see New Zealand Gazette, 22nd December, 1904), 1d. the lb.

542. Bush's Cream of Tartar Substitute (see New Zealand Gazette, 26th January, 1905), 1d. the lb.

543. Corio Tartar (see New Zealand Gazette, 19th April, 1906), 1d. the lb.

544. Sukrina, substitute for sugar (see New Zealand Gazette, 19th July, 1906), 1s. 2d. the lb.

545. Fermena, substitute for cream of tartar (see New Zealand Gazette, 2nd August, 1906), 1d. the lb.

546. Raspberry acid (see New Zealand Gazette, 9th August, 1906), 6d. the gallon.

547. Yerbo mate or Paraguay tea, substitute for tea (see New Zealand Gazette, 4th October, 1906), 2d. the 1lb.

MODIFICATIONS.

On and after 1st July, 1904, the Customs tariff is modified in respect of the undermentioned articles imported into the Cook and other Islands within the extended boundaries of the colony:—

Claret, 2s. the gallon (in lieu of 6s. the gallon).

Horses, 10s. each (in lieu of £1 each).

Drugs imported by missionary societies for dispensation among the Natives, free.

OPIUM PROHIBITION.

“The Opium Prohibition Act, 1901,” makes it unlawful for any person to import opium into the colony in any form suitable for smoking. Permits may be issued by the Commissioner of Trade and Customs for the importation of the drug in the following forms:—

Opium, crude.

Opium, in powder.

Opium, extract of, solid.

No permit shall be issued to any person of the Chinese race. Heavy penalties are prescribed for breaches of the above law.

“The Opium Prohibition Act Amendment Act, 1902,” makes it illegal to have opium in possession, except the kinds stated above, which can be held under permit.

“The Opium Prohibition Act Amendment Act, 1906,” requires that every person who purchases opium from the holder of a permit shall enter or cause to be entered in a book kept for such purpose the particulars of all purchases in the same manner as the holder of a permit is required to enter particulars of all sales.

Chapter 29. TIMBER EXPORT.

“The Timber Export Act, 1901,” authorised the collection, by Order in Council, of the following duties:—

SCHEDULE.
Logs, round3s.per 100 superficial feet.Or such lesser duty as the Governor by Order in Council determines.
Logs, squared with axe or saw  
Half logs  
Flitches of any particular kind, or pieces of such size as the Governor by Order in Council from time to time determines3s.per 100 superficial feetOr such lesser duty as the Governor by Order in Council determines.

An Order in Council dated the 27th March, 1902, directs that there shall be levied, collected, and paid previous to exportation from New Zealand, duties upon white-pine and kahikatea timber as under:—

Logs, round3s.per 100 superficial feet.
Logs cut in half3s.per 100 superficial feet.
Logs, squared with axe or saw, 10 in. by 10 in. or its equivalent, or over3s.per 100 superficial feet.
Flitches, any width, and not exceeding 10 in. thick2s. per 100 superficial feet.

A further Order in Council, dated 10th April, 1902, directs that duties on kauri timber shall be charged as under:—

Logs, round3s.per 100 superficial feet.
Logs cut in half3s.per 100 superficial feet.
Logs, squared with axe or saw3s.per 100 superficial feet.
Flitches, exceeding 30 in. in width and 9 in. in thickness2s. per 100 superficial feet.

“The Timber Export Duty Act, 1903,” forms part of and is to be read with “The Timber Export Act, 1901.” The following duties may, by Order in Council,* be substituted for those in the Schedule to the last-named statute:—

SCHEDULE.
Logs, round5s.per 100 superficial feet.Or such lesser duty as the Governor by Order in Council determines.
Logs, squared with axe or saw  
Half logs  
Flitches of any particular kind, or pieces of such size as the Governor by Order in Council from time to time determines3s.per 100 superficial feetOr such lesser duty as the Governor by Order in Council determines.

“THE PREFERENTIAL AND RECIPROCAL TRADE ACT, 1903.”

The above Act forms part of and is to be read together with “The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1882.” Certain goods (enumerated in these Schedules) imported into New Zealand, not being the produce or manufacture of some part of the British dominions, are to be subject to duty or extra duties as set forth hereunder:—

ARTICLE NAMED IN FIRST SCHEDULE.

(An additional duty equal to the amount payable under any tariff for the time being in force in New Zealand.) Cement.

* No order yet issued.

ARTICLE NAMED IN SECOND SCHEDULE.

(An additional duty equal to one-half of the amount payable under any tariff for the time being in force.)

Basket and wicker ware n.o.e., not being furniture.

Bicycles, tricycles, and the like vehicles; also finished or partly finished or machined parts of same, n.o.e., including weldless steel tubing cut to short lengths.

Boots, shoes, and slippers, n.o.e.; goloshes, clogs, pattens, vamps, uppers, and laces.

Candles.

Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, and perambulators, and wheels for same.

China, porcelain, and parian ware.

Clocks.

Cordage and rope, n.o.e.

Cream of tartar.

Earthenware, stoneware, and brownware.

Fancy goods and toys.

Firearms, all kinds.

Fish, potted and preserved.

Furniture and cabinetware, n.o.e., and other than iron.

Glass, crown, sheet, and common window.

Glassware; also plate glass, and glass polished, coloured, and other kinds, n.o.e. globes and chimneys for lamps.

Hardware, ironmongery, and holloware.

Hops.

Iron nails.

Iron pipes, and fittings for same, including main-cooks.

Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick.

Musical instruments—viz., pianos.

Paperhangings.

Paper, wrapping—viz., blue candle, glazed cap, glazed casings, small-hand, lumber-hand, and tissue.

Paper, wrapping, other kinds, including brown, cartridge, and sugar papers.

Plate and platedware.

Pumps and other apparatus for raising water.

ARTICLE NAMED IN THIRD SCHEDULE.

(Duties equal to 20 per centum of the value for duty as defined by the principal Act, or by any Act amending the principal Act.

Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for—viz., rubber tires, pneumatic tires, outside covers, and inner tubes; rubber and cork handles, and pedal-rubbers; also drop-forgings and stampings, ball-bearings, weldless steel tube in full lengths, rims, forks, and spokes in the rough.

Gas-engines and hammers, and oil-engines.

Gum boots.

Iron and steel cordage.

Iron, plain black sheet, rod, bolt, bar, and plate.

Printing-paper.*

Rails for railways and tramways.†

Sailcloth, canvas, and unbleached double-warped duck.

Surgical and dental instruments and appliances.

* No duty as above described is to be levied on printing-papers imported by and for the use of the proprietors of any registered newspaper, if it is proved to the satisfaction of the Collector that they are imported under a valid contract for the supply of such papers for a period not exceeding three years, entered into prior to the 16th November, 1903.

† No preferential duty will be levied on rails for tramways and other goods mentioned in the above Schedules directly imported before 31st March, 1906, for use in the construction or equipment of any tramway for which plans and specifications have been completed or are in course of preparation on the passing of the Act.

The Act also provides that from and after the 31st March, 1904, no duty shall be leviable on tea grown in any part of the British dominions, except on tea in packets not exceeding one pound in weight.

[The main features of the Act, including its provisions as to reciprocity of trade, will be found described in Part III of this volume.]

Chapter 30. “THE NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH AFRICAN CUSTOMS DUTIES RECIPROCITY ACT, 1906.”

THE above Act makes provision for Customs reciprocity between this colony and South Africa. An Order in Council dated the 7th January, 1907, sets out that the treaty shall be with the Colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange River, Transvaal, and Southern Rhodesia. The existing New Zealand Customs tariff is altered in respect of importations from the above colonies into New Zealand, and on and after the 1st January, 1907, the following duties shall be levied:—

Feathers15 per cent. ad valorem.
Fish1 1/2d. per lb.
Fruits, driedFree.
Fruits, freshFree.
Maize6d. per cental.
Sugar1s. 8d. per cental.
Tobacco (manufactured)2s. 6d. per lb.
Tea (not otherwise exempt)1d. per lb.
Wines (other than sparkling)2s. per gallon.
All other goods (except spirits)25 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable.

The following duties are chargeable under the treaty on New Zealand goods imported into the above colonies of South Africa:—

Bran1s. per cental.
Flour2s. 3d. per cental.
Oats1s. 10d. per cental.
Wheat1s. per cental.
Butter2d. per lb.
Cheese12 per cent. ad valorem.
Meats1d. per lb.
All other goods (except spirits)25 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable.

It is also agreed that if a fiscal difference is made by either of the contracting parties between locally manufactured spirits and imported spirits, the manufactured spirits of the other contracting party shall be admitted at the same rate of duty as is payable on the locally manufactured spirits.

Chapter 31. FEES PAYABLE UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT.

FEES PAYABLE TO DISTRICT LAND REGISTRARS UNDER “THE LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1885.”

For the bringing land under the provisions of this Act (over and above the cost of advertisements)—£s.d.
        When the title consists of a Crown grant, and none of the land included therein has been dealt with020
        When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £300100
        When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £200 and does not exceed £3000150
        When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £100 and does not exceed £2000100
        When the title is of any other description and when the value does not exceed £100050
Contribution to the Assurance Fund upon first bringing land under the Act,—
        In the pound sterling000 1/2
Other fees—
        For every application to bring land under the Act050
        For every certificate of title on transfer where the consideration does not exceed £1000100
        For every other certificate of title100
        Registering memorandum of transfer, mortgage, incumbrance, or lease0100
        Registering transfer or discharge of mortgage or of incumbrance, or the transfer or surrender of a lease050
        Registering proprietor of any estate or interest derived by settlement or transmission0100
        For every power of attorney deposited0100
        For every registration abstract100
        For cancelling registration abstract050
        For every revocation order0100
        Noting caveat0100
        Cancelling or withdrawal of caveat, and for every notice relating to any caveat050
        For every search020
        For every general search050
        For every map or plan deposited050
        For every instrument declaratory of trusts, and for every will or other instrument deposited0100
        For registering recovery by proceeding in law or equity or re-entry by lessee0100
        For registering vesting of lease in mortgagee, consequent on refusal of Trustee in Bankruptcy to accept the same0100
        For entering notice of marriage or death0100
        For entering notice of writ or order of Supreme Court0100
        Taking affidavit or statutory declaration050
        For the exhibition of any deposited instrument, or for exhibiting deeds surrendered by applicant proprietor050
        For certified copy, not exceeding five folios050
        For every folio or part folio after first five006
        For every notice to produce deeds or instruments050
        For every outstanding interest noted on certificate of title050
        When any instrument purports to deal with land included in mere than one grant or certificate, for each registration memorial after the first020

Regulations.

All fees under the Act shall be due and payable in advance.

Where several properties are included in one form of application there shall be charged in respect of each property an application fee and a fee for bringing the land under the Act. Land included within one outer boundary shall be deemed one property for the purpose of this regulation.

In all cases a fee of one pound (£1) is hereby prescribed as the charge to be made for advertising notice of application; provided that, whenever it is necessary that unusual publicity shall be given to any application, the District Land Registrar may require payment of such additional sum as shall, in his judgment, be sufficient to defray the cost of such advertisements.

In all cases where application is made to bring land under the Act, and the certificate of title is directed to issue and is issued in the name of the applicant, the fees for bringing such land under the Act, with the exception of the “application fee,” may, at the request of the applicant, remain unpaid until such land is dealt with by him as registered proprietor. The District Land Registrar shall retain any such certificate of title until the fees due upon the same have been paid, and, until such payment, shall not register any dealing with the land included in such certificate of title.

Printed forms supplied by the Registrar for use under the Act shall be charged for at the rate of one shilling each. Solicitors, land-brokers, and others having forms printed for their own use, and at their own expense, shall, on approval of such forms by the Registrar, be entitled to have the same sealed free of charge.

Chapter 32. DUTIES ON ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS.

BY the Amendment Act of 1885 the Schedule of Duties payable under the principal Act of 1881 has been repealed, and the following imposed in lieu thereof:—

1. When the value does not exceed £100No duty.
2. Upon any amount exceeding £100 but not exceeding £1,000—
On the first £100No duty.
And on the remainder£2 1/2 per cent.
3. Upon any amount exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £5,000£3 1/2 per cent.
4. Upon any amount exceeding £5,000, and up to £20,000£7 per cent.
5. Upon £20,000 and any amount over that sum£10 per cent.
6. Strangers in blood, excepting adopted children£3 per cent.
 additional.

These duties are leviable upon the final balance of the real and personal estates.

The exemption in respect of property passing absolutely to widow at death of husband is now extended vice versa.

There are also special provisions in the law affecting children, grandchildren, step-children, and adopted children inheriting property.

The above duties also apply to deeds of gift.

PART II.—STATISTICAL

Table of Contents

Chapter 33. SECTION I.—POPULATION.

THE population of New Zealand, as estimated for the 31st December, 1906, with the increase for the year, is shown below:—

 Males.Females.Totals.
* Excluding 776 natives of South Sea Islands at labour abroad.
Population as enumerated at the census of 29th April, 1906 (exclusive of Maoris, also Cook and other annexed Pacific Islands)471,008417,570888,578
Increase from 29th April to 31st December, 1906—
By excess of births “over deaths
By excess of immigration over emigration
4,9195,57810,497
5,7243,9279,651
Estimated population (exclusive of Maoris also Cook and other annexed Pacific Islands) on 31st December, 1906481,651427,075908,726
Maori population, census, February, 190625,53822,19347,731
Population of Cook and other Pacific Islands,census, 1906 census6,2246,11612,340*
Total estimated population of colony on 31st December, 1906513,413455,384968,797

Details showing the distribution of the Maori population and also of the Cook and other annexed Pacific Islands follow; but the figures in the succeeding portions of this section exclude these special features.

TOTAL NUMBER OF MAORIS IN EACH COUNTY, CENSUS 1906.

counties.Persons.
Mangonui2,053
Whangaroa743
Hokianga2,769
Bay of Islands2,571
Hobson882
Otamatea407
Whangarei960
Rodney132
Great Barrier Island41
Eden (including Waiheke and Chamberlin Islands)282
Waitemata189
Manukau678
Waikato838
Raglan1,483
Kawhia615
Awakino131
East Taupo889
West Taupo1,136
Waitomo1,075
Waipa344
Piako576
Ohinemuri675
Thames774
Coromandel695
Tauranga and adjacent islands2,040
Whakatane2,332
Opotiki1,319
Rotorua1,260
Waiapu2,611
Cook1,759
Hawke's Bay1,505
Waipawa468
Patangata140
Woodville11
Wairoa2,266
Akitio43
Castlepoint9
Featherston365
Wairarapa South119
Pahiatua50
Masterton251
Eketahuna20
Mauriceville8
Hutt290
Waitotara348
Manawatu260
Kairanga166
Rangitikei557
Wanganui782
Horowhenua1,015
Waimarino728
Oroua212
Patea332
Hawera699
Stratford52
Taranaki295
Clifton704
Egmont1,008
Sounds80
Marlborough158
Waimea113
Collingwood7
Takaka30
Buller36
Westland94
Kaikoura109
Ashley198
Selwyn83
Akaroa141
Mount Herbert106
Geraldine151
Levels25
Waimate54
Waitaki115
Waikouaiti140
Peninsula144
Waihemo13
Taieri68
Clutha22
Southland93
Wallace276
Stewart Island and adjacent islands100
Chatham Islands202

POPULATION OF COOK AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDS NOW INCLUDED WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE COLONY.

 Whites and Half-castes living as Whites.Natives and Half-castes living as Natives.Total.Absentees.*

* Absent in ships or at the guano islands, &c.

(a) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 28; New Zealand, 23; Australia, 6; Tasmania, 3; Rarotonga, 10; France, 8; Germany, 5; Sweden, 1; Cape Verde Islands, 2; United States America, 8; Holland, 1; Portugal, 2; Society Group, 1; Hong Kong, 6; Jamaica, 2; Manila, 1.

(b) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 5; New Zealand, 2; Rarotonga, 1.

(c) Birthplaces.—Australia, 1; Hong Kong, 2; Austria, 1.

(d) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 4; New Zealand, 1; Jamaica, 1; Norway, 1; Aitutaki, 1.

(e) Birthplaces.—France, 1; Germany, 1.

(f) Birthplaces.—Cape Verde Islands, 1; Hong Kong, 1.

(g) Birthplaces not stated.

(h) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 5; United States America, 1.

(i) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 1; Australia, 1.

(k) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 1.

SUMMARY OF BIRTHPLACES.—United Kingdom, 44; New Zealand, 26; Australia, 8; Tasmania, 3; Rarotonga, 11; France, 9; Germany, 6; Sweden, 1; Cape Verde Islands, 3 United States America, 9; Holland, 1; Portugal, 2; Society Group, 1; Hong Kong, 9; Jamaica, 3; Manila, 1; Norway, 1; Aitutaki, 1; Austria, 1; not stated, 21 (on Niue Island): Total, 161.

Rarotonga107(a)2,3342,441..
Mangaia8(b)1,5231,531..
Atiu4(c)914918..
Aitutaki8(d)1,1541,16282
Mauke (or Parry Island)2(e)44444610
Mitiaro2(f)208210..
Total Cook Group1316,5776,70892*
Niue (or Savage Island)21(g)3,8013,822580
Palmerston..8282..
Penrhyn (or Tongareva)6(h)414420..
Manihiki2(i)51952122
Rakaanga1(k)35135250
Danger (or Pukapuka)..43543532
Total other islands305,6025,632684*
Total population of Pacific islands16112,17912,340776*

INCREASE OF POPULATION (EXCLUSIVE OF MAORIS AND ANNEXED PACIFIC-ISLANDERS).

The increase for each quarter of the year 1906 was:—

First Quarter.
Increase from:Males.Females.Total

*Decrease.

Excess of births over deaths1,9062,1774,083
Excess of immigration over emigration2,7446823,426
Increase during quarter4,6502,8597,509
Second Quarter.
Excess of births over deaths1,9172,0823,999
Excess of emigration over immigration-87*-103*-190*
Increase during quarter1,8301,9793,809
Third Quarter.
Excess of births over deaths1,7842,1163,900
Excess of immigration over emigration1,1537441,897
Increase during quarter2,9372,8605,797
Fourth Quarter.
Excess of births over deaths1,8552,0763,931
Excess of immigration over emigration4,5863,1297,715
Increase during quarter6,4415,20511,646
Year 1906.
Excess of births over deaths7,4628,45115,913
Excess of immigration over emigration8,3964,45212,848
Total increase during 190615,85812,90323,761

As to the increase of arrivals over departures, it will be seen that the December quarter is by far the largest proportion of the four (7,715 persons). The March quarter comes next with 3,426 persons, then the September quarter with 1,897 persons, while June quarter shows a loss of 190 persons. The increase by births over deaths is greatest in the March quarter, the numbers for the others being nearly equal.

The movement of population since 1885 is given in the next table. Although the large increase in 1893 by excess of arrivals over departures was not maintained during the nine following years, the arrivals in the colony nevertheless exceeded the departures in each of these years, and the total excess of arrivals for the fifteen-year period 1892–1906, inclusive, is found to be 87,450 persons, drawn from other colonies or countries.

The excess of arrivals in the colony during the year 1906 over the departures will be seen from the table to have been decidedly greater than that for 1905. For 1901, the figures are 6,522; for 1902, 7,992; for 1903, 11,275; for 1904, 10,355; for 1905, 9,302; and for 1906, the number is 12,848. Comparing these results with those for 1900, when the excess of arrivals was only 1,831, a substantial annual gain in population coming from abroad is shown.

In five years New Zealand has secured 51,772 persons, mostly from Australia and the Home-country, after deducting from the total arrivals all those who departed outwards.

So far as can be ascertained the United Kingdom only furnished 15,950 of the above large number added to New Zealand for the five years, while Australia shows as contributing 37,390, partly in consequence of the great depression on account of the late drought. But the full number from the United Kingdom is not ascertainable, and Australia is credited with more than the actual fact. The figures for other places show a loss to New Zealand of 1,568 persons.

Year.Estimated Population on the 31st December.Increase during the YearCentesimal Increase on Population of Previous Year
By Excess of Births over Deaths.By Excess of Arrivals over Departures.*Net Increase.

*Corrected where necessary in accordance with census results. The amount of loss by departures in the period 1886–91, though correct in the aggregate, cannot be allocated with exactness to the respective years.

†Loss.

1,885575,17213,612-2,744†10,8681.93
1,886589,38613,16417,194†58,88610.24
1,887603,36112,998
1,888607,38013,194
1,889616,05212,685
1,890625,50812,284
1,891634,05811,755
1,892650,43311,4174,95816,3752.58
1,893672,26511,42010,41221,8323.36
1,894686,12811,6102,25313,8632.06
1,895698,70611,68389512,5781.83
1,896714,16212,1801,47213,6521.95
1,897729,05612,1422,75214,8942.09
1,898743,46311,7112,69614,4071.98
1,899756,50511,1551,88713,0421.75
1,900768,27812,3461,83114,1771.87
1,901787,65712,8576,52219,3792.52
1,902807,92912,2807,99220,2722.57
1,903832,50513,30111,27524,5763.04
1,904857,53914,67910,35525,0343.01
1,905882,46215,6219,30224,9232.91
1,906908,72615,91312,84828,7613.26

The net gain to this country for 1906 appears as 5,798 persons from United Kingdom, 6,980 from Australia, and 648 from other British possessions, while 578 represents the net loss to other places. But here again the gain from Australia is given somewhat too high, and that from the Home-country too low.

The absorption of 12,848 persons during the year from overseas must certainly be considered a very satisfactory result. Another satisfactory feature is that the figures showing net excess of arrivals direct from the United Kingdom are higher for 1906 (5,798) than for 1905 (3,699).

ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES DURING 1906.

The number of persons who arrived in the colony in the year 1906 was 39,233, an increase of 6,548 on the number for the previous year. Of the arrivals in 1906, 35,025 persons were classified as adults, being above the age of twelve years, and 4,208 as children. The total number of males was 25,607 and of females 13,626. The arrivals from the United Kingdom numbered 8,293, and from Australia 28,699. Besides these, 611 persons came from Fiji, and 1,630 from the South Seas and other ports, including arrivals by mail-steamers from San Francisco.

Classified in respect of birthplace, it is found that 16,397 of the arrivals were persons born in Australasia, 20,948 in the United Kingdom, and 238 in other British possessions. Of 1,650 persons born in foreign countries who arrived during 1906, 223 were born in Germany, 300 in Austria, 234 in France, 226 in the United States, 70 in Denmark, 26 in Sweden, 19 in Norway, 40 in Greece, 100 in Italy, 22 in Switzerland, 2 in Turkey, 6 in Holland, 3 in Poland, 21 in Russia, 5 in Belgium, and 353 in other countries (Roumania, Finland, Hungary, Montenegro, China, Japan, Pacific Islands, Syria, Asia Minor, and South America).

Among the arrivals in 1906 are noticed 454 “race-aliens,” or persons of other than European descent. Particulars of birthplace and sex are as under:—

Birthplace.M.F.Total.
China24713260
Syria171330
Fiji65873
Cape Colony213
India37845
Pacific Islands23528
Japan9110
Australia404
Brazil101
Total40549454

The practice of nominating immigrants to be brought out partly at the Government expense has been discontinued since the 16th December, 1890, and there was no free immigration in the year 1906. Certain reductions in fares are, however, arranged by the High Commissioner with the shipping companies for men with moderate means who intend to settle in the colony, and the sum of £9,000 was voted by Parliament in 1906 for assistance by way of reduced fares for passages of intending settlers to the colony. Besides this, the sum of £1,000 was appropriated to passages for separated families, &c.

The arrangements indicated enable farmers and others possessed of a small capital to obtain passages from the United Kingdom to New Zealand at £10 per adult. The question of the suitability of any applicant is decided by the High Commissioner in London, and the passage-money must be paid to his officers.

Two hundred and sixty Chinese (247 men and 13 women) arrived in the colony during 1906, and 133 (131 men and 2 women) left, the arrivals thus exceeding the departures by 127.

The total departures in 1906 were 26,385 persons, being 3,002 more than in 1905. Thus, the movement of population to and from the colony is found to have been greater than in the previous year.

The departures from the colony by the Union Steamship Company's boats, as given through the Customs Department, are checked by special returns kindly furnished by the pursers of the steamers, and, where persons who did not book their passages have been omitted, the necessary additions are made. The pursers' returns also serve to prevent the occasional omission of the full number of persons leaving by any one vessel, which sometimes had happened previous to the introduction of this check. Unless more passengers are at any time of great pressure taken away from New Zealand than can lawfully be carried, the returns of outgo of population should prove fairly correct, and indeed the last census shows that the estimated population even after five years' interval was a very close approximation to the truth.

Of the departures in 1906, 24,105 persons were over twelve years of age, and 2,280 children. Nearly twice as many males left the colony as females, the numbers being 17,211 and 9,174 respectively. The departures to the United Kingdom amounted to 2,495 persons, and those to Australia numbered 21,722. Besides these, 784 persons left for Fiji, and 1,384 for other ports (including passengers for San Francisco).

In 1891 the colony lost population by excess of departures over arrivals, but in each of the years 1892 to 1906, inclusive, New Zealand has drawn to itself more population than it has parted with.

The Board of Trade, London, publishes the total emigration from the United Kingdom to Australasia as a whole. By the figures given it will be seen that there was from 1893 an annual decrease in the number of persons coming to these colonies from the Home-country until 1897, when the number somewhat increased. Prior to 1893 the arrivals from the United Kingdom ranged from 44,055 in 1886 down to 16,183 in 1892. Alongside of the Imperial returns of departures to Australasia are shown in the following statement the arrivals in New Zealand direct from the United Kingdom, taken from our own returns, which numbers are short of the full total of persons coming here from England by the arrivals via Australia or the United States of America. But, using the information available, it seems evident that New Zealand has been preferred to Australia, from the high proportion which the arrivals here (direct) bear to every hundred of departures from England for Australasia.

So long as New Zealand can secure one-sixth or more of the total persons leaving England for Australasia, she takes more than the proportion her population bears to that of the six States and New Zealand collectively.

Year.Emigration from United Kingdom to Australasia.Arrivals in New Zealand direct from United Kingdom.Arrivals in New Zealand per 100 Departures for Australasia from United Kingdom.
1,89311,4122,92925.67
1,89411,1512,84625.52
1,89510,8092,36521.88
1,89610,7101,95618.26
1,89712,3962,72421.97
1,89811,0202,59823.58
1,89912,2681,91815.63
1,90015,7232,31414.72
1,90115,7542,56316.27
1,90214,6753,47423.67
1,90312,3753,54728.21
1,90413,9104,65433.46
1,90515,4885,55335.85

CENSUS, 1906.

The population of the colony (exclusive of Maoris), as returned in the census schedules for the night of the 29th April, 1906, was 888,578 persons, of whom 2,570 were Chinese, and 2,578 half-castes living amongst and as Europeans.

A census of the Maori population was taken during April of 1906, when, according to preliminary returns made by the enumerators, the number of the Native race was found to be 47,731 persons, including 3,938 half-castes living as Maoris. 211 Maori women were returned as married to European husbands. The complete population (European, Maori, and residents of Cook and other annexed Pacific Islands) of the colony was therefore 948,649 persons, as exhibited in the following statement, specifying the numbers for each sex:—

 Persons.Males.Females.

* Not including 601 persons, officers and crews of two British men-of-war.

† Excluding 776 absentees at labour abroad.

Population (exclusive of persons of the aboriginal Native race, of mixed European and Native blood, and Chinese)883,430467,186416,244
Half-castes and persons of mixed race living as and among Europeans2,5781,3071,271
Chinese2,5702,51555
Aboriginal Natives (including 211 Maori wives of Europeans)43,79323,38720,406
Half-castes and persons of mixed race living among and as members of Maori tribes3,9382,1511,787
Total (exclusive of annexed Pacific islands)936,309*496,546439,763
Population of Cook and other annexed Pacific Islands12,340†6,2246,116
Total population on 29th April, 1906948,649502,770445,879

The total half-caste or mixed European and Maori population on the main islands of the colony was 6,516 persons. The number of half-caste Maoris living among Europeans increased since 1901 by 171, or at the rate of 7.10 per cent. In that year the number of Maori wives of Europeans was 196; in 1906 it was 211. The Chinese decreased from 2,857, at the time of the census of 1901, to 2,570 in April, 1906, or at the rate of 10.05 per cent., caused mainly by the excess of departures over arrivals.

The Maori population fell from 41,993 in 1891 to 39,854 in 1896, increased to 43,143 in 1901, and further to 47,731 in 1906, according to the returns.

The increase on the total European population between March, 1901, and April, 1906, amounted to 115,859 persons, or a rate of 14.99 per cent. Between the census of 1896 and that of 1901 the numerical increase was 69,359 persons, or 9.86 per cent. The average annual increase in the period 1901–1906 was at the rate of 2.79 per cent.

The population of the principal divisions of the colony on 29th April, 1906, was—

 Persons.Males.Females.
North Island and adjacent islets (exclusive of Maoris)476,732255,057221,675
Middle Island and adjacent islets (exclusive of Maoris)411,340215,641195,699
Stewart Island (exclusive of Maoris)304193111
Chatham Islands (exclusive of Maoris)19711483
Kermadec Islands532
Total for the colony (exclusive of Maoris)888,578471,008417,570

PROPORTION OF THE SEXES AND DENSITY OF POPULATION.

The gradual equalisation of the numbers of the sexes and growing density of population and dwellings in the colony are alluded to in a further table.

Date of Enumeration.Number of Females to 100 Males.Number of Persons to a Square Mile.Number of Persons to an Inhabited Dwelling.Number of Inhabited Dwellings to a Square Mile.
December, 186162.160.9444.420.214
February, 187170.522.4564.480.548
April, 188181.724.6935.120.917
April, 189188.266.0245.061.191
March, 190190.337.4274.861.527
April, 190688.658.5414.821.773

INCREASE OF POPULATION AT SUCCESSIVE CENSUSES.

The increase of population of European descent at successive census periods has been:—

Date of Enumeration.Population, Persons.Numerical Increase, Persons.Centesimal Increase.
December, 185859,413  
  39,60839.99
December, 186199,021  
  73,13773.86
December, 1864172,158  
  46,51027.01
December, 1867218,668  
  37,72517.25
February, 1871256,393  
  43,12116.82
March, 1874299,514  
  114,89838.36
March, 1878414,412  
  75,52118.22
April, 1881489,933  
  88,54918.07
March, 1886578,482  
  48,1768.33
April, 1891626,658  
  76,70212.24
March, 1896703,360  
  69,3599.86
March, 1901772,719  
  115,85914.99
April, 1906888,578  

POPULATIONS OF PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

These are stated as in April, 1906, and at the previous census. Wellington stands first for rate of progress with an increase of 27.25 per cent. in five years, Auckland comes next with 20.06 per cent., Hawke's Bay third with 19.25, Taranaki fourth with 14.65 per cent., Nelson following with 12.15 per cent., Canterbury next with 11.23 per cent. Marlborough shows an increase of nearly 8 per cent., while Otago as a whole advanced by 4.52 per cent., though the Southland portion of the province shows the much higher rate of 11.23 per cent.

Provincial Districts.Population, March, 1901.Population, April, 1906.Increase.
Numerical.Centesimal.
 Persons.Persons.Persons. 

* Decrease.

Auckland175,938211,22335,28520.06
Taranaki37,85543,3995,54414.65
Hawke's Bay35,42442,2426,81819.25
Wellington141,354179,86838,51427.25
Marlborough13,32614,3681,0427.82
Nelson37,91542,5224,60712.15
Westland14,50614,6741681.16
Canterbury143,041159,10616,06511.23
Otago—
Otago portion125,339127,8772,5382.02
Southland portion47,80653,0975,29111.07
Chatham Islands207197-10*-4.83*
Kermadec Islands85-3*-37.50*
Totals772,719888,578115,85914.99

POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND BOROUGHS.

New Zealand is, by “The Counties Act, 1876,” divided into counties and boroughs, excepting certain outlying islands, which are not within county boundaries. It is provided by the above-mentioned Act that boroughs shall not be included in counties. In April, 1906, the number of the counties was 97. Of these, the North Island had 60, with a population amounting altogether to 249,752 persons. The Middle Island had 35 counties, the population being 208,560 persons. Stewart Island and Chatham Islands are counties in themselves, and had a population of 288 persons and 197 persons respectively, exclusive of persons on shipboard. The names and populations of the various counties in the colony, with their interior boroughs set opposite, were as under at the date of the enumeration:—

Counties.Census, 1906.

* Since reduced by the creation of Mount Eden Borough.

Mangonui2,801
Whangaroa801
Hokianga2,514
On shipboard51
Bay of Islands2,692
On shipboard4
Hobson5,424
On shipboard68
Whangarei7,306
On shipboard38
Otamatea2,921
On shipboard11
Rodney4,185
On shipboard6
Waitemata7,949
On shipboard13
Eden*26,663
Manukau13,480
Coromandel2,841
On shipboard84
Thames4,286
On shipboard21
BOROUGHS.Census, 1906.
Whangarei2,115
On shipboard4
Birkenhead1,266
Devonport5,073
On shipboard32
Grey Lynn5,882
Auckland37,736
On shipboard755
Parnell5,253
Newmarket2,342
Onehunga3,693
On shipboard60
Thames3,750
On shipboard1
COUNTIES.Census, 1906.

* Since reduced by the creation of Eltham County.

† Since reduced by the creation of Taihape Borough.

‡ Since reduced by the creation of Eketahuna Borough.

Ohinemuri5,895
On shipboard46
Piako3,761
Waikato4,532
Waipa4,849
Raglan2,282
Kawhia688
Awakino389
On shipboard8
Waitomo1,226
West Taupo1,397
East Taupo509
Rotorua2,657
Tauranga1,999
On shipboard8
Whakatane1,015
On shipboard1
Opotiki1,679
On shipboard31
Waiapu858
On shipboard12
Cook7,173
Wairoa2,156
Hawke's Bay7,700
Clifton2,837
On shipboard2
Taranaki8,486
On shipboard152
Egmont2,885
Stratford5,912
Hawera*8,009
Patea3,123
Waitotara4,164
On shipboard43
Wanganui4,833
Waimarino2,787
Rangitikei†9,511
Kiwitea3,034
Oroua3,698
Kairanga3,681
Pohangina1,797
Manawatu4,007
Horowhenua5,337
Waipawa9,911
Woodville2,036
Patangata1,843
Weber593
Pahiatua3,672
Akitio1,394
Castlepoint561
Eketahuna†2,738
Mauriceville1,089
Masterton3,723
South Wairarapa2,734
Featherston3,470
Hutt7,259
Sounds1,098
On shipboard5
Marlborough7,287
On shipboard10
Kaikoura1,747
Collingwood1,211
On shipboard6
Takaka1,547
On shipboard9
BOROUGHS.Census 1906.
Waihi5,594
Te Aroha1,109
Hamilton2,150
Cambridge1,244
Tauranga1,047
On shipboard7
Gisborne5,664
On shipboard23
Napier9,454
On shipboard207
Hastings4,594
New Plymouth5,141
Inglewood1,152
Waitara958
Stratford2,127
Hawera2,153
Eltham1,329
Patea869
Wanganui8,175
Marton1,268
Feilding2,971
Palmerston North10,239
Foxton1,330
On shipboard14
Levin1,265
Dannevirke3,509
Woodville1,110
Pahiatua1,370
Masterton5,026
Carterton1,402
Greytown1,123
Wellington58,563
On shipboard667
Onslow2,098
Karori2,194
Petone5,893
Lower Hutt3,407
Miramar952
Eastbourne358
Blenheim3,351
On shipboard12
Picton995
On shipboard19
COUNTIES.Census. 1906.
Waimea7,785
Buller5,458
On shipboard10
Inangahua4,638
Grey5,692
Westland4,117
Amuri1,406
Cheviot1,605
Ashley11,306
Selwyn34,378
On shipboard3
Akaroa3,155
Mount Herbert470
Ashburton11,541
Geraldine5,027
Levels6,584
Mackenzie1,939
Waimate6,510
Waitaki9,613
Waihemo1,806
Waikouaiti4,119
Peninsula2,477
Taieri6,882
Bruce4,6.5
Tuapeka6,113
Clutha6,174
Maniototo3,004
Vincent4,300
Lake2,103
On Shipboard7
Southland24,424
Wallace8,315
Fiord54
Stewart Island288
On shipboard16
Chatham Islands197
BOROUGHS.Census, 1906.
Motueka1,068
On shipboard2
Richmond651
Nelson8,164
On shipboard59
Westport3,642
On shipboard315
Brunner1,133
Greymouth4,569
On shipboard213
Hokitika2,224
On shipboard5
Kumara919
Ross573
Kaiapoi1,804
Rangiora1,723
Lyttelton3,941
On shipboard451
Christchurch49,928
New Bright‡1,132
Woolston2,900
Sumner1,181
Akaroa557
Ashburton2,563
Temuka1,661
Geraldine942
Timaru7,615
On shipboard72
Waimate1,637
Oamaru5,071
On shipboard49
Hampden379
Palmerston South772
Hawksbury698
Port Chalmers2,120
On shipboard91
North-east Valley4,378
Maori Hill1,886
Dunedin36,070
On shipboard160
Roslyn5,438
Mornington4,150
St. Kilda2,579
Green Island703
Mosgiel1,517
Milton1, 284
Kaitangata1,682
Lawrence1,106
Roxburgh479
Tapanui370
Balclutha1,161
On shipboard9
Naseby418
Cromwell671
Alexandra936
Arrowtown340
Queenstown665
Gore3,033
Mataura1,023
Winton456
Invercargill7,299
Invercargill North973
Invercargill South2,272
Invercargill East1,038
Avenal424
Gladstone501
Campbelltown1,472
On shipboard568
Riverton914
On shipboard4

The total county population amounted to 458,797, or 51.63 per cent. of the total for the colony. In counties are included all towns not constituted municipal boroughs; but, on the other hand, the people living in many of the boroughs can hardly be called town population. The population in boroughs was 424,614 persons, or 47.79 per cent. of the whole. For every 100 persons resident in counties in 1906 there were 92.55 residing in boroughs. In 1901 the counties had 417,596 persons, and the boroughs 350,202, or, in other words, for every 100 persons in counties, 84 were residents of the boroughs. Thus it will be seen that the proportion of the town to the county population was greater in 1906 than in 1901.

CHIEF CITIES AND SUBURBS.

The Cities of Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin have considerable suburbs. The suburban population of Wellington is comparatively small. The following gives the names and populations of the several localities, as at the date of the census (1906), which might fairly be termed suburbs of the four principal cities at that time:—

AUCKLAND AND SUBURBS (APRIL, 1906).

 Population, Census, 1906.
Boroughs—
Birkenhead1,266
Devonport5,073
Newmarket2,342
Grey Lynn5,882
Parnell5,253
Road Districts—
Arch Hill1,952
Eden Terrace2,338
Epsom1,591
Mount Albert3,583
Mount Eden6,888
Mount Roskill883
One-tree Hill1,915
Point Chevalier902
Remuera3,082
Northcote Riding1,116
Outlying portion of Parnell Riding, being land in the Domain with hospital on it299
Total suburbs44,365
Auckland City37,736
Total Auckland and suburbs (April, 1906)82,101

WELLINGTON AND SUBURBS (APRIL, 1906).

 Population, Census, 1906.
Boroughs—
Onslow2,098
Karori2,194
Miramar952
Total suburbs5,244
Wellington City58,563
Total Wellington and suburbs (April, 1906)63,807

CHRISTCHURCH AND SUBURBS (APRIL, 1906).

 Population, Census, 1906.
Boroughs—
New Brighton1,132
Woolston2,900
Road Districts—
Spreydon2,332
Halswell (part)107
Riccarton (part)4,981
Avon (part)3,131
Heathcote (part)3,367
Total suburbs17,950
Christchurch City49,928
Total Christchurch and suburbs (April, 1906)67,878

DUNEDIN AND SUBURBS (APRIL, 1906).

 Population, Census, 1906.
Boroughs—
Maori Hill1,886
Mornington4,154
North-east Valley4,378
Roslyn5,438
St. Kilda2,579
West Harbour1,515
Total suburbs19,950
Dunedin City36,070
Total Dunedin and suburbs (April, 1906)56,020

The increase of population for ten years prior to the census of 1906 at the four chief centres, with their suburbs, was:—

 Census, 1896.Census, 1966.Numerical Increase.Increase per Cent.
Auckland and suburbs57,61682,10124,48542.50
Wellington and suburbs41,75863,80722,04952.80
Christchurch and suburbs51,33067,87816,54832.24
Dunedin and suburbs47,28056,0208,74018.48

Thus the two principal cities of the North Island are found to have progressed between 1901 and 1906 at a greater rate than those of the Middle Island, and Wellington in particular to have developed at nearly three times the rate of Dunedin, and considerably faster than Christchurch.

While New South Wales and Victoria present what has been termed by the statistician of the former State “the disquieting spectacle of capital towns growing with wonderful rapidity, and embracing in their limits one-third of the population of the territory of which they are the centre,” New Zealand is saved from this by the configuration of the country, which has resulted in the formation of four chief towns, besides others of secondary importance but nevertheless trading centres of considerable consequence.

POPULATION OF TOWN DISTRICTS.

Besides the boroughs, there were 40 town districts (including the special town district of Rotorua, constituted under “The Thermal-Springs Districts Act, 1881”) which are portions of the counties in which they are situated. One only of these, Hampstead, has more than 1,000 inhabitants. A list of these town districts is subjoined, with populations, as in 1906:—

Town Districts.Population.

* Constituted under “The Thermal-Springs Districts Act, 1881.”

Kamo315
Helensville616
Papakura359
Pukekohe390
Te Awamutu379
Kihikihi253
Ngaruawahia383
Rotorua*1,927
Opotiki683
Opunake406
Kaponga278
Norman by383
Manaia441
Waverley471
Lethbridge245
Hunterville645
Bull's492
Halcombe276
Rongotea318
Clyde (Wairoa)707
Taradale805
Ormondville413
Waipawa691
Waipukurau761
Kaikora North268
Eketahuna704
Featherston670
Martinborough637
Johnsonville731
Havelock267
Amberley341
South bridge403
Hampstead1,286
Tinwald511
Bay776
Greytown181
Outram431
Clinton418
Wyndham532
Otautau554

POPULATION OF SMALL CENTRES.

In addition to the boroughs and town districts above referred to, the census results showed for 1906 throughout the colony no less than 870 places of the nature of townships, villages, or small centres without boundaries. It is impossible to say that the population of these small centres are all strictly accurate, even for the census-date, or given in such a way as to be fit for comparison one with another. In different cases more or less of surrounding country may have been considered as belonging to the centre, but there is at least at each place mentioned some sort of nucleus of population, if not a well-defined village or township. In making the statement the best has been done with a difficult matter, and the information is given as useful, in some cases important—such as Reefton and Taihape (the latter since constituted a municipal borough)—even if open to objection here and there. The county in which each is situated is also given:—

 Population
Abbotsford and vicinity, Taieri432
Addington, Selwyn751
Addison's Flat, Buller128
Ahipara, Mangonui50
Ahuroa, Rodney57
Ahuriri Flat, Clutha90
Akaaka, Manukau114
Akatarawa, Hutt194
Akatore, Bruce29
Akitio, Akitio129
Albany, Waitemata171
Albury Settlement, Mackenzie371
Alfredton Town and vicinity, Masterton523
Allandale, Waihemo78
Allenton, Ashburton945
Alma, Waitaki133
Annandale, Wallace222
Annat, Selwyn191
Aorangi, Oroua120
Aoroa and vicinity, Hobson442
Aotea, Raglan67
Appleby, Waimea280
Aramoho, Waitotara1,018
Aranga, Hokianga109
Ararua, Otamatea131
Ardgowan, Waitaki282
Ardgowan Settlement, Waitaki187
Ardmore, Manukau186
Argyll, Waipawa250
Arthurstown, Westland70
Arundel, Geraldine51
Ashhurst Town and vicinity, Oroua583
Ashley and vicinity, Ashley195
Ashley-Clinton, Waipawa220
Ashwick Flat, Mackenzie118
Atea, Eketahuna126
Athol Town, Southland134
Avondale Town, Eden1,159
Awahuri Town, Manawatu108
Awakino, Awakino152
Awamoko, Waitaki184
Awatoto V., Hawke's Bay101
Awatuna, Egmont110
Bainham, Collingwood164
Balcairn, Ashley214
Bald Hill Flat, Vincent152
Barewood, Taieri81
Barrhill, Ashburton77
Barry's Bay, Akaroa121
Barrytown, Grey231
Bastings, Tuapeka24
Beck's, Maniototo81
Belfast Town, Selwyn620
Belgrove V., Waimea242
Belmont, Hutt57
Belvedere, Wairarapa330
Bennett's, Ashley72
Berwick, Taieri92
Birchfield, Buller134
Bishopdale, Waimea41
Blackball, Grey356
Blackburn, Waipawa133
Black's Point, Inangahua288
Bluespur, Tuapeka166
Brighton, Buller28
Brightwater, Waimea418
Broad Bay, Peninsula273
Broadwood, Hokianga64
Brockville, Taieri27
Brookside, Selwyn280
Broomfield, Ashley92
Brown's, Southland62
Brunswick and vicinity, Waitotara215
Buckland, Manakau257
Bunnythorpe, Oroua, and Kairanga504
Burnett's Face, Buller261
Burnham, Selwyn323
Burnside and vicinity, Taieri514
Burwood, Selwyn198
Calcium, Southland30
Cambrian, Maniototo73
Cameron's, Grey38
Camside, Ashley45
Candletown, Bruce74
Cannington, Waimate38
Canvastown, Marlborough94
Capleston, Inangahua143
Cardrona, Lake116
Carew, Ashburton48
Caroline, Southland62
Castlecliff, Waitotara380
Cave, Levels95
Chamberlain, Raglan78
Chamberlain Settlement, Mackenzie117
Chaney's, Selwyn34
Charing Cross, Selwyn86
Charleston, Buller131
Charlton, Southland106
Chasland's, Clutha35
Chatton, Southland185
Cheltenham, Kiwitea96
Chertsey, Ashburton190
Churchill, Raglan77
Churchill, Waikato126
Claremont, Levels192
Clarendon, Bruce38
Clareville, Wairarapa South333
Clarksville, Bruce140
Clarkville and vicinity, Ashley232
Claudelands, Waikato305
Clevedon, Manukau492
Clifden, Wallace79
Clifton, Clutha64
Clifton, Hawke's Bay28
Clifton, Southland54
Clifton, Takaka70
Clinton, Clutha418
Clive, Hawke's Bay88
Cloudy Bay, Marlborough137
Clyde, Vincent328
Clyde, Wairoa707
Clydevale, Clutha83
Coalbrookdale, Buller107
Coalgate and vicinity, Selwyn154
Cobden, Grey582
Colyton, Oroua204
Conway, Cheviot29
Coop Town, Akaroa80
Coromandel, Coromandel858
Courtenay and vicinity, Selwyn104
Craigleith, Peninsula42
Crofton, Rangitikei55
Croixelles, Sounds26
Cromarty, Fiord10
Cronadon, Inangahua86
Crookston, Tuapeka297
Cross's Creek, Featherston125
Croydon, Southland43
Crushington, Inangahua142
Cullensville, Marlborough31
Culverden, Amuri119
Cust, Ashley227
Dalefield, Wairarapa South280
Dallington, Selwyn184
Danieltown, Wallace42
Darfield, Selwyn301
Day's Bay, Hutt26
Deborah Bay, Waikouaiti161
Denniston, Buller831
Dillmanstown, Westland178
Dixon, Southland62
Domett, Cheviot214
Doubtless Bay, Mangonui34
Dovedale, Waimea181
Doyleston, Selwyn300
Dromore, Ashburton111
Duart, Hawke's Bay68
Dumbarton, Tuapeka48
Dunback, Waihemo265
Dunganville, Grey63
Dunkeld, Tuapeka118
Dunollie, Grey43
Dunrobin, Tuapeka125
Duntroon, Waitaki253
Duvauchelle, Akaroa177
East Dipton, Southland133
East Town, Wanganui406
Edendale Settlement, Southland653
Edendale Township, Southland194
Edievale, Tuapeka64
Egmont, Taranaki52
Elderslie, Waitaki112
Elsthorpe, Patangata130
Enfield, Waitaki379
Epuni Hamlet, Hutt157
Epworth, Geraldine81
Eskdale, Hawke's Bay282
Ettrick, Tuapeka81
Evansdale, Waikouaiti94
Eweburn, Maniototo135
Eyreton, Ashley181
Fairburn's, Mangonui122
Fairdown, Buller42
Fairfax and vicinity, Bruce207
Fairfield, Taieri181
Fairton, Ashburton174
Farndon, Hawke's Bay58
Fencourt, Waikato264
Fern Flat, Inangahua46
Fernhill, Hawke's Bay77
Fitzroy, Taranaki273
Flaxbourne, Marlborough301
Flaxmere, Hawke's Bay64
Flaxton, Ashley134
Forsyth, Tuapeka59
Fortrose and vicinity, Southland176
Foxhill, Waimea127
Frasertown, Wairoa230
Galatea, Whakatane36
Garfield, Wallace118
Garston, Lake83
German Bay, Akaroa151
Gibb's Town, Collingwood170
Gimmerburn, Maniototo173
Gladstone, Wairarapa South160
Glenavy, Waimate203
Glen-iti, Levels129
Glenledi, Bruce48
Glenmore, Eden459
Glenomaru, Clutha131
Glenorchy, Lake33
Glenore, Bruce54
Glentunnell, Selwyn201
Globe Mine, Inangahua288
Goldsborough, Westland77
Goodwood Town; Waihemo171
Goodwood Settlement, Waihemo55
Gordon Special Settlement, Piako104
Gordonton, Waikato109
Granity, Buller522
Granville Town, Grey39
Grassmere Town, Southland109
Greendale, Selwyn332
Greenmeadows, Hawke's Bay376
Greenpark, Selwyn355
Grovetown, Marlborough345
Hakaru, Otamatea49
Hakataramea, Waimate88
Half-moon Bay, Stewart Island63
Halkett, Selwyn184
Halswell Junction, Selwyn81
Hamilton, Maniototo30
Hampden Town, Waipawa253
Hamua, Eketahuna181
Hanmer, Amuri176
Hapuku Settlement, Kaikoura107
Harben, Buller240
Harrington's, Southland109
Harrisville, Manukau141
Hastings Town, Thames178
Hatuma, Waipawa283
Hautapu, Waikato224
Havelock, Hawke's Bay439
Hawarden V., Ashley153
Hayward's, Hutt38
Hazelburn, Levels57
Heatherlea, Horowhenua42
Heddon Bush, Wallace176
Hedgehope Town, Southland96
Henley, Taieri135
Herbert V., Waitaki220
Herbertville, Patangata94
Herekino, Hokianga174
Heriot and vicinity, Tuapeka243
Hetane Hamlet, Waitemata64
Highbank, Ashburton786
Highcliffe, Peninsula250
Hikurangi Town, Whangarei615
Hilderthorpe, Waitaki86
Hillgrove, Waitaki44
Hilton, Geraldine210
Himatangi, Manawatu93
Hinds, Ashburton48
Hinuera, Piako74
Hobsonville, Waitemata212
Hodgkinson, Wallace42
Hokonui, Southland158
Holmesdale, Wallace20
Hope V., Waimea356
Hornby Junction, Selwyn25
Houipapa, Clutha175
Huia, Waitemata58
Hukanui, Eketahuna314
Hukatere, Otamatea100
Hukerenui, Whangarei, and Bay of Islands284
Hunter, Waimate196
Huntly, Waikato850
Hunua, Manukau258
Inangahua Junction, Inangahua71
Inchbonnie, Grey53
Incholme, Waitaki173
Inglewood, Southland26
Irwell, Selwyn244
Islington, Selwyn410
Jacobstown, Southland38
Jackeytown, Kairanga74
Jackson's, Westland44
Jervoiston, Hawke's Bay42
Judgeford, Hutt128
Junction Town, Rangitikei75
Kaeo, Whangaroa315
Kaihiku, Clutha103
Kaihu, Hobson427
Kai Iwi, Waitotara136
Kaikohe, Bay of Islands127
Kaikoura, Kaikoura385
Kaiparoro, Eketahuna101
Kaitaia, Mangonui229
Kaitara, Whangarei131
Kaitoke, Hutt54
Kaituna, Collingwood100
Kaiwaiwai, Featherston63
Kaiwaka, Otamatea183
Kakanui North, Waitaki133
Kakanui South, Waitaki172
Kakapuaka, Clutha102
Kakaramea, Patea113
Kanieri, Westland201
Kapuka, Southland104
Karamu, Raglan159
Karangahake, Ohinemuri792
Karewarewa, Kiwitea20
Karioi, Waimarino81
Kauaeranga, Thames139
Kaukapakapa, Waitemata358
Kaurihohore, Whangarei121
Kawakawa, Bay of Islands161
Kawhia, Kawhia96
Keele and vicinity, Ashley211
Kelso, Tuapeka209
Kennington, Awarua125
Kensington, Levels227
Kereru, Horowhenua46
Kerry Town, Levels40
Killinchy, Selwyn109
Kimbell, Mackenzie97
Kimberley, Selwyn144
Kimbolton, Kiwitea224
Kingsdown, Levels216
Kingston, Lake43
Kinohaku, Kawhia42
Kirikiriroa, Waikato266
Kiripaka, Whangarei171
Kirwee, Selwyn260
Kitchener Hamlet, Eden28
Kiwitahi, Piako56
Kohukohu, Hokianga295
Koiterangi, Westland133
Kokatahi, Upper, Westland81
Kokatahi, Lower, Westland142
Kokiri, Grey261
Kokoamo, Waitaki120
Komata Reef, Ohinemuri341
Komokoriki, Rodney79
Konini, Pahiatua53
Kopu, Thames116
Kopuaranga, Masterton166
Korere, Waimea62
Koromiko, Marlborough134
Koru, Taranaki62
Kotuku, Grey84
Kowai Bush, Selwyn82
Kuaotunu, Coromandel169
Kumeroa, Woodville84
Kumeu, Waitemata101
Kuri Bush, Taieri90
Kuriwao, Clutha72
Kurow, Waitaki347
Kyeburn, Maniototo92
Kyeburn Diggings, Maniototo78
Lakeside, Bruce82
Langdale, Masterton53
Larrikin's, Westland59
Lauriston, Ashburton45
Leeston, Selwyn343
Leigh V., Rodney30
Lepperton, Taranaki57
Lichfield, Piako50
Limehills, Southland186
Lincoln Town, Selwyn300
Lindisfarne, Southland78
Lindsay Settlement, Waipawa214
Lingvin, Grey189
Lismore, Ashburton34
Loburn, Ashley37
Lochiel, Southland67
Longburn, Kairanga247
Longbush, Southland210
Longford, Inangahua35
Longridge, Southland125
Longwood Village Settlement, Wallace75
Lovell's Flat, Bruce168
Lowburn V., Vincent144
Lower Blackball, Grey52
Lower Moutere, Waimea52
Lowry Bay, Hutt21
Luggate, Vincent53
Lumsden Extension, Southland153
Lumsden V., Southland83
Lyell, Buller97
Maben, Patea153
Macandrew, Southland23
Macetown, Lake117
Mackaytown, Ohinemuri349
Mackenzie, Cheviot245
Macrae's, Waihemo146
Maharahara, Woodville74
Maheno Town and vicinity, Waitaki326
Mahoenui, Awakino101
Mahora North, Hawke's Bay111
Maitland V., Southland26
Makaka V., Hawera25
Makaretu, Waipawa273
Makarewa, Southland384
Makarora, Vincent76
Makatote Town, Waimarino107
Maketu, Manukau171
Makikihi, Waimate308
Makirikiri, Wanganui218
Makomako, Pahiatua160
Makotua, Southland118
Makotuku, Waipawa183
Makuri Town and vicinity, Pahiatua206
Mamaku, Rotorua299
Manakau Town, Horowhenua118
Manaroa, Sounds50
Manawaru, Piako165
Mangaehu, Stratford122
Mangamahu and vicinity, Wanganui197
Mangamaire, Pahiatua86
Mangapai V., Whangarei84
Mangapakeha, Castlepoint65
Mangapehi, Clifton148
Mangaramarama, Pahiatua54
Mangarimu, Kiwitea52
Mangatainoka V., Pahiatua292
Mangatoki, Hawera80
Mangatoro, Waipawa112
Mangawai, Otamatea178
Mangaweka Town, Rangitikei609
Mangere V., Manukau291
Mangonui Town, Mangonui258
Mansford Town, Waikouaiti392
Manunui, West Taupo116
Manurewa, Manukau103
Manutahi Town, Patea53
Maori Gully, Grey49
Maraekakaho, Hawke's Bay78
Maraetai, Manukau142
Maramarua, Waikato165
Mareretu, Otamatea148
Marima, Pahiatua86
Maropiu, Hobson189
Marsden, Grey31
Marshland, Marlborough78
Marua, Whangarei202
Matahuru, Waikato162
Matakana, Rodney197
Matakohe, Otamatea231
Matamata, Piako353
Matamau, Waipawa335
Matangi, Waikato62
Matarawa, Wairarapa South149
Matata, Whakatane70
Matatoki, Thames135
Mauku, Manukau195
Maungakaramea V. and vicinity, Whangarei211
Maungatapere, Whangarei134
Maungatua, Taieri238
Maungawera, Vincent43
Mauriceville, Mauriceville479
Maxwelltown, Waitotara244
Mayfield, Ashburton90
Mecalickstone, Akitio76
Medbury, Ashley114
Meeanee, Hawke's Bay239
Menzie's Ferry, Southland118
Mercer, Manukau245
Merton, Waikouaiti199
Methuen Hamlet, Eden55
Methven Town, Ashburton266
Middlemarch and vicinity, Taieri266
Midhirst Town, Stratford289
Millerton, Buller595
Millwood V., Southland62
Mine Creek, Buller53
Moana, Grey67
Moawhango, Rangitikei96
Moeraki Town, Waitaki136
Mohaka V., Wairoa219
Mokau, Awakino50
Mokoreta, Southland204
Moneymore, Bruce75
Morrinsville Town, Piako383
Morrison's Bush, Featherston68
Morton Mains, Southland168
Morven, Waimate288
Motu, Opotiki59
Motupipi, Takaka200
Moturoa, Taranaki136
Moutere, Waimea165
Moutoa, Manawatu182
Murchison Town, Inangahua118
Murimotu, Rangitikei135
Myross Bush, Southland149
Neavesville, Thames40
Netherton, Ohinemuri136
Neudorf, Waimea53
Nevis, Vincent38
Newborough, Waitaki125
New Lynn, Waitemata193
Newman, Eketahuna265
Newport, Hobson143
Newstead, Waikato214
Ngahauranga, Hutt254
Ngahere, Grey185
Ngakawau, Buller76
Ngapaeruru, Waipawa220
Ngapara, Waitaki340
Ngaruawahia, Waikato175
Ngatimoti, Waimea121
Ngunguru, Whangarei60
Niagara, Southland113
Nightcaps, Wallace349
Nikau, Pahiatua87
Nireaha, Eketahuna300
Nokomai, Lake61
Nolan, Hawera146
Normandale, Hutt78
Norsewood and vicinity, Waipawa991
No Town, Grey42
Nuhaka, Wairoa93
Nukumaru, Waitotara96
Oakura, Taranaki118
Oban, Stewart Island71
Ohaeawai, Bay of Islands62
Ohakune, Waimarino87
Ohau, Horowhenua377
Ohinewai, Waikato96
Ohingaiti, Rangitikei319
Ohiwa, Opotiki15
Ohoka, Ashley411
Ohura, Waimarino87
Oio North, West Taupo103
Oio South, West Taupo147
Okaiawa, Hawera100
Okaihau, Bay of Islands164
Okarito, Westland51
Okato, Taranaki149
Okoroire, Piako103
Okura, Westland57
Omahu, Thames110
Omaka, Marlborough61
Omakau, Vincent96
Omapere, Hokianga56
Omata, Taranaki222
Onamalutu, Marlborough122
Ongaonga, Waipawa319
Ongarue, Clifton107
Oparau, Kawhia124
Opawa, Selwyn661
Ophir, Vincent93
Opouriao and vicinity, Whakatane141
Opoutama, Wairoa45
Opuawhanga, Whangarei72
Oraki, Wallace125
Orari, Geraldine138
Orinoco, Waimea110
Oropi, Tauranga43
Otahuhu, Manukau1,302
Otaio, Waimate136
Otakeho, Hawera75
Otaki and vicinity, Horowhenua658
Otama, Southland324
Otara, Southland129
Otaua, Manukau97
Otakou, Peninsula111
Otatara, Southland181
Otekaike, Waitaki61
Otiake, Waitaki149
Otira, Westland182
Otokia, Taieri88
Otonga, Whangarei175
Otorohanga, Waitomo205
Owaka, Clutha505
Oxford, Piako126
Oxford East, Ashley549
Oxford West, Ashley563
Paekakariki, Hutt180
Paeroa, Ohinemuri993
Pahautanui, Hutt118
Pahi, Otamatea89
Pahia, Wallace92
Pakuranga, Manukau312
Pakipaki, Hawke's Bay109
Pakowhai, Hawke's Bay55
Panmure and vicinity, Eden359
Papakaio and vicinity, Waitaki202
Papakura, Manukau294
Papanui, Selwyn826
Paparangi, Hutt186
Paparata, Manukau165
Paparoa, Manukau195
Paparoa, Otamatea351
Papatoetoe, Manukau193
Paraparaumu, Hutt215
Pareora, Levels158
Pareora East, Levels266
Parkhurst, Waitemata181
Parkvale, Wairarapa South139
Patumahoe, Manukau179
Pembroke, Lake153
Penrose, Eden92
Petane, Hawke's Bay220
Pigeon Bay, Akaroa155
Pirongia, Raglan123
Pleasant Point, Levels691
Pohangina, Pohangina145
Pokeno, Manukau169
Pollok Settlement, Manukau109
Pongakawa, Tauranga146
Pongaroa, Akitio150
Poolburn, Vincent169
Porangahau, Patangata280
Porirua, Hutt260
Port Albert, Rodney96
Port Awanui, Waiapu52
Port Molyneux, Clutha100
Portobello, Peninsula48
Portobello Bay, Peninsula177
Puerua, Clutha137
Puhoi, Rodney416
Pukehou, Waipawa100
Pukekawa, Raglan289
Pukekohe, Manukau405
Pukerau, Southland178
Pukeroro, Waikato134
Puketapu, Hawke's Bay56
Puketitiri, Hawke's Bay105
Pukeuri, Waitaki172
Pungarehu, Egmont120
Puponga, Collingwood108
Purakanui, Waikouaiti241
Purekireki, Clutha157
Puriri, Thames226
Putiki, Wanganui165
Queensberry, Vincent66
Raetihi, Waimarino285
Raglan, Raglan154
Rahotu, Egmont194
Rakaia, Ashburton586
Ranfurly, Maniototo120
Rangitumau, Masterton129
Rangiwahia, Kiwitea155
Rata, Rangitikei220
Ratanui, Clutha273
Raurimu, Waimarino459
Rawene, Hokianga171
Redcliffs, Waimate102
Red Hill, Hobson111
Redwood, Marlborough212
Reefton, Inangahua1,679
Reidston, Waitaki93
Reikorangi, Hutt186
Renwick, Marlborough365
Reynolds, Waikouaiti42
Richmond, Selwyn198
Richmond Brook, Marlborough73
Richmond Grove, Southland150
Rimu, Southland97
Rimu, Westland111
Rissington, Hawke's Bay92
Riversdale, Southland307
Riverhead, Waitemata135
Riwaka, Waimea686
Rolleston, Selwyn105
Romahapa, Clutha157
Rongoiti, Wanganui181
Rongokokako, Eketahuna105
Rongomai, Eketahuna159
Rongotea, Manawatu318
Rosebrook, Levels73
Rosewill Settlement, McKenzie236
Rosewill, Levels88
Rotherham, Amuri131
Round Hill, Wallace211
Ruapekapeka, Bay of Islands78
Ruapuna, Ashburton99
Runanga, Grey281
Runanga Settlement, Grey23
Russell, Bay of Islands175
Ryal Bush and vicinity, Southland239
Saddle Hill, Taieri238
Saies, Whangaroa134
Salisbury, Levels242
Saltwater Creek, Ashley89
Sandon, Manawatu200
Sandymount, Peninsula240
Sawyer's Bay, Waikouaiti375
Scarborough, Pahiatua110
Scargill, Ashley55
Seaward Downs, Southland94
Seddon, Marlborough165
Seddon Terrace, Westland82
Seddonville, Buller313
Sedgebrook, Wanganui300
Sefton and vicinity, Ashley589
Shag Valley, Waihemo194
Shag Point, Waihemo118
Shannon, Horowhenua506
Sheffield, Selwyn197
Shirley, Selwyn279
Shortland, Thames1,064
Silverhope, Rangitikei186
Silverstream, Hutt121
Southbrook, Ashley380
Southburn, Waimate145
South Malvern, Selwyn118
Spreydon, Selwyn1,514
Spring Creek, Marlborough275
Springfield, Selwyn371
Spring Grove, Waimea264
Springlands, Marlborough491
Springston, Selwyn676
Stafford, Westland93
Stanley Brook, Waimea127
Stanway, Oroua115
Starborough, Marlborough303
Staveley, Ashburton102
St. Andrew's, Waimate189
St. Bathan's, Maniototo210
St. Heliers Bay, Eden227
St. John's, Waitotara361
Stirling, Bruce289
Stoke, Waimea603
Strathmore, Stratford112
Studholme, Waimate189
Summerlea, Buller100
Sutherland's, Levels165
Sutton, Taieri122
Swannanoa, Ashley132
Swanson, Waitemata94
Taiaroa, Peninsula64
Taihape, Rangitikei1,273
Tairua, Thames336
Taita, Hutt96
Takaka, Takaka273
Takaka Central, Takaka105
Takaka West, Takaka129
Takapau, Waipawa400
Tamaki East, Manukau579
Tamumu, Patangata110
Taneatua, Whakatane65
Tangowahine, Hobson246
Taonui, Oroua147
Taratahi East, Wairarapa South168
Taratahi West, Wairarapa South213
Tarras, Vincent121
Tatarariki, Hobson394
Taueru, Masterton138
Tauherinikau, Featherston116
Taumarunui, West Taupo307
Taupaki, Waitemata123
Taupiri, Waikato177
Taupo, East Taupo84
Tawa Flat, Hutt114
Taylorville, Wanganui82
Te Arai, Rodney143
Te Aroha West, Piako200
Te Aute, Hawke's Bay226
Teddington, Mount Herbert76
Te Houka, Clutha148
Te Kopuru, Hobson437
Te Kuiti, Waitomo246
Te Mata, Raglan207
Templeton, Selwyn33
Te Nui, Castlepoint147
Te Puke, Tauranga503
Te Whiti, Masterton108
Thornbury, Wallace102
Thorpe, Waimea136
Tisbury, Southland152
Toiro, Clutha174
Tokaanu, East Taupo44
Toko Town, Stratford168
Tokomaru, Waiapu118
Tokomaru, Horowhenua383
Tokonui, Southland67
Tomoana, Hawke's Bay221
Tongaporutu, Clifton171
Totara, Waitaki250
Totara Flat, Grey169
Trentham, Hutt243
Tuakau, Manukau302
Tuamarina, Marlborough259
Tuapeka Mouth, Tuapeka144
Tuapeka West, Tuapeka259
Turangarere, Wanganui166
Turua, Thames200
Upper Hutt, Hutt489
Upper Moutere, Waimea101
Urenui, Clifton139
Uruti, Clifton165
Vauxhall, Peninsula53
Vogeltown, Taranaki78
Waddington, Selwyn254
Wade, Waitemata204
Waharoa, Piako188
Waiareka Junction, Waitaki111
Waiau, Amuri173
Waiau, Manukau77
Waiharara, Mangonui191
Waihola, Bruce181
Waihopo, Mangonui269
Waihou, Piako100
Waikaia, Southland334
Waikaka Siding, Southland187
Waikaka, Southland124
Waikakahi, Waimate667
Waikanae, Horowhenua163
Waikari, Ashley267
Waikawa, Southland82
Waikiekie, Whangarei104
Waikiwi, Southland673
Waikoikoi, Clutha152
Waimamaku, Hokianga210
Waimangaroa, Buller93
Waimate, Bay of Islands109
Waimatuku, Wallace43
Wainui, Akaroa142
Wainuiomata, Hutt115
Waiomio, Bay of Islands75
Waiorongomai, Piako131
Waiotahi, Opotiki157
Waiotapu, Rotorua93
Waiouru, Waimarino191
Waipahi, Clutha125
Waipara, Ashley50
Waipiata, Maniototo102
Waipipi, Manukau183
Waipiro, Waiapu107
Waipori, Tuapeka135
Waipu, Whangarei208
Wairamarama, Raglan186
Wairere, Piako89
Wairio, Wallace73
Waitahuna, Tuapeka285
Waitangi, Manukau117
Waitati and vicinity, Waikouaiti295
Waitekauri, Ohinemuri270
Waitotara, Patea118
Waituna, Kiwitea67
Waiuku, Manukau183
Waiwera, Clutha158
Wakefield, Waimea544
Wallacetown, Southland134
Wallacetown East, Southland174
Wallingford, Patangata91
Walton, Piako141
Wangaloa, Bruce121
Wanstead, Patangata93
Warepa, Clutha162
Warkworth, Rodney360
Washdyke, Levels279
Waynes, Waihemo27
Weatherstone, Tuapeka150
Weber and vicinity, Weber164
Wedderburn, Maniototo107
Weedon's, Selwyn110
Wellsford, Rodney171
Wendonside, Southland322
West Clive, Hawke's Bay387
Westerfield, Ashburton97
West Manakau, Horowhenua159
West Melton, Selwyn239
Western Spit, Hawke's Bay328
Weston, Waitaki275
Whakapara, Whangarei235
Whakarewarewa, Rotorua66
Whakatane, Whakatane108
Whangamarino, Waikato64
Whangaparaoa, Waitemata68
Whangape, Hokianga106
Whangarata, Manukau149
Whangaroa, Whangaroa69
Wharehine, Rodney74
Whitford, Manukau116
Whitmore, Kairanga23
Wimbledon, Patangata73
Wimbledon, Weber71
Winchester, Geraldine263
Windsor Park Settlement, Waitaki117
Wingatui, Taieri251
Woodend, Southland132
Woodlands, Southland253
Woodside, Taieri164
Woodstock, Waimea48
Woodstock, Westland54
Wrey's Bush, Wallace118
Yaldhurst, Selwyn359

POPULATION OF ADJACENT ISLANDS.

The names and populations of the islands adjacent to and included in the colony were, in April, 1906:—

Islands.TotalM.F.

*Now a county.

Mokohinau Lighthouse844
Tiritiri Lighthouse844
Motuhora312
Great Barrier312197115
Little Barrier817
Kawau26188
Ponui401822
Ponui Lighthouse11..
Ruthe's734
Pakatoa422
Pahiki33..
Waiheke1638083
Week's (Puketutu)514
Motuihi541
Bean Rock Lighthouse11..
Motutapu1385
Rakino33..
Rangitoto33..
Brown's211
Cuvier and Lighthouse642
Rakitu743
Rangiahua633
East Island Lighthouse752
Portland and Lighthouse734
Somes and Lighthouse532
Stephen's16106
Brothers Lighthouse33..
Dog Island and Lighthouse1367
Centre and Lighthouse1064
Chatham Islands*19711483
Kermadec Islands532
Total897517380

Only three of these islands had a population over 100 persons at last census. Since 1901 the boundaries of the colony have been extended to include the Cook and certain other Pacific islands, the population of which is shown elsewhere.

AGES OF THE PEOPLE.

The number of persons living in New Zealand at the time of the census, given according to eight principal age periods, is published in a table, with comparisons.

The table is worthy of notice, as exhibiting a much stronger position than obtained in 1891 as to component parts of the population.

In 1891 the population under five years had fallen from 86,828 persons in 1886 to 83,204, a loss of 3,624, or 4.17 per cent.

In 1896 those under five had increased to the number of 83,659, being 455 more than in 1891, or 0.55 per cent., while those from five to ten had suffered an actual decrease of 55, or 0.06 per cent., in consequence of there not having been enough children under five years to come on since 1891.

By 1901 the children under five had increased to 86,806, being 3,147, or 3.76 per cent., but previous diminutions caused decrease in those from five to ten and also ten to fifteen.

The effect of the deficiencies had been overcome by 1906, when the census showed 102,745 children under five, being an increase of 15,939, or 18.36 per cent., on the number in 1901. The number at the group five to ten was 90,288, or an increase of 4,552 in the quinquenium; and at ten to fifteen the number was 86,758, an increase of 1,533, or 1.8 per cent. Thus the minus sign has been eliminated in regard to the three groups comprising the population under fifteen years of age.

The group fifteen to twenty-one years still suffers from losses in the previous periods, but an increase of 2,989 over the number for 1901 is nevertheless exhibited, or 2.93 per cent.; and the population was found to be 104,945 in 1906.

The group twenty-one to forty years is a most important one, the population of these ages being no longer “dependents,” but “producers” or “bread-winners.” Here are observed 299,770 persons in 1906, an increase of 62,732 in five years, or 26.46 per cent. Between 1896 and 1901 the increase was 18.96 per cent., in the previous period 19.19 per cent., and for 1886–1891 only 7.52 per cent.

Again, at forty to fifty-five there are 115,707 persons, an increase of 16.32 per cent. since 1901, against an increase of 7.96, 6.22, and 6.15 per cent. for the three previous quinquennia.

There is nothing remarkable about the numbers of the groups fifty-five to sixty-five and sixty-five to seventy. At these periods the population at the groups becoming of a “dependent character.”

INCREASE OF POPULATION AT DIFFERENT AGE-PERIODS.

Ages.Numbers, March, 1886Increase, 1886 to 1891.Numbers, April. 1891.Increase, 1891 to 1896.Numbers, April, 1896.Increase, 1896 to 1901.Numbers, March, 1901.Increase, 1901 to 1906Numbers, April, 1906.
Numerical.Centesimal.Numerical.Centesimal.Numerical.Centesimal.Numerical.Centesimal.
Under 5 years86,828-3,624-4.1783,2044550.5583,6593,1473.7686,80615,93918.36102,745
5 years and under 10 years84,3151,7652.0986,080-55-0.0686,025-289-0.3485,7364,5525.3190,288
10 years and under 15 years67,38513,69920.3381,0844,3835.4085,467-242-0.2885,2251,5331.8086,758
15 years and under 21 years69,5818,22711.8277,80817,77622.8595,5846,3726.67101,9562,982.93104,945
21 years and under 40 years155,49211,6897.52167,18132,08019.19199,26137,77718.96237,03862,73226.46299,770
40 years and under 55 years81,7215,0226.1586,7435,3926.2292,1357,3367.9699,47116,23616.32115,707
55 years and under 65 years20,4368,81243.1229,24810,38335.5039,6314,86312.2744,4942,3425.2646,836
65 years and upwards10,4333,90937.4714,3426,41444.7220,75610,59751.0631,3539,43530.0940,788
Unspecified2,291-1,323-57.75968-126-13.02842-202-23.9964010115.78741
All ages578,48248,1768.33626,65876,70212.24703,36069,3599.86772,719115,85914.99888,578

BIRTHPLACES OF THE PEOPLE.

Of the population, exclusive of Maoris (888,578 persons), all but 472 were described as to birthplace on the census schedules. The number of the New-Zealand-born was 606,247, and of those born in Australia, Tasmania, and Fiji 47,536, making 653,783 born in Australasia. The New-Zealand-born increase in proportion to the whole with every successive census. In 1886, 51.89 per cent. of the population were born in this colony; in 1891 the percentage was 58.61; in 1896 it had reached 62.85; in 1901 the proportion was 66.83; and in 1906, 68.26, adding to which 5.35 per cent. born in Australia, &c., makes 73.61 out of every 100 persons living in New Zealand who were born in Australasia.

208,931 persons were born in the United Kingdom, or 23.53 per cent. of the population, which was divided as under:—

Born in United Kingdom.Number of Persons.Per Cent. of Population.
England116,56013.13
Wales2,1440.24
Scotland47,7675.38
Ireland42,4604.78
 208,93123.53

Besides these there were 4,280 persons born in other British Possessions. Summarising these results it is found that 866,994 of the population, or 97.62 per cent. were born in the British Possessions, made up as follows:—

Born inNumber of Persons.Per Cent. of Population.
Australasia653,78373.61
United Kingdom208,93123.53
Other British Possessions4,2800.48
 866,99497.62

There remained 19,867 persons born in foreign countries, or 2.24 per cent. of the population, 1,245 born at sea, and 472 whose birthplaces were not specified.

Of those born in British Possessions outside of Australasia (4,280), 1,349 were born in India or Ceylon (but of European blood), 1,547 were born in British North America, 697 in British South Africa, Mauritius, or St. Helena, and 299 in British West Indies.

Born in Foreign Parts.

Out of 19,867 persons born abroad, 14,559 were born in Europe; 4,174 of these were born in Germany, 2,277 in Denmark and possessions, 2,212 in Austria Hungary, 1,618 in Sweden, 1,396 in Norway, 624 in France, 574 in Italy, 484 in Russia, 464 in Switzerland.

Outside of Europe 2,010 were found to have been born in the United States and North America (not more specifically defined), also 148 in South America. Those born in foreign parts of Asia numbered 3,009, in which are included 2,602 born in China (53 of European blood) and 361 in Syria (all Asiatics).

Only 129 persons were returned as born in Africa, outside of the British Possessions in that continent.

The foreign-born decrease at successive censuses, having been 2.71 of the total population in 1896, which fell to 2.41 in 1901, and 2.24 in 1906.

RELIGION.

Of the various religious denominations the Church of England has most adherents in the colony. They numbered 366,828 persons, or, including 1,237 Protestants not more specifically described, 368,065 persons, being 41.51 per cent. of the total specified. The Presbyterians numbered 203,597, or 22.96 per cent.; the Roman Catholics, including Catholics not further defined, 126,995 persons, or 14.32 per cent.; the Methodists, including Primitive Methodists and Methodists undefined, 89,038 persons, or 10.06 per cent. Of other denominations the Baptists, of whom there were 17,747, returned 2 per cent. of the total. The numbers and proportions per cent. are shown in tabular form.

Religious Denominations.Numbers.Proportions per Cent. of Total.

*Includes Methodist Church of Australasia, Primitive Methodists, and Methodists undefined.

Episcopalians—
Church of England, including Protest ants undefined368,06541.51
Presbyterians203,59722.96
Methodists*89,03810.06
Baptists17,7472.00
Congregationalists7,3600.83
Lutherans4,8560.55
Unitarians7890.09
Society of Friends3340.04
Other Protestants—
Church of Christ7,0610.80
Brethren (Disciples)7,9010.89
Salvation Army8,3890.95
Christadelphians1,0590.12
Swedenborgians1860.02
Seventh Day Adventists9900.11
Others1,3340.13
Roman Catholics, including Catholics undefined126,99514.32.
Greek Church2320.03
Catholic Apostolic3810.04
Other sects—
Hebrews1,8670.21
Mormons, Latter Day Saints2790.03
Spiritualists1,0540.12
Buddhists, Confucians, &c.1,4520.17
Others3560.04
No denomination—
Freethinkers3,1160.35
Agnostics7340.08
No denomination5,4160.61
Others72..
No religion—
No religion1,6000.18.
Others1090.01
Object to state24,3252.75
Unspecified1,884..

CONJUGAL CONDITIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

Bachelors and Spinsters in New Zealand.

It is found that in April, 1906, there were 9,633 bachelors, aged twenty years and upwards, in excess of the number of spinsters, aged fifteen years and upwards. In 1901 the reverse was the case, the spinsters having been 3,572 in excess of the bachelors; and in 1896, similarly, the spinsters exceeded the bachelors by 1,786. No doubt the preponderance of bachelors in 1906 (for the whole colony) has been to a great extent brought about by increased arrivals of male population from abroad. But in regard to portions of the colony, other causes may have operated.

At each of the above-quoted censuses. the Provincial Districts of Canterbury and Otago are remarkable as having more spinsters than bachelors, while all the others exhibit, more or less, the opposite position. But the figures for 1906 show that the excess of spinsters in Canterbury and Otago have much diminished.

Excess of spinsters over Bachelors.

Provincial Districts.1896.1901.1906.
Canterbury3,9974,9182,117
Otago2,0661,899954

Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.

Provincial Districts.1896.1901.1906.
Wellington637324,389
Auckland7035213,383
Nelson5806371,550
Hawke's Bay1,1424251,151
Westland501666935
Taranaki524805754
Marlborough183158532

POPULATION OF AUSTRALASIA.

The growth of population in Australasia over a period of forty-six years is shown in a comparative table. The total for December, 1906, being 5,038,560 persons, is greater than the population of Ireland or Scotland for 1905, and one-seventh part of the population of England and Wales for that year. Australasia has now twice the population of Denmark, over one-third more than Switzerland, and nearly that of the Netherlands.

 Persons 1860.Persons 1870.Persons 1880.Persons 1890.Persons 1901.Persons 1905.Persons 1906.

* Excluding 47,731 Maoris and 12,340 persons belonging to Cook and other annexed Pacific Islands.

New South Wales348,546498,659747,9501,121,8601,362,2001,496,0501,530,986
Victoria537,847726,599860,6671,133,2661,201,5061,218,5711,237,998
Queensland28,056115,567226,077392,965503,266528,048535,110
South Australia124,112183,797267,573319,414362,604378,208383,831
Western Australia15,22725,08429,01946,290182,553254,779261,746
Tasmania87,775100,765114,762145,290172,475181,105180,163
New Zealand79,711248,400484,864625,508772,719882,462*908,726
Australasia1,221,2741,898,8712,730,3123,784,5934,557,3234,939,2235,038,560

Chapter 34. SECTION II.—EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE

THE information obtained at the time of the census in respect of the degree of education of the people is remarked upon at the end of this section. Particulars are first given as to schooling.

SCHOOL STATISTICS TO 31ST DECEMBER, 1905.

It has been found impossible to collect the full statistics relating to schooling for the year 1906 in time for this work, and the figures for the previous year are accordingly given.

The number of schools, teachers, and scholars, as in December, 1905, are shown in the following summary:—

Description of Schools.Number of Schools.Number of Instructors.Number of Scholars for the Fourth Quarter of 1905.
M.F.Total.Boys.Girls.Total.

* Excluding 51 visiting teachers.

† Excluding men, women, lads, and girls, in addition to the children in the school, who were receiving technical and industrial training.

‡ And 15 sewing-mistresses.

EUROPEAN.
Public (Government) schools (scholars other than Maoris and half-castes)1,8061,4532,3633,81669,84663,991133,837
Public (Government) schools (half-castes living among Europeans)3876151,302
Colleges, grammar and high schools (aided or endowed)27....*1952,4671,5934,060
Private schools (excluding Maori scholars)2911397168556,8379,80216,639
Industrial schools and orphanages........446363809
Native village schools, European children attending........171153324
Private Native boarding-schools, European children attending........11112
School for Deaf-mutes1......342963
Jubilee Institute for Blind1..221710†27
Totals—Europeans2,126....4,86880,51676,557157,073
NATIVE.
Native village schools supported by Government (excluding European children stated above)9574109‡1831,9471,5923,539
Private Native boarding-schools (maintenance of scholars paid by Government)781119384482
Private Native boarding-schools (maintenance of scholars paid from endowments)119104223
Private Native day-schools3336573188
Public (Government) schools, Maoris attending........1,2989612,259
Public (Government) schools, half-castes living as Maoris attending........119106225
Private schools for Europeans, Maoris attending........475299
Totals—Natives105851232083,6252,8906,515

Thus at the end of 1905 there were 2,231 schools of all classes at which members of the European and Maori races were being educated. This was an increase of 13 on the number in 1904. The public primary schools numbered 1,806 in 1905, against 1,785 in 1904. The number of aided or endowed colleges, grammar, and high schools was 27, the same number as in the previous year. The number of private schools from which returns were received by the Registrar-General was 291, a decrease of 4. There were also eleven industrial schools and orphanages, public and private, at which education was given, as well as a school for deafmutes subsidised by Government, and a school for the blind.

The number of schools established for the education of the Native or Maori race was 105, four less than in 1904.

Public (Government) Schools.

Compared with 1904, there was in 1905 an increase of 2,148 in the number of pupils belonging to the public schools at the end of the year, and the average attendance shows an increase of 3,759 for the whole year, and of 2,760 for the fourth quarter.

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND YEARLY INCREASE FROM 1877 TO 1905.

YearSchool Attendance.Yearly Increase on
Number belonging at Beginning of Year.Number belonging at End of year.Average Attendance*Average Attendance expressed as Percentage of Roll-number.Number belonging at Beginning of Year.Number belonging at End of Year.Average Attendance†
Fourth Quarter.Whole Year.Fourth Quarter.Whole Year.

* From 1877 to 1893 (inclusive) the “strict” average is given, and for subsequent years the “working” average.

† From 1877 to 1894 (inclusive) the increase on the “strict” average is given, and for subsequent years that on the “working” average.

1,877...55,688.....................
1,87850,84965,04049,43545,521......9,352......
1,87959,70775,56657,30153,06773.88,85810,5267,8667,546
1,88068,12482,40162,94660,62574.68,4176,8355,6457,558
1,88174,35983,56063,60961,82274.26,2351,159631,197
1,88276,30987,17966,42663,70973.61,9503,6193,4171,887
1,88379,41692,47670,07767,37374.03,1075,2973,6513,664
1,88484,88397,23874,65072,65775.15.4674,7624,5735,284
1,88590,870102,40780,18378,32776.65,7875,1695,5335,670
1,88695,377106,32883,36180,73776.14,7073,923,1782,410
1,88799,206110,91987,38685,63777.03,8294,5914,0254,900
1,888103,534112,68590,84990,10879.34,3281,7663,4634,471
1,889104,919115,45694,30893,37480.31,3852,7713,4593,266
1,890108,158117,91296,67094,63279.93,2392,4562,3621,258
1,891110,665119,52396,23497,05880.32,5071,611[-406]2,426
1,892112,279122,620100,91799,07080.61,6143,0974,6532,012
1,893114,305124,68699,87298,61578.52,0262,066[-1,045][-455]
1,894116,819127,300032104,99661.82,5142,6146,2794,875
1,895119,900129,856100,708108,39482.83,0812,5561,6763,398
1,896122,425131,037110,274110,51783.32,5251,1811,5662,123
1,897123,533132,197111,952112,32883.91,1081,1601,6781,811
1,898123,892131,621109,561111,63683.4359[-576][-2,391][-692]
1,899123,207131,315109,050110,31682.6[-685][-306][-511][-1,320]
1,900123,416130,724111,498111,74784.1209[-591]2,4481,431
1,901122,725131,351112,354111,79784.1[-691]62785650
1,902123,456132,262111,556113,71184.9731911[-798]1,914
1,903124,095133,568114,232113,04783.96391,3062,676[-664]
1,904125,150135,475117,965116,50685.51,0551,9073,7333,459
1,905126,653137,623120,725120,26586.91,5032,1382,7603,759

In the report of the Minister of Education the figures are thus commented upon:—

In the average of the weekly roll-numbers there is an increase of 2,189 for the year. The figures for 1904 were 136,282 and 138,471 for 1905. At the end of the year the number on the roll was 137,623, as against 135,475 for the previous year, an increase of 2,148.

Although the standard of regularity of attendance last year compared very favourably with that of any other country in the world, it was even higher for 1905–86.9 per cent., as compared with 85.5 per cent. for 1904, an increase of 1.4 per cent. In the first quarter the average daily attendance was 86.8 per cent. of the average weekly roll-number, in the second quarter 86.6 per cent., in the third quarter 86.9 per cent., and in the fourth 87.1 per cent.

The increase in total average attendance was as usual much greater last year in the North Island than in the South. In 1899 the average attendance for the South Island was 56,486; in 1900 this fell to 56,111, in 1901 to 55,358,a recovery in 1902 brought it up to 56,110, and a further fall in 1903 reduced it to 54,422. In spite of the increase of 1,061 for 1904, and an additional 549 for 1905, the South Island has still 454 less than it had in 1899.

As regards regularity of school attendance in the several parts of the colony, it is a very gratifying fact that there has been a marked improvement in every district in the colony. Otago, which ever since 1901 has stood at the head of the list, still maintains that position with the fine percentage of 89.7, 1.1 per cent. higher even than last year. Westland, with a percentage of 89.3, and South Canterbury, with 88.2, hold second and third places. Auckland, Wellington, and Wanganui have the highest percentages in the North Island. As a whole the South Island shows a greater degree of regularity of attendance than the North, the respective rates being 87.5 per cent. and 86.4 per cent. of the average weekly roll. In 1904 the figures were 86.5 per cent. and 84.6 per cent. respectively.

Education at the public schools is free (except that, at such as are also district high schools, fees are charged for the teaching of the higher branches) and purely secular. The attendance of all children between the ages of 7 and 14 is compulsory, except when special exemptions are granted, or a child is being otherwise sufficiently educated.

The subjects to be taught at the primary schools are required by the Education Act to be the following: Reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar and composition, geography, history (including civic instruction), elementary science and drawing, object-lessons, vocal music, physical instruction, moral instruction, nature-study, health, and (in the case of girls) sewing and needlework, the principles of domestic economy, also handwork for both sexes. Provision must also be made for the instruction in military drill of all boys in these schools.

A new syllabus of instruction was introduced in April, 1904, and arrangements made for the training of teachers; grants are voted, and a training-college is established at each of the four chief towns in the colony. There is also a vote for instruction of teachers in handwork for purposes of manual and technical instruction.

TRAINING OF TEACHERS.

For the training of teachers, secondary and primary, provision has been made by the establishment of a non-residential training college in each of the four chief centres of population—Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Wellington. Training institutions for primary teachers have for many years been in operation in Christ-church and Dunedin, satisfying the needs in this regard of their respective districts, and incidentally of the colony. Recently, the training arrangements of the colony have undergone reorganization, a more liberal financial provision has been made by Parliament, and two additional training institutions have been opened. Grants for new buildings urgently required for training purposes in Auckland and Wellington have been voted by Parliament; and towards a much-needed improvement in the accommodation at Dunedin active steps are also being taken. The four training colleges now in operation are calculated to provide adequate means of training on modern lines for a total of 320 students, and during the first quarter of 1906 220 students were actually in attendance, 28 at Auckland, 65 at Christchurch, 74 at Dunedin, and 53 at Wellington.

Connected with each training college is a normal or practising school, which includes, besides the ordinary classes of a public elementary school, a model “country” school of forty children and a secondary department. The secondary department affords opportunities of practical training to those who intend to take up secondary work either in the high schools or in the upper departments of district high schools.

According to the regulations adopted, students of a training college take English and other non-special subjects at the university college, and attend lectures in the methods of teaching and in the history and principles of education, under the principal, who is generally also by appointment the university college lecturer in education. Every one is required to take up at least one branch of science, special attention being directed to nature-study and elementary agriculture; and handwork of various forms suited to school purposes also receives a prominent place in the curriculum.

A pupil-teacher in any education district who has satisfactorily completed his term of service may enter at the training college most convenient for him, the complete course extending over two years. During this period he receives, in addition to the amount of his university college fees, a sum of £30 a year, with a further allowance of £30 if he is compelled to live away from home to attend the college. Advantages not quite so great are also offered to other qualified candidates who have not been pupil-teachers. Others again may be admitted for longer or shorter periods although they may for some time have been engaged in the practice of their profession.

The total annual cost of maintaining the four training colleges is approximately £23,000, a sum which includes, however, the cost of teaching 1,600 to 1,800 children in the practising schools, whose instructions would otherwise have to be provided for.

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF EDUCATION BOARDS.

The total income of the various Education Boards for the year 1905 was £649,722, including £1,380 of refunds, fines, &c. The grants by Government amounted to £641,025, including receipts from education reserves. These grants consist of payments to the Board of every district of a sum sufficient to pay the salaries of teachers and pupil-teachers in the district, and further payments of a sum of £250 per annum, together with a sum of 11s. 3d. per annum for each child in daily average attendance at a public school. (The Governor may by Order in Council declare that in lieu of the payments last named there shall be paid to the Boards a capitation allowance of 12s., and in addition £250 per annum to each Board having a daily average attendance of less than 8,000 children.) There is also a varying sum for the establishment and maintenance of normal or training schools, and for the support of such schools already established; also grants for school buildings and for technical education. The income from local receipts was £7,317.

The total expenditure in 1905 amounted to £658,030, of which the sum of £491,463, including £25,056 for manual and technical instruction, was laid out on the maintenance of the schools.

The receipts and expenditure of the Education Boards, numbering thirteen altogether, are tabulated below, with further particulars:—

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF EDUCATION BOARDS.

Receipts.£s.d.£s.d.
Balance, 1st January, 1905   29,230119
Government grants—
Rents from reserves49,23668   
Balance of grants for salaries of teachers and pupil-teachers376,75324   
Allowance at £250 and capitation73,50746   
Other grants11,688810   
Total for maintenance511,18524   
Scholarships and district high schools22,678115   
Manual and technical instruction20,7021411   
Buildings and teachers' house allowances86,458137   
Total from Government   641,02523
Local receipts—
Fees, donations, &c.6,07179   
Interest, rents, &c.1,245146   
    7,31723
Refunds, fines, &c.   1,38051
    78,95314
Expenditure.£s.d.£s.d.
Boards' administration   32,67500
Teachers' and pupil-teachers' salaries and pupil-teachers' lodging-allowances   426,343196
Incidental expenses of schools—
Ordinary33,043100   
Capitation at 9d.4,36958   
    37,412158
Salaries of relieving teachers   2,65026
Scholarships and secondary education   24,698111
Training of teachers   5,65747
Manual and technical instruction   25,055175
Buildings, house allowances, sites, &c.   101,582198
Refunds and sundries   1,953130
Balance, 31st December, 1905   20;92371
    £678,95314

TECHNICAL EDUCATION.

The Education Act of 1904 provides for public instruction in such manual and technical subjects as are set forth in the regulations thereunder. The same Act provides also for the instruction in elementary handwork of pupils attending primary or secondary schools. All classes recognised under the Act are eligible for grants in aid of necessary buildings, furniture, apparatus, and material, and for capitation, and subsidies of £1 for £1 on voluntary contributions.

During 1905 capitation was paid on attendances at classes for drawing (various branches), painting, modelling, design, wood-carving, architecture, cabinet - making, carpentry and joinery, plumbing, painters' and decorators' work, mechanical and electrical engineering, practical mathematics and mechanics, surveying, natural and experimental science (various branches), farriery and smithing, modern languages, mathematics, commercial subjects, cookery, laundry - work, dressmaking, millinery, tailoring, wool-sorting, and vocal music.

Special annual grants are made to Education Boards for the maintenance of training classes for teachers in subjects of manual and technical instruction prescribed for school classes.

Provision has also been made for free technical education. Persons complying with the conditions prescribed by the regulations are entitled to hold junior free places at technical schools or classes. These free places are tenable for two years, and may be continued under certain conditions for three years more as senior free places. In order that the substratum on which technical education is based may be sound, it is made a condition of the tenure of junior free places that the holders shall receive instruction in one or more subjects of general instruction, such as English and arithmetic or some other branch of mathematics, in addition to instruction in technical subjects. Holders of senior free places are required to take up definite courses of technical instruction. Over 1,000 persons qualified for free technical instruction during the year.

The controlling authorities of classes for manual and technical instruction are Education Boards, governing bodies of secondary schools and university colleges, and, in the case of certain classes in existence before the passing of the Act of 1904, the managers of those classes. School classes, or classes held in connection with primary or secondary schools, are under the control of the Education Boards or of the governing bodies respectively. “Special classes”—that is, continuation classes, and classes for manual or technical instruction—are established and controlled by the same bodies. “College classes” are classes for higher technical instruction established and controlled by the governing body of a university college. Classes may also be established by Borough Councils, County Councils, and other local authorities acting jointly with an Education Board or university college; these are called “associated classes,” and all the contributing bodies may have a voice, according to the share of the cost of maintenance borne by them, in the election of managers for the classes. It is worthy of note, but not yet perhaps generally understood, that the Act and regulations thereunder offer just as great inducements for the establishment of classes for dairy-work and for agricultural instruction as for other classes for technical instruction; even more, perhaps, for in certain cases capitation may be paid to country classes at one and a half times the rate paid to town classes. There is now really nothing to prevent any district or any body of persons in a district from starting classes under the Act and securing grants sufficient to equip and carry on the classes, unless it be the comparatively small number of thoroughly competent instructors that are to be obtained. This, however, is an evil that is being gradually removed as those who have been attending training classes for teachers in these subjects become qualified. The Education Department conducts every year examinations on behalf of the Board of Education, South Kensington (science and art subjects), and the City and Guilds of London Institute (technological subjects). In 1905 examinations were held at thirteen centres. At the science and art examinations, 372 out of 583 candidates who presented themselves for examination in various subjects were successful. At the technological examinations 165 candidates passed out of a total of 198. The Institute reported that the number of separate subjects in which candidates are examined increases from year to year, and likewise the number of centres from which candidates are drawn, also that some of the papers sent from New Zealand for examination, particularly those in plumbing, were of a high order of excellence. The percentage of failures in New Zealand is less than in England, although a smaller proportion of colonial students qualify in the honours grade.

The subjects taken up in classes in connection with primary and secondary schools included cookery, woodwork, elementary practical agriculture, dairy-work, swimming and life-saving, first aid and ambulance, dressmaking, and laundry-work, and elementary practical physics and chemistry.

In connection with the Canterbury College there is an endowed School of Engineering and Technical Science, providing for courses for the university degree of B.Sc. in mechanical, electrical or civil engineering, or for the associateship in engineering. One hundred and seventy-two students attended in 1905.

The Canterbury Agricultural College has an endowment of 62,000 acres of land, of the rental value of £1,500 per annum, and possesses extensive buildings, and an experimental farm of a very complete character. The institution offers an opportunity to acquire a thorough knowledge of the science and practice of agriculture. Two years' residence at the college is accepted by the University of New Zealand as part of the curriculum qualifying for the degree of B.Sc. in agriculture. The college accommodates forty students.

There are several Schools of Mines located in districts in which mining is actively carried on, and the Otago University maintains a professorial chair of mining and metallurgy, to which the Government makes an annual grant of £500. The number of students in mining in 1904 was about 300.

With the view of encouraging attendance at recognised technical schools and classes, arrangements have been made with the Railway Department by which students attending classes registered with the Minister of Education may obtain railway tickets at special rates. Free railway tickets are issued to holders of free places at technical schools.

In the twenty-ninth annual report, the Minister of Education remarks as follows on manual training and technical instruction:—

Satisfactory progress continues to be made by controlling authorities in the various education districts in respect of matters connected with manual and technical instruction. In several centres in which more or less adequate provision for instruction was already made, the work of elaborating and extending facilities for efficient instruction adapted to the varying needs of the community has proceeded vigorously throughout the year with the assistance of Government grants. The efforts thus made have resulted in a marked improvement not only in the range and character of the instruction, but also in the efficiency of the accommodation and equipment for classes. It is true that much remains to be done, yet it may be said that the larger technical and art schools are, as far as available funds and other circumstances will allow, slowly but surely becoming institutions worthy of the important work for which they are designed. During the year provision has also been made by the Government for the erection and equipment of buildings in several centres which hitherto have been without any adequate facilities for manual and technical instruction, and in which a well-grounded demand for such instruction has been manifested. On the whole it may be said that good use has been made of the facilities provided; especially has this been so in the case of the central schools for the instruction of schoolchildren in cookery and woodwork, which are now in operation in several education districts.

A feature of the year's work has been the successful establishment in certain centres of day technical classes. The formation of these classes is the direct outcome of the provision made by the Government for free technical education. There is little doubt that these classes will have a distinctly beneficial effect on the work of the evening classes, if only for the reason that graded courses of work rather than isolated classes are an important feature of them. The sooner those in charge of technical classes are able to see their way to break away altogether from the idea of the class for this or that subject, and to substitute therefor the idea of graded courses adapted to this or that industry or pursuit, the sooner will the technical schools be in a position to fulfil their proper functions to a greater extent than is now possible. It is gratifying to note that in spite of the many real difficulties in the way the efforts now being made in this direction have not been altogether without avail. In the larger centres, especially, not a little has been accomplished in the way of providing more or less complete courses in mechanical and electrical engineering, and in plumbing and other subjects connected with the building trade.

There are signs, too, that employers are beginning to realise here, as they are realising in the Old Country, that it is to their advantage to encourage their employees to avail themselves of the opportunities now being provided for systematic instruction in the principles that underlie the various trades and industries, and that those who have received such instruction compare not unfavourably with those who have not. To the realisation of these important facts is probably due the increased interest that many local bodies and associations are now taking in the institutions devoted to technical instruction. Further evidence of this interest is to be found in the steadily increasing amounts paid by the Government by way of subsidies on voluntary contributions to technical classes.

The number of technical, continuation, and school classes recognised during the year under the regulations tax manual and technical instruction was 3,945, as against 2,599 for the previous year. Of the classes for 1905, 3,041 were classes for instruction in various forms of handwork in connection with over 850 primary and secondary schools, while 904 were special, associated, or college classes for instruction in various subjects of science, art, and technology. Technical classes were held at about fifty-five different places. As regards school classes, the subjects of cookery for girls and woodwork for boys are receiving considerable attention. During the year 192 cookery classes and 177 woodwork classes were in operation, while at the technological examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute, thirty-one public-school teachers passed the examination in cookery and fifty that in woodwork.

There is still only one education district in which school classes for dairying have been carried on. It is to be hoped that the movement now in progress in various parts of the colony in the direction of providing facilities for instruction in subjects pertaining to agricultural and pastoral pursuits will accelerate the establishment in other districts of classes for instruction in a subject that has such an important bearing on the welfare of the community at large.

In this connection it is pleasing to be able to record a considerable increase in the number of classes in connection with public schools for practical instruction in elementary agriculture. During the year 102 classes in ten education districts were recognised as against 47 in six districts in the previous year. Several Education Boards have also taken steps to appoint special instructors in agriculture, whose chief work at first, at all events, will be the training of teachers and the supervision of the practical instruction in the schools.

Education Boards have been enabled by means of Government grants to continue to arrange for special training classes for teachers in the various forms of handwork suitable for public schools. On the whole the arrangements made have been satisfactory, and the classes well and regularly attended. The curriculum of the training colleges in the four large centres also provides for training in handwork.

Over 1,000 persons qualified for free instruction at technical schools under the regulations. This number, which is greater by 200 than that for 1904, will, it is anticipated, be nearly doubled in 1906. Under these regulations it is possible for pupils at the conclusion of their public school course to receive free technical instruction for five years. They are thus enabled to proceed without a break from the primary school through a fairly complete technical course with advantage both to themselves and to their instructors.

The total expenditure by the Government on manual and technical instruction for 1905 was £34,775 10s. 11d. The details are as follows: Capitation on all classes, £18,216 9s. 3d.; grants for buildings and equipment, £9,115 5s. 10d.; grants for material for class use, £514 19s. 1d.; subsidies on voluntary contributions, £1,443 8s. 6d.; technical training of teachers, £1,900; railway fares of instructors and students, £466 13s. 11d.; expenses in connection with the examinations of the Board of Education, South Kensington, and of the City and Guilds of London Institute, £461 6s. 7d.; inspection, £984 6s. 9d.; scholarships and free places, £1,633 12s. 8d.; sundries, £39 8s. 4d. The sum of £125 14s was recovered by way of examination fees and from sale of material used at examinations, leaving a net expenditure of £34,649 16s. 11d.

MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION, 1905.—SCHOOL CLASSES.

Controlling Authority.Subjects of Instruction and Number of Classes in each Subject.
Total Number of Schools.Elementary Handwork.Drawing in Light and Shade (Black-board Drawing).Elementary Design and Colour Work.Cookery.Dressmaking.Needlework.Woodwork.Chemistry.Physics.Botany.Elementary Agriculture.Elementary Physiology, Health, and First-aid.Swimming and Life saving.Dairying.Elementary Physical Measurements.Totals
Education Board, Auckland Board of Governors, High School, Thames108280188168...16703...17146 1592
Board of Governors, High School, Thames1.........11......2.....................4
Board of Governors, High School, Whangarei1.........1......1........................2
Education Board, Taranaki43851718...1132...33102...3...157
Board of Governors, High School, New Plymouth1...2......1..............................3
Education Board, Wanganui9512299256331103...11714......322
Board of Governors, High1.........2......253..................12
Education Board, Wellington104204257124119...2...1141......1363
Board of Governors, Wellington Boys' and Girls' Colleges—
Girls' College1...4.....................4...............8
Education Board, Hawke's Bay3545819181652118...421......148
Education Board, Marlborough1631...56...3............24.........148
Board of Governors, High School, Blenheim1........................44...............6
Education Board, Nelson44677623141............1710......127
Board of Governors, Nelson Colleges—
Boys' College1................................................
Girls' College1.........3.................................3
Education Board, Grey314..........................................14
Education Board, Westland815......2...21........................20
Education Board, North Canterbury1102392171212824.........1......25......349
Board of Governors, Canterbury College—
Boys' High School1..................3...1..................4
Girls' High School1...3...22.........23...11......14
Board of Governors, Ashburton High School1............2...2........................4
Education Board, South Canterbury5079713821792...4212......146
Board of Governors, Timaru High Schools—
Boys' High School1..................2...............1......3
Girls' High School1.........12............4...............7
Education Board, Otago82963323...24221......2423...14215
Board of Governors, Otago High Schools—
Girls' High School1.........3.................................3
Education Board, Southland1383301433622327.........12.........447
Board of Governors, Southland High Schools—
Boys' High School1.....................21.........2......5
Girls' High School1...2...4...............3...21......12
Totals8521,607211291192572041772122268236963163,041

MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION, 1905.—SPECIAL, ASSOCIATED, AND COLLEGE CLASSES.

School or Classes.Subjects of Instruction, and Average Attendance.
Number of Classes.Freehand (from the Flat and Round), Light and Shade.Plane and Solid Geometry, Perspective Practical Geometry.Design and Ornament.Drawing, Modelling, and Painting from Antique and Nature.Architecture and Building-construction.Mechanical Drawing and Machine-construction.Practical Mechanics and Mathematics. Surveying.Mechanical and Electrical Engineering.Engine-driving.Smithing and Farriery.Experimental and Natural Science (Chemistry, Physics, Botany, Photography).Woodwork and Ironwork.Wood-carving, Modelling, and Repousse Work.Carpentry and Joinery, Cabinetmaking, Painters' and Decorators' Work, Coachbuilding.Plumbing and Tinsmiths' Work, Iron and Brass Moulding.Cookery and Laundry-work, Dressmaking, Millinery, Tailoring.Wool-sorting.Commercial Subjects.English, Latin, French, German, Maori, Arithmetic.Singing and Elocution.Training-classes for Teachers in Elementary Handwork.Training-classes for Teachers in Drawing.Training-classes for Teachers in Elementary Agriculture and Nature Study.
Auckland Education Board—
Technical School, Auckland905014....3041..2922033....487583..257107..34164..
Technical classes, Onehunga36............................19..6..........
Technical classes, Dargaville1415....17..........................845........
Technical classes, Thames3018..9....2012........52114..43..27159........
Technical classes, Whangarei3314..........7......2612..6..48167981..26....
Continuation classes, Orere................................................
“Elam” School of Art1739432..76......................................
Taranaki Education Board—
Technical classes, New Plymouth1311......5..................516..2625..42..28
Technical classes, Stratford1316......................10....13..1269..19..31
Wanganui Education Board—
Technical School, Wanganui594830..30129........20955131936..250349..8....
Technical School, Palmerston N.10344..16..2............................15....
Technical School, Hawera1222..................458....12..3258........
Technical classes, Waverley1........................12....................
Technical classes, Hunterville3........................10....................
Technical classes, Marton2........................................510..
Wellington Education Board—                        
Technical School, Wellington11327129416429478069....65323346318..990181....137..
Technical classes, Wellington1........................................17....
Technical classes, Masterton2..........................................44..
Technical classes, Carterton513..........................5....1915........
Technical classes, Pahiatua1..........................................5..
Technical classes, Greytown................................................
Petone Technical Classes Association6......5..12..................11..720........
Masterton Technical Classes Association1518....149..........1223..196....3125........
Hawke's Bay Education Board—
Technical School, Napier1627....5....................928..1612..14080..
Technical classes, Hastings2..........................7......7..........
Technical classes, Dannevirke816....22....................710..18......16..
Board of Governors, Gisborne High School—
Technical classes10......................10....541..105..26....
Marlborough Education Board—                        
Technical classes, Blenheim13........................................252163..
Technical classes, Havelock1........................................6....
Technical classes, Okaramio1..............................9..............
Technical classes, Canvastown4..9................9..............8........
Continuation classes, Saratoga................................................
Nelson Education Board—
Technical classes, Nelson159......1212..........198..68..315615182..19
Technical classes, Westport7..............................36..13......85..
Technical classes, Reefton1..........................................24..
Grey Education Board—
Technical classes, Greymouth1............................................25
Westland Education Board—
Technical classes, Hokitika4..............................47........20....
Technical classes, Kumara1......................19......................
Board of Governors, Cant. Coll.—
School of Art, Christchurch4921353247936........4531..................    
School of Engineering, Ch'ch404752......6467279..............................
School of Domestic Instruction, Christchurch9..............................130..............
N. Canterbury Education Board—
Christchurch Tech. Classes Ass'n17..18......................151026..15799........
Tech. classes, Normal Sch., Ch'ch3........................................4531..
Technical classes, Ashburton4......................5......32..............
Technical classes, Kaiapoi4......................98....29..............
Technical classes, Leeston and Doyleston4......................146....17..............
Technical classes, Southbridge2..............................19..............
Technical classes, Lincoln1..............................10..............
Continuation classes, West Christchurch School4..................................120..........
Lyttelton associated classes3..............................38..............
Rangiora associated classes3............................53................
S. Canterbury Education Board—......................................     
Timaru Technical Classes Ass'n167....49............2613..1431..969........
Waimate Tech. Classes Ass'n1915..................82713....391724114........
Temuka Tech. Classes Ass'n10....................1414......777749..........
Technical classes, Timaru4........................................153....
Technical classes, Waimate3..........................................5169
Otago Education Board—
School of Art, Dunedin5415858148613..............46..............21....
Technical School, Dunedin53..........642....72..2722..114..498273..........
Technical classes, Dunedin7......................17................46..80
Technical classes, Port Chalmers................................................
Oamaru Technical Classes Ass'n2014......................10..10105..12440........
Technical classes, Kaitangata1..................................12..........
Technical classes, Mosgiel1..............................16................
Technical classes, Outram1..............................15..............
Technical classes, Milton2..............................19..............
Southland Education Board—
Technical School, Invercargill348....131316........2712167..60..52131..1458112
Technical classes, Gore5......................7..................7050
Technical classes, Mataura................................................
Country continuation classes4..................................31..........
Totals9041,44431188431168229208377220231286331216281,308403,5391,641151,071895514

The following table shows the results of the examinations conducted in the colony on behalf of the Board of Education, South Kensington, and the City and Guilds of London Institute:—

ART AND SCIENCE EXAMINATIONS, 1905.
[“C” represents candidates; “P” passes.]
Subjects of Examination.Auckland.Thames.Wanganui.Palmerston North.Wellington.Masterton.Napier.Greymouth.Christchurch.Dunedin.Invercargill.Totals.
 CPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCP
Art—                        
    Freehand drawing5848......94543371331010463651138100
    Model drawing4120......625533102210223012829948
    Geometrical drawing1310......531131..................3354103122
    Perspective drawing33..................32..................1075......1410
    Blackboard drawing334............22............2110......10......397
    Drawing in light and shade55............43444042......2286203322
    Memory drawing of plant-form11..................33......22............44......1010
    Drawing common objects from memory..................11............42........................53
    Drawing from life........................55..................1133......99
    Painting from still life..................21337032............5110217
    Painting ornament........................2220..............................42
    Principles of ornament........................21........................20......41
    Design........................434122............43......149
    Anatomy........................32..................1122......65
    Drawing from the antique................................................1111......22
    Modelling the head........................2110..................11......42
    Modelling design...........................10....................................10
    Architecture................................................1022......32
    Students' works............10......104......31............52......197
Science—                        
    Practical plane and solid geometry........................11..................2153......85
    Machine construction and drawing2421......11......1110..................86......3529
    Building construction and drawing77......32......322022......2299......2824
    Mathematics.........54......11...........................11......76
    Applied mechanics43......11..............................1042......106
    Steam44......11......11........................11......77
    Practical mathematics33............................................................33
    Theoretical inorganic chemistry.........43.......................................11......54
    Practical inorganic chemistry......................................................11......11
    Magnetism and electricity449753...........................11...............1915
    Botany......................................................11......11
    Physiography.........11...................................................11
    Human physiology.............................................11...............11
    Hygiene.............................................11...............11
        Totals200133974225201757433022719631813157107173583372
TECHNOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS, 1905
Subjects of Examinations.Auckland.Thames.Waihi.Stratford.Wanganui.Wellington.Masterton.Napier.Hokitika.Christchurch.Timaru.Dunedin.Invercargill.Totals.

* A bronze medal was gained by a Thames student.

 CPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCPCP
Plumbers' work (preliminary)1512........................................................................1512
Principles of plumbing (ordinary)87..................66222211..............................1918
Principles of plumbing (honours)21..................1...................................................32
Plumbers' work, practical (honours)21..................1...................................................31
Plumbers' work, practical (ordinary)99..................2154112.................................1915
Plumbers' work, (honours)22........................................................................22
Carpentry and joinery (preliminary)107........................................................................107
Carpentry and joinery (ordinary)11....................................21..................22......54
Cabinetmaking (ordinary)11........................................................................11
Mechanical engineering (ordinary), Part I32............................................................21......53
Mechanical engineering (ordinary), Part II1...........................11..........................................21
Electric light and power (preliminary)223122............11..........................................86
Electric light and power ordinary......*3211............1.............................................53
Wiremen's work..............................11..........................................11
Electric light and power (honours)......................................................1.........11......21
Telegraphy and telephony (ordinary)...........................................................................1111
Telegraphy (honours)..............................11..............................1.........21
Gas-manufacture (ordinary)..............................11..........................................11
Gas-manufacture (honours)........................11................................................11
Rail-carriage building (ordinary)..............................11..........................................11
Painters' and decorators' work (ordinary)......................................................11..................11
Flour-milling (ordinary)..................................................................11......11
Woodwork, first year33............1133..................11111212......332424
Woodwork, final99..................11............33......22......99222626
Plain cookery99................................................95......11111164031
        Totals776663331115131412338511149121227251712198165

The expenditure for the year is given in detail:—

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE BY GOVERNMENT ON MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR YEAR ENDING 31ST DECEMBER, 1905.
    £s.d.
Capitation   18,21693
Subsidy of £1 for £1 on contributions   1,44386
Grants—£s.d.   
    Buildings and apparatus9,115510   
    Class material514191   
    9,630411
    Training of Teachers—      
        Auckland Education Board25000   
        Taranaki10000   
        Wellington20000   
        Hawke's Bay15000   
        Marlborough7500   
        Nelson12500   
        Grey7500   
        North Canterbury32500   
        South Canterbury12500   
        Otago32500   
        Southland15000   
    1,90000
Railway fares of instructors of training-classes   423311
Railway fares of students attending registered classes   43100
Expenses in connection with Examinations—      
 £s.d.   
Science and Art Board of Education, South Kensington2111510   
City and Guilds of London Institute249109   
    46167
Inspectors—      
    Salaries72500   
    Travelling-expenses25969   
    98469
Scholarships   1,633128
Specimens of wood-carving   3090
Sundries   8194
    34,7751011
Less recoveries (examination fees, £121 10s.; proceeds of sale of material used at examination, £4 4s.)   125140
Total   £34,6491611

SECONDARY OR SUPERIOR SCHOOLS.

There were 27 subsidised or endowed schools for higher education in December, 1905. The names of these secondary schools, with the numbers of pupils on the rolls in the last term or quarter of the year, and the fees charged, are stated further on. These schools must not be confused with the district high schools, although they nearly all admit to free places holders of Education Board Scholarships and of National or Queen's Scholarships, besides all who gain certificates of proficiency within prescribed limits of age, &c. There are grants payable under the Secondary Schools Act varying from £4 to £10 15s. for each free place, according as the net income from endowments is small or great. This is a modification of the grants previously authorised, which were at the uniform rate of £6. The number of endowed secondary-schools giving free tuition to all qualified pupils at the end of 1905 was 21, and the number of pupils holding free places was 1949. There were besides about 428 holders of scholarships and exhibitions given by these schools, or by Boards of Education, or by the secondary schools not coming under the conditions. It will be noticed that the pupils numbered, altogether 4,060. A table showing the attendance and fees at certain Secondary schools is given on the opposite page.

In six cases no secondary school is maintained by the governing body: these are the Auckland Girls' High School, Gisborne High School, Greymouth High School, Hokitika High School, Akaroa High School, and Waimate High School; but in all cases the funds are applied, m whole or in part, to the establishment of scholarships or in aid of local district high schools or other secondary schools.

Under the regulations for free places at secondary schools and district high schools, free places in such schools were divided into two series, junior and senior, the former being tenable for two years or till the age of seventeen, the latter till the age of nineteen. Boys and girls who qualify for scholarships, whether they obtain scholarships or not, are entitled to junior free places, and all who pass the special examination for free places, whether they are under fourteen years of age or not, are also participants in the privilege. With respect to such candidates the age-limit is thus practically abolished. Junior free places may again be obtained not only by all those who gain certificates of proficiency and satisfy the conditions of age, but also by those who gain certificates of proficiency and are over fourteen, provided that the number of the last-named admitted to any secondary school does not exceed 10 per cent. of the whole number of pupils.

In like manner all who pass the Matriculation Examination of the University, or who gain credit at the Civil Service Junior Examination, are admitted to senior free places whether they are over sixteen or not, while the same privilege is granted to those who qualify for senior scholarships of the Education Boards, and to those who secure a bare pass in the Civil Service Junior Examination, if their age does not exceed sixteen.

There is no age-limit for admission to a junior free place in a district high school or a technical school.

ATTENDANCE AND FEES AT CERTAIN SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

Schools.Staff.Attendance for Last Term or Quarter of 1905.Number of Boarders.Annual Rates of Fees.
Regular.Part-time.Under 12 Years.12 to 15.15 to 18.Over 18 Years.Total (Roll).For Ordinary Day-school Course.For Board, exclusive of Day-school Tuition.
         £ s. d.£ s. d.
Whangarei High School3...b.
g.
24
15
11
4
...35
19
...8 8 0...
Auckland Grammar School172b.
g.
155
84
121
52
4 11280
147
...10 10 0
8  8 0
...
Thames High School3...b. 1
g.
14
11
13
8
...
1
28
20
...8 8 0...
New Plymouth High School52b.
g.
21
18
22
25
144
44
...6 6 0...
Wanganui Girls' College115125969181585510 10 0
8  8 0
40 0 0
Wanganui Collegiate School13...2381301218212612 0 045 0 0
Palmerston North High School62b.
g.
47
28
58
25
6
1
111 54...10 0 0...
Wellington College (Boys')14...381204203088211 17 942 0 0
Wellington Girls' High School9...5481114168...13 3 0
10 12 0
...
Napier Boys' High School6111505021133110 4 040 0 0
Napier Girls' High School6213236611031610 4 040 0 0
Marlborough High School42b.
g.
32
20
20
25
4
1
56
46
...8 11 0...
Nelson College (Boys')82556105131795410 10 0
8  8 0
40 0 0
Nelson Girls' College8113575691351910 10 0
8 8 0
40 0 0
Christchurch Boys' HighSchool125481939190...10 10 0
7 10 0
Christchurch Girls' High88189733166...12 12 0
9 9 0
...
Christ's College Grammar School12338848162096914 3 6
11 0 6
7 17 6
34 0 0
42 0 0
Rangiora High School3...b.
g.
19
21
16
16
..35
37
...9 9 0...
Ashburton High School4...b.
g.
28
25
15
15
... 143
41
...6 6 0...
Timaru Boys' High School42...4150293...9 0 0
7 0 0
...
Timaru Girls' High School42...3043578...9 0 0
7 0 0
...
Waitaki Boys' High School41...54564114647 10 042 18 0
Waitaki Girls' High School31...2722453...7 10 0...
Otago Boys' High School94...159141113112110 0 043 10 0
Otago Girls' High School93...94946194...10 0 0...
Southland Boys' High School51180541136...10 0 0...
Southland Girls' High School52...63634130...10 0 0...
Totals19551b.65
g.44
1,064
712
1,243
767
95
70
2,467
1,593
537......

Income and Expenditure of Secondary or Superior Schools.

A summary of the accounts of income and expenditure for the year 1905, as furnished by the governing bodies of the secondary or superior schools in the colony, shows the total receipts to have been £95,225. To this total, rents of reserves contributed £24,284; interest on investments, and other receipts from endowments, £7,392; fees, £29,575; Government payment for technical instruction, £899; for free places, £13,239; and miscellaneous, £19,836.

The total expenditure amounted to £90,344, of which sum office management and expenses absorbed £3,130; teachers' salaries, £45,815; scholarships and prizes, £2,027; buildings, furniture, insurance, rates, and rent, &c., £19,744; and other expenditure, £19,628.

A summary of the accounts for the year 1905, exhibiting further details, is given below:—

SECONDARY OR SUPERIOR SCHOOLS, 1905.

Receipts.
 £a.d.
To Credit balances on 1st January, 190533,43695
    Endowment reserves sold and mortgage moneys repaid3,506132
    Rent of reserves24,28463
    Interest on moneys invested3,884150
    Reserves Commissioners' payments3,951151
    Government payments—   
    For technical instruction898161
    For free places13,238143
    School fees (tuition)23,291124
    Boarding-school fees6,283177
    Books, &c., sold, and refunds1,128159
    Sundries not classified14,756114
    Debit balances, 31st December, 190548034
 £129,14297
Expenditure.
 £s.d.
By Liabilities on 1st January, 19052,15368
    Expenses of management3,129135
    School salaries45,814152
    Boarding-school accounts5,883187
    Examination expenses369196
    Scholarships and prizes2,02725
    Printing, stationery, fuel, light, &c.3,987911
    Buildings, furniture, insurance, rent, and rates19,743187
    Expenditure on endowments3,16523
    Interest859410
    Sundries not classified3,21046
    Credit balances, 31st December, 190538,797139
 £129,14297

District High Schools.

Besides 1,949 qualified pupils receiving free tuition at secondary schools, there were 2,872 pupils receiving secondary education in secondary classes belonging to the district high schools at the end of the year 1905.

A table is given showing the number of qualified pupils attending these district high schools on the 31st December, 1905—viz., 2,872.

STAFF, SALARIES, ATTENDANCE, AND PAYMENTS AT DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOLS.

Education District.Number of Schools.Number of Teachers.Amount Paid in Salaries.Number of Pupils.Amount paid by Government to Education
Boards during the Year.
M.F.Total.Capitation.Grants in Aid.Total.

* Including 21 boys and 7 girls who had not passed Standard VI.

† Including 1 boy and 5 girls who bad not passed Standard VI.

   £s.d.   £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Auckland9162,0191501871813681,693002621001,955100
Taranaki1441215438246232250300035250
Wanganui5111,197170176117293*946150184001,130150
Wellington9212,11964295291586†1,90800306302,21430
Hawke's Bay461,0240010712523289000120001,01000
Nelson346047049591083891009000479100
Grey1327614598171431003000173100
Westland163750019203920850300023850
North Canterbury9202,3895112821884702,1271842901802,418164
South Canterbury411986009410119583410011210094700
Otago10281,829062691823911,633150300001,933150
Southland376202144671114711509000561150
Totals for 19055913713,854371,5091,3632,87211,569341,8461013,41544
Totals for 19045211711,0339111,2071,1232,3308,6753111,45515310,130192

It will be noticed that there is a substantial increase in the number of pupils during he year 1905 who received free instruction in secondary subjects, and that the schools performing the function increased from 52 to 59 in number.

NEW ZEALAND UNIVERSITY.

The introduction of university education into New Zealand was effected by the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Otago, who in 1869 passed an Ordinance under which the University of Otago was established. Following closely on the founding of this institution was the establishment of the University of New Zealand under an Act of the General Assembly, “The New Zealand University Act, 1870.” This University subsequently received a Royal charter, whereby the degrees which it confers are declared entitled to “rank, precedence, and consideration” throughout the British Empire “as fully as if the said degrees had been conferred by any university of the United Kingdom.” It was apparently contemplated by Parliament (vide section 19 of the Act last quoted) that the New Zealand University and the Otago University should be amalgamated; but the negotiations for this purpose having failed, the two institutions remained for some time distinct bodies. In the year 1874, however, the University of Otago surrendered or put in abeyance its power of conferring degrees, and became affiliated to the University of New Zealand, and at the same time it was stipulated that the University of New Zealand should not directly exercise functions of teaching.

“The New Zealand University Act, 1874,” which repealed the statute of 1870, gave power to the Senate to confer, after examination, the several degrees of Bachelor and Master in Arts, Bachelor and Doctor in Law, Science, Medicine, Music, and also in such other departments of knowledge, except theology, as might be determined by the said Senate in the future.

By statute passed in 1904 further powers were given to confer the degrees of Doctor of Literature; Master of Laws; Master of Surgery; Master of Science; and Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of (a) Veterinary Science, (b) Dental Surgery, (c) Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, Metallurgical, Naval Architecture); (d) Agriculture, (e) Public Health, (f) Commerce.

Powers are granted to confer also ad eundem degrees.

In 1902 an Amendment Act was passed reconstituting the Senate, which now consists of twenty-four members or Fellows, five to be elected by each of the four University College districts—that is to say, two by each governing body, two by each District Court of Convocation, and one by each Professorial Board. The remaining four members are nominated by the Governor in Council.

In the year 1873 the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Canterbury passed an Ordinance for founding “The Canterbury College,” and the college was accordingly established with the same standard of university education as that of the University of Otago, but without the power of conferring degrees. It was affiliated to the University of New Zealand.

In December, 1878, a Royal Commission on University and Secondary Education was appointed by the Governor, which met in July, 1879, and reported that two colleges, with an income of £4,000 each, ought to be established in Auckland and Wellington, and that suitable buildings, at a cost of £12,500 each, should be erected in those cities. In the following year the Royal Commission repeated these recommendations.

“The Auckland University College Act, 1882,” which became law on the 13th September in that year, definitely established the college, and endowed it with a statutory grant of £4,000 per annum. By “The Auckland University College Reserves Act, 1885,” three blocks of land, containing about 10,000 acres each, and a block containing about 354 acres, which had been devoted to the purpose of promoting higher education in the Province of Auckland, became vested in the Council of the University College.

The Auckland University College was affiliated to the University of New Zealand by the Senate of the University on the 6th March, 1883, and on the 21st May in the same year the college was opened by the Governor.

Nothing was done for Wellington until the year 1894, when an Act was passed entitled “The Middle District of New Zealand University College Act, 1894,” which said, “There shall be established in the City of Wellington a college to be connected with the University of New Zealand,” and provision was made for a governing body to be called the Council, but no provision was made for any pecuniary grant nor any endowment, and, though certain members of the Council were appointed, nothing could be done for want of funds.

Not until 1897 were the needs of Wellington actually attended to. In the session of Parliament of that year the late Right Hon. Mr. Seddon, P.C., then Premier of the colony, introduced the Victoria College Act: an Act, as stated in the preamble, “to promote higher education by the establishment of a college at Wellington in commemoration of the sixtieth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria,” the college being intended to embrace in its work the Provincial Districts of Wellington, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, and Westland. The Act was passed on the 22nd December, 1897, and the Council was formed as provided in the Act, and the work of organization was begun. The Act provides for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of a grant of £4,000 a year, and also requires the Council to give six scholarships each year, called “Queen's Scholarships,” to persons of either sex under the age of fourteen years, upon the results of an examination under such conditions as the Council may provide. The Act further sets apart a parcel of land 4,000 acres in extent in the Nukumaru Survey District (Wellington Provincial District) as an endowment for the College.

The Council of the College has established eight chairs: classics, English, mathematics and mathematical physics, chemistry and physics, biology, law (two), and modern languages; and lectureships in mental science, history, general history, and political economy. It is intended as funds allow to add other subjects.

The New Zealand University is not a teaching body, as above explained, undergraduates hitherto for the most part keeping their terms at one or other of the affiliated institutions—the Auckland University College, the Victoria College, the Canterbury College, and the University of Otago—each of which has now a staff of professors and lecturers. On the 1st June, 1906, the number of graduates who had obtained direct degrees was 1,083.

The number of undergraduates on the roll of the University at that date was 3,342 (exclusive of such as had not performed any academical act for a period of ten years), but only 1,488 were keeping terms (not including undergraduates who had not, in the last three years, entered at a college or come up for any college or university examination), of whom 924 were males and 564 females. One hundred and seventeen of the males and thirty-two of the females were medical students. The numbers of students attending lectures at the affiliated institutions during the year 1905 were as follow: At the Auckland University College, 141 matriculated and 88 non-matriculated; at Canterbury College, 200 matriculated and 77 non-matriculated; at the Otago University, 278 matriculated and 31 non-matriculated. The Victoria College, before mentioned, affords further facilities for university students, and in June, 1906, had a total of 338 students on the roll—279 matriculated and 59 non-matriculated.

The names of the officers forming the controlling body of the New Zealand University for the year 1906 were:—

VISITOR.
His Excellency the Governor.
UNIVERSITY OFFICERS.
Chancellor (1903), Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G.
Vice-Chancellor (1903), Charles Christopher Bowen.
Registrar (1899), John William Joynt, M.A., Dublin.
Assistant-Registrar (1904), Barclay Hector.
Office: Wellington.
THE SENATE.
First appointed.

(a) Retired (in accordance with the Act) in 1903, re-elected 1903.

(b) Retired 1882, re-elected in 1888; retired (in accordance with the Act) in 1903, re-elected 1903.

(c) Retired (in accordance with the Act) in 1903, re-elected 1906.

    1903. Frederick Ehrenfried Baume, LL.B., N.Z.
(b) 1881. Charles Christopher Bowen.
(a) 1883. Frederick Douglas Brown, M.A., B.Sc., Oxon.
    1877. John Macmillan Brown, M.A., Glasg.
    1903. John Rankine Brown, M.A., Oxon.
(a) 1902. The Reverend Andrew Cameron, B.A., N.Z.
(c) 1899. Louis Cohen, M.A., N.Z.
    1904. William Edward Collins, M.B., Lond.; M.R.C.S., Eng.
(a) 1884. Charles Henry Herbert Cook, M.A., Cantab.
    1903. The Reverend William Albert Evans.
(a) 1883. Frederick Fitchett, M.A., LL.D., N.Z.
    1903. Henry Andrew Gordon, F.G.S. A.M.I.C.E.
(a) 1888. James Hay, M.A., LL.B., N.Z.
    1903. George Hogben, M.A., Cantab.
(a) 1901. Richard Cockburn Maclaurin, M.A., LL.D., Cantab., M.A., N.Z.
    1903. William Chisholm Wilson McDowell, B.A., M.B., C.M., Edin.
(a) 1879. Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt., M.A., LL.D., Dublin.
(a) 1877. George Samuel Sale, M.A., Cantab.
(a) 1880. The Reverend William Salmond, M.A., D.D., Edin.
(a) 1890. John Halliday Scott, M.D., Edin.; M.R.C.S., Eng.; F.R.S.E.
    1903. Robert Julian Scott, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E., A.A.I.E.E.
(a) 1877. John Shand, M.A., LL D., Aberd.
(a) 1884. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G.
    1903. Joseph Augustus Tole, B.A., LL.B., Sydney.

PRIVATE AND DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS.

There were 291 private schools in the colony at the end of 1905, a decrease of 4 on the number in 1904: 29 were for boys, 79 for girls, and 183 for children of both sexes. The number of pupils attending them was 16,639—namely, 6,837 boys and 9,802 girls, not counting 99 Maoris, 47 boys and 52 girls. The number of European pupils at these schools was greater than in 1904 by 261. Of the private schools, 146 were Roman Catholic, with an attendance of 11,738 pupils.

The following gives, for the past ten years, the number of private schools and of Europeans attending them, the number of Roman Catholic schools and pupils being also shown separately:—

Year.Number of Private Schools.Pupils.Included in Previous Numbers.
Boys.Girls.Totals.Roman Catholic
Schools.
Pupils at Roman
Catholic Schools.
1,8962835,8458,10213,9471159,590
1,8972785,9748,47314,4471209,642
1,8982946,0438,73914,78212410,175
1,8993076,2199,07615,29513310,526
1,9003046,1529,40315,55513210,687
1,9013096,2449,10015,34412910,448
1,9022976,4519,17315,62413910,802
1,9032886,4059,20415,60913910,812
1,9042956,7859,59316,37814911,373
1,9052916,8379,80216,63914611,738

The total number of children of European descent (including such half-castes as live among Europeans) known to be receiving education at school at the end of 1905 was 157,073; of these, 148,577 were from 5 to 15 years of age. The census showed also 4,591 children receiving tuition at home in 1906, against 5,055 in 1901. No doubt increased school accommodation in country places does away with the need for tutors and governesses to a certain extent.

The distribution of the private schools in the various provincial districts of the colony is shown on the next page:—

PRIVATE AND DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS, 1905.—SUMMARY BY PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Provincial Districts.Number of Schools.Numbered of Teachers.Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris).Daily Average Attendance.
Boys.Girls.Mixed.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.

* Exclusive of 99 Maoris (47 boys, 52 girls).

Auckland6204470341722061,4192,2843,7031,2191,9783,197
Taranaki...31114...3636301453754257402659
Hawke's Bay44816104252377546923327467794
Wellington6223563441451891,5072,1623,6691,3501,9583,308
Marlborough1146...111113512626111095205
Nelson25916143751461522983429473902
Westland137113222529331360664288552
Canterbury4123147161331491,2891,8143,1031,1251,5892,714
Otago593448181181361,0551,5822,6379381,3752,313
Totals29791832911397168556,8379,80216,639*6,0198,62514,644

NOTE.—Denominational schools, such as Roman Catholic and Anglican, are included in the above as private schools. Particulars for the Roman Catholic schools in December, 1905, are as under:—

PRIVATE AND DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS, 1905.—SUMMARY BY PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Provincial Districts.Number of Schools.Numbered of Teachers.Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris).Daily Average Attendance.
Boys.Girls.Mixed.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.
Auckland512234018951131,1031,5112,6149411,2642,205
Taranaki...167...2525280380660241340581
Hawke's Bay332872330291384675250317567
Wellington3611202164851,0161,2932,3099061,1412,047
Marlborough1124 9912611223810485189
Nelson143822123217342559198303501
Westland135932023279298577252275527
Canterbury261624770779981,2482,2468711,1031,974
Otago4517261565808281,0321,8607629131,675
Totals204185140733924655,1386,60011,7334,5255,74110,266

SCHOOLS FOR NATIVES.

The number of Native village schools in operation at the end of 1905 either supported or subsidised by the Government was 95. In addition, there were six boarding-schools for Native children, the cost of whose maintenance was partly paid either by the Government or from endowments, and six mission schools.

At the six boarding-schools, St. Stephen's and Te Ante for boys, and Hukarere, St. Joseph's, Victoria, and Turakina Schools for girls, the Government offers 123 scholarships, at one or other of these schools, tenable for two years, for children of predominantly Maori race who pass the Fourth or a higher Standard at the Maori village schools. At the end of the year 82 of these places were occupied, 38 by boys, and 44 by girls.

Maori children attending public schools who pass the Fifth Standard before reaching the age of fifteen may obtain scholarships. to the value of £20 a year, granted to enable them to attend a secondary school or to enter upon industrial pursuits. There are seven scholars receiving higher education and seven boys serving apprenticeships under these conditions.

The number of Maori children attending schools during the fourth quarter of 1905 was 6,515—namely, 3,625 males and 2,890 females. These included 334 half-castes at the Native village schools who were living as members of Maori tribes, and 225 at public European schools.

The numbers at the several schools in 1905 and 1904 were as under:—

Schools.Maori Children attending Schools.
Boys.Girls.Total of both Sexes.
1905.1904.1905.1904.1905.1904.
At public European schools1,4171,3331,0679652,4842,298
At Native village schools1,9471,8551,5921,4703,5393,325
At subsidised or endowed boarding-schools157166148127305293
At private European or Native schools104998364187163
Totals3,6253,4532,8902,6266,5156,079

There was thus, in 1905, an increase of 172 in the number of Maori boys, and 264 in the number of Maori girls, attending school.

Seventy-three out of the 95 Native village schools in operation on 31st December, 1905, were under the charge of masters and twenty-one under mistresses, and one under the joint control of a master and mistress; there were besides eighty-seven assistants, and fifteen sewing-mistresses. The salaries paid to the head teachers-range from £60 to £269 and those for assistants and sewing-mistresses from a nominal sum to £50.

The net expenditure on Native schools for 1905 was as follows: Teachers' salaries and allowances, £16,168 9s. 3d.; teachers' removal allowances, £622 10s. 5d.; books and school requisites, £524 1s. 5d.; repairs and small works, £598 5s.; inspection, £462 18s. 1d.; travelling-expenses of Inspectors, £379 8s. 6d.; boarding-schools, scholarships, and apprenticeship charges £2,116 7s. 6d.; buildings, fencing, furniture, &c., £2,556 11s.; technical-instruction classes, £251 4s. 2d.; sundries, £360 16s. 3d.: total, £24,040 11s. 7d.

SCHOLARSHIPS.

National Scholarships.

An Act to encourage higher education in New Zealand by the granting of National Scholarships was passed in 1903, and has since been incorporated in “The Education Act, 1904.” Provision is made for the establishment of junior and senior scholarships, the necessary funds being furnished by the Colonial Treasurer.

A junior scholarship is offered in each education district for every five thousand or part of five thousand children in average yearly attendance, tenable for three years, with an extension of one year under certain conditions. The value of a junior scholarship is £10 per annum in addition to tuition fees. Candidates must be under fourteen years of age. A scholarship shall not be awarded to or held by any child whose parents are in receipt of a net annual income exceeding £250.

Four senior National Scholarships are offered in each university district to persons of either sex under nineteen years of age who have been holders of junior scholarships or Education Board scholarships, and will be awarded on the result of the junior scholarship examination of the University. The value of a senior scholarship is £20 per annum in addition to tuition fees, and it is tenable for three years.

Where the holder of a junior or senior National Scholarship is obliged to live away from home in order to prosecute his or her studies an additional sum of £30 per annum shall be paid.

Queen's Scholarships.

“The Queen's Scholarships Act, 1903,” provides for the establishment in connection with the Victoria College, and out of its funds, six junior and four senior scholarships, each tenable for three years, but an extension of one year can be obtained under certain conditions in the case of junior scholarships. Each junior scholarship is valued at £10 per annum in addition to tuition fees, and the holder of each senior scholarship is entitled to receive £20 per annum. In both cases an additional £30 per annum is paid if the holder is obliged to live away from home.

Education Board Scholarships.

Particulars of the scholarships and the expenditure of the Boards thereon in 1905 are given in detail.

Education Districts.Number held in Dec., 1905.Boys.Girls.Period of Tenure.Boards' Expenditure on
Scholar-ships in 1905.
Annual Value, &c.
    Years£s.d. 
Auckland85642131,8231109 at £30,25 at £25, 15 at £20, 36 at £15.
Taranaki168823071564 at £35,1 at £33 13s., 1 at £22 10s., 1 at £14, 9 at £10.
Wanganui231013Varies64117612 at £40, 9 at £15., 2 at £10.
Wellington48242429663410 at £35,3 at £18 18s., 35 at £15.
Hawke's Bay291514249013012 at £30, 1 at £16, 1 at £15. 1 at £10, 2 at £8 8s, 1 at £7 10s., 8 at £2 10s., 3 at £2 2s.
Marlborough6332125002 at £35, 1 at £25, 3 at £10.
Nelson3017132345866 at £40, 1 at £25, 3 at £7, 20 at £1 5s.
Grey321262461 at £26, 2 at £8.
Westland532268002 at £24, 1 at £12, 2 at £4.
North Canterbury38201821,1219521 at £40, 17 at £20.
South Canterbury2820823281814 at £25, 4 at £22 10s., 1 at £13 10s., 8 at £7 10s, 11 at £5.
Otago624121Varies1,130564 at £40, 9 at £30,8 at £25, 6 at £20, 3 at £12 10s., 11 at £10, 21 at £7 10s.
Southland21156Varies602948 at £35, 9 at £30,1 at £15, 3 at £5.
Totals, 1905394242152...8,01366 
Totals, 1904354210144...8,26019 

INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS.

In December, 1905, the total number on the books of all the industrial schools was 1,953, or 35 more than at the close of the year 1904. On the books of the Government industrial schools there were 1,420, an increase of 33 over the corresponding number for 1904; on the books of the private industrial schools there were 533, or 2 more than at the end of the previous year. The number in residence at Government schools was 317, and at private industrial schools 331, so that 648 was the total number of “inmates” actually in residence. The number boarded out was 573, 5 being from private schools and the rest from Government schools. There were 9 girls maintained in various corrective institutions, 1 boy and 1 girl in convalescent homes, 3 boys at the School for Deaf-mutes, Sumner, and 11 boys at the Costley Training Institution, Auckland. The total number of inmates dependent on the schools for maintenance was therefore 1,246, or 74 more than the number at the end of 1904. The remaining 707, although still subject to control and supervision, were not dependent on the schools for maintenance. They may be classified as follows: Licensed to reside with friends, 189; at service, 437; boarded out without payment, 6; in hospital, 5; in mental hospital, 4; in the Costley Training Institution, Auckland, 5; in other institutions, 10; in gaol, 3; absent without leave, 48—namely, 23 from service, 23 from the schools, and 2 from friends.

The cost of the Government industrial schools and the amount recovered (from Charitable Aid Boards, from parents, from sale of farm-produce, &c.) are next shown:—

COST OF GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, 1905.

Government School.Cost of School.Boarding out.
(Included in first column).
Salaries.
(Included in first column.)
Recoveries.Net Cost.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Auckland (Mount Albert)2,174471,05120373961,0831871,09060
Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa7,82588......412140695487,13040
Receiving Home, Wellington3,910212,7421493221542,2951101,61503
Te Oranga Home1,483149......5943 561761,42273 
Receiving Home, Christchurch3,691292,46010103811901,944421,746187
Burnham5,5221011......2,0167105921214,9291810
Caversham8,1221192,8821451,4351974,2311323,890187
Totals32,7291569,137205,5378810,9042021,825136
Salaries and expenses of Assistant Inspectors and Visiting Officers            2,1931611
Travelling-expenses of managers and others            27147
Refund of inmates' earnings            50910
Contingencies            173810
Total not cost            £24,514138

There were seven Government industrial schools in existence in 1905, and the numbers of inmates on their books at the end of the year were as follows: Auckland (Mount Albert), 134; Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa (new school), 111; Receiving Home, Wellington, 235; Receiving Home, Christchurch, 245; Burnham, 232; Te Oranga Home, 59; Caversham, 404: total, 1,420. Those belonging to private industrial schools were distributed as follows: St. Mary's, Auckland, 141; St. Joseph's, Wellington, 58; St. Mary's, Nelson, 282; St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin, 52: total, 533.

The next table shows payments made by the Government on account of inmates in private industrial schools, the recoveries, and the net expenditure by the Government. The contributions from Charitable Aid Boards to these schools, being made directly to the managers, are not included in the recoveries shown.

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON PRIVATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS (R.C.), 1905.

Name of School.Gross Cost.  Recoveries.  Net Cost.  
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
St. Mary's, Auckland96506154198810010
St. Joseph's, Wellington249003112921773
St. Mary's, Nelson1,02510731910370604
St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin741482091054410
Totals2,314595261261,787133

During 1905 inmates were maintained in nine other institutions, and the expenditure on this account was as follows: Costley Training Institution, Auckland, £288 15s.; St. Mary's Home, Otahuhu, £4 10s. 8d.; Door of Hope Home, Auckland, £2; Mission Home, Jerusalem, Wanganui (Mother Aubert's), £24 15s. 5d.; Levin Memorial Home, Wellington, £13; Bethany Home, Napier, £9 14s; Mount Magdala, Christchurch, £68; Children's Convalescent Cottage Home, Christchurch, £1 8s.; Gordon Street Refuge, Christ-church, £8; Private Homes, £70 6s. 6d.

In the Government schools the policy is to board out all children of suitable age and character. The authorities of the private schools do not as a rule adopt the boarding-out system.

The total number of inmates of the private and Government industrial schools is given for the years 1904 and 1905, and the variations in the numbers boarded out, in residence, or at service:—

INMATES, 1904 AND 1905.
Boarded out.In Residence.At Service, &c.Totals.
Dec., 1904.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1905.Dec., 1904.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1905.Dec., 1904.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1905.Dec., 1904.Increase.Decrease.Dec., 1905.
Government Schools—                
    Auckland (Mount Albert)64..16328..424434..47135..1134
    Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa........111..111..........111..111  
    Receiving Home, Wellington16626..19215..6289..3719540..235
    Te Oranga Home Christchurch........401..4123..51863..459
    Receiving Home, Christchurch1316..13784..1297..1962369..245
    Burnham12..399..2971311..132231 ..232
    Caversham1781..179123..9726226..27199527..123404
Private Schools—                
    St. Mary's, Auckland........789..8757..3541356..141
    St. Joseph's........282..3041..132869..1158
    Wellington St. Mary's, Nelson3..2116710..177110..61042802..282
    St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin5..14316..3711....11475..52
Totals54835457960314860364876714557261,9181741391,953

Institute for the Blind.

The Jubilee Institute for the Blind at Auckland is a private institution, and not in any way under Government control. Being, however, a “separate institution” under the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Acts, it receives a subsidy at the rate of 24s. in the pound upon the voluntary contributions raised by the Trustees, and, in addition, payment is made to it by the Education Department on account of pupils for whose tuition the Department is responsible. The Trustees have received, at various times, other grants in aid of buildings. The total amount paid on account of Government pupils during the year 1905 was £566 5s. 4d. The Department also paid £21 for the separate tuition of a pupil in Christchurch, and £6 1s. 4d. for travelling-expenses of an indigent pupil to the institute; £101 2s. Id. was recovered from parents and others. The number of Government pupils at the end of 1904 was 24; 5 of these left during the year 1905, and 5 were admitted; the number of such pupils at the close of the last year was accordingly 24.

School for Deaf-mutes.

The roll of this school includes all the known deaf-mutes of school age and of sound intellect in the colony who have been brought under the notice of the Education Department.

The inclusion in the School Attendance Act of 1901 of provisions dealing with blind and deaf children marks an important step in the education of these unfortunate members of the community. Hitherto many parents, either through carelessness or wilfully, have neglected to send such children to the institutions maintained for their special instruction; but now the Minister of Education has the power to enforce attendance, due provision being made for a contribution by parents towards the cost of maintenance or for free admission where parents are not in a position to contribute. The immediate consequence is an unusual increase in the number of candidates for admission to the Sumner School for Deaf-mutes. The number in residence at the end of 1905 was thirty-four boys and twenty-nine girls, or two boys less than at the end of 1904.

The method of instruction used at Sumner is the oral method, in favour of which there is a vast predominance of expert opinion.

As regards the adoption of that system, the Minister of Education remarks, “It is a matter for congratulation that this colony from the first adopted the oral method of teaching, in which children are taught to converse by watching the lips of others. In America, where manual and mixed methods were at first largely in vogue, they are being rapidly discarded in favour of oral instruction, and New Zealand has accordingly been saved the expense and inconvenience of changing from inferior systems of deaf-mute education to that which is now almost universally admitted to be the best.”

Sunday-schools.

The returns for the census of 1906 showed that 107,759 pupils were attending Sunday-schools, and there were 11,720 teachers.

SUBSIDISED PUBLIC LIBRARIES, 1905–6.

The number of libraries participating in the vote granted for subsidies shows an increase of seventeen as compared with the number aided in the previous year. In order that the purpose intended to be served by the vote may be attained, it is made a condition for participation that the whole of the subsidy granted to each library in the previous year shall have been expended in the purchase of books.

The number of libraries subsidised was 430; the income £14,627; amount on which subsidy calculated, £17,793; and amount of subsidy, £2,989.

CENSUS 1906: EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE.

Of every 100 persons in New Zealand at the time of the census of 1906, 83.5 could read and write, 1.6 could read only, and 14.9 could neither read nor write. The proportion able to read and write has increased, and that of persons who cannot read has decreased, steadily since 1874. The figures are given for four censuses:—

 Read and write.Read only.Cannot read.
Census 187468.158.0923.76
Census 188674.014.8021.19
Census 189680.602.8916.51
Census 190683.501.6014.90

To ascertain, however, how completely education is carried out, accepting as a test the knowledge of reading and writing, it is necessary to show the position at present in respect of age periods, which is accordingly given.

At the period under five years none are found to read and write, and only 0.37 were able to read; 99.63 being unable to do either on account of extreme youth. At five to ten years 65.51 could read and write, and 10.14 read only, leaving 24.35 who could not read. But this last only includes three years of the school-going period.

With the subsequent periods up to forty years figures under “Read only” and “Cannot” are reduced to small fractions as under:—

 Read and write.Read only.Cannot read.
10 to 15 years99.450.220.33
15 to 20 year99.630.080.29
20 to 25 year99.560.080.36
25 to 30 year99.430.130.44
30 to 35 year99.350.160.49
35 to 40 year99.120.240.64

At forty to forty-five years these who “cannot read” are over 1 per cent., and the proportion goes on increasing regularly, thus:—

 Read and write.Read only.Cannot read.
50 to 55 years96.321.532.15
60 to 65 year94.052.533.42
70 to 75 year89.155.125.73
80 and upwards86.146.127.74

The improved conditions of the young people are clearly shown above. At the last two periods given, which belong to advanced life, 10.85 per cent. and 13.86 per cent. are found to be either “reading only” or quite illiterate.

Chapter 35. SECTION III.—LAW AND CRIME.

CIVIL CASES.

SITTINGS of the Supreme Court are held for trial of civil cases at Auckland, Gisborne, New Plymouth, Napier, Palmerston North, Wellington, and Wanganui, in the North Island; and at Blenheim, Nelson, Hokitika, Christchurch, Timaru, Oamaru, Dunedin, and Invercargill, in the Middle Island.

The number of writs of summons issued in the Supreme Court in 1905 was 527, against 536 in 1904, 484 in 1903, 488 in 1902, 485 in 1901, and 414 in 1900. The number of civil cases tried increased from 222 in 1904 to 255 in 1905. Of these last, 42 were tried before common juries, 12 by special jury, and 201 by Judge without jury. The total of amounts foe which judgments were recorded in 1905 was £47,523. There were 52 writs of execution issued during the year.

Fifty-six cases were commenced at fifteen District Courts in 1905. Eight of these cases were tried before juries, and 20 before a Judge only, making a total of 28 cases tried. Twenty-seven cases lapsed or were discontinued. The total of amounts sued for was £8,890, and judgments were recorded for £2,508. Before the Magistrates’ Courts 20,161 cases were tried, against 19,569 in 1904; the aggregate sum sued for during 1905 being £379,941, and the total for which judgment was given £202,923.

COURT OF APPEAL.

Five Crown (criminal) cases were reserved from the superior Courts to be brought before the Court of Appeal in 1905. In 2 cases the convictions were affirmed, in 2 the convictions were quashed, and in 1 case a new trial was ordered. There were appeals from 13 civil cases, of which 3 were allowed, 5 dismissed, 3 were not prosecuted, and in 2 judgment was reserved. Judgments were given on 9 other cases removed to the Court of Appeal.

BANKRUPTCY.

The petitions in bankruptcy during 1905 numbered 304, of which 267 were made by debtors and 37 by creditors. This number is 47 more than the number of petitions for the preceding year.

Of the bankruptcies in 1905: in 3 cases the liabilities were under £50; in 39, from £50 to £100; in 103, from £100 to £250; in 68, from £250 to £500; in 51, from £500 to £1,000; in 28, from £1,000 to £2,000; in 9, from £2,000 to £5,000; in 3, £5,000 and upwards.

The following gives the number of petitions, the total amount of the unsecured assets, the amount of debts proved, and the amount paid in dividends and preferential claims for the years 1896 to 1905:—

Year.Number of Petitions in Bankruptcy.Debtors’ Statements of Assets, excluding Amounts secured to Creditors.Amounts realised by Official Assignees.Amount of Debts proved.Amounts paid in Dividends and Preferential Claims.
  ££££
1,896412115,45571,712256,87037,492
1,89741573,46640,942133,34445,015
1,89840790,06845,474285,15430,994
1,89938959,43434,208158,93130,084
1,90030477,68953,415141,80037,411
1,90122258,65849,78184,45230,358
1,90220561,60439,386110,99529,406
1,90320416,76723,76188,01917,618
1,90425786,09443,514125,39228,103
1,905304100,81347,798146,33228,150

The degree to which private assignment of estates is resorted to cannot be ascertained.

DIVORCE.

In 1898 the Legislature of New Zealand passed a Divorce Act, and the signification of Her late Majesty's assent thereto was duly notified by His Excellency the Governor in a Proclamation dated the 1st April, 1899, bringing the Act into operation from the 1st June of that year.

This Act placed persons of either sex practically on an equality as regards petitions for dissolution of marriage; the same grounds, in substance, for a decree of divorce applying to man or woman. It, together with the Acts of 1867 and 1881, are now compiled in “The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, 1904.”

Besides this important alteration of the law, the grounds for divorce are extended as under:—

  1. Adultery, on either side.

  2. Wilful desertion continuously during five years or more.

  3. Habitual drunkenness during four years and upwards on the part of husband, along with failing to support wife, or habitual cruelty; or habitual drunkenness for a like period and neglect, with unfitness to discharge her household duties on the part of the wife.

  4. Conviction, with sentence of imprisonment or penal servitude for seven years or upwards, for attempting to take life of petitioner.

Every decree for dissolution of marriage is in the first instance to be a decree nisi, not to be made absolute till after the expiration of such time, being not less than three months from the pronouncing thereof, as the Court shall by order from time to time direct.

The petitioner need not necessarily move to make absolute any decree nisi that may be pronounced.

A decree for a judicial separation may be obtained either by the husband or wife on the ground of adultery, or of cruelty, or of desertion without cause for a period of two years.

The petitions in 1905 under “The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, 1867,” were 183 in number, being 21 more than those for 1904: 182 were for dissolution of marriage, and 1 for judicial separation: 126 decrees for dissolution of marriage were granted. The proceedings under the Act for the years 1896 to 1905 were as follows:—

Year.Petitions forDecrees for
Dissolution of Marriage.Judicial Separation.Dissolution of Marriage.Judicial Separation.
1,896556362
1,8974810331
1,8985113322
1,89911214616
1,9001115853
1,90113811031
1,902136291..
1,90314631363
1,90415661112
1,9051821126..

The Act of 1898 has evidently operated in the direction of increasing largely the number of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage or judicial separation.

The proportion of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage to the number of marriages was up till 1898 higher in New Zealand than in England and Wales, but lower than in New South Wales or Victoria. The full effect of the operation of the new law in New Zealand is now, however, being experienced.

As early as 1889 an Act was passed in Victoria to allow of divorces being granted for wilful desertion, habitual drunkenness with cruelty or neglect, imprisonment under certain circumstances of either party, and adultery on the part of the husband. This multiplication of the causes for divorce has largely increased the proportion of decrees in that State.

An Act of a similar tenor was passed in New South Wales in 1892, and brought into working in August of that year, under which, and an amending Act of 1893, in addition to adultery since marriage on the part of the wife, and adultery and cruelty on the part of the husband, petitions for divorce can now be granted in that State on any of the following grounds:—

Husband v. wife: Desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness for a similar period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned under a sentence of three years or upwards; attempt to murder or inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults on him within one year previously.

Wife v. husband: Adultery, provided that at the time of the institution of the suit the husband is domiciled in New South Wales; desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness with cruelty or neglect to support for the same period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned for three years or upwards, or having within five years undergone various sentences amounting in all to not less than three years; attempt to murder, or assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults within one year previously.

To entitle either party to seek relief on these grounds, he or she must have been domiciled in the State at the time of instituting the suit for three years or upwards, and should not have resorted to the State for the purpose of the suit. When a wife seeks for a decree on the ground of three years’ desertion, if she was domiciled in New South Wales when the desertion commenced, she shall not be deemed to have lost her domicile by reason of her husband having thereafter acquired a foreign domicile.

The divorces in New South Wales and Victoria since the divorce law has been altered in the direction of increasing the grounds for decrees are as under. With these are given the figures for New Zealand under the old law up to 1898, and according to the Act of 1898 up to 1904. The figures for New South Wales tend to show that on altering the law there was a large accumulation of cases to get rid of, which increased the number of decrees to a degree which was not subsequently maintained.

Year.New South Wales. Divorces.Victoria. Divorces.New Zealand. Divorces.
* Act of 1898 in force in New Zealand.
1,8933068525
1,8943138120
1,8953018518
1,89623410636
1,89724611733
1,8982478732
1899*23210546
1900*2199385
1901*25283103
1902*24510991
1903*206101136
1904*216140111
1905*..128126

CRIMINAL CASES.

Charges before Magistrates.

The number of charges heard before the Magistrates’ Courts in 1905 was 31,242. Repeated charges against the same person are counted as distinct. Of the charges in 1905, 501 were against persons of the aboriginal Native race, a decrease of 68 on the number for the previous year.

If the Maoris be excluded, the number of charges (exclusive of lunacy) in 1905 is found to have been 30,741, a decrease of 193 upon the number for 1904; and the proportion per 1,000 of population was 35.33 against 36.6 in 1904.

Persons charged with lunacy and committed to mental hospitals have been excluded from the calculations for this and previous years shown, so that the figures now given will differ somewhat from those appearing in former issues of this book.

The figures, both numerical and proportional, covering a period of twenty years are subjoined:—

CHARGES BEFORE MAGISTRATES.

Year.Number.Proportion per 1,00 of Mean Population.
1,88522,29738.89
1,88818,37030.35
1,89116,71426.54
1,89416,82024.76
1,89719,39026.87
1,89922,11329.48
1,90024,08431.54
1,90125,82533.20
1,90228,07635.19
1,90330,75337.50
1,90430,93436.60
1,90530,74135.33

Summary Convictions, and Convictions in Superior Courts.

The summary convictions in 1905 numbered 25,371, including 377 Maoris. 860 persons, 28 of whom were Maoris, were committed for trial or sentence at the Supreme and District Courts, a decrease of 47 on the number committed in 1904.

Dealing with the summary convictions for all offences, the figures for 1901 and onwards (excluding the Maoris) are:—

 SUMMARY
CONVICTIONS.
Year.Number.Proportion per 1,000 of Mean Population.
1901—  
    Offences against the person7781.00
    Offences against property1,7362.23
    Other offences17,81232.90
                Totals20,32626.13
1902—  
    Offences against the person5400.68
    Offences against property1,7592.20
    Other offences17,81232.90
                Totals19,82624.85
1903—  
    Offences against the person6440.79
    Offences against property1,7672.1
    Other offences22,35427.25
                Totals24,76530.19
1904—  
    Offences against the person6660.79
    Offences against property1,8012.13
    Other offences22,77026.95
                Totals25,23729.87
1905—  
    Offences against the person6480.74
    Offences against property1,8992.18
    Other offences22,44725.80
                Totals24,99428.72

In dealing with the summary convictions in the Magistrates” Courts each offence is reckoned as a distinct person. The total number is from time to time swelled by the inclusion of breaches of statutes, the provisions of which give rise to fresh offences against the public welfare not strictly criminal, so that comparisons with past years are somewhat affected.

But the groups of serious criminal offences do not show any advance in criminality taken over a period of five years.

The total of summary convictions for offences against the person (excluding Maoris) was 648 for the year 1905, which is actually a smaller number than that for 1901 (778), notwithstanding increase of population. Of these 648 summary convictions in 1905, the greater number (553) were on account of common and aggravated assaults, and there were 39 for attempt to commit suicide.

Of offences against property, theft not otherwise described is the most common, showing for 1905 1,305 summary convictions. There were besides 25 for specific kinds of theft, and 37 for housebreaking. Obtaining money and goods under false pretences caused 142 summary convictions, and wilful damage to property 370. These are the principal items only.

Under the heading “Other Offences” (those relating to good order included), drunkenness comes first with 8,725 summary convictions, of which 850 were in respect of females. Prohibition orders numbered 1,974, including 166 made against women. The subject of drunkenness is separately dealt with under a special heading.

Further offences against good order include 2,538 summary convictions simply defined as “breach of by-laws,” and 1,480 for insulting behaviour, language, &c., and indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct. Also, 208 for assaulting or resisting police. Under “Vagrancy,” idle and disorderly persons show 433 summary convictions, with rogues and vagabonds 197. The chief items only are referred to above.

Offences against public welfare are dealt with in remarks above.

Of 78 persons (excluding the Maoris) convicted in the superior Courts during the year 1905 for offences against the person there was only one female. Assault, with or without robbery, was of this class the offence which caused the most convictions, these amounting to 40 altogether, including wounding. There were also 11 convictions for indecent assault, 7 for rape, with attempt to commit, and 7 for other similar offences. For murder and manslaughter 3 persons were convicted.

The convictions for offences against property were far more numerous than those against the person, amounting to 168, of whom 7 were females. Theft was the principal cause, showing 73 convictions, exclusive of burglary with robbery, for which 59 convictions were recorded.

Besides the above, there were 20 convictions for forgery and uttering, 6 for obtaining goods on false pretences and for receiving stolen goods, 8 for arson, and I for mischief.

Outside of convictions for offences against person and property, 26 of a miscellaneous nature remain, making up a total of 272 convictions in the higher Courts, excluding 156 persons sent for sentence by Magistrates, other than Maoris.

But the figures previously referred to deal only with persons convicted in the higher Courts. The committals for sentences under “The Indictable Offences Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1900,” were:—

 Persons.Males.Females.
For offences against the person1111..
For offences against property1341322
For miscellaneous offences1192
                Totals1561524

Offences against the person, in these preceding figures, include 1 for assault, 3 for indecent assault, 2 for robbery with violence, and 5 others. Against property the offences were: For theft undescribed, 37; for specified theft, 7; breaking and entering with theft, 36; forgery and uttering, 34; fraud and false pretences, 7; receiving stolen goods, 2; burglary, 4; embezzlement, 4; other offences, 3. Miscellaneous offences include—perjury, 4; breach of Probation Act, 2; other offences, 5.

Punishments.

Including 11 Maoris, the convictions in the superior Courts, together with 156 sent from Magistrates’ Courts for sentence, numbered 433 (persons). Particulars of sentences for these higher Courts, and of the punishments consequent on summary convictions in the lower Courts, are appended in two tables:—

TABLE SHOWING THE SENTENCES OF CRIMINALS TRIED AND CONVICTED IN THE SUPREME AND DISTRICT COURTS DURING FIVE YEARS.
Punishments.1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.

* Including 26 Maoris.

† Including 5 Maoris.

‡ Including 16 Maoris.

§ Including 7 Maoris.

∥ Including 11 Maoris.

Death1........
Imprisonment with or without hard labour272253305411349
Fined179101210
Imprisonment with whipping1..61..
Released under “The First Offenders’ Probation Act, 1886”5163457054
Held to bail, or awaiting pleasure of Court1212132420
Sent to industrial school..211..
                Totals*354†339‡380§519∥433
TABLE SHOWING THE PUNISHMENTS INFLICTED CONSEQUENT ON SUMMARY CONVICTIONS IN MAGISTRATES’ COURTS DURING FIVE YEARS.
Punishments.1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.
N.B.—Maoris have been excluded from this table.
Fine9,90511,47113,63113,13313,581
Imprisonment in lieu of fine1,9101,8741,9562,5302,091
Peremptory imprisonment1,9481,7341,9692,0671,931
Recognisance10512310113078
Whipping2035283534
Other6,4386,8887,0807,3427,279
                Totals20,32622,12524,76525,23724,994

“THE HABITUAL CRIMINALS AND OFFENDERS ACT, 1906.”

The above Act was passed by the General Assembly to provide for the detention and control of habitual criminals and offenders. Habitual criminals comprise those persons previously convicted on indictment of the following offences: (Class I) sexual offences, abortion; (Class II) wounding, robbery, burglary and housebreaking, theft, false pretences, extortion, forgery, and mischief. On two previous convictions for any offence in Class I or four previous convictions in Classes I and II, the Court may order as part of the sentence that the person is an habitual criminal, whether such previous convictions took place within or out of New Zealand, and either before or after the coming into operation of the Act. Habitual offenders comprise all persons previously convicted on at least six occasions of any offence under sections 26, 27, 28, or 29 of “The Police Offences Act, 1884,” and persons previously convicted as above under Classes I and II and convicted summarily of any offence punishable by not less than three months’ imprisonment, provided such persons have been previously summarily convicted at least six times of any offence punishable by not less than three months’ imprisonment.

Any prison or other suitable place may be set apart as a reformatory prison for the detention of habitual criminals and offenders, a separate part being set aside for women. Every habitual criminal or offender shall be detained during the pleasure of the Governor, but may apply to the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof for a recommendation for discharge on the ground of having sufficiently reformed, or for other good and sufficient reason. The Governor upon granting such discharge may order that so long as the person remains in New Zealand he shall report his name and address to some Probation Officer, for a period not exceeding two years, at stated periods, either personally or by letter. Should such person fail to report himself as directed, he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding twenty pounds or imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months. If during the period of probation he is convicted of failure to report himself, or of any indictable offence punishable on summary conviction by three months’ imprisonment, the Court may direct that in addition to the punishment imposed for the offence he shall be recommitted to a reformatory prison, but if during the period of probation he be not so convicted he shall cease to be an habitual criminal or offender.

Any person detained in a reformatory prison shall be employed in some description of labour, and wages according to the scale prescribed by regulations shall be credited to him and applied either wholly or in part to maintaining his wife and family, if any, during the period of his detention, and the balance, if any, paid to him upon his release.

The Act makes provision for the maintenance and management of reformatory prisons and the control of those detained therein.

Drunkenness.

Excluding Maoris, the proportion of convictions for drunkenness per 1,000 of population was 10.32 in 1901, 10.34 in 1902, 10.7 in 1903, 11.32 in 1904, and 10.03 in 1905. The number of convictions to which the proportions for the years 1901 to 1905 relate were as under:—

Year.Number,
1,9018,032
1,9028,244
1,9038,774
1,9049,566
1,9058,725

The totals of charges for drunkenness for the same years were:—

Year.Number,
1,9018,086
1,9028,811
1,9038,872
1,9049,626
1,9058,790

Among the New - Zealand - born population of European descent there is evidence of less drunkenness than among persons who have come to the-colony from abroad. At the census of 1906, out of: the total population of New Zealand over 15 years of age, 55.75 per cent. were found to have been born here; while the proportion of the convictions for drunkenness of New-Zealand-born Europeans to the total convictions was in the year 1905 about 18 per cent. only.

“The Habitual Drunkards Act, 1906,” is designed to make better provision for the care and detention of habitual drunkards- persons who have been three times convicted for drunkenness within the nine months immediately preceding any conviction for drunkenness. A Magistrate may, in addition to or in lieu of a penalty, commit an habitual drunkard to any institution authorised by the Governor to receive and detain such persons for any period not being less than twelve months. The Act makes provision for the discharge of inmates, their good conduct, discipline, and punishment for offences during their detention, and for the proper inspection of such institutions.

During the five years 1901 to 1905, inclusive, the consumption of beer in the colony per inhabitant would seem to have very slightly decreased, the proportion having been 8.9 gallons in the earlier year, against 8.8 gallons in the later one. Excluding the Maoris, the same result is found to obtain, the figures being 9.4 for the year 1901 and 9.2 for 1905. Wine and spirits also show a decrease in the consumption per head of population.

The following calculations are made to show the results, including and excluding Maoris:—

CONSUMPTION OF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITS PER HEAD OF POPULATION (INCLUDING AND EXCLUDING MAORIS).

 Including Maoris.Excluding Maoris.
Beer.Wine.Spirits.Beer.Wine.Spirits.
Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.
1,9018.9190.1510.7269.4130.1590.766
1,9028.7770.1500.7169.2520.1580.755
1,9038.9870.1420.7189.4600.1490.755
1,9048.9960.1350.7299.4550.1420.766
1,9058.7770.1240.6959.2120.1300.730

The actual quantities of beer, wine, and spirits used in the colony were, for the five years:—

 Beer for Consumption. Gals.Wine for Consumption. Gals.Spirits for Consumption. Gals.

* It has been estimated by the Government Statistician of Victoria that each gallon of beer (including ale and stout) costs the consumer in that State 3s.; each gallon of spirits 35s.; and each gallon of wine 10s.—allowing in each case for a certain proportion being consumed privately.

If these figures may be applied to the consumption of alcoholic liquors in New Zealand, the average cost per head of the total population is found to be £2 14s 6d., and of the adult population £4 16s. 1d. This is considerably lower than that shown for any of the States of the Australian Commonwealth, with the exception of Tasmania. In the Victorian Year Book, 1904, the figures have been so applied to this colony.

1,9017,323,290123,592596,071
1,9027,380,883126,450602,021
1,9037,759,330122,490619,649
1,9047,989,990120,120647,155
1905*8,014,430113,189634,827

In Australia the consumption per head of alcoholic liquors for 1903 is as quoted below:—

 Spirits.Wine.Beer.
Gal.Gal.Gal.
Per Head.Per Head.Per Head.
New South Wales0.790.679.55
Victoria0.611.2411.61
Queensland0.860.389.49
South Australia0.462.228.33
Western Australia1.420.7521.82
Tasmania0.530.188.51

Crime amongst Maoris.

The Native population of the colony has hitherto been regarded as stationary, and comparisons of the numbers of summary convictions by the higher and lower Courts are given. The number for 1897 is swelled by 108 persons convicted of trespass. The figures relating to convictions by the superior Courts are small and fluctuating, the proportionately large increase in 1898 being caused by the inclusion of sixteen convicted of conspiring to prevent the collection of taxes.

SUMMARY CONVICTIONS OF MAORIS.

Year.Number.
1,891298
1,892293
1,893253
1,894321
1,895316
1,896332
1,897450
1,898349
1,899300
1,900253
1,901298
1,902330
1,903421
1,904435
1,905377

CONVICTIONS OF MAORIS IN SUPERIOR COURTS.

YearConvicted.Number of Persons convicted.
1,89177
1,8921615
1,8931312
1,8942524
1,8951751
1,8961919
1,8971612
1,8982135
1,89987
1,9002222
1,9012626
1,90255
1,9031616
1,90477
1,9051111

The figures for superior Courts do not include persons sent up from the Magistrates’ Courts for sentence under “The Indictable Offences Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1900.”

Police.

The strength of the Police Force in New Zealand on the 31st December, 1906, was a total number of 699 persons. Of these, the police at the four chief centres numbered 311, being 93 at Auckland, 85 at Wellington, 70 at Christchurch, and 63 at Dunedin.

The remaining members of the Force (388) may be deemed as belonging to the country.

The expenditure (exclusive of the cost of buildings) on the whole Police Force for the year ended the 31st March, 1906, amounted to £133,829.

Prisoners in Gaol.

The total number of prisoners received in the different gaols of the colony during the year 1905 was £5,039, including persons awaiting trial but not convicted within the year, and counting as distinct persons repeated admissions of the same person, as well as transfers from gaol to gaol of convicts undergoing sentence. In 1904 the number received was 5,170, so that the figures for 1905 show a decrease of 131. Of 5,039 admissions for 1905, 35 were for debt, and 54 on account of lunacy; while 104 were Maoris imprisoned for various offences. If the debtors, lunatics, and Maoris be excluded, the number of persons received into gaol is reduced to 4,846, against 4,960 in 1904.

The number of persons in gaol (including Maoris) at the end of the year 1905 was 810, or 60 more than in 1904.

PRISONERS IN GAOL (31ST DECEMBER).

Year.Undergoing Sentence.Debtors and Lunatics.On Remand and awaiting TrialTotal.
1,889611319633
1,891494436534
1,893463633502
1,895531546582
1,897623..51674
1,899508..58566
1,901661151713
1,903688..51739
1,905759150810

Of the prisoners previously convicted received in 1905,477 men and 41 women had been convicted once; 347 men and 15 women twice; 1,381 men and 359 women three or more times: making a total of 2,205 men and 415 women.

Besides the returns from the Prisons Department, a separate card for each admission is furnished for every gaol. Such cards as show convictions are arranged alphabetically according to name of prisoner, and where several are found referring to the same person, all are thrown out but one; then the number of cards retained equals the actual number of distinct convicted prisoners received in the various gaols during the year. In 1905 this number (excluding Maoris) was 2,796, a decrease of 100 on the number in 1904. These figures do not include children committed to the industrial schools simply on the ground that they are neglected or destitute.

The following table shows the number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) received into gaol after conviction during 1905, classified according to nature of offence, religion, birthplace, and age:—

DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS RECEIVED INTO GAOL, 1905.

[NOTE.—In this table a prisoner convicted of more than one offence during the year is reckoned once only, under the heading of the principal offence—e.g., a prisoner convicted three times of drunkenness, twice of vagrancy, and once of theft, is counted only once, under the heading “Theft.” Debtors and lunatics received into gaol. and children committed to the industrial schools not convicted of any crime, are omitted.]

Offences against the Person.Offences against Property.Miscellaneous.Totals.
Convicted on Indictment.Summarily convicted.Theft and Deceit.Mischief.Vagrancy.Drunkenness.*Other Offences.
* It must be remembered that drunkenness is punished more by fine than by imprisonment, so that the figures in the gaol tables do not represent the full number of persons punished for that offence.
 MF.M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.
Religions—                
        Church of England391483371115195502692120621,00986
        Roman Catholic221492186131429142303631698834131
        Presbyterian9269710443241711576542654
        Wesleyan32231193223231838
        Others91034141384014515510
                Totals822135267736383251127805103519162,507289
Birthplaces—                
        England and Wales21271164311166272342413565856
        Scotland61253443281551040330225
        Ireland9141549249251523564434474
        New Zealand29149296171026258134291598739115
        Australian States1011164352144033919011
        Other British possessions126322025374
        China3112126
        Other countries617396173705812114
                Totals822135267736383251127805103519162,507289
Ages—                
        Under 10 years
        10 and under 12 years
        12 and under 15 years1
        15 and under 20 yeas6460514331241029
        20 and under 25 years192514777171641376133427
        25 and under 30 years1525140283024928102241236
        30 and under 40 years1615417410122673323328126768281
        40 and under 50 years1011229765482620734103348272
        50 and under 60 years108405249201272251328750
        60 years and over671913135510073720714
                Totals822135267736383251127805103519162,507289
                Totals. 19041012127364035394342126842104519122,610286

The number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) imprisoned after conviction, in the past sixteen years, counting one offence only when the same person was imprisoned more than once, with the proportion per 10,000 persons living, is added:—

Distinct Persons imprisoned after Conviction.

Year.Prisoners.Proportion per 10,000 of Population
1,8902,39738.61
1,8912,11333.55
1,8922,16433.69
1,8932,11131.92
1,8941,95528.78
1,8951,93027.87
1,8961,93627.11
1,8971,88425.84
1,8981,98226.92
1,8992,12528.33
1,9002,11627.71
1,9012,34530.14
1,9022,39630.03
1,9032,84234.65
1,9042,89634.27
1,9052,79632.14

There has been since 1890 a reduction of 6.47 per 10,000 in the proportion to population. In New South Wales the proportion for 1901 was 51 per 10,000 persons.

It must be understood that the actual number of imprisonments was much in excess of the figures given, as many persons were several times imprisoned, either for offences differing in kind or for repetitions of the same offence. Thus, persons returned as imprisoned for larceny underwent other imprisonments for drunkenness, &c. Some returned as convicted of drunkenness were several times in gaol during the year for the same offence, or for another, such as assault, riotous or indecent conduct, &c. Often there were several charges preferred against the same person at the one time, of which the most serious followed by conviction has been selected.

The proportions in every 100 distinct convicted prisoners belonging to each of the four principal religious denominations, with proportions of prisoners at each age-period, and particulars as to birthplaces and ages, will be found in the Statistical Volume for 1905, on page 552.

Expenditure on Gaols and Prisoners.

The gross expenditure on the gaols of the colony (exclusive of the cost of buildings) for the year ended the 31st December, 1905, was £31,761; and the net expenditure, after deducting value of services rendered, £16,365.

The prisoners in the gaols during the year 1905 were maintained at a net cost to the State of £25 3s. 5d. per head, against £25 18s. 2d. per head in 1904.

Crime amongst the New-Zealand-born.

While the New-Zealand-born formed at the last census 68 per cent. of the whole population of the colony, they contributed in 1905 only 31 per cent. of the prisoners received in gaol. Of the New-Zealand-born population, however, a large number are under fifteen years of age, a period of life at which there are very few prisoners; and therefore another comparison is necessary. It is found that the New-Zealand-born over fifteen years formed 56 per cent. of the total population above that age; but, as before stated, New-Zealanders constituted only 31 per cent. of the total number received in gaols.

The total number of New-Zealand-born distinct prisoners (excluding Maoris) received for the year 1905–854 persons—is found to be 10 in excess of the number for 1904. Of those received in 1905, 85 were under twenty years of age. As before stated, the plan adopted in preparing the foregoing tables is to count each prisoner only once, and to exclude all who are not convicted prisoners, besides dealing only with the number received during the year, instead of with the full number in gaol, which would, of course, include those brought forward from the previous year. The comparative results for a series of years given by this method are held to be more valuable than those brought out by one which includes prisoners merely awaiting trial, and continual repetitions of the same individuals.

Tree-planting by Prisoners.

There are now four tree-planting prison-camps established—viz., Waiotapu and Waipa Valley in the North Island, and Dumgree and Hanmer Springs in the South Island. There were 143 prisoners at these camps at the end of 1905, and a considerable amount of planting, clearing, fencing, and other work was carried out during the year. In his report of the year 1905 the Inspector of Prisons thus comments on the system:—

The prisoners at the tree-planting camps not only work well, as is demonstrated by the amount of trees already planted, but many who have served sentences there are now doing well, and are unlikely to be inmates of prisons again. The difficulty ex-prisoners find in getting employment might be reduced if there were more Discharged Prisoners’ Aid Societies established. We know that in England, America, and elsewhere such individuals are drafted by aid societies into large towns and work found for them, and they are very soon lost in the crowd; but in New Zealand it is different, and owing to the thinly populated out-districts it is difficult for discharged prisoners to find work without being identified, and employers of labour naturally hesitate before giving employment to such persons.

Children's Courts.

An Act to make better provision for the hearing of charges against juvenile offenders was passed last session. Where a juvenile offender, meaning any person under sixteen years of age, is brought before the Court, the constable in charge of the case must make a special report to the Magistrate, who fixes a special hour for the hearing of the charge, notice of which shall be given to the parents of the child, and also, if the Magistrate thinks fit, to any religious or charitable organization or any public institution which interests itself in the care of children. If the offender is under arrest he shall either be at once admitted to bail or given into the charge of some person willing to receive him and produce him when required, or the constable in charge may arrange for him to be taken care of pending the hearing, but in no case shall the offender be allowed to remain in a gaol or lock-up pending the hearing unless his safe custody cannot otherwise be provided for On the hearing of the charge the Magistrate may order out of Court all persons excepting any counsel, solicitor, witness, parent, or guardian, or newspaper representative, or any person representing any institution or organization interested in the reform of juvenile offenders. Any Magistrate may, if he thinks fit, in lieu of recording a conviction against a child, even if the charge be proved, admonish him, and may order him or his parents to pay any costs or damages incurred by or through the offence.

First Offenders’ Probation Act.

One hundred and eleven persons were placed on probation in the year 1905, as against 91 in 1904. Of these, 30 were discharged after satisfactorily carrying out the conditions of their licenses, 4 were rearrested, 1 absconded, 2 were sent to industrial schools, 1 to a mental hospital, and 73 remained under the supervision of Probation Officers.

Of the 1,768 persons placed on probation since the introduction of the Act in October, 1886, no less than 1,486 had by the end of the year 1905 been discharged after satisfactorily carrying out the conditions of their licenses, 99 had been rearrested and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment, 1 committed suicide, 2 died, 38 absconded, 2 were sent to mental hospitals, 2 to industrial schools, and 138 remained fulfilling the conditions of their terms of probation.

The amount of costs which the various Courts directed to be paid during the year 1905 was £588 11s. 10d., of which £322 18s. 9d. has been actually paid. The approximate cost of keeping these first offenders had they been sent to prison would have amounted to £3,551, which sum, added to the amount of costs, &c., actually paid, represents a saving of £3,873.

Inquests.

The number of bodies on which inquests were held in 1905 was 1,102, including 23 Maoris. In 840 cases the bodies were of males, and in 262 of females.

The inquests on suicidal deaths in 1905 show a decrease on the number for the previous year. The figures for each of the last eight years were:—

Year.Inquests on Suicides.
Males.Females.Total.
1,89869877
1,899611374
1,900521163
1,901711384
1,90269574
1,9039115106
1,9048916105
1,905732396

The verdicts given at the inquests held in 1905 may be classified as under:—

Nature of Verdict.Inquests on Persons.
Males.Females.Total.
Accident35463417
Disease and natural causes382166548
Intemperance12214
Homicide325
Suicide732396
Execution1..1
Not classed15621
 8402621,102

Of the accidental deaths, drowning is the most fatal form. The verdicts show that 131 bodies were found drowned, giving a percentage of 31.18 on the accidental deaths from all causes.

Fire Inquests.

The inquests on fires held during 1905 numbered 29. In 12 cases the verdict was incendiarism; in 5 there was insufficient evidence; and in 12 no evidence was forthcoming.

Chapter 36. SECTION IV.—LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.

COUNTIES, BOROUGHS, ETC.

FOR purposes of local government New Zealand is divided into counties and boroughs. Although the boroughs, of which there were 103* in March, 1906, lie geographically within the counties, yet by the law they are not considered as part of them. On the 31st March, 1906, the counties numbered 97. The number is increased from time to time as need is found for further division. In the year 1878 there were only 63 counties. Interior to the counties are the road and town districts, but much of the country is outlying, many road districts having been merged, especially on goldfields territory.

There were, however, 212 road districts (five without Boards) in existence in March, 1906, and 40 town districts. One of these latter is the special Town District of Rotorua, constituted under “The Thermal-Springs Districts Act, 1881.” Besides the above there were 34 river protective districts (excluding Inch-Clutha, in Bruce County, which is also a road district), 3 drainage districts (Christchurch, Dunedin, and Hobson's Bay Watershed), 3 water-supply districts (one without Board), and 30 land drainage districts under the Land Drainage Act of 1893 (two without Boards). The Harbour Boards numbered 26, excluding Coromandel, Fortrose, and Half-moon Bay, for which the County Councils of Coromandel, Southland, and Stewart Island act as the Harbour Boards.

These bodies levied rates in the financial year 1905–6 to the amount of £1,151,219, of which £817,442 consisted of general rates, and £333,777 special and separate rates. The sum of £81,790 was raised by licenses, and £25,116 by other taxes, making £1,258,125 altogether, which sum is equivalent to £1 8s. 8d. per head of the mean European population. In the year 1904–5 the local taxation was £1 6s. 4d. per head, or 2s. 4d. less than in 1905–6.

It will be seen from the table on the next page that revenue derived from rates increased from £410,639 in 1885–86 to £1,151,219 in 1905–6. Revenue from Government has, on the other hand, decreased in the same period (twenty-one years) from £377,811 to £169,010. Receipts which cannot be classed as “revenue” were £514,728 in 1885–86, against £1,226,597 in 1905–6; but these figures vary from year to year according to circumstances, such as large operations by way of construction of works, for which money has to be specially raised.

The receipts (distinguishing revenue from other sources of income) and expenditure of the various local bodies, with the amount of rates collected, and the amount of indebtedness on account of loans for each of the past twenty-one years, are shown in the following table:—

* In April, 1903, the Boroughs of Linwood, St. Albans, and Sydenham were incorporated in the City of Christchurch, and the Borough of Melrose became part of the City of Wellington. On 1st November, 1904, the Borough of Caversham was incorporated in the City of Dunedin. On 1st April, 1905, the Borough of South Dunedin was incorporated in the City of Dunedin.

LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RATES, RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURE, AND LOANS, 1886 TO 1906.*
Year. ended 31st March.Receipts of Local Bodies.Expenditure of Local Bodies.†Outstanding Loans of Local Bodies (excluding Government Loans, for which see the following Columns).Government Loans to Local Bodies.
Revenue fromReceipts not Revenue.Total Receipts.Outstanding Debentures under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882.”Net Indebtedness in February of each Year under “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886,” Local Bodies’ Loans Acts, 1901, 1902, and 1903 (including Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, converted).
Rates.Licenses, Tolls, Rents, and other Sources.GovernmentTotal Revenue.

*The figures for the Harbour Boards (excepting Wellington, the period being for the year ending 30th September, 1905, and the Coromandel, Fortrose, Half-moon Bay and Horse-shoe Bay, and New River Harbour Boards, the figures for which are for the year ended 31st March, 1906) included, are for the calendar years ended three months previous to the financial years.

†Not including balances, deposits, or amounts paid to sinking funds and for redemption of debentures.

 ££££££££££
1,886410,639504,807377,8111,293,257514,7281,807,9851,644,7064,943,270134,534..
1,887434,237447,631342,4321,224,300992,6332,216,9331,885,0015,620,747113,072..
1,888433,832460,210334,8571,228,899511,5941,740,4931,819,7875,S12,80318,635191,687
1,889445,929535,140141,2881,122,357316,1391,438,4961,560,6055,892,05010,495273,289
1,890460,303508,405139,3201,168,028206,6881,374,7161,476,5405,978,0599,676319,603
1,891463,581518,757144,0081,126,346236,9021,363,2481,381,3206,042,6934,317367,715
1,892488,824584,274109,0221,182,120214,1241,396,2441,400,4676,081,9344,245449,532
1,893508,157573,161136,5151,217,833340,5381,558,3711,482,5486,203,8693,465525,173
1,894551.412547,560134,2711,233,243623,0381,856,2811,589,1246,614,8242,685547,679
1,895581,868545,620138,2281,265,725328,7981,594,5231,584,5186,685,5102,015621,903
1,896592,903581,966156,1801,331,049269,1451,600,1941,627,0796,737,5781,442667,451
1,897598,526586,599178,4481,363,573246,9191,610,4921,636,7166,793,3981,077709,282
1,898644,552608,436182,1661,435,154304,6451,739,7991,733,0166,834,361712742,530
1,899685,769642,289178,4381,506,496385,3681,891,8641,778,5746,963,254347789,618
1,900714,151695,988152,0441,562,183372,0281,934,2111,960,0737,057,350..810,192
1,901734,023751,046168,7851,653,854825,0392,478,8932,250,5727,563,069..902,769
1,902800,471848,983170,0411,819,495775,4322,594,9272,528,0227,839,695..1,046,645
1,903846,716897,328156,2541,900,298966,0872,866,3852,867,5068,217,196..1,266,002
1,904950,1501,029,550176,5192,156,2191,142,5953,298,8143,230,7128,898,910..1,401,752
1,9051,019,4311,088,587166,6352,274,6531,350,6313,625,2843,497,32110,018,242..1,526,353
1,9061,151.2191,223,138169,0102,543,3671,326,5973,869,9643,601,50610,718,051..1,580,494

The indebtedness of local governing bodies on account of outstanding loans has increased in twenty-one years from £4,943,270 to £10,718,051, exclusive of moneys borrowed from Government under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882,” “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886,” and the Local Bodies’ Loans Acts, 1901, 1902, and 1903, which represented a further indebtedness of £1,580,494 at the end of March, 1906.

TAXATION BY LOCAL BODIES.

TABLE showing the Revenue of Local Governing Bodies derived from Rates, Licenses, and other Taxes during the Year 1905–6.

Local Bodies.Rates.Licenses.Other Taxes.Total
General.Special and Separate.

* For year ended 31st March, 1906.

†Wellington Harbour Board, for year ended 30th September, 1905; Christchurch Drainage Board, for period of fifteen months ended 31st March, 1906; Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage Board and Christchurch Tramway Board, for year ended 31st March, 1906; and Hobson's Bay Watershed Sewage Board, to 31st March, 1906.

‡ Wharfage dues, charges, fees, tolls, rents, &c., amounting to £487,901 7s. 11d., have not been classed as taxation.

§Equal to £1 8s. 8d. per head of the mean European population of the colony for the financial year 1905–6

 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Counties*1303,39910563,77818019,27314911,668110398,12050
Boroughs*281,55905247,6371256,618151111,707182597,582158
Town Boards*5,3131263171463,3841553221559,3381710
Road Boards*106,2522615,9851372,5131111,356144126,107124
River Boards*10,153371,05010911,203144
Land Drainage Boards*4,577261,29516115,872195
Harbour Boards†56,42414456,424144‡
City and Suburban Drainage Boards†45,3366112,19218747,52956
Christchurch Tramway B'rd†3661636616
Water - supply Boards*4,0601811,518135,578 194 
    Totals817,442129333,77614981,7908025,115991,258,1255

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE, 1905–6.

A summary of all the transactions for the year 1905–6 is given on pages 202 to 205. The total revenue of the local bodies for the financial year was £2,543,367, and they further received a sum of £1,326,597 which could not properly be termed “revenue,” making altogether a grand total of receipts amounting to £3,869,964. The rates, formed 45 per cent. of the revenue proper. Licenses, rents, and other sources yielded 48 per cent., and 7 per cent. was granted by the General Government.

While the revenue proper of the counties amounted to £531,165, of which those bodies raised £367,178 by way of rates, the Road Boards’ revenue was only £168,574, out of which £122,238 represented the result of their rating. The boroughs had the far larger revenue of £1,104,432, including £529,196 of rates, and their receipts under the heading of licenses, rents, and other sources amounted to the considerable sum of £538,319. In the matter of receipts from Government, of which a table is printed on the next page, the counties received the bulk of the money.

The details of amounts received, representing Government support to the various bodies, are stated in the following table:—

LOCAL, GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS FROM GOVERNMENT, 1905–6.
Counties.Boroughs.Town Boards.Road Boards.River Boards (excluding Inch-Clutha, also Road Board).Land Drainage Boards.Harbour Boards.Drainage Board.Totals.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Rates on Crown and Native lands12217049122   10636            278128
One-third receipts from land sold on deferred payment and from perpetual lease19,99596   74103,118120            23,12164
One-fourth of rents from small grazing-runs1,80402      172151            1,976153
Timber and flax royalties6202      625138            687147
Goldfields revenue and gold duty19,6532218,991187151112111            38,76779
Subsidies under the Local Bodies’ Finance and Powers Act.60,53619316,094877575218,84124            96,229154
Fees and flues under the Financial Arrangements Act68414116231505061775            1,3301710
Other receipts1,685071,157013,1010865168            6,59480
            Total Revenue Account.104,5444636,9161453,87117123,65419            168,986179
Loans from Government under Loans to Local Bodies’ Acts.57,18315125,9371414712217,248005,000001,80000      107,21714
Grants for special works, &c86,4941382,94975300009,676301,27520         100,69561
            Total receipts from Government248,22213365,80315114,2199350,578496,275201,80000      376,89952
LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURE, AND LOANS, 1905–6.
Financial Year ended 31st March, 1906.
CountiesBoroughs.Town Boards.Road Boards.River Boards (excluding Inch-Clutha, also Road Board).Land Drainage Boards.Water-supply Boards.Christchurch Tramway Board.

* For amounts under various heads see next table; also for specification of loans under Loans to Local Bodies Acts, and special grants, which are here included with “Receipts not revenue.”

†For rates of interest see page 207.

NOTE.—The return of receipts and expenditure in this summary represents the net receipts and expenditure of the year, exclusive of credit and debit balances, bank overdrafts, deposits, amounts paid to sinking funds, and for redemption of debentures.

Receipts:—                        
    Revenue from—£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
            Rates367,17885529,196175,63170122,23716111,2031445,6721955,57819436616
            Licenses, rents, and other sources59,442130538,3181417,44010314,6761055,8761113071213563943,309124
            Government*104,5444636,9161453,87117123,6541923100         
            County      250008,005141            
                Total revenue531,1655111,104,431101117,199144168,5742417,1031556,1801165,9353143,6751310
            Receipts not revenue172,880174782,7051361,90318137,188676,816322,11115385007,71181
                Total receipts704,046331,887,1373719,103125205,76281123,9191878,292696,0203151,387111
Expenditure:—                        
            Public works496,343198798,419141011,938133152,31115112,6761575,6851611,435178159,827144
            Charitable aid and hospitals47,0757938,86314920114311,14698            
            Management70,81413985,905352,8106016,242761,60315050918151011132,896188
            Other expenditure85,652143643,9721003,0811527,36719112,5801221,5391832,570044,611510
                Total expenditure699,8861551,567,1613018,0311411207,06811426,861297,7351254,5151911197,3351810
Liabilities (including loans, excepting those from Government)221,673575,765,3319104,89810187,93611040,8991303,52004431311314,88264
Loans†15,228005,314,173003,5440049,1150030,070003000021,20000305,00000
Financial Year endedTotals—all Local Bodies.
31st March, 1906. City and Suburban Drainage Boards.*31st December, 1905. Harbour Boards.*

* Wellington Harbour Board for year ended 30th September, 1905; Christchurch Drainage Board for period of fifteen months ended 31st March, 1906; and Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage Board for year ended 31st March, 1906.

† See notes to table on previous page.

‡ For rates of interest see page 207.

§Not including loans, amounting to £1,580,494, repayable by instalments under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882,” “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1880,” “The. Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1901,” and Amendment Acts, 1902 and 1903.

Receipts:—         
    Revenue from—£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
            Rates47,5295650,4241441,151,21976
            Licenses, rents, and other sources.1,425199543,7211211,214,8811810
            Government†      169,01079
            County      8,255141
                Total revenue48,95553600,146652,543,36782
            Receipts not revenue75,1461710240,047661,326,59764
                Total receipts124,10231810,19312113,869,964146
Expenditure:—         
            Public works80,42855185,6791951,904,748114
            Charitable aid and hospitals      97,28765
            Management8,7024019,328192239.32476
            Other expenditure20,995115557,774561,360,145183
                Total expenditure110,126010762,783413,601,50636
Liabilities (including loans)432,2381454,739,37911†11,611,190157
Loans†425,270004,554,15100§10,718,05100

The expenditure of the local bodies amounted to £3,601,506. In the counties the cost of management, including salaries, travelling-expenses, rent, printing and advertising, collection of rates or tolls, legal expenses, and sundries, was £70,815. The Borough Councils expended in the same way £85,905, and the Road Boards £16,242.

The percentages borne by the cost of management to the total receipts and total expenditure were:—

Cost of Management per Cent. ofTotal Receipts.Total Expenditure.
Counties10.110.1
Boroughs4.55.5
Road Boards7.97.8

HARBOUR BOARDS.

The amount of receipts and expenditure for each of the Harbour Boards in the colony for the year ended 31st December, 1905 (excepting Wellington, the accounts for which were made up for the year ending 30th September, 1905, and Coromandel, Fortrose, Half-moon Bay and Horseshoe Bay, New River and Riverton, to 31st March, 1906), also the liabilities at date of balancing, including outstanding loans, have been tabulated in another statement.

Harbour Boards.Receipts.Expenditure (excluding Amounts paid to Sinking Fund and for Redemption of Debentures).
Revenue fromReceipts not Revenue.Total Receipts.Works and Maintenance.Other Expenditure, Interest, &c.Out of Loan.Total Expenditure.Liabilities (excluding Loans from Government).
Wharfage Dues, Charges, Fees, Tolls. &c.Rents and other Sources.Total Revenue.

(a) Including Admiralty subsidy, £1,475.

(b) Public works.

(c) Coromandel County Council is the Harbour Board.

(d) Southland County Council is the Harbour Board.

(e) Stewart Island County Council is the Harbour Board.

(f) Public works, £2,489 1s. 4d.; office expenses, £121 10s.

* Including rates: Gisborne. £7,517 8s, 4d.; Napier, £23,140 7s. 4d.; New Plymouth, £11,355 10s. 2d.; Oamaru, £8,619 6s. 2d.; Timaru, £8,384 19s, 1d.; Wairoa, £377 3s. 3d.

 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Auckland58,59412916,726141075,32177(a)110,13721185,45810645,59918533,160191(b)37,3131211116,074105572,27500
Bluff16,2431092,5326718,77517410,8075429,583289,357439,75174(b)13,2044432,312151174,3221110
Coromandel(c)2935   29351   293526160      20160   
Fortrose(d)   31503150   3150               
Gisborne13,304748,3349421,63816879012922,4299557341013,300158(b)10,436111024,310124205,327104
Greymouth16,8061662,75814919,56511315,0000034,5651131,1321412,464118(b)12,5199726,11627250,629151
Half-moon Bay and Horse-shoe Buy7378   7378   737840935122   391211   
Hokitika25023407566577904965712614215659545   737191113,628910
Lyttelton52,53913112,02615164,56690   54,5669020,3098825,791112   46,1031910266,02588
Mokau13882267544051361014941683266188141190   41317865149
Napier21,61019522,48414644,095131111218744,20812612,252101128,67636(f)2,61311443,54259503,18349
Nelson2,6841438321993,51714015,0785018,595190472422,638192(b)15,7960518,9063952,33031
New Plymouth9,66612215,523181025,1901107801025,268111013,18212115,7051110   28,88831128,924164
New River884669492978158   9781586.6911,46739   2,154121012,00000
Oamaru6,4132710,3714316,7846101,0000017,7816101,8613612,415113(b)4,8125219,0349113.0,203108
Otago61,7522010,7638672,51510615,9000088,41510623,1162764,066310   87,18265707,677172
Patea2,39577674163,069915,063118,1321027311521,611663,4551255,79814127,742 16
Riverton211102393226050   26050591711142120   2029111,90000
Thames1,60619500332,10650   2,106504351691,177184   1,61315110,085811
Timaru25,0036810,73810835,74617415,33218351,0791578,9516118,94522(b)17,21321045,109111310,732115
Waikokohu               35532      35532379117
Waimakariri   23413823413874324117115934103164   162198   
Wairoa5335639263925119   925119   955149   9551495,05518
Waitara1,514556.71082,1311616032,1371642,42353393195   2,8174825,319122
Wanganui6,07018112,389188,46007171268,4771312,5891117,9321210   10,52114930,33549
Wellington120,980443,263129124,24317150,70553174,9492418,574181089,25176(b)72,503176180,330310435,445148
Westport67,937104   67,987104   67,93710422,3295746,1501411   68,48006665,561100
Whaingaroa2819150028691   2869124211162127   186156207146
Whangarei5601610353659604   596042171918752   40461119185
                Totals487,901711*112,244186600,14665240,04766840,1931211185,679195387,234164189,86884762,783414,739,37911

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES.

In a table on the next page will be found a summary of the amounts raised by loan, classified according to the rates of interest paid, distinguishing loans raised in the colony from those raised abroad. It will be noticed that the amount raised abroad (£5,467,500) is now but little more than that raised in New Zealand (£5,250,551). Figures for three consecutive years on page 208 show that the operations have been such as to leave the total outside indebtedness almost the same in March, 1906, as it was in 1904, while on the other hand the indebtedness inside the colony has increased steadily. The lowest rate of interest paid in 1906 was 3 per cent., but the large sum of £2,939,045 was raised at 5 per cent., and £2,067,555 at 6 per cent., while £80,900 bore interest as high as 7 per cent.

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES, MARCH, 1906.—NET INDEBTEDNESS AND ANNUAL CHARGE.
Amount of Debentures and Stock in Circulation.Amount of Accrued Sinking Fund.Net Indebtedness.Annual Charge (excluding Exchange and Commission).
Interest.Sinking Fund.Total.
* Repayable by annual instalments of £86,817, representing 5 per cent. per annum on £22,103, 4 1/2 per cent. per annum on £1,050,422, 4 per cent. per annum on £110,582, and 3 1/2 per cent. per annum on £972,097, the amount inscribed to 1st February, 1906. Repayments on the amount inscribed (£2,155,114, including £89,878 debentures under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882,” exchanged) would be £2,821,915. The actual repayments to date are £747,006, leaving £2,074.909 to be paid by way of interest and sinking fund, on a present indebtedness of £1,580,494.
 ££££££
Counties15,22889914,3297414381,179
Boroughs5,314,173455,6204,858,553253,15423,638277,842
Town Boards3,5442253,31917434208
Road Boards49,11540048,7152,1473112,458
River Boards30,0701,65728,4131,450;5642,014
Water-supply Board21,2002,36018,8401,0152501,265
Harbour Boards4,554,151472,6944,081,457220,92323,344244,267
Drainage Boards425,57061,576363,99422,4842,06624,550
Christchurch Tramway Board305,000539304,46113,1001,80014,900
                    Totals10,718,051995,9709,722,081515,18852,495567,683
Inscribed debt of local bodies under “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886.” “The Loans to Local Bodies Act. 1901.” and Amendment Acts of 1902 and 1903 (including inscribed stock exchanged for debentures under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882”)1,580,494*..1,580,494*....86,817
                    Totals12,298,545995,97011,302,575515,18852,495654,500

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES, RAISED WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE COLONY.

TABLE showing the Amount of Indebtedness of Counties, Boroughs, Town, Road, River, Water-supply, Christchurch Tramway Boards, and Drainage Boards, as on the 31st March, 1906, and of Harbour Boards as on the 31st December, 1905, classified according to the Rates of Interest paid, distinguishing Loans raised in the Colony from those raised elsewhere. (See note.)

Local Bodies.No Interest.3%3 3/4%4%4 1/4%4 1/2%5%5 1/4%5 1/2%6%6 1/2%7%Total

* Including £28,200 at 4 3/4 per cent.

† Including £3,000 at 5 3/4 per cent

‡ Including £125 at 3 1/2 per cent.

§Including £40 at 10 per cent.

NOTE.—Not including loans, amounting to £1,580,494, repayable by annual instalments under “The Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 1882.” “The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act. 1886,” “The Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1901,” and Amendment Acts. 1902 and 1903.

Loans raised in the Colony.
 £££££££££££££
Christchurch Tramway Board............250,00055,000..................305,000
Counties.........1,400...1,50012,328...............15,228
Boroughs25,000......1,120,770107,3001,179,148656,577*18,00026,523158,955†...20,9003,313,173
Town Boards...............1,8011,240... 500......3,544
Road Boards......125‡13,900...34,0501,000............40§49,115
River Boards.........3,200...18,000650...2,720500......25,070
Water-supply Board...............9,00012,200...............21,200
Harbour Hoards...14,03160,000920,800...207,77058,050...31,00030,000......1,321,651
Drainage Boards...............196,270300...............196,570
        Total raised in colony25,00014,03160,125‡2,060,070357,3001,702,542742,345*18,00060,243189,955†...20,940§5,250,551
Loans raised outside the Colony.
Boroughs.........330,000...307,000468,300...35,000780,700...60,0002,001,000
River Boards...........................5,000... 5,000
Harbour Boards...... 400,00080,000100,0001,776,200......876,300......3,232,500
Drainage Board..................10,400......218,600......229,000
Total raised outside colony.........730,00080,000407,0002,274,900...35,0001,880,600...60,0005,467,500
Total Loans raised.
Christchurch Tramway Board............250,00055,000..................305,000
Counties.........1,400...1,50012,328...............15.228
Boroughs25,000......1,450,770107,3001,486,1481,144,877*18,00061,523939,655†...80,9005,314,173
Town Boards...............1,8041,240......500......3,544
Road Boards......125‡13,900...34,0501,000............40§49,115
River Boards.........3,200...18,000650...2,7205,500......30,070
Water-supply Board...............9,00012,200...............21,200
Harbour Boards...14,03160,0001,320,80080,000397,7701,834,250...31,000906,300......4,554,151
Drainage Boards...............196,27010,700......218,600......425,570
        Total loans raised25,00014,03160,125‡2,790,070437.002,109,5423,017,245*18,00095,2432,070,555†...80,940§10,718,051

INDEBTEDNESS OF LOCAL BODIES.

 Inside New Zealand.Outside New Zealand.
 ££
March, 19043,369,4105,529,500
March, 19054,379,6425,638,600
March, 19065,250,5515,467,500

From the tables on the preceding pages it will be seen that the total amount owing was, on the 31st March, 1906, £10,718,051. But, against this, accrued sinking funds to the value of £995,970 were held, leaving a net debt of £9,722,081, exclusive of moneys borrowed from the General Government and repayable by annual instalments.

The total annual charge (excluding exchange and commission) stood at £567,683, of which £515,188 was for interest, and the remainder, £52,495, contributions to sinking fund accounts.

Of the total net indebtedness in 1905–6 the debt of the Borough Councils, £4,858,553, formed the largest item, while the Harbour Boards owed £4,081,457.

On referring to the comparative table on page 200, a great advance in the outstanding loans of local governing bodies will be noticed. Between 1896 and 1906 the gross indebtedness increased from £6,737,578 to £10,718,051, an addition of £3,980,473 or over 58 per cent. during the ten years. During the same period the population advanced at the rate of 26 per cent., and the value of land and improvements (1891–1906) from £122,000,000 to £218,400,000, or at the rate of 79 per cent. in fifteen years.

The aggregate interest-charge for the year under review was £515,188, and £283,621 of this was payable on loans raised outside the colony. The average rate of interest payable to bondholders was £4 16s. 2d. per cent.

While the average rate of interest on the above-mentioned debt is found to be less than 5 per cent., nearly three millions were raised at 5 per cent., and over two millions at 6 per cent. or over.

THE LOCAL BODIES’ LOANS ACTS, 1901, 1902, 1903, AND 1906.

The Act of 1901 consolidates all former measures dealing with the borrowing-powers of local bodies. It does not affect the securities issued for any loan raised under any Act repealed.

As to Government loans to local bodies, the yearly rate of interest and the period during which interest is payable by the local authority have now been altered by the Amendment Act of 1903, and stand as under:—

At the option of the authority concerned—

  1. Five per centum per annum for a period of twenty-six years; or

  2. Four and a half per centum per annum for a period of thirty-two years; or

  3. Four per centum per annum for a period of forty-one years.

The Amendment Act of 1902 empowers the Colonial Treasurer to lend to small boroughs, having at the time of the last preceding census a population of less than two thousand persons, any sum not exceeding £2,000 in any year for the purpose of making streets within the borough.

The interest payable in respect of every existing loan the period of which is twenty-six years shall be 4 1/2 per centum per annum. There are provisions for readjustment of the rate of interest on loans for twenty-six years existing at the time of the passing of the Act of 1903, which are regulated by the length of the period over which the repayment of the loan is extended.

At the expiration of the period during which interest is payable the liability of the local authority shall cease without further payment.

The Act of 1906 amends the principal Act as regards special roll, raising of special loans, investment of sinking funds, and makes provision as to merger of special-rating areas.

In order to remove any doubt as to the operation of section 24 of “The Municipal Corporations Act, 1900,” it is declared that all proposals for loans shall be submitted under the principal Act, and not under “The Local Elections Act, 1904,” and past loans raised under the latter Act are validated so far as this ground is concerned.

In any case where land liable to any special rate is acquired by the Crown, the Crown shall be liable for payment of any such rate for any year during which there is no occupier of the land within the meaning of “The Rating Act, 1894.”

MUNICIPAL FRANCHISE.

“The Municipal Corporations Act, 1900,” with its amending Act of 1902, deals with the franchise in the case of boroughs, and provides that, in addition to the persons who are already entitled to be enrolled, every person shall be so entitled who possesses the freehold or residential qualifications stated in the Act.

The possession of the freehold qualification is defined as being the beneficial and duly registered owner of a freehold estate in land of the capital value of not less than £25, situated in the borough, notwithstanding that any other person is the occupier thereof, or part thereof, under any tenancy.

Every person is deemed to possess a residential qualification within a borough if he is, and for at least three months last past has been, a residential occupant within such borough.

No person may be entered in the burgess lists in respect of more qualifications than one; but any person who has more than one qualification may select the one in respect of which he wishes to be entered.

In the case of husband and wife, any qualification possessed by one of them is deemed to be possessed by each.

No person enrolled on a burgess roll has more than one vote, and no person enrolled by virtue of the residential qualification can vote on any proposal relating to loans or rates.

INCREASED RATING-POWERS OF COUNTIES, ROAD AND TOWN DISTRICTS.

By “The Counties Act Amendment Act, 1903,” section 4, it is provided that, notwithstanding anything in the principal Act, the maximum general rate that may be made and levied shall be—

  1. In counties where there are no road or town districts, a rate of threepence in the pound on the capital value of the rateable property therein, or its equivalent on the unimproved value or annual value; and

  2. In counties where there are road or town districts,—

    1. In outlying districts, a rate of threepence in the pound on the capital value, or its equivalent as aforesaid;

    2. In all other parts of the county, a rate of three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value, or its equivalent as aforesaid.

And under section 5 the County Council may make and levy rates, called “separate rates,” in addition to or in lieu of any general rate, upon all rateable property in any riding of a county; or may by special order make or levy any such rate upon all rateable property within the portion of the county defined in the order. But the total amount of separate rates and general rates together is not to exceed in any one year the amount of the maximum general rate prescribed by the last preceding section (No. 4, quoted above).

By “The Road and Town Districts Rating Act, 1903,” the rating-powers of the Boards are extended. Under section 2 the maximum general rate that may be made and levied in any year in a road or town district is a rate of three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value of the rateable property of the district, or its equivalent on the unimproved value, or two shillings in the pound on the annual value, as the case may be. Under section 3, where road districts are divided into subdivisions, no separate rates made and levied in any year may, with the general rates, exceed in any subdivision the amount of the maximum general rate aforesaid.

RATING ON UNIMPROVED VALUE.

A special article on this system of rating (which it is optional with local governing bodies to adopt or not) is given in Part III of this work.

The results, as shown by notifications in the New Zealand Gazette, of proposals to level rates on the unimproved value of land are given in full.

TABLE SHOWING THE RESULT OF POLLS TAKEN UNDER “THE RATING ON UNIMPROVED VALUE ACT, 1896,” AND AMENDMENT ACT OF 1900, TO 31ST MARCH, 1907.
Date of Poll.Result of Poll.Votes recorded.
For.Against.Informal.

(a) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. Poll taken 6th June, 1904. For rescission, 176; against, 415; informal, 6.

(b) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. Poll taken 3rd May, 1904. For rescission, 116; against, 148.

(c) Now part of Christchurch City.

(d) Road district not now in existence.

(e) Illegal, not in accordance with section 5, “Rating Act, 1894.”

(f) Now part of Wellington City.

Akitio County16 Feb., 1905Carried112323
Ashburton Borough14 Jan., 1903Rejected1021994
Auckland City7 Aug., 1901Rejected7531,697..
Avenal Borough7 Dec., 1904Carried48102
Awatere Road District3 May, 1905Carried1468..
Awhitu Road District25 Jan., 1907Carried23151
Balclutha Borough7 July, 1902Carried6033..
Blenheim Borough17 June, 1903Carried22464..
Buller County10 Sept., 1904Carried302845
Campbelltown Borough14 Sept., 1904Carried101866
Castlepoint County8 Nov., 1905Carried5645..
Cheviot County6 Oct., 1898Carried16541..
Christchurch City30 June, 1902Carried596512..
Clyde Town District22 Feb., 1907Carried68121
Dannevirke Borough27 Feb., 1907Carried3089413
Devonport Borough (a)30 Oct., 1900Carried356109..
Eastbourne Borough8 Aug., 1906Carried7824..
Eketahuna County1 Feb., 1900Carried149211
Feilding Borough16 April, 1901Carried268561
Foxton Borough20 June, 1902Rejected53984
Gore Borough7 July, 1901Carried122675
Grey Lynn Borough20 Mar., 1901Carried140712
Greymouth Borough23 Feb., 1898Carried214481
Hamilton Borough(b)13 Feb., 1901Carried7752..
Hastings Borough14 July, 1902Rejected25026515
Hastings Borough30 Aug., 1905Rejected31437421
Hawera Borough8 April, 1903Carried12991
Heathcote Road District14 Mar., 1905Rejected13540314
Hobson County14 Feb., 1905Carried2271968
Hokianga County11 Mar., 1899Carried109256
Hokitika Borough5 May, 1901Carried212531
Hunua Road District5 April, 1899Carried602..
Inangahua County14 May, 1898Carried284112
Invercargill Borough5 June, 1901Carried3861744
Kaiapoi Borough7 Sept., 1905Rejected8325116
Kairanga County14 Jan., 1905Carried142542
Karori Borough4 April, 1898Carried9331
Kawhia County21 Nov., 1905Carried967..
Linwood Borough (c)30 May, 1901Carried276382
Lower Hutt Borough12 Oct., 1901Carried94684
Manawatu Road District (d)6 Jan., 1900Carried10510..
Maori Hill Borough25 Jan., 1904Carried11927..
Maraetai Road District2 June, 1900Carried16....
Mareretu Road District (e)28 June, 1902Carried24....
Masterton Borough29 Aug., 1901Carried2211396
Mataura Borough27 Mar., 1907Rejected17581
Mauku Road District2 July, 1904Carried23391
Melrose Borough (f)3 Mar., 1898Carried236406
Date of Poll.Result of Poll.Votes recorded.
For.Against.Informal.

(a) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. For proposal. 23; against, 38; informal, 3.

(b)) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. For proposal, 85; against, 124; informal, 2.

(c)) Now part of Christchurch City.

(d)) Road district not now in existence.

(e)) Including Woodville County since constituted.

(f)) Poll taken prior to coming into operation of section 2 of “The Local Government Voting Reform Act, 1899”; less than one-third of ratepayers voted, and proposal consequently rejected. The county has since been subdivided and absorbed in other counties.

* New poll taken under Act of 1900.

Miramar Borough30 Nov., 1905Carried117451
Mosgiel Borough27 Feb., 1902Rejected58871
New Plymouth Borough16 Mar., 1905Rejected1673134
Normanby Town District (a)15 Nov., 1897Carried82563
North-east Valley Borough12 Jan., 1905Carried202172..
North Invercargill Borough(b)1 April, 1903Carried107242
Onslow Borough20 Mar., 1901Carried1408..
Pahiatua Borough19 June, 1897Carried136381
Pahiatua County27 June, 1901Carried350313
Palmerston North Borough5 Mar., 1897Carried402123
Papakura Road District10 Mar., 1900Carried301..
Pelorus Road District31 Mar., 1900Carried9841..
Petone Borough6 Nov., 1901Rejected1001344
Petone Borough23 Mar., 1905Carried311112..
Picton Borough23 Mar., 1905Rejected27731
Picton Borough30 July, 1903Carried47389
Raglan County23 Nov., 1901Carried*116852
St. Albans B rough13 Feb., 1902Carried35021815
South Invercargill Borough2 Feb., 1902Carried106541
Southland County1 Mar., 1902Carried919574..
Spreydon Road District16 May, 1901Carried141574
Stratford County29 June, 1901Carried399232
Stratford Borough23 July, 1902Carried137641
Sumner Borough21 Nov., 1901Carried*9119..
Sydenham Borough(c)14 Mar., 1901Carried353193..
Takaka County2 Sept., 1905Carried136405
Taratahi-Carterton Road District (d)26 Aug., 1897Carried26153..
Tauranga County9 Feb., 1901Carried90132
Timaru Borough10 Oct., 1900Rejected932465
Timaru Borough18 April, 1905Rejected372440..
Waimarino County23 Sept., 1903Carried4313..
Waimate Borough2 Feb., 1901Carried2356114
Waimate County1 Nov., 1900Carried368162..
Waipawa County (e)2 Feb., 1898Carried462283
Wairarapa North County (f)8 Nov., 1899Rejected(d)3316810
Wairarapa South County23 Oct., 1902Carried1878..
Wanganui Borough17 Dec, 1903Rejected3033312
Wellington City11 Nov., 1901Carried1,261591..
West Harbour Borough18 April, 1904Carried62302
Westport Borough19 April, 1904Carried2801637
Whangarei Borough27 Sept., 1905Rejected1662262
Winton Borough29 Nov., 1901Carried39311
Woodville Borough21 Mar., 1898Carried17571
Woolston Borough24 June, 1902Carried*2521907

A county having decided to levy rates on the unimproved value makes it compulsory for all interior Town and Road Boards to adopt the same system of rating. But in counties where the Counties Act is suspended, or where a general rate is not levied, the ratepayers of any Road Board may take a poll on the question. It is also permissible for any Town Board within a county not rating on the unimproved value to adopt that system, the decision to do so having been carried by vote of the ratepayers. The date of the polling did not, in some instances, allow of a rate on the unimproved value being struck for the year ended 31st March, 1906.

NEW LEGISLATION.

“The Counties Act Amendment Act, 1904,” provides that the Council of any new county, as soon as the whole principal Act has been brought into force, may borrow by way of overdraft an amount not to exceed the estimated receipts for the first year, exclusive of Government grants and subsidies, moneys borrowed, or moneys received from separate rates.

The Council of any county may, by special order, and without taking a poll, borrow money by way of special lean sufficient to clear off any overdraft as existing on the 31st March, 1904. After the extinction of any such overdraft it shall not be lawful for the Council to owe to its bankers on overdraft at the end of any financial year any sum exceeding the amount of revenue for that year then outstanding and uncollected.

The Act also deals with the construction and repair of footpaths within road or town districts at cost of county, appointment and powers of Fire Inspectors, licensing of billiard-rooms, and grants to cemetery trustees.

“The Town Districts Act, 1881,” and Amendment Act, 1883, previously repealed, are now revived by “The Town Districts Act, 1904.” The Governor may declare that any area wherein there are not less than fifty householders shall be a town district. “The Town Districts Act, 1906,” gives power to constitute town districts in certain counties, and provides that every town district having a population of not less than five hundred shall be deemed not to form part of the county within which it is included. The Act also provides for the apportionment of assets and liabilities, and the preliminary appointments on the constitution of a new district. There are certain provisions in the case of a town district becoming a borough, and town boards are empowered to raise moneys by way of overdraft to an amount not exceeding the revenue of the board for the previous financial year, not including Government grants, borrowed moneys, and separate or special rates.

“The Land Drainage Act, 1904,” consolidates and, where necessary, amends the law relating to the drainage of land. “The Land Drainage Act, 1893,” and the Amendment Act, 1894, except section 9 of the latter, are repealed.

“The Native Land Rating Act, 1904,” extends the powers already possessed by local authorities for the levying of rates over Native lands, and affords greater facilities for the recovery of such rates.

“The Road Boards Acts Amendment Act, 1904,” enacts that any Road Board in a county wherein the operation of “The Counties Act, 1886,” is suspended may, with the consent of the Governor, given by Order in Council, construct waterworks and levy water rates, as provided in sections 3 to 6 of “The Road Boards Act 1882 Amendment Act, 1888.”

“The Local Elections Act, 1904,” consolidates and amends the law relating to local elections, and to the taking of polls on proposals submitted to the vote of local electors. A noticeable innovation is the form of ballot-paper and method of recording votes: the voter, instead of scoring out the name of the candidate selected by him, marks a cross opposite to the name, in a space ruled for the purpose. The enactments repealed are “The Regulation of Local Elections Act, 1876,” “The Regulation of Local Elections Act Amendment Act, 1888,” and section 16 of “The Municipal Corporations Act Amendment Act, 1902.”

“The Timber and Flax Royalties Act, 1905,” provides that one-half of the revenue received by the Receiver of Land Revenue in respect of royalty under any license for cutting timber or flax, and payable into the Consolidated Fund, shall be payable to the local authority within whose district the timber or flax is obtained and the revenue was derived, and shall be applied by such local authority exclusively in constructing, repairing, and maintaining roads. Revenue received from any district where no local authority exists shall be applied for the purposes aforesaid under the direction of the Minister or of such person as he may appoint.

Whenever it appears that any moneys paid to any local authority under this Act have not been properly applied to the objects for which they were so paid, the Colonial Treasurer may proceed for the recovery of such moneys, or may deduct the amount from any subsidy or other moneys payable at any time to the said local authority under any Act.

“The Municipal Corporations Amendment Act, 1906,” describes the procedure until the election of the first councillors in the case of a newly constituted borough. It also deals with the renewal and surrender of leases, waste of water, and the open space to be provided for dwellinghouses. The Council may, of its own motion, or shall, if the District Health Officer recommends, make by-laws in respect of lodging houses, hotels, and houses occupied by more than one family, in order to prevent overcrowding. There are a number of minor amendments of the principal Act.

RATES, ETC., BOROUGHS, COUNTIES, TOWN AND ROAD DISTRICTS.

The amount of rates levied by the various Borough Councils, County Councils, Town Boards, and Road Boards, with other particulars, as returned by those bodies for the 31st March, 1906, will be found on the following pages:—

BOROUGHS, 1905–6.
Name of Borough.Estimated Area (including Town Belt) in acres.Population (Census, 1906).Number ofAmount of Rate Levied in the Pound.Estimated Annual (or renting) Value of Rateable Property, March, 1906.Capital Value of Rateable Property, March, 1906.Unimproved Value of Rateable Property, march, 1906.
Dwellings (Census, 1906).Ratepayers.Rateable Properties.General.Separate.Special.Water.Library.
      s. d.s. d.s. d.s. d.s. d.£££
Whangarei2,0382,1154254505370 1 1/2(1)(6) 1/6d.....0 1..191,289..
Birkenhead2,7001,2662862923341 4(1)0 20 2....8,854....
Devonport (1905)6405,0731,073850..0 1 1/2(2)1/6d., & 1/12d.1d., 3/4d., & 1/2d.(3)6d., or 2 1/2 per cent.......215,415
Auckland1,78637,7366,9184,5578,6881 0(4)2d., 2d.1 3(5)0 0 1/2441,685....
Grey Lynn9005,8821,1851,2401,2600 1 3/4(6)0 0 1/160 1(3)4, 4 1/2, 5 1/2, 6 per cent.......272,422
Newmarket1502,3424803354561 70 30 54 to 5 per cent...16,402....
Parnell4805,2531,0406479311 5(3)2 1/2d., 6 1/2d...(7)4 per cent...36,795....
Onehunga1,2003,6938186371,0651 3(1)0 2..4 per cent.0 0 1/223,311....
Thames2,5603,7508799201,1691 2(1)0 40 1(8)0 124,946....
Te Aroha2001,1092572313701 3....0 7..7,130....
Waihi3,1305,5941,2821,3841,6930 6......(9)..26,554....
Hamilton1,6002,150417418..0 1 3/4......(3)0 4......159,007
Cambridge,1,0831,2442563494651 6..7d., 1s. 7d.(3)(10)..10,172....
Tauranga1,0001,0472733315241 3..1 0..0 16,856....
Gisborne2,0005,6641,1829501,4002 0..0 4 1/2....68,500....
Waitara2,0809582213007380 1 1/2......0 0 1/8..123,120..
New Plymouth8505,1411,1318001,3611 9..0 100 6..54,096....
Inglewood7031,1522752934490 1 1/2..........125,165..
Stratford1,9202,1275166151,0200 2 1/2..1 3/8d., 1/5d., 1/20d., 1/10d.(3)0 6......171,591
Hawera5002,1535115006500 2 1/2....(3)7 per cent.......177,046
Eltham1,5951,3292993504500 1 1/2....(11)....172,761..
Patea1,4208691862303801 9........7,089....
Wanganui1,0008,1751,7171,7301,9281 6..0 8....79,417....
Marton1,2431,2682552684301 7..5d. and 1s. 6d...0 111,689....
Feilding2,3002,7916428401,2370 2..0 1 1/1 3/6(11)0 0 1/16....325,077
Palmerston N.4,59510,2392,1311,3653,1000 1 3/4..0 0 5/6 9/0(3)3 per cent.0 0 1/10....1,079,444
Foxton5,7601,3302902475651 9..0 4 1/4..0 17,872....
Hastings5,7404,5949919921,3851 6..0 7....57,572....
Napier8799,4541,9441,1802,6550 90 41s., 6d., 2d.3 1/2 to 1 per cent...88,532....
Dannevirke1,2223,5097106001,6041 5....9d. and 6d.0 130,000....
Woodville1,2401,1102484511,0420 3 5/8....(3)6, 5, 4 per cent.0 1....41,128
Pahiatua7401,3702874505000 3..0 1 1/2(12)0 1 1/2......97,670
Masterton2,1005,0261,0118841,4220 2 1/4..1/2d., 9/64d.(3)5, 2 1/2, 1 1/4 per cent.0 0 1/9....379,227
Carterton1,8801,4023343474550 1..(13)(14)....161,596..
Greytown3,9071,1232652502601 6..0 33d. and 7d.0 19,500....
Lower Hutt3,2253,4077287951,6540 2 1/10..0 0 2/5........671,497
Petone9525,8931,1978801,7690 1 5/8(15)1/4 1/8d., 1/6d.(16)2 1/2 per cent., 1 1/4 per cent.......671,497
Onslow2,5202,0984706496490 1 1/2(1) 3/16d.1/3 9/2d.........307,492
Wellington7,21958,56311,0057,40016,0070 2 1/4(1)(3)3 1/4d.1/6 9/4d., 2/6 5/4d., 1/18d., 1/9d.(3)3 per cent.0 0 1/9....9,748,747
Karori1,5272,1944946151,5830 1 7/8(1) 1/8d.0 0 3/8........360,450
Miramar1,9009523273511,5500 1 1/2..........333,647..
Picton5609951943169800 3 3/8(1)1/9d...(6)0 0 1/2......45,936
Blenheim1,5713,3516956701,4500 2 1/2(1)(3)2 7/8d.3/8d., 5/16d.........172,154
Nelson4,8008,1641,7251,3402,4281 9(17)10d.0 3 1/2(18)2 & 3 1/2 per cent...68,526....
Richmond2,3006511441351670 0 3/4....(3)4 per cent.....95,673..
Motueka5,6431,0682092003500 4..........131,934..
Westport7133,6428243,1201,2290 3 2/3(19)..3 1/2 & 7 per cent.0 0 3/20....93,112
Greymouth2,0004,569974301,2000 4 3/4(1)(6)5/16d...(3)6 per cent.(3)1d.....141,972
Brunner5,7001,1332892493001 6(1)0 61 00 7..3,995....
Kumara8429192773174500 1 1/20 1 1/2........24,712..
Hokitika1,2802,2245615906800 3 3/4(1)0 1 1/160 1 2/5........48,384
Ross4,196573183350414(20)1d., 7/8d.(1)0 10 1 2/3......31,280..
Rangiora1,0401,7234134535600 0 3/4..........186,060..
Kaiapoi1,0201,8044253646371 3........10,395....
Christchurch4,59849,92810,5918,94010,407(21)(22)(23)........3,069,802
Woolston1,2762,9006196709000 3 1/3(24)..........117,380
Sumner (1905)4,8761,1813563584740 2 3/4(1)(6)1d., 1/16d.9/16d., 5/8d.(3)5 per cent.......96,274
New Brighton1,5001,1322826737161 4(25) 8d., 1 1/2d.0 8....7,635....
Lyttelton2,0143,9418616348251 6........27,708....
Akaroa2215571271421890 0 16/16..0 0 7/8......50,348..
Ashburton6802,563549550..1 6........25,080....
Temuka9451,6613583906580 1 1/2(6)0 0 3/8(27)3/4d., 1/10d.......105,581..
Geraldine487942238280376............85,704..
Timaru1,1007,6151,4901,3002,0751 0..1 02 1/2 to 5 per cent. ...75,244....
Waimate6491,6373883715140 4............46,820
Oamaru1,1115,0711,0791,2301,6041 6..1 3(11)..38,202....
Hampden640379941201200 1 1/2..........32,000..
Palmerston S.8007721982403060 1 3/4(28)........51,625..
Hawksbury2,7006981682265760 0 3/4..........58,560..
Port Chalmers3352,1204855715901 30 6..(11)..14,378....
North-east Valley3,9804,3781,0071,4001,4500 2 3/8(3)0 40 0 3/8........157,671
Maori Hill3,7001,886425436475(29)1 1/2d., 2d., 2 1/2d., 3 1/4d.(30)0 2(31)........98,490
West Harbour1,6701,5153384926140 3 1/2............62,990
Dunedin3,29236,0707,7414,7777,0531 3(32)3d., 6d.(33)6d., 9d.(34)..375,106....
Roslyn2,0005,4381,2271,1561,2941 6(35)4d., 6d.......41,276....
Mornington, ‘056544,1509478431,0401 60 2......24,739....
St. Kilda4632,5796136889301 0(36)6d., 4d., 7d.0 65s. to 5 per cent...17,659....
Green Island1037031491841951 3........3,010....
Mosgiel9671,5173713285341 3..1 6....10,333....
Milton2551,2343042203452 0........8,337....
Kaitangata1,1581,6823373245611 0..0 3 5/3....7,373....
Balclutha5681,1612732863390 2 3/4(1)(6)1/4d.0 1(88)0 0 1/4....29,216
Lawrence6401,1062463643111 6(37)0 6..(38)..8,650....
Roxburgh400479115911271 6........1,897....
Tapanui12637090801401 9........2,154....
Naseby1134181151321541 0....2 1/2, 3 1/2, 6, and 7 per cent...2,352....
Cromwell6406711571402501 3..0 21 0..4,263....
Alexandra8409362193183201 60 61 0....7,200....
Arrowtown39034090911901 6........1,940....
Queenstown9236651962407501 0(1)0 20 60 6..4,730....
COUNTIES, 1905–6.
[NOTE.—For value of land and improvements see Section XXI.]
Counties.Area in Square Miles (including Boroughs).Population, Census April 1906(excluding Boroughs)Rates struck by County on Capital Rateable Value.On Unimproved Value.
General.Other.General.Other.
Mangonui9342,8011 1/4d.1/4d. H. and C.A. Special, Kopuru and Taita Special works rate, 3/4d.; Kopuru swamp drain rate, 2 1/2d; Tangiteroria Bridge, 3/8d.; Lusk's Road, 3/4d.; Gill's Road, 1/2d.; Curnow's deviation, 1 1/2d.; Ringrose Road, 2d.
Whangaroa1608011d.  
Hokianga9722,514....2 1/2d.
Bay of Islands8262,6921d.  
Hobson6885,424....3d.
Whangarei9287,3063/4d.3/4d. separate; 1/6d. H. and C.A. 
Otamatea3642,9213/4d. to 1 3/4d.1/2d. separate in two outlying districts. 
Rodney5664,1853/4d.3/4d. separate in four outlying districts. 
Waitemata6137,9493/4d. and 1d.3/4d. separate in Mairetahi outlying, Waitakerei, Northcote, and Waikumere Ridings; 1d. separate in Wainui outlying districts, Takapuna, Birkenhead, and Kumeu Ridings; 5/1d. special Mairetahi Riding. 
Eden4326,663   
Manukau9113,480   
Coromandel4032,8411 1/2d.1 1/2d. special rate for special-rating district. 
Thames4944,2861 1/2d.  
Ohinemuri4785,8955/8d.  
Piako1,0953,7611d.1/4d. separate, Te Aroha Riding; 1/2d. separate, Patetere and Taotaoroa Ridings. 
Waikato5914,5321/4d.  
Waipa2824,8493/4d.1/2d. separate, Hamilton and Mangapiko outlying districts; 3/4d. separate, Alexandra outlying district; 1/16d. special, Pukekura Ridding. 
Raglan8242,282....1/2.d. to 1 1/4d.Separate, H. and C.A., 1/8d.; Whangape, 1/2d.; Waingaro, 1/2d., 1/8d.; Waipa—Pepepe, 5/8d.; Onewhero, 1 1/2d.; Karioi, 1 1/2d.; Whaingaroa, 1 1/4d.; Pirongia, 1d.
Awakino356389......
Waitomo1,6041,226......
Kawhia374688......Special, 3/4d.; Onewhero Loan, 1d.; Karioi loan, 9/16d.; Oputorua loan.
West Taupo1,5941,397..  
East Taupo2,581509..  
Rotorua9842,657..  
Tauranga5771,999..1/20d. H. and C.A.1 1/2d.1/6d., 1/8d., 1/10d., 1/11d., special; 1/60d., birds nuisance rate.
Whakatane1,7161,0151/2d., 1/2d., 3/4d., 1d.5/16d. and 3/8d., special loan rates over special loan areas. 
Opotiki1,4401,6793/4d.1/2d. separate, on outlying portion. 
Waiapu1,1218585/8d., 1 1/4d.3/4d. special, Tokomaru-Tuakau loan; 3 1/2d. special, Tapuwaeroa loan.  
Cook1,9507,1733/4d.Nineteen special, 1/16d. to 1 1/4d.  
Clifton6272,8371 1/2d.Fifteen special rates.  
Taranaki3868,4863/4d.1/8d. H. and C.A.  
Hawera3818,0093/4d. and 1 1/4d.   
Egmont2542,8853/4d. and 1 1/2d.   
Stratford7845,912....3/4d. to 1 1/2d.Separate, 7/8d. South and West Ridings, 1 1/4d. East and Ohura Ridings; special, various.
Patea6913,1233/4d., 1 1/8d.1 1/2d. separate, Kapara; 2/5 5/2d. special, Kapara; 5/8d. special, Omona.  
Waitotara3434,1647/8d.1/8d., 3/16d., 15/16d., 1 3/4., special.  
Waimarino1,3152,787....1 1/4d. 
Wanganui6274,833    
Rangitikei8529,5111d.1 1/2d. separate in Taihape Town and 1/4d. in portion of Te Kapua Riding; special, various, in forty-four special-rating districts.  
Kiwitea3363,0341/2d., 5/8d., 3/4d.1/4d. separate, Kimbolton Riding; 1/2d. Peepo'-day, Pahihikura, and Hautapu Ridings; 1/8d. Pahihikura Riding.  
Kairanga1843,6811d. and 1 2/3d.Fifty-five special rates for interest.  
Oroua2133,6985/8d.Special, various.  
Pohangina2951,7971d. to 2d.Special, various.  
Manawatu2674,0075/8d. to 1d.Special, various, to meet interest on loans over special areas.  
Horowhenua5915,33711/16d., 3/4d., 1d., 1 1/8d.Special, various.  
Wairoa1,8872,1563/4d.3/16d., 11/64d, 1 1/2d. special over portion of county.  
Hawke's Bay3,2327,7007/8d.Four special rates over small special-rating districts.  
Waipawa9909,911....3/4d. and 1 1/2d. 
Woodville1642,036....1 1/8d.Special, various, for interest on loans.
Patangata6521,8431/2d. to 1d.   
Weber955931 1/2d.   
Pahiatua3023,672....1 1/2d., 2d.Fifty-nine special, various.
Akitio3281,394....1 1/2d.1 1/2 special.
Castlepoint1505611 3/8d.14/120d., 3/8d., 41/120d., 1/9d., 1/23d., special.  
Eketahuna1702,738....1 1/4d.1/4d. separate, West Riding; 9/16d. special works rate; fifty two special, various.
Mauriceville1251,0891d.Twenty-two special, various. 
Masterton6703,7235/8d.1/25d., 1/8d., 3/16d., 3/8d. separate; various special on eighty-nine loans. 
Wairarapa South4452,734....1 7/16d.11/56d. separate for maintenance Taratahi Water-races; 13/36d. special Taratahi Water-race loan; twenty special for interest on loans.
Featherston9653,4701/2d., 5/8d., 3/4d.5/8d. and 3/4d. separate for maintenance in water-race districts; county rate of 1/8d. in town districts; twenty-one special rates for interest on loans.  
Hutt5907,2591d. and 1 1/4d.5/16d., 1/6d., 1/3d., 5/8d., 3/8d. special.  
Sounds5731,098..   
Marlborough3,8127,287..   
Kaikoura6731,7471d.   
Collingwood7601,2111d.   
Takaka4711,5473/4d.1/4d. and 5/16d. special for interest on loans.  
Waimea1,6627,7851d.Two special rates for interest on loans.  
Buller1,8185,458..1/2d. H. and C.A.4 1/2d.Special rate of 4 1/2d. over Charleston Riding.
Inangahua2,2564,638....3 1/4d. and 3 1/2d.5/16d., 1/2d., 1/12d., 1/5d. special, Town of Reefton; 2 1/4d. special in Boatman's Irrigation District.
Grey1,4525,6921 1/2d.3/8d. H. and C.A.  
Westland4,4204,1171 1/2d.   
Amuri2,3621,4065/8d.3/4d., 7/16d. 5/16d. special for interest on loans  
Cheviot3221,605....1d., 7/8d.1/8d. special for interest on and repayment of loan.
Ashley1,62711,306..   
Selwyn2,59734,378..1/10d. H. and C.A.; 3/7d., 1/7d., 1/4d., 1/12d. separate, Ellesmere Drainage District (classified). 1/24d. birds nuisance rate.  
Akaroa2943,1555/16.d1/4d. separate Wainui Wharf.  
Mount Herbert594703/4d.   
Ashburton2,54211,5411/4d.3/4d. special, tramway loan; 1/5d special, Wakanui protective works; 1 1/2. separate, Ruapuna Nos. 1 and 2 districts; 1d. separate, Ruapuna maintenance.  
Geraldine9495,0271/4d.3/4d. to 4d. per acre separate, for maintenance of water-races; six special, various, for interest.  
Levels2736,5841d.1/4d. separate, Seadown water-races.  
Mackenzie2,5371,9393/4d.   
Waimate1,3436,510..1d. Waihao water maintenance7/8d.1/3d. Timaru Harbour Board; 5/8d. Waihao water interest; 3/10d. Pareora water interest
Waitaki2,3339,6131/4d. to 3/4d.3/8d. Papakaio water-race interest 3 1/2d. per acre Papakaio water-race maintenance.  
Waihemo3361,8065/8d.   
Waikouaiti3184,1193/4d.   
Peninsula372,477..   
Taieri9306,8821d.1/8d. H. and C.A. (united districts of Central Otago, Tuapeka, and Otago Charitable Aid Board, and Otago District Hospital Board); 2/5d. and 3/5d. special respectively in South Taieri and West Taieri Special-rating Districts.  
Bruce5034,6755/8d., 1d., 1 1/10d.3/16d. H. and C.A. (not levied for year ended 31st March, 1906); six special, various.  
Clutha9466,1743/4d., 1d., 1 1/2d.1/8d. special, South Molyneux loan; 1/6d. Richardson loan; 2/5d. Clinton Road Board loan; 1/4d. Pomahaka loan; 3/8d. Ahuriri loan.  
Tuapeka1,3656,1131d.   
Maniototo1,2393,0043/4d.   
Vincent2,6844,3001 1/4d.1d. for interest and maintenance, Clyde Water-race; 2 1/2d. Blackman's loan.  
Lake3,7122,1031 1/4d.1/8d. special, Skipper's Bridge loan.  
Southland3,85224,424....1 1/2d.1/10d. H. and C.A.; 1/15d. small birds; special, various.
Wallace3,4048,3153/4d.1/8d. H. and C.A.; 1/20d. special, for interest on loan for Orawaia Bridge.  
Fiord3,040543..   
Stewart Island6512887/8d.1/8d. H. and C.A.  
Chatham Islands375197..   
TOWN DISTRICTS, 1905–6.
Town Districts.Population (Census, 1906).Number ofAmount of Rate levied in the Pound on the Capital (or Annual Value of Property.
Dwellings (Census, 1906).Ratepayers.Rateable Properties.

* On the annual value.

† No rate struck

‡ On the unimproved value.

(1) 1/2d. special.

(2) 3/4d. special.

(3) 4d. special.

(4) 1 3/4d. special.

(5) 1/10d., 1/24d. special.

(6) 1/10d. separate (library rate).

(7) 1/8d. separate.

(8) Water rate, 7 per cent. on annual value where supplied.

(9) 3/4d. special.

     s. d.
Kamo31576821240 0 3/4
Helensville616113105105*0 7
Papakura359901572040 1
Pukekohe39093101..0 1 1/2
Te Awamutu3797370900 0 3/4
Kihikihi25360753990 0 3/41
Ngaruawahia383781391390 0 3/4
Rotorua1,927376......
Opotiki6831401802400 0 1/2
Opunake4061122034690 0 3/4
Kaponga2785955550 1 1/2
Normanby383941451450 3 1/2
Manaia4411181743300 142
Waverley4711081221220 0 3/4
Lethbridge (Turakina)245525576*1 0
Hunterville6451341592120 1
Bull's492118130170*1 43
Halcombe27665131730*1 04
Rongotea31874714200 0 3/4
Clyde (Wairoa)7071411703000 0 3/4
Taradale8051642002000 1
Ormondville413105151215‡0 2 3/8
Waipawa691156129201‡0 2 1/25
Waipukurau761145150233
Kaikora North26873111135*1 0
Eketahuna704173179310‡0 2
Featherston6701541652000 1 1/26
Martinborough6371431962730 0 3/47
Johnsonville7311671602300 0 1/2
Havelock26762781350 1
Amberley34192991390 0 3/4
Southbridge40397240..0 0 3/4
Hampstead1,2862812803800 0 1/2
Tinwald5111181882500 0 5/8
Bay776172250371
Greytown (Allanton)18155701150 0 1/2
Outram43196671110 0 1/48
Clinton41895119136*1 0
Wyndham532124139226*1 0
Otautau5541331272260 0 3/49
ROAD DISTRICTS, 1905–6.
County and District.Population (Census, 1901).Number ofAmount of Rate levied in the Pound on the Capital Value.Amount of Rate levied in the Pound on the Unimproved Value.
Dwellings.Ratepayers.Rateable Properties.

(1) 2d. separate, hospital and charitable aid.

(2) 1/6d. separate, hospital and charitable aid.

(1) 1/2d. special.

(2) 3/4d., 1/10d., 1/6d. special; 1/6d. separate.

(3) 3/16d., 5/16d. special; 1/8d. hospital and charitable aid; 1/6d. lighting.

(4) 3/8d. special, for interest; 1/8d. gas.

(5) 1/20d. special.

(6) 1/4d., 1/16d. special; 1/6d. separate.

(7) 3/4d., 1 1/2d. special.

(8) 1/7d., 1/8d., 1/12d. special.

(9) 3/8d. special.

(10) 1/4d. special.

(11) 3/4d. special, 1/2d. separate.

(12) 1/10d., 1/6d., 1/4d., and 1/5d. special.

(13) Six special, various.

(1) No rate struck.

(2) 5/8d. special.

(1) No general rate; 1/4d. special.

(2) No rate struck.

(3) No general rate: 5/16d. special.

(4) No general rate; 1/2d. special.

(5) 3/8d. special.

(6) 1/5d. special; 1/10d. separate, over part of district.

(7) Seven special, various.

(8) 1/5d. special, Veale Road; 1/10d. special, Frankley Road.

(9) 1/10d. special.

(10) 13/10d. special.

(11) 1/8d. to 3/7d. special.

(12) Special, various.

(1) No rate struck.

(2) 1/10d. special, no general rate.

(3) Special, various.

(4) Rate struck by County Council.

(1) 1/2 d. special.

(2) No Rate struck.

(1) 1/16d. special; Eyre water rate, 3 1/2d. per acre.

(2) 2/5d. special; 1/2d., 2/64d., 1/10d., 1/24d. separate.

(3) 7/16d. special, Opawa Ward; 1/2d. in Bromley Ward (portion of district only).

(4) 11/10d., 2/64d., 1/24d. special; 1/6d. separate (drainage).

(5) 1/24d. separate.

(6) 23/100d., 38/100d., special; sanitation, 16s. per pan.

(7) 1/16d. special.

(8) 2/64d. separate.

(9) 2/64d. separate (Waimakariri River Board rate), 1/10d. hospital and charitable aid; 1/32d. birds-nuisance.

(10) 9/32 special.

(11) 1/8d. separate.

(12) 1/2d. separate, No. 5 Ward.

(1) 1/2d. special

Mangonui Whangaroa Hokianga Bay of Islands Hobson (No road districts.)    d.d.
Whangarei—      
    Hikurangi6241371501903/4 
    Kaurihohore1213246463/4 
    Mangakahia (in first year)11635...... 
    Maungakaramea2926464..3/4 
    Maunu804149207..3/4 
    Marua33667861171 
    Otonga3838872753/7 
    Parua276651122103/4 
    Ruarangi782658..3/4 
    Waikiekie21156941101 
    Waipu (in first year)598109...... 
    Waipu North2295374863/4 
    Whareora1073573863/4 
Otamatea—      
    Mangawai2787083933/4 
    Mareretu148451231601 1/4 
    Matakohe44795126..1 
    Whakapirau (no Board)32467...... 
Rodney—      
    Ahuroa571637911 
    Albertland North481438381/2 
    Albertland South265701551903/4 
    Komokoriki791440463/4 
    Mahurangi East (1905)1342896961/2 
    Matakana East1232336411/2 
    Matakana West2365369693/4 
    Puhoi48194125..3/4 
    Tauhoa5538890..3/4 
    Warkworth7891741803083/4 
    Wharehine89233738.. 
Waitemata—      
    Kaukapakapa4841091,8232763/4 
    Pukeatua5772022392863/4 
    Whangaparaoa682353533/4 
Eden—      
    Arch Hill1,9524313055461s.(1) 
    Avondale1,4893444305265/8(2) 
    Eden Terrace2,3385173605553/4(1) 
    Epsom1,5913293323713/4 
    Mount Albert3,5837677211,3243/4(2) 
    Mount Eden6,8881,4521,2691,6343/4(3) 
    Mount Roskill8831602342971/2(4) 
    Mount Wellington1,0842312303213/4 
    One-tree Hill1,9153753304513/4(5) 
    Orakei25515221 
    Panmure Township2176390953/4 
    Point Chevalier9025154703/4 
    Remuera3,0826375306833/4(6) 
    Tamaki West4151241501843/4 
Manukau—      
    Awhitu4161131331781 
    Drury453981191301 
    Howick Town235731521523/4 
    Hunua25564129218..2 3/4(7)
    Karaka314771411451 
    Mangere7711711672321/2 
    Manurewa2986570781/2 
    Maraetai142362432..1
    Mauku4581141421561/2(8) 
    Maungatawhiri24455681121/2 
    Mercer Township24560631423/4 
    Opaheke367881161591(9) 
    Otahuhu1,3022832623713/4(10) 
    Pakuranga2787174993/4 
    Papakura39696132142.. 
    Paparata355881171581(9) 
    Paparoa19548741033/4 
    Papatoetoe1883937379/16 
    Pokeno36286921041 
    Pollok Settlement1092824523/4(10) 
    Pukekohe East1,0642362472891 
    Pukekohe West8452642272271 1/1(11) 
    Tamaki East5791201271403/4 
    Turanga2275768831 
    Waipipi1,0442413003003/4(12) 
    Wairoa8602072202753/4(9) 
    Waiuku5921331902127/8(13) 
Coromandel Thames Ohinemuri (No road districts.)    d.d.
Piako—      
    Matamata7532122412751/2 
    Waitoa1,8423793805333/4 
Waikato—      
    Cambridge7821601471473/4 
    Huntly1,3262622325553/4 
    Kirikiriroa1,4153073564003/4 
    Tamahere38677721083/4 
    Whangamarino623139238..3/4 
Waipa—      
    Newcastle527104158176.. 
    Pukekura1,0922202504801/2 
    Rangiaohia553991181473/4 
    Tuhikaramea1273265683/4 
Raglan—      
    Karamu (no Board)11737...... 
    Te Akau (no Board)195...... 
Awakino Waitomo Kawhia West Taupo East Taupo Rotorua (No road districts.)      
Tauranga—      
    Katikati404118139277.. 
    Te Puke5851481602321 1/4 
Whakatane Opotiki Waiapu (No road districts.)      
Cook—      
    Aroha57211212(1) 
    Hangaroa138312348(1) 
    Kaiti (now merged in county)....951351/2 (2) 
    Mangatu23116...... 
    Ngatapa819143175183(1) 
    Ormond492101106139(1) 
    Patutahi589113109235(1) 
    Pouawa178294959(2) 
    Poverty Bay927182183315(3) 
    Taruheru486135108..(4) 
    Te Arai39667125243(2) 
    Titirangi98265075(2) 
    Waikohu71313190101(2) 
    Waimata3936467..(2) 
    Waipaoa9516100140(2) 
    Whataupoko (now merged in county)....941301 1/4(5) 
Clifton. (No road districts.)      
Taranaki—      
    Barrett5851421733005/8 
    Carrington406911101763/4(6) 
    Egmont6781451722475/8(7) 
    Elliot276651041123/4 
    Frankley299661032061(8) 
    Henui5751272402603/4 
    Hurford Upper591316161 
    Mangorei2935470823/4 
    Moa2,7915655005502/3(9) 
    Oakura (1905)3657795951/2 
    Okato42184891451/2(10) 
    Omata41083783911/4(10) 
    Tataraimaka1693350653/8 
    Waitara West7581661721721/2(11) 
    Waiwakaiho359751001263/4 
    Werekino421019203/4 
Hawera—      
    Waimate2,0403773665093/4 & 1/2(12) 
Egmont—      
    Parihaka1,717319346..1/2 
Stratford—      
    Mangonui1,8293376206351(12) 
Patea—      
    Kohi179333232(2) 
    Motoroa5592222(2) 
    Okotuku144303134(2) 
    Patea East4029184385(1) 
    Patea West891170210630(2) 
    Wairoa117313232(1) 
    Waitotara-Momohaki3821041141783/4 
    Whenuakura-Waitotara320605050(1) 
Waitotara Waimarino (No road districts.)      
Wanganui—      
    Kaitoke7021292502913/4 
    Kaukatea (1905)20949431353/4 
    Mangawhero (1904)408891391381/2 
    Mataongaonga (1905)1,0272233204783/4(3) 
    Purua9971953613403/4 
    Wangaehu Upper1,490282201..1(3) 
Rangitikei Kiwitea Kairanga Oroua Pohangina Manawatu (No road districts.)      
Horowhenua—      
    Otaki1,5204013178843/5(3) 
    Te Horo697169154721/2(3) 
Wairoa Hawke's Bay (No road districts.)      
Waipawa—      
    Norsewood1,326305282342..15/16
    Ruataniwha North892230140140..(1)
    Takapau57712393122..5/8(3)
    Waipawa325587678..5/8
    Waipukurau488101223305..3/4
Woodville. (No road districts.)      
Patangata—      
    Oero2935469690 2/8 
    Patangata259555098(4) 
    Porangahau45494981771/2 
    Tamumu216383042(1) 
    Wallingford2073033581/4 
    Wanstead1462162..(1) 
Weber Pahiatua Akitio Castlepoint Eketahuna Mauriceville Masterton Wairarapa South Featherston (No road districts.)    d.d.
Hutt—      
    Makara2246149661/2(1) 
    Plimmerton. (No Board.)6943...... 
Sounds. (No road districts.)      
Marlborough—      
    Awatere1,266252173..3/4 
    Omaka1,6993763704873/4 
    Pelorus1,431356256478..1 3/8(1)
    Picton8771551632603/4 
    Spring Creek8171531431853/4 
    Wairau9301912302703/4 
Kaikoura Collingwood Takaka (No road districts.)      
Waimea—      
    Dovedale27160 100(2) 
    Moutere Upper38392 ..(2) 
    Riwaka751171....(2) 
    Stoke1,318262....(2) 
    Suburban North540168....(2) 
    Waimea West409878589(2) 
Buller Inangahua Grey Westland Amuri Cheviot (No road districts.)      
Ashley—      
    Ashley6511662132853/4 
    Cust6091301482071/2 
    Eyreton1,4493192802809/16 
    Eyreton West3707880801/4 
    Kowai1,7544496507905/8 
    Mandeville and Rangiora2,3585044536901/2 
    Oxford1,9574644768671(1) 
    Waipara1,8173563005741/2 
Selwyn—      
    Avon4,1918868051,1243/4(2) 
    Courtenay2,3154444637541/2(5) 
    Ellesmere3,4297726108561/2 
    Halswell1,3052322504273/4 
    Heathcote4,2639099531,2861(3) 
    Lake Coleridge2031525461/2 
    Lincoln1,2282622482741/2(4) 
    Malvern6791501382691/2 
    Malvern East6331221512631/2 
    Malvern South5211112103031/2 
    Rakaia8562502073823/8(5) 
    Riccarton6,4861,3341,4061,7263/4(6) 
    Spreydon2,332504654682..2 3/32(7)
    Springs1,8944244354705/8(8) 
    Taitapu3547159973/4 
    Templeton2,5615335806547/16(9) 
    Waimakariri Upper7258641..1 
Akaroa—      
    Akaroa and Wainui1,2602652482485/8 
    Le Bon's Bay2757082911/2(10) 
    Little River855185192..5/8 
    Okain's Bay5101131051191/2(11) 
    Pigeon Bay2555854625/8 
Mount Herbert. (No road districts.)      
Ashburton—      
    Anama40289771211/2 
    Ashburton Upper2,0194485688771/2(12) 
    Coldstream38485931703/4 
    Longbeach1,1732592643893/8 
    Mount Hutt1,4973062873893/8 
    Mount Somers8081942003801/2 
    Rangitata6181351292193/8 
    South Rakaia1,6173903905503/8 
    Wakanui1,2262862803245/16 
Geraldine—      
    Geraldine2,243451509..3/4 
    Mount Peel5491361081755/8 
    Temuka2,235463503..3/4 
Levels Mackenzie Waimate Waihemo Waikouaiti (No road districts.)      
Peninsula—      
    Otago Heads22352581043/4 
    Peninsula5561473354063/4 
    Portobello7942183624103/4 
    Tomahawk1282633443/4(1) 
Taieri. (No road districts.)      
Bruce—      
    Balmoral58512397125.. 
    Inch-Clutha307696168.. 
    Mount Stuart4911111201321/2 
Clutha Tuapeka Maniototo Vincent Lake (No road districts.)      
Southland—      
    Invercargill. (No Board.)1,542334...... 
    Tuturau634124134..  
Wallace Fiord Stewart Island Chatham Islands (No road districts.)      

Chapter 37. SECTION V.—LICENSES AND LICENSED HOUSES, ETC.

LICENSES AND LICENSED HOUSES.

DURING the year ended the 31st March, 1906, 2,280 licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors were granted. Of these, 1,422 were publicans' and accommodation licenses, 6 New Zealand wine, 72 packet, 26 bottle, 170 wholesale, and 584 conditional licenses. The fees paid amounted to £51,144, and formed part of the revenue of the local governing bodies of the districts in which the licenses were issued. Particulars are given in the following table:—

NUMBER OF LICENSES GRANTED DURING THE YEAR 1905–6, AND THE AMOUNT OF FEES PAID TO LOCAL BODIES THEREFORE.
Licenses.In Counties.In Boroughs.Total.
Publicans' licenses561            657            1,218            
Accommodation licenses204            ..            204            
      Total licensed houses765            657            1,422            
New Zealand wine licenses..            6            6            
Bottle licenses..            26            26            
Packet licenses14            58            72            
Wholesale licenses16            154            170            
Conditional licenses462            122            584            
      Total licenses granted1,257            1,023            2,280            
Amount of license fees paid to local bodies£18,630            £32,514            £51,144            

The average number of persons to each licensed house in counties and boroughs respectively, for 1905–6, is next shown:—

 Number of Licensed Houses.*Population (Census, 1906)Number of Persons to each
Licensed House.
* I.e., houses holding publicans' or accommodation licenses.
Counties765      458,797      600      
Boroughs657      422,991      644      
      Total1,422      881,788      620      

In 1904–5 the number of licensed houses in counties was 767, and those in boroughs 648, giving a total of 1,415 houses, or 7 less than in 1905–6. The average number of persons to a licensed house increased from 535 in 1904–5 to 600 in 1905–6 in counties, and in boroughs from 640 in the former to 644 in the latter year.

The annual fees paid for licenses are—

* Between the hours of six in the morning and ton at night. For an eleven-o'clock license an additional £5 must be paid.
 £
(1.) For a publican&s license—
      (a.) Within the limits of a borough or town district40*
      (b.) Outside the aforesaid limits25
(2.) For a New Zealand wine license1
(3.) For an accommodation license, a sum to be determined by the Licensing Committee, not exceeding20
(4.) For a packet license—
      (a.) For a vessel exceeding 50 tons register10
      (b.) For a vessel not exceeding 50 tons register5
(5.) For a wholesale license20
(6.) For a conditional license, according to duration of license, a sum not exceeding30

The approximate capital value of the licensed houses in the counties was stated at £801,594, and the same for certain of the boroughs at £766,604. There was, besides, an annual value of £196,568 for other licensed houses in the boroughs, which, capitalised at 6 per cent., would represent £2,109,467. The capital value of all licensed houses would therefore be about £3,677,665.

The total number of persons engaged in or connected with the sale or manufacture of wine, spirits, beer, cordials, &c., was returned at the census of 1901 as under:—

 Males.Females.Persons.
Hotelkeepers1,3412151,556
      Relative assisting133631764
      Manager, clerk10422126
Hotel servant, cook1,3762,5573,933
Barman, barmaid178349527
Manager, secretary, steward of club-house11527142
Wine, spirit, merchant50353
      Assistant10111
      Clerk, storeman55156
      Traveller31..31
      Cordial, &c., seller6..6
Brewer, bottler, and others engaged in brewing6064610
      Relative assisting819
Maltster and assistants147..147
Wine-manufacturer16..16
Cordial, &c., maker, bottler2317238
      Assistant, clerk, traveller, &c.1302132
                  Totals4,5373,8208,357

LOCAL-OPTION POLL.

Under “The Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act, 1893,” each electoral district constituted for the election of a member of the House of Representatives is a licensing district, and electors for the House of Representatives are also electors under the Licensing Acts. Under “The City Single Electorates Act, 1903,” the three electorates of the cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin in each case form one electorate for the purpose of taking a local-option poll.

Under the Amendment Act of 1895 the licensing poll is taken at the same time as the general election of members of the House of Representatives. The questions for the decision of the voters are,—

  1. Whether the number of licenses existing in the district shall continue.

  2. Whether the number shall be reduced.

  3. Whether any licenses whatever shall be granted.

The voter may vote for one or two of these proposals, but no more.

The method of determining the result of the poll in each district by the Returning Officer is as follows:—

  1. If the number of votes recorded in favour of the continuance of existing licenses is an absolute majority of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is deemed to be carried, and the licenses continue until the next poll, subject to certain provisions in special cases.

  2. If the number of votes recorded in favour of a reduction in the number of licenses is an absolute majority of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is deemed to be carried, and supersedes the proposal for continuance of licenses. The Licensing Committee then reduces publicans' licenses by not less than 5 per cent. or more than 25 per cent. of the total number existing, excluding forfeitures. Provision is made that when a reduction vote is carried the licenses shall be reduced by one at least when the total number does not exceed ten, two when not over thirty, and three at least when the licenses exceed thirty.

  3. If the number of votes recorded in favour of the proposal that no license shall be granted is not less than three-fifths of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is declared to be carried, and supersedes the proposal for reduction and for continuance, and no licenses can be granted.

  4. If none of the proposals respecting licenses is carried by the prescribed majority the licenses continue as they are until next poll, subject to certain provisions in special cases.

  5. Where any licensing poll is declared void, provision is made in “The Licensing Acts Amendment Act, 1904,” for the taking of a fresh poll.

The result of the poll taken on the 6th December, 1905, as made up from returns received from the officer in charge of the poll in each licensing district, is as follows:—

DistrictNumber of Electors on Roll.Votes recorded forTotal Number of Valid Votes recorded.Number of Men and Women who recorded Votes (including Informal).Result of Poll.
Continuance.Reduction.No License.Men.Women.Total.
Including 8,990 persons whose votes were declared informal.
Bay of Islands4,5421,9799401,4993,6762,3721,3413,713Continuance carried.
Marsden6,1922,2082,1362,7925,0673,052,1595,224No proposal carried.
Kaipara6,0572,1491,6592,0804,3822,6361,6994,335No proposal carried.
Waitemata6,3132,5432,3132,5625,2222,9562,3965,352No proposal carried.
City of Auckland20,7817,9307,4808,20216,5488,6028,32516,927No proposal carried.
Grey Lynn6,8901,9413,3003,4265,4082,6262,9785,604No-license carried.
Eden6,9082,2912,8812,9455,4162,8392,7145,553Reduction carried.
Parnell6,6932,6282,1602,4165,3812,6752,8755,550No proposal carried.
Manukau6,2962,3132,6962,8385,2352,8172,5685,385Reduction carried.
Franklin6,3062,4982,2062,7075,2613,2022,2165,418No proposal carried.
Thames4,4491,8071,7461,9413,7742,1011,7723,873No proposal carried.
Ohinemuri5,3462,0961,3652,0204,1602,6821,5934,275Continuance carried.
Waikato8,1142,9913,0163,6526,7044,0692,8186,887No proposal carried.
Bay of Plenty7,7002,8892,4153,2836,2153,8752,4706,345No proposal carried.
Waiapu7,9812,7142,6374,0006,7134,1152,6886,803No proposal carried.
Hawke&s Bay6,6542,4251,9732,6735,1753,1812,1045,285No proposal carried.
Napier6,8903,2601,9822,1805,5923,0132,6885,701Continuance carried.
Waipawa6,8432,5292,2913,2635,8153,6052,3445,949No proposal carried.
Pahiatua5,5221,8541,2452,5564,4652,7351,8524,587No proposal carried.
Masterton6,5922,1441,9813,0565,2233,1732,1415,314No proposal carried.
Wairarapa5,3482,1191,3512,2934,4822,7991,8094,608No proposal carried.
Egmont6,2472,3141,3132,3984,7643,1891,7204,909No proposal carried.
Taranaki6,3262,4302,0332,6955,1802,8572,4915,348No proposal carried.
Hawera6,2152,1311,9172,8855,0893,1032,1705,273No proposal carried.
Patea7,1242,2481,9683,0675,3703,3012,2145,515No proposal carried.
Rangitikei7,0942,2711,4892,6605,0613,8551,3355,190No proposal carried.
Wanganui7,9843,1772,2293,0946,2853,3683,0486,416Continuance carried.
Oroua5,5051,8071,4552,5344,3752,7321,7364,468No proposal carried.
Palmerston8,3493,1402,1753,2866,4873,6723,0696,741No proposal carried.
Manawatu6,1392,0201,6092,5684,6172,913–1,8334,746No proposal carried.
Otaki5,0261,8591,5022,0753,9742,4231,6724,095No proposal carried.
Hutt7,2842,5212,2388,2665,8853,4482,5425,990No proposal carried.
City of Wellington23,6118,8827,2998,87218,41810,3838,44918,832No proposal carried.
Newtown8,9563,0823,5404,1547,3673,9443,5917,535No proposal carried.
City of Nelson6,3372,8362,3422,4005,5152,8292,7925,621Continuance carried.
Motueka5,0262,0747961,3333,5662,3161,2873,603Continuance carried.
Buller6,3402,6191,9732,4035,0733,2661,9055,171Continuance carried.
Grey6,9143,0591,8762,4645,6173,6032,2165,819Continuance carried.
Westland4,5822,0331,2131,4753,6352,2561,4593,715Continuance carried.
Wairau6,1002,6561,6282,3765,1403,0422,2395,281Continuance carried.
Hurunui4,7611,8389351,4503,3642,2051,2503,455Continuance carried.
Kaiapoi4,8041,7252,0562,3684,1232,1752,0304,205No proposal carried.
Riccarton4,9882,2841,3201,7574,0502,2201,9764,196Continuance carried.
Avon6,4012,6902,2302,6995,4772,7312,8405,571No proposal carried.
City of Christchurch23,29510,6417,3708,78719,7439,87710,19520,072Continuance carried.
Lyttelton6,2372,8321,9172,4035,2922,8572,5315,388Continuance carried.
Ellesmere4,3151,8711,3491,7523,6342,1071,6033,710Continuance carried.
Courtenay4,6021,6821,4861,8743,6622,1331,6113,744No proposal carried.
Selwyn4,9882,0011,4972,0644,0872,4681,6814,149No proposal carried.
Ashburton................See below.
Geraldine4,9662,1521,5731,9524,1622,4151,8314,246Continuance carried.
Timaru7,1262,6892,8503,1865,9553,1532,8996,052No proposal carried.
Waitaki5,5212,0741,6472,3674,4582,7561,8014,557No proposal carried.
Oamaru5,8861,8182,7153,1424,9682,7042,3585,062No-license carried.
Mount Ida4,1681,6721,2351,7023,3722,2311,1953,426No proposal carried.
Waikouaiti4,5571,5321,9922,3193,8682,1631,7893,952Reduction carried.
Chalmers6,5882,5002,7933,1705,7182,9132,8665,779No proposal carried.
City of Dunedin21,2579,0288,5169,07818,4779,1269,68318,809No proposal carried.
Caversham6,9333,0222,7553,0006,0922,9513,2686,219No proposal carried.
Taieri4,7191,7182,0432,2954,0192,2541,8904,144Reduction carried.
Bruce4,9321,6122,0002,4194,0402,2691,8684,137No proposal carried.
Tuapeka4,9862,1831,4631,8324,0542,5521,5834,135Continuance carried.
Clutha................See below.
Mataura................See below.
Wakatipu4,9582,3641,3591,8384,1992,7301,6434,373Continuance carried.
Wallace5,4491,9262,0442,5414,4802,8171,7854,602No proposal carried.
Invercargill7,4112,5733,4093,9026,4893,3113,2556,566No-license carried.
Awarua5,2641,8202,1352,4934,3242,5391,8514,390No proposal carried.
      Totals458,688176,714151,057190,779373,459213,295168,600381,895 
  No-license Districts. License be restored. License be not restored. 
Ashburton6,1942,663..2,4585,1213,0012,2375,238Licenses not restored.
Clutha5,0611,459..2,5363,9952,3721,7344,106 
Mataura6,5302,048..2,9955,0433,0062,1725,178 
      Grand totals476,473182,884151,057198,768387,618221,674174,743396,417* 

From the foregoing table it will be seen that 182,884 votes were recorded in favour of continuing existing licenses—including three districts, Clutha, Ashburton, and Mataura, where the vote (6,170) was for restoration of the licenses cancelled at the poll taken in 1902–151,057 for reduction, and 198,768 for no-license (including 7,989 votes cast for non-restoration in the Clutha, Ashburton, and Mataura districts).

In eighteen of the sixty-eight licensing districts the majority of the voters was in favour of continuance, in forty no proposal was carried, in four reduction, in three no-license was carried, and in three non-restoration was carried. In thirty-six of the districts—Marsden, Eden, Manukau, Franklin, Thames, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Waiapu, Hawke&s Bay, Waipawa, Pahiatua, Masterton, Wairarapa, Egmont, Taranaki, Hawera, Patea, Rangitikei, Oroua, Palmerston, Manawatu, Otaki, Newtown, Hutt, Waitaki, Mount Ida, Waikouaiti, Kaiapoi, Chalmers, Courtenay, Selwyn, Timaru, Taieri, Bruce, Wallace, and Awarua—a majority of the votes polled was for no-license, but not in sufficient number to make up the three-fifths required to carry that issue. Of the total number of persons (396,417, including those whose votes were informal), 221,674, or 55.92 per cent., were men, and 174,743, or 44′08 per cent., were women. Compared with the polling in the year 1902, this shows a numerical increase of 41,380, or 22–95 per cent., on the part of the men, and 36,178, or 26–11 per cent., on the part of the women, clearly showing that the latter are now taking greater interest in local-option matters than they formerly did.

A comparison with 1896, 1899, and 1902 of the votes recorded and the number of persons who went to the poll is shown in the next table:—

Year.Number of Persons on Rolls.Votes recorded forNumber of Persons who recorded Votes (including informal).
Continuance.Reduction.No License.MalesFemales.Totals.
1,896339,230139,58094,55598,312151,235108,663259,898
1,899373,744142,443107,751118,575160,959120,863281,822
1,902415,789148,449132,240151,524180,294138,565318,859
1,905476,473182,884151,057198,768221,674174,743396,417

The large increases in the number of votes recorded for no-license or reduction are prominent features in the above table. It is also interesting to note the substantial increase shown in the number of persons who went to the poll, though these latter must not be accepted as absolutely correct throughout.

Chapter 38. SECTION VI.—REPRESENTATION, AND THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1905.

REPRESENTATION.

THE colony is now (March, 1906) divided into seventy-six districts for purposes of European representation, having one member each. The boundaries were formed on the basis of the results of the census of 1901. The Electoral Act of 1905 directs that, in computing for electoral purposes the population of the colony, 28 per cent. should be added to the country population—i.e., all persons living outside towns of 2,000 inhabitants and over. The total population of the colony (other than Maoris), with the addition aforesaid, having been ascertained, was then divided by the number of members (76), and the quotient thus obtained formed the quota. Inasmuch as it would be impossible to divide the country into a given number of districts all having exactly the precise quota of population, the law permits. the Commissioners to make an allowance of 550 persons by way of addition to or deduction from the population of rural districts, and of 100 in case of city electorates, with special provision for districts where the population is partly city and partly rural, so that more consideration can be given to community of interest, facilities of communication, and topographical features in constructing the districts.

But, although the above describes the state of affairs as now, the present electoral districts were formed in accordance with the laws in force prior to 2nd October, 1902, when the allowance by way of addition to or deduction from the population of rural districts was 1,250.

Moreover, “The City Single Electorates Act, 1903” (now incorporated in the principal Act), provided that the existing electoral districts of City of Auckland, City of Wellington, City of Christchurch, and City of Dunedin should each be divided into three electoral districts returning one member for each division, and these districts have accordingly been divided.

The Act provides for two permanent Commissions, called the “North” and “South” Island Representation Commissions. These sit together as a joint Commission for the purpose of fixing the number of districts for the North and South Islands respectively, but afterwards act separately and independently of one another, the duties and functions of each being confined to their respective Island.

The North Island with its adjacent islands has, consequent on the division of the four city constituencies above referred to, 38 electoral districts, having 38 members; the South and Stewart Islands having the same; instead of there being 34 districts and 38 members for each Island. In 1896 and in 1899 the North Island returned 34 and the South Island 36 members; but in 1902 six new rural districts were created, by which the North Island gained four and the South Island two members.

These districts are, as before stated, for purposes of European representation. But the colony is again divided into four districts for purposes of Maori representation, under the electoral law, each district having one Native member elected by the Maoris; making the House of Representatives consist of 80 members altogether—76 Europeans and 4 Maoris.

The census is the only means of ascertaining correctly the distribution of the people throughout the country, and for this reason is essential to the work of dividing the colony anew into electorates of even population. The internal movement of the people cannot be ascertained correctly except by a census, though, when a country is insular, the natural increase (excess of births over deaths) added to the excess of arrivals over departures gives a fairly correct estimate of increase of population for the whole area.

An instance of the effect of the census in adjusting the representation of the people for Parliament is afforded by the figures relating to the North and South Islands for successive census years. The electoral districts are constituted on a population basis, and the results show,—

 North Island.South Island.
At the census of 189130 members40 members.
At the census of 189631 members39 members.
At the census of 190134 members.members 36 members.
At the census of 190638 members38 members.

The districts have been again defined on the basis of the population as shown by the census taken in April, 1906, with the result that the South Island will at the next general election return only 35 members as against 41 for the North Island.

THE ELECTORAL LAW.

By the Act which came into force in 1893 the great step was taken of admitting women to the franchise. The Amendment Act of 1896 abolished the non-residential or property qualification, with a saving clause in favour of then-existing registrations in respect of such qualification. “The Electoral Act, 1905,” consolidates the whole of the electoral laws, and amends the same where necessary. Electors are enrolled on sending to the Registrar a claim and declaration according to a prescribed form. The general roll in every district must be closed on 15th April in every year, and after the closing of the general roll a supplementary roll is to be prepared for each district, upon which the Registrar enters the names of all persons whose claims for enrolment have been received and approved by him after the closing of the general roll. It is the duty of the Registrar of each electoral district to keep the rolls revised and complete.

Every seaman qualified to be enrolled as an elector, and having no settled residence in any electoral district, may be enrolled in the district comprising any port where the ship in which he is engaged usually calls. On application, a seaman may obtain an elector&s right enabling him to vote for the election of a representative for the district where he is enrolled. He may exercise such vote at any time between the issue of the writ and the closing of the poll on the polling-day, at any place or port where he may be at the time, and may obtain from a Collector of Customs a ballot-paper for the purpose of recording such vote. The right shall not be in force for any period exceeding twelve months, but may be renewed.

An elector of any district may, at any time up to the issue of the writ, obtain from the Returning Officer a voting-permit authorising him to record his vote at any polling-booth outside the district for which he is enrolled, but only in respect of the district wherein he is enrolled.

The Act provides for the appointment of a Chief Electoral Officer, who shall be charged with the duty of carrying the Act into effect, and for the appointment of a Deputy Electoral Officer in case of the unavoidable absence of the Chief Electoral Officer.

THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1905.

For European Representatives.
[Polling-day, 6th December, 1905; number of polling-places, 2,195.]

Dealing with the population of both sexes, it is found that the total number of persons on the rolls was 476,473. The number of persons who voted, or who went to the poll, was 396,657, or 83.25 per cent. of the number on the rolls, a much larger proportion than obtained in 1902, which was 76.69 per cent.

Date of General Election.Estimated Total Adult Persons.Number on Rolls.Proportion per Cent. of Adult Persons registered as Electors.Number of Persons who voted.Proportion per Cent. of Persons on Rolls who voted.

* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there was no contest.

† Including 4,974 informal votes.

‡ Including 5,468 informal votes.

1,893319,010302,99794.98220,08275.25*
1,896356,658339,23095.11258,25476.13
1,899386,146373,74496.79279,33077.59*
1,902429,385415,78996.83318,859†76.69
1,905500,108476,47395.28396,657‡83.25

Dealing with men only, the number on the rolls was 263,597. The males who voted in 1905 were 221,611, or 84.07 per cent. of those on the rolls, against 78.44 per cent. in 1902.

Date of General Election.Estimated Total Adult Males.Number of Men on Rolls.Proportion per Cent. of Adult Males registered as Electors.Number who voted.Proportion per Cent. of Males on Rolls who voted.

* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there was no contest.

† The number on the rolls was in excess of the estimated adult male population at the date of the election.

‡ Including informal.

1,893179,539193,536129,79269.61*
1,896197,002196,92599.96149,47175.90
1,899214,773210,52998.02159,78079.06*
1,902233,602229,84598.39180,294‡78.44
1,905273,175263,59796.49221,611‡84.07

The number of women who voted, 175,046, is 82.23 per cent. of the females on the rolls, while in 1902 there were 138,565 who voted, giving the lower proportion of 74.52 per cent.; so that (assuming the figures to be correct) there is evidence of a greater willingness now on the part of the females to go to the poll.

Date of General Election.Estimated Total Adult Females.Number of Women on Rolls.Proportion per Cent. of Adult Females registered as Electors.Number who voted.Proportion per Cent. of Females on Rolls who voted.

* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there was no contest.

† Including informal.

1,893139,471109,46178.4890,29085.18*
1,896159,656142,30589.13108,78376.44
1,899171,373163,21595.24119,55075.70
1,902195,783185,94494.97138,565†74.52
1,905226,933212,87693.80175,046†82.23

The following table shows for the different districts the number of electors of each sex on the rolls, with the voters (including those whose votes were informal), and the population as at last census:—

Electoral Districts.Number of Electors on Roll.Number of Voters who record Votes (including informal).
Men.Women.Total.Men.Women.Total.
Bay of Islands2,8251,7174,5422,3721,3413,713
Marsden3,5742,6186,1923,0652,1595,224
Kaipara4,0971,9606,0572,6621,7254,387
Waitemata3,4532,8606,3132,9682,4015,369
Auckland West3,5863,8217,4073,1173,2656,382
Auckland East3,4423,4406,8822,6802,8345,514
Auckland Central3,6162,8766,4922,8232,2405,063
Grey Lynn3,1573,7336,8902,6262,9785,604
Eden3,5013,4076,9082,8632,6925,555
Parnell3,1633,5306,6932,6752,8805,555
Manukau3,2483,0486,2962,7802,6225,402
Franklin3,7112,5956,3063,1852,2335,418
Thames2,3672,0824,4492,1011,7723,873
Ohinemuri3,3262,0205,3462,6791,5964,275
Waikato4,7483,3668,1144,0682,8196,887
Bay of Plenty4,6583,0427,7003,8752,4706,345
Waiapu4,8823,0997,9314,1152,6886,803
Hawke&s Bay4,0252,6296,6543,1312,1045,285
Napier3,7143,1766,8903,0232,6985,721
Waipawa4,1272,7166,8433,6052,3445,949
Pahiatua3,2282,2945,5222,7351,8524,587
Masterton3,8272,7656,5923,1732,1415,314
Wairarapa3,2742,0745,3482,8101,7984,608
Egmont3,9482,2996,2473,1891,7204,909
Taranaki3,3083,0186,3262,8382,4725,310
Hawera3,6222,5936,2153,0902,1565,246
Patea4,2022,9227,1243,2882,2275,515
Rangitikei5,0152,0797,0943,8641,3355,199
Wanganui4,0573,9277,9843,3683,0486,416
Oroua3,2812,2245,5052,7321,7364,468
Palmerston4,6303,7198,3493,6723,0696,741
Manawatu3,7572,3826,1392,9261,8454,771
Otaki2,8892,1375,0262,4231,6724,095
Hutt4,0673,2177,2843,4542,5506,004
Wellington North4,4303,8018,2313,5872,8736,460
Wellington Central4,5903,4318,0213,6572,6966,353
Wellington East3,7313,6287,3593,1352,8766,011
Newtown4,5344,4228,9563,9443,5917,535
City of Nelson3,1233,2146,3372,8292,7925,621
Motueka3,0162,0105,0262,3711,2663,637
Buller3,8532,4876,3403,1961,9755,171
Grey4,2982,6166,9143,6072,2195,826
Westland2,7291,8534,5822,2561,4593,715
Wairau3,4962,6046,1003,0392,2425,281
Hurunui3,0111,7504,7612,2051,2503,455
Kaiapoi2,3062,4984,8042,1732,0294,202
Riccarton2,6162,3724,9882,2191,9774,196
Avon3,0673,3346,4012,7402,8385,578
Christchurch North3,8664,6188,4843,3753,8347,209
Christchurch East3,7303,8677,5973,2453,1876,432
Christchurch South3,5853,6297,2143,2793,1746,453
Lyttelton3,2542,9836,2372,8632,5325,395
Ellesmere2,3611,9544,3152,1081,6043,712
Courtenay2,5522,0504,6022,1331,6113,744
Selwyn2,9002,0884,9882,4681,6814,149
Ashburton3,5332,6616,1943,0032,2365,239
Geraldine2,7682,1984,9662,4151,8314,246
Timaru3,7373,3897,1263,1532,8996,052
Waitaki3,3042,2175,5212,7561,8014,557
Oamaru3,1062,7805,8862,7042,3595,063
Mount Ida2,5691,5994,1682,1121,3143,426
Waikouaiti2,4772,0804,5572,1661,7923,958
Chalmers3,2823,3066,5882,9252,8785,803
Dunedin North3,1823,7956,9772,8713,3966,267
Dunedin Central3,8553,7587,6133,3843,2676,651
Dunedin South3,1983,4696,6672,8633,0235,886
Caversham3,2433,6906,9332,9513,2686,219
Taieri2,5412,1784,7192,2551,8914,146
Bruce2,7012,2314,9322,2701,8684,138
Tuapeka3,0241,9624,9862,5521,5834,135
Clutha2,8722,1895,0612,3721,7344,106
Mataura3,6922,8386,5303,0062,1725,178
Wakatipu3,0541,9044,9582,7301,6424,372
Wallace3,3152,1345,4492,8181,7854,603
Invercargill3,7193,6927,4113,3183,2626,580
Awarua3,0522,2125,2642,5331,8574,390
      Totals263,597212,876476,473221,611175,046396,657

A return is added showing the number of votes recorded for each candidate, and from this it will be seen that in forty-two in stances the deposits were forfeited, the number of votes received in each case having been less than one-fourth of the number polled by the successful candidate. One candidate, Mr. F. W. Isitt, was nominated for two separate districts.

Electoral Districts
and
Names of Candidates.
Number of Votes recorded.
For each Candidate.Total.
Bay of Islands:
      Houston, R. M.1,672 
      Johnson, J. C.1,202 
      Wake, T.8023,676
Marsden:
      Mander, F.2,714 
      Thompson, R.2,366 
      Minchin, G. H.665,146
Kaipara:
      Stallworthy, J.2,172 
      Harding, A. E.2,1634,335
Waitemata:
      Alison, E. W.3,128 
      Clinkard, C. H.2,1575,285
Auckland, West:
      Poole, C. H.2,534 
      Parr, C. J2,194 
      Masefield, T. T.1,5906,318
Auckland East.
      Baume, F. E.2,535 
      Bamford, H. D.1,664 
      Richardson, W.1,129 
      Way, R. F.1035,431
Auckland Central:
      Kidd, A.2,701 
      Bagnall, L. J.1,762 
      Aggers, J.360 
      Tilly, S. A.51 
      Bradly, A. P.374,911
Grey Lynn:
      Fowlds, G.2,891 
      Farrell, J.2,6615,652
Eden:
      Bollard, J.4,091 
      French, R.1,3315,422
Parnell:
      Lawry, F.2,582 
      McLean, M.2,460 
      Shera, J. McE.272 
      Morgan, W.69 
      Chambers. W.585,441
Manukau:
      Kirkbride, M. M.3,007 
      Stewart, R. D.2,3445,351
Franklin:
      Massey, W. F.3,120 
      McCardale. W. W.2,1655,285
Thames:
      McGowan, J.2,525 
      Fleming, M.1,2963,821
Ohinemuri:
      Poland, H.2,224 
      Moss, E. G. B.1,873 
      Devey, G.194,116
Waikato:
      Greenslade, H. J.3,457 
      Lang, F. W.3,3796,836
Bay of Plenty:
      Herries, W. H.3,251 
      Foster, J.3,0406,291
Waiapu:
      Carroll, J.3,647 
      Clayton, W. L.1,849 
      Darton, G. E.874 
      Wall, H. H.3126.682
Hawke&s Bay:
      Dillon, Alfred3,138 
      Russell, Sir W. R.2,0955,233
Napier:
      Fraser, A. L. D.3,076 
      Lascelles, M. W. P.1,607 
      McGrath, W. J.9495,632
Waipawa:
      Hall, C.3,576 
      Hunter, G.2,322 5,898
Pahiatua:
      Ross, R. B.2,300 
      Hawkins, W. H.2,094 
      Buchanan, H. D.1424,536
Masterton:
      Hogg, A. W.3,055 
      Cooper, J. C.2,1965,251
Wairarapa:
      Hornsby, J. T. M.2,510 
      Buchanan, W. C.1,979 
      Phillips, C.634,552
Egmont:
      Jennings, W. T.2,621 
      Leech, C.1,970 
      Campbell, H. A.2154,806
Taranaki:
      Smith, E. M.1,953 
      Okey, H. J. H.1,717 
      Bellringer, C. E.838 
      Tisch, G.475 
      Mills, C. T.2325,215
Hawera:
      Major, C. E.2,206 
      McGuire, F.1,757 
      Robbins, B. C.1,2225,185
Patea:
      Symes, W.2,552 
      Hine, J. B.2,409 
      Wake, G. P.4925,453
Rangitikei
      Remington, A. E.3,416 
      Sommerville, J. R.1,7065,122
Wanganui:
      Hogan, J. T.2,533 
      Willis, A. D.1,609 
      Bassett, W. G.1,071 
      Haselden, F. H.767 
      Gatenby, R. McK.3386,318
Oroua:
      Lethbridge, F. Y.2,177 
      Pleasants, O. C.1,191 
      Hornblow, B, E.1,0454,413,
Palmerston:
      Wood, W. T.3,563 
      Pirani, F.3,0836,646
Manawatu:
      Stevens, J.2,404 
      Vile, J.2,045 
      Gardner,0,2334,682
Otaki:
      Field, W. H.2,716 
      Brown, B. P.1,3224,038
Hutt:
      Wilford, T. M.3,452 
      Yerex, G. M.1,540 
      London, G. T.9575,949
Wellington North:
      Izard, C. H.3,283 
      Duthie, J.2,794 
      Macfarlane, G. D.2906,367
Wellington Central:
      Fisher, F. M. B.3,142 
      O'Regan, P. J.2,698 
      Cooper, A. H.4236,263
Wellington East:
      Aitken, J. G. W.2,595 
      McLean, W.2,576 
      McLaren, D.7635,934
Newtown:
      Barber, W. H. P.3,231 
      Hislop, T. W.2,018 
      Chapple, W. A.1,795 
      Hindmarsh, A. H.3837,427
City of Nelson:
      Graham, J.2,787 
      Atmore, H.2,7585,545
Motueka:
      McKenzie, R.3,069 
      Isitt, F. W.336 
      O'Kelly, J.1983,603
Buller:
      Colvin, J.3,912 
      Isitt, F. W.1,1145,026
Grey:
      Guinness, A. R.3,080 
      Petrie, J.2,7035,783
Westland:
      Seddon, R. J.3,420 
      Cowin, H.2403,660
Wairau:
      Mills, C. H.3,088 
      Duncan, J.2,111 
      Turner, G.245,223
Hurunui:
      Rutherford, A. W.2,149 
      Clothier, 0. F.963 
      Pulley, G. T.3073,419
Kaiapoi:
      Buddo, D.2,088 
      Moore, R.2,0434,131
Riccarton:
      Witty, G.2,294 
      Caverhill, T. H.1,054 
      Russell, G. W.679 
      Efford. J. A.1034,130
Avon:
      Tanner, W. W.2,294 
      Brunt, J. R.1,569 
      Clarkson, T.1,541 
      Baynes, B.1015,505
Christchurch North:
      Gray, C. M.4,074 
      Taylor, T. E.3,0107,084
Christchurch East:
      Davey, T. H.2,625 
      Toogood, H. F.2,060 
      Collins, W. W.1,532 
      Cooke, F. R.916,308
Christchurch South:
      Ell, H. G.3,689 
      Winny, C. H.1,178 
      Thorn, J.1,107 
      Hadfield, J.3646,338
Lyttelton:
      Laurenson, G.2,515 
      Radcliffe, W.1,393 
      Russell, C. L.967 
      Webb, S. R.3995,274
Ellesmere:
      Rhodes, R. H.1,810 
      Rennie, G.1,527 
      Shaw, H.3383,675
Courtenay:
      Lewis, C.1,972 
      McBride, T. J.1,7403,712
Selwyn:
      Hardy, C. A. C.2,215 
      Ivess, J.1,8934,108
Ashburton:
      McLachlan, J.2,518 
      Studholme, J.2,274 
      Sealy, J.4025,194
Geraldine:
      Flatman, F. R.2,715 
      Jeffries, W.1,4824,197
Timaru:
      Hall-Jones, W.3,541 
      Rolleston, F. J.2,4786,019
Waitaki:
      Steward, Sir W. J.2,628 
      Dash, G.922 
      Maslin, W. S.379 
      Walker, A.259 
      Nichol, J. B.2484,436
Oamaru:
      Duncan, T.3,400 
      Mitchell, J.1,391 
      McKenzie, W. M.1594,950
Mount Ida:
      MacPherson, J. A.1,900 
      Herdman, A. L.1,5063,406
Waikouaiti:
      Mackenzie, T.2,317 
      Clark, E. H.1,6153,932
Chalmers:
      Allen, E. G.3,455 
      Pryor, W.2,018 
      Gibb. W.2615,734
Dunedin North:
      Barclay, A. R.3,345 
      Bedford, H. D.2,8316,176
Dunedin Central:
      Millar, J. A.4,255 
      Adams, A. S.2,3366,591
Dunedin South:
      Arnold, J. F.3,313 
      Stewart, W. D.2,5336,846
Caversham:
      Sidey, T. K.3,948 
      Earnshaw, W.2,1886,136
Taieri:
      Reid, D., jun.2,320 
      Marshall, A.1,7854,105
Bruce:
      Allen, J.2,275 
      Mason, W. D.1,8404,115
Tuapeka:
      Bennet, J.2,538 
      Gilkison, R.1,5614,099
Clutha:
      Malcolm, A. S.2,035 
      Stewart, D.1,763 
      Roy, W.2614,059
Mataura:
      McNab, R.2,791 
      MacGibbon, T.2,3565,147
Wakatipu:
      Fraser, W.2,383 
      Gilfedder, M.1,9604,343
Wallace:
      Thomson, J. C.2,512 
      Macpherson, D.2,0514,563
Invercargill:
      Hanan, J. A.3,772 
      Raymond, I. W.1,840 
      Morris, W. A.8626,474
Awarua:
      Ward, Sir J. G.3,586 
      Woodnorth, H. S.7384,324

A summary of the population, number of electors on the rolls, and the total number of votes recorded at each of the last five general elections is next given:—

1905.1902.1899.1896.1893.

* Total number of electors who recorded their votes: 396,657 in 1905, 318,859 in 1902, 279,330 in 1899, 258,254 in 1896, and 220,082 in 1893.

† The total of votes recorded for 1905 shows less than that for 1902, because in the later year the four previously amalgamated city constituencies had become single electorates, and consequently a voter could only vote for one person.

Number of votes recorded for members elected216,378235,083202,324184,929153,663
Number of votes recorded for defeated candidates173,811181,879185,305174,475149,413
      Total votes recorded*†390,189416,962387,629359,404303,076
Number of names on rolls in districts uncontested..      ..      13,726..10,539
Number of names on rolls in districts where elections were contested476,473415,789360,018339,230292,458
      Total number of electors on rolls476,473415,789373,744339,230302,997
      Total population at last census772,504772,504703,119703,119626,359

The names of the members returned at the last general election, arranged in alphabetical order, are next shown, with the electoral district represented by each.

Name.Electoral District.

* Since deceased, and Mr. F. W. Lang elected.

† Since deceased, and Mr. T, E. Y. Seddon elected.

Aitken, John Guthrie WoodWellington East.
Alison, Ewen WilliamWaitemata.
Allen, Edmund GiblettChalmers.
Allen, JamesBruce.
Arnold, James FrederickDunedin South.
Barber, William Henry PeterNewtown.
Barclay, Alfred RichardDunedin North.
Baume, Frederick EhrenfreidAuckland East.
Bennet, JamesTuapeka.
Bollard, JohnEden.
Buddo, DavidKaiapoi.
Carroll, Hon. JamesWaiapu.
Colvin, JamesBuller.
Davey, Thomas HenryChristchurch East.
Dillon, AlfredHawke&s Bay.
Duncan, Hon. Thomas YoungOamaru.
Ell, Henry GeorgeChristchurch South.
Field, William HughesOtaki.
Fisher, Francis Marion BatesWellington Central.
Flatman, Frederick RobertGeraldine.
Fowlds, GeorgeGrey Lynn.
Fraser, Alfred Levavasour DurellNapier.
Fraser, WilliamWakatipu.
Graham, JohnCity of Nelson.
Gray, Charles MatthewChristchurch North.
Greenslade, Henry JamesWaikato.
Guinness, Arthur RobertGrey.
Hall, CharlesWaipawa.
Hall-Jones, Hon. WilliamTimaru.
Hanan, Josiah AlfredInvercargill.
Hardy, Charles Albert CreerySelwyn.
Herries, William HerbertBay of Plenty.
Hogan, James ThomasWanganui.
Hogg, Alexander WilsonMasterton.
Hornsby, John Thomas MarryatWairarapa.
Houston, Robert MorrowBay of Islands.
Izard, Charles HaywardWellington North.
Jennings, William ThomasEgmont.
Kidd, AlfredAuckland Central.
Kirkbride, Matthew Middlewood*Manukau.
Laurenson, GeorgeLyttelton.
Lawry, FrankParnell.
Lethbridge, Frank YatesOroua.
Lewis, CharlesCourtenay.
McGowan, Hon. JamesThames.
McKenzie, RoderickMotueka.
Mackenzie, ThomasWaikouaiti.
McLachlan, JohnAshburton.
McNab, RobertMataura.
Macpherson, John AndrewMount Ida.
Malcolm, Alexander ScottClutha.
Major, Charles EdwinHawera.
Mander, FrancisMarsden.
Massey, William FergusonFranklin.
Millar, John AndrewDunedin Central.
Mills, Hon. Charles HoughtonWairau.
Poland, HughOhinemuri.
Poole, Charles HenryAuckland West.
Reid, Donald (jun.)Taieri.
Remington, Arthur EdwardRangitikei.
Rhodes, Robert HeatonEllesmere.
Ross, Robert BeatsonPahiatua.
Rutherford, Andrew WilliamHurunui.
Seddon, Rt. Hon. Richard John, P.G.†Westland.
Sidey, Thomas KayCaversham.
Smith, Edward MetcalfTaranaki.
Stallworthy, JohnKaipara.
Stevens, JohnManawatu.
Steward, Hon. Sir William Jukes, Kt. BachWaitaki.
Symes, WalterPatea.
Tanner, William WilcoxAvon.
Thomson,. John CharlesWallace.
Ward, Hon. Sir Joseph George, K.C.M.G.Awarua.
Wilford, Thomas MasonHutt.
Witty, GeorgeRiccarton.
Wood, William ThomasPalmerston.

OCCUPATIONS OF MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The occupations of members elected in 1905 show that farmers or runholders furnish more members than any other class of occupation. There were twenty-one of these (besides four given as “settlers”) returned in 1905. There were nine barristers or solicitors, and five journalists. The number of members returned in 1902 and 1905 was seventy-six, against seventy in 1896 and 1899:—

Occupations.1896.1899.1902.1905.
Professional—
    Secretary, Y.M.G.A.1
    Barrister, solicitor59109
    Journalist9855
    Mining advocate, interpreter, lecturer, teacher34 13
    Chemist11
Domestic—
    Hotelkeeper1
Commercial—
    Insurance manager1
    Land-broker, estate agent23
    Auctioneer112
    Director of financial company111
    Native agent111
    Stationer, bookseller, draper, grocer, butcher3653
    Merchant, iron-merchant, timber-merchant3243
    Storekeeper1222
    Commission agent, clerk, accountant, commercial traveller3233
Transport and Communication—
    Coach-proprietor1
Industrial—
    Tailor, shoemaker, dyer2233
    Mill-owner, ship-rigger, builder, metallurgical engineer, mine-manager4222
    Railway employee1
    Blacksmith11
    Printer, newspaper-proprietor21
    Farmer11131216
    Sheep-farmer, runholder, grazier, stock-owner14795
    Contractor3333
Others—
    Settler, gentleman, &c.8758

For Maori Representatives.
(Polling-day, 20th December, 1905; Number of Polling-places, 327.)

Of a Maori population amounting to 43,143 persons at the census of 1901, 16,045 voted at the general election held in December, 1905, an increase of 1,774 on the number who voted at the election of 1902. In 1893 the voters numbered 11,269, or 1,739 persons fewer than in 1896, when 13,008 Maoris recorded their votes, while at the general election held in December, 1899, the number of Maoris who voted was 13,628, and in 1902 the number of voters was 14,271. As the Native population increased but slightly between 1891 and 1901, it would appear that Maoris are taking more interest as to their representation in Parliament than formerly, or perhaps there is now more convenience for attending to vote, or better knowledge of political affairs. The numbers of voters for the several districts in December, 1905, were:—

Electoral Districts.Population: Census 1901.Number who voted.Per Cent. of Population at all Ages.
Males.Females.Totals.
North Island—
      Northern Maori5,4004,4789,8782,34823.77
      Eastern Maori7,4656,51013,9756,91349.47
      Western Maori9,0547,99417,0486,03535.40
South Island—
      Southern Maori1,1931,0492,24274933.41
            Totals23,11220,03143,14316,04537.19

The votes recorded for each candidate were:—

Electoral Districts
and
Names of Candidates.
Number of Votes recorded.
For each Candidate.Total.
Northern Maori:
      Heke, Hone1,166 
      Reweti, Ru539 
      Tukariri, Te Huirama238 
      Ururoa, Papa216 
      Rotoroa, Rihari189 
  2,348
Eastern Maori:
      Ngata, Apirana2,447 
      Pere, Wi1,690 
      Atahikoia, Mohi te1,594 
      Paaka, Tiki785 
      Hutana, Ihaia305 
      Kohere, Tuhaka92 
  6,913
Western Maori
      Kaihau, Henare3,026 
      Tukino, Te Heuheu1,338 
      Kahu, Eruera te991 
      Taipua, Pitiera394 
      Kingi, Weraroa162 
      Teimana, Hare124 
  6,035
Southern Maori:  
      Parata, Tamo287 
      Uru, John Hopere Wharewiti127 
      Taiaroa, Wiwi123 
      Maketannaro, Tuiti118 
      Matiu, Hoani94 
  749

On the succeeding page will be found a tabular statement giving the results of each general election since the year 1853 for purposes of European representation.

GENERAL ELECTIONS FOR EUROPEAN REPRESENTATIVES HELD FROM THE YEAR 1853.
ParliamentDate of General Election.Number of Names on Roll of Electors.Number of Members returned.Number of Members returned unopposed.Numbers of Votes recorded (or of Voters recording Votes).Population of the Colony at end of Year.Average Number of
Persons to each Member.Persons to each Elector.Electors to each Member.

* Information not obtainable.

1 Including 800, the estimated number in Akaroa district, for which there is no return.

2 Including 800, the estimated number in the electorates of Town of New Plymouth, Grey and Bell, and Omata, for which districts there are no returns.

3 Electors for the Electoral District of “The Otago Goldfields” not included.

4 Men and women.

5 Voters recording votes.

First1,85315,93437*  *      30,0008115.1160
Second1,855210,32437*  *      37,1921,0053.6279
Third1,86113,46653*  *      79,7111,5045.9254
Fourth1,866333,33872*  *      190,6072,6475.7463
Fifth1,87147,27574*  *      248,4003,3575.3639
Sixth1,87561,75584*  *      375,8564,4746.1735
Seventh1,87982,271841443,776463,7295,5215.6979
Eighth1,881120,972911169,985500,9105,5054.11,329
Ninth1,884137,686911174,672564,3046,2014.11,513
Tenth1,887175,410915111,911603,3616,6303.41,928
Eleventh1,890183,171706136,337625,5088,9363.42,617
Twelfth1,8934302,99770345220,082672,2659,6042.24,328
Thirteenth1,8964339,23070..45258,254714,16210,2022.14,853
Fourteenth1,8994373,74470345279,330756,50510,8072.05,339
Fifteenth1,9024415,78976..45318,859807,92910,6311.95,471
Sixteenth1,9054476,47376..45396,657882,46211,6111.96,269

Chapter 39. SECTION VII.—METEOROLOGY.

TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, AND WIND THROUGHOUT NEW ZEALAND, AS OBSERVED AT TWELVE STATIONS, FOR THE YEAR 1906.

THE OBSERVATIONS WERE TAKEN AT 9.30 A.M.
Stations and MonthsTemperature in shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Wind.
Highest.Lowest.Wet Days.Fall.
* Owing to the removal of the Observatory the altitude was, on the 19th June, reduced to 110 ft. above sea-level.
 °Fahr.°Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
Auckland (lat. 36° 50′ S.; long. 174° 50′ 40″ E.; alt. 125 ft.)—
      January76.052.071.1729.96SW.
      February76.050.082.2529.96SW.
      March71.046.5173.1030.02SW, SE.
      April71.046.5173.1030.02SW, NW.
      May66.041.0174.6030.08SW.
      June63.039.0111.5430.06SW.
      July63.041.0266.8029.78NW, SW.
      August62.038.0111.7630.26SW, NE.
      September64.043.0144.3230.10NE, SW.
      October69.042.090.9730.10SW, NE.
      November72.049.0125.6229.96SW, NE.
      December76.052.071.7730.26SW, NE.
Rotorua (lat. 38° 9′ S.; long. 176° 15′ E.; alt. 925 ft.)—
      January82.050.071.7830.20SW.
      February80.057.0122.8530.18SW.
      March82.0..91.7630.02SW, NE.
      April70.032.0203.7630.22SW.
      May68.031.0155.1230.23SW, NW.
      June66.026.082.5830.60SW.
      July65.028.0227.7029.71SW. NW.
      August64.024.0133.3730.29S, NE.
      September....147.1530.08N.
      October75.022.0101.8230.14W.
      November80.035.0144.3929.95SW, N.
      December81.037.0103.1330.20W.
Meeanee (lat. 39° 32′ S.; long. 176° 53′ E.; alt. 14 ft.)—      
      January8.3042.0112.6029.84SW, NE.
      February83.639.0115.3529.83SW.
      March80.540.0132.9330.01SW.
      April76.032.091.6029.88SW, W, NW.
      May71.531.0101.9029.94SW.
      June67.028.8100.2829.99SW, NW.
      July68.527.5167.7929.72NW.
      August71.527.0111.2230.25SW.
      September68.034.0182.5930.01SW.
      October81.034.570.9630.05NW.
      November75.535.5114.2329.91SW.
      December86.041.030.4430.05E.
New Plymouth (lat. 39° 3′ 35″ S.; long. 174° 4′ 58″ E.; alt. 200 ft.)—
      January78.044.0173.4430.01NW.
      February83.040.0193.2030.00NW.
      March82.040.0154.4830.13NW.
      April72.039.0246.3130.04NW.
      May68.036.0268.7530.11NW.
      June66.032.0224.9029.85NW.
      July67.034.0276.5729.52NW, SE.
      August67.031.0134.1330.01SE, NE.
      September68.036.0163.4720.86NE, NW.
      October70.037.0184.1729.89NW, NE.
      November79.039.0163.9829.70N, SE.
      December78.043.0174.7029.91NW, NE.
Momohaki (lat. 34° 46′ S.; long. 174° 42′ E.; alt. 250 ft.)—
      January74.444.2113.98..W.
      February68.841.0136.72..W, S.
      March71.738.9123.06..S, W.
      April66.039.2234.24..W, N.
      May62.835.2174.01..W, N.
      June59.930.4152.79..N, W.
      July60.234.5244.48..W, N.
      August64.828.982.71..N, W, S.
      September63.834.0142.03..N, W, S.
      October67.236.0132.03..W, S.
      November72.538.083.09..W, S, N.
      December75.340.4112.78..W, N.
Levin (lat. 40° 37′ S.; long. 175° 17′ E.; alt. 119 ft.)—
      January75.339.5103.1429.70NW.
      February78.436.2113.7229.74NW.
      March73.632.281.6429.91NW.
      April70.033.3194.1629.88NW.
      May62.230.0185.6629.99NW, N.
      June60.628.0172.9230.14NW.
      July62.029.8222.3729.88E.
      August64.026.592.5229.27NE, NW.
      September63.531.0112.7730.09E.
      October68.030.3122.1829.91NW, N.
      November70.234.6114.2429.81NW, N.
      December74.037.2126.4529.82NW, W.
Wellington (lat. 41° 16′ 25″ S.; long. 174° 46′ 20″ E.; alt. 140 ft.*)—
      January75.045.094.9329.86N, S.
      February70.045.0167.4829.87N, S.
      March71.840.8123.7230.04N, S.
      April65.239.0132.5429.87NW, N.
      May64.539.8176.1829.95NW, S.
      June58.534.5122.4230.11N, NW, S.
      July59.533.5192.6629.70NW.
      August65.533.5102.8030.22NW, N.
      September61.138.5153.0430.10NW, SE.
      October65.239.670.7129.97NW, N.
      November67.543.3144.6929.88NW, SE.
      December69.346.271.1430.01NW, N.
Christchurch (lat. 43° 32′ S.; long. 172° 38′E.)
      January87.234.0132.5729.78NE, SW.
      February80.234.6133.9729.85SW, NE.
      March79.034.0104.2430.00SW, NE.
      April75.129.072.9429.74NE, SW, NW.
      May70.129.5122.8229.85SW.
      June61.224.9113.4829.95SW, NW.
      July59.326.4183.9429.64SW.
      August69.324.5111.5830.16SW, NE.
      September70.326.8131.3130.05NE, SW.
      October79.030.440.2529.91NE, NW.
      November70.432.772.3129.83NE, SW.
      December84.736.440.7929.91NE, NW.
Hanmer (lat. 43° 31′ S.; long. 172° 50′ W.; alt. 1,220 ft.)—
      January83.034.0142.9329.84SW, NW.
      February80.533.52610.2629.75SW, NW.
      March80.031.5122.9029.98SW, NW.
      April74.029.0146.7429.77NW. SW.
      May70.026.0113.7729.85NW, SW, E.
      June63.521.0123.1529.88NW, E.
      July61.521.0174.4229.56E, NW.
      August69.519.591.2830.11NW, E, SW.
      September72.026.5154.3629.97SW, NW.
      October77.027.561.0429.24NW, SW.
      November78.032.0143.7429.76SW, NW.
      December85.533.091.0629.92NW, SW.
Lincoln College, Canterbury (lat. 43° 32′ 16″ S.; long. 172° 38′ 59″ E.; alt. 42ft.)—
      January88.834.5133.5229.78NE, SW, SE.
      February87.035.7135.6329.87SW, NE.
      March84.634.7103.5530.01SW.
      April75.129.072.9429.74NE, SW, NW.
      May70.330.7112.7029.87SW, NE.
      June63.128.4103.3429.91NE, SW.
      July59.828.9163.2329.66NE, SW.
      August68.626.4101.5130.02NE, SW.
      September73.828.7141.9430.05NE, SW.
      October82.232.541.0329.91NE, SW.
      November72.834.571.2029.83NE, SW.
      December88.436.530.9929.91NE, SW.
Hokitika (lat. 42° 41′ 30″ S.; long. 170° 49′ E.; alt. 12 ft.)—
      January72.539.01610.5829.84SW, NW.
      February83.043.095.7229.88SW.
      March77.036.093.7630.01SW.
      April68.536.02011.6029.86NW, SW.
      May65.032.02013.2129.92NW, SW, E
      June60.030.02013.5229.97E.
      July64.029.02115.1529.69E, SW, NW.
      August64.029.01510.6230.21E, SW, NW.
      September64.033.0118.2730.04SW, NW.
      October66.036.01610.4330.03SW, NW.
      November71.038.0178.6029.88SW, NW
      December72.041.5114.4530.05SW, NW.
Leith Valley, Dunedin (lat. 45° 52′ 11″ S.; long. 170° 81′ 7″ E.; alt. 300 ft.)—
      January81.040.0173.9929.75SW, W.
      February78.038.0184.6729.83SW, NE.
      March74.038.092.5529.96SW, W.
      April70.037.0153.3429.79SW, W, S.
      May61.033.0112.9929.97SW, W.
      June61.030.092.4730.08SW, W.
      July58.032.0162.6329.80SW.
      August62.031.0101.6630.15SW.
      September68.035.0113.6230.06SW, W.
      October72.036.081.5629.90SW, W.
      November71.038.070.7429.88SW.
      December84.040.0122.2229.92W, NE.
TWELVE STATIONS: COMPARATIVE TABLE: YEAR 1906.
StationsTemperature in shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Wind.
Highest, and Date.Lowest, and Date.Days on which Rain fell.Greatest Fall, and Date.
 ° Fahr.° Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
Auckland76.038.0, 8 Aug.1561.73, 15 Nov.SW, NE.
Rotorua82.022.0, 8 Oct.1543.34, 11Sept.SW.
Meeanee86.0, 19 Dec.27.0, 6 Aug.1303.20, 16 July29.96SW, NW.
New Plymouth83.0, 9 Feb.31.0, 6 Aug.2302.04, 3 MayNW, SE.
Momahaki75,26 Dec.28.9, 7 Aug.1692.20, 4Feb.W, N.
Levin78.4, 9 Feb.26.5, 6 Aug.1603.10, 4Dec.NW.
Wellington75.0, 20 Jan.35, July & Aug.1512.49, 5 Jan.29.97NW, N, S.
Christchurch87.2, 26 Jan.24.5, 9 Aug.1231.98, 24 Mar.29.89NE, SW.
Hanmer85.5, 23 Dec.19.5, 3 Aug.1592.98, 7 Feb.NW, SW.
Lincoln88.8, 26 Jan.26.4, 9 Aug.1181.52, 21 May29.89NE, SW.
Hokitika83.0, 11 Feb.29.0, July & Aug.1853.18, 28 Aug.29.95SW, NW, E.
Dunedin84.0, 19 Dec.30.0, 10 June1431.51, 22 Sept.29.93SW, W.

The following table, compiled from information published in the Statistical Abstract for the Colonial Possessions of the United Kingdom, shows the shade temperature for each month in New Zealand and other British States and Colonies. The figures given are the means of four years (H signifies highest, and L lowest):—

British Possessions (Stations and Height in Feet above Sea-level where known).Jan.Feb.March.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Year.
H.L.H.L.H.L.H.K.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.H.L.
New Zealand—°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.°F.
    Wellington (140)7845784776447043663862345933623465376941743375447833
Queensland—
    Brisbane (130)9264936391618554805076427539784185469150943797619739
New South Wales—
    Sydney (155)9259895884597951724867446339704277458848875494579439
Victoria—
    Melbourne (91)101489947994586407437643762326834743481409444964510132
South Australia—
    Adelaide (140)108491065010048894578406738653674397941864196451014810836
Western Australia—
    Perth (47)10750102539852965781407038703773388042834293481005110737
Tasmania—
    Hobart (160)9145944593447538713761345933663372357735924086439433
Natal—
    Durban (150)9963956194609458895286498848914996509153975798599949
Cape Town—
    Royal Observatory (37)9454905192498645804276397437763783398644894890529437
Hong Kong—
    Observatory (110)7347784677498458896891739174917492709066825579499146
Straits Settlements—
    Singapore (30)8870907091719173907390729072897289718971897189709170
Mauritius—
    Royal Alfred Observatory (179)8469847184708270806277607559755977628062826684688459
Canada—
    Toronto (350)47−345−35167122783186448846894782417127561345−189−3
    Montreal (187)45−1442−134406924813287438850865081397027591143−118814
    St. John (N.B.) (116)49−746−74746222693381427949774873376026561649−381−7
    Halifax (122)50−146−350106322733283398448844980366929602151384 
    Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (38)47−643−94756020703177398049794975396630581947180 
    Winnipeg, Manitoba (764)34−3732−3749−2576882209035874091348630731753−1639−2991−37
    Victoria, British Columbia (10)5114552260306729733876397943764471386435553051237914
    St. John's, Newfoundland (125)48−650−850116115712776338141794278336524621951981−8
Barbados—
    Joes River (430)8167816783698470847185728470857085718571847083698567
Bahamas—
    Military Hospital7763796879678469897288738978897387758677827077678963
Jamaica—
    Kingston (60)9163906390629168917092719571937392709369916790639562
Trinidad (130)8667876888698870897086718671867089708870877085698967
MEAN MONTHLY and ANNUAL TEMPERATURE and RAINFALL of New Zealand, from Monthly Means of Eighteen Second-class Stations, for the Years 1905 and 1906.
Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.SeptOct.Nov.Dec.Averages and Totals.
North Island—Annual.
    Mean temperature61.462.460.356.353.349.248.849.451.755.257.361.355.6° Fahr.
    Rainfall, in points (100=1 in)25626929432151852456329342740941928445.85 in.
    Days with rain11.19.09.713.714.816.017.612.917.214.514.610.7162 days.
South Island—
    Mean temperature57.858.857.251.648.244.443.344.948.152.054.958.451.7° Fahr.
    Rainfall, in points (100=1 in.)41737531032340549045025747438437927145.39 in.
    Days with rain14.310.411.314.712.213.515.311.015.012.313.010.7151 days.

Chapter 40. SECTION VIII.—MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS.

REMARKS ON SUMMARISED RESULTS.

IN regard to the returns of manufactories and works, it is necessary, as a preliminary, to repeat the statement made at last census as to what has been included.

Whereas up till the time of the census of 1901 the term “factory” was rather held to mean an establishment where manufacture was carried on whole-sale, where machinery was employed, and where several hands worked together, in the returns of 1901 and 1906 a “factory” has been interpreted to mean any concern where two or more persons work together at making articles for disposal, wholesale or retail, and without reference to machinery being used or not. Thus these returns include certain industrial workers (and their production) where two or more are found together, with manufactories to supply the wholesale traders or making for export. But the attempt has been made to approximate the census results to those of the Labour Department, according to special direction. The totals for the industries do not include mining, quarrying, and the fisheries, which are dealt with separately.

MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS, 1906 AND 1901.
 April, 1906.March, 1901.Increase, 1901–6.
No.No.No.
* Omitting Government Railway Workshops and Government Printing Office.
Number of establishments*4,186            3,680            506            
Hands employed—
    Males44,946            36,292            8,654            
    Females11,413            10,555            858            
            Totals56,359            46,847            9,512            
Wages paid—£                  £                  £                  
    To males3,979,593            2,972,193            1,007,400            
    To females478,026            330,454            147,572            
            Totals4,457,619            3,302,647            1,154,972            
 H.p.            H.p.            H.p.            
Horse-power            60,335            39,113            21,222            
 April, 1906.March, 1901.Increase 1901–6.
Total approximate value of—£        £        £        
      Land3,264,8621,980,4281,284,434
      Buildings3,851,9022,575,6791,276,223
      Machinery and plant5,392,5223,852,4571,540,065
            Totals12,509,2868,408,5644,100,722

Under the heading “Hands employed,” the increase was from 46,847 in 1900 to 56,359 in 1905, or at the rate of over 20 per cent. in five years. This increase, it will be observed, is mainly on the male side. The returns show a decrease of females employed in clothing and boot and shoe factories, besides woollen-mills, matchmaking, and a few others, which brings the net increase in this sex down to 8 per cent.

The wages paid in the factories or industrial works dealt with in the census returns were returned for 1905 at £4,457,619, and for 1900 at £3,302,647, the increase on the total sum being at the rate of 35 per cent.

The average amount of wages paid to male hands in 1905 was £88 10s. 11d., and £81 17s. 11d. in 1900; for females, £41 17s. 8d. against £31 6s. 2d. in 1900. Tested in this way the wages of both would seem to have increased substantially. It must be remembered that these are not adult wages, but those of persons of all ages, male and female distinctly.

The increase for the year 1906 over 1901 in the horse-power stated in the returns was 21,222.

The approximate value of the land used for purposes of the factories was returned as £3,264,862 in 1906, against £1,980,428 in 1901. The value of the lands used for mining is not included in the above figures, and the value of Crown lands has been omitted throughout.

A very large increase will be found in the value of machinery and plant, from £3,852,457 in 1901 to £5,392,522 in 1906, being at the rate of 39.98 per cent. Somewhat of this result is what might be expected, considering the ever increasing use and improvement in machinery that is proceeding with time. The value of the buildings also increased from £2,575,679 to £3,851,902, or 49.55 per cent.

VALUE OF MANUFACTURES OR PRODUCE (OUTPUT).

 1905.1900.Increase in 5 Years.
Value of all manufactures or produce (including repairs£        £        £        
23,444,23517,853,1335,591,102

This is at the rate of 31.31 per cent. for the quinquennium, a very satisfactory rate of progress, taking all the manufactories and works collectively.

The development is analysed in the following statement, which includes nearly the whole increase, and has been worked down to a limit of £20,000 to show the main features. The factories or works in connection with our great primary industries, agricultural, pastoral, timber, and flax, include the greater part of the money.

PRINCIPAL INCREASES, CENSUS 1906.
 £      
Meat freezing and preserving works, with boiling-down1,093,654
Butter and cheese factories1,046,489
Sawmills, sash and door factories860,077
Grain-mills375,802
Printing and bookbinding establishments (not Government)363,542
Flax-mills354,316
Gasworks96,353
Ham and bacon curing establishments94,373
Brick, tile, and pottery works94,320
Furniture and cabinet making87,161
Coach building and painting works78,741
Woodware and turnery factories72,673
Lime and cement works62,533
Agricultural-implement factories61,647
Electric-lighting works58,796
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works50,055
Fruit-preserving and jam-making39,940
Woollen-mills37,966
Aerated-water factories37,750
Hosiery-factories36,323
Chemical-works30,556
Grass-seed dressing28,789
Tinware factories28,563
Biscuit-factories27,487
Bone-mills and manure-works26,260
Ship and boat building yards20,761

The addition of the figures for the total value of manufactures is not absolutely justified to the fullest extent of the amount shown (twenty-three and a half million pounds sterling); but the degree of repetition of value is not so great as to prevent the total given being of great help in judging of development. No doubt the above amount is over the fact, because, for instance, some of the butter made is included in returns for meat-freezing establishments, as well as in the butter-factory returns; timber cut is valued under sawmilling, and some again in the furniture-making line. Also, leather is valued in the tanning returns, and some part of it again in the boot and saddlery items. A certain amount of duplication is unavoidable. This is admitted in the accounts of industrial statistics of the United States of America and elsewhere.

The total increase in value of manufactures for the period 1900–1905 (£5,591,102) is not so large as that stated previously for 1895–1900, when the sum was £7,600,000; but the latter represented the rise from a period of depression, which is not the case in respect of the later period.

Where decreases have been found in the returns these may be referred to in a comparative statement which follows, as well as in the special tables relating to individual industries further on.

The printed tables relating to individual industries will clearly show that quantities have risen, as well as the value of manufactures, so that the development is not merely a question of market prices, but of actual output.

Value of Materials operated upon.

This information was given in case of most industries, but important estimates had to be made to obtain completeness. The sum arrived at for the year 1905 is £13,163,692. The difference between this amount and the total value of all the manufacture and produce (with repairs) may be termed the net value of the manufacture in a sense, and duplications on account of the articles of any one kind becoming materials operated upon for another sort would be eliminated. But to arrive at any approximate notion of profit £4,457,619 spent in wages ought further to be deducted, and also interest and depreciation on £12,509,286 invested in land, buildings, machinery, and plant, together with taxes, insurance, and other incidental expenses.

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

All the various industries for which returns were received in 1906 are given in the statement below, which thus enumerates completely the manufactories and works in operation in the colony, specifying the provincial districts in which they are situated:—

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Manufactories, Works, &c.Number of Industries in Provincial Districts.Total Number of Industries.
Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke&s Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland.Canterbury.Otago.
Animal food—
    Meat freezing and preserving works84351..16937
    Ham and bacon curing establishments6724..5..111752
    Fish curing and preserving work11....21..11521
    Butter and cheese factories576919515931635264
    Condensed-milk factories................22
Vegetable food—
    Grain-mills4211136..22222877
    Biscuit-factories5....2..1..1312
    Fruit-preserving and jam-making works8..21..2..3824
    Sugar-boiling and confectionery works8..211..1..7736
    Sugar-refining works1................1
    Baking-powder factories3....1......3..7
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
    Breweries82513925131572
    Malthouses2..111..58422
    Colonial-wine making10..43..212..22
    Aerated-water factories238722..2142819123
    Coffee and spice works1....2..2..3513
    Tobacco-manufactories1............1..2
    Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories5....9..214627
    Ice-factories2................2
Animal matters (not otherwise classed)—
    Soap and candleworks6..24..1..4219
    Glue-factory1............1..2
    Sausage-skin factories1..22......5212
    Boiling-down works7223......2319
    Bone - manure-works31..2......2816
Working in wood—
    Cooperages4426......5122
    Sawmills, sash and door factories833428981559421867444
    Woodware and turnery factories93113......4939
Vegetable produce for fodder—
    Chaff-cutting establishments81..3..3..24847
    Grass-seed-dressing establishments1212......91025
Paper-manufacture—
    Paper-mills3................3
    Paper bag and box factories4....2........28
    Gasworks10239..224638
    Electric-lighting works14..2..1..3213
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.—
    Lime and cement works5..1....311920
    Brick, tile, and pottery works2677292722223125
    Monumental masonry4114..2..5623
    Glass-works......4..........4
    Electro-plating works1....2..........3
    Pumice-works1................1
Metals other than gold or silver—
    Tinware-factories17419..2..111054
    Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.161511..34131871
    Heel and toe plate factories1............113
    Engineering-works181212..4..61861
    Range-making works5....2......1311
    Spouting and ridging factories9....4......1216
    Lead-headed-nail works1....1..........2
Books and publications—
    Printing and book-binding offices4714135411253756239
Musical instruments—
    Musical-instrument factories1............113
Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares—
    Toy-factories1............1..2
    Picture-frame makers......6......5314
    Basket and perambulator factories5..17......7626
    Cork-cutting1................1
    Lapidaries................33
Equipment for sports and games—
    Billiard-table factories1....2......1..4
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
    Rubber-stamp making..1..1........13
Ammunition—
    Ammunition-factory1................1
Machines, tools, and implements—
    Agricultural - implement factories2232......91129
    Brush and broom factories5....2......2211
    Cutlery-factory................111
Carriages and vehicles—
    Coach building and painting works3814154121332631183
    Cycle-factories51319..91411897
Harness, saddlery, and leather-ware—
    Saddlery and harness factories2297241711421106
    Whip-thong factories1....1..........2
    Portmanteau-factories4....2......118
    Tanning, fellmongering, and wool - scouring establishments133121654..271999
Ships, boats, and their equipment—
    Ship and boat building yards19....3......2630
    Graving-docks and patent slips2....1......227
    Block and pump factories2................2
    Sail, tent, and oilskin factories3217..217629
Furniture—
    Furniture and cabinetmaking48139402462723172
    Venetian-blind works1....3......149
    Mattress-factories3....4......2211
    Wool-rug and mat making......1........23
Chemicals and by-products—
    Varnish-manufactories1..............12
    Ink-manufactories................22
    Starch-manufactories................22
    Chemical-works2....3....111017 
    Hæmiatite-paint factories..........1....23
    Sheep-dip factories....21......1..4
    Match-factories......1........12
    Blacking-faotories......1......2..3
Textile fabrics—
    Woollen-mills1..11......3410
    Flock-mills......1........23
    Cleaning and dyeing works4....5......1313
Dress—
    Tailoring establishments6010186942125371308
    Dressmaking and millinery establishments51141769..1928977338
    Shirt-making establishments5....6......6522
    Corset and belt, manufactories..............2..2
    Clothing and waterproof factories7....6......6423
    Boot and shoe factories261..18..1..151172
    Hat and cap factories6..13......1516
    Hosiery-factories......2..1..3410
Fibrous materials—
    Rope and twine works3..11......2310
    Bag and sack factories..............123
    Flax-mills75344112138876240
    Returns not included in above11122041..181269
          Totals, census 1906885247214846682291126968894,186
          Totals, census 190175226716070761198786488093,680

The provincial districts, arranged according to the number of industries belonging to each, specified in the last census returns, stand as under:—

 Number of Industries, excluding Mines and Quarries.
 1906.
Otago889                                    
Auckland885                                    
Wellington846                                    
Canterbury696                                    
Taranaki247                                    
Nelson229                                    
Hawke&s Bay214                                    
Westland112                                    
Marlborough68                                    

DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.

The principal industries returned at the census of 1906, and particulars relating thereto, are given in detail in the following table. These industries are arranged in classes according to their nature.

DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.
Nature of Industries.Total Number of Industries.Number of Hands employed.Wages paid.Amount of Power employed (Horsepower).Value of all Materials used or operated upon during 1905.Value of all Manufactures of Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1905.*Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume. Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

† For full particulars respecting these industries see special tables in Census volume.

‡ The value of the animals used for freezing was not included in any case in the returns furnished by managers, but an estimated amount has been added on this account. A similar allowance was found necessary for butter.

§ Some portion of the value of butter manufactured which is stated under “Butter and cheese factories” has been again included in the value of frozen produce.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume. Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

† For full particulars respecting these industries see special tables in Census volume.

‡ Value of barley malted not ascertained.

§ The value of the wood used at the mills was not given in the returns, but an estimate of the total value of materials operated upon has been made on this account.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume. Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

† For full particulars respecting these industries see special tables in Census volume.

‡ Value of manufactures at Government Railway Workshops not included (£427,341 in 1005), to maintain true comparisons with previous census results.

§ Value of manufactures at Government Printing Office not included (£83,556 in 1905), to maintain true comparisons with previous census results.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume. Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

† For full particulars respecting these industries see special tables in Census volume.

‡ Value of manufactures at Government Railway Workshops not included (£427,341 in 1905), to maintain true comparisons with previous census results.

§ Value of manufactures at Government Printing Office not included (£83,556 in 1905), to maintain true comparisons with previous census results.

NOTE.—Two or more distinct industries were carried on at some establishments. In such cases particulars of power, hands, and plant employed, and wages paid, unless stated separately for each branch of industry, have been treated as belonging to the most important work.

 £      £      £      H.p.£      £      £      
Animal food—
     Meat freezing and preserving works†373,157333,190277,2711,321278,5929,4983,672,002‡4,891,322§1,476,782
     Ham and bacon curing establishments†522101422420,7291,49322,222532186,375253,93778,966
     Fish curing and preserving works†2110331066,801286,829..    13,40428,10920,372
     Butter and cheese factories†2641,456281,484130,442681131,1233,7592,062,2152,581,639616,266
     Condensed-milk factories*2382058..    ..    ..    50..    ..    ..    
Vegetable food—
     Grain-mills†77534654056,98834757,3353,188835,4771,058,086411,558
     Biscuit-factories†1237920858723,31010,57133,881389110,396225,476121,366
     Fruit-preserving and jam-making works†241741373117,9564,24712,2031556693,03242,317
     Sugar-boiling and confectionery works†3630426757121,4707,94029,4108489,055138,63583,752
     Sugar-refining works*1228..    228..    ..    ..    675..    ..    ..    
     Baking-powder factories7187251,1521661,318..    12,26516,3524,785
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
     Breweries†727201173191,97333592,308703187,799572,579334,931
     Malthouses2290..    908,673..    8,6735973,05874,807
     Colonial-wine making†22501511,539521,59143,6039,96524,792
     Aerated-water factories†1235632358648,83877949,61730771,371189,561166,470
     Coffee and spice works1366541206,7861,3148,10020842,32260,75836,095
     Tobacco-manufactories*25813..    ..    ..    5..    ..    ..    
     Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories†271151042198,2412,92211,1635531,46656,826,44,982
     Ice-factories*22..    2..    ..    ..    10..    ..    ..    
Animal matters (not otherwise classed)—
     Soap and candle works†192152323821,05979421,853277119,260178,55668,566
     Glue-factory*213215..    ..    ..    36..    ..    ..    
     Sausage-skin factories12151..    15111,069..    11,069416,69737,0456,807
     Boiling-down works†1970..    705,324..    5,32412725,45137,22326,825
     Bone-mills and manure-works16216..    2168,156..    8,15619651,72266,55843,755
Working in wood—
     Cooperages†2211421169,409949,50315819,37038,12426,736
     Sawmills, sash and door factories†4449,098139,111834,371556834,92713,278206,644§2,128,7661,204,843
     Woodware and turnery factories39304..    30426,258..    26,25854061,613110,22555,815
Vegetable produce for fodder—
     Chaff-cutting establishments47194319710,05615010,206402114,883139,06039,035
     Grass-seed-dressing establishments2592..    9213,768..    13,768367131,415276,02854,508
Paper-manufacture—
     Paper-mills*38729116..    ..    ..    730..    ..    ..    
     Paper bag and box factories818821001,3892,2723,661335,27411,94119,012
     Gasworks†3893717954112,939846113,785496134,474386,9201,375,241
     Electric-lighting works13118..    11817,627..    17,6276,02924,40682,030323,428
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.—
     Lime and cement works†20280..    28034,249..    34,2491,17536,251107,675116,746
     Brick, tile, and pottery works†1251,254..    1,25499,246..    99,2461,496..    216,550273,831
     Monumental masonry23117111810,6571810,6754515,58035,99322,567
     Glassworks414..    141,412..    1,41241,8595,1235,340
     Electro-plating works*317..    17..    ..    ..    15..    ..    ..    
     Pumice-works*112..    12..    ..    ..    25..    ..    ..    
Metals, other than gold or silver—
     Tinware-factories†54469447336,36210536,4678068,802127,15080,270
     Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.†711,814241,838144,340702145,0421,221173,685376,527284,875
     Heel and toe plate factories*39110..    ..    ..    7..    ..    ..    
     Engineering-works†‡611,846221,868166,8051,191167,9961,109223,365437,036249,901
     Range-making works11230..    23022,481..    22,4817422,37064,27133,461
     Spouting and ridging factories16158115916,0512816,0799451,95473,75030,245
     Lead-headed-nail works*26..    6..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
Books and publications—
     Printing and bookbinding offices†§2393,2386603,898374,87225,940400,8121,520272,8571,067,827920,022
Musical instruments—
     Musical-instrument factories*311..    11..    ..    ..    7..    ..    ..    
Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares—
     Toy-factories*22929..    ..    ..    5..    ..    ..     
     Picture-frame makers14331342,4671102,57728,43816,29616,775
     Basket and perambulator-factories26121271489,0737939,8661216,78834,10317,190
     Cork-cutting*14..    4..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
     Lapidaries*34..    4..    ..    ..    8..    ..    ..    
Equipment for sports and games—
     Billiard-table factories425..    252,504..    2,504174,70110,4177,203
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
     Rubber-stamp making*35..    5..    ..    ..    3..    ..    ..    
Ammunition—
     Ammunition-works*120104130..    ..    ..    40..    ..    ..    
Machines, tools, and implements—
     Agricultural - implement factories†29788579378,80124179,04241991,043199,74195,467
     Brush and broom factories1199551547,5972,0839,0806216,33130,34515,657
     Cutlery-factory*13..    3..    ..    ..    4..    ..    ..    
Carriages and vehicles—
     Coach building and painting works†1831,465..    1,465116,204..    116,204395122,384294,818251,717
     Cycle-factories†974361645230,07375830,8319437,09275,99183,666
Harness, saddlery, and leatherware—
     Saddlery and harness factories†1065143054440,8721,34142,2131372,662140,813108,674
     Whip-thong factories*24..    4..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
     Portmanteau-factories84519642,8007913,59166,45912,0648,930
     Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishment†991,33421,336102,41888102,5069801,201,3181,836,310182,082
Ships, boats, and their equipment—
     Ship and boat building yards†30237..    23720,889..    20,8898852,07066,57214,722
     Graving-docks and patent slips724..    243,046..    3,9461,630..    12,327447,420
     Block and pump factories*21..    1..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
     Sail, tent, and oilskin factories†2997661638,3422,86311,205..    23,30345,32132,692
Furniture—
     Furniture and cabinet-making1721,435931,528130,7593,825134,584706157,484328,185239,375
     Venetian-blind works9332351,831931,92454,3097,1809,476
     Mattress-factories11521533,434533,487318,93517,89229,735
     Wool, rug, and mat making*310919..    ..    ..    6..    ..    ..    
Chemicals and by-products—
     Varnish-manufactories*213114..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
     Ink-manufactories*2314..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
     Starch-manufactories*220525..    ..    ..    40..    ..    ..    
     Chemical-works17103751789,7432,73312,47616256,30895,30086,181
     Hæmatite-paint factories*35..    5.,..    ..    19..    ..    ..    
     Sheep-dip factories47..    7426..    42661,7894,2843,402
     Match-factories*229177208..    ..    ..    34..    ..    ..    
     Blacking-factories*33811..    ..    ..    31..    ..    ..    
Textile fabrics—
     Woollen-mills†107158341,54968,81236,224105,0361,945206,847397,348307,759
     Flock-mills*312113..    ..    ..    18..    ..    ..    
     Cleaning and dyeing works133016462,6277643,391221,11610,33216,155
Dress—
     Tailoring establishments3081,2331,7642,997123,509191,578215,087..    244,191578,416372,026
     Dressmaking and millinery establishments338183,0213,039562112,804113,366..    181,201331,268269,000
     Shirt-making establishments22253743992,05912,89614,9551241,36275,83231,680
     Corset and belt manufactories*2..    1111..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    ..    
     Clothing and waterproof factories†233751,5391,91438,04567,516105,561135154,655308,94390,641
     Boot and shoe factories†721,5186882,206142,32628,669171,495328269,664501,065153,991
     Hat and cap factories16831542378,7147,66616,38015019,81738,36947,010
     Hosiery-factories†10303443743,23018,73021,9604642,05267,58836,697
Fibrous materials—
     Rope and twine works†10195..    19513,964..    13,96448368,775100,75370,095
     Bag and sack factories*372936..    ..    ..    12..    ..    ..    
     Flax-mills†2404,076..    4,076227,460..    227,4603,087185,894557,808355,840
Values for industries of which less than four of any one sort were found in the returns..    ..    ..    ..    61,54115,16976,710..    653,646843,002215,749
Returns not included in above6930813344123,9965,34629,3425350,976146,64391,549
            Totals, census 19061,18644,94611,41356,3593,979,593478,0264,457,61960,33513,163,69223,444,235‡§12,509,286
            Totals, census 19013,68036,29210,55546,8472,972,193330,4543,302,64739,11317,749,77017,853,1338,408,564

The succeeding statement shows the most important industries in operation in 1906, ranged in order of the values of their output for 1905, and compared with the results obtained for the years 1900, 1895, 1890, and 1885:—

 Total Value of all Manufactures or Produce, including Repairs.
1905.1900.1895.1690.1885.
 £      £      £      £      £      
Meat freezing and preserving and boiling-down works4,928,5453,834,8911,652,2751,464,659543,878
Butter and cheese factories2,581,6391,535,150501,274150,95743,094
Sawmills, sash and door factories2,128,7601,268,689898,807832,9591,177,713
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments1,836,3101,888,1071,237,2521,026,349634,915
Printing establishments (not including Government Printing Office)1,067,827704,285389,124354,559273,886
Grain-mills1,058,686682,884874,656991,812754,830
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c. (not including Government Railway Workshops)877,834924,171302,815403,635368,919
Clothing and boot and shoe factories810,008871,658638,512570,315514,500
Breweries and malthouses645,637659,298418,830380,849421,197
Tailoring establishments578,416301,350..      ..      ..      
Flax-mills557,808203,49232,546234,26620,059
Woollen-mills397,348359,382302,423279,175194,311
Gasworks386,920290,507199,025178,947194,653
Dressmaking and millinery331,208312,430..      ..      ..      
Furniture and cabinetmaking328,185241,02485,327131,314162,375
Coach building and painting294,818210,077148,969139,060128,340
Grass-seed dressing270,028241,239..      ..      ..      
Ham and bacon curing253,937159,50486,02283,43558,799
Biscuit-factories225,476197,989118,979127,14747,784
Brick, tile, and pottery works216,550122,23060,14050,83091,797
Agricultural-implement factories199,741138,094102,054144,472111,823
Aerated-water factories189,561151,81198,60991,69194,098
Soap and candle works178,556158,649152,298155,714130,745
Saddlery and harness factories140,813147,62063,73537,347..
Chaff-cutting139,000169,31378,49763,23654,440
Sugar-boiling and confectionery138,63588,58033,23517,24817,130
Tinware-factories127,15098,58763,72314,2978,500
Woodware and turnery110,22537,55218,2769,050..
Lime and cement works107,67545,14215,88119,41616,928
Rope and twine works100,75387,80352,40076,71156,413
Fruit-preserving and jam-making98,03258,09236,10827,25532,292
Chemical-works95,39064,83475,32041,56834,283
Electric-lighting82,03023,234..      ..      ..      
Cycle-factories75,99165,04718,8175,6551,301
Shirt-making75,83275,879......
Spouting and ridging factories73,756112,09123,70233,14025,478
Hosiery-factories67,58831,2659,3575,6506,200
Ship and boat building66,57245,81125,23335,84756,132
Bone-mills and manure-works66,55840,29812,2464,6288,337
Coffee and spice works60,75845,62874,33964,02498,234
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories56,32638,08213,4176,4073,145
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories45,32144,85430,16631,08325,574
Hat and cap factories38,36925,64110,90221,62813,695
Cooperages38,12437,52119,23311,54011,862
Sausage-skin factories37,04530,67413,47210,582..
Brush and broom factories36,34521,13123,36313,3407,786
Monumental masonry35,99322,313..      ..      ..      
Basket and perambulator factories34,10317,94211,9207,3814,375
Fish curing and preserving works28,10925,17310,29219,53712,182
Mattress-factories17,89216,2961,850..      ..      
Baking-powder factories16,35218,16310,1535,6374,120
Picture-frame making16,2965,771..      ..      ..      
Graving-docks and patent slips12,3277,2645,4229,000..      
Portmanteau-factories12,0645,483..      2,889..      
Paper beg and box factories11,94114,2177,6984,497 
Billiard-table factories10,417..      ..      ..      ..      
Cleaning and dyeing works10,3327,8557,53013,6674,510
Colonial-wine making9,96510,3308,9633,4563,626
Other industries in respect of which the value of the manufactures was less than £8,000, and sundry1,006,232803.938468,113359,376237,108

The order of the principal industries, ranged according to the number of hands employed, is as follows:—

 Number of Hands.
1906.1901.1896.1891.
Sawmills, sash and door factories9,1116,8124,0593,266
Clothing and boot and shoo factories4,1205,3224,5003,233
Flax-mills4,0761,6986473,204
Iron and brass foundries, machinists, &c. (excluding Government Railway Workshops)3,9363,5901,6421,787
Printing and bookbinding establishments (excluding Government Printing Office)3,8983,1342,3512,569
Meat freezing, preserving, and boiling-down works3,2602,2822,0371,568
Dressmaking and millinery establishments3,0392,888....
Tailoring establishments2,9971,621....
Woollen-mills1,5491,6931,4161,175
Furniture and cabinetmaking factories1,5281,310496585
Butter and cheese factories1,4841,188576269
Coach building and painting works1,4651,185807678
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments1,3361,9631,6291,199
Brick, tile, and pottery works1,254838455494
Gasworks954572295249
Breweries and malthouses821827560563
Agricultural-implement factories793586581528
Biscuit-factories587667425331
Aerated-water factories586452347261
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works5713056953
Saddlery and harness factories544652266184
Grain-mills540515419499
Tinware-factories47333728993
Cycle-factories45239512531
Shirt-making establishments399531....
Hosiery-factories37428213351
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works311172193117
Woodware and turnery factories3041568151
Lime and cement works2801847998
Soap and candle works238232190209
Ship and boat building yards237211108145
Hat and cap factories23711772112
Sugar-refining works228256160110
Ham and bacon curing establishments22419612384
Sauce and pickle factories2191517444
Bone-mills and manure-works216474625
Match-factories206183121..
Chaff-cutting works197266212205
Rope and twine works195192150222
Chemical-works1789511455
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories163231143124
Spouting and ridging factories15926190100
Brush and broom factories1541289281
Sausage-skin factories151985673
Basket and perambulator factories1481187663
Ammunition-works1301059080
Coffee and spice works1207811981
Electric-lighting works11852....
Monumental masonry11881....
Paper-mills116988448
Cooperages1161387653
Fish curing and preserving works10613775140
Paper bag and box factories100818635
Grass-seed-dressing establishments92607..
Portmanteau-factories64221314
Condensed-milk factories5833102
Mattress-factories535515..
Colonial-wine making51595324
Cleaning and dyeing works46515848
Bag and sack factories3662214
Venetian-blind works35514529
Picture-frame makers3422....
Starch and soda factories25322713
Baking-powder factories25291927
Billiard-table factories2572..
Graving-docks and patent slips24322964
Industries employing under 20 hands675679255173

FREEZING AND PRESERVING WORKS WITH BOILING-DOWN.

The establishments increased from 43 in 1896 to 48 in 1901, and the hands employed from 2,037 to 2,282; while in 1906 the number of works was returned as 56, employing 3,260 hands. The value of output for 1905 greatly exceeds that for 1900, showing £1,093,654 increase, the figures being £4,928,545 against £3,834,891. From 1890 to 1895 the increase was only £187,616. Of the total value for 1905 (£4,928,545), sheep and lambs frozen were valued at £2,431,146, excluding legs of mutton. The number of carcases of sheep frozen in 1905 was fewer than in 1900 by 789,353, but carcases of lambs frozen increased by 1,055,375. The freezing of butter and other produce (excepting beef and rabbits) developed very greatly between 1900 and 1905, the increase being £1,225,038 in value on a total sum of £503,430 value in 1900, or at the rate of nearly 250 per cent. There is no increase of tallow prepared since 1900, as might be expected, judging from the exportation.

The table below shows that while some items of the output decreased there has been considerable advance made on the operations taken as a whole.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 5648
Number of works hands employed 3,2602,282
Amount paid in wages£283,910205,635
Amount paid in wages of horse-powerH.p.9,6257,450
Approximate value of land£126,17487,776
Approximate value of land buildings£732,802428,075
Approximate value of land machinery and plant£644,631404,707
  Output for Years
1905.1900.
Frozen sheep—   
      CarcasesNo.1,355,9342,145,287
      Value£1,023,3851,388,121
Frozen lambs—   
      CarcasesNo.2,258,2111,202,836
      Value£1,407,761715,045
Frozen legs of mutton—   
      QuantityCwt.15,59864,203
      Value£23,21085,361
Frozen beef—   
      QuantityCwt.160,133306,119
      Value£154,988381,210
Frozen rabbits—   
      QuantityNo.2,632,8746,040,047
      Value£60,329144,616
Frozen produce (butter and all other)—Value£1,728,468503,430
Preserved meats—   
      QuantityCwt.44,45370,245
      Value£88,719171,151
Tallow—   
      QuantityTons13,91014,767
      Value£316,532298,821
Bonedust—   
      QuantityTons5,8706,514
      Value£28,85931,037
Other manures—   
      QuantityTons6,4105,721
      Value£28,34925,824
Neatsfoot and trotter oil—   
      QuantityGal.32,93830,174
      Value£3,8793,450
Bones, horns, hoofs, &c.—   
      QuantityTons240530
      Value£1,2763,085
Other products—Value£62,79082,345
Total value of output£4,928,5453,834,891

BACON-CURING ESTABLISHMENTS.

These were 52 in number, employing 224 hands, against 39 with 196 in 1900. There is a steady increase observed in the value of the output, the figures being £86,022 for 1895, £159,564 for 1900, and £253,937 for 1905. The business done in bacon now amounts to 56,831 cwt., besides which there was a large output of hams and lard.

* Besides bacon, a large quantity of hams and lard.
  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 5239
Number of hands employed 224196
Amount paid in wages£22,22214,387
Amount of horse-powerH.p.532250
Approximate value of land£21,09819,377
Approximate value of buildings£35,13025,960
Approximate value of machinery and plant£22,73816,855
Value of material used£186,375115,656
  Output for Years
 1905.1900.
Bacon, quantity*Cwt.56,83134,103
Other products—Value£7,1804,182
Total value of output£253,937159,364

FISH-CURING AND PRESERVING.

There was a considerable increase shown in the quantity of fish cured in 1905 as compared with 1900. The quantity cured in 1905 was 1,886,336 lb., against 1,082,820 lb. in 1900. The output of tinned fish is stated to have decreased from 288,849 lb. to 187,338 lb., but the total value of all products of the establishments rose from £25,173 to £28,109.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Approximate value of land£5,5559,937
Approximate value of buildings£7,1553,858
Approximate value of machinery and plant£7,6623,440
  Output for Years
 1905.1900.
Fish, cured—   
      QuantityLb.1,886,3361,082,820
      Value£11,85913,182
Fish, tinned—   
      QuantityLb.187,338288,849
      Value£2,7366,206
Value of other products£13,5145,785
Total value of output£28,10925,173

BUTTER AND CHEESE FACTORIES.

Comparison of the results shown by the returns collected at the census of 1906 with that of 1901 shows great development. Not only did the number of factories increase from 247 to 264 between 1901 and 1906, besides skimming-stations in connection with them—459 against 202—but the value of the output rose to £1,046,489 over the amount for 1901. The figures are £2,581,639 for 1905, against £1,535,150 for 1900.

The produce of factory-made butter for 1905 was set down at 51,818,607 lb., and for 1900 at 29,758,310 lb., while cheese made increased from 139,687 cwt. to 150,061 cwt. in the same period.

By far the greater number of factories for making butter are in the North Island, the number having been 196 out of a total of 264, which turned out 40,300,000 lb. of butter in the year 1905, leaving nearly 11,500,000 lb. as the output for the Middle Island. Taranaki is the provincial district in which the operations are by far the largest, 16,400,000 lb. of butter being the result of the factory operations, and over 42,500 cwt. of cheese. Wellington factories show for 1905 a total of over 12,100,000 lb. of butter and 34,700 cwt. of cheese. Otago makes more cheese (49,600 cwt.) in her factories than any other district; the butter was found to be a little over 5,600,000 lb. for the year.

The money invested for purposes of this industry in land, buildings, machinery, and plant has largely increased. Full particulars are given in the subjoined table:—

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of factories 264247
Number of hands employed 1,4841,188
Amount paid in wages£131,12396,433
Amount of horse-power 3,7592,399
Approximate value of land£56,00838,780
Approximate value of buildings£215,178147,307
Approximate value of machinery and plant£345,080202,663
  Produce for Years
 1905.1900.
Butter—   
      QuantityLb.51,818,60729,758,310
      Value£2,195,6811,203,520
Cheese—   
      QuantityTons7,5036,984
      Value£362,684303,758
Other produce—Value£23,27427,872
Total value of all produce£2,581,6391,535,150

In addition to the above registered factories there were 384 private dairies, of which Taranaki possessed 228.

GRAIN-MILLS.

The result of the inquiry regarding this industry is to show that so far as it relates to number of mills, hands employed, and grain operated upon, there has been no great increase during five years. The flour produced in 1905 was given as 95,528 tons, against 83,017 tons in 1900. But the value of the output of all kinds, which includes meal, was returned for 1905 as £1,058,686, against £682,884 for 1900, showing that a much higher value was placed on the flour, &c., at the last census than at the previous one. The ruling price in Canterbury wheat for 1900 was stated at 2s. per bushel, while for 1905 the figures for best wheat were 3s. 6d., and for other sorts from 2s. 8d. per bushel.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of mills 7778
Number of hands employed 540515
Amount paid in wages£57,33549,364
Amount of horse-powerH.p.3,1882,422
Approximate value of land£71,87044,688
Approximate value of buildings£160,799132,817
Approximate value of machinery and plant£178,889181.151
  Grain operated on in
 1905.1900.
WheatBush.4,352,5444,004,789
Other grainBush.714,955762,340
Value£835,477545,642
  Produce for
 1905.1900.
FlourTons95,52883,017
MealTons7,2477,418
Other products—Value£144,188..      
  1905.1900.
Total value of output£1,058,686682,884

BISCUIT-FACTORIES.

A comparison of hands employed in the year 1905 with those in 1895 shows 587 against 425. The male hands increased by only 34, but females by 128, in ten years. In biscuit-making the increase was from 3,003 tons to 4,133 tons. But the returns for 1906 show also confectionery made in 1905 to the value of £46,429, and other products to the value of £400. The total output came to £225,476, while in 1895 the sum was only £118,979. Confectionery is, however, only a small portion of that made in the colony, for a special table, relating to confectionery-works and sugar-boiling only, will be published, exhibiting further output valued at £138,635, and 571 hands employed, for the year 1905.

  Census Years
 1906.1896.
Number of works 1217
Number of hands employed 587425
Amount paid in wages£33,88120,156
Amount of horse-powerH.p.389134
Approximate value of land£26,13111,340
Approximate value of buildings£42,44021,575
Approximate value of machinery and plant£52,79525,951
Value of materials used£110,39685,280
  Manufactures for the Years
 1905.1895.
Biscuits made—    
      QuantityTons4,1333,003
      Value£178,646118,979
Confectionery made—   
      QuantityTons1,138..
      Value£46,429..
Other products—Value£401..
Total value of all manufactures£225,476118,979

FRUIT-PRESERVING AND JAM-MAKING.

The weight of fruit bottled or preserved in New Zealand during 1905 was returned at 661,956 lb., against 84,500 lb. in 1900. This shows an eightfold increase in five years. The jam-manufacture also increased greatly, the figures being 5,196,357 lb., and 3,303,395 lb. for 1900. Other preserves were also made in 1905 to the extent of 292,404 lb. The value of the total output stood at £98,032, against £58,092 five years previously. The results shown for this industry are most satisfactory, although the actual money value of the total manufacture is not so great as in the case of many industries.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 2413
Number of hands employed 311167
Amount paid in wages£12,2038,075
Approximate value of land£10,8285,160
Approximate value of buildings£20,0219,835
Approximate value of machinery and plant£11,4685,940
  Manufactures for Years
 1905.1900.
Fruit bottled or preserved—   
      QuantityLb.661,95684,500
      Value£9,537950
Jam made—   
      QuantityLb.5,196,3573,303,395
      Value£83,52054,120
Other preserves—   
      QuantityLb.292,404179,532
      Value£4,9753,022
Total value of all manufactures£98,03258,092

CONFECTIONERY-WORKS AND SUGAR-BOILING.

This industry is now of considerable magnitude, and gives employment to a large number of persons. There were 36 works in 1906, against 26 in 1901. The value of the manufactured articles for the year 1905 reached the sum of £138,635, which is £50,055 in excess of the value returned for 1900. Besides the output of £138,635 for the year 1905 given in these returns, a further production of 1,138 tons of confectionery, worth £46,429, will be found included in the biscuit-factory table. The confectionery and sugar-boiling works used 2,350 tons of sugar during the year 1905. The hands employed show an increase from 305 to 571, of whom 267 were females.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 3626
Number of hands employed 571305
Amount of wages paid£29,41014,728
Approximate value of land£22,84021,271
Approximate value of buildings£26,65417,709
Approximate value of machinery and plant£34,25817,975
  1905.1900.
Value of materials used£89,05547,150
  Manufactures for Years
 1905.1900.
Sugar used—   
      QuantityTons2,3501,400
      Value£44,70328,440
Other materials used—Value£44,25218,710
Total value of output£138,63588,580

BREWERIES.

The number of breweries in the colony shown in the census returns for 1906 was somewhat fewer than that returned ten years previously in 1896, but the hands employed were more numerous and the quantity of beer manufactured considerably greater.

While in the year 1895 there were 5,249,278 gallons brewed, the output for 1905 amounted to 7,634,362 gallons, being an increase of nearly 2,400,000 gallons in a ten-year period. The money value rose from £336,734 to £572,579.

The quantities of beer on which excise duty was paid were—for 1895, 4,936,400 gallons, and 7,796,160 gallons for 1905. These quantities are in close agreement with those returned in this census as manufactured.

The imported beer entered at the Customs for home consumption only increased in quantity from 201,770 gallons in 1895 to 218,270 gallons in 1905, which tends to show that the colonial-made beer is by degrees displacing the beer brought from abroad. In the year 1892, 261,394 gallons were brought into New Zealand, when the population was only 650,433 persons. The consumption of beer per head of population, which was 7.421 gallons in the year 1895, reached 9.150 in the year 1900, since when it has been almost stationary, the figures for 1905 being 9.212.

  Census Years
 1906.1896.
Number of breweries 7285
Number of hands employed 731465
Amount paid in wages£92,30857,327
Amount of horse-powerH.p.703441
Approximate value of land£82,59051,533
Approximate value of buildings£156,541115,033
Approximate value of machinery and plant£95,80063,850
  Beer made in
 1905.1895.
QuantityGal.7,634,3625,249,278
Value£572,579336,734

COLONIAL-WINE MAKING.

Establishments for the manufacture of colonial wine increased in number from 14 in 1901 to 22 in 1906, and the output of wine from 26,513 gallons in 1900 to 33,842 gallons in the year 1905. Cider-making, however, if the returns be correct, seems to have fallen off, the decrease being from 27,537 to 11,595 gallons in five years. But 13,692 dozen of bottled cider were turned out by the aerated - water and cordial manufactories, for which see special table.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 2214
Approximate value of land£13,33410,156
Approximate value of buildings£7,7685,074
Approximate value of machinery and plant£3,6902,953
  Manufactures for Years
 1905.1900.
Wine—   
      QuantityGal.33,84226,513
      Value£8,5586,288
Cider—   
      QuantityGal.11,59527,537
      Value£1,2083,492
Other value£199300
Total value of all manufactures£9,96510,330

AERATED-WATER AND CORDIAL FACTORIES.

The operations in these factories were very much greater in the year 1905 than in 1900, and with this is shown increase of value of manufactures, as well as quantity, besides a greater number of persons employed.

The money value of all manufactures for 1905 amounted to £189,561, against £151,811 in 1900—an increase of 25 per cent. The amount paid in wages was close on £50,000; while an increase from 1,886,024 dozen of aerated water bottled to 2,220,174 dozen, besides a greatly enlarged business in cordials, tonic beer, and other drinks, is recorded. Cider is noticed as having been made to the extent of 13,692 dozen.

The full particulars are tabulated below.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 123125
Number of hands employed 586452
Amount of wages paid£49,61732,055
Approximate value of land£57,08333,037
Approximate value of buildings£52,12834,875
Approximate value of machinery and plant£57,25937,266
  Manufactures for Years
 1905.1900.
Aerated waters—QuantityDoz.2,220,1741,886,024
Cordials—QuantityDoz.37,94525,478
Tonic beer—QuantityDoz.106,60789,821
Miscellaneous—   
      QuantityGal.25,74413,356
      Value£2,3535,356
Cider—QuantityDoz.13,6929,950
Total value of all manufactures£189,561151,811

SAUCE, PICKLE, AND VINEGAR MAKING.

The progress is very good. The industry employed 115 males and 104 females in 1906. Sauces and pickles with other condiments and vinegar were manufactured to the value of £56,326 in the previous year, an increase of more than £25,000 over the amount made five years before.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 2723
Number of hands employed 219128
Amount of wages paid£11,1636,388
Approximate value of land£14,48317,120
Approximate value of buildings£22,84212,375
Approximate value of machinery and plant£7,6577,220
  Manufactures for Years
 1905.1900.
Sauces—   
      QuantityDoz. pt.111,98244,604
      Value£23,46811,128
Pickles—   
      QuantityDoz. pt.46,90131,110
      Value£13,09010,378
Vinegar—   
      QuantityGal.130,092..
      Value£6,473..
Other condiments—Value£13,2959,752
Total value of all manufactures£56,32631,258

SOAP AND CANDLE WORKS.

The value of manufactures of all kinds at these works reached the sum of £178,556 for the year 1905, against £158,649 for 1900. The soap made in 1905 was 115,825 cwt., or 23,504 cwt. more than five years previously. But the making of candles declined, according to the returns, from 26,690 cwt. to 17,237 cwt., which is what might have been expected as a consequence of the larger employment of gas and electricity for lighting purposes with the advance of time.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 1924
Number of hands employed 238232
Amount paid in wages£21,85319,248
Approximate value of land£9,44710,432
Approximate value of buildings£27,53327,184
Approximate value of machinery and plant£31,58629,193
  Manufactures for Years
 1906.1901.
Soap—   
      QuantityCwt.115,82592,321
      Value£107,01276,591
Candles—   
      QuantityCwt.17,23726,690
      Value£48,38561,447
Other manufactures—Value£23,15920,611
Total value of all manufactures£178,556158,649

COOPERAGES.

These numbered 22 according to the returns for 1906. The manufacture of casks and kegs would appear to have decreased between the years 1900 and 1905, judging from the comparison given below. But in the matter of butter-boxes an increase of over 53,000 in number is shown by the output.

The total value of the manufacture of all kinds increased a little during the five-year period, but the sum is inconsiderable.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 2223
Number of hands employed 116138
Amount of wages paid£9,50310,923
Approximate value of land£10,2835,669
Approximate value of buildings£7,2007,815
Approximate value of machinery and plant£9,2538,303
  Manufactures for Years
 1905.1900.
KegsNo.11,29712,585
CasksNo.37,93647,072
Butter-boxesNo.212,776159,147
Cheese-boxesNo.10,64533,165
Other manufactures—Value£7,6202,700
Total value of all manufactures£38,12437,521

SAWMILLS, AND SASH AND DOOR FACTORIES.

There has been a very great development of this industry since 1901. 110 additional mills were returned as working in 1906, the hands employed increased from 6,812 to 9,111, and the (first-cut) sawn timber from 261,583,518 ft. to 336,470,930 ft.—an addition of 74,887,412 ft. The figures given for resawing, &c., also show an increase from 34,824,246 ft. to 51,588,812 ft., those for moulding from 9,152,598 ft. to 12,148,474 ft., while the number of doors and sashes made increased from 91,376 to 143,100. The total money value of all manufactures or produce of the sawmills reached the sum of £2,128,766, against £1,268,689 at the previous census. The value of the plant largely increased.

The value of the output for the mills for the year 1905 was far greater in the Auckland Provincial District than in any other, the order being as follows:—

 Value of Output of
Sawmills.
 £            
Auckland1,078,233      
Wellington339,481      
Otago234,693      
Hawke&s Bay138,668      
Westland117,104      
Taranaki97,401      
Nelson65,784      
Canterbury29,912      
Marlborough27,490      

The increase in quantity of first-cut timber at Auckland in five years is from 109,124,543 ft. to 163,592,619 ft. At Westland, also, the increase is noticeably great (from 13,971,951 ft. to 31,996,047 ft.), considering the magnitude of the industry there.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of mills 444334
Number of bands employed 9,1116,812
Amount paid in wages£834,927513,888
Amount of horse-powerH.p.13,2788,744
Approximate value of land£373,313187,398
Approximate value of buildings£181,899108,015
Approximate value of machinery and plant£649,631408,207
  Produce for Years
 1905.1900.
Sawn timber—   
      QuantityFt.336,470,930261,583,518
      Value£1,442,950971,048
Posts, rails, &c.—Value£12,29719,277
Resawing, planed flooring, skirting, &c.—   
      QuantityFt.51,588,81234,824,246
      Value£517,954172,127
Moulding—   
      QuantityFt.12,148,4749,152,598
      Value£56,02742,970
Doors and sashes—   
      QuantityNo.143,10091,376
      Value£99,53863,267
Total value of all manufactures£2,128,7661,268,689

GASWORKS.

The operations of the gasworks in the colony for the year 1905, contrasted with the returns obtained at previous censuses, show such expansion as must be considered highly satisfactory, and this notwithstanding the increased use of electricity in substitution for gas.

There were 38 gasworks at the time of the census of 1906, employing 954 hands, against 30 with 572 in 1901. The wages paid in 1906 amounted to nearly £114,000, against £70,000 in 1901, and the value of all produce was £386,920 against £290,567.

In quantity nearly 1,275,000,000 cubic feet of gas are shown to have been manufactured in 1905, against 786,000,000 feet for 1900, besides increased quantities of coke, tar, and other residuals.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 3830
Number of hands employed 954572
Amount paid in wages£113,78570,573
Amount of horse-powerH.p.496242
Approximate value of land£132,18865,555
Approximate value of buildings£135,91988,874
Approximate value of machinery and plant£1,107,134817,130
Value of materials used£134,47483,612
  Produce for Years
 1905.1900.
Gas made—   
      QuantityC. ft.1,274,873,860786,531,150
      Value£316,322245,000
Coke—   
      QuantityTons51,31138,830
      Value£44,57232,968
      QuantityGal.1,290,869693,181
      Value£20,88211,665
Other residuals—Value£5,144934
Total value of all produce£386,920290,564

LIME AND CEMENT WORKS.

Twenty of these works, employing 280 hands, were in operation in 1906. In 1901 only 184 hands were returned at 15 works. The value of the manufacture for 1905 was more than double that for 1900, the figures being £107,675 and £45,142 for these years respectively, and that of machinery used was trebled during the five-years period.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
 Number of works2015
Number of hands employed280184 
Amount of horse-powerH.p.1,175466
Amount of wages paid£34,24916,577
Approximate value of land£17,5653,881
Approximate value of buildings£23,53910,218
Approximate value of machinery and plant£75,64224,337
  Years
 1905.1900.
Value of materials used£36,25118,397
Total value of manufactures£107,67545,142

BRICK, TILE, AND POTTERY WORKS.

These works employed in 1905 1,254 hands, against 838 in 1900, and the number of bricks rose from 40,900,000 to 69,800,000 for those years. There were also firebricks made to the number of 774,000 in 1905. The value of bricks of all kinds was £150,200. The value of pottery made, including drain-pipes, rose from £34,810 to £52,193, and the total value of all the manufactures from £122,230 to £216,550. Wellington shows first for output of bricks, and Canterbury second; Otago comes third, and Auckland takes fourth place. The number of brick, stone, and concrete dwellinghouses increased between the last two censuses from 7,517 to 8,359, a rate of 11 per cent. Houses built of wood or iron increased from 153,945 to 178,551, the rate, 16 per cent., being somewhat higher than that which obtained for brick and stone dwellings. These do not include huts.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 125108
Number of hands employed 1,254838
Amount paid in wages£99,24663,336
Amount of horse-powerH.p.1,496659
Approximate value of land£96,00141,123
Approximate value of buildings£83,36737,718
Approximate value of machinery and plant£94,46335,726
  Manufactures for Years
 1905.1900.
Bricks—   
      CommonNo.69,785,91140,976,765
      FirebricksNo.774,281313,551
      Total value£150,20086,578
Pottery—   
      Drain-pipesNo.1,460,2501,226,296
      TilesNo.484,741310,076
      Flower-potsNo.179,05037,332
      Miscellaneous—Value£14,1577,475
Pottery, &c.—Total value£52,19334,810
Total value of all manufactures£216,550122,230

TINWARE-FACTORIES.

Again a large development is observed in respect of this industry. The value of the manufacture rose from £98,587 in 1900 to £127,150 in 1905. In 1895 the value of the goods was only £63,723. The number of hands increased from 337 to 473 in five years, and the wages paid from £23,143 to £36,467.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 5460
Number of hands employed 473337
Amount of wages paid£36,46723,143
Approximate value of land£36,79224,907
Approximate value of buildings£23,65722,100
Approximate value of machinery and plant£19,8219,907
Total value of manufactures and repairs£127,15098,587

IRON AND BRASS FOUNDRIES, BOILER AND RANGE MAKING, WITH ENGINEERING.

The total value of the manufacture (including repairs) in connection with these industries was returned for the year 1905 at £877,834, which sum is £46,337 less than the amount returned for the year 1900. The figures for Otago, where the value of manufacture given at last census was £347,707. are found to be considerably less than for 1900, when the amount reached £512,021, no doubt being swelled by the dredge-making work which was then proceeding. There were 3,936 hands employed in 1906.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 143111
Number of hands employed 3,9363,590
Amount of wages paid£335,519307,209
Amount of horse-powerH.p.2,4041,577
Approximate value of land£183,605127,346
Approximate value of buildings£127,01889,001
Approximate value of machinery and plant£257,614177,935
  Years
 1905.1900.
Value of materials used or operated on£419,426446,507
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£877,834924,171

NOTE.—The above table does not include 20 Government rail-way and maintenance workshops (11 railway workshops and 9 maintenance workshops). Hands employed in year 1905, 1936; wages paid, £242,670; horse-power employed, 1,042; materials used, £208,726; manufactures and repairs (4 locomotives, 42 bogie carriages, 10 bogie brake-vans, 309 wagons, 1,501 tarpaulins, and repairs to the value of £42,086), the total of manufactures and repairs in the railway workshops being £427,341, and the value of machinery and plant £140,845. The value of materials used and value of repairs are not stated in maintenance-workshops returns.

PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING ESTABLISHMENTS.

It is necessary to remark previously to considering the figures given that, for the sake of obtaining true comparisons, particulars relating to the Government Printing Office have been omitted. To arrive at the full measure of the printing and bookbinding industry as in 1906, 431 hands should be added, with £51,421 of wages paid for the year 1905 and £83,556 value of output, besides £57,167 for buildings, machinery, and plant.

The increases recorded below will be found very substantial—51 in number of establishments, 764 in hands employed, and £363,542 in the value of the output. Female hands increased from 507 to 660. The linotypes used in 1906 numbered 110, and the monolines in operation were 31. Very particular inquiries were made to insure that all the value of newspaper-work was included in the returns as well as that of a jobbing character, so that the output for 1905 may be more completely rendered than that for 1900, which would make the increase above referred to of £363,542, somewhat above the actual facts.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 239188
Hands employed—   
      Males 3,2382,627
      Females 660507
Approximate value of land, buildings, machinery, and plant£920,022559,538
  Years
 1905.1900.
Wages paid—   
      Males£374,872268,041
      Females£25,94016,564
Value of all manufactures£1,067,827704,285

AGRICULTURAL-IMPLEMENT FACTORIES.

The total value of all manufacture appears to have increased from £138,094 to £199,741, including repairs. Hands and horsepower employed, wages paid, with value of machinery and plant, all increased correspondingly to the output.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 2933
Number of hands employed 793586
Amount of wages paid£79,04253,941
Amount of horse-powerH.p.419360
Approximate value of land£27,87819,591
Approximate value of buildings£30,79121,504
Approximate value of machinery and plant£36,79820,244
  Years
 1905.1900.
Value of all materials used£91,04349,072
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£199,741138,094

COACH BUILDING AND PAINTING.

The value of the manufacture and repairs rose from £216,077 in 1900 to £294,818 in 1905, an increase of £78,741, or at a rate of 36 per cent. The hands also increased from 1,185 to 1,465.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 183160
Number of hands employed 1,4651,185
Amount paid in wages£116,20483,356
Amount of horse-powerH.p.395128
Approximate value of land£116,91670,622
Approximate buildings£97,23855,972
Approximate machinery and plant£37,56324,217
Value of materials used£122,38482,229
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£294,818216,077

CYCLE-WORKS.

As before pointed out, cycles are used for business as well as pleasure and health, so that the growth of the business in these machines has importance seen from various points of view. The number of these factories was 97 in 1906, being 26 more than in 1901. The value of the manufacture rose from £65,047 for the year 1900 to £75,991 for 1905, or 17 per cent. This is not nearly so high a rate as that for the previous quinquennium, as might be expected from the fact of the industry being a more settled affair. Comparison under certain heads is given.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 9771
Number of hands employed 452395
Amount of wages paid£30,83121,443
Approximate value of land£38,02031,465
Approximate value of buildings£33,66424,431
Approximate value of machinery and plant£11,9829,507
  Years
 1905.1900.
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£75,99165,047

SADDLERY AND HARNESS WORKS.

One hundred and six of these were returned. In the total value of manufacture and repairs there is no increase, according to the returns rendered, since 1900. The industry would appear to have remained in a stationary condition.

 Census Years
1906.
Number of factories 106
Number of hands employed 544
Amount of wages paid£42,213
Approximate value of land£65,038
Approximate value of buildings£36,554
Approximate value of machinery and plant£7,082
 Year 1905.
Value of materials used£72,662
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£140,813

FELLMONGERING, TANNING, CURRYING, AND WOOL-SCOURING.

The figures shown by the census returns for 1906 do not show increase of the above-named industry during the last five-year period. For 1905 the total value of produce and manufacture is set down as £1,836,310, against £1,888,107 for 1900, while the number of hands employed and the wages paid are also somewhat reduced. The wool sliped was, for 1905, 23,347,891 lb., against 25,793,239 lb. in 1900. Hides tanned fell in number from 178,075 to 124,695, skins from 272,775 to 191,496; but pelts salted or preserved increased from 4,031,974 to 4,432,103.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 99119
Number of hands employed 1,3361,963
Amount paid in wages£102,506159,342
Amount of horse-powerH.p.9801,108
Approximate value of land£48,38652,319
Approximate value of buildings£80,380102,855
Approximate value of machinery and plant£53,91680,778
  Manufacture or Produce for Years
 1905.1900.
Value of hides, skins, &c., operated on£1,201,3181,161,965
Wool scoured and slipedLb.23,347,89125,793,239
Hides tannedNo.124,695178,075
Pelts salted or preservedNo.4,432,1034,031,974
Skins tannedNo.191,496272,775
Other products—Value£24,89154,296
Total value of manufactures and produce£1,836,3101,888,107

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING.

As to the number of hands employed, vessels built, and total value of all manufactures, the returns for last census show an improvement on those for 1901. Nevertheless, the number of establishments has fallen from 32 to 30, and boat-building is shown to have very slightly declined, the number built in 1905 having been returned as 208, against 218 in 1900.

Of vessels under 50 tons, 118 were built in 1905; and of those 50 to 100 tons, 6. There were also built 2 vessels over 100 tons.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of hands employed 237211
Amount of wages paid£20,88913,476
  Years
 1905.1900.
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£66,57245,811

FURNITURE FACTORIES.

In this branch of industrial work it would appear that a substantial rise took place during the five years' operations. The value of the output was £328,185 in 1905, against £241,024 in 1900. There were 1,528 hands employed, being an increase of 218.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of factories 172144
Number of hands employed 1,5281,310
Amount of wages paid£134,58491,105
Approximate value of land£98,96675,200
Approximate value of buildings£99,37371,884
Approximate value of machinery and plant£41,03623,254
  Years
 1905.1900.
Value of material used£157,484101,595
Total value of all manufactures£328,185241,024

WOOLLEN-MILLS.

In April, 1906, there were 10 woollen-mills in the colony, which employed 1,549 persons—715 being males and 834 females. These factories therefore provide more occupation for women and girls than for the male sex.

As to value of manufacture of all kinds, the increase is at the rate of 10.56 per cent. for five years, being £359,382 for 1900, and £397,348 for 1905. There was a slight decrease (145,396 yards) in the quantity of tweed manufactured, the figures being 1,445,867 yards for 1900 and 1,300,471 yards for 1905. The production of flannel and blankets, however, shows steady increase, in the case of the former 1,368,268 yards having been manufactured in 1905 against 1,191,234 yards in 1900, while the returns for the latter show 59,572 pairs against 49,523 pairs in 1900. There was a slight decrease in the number of rugs and shawls, but a marked advance in the manufacture of hosiery (80,578 dozen in 1905 against 53,920 dozen in 1900). The output of yarn was slightly increased, and 104,452 yards of shirting are returned as having been made, with no comparative figures for 1900.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 1010
Number of hands employed 1,5491,693
Amount of wages paid£105,036112,001
Amount of horse-powerH.p.1,9451,554
Approximate value of land£9,00311,264
Approximate value of buildings£110,29793,454
Approximate value of machinery and plant£188,459172,704
  Years
 1905.1900.
Wool used—   
      QuantityLb.3,835,0643,257,319
      Value£167,291162,920
  Output for Years
 1905.1900.
TweedYd.1,300,4711,445,867
FlannelYd.1,368,2681,191,234
BlanketsPr.59,57249,523
Rugs and shawlsNo.23,78026,806
HosieryDoz.80,57853,920
YarnLb.259,067234,843
ShirtingYd.104,452..
Total value£397,348359,382

CLOTHING AND WATERPROOF FACTORIES.

This industry employs nearly two thousand hands, therefore it is of considerable importance in the matter of labour, especially that of the female sex, of whom over fifteen hundred are required.

The value of all manufacture for the year 1905 was returned at £308,943, but there is no development exhibited by the returns.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 2327
Number of hands employed—   
      Males 375453
      Females 1,5392,173
Amount of wages paid—   
      Males£38,04539,585
      Females£67,51665,845
Approximate value of land£32,98534,220
Approximate value of buildings£42,49350,270
Approximate value of machinery and plant£15,16312,602

HOSIERY-FACTORIES.

At the census of 1906 returns were obtained from 10 stocking-weaving factories, employing 30 males and 344 females. The value of the output amounted to £67,588, against £31,265 in 1900. The quantities of manufactured articles increased commensurately with the money value. Stocking-weaving is also carried on at woollen-factories, for which see special table.

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Approximate value of land£4,2484,605
Approximate value of buildings£5,5136,790
Approximate value of machinery and plant£26,9368,602
  Manufactures for Years
 1905.1900.
Half-hose—QuantityDoz.44,16539,601
Hose—QuantityDoz.12,4999,529
Shirts and pants—QuantityDoz.19,1291,053
Other knitted goods—Value£6,581480
Total value of all manufactures£67,58831,265

NOTE.—The above table does not include 80,578 dozen hose, half-hose, undershirts, pants, and other knitted garments which are given in “Woollen-factories” return.

BOOT AND SHOE FACTORIES.

The total value of all manufactures as brought out is £501,065 for 1905. The output from the factories during 1905 was 1,081,644 pairs of boots and shoes, 89,378 pairs of slippers, and 38,410 pairs of uppers.

During 1905, boots and shoes to the value of £282,211 were imported into the colony. Of this amount £209,545 represents the value of British manufacture, and £72,666 foreign—including United States of America, £61,340. All these were subject to a duty of 22 1/2 per cent. ad valorem, and the foreign manufacture to an additional duty under the preferential tariff of 11 1/4 per cent.

Comparison of quantity and value of output from the boot and shoe factories of New Zealand for the year 1905 with the returns rendered for 1900 exhibits, according to the returns, somewhat of a decline in the industry, while the import of boots and shoes during he quinquennial period rose in value from £194,811 to £282,211—including those from the United States of America, which increased from £46,807 to £61,660.

The exports of leather, the produce of the colony, during the same period were valued at £60,966, and of boots and shoes made in New Zealand £333.

 Census Years
1906.
Number of works 72
Number of hands employed—  
            Males 1,518
      Females 688
Amount of wages paid—  
      Males£142,826
      Females£28,669
Approximate value of land£46,409
Approximate value of buildings£50,170
Approximate value of machinery and plant£57,412
 Manufacture for Year 1905.
Boots and shoesPr.1,081,644
SlippersPr.89,378
UppersPr.38,410
LeggingsPr.1,468
Shoe-ettesNo.20,000
Total value of all manufactures£501,065

ROPE AND TWINE WORKS.

Rope and twine making would appear to have advanced since 1900, to judge from the value of all manufactures given in the returns, which amounted to £100,753 for the year 1905, against £87,863 five years before. The quantity of rope made represented in weight is shown at 618 tons for 1905. As to materials used, phormium comes by far the first, 1568 tons in 1905 being utilised, against 363 tons of manila.

Materials used— Years
 1905.1900.
  Phormium—   
      QuantityTons1,5681,502
      Value£35,16528,663
  Manila—   
      QuantityTons363291
      Value£16,52413,140
Total value of all manufactures£100,75387,363

PHORMIUM-MILLS.

This industry was in the lowest depths of depression at the time of the census of 1896. At that time only 52 mills were left in operation, and the hands employed had fallen in number to 484 men and 163 boys. Returns for 1901 showed a revival in the mills to 101 in operation, with 1,519 men and 179 boys. But the census returns for 1906 show 240 mills in operation during April of that year, with 3,951 men and 125 boys employed thereat. The wages paid stood at £101,046 for the year 1900, but increased to £227,460 for 1905; while nearly 200,000 tons of raw material were used in 1905, and 22,000 tons of fibre dressed, besides 2,439 tons of tow produced. The money value of the total output was £557,808, against £203,492 in 1900, and £32,546 in 1895. Of the total value of output for 1905 the Provincial District of Wellington contributed the most (£189,002); Otago followed with £139,099; and Auckland took third place (£137,426). For the other provincial districts the output ranged from £25,000 to £11,000.

The export of phormium for eleven years has been as under:—

Year.Exported.Value.
 Tons.            £                  
* This is greater than the quantity returned as dressed at the census.
1,8951,806            21,040            
1,8962,968            32,985            
1,8972,769            30,674            
1,8984,850            74,556            
1,89910,371            184,411            
1,90015,906*            332,182            
1,90110,171            195,728            
1,90220,852            534,031            
1,90322,652            595,684            
1,90426,936            710,281            
1,90527,877*            696,467            

The grading of phormium for exportation from New Zealand by a Government official under regulations has the effect of preventing badly dressed flax of an inferior quality from being sent away, and thus injuring the reputation of the article generally by depreciation.

The most important particulars given in the returns are tabulated below:—

  Census Years
 1906.1901.
Number of works 240101
Number of hands employed 4,0761,698
Amount paid in wages£227,460101,046
Amount of horse-powerH.p.3,0871,190
Approximate value of land£192,47124,644
Approximate value of buildings£43,75111,212
Approximate value of machinery and plant£119,61828,590
  Produce for Years
 1905.1900.
Raw material used—   
      QuantityTons199,17196,571
      Value£185,89453,064
Fibre dressed—   
      QuantityTons22,12812,035
      Value£544,070201,235
Tow produced—   
      QuantityTons2,4391,062
      Value£13,7382,257
Total value of output£557,808203,482

Chapter 41. SECTION IX.—IMPORTS; CUSTOMS AND EXCISE REVENUE.

IMPORTS.

THE quantities and values of imports used in making up the figures given in this portion of the statistical information are obtained from Customs entries, verified where necessary, as with goods subject to an ad valorem duty, by examination. In estimating the value of imports, ad valorem goods are taken at their invoice value increased by 10 per cent., and include the value of case, cask, or covering (sec. 39, “Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1882”). Value of all other goods includes freight and charges to time of arrival at port of discharge. Goods transhipped at a foreign port are regarded as imported from the country where they were originally shipped. The countries named, however, may not be those of origin, as no attempt is made to trace the goods beyond the ports disclosed by the documents presented to the Customs. Very little cargo in transitu passes through New Zealand.

The total declared values of the imports in 1906 amounted to £15,211,403, being an increase on the corresponding total in 1905 of £2,382,546. These figures, however, include specie. The value of coin brought into the colony in 1906 was £908,233, against £347,679 in the previous year, and if these amounts are excluded the increase on the values of all other articles will be £1,821,992.

The value of imports for the year 1890, and for each of the ten latest years was:—

Year.Imports, inclusive of Specie.Imports, exclusive of Specie.
 ££
1,8906,260,5255,928,895
1,8978,055,2237,994,201
1,8988,230,6008,211,409
1,8998,739,6338,613,656
1,90010,646,09610,207,326
1,90111,817,91511,353,416
1,90211,326,72310,958,038
1,90312,788,67512,075,959
1,90413,291,69412,900,030
1,90512,828,85712,481,178
1,90615,211,40314,303,170

In 1901 the Government imported railway plant valued at half a million sterling, against far smaller quantities introduced in the subsequent years.

It is found that the value of imports, exclusive of specie, only rose from £5,928,895 in 1890 to £6,115,953 in 1895, after which there ensued a steady advance year by year to £11,353,416 in 1901. For 1906 the amount was £14,303,170. The movement for 1897–1906 shows that the total imports have increased by nearly 80 per cent. in value during that period. In quantities of various imports the increases vary, and full particulars of every kind of article imported in 1906 are to be found in detail further on, which may be critically examined with those in similar tables given in the previous issues of this book.

The degree of expenditure of loan-moneys raised abroad by the general and local Governments somewhat affects the question when considering the rise of imports. And, when consulting the figures relating to expenditure out of loan accounts, the matter of aids from the Consolidated Fund (which are included) presents itself, besides other features in connection with this subject.

The expansion of imports is still further to be considered in connection with the condition of the manufactures of the colony, for an increase of imports arising from a decline of internal manufactures would scarcely be regarded as a satisfactory position. But there has been great development of the manufactures of New Zealand since 1895, not only in the great primary industries, but throughout.

A completely new section is introduced into this book, giving the results of the inquiry made at the census of 1906 relating to manufactories and works, with remarks thereon. Along with increased imports a considerable development of the manufacturing industries is shown to have taken place during the last five years.

It is desirable to consider not only the total value of the import trade for different years by comparing figures, but to ascertain the rates per capita of population, to judge whether the imports are relatively greater or less than they have been. The fairest comparisons are from calculations made after deducting specie imported, for in the year 1894, as an instance, no less than £797,843 was brought to the colony in coin, in 1903 £712,716, and in 1906 £908,233. The figures for 1890 and each year from 1897 onwards stand thus:—

Years.Imports per Head of mean Population, excluding Maoris.
Including Specie.Excluding Specie.
 £s.d.£s.d.
1,89010029110
1,89711331117
1,89811371131
1,899111311198
1,9001318101374
1,90115310141111
1,9021431113148
1,90315111014145
1,904151471554
1,90514141114611
1,9061619815195

Using the figures exclusive of the specie, comparisons for years since 1897 show that imports increased annually with almost unbroken regularity until 1905. For the last year (1906) there was considerable increase in the rate, making the rise between 1897 and 1906 £4 17s. 10d. per head.

A table is given further on showing, for five years, the principal articles imported, arranged in groups according to their nature.

With the rise of imports during the last ten years the Customs revenue has grown in amount and proportion to population. This is treated of further on in this section as a subject in itself, and the general and preferential tariffs under which collected. In the section headed “Finance” will be shown how large a proportion of the whole revenue of the General Government of New Zealand is derived from Customs and excise, and hence how much that revenue helps to maintain the total revenue of the General Government, which has of late years aided the Public-works Fund annually with very large sums, which will be specifically stated.

IMPORTS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.

The imports from the United Kingdom to New Zealand in 1906 were valued at £9,003,229, an increase of £1,207,945 on the value of goods imported from the Home-country during the previous year. From British colonies and possessions the imports were £3,886,787, an increase of £972,429 on the amount in 1905.

The figures given below show that during the ten years 1897–1906 the imports from the United Kingdom, with those from the British colonies and possessions, increased at the rate of 82.69 per cent., while those from foreign States advanced at the rate of 132 per cent. This position is further accentuated if the specie be deducted, there having been £908,233 in coin imported during 1906.

 Imports from
 United Kingdom.British Colonies and Possessions.Foreign States.
 £££
1,8975,392,7381,662,985999,500
1,8985,148,8331,927,8171,153,950
1,8995,526,6452,036,7971,176,191
1,9006,504,4842,625,3721,516,240
1,9016,885,8312,913,8662,018,218
1,9026,851,4522,583,0051,892,266
1,9037,512,6683,135,4742,140,533
1,9047,982,3403,047,3542,262,000
1,9057,795,2842,914,3582,119,215
1,9069,003,2293,886,7872,321,387

The following are the values of imports from different countries or places in 1906 and 1905, given in the order of the increase or decrease from each:—

Country, Colony, State, &c.1906.1905.Increase.
 £££
United Kingdom9,003,2297,795,2841,207,945
Victoria1,178,520652,901525,619
New South Wales1,462,9281,047,757415,171
Java74,7359,17765,558
Germany336,960277,46759,493
Belgium116,35978,15138,208
Canada108,23774,08534,152
British Columbia48,85122,03426,817
Japan99,65379,26020,393
Western Australia30,85717,89812,959
Holland30,76318,42112,342
France79,35267,68911,663
Asia Minor28,11917,54910,570
Malden Island19,6139,6549,959
Ceylon189,288179,8099,479
Philippine Islands15,1867,2847,902
Singapore42,91835,1287,790
Burmah15,4628,4457,017
South Australia41,78635,7606,026
Greece21,69117,0194,672
Switzerland11,0447,0264,018
Sweden12,96810,4382,530
Italy23,35120,8892,462
Hong Kong17,06314,6842,379
Queensland4,8982,8382,060
Spain3,0921,6181,474
West Indies1,740885855
Madras1,271418853
Austria8,0717,676395
Norway5,9275,566361
Turkey2,2311,913318
Bombay674398276
West Indies (British)652408244
Aden58..58
Norfolk Island1107832
Gibraltar27..27
Malta26..26
Russia23419
Natal725814
Mexico5..5
British New Guinea1..1
Country, Colony, State, &c.1906.1905.Decrease.
 £££
Fiji378,050456,62978,579
United States of America1,405,7811,438,50132,720
Bengal288,780296,3127,532
Pacific Islands37,83141,4763,645
Denmark1,0493,8052,756
Tasmania56,32358,5632,240
China3,3004,4061,106
Portugal1,2681,763495
Canary Islands103234131
Cape Colony284394110
Brazil..103103
Transvaal Colony389355
Arabia..3939
Egypt78582136
Persia..3333
Orange River Colony..1414
Chili..22

IMPORTS, NORTH AND MIDDLE ISLANDS.

Separating the value of the imports for the North Island from that of the Middle Island, it is found that while in 1896 the former received imported goods to the value of £3,896,790, against £3,206,586 for the Middle Island, in the year 1906 the North Island imports exceeded those of the other to a far greater extent, the values being respectively £9,094,744 and £5,897,551, an excess for the North Island of £3,197,193, or 54.21 per cent.

IMPORTS, BY PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

The values of imports in each provincial district during 1896 and 1906 were as under:—

 1896.1906.
 ££
Auckland1,989,6433,699,081
Taranaki47,076113,443
Hawke's Bay180,644338,224
Wellington1,679,4274,943,996
Marlborough9,86532,457
Nelson130,012169,440
Westland46,28089,417
Canterbury1,362,6052,825,643
Otago1,657,8242,780,594

The value of imports by parcel-post (£33,944 in 1896 and £219,108 in 1906) must be added to the above figures in order to make up the totals (including specie) of £7,137,320 and £15,211,403 for the respective years.

IMPORTS, BY PORTS.

The following table gives the value of the imports for each port in New Zealand for years 1906, 1900, 1895, 1890, arranged in order of magnitude for 1906:—

 1906.1900.1895.1890.
 ££££
Wellington4,760,4352,767,0661,580,8021,233,184
Auckland3,591,3422,617,3291,592,5581,385,959
Lyttelton and Christchurch2,585,0391,770,7091,055,7191,174,370
Dunedin2,295,8642,158,1771,343,7791,662,629
Invercargill and Bluff422,418288,170178,141120,050
Napier338,224209,418184,475162,097
Timaru240,604143,09075,05695,202
Wanganui183,561145,26778,66149,637
Nelson134,998140,514116,769141,980
Poverty Bay98,87949,27823,17017,731
New Plymouth92,06867,33837,48612,971
Greymouth76,94659,46028,66179,877
Oamaru62,31247,55928,79954,075
Westport34,44237,75011,3199,442
Wairau26,59215,9429,63818,964
Patea21,37515,56111,83911,604
Hokitika12,47112,69310,44413,549
Kaipara6,7237,8831,5341,294
Picton5,8651,591906583
Tauranga2,1373,6393,4351,493

ARTICLES IMPORTED.

By means of the accompanying table, in which the articles imported are arranged in groups according to their nature, the increases in value can be traced to their specific heads:—

IMPORTS FOR FIVE YEARS.
Group of Principal Articles imported.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
* Includes methylated and perfumed spirits and spirits of wine
 £££££
Apparel and slops511,397582,997603,894614,859685,195
Boots and shoes202,931245,639256,165282,211300,134
Cotton piece-goods498,485556,564550,775518,854612,348
Drapery449,503511,717501,888483,681549,640
Haberdashery102,569118,049112,816116,276121,079
Hats and caps75,22277,85387,98483,11794,755
Hosiery115,071125,618143,940144,370160,977
Linen manufactures71,17094,79488,69381,58784,482
Millinery45,70160,50367,56762,70659,456
Silks139,522128,223140,154119,72796,111
Woollens 393,033436,161452,271438,480479,986
   Totals2,604,6042,938,1183,006,1472,945,8683,244,163
Agricultural implements11,5189,0018,8579,09110,481
Cutlery29,99327,16037,79738,59537,746
Hardware and ironmongery334,965355,562341,442314,148371,037
Rails and railway bolts, &c.85,163131,592140,929120,064247,394
Iron and steel, other, pig, wrought, wire, &c.815,260795,758849,929826,1671,087,507
Machinery561,649642,075797,618671,080758,069
Nails44,11439,44040,70344,98152,670
Railway plant122,303122,164183,99879,96689,412
Sewing-machines37,00551,09545,749133,74140,279
Tools, artificers'88,27398,076110,847115,741118,501
   Totals2,130,2432,271,9232,557,8692,253,572,813,096
Sugar402,138441,843504,820424,534451,206
Tea197,127204,236237,738226,427229,469
   Totals599,265646,079742,558650,961680,675
Beer43,62738,62036,79639,93545,726
Spirits*235,369246,263263,645242,523294,073
Tobacco212,634260,478255,257281,539330,454
Wine60,35057,56056,85751,82565,028
   Totals551,980602,921612,555615,822735,281
Paper181,486212,541234,982236,231243,588
Printed books149,194171,672194,240183,560177,509
Stationery112,676136,968152,224160,157174,969
   Totals443,356521,181581,446579,948596,066
Arms, ammunition, and explosives129,733138,146122,457122,65096,438
Automobiles, motorcars, and motor-cycles..16,59825,44148,91366,052
Automobiles, &c., materials for..1,1593,2043,59013,769
Bags and sacks135,674109,040123,673138,868121,492
Bicycles and tricycles52,63371,08272,548170.42871,692
Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for81,54490,48797,667120,540127,916
Coals125,732158,143138,093155,786195,141
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares240,841261,864288,502265,411316,173
Fancy goods148,072177,227,149,529151,972170,529
Fruits (including fresh, preserved, bottled, dried)175,366233,382213,956217,841280,274
Glass and glassware138,908145,059158,586138,857175,837
Manures154,964120,711147,995173,734209,838
Musical instruments110,663113,849127,277123,195128,070
Oils251,415248,859278,414255,198291,228
Timber146,561163,497161,236133,276197,585
Other imports (excluding specie)2,736,4843,046,6343,290,8773,260,1463,771,855
   Total imports (excluding specie)10,958,03812,075,95912,900,03012,481,17814,303,170
Specie imported368,685712,716391,664347,679908,233
   Total imports11,326,72312,788,67513,291,69412,828,85715,211,403

Of £14,303,170, the total value of goods imported during 1906, the chief items were as under:—

Articles.Value. £Proportion per cent.
Clothing, drapery, &c.3,244,16322.68
Metal, machinery, and implements2,813,09619.67
Tea and sugar680,6754.76
Wine, beer, spirits, and tobacco735,2815.14
Paper, books, and stationery596,0664.17
Other imports6,233,88943.58
 £14,303,170100.00

The declared value of the clothing, drapery, &c., imported increased from £2,945,868 in 1905 to £3,244,163 in 1906. In 1902 the value of these imports was £2,604,604. The iron, machinery, and implements imported in 1906 were valued at £2,813,096, an increase of £682,853 on the corresponding figures for 1902 (£2,130,243).

The value of sugar and tea imported in 1906 shows an increase, when compared with 1905, of £29,714. Beer, wine, spirits, and tobacco show an increase of £119,459—from £615,822 in 1905 to £735,281 in 1906.

To the total value of “Other imports (excluding specie),” in 1906 (£3,771,855), shown in the table above, patent medicines contributed a sum of £56,455; earthenware, £75,832; floorcloth and oilcloth, £96,546; furniture and upholstery, £48,726; cement, £65,549; leather and leather manufactures, £121,335; and seeds, £96,382.

Amongst the articles imported belonging to this group are automobiles, motor-cars, and motor-cycles to the number of 410, valued at £66,052, of which 257 came from the United Kingdom, 44 from France, 62 from the United States of America, and 27 from Germany.

Materials for the above vehicles to the value of £13,756 were also introduced, mostly from England, France, Victoria, and Germany.

Goods imported by means of the “parcels-post” system during 1906 were valued at £219,108.

Goods received from the Cook and other annexed Islands are now treated as New Zealand produce, and not as imports. The total in 1906 was valued at £63,477, and the principal articles of produce as follows: Limejuice, £460; raw coffee, £2,019; copra, £9,838: fruit, £46,667; cocoanuts, £251; hats, £918; vanilla-beans, £570; vegetables, £1,481.

VALUE OF FREE AND DUTIABLE IMPORTS.

The values of the imports into New Zealand during the years 1905 and 1906 are given in the next table, classified according to the duties to which they were liable, and arranged so as to show the declared value of goods on which specific or ad valorem duties at various rates are payable, and of those admitted free of duty:—

Duties to which Imports liable.Value of Imports, 1905.Value of Imports, 1D0O.
 ££££
Specific duties..2,375,737..2,710,331
Ad valorem duties—    
   5 per cent.152,855 227,469 
   7 1/2 per cent.6,944 6,331 
   10 per cent.294,816 326,183 
   15 per cent.213,140 236,175 
   20 per cent.2,661,071 3,027,273 
   22 1/2 per cent.214,861 248,263 
   25 per cent.1,298,087 1,396,488 
   30 per cent.334,347 348,994 
   33 3/4 per cent.71,497 54,848 
   37 1/2 per cent.25,394 21,848 
   40 per cent.1,112 1,620 
   Various710 1,290 
  5,274,834 5,896,782
Parcels-post (various)..188,543..219,108
Duty-free (excluding specie)..4,642,064..5,476,949
Specie imported..347,679..908,233
   Totals..12,828,857..15,211,403

The proportions of free and dutiable goods imported during 1899, 1902, 1904, and 1906 are compared with similar figures for 1894, the year preceding that in which the altered tariff came into force:—

1894.1899.1902.1904.1900.
* Including excise duties levied on certain imports manufactured in bond.
Merchandise—£££££
   Free1,871,7722,942,9994,072,9844,802,6085,476,949
   Dutiable4,118,4055,670.6576,885,0548,097,4228,820,221
     Imports (less specie)5,990,1778,613,05610,958,03812,900,03014,303,170
 £££££
     Total net duty received*1,572,4672,040,4522,289,7832,655,1662,903,131
Duty, per cent. of imports—Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
   (a.) On dutiable imports33.1836.0933.2632.7932.89
   (b.) On all merchandise26.2523.7620.9020.5820.30

SUGAR.

The value of sugar (including glucose, molasses, and treacle) imported in 1906 was £451,206, an increase of £26,672 on the amount for 1905 (£424,534). The value of this import for the last three years has averaged only £460,187 per annum; but for the three years, 1882, 1883, and 1884, the average, with a much smaller population, was £615,207 for each year. The smaller average amount for the last three years is due not so much to a reduction in the quantity imported as to the fall in the price of sugar, and partly to the fact that the proportion of refined to raw sugar has vastly decreased.

The following figures, giving the average consumption per head of sugar in Australasia, are, saving those for New Zealand—and excluding a proportion (30 lb. per head) deducted on account of Maoris—taken from “The Official Year-book of New South Wales, 1904–5.” The figures stating the consumption of tea, wine, beer, spirits, and tobacco, given further on, are also taken from the same source:—

ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR PER HEAD IN AUSTRALASIA.
 Lb.
Queensland123.0
New South Wales109.2
New Zealand107.9
Western Australia107.6
South Australia101.8
Victoria100.7
Tasmania100.4

TEA.

The quantity of tea imported in 1906 was 6,140,842 lb. Supposing Maoris to use, on an average, 1 lb. per head per annum, the consumption of tea per head of the population, exclusive of Maoris, would be 6.8 lb. in 1906

AVERAGE ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF TEA PER HEAD IN AUSTRALASIA.
 Lb.
Western Australia9.6
South Australia8.2
New South Wales7.2
Queensland7.0
Victoria6.9
New Zealand6.8
Tasmania6.2

BEER, SPIRITS, AND WINE.

During 1906 excise duty was paid on 8,318,880 gallons of beer; and 251,580 gallons of beer, 692,324 gallons of spirits, and 128,120 gallons of wine were entered at the Customs for home consumption.

The actual quantity of beer made and used in the colony has increased from 5,741,200 gallons in 1897 to 8,318,880 gallons in 1906:—

BEER MANUFACTURED IN NEW ZEALAND ON WHICH EXCISE DUTY WAS PAID.
 Gal.
1,8975,741,200
1,8986,013,120
1,8996,261,200
1,9006,811,280
1,9017,134,800
1,9027,179,360
1,9037,555,200
1,9047,786,480
1,9057,796,160
1,9068,318,880

The following table gives the consumption per head of alcoholic liquors by the people, excluding and including Maoris, showing separately the proportions of beer, wine, and spirits from 1897 to 1906. To the amount of beer manufactured in the colony in each year on which excise duty was paid has been added the amount brought into consumption from imports:—

Year.Beer.Spirits.Wine.
Excluding Maoris.Including Maoris.Excluding Maoris.Including Maoris.Excluding Maoris.Including Maoris.
 Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.
1,8978.2207.79006.630.6280.1460.138
1,8988.4277.9950.6680.6340.146139
1,8998.5838.1500.6870.6530.1480.141
1,9009.1508.6960.7200.6840.1520.145
1,9019.4138.9190.7660.7260.1590.151
1,9029.2528.7770.7550.7160.1580.150
1,9039.4608.9870.7550.7180.1490.142
1,9049.4558.9960.7660.7290.1420.135
1,9059.2128.7770.7300.6950.1300.124
1,9069.5699.0850.7730.7340.1430.136

A comparison of the consumption of beer, spirits, and wine per head in Australasia on an average of five years is added:—

Beer.Spirits.Wine.
 Gal.Gal.Gal.
Queensland11.41.080.34
New South Wales10.50.890.73
Victoria13.70.831.30
South Australia8.90.453.31
Western Australia24.901.580.98
Tasmania9.100.520.15
New Zealand (including Maoris)8.710.700.15

Besides showing the quantity of alcoholic liquor consumed during the year, it seems desirable to give some information as to the actual cost to the colony of the beer, wine, and spirits imported, not including duty, which is merely so-much taxation raised by means of the importer, but all held in the colony and used by the Government for the benefit of the people

In the year 1906 the value of the various kinds of potable spirits imported reached the sum of £281,473, of imported beer to £45,707, and wines to £65,028; making altogether £392,208 paid to merchants abroad.

If to the above total be added £519,930, the estimated value of the beer manufactured in the colony, and £8,500 the estimated value of wine made, the cost for the introduction and manufacture of alcoholic beverages comes to £920,638 for the year 1906, against which may be set £6,948, representing the value of the small export for the same period.

TOBACCO.

The tobacco entered for consumption in 1906 was 2,489,605 lb., and the consumption per head of population, including Maoris, 2.64 lb.

AVERAGE ANNUAL. CONSUMPTION PER HEAD OF TOBACCO IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES.
 Lb
Holland6.92
United States4.40
Turkey4.37
Western Australia4.36
Austria-Hungary3.77
Denmark3.70
Switzerland3.24
Belgium3.15
Germany3.00
New South Wales2.69
Queensland2.65
New Zealand2.64
Tasmania2.30
South Australia2.14
Canada2.11
Prance2.05
Victoria2.02
Sweden1.87
Spain1.70
United Kingdom1.41
Italy1.34
Russia1.23

DETAILS OF ALL ARTICLES OF IMPORT.

Details of all imports for 1906, giving quantities and values of articles introduced into the colony, with the amounts entered for home consumption, and the amount of duty received, are next shown:—

GENERAL IMPORTS INTO THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1906. (For rates of duty, see Tariff, pp. 98 to 117.)
Articles.Total Quantities Imported.Value of Total Imports.Entered for Home Consumption on Importation and ex Warehouse.Amount of Duty received. including Preferential.
Acid— £ £ s. d.
   Acetic407,246 lb.4,702527,149 lb.3,294 13 8
   Carbolic36,897 lb.716....
   Salicylic3,658 lb.216....
   Sulphuric63,674 lb.487....
   Tartaric103,031 lb.4,969105,915 lb.441 6 3
   Unenumerated64,739 lb.1,106....
Alkali—    
   Potash and caustic potash562 cwt.914....
   Soda ash16,527 cwt.5,713....
   Soda, carbonate and bicarbonate11,962 cwt.4,96111,715 cwt.585 15 7
   Soda, caustic13, 707 cwt.9,394....
   Soda crystals3 cwt.43 cwt.0 6 6
   Soda silicate4,772 cwt.1,739....
   Unenumerated4,479 cwt.3,085....
Alum3,515 cwt.1,413....
Animals, Living—    
   Bees2,783 No.1,263....
   Camels5 No.150....
   Cats5 No.4....
   Cattle, horned28 No.2,10928 No.14 0 0
   Deer15 No.43....
   Dogs121 No.684....
   Emus2 No.2....
   Fish..2....
   Frogs..3....
   Goats64 No.163....
   Horses131 No.10,689113 No.113 0 0
   Kangaroos2 No.3....
   Monkeys18 No.18....
   Pigs1 No.14....
   Poultry1,447 No.1,567....
   Sheep342 No.4,555....
   Turtles2 No.3....
Apparel and slops n.o.e...683,579£680,343170,085 17 2
Apparel and slops made to the order of residents in the colony..1,616£1,507602 14 10
Arms, ammunition, and explosives—    
   Accoutrements..1,458....
   Cannon1 No.321....
   Caps, percussion6,996,900 No.702....
   Cartridges (shot), 10 to 24 bore5,651,300 No.18,0635,629,000 No.4,221 15 0
   Cartridges n.o.e.10,140,568 No.6,302£6,1961,239 4 8
   Cartridge-cases181,460 No.278160,100 No.60 0 7
   Detonators for dynamite, &c...2,275....
   Dynamite68,0009 lb.3,280....
   Firearms8,262 No.14,022£11,9643,120 14 4
   Fuse252,616 coils5,774....
   Lithofracteur, cordite, &c.403,220 lb.18,196....
   Ordnance stores..3,388....
   Powder, blasting518,550 lb.13,364....
   Powder, sporting4,501 lb.5413,823 lb.95 11 6
   Shot47 cwt.6441 cwt.20 15 9
   Swords170 No.330....
   Other explosives113,000 lb.4,882....
   Unenumerated..3,198....
Asphalt17,499 cwt.3,450....
Bacon and hams1812 lb.801812 lb.15 2 1
Bags and sacks—    
   Cornsacks359,466 doz.106,781....
   Unenumerated95,345 doz.14,711£1,856369 13 5
   Bags made of New Zealand tow or flax19 doz.2....
Bagging and sacking..1,205....
Basketware and wickerware..3,305£3,246937 6 11
Bêche-de-mer1 cwt.1£10 4 0
Beer250,802 galls.45,726251,573 galls.25,157 5 8
Belting, leather28,896 lb.3,74628,812 lb.480 3 11
Belting, other than leather..20,673....
Beverages, non-alcoholic—    
   Aerated and mineral waters17,176 doz.3,400£3,364672 18 3
   Coffee-essence..12,509£11,7342,346 16 1
   Limejuice, sweetened3,378 galls.761£804201 1 7
   Limejuice, unsweetened18,905 galls.2,380....
   Unenumerated..740£758189 11 3
Bicycles and tricycles13,9109 No.71,692£71,84714,523 5 8
   Materials for..127,916£45,6329,566 2 3
Biscuits—    
   Fancy, and other kinds73,645 lb.3,13373,560 lb.613 0 1
   Ships', plain167 cwt.18269 cwt.10 6 2
Blacking..20,632£19,4773,895 9 0
Blacklead..4,278£4,260852 2 10
Blue256,181 lb.6,185248,457 lb.2,0709 9 6
Boats33 No.1,679....
Books, &c., printed..177, 509....
Boots and shoes115,744 doz. pr.272,456£272,23466,865 6 7
   Indiarubber soles and heels for same..2,582£2,586740 98 6
   Goloshes and sandshoes4,394 doz. pr.5,134£5,1621,336 6 7
   Nos. 0 to 33,740 doz. pr.2,413....
   Gum boots2,396 doz. per17,549£3,260652 1 4
Borax2,304 cwt.2,668....
Brass—    
   Pig, bar, tube, or sheet1,6798 cwt.9,885....
   Tubing and stamped work in the rough187 cwt.1,017....
   Manufactures..12,624£12,5442,508 18 8
Bricks—    
   Building43,975 No.454....
   Fire230,431 No.1,874£1,574314 16 8
   Other kinds35,0309 No.216....
Brushware and brooms—    
   Brooms605 doz.433£435108 15 0
   Brushes (clothes, hair, hat, and toilet)..14,617£14,5462,909 4 8
   Unenumerated..8,150£7,5151,878 18 0
   Materials for..10,100....
Buckets and tubs—    
   Iron149 doz.66£6616 10 0
   Wood208 doz.38£387 12 0
Building materials, unenumerated..19,506....
Butter..16£142 16 0
Candles2,865,476 lb.48,5222,892,517 lb.12,060 5 5
Canes and rattans..2,527....
Canvas..60,763£31863 12 0
Caramel, brewers'25,483 lb.34024,811 lb.310 2 9
Caramel, cereal4 lb.14 lb.0 0 2
Cards, playing72,218 packs1,31460,064 packs1,501 12 0
Carpeting and druggeting..70,694£69,09213,818 109 5
Carriages, &c.—    
   Automobiles, motor-cars, and motor-cycles410 No.66,052£66,24515,762 4 6
   Automobiles, &c., materials for..13,769£13,5383,468 1 11
   Carriages258 No.7,853£9,1222,056 7 4
   Carts, drays, and wagons52 No.1,491£515139 6 0
   Steam-motor lorries4 No.2,550£1,914382 18 0
   Perambulators and go-carts553 No.623£675174 8 0
   Materials for..17,357£17,6514,068 0 0
   Materials for—viz., axles, axle arms and boxes..15,285....
   Carriage and cart shafts, spokes, and felloes in the rough..6,893....
   Carriage and cart makers' materials..15,065....
Casks, empty964 No.656£642128 8 0
Cement156, 571 barrels65, 549146, 339 barrels14,640 14 0
Chains and chain cables7,644 cwt.8,342....
Charcoal3,039 cwt.1,477....
Cheese77 cwt.350£27358 18 0
Chicory72 lb.572 lb.0 18 0
China, porcelain, and parianware..39,242£39,2028,905 11 1
Clocks50,417 No.16,219£14,4314,196 18 1
Coals207,567 tons195,141....
Cocoa and chocolate502,069 lb.51,236493,467 lb.6,168 6 10
Cocoa-beans233,939 lb.6,620....
Cocoa-butter185,159 lb.8,806....
Cocoanut, desiccated234,882 lb.3,800....
Coffee—    
   Raw248,788 lb.8,550....
   Roasted833 lb.45861 lb.10 15 3
Coke3,506 tons6,778....
Combs..9,613£9,5651,913 2 0
Confectionery—    
   Chocolate in plain trade packages173,195 lb.8,4091166,123 lb.2,076 10 10
   Chocolate in fancy packages..25,856£25,6365,127 5 0
   Unenumerated543,419 lb.17,4698544,402 lb.4,536 13 9
Copper—    
   Nails204 cwt.1,042....
   Pig, bar, sheet, and tube3,895 cwt.20,959....
   Rod and bolt108 cwt.549....
   Sheathing701 cwt.3,717....
   Manufactures..754£728145 13 11
Copra223 tons3,553....
Cordage4,470 cwt.15,156£14,2323,0498 2 0
   Hawsers of 12 in. and over391 cwt.581....
   Iron and steel12,929 cwt.27,243£18336 11 0
Cork, cut..12,102£12,3012,460 4 0
Cotton piece-goods—    
   Butter and cheese cloth..6,688....
   Calico, white and grey..202,614....
   Corduroy, moleskin, and beaverskin..2,472....
   Leather cloth..7,911....
   Shirtings, coloured cotton..39,785....
   Shirtings, flannelette..4,701....
   Shirtings, Union, of 6d. per yard and under..2,461....
   Tubular woven cotton cloth..11,789....
   Waterproof material..5,829....
   Unenumerated..328,098£318,41447,876 14 1
Cotton—    
   Raw87,132 lb.2,113....
   Waste5,197 lb.8,475....
   Wick97,663 lb.4,071....
Cutlery..37,746£38,1627,632 8 9
Doors, plain429 No.299429 No.42 18 0
   Glazed with ornamental glasses3 No.53 No.0 12 0
Drapery..313,160£311,94462,388 17 3
   Lace and laces, n.o.e...91,195£90,06022,515 o 10
   Ribbons and crape..44,681£44,64611,161 13 10
   Tailors' trimmings..100,604....
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—    
   Baking-powder, yeast preparations, &c...927£1,004200 18 0
   Cream of tartar1,020,530 lb.34,8191,003,801 lb.6,147 13 1
   Drugs, druggists' sundries, and apothecaries' wares..108,368£108,99516,349 6 3
   Glycerine, refined..2,144£1,994398 18 0
   Tinctures and medicinal spirits26,996 lb.1,919828,257 lb.1,412 17 3
   Washing-powder..3,654£3,587717 8 0
   Anhydrous ammonia..5,717....
   Arsenic405 cwt.376....
   Disinfectants..9,228....
   Food-preservative..4,180....
   Gums..3,080....
   Insecticides and tree-washes..3,283....
   Maltine..1,261....
   Medicinal barks, leaves, &c...1,791....
   Phosphorus..970....
   Potassium-cyanide7,789 cwt.33,417....
   Sheep-dip..40,100....
   Sheep and horse drenches and sheep-licks..2,244....
   Vanilla-beans7,283 lb.610....
   Unenumerated..50,497....
Dye..15,439....
Earthenware..75,832£74,62915,419 7 9
Eggs for setting984 doz.101....
Engine-packing3,202 cwt.11,840....
Essences, flavouring—    
   Spirituous2,673 galls.6,9132,652 galls.2,121 8 10
   Unenumerated..1,252£1,263189 9 5
Essential oils—    
   Eucalyptus8,916 lb.2,563£2,595519 2 0
   Other kinds398,690 lb.6,488....
Fancy goods an toys..170,529£1598,71840,371 7 5
Felt sheathing..10,120....
Fire-engines60 No.2,0309....
Fire-hose and other appliances..4,860....
Fireworks..2,549£1,422284 10 0
Fish—    
   Anchovies, salted14 cwt.32....
   Dried, pickled, or salted1,969 cwt.3,7322,005 cwt.1,002 8 4
   Potted and preserved2,244,567 lb.50,8442,067,145 lb.18,217 18 7
Fishing-tackle—    
   Artificial flies..350£33483 10 0
   Fish-hooks..944....
   Unenumerated..5,508£5,4781,095 12 8
Fish-ova..830....
Flock74 cwt.63£636 6 0
Floorcloth and oilcloth..96,546£95,40119,080 6 0
Flour19,097 centals7,41919,087 centals954 6 10
Foods, animal—    
   Chaff114 tons461115 tons115 4 5
   Prepared calf-meal2 tons142 tons2 5 6
   Unenumerated..6,378£6,3161,263 3 2
Foods, farinaceous—    
   Arrowroot50,804 lb.585....
   Macaroni and vermicelli306,933 lb.3,614....
   Maizena and cornflour1,189,250 lb.13,9761,176,296 lb.1,225 6 2
   Sago and tapioca21,142 cwt.18,752....
   Unenumerated..2,813....
Fruits, bottled and preserved83,676 doz.20,437£20,4245,106 3 9
Fruits, dried—    
   Currants2,744,688 lb.26,1902,919,011 lb.12,162 10 11
   Raisins3,338,858 lb.42,8633,386,424 lb.14,110 2 0
   Unenumerated2,227,438 lb.30,7802,122,245 lb.17,685 7 6
Fruits, fresh—    
   Apples, pears, plums, &c.701,329 lb.10,059701,514 lb.2,922 198 6
   Apples and pears1,314,684 lb.16,2671,314,684 lb.2,738 18 6
   Lemons693,834 lb.7,480696,414 lb.1,450 17 3
   Currants, raspberries, &c.152 lb.1152 lb.0 6 4
   Other kinds21,780,110 lb.122,797....
Fruits, lemon and orange peel, in brine509,296 lb.2,898....
Fruits, preserved by sulphurous acid1,125 lb.151,125 lb.4 13 9
Fruit-pulp, and partially preserved fruit30,293 lb.48713,472 lb.84 4 0
Fungus195 cwt.369....
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery..48,726£47,10514,488 6 3
   Kapok10,842 cwt.23,669....
   Unenumerated..6,425....
Furniture, knife, and plate polish and powder..8,083£7,9241,584 17 10
Furs..11,946£11,9242,980 19 7
Gelatine and isinglass146,658 lb.8,704£8,6131,722 13 9
Glass—    
   Bottles, empty..43,880....
   Mirrors and looking-glasses..9,477£9,4222,355 11 5
   Plate, bevelled, &c...10,875£10,8602,715 0 5
   Plate, other kinds468, 726 sup. ft.16,397£16,1823,709 10 9
   Window4,964,806 sup. ft.40,7944,937,9009 sup. ft.6,855 13 5
Glassware..54,414£48,00012,118 5 9
Glue and size161,277 lb.3,009154,187 lb.963 13 5
Gold-leaf..904....
Grain and pulse—    
   Barley508 centals276118 centals11 16 4
   Beans and peas2,104 centals1,2031,414 centals53 0 5
   Oats19,042 centals7,22319,623 centals735 17 5
   Wheat96 centals3910 centals3 15 6
   Unenumerated44,049 centals18,48554,157 centals2,030 17 10
   Ground, unenumerated6,373 centals5,7618,383 centals419 2 11
Grease4,524 cwt.3,639£3,374674 18 0
Grindery—    
   Heel and toe plates..1,171£1,171263 9 6
   Unenumerated..22,665....
Gum, kauri15 tons956....
Haberdashery..27,141£25,9065,181 4 9
   Buttons, &c...31,959....
   Sewing cottons, silks, and threads..60,784....
   Unenumerated..1,195....
Hair391 cwt.2,053....
Hardware, holloware, and ironmongery..306,725£305,01066,166 3 8
   Coffin-furniture..2,407£2,663532 12 0
Hardware..3,147....
Hats and caps76,567 doz.94,755£94,58428,646 2 9
Hatters' materials..21,036....
Hemp279 tons11,801....
Hides1,0398 No.1,084....
Honey632 lb.9632 lb.5 5 4
Hops66,974 lb.3,41462,378 lb.1,848 9 2
Hops, liquid1 lb.11 lb.0 6 0
Hosiery..160,977£160,88532,176 198 9
Indiarubber and gutta-percha goods..14,326£6312 12 0
Ink—    
   Printing215,400 lb.10,028....
   Writing..2,272£2,023404 12 11
Instruments, musical—    
   Harmoniums and organs517 No.10,677£6,6341,326 16 0
   Pianos4,309 No.100,954£101,43725,806 2 7
   Unenumerated..16,131£15,8463,169 3 0
   For Volunteer bands..308....
   Materials for..6,142£45490 16 0
Instruments, other kinds—    
   Optical..2,832....
   Scientific..7,945....
   Surgical and dental..33,444£17,09833,418 14 1
   Surveying..1,629....
   Unenumerated..372....
Iron and steel—    
   Angle885 tons6,746£20 8 0
   Bar, bolt, and rod21,060 tons180,435£1,943388 12 0
   Bolts and nuts25,184 centals27,123....
   Castings for ships24 tons1,377....
   Galvanised manufactures..787£754188 9 2
   Hoop2,021 tons19,413....
   Hoop, galvanised6,035 cwt.4,2616,018 centals451 7 10
   Pig10,624 tons45,673....
   Pipes and fittings16,604 tons153,978£153,7367,844 5 8
   Rails29,905 tons201,604....
   Railway bolts and fastenings4,361 tons45,790£48797 8 0
   Sheet and plate10,684 tons93,928£1,106221 4 0
   Sheet, galvanised, corrugated284,244 centals236,065281,8598 centals28,185 17 9
   Sheet, galvanised, plain69,292 centals57,68668,790 centals5,159 5 7
   Staples and standards818 tons9,141£9,1101,822 2 1
   Tanks4,105 No.12,6094,053 No.1,837 12 2
   Wire, fencing, barbed3,420 tons41,150....
   Wire, fencing, plain9,150 tons88,177....
   Wire, telegraphic and telephonic802 tons36,384....
   Wire netting..56,384....
   Wire, unenumerated1,068 tons13,568....
   Unenumerated571 tons3,622....
Jams, jellies, and preserves513,487 lb.9,116510,564 lb.4,254 14 0
Jellies, concentrated131,207 lb.5,143129,552 lb.2,159 3 11
Jewellery..12,23411,294 lb.2,258 15 5
Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick..40,778£40,45110,526 5 5
Lard477 cwt.1,098£1,057211 8 0
Lead—    
   Pigs and bars1,065 tons19,503....
   Pipe (including composition)230 cwt.282232 centals40 12 11
   Sheet19,066 cwt.20,54517,192 cwt.1,289 7 9
   Manufactures..459£45991 16 0
Leather602,543 lb.102,602562,797 lb.4,516 10 7
   Chamois..1,054£1,010202 1 2
Leather manufactures—    
   Boot and shoe vamps, uppers, and laces..13,053£12,9103,166 4 9
   Unenumerated..4,626£4,573949 17 0
Lighthouse, materials for..804....
Linen piece-goods—    
   Forfars, dowlas, and flax sheetings..19,522£2,28645 4 0
   Forfars, &c., cut up under supervision....£15,912..
   Linens n.o.e...15,654£15,7973,159 10 9
   Hessians and scrim..49,236....
   Unenumerated..70....
Linseed5 tons645 tons5 4 6
Liquorice..3,048£3,024604 15 0
Machinery and machines—    
   Agricultural (including agricultural implements)..112,187....
   Agricultural, ploughs and harrows..10,481....
   Dairying..38,010....
   Dairying engines for..124£41420 14 0 
   Dairying boilers for..892£1,05952 19 0
   Dredging..6,629£6,619330 19 0
   Electric..187,697£120,40812,040 16 5
   Engines, steam58 No.7,707£6,8161,363 4 0
   Engines, gas and oil1,303 No.77,759£30,4706,094 0 10
   Engines gas and oil, for motor-cars159 No.14,856£5,8971,179 8 0
   Engines gas and oil, parts of..1,962£1,259251 16 0
   Engines boilers for40 No.4,722£4,332866 10 0
   Flour-milling..1,953£1,92096 0 2
   Gas-making..34,902£32,3823,238 3 11
   Knitting81 No.2,427....
   Mining..40,530....
   Mining engines for..7,884£7,364368 4 0
   Mining boilers for..275£27513 15 0
   Paper-milling..351£1909 10 0
   Portable and traction engines72 No.27,590....
   Printing..49,371£45,8892,294 9 9
   Refrigerating..3,131£2,760138 0 0
   Sewing11,987 No.40,279....
   Woodworking..12,446....
   Woolen-milling..9,125£7,737386 17 0
   Unenumerated..108,593£83,43115,046 3 4
   Materials for, and parts of..6,946£1,290232 17 0
Malt1,720 bush.5181,725 bush.172 11 0
   Rice-malt4,939 lb.494,939 lb.20 11 7
Manures—    
   Bonedust10,246 tons56,456....
   Guano11,202 tons32,870....
   Unenumerated36,107 tons120,512....
Marble—    
   Dressed or polished, and manufactured..7,9598£8,0202,005 2 4
   Hewn or rough-sawn354 tons2,754....
Matches and vestas—    
   Wax (boxes)154,082 gross25,675148,547 gross8,996 3 11
   Wooden (boxes)55,071 gross4,01147,534 gross2,391 14 4
Mats and matting..12,423£12,2562,451 4 4
Meats, potted and preserved..2,221£1,868373 11 2
Medicines, patent and proprietary..56,455£60,7109,106 9 2
Metal, manufactures of—    
   Anchors872 No.734....
   Japanned and lacquered metalware..1,362£1,338334 10 0
   Rivets and washers11,829 cwt.10,816....
   Tacks2,204 cwt.3,543....
   Typewriters1,130 No.14,058....
   Weighbridges and weighing-machines..10,215£10,1522,030 10 4
   Unenumerated..134,000£48,7139,742 14 2
Metal sheathing, other than copper912 cwt.3,511....
Milk, preserved606,597 lb.11,433£10,2312,601 1 5
Millinery—    
   Feathers, ornamental..2,805£2,844711 0 4
   Other kinds..56,651£56,29614,074 2 0
Mustard265,872 lb.14,651266,540 lb.2,221 3 4
Nails—    
   Iron89,615 cwt.52,20888,098 cwt.12,095 0 2
   Unenumerated350 cwt.462346 cwt.51 19 11
Naphtha (wood)8,183 galls.1,5717,697 galls.1982 8 9
Nuts—    
   Almonds, in shell35,371 lb.65927,272 lb.227 5 5
   Almonds, shelled40,158 lb.3,05140,128 lb.501 12 0
   Almonds, Barbary, &c.171,624 lb.6,330....
   Cocoanuts28,804 No.129....
   Unenumerated163,868 lb.3,212156,969 lb.1,308 1 7
Oakum458 cwt.552....
Oars1,852 No.350....
Oils—    
   Castor, bulk114,552 galls.152,36268, 578 galls.1,714 9 2
   Castor, bottled1,308 galls.445£41862 14 0
   Cod-liver10,605 galls.2,056....
   Colza21,771 galls.1,5507,852 galls.196 6 2
   Fish, penguin, and seal23,662 galls.1,699....
   Linseed293,726 galls.33,223265,709 galls.6,642 14 9
   Mineral, kerosene4,615,216 galls.139,448....
   Mineral, other kinds245,492 galls.19,024207,654 galls.5,1981 6 10
   Olive, bulk4,788 galls.1,0054,787 galls.119 13 6
   Olive, bottled1,592 doz. pts881£888133 4 6
   Whale25 galls.3....
   Unenumerated, bulk374,460 galls.34,209328,5278,213 3 8
   Unenumerated, bottled8,048 galls.3,944£4,124618 12 11
Oilmen's stores..10,719£10,5092,101 17 5 
Onions40,898 cwt.14,01640,699 cwt.2,034 19 4
Opium65 lb.6065 lb.129 10 7
Paints and colours—    
   Ground in oil50,441 cwt.62,31049,522 cwt.6,190 5 8
   Mixed ready for use8,339 cwt.20,0667,841 cwt.1,960 5 9
   Unenumerated16,131 cwt.17,853cwt...
Paper—    
   Bags, coarse152 cwt.275151 cwt.56 10 11
   Bags, other kinds6,133 cwt.9,750£9,6092,402 6 4
   Butter-paper4,448 cwt.7,285....
   Paperhangings..40,082£40,2246,585 2 5
   Printing156,724 cwt.133,009£3,064612 18 0
   Wrapping9,254 cwt.10,1199,091 cwt.3,061 12 9
   Writing24,052 cwt.40,825....
   Unenumerated1,150 cwt.40,825....
   Unenumerated1,150 cwt.2,243....
Pearl barley437 cwt.288cwt.442 cwt.22 1 9
Peas, split1,742 cwt.1,0111,742 cwt.174 3 5
Peel, candied and dried6,028 lb.1685,908 lb.73 16 11
Perfumery—    
   Perfumed spirits1,732 galls.6,8831,689 galls.2,534 4 3
   Toilet preparations..16,440£15,5043,875 19 8
   Unenumerated..430£425106 5 0
Photographic goods..5,316£4,902980 9 7
   Copper, glass, and zinc plates for photo-lithographic work..773....
   Photographic cameras and lenses..8,105....
   Sensitised surfaces for photographic purposes..22,335....
Pickles3,909 galls.1,0923,704 galls.555 13 2
Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs..11,567£10,4642,092 15 9
   Paintings, &c., for museums, &c...560....
   Family portraits..16....
Picture frames and mounts..7,977£7,9551,591 0 10
Pitch4,559 cwt.881....
Plants, trees, and shrubs..7,472....
Plaster of pairs13,634 cwt.3,175....
Plate and plated ware..89,496£89,12118,413 11 0
Portmanteaux and travelling-bags..8,089£8,1262,031 11 2
   Leather bags and leather-cloth bags..605£612122 8 0
Potatoes10,693 tons80,872£80,09916,019 15 2
   Seed potatoes1,590 tons16,162....
Printing materials—    
   Stereotypes and matrices..279£27969 15 0
   Type and materials, n.o.e...15,688....
Provisions—    
   Eggs11,780 doz.380£38176 4 0
   Eggs, desiccated, white and yolk..2,779£2,714542 16 0
   Eggs, liquid, white and yolk..264£26452 16 0
Provisions n.o.e...18,723£17,9573,591 8 9
Pumps..8,746£6,4661,678, 8 8
Putty7,374 cwt.3,4007,377 cwt.737 14 0
Quicksilver14,931 lb.1,462....
Railway plant—    
   Locomotives3 No.1,605....
   Locomotives, parts of..6,071....
   Unenumerated..81,736£2,964592 18 0
Resin14,720 cwt.8,250....
Rice79,598 cwt.52,444....
Rice-flour98 cwt.10680 cwt.24 0 3
Rice-meal refuse5,072 cwt.902....
Rugs..19,335£19,5683,913 12 1
Saccharine24,407 oz.42821,960 oz.1,647 3 10
Saddlery and harness (including whips)..29,169£29,1175,823 10 8
   Harness oil, composition, and leather-dressing..1,947£1,929385 17 10
   Saddlers' ironmongery and materials..23,631....
   Collar-cheek..7,839....
Salt15,758 tons34,359....
   Rock salt638 tons1,043....
Saltpetre82 tons1,775....
Sauces13,532 galls.9,08513,154 galls.2,630 17 6
Sausage-skins255,810 lb.15,183252,887 lb.3,161 1 9
Seeds—    
   Grass and clover25,185 cwt.64,240....
   Unenumerated..32,142....
Shale259 tons753....
Shells40 cwt.10....
Ship-chandlery n.o.e...8,600....
Silks, &c...96,111£94,02723,506 17 2
   Silk for flour-dressing..144....
Silver493 oz.75....
Skins and pelts—    
   Fur-skins26,015 No.1,267....
   Kangaroo and wallabi3,533 No.172....
   Unenumerated1,298 No.460....
Slates, roofing73,414 No.1,049....
Soap—    
   Common37 cwt.468 cwt.1 18 9
   Soap powder, extract of soap, &c...7,647£7,3201,464 0 0
   Unenumerated..45,273£44,95411,254 19 6
Specie—    
   Gold..800,000....
   Silver..105,270....
   Copper..2,963....
Specimens illustrative of natural science..1,055....
Spices—    
   Ground21,543 lb.84421,813 lb.363 11 0
   Unground467,306 lb.12,863454,962 lb.3,791 7 0
Spirits—    
   Bitters, cordials, and liqueurs3,559 galls.3,2363,545 galls.2,836 8 0
   Brandy77,473 galls.33,86668,081 galls.54,465 1 11
   Gin and geneva, unsweetened99,600 galls.24,93281,330 galls.65,064 9 4
   Methylated173 galls.26173 galls.8 13 2
   Rum15,302 galls.3,06917,324 galls.13,8598 12 11
   Sweetened8,203 galls.2,3006,778 galls.5,422 15 5
   Whisky570,632 galls.208,469506,481 galls.405,184 17 8
   Unenumerated4,572 galls.5,6014,416 galls.3,533 1 4
Spirits of wine75,495 galls.5,6911,714 galls.1,371 12 11
   Methylated, in bond....70,680 galls.1,767 0 3
Sponges..109£9514 6 6
Starch951,741 lb.10,393923,545 lb.7,696 4 3
   Starch, confectioners' moulding89,071 lb.553....
   Starch waste793,105 lb.1,290....
Stationery—    
   Manufactured..75,488£72,25518,063 16 11
   Unmanufactured..54,185£45,7459,149 2 7
   Apparatus and appliances for teaching purposes..7,394....
   Bookbinders' materials..8,923....
   Cardboard boxes, materials for..19,424....
   Unenumerated..9,555....
Steamers in sections1 No.1,219....
Stearine224 lb.7224 lb.1 8 0
   For match-making326,603 lb.6,321326,702 lb.1,020 18 11
Stone—    
   Building525 tons1,591....
   Granite and other stone, dressed or polished..7,625£7,6251,906 7 0
   Grind, mill, oil, and whet stones..3,327....
Sugar—    
   Raw731,524 cwt.365,7626,608 lb.13 15 4
   Refined101,774 cwt.79,64198,053,576 lb.204,278 5 8
   Glucose7,586 cwt.5,445880,317 lb.3,667 19 9
   Molasses517 cwt.151 cwt.27,660 lb.57 12 6
   Golden syrup20 cwt.212,175,0409 lb.4,531 6 8
   Treacle182 cwt.186760,970 lb.1,585 7 1
   Molasses and treacle mixed with bone-black104 cwt.475,087 cwt...
Sulphur23,655 cwt.6,056....
Tanning materials, crude—    
   Bark3,403 cwt.32,195....
   Other kinds..2,314....
Tar..2,659....
Tarpaulins and tents..1,168£19839 13 2
Tea6,140,842 lb.229,46965,749 lb.547 18 2
Textile piece-goods other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen..65,604£66,07313,214 14 1
   Articles made up from, other than apparel..18,810£18,8004,700 2 10
Timber—    
   Laths and shingles2,325,533 No.3,1382,325,958 No.232 11 11
   Logs4,683 No.12,353....
   Logs, hewn5,839, 456 sup. ft.61,952....
   Palings648,677 No.4,154648,687 No.648 13 9
   Posts29,399 No.1,02929,206 No.116 16 6
   Rails6,0409 No.1945,800 No.11 11 11
   Sawn, undressed14,024 285 sup. ft.109, 52911,958, 141 sup. ft.11,958 2 10
   Sawn, dressed167, 947 sup. ft.3,661166,100 sup. ft.332 4 1
   Unenumerated..1,575....
Tin—    
   Block2,868 cwt.26,613....
   Foil33,523 lb.2,057....
   Sheet55,057 cwt.43,967....
Tinware..14,363£14,3263,581 10 0
Tinsmiths' furnishings and fittings..2,179....
Tobacco—    
   Unmanufactured41,9509 lb.1,91730,029 lb.3,002 18 0
   Manufactured2,044,869 lb.197,9072,062,445 lb.360,927 16 9
   Cigars68,680 lb.25,33468,309 lb.23,908 5 6
   Cigarettes353,576 lb.105,167 130,516,638 No. 21, 951 oz114, 201 1 2 548 15 4 
   Snuff1,029 lb.1291,158 lb.405 6 0
Tobacco-pipes and cases..23,376£23,4995,874 17 9
Tools and implements—    
   Axes and hatchets..10,222....
   Engineers' machine tools..27,135....
   Scythes..1,474....
   Sheep-shears..3,034....
   Spades, shovels, and forks..16,893....
   Unenumerated..118,501....
Tramway plant..10,618£10,5282,105 14 0
Turpentine, driers, and terebine131,966 galls.24,671....
Twine559,795 lb.18,635£16,0283,205 12 8
   Nets and netting..1,399£1,399279 16 5
   Binder354 cwt.959....
   Unenumerated..977....
Umbrellas and parasols..21,729£21,6294,325 15 6
   Materials for..6,520....
Varnish and gold-size55,794 galls.25,64752, 142 galls.5,214 4 1
Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved..3,537£3,360672 1 0
Vinegar38,251 galls.4,26740,399 galls.1,009 19 8
Watches48,950 No.18,672£18,2423,648 8 7
Watchmakers' materials..729....
Waterworks materials, other than iron pipes..7....
Wax—    
   Beeswax195 cwt.1,409....
   Paraffin, &c.1,493,816 lb.18,30981,460,520 lb.4,564 2 6
   Unenumerated12,065 lb.48311,458 lb.71 12 3
Whiting and chalk12,167 cwt.1,20312,187 cwt.609 7 2
Wine—    
   Australian57,5985 galls.19,93554,862 galls.13,715 9 8
   Sparkling13,851 galls.24,12012,259 galls.5,516 16 0
   Other kinds64,925 galls.20,97361,0009 galls.18,300 2 10
Woodenware..34,196£20,1684,033 11 3
   Mouldings..24,882£24,9513,742 14 5
Woodenware..9,153....
Wool—    
   Greasy130,699 lb.4,541....
   Scoured6,855 lb.456....
Woollen piece-goods..442,952£440,23188,046 3 9
   Blankets15,663 pairs4,662£4,784956 16 9
Woolpacks41,347 doz.55,709....
Woolpockets336 doz.350....
Yarns..13,037£12,6522,530 7 0
   Coir, flax, and hemp..3,822....
Zinc manufactures—    
   Tiles, ridging, &c...437£43787 8 0
   Unenumerated..154£15438 10 0
Zinc—    
   Perforated sheet615 cwt.1,366....
   Plain sheet7,9798 cwt.12,681....
   Spelter5,732 cwt.8,680....
Minor articles..6,384....
Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication of goods within the colony..27,360....
Miscellaneous goods—    
   Manufactured..21,433....
   Unmanufactured..12,385....
Parcels-post..219,108..45,074 6 9
Tobacco, manufactured......1,128 18 3
Cigars......60 0 0
Cigarettes made by hand......263 5 6
Cigarettes made by machinery......19 17 6
Pharmacopoeia tinctures, essences, extracts, and medicinal spirits containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirits......2,166 6 0
Pharmacopœia tinctures, essences, extracts, and medicinal spirits containing less than 50 per cent. of proof spirits......24 12 1
Culinary and flavouring essences......311 7 4
Perfumed spirits......41 0 0
Toilet preparations......12 3 0

The Cook Islands, and Niue or Savage Island, now part of New Zealand, have not been considered in the table of imports made up by the Department of Trade and Customs. Details of goods received from those islands in 1906 are given on page 308.

CUSTOMS REVENUE.

The Customs and excise duties received during the last five years are shown in detail, also the rate of revenue per head of mean population, inclusive and exclusive of Maoris, for each year:—

1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
* See remarks on pages 114 and 329.
CUSTOMS DUTIES.£££££
Spirits483,582498,256520,664509,928556,396
Wine36,74535,71035,01833,07287,532
Ale, beer, &c.20,15220,41320,35121,82725,158
Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff94,992107,838110,151121,435139,065
Tobacco294,272322,227341,127348,000303,931
Tea42,40543,6004,838534548
Coffee, cocoa, &c.5,2885,9516,8846,1866,179
Sugar and molasses185,484192,675200,206196,736214,134
Opium*271*192*173*204*130
Other goods by weight166,687184,951198,231201,498212,738
Other goods ad valorem867,209982,8001,098,3871,097,9681,210,617
Other duties65,21976,24579,75875,00087,604
Parcels-post22,73731,03234,34139,72845,074
      Totals, Customs duties2,285,0432,501,8962,650,1892,652,6662,899,103
1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.

* Including £183 excise duty on culinary and flavouring essences, £5 perfumed spirits, and £ toilet preparations.

† Including £162 excise duty on culinary and flavouring essences.

‡ Including £281 excise duty on culinary and flavouring essences, and £8 toilet preparations.

§ Including £155 excise duty on culinary and flavouring essences, and £62 toilet preparations.

¶ Including £275 excise duty on culinary and flavouring essences, and £90 toilet preparations.

EXCISE DUTIES.£££££
Tinctures—New Zealand*2,454†3,560‡3,450§2,473¶2,556
Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff—New Zealand-manufactured19037146684343
Tobacco — New - Zealand - manufactured2,0961,6511,0619101,129
Beer—New Zealand89,74294,44097,33197,452103,986
   Totals, excise duties94,482100,022102,308100,919108,014
 £ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.
Revenue from Customs duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris)2 17 33 1 03 2 93 1 03 4 9
Ditto (including Maoris)2 14 42 17 102 19 82 18 13 1 6
Revenue from excise duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris)0 2 4 40 2 5 30 2 5 10 2 3 80 2 4 9
Ditto (including Maoris)0 2 30 2 3 80 2 3 60 2 2 50 2 3 5

The Customs revenue for the year 1906 amounted to £2,899,103, and the excise duties to £108,014. The revenue from Customs was £3 4s. 9d. per head of population excluding Maoris, and £3 1s. 6d. if they be included. In 1890 the Customs revenue was £2 9s. 3d. per head of European population, and the proportion increased to £2 11s. 6d. in 1892. During the next two years there was a falling-off; but 1895 and following years, except for a slight fall in 1901 and 1905, show increases, the proportion for 1906 being higher than in any year since 1878. Details for seventeen years are given:—

CUSTOMS REVENUE PER HEAD OF EUROPEAN POPULATION.
 £s.d.
1,890293
1,891297
1,8922116
1,8932104
1,894264
1,895269
1,8962911
1,8972130
1,8982133
1,8992145
1,90021610
1,9012164
1,9022173
1,903310
1,904329
1,905310
1,906349

Dating from 1890, the taxation by way of Customs and excise duties together increased from £2 11s. 2d. in that year to £2 19s. 2d. in 1900, declined to £2 18s. 9d. in 1901, increasing to £3 5s. 2d. in 1904. For the year 1905, although the collections under these heads show an increase, the amount per head of population was £3 3s. 4d., a decrease on the previous year's total of 1s. 10d. per head. For 1906 the rate per head was £3 7s 2d., a substantial increase on that for 1905.

NEW TARIFF.

“THE Tariff Act, 1907,” of New Zealand, deemed to have come into operation on the 17th July, imposes new duties of customs and excise, besides amending the laws relating thereto. A copy of the new tariff—general and preferential—with exemptions, and extracts from the statute enforcing its provisions, is given as an appendix to this book.

In regard to reciprocity of Customs between the New Zealand Government and the Governments of certain Colonies in South Africa, the new Tariff Act maintains the schedule of Customs duties and exemptions brought into force by Order in Council of 7th January, 1907 (see pages 117 and 332).

Besides an alteration of tariff in 1895 in certain items, in the year 1900 certain duties were lowered and exemptions granted. The duty on tea was brought to 2d. per pound, instead of 4d.; currants and raisins were lowered to 1d. per pound; candles to 1d.; cocoa and roasted coffee to 3d. There was also reduction on stearine for match-making, on paraffin-wax, and wax matches. The duty on patent and proprietary medicines was made 15 per cent., also that on certain drugs and chemicals, while the charge on steam-engines, or parts there of, became 5 per cent. Various exemptions came into force.

With these circumstances there has been a greater import of taxable articles, which would seem to indicate that purchasing-power had increased. It is at least certain that the value of imports rose from £5,990,177 (excluding specie) in 1894 to £14,303,170 in 1906, while the changes of tariff were effected.

The Customs revenue for 1906 was increased by the sum of £66,239 in consequence of “The Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act, 1903,” but the exemption in favour of British-grown tea has resulted in a considerable loss of revenue. The duty collected on all tea imported in 1903 was £43,606, while in 1906 only £548 was received. The preferential duties which have been imposed on articles not British produce or manufacture are stated on page 115, following the main tariff, and the provisions of the Act as to reciprocity, &c., will be found set out in a special article in Part III. But, for convenience, a full statement is also given of the original rates and additional duties further on in this section.

The tariff (general and preferential), as before stated, has been given in full in Part I (see pages 98 to 117). The rates of duty levied include 16s. per gallon on spirits; 30s. per gallon on perfumed spirits; 7s. per pound on cigars and snuff; 17s. 6d. per 1,000, of 2 1/2lb. and under, and 6d. per ounce weight over 2 1/2 lb. per 1,000, on cigarettes; also 3s. 6d. per pound on manufactured and 2s. on unmanufactured tobacco. Sparkling wine is charged 9s. a gallon; Australian, 5s.; other kinds, 6s.; ale and beer, 2s. The duty on cocoa, chocolate, and chicory is 3d. per lb.; raw coffee, 2d.; roasted, 3d. Tea produced in British dominions is free (from the 31st March, 1904), except in packets not exceeding 1 lb. in weight, when the duty is 2d. per lb., and the same duty is chargeable on tea of foreign production. Sugar, molasses, and treacle pay 1/2d., and glucose 1d. per pound. Opium is charged 40s. per pound, but this article, in a form suitable for smoking, cannot now be legally imported. The Opium Prohibition Acts, 1901, 1902, and 1906, make the importation or possession of opium suitable for smoking illegal. The remainder of the Customs revenue, with small exception, is made up of charges on goods by weight, ad valorem duties, ranging from 5 to 40 per cent., and receipts from the foreign parcels-post. There is also an excise duty of 1s. per pound on tobacco; 1s. 6d. per pound on cigars, cigarettes, and snuff; 3d. per gallon on beer; 9d. per pound on tinctures, &c., manufactured in the colony, containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, and 3d. per pound when less than 50 per cent. Also, 12s. per gallon on culinary and flavouring essences, and 20s. on perfumed spirits.

By “The Tobacco Excise Duties Act, 1896,” the excise duty on cigarettes made in the colony is now (from the 31st December, 1896) 2s. 6d. per pound on machine-made and 1s. per pound on hand-made cigarettes.

“The Tobacco Act Amendment Act, 1896,” enacts that all packages of manufactured tobacco shall be labelled before leaving the manufactory, and provides for the issue of warrants to use cutting-machines for cutting duty-paid manufactured tobacco for sale (or to be used in the manufacture of cigarettes by hand), and to manufacture cigarettes by hand, under certain conditions.

The duties authorised by “The Timber Export Act, 1901,” and “The Timber Export Duty Act, 1903,” will be found given on page 115 in detail, with the full tariff.

“THE PREFERENTIAL AND RECIPROCAL TRADE ACT, 1903.”

The following goods are liable to an additional duty under the above Act when not the produce or manufacture of some part of the British dominions:—

 Rate prescribed by the Tariff.Additional Duty when of Foreign Production or Manufacture.

* See next page.

† All tea of foreign growth is liable to a duty of d. the lb. Tea grown in any British possession is only liable to duty at 2d. the lb. when in packets not exceeding 1 lb in weight.

Cement2s. the barrel2s. the barrel.
Basket and wicker ware n.o.e., not being furniture20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Bicycles, tricycles, and the like vehicles; also finished or partly finished or machined parts of same n.o.e., including weldless steel tubing cut to short lengths20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Boots, shoes, and slippers n.o.e.; goloshes, clogs, pattens, vamps, uppers, and laces22 1/2 p.c. ad val.11 1/4 p.c. ad val.
Candles1d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight1/2d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight.
Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, perambulators, and wheels for the same20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
China, porcelain, and parian ware20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Clocks20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Cordage and rope n.o.e.20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Cream of tartar1d. the lb.1/2d. the lb.
Earthenware, stoneware, and brown ware20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Fancy goods and toys20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Firearms, all kinds20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Fish, potted and preserved2d. the lb. or package of that reputed weight1d. the lb. or package of that reputed that weight.
Furniture and cabinetware n.o.e., and other than iron25 p.c. ad val.12 1/2 p.c. ad val.
Glass, crown, sheet, and common window2s. the 100 sup. ft.1s. the 100 sup. ft.
Glassware; also plate glass, and glass polished, coloured, and other kinds n.o.e.; globes and chimneys for lamps20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Hardware, ironmongery, and holloware20 p.c. ad. val.10 p.c. ad val.
Hops6d. the lb.3d. the lb.
Iron nails2s. the cwt.1s. the cwt.
Iron pipes, and fittings for same, including main-cocks5 p.c. ad val.2 1/2 p.c. ad val.
Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick20 ad val.10 ad val.
Musical instruments—viz., pianos20 ad val.10 ad val.
Paperhangings15 ad val.7 1/2 ad val.
Paper, wrapping—viz., blue candle, glazed cap, glazed casings, small-hand, lumber-hand, and tissue5s. the cwt.2s. 6d. the cwt.
Paper, wrapping, other kinds, including brown, cartridge, and sugar papers5s. the cwt.2s. 6d the cwt.
Plate and platedware20 p.c. ad val.10 p.c. ad val.
Pumps and other apparatus for raising water20 ad val.10 ad val.
Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for — viz., rubber tires, pneumatic tires, outside covers, and inner tubes; rubber and cork handles, and pedal-rubbers; also drop-forgings and stampings, ball-bearings, weld-less steel tube in full lengths, rims, forks, and spokes in the roughFree20 ad val.
Gas engines and hammers, and oil-enginesFree20 ad val.
Gum bootsFree20 ad val.
Iron and steel cordageFree20 ad val.
Iron, plain black sheet, rod, bolt, bar, and plateFree20 ad val.
Printing-paper*Free20 ad val.
Rails for railways and tramways*Free20 ad val.
Sail-cloth, canvas, and unbleached double-warped duckFree20 ad val.
Surgical and dental instruments and appliancesFree20 ad val.
Tea†Free (except when in packets not exceeding 1 lb. in weight).2d. the lb. (If of foreign growth.)

Extract from “The Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act, 1903.”

Exemptions from provisions of sections 2 and 3.

4. The provisions of sections two and three hereof shall not be applicable in the case of—

  1. Goods imported on or before the thirty-first day of March, one thousand nine hundred and four, if it is proved to the satisfaction of the Collector that an order for the goods was sent from New Zealand on or before the sixteenth day of November, one thousand nine hundred and three.

  2. Printing-papers imported by and for the use of the proprietors of any registered newspaper, if it is proved to the satisfaction of the Collector that they are imported under a valid contract for the supply of such papers for a period not exceeding three years, entered into prior to the sixteenth day of November, one thousand nine hundred and three.

  3. Rails for tramways and other goods mentioned in the Schedules hereto directly imported before the thirty-first day of March, one thousand nine hundred and six, for use in the construction or equipment of any tramway for which plans and specifications have been completed or are in course of preparation on the passing of this Act.

“THE NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH AFRICAN CUSTOMS DUTIES RECIPROCITY ACT, 1906.”

The above Act makes provision for Customs reciprocity between this colony and South Africa. An Order in Council dated the 7th January, 1907, sets out that the treaty shall be with the Colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange River, Transvaal, and Southern Rhodesia. The existing New Zealand Customs tariff is altered in respect of importations from the above colonies into New Zealand, and on and after the 1st January, 1907, the following duties shall be levied:—

Feathers15 per cent. ad valorem.
Fish1 1/2d. per lb.
Fruits, driedFree.
Fruits, freshFree.
Maize6d. per cental.
Sugar1s. 8d. per cental.
Tobacco manufactured)2s. 6d. per lb.
Tea (not otherwise exempt)1d. per lb.
Wines (other than sparkling)2s. per gallon.
All other goods (except spirits25 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable.

The following duties are chargeable under the treaty on New Zealand goods imported into the above colonies of South Africa:—

Bran1s. per cental.
Flour2s. 3d. per cental.
Oats1s. 10d. per cental.
Wheat1s. per cental.
Butter2d. per lb.
Cheese12 per cent. ad valorem.
Meats1d. per lb.
All other goods (except spirits)25 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable.

It is also agreed that if a fiscal difference is made by either of the contracting parties between locally manufactured spirits and imported spirits, the manufactured spirits of the other contracting party shall be admitted at the same rate of duty as is payable on the locally manufactured spirits.

GROWTH OF IMPORTS FROM UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND GERMANY.

IN connection with the subject of preferential duties, tables are annexed to illustrate the position in regard to two specially selected important foreign States at the time the additional duties were authorised. The table for United States also exhibits the fact that free goods have been introduced at a far greater rate than those which paid duty since the year 1897:—

IMPORTS FROM UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Year.On the East Coast.On the West Coast.Total Imports.
Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.
* Of this sum £100,497 value was for Government uses.
 ££££££
1,897155,730366,20924,90681,199180,636447,408
1,898282,332418,22327,47772,379309,809490,602
1,899250,656437,25031,35956,044282,015493,294
1,900377,569580,71742,56761,020420,136641,737
1,901618,312556,433146,02394,492*764,335650,925
1,902527,525619,05053,661118,701581,186737,751
1,903522,581716,95457,430144,393580,011861,347
1,904629,560679,74251,509167,104681,069846,846
1,905541,685668,93354,415173,468596,100842,401
1,906529,572638,69952,230185,280581,802823,979

To show the nature of the imports from the United States of America a statement giving the articles and values thereof for the year 1906 is introduced. Examining the figures, it will be found that tobacco to the value of £166,738 was imported into New Zealand last year; boots and shoes, £47,558; oils, £194,432; hardware, &c., iron and steel, with machinery, tools and implements, &c., came to £419,077. The rest is a very miscellaneous list of articles, to which fruit (fresh and dried) contributed more than £48,000.

LIST OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES IMPORTED FROM UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN 1906.
 £
Apparel and slops, n.o.e.15,812
Arms, ammunition, &c.13,945
Bicycles and tricycles1,258
Bicycles and tricycles, materials for2,595
Blacking1,162
Books, printed6,344
Boots and shoes47,558
Brass, manufactures1,274
Brushware and brooms2,148
Building materials6,876
Canvas1,846
Carriages, &c.— 
   Automobiles, motor-cars, and motor cycles9,723
   Carriages1,843
   Carts, drays, perambulators, &c.1,629
   Materials for12,617
Clocks8,365
Confectionery3,266
Cordage2,127
Cotton piece-goods14,965
Cutlery1,440
Drapery1,234
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares16,933
Engine-packing1,517
Fancy goods and toys9,781
Felt sheathing2,980
Fish, potted and preserved5,100
Foods, farinaceous1,940
Fruits, bottled and preserved14,591
Fruits, dried30,407
Fruits, fresh18,170
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery10,881
Furniture, knife, and plate polish and powder3,212
Glass bottles, empty2,013
Glassware5,222
Grain and pulse1,987
Grease1,345
Grindery1,930
Haberdashery4,491
Hardware, holloware, and ironmongery37,455
Indiarubber and gutta-percha goods2,247
Ink, printing2,575
Instruments, musical5,003
Instruments, other kinds14,150
Iron and steel62,621
Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick11,084
Leather24,515
Leather manufactures2,342
Machinery and machines— 
   Agricultural (including agricultural implements)56,703
   Agricultural — ploughs and harrows3,753
   Dairying4,505
   Electric21,369
   Engines, steam1,204
   Engines, gas and oil25,573
   Mining3,037
   Printing16,161
   Refrigerating1,952
   Sewing19,206
   Woodworking2,344
   Other32,053
Manures1,589
Marble1,196
Medicines, patent and proprietary14,076
Metal, manufactures of— 
   Typewriters6,612
   Weighbridges and weighing-machines4,039
   Other28,566
Nails29,945
Oils— 
   Kerosene139,014
   Other kinds55,418
Onions4,269
Paints and colours9,580
Paper bags1,769
Paperhangings1,658
Paper— 
   Printing20,361
   Writing2,361
   Other kinds1,694
Perfumery3,581
Photographic goods1,298
Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs1,488
Picture frames and mounts2,425
Plaster of-paris2,537
Plate and platedware2,657
Potatoes2,281
Potatoes, seed1,278
Printing materials1,183
Provisions — eggs, desiccated2,751
Provisions, n.o.e.2,528
Pumps2,366
Railway plant2,109
Resin7,055
Saddlery and harness2,222
Saddlery and harness materials for1,304
Sausage skins11,302
Seeds, grass and clover13,440
Soap and soap powder10,275
Spirits2,285
Stationery, manufactured2,904
Stationery, other8,990
Stones—grind, mill, oil, and whet1,024
Sugar, glucose4,730
Timber9,521
Tin, sheet2,731
Tobacco, manufactured101,480
Tobacco, cigars7,644
Tobacco, cigarettes57,614
Tools and implements61,979
Tramway plant4,393
Turpentine, driers, and terebine19,521
Varnish and gold-size4,400
Watches3,829
Wax, paraffin9,723
Woodenware, mouldings7,794
Woodenware, other15,675
Other imports42,938
 £1,405,781
IMPORTS FROM GERMANY, 1897–1906.
Year.Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.Proportions per Cent.
Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.
 ££  
1,89729,101127,96518.5381.47
1,89829,957123,14519.5780.43
1,89934,937125,66821.7678.24
1,90039,149142,92521.5078.50
1,90140,377158,14420.3379.67
1,90246,084164,47621.8978.11
1,90370,191204,10625.5974.41
1,90469,594239,21022.5477.46
1,90564,920212,54723.4076.60
1,906109,538227,42232.5167.49

Among the imports from Germany the principal items in value were musical instruments, fancy goods and toys, iron and steel, manures, machinery, hardware, &c., and glassware.

LIST OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES IMPORTED FROM GERMANY IN 1906.
 £
Acid, acetic1,571
Apparel and slops, n.o.e.4,906
Arms, ammunition, &c.1,200
Boots and shoes1,129
Brushware and brooms1,841
Building materials1,968
Carriages, &c., and material for2,027
China, porcelain, and parianware6,930
Clocks1,715
Cotton piece-goods1,609
Cutlery1,308
Drapery4,253
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares6,171
Dyes1,008
Earthenware2,399
Fancy goods and toys29,743
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery4,522
Glass— 
   Bottles, empty2,457
   Window2,075
   Other kinds1,216
Glassware10,621
Haberdashery1,681
Hardware, holloware, and ironmongery10,330
Hosiery2,707
Instruments, musical— 
   Pianos51,060
   Other kinds2,271
Instruments, other kinds3,580
Iron and steel26,290
Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick7,960
Leather999
Machinery and machines— 
   Electric6,908
   Sewing5,847
   Other kinds3,010
Manures17,489
Matches and vestas2,879
Metal, manufactures of3,129
Metal sheathing, other than copper2,890
Nails4,195
Paper, printing2,380
Paper, other kinds5,379
Paperhangings3,492
Picture-frames and mounts1,590
Plate and platedware1,597
Seeds (grass and clover)8,915
Spirits6,805
Stationery (manufactured)5,153
Stationery other kinds7,266
Tobacco2,168
Tobacco pipes and cases1,070
Tools and implements3,365
Wine1,122
Woodenware (mouldings)4,799
Woollen piece-goods3,769
Zinc3,525
Other imports30,671
      Total£336,960

SOUTH AFRICA.

The value of goods imported from South Africa during the past ten years is very small, as shown below, but the total trade as will be seen further on has at times reached a considerable amount.

Year.Imports.
 £
1,89787
1,89872
1,899215
1,900502
1,901386
1,902997
1,903299
1,904804
1,905559
1,906394

Chapter 42. SECTION X.—EXPORTS AND TOTAL TRADE.

THE quantities and values of exports used in making up the figures given in this portion of the statistical information are obtained from Customs entries. In estimating the value of exports the “free on hoard in New Zealand” value is given, and, as regards the main items, the Collector of Customs examines carefully the amounts stated, and compares them with current price-lists, to prevent any overestimate. As a further safeguard, the values of wool, frozen meat, oats, wheat, tallow, phormium fibre, butter, and cheese are submitted to the various Chambers of Commerce for their approval prior to the publication of the figures. Goods transhipped are regarded as destined for the country where it is intended to land them.

The value, of all the exports in 1906, inclusive of specie (£102,657), was £18,095,137. The value of New Zealand produce exported, £17,840,346, gives an average of £19 18s. 5d. per head of population, against £17 16s. 5d. for the previous year. The increase in the value of exports of New Zealand produce for 1906 in respect of that for 1905 amounts to £2,336,816, or 15.07 per cent.

While this most important increase is noticeable in the value of exports of New Zealand produce for 1906 when compared with that for 1905 (£2,336,816), the imports have already been shown to have increased from £12,828,857 to £15,211,403.

The balance of trade was at the end of last year as under:—

 £
Exports, 190618,095,137
Imports, 190615,211,403
Excess of exports for year£2,883,734

The difference is greater than that shown for the previous year (1905), when the balance of trade in favour of the colony was £2,827,090.

Exports to Different Countries.

The values of exports for the years 1896 and 1906 to the United Kingdom, the Australian States, with other British possessions, and to foreign countries, show the extent and development of outward trade in regard to its distribution, considered for such period:—

Countries.1896.1906.
 ££
United Kingdom7,541,98114,047,176
New South Wales641,1751,900,022
Victoria486,871891,443
Queensland30,8287,670
Western Australia84,85728,977
South Australia23,47224,197
Tasmania19,79830,213
Other British possessions59,543258,805
United States320,589642,792
Other foreign ports105,991263,842
 £9,321,105£18,095,137

A comparison for the period 1897–1906 of the value of the export trade with the United Kingdom, British colonies and possessions, and foreign countries, exhibits an increase of about 94 per cent. in case of exports to foreign States, against a rise of 128 per cent in value of goods sent to British possessions, calculated on very much greater figures. The exports to the United Kingdom have risen about 72 per cent. in the decade.

Year.Exports to
United Kingdom.British Colonies and Possessions.Foreign States.
 ££
1,8978,168,1231,380,502468,368
1,8988,265,4991,532,511719,945
1,8999,427,5151,850,239660,581
1,90010,259,3422,332,780654,039
1,9019,295,3752,907,412678,637
1,9029,450,0483,577,815616,514
1,90311,345,0752,821,608843,695
1,90411,876,2732,088,691783,384
1,90512,087,8182,591,802976,327
1,90014,047,1763,141,327906,634

The following are the values of exports to different countries or places in 1906 and 1905, arranged in order of magnitude of increase or decrease:—

Country, Colony, State, &c.1906.1905.Increase.
 £££
United Kingdom14,047,17612,087,8181,959,359
New South Wales1,900,0221,321,353578,669
Ceylon57,00726656,741
Victoria891,443866,93924,504
Germany54,95238,95815,994
Fiji60,95146,90414,047
British Columbia22,1118,62013,491
Friendly Islands51,64439,43412,210
Tasmania30,21326,5983,615
France52,54148,9633,578
Singapore3,4845812,903
Denmark7,8486,2601,588
Japan4,6983,5441,154
Belgium9,6258,639986
Chili9802978
Philippine Islands70056644
Solomon Islands1,9681,332636
Bengal4,8024,240562
Costa Rica500..500
Austria3576351
New Hebrides22465159
Madras16419145
Penang138..138
British East Africa21..21
British New Guinea9..9
Surprise Island1293
Country, Colony, State, &c.1906.1905.Decrease.
 £££
United States of America642,792716,30173,509
Cape Colony12,70962,40449,695
Natal75,836113,06237,226
Canada7,70442,70935,005
South Australia24,19733,8979,700
Portuguese East Africa1,25810,3649,106
Guam27,6497,647
Western Australia28,97736,0437,066
Uruguay2,4568,1375,681
Spain2,6272,627 
Queensland7,67010,1412,471
Society Islands24,74227,0892,347
New Caledonia1,6153,5431,928
Hong Kong12,03013,5891,559
Transvaal Colony1291,4521,323
New Britain..1,2261,226
Caroline Islands6681,373705
Marshall Islands..575575
Navigators Islands44,59045,135545
Brazil326865539
Holland41466425
Maiden Island142555413
Norfolk Island1,5211,931410
Argentine Republic1,3471,734387
West Indies..366366
Egypt..260260
Malta..208208
Sandwich Islands669845176
Sweden..168168
Italy...118118
Fanning Island..100100
Switzerland10110100
Banks Island..8787
China6910031
Bombay477629
Orange River Colony..1818
Burmah..99
New Guinea..77
Rhodesia..11
Peru..11

Re-exports.

The re-export trade of the colony would seem from the sub-joined figures to have been almost stationary for the last thirteen years. The re-exports of merchandise in 1906 were valued at £152,134, or less than 1 per cent. of the total exports, excluding specie.

EXPORTS OF BRITISH, FOREIGN, AND OTHER COLONIAL PRODUCE (EXCLUDING SPECIE).
 £
1,894130,402
1,895127,966
1,896122,571
1,897144,955
1,898124,850
1,899123,682
1,900108,009
1,901179,350
1,902136,860
1,903133,734
1,904136,963
1,905138,539
1,906152,134

With these sums may be contrasted the re-export trade of New South Wales—a State having less than double the population of New Zealand—which, exclusive of bullion and specie, amounted, in 1905 to £6,163,572, or no less than 18.45 per cent. of the value of all goods exported.

Exports from the North and South Islands.

The exports from the North and South Islands respectively, excluding “Parcels-post,” during the last five years were asunder:—

Year.North Island.South Island.Proportion to Total Export.
 ££North IslandSouth Islands
1,9027,085,2756,543,38951.9948.01
1,9037,994,2276,995,30753.3346.67
1,9048,369,3486,358,27856.8343.17
1,9058,648,6466,986,69155.3144.69
1,90610,438,3117,035,28657.7542.25

The North Island exported in 1906 more than half of the total for the two Islands.

Exports from Different Ports, &c.

The following table gives the values of the exports from each port in New Zealand for the years 1906, 1900, 1895, 1890, arranged! in order of magnitude for 1906:—

 1906.1,9001895.1890.
 ££££
Wellington3,408,0082,345,3951,140,3541,506,383
Auckland3,108,9272,008,3611,302,0751,237,000
Lyttelton and Christchurch2,837,9532,522,9121,635,3312,251,412
Dunedin1,607,3021,478,0711,047,4891,117,011
Napier1,400,302770,159870,422963,520
Timaru1,102,719932,949474,858624,800
Invercargill and Bluff978,708741,750595,277475,997
Poverty Bay874,358450,125136,539183,700
New Plymouth and-Waitara671,871503,921103,84661,968
Greymouth395,557255,385257,005237,700
Wanganui384,318380,900241,053118,015
Patea303,03937,71740,34734,706
Wairau and Picton292,065141,039123,355228,030
Oamaru200,884324,610300,893464,017
Kaipara161,428144,08090,621100,978
Nelson70,28158,30303,72768,058
Westport50,09745,89740,73043,956
Hokitika33,66025,47574,54087,409
Tauranga..646138

During the period covered by the above table the increase in the value of the exports from nearly all of the ports was substantial, and in some cases remarkable. The percentage of increase for the four chief ports of the colony was: Auckland, 156.05; Wellington, 126.24; Dunedin, 43.90; and Lyttelton. 26.05.

Value of Articles exported.

A comparative table showing the values of New Zealand domestic-exports, according to their nature, for nineteen years will be found further on, with comments. The development for the period, expressed in money value, is from seven millions and a quarter to more than seventeen millions and three-quarters.

But first a comparative statement of exports according to value for the last two years is given, showing the amounts for various principal articles, being the produce or manufacture of the colony, classified in groups. This analyses the very great increase on the total previously referred to, and especial notice is directed to the excellent results shown in the groups for “Animals and Produce” and “The Mine”:—

VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1905 AND 1900.
 Year 1905.Year 1906.Increase in 1906.Decrease in 1900.
THE MINE.££ £
Coal107,062122,61415,552..
Gold2,093,9362,270,904176,908..
Silver and minerals128,860162,03333,173..
Total2,329,8582,555,551225,693..
THE FISHERIES.    
Fish21,16618,067..3,099
Oysters2,5472,728181..
Whale-oil568509..59
Other1,426283..1,143
Total25,70721,587..4,120
THE FOREST.    
Fungus7,40311,1613,758..
Kauri-gum561,444522,486..38,958
Timber—    
   Sawn and hewn318,895304,941..13,954
   Other3,6682,578..1,090
Total891,410841,166..50,244
ANIMALS AND PRODUCE.    
Bacon and hams4,4054,45954..
Beef and pork (salted)13,8519,335..4,516
Butter1,408,5571,560,235151,678..
Cheese205,171341,002135,831..
Hides98,826143,68244,856..
Live-stock53,79169,87216,081..
Preserved meats74,45194,48220,031..
Frozen meat2,694,4322,877,031182,599..
Rabbit-skins66,98350,686..16,297
Sausage-skins47,29958,53711,238..
Sheep-skins and pelts500,744680,630179,886..
Tallow347,888455,026107,138..
Wool5,381,3336,765,6551,384,322..
Other23,79029,7285,938..
Total10,921,52113,140,3602,218,839..
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.    
Bran and sharps13,26813,604336..
Chaff1,483574..909
Flour3,6352,239..1,396
Grain—    
   Barley11,40919,5128,103..
   Beans and peas38,85832,374..6,484
   Maize13619862..
   Oats99,66476,981..22,683
   Wheat144,3749,915..134,459
Hops20,03818,069..1,969
Oatmeal163114..49
Potatoes3,0171,532..1,485
Seeds (grass and clover)80,59889,0228,424..
Other kinds11,6376,408..5,229
Totals£428,280£270,542..£157,738
MANUFACTURES.    
Apparel2,8172,467..350
Leather60,96644,339..16,627
Phormium fibre696,467776,10679,639..
Woollen manufactures7,1027,353251..
Other manufactures115,608157,99942,391..
Total882,960988,264105,304..
Miscellaneous23,79422,876..918
Total exports (colonial produce and manufactures)15,503,53017,840,3462,336,816..
Specie13,878102,65788,779..
Other exports (British and foreign)138,539152,13413,595..
Total exports£15,655,947£18,095,1372,439,190..

The class designated “Animals and Produce” shows by far the greatest value, the sum for 1906 being £13,140,360, which includes £6,765,655 for wool and £2,877,031 for frozen meat. The total value of exports in this class increased during the year by £2,218,839 on a total of £10,921,521 in 1905.

“The Mine” takes second place among the classes for total value, with an export of coal, gold, silver, and other minerals amounting to £2,555,551 for 1906, being an increase of £225,693 on £2,329,858, the export for the previous year.

“Agricultural Products,” principally grain, hops, and seeds, show a decrease of £157,738 on the value exported in 1905, some of the items showing a considerable falling-off, wheat especially.

“The Forest” shows an export for last year valued at £841,166, which is a decrease of £50,244 on the figures for the previous year.

“Manufactures” are set down at £988,264 in 1906, being £105,304 more than in the previous year. Phormium fibre shows an increase on the operations for 1905 of £79,639. Woollen manufactures sent abroad increased by £251, leather decreased by £16,627, apparel by £350, and other manufactures increased by £42,391.

The smallest group in respect to value is “The Fisheries.” The total for the group was £21,587 last year, a decrease of £4,120 on the value of similar exports in 1905.

Quantities of Articles exported.

The exports of New Zealand produce or manufacture for the last two years have also to be considered in relation to quantity, and the articles are again grouped in the next table according to the same classification as that used for purposes of comparing the values.

QUANTITIES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE EXPORTED.
Items.Year 1905.Year 1906.Increase in 1006.Decrease in 1906.
* At 20 lb to the bushel.
The Mine :—     
   CoalTons122,817141,64118,824..
   GoldOz.520,485563,84343,358..
   SilverOz.1,179,7441,390,536210,792..
   MineralsTons6911,313622..
The Fisheries:—     
   FishCwt.11,2859,657..1,628
   OystersDoz.304,671326,65521,984..
The Forest:—     
   FungusCwt.3,4284,9581,530..
   Gum (kauri)Tons10,8839,154..1,729
   Timber (sawn and hewn)S.ft.75,370,13675,528,899158,763..
Animals and Produce:—     
   Bacon and hamsCwt.1,2521,26816..
   Beef and pork (salted)Cwt.9,9948,014..1,980
   ButterCwt.305,722320,22514,503..
   CheeseCwt.88,562131,20642,644..
   HidesNo.101,378134,46733,089..
   Live-stock (cattle, horses, sheep, pigs)No.12,98614,5911,605..
   Meats (preserved)Cwt.28,53940,19211,653..
   Meats (frozen)Cwt.1,690,6842,025,507334,823..
   Sausage-skinsCwt.11,20213,2822,080..
   Skins (rabbit)No.8,831,1075,454,738..3,376,369
   Skins (sheep) and peltsNo.4,931,1915,551,228620,037..
   TallowCwt.318,942378,40059,458..
   WoolLb.139,912,737154,384,56814,471,831..
Agricultural Products:—     
   Bran and sharpsTons4,2154,167..48
   ChaffTons286117..169
   FlourTons448279..169
   Grain, barleyBush49,21578,68229,467..
   Grain, beans and peasBush187,829128,098..59,731
   Grain, maizeBush757994237..
   Grain, oatsBush1,076,916734,997..341,919
   Grain, wheatBush967,15161,199..905,952
   HopsCwt.3,3014,3791,078..
   PotatoesTons341128..213
   Seeds (grass and clover)Bush*250,029283,57833,549..
Manufactures:—     
   Ale and beerGals.10,72310,087..636
   CordageCwt.3,7576,6552,898..
   LeatherCwt.9,8306,474..3,356
   Phormium fibreTons27,87727,779..98
   SoapCwt.7,6377,087..550

The increases in certain articles, amongst them gold, silver, cheese, frozen meat, hides, wool, sheep-skins and pelts, tallow, and live-stock, are very satisfactory, and in some cases considerable; while, on the other hand, the export of wheat, oats, rabbit-skins, kauri-gum, and leather, with some other items, declined in 1906.

To sum up it will be seen that the great increase in value of exports is not solely a matter of market prices, but that increased quantities have contributed very largely on the most important items towards bringing about the enhanced money value for 1906 over that for 1905.

New Zealand Produce exported: Value for Nineteen Years.

The position as to value in respect of a period of nineteen years, 1888 to 1906 inclusive, is presented in a table giving the domestic exports for each. The most important items of export given under the heading “Other New Zealand Produce” are coal, silver, minerals, fish, oysters, fungus, kauri-gum, timber, bacon and hams, salted and preserved meats, tallow, sheep, rabbit and other skins, and pelts, hides, sausage-skins, and live-stock. The aggregate value of these in 1906 was £2,642,265.

EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE
Calendar Year.Wool.Gold.Frozen Meat.Butter and Cheese.Agricultural Produce.ManufacturesOther N.Z. Produce.Total.
 ££££££££
1,8883,115,098914,309628,800197,170905,907233,3831,200,4617,255,128
1,8893,976,375785,490783,374213,9451,424,297509,8801,288,6479,042,008
1,8904,150,599751,3601,087,617207,6871,289,864547,9471,393,6879,428,761
1,8914,129,6861,007,1721,194,724236,933894,467420,3571,516,7559,400,094
1,8924,313,307951,9631,033,377318,2041,035,637367,6771,345,7039,365,868
1,8933,774,738915,9211,085,167354,271716,546345,6361,365,1648,557,443
1,8944,827,016887,8651,194,545366,483317,655224,9581,266,6269,085,148
1,8953,662,1311,162,1811,262,711378,510326,029188,7021,409,8898,390,153
1,8964,391,8481,041,4281,251,993411,882572,355198,0811,309,7499,177,336
1,8974,443,144980,2041,566,286553,122495,175197,6011,360,7359,596,267
1,8984,645,8041,080,6911,698,750539,466410,677253,8051,695,79510,324,988
1,8994,324,6271,513,1802,088,856713,617913,678378,0661,867,71611,799,740
1,9001,749,1961,439,6022,123,881969,7311,230,565549,3421,992,93213,055,249
1,9013,699,1031,753,7842,253,2621,121,0911,532,386425,1421,905,69212,690,460
1,9023,354,5631,951,4262,718,7631,369,3411,045,986755,2322,302,28813,498,599
1,9034,041,2742,037,8323,197,0431,513,065744,845823,3582,480,77514,838,192
1,9044,673,8261,987,5012,793,5991,565,946559,243896,3622,125,31014,601,787
1,9055,381,3332,093,9362,694,4321,613,728428,280882,9602,408,86115,503,530
1,9066,765,6552,270,9042,877,0311,901,237270,542988,2642,766,71317,840,346

The preceding table shows that the value of the exports of New Zealand produce fell from £9,428,761 in 1890 to £8,390,153 in 1895, then rose to £13,055,249 in 1900, and had in 1906 increased to £17,840,346, the highest value yet attained in any one year.

Thus there was a net increase of exports, since 1895, to the value of £9,450,193, all New Zealand produce. With the amount of increase in money must be considered the state of prices of the various kinds of produce.

The export of wool, measured by quantity, rose from 102,817,077 lb. in 1890 to 154,384,568 lb. in 1906, or at the rate of 50.15 per cent., and that of frozen meat from 898,894 cwt. to 2,025,507 cwt.

Gold, too, which was exported to the quantity of 187,641 oz. in 1890, increased to 563,843 oz. in 1906, the rate of increase being 200 per cent.

Wool exported and produced.

The quantity of wool exported in 1906, as previously shown, was 154,384,568 lb., valued at £6,765,655—an increase of 14,471,831 lb., or 10.34 per cent., on the quantity exported in the previous year, and of £1,384,322 or 25.72 per cent., on the value. The annual production of wool is best estimated by taking the exports for the twelve months immediately preceding the commencement of shearing, and adding thereto the quantity used in the colony for manufacturing purposes. But this method does not allow for wool on sheep-skins exported.

The following shows the produce for each of the last nineteen years ending on the 30th September:—

Year ending 30th September.Quantity exported.Quantity purchased' by Local Mills.Total Annual Produce.
 Lb.Lb.Lb.
1,88889,276,2684,079,56393,355,831
1,88995,618,5073,556,00499,174,511
1,890102,522,1852,979,293105,501,478
1,891108,619,4732,918,073111,537,546
1,892110,860,0503,388,954114,249,004
1,893110,643,8742,629,855122,273,729
1,894128,480,4572,476,155130,956,612
1,895129,333,7693,299,132132,632,901
1,896128,309,6733,989,934132,299,607
1,897134,410,9553,298,469137,709,424
1,898150,401,3993,763,831154,165,230
1,899143,644,2034,258,505147,902,708
1,900144,829,5153,223,392148,052,907
1,901143,064,7894,629,924147,694,713
1,902155,652,5634,203,312159,855,875
1,903160,919,6935,294,652166,214,345
1,904141,031,6995,191,451146,223,150
1,905146,889,7673,651,343150,541,110
1,906152,765,2324,372,472157,137,704

From these figures it appears that, notwithstanding the apparent decrease from 1898 to 1901, and for 1904, the wool-clip has increased by over 68 per cent. during the period covered by the table.

To arrive at a perfectly correct estimate of the increase in wool-production it would be necessary to take into consideration the proportion of greasy, scoured (and sliped), and washed wool exported each year, the washing process, of course, greatly reducing the apparent weight. The percentages of greasy, scoured, and washed wool to the total quantities exported during the last nine years. are:—

Years.Greasy.Scoured and Sliped.Washed.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
1,89878.6220.361.02
1,89977.5421.640.82
1,90078.6220.101.28
1,90178.2520.611.14
1,90273.8224.261.92
1,90376.4722.151.38
1,90479.8718.931.20
1,90582.0916.821.09
1,90682.2516.910.84

Although the increase in the wool-production since 1888 shown above is, of course, mainly due to the greater number of sheep—namely, 20,108,471 in April, 1906—it becomes necessary to note that there is a diminution since 1902 to the number of 234,256. In fact, the number of sheep has receded to slightly less than the number for 1894, chiefly in consequence of killing for export.

A comparative statement for several years is supplied, showing the number of flocks in groups of sizes:—

NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1892 TO 1906.
Size of Flocks.1802.1894.1896.1898.1900.1903.1906.

* From 1,000 to 2,500, 1,798 flocks; from 2,500 to 5,000, 614 flocks.

† From 1,000 to 2,500, 1,971 flocks; from 2,500 to 5,000, 650 flocks.

‡ From 1,000 to 2,500, 2,081 flocks; from 2,500 to 5,000, 670 flocks.

§ From 1,000 to 2,500, 2,558 flocks; from 2,500 to 5,000, 782 flocks.

Under 5008,82210,31412,02812,88612,23912,42811,793
500 and under 1,0002,0332,4272,6052,7082,8102,9233,431
1,000 and under 2,0001,1931,4091,4602,412*2,621†2,751‡§3,340
2,000 and under 5,000761933892
5,000 and under 10,000314345340341352342394
10,000 and under 20,000231230231231196207213
20,000 and upwards17617914714413911094
      Totals13,53015,83717,70318,72218,35718,76119,265

It will be apparent that the general tendency of increase since the year 1892 is towards the multiplication of the smaller flocks, whose owners are better able to cope with the rabbit difficulty than the large runholders.

Export of Rabbit-skins.

Prior to 1878 rabbit-skins were a very small item in the exports, but in that year the number sent out of the colony amounted to 3,951,209. Ten years after (1888) the export had risen to 11,809,407, from which it increased to 17,041,106 in 1893, the greatest number as yet exported in a year. From 1895 the fall was rapid, and the export for 1898 only reached 6,607,934 skins. In 1899 there was a slight upward tendency, the number exported being 7,891,648, which, however, fell to 5,690,893 in the year 1900. In 1901 7,122,008 skins were exported, in 1905 the number rose to 8,831,107 skins, but fell to 5,454,738 in 1906.

The figures for the years 1893 to 1906 are quoted:—

Year.Number of Rabbit-skins exported.
1,89317,041,106
1,89414,267,385
1,89515,229,314
1,89610,828,612
1,8978,099,334
1,8986,607,934
1,8997,891,648
1,9005,690,893
1,9017,112,008
1,9026,139,794
1,9036,101,899
1,9046,103,930
1,9058,831,107
1,9065,454,738

From the above it will be seen that the importance of the export has very much diminished. The fall, represented in money value, has been:—

Year.Value of Rabbit-skins exported.
 £
1,893138,952
1,89487,993
1,89585,022
1,89665,599
1,89747,472
1,89851,607
1,89981,118
1,90041,689
1,90157,046
1,90252,566
1,90340,727
1,90440,843
1,90566,983
1,90650,686

While the amount of money received for this produce of the colony is less than in some of the earlier years shown, it may be a satisfactory result, as seemingly indicating some abatement of the rabbit pest. The increase for 1905 is probably due to the more vigorous enforcement of the laws relating to the destruction of rabbits, as there does not appear to be any report of an unusual increase in their number. Large quantities of frozen rabbits are now exported, and are alluded to in the remarks on the frozen-meat industry on the next page.

Export of Sheep-skins and Pelts.

These form a more important article of export at the present time than the rabbit-skins, though in the year 1888 the position was the reverse as regards value in money. In that year the number of sheep-skins and pelts sent away from New Zealand was 1,646,401, against 5,551,228 in 1906, a rise of nearly 240 per cent. for the period between those years. The value increased from £83,574 to £680,630, or over 700 per cent. Figures for the last ten years are quoted:—

Year.Export of Sheep-skin and Pelts.
 No.
1,8973,688,051
1,8984,995,325
1,8994,960,054
1,9004,669,430
1,9014,601,531
1,9026,144,680
1,9037,142,531
1,9046,037,460
1,9054,931,191
1,9065,551,228

Export of Tallow.

Besides wool and meat, tallow is largely exported, and since the year 1888, when 136,460 cwt. were sent away, the export has increased to 378,400 cwt. in 1906. In 1905 the quantity was 318,942 cwt. The latest ten years show the following results:—

TALLOW EXPORTED.
Years.Cwt.£
1,897310,200259,964
1,898347,160302,141
1,899338,620311,649
1,900367,780368,473
1,901335,360351,710
1,902424,060550,131
1,903396,940517,871
1,904322,480357,974
1,905318,942347,688
1,906378,400455,026

The decreases for 1903, 1904, and 1905 synchronize with those of the number of sheep in the colony.

Frozen Meat exported.

Frozen meat now takes second place among the exports of New Zealand produce. In 1906, 2,025,507 cwt., valued at £2,877,031, were shipped in the colony. An account of the development of the industry was given in a special article in the Year-book, 1894. The total export for each year since the commencement of the trade has been:—

Year.Lb.
1,8821,707,328
1,8839,853,200
1,88428,445,228
1,88533,204,976
1,88638,758,160
1,88745,035,984
1,88861,857 376
1,88973,564,064
1,890100,934,756
1,891110,199,082
1,89297,636,557
1,893100,262,453
1,894114,827,216
1,895127,018,864
1,896123,576,544
1,897157,687,152
1,898173,798,576
1,899208,972,624
1,900206,621,072
1,901208,045,264
1,902239,518,384
1,903266,408,800
1,904214,253,648
1,905189,356,608
1,906226,856,784

The above figures for 1899 include 129,224 cwt. (or 4,876,534 number) of frozen rabbits and hares in the skin; those for 1900 include 12,260 (731 cwt.) of hares, and 6,501,997 rabbits, weighing 167,971 cwt., valued at £154,856; those for 1901 include 42,202 (2,943 cwt.) of hares, and 4,830,669 (124,353 cwt.) of rabbits, valued at £117,813; those for 1902 include 23,421 (1,643 cwt.) of hares, and 4,776,914 (123,229 cwt.) of rabbits, valued at £118,884; those for 1903 include 8,145 (588 cwt.) of hares, and 4,452,829 (112,972 cwt.) of rabbits, valued at £100,088; those for 1904 include 8,509 (683 cwt.) of hares, and 3,788,576 (100,442 cwt.) of rabbits, valued at £86,931; those for 1905 include 8,173 (658 cwt.) of hares, and 2,807,242 (78,170 cwt.) of rabbits, valued at £60,782; and those for 1906 include 4,993 (387 cwt.) of hares and 2,517,600 (72,286 cwt.) of rabbits, valued at £54,463: so that rabbits can hardly now be looked upon as wholly worthless, especially when the export of the skins, previously remarked upon, is also considered.

To ascertain the total value of the meat export in 1906 it is necessary to take into consideration, with the amount of £2,877,031, value of frozen meat before stated, £12,872 for frozen fish; also the value of preserved meats, £94,482; of salted beef and pork, £9,335; and of bacon and hams, £4,459.

Gold exported

The amount of gold exported in 1906 was 563,843 oz., an increase of 43,358 oz. on the quantity exported in 1905.

The total quantity of gold entered for duty to the 31st December, 1906, which may be reckoned as approximately the amount obtained in the colony, was 17,710,470 oz., of the value, of £69,501,488. For fuller information, see special section on mining.

Grain exported.

The value of the grain exported in 1906 was £139,474. The grain exports for 1905 and 1906 were made up as under:—

 1905.1906.
Bushels.£Bushels.£
Wheat967,151144,37461,1999,915
Oats1,076,91699,604734,99776,981
Barley49,21511,40978,68219,512
Maize757136994198
Peas and beans187,82938,858128,09832,374
Rye and unenumerated9851332,855494
      Total quantity and value2,282,853£294,5741,000,825£139,474

Compared with the previous year, the quantity and value of grain exported in 1906 show a considerable decrease.

From the year 1890 to 1898, inclusive, the decline in the export of wheat was very great, while for 1899, 1900, and 1901 there was a revival, as will be seen by the following figures. In 1902 and 1903 the quantity sent out of the colony fell to 194,671 bushels and 71,700 bushels respectively, in 1904 the export was 813,535 bushels, in 1905 967,151 bushels, and in 1906 only 61,199 bushels.

Year.Wheat exported. Bushels.
1,8904,467,026
1,8922,460,774
1,894228,904
1,896453,123
1,89810,090
1,8992,901,676
1,9002,867,069
1,9012,301,092
1,902194,671
1,90371,700
1,904813,535
1,905967,151
1,90061,199

The imports of wheat during 1898 exceeded the exports by upwards of 50,000 bushels, but from 1899 to 1906 the imports were practically nil, the small quantity introduced into the colony being for seeding purposes only.

In oats, the quantity exported in 1906 shows a decrease over that for the previous year:—

Year.Export of Oats Bushels.
1,8914,052,414
1,8923,830,444
1,8941,903,288
1,8962,247,053
1,898816,210
1,8993,520,734
1,9005,818,648
1,90110,514,924
1,9025,185,812
1,9034,956,330
1,9042,693,417
1,9051,076,916
1,906734,997

The acreages under cereals for the last four years have been:—

 1903–1901.1904–1905.1905–1906.1900–1907.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Land in wheat (for threshing)230,346258,015222,965211,185
Land in oats (for threshing)409,390342,189360,569372,929
Land in barley (for threshing)34,68129,48429,64433,305

Butter and Cheese exported.

The total quantity of butter and cheese exported in the past eighteen years, and the amount of either commodity sent to the United Kingdom, is tabulated:—

Year.Total Export of ButterButter Exported to the United Kingdom.Total Export of Cheese.Cheese Exported to the United Kingdom.
 Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.
1,88937,95521,09926,5587,633
1,89034,81626,57940,45131,043
1,89139,43028,98939,77029,565
1,89253,93041,50941,49330,000
1,89358,14952,36346,20141,567
1,89460,77158,84555,65554,540
1,89557,96455,19476,74373,369
1,89671,35360,09271,37258,692
1,89799,00279,84977,68367,681
1,89896,80180,81468,71141,412
1,899136,086121,50269,44040,901
1,900172,583165,871102,84981,908
1,901201,591170,903104,29474,510
1,902253,998170,20774,74650,325
1,903285,106249,01674,78064,661
1,904314,360299,17184,52682,046
1,905305,722282,27588,56285,653
1,906320,225306,739131,206129,321

Of the butter exported in 1906, 306,739 cwt., valued at £1,489,622, were shipped to the United Kingdom; 39 cwt., value £179, to Victoria; 98 cwt., value £572, to New South Wales; 2 cwt., value £6, to Tasmania; 686 cwt., value £3,619, to Fiji; 11,114 cwt., value £57,816, to Cape Colony and Natal; 1,182 cwt., value £6,476, to the South Sea Islands; 5 cwt., value £24, to Norfolk Island; 4 cwt., value £24, to Bengal; 293 cwt., value £1,636, to British Columbia; and 63 cwt., value £321, to United States of America.

Of the cheese exported, 129,321 cwt., valued at £335,115, were sent to the United Kingdom; 227 cwt., value £905, to New South Wales; 136 cwt., value £626, to Victoria; 31 cwt., value £86, to Western Australia; and 159 cwt., value £494, to the other Australian States; 1,185 cwt., valued at £3,348, to Cape Colony and Natal; and 147 cwt., valued at £428, to other countries. While the quantity of butter exported in 1906 (320,225 cwt.) shows an increase of 762 per cent. on the quantity exported in 1889, the increase in the export of cheese during the eighteen years has-been at the rate of 394 per cent.—131,206 cwt. in 1906, as against 26,558 cwt. in 1889.

Phormium fibre exported.

Phormium fibre, of which 27,779 tons (excluding 5,520 tons of tow), valued at £776,106, were exported in 1906, shows a decrease in quantity, but an increase in value, on comparing the figures for last year with those for 1905, when the quantity sent away was 27,877 tons, valued at £696,467. Outside of the question of prices, a large permanent development of this industry depends on the cultivation and careful selection of the plants used, and on improvements in the method of preparing the fibre.

Kauri-gum exported.

The export for 1906 (9,154 tons) is less than that of the previous year by 1,729 tons. The value was £522,486, or an average of £57 1s. 6d. per ton. Full information as to the uses of this resin and the kauri-gum industry generally was given in a special article in Part III of the Year-book for 1900. It embraces interesting matter from the report of the Royal Commission which investigated the whole subject in 1898.

DETAILS OF ALL EXPORTS, 1906.
Articles exported.Quantities.Value in Sterling.
Produce and Manufactures of the Colony.British, Foreign, and other Colonial Produce and Manufactures.Produce and Manufactures of the Colony.British, Foreign, and other Colonial Produce and Manufactures.Total.
Acid—   £££
   Unenumeratedlb...2,290..62 62
Agricultural implements ....1771,5651,742
Alumcwt...1..11
Ambergrislb.7..75..75
Animals, living—      
   BirdsNo.34..58..58
   BaboonsNo...5..5050
   Cattle, hornedNo.477..4,165..4,165
   DogsNo.24413022152
   HorsesNo.5362124,1771,44625,623
   PigsNo.254..449..449
   PoultryNo.8,918..941..941
   SheepNo.13,324..39,952..39,952
Apparel and slops ....2,4674,4606,927
Arms, ammunition, and accoutrements—      
   Caps, percussionNo...120,000..1212
   CartridgesNo.10,600148,60055276331
   Cartridge-casesNo...20,300..1010
   DetonatorsNo...14,700..2626
   Dynamitelb...1,525..9393
   FirearmsNo...19..297297
   Fusecoils..1,015..1717
   Powder, sportinglb...650..4545
   Powder, blastinglb...100..88
   Shot ......11
Bacon and hams—      
   Baconcwt.685..2,282..2,282
   Hamscwt.583..2,177..2,177
Bags and sacks—      
   Cornsacksdoz.234,68071,3191,326
   Unenumerateddoz.62117,7941501,8451,995
Bagging and sacking ......1212
Basketware and wickerware ......88
Bêche-de-mercwt...14..4040
Beergalls.10,0873,4901,3247822,106
Belting—      
   Leatherlb...224..99
   Other than leatherlb.......548548
Beverages, non-alcoholic—      
   Aerated and mineral watersdoz.2,76028335741398
   Limejuice, sweetenedgalls.300474175
   Limejuice, unsweetenedgalls.3,7554,970162280442
   Beverages, n.o.e.galls.....404..404
Bicycles and tricyclesNo.57857492549
   Materials for ......574574
Biscuits—      
   Fancy and other kindslb.16.806503833386
   Ships', plaincwt.6,72965,557185,575
Blacking ......644644
Bluelb.11293732932
BoatsNo.103439223662
Bonestons48..106..106
Books, printed ....4,7512,9267,677
Boots and shoesdoz. prs.772252881,0121,300
Boraxcwt...6..66
Brantons3,952..12,819..12,819
Brass—      
   Pig, bars, &c.cwt...10..1212
   Manufactures ....2244246
   Scraptons14..561..561
BricksNo.1,0002,000358
Brushware and broomsNo.....33123156
Building materialNo.....54651
Buttercwt.320,225..1,560,235..1,560,235
Candleslb...2,433..5151
Canvas ....17197214
Cards, playingpacks..144..11
Carpeting and druggeting ......827827
Carriages, &c.—      
   CarriagesNo.143261130391
   Carts and wagonsNo.38..738..738
   Automobiles, motor-cars, and cyclesNo...9..2,0542,054
   PerambulatorsNo.6120424
   Materials forNo.....1290291
Casks, emptyNo.6411,06491525616
Cementbarrels6,6501122,680642,744
Cheesecwt.131,206..341,002..341,002
Chinaware ......7676
ClocksNo.225467985
Coaltons141,641460122,614483123,097
Cocoa and chocolatelb...3,407..314314
Coffee—      
Rawlb...50,226..1,0731,073
Roastedlb5902,1543184115
Coketons5..6..6
Combs ......1010
Confectionery—      
   Chocolate in plain trade packageslb.5,0252,33095107202
   Chocolate in fancy packages ....84221305
   Unenumeratedlb.5,8411,84510729136
Copper, pig, bar, and sheetcwt...4..1111
Copperware ......99
Copratons..537..9,1319,131
Cordagecwt.6,6553648,5889409,528
Iron and steelcwt...84..169169
Cork, cut ......2828
Cottons—      
   Calico ......1,5241,524
   Cheesecloth ......88
   Waterproof material ....41519
   Tubular-woven cotton cloth ......561561
   Unenumerated ......2,8962,896
Cotton, rawlb...4,056..101101
Cutlery ......397397
DoorsNo.223..207..207
Drapery ....882,4452,533
   Tailors' trimmings ....2779106
   Lace and laces ......119119
Drugs and chemicals—      
   Baking-powder ....10..10
   Chemicals, n.o.e. ....31772389
   Cream of tartarlb...1,540..5858
   Drugs, and druggists' sundries ....2838301,113
   Food preservative ......44
   Glycerine, refined ......7474
   Insecticides ......22
   Sheep-dip ....3896491,038
   Washing-powder ......6060
   Vanilla-beanslb...10,363..1,0131,013
   Anhydrous ammonia ....8161169
   Drugs, n.o.e. ....5237121,235
Dyes ....14748
Earthenware ....49799848
Eggsdoz.3,965..224..224
Engine-packingcwt...76..571571
Essences, flavouringgalls...2..55
Essential oilslb...37..1313
Fancy goods and toys ....2953,9504,245
   Curiosities ....16515180
Featherslb.335..3..3
Felt sheathing 6..7..7
Fish—      
   Dried, pickled, or saltedcwt.9695221130351
   Potted and preservedlb.121,576123,8074,9742,6747,648
   Frozencwt.8,476..12,872..12,872
OvaNo.232,000..208..208
Fishing-tackle ....73744
Floorcloth and oilcloth ......5050
Flourtons279..2,239..2,239
Foods, animal—      
   Chafftons117..574..574
   Prepared calf-mealtons23203656
   Unenumeratedtons....304106410
Foods, farinaceous—      
   Arrowrootlb...198..33
   Macaroni and vermicellilb...520..66
   Maizena and cornflourlb...3,808..4444
Fruits—      
   Bottled and preserveddoz.34541144145
Fruits, dried—      
   Currantslb...12,197..133133
   Raisinslb...37,593..443443
Fruits, dried, n.o.elb...19,593..423423
Fruits, freshlb.9,04235,410115127242
Fruits, lemon and orange peel in brinelb.14..1..1
Funguscwt.4,9582211,1615011,211
Furniture and upholstery ....1,8662602,126
Furniture and other polish ....131348479
Furs ......2323
Gelatine and isinglasslb.9524489414108
Glass bottles, empty ....3154157
Glass—      
   Brokencwt.1,780..127..127
   Mirrors ......100100
Glassware ....18592610
Glue and sizecwt.4802917762239
Glycerine (crude)cwt.379..489..489
Goldoz.563,843202,270,904772,270,981
Grain and pulse—      
   Barleybush.78,682..19,512..19,512
   Beans and peasbush.128,098..32,374..32,374
   Maizebush.994806198150348
   Oatsbush.734,997..76,381..76,981
   Ryebush.2,698..427..427
   Wheatbush.61,199..9,915..9,915
   Unenumeratedbush.157..67..67
Grain, groundcentals58..23..23
Greasecwt...71..7575
Grindery, n.o.e. ......1515
Gum, kauritons9,154..522,486..522,486
Haberdashery ......558558
   Buttons ......1010
   Sewing-cottons ......7474
   Unenumerated ......5555
Haircwt.996..6,930..6,930
Hardware, holloware, and ironmongery ....3662,9523,318
Hats and capsdoz.84198141304445
Hatters' materials ....3891,4631,852
Hay and strawtons25..100..100
Hemptons..1..3131
HidesNo.184,467..143,682..143,682
Honeylb.35,823..643..643
Hopscwt.4,3792618,06918618,255
Horns and hoofstons276..1,666..1,666
Hosiery ....9806941,674
Indiarubber goods ....84602686
Ink—      
   Printinglb...572..3939
   Writing ......1616
Instruments, musical—      
   HarmoniumsNo...4..115115
   PianofortesNo...24..1,0551,055
   UnenumeratedNo.....3717720
Instruments—      
   Optical ......5555
   Scientific ......6868
   Surgical and dental ....51,1641,169
   Surveying ......179179
Iron and steel—      
   Bar, bolt, and rodtons..225298303
   Castings forships....4..4
   Galvanised manufactures ....27211283
Hooptons..2..1616
Hoop, galvanisedcwt.40..2222 
Sheet and platetons..2..1616
Sheet, galvanised, corrugatedcwt...2,014..1,9681,968
Sheet, galvanised, plaincwt...173..182182
Tanks, 400 galls.No.1653194197
Tanks, 200 galls.No...33..7171
Wire, fencing, barbedtons..20..265265
Wire, fencing, plaintons..7..7575
   Wire, telegraphies and telephonictons..6..9090
   Wire netting ......252252
   Wire, n.o.e. ......55
   Unenumeratedtons164132820348
Jams, jellies, and preserveslb.47,2357,272730143873
Jellies, concentratedlb...1,847..7979
Jewellery ....118386504
Jewellers' sweepings ....370..370
Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick ......333333
Lardcwt.3..8..8
Lead—      
   Pigs and barscwt...2 3030
   Sheetcwt...37..3939
Leathercwt.6,4741144,33941544,754
Manufactures, n.o.e. ....166480
Limebush.354..19..19
Linen piece-goods ......660660
Linseedcentals1,036..570..570
Machinery—      
   Agricultural ....3,3291,8255,154
   Ploughs and harrows ....4041,4971,901
   Dairying ....2601,4441,704
   Dredging ....12,990..12,990
   Boilers forNo.1..100..100
   Electric ....261,2051,231
   Engines, steamNo...1..190190
   Engines, gas and oilNo...37..1,4691,469
   Flour-milling ....30371401
   Gas-making ......248248
   Mining ....6,6914157,106
   Printing ......459459
   Refrigerating ......2020
   Sewing and knittingNo...308..1,2391,239
   Woollen-milling ....101828
   Unenumerated ....6514,1244,775
   Materials for, and parts of ......4343
Manures—      
   Bonedusttons..1..33
   Unenumeratedtons153511970
Marble, dressed and polished ....373067
Matches and vestas, grossboxes..600..4040
   Woodenboxes..7,010..492492
Mats and matting ....13123154
Meal, oatencentals210..114..114
Meats—      
   Beef, frozencwt.252,617..297,444..297,444
   Beef, saltedcwt.7,987..9,269..9,269
   Kidneys, frozencwt.8,270..14,751..14,751
   Lamb, frozencarcases12,434,4431,298,729..1,298,729 
 = cwt.756,234    
   Mutton, frozencarcases1,781,114..1,140,882..1,140,882
 = cwt.887,120    
   Mutton (joints), frozencwt.31,650..42,655..42,655
   Poultry, frozenpairs9,118..1,831..1,831
   Pork, frozencwt.5,180..11,475..11,475
   Pork, saltedcwt.27..66..66
   Veal, frozencwt.2,195..2,394..2,394
   Other kinds, frozencwt.9,568..12,407..12,407
   Rabbits, frozen in the skinsNo.2,517,60054,210..54,210 
 = cwt.72,286    
   Hares, frozen in the skinsNo.4,993..253..253
 = cwt.387    
   Potted and preservedcwt.40,192494,482994,491
   Extractlb.28,921..4,156..4,156
   Unenumeratedcwt.102..253..253
Medicines, patent and proprietary ....2793120
Metal manufactures—      
   Unenumerated ....1,6517,0438,694
   TypewritersNo...56..858858
   AnchorsNo...12..3434
   Weighbridges ....6554119
Metal, oldcwt.22,984..4,660..4,660
Milk, preservedlb.484,49354,31910,4201,10111,521
Millinery ....6535100
   Feathers, ornamental ....151317468
Minerals—      
   Auriferous oretons1,186..13,940..13,940
   Manganese-oretons16..40..40
   Scheelite-oretons55..3,407..3,407
   Unenumeratedtons56..1,0741,074 
Mustard ..336..1212
Nails, ironcwt...601..529529
Naphthagalls...149..3131
Nuts—      
   Almonds, in shelllb...900..2929
   CocoanutsNo...1,500..66
   Unenumeratedlb.3,6305,65210570175
OarsNo.1211223335
Oils—      
   Castor, bulkgalls...257..4242
   Cod-livergalls...5..11
   Colzagalls...773..118118
   Cocoanutgalls...3,587..432432
   Fish, penguin, and sealgalls...1,765..116116
   Linseedgalls...1,958..271271
   Kerosenegalls...126,645..5,9335,933
   Mineral, other kindsgalls.22512,31910653663
   Neatsfootgalls.832..137..137
   Olive, bottledgalls...10..66
   Whalegalls.7,787..509..509
   Unenumeratedgalls.115,8883476479
Oilmen's stores ....11729740
Onionscwt.5,8336702,5872502,837
Oystersdoz.326,655..2,728..2,728
Paints and colours—      
   Ground in oilcwt...374..461461
   Mixed, ready for usecwt.393395361,2411,777
   Unenumeratedcwt.80140141
Paper—      
   Bagscwt.795..677..677
   Printingcwt...259..230230
   Feltingcwt.32..42..42
   Wrappingcwt.35354288120408
   Writingcwt...26..5454
   Unenumeratedcwt...4..77
Peel, candied and driedlb.120..2..2
Perfumery—      
   Perfumed spiritsgalls...25..5454
   Unenumerated ......4545
Phormiumtons27,779..776,106..776,106
   Towtons5,520..36,606..36,606
Photographicgoods....48499547
   Cameras ......9191
   Sensitised surfaces ......257257
Picklesgalls.32186511
Pictures ....2,4371,7134,150
Picture frames and mounts ....268
Pitchcwt.2441398538123
Plants and shrubs ....6465651
Plate and platedware ......1,9521,952
Pollard and sharpstons215..785..785
Portmanteaux ......1313
Potatoestons128911,5327932,325
Printing materials—      
   Stereotypes and matrices ....30..30
   Type and materials, n.o.e. ....1742,5942,768
Provisions, n.o.e. ....1,659661,725
   Dessicated egglb...565..6060
Pumps ....116663779
Ragscwt.94658686874
Ricecwt...1,317..1,1031,103
Rice-flourcwt..2..33
Rugs ....4,175444,219
Saddlery (harness) ....589108697
Salttons..4..1717
Sashes, windowpairs1,059..548..548
Saucesgalls.15327433157190
Sausage-skinscwt.13,2823458,53719158,728
Seeds—      
   Grass and clovercwt.50,63821189,02240889,430
   Unenumerated ....1,4342791,713
Shaletons60..200..200
Shells, pearlcwt...186..1,2251,225
Ship-chandlery ....107310417
Silk piece-goods ......1,0671,067
Silveroz.1,390,536..143,572..143,572
Skins—      
   Calf and other kindsNo.102,243..19,520..19,520
   RabbitNo.5,454,738 50,686 50,686
 = lb.782,938    
   Sheep, with woolNo.716,011..194,605..194,605
 = lb.5,464,639    
   Sheep, without woolNo4,835,21728486,0252486,027
 = lb.14,364,350224   
Soap—      
   Commoncwt.7,087..6,236..6,236
   Unenumerated ....36187223
Specie—      
   Gold ......84,68084,680
   Silver ......17,97717,977
Specimens illustrative of natural science ....302..302
Spirits—      
   Bitters, cordials, &c.galls...43..5555
   Brandygalls...485..317317
   Gin and genevagalls...1,564..602602
   Methylatedgalls...25..44
   Rumgalls...239..4242
   Rum, sweetenedgalls...58..2323
   Whiskygalls...6,418..2,2262,226
   Unenumeratedgalls...493..8585
   Starchlb.7282,348105767
Stationery ....1,8281,4153,243
   Bookbinders' materials ......381381
   Teaching apparatus ....195473.
   Unenumerated ....73369442
Stone—      
   Buildingtons20..15..15
   Wrought ....46955
   Pumicetons1,137..2,673..2,673
   Greenstonecwt.107..432..432
Sugar—      
   Molasses and treaclecwt.26..24..24
   Refinedlb.879,42889,8656,3589027,260
Tallowtons17,397..407,524..407,524
   Mutton stock, oleomargarinetons1,523..47,502..47,502
Tanning materials, crude barktons51..582..582
Tar ....3811
Tarpaulins and tents ....232750
Tealb...71,103..3,3233,323
Textile piece-goods ....101,5851,595
Timber—      
   Logs, hewn sup.ft.315,288..963..963
   Sawn, undressed sup.ft.74,196,059..294,421..294,421
   Sawn, dressedsup. ft1,017,552..9,557..9,557
   Unenumerated ....1,9961502,146
Tin—      
   Blockcwt...124..1212
   Foillb...112..44
   Scrapcwt.966..107..107
   Sheetcwt..230..267267
Tinware ....214140354
Tobacco—      
   Manufacturedlb...46,879..4,1264,126
   Unmanufacturedlb...1,872..8282
   Cigarslb.1131,41160617677
   Cigaretteslb...4,748..1,5331,533
Tobacco pipes and cases ......212212
Tools—      
   Engineers' machine tools ......365365
Unenumerated ....134481615
Turpentinegalls...88..1616
Twinecwt.1,18722,02572,032
   Nets and Netting ......6464
   Reaper-and-bindercwt.2,358..4,428..4,428
Umbrellas and parasols ......4646
Varnish and gold-sizegalls.4048812223235
Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved ....333190523
   Vinegargalls...54..99
WatchesNo...857..741741
Wax—      
   Paraffinelb...5,442..7474
   Unenumeratedlb...140..44
Wine—      
   Australiangalls...236..116116
   Sparklinggalls.149221,0161,018
   Other kindsgalls.46213355358
Woodenware ....1,5641711,735
   Mouldings ....1124116
Wool—      
   Greasylb.126,974,858..5,308,415..5,308,415
   Scouredlb.11,065,682..646,579..646,579
   Slipedlb.15,049,470..752,639..752,639
   Washedlb.1,294,558..58,022..58,022
Woolpacksdoz...29..1616
Woollen piece-goods ....2,6832,5805,263
Woollen blanketspairs511..458..458
Yarns ....375693
Zinc—      
   Speltercwt.2,870472,433422,475
   Manufactures ......22
Goods—      
   Manufactured ....6376031,240
   Unmanufactured ....1,3362631,599
Parcels-post ....21,540..21,540

A table is appended giving details of goods forwarded in the year 1906 to the Cook and other Pacific Islands annexed to New Zealand in 1901. These do not appear as exports from the colony, being merely part of the internal trade or transactions between one portion of what is now New Zealand and another.

Articles.Quantities.Value.
  £
Apparel and slops n.o.e...1,084
Bags and sacks1,705 doz.441
Biscuits1,968 cwt.1,719
Boots and shoes147 doz. pairs520
Butter71 cwt.388
Cement1,128 barrels480
Coal4,439 tons2,289
Cordage68 cwt.155
Cotton piece-goods..2,101
Drapery..2,384
Drugs and druggists' sundries..120
Fancy goods and toys..176
Fish, preserved..419
Flour114 tons1,048
Furniture and upholstery..153
Hardware, holloware, and ironmongery..799
Hosiery..223
Iron and steel..1,399
Machinery..286
Matches1,425 gross boxes149
Meats, salted and preserved1,770 cwt.3,768
Metal manufactures..155
Milk, preserved8,554 lbs.201
Millinery..350
Nails, iron556 cwt.515
Oils11,780 galls.667
Oilmen's stores..310
Paper97 cwt.164
Perfumery..112
Potatoes13 tons157
Provisions, unenumerated..217
Rice664 cwt.522
Rugs..268
Ship-chandlery..242
Silks..576
Soap, common894 cwt.656
Specie..925
Spirits371 galls.182
Sugar, refined1,438 cwt.1,213
Tea2,728 lbs.174
Timber..4,374
Tobacco..497
Woollen piece-goods..162
Miscellaneous..2,712
      Total value of goods shipped to the Islands..£35,452

Of the above, goods to the value of £35,290 were forwarded from Auckland, £24 from Napier, £1 from Wellington, and £137 from Dunedin.

Particulars of goods cleared outwards from these annexed islands in 1906 will be found in Section IX, p. 308.

TOTAL VALUE OF TRADE.

The value of the total trade of New Zealand advanced from £13,431,804 in the year 1886, to £33,306,540 in 1906. But of these amounts some portion was coin. Excluding the specie, the figures for 1886 are £12,853,736, and for 1906 £32,295,650.

Year.Total Trade.Imports.Exports.Imports (excluding Specie).Exports (excluding Specie).Excess of Exports over Imports (excluding Specie).
 ££££££
1,88613,431,8046,759,0136,672,7916,319,2236,534,513215,290
1,88713,111,6846,245,5156,866,1696,064,2816,680,772616,491
1,88813,709,2255,941,9007,767,3255,430,0507,403,2061,972,156
1,88915,650,7276,308,8639,341,8645,980,5839,183,9543,203,371
1,89016,072,2456,260,5259,811,7205,928,8959,569,3163,640,421
1,89116,070,2466,503,8499,566,3976,431,1019,560,8593,129,758
1,89216,477,9076,943,0569,534,8516,742,5449,490,9202,748,376
1,89315,896,8796,911,5158,985,3646,494,2798,680,8452,186,566
1,89416,019,0676,788,0209,231,0475,990,1779,221,5503,231,373
1,89514,950,3536,400,1298,550,2246,115,9538,518,1192,402,166
1,89616,458,4257,137,3209,321,1057,035,3799,299,9072,264,528
1,89718,072,2168,055,22310,016,9937,994,2019,741,2221,747,021
1,89818,748,5558,230,60010,517,9558,211,40910,449,8382,238,429
1,89920,677,9688,739,63311,938,3358,613,65611,923,4223,309,766
1,90023,892,25710,646,09613,246,16110,207,32613,223,2583,015,932
1,90124,699,33911,817,91512,881,42411,353,41612,869,8101,516,394
1,90224,971,70011,326,72313,644,97710,958,03813,635,4592,677,421
1,90327,799,05312,788,67515,010,37812,075,95914,971,9262,895,967
1,90428,040,04213,291,69414,748,34812,900,03014,738,7501,838,720
1,90528,484,80412,828,85715,655,94712,481,17815,642,0693,160,891
1,90633,306,54015,211,40318,095,13714,303,17017,992,4803,689,310

The trade for these years has been selected for exhibition in tabular form because during each of the series there was an excess of exports over imports, whereas previously the reverse obtained, and the colony was purchasing to an extent not covered by the value of the export. During the last twenty-one years the excess of exports over imports, excluding money sent to and from the colony, amounted to a total sum of £51,700,347.

How different the foregoing conditions were from those previously obtaining will be seen by observing the balance of trade for the years 1881 to 1885, inclusive:—

Year.Excess of Imports over Exports.
 £
1,8811,406,898
1,8821,948,485
1,883761,938
1,884235,981
1,885539,239

The gradually declining excess of imports turned in 1886 and 1887 to a small excess of exports, but subsequently the excess of exports was very great, and attained the sum of £3,689,310 in the year 1906.

Again considering the results for the twenty-one years, 1886–1906, during which the balance was in favour of the exports, the external trade is shown for each year per head of population, the calculations being made exclusive as well as inclusive of specie, for the purpose of arriving at exact conclusions as regard trade in goods. In the year 1894 the imported money amounted to a sum of £797,843, in 1903 to £712,716, and in 1906 to 908,233, making a substantial difference in the rates.

Excluding specie, the trade per head of population increased from £22 1s. 7d. in 1886, to 36 1s. 2d. in 1906: imports from £10 17s. 1d. to £15 19s. 5d., and exports from £11 4s. 6d. to £20 1s. 9d.

Year.Including Specie.Excluding Specie.
Total Trade per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Imports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Exports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Total Trade per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Imports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Exports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
1,88623151112211932217101711146
1,88721198109511103217510341141
1,888221211916412467214081951247
1,88925911105615452415991561503
1,8902513101002151382419491101584
1,891251041066153102571010431537
1,892251321016314161125561091114157
1,893240910901311922181191651326
1,894231199191113111022711816513116
1,89521111094101270212881681260
1,8962358101111339232291911331
1,8972501111331317824117111713100
1,89825931137145825611113114310
1,8992711511131151842778119815180
1,9003159131810176113013813741764
1,9013115015310161123129141111161010
1,9023160143111721301661314817110
1,903331710151110186032196141451851
1,904333815147179132142155417810
1,90532141014141117191132661461117197
1,90637391619820413612151952019

The highest record of trade (excluding specie) was that for 1874, when the rate per head was £41 4s. 5d., the imports, in consequence of the large expenditure of borrowed money, amounting at that time to 24 17s. per head, against 15 19s. 5d. in 1906.

It has been customary to leave out the Maoris in estimating the sum per head, for their industries and necessities swell the volume of trade in comparatively so slight a measure that the amount per head of European population can be more truly ascertained by omitting them altogether.

Trade with Different Countries, States, or Colonies.

The trade with the United Kingdom in 1906 amounted to 23,050,405, comprising 69.21 per cent. of the total.

With the States of the Australian Commonwealth trade was done during 1906 to the value of £5,657,834, of which New South Wales claimed £3,362,950, and Victoria 2,069,963, made up as follows:—

EXPORTS FROM NEW ZEALAND.
 £
To New South Wales, 19061,900,022
To Victoria, 1906891,443
IMPORTS INTO NEW ZEALAND.
From New South Wales, 19061,462,928
From Victoria, 19061,178,520

The latter amounts in each case represent the declared values of the imports into New Zealand from the States mentioned, not their export value as given in the New South Wales and Victorian returns.

Included in the exports to New Zealand from New South Wales is coal to the quantity of 206,939 tons, valued at £194,612.

The imports from the United States in 1906 show a decrease when compared with the previous year's figures, and the exports an increase. Details of articles imported will be found on page 334.

The articles of exported New Zealand products for 1906 were:—

EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
  £
Gum (kauri),value261,315
Woolvalue166,410
Sheep-skins and peltsvalue88,584
Phormium fibrevalue76,905
Sausage-skinsvalue32,657
Hidesvalue3,678
Grass-seedvalue2,227
Cementvalue1,550
Coalvalue1,357
Onionsvalue1,075
Tallowvalue1,058
Towvalue760
Buttervalue321
Goldvalue248

The following table shows the value of the total trade with the United States for each of the past ten years, 1897 to 1906 inclusive, during which period the trade has increased considerably. But the increase is mostly on the side of the imports from those States, and especially from the Atlantic ports, from which there is a far greater output to New Zealand than from the Pacific side.

TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES.
Year.Imports fromExports toTotal Trade.
Atlantic Ports.Pacific Ports.Atlantic Ports.Pacific Ports.
 £££££
1,897521,939106,105252,013123,0831,003,140
1,898700,55599,856337,059286,0741,423,544
1,899687,90687,403387,61445,88511,208,808
1,900958,286103,587424,31434,4821,520,669
1,9011,174,745240,515332,175186,9041,934,339
1,9021,146,575172,362447,62342,3411,808,901
1,9031,239,535201,823563,885105,7642,111,007
1,9041,309,302218,613542,47056,4512,126,836
1,9051,213,204225,297641,37174,9302,154,802
1,9061,168,271237,510569,68273,1102,048,573

The development in the decennial period is at the rate of £104 per cent., or an increase in value of £1,045,433.

Figures showing ten years' trade with Germany exhibit advancing imports, reaching for the year 1906 to the substantial sum of £336,960. Details of articles imported from Germany will be found on page 336.

TRADE WITH GERMANY.
Year.Imports from.Exports to.Total Trade.
 £££
1,897157,0665,468162,534
1,898153,10217,244170,346
1,899160,60528,027188,632
1,900182,07424,186206,260
1,901198,52110,470208,991
1,902210,5609,389219,949
1,903274,29717,584291,881
1,904308,80423,931332,735
1,905277,46738,958316,425
1,906330,96054,952391,912

The principal articles of New Zealand produce exported to Germany in the year 1906 were:—

 £
Woo30,979
Gum (kauri)21,065
Scheelite-ore2,416
Hides158

The trade with India and Ceylon reached a total of £557,495, against £489,992 in 1905. The imports—tea, rice, castor-oil, wool-packs, &c.—were reckoned at £495,475, leaving a balance of £62,020 for exports.

TRADE WITH JAPAN.

With Japan this colony does a trade which shows great expansion during the past ten years, as illustrated by figures given below, the total value of imports having increased from £30,155 in 1897 to £99,653 in 19 6:—

 18971900.1902.1904.906.
Goods admitted—£££££
   a.) Free of duty93110,70320,21535,71040,656
   (b.) Subject to duty29,22432,70135,87248,91958,997
 30,15543,40456,08784,62999,653

The value of exports to Japan has also increased, but the total is insignificant:—

Year.Value of Exports.
 £
1,897134
1,9005,007
1,9023,780
1,9041,319
1,9064,698

The principal articles, with their values, imported during 1906, were:—

Principal ArticlesValue.
Free of Duty.Subject to Duty.
Apparel and slops..2,645
Basketware and wickerware..1,455
Brushware and brooms..1,070
Canes and rattans516..
China, porcelain, and parianware..1,210
Drapery..2,835
Earthenware..723
Fancy goods and toys..6,650
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery632,011
Hats and caps and hatters' materials251441
Manures26,050..
Mats and matting..2,001
Plants, trees, and shrubs514..
Rice8,685..
Rugs..1,319
Silks. &c...33,368
Stationery810152
Sulphur2,763..
Textile piece-goods, articles made up from..1,274

The value of the South African trade from 1897 to 1906 is as follows:—

Year.Imports from.Exports to.Total Trade.
 £££
1,897876,7956,882
1,898722,7662,838
1,89921590,18790,402
1,900502405,419405,921
1,901386825,476825,862
1,902997754,059755,056
1,903299455,187455,486
1,904804154,398155,202
1,905559176,937177,496
1,90639488,67489,068

TRADE OF AUSTRALASIA.

The following table gives the value of the imports and exports of the different States comprising what is now the Commonwealth of Australia and the Colony of New Zealand for the year 1905. The Australian figures in each case include the value of interstate trade:—

State or Colony.Total Value ofExcess of Exports over Imports.
Imports.Exports.
 £££
Queensland6,699,34511,875,6485,176,303
New South Wales29,424,00836,757,0027,332,994
Victoria22,337,88622,758,828420,942
South Australia (including Northern Territory)8,439,6099,490,6671,051,058
Western Australia6,481,3099,871,2193,389,910
Tasmania2,651,7543,711,6161,059,862
New Zealand12,828,85715,655,9472,827,090

In the preceding table is given the total trade inwards and outwards of each State and colony, counting twice over the value of goods produced in one State or colony and carried thence into another, and reckoning the same goods three times where they are imported from without into one State or colony and re-exported thence in the same year into another. But, in order to form a just idea of the trade of Australasia as a whole, it is necessary to eliminate the inter-State traffic altogether. Prom the following table the value of imports and exports exchanged between the various States has accordingly been excluded:—

EXTERNAL TRADE OF AUSTRALASIA.
Year.Total Trade.Imports.Exports.Excess of Imports.Exports of Exports.
 £££££
1,88572,220,44441,136,03831,084,40610,051,632..
1,89075,143,81838,451,16036,692,6581,758,502..
1,89184,565,77841,325,03343,240,745..1,915,712
1,89275,325,93334,529,50140,796,432..6,266,931
1,89367,788,73827,925,99039,862,748..11,936,758
1,89465,192,20226,063,63039,128,572..13,064,942
1,89567,624,31727,425,72540,198,592..12,772,867
1,89674,511,26234,420,59640,090,666..5,670,070
1,89783,569,56837,862,74145,706,827..7,844,086
1,89885,600,44237,310,58348,289,859..10,979,276
1,89997,637,19439,990,12657,647,071..17,656,948
1,900104,298,71748,351,93355,946,784..7,594,851
1,901109,651,26750,506,80259,144,465..8,637,663
1,902101,019,34747,539,70953,479,638..5,939,929
1,903105,339,39246,142,24059,197,152..13,054,912
1,904118,831,73048,411,90070,419,830..22,007,930
1,905119,561,88249,359,87170,202,011..20,842,140

It will be observed that in the year 1885 the excess of imports over exports for Australasia amounted to no less a sum than £10,051,632, and that five years later the excess of imports had fallen to £1,758,502. In 1891 the position was completely reversed, the exports exceeding the imports by £1,915,712. This excess increased to £6,266,931 in the following year (1892), and to 13,064,942 in 1894, but decreased to £12,772,867 in 1895, to £5,670,070 in 1896. It was £7,844,086 in 1897, £10,979,276 in 1898, and in 1899 the excess of exports over imports amounted to £17,656,948. In 1900 there was a falling-off in the value of exports, and the excess amounted to only £7,594,851, but in 1901 the balance in favour of exports was £8,637,663. Both imports and exports declined during 1902, and the excess of exports over imports was only £5,939,929. In 1903 the value of imports shows a decrease of over a million and a quarter, while the exports exceeded those of the previous year by nearly five millions and three-quarters, the value of the excess of the latter being more than thirteen millions sterling. In 1904 the total imports show an increase of over two millions and a quarter, and the exports of over eleven millions and a quarter, the excess of the latter over the former being twenty-two millions sterling, the highest figure yet shown. In 1905 there was an increase in the value of the imports of close upon nine hundred and fifty thousand pounds, and in the value of exports a decline to the amount of two hundred and seventeen thousand eight hundred and nineteen pounds, while the excess of exports stood at nearly twenty-one millions. But the export of coin (included) was greater from Victoria in 1904 than in 1906 by two millions three hundred and ninety-nine thousand pounds, which accounts for the decrease in the total value of all exports.

The trade per head of the population in each of the States of the Australian Commonwealth and “New Zealand in 1905 was:—

TRADE PER HEAD OF THE POPULATION IN 1905.
State or Colony.Mean Population.Imports.Exports.Total Trade.
  £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Queensland525,728121410221193567
New South Wales1,478,600191802417244152
Victoria1,212,51718851815537310
South Australia374,742221052566471611
Western Australia250,2072518139906571
Tasmania179,2591415102014135911
New Zealand870,000141411171911321410

But the values of the exports of the Australian States, more especially New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, are largely increased by the inclusion of articles the produce or manufacture of other States, colonies, and countries.

The value of home productions or manufactures exported from each State or colony in 1905, and the rate per head of mean population, were as follow:—

State or Colony.Home Produce exported.Per Head of Population.
 ££s.d.
Queensland11,621,0872221
New South Wales28,039,66618193
Victoria14,276,96111156
South Australia6,031,61916111
Western Australia9,738,78338186
Tasmania3,581,61619197
New Zealand15,503,53017165

The next table sets forth the amount of the trade of each of the above-named States and colony-with the United Kingdom in 1905:—

State or ColonyImports from the United Kingdom.Exports to the United Kingdom.Total Trade with the United Kingdom.
 £££
Queensland2,102,4501,871,5333,973,983
New South Wales8,602,28810,222,42218,824,710
Victoria7,472,4897,472,46214,944,951
South Australia2,633,3592,555,1184,588,477
Western Australia2,278,9334,210,2016,489,134
Tasmania586,992375,604962,596
New Zealand7,795,28412,087,81819,883,102

The statement appended shows the relative importance of Australasia as a market for the productions of the United Kingdom:—

EXPORTS OF HOME PRODUCTIONS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM, IN 1905, TO—

 £
British India and Ceylon44,364,857
Germany29,704,449
United States23,915,918
Australasia23,416,802
Cape of Good Hope and Natal16,360,319
France16,142,890
China13,136,648
Argentine Republic13,002,611
Dominion of Canada11,909,244
Belgium10,050,009
Japan9,661,896
Holland9,683,829
Italy8,892,876
Sweden and Norway8,535,807
Russia8,169,454
Egypt7,848,948
Turkey6,691,570
Brazil6,618,181
Chili4,461,521
Spain4,245,843
Denmark, Iceland, and Greenland4,129,304
Hong Kong3,716,937
Java, &c.3,535,851
Straits Settlements3,264,198
West India Islands and Guiana2,638,831
Portuguese East Africa2,502,531
Portugal2,247,801
Philippine Islands2,130,850
Uruguay2,020,312

The exports to other countries did not amount to £2,000,000 in any one case.

Australasia as a whole, with a population of about £5,100,000, thus takes the fourth place in importance for consumption of British produce, the exports thereto being more than half the value of similar exports to British India, with its £300,000,000 inhabitants.

Chapter 43. SECTION XI.—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.

SHIPPING.

THE shipping entered inwards during 1906 comprised 629 vessels, of 1,243,652 tonnage; while entered outwards were 631 vessels, of 1,238,214 tonnage. Comparison with the figures for the previous year shows in the entries an increase of 2 vessels and of 104,242 tons, and in the clearances au increase of 4 vessels and of 96,662 tons. Of the vessels inwards, 152, of 548,142 tons, were British; 408, of 542,271 tons, colonial; and 69, of 153,239 tons, foreign. Those outwards numbered 149, of 538,494 tons, British; 413, of 545,026 tons, colonial; and 69, of 154,694 tons, foreign. Compared with the figures for 1905 there was an increase of 22 vessels and of 85,291 tons in British vessels entered, a decrease in the colonial shipping entered of 15 vessels, but an increase of 41,804 tons. Foreign shipping shows a decrease of 5 in the number of vessels and of 22,853 tons entered. Of the entries in 1906, 198, of 95,054 tons, were sailing-vessels, and 431, of 1,148,598 tons, steamers. Of the clearances, 206, of 99,341 tons, were sailing - vessels, and 425, of 1,138,873 tons, steamers. The shipping inwards and outwards for eleven years is given in the table following:—

VESSELS ENTERED, 1896–1906.
Year.Total Number.British.Colonial.Foreign.
Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.
1,896589614,09719,857126249,6015,495395300,17612,2106864,3202,152
1,897600686,89921,542133276,0206,086395340,79313,1387270,0862,318
1,898620765,25524,081152329,0657,910399369,84013,8976966,3502,274
1,899609811,18323,929149350,8616,986388392,67114,6667267,6512,277
1,900616854,63223,791156392,3947,183393392,51914,1356769,7192,473
1,9016881,063,27429,724175448,6887,713441461,72916,063722,8575,948
1,9026381,089,17930,264172496,2038,871395429,46715,30517163,5096,088
1,9036171,102,06430,600145455,7417,799403478,41916,49769167,8046,304
1,9046291,154,56931,478149495,6678,548410496,42716,90170162,4756,029
1,9056271,139,41031,429130462,6518,005423500,46717,18774176,0926,237
1,9066291,243,65232,528152548,1429,212408542,27118,04269153,2395,274
VESSELS ENTERED, 1896–1906.
Year.Total Number.British.Colonial.Foreign.
Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.Vessels.Tons.Crews.
NOTE.—Coasting-vessels are not included in the above table.
1,896592627,65920,217123259,0645,637402305,92612,4486762,6692,132
1,897587675,33321,409140280,2296,240378327,06812,8816968,0362,288
1,898622765,79324,130150322,1507,898403377,10213,9486966,5412,284
1,899604807,86624,117152355,4427,194379386,21914,6567366,2052,267
1,900613325,27523,481149368,2416,978397388,43614,1536768,5982,350
1,9016911,075,90630,028177462,1797,954441458,99416,10673154,7335,968
1,9026111,048,77029,294152447,3517,983385437,48915,17174163,9306,140
1,9036081,113,16530,660141462,1227,890401485,33716,50366165,7066,267
1,9046201,144,76131,049146487,9618,341403493,27016,65971163,5336,649
1,9056271,141,55231,219130465,1718,039421500,37116,94176176,0106,239
1,9066311,238,21432,237149538,4948,775413545,02618,17369154,6945,289

The noticeable feature in the operations for the period covered by the table is a considerable increase of tonnage inwards and outwards as compared with the numbers of vessels, showing that larger ships are now used than those of eleven years ago.

The figures given apply to the external trade only; but in a new country such as New Zealand, as yet deficient in roads, but having an extensive seaboard and a number of good harbours, the coastal trade must be relatively very large, as is evidenced by the figures next given:—

SHIPPING ENTERED COASTWISE, 1906.
 Number.Tons.
Sailing-vessels4,650306,943
Steamers20,47511,024,818
SHIPPING CLEARED COASTWISE, 1906.
 Number.Tons.
Sailing-vessels4,625295,468
Steamers20,37911,026,354

The total number of vessels entered coastwise was thus 25,125, of 11,331,761 tons, a decrease of 264 vessels, but an increase of 1,002,352 tons on the figures for 1905. The total clearances coastwise were 25,004 vessels, of 11,321,822 tons, a decrease of 376 vessels and an increase of 909,533 tons on the number for the previous year.

REGISTERED VESSELS.

The number and tonnage of the registered vessels belonging to the several ports on the 31st December, 1906 (distinguishing sailing-vessels and steamers), was as under:—

REGISTERED VESSELS, 31ST DECEMBER, 1906.
Ports.Sailing-vessels.Steam-vessels.
VesselsGross Tonnage.Net Tonnage.Vessels.Gross Tonnage.Net Tonnage.
Auckland20418,25717,00712616,9509,787
Napier6550537222,5711,632
Wellington233,6873,520366,8573,604
Nelson11320299131,561868
Lyttelton234,7754,612112,9961,284
Timaru21,6491,5771942488
Dunedin3612,96912,65975103,81263,159
Invercargill121,3051,2447923483
   Totals31743,51241,455291136,61281,305

RAILWAYS.

The history and progress of railways in New Zealand was specially described in the Year-book of 1894, as was also the line partly built by the New Zealand Midland Railway Company. An account of the line belonging to the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company was published in the Year-book for 1895.

In the year 1860 a contract was let for the construction of the first New Zealand railway. Up to the year 1870 there were only 46 miles of railway in operation. In that year the construction of railways came to be part of the public-works policy just then initiated, and the Railways Act of 1870 authorised certain lines to be made and surveys of others. In 1876 the abolition of the provinces placed the earlier-constructed railways in the hands of the General Government. At that time there were 718 miles open for traffic.

The length of Government railways open for traffic on the 31st March, 1907, was 2,458 miles, of which 943 were situated in the North Island and 1,513 in the South Island.

The sections of the North Island lines consist of the Kawakawa, 8 miles; Whangarei, 23; Kaihu, 17; Auckland 393; Gisborne–Karaka, 18 miles; and the Wellington-Napier—New Plymouth, 484 miles. The South Island sections comprise the Hurunui–Bluff, with branches, 1,283 miles; Westland, 124; Westport, 31; Nelson, 43; Picton, 34 miles. The estimated total cost of construction to 31st March, 1907, was £23,504,272 (besides £1,934,296 spent on unopened lines), and the average cost per mile of open line £9,570.

The following statement shows the number of miles of Government railways open, the number of train-miles travelled and of passengers carried, and the tonnage of goods traffic, for the past seventeen years:—

Year.Length open.Train-mileage.Passengers.Season Tickets issued.Goods and Live-stock*
*The equivalent tonnage for live-stock has been given.
     Tons.
1890–911,8422,894,7763,433,62913,8812,134,023
1891–921,8693,010,4893,555,76416,3412,122,987
1892–931,8863,002,1743,759,04416,5042,258,235
1893–941,9483,113,2313,972,70117,2262,128,709
1894–951,9933,221,6203,905,57828,6232,123,343
1895–962,0143,307,2264,162,42636,2332,175,943
1896–972,0183,409,2184,439,38743,0692,461,127
1897–982,0553,666,4834,672,26448,6602,628,746
1898–992,0903,968,7084,955,55355,0272,744,441
1899–19002,1044,187,8935,468,28463,3353,251,716
1900–19012,2124,620,9716,243,59382,9213,461,331
1901–19022,2355,066,3607,356,136100,7783,667,039
1902–19032,2915,443,3337,575,390118,4313,918,261
1903–19042,3285,685,3998,306,383129,9194,259,217
1904–19052,3746,107,0798,514,112140,4534,185,468
1905–19062,4076,413,5738,826,382147,9894,415,166
1906–19072,4586,755,4549,600,786165,5044,824,563
The traffic in local products for the past seventeen years was:—
Year.WoolTimber.Grain.Minerals.Horses and Cattle.Sheep and Pigs.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Number.Number.
1890–9187,701153,078528,683828,07944,9991,313,155
1891–9285,888170,521442,277873,89947,6181,117,253
1892–9396,842169,910523,637884,03146,5901,359,860
1893–94101,340183,192411,191864,53851,5731,394,456
1894–95103,328198,578388,556857,91752,0751,563,213
1895–9699,863213,132374,699878,65950,7661,893,058
1896–9798,958257,825423,8881,032,25247,2562,016,437
1897–98103,055313,073427,4481,048,86854,8712,399,379
1898–9997,396310,266420,0711,147,35366,22612,552,745
1899–1900104,621334,677764,0331,218,69676,5372,559,836
1900–190196,519380,803772,5711,366,24184,2892,463,250
1901–1902101,878427,153813,3451,443,79295,3842,780,019
1902–1903116,309436,008718,3761,604,426115,1983,883,177
1903–1904101,316509,712820,4531,744,323122,0643,826,646
1904–1905107,625493,327732,4801,806,360126,5753,490,752
1905–1906116,086534,533772,2581,938,548136,3193,441,387
1906–1907128,161567,835770,7062,135,446150,8014,776,223

The revenue for the year 1906–7 amounted to £2,624,600; and the total expenditure to £1,812,482. The net revenue — £812,118—was equal to a rate of £3.45 per cent. on the capital cost; the percentage of expenditure to revenue was 69.06. The earnings on some of the lines ranged as high as £10 10s. 10d. per cent.

The particulars of the revenue and expenditure for the past seventeen years are given herewith:—
Year.Passenger fares.Parcels, Luggage, and Mails.Goods and Live-stock.Rents and MiscellaneousTotal.Expenditure.Net RevenuePercentages of Expenditure t, Revenue.Percentages of Revenue to Capital Cost.
NOTE.—For 1835–96 and subsequent years the railways have been credited with the value of services performed for other Government departments, and debited with the value of work done for the railways by other departments.
 £££££££%£s.d.
1890–91353,59338,997690,77938,3321,121,701700,703420,99862.4721811
1891–92364,61741,795671,46937,5501,115,431706,517408,91463.342159
1892–93390,61944,801707,78538,3161,181,521732,141449.38061.97310
1893–94402,01945,206686,46939,0981,172,792735,358437,43462.702179
1894–95385,14943,270686,72638,7061,150,851732,160418,69163.622146
1895–96389,23454,736698,11540,9561,183,041751,368431,67363.512160
1896–97410,16058,084774,16343,7511,286,158789,054497,10461.353310
1897–98433,43060,872837,58944,1171,376,008857,191518,81762.303410
1898–99475,55366,418882,07745,6171,469,665929,737539,92863.263510
1899–00515,02068,488985,72354,6601,623,8911,052,358571,53364.80385
1900–01544–97072,7121,051,69457,8541,727,2361,127,847599,38965.30398
1901–02621,01979,5611,110,57563,4311,874,5861,252,237622,34966.80386
1902–03625,69887,2731,189,10171,9661,974,0381,343,415630,62368.05361
1903–01704–660110,1511,293,16972,6612,180,6411,438,724741,91765.983118
1904–05738,158115,0511,277,97678,0462,209,2311,492,900716,33167.58360
1905–00786,873142,6421,346,03874,1512,349,7041,621,239728,46569.00349
1906–07892,053151,9131,498,68681,9482,624,6001,812,482812,11869.00391

The revenue per (average) mile of railway open during the year was £1,078, and the expenditure £744; equal to 7s. 9d. and 5s. 4 1/4d. per train-mile respectively.

The total number of miles travelled by trains was 6,755,454.

In addition to the above railways, there were 113 miles of private lines open for traffic on the 31st March, 1907—including the Wellington–Manawatu Railway, 84 miles.

The cost of the construction of the Wellington-Manawatu Railway is now shown on the books of the company as £824,830, being at the rate of £9,819 per mile. The term “cost of construction,” as applied to railways, includes value of equipment, rolling-stock, &c., not merely the road-line and buildings. The gross earnings for the twelve months ended the 28th February, 1907, amounted to £144,647, and the working-expenses to £84,196, equivalent to 58.17 per cent. of the gross receipts.

Australasian Railways.

Government railways open for traffic in Australasia :—

RAILWAYS (STATE ONLY).
State or Colony.Year endedAverage Miles open.Train Miles Run.Cost of Construction of Open Lines.Gross Receipts.Working ExpensesPercentage of Net Revenue to Cost.Number of
Locomotives.Vehicles.
Passenger.Goods and Live-stock.

* Includes 7 1/2 miles private lines worked by Government.

† State railways only.

    £££%   
Queensland30 June, 19063,1095,281,61121,741,2201,546,083863,3563.143484657,563
New South Wales30 June, 19063,36711,863,68243,620,0634,234,7912,308,3844.4365571313,010
Victoria30 June, 19063,3949,392,06941,398,0373,787,9272,116,5654.035111,22810,951
South Australia30 June, 19061,8913,905,62814,790,9441,364,662778,2393.963334406,515
Western Australia30 June, 19061,6074,359,6339,965,9401,634,4441,201,7534.343263156,275
Tasmania30 June, 1906*462945,918†3,926,713241,188172,6011.74761841,582
New Zealand31 Mar., 19072,4276,755,45423,504,2722,624,6001,812,4823.4539896614,605

In addition to the Government lines open for traffic in 1904–5, New South Wales had 81 1/2 miles of private railway; South Australia, 34 miles; Western Australia, 627 miles (partly used for timber conveyance); Queensland, 268; Tasmania, 155 1/2 miles, 7 1/2 miles of which are worked by Government; and New Zealand, on 31st March, 1907, 113 miles.

POSTAL AND ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.

There were 1,984 post-offices in New Zealand at the end of 1906. The number of letters, letter-cards, post-cards, books, and pattern-packets, newspapers, and parcels dealt with during the year, compared with the number handled in 1905, was as under:—

Total Number dealt with
 1905.1906.Increase.
Letters69,664,94177,402,1977,737,256
Letter-cards1,451,3201,682,369231,049
Post-cards3,651,0275,792,8082,141,781
Books and pattern-packets23,707,90123,894,209186,308
Newspapers23,626,36223,716,43190,069
Parcels392,017448,17156,154

The average number of letters, &c., posted per head of the population in each of the past six years was,—

 1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Letters and letter-cards63.4968.0770.3873.4076.0982.13
Post-cards1.881.551.682.433.385.71
Books and parcels21.0921.4521.8021.6224.9023.97
Newspapers17.8116.7917.2018.2319.8719.04

The facilities afforded for the transmission of parcels through the Post Office to places within and without the colony have proved of much convenience to the public. The regulations admit of parcels up to 11 lb. in weight being sent to almost all the important countries of the world.

The following table shows the number of parcels exchanged with the United Kingdom, the Australian States, &c., in 1905 and 1906:—

Country.Number of Parcels.
Received.Despatched.
 1905.1906.1905.1906.
United Kingdom and foreign countries viã50,77765,8068,7789,574
United States6,0836,7571,5151,384
Vancouver413491293255
Victoria7,0587,7393,0673,200
New South Wales10,73411,5064,3304,925
South Australia443494435521
Queensland641706894742
Tasmania358442630748
Western Australia313357526587
Samoa2012239205
Fiji9387297359
Ceylon340283100123
Uruguay....2964
Cape Colony357416233150
Natal8585278306
India685781225236
      Totals78,40095,96221,86923,379

The declared value of the parcels received from places outside the colony was £219,108, on which the Customs duty amounted to £15,074 6s. 9d.

The number and weight of parcels dealt with from 1898 to 1906 are given. The word “parcels” in the first-named table includes the parcels herein mentioned:—

1893.1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Parcels, No.204,603223,350233,456273,442291,670327,629357,504392,017448,171
Weight, lb.698,301765,836794,994928,2371,034,3421,161,5841,279,7071,386,7231,638,231

Money-orders and Postal Notes.

The number of offices open for the transaction of money-order business at the end of 1906 was 559.

During 1906, 439,020 money-orders, for a total sum of £1,686,231 1s. 11d., were issued at the various post-offices in the colony. The money-orders from places beyond New Zealand and payable in the colony numbered 30,821, for the amount of £125,551 13s.

The number of offices open for the sale of postal notes at the end of 1906–7 was 688: 981,642 postal notes were sold, value, £314,053 6s. Commission amounted to £6,729 15s. 11d.

The notes paid numbered 975,898, value £312,411 9s. 6d.

Mail-services.

The cost of the various mail-services between England and New Zealand was, in 1906, as follows :—

SAN FRANCISCO SERVICE.1906.
Payments—£s.d.
   Subsidies, &c.23,66252
   Interprovincial and other charges4,319125
 £27,981177
Receipts—   
   Contributions from Fiji38182
   Postages collected in the colony14,388162
 £14,427144
      Loss to the colony£13,55433
PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL AND ORIENT LINES SERVICES.
Payments—£s.d.
   To P. and O. and Orient Lines2,157137
   Transit across Australia19889
   Transit across European Continent701167
   Intercolonial services2,97770
 £6,035511
Receipts—   
   Postages collected from England and from foreign offices1,96035
   Postages collected in the colony3,90665
 £5,866910
   Loss to the colony£168161

The total amount of postages collected and contributions received for these services in 1906 was £20,294 4s. 2d.

The average number of days in 1906 within which the mails were delivered between London and each of the undermentioned ports in New Zealand was:—

 San Francisco Service.P. and O. Line.Orient Line.
London to —   
   Auckland33.4736.9237.54
   Wellington34.9338.3139.15
   Dunedin35.9338.9239.00
   Bluff36.6838.4238.50

Electric Telegraph.

The first Government telegraph-lines in New Zealand were constructed by the provincial authorities.

The Canterbury Provincial Government opened a line between Christchurch and Lyttelton in the beginning of the year 1863. On the 12th February, 1864, the Southland Provincial Government opened a line between Invercargill and the Bluff. The General Government subsequently acquired both the above-named lines, and further established communication by wire between Dunedin and Invercargill, also Dunedin and Christchurch, on the 25th May, 1865.

Messrs. Driver and McLean, merchants, of Dunedin, erected a private line between Dunedin and Port Chalmers, which was opened to the public in 1861, and acquired by the General Government some time after the opening of through communication between Lyttelton, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Bluff, referred to above.

There were 8,953 miles of telegraph-line open at the end of March, 1907, carrying 27,031 miles of wire. 6,396,332 telegrams were transmitted during the year; of these, the private and Press messages numbered 6,160,080, which, together with telephone exchange and other telegraph receipts, yielded a revenue of £307,520 15s. 11d.

There were twenty-nine central exchanges and seventy-six sub-exchanges on the 31st March, 1907. The number of connections increased from 15,333 in March, 1906, to 17,403 in March, 1907. The subscriptions to these exchanges during the financial year amounted to £100,814 0s. 3d.

The capital expended on the equipment, &c., of the several telephone exchanges up to the 31st March, 1907, was £420,088 12s. 1d.

Pacific Cable.

The cable, opened for traffic between New Zealand and Australia and Fiji on the 9th April, 1902, was completed to Bamfield, Vancouver Island, on the 31st October following, and opened for international business on the 8th December, 1902.

The route is from Doubtless Bay, New Zealand, to Vancouver, Canada, viã Norfolk Island, Fiji, and Fanning Island. The Australian connection is at Norfolk Island. The deep-sea portion of the Vancouver-Fanning Island cable is stated to be the longest in the world. Following the opening of the cable a much faster service between the colony, America, and Europe has resulted.

Chapter 44. SECTION XII. — OCCUPATION OF LAND AND LIVE-STOCK.

THE occupation of land must not be confused with ownership,* because there are large parcels of lands held which are unused and unoccupied. Neither can lands occupied be properly compared with the returns of Crown lands alienated or in process of alienation, for certain lands have passed into the hands of Europeans which were never made waste lands of the Crown.

*The latest information in reference to ownership of land which is available gives figures up to the 31st March, 1902. It is contained in Parliamentary Return B.–20 of that year, and states the total number of owners of land (town and country holdings of all sizes) to be 115,713 for the colony. The most important figures (showing ownership of productive land) are those of freeholders outside boroughs and town districts, and excluding holdings of under 5 acres. These figures are:—

NEW ZEALAND OWNERS (OVER 5 ACRES).
Year 190243,735
Year 189238,935
Year 188937,432
Year 188634,450
Year 188330,764

The occupied lands of the colony for 1906–7 have been returned by the Department of Agriculture at 37,408,473 acres, including Crown lands leased for pastoral purposes only, or 241,013 acres in excess of the area for the preceding year.

The comparatively small increase in the area of occupied lands is apparently mainly, if not altogether, caused by some of the Crown pastoral leases expiring and not being renewed.

Tables are given showing the numbers and acreages of holdings, grouped according to size, for the last five years in which the Department of Agriculture has compiled the information.

In 1895 the holdings of over 1 acre in extent, as returned to the Registrar-General, numbered only 46,676. Holdings occupied by Maoris were excluded, besides holdings of exactly 1 acre, also gardens and orchards attached to residences.

At the census of April, 1901, the actual number of persons described in the census schedules as having occupations necessitating their occupying holdings of land was 40,141. This number includes £8,337 farmers, 3,220 runholders, 895 market-gardeners, 2,388 horticulturists or gardeners, 4,702 dairy-farmers, 345 fruit-growers, 29 vignerons, 159 poultry-farmers, 35 bee-farmers, and 34 others.

OCCUPIED LANDS: HOLDINGS.

[This and the succeeding statement deal with the full extent of occupied land, including Crown pastoral leases.]

Sizes of Holdings.Number of Holdings.
   1902–3.  1903–4.  1901–5.  1905–6.  1966–7.
1 acre to 10 acres, inclusive  18,348  18,731  19,529  19,787  20,455
10 acres to 50 acres, inclusive  11,348  11,386  11,518  11,745  12,012
50 acres to 100 acres, inclusive  7,239  7,245  7,540  7,562  7,767
100 acres to 200 acres, inclusive  9,400  9,570  9,822  9,950  10,251
200 acres to 320 acres, inclusive  5,998  6,145  6,408  6,531  6,820
320 acres to 640 acres, inclusive  6,387  6,566  7,043  7,219  7,497
640 acres to 1,000 acres, inclusive  2,449  2,497  2,609  2,750  2,936
1,000 acres to 5,000 acres, inclusive  3,003  3,075  3,318  3,497  3,682
5,000 acres to 10,000 acres, inclusive  366  379  395  408  415
10,000 acres to 20,000 acres, inclusive  217  223  225  237  248
20,000 acres to 50,000 acres, inclusive  175  169  177  166  167
50,000 acres and over  104  106  96  90  88
   65,034  66,092  68,680  69,942  72,338

The holdings are shown to have increased by the number of 7,304, since 1902–3.

The total acreage of occupied land for each of the last rive years is shown:—

OCCUPIED LANDS: ACREAGES.
Sizes of Holdings in Acres.  1902–3.  1903–1.  1901–5.  1905–0.  1900–7.
   Acres.  Acres.  Acres.  Acres.  Acres.
1 to 10 inclusive  73,720  76,161  79,136  79,920  81,339
10 to 50 inclusive  314,910  319,241  321,444  324,375  328,657
50 to 100 inclusive  560,400  570,730  590,962  691,209  599,236
100 to 200 inclusive  1,424,265  1,462,747  1,497,078  1,514,084  1,514,212
200 to 320 inclusive  1,550,548  1,594,245  1,665,285  1,692,824  1,742,123
320 to 640 inclusive  2,908,745  3,016,780  3,214,473  3,306,475  3,390,762
640 to 1,000 inclusive  1,960,730  2,007,817  2,129,093  2,220,149  2,354,691
1,000 to 5,000 inclusive  6,195,878  6,171,815  6,523,951  6,955,310  7,212,587
5,000 to 10,000 inclusive  2,600,348  2,612,806  2,706,225  2,874,562  2,623,030
10,000 to 20,000 inclusive  3,146,714  3,383,033  3,265,856  3,278,498  3,536,334
20,000 to 50,000 inclusive  5,272,922  5,107,555  5,317,969  5,273,472  4,911,977
50,000 and over inclusive  9,872,225  10,153,242  9,199,682  9,056,576  8,884,295
   35,887,447  36,476,481  36,511,154  37,167,460  37,408,473

In regard to holdings, out of a total of 72,333 in 1907 the large proportion of 40,234, or 55.62 per cent., were from 1 to 100 acres in extent; 50,485, or 69.79 per cent., were from 1 to 200 acres; and 57,305, or 79.22 per cent., were from 1 to 320 acres in size. The total number over 320 acres was only 15,033, or 20.78 per cent. of the whole, thus indicating a considerable degree of moderately close settlement, although the area of the holdings over the 320-acres limit necessarily shows as very large in a table which includes the Crown pastoral leases.

The plan of excluding these leases from the table showing the holdings in classes has its advantages, though not now adopted.

The extent of land occupied as shown in the returns according to tenure is tabulated for each provincial district. The acreage in the last column of the statement is apparently short of the actual facts, judging from the figures shown in the table of “Crown Tenants,” as given in the report of the Surveyor-General. The difference may lie in what has been returned for Crown pastoral leases to the agricultural-statistics collectors and the areas on which rent is paid given by the Lands Department.

OCCUPATION OF LAND: TENURE.

Provincial Districts.Total Area of Holdings.Freehold.Leased from Private Individuals or Public Bodies.Leased from Natives.Held from Crown under Different Tenures.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland6,297,0854,040,235389,446411,7731,455,631
Taranaki1,214,198636,236198,513105,023274,426
Hawke's Bay2,931,4161,736,931321,298519,189353,998
Wellington4,186,0592,475,894540,867445,794723,504
Marlborough2,481,808793,48578,59629,0881,580,639
Nelson2,150,598985,724119,37221,2231,024,279
Westland644,17260,09122,5094,570557,002
Canterbury6,690,1282,749,025778,15612,3963,150,551
Otago—     
    Otago portion7,754,6551,544,367521,1669,1865,679,936
    Southland portion3,058,3541,343,491458,79415,1631,240,906
        Totals37,408,47316,365,4793,428,7171,573,40516,040,872

Arranged according to the number of holdings, the provincial districts stand in order as under:—

Auckland19,889 holdings.
Otago14,517
Canterbury11,917
Wellington11,205
Taranaki5,297
Hawke's Bay3,550
Nelson3,432
Marlborough1,643
Westland888

The occupied holdings of the North Island now considerably outnumber those of the South Island, the numbers being—North Island, 39,941; South Island, 32,397. For the year 1897–98 the returns showed 30,111 holdings for the South Island, against 30,648 for the North.

The full details of holdings and acreages, classified according to size, for the year 1906–7 will be found in the table on the following page:—

OCCUPATION OF LAND: NUMBER AND AREA OF HOLDINGS (INCLUDING CROWN PASTORAL LEASES).

As compiled by the Department of Agriculture.

TABLE showing for the Year 1906–7 the Occupied Holdings and the Acreages (including Crown Pastoral Leases) in Groups of Sizes, according to the Provincial Districts.
Provincial District.Total of Holdings.1–10 Acres. inclusive.Over 10–50 Acres, inclusive.Over 50–100 Acres, inclusive.Over 100–200 Acres, inclusive.Over 200–300 Acres, inclusive.Over 320–640 Acres, inclusiveOver 640–1,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 1,000–5,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 5,000–10,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 10,000–20,000 Acres, inclusive.Over 20,000–50,000 Acre inclusive.Over 50,000 Acres.
Auckland: Area in acres6,297,08520,19092,629178,503433,382498,974870,642608,5921,798,077650,042397,121501,882247,51
        Number of holdings19,8895,5983,3683,3732,9201,9311,8837838919133153
Taranaki: Area in acres1,214,1984,20921,15663,209191,589175,4451234,878135,157325,13334,69128,671....
        Number of holdings5,2978997327971,29769151816718952....
Hawke's Bay: Area in acres2,931,4165,58316,59424,29256,49749,681127,693155,963513,708388,456657,772611,129324,048
        Number of holdings3,5501,2526242993361922991632546041273
Wellington: Area in acres4,186,05913,28847,88692,055269,594248,045578,938397,3641,200,278431,323468,096265,131174,061
        Number of holdings11,2053,1081,7581,1591,7329671,250493630643293
Marlborough: Area in acres2,481,8081,7735,61610,12923,83125,228102,84280,275337,516118,642249,473586,181940,302
        Number of holdings1,643482217133162962231011681816207
Nelson: Area in acres2,150,5983,27218,80033,23468,45682,777150,705139,235322,90072,717165,831323,818768,853
        Number of holdings3,4328536494214683213341741711212116
Westland: Area in acres644,1727634,1466,69717,19621,94741,30420,31548,228109,221232,334142,021..
        Number of holdings888289135881128494262216166..
Canterbury: Area in acres6,690,12815,85861,95091,388193,197237,956506,887321,3241,220,716404,785441,527921,2422,271,298
        Number of holdings11,9173,9842,2411,1891,2919191,12040062859332825
Otago—             
    Otago portion: Area in acres7,754,65510,41739,32267,027160,867209,043386,714272,205987,633465,915512,8951,210,5483,432,069
        Number of holdings8,7662,7001,4758781,08480385033446866373833
    Southland portion: Area, acres3,058,3545,92620,55832,702129,633193,027390,159224,461458,398146,238382,614348,025726,613
        Number of holdings5,7511,2908134308498169262952612426138
    Totals
Area in acres
37,408,47381,339328,657599,2361,544,2421,742,1233,390,7622,3548917,212,5872,822,0303,536,33414,911,9778,884,295
        Number of holdings72,33820,45512,0127,76710,2516,8207,4972,9363,68241524816788

LIVE-STOCK.

A comparative table is presented showing the increase in livestock since the year 1858. The figures are taken from the census as far as 1891, but for 1895–96 and following years the results of the enumeration made annually by the Department of Agriculture. under “The Agricultural and Pastoral Statistics Act, 1895,” have been made use of.

Year.Horses.Asses and Mules.Cattle.Sheep.Goats.Pigs.Poultry.

* Not enumerated.

Numbers for April, 1895, and years following.

1,85814,912122137,2041,523,32411,79740,734*
1,86128,275153193,2852,761,38312,19143,270236,098
1,86449,409339249,7604,937,27312,00561,276378,414
1,86765,715323312,8358,418,57911,964115,104676,065
1,87181,028397436,5929,700,62912,434151,460872,174
1,87499,859267494,91711,704,85314,276123,9211,058,198
1,878137,788241578,43013,069,33814,243207,3371,323,542
1,881161,736362698,63712,985,08511,223200,0831,506,114
1,886187,382297853,35816,564,59510,220277,9011,679,021
1,891211,040348831,83118,128,1869,055308,8121,790,070
1895–96237,4184261,047,90119,826,604*239,778*
1896–97249,8134341,138,06719,138,493*209,834*
1897–98252,8343931,209,16519,687,954*186,027*
1898–99258,1155341,203,02419,673,725*193,512*
1899–1900261,9314591,222,13919,348,506*249,751*
1900–1266,2454801,256,68019,355,195*250,975*
1901–2279,6724061,361,78420,233,099*224,024*
1902–3286,9554641,460,66320,342,727*193,740*
1903–4298,7144681,593,54718,954,553*226,591*
1904–5314,24481,736,85018,280,806*255,320*
1905–6326,5374291,810,93619,130,875*249,727*
1906–7342,6084511,851,75020,108,471*242,2733,191,604

The stock owned by Maoris in the year 1906, which is included above, comprised 252,404 sheep, 54,960 head of cattle, and 42,473 pigs. The number of horses is not specified, but is known to be large.

TABLE SHOWING FOR EACH COUNTY IN NEW ZEALAND THE NUMBER OF HORSES CATTLE, SHEEP, AND PIGS IN 1906.
County.Horses, October, 1900.Cattle, including Calves, October, 1900.Dairy Cows, included in foregoing.Sheep, including Lambs, April, 1900.Pigs, October, 1906.

* Not including 60,210 heifers over two years old intended for dairying.

Mangonui2,26711,9792,41317,2441,916
Whangaroa6222,249838,280682
Bay of Islands3,67817,0623,10325,6072,322
Hokianga3,51113,0432,4136,6713,246
Rodney2,70920,8605,26252,1641,404
Whangarei5,54742,64412,50021,6462,467
Otamatea2,37023,1235,00738,2231,652
Hobson2,05119,1433,28318,4041,200
Waitemata2,95816,1424,81933,2631,970
Eden6,3006,8013,8906,9361,680
Manukau9,76857,18223,56175,4138,100
Coromandel1,0076,8061,19814,954716
Thames1,4286,3822,5895,2011,287 
Ohinemuri1,9779,4563,7333,1312,501
Waikato4,26726,9119,50528,1914,615
Raglan3,82433,9135,12575,0302,231
Waipa4,27128,5919,80522,3864,323
Piako4,26231,3329,43386,0703,247
East Taupo and Rotorua1,7974,05165730,2461,059
Waitomo1,64111,3641,97840,4282,027
Kawhia8787,110743662
Awakino66110,448375235
West Taupo2,0678,3901,2872,760
Tauranga3,34719,5804,3395,6162,283
Whakatane1,4688,2292,13720,4331,301
Opotiki1,9969,9592,54219,2221,518
Waiapu3,99422,947353456,0122,753
Cook9,19082,5457,0091,123,0852,358
Wairoa4,03619,5572,949536,4541,177
Hawke's Bay9,54251,0018,6221,045,6592,652
Patangata and Weber2,75643,8011,045739,385380
Waipawa6,23251,09410,269716,2862,945
Woodville1,42314,4545,1872,219
Clifton1,56122,1666,14826,3122,421
Taranaki4,86250,35924,89528,9778,734
Egmont2,67135,01016,4944,6734,261
Stratford3,37752,95323,77390,3717,139
Hawera6,51180,14943,710111,50918,445
Patea3,82333,27010,093231,4133,306
Waitotara2,35916,9994,282146,4461,722
Wanganui4,30725,8724,229300,9481,501
Waimarino2,0566,3171,29358,9721,144
Rangitikei7,81047,4408,559717,1063,260
Kiwitea2,79922,2545,587282,8252,262
Oroua2,51115,3228,340259,2893,943
Kairanga3,79021,7109,6314,162
Pohangina1,35513,6664,542121,9412,073
Manawatu3,01122,03810,518147,0545,007
Horowhenua3,19526,6799,551130,8585,176
Hutt5,91218,1488,221203,9023,018
Featherston3,61534,3604,724427,0912,375
South Wairarapa2,58125,3053,730158,1702,618
Masterton4,18532,8183,128550,4831,219
Castlepoint68010,939183162,27949
Akitio1,51418,8582,234167,038483
Pahiatua2,40823,3049,207218,0114,098
Eketahuna1,20911,8495,18064,5081,757
Mauriceville5285,1961,74067,904545
Collingwood4163,5621,32210,420610
Takaka8654,1281,62434,1581,637
Waimea5,25613,9895,161219,7692,643
Buller6583,9131,5042,484487
Grey1,0287,3252,07016,011995
Inangahua1,0896,8961,15025,645847
Westland1,79013,5792,38717,481770
Sounds2853,3671,052183,7821,080
Marlborough5,23611,5493,591538,8172,037
Kaikoura1,3622,535881182,319461
Amuri1,7665,268468420,411157
Cheviot1,2642,492607173,213491
Ashley9,97920,1038,405823,7096,556
Akaroa2,31422,9586,290244,3092,238
Mount Herbert4782,698478219
Selwyn17,90134,29919,043735,70219,142
Ashburton11,40310,8174,111994,5325,462
Mackenzie2,1264,3591,091445,372397
Geraldine5,4408,4363,318644,9562,557
Levels4,5546,5092,9561,473
Waimate6,96613,4995,132597,3703,849
Waitaki7,74226,13511,363519,4854,380
Maniototo2,6249,0831,980308,540476
Vincent2,5575,8041,462270,444718
Lake1,6294,151834174,005400
Waihemo1,5595,8622,467134,711737
Waikouaiti1,75610,8925,66873,4361,597
Taieri7,27628,46910,664206,9863,808
Bruce4,27211,6394,716193,9861,370
Peninsula9417,7354,7511,959788
Clutha5,37719,8675,853305,6601,590
Tuapeka4,4538,9042,807347,798865
Southland20,67074,76725,402858,6926,869
Wallace and Fiord6,37524,5966,014391,0861,792
Stewart Island6264931,49224
Totals342,6081,851,750543,927*20,108,471242,273

Live-stock in Australasia.

The following gives the number of the principal kinds of live stock in Australasia for the year 1905–6:—

State or Colony.Sheep.Cattle.Horses.Bigs
Queensland12,535,2312,963,695430,565164,087
New South Wales39,506,7642,337,973506,884310,702
Victoria11,455,1151,737,690385,513273,682
South Australia6,202,330647,631216,345119,005
Western Australia3,120,703631,82597,39774,567
Tasmania1,583,561206,21137,10172,810
 April, 1905.Oct., 1905.Oct., 1905.Oct., 1905.
New Zealand19,130,8751,810,936326,537249,727

New Zealand thus takes second place in order for number of sheep, third place for cattle, and fourth for the number of her horses.

The losses in Australia have raised this colony to the second position in regard to sheep. To illustrate this, the case of Queensland shows 19,856,959 sheep in 1895, falling to 10,843,470 in 1904. Cattle fell in number from 7,012,997 in 1894 to 2,722,340 in 1904. With the advent of good seasons these losses are fast being recovered.

Sheep.

The returns made to the Department of Agriculture show a smaller number of sheep for the year 1886 than the census figures given previously, because the account was taken later in the year. The particulars are given for that year, and each of ten years, 1897–1906, distinguishing the number for the North from that in the South Island.

According to these returns, the flocks of the North Island increased from 5,285,907 sheep in the year 1886 to 10,009,731 in 1906, or at the rate of 89 per cent., while sheep in the South Island increased from 9,888,356 to 10,098,740, a gain of only 2–13 per cent. in the same period. For the North Island the increase during the twenty-one years was 4,723,824 sheep, and in the South Island 210,384.

Year.   North Island.South Island.Total.
1,886   5,285,907   9,888,356   15,174,263
1,897   9,540,717   10,147,237   19,687,954
1,898   9,864,945   9,808,780   19,673,725
1,899   9,953,399   9,395,107   19,348,506
1,900   9,998,173   9,357,022   19,355,195
1,901   10,218,945   10,014,154   20,233,099
1,902   10,286,346   10,056,381   20,342,727
1,903   9,433,831   9,520,722   18,954,553
1,904   9,203,963   9,076,843   18,280,806
1,905   9,388,605   9,742,270   19,130,875
1,906   10,009,731   10,098,740   20,108,471

There was a decrease of 234,256 in the total number of sheep since April, 1902, by the above figures, but an increase between 1897 and 1906. The export and local consumption of wool developed from 111,537,546 lb. for the year ended September, 1891, to 157,137,704 lb. for the corresponding year of 1906. The export of sheep-skins and pelts, which in 1890 was 2,292,521 in number, rose to 5,551,228 in 1906.

In spite of the great slaughter required for the export of frozen mutton, the number of sheep in New Zealand kept up wonderfully until the year 1902, but the two following years showed a considerable decrease. The figures for 1906 exhibit a large increase over those for the previous year.

The proportion of small flocks of sheep has increased very considerably, and with smaller flocks the rabbit difficulty should be easier to master than with large ones.

NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1903, 1905, AND 1906.
Size of Flocks.1886.1891.1896.1901.1903.1905.1906.
Under 5006,0248,27212,02811,70012,42811,54511,793
500 and under 1,0001,1891,6912,6053,0592,9233,1203,431
1,000 and under 2,0007479691,4602,8772,7513,0843,340
2,000 and under 5,000532666892    
5,000 and under 10,000263287340397342374394
10,000 and under 20,000228239231189207203213
20,000 and upwards1661691471381109794
        Totals9,14912,29317,70318,36018,76118,42319,265
 1901.1903.1905.1906.
From 1,000 to 2,5002,1892,0812,3502,558
From 2,500 to 5,000688670734782
 2,8772,7513,0813,310

The average size of the flocks is found to have been 1,659 sheep for 1886, 1,081 in 1896, 1,010 in 1903, and 1,044 in 1906.

Of the provincial districts, that of Canterbury had most sheep in 1906, Wellington came next, and Otago occupied the third place. The full particulars, showing increases since 1905 to be general throughout the colony with the exception of Canterbury, are given:—

Provincial District.No. of Sheep in 1905.No. of Sheep in 1906.Increase or Decrease.
Canterbury4,486,2754,485,950-325
Wellington3,948,5834,244,830296,247
Otago3,547,7683,788,280240,512
Hawke's Bay2,937,8873,037,78499,897
Auckland2,078,3132,233,862155,549
Marlborough815,040904,91889,878
Nelson863,161886,10022,939
Taranaki423,822493,25569,433
Westland30,02633,4923,466
    Totals19,130,87520,108,471977,596

The number of breeding-ewes in the colony in April, 1906, was returned at 10,479,187, and in April, 1905, at 10,079,184, an increase of 400,003 for the year.

Figures for ten years are given. There is an apparent disposition now to avoid an unrestrained slaughter for purposes of the frozen-meat industry:—

BREEDING-EWES.

1,897   8,687,193
1,898   8,445,012
1,899   8,661,746
1,900   9,257,054
1,901   9,906,616
1,902   9,610,149
1,903   9,071,751
1,904   9,222,448
1,905   10,079,184
1,906   10,479,187

The annual export and consumption of sheep during the last seven years has been:—

Year.Export of Frozen Mutton
and Lamb, including Pieces
at 60 lb. to a Sheep.
Live Sheep exported.Estimated Consumption
in the Colony: Carcases.
Total
1,9003,055,1353,8401,800,0004,858,975
1,9013,400,1383,6681,834,0005,237,806
1,9024,084,57848,0471,904,0006,036,625
1,9034,922,62221,7631,942,0006,886,385
1,9044,017,8297,4301,998,0006,023,259
1,9053,605,59211,7292,050,0005,667,321
1,9064,274,63713,3242,073,0006,360,961

It has been estimated that the annual consumption of mutton in New Zealand is equivalent to 2.25 sheep per inhabitant, and that the number of sheep required in the present year (1907) for food will be about 2,073,000. (Maoris, for the purposes of this calculation, have been included.)

Two important advantages that sheep-farming has in New Zealand are (1) the low cost of the production of mutton, and (2) the high percentage of natural increase. With regard to the high percentage of increase, there need only be cited a few average returns from well-known flocks to show what excellent lambings New Zealand farmers obtain under good management.

LAMBING RETURNS.—AVERAGES.

Locality.Breed of Flock.Breed of Rams.Breed of Ewes.No. of Ewes.Percentage of Lambs.Remarks.
North IslandLincolnLincolnLincoln7,51781.04Land merely surface - sown in English-grass pasture.
North IslandLincolnLincolnLincoln5,30185.05
North IslandLincolnLincoln7/8 Lincoln12,177100.00
North IslandRomneyRomneyRomney1,14196.17
North IslandLincolnSouthd'nLincoln2,03394.71
South IslandMerinoMerinoMerino14,76575.36Mountainous country in n'tive past're, unimproved.
South IslandMerinoB.Leic'strMerino4,23588.94
South IslandCross-bredB.Leic'strCross-bred8,62480.82In English grass pasture.
South IslandHalf-bredB.Leic'strHalf-bred2,74782.79
South IslandB.Leic'strB.Leic'strB.Leic'str77890.77
South IslandLincolnLincolnLincoln45288.08
South IslandR. MarshR. MarshR. Marsh253111.46
South IslandE.Leic'strE.Leic'strE.Leic'str46493.34
South IslandShropshireShropshireShropshire16897.41
South IslandSouthd'nSouthd'nSouthd'n11496.87

The above returns are fair average ones, but much higher might have been shown if exceptional cases had been selected.

Cattle.

The cattle as enumerated in 1906–7 for each provincial district are given in the next table. Here is shown the substantial increase of 40,814 head of all classes over the number returned in 1905–6, and of no less than 29,343 in the number of cows and heifers for dairy purposes.

Provincial District.Bulls for Stud Purposes.Steers over Two Years Old.Cows and Heifers for Dairy Purposes.Cows and Heifers for Breeding Purposes.Cows and Heifers for Fattening.Steers and Heifers under Two Years not otherwise enumerated.Totals.

*Including heifers over two years old intended for dairying: 57,074 in 1905–6, and 60,210 in 1906–7. For number of dairy cows in each county see table on pages 388 to 390.

Auckland9,090104,951149,68883,44424,176186,958558,307
Taranaki5,14430,707138,1818,5838,47882,820273,913
Hawke's Bay3,20039,26830,84047,0957,05052,454179,907
Wellington6,45677,334114,54869,50319,341111,992399,174
Marlborough3412,4995,9819881,2356,40717,451
Nelson7316,87013,2222,8523,79212,78140,248
Westland3125,0795,1133,6411,2675,39220,904
Canterbury2,04315,56454,0143,1497,16341,745123,678
Otago—       
    Otago portion2,38618,45457,9888,6995,68445,330138,541
    Southland portion1,70214,83234,56211,3315,95931,34199,627
    Totals, 1906–731,405315,558604,137*239,28584,145577,2201,851,750
    Totals, 1905–629,068287,607574,794*242,16964,864612,4341,810,936
        Increase2,33727,95129,343..19,281..40,814
        Decrease......2,884..35,214..

Out of a total of 1,851,750 cattle in the colony, the North Island is shown to have had 1,411,301, or 76 per cent., while the South Island had 440,449, or 24 per cent. Similarly, the dairy cows and heifers intended for dairying in the North Island numbered 433,257, or 72 per cent., and in the South Island 170,880, or 28 per cent.

Thus, the North Island, which has almost the same number of sheep as the South Island, contains besides three times as many dairy cows and other cattle.

Of the total number of cattle (1,851,750) given above, 543,927 were dairy cows. It is found impossible to give a statement of the total quantity of butter and cheese made in the colony. All that can be said is that there were in August, 1906, 293 cheese and butter factories, with 460 skimming-stations, 384 private dairies, and 132 packing-houses reported to the Department of Agriculture. A summary of the returns rendered to the Department by the cheese and butter factories of their output for the previous year makes it possible to arrive at the approximate quantity of cheese and butter made at them.

An attempt to estimate the total production of butter in the colony can be made, although it would not be safe to put forward the result as anything more than a probable approximation to the facts.

First, as to factory production. Accepting the information given by the Department of Agriculture, it would amount to 50 1/4 million pounds annually at the present rate. This does not seem too high considered in the light of the last returns obtained at the census of April, 1906, which gave 52 million pounds weight of butter as the actual produce for the year 1905, shown in the returns obtained from each factory.

Secondly, as to butter made on farms. This can only be estimated by means of an indirect process. Allowing 20 lb. per head of the mean population for 1906, the consumption is shown as nearly 18 million pounds weight. Adding 35 3/4 million pounds for export gives 53 3/4 million pounds altogether as the total supply. Taking from 53 3/4 millions the 50 1/4 millions shown above as made in factories leaves 3 1/2 million pounds for the quantity made on the farms.

The census returns for 1891 gave an account of all the butter and cheese made in the colony, and also stated the number of milch cows at that time. Using these figures, and taking 2 1/2 lb. of cheese to be the equivalent of 1 lb. of butter, it is calculated that every milch cow furnished the milk for 163 lb. of butter (after allowing for consumption of milk in the colony). Mr. Murphy allows 200 lb. of butter to a cow in New Zealand, and 500 lb. of cheese. According to the Year-book of Victoria each dairy cow (wet or dry) produces there annually 336 gals, of milk, which might render 134 lb. of butter.

The number of butter and cheese factories in each provincial district as in August, 1906, with the output for the previous year, is next shown:—

Provincial District.Number of Factories.Skimming-stations.Output.
Butter.Cheese.Butter.Cheese.
    Tons.Tons.
Auckland5091103,766365
Taranaki7713797,163 1/42,218
Hawke's Bay201321,385 1/2119
Wellington35191225,3571,616
Marlborough13122249
Nelson91122739
Westland2..170..
Canterbury87431,556415
Otago929602,854 1/22,680
        Totals, 19062118246022,466 1/47,671
        Totals, 190529844822,108 1/45,121
        Totals, 190428444420,7075,853 1/2
        Totals, 190327238018,035 1/45,038
        Totals, 190225427614,716 1/25,600 1/2

Of the above, 2 were returned as “new” in 1906, and in 42 cases the output was not stated.

In order to encourage dairy farmers to improve the quality of their herds, the Government has from time to time imported purebred stud-bulls, which are located in different parts of the colony. A small fee is charged for the service of these animals.

Horses.

The increase in horses is shown for five census years:—

Census Years.Number of Horses.Numerical Increase.Increase per Cent.
1,880187,38223,65812.63
1,891211,04026,37812.50
1,896237,41828,82712.14
1,901266,24528, 82712.14
1,906326,53760,29222.65

At the enumeration made in 1906–7 (October to January), the number of horses was found to have increased to 343,059 (including 451 mules and asses), for which particulars are given. It will be seen that the Provincial District of Auckland had by far the most horses, Otago and Canterbury following, Wellington taking fourth place.

Provincial District.Entires.GeldingsMares over Two Years old.Mares with Foal at Foot, or to foal this Season.Colts and Fillies under Two Years old.Totals.

*Including 451 mules and asses in 1906–7, and 429 in 1905–6.

Auckland98139,12827,1659,91412,91490,102
Taranaki1839,3637,6862,4133,16422,809
Hawke's Bay2229,9787,3593,0483,40624,013
Wellington50824,32017,7746,2767,71156,589
Marlborough732,8442,2656731,0326,887
Nelson1384,7683,8671,1001,44511,318
Westland531,2227783274432,823
Canterbury64526,02619,5815,9459,04261,239
Otago—      
    Otago portion37716,73512,9293,9326,25440,227
    Southland portion19810,8628,3263,8254,84127,052
        Totals, 1906–73,378145,246107,73036,45350,252343,059*
        Totals, 1905–63,180137,111102,73336,28947,653326,966*
        Increase1988,1354,9971642,59916,093

Classified according to breed, the numbers for the two years under review are:—

 1905–6.1906–7.
Thoroughbred9,3089,215
Draught125,490132,501
Other breeds (harness and saddle)176,153184,463
Ponies under 14 hands15,58616,429
Mules and asses429451
Totals326,966343,059

Thoroughbred stallions, imported and owned by the State, are stationed throughout the colony, and are available to breeders at moderate fees.

The export of horses from New Zealand is not so large as might be expected. The figures for 1906 are: To Bengal, 156; Victoria, 142; Fiji, 47; New South Wales, 176; Tasmania, 11; United Kingdom, 5; and South Sea Islands, 20: a total of 557.

Pigs.

The figures given in the accompanying table are those compiled by the Agricultural Department, and for 1906–7 show a decrease of 7,454 in the total number of pigs for the previous year—249,727. The Auckland Provincial District has more pigs than any other, Canterbury following closely.

NUMBER OF PIGS IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT.
Provincial District.Boars.Sows over One Year
old kept for Breeding.
Sows under One Year
old kept for Breeding.
Barrows or Sows all
Ages kept for Fattening.
Totals.
Auckland1,6109,5752,66248,66862,515
Taranaki9776,10363436,59244,306
Hawke's Bay3141,3992937,3679,373
Wellington1,2266,99294337,31146,472
Marlborough1024691692,8383,578
Nelson1989032745,4976,872
Westland54240541,4171,765
Canterbury8234,57685335,64141,893
Otago—     
    Otago portion4082,00130414,20116,814
    Southland portion2028531807,3508,685
    Totals, 1906–75,91433,1116,366196,882242,273
    Totals, 1905–65,88534,0378,373201,432249,727
    Increase29........
    Decrease..9262,0074,5507,454

ANGORA GOATS.

The Government has introduced some pure-bred goats by way of encouraging the breeding of this animal. There are several privately owned flocks in the colony, and the production of mohair should be a profitable undertaking. The animals thrive on dry scrubby country.

Chapter 45. SECTION XIII.—AGRICULTURE.

BY the Agricultural and Pastoral Statistics Act, passed in 1895, the duty of collecting returns devolved upon the Department of Agriculture. The plan adopted is similar to that used in the United Kingdom, the account of land laid down in crop being made up at an early date, while estimates of produce are made after the results of threshing are known.

A summary of the particulars obtained at the collection made in October, 1906, is now shown, with the finally corrected statements of yield of the principal crops. Full remarks on the progress of agriculture in New Zealand, in respect of all its features in detail, are supplied in the special article devoted to the subject which appears as the first of Section II, in Part III.

ACREAGE AND ACTUAL YIELD IN PRINCIPAL CORN-CROPS, 1907.
Provincial District.WHEAT.OATS.BARLEY.MAIZE.RYE.
Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Totals Bushels.Acres.Yield per acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in BushelsTotal Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.

* Not included in average.

NOTE. — Owing to drought the area harvested of wheat was less than the area sown for grain by 5,000 acres (Canterbury 2,000 acres, Otago 3,000 acres), and of oats by 21,000 acres (Canterbury 6,000 acres, Otago 15,000 acres).

Auckland2,25929.7867,4362,38733.8680,6001,27635.9545,8728,11744.81360,486-1,29832.0041,536
Taranaki53837.0019,9063,52040.00140,80087945.0039,55519250.009,600
Hawke's Bay91240.0036,4808,88142.00373,3481,54546.0071,07044072.0031,680
Wellington5,28631.61167,09422,55039.90899,84898541.8941,2679340.003,720
Marlborough2,54934.0086,6662,65941.00109,01911,08030.00332,400.........
Nelson2,12530.0063,8215,54430.57169,5263,67324.2288,9721535.0525
Westland.........8........................
Canterbury151,35528.114,252,066151,64932.224,885,8799,37832.87308,2201240.00480
Otago—            
    Otago portion37,35121.35797,48368,45223.251,591,8383,79022.9687,020.........
    Southland portion3,81030.00114,30086,27934.202,950,93169930.0020,970.........
        Totals206,18527.185,605,252351,92931.8311,201,78933,30531.081,035,3468,86945.83406,4911,29832.0041,536
NUMBER OF ACRES UNDER CULTIVATION IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT, 1906.
Provincial District.In Grass or Clover,
sown after Land ploughed.
In Grass, surface sown:
Land not ploughed.
In Hay, included in
either or both of
the Previous Columns.
In Bare Fallow.In Grain-crops.In Green and other Corps.In Garden.In Orchard or Vineyard.Total in Grass, Crop,
and Fallow.
In Plantations of
Forest Trees.
Tussock or Native
Grass, and Unimproved.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland645,4791,908,43113,13112,57317,168 115,3674,20512,1642,715,38712,4153,569,288
Taranaki191,050716,7969,7163555,50927,670875801943,0561,131270,011
Hawke's Bay332,5771,398,1697,5931,54912,19042,8641,2761,9541,790,5794,1681,136,664
Wellington301,4602,416,84210,4291,94230,59475,2312,5363,7212,832,3266,2601,347,473
Marlborough99,110278,6825,3421,02219,79524,623252502423,9861,9332,055,889
Nelson130,085343,1462,5591,45112,52836,1606723,457527,4992,3421,620,757
Westland8,03959,4831,455..171,0426018368,8249575,339
Canterbury1,552,006467,39110,99311,479330,891323,2564,7272,8552,692,60522,3083,975,215
Otago—           
    Otago portion851,622198,2328,24411,363129,383160,9632,5701,9331,356,0665,2076,393,382
    Southland port'n703,729116,20273910,38590,928155,9581,2185991,079,0191,3061,978,029
    Totals4,815,1577,903,37470,20152,119649,003963,13418,39128,16914,429,34757,07922,922,047
ACREAGE UNDER SOWN GRASSES, AND CULTIVATION GENERALLY, FOR EACH COUNTY, AS ON THE 15TH OCTOBER, 1906.
Counties.In Sown Grasses,
after having been ploughed.
In Sown Grasses,
not previously ploughed.
Land broken up but
not under Crop.
Total under Crop.In Garden.In Orchard.Plantations of
forest Trees.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Mangonui6,88322,787131,1688919612
Whangaroa5605,570..16723832
Bay of Islands7,19438,554441,57811328535
Hokianga1,13738,0561678413341454
Rodney13,13497,7795491,4581371,189105
Whangarei25,277118,8303032,5301091,25440
Otamatea6,93886,7113471,0437730646
Hobson3,41953,3387745411015834
Waitemata26,61140,3361,7552,2153222,569285
Eden14,9006,072719841,369653230
Manukau127,23289,0424,71523,2074081,396884
Coromandel3,52818,173520349924
Thames5,1177,38321,0266437850
Ohinemuri10,90912,3193101,48026315714
Waikato66,49432,94763912,823835434,019
Raglan21,884103,2821485,21576203110
Waipa72,46115,10125915,04891586446
Piako119,22834,7722,26723,381121379989
Waitomo5,07031,0012031,097286717
Kawhia51727,526..3566324..
Awakino7345,390..185351
West Taupo13,52411,597723,351201986
East Taupo & Rotorua5,31311,964451,57281634,368
Tauranga37,18233,95150511,62290559367
Whakatane9,04518,154883,002156410
Opotiki15,26321,101364,3209885
Waiapu1,382235,609..2,020,114716
Cook25,204651,08610410,246248387186
Wairoa17,671261,5601853,45080144211
Hawke's Bay171,826385,79481822,2696591,2751,638
Waipawa84,134321,95642422,9084162261,465
Woodville5,54376,09775,1032819396
Patangata and Weber53,403352,7621154,32493116758
Clifton11,71873,609..3,407963823
Taranaki57,549193,282378,506373381341
Egmont22,032,81,600142,749714818
Stratford3,477194,186513,938,332931
Hawera54,264150,268838,550263171359
Patea42,010123,8512166,02939134359
Waitotara27,20068,74525,4,258133271271
Waimarino5730,657..4381022..
Wanganui18,094170,4403243,70989228473
Rangitikei67,224300,82516622,1142565251,489
Kiwitea5,231161,198..4,3061710799
Pohangina27192,750399261427
Oroua10,10976,993256,70976266155
Kairanga17,47271,3321005,098412496194
Manawatu43,86368,8581415,73897223501
Horowhenua7,119117,746993,760212344318
Hutt4,903174,194531,668626250322
Featherston42,042182,35949311,8461291701,081
Wairarapa South23,537149,8941868,67565135416
Masterton23,871289,69524912,732203185515
Castlepoint3,409100,38211578824127250
Akitio1,116121,128..117473947
Pahiatua2,036142,084151,6208519449
Eketahuna1,86361,22853884337051
Mauriceville2,04341,734223731612722
Marlborough67,651142,22393340,6391924271,724
Sounds39972,9904332365060
Kaikoura31,06063,469853,4472425149
Collingwood1,68614,524431034745
Takaka4,14723,472501,458511991
Waimea30,389161,63549825,2093522,844287
Buller7629,356112345138..
Inangahua5,39630,4118490118873
Amuri52,06579,37357010,696108341,593
Cheviot35,64024,3752449,9316481453
Grey5,57622,704..433361473
Westland2,46336,779..62624366
Ashley272,640128,2141,31198,5945954192,162
Selwyn314,50827,3932,055137,8712,358 1,1786,058 
Mount Herbert9,46724,601 ..5922078110 
Akaroa16,467146,605332,000100173372
Ashburton428,58233,2002,726184,7116473369,614
Geraldine141,78023,9941,98866,418244 2581,095 
Levels83,9364,52178549,600418 1971,144 
Waimate223,85754,5702,31392,817245174 734 
Mackenzie60,76924,29326821,544100421,019
Waitaki187,01038,6871,81474,4225332891,004
Waihemo34,39614,14210110,3368166111
Waikouaiti20,27027,8111266,16110498131
Peninsula2,57714,003101,3271672461
Taieri89,42819,24034724,521639348319
Bruce106,0866,1141,27037,87825961356
Clutha192,77436,78665449,084198162485
Tuapeka112,92528,54031734,1021364961,966
Maniototo62,0921,94912225,66926033268
Vincent27,1952,9161,35915,452100297101
Lake16,8698,0445,24311,3949359405
Southland527,04867,6858,507188,3321,0664861,047
Wallace and Fiord176,61347,9601,87858,546138110257
Stewart Island68557..81432
Totals4,815,1577,903,37452,1191,612,13718,39128,16957,079

The extent of land in cultivation (including sown grasses and land broken up but not under crop) amounted to 14,429,347 acres. Of this area, land under artificial grasses comprised 88.14 per cent.; land under grain-crops, 4.5 per cent.; land under root and green crops, 6.68 per cent.; land in garden and orchard, 0.32 per cent.; and land in fallow, 0.36 per cent. Full details for the last twenty years are tabulated.

NUMBER OF ACRES IN GRASS, UNDER EACH CLASS OF CROP, AND IN BARE FALLOW, 1888 TO 1907.
Year.In Grass or Clover,
sown after Land ploughed.
In Grass or Clover,
surface-sown: Land not ploughed.
In Hay, included in
either or both
of the Previous Columns.
In Bare Fallow.In Grain-crops.In Green and other Crops.In Garden.In orchard or Vineyard.Total in Grass, Crop,
Fallow, Garden, and Orchard
In Plantations of
Forest Trees.
18882,884,0073,053,05267,812154,266738,603454,8248,60816,3297,309,68928,565
18892,941,8883,337,42350,656142,747793,866454,2438,56115,2467,693,97433,938
18903,027,9123,497,13745,889149,979826,505513,8938,56815,7718,039,76528,928
18913,250,5433,715,67544,045210,509703,329582,4399,81017,0478,489,35235,310
18923,327,7554,076,12646,652140,454769,778579,1129,60819,6278,922,46038,723
18933,611,3934,650,65261,811154,254753,091544,3559,76320,0859,743,59340,401
18943,865,3484,833,54960,740142,342669,850551,9629,95121,10910,094,11139,826
18953,908,5814,921,13656,614140,494560,179597,68610,26321,40110,159,74055,386
18964,254,9835,030,24796,81858,039674,850680,75017,74919,36219,735,98043,246
18974,308,7205,733,138109,46657,158688,297762,76216,92422,29111,589,29047,630
18984,123,3045,743,24567,86560,792727,038790,18416,17722,38711,483,12752,546
18994,065,8606,178,87975,62051,164892,468796,23516,93022,98312,024,51947,216
19004,337,5946,515,70868,23478,751745,685796,77316,89024,40112,515,80248,942
19014,425,7386,656,17468,02367,747721,325765,05117,41125,77712,679,22349,394
19024,695,2006,924,97862,98455,947634,879772,96717,68426,83613,128,49148,770
19034,558,3467,249,86969,34244,494736,683768,30817,63227,19113,402,52353,788
19044,607,1657,342,00677,16761,069705,443788,32117,51127,54113,549,05650,103
19054,741,7027,568,33778,81663,313661,926832,79617,17627,48213,912,73252,846
19064,779,7347,745,72780,74954,080648,805886,57918,91527,31014,161,15061,479
19074,815,1577,903,37470,20152,119649,003963,13418,39128,16914,429,34757,079

Wheat.

The wheat harvest of 1907 showed an average yield of 27.18 bushels per acre, the crop realised being 5,605,252 bushels, against 6,798,934 bushels in 1906.

The quantity of wheat of the previous season's harvest held by farmers in October, 1906, as shown by the gazetted figures, was 3,125,300 bushels, an amount which includes stocks of grain and flour held by merchants and millers. The total amount of wheat exported during the year 1906 was 61,199 bushels

The imports of flour during 1906 were 19,097 centals (955 tons), and the exports 279 tons.

The area under wheat for threshing decreased from 222,965 acres in 1906 to 206,185 acres in 1907, and the decrease was general throughout the colony, with the exception of Auckland, Hawke's Bay, and Nelson provinces, but the areas sown in these districts are small. In addition to the area cut for threshing, 725 acres were cut for chaff, and 180 acres for ensilage and feeding down with stock, so that the total area sown in wheat was 207,090 acres. Of the original area laid down in wheat, 5,000 acres is estimated to have been destroyed by drought—viz., 2,000 acres in Canterbury and 3,000 acres in Otago, otherwise the total area would have been 211,185 acres.

Of the 206,185 acres in wheat (for threshing) this year, no less than 151,355 acres were in Canterbury and 41,161 acres in Otago.

The area under wheat for grain, the estimated gross produce in bushels, and the average yield per acre for each of the last seventeen years were:—

Year.Land under Wheat.Estimated Gross Produce.Average Yield per Acre.
 Acres.Bushels.Bushels.
1,891301,4605,723,61018.99
1,892402,27310,257,73825.50
1,893381,2458,378,21721.98
1,894242,7374,891,69520.15
1,895148,5753,613,03724.32
1,896245,4416,843,76827.88
1,897258,6085,926,52322.92
1,898315,8015,670,01717.95
1,899399,03413,073,41632.76
1,900269,7498,581,89831.81
1,901206,4656,527,15431.61
1,902163,4624,046,58924.76
1,903194,3557,457,91538.37
1,904230,3467,891,65434.26
1,905238,0159,123,67335.36
1,906222,9656,798,93430.60
1,907206,1855,005,25227.18

The following gives the area in wheat, and the estimated produce, for the Australian States for the season of 1906:—

State.Wheat-crop.
 Acres.Bushels.Bushels per Acre.
Queensland119,3561,137,3219.53
New South Wales1,939,44720,737,20010.69
Victoria2,070,51723,417,67011.31
South Australia1,757,03620,143,00011.46
Western Australia195,0712,308,30511.88
Tasmania41,319776,47818.79

The Wheat-crop of the World.

The estimated wheat-crop of the world for two years according to the statement of the United States Agricultural Department was as follows:—

Country.Bushels: 1904.Bushels: 1905.
Europe1,726,084,0001,790,693,000
North America637,827,000808,674,000
Asia518,589,000456,135,000
South America146,111,000175,120,000
Australasia84,028,00005,626,000
Africa50,606,00041,500,000
Total3,163,845,0003,337,748,000

Consumption of Wheat.

The yearly consumption of wheat per head of population in New Zealand has been estimated at 6 bushels, and the quantity required for seed at 2 bushels to the acre.

Using these figures, the Department of Agriculture estimates that there will be a surplus quantity after providing for this year's wants.

WHEAT: ESTIMATED SURPLUS, 1907.
     Bushels.
The area for threshing was 206,185 acres, and the total yield is computed at    5,605,252
Amount of wheat and flour returned on hand, 31st October, 1906 (as per returns)    3,125,300
Amount of wheat and flour imported from 1st November, 1906, to 28th February, 1907    37,012
     8,767,564
    Bushels. 
Wheat and flour exported from 1st November, 1906, to 28th February, 1907   19,300 
Consumption for same period for population of 940,000, at the rate of 6 bushels per head per annum   1,880,000 
     1,899,300
Leaving available for all purposes as at 28th February, 1907    6,868,264
Estimated quantity required for seed (say, 250,000 acres at 2 bushels per acre)   500,000 
Estimated consumption of 960,000 persons, at 6 bushels per head, from 1st March, 1907, to 28th February, 1908   5,760,000 
     6,260,000
Apparent surplus    608,264

The difficulty of correctly computing the consumption of breadstuffs is shown by the great differences in the estimates arrived at.

The average quantity required per head of the population (exclusive of that used for seed) has been calculated at 5.9 bushels for New South Wales, and 5.2 bushels for Victoria, by statisticians in those States.

The average consumption of wheaten breadstuffs in New Zealand thus appears to be somewhat higher than in New South Wales and Victoria.

The following is the average annual consumption of wheat per inhabitant in some of the principal countries of the world:—

United Kingdom5.6 bushels.
Canada6.6 bushels.
France8.1 bushels.
Germany3.0 bushels.
Russia2.1 bushels.
Italy5.4 bushels.
United States4.5 bushels.

The English consumption during the last twenty-five years appears to have ranged from 5 1/2 to 6 bushels per head of population.

Oats.

The extent of land in oats sown for grain in 1907 was 372,929 acres, against 360,569 acres harvested in the preceding year, an increase of 12,360 acres, but owing to drought the area harvested last season was reduced in Canterbury by 6,000 acres and in Otago by 15,000 acres. The Provincial Districts of Otago (154,731 acres) and Canterbury (151,649 acres) account for 306,380 acres of the total area harvested, Wellington taking third place with 22,550 acres. The breadth of land in oats for chaffing, ensilage, or feeding down with stock was 260,350 acres, an increase of 21,663 acres on the figures for 1906.

The average yield per acre was, in 1907, 31.83 bushels, and in 1906, 35.86 bushels, and the quantity of produce decreased from 12,707,982 bushels to 11,201,789 bushels.

The oat-crop for 1906 in the Australian States was as follows:—

 Acres.Bushels.Average per Acre.
Queensland5335,85810.99
New South Wales38,543883,08122.91
Victoria312,0527,232,42523.18
South Australia56,950869,14615.26
Western Australia15,713283,98718.07
Tasmania42,7761,200,02428.05

Maize.

This is a crop of some importance. In 1907 there were 8,869 acres sown for grain, the yield being 406,491 bushels of corn, an average of 45.83 bushels per acre, and 1,860 acres sown for chaffing, ensilage, or feeding down with stock. Maize is grown only in the North Island, with the exception of a few acres. The Provincial District of Auckland had 9,773 acres; Hawke's Bay, 482 acres; Taranaki, 310 acres; and Wellington, 121 acres, in 1907. As considerable interest is taken in this crop, the group of counties where it is chiefly grown is stated — viz., Manukau, Whangarei, Mangonui, Bay of Islands, Waikato, Hokianga, Tauranga, Whakatane, Opotiki, Waiapu, Cook, Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, and Egmont. Small acreages are found in nearly all the counties of the Auckland, Taranaki, and Hawke's Bay Districts.

Barley.

Under barley (for threshing), 33,305 acres were returned in 1907, the crop being 1,035,346 bushels, an average yield per acre of 31.08 bushels. In 1906 the area under barley was 29,644 acres, and the yield 1,024,045 bushels, or 34.54 bushels per acre. There were in addition 3,383 acres in barley for ensilage or feeding down with stock.

Rye.

There were 1,298 acres in rye, yielding 41,536 bushels, or at the rate of 32 bushels per acre, in 1907, against 1,397 acres and 63,086 bushels, the rate being 38 bushels per acre, in 1906.

Peas and Beans.

The area under peas for threshing in the season 1907 was 11,519 acres, yielding 336,452 bushels, or an average of 29.21 bushels per acre, against 13,211 acres and 394,903 bushels, or 29.89 bushels per acre, in the previous year.

Under beans there were 1,960 acres, giving a return of 73,299 bushels, the average being 37.39 bushels per acre, against 2,054 acres and 68,222 bushels (33.21 bushels per acre) in 1906.

Potatoes.

The area under potatoes was 31,289 acres in 1907, yielding the return of 169,875 tons, or a rate of 5.42 tons per acre, against 26,834 acres in 1906, and 123,402 tons (or 4.59 tons per acre), an increase of 4,455 acres and 46,473 tons.

A comparison of the gross yield of potatoes with the amount exported in each of the twelve years 1883–94 showed that for such period an average of 597 lb. per head of population was retained in the colony. Allowing for waste, pig-feed, and seed, the average amount retained for human consumption was found to be 449 lb. a head.

Turnips, &c.

Turnips and rape form a most important crop in a sheep-breeding country such as New Zealand, and in 1892 the area of land under this crop amounted to 422,359 acres. The returns for 1895 gave only 385,788 acres, but for the present year 651,705 acres (514,341 acres in turnips and 137,364 in rape) were set down as under these crops; and there were 8,647 acres in addition, in mangolds (6,571 acres), beet (196 acres), and carrots (1,880 acres).

Hops.

There were 1,011 acres under hops in 1907, as against 1,008 acres last year. No account of the produce for the last ten years was taken, but in 1895 the yield was 7,556 cwt. In 1905 the total quantity used by the breweries in the colony amounted to 5,155 cwt. Of the land under hops in 1907, 947 acres were in the Waimea County and 37 in Takaka, both in the Provincial District of Nelson. The import of hops in 1906 amounted to 579 cwt., and the exports, the produce of the colony, to 4,379 cwt.

Tobacco.

The growing of tobacco does not progress in New Zealand. In 1889, 34 acres were being cultivated; in 1890, 25 acres; in 1891, 16 acres; in 1892, 6 acres; in 1893, 4 acres; in 1894, 4 acres; and in 1895, 5 acres, producing 1,599 lb. of dried leaf. Statistics of this crop have not been taken since 1895.

Gardens and Orchards.

The extent of land in garden was 18,391 acres, of which 14,330 acres were private gardens and 4,061 acres market gardens. In plantations of forest trees there were 57,079 acres.

There were 27,515 acres in orchard in 1907, an increase of 755 acres on the area so returned in the previous year, and 654 acres were returned as “vineyard,” as against 550 acres in 1906. The fruit-crop of the colony is supplemented by a considerable import from the Australian States and Fiji.

Sown Grasses and Seeds.

New Zealand is essentially suited for grazing purposes. Wherever there is light and moisture English grasses thrive when the natural bush and fern are cleared off—in fact, the white clover gradually overcomes the fern; and, from the mildness of the winter season, there are few places where there is not some growth, even in the coldest months of the year. In all parts of the colony stock live, although in varying condition, without other food than such as they can pick up. Sown-grass land, as might be expected, heads the list of cultivations.

At the beginning of the year 1907 there were 12,718,531 acres under artificial grasses. Of these, 4,815,157 acres had been previously ploughed, presumably under grain or other crops, while 7,903,374 acres had not been ploughed. Much of the latter area was bush or forest land, sown down in grass after the timber had been wholly or partially burnt off.

The area under ryegrass for seed in the season of 1907 was 25,893 acres, yielding 579,399 bushels of 20 lb., or a rate of 22.37 bushels per acre, against 30,626 acres and 987,243 bushels, an average of 32.23 bushels per acre, in 1906.

In cocksfoot there were 31,633 acres, which yielded 5,795,915 lb., or an average of 183.19 lb. per acre, against 37,039 acres and 8,783,571 lb. (a rate of 237.14 lb. per acre) in the previous year.

Seeds for sowing pasture lands are used much as in Great Britain, the following being a common mixture: Perennial ryegrass, 25 lb. to 30 lb. per acre; cocksfoot, 2 lb.; alsike, 2 lb.; timothy, 3 lb.; cowgrass, 2 lb.; red clover, 2 lb.; white clover, 2 lb.; rape, 2 lb.: total, 39 lb. to 44 lb. per acre. Pastures are renewed at intervals of from four to eight years, according to the nature of the land.

The following shows the acreage in sown grasses in Australasia in 1905–6:—

 Acres.
Queensland40,802
New South Wales627,530
Victoria1,040,335
South Australia26,082
Western Australia5,456
Tasmania404,653
New Zealand12,525,461

It will be observed that the acreage of land under sown grasses is far greater in New Zealand than in the whole of Australia and Tasmania. When compared in size with the States of Australia, New Zealand is not large—about one-thirtieth of their total area—but in respect of grazing capabilities the relative importance of this country is much greater. Australia is generally unsuitable, owing to conditions of climate, for the growth of English grasses, and the amount of feed produced by the natural grasses throughout the year is very much less per acre than is obtained from the sown-grass lands in New Zealand; indeed, it may be said that the average productiveness of grass-land is about nine times as great here as in Australia, or, in other words, that land in this colony covered with English grasses may be considered equal for grazing purposes to an area of Australian land about nine times as great.

In addition to the artificially sown pastures, the returns for 1907 show that 22,922,047 acres of unimproved land, including that in tussock or native grass, belonged to the occupied holdings, and were available for stock-feeding by the sheep-farmers and cattle-farmers of the colony.

Chapter 46. SECTION XIV.—MINING.

THE natural mineral resources of New Zealand are very great, and have exercised in the past a most important influence on the development and progress of the colony. Gold to the value of £69,501,488 was obtained prior to the 31st December, 1906; the value of the produce for the year 1906 having been £2,270,904. In the earliest years the gold was obtained from alluvial diggings, but at the present time the greatest quantity is taken from gold-bearing quartz, which is distributed widely through several parts of the colony, and thus there is a much better prospect of the permanency of this industry than alluvial diggings alone could give.

The yield of silver to the end of 1906 amounted to £921,267 in value, the quantity mined in 1906 having been 1,390,536 oz., valued at £143,572.

Of other minerals, the value of the product to the same date amounts to £26,324,496, of which kauri-gum yielded £13,443,017, and coal, with coke, £12,544,318.

The quantities and values of precious metals and minerals obtained during the year 1906, and the total value of all mining produce since 1853, are:—

 1906.Total Value since 1853.
 Oz.££
Gold563,8432,270,90469,501,488
Silver1,390,536143,572921,267
 1,954,3792,414,47670,422,755
 Tons.  
Copper-ore  18,228
Chrome-ore  38,002
Antimony-ore  52,598
Manganese-ore164061,831
Hæmatite ore  439
Mixed minerals1,29718,421158,852
Coal1,729,536916,56212,519,493
Coke (exported)5624,825
Kauri-gum9,154522,48613,443,017
Shale  7,211
  £3,871,991£96,747,251

Of the gold entered for exportation during the year ended the 31st March, 1907—viz., 552,272 oz., representing a value of £2,220,517—about 55 per cent. came out of quartz-mines; but, if the total yield of gold obtained in the colony be taken, the value of which to 31st March, 1907, is £69,974,960, about 25 per cent. came from quartz - mines and 75 per cent. from alluvial workings.

GOLD-MINING.

The history of the finding of gold in this colony was briefly sketched in the Year-books for 1893 and 1894, and need not, therefore, be given again, but New Zealand's greatest mine is worthy of especial comment. An account of the “Waihi” will be found in the Year-book of 1905.

GOLD-DREDGING.

This system of alluvial mining, which had New Zealand for its cradle, although now adopted in other countries, has probably produced between seven and eight millions sterling of the total gold-production of this colony.

To enable dredge-mining to be carried out profitably, even when the ground to be operated upon is payably auriferous, it is necessary that a number of favourable conditions shall exist, the absence of any one of which may render unprofitable the undertaking. The presence of snags, or of large boulders, the hardness of the matrix surrounding the same, a hard and rough bottom from which the dredge-buckets are unable to clean up the gold, and in connection with paddock dredges the limited space of operations causing the gold to be stirred up and held in suspension in the muddy water, are all causes any one of which may render unprofitable an otherwise promising proposition. There is therefore no cause for surprise that the system of alluvial mining by hydraulic sluicing and elevating is now being applied whenever practicable in preference to the bucket-and-ladder dredge.

The following statement shows the number of dredges, the gold produced by them, and the dividends paid during 1905 and 1906:—

Inspection District.Number of Dredges.Yield during 1906.Average Yield per Dredge, 1906.Dividends paid.
1905.1906.
Idle.At Work.Idle.At Work.1905.1906.
     ££££
West Coast54073186,0822,777 24,086
Southern2714523136415,1173,052 79,636
                Totals3218530167501,1993,013123,648103,722

During 1906 the average yield per working dredge was £3,013, and the expenditure thereon £2,200; the average time worked per year was forty weeks, with working-costs at £55 per week; therefore the net profit per dredge was £813, less depreciation.

MINERS, AND GOLD ENTERED FOR EXPORT AT DIFFERENT DISTRICTS.

The total number of gold-miners employed in 1906 was 9,077, as against 9,362 for the previous year. In some places, more especially in Otago, Nelson, and on the West Coast, many of the miners do not depend entirely on mining, but employ a part of their time in farming and other pursuits.

In 1901 an Act was passed reducing the fee payable for a miner's right from 10s. to 5s.

The total quantity of gold entered for export during the years ending 31st March, 1906, and 31st March, 1907, for the several districts, and the total quantity and value of the gold exported from the colony from the 1st January, 1857, to the 31st March, 1907, are shown hereunder; but this does not necessarily include the whole of the gold produced, as no doubt much has been taken out of the colony from time to time by people who have evaded the duty, and a good deal has been used for making jewellery and ornaments:—

TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY AND VALUE OF GOLD ENTERED FOR EXPORTATION FROM NEW ZEALAND FOR THE YEARS ENDED THE 31ST MARCH, 1906 AND 1907, AND THE TOTAL QUANTITY AND VALUE FROM JANUARY, 1857, TO 31ST MARCH, 1907.
District.Year ending 31st March, 1906.Year ending 31st March, 1907.Increase or Decrease for Year ending 31st March, 1907.Total Quantity and Value from January, 1857, to 31st March, 1907.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 Oz.£Oz.£Oz.Oz.£
Auckland248,0311,000,954298,1881,202,975+50,1574,057,60415,251,842
Wellington     188706
Marlborough  110438+11089,209347,652
Nelson4,42117,6503,58414,329-8371,715,7046,801,968
West Coast110,996443,08996,783381,874−14,2135,262,80520,945,881
Canterbury     99387
Otago162,752655,913153,607620,901−9,1456,702,97926,626,524
            Totals526,2002,117,606552,2722,220,517+26,07217,828,58869,974,960

It will be seen from the above table that there was last year an increase in the export of gold of 26,072 oz. on the figures for the preceding twelve months.

Of the total quantity of gold entered for exportation last year Auckland contributed 53.99 per cent.; Marlborough, 0.02 per cent.; Nelson, 0.65 per cent.; West Coast, 17.52 per cent.; and Otago, 27.82 per cent.

MINERAL PRODUCTION (VALUE) OF AUSTRALASIA TO END OF 1905.

The total value of mineral production for Australasia to the end of the year 1905 is shown in the following table:—

State or Colony.Gold.Silver and Silver-lead.Copper.Tin.Coal.Other Minerals.Total.
*Inclusive of kauri-gum to the value of £12,920,531.
 £££££££
New S'th Wales53,656,44039,842,7517,544,5697,231,60948,019,5155,988,455162,283,339
Victoria273,230,500202,893206,895734,5121,388,294668,430276,437,524
Queensland63,544,1491,097,9713,485,4575,620,9163,481,086823,10078,052,679
South Australia2,849,891144,93824,579,26571,502 758,22628,403,822
W'st'n Australia63,593,970164,886407,869439,529428,774458,55165,493,579
Tasmania6,074,9383,035,8326,163,7448,361,075581,986401,61925,219,194
New Zealand67,230,584777,69518,228 11,602,93113,245,822*92,875,260
Australasia530,186,47245,866,96642,406,02722,459,14365,502,58622,341,203728,765,397

Gold-production of Australasia (Quantity).

The gold-yield of Australasia (in crude ounces) for the years 1898 to 1905 was as under:—

 1898.1900.1902.1905.
 Oz.Oz.Oz.Oz.
Queensland920,048963,189860,453592,620
New South Wales340,493345,650190,316328,747
Victoria837,257807,407777,738810,050
South Australia31,96124,08628,19820,530
Western Australia1,050,1841,580,9502,177,4422,185,698
Tasmania74,23381,12570,99682,205
New Zealand280,175373,616508,045520,485
 3,534,3514,176,0234,613,1884,540,335

The increase for the period is 1,005,984 oz. The mint value of Australasian gold averages £3 16s. per ounce, and a comparison of value is therefore as follows: 1898, £13,430,533; 1900, £15,868,887; 1902, £17,530,114; 1905, £17,253,273: increase, 1898 to 1905, £3,822,740.

Gold-production of the World for the Years 1905 and 1906.

The following is a summary of the world's production of gold for the year 1905, and of the estimated and ascertained production for 1906, in fine ounces:—

 1,9051,906
 Fine OuncesFine Ounces
Australasia4,232,0003,964,000
Africa5,494,0006,602,000
United States4,266,0004,649,000
Canada701,000605,000
Russia1,078,0001,028,000
Mexico738,000775,000
Other countries1,781,0001,750,000
              Total18,290,00019,373,000
              Total Value£78,770,613£83,431,759

COAL-MINING.

The extent of the coal - measures in New Zealand will make coal-mining one of the large industries in the colony, especially on the west coast of the South Island, where bituminous coal exists equal, if not superior, in quality to coal of the same class in any part of the world.

The progressive increase in the output of coal from 1878 to the end of 1906 is shown below:—

Year.Raised in the Colony.Imported.Total raised in the Colony and imported per Annum.Exported (excluding Coal for Fuel by Ocean Steamers).Total Consumption of Coal within the Colony.Yearly Increase in Consumption within the Colony.
Total.Yearly Increase.
*Decrease.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
1,878162,218 174,148336,3663,921332,445..
1,879231,21869,000158,076389,2947,195382,09949,654
1,880299,92368,705123,298423,2217,021416,20034,101
1,881337,26237,339129,962467,2246,626460,59844,398
1,882378,27241,010129,582507,8544,245503,60943,011
1,883421,76443,492123,540545,3047,172538,13234,523
1,884480,83159,067148,444629,2756,354622,92184,789
1,885511,06330,232130,202641,2652,371638,89415,973
1,886534,35323,290119,873654,2262,862651,36412,470
1,887558,62024,267107,230665,85012,951652,8991,535
1,888613,89555,275101,341715,23627,678687,55834,659
1,889586,445−27,450*128,063714,50839,290675,21812,340
1,890637,39750,952110,939748,33633,404714,93239,714
1,891668,79431,397125,318794,11229,093764,01949,087
1,892673,3154,521125,453798,76828,169770,5996,580
1,893691,54818,233117,444808,99224,288784,70414,105
1,894719,54627,998112,961832,50725,449807,05822,354
1,895726,6547,108108,198834,85226,151808,7011,643
1,896792,85166,197101,756894,60727,974866,63357,932
1,897840,71347,862110,907951,62026,639924,98158,348
1,898907,03366,320115,4271,022,46018,3481,004,11279,131
1,899975,23468,20199,6551,074,88914,1461,060,74356,631
1,9001,093,990118,756124,0331,218,02336,6991,181,324120,581
1,9011,227,638133,648149,7641,377,40277,5631,299,839118,515
1,9021,362,702135,064127,8531,490,555110,6661,379,88980,050
1,9031,420,19357,491163,9231,584,11697,4611,486,655106,766
1,9041,537,838117,645147,1961,685,03456,5131,628,521141,866
1,9051,585,75647,918169,0461,754,80241,2571,713,54585,024
1,9061,729,536143,780207,5671,937,10362,7451,874,358160,813

It will be seen from the above that, with the exception of 1089, there has been a steady increase in the output of coal from the mines in the colony year after year since records have been kept by the Mines Department. The yearly increase in output is principally due to the growing demand for consumption within the colony. During a period of twenty-nine years the annual consumption of coal in New Zealand has increased to the extent of 1,541,913 tons, showing that new industries are quickly springing up, requiring fuel for generating motive power.

The total output from the mines last year was 1,729,536 tons, as against 1,585,756 tons for 1905, an increase of 143,780 tons. The coal imported from other countries was 207,567 tons, against 169,046 tons in 1905, an increase in the importation last year of 38,521 tons. The imports were 206,939 tons from New South Wales, 3 tons from Victoria, 568 tons from Queensland, and 57 tons from the United Kingdom. The total export of coal was 142,101 tons, all colonial produce but 460 tons. Of the coal exported, 79,356 tons were for coaling direct steamers trading between the colony and the United Kingdom, and has been treated as coal consumed within the colony, these steamers trading wholly between New Zealand and Great Britain. Taking, therefore, the output from the mines and the coal imported, there is a total of 1,937,103 tons, of which 62,745 tons were exported, leaving the consumption within the colony last year 1,874,358 tons, as against 1,713,545 tons for 1905, an increased consumption of 160,813 tons.

The largest increase in the output last year was in the West-port district—namely, 56,444 tons. There was also an increased production from the mines in the Greymouth district of 45,088 tons, in the Waikato district of 30,402 tons, in the Southland district of 9,617 tons, in the Reefton district of 5,779 tons, in the Kawakawa and Hikurangi districts of 4,837 tons, in the Miranda district of 4,166 tons, in the Malvern district of 915 tons, in the Whangarei, Kamo, Ngunguru, and Whauwhau districts of 1,414 tons, in the Mokau district of 491 tons, but there was a decline in the Otago district of 14,750 tons, and in the West Wanganui district of 623 tons.

The quantities of coal produced in each district are as under:—

Name of District.Output of Coal.Increase or Decrease.Approximate Total Output of Coal up to the 31st December, 1906.
1906.1905.
(−) Decrease.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
Kawakawa and Hikurangi99,69594,8584,3371,595,909
Whangarei, Kamo, Ngunguru, and Whauwhau21,00519,5911,414597,176
Waikato155,719125,31730,4021,836,063
Mokau4,2443,75349152,211
Miranda20,52316,3574,16662,715
Pelorus   711
West Wanganui20,15520,778-623109,648
Westport608,269551,82556,4447,011,685
Reefton13,6517,8725,779145,831
Greymouth320,840275,75245,0884,334,043
Malvern26,55325,638915519,767
Timaru   10,657
Otago302,981317,731-14,7505,919,924
Southland135,901126,2849,6171,220,193
                Totals1,729,5361,585,756143,78023,416,533

The following table (Maclaurin) gives the composition of samples of New Zealand coals freshly taken from the principal mines:—

No.Description of Coal.Locality.Analysis.Calorific Value.Evaporative Power as determined by Calorimeter.Evaporative Power.§
Fixed Carbon.Volatile Matter.*Water.Ash.Total Sulphur.Percentage of Coke.

*Includes hydrocarbon.

Calories per gram as determined by Mahler Bomb calorimeter.

In lbs. water at −212° F. per pound of coal.

§In pounds water at 212° F. per pound of coal, assuming an efficiency of 60 per cent., which is the average obtained under good working-conditions.

a These samples were taken from coal that had been in store several months, and anthracite is said to deteriorate on keeping.

1AnthracitePaparoa Coal Company, No. 1 seam78.9016.930.403.770.3782.678,43915.749.44
2AnthracitePaparoa Coal Company, No. 2 seam76.0219.670.514.400.2980.428,34815.589.35
3BituminousPaparoa (best)62.9033.530.672.900.3365.808,44315.759.45
4BituminousPaparoa (average 13 samples)59.2635.352.353.040.2962.307,93514.818.89
5BituminousMine Creek, Millerton Colliery, east57.6741.140.910.284.6257.958,22715.359.21
6BituminousMine Creek, Millerton Colliery, west60.5034.390.834.283.9264.788,13515.189.11
7BituminousIronbridge Mine Kiwi district57.3639.611.551.482.1858.848,23015.359.21
8BituminousIronbridge Mine Dundee dip56.6238.404.300.680.5657.307,76214.488.69
9BituminousWestport Stockton Company, D tunnel58.5039.981.340.184.5258.688,18315.269.16
10BituminousWestport Stockton Company, S.E. outcrop55.0441.392.491.084.0956.127,87214.698.81
11BituminousCoalbrookdale, Munsie's Section55.7340.082.371.820.5557.557,92314.788.87
12BituminousCoalbrookdale, Cascade Section58.7537.243.610.401.7459.157,70814.388.63
13BituminousState Coal-mines, Point Elizabeth, best56.0740.580.602.750.4958.828,21315.329.19
14BituminousState Coal-mines, Point Elizabeth, average of 5 samples57.4938.221.572.720.4660.218,00814.948.96
15BituminousState Coal-mines, Point Elizabeth, household48.7041.528.361.420.8250.127,14313.338.00
16BituminousState Coal-mines, Seddonville, Chasm Creek51.1242.244.362.284.9453.407,40213.818.29
17BituminousState Coal-mines, Seddonville, Grant's Face52.2741.204.651.884.9954.157,35413.738.24
18BituminousTyneside Mine, Brunnerton56.5737.220.465.752.6762.328,06415.059.03
19BituminousBrunner Mine54.7039.030.475.802.3160.508,07615.079.04
20BituminousBlackball Mine, lower seam46.6748.663.521.154.7047.827,54114.078.44
21BituminousBlackball Mine, top seam47.5544.964.243.255.4650.807,04213.147.88
22BituminousKnight's Coal-mine50.4343.125.201.250.4251.687,21413.468.08
23BituminousPascoe's Mine, Lankey's Gully51.0540.406.601.952.0553.006,94012.957.77
24BituminousArcher's Freehold, Capleston44.9246.745.263.086.2148.006,78612.667.60
25BituminousWaitahu Coal-mine, Reefton42.2447.136.214.424.8046.666,89612.867.72
26BituminousSouth Brunner Coal Company45.8040.382.8211.002.8856.806,76612.627.57
27BituminousGlenroy Coal-seam56.2535.661.346.750.5263.007,75614.478.68
28GlancePuponga, west workings49.2841.514.944.270.4253.556,92112.917.75
29GlancePuponga, east workings50.9539.996.053.010.5053.966,86512.817.69
30GlanceKawakawa45.9346.464.173.445.6749.376,94812.967.78
31GlanceHikurangi Coal Company44.5647.174.064.215.8148.776,81012.717.63
32GlanceNorthern Collieries, Hikurangi51.4243.433.841.315.6252.737,04613.157.89
33GlanceNorthern Collieries, Kiripaka (Ngunguru)43.0844.794.657.481.0350.566,58112.287.37
34Altered brownBrockley49.6236.938.874.580.64 6,34411.827.09
35Altered brownBroken River, Canterbury (bottom of seam)66.9316.322.9813.774.30 6,65012.417.45
36Altered brownBroken River, (general average)33.9057.8713.9314.300.72 5,0889.495.69
37BrownTaupiri, Ralph's42.1143.5712.242.080.26 6,07911.346.80
38BrownTaupiri, Taupiri Extended43.7342.1211.722.430.32 6,12911.446.86
39BrownTaupiri, Taupiri Reserve41.9341.0514.222.800.31 5,64910.540.32
40BrownTaupiri, Union Collieries35.4946.1015.363.050.18 5,43210.136.08
41BrownMokau, Mangapapa38.6543.2911.346.722.71 98711.226.73
42BrownNightcaps, Southland (new workings)41.2038.7217.562.520.28 5,73710.706.42
43BrownKaitangata38.0039.9618.223.820.40 5,55310.366.22
44BrownAllandale, Shag Point39.5435.3916.358.721.82 5,49410.256.15
45BrownCastle Hill, Kaitangata36.8139.2916.507.400.45 5,2059.715.83
46BrownSpringfield Colliery34.7435.1323.886.250.45 5,2059.715.83
47BrownGibbston Coal-mine, Central Otago27.6047.8318.675.900.37 5,0939.505.70
48BrownHomebush, Canterbury31.8341.8223.153.200.41 4,9539.245.54
49BrownMount Somers, Canterbury25.5743.6323.307.501.05 4,8929.135.48
50BrownBruce Coal-mine, Milton24.0849.4522.054.423.98 4,9619.255.55
51BrownReal Mackay Mine, Milton27.6745.3121.025.402.54 4,8729.095.45
52BrownTarata Coal-mine, Kaitangata, upper seam22.4642.9530.094.500.95 4,6498.675.20
53BrownNightcaps, Southland (main workings)31.0439.2424.804.920.23 4,7678.895.33
54BrownOrepuki30.0338.982.025.974.20 4,6898.755.25
55BrownFreeman's, Abbotsford26.35.40.8731501.281.48 4,6598.695.21
56BrownSaddle Hill Collieries25.3039.1332.123.452.77 4,5738.535.12
57BrownFernhill Colliery, Abbotsford29.9035.5533.001.552.48 4,5248.445.06
58BrownLevick's Coal-mine, Whitecliffs28.3539.8529.152.650.41 4,6418.665.20
59BrownKakahu, Geraldine24.9344.6823.516.883.18 4,5878.565.14
60BrownPrince Alfred, Papakaio29.9238.9527.153.983.97 4,5838.550.13
61BrownCardrona, Central Otago30.3541.7621.326.570.150 4,6398.655.19
62BrownNevis Coal-pits, Central Otago25.3647.1222.125.400.48 4,5328.465.08
63BrownThree-mile Creek, Lauder Station, Central Otago23.4447.6422.806.120.38 4,4688.345.00
64BrownWaihao, Canterbury24.9536.4126.00912.551.62 4,3868.184.91
65BrownSt. Andrew's, Papakaio, North Otago31.1238.2026.304.384.37 4,3758.164.90
66BrownWharekuri and Awakino, Kurow, North Otago25.1643.0626.904.880.34 4,0657.584.55
67BrownAlbury, Canterbury15.3844.7535.724.150.49 3,6946.894.13
68LigniteCoal Creek, Central Otago22.7444.8724.877.520.57 4,6398.655.19
69LigniteIdaburn, Central Otago24.8046.4722.516.220.32 4,5368.465.08
70LigniteSt. Bathan's, Central Otago22.3349.9923.204.480.44 4,4518.304.98
71LigniteBannockburn, Cromwell, Central Otago23.7543.8326.126.300.32 4,2918.004.80
72LigniteAlexandra, Central Otago18.7843.1032.625.500.84 4,2257.884.73
73LigniteClyde, Central Otago16.8547.9730.784.400.45 4,2217.874.72
74LigniteWelshman's Gully, Cambrian's, Central Otago20.2545.1725.589.000.25 3,9097.294.37
75LigniteMatthias and Co., Alexandra,14.9645.2933.206.550.45 3,7827.064.24
76LigniteHill's Creek, near Government Water-race, Central Otago18.5643.3235.202.920.31 3,7537.004.20
77LigniteNgapara, North Otago20.7737.3836.705.101.58 3,7777.054.23
78LigniteBenhar Coal-mine, Stirling17.7048.4930.413.400.44 4,2677.974.78
79LigniteGore, Southland25.3440.4230.923.320.45 4,1957.824.69
80LigniteChatton, East Gore18.3241.3836.653.650.47 3,7687.034.22
81LigniteMataura, Southland19.0140.7735.654.570.31 3,7897.074.24
82LigniteWaikaka Coal-pits, Southland21.3636.3239.452.870.41 3,6636.834.10
83LigniteWaikaia Collieries21.0637.5137.114.320.23 3,5816.684.08
84ShaleWaikaia, Southland12.0060.2518.259.502.16 5,91711.046.62
For Comparison.
aAnthraciteWales89.076.512.272.150.86 8,22015.349.20
aAnthraciteWales (ex H.M.S. “Powerful”)82.1313.982.920.971.1483.108,45515.779.46
 AnthraciteBluff, Queensland75.8214.381.358.450.8284.277,74814.458.67
 AnthraciteMammoth Mine, Queensland (average of two samples)68.5821.591.418.420.6677.007,73114.428.65
 BituminuousSydney, Nova Scotia, Canada60.7034.932.621.750.4162.458,12015.159.09
 BituminuousCumberland, Nova Scotia, Canada66.8726.541.545.051.0771.927,99314.918.95
 BituminuousOsborne, Wallsend, New South Wales68.8622.191.257.700.4476.567,78814.538.71
 BituminuousPelaw Main and Richmond, New South Wales51.7342.021.884.370.9256.107,89114.728.83
 BituminuousAberdaire Collieries,52.5541.592.463.400.5555.957,90014.748.84
 BituminuousHetton Collieries,53.0037.872.286.850.6359.857,60614.198.51

As regards the quality of the coal, it cannot he surpassed. The late Sir John Coode, in his presidential address to the Institute of Civil Engineers, London, stated: “The bituminous coal found on the west coast of the South Island is declared by engineers to be fully equal, if not superior, to the best description from any part of the world.”

The quantity of each class of coal produced in 1906 and 1905 was:—

Class of Coal.Output of Coal.Increase.Approximate Total Output of Coal up to the 31st December, 1906.
1,9061,905
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
Bituminous and semi-bituminous1,077,408965,083112,32513,407,723
Pitch24,96123,0721,8891,931,611
Brown521,003496,93624,0677,094,882
Lignite106,164100,6655,499982,317
             Totals1,729,5361,585,756143,78023,416,533

The number of coal-mines working during the year 1906 was, as shown by the next table, 150, and the number of persons employed 3,692.

Number of Mines working.Number of Persons employed in each Mine.Total Number Persons employed
911 to 4 in each166
345 to 10 in each220
911 to 20 in each133
1621 and upwards3,173
150 3,692

The total output of coal from the above mines was 1,729,536, and the average annual output per person 469 tons.

It is believed that 6s. per ton is a good estimate of the cost, for labour only, of coal delivered in railway-trucks clear of the colliery premises, which differs somewhat from the cost at the pit's mouth.

The average earnings of each person employed have been computed at £2 18s. per week, or £150 16s. per annum, throughout the colony, but this varies in different districts, for which the figures-computed by Inspector Green are:—

AVERAGES OF WEEKLY EARNINGS.
 £s.d.
Northern district335
West Coast396
Southern210
          Average for colony£2180

The wage given for the West Coast district may be somewhat' more than the fact, on account of youths being counted as men. On the other hand, the information given for the Southern district may be rather too low, on account of the more intermittent nature of the work. The dredging industry is stated by the Southern Inspector to have largely increased coal-consumption in certain places, each steady working dredge consuming 20 tons of coal for at least forty weeks in the year, or, say, 800 tons per annum.

STATE COAL-MINES.

There are two collieries owned and worked by the State, one at Seddonville, the other at Point Elizabeth. The former is situated twenty-nine miles in a northerly direction from the Port of Westport, and connected therewith by a railway under the control of the Westport Harbour Board. The colliery contains a large ascertained quantity of excellent hard coal valuable for steam and household purposes, and during 1906 produced 36,713 tons of this quality. There is also in this mine a considerable quantity of soft coal, suitable for the manufacture of briquettes, and a plant for this purpose has been erected at the port of shipment, producing an article of fuel highly recommended for household use.

The Point Elizabeth Colliery lies some five miles north of the Port of Greymouth, the connection being by a State-owned railway,. and is equipped with a complete and up-to-date coal-mining and carrying plant. The coal mined is of excellent quality, containing but a small percentage of sulphur, and is largely used for steam-producing purposes on the Government railways. At the present time the mine is capable of an output of 1,500 tons per day if facilities for shipment were sufficient. During the past year 163,800 tons were won. Depots have been opened at Wellington, Christchurch, and Wanganui for the sale of coal to the public at a price which is greatly to the advantage of the purchaser.

Within four miles of the Point Elizabeth mine there is an area, reserved by the State, containing a large field of the best bituminous-coal in six distinct seams, the outcrops of which vary from 5 ft. to 21 ft. in thickness.

Simples from each of these seams have been analysed at the Colonial Laboratory by Dr. Maclaurin, with the following results:—

Thickness of Scam.Fixed Carbon.Volatile Hydrocarbons.Water.Ash.Total Sulphur.Evaporative Power per Pound of Coal
10 ft. 6 in.56.8835.764.343.020.3913.66
13 ft. 6 in.60.605.301.852.250.3615.49
7 ft. 4 in.63.6332.250.823.300.3015.70
7 ft. 4 in.62.9033.530.672.900.3315.81
13 ft. 6 in.62.2330.333.523.920.3314.07
11 ft.65.0831.950.772.200.3615.58
10 ft.65.9829.931.272.820.2915.49
21 ft.55.6339.101.623.650.2514.83
16 ft.55.4040.342.361.900.2215.17
5 ft. 10 in.56.0539.131.623.200.1915.31
3 ft.53.6239.601.685.100.3114.55
5 ft. 3 in.54.7037.952.954.400.3114.44
5 ft.57.5834.307.000.920.3113.01
5 ft.43.6242.943.1610.280.0912.01

With the exception of the last two samples the whole of the tests show the coal to be of excellent quality. The small percentage of water, ash, and sulphur, with its high evaporative power, prove it to be coal of very great value.

WORLD'S COAL PRODUCTION.

The total coal produced by all the countries of the world has been estimated for the year 1905 at over 880,000,000 tons. The principal contributors were:—

 Tons.
Germany121,190,000
Austria-Hungary12,971,000
Belgium22,492,000
Spain3,045,000
France35,347,000
Great Britain236,111,000
Russia19,318,000
India8,216,000
Japan9,979,000
South Africa3,182,000
Canada7,951,000
United States of America392,000,000
Australia6,853,000
New Zealand1,586,000

In the year 1886 the total production was 383 millions of tons, and in 1896 547 millions of tons.

IRONSANDS AND ORES OF NEW ZEALAND.

Almost every known variety of iron-ore has been discovered in New Zealand. At Parapara, near Nelson, immense quantities of brown hæmatite ore occur on the surface of the ground. When converted, the product is of the variety called white iron. Another deposit, about 60 ft. thick, is that on the west side of Mount Peel. This ore contains 56 per cent. of metallic iron, and has been traced a distance of three miles, beyond which point it is reported to swell out to as much as a mile in width. An extensive and valuable deposit (limonite and glauconite) occurs on the western slope of Mount Royal, Otago. It contains about 37 per cent. of the metal, and as regards both quality and position this deposit is of importance.

The following information on the ore deposits at Parapara is extracted from the Geological Survey Reports: The deposit occurs about a mile south-west of the Parapara River. About five miles north of this is the town of Collingwood, close to which is a mine which yields some of the best coal in New Zealand. A short tramway would enable the ore to be shipped in barges and taken to Collingwood, where there is every facility for the construction of a wharf, at which vessels of any size might lie. There is a large deposit of nearly pure crystalline limestone on the banks of the Parapara River, and the numerous streams in the neighbouring hills would give ample water-power if needed. It is estimated that the main deposit contains nearly 53 millions of tons of ore, but in the absence of any system of prospecting this estimate must not be regarded as in any way conclusive.

In the form of sand, the chief deposits are on the seashore of the west coast of both islands, the best known being that near New Plymouth. The Taranaki ironsand has been the subject of many experiments to determine the best method of smelting it. When mixed with clay and moulded in the form of a brick it has been readily smelted in the blast-furnace, and the iron produced is of excellent quality, suitable for steel-making processes. Cheap coal is obtainable from Mokau, a short distance from the ironsand deposits. A variety of articles have been manufactured from the product of the sand and submitted to experts, who have invariably expressed a favourable opinion as to quality and suitability.

PHOSPHATE ROCK.

Fairly extensive deposits of phosphate rock have been discovered as a fringe to the limestone at Clarendon, near Milton, Otago. The Ewing Phosphate Company (Limited) has been formed, and operations of quarrying and burning on a commercial scale have been undertaken. After burning, the rock is crushed and chemically treated. The value of this phosphate as a fertiliser has been satisfactorily proved, and there is every indication of a growing industry in quarrying the rock and preparing it for use. With such a valuable material at our very doors, there is no doubt that in future the importation of phosphate manures will cease, or at least be greatly reduced, whilst the question of export from this colony is within the range of possibility.

OTHER METALS OF MINERALS.

Very little has been done in the colony to prospect and develop mines other than for gold and silver. The only exports last year of metalliferous products, excluding gold and silver, were 1,186 tons of auriferous ore, 55 tons of scheelite-ore, 16 tons manganese, and small parcels of other minerals, representing an aggregate value of £18,461.

KAURI-GUM.

The quantity of kauri-gum exported last year was 9,154 tons, as against 10,883 tons for 1905. Last year's produce (£522,486) gave an average value of about £57 1s. 7d. per ton, while for 1905 the average was £51 11s. 9d. per ton.

Chapter 47. SECTION XV.—LABOUR LAWS.

The legislation passed by the General Assembly of New Zealand and termed the “labour laws” comprises the undermentioned statutes and regulations made under various Acts:—

“The Accidents Compensation Act, 1901.”

“The Accident Insurance Companies Act, 1902.”

“The Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act Amendment Act, 1895”: Section 10 (re holiday on licensing-election day).

“The Bank Holidays Act, 1902.”

“The Bankruptcy Act, 1892”: Sections 112 and 120 (re wages of employees).

“The Coal-mines Act Compilation Act, 1905.”

“The Companies Act, 1893”: Sections 1 and 249 (re wages of employees of companies that are being wound up).

“The Conspiracy Law Amendment Act, 1894” (re conspiracy in trade disputes, &c.).

“The Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act, 1892.” (See also Threshing-machine Owners' Lien Act.)

“The Criminal Code Act, 1893”: Sections 150 and 213 (re masters and apprentices).

“The Deaths by Accidents Compensation Act, 1880.” (See also Legitimation Act.)

“The Electoral Act, 1905”: Section 115 (re holiday on election-day).

“The Employers' Liability Act, 1882,” with amendments of 1891 and 1892.

“The Factories Act, 1901,” with amendments of 1902, 1905, and 1906.

“The Government Advances to Workers Act, 1906.”

“The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Acts Compilation Act, 1905,” and Amendment Acts, 1905 and 1906.

“The Inspection of Machinery Act, 1902,” with amendment of 1903.

“The Kauri-gum Industry Act, 1898,” and Amendment Acts of 1899, 1902, and 1903.

“The Labour Day Act, 1899.”

“The Labour Department Act, 1903.”

“The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900”: Section 13 (provision for workmen's homes).

“The Legitimation Act, 1894”: Section 6. (See Deaths by Accident Compensation Act.)

“The Licensing Act, 1881”: Section 131 (re payment of wages at house, where liquor is sold).

“The Master and Apprentice Act, 1865.” Master and Apprentice: Extract from “The Criminal Code Act, 1893,” sections 150 and 213.

“The Mining Act Compilation Act, 1905,” and Amendment Acts, of 1905 and 1906.

“The Public Contracts Act, 1900.”

“The Servants' Registry Offices Act, 1895.”

“The Scaffolding Inspection Act, 1906.”

“The Shearers' Accommodation Act, 1898.”

“The Shipping and Seamen Act, 1903,” and Amendment Act, 1905.

“The Shops and Offices Act, 1904,” and Amendment Act, 1905.

“The Statute Law Amendment Act, 1906,”: Sections 10 and 11.

“The Threshing-machine Owners' Lien Act, 1895.”

“The Trade-Union Act, 1878,” and Amendment Act, 1896.

“The Truck Act, 1891.”

“The Wages Attachment Act, 1895.”

“The Wages Protection Act, 1899” (forming part of and to be read with “The Truck Act, 1891”).

“The Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900,” with amendments of 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1905.

“The Workers' Dwellings Act, 1905,” and Amendment Acts of 1905 and 1906.

“The Workmen's Wages Act, 1893.”

The labour laws have been passed in the effort to regulate certain conditions affecting employer and employed. Their scope embraces many difficult positions into which the exigencies of modern industrial life have forced those engaged in trades and handicrafts. The general tendency of these laws is to ameliorate the position of the worker by preventing social oppression through undue influences, or through unsatisfactory conditions of sanitation. It will undoubtedly be found that, with the advance of time, these laws are capable of improvement and amendment; but they have already done much to make the lives of operatives of fuller and more healthy growth, and their aim is to prevent the installation of abuses before such abuses attain formidable dimensions.

The manufacturing population n New Zealand differs from that in some of the Australian States by its wide dispersion. The capital city has hitherto been unable to draw to itself the industrial ability of the other provincial centres; and not only do Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin vie with Wellington as centres of population, but also as nuclei of commercial activity. In the second-class towns, such as Palmerston North, Wanganui, Nelson, Napier, Invercargill, &c., many important works are being carried on, while even in the villages and rural districts the progress of new settlement necessitates the manufacture of articles which in older communities are produced in specialised localities. Men scattered widely at the numerous occupations of colonial country life, shearing, harvesting, bushfelling, road-making, or sailing coastal vessels, &c., require legal protection against the dangers and disabilities to which their callings expose them. This general dispersion of industry necessitates not only a wide system of supervision, but legislative measures of a peculiar character, at once sufficiently elastic to comprehend many varieties of function, and yet rigid to crush any apparent abuse.

The following explanatory notes on the labour laws of the colony are by Mr. E. Tregear, Secretary for Labour:—

“By far the most interesting and original of these laws is the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, first passed in 1894. This, with three later amending Acts, was consolidated in 1900, but has been amended afresh in 1901, 1903, and 1904. The substance of all these may be found in ‘The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Acts Compilation Act, 1905’; but it has to be supplemented with the amending Act of 1905. The necessity of continuous amendment has been thrust upon the Legislature through the principle of industrial arbitration of a judicial character being entirely unique and without statutory precedent. The law on this subject has to be kept flexible in order to meet the continual necessities of change and growth. As difficulties impossible to foresee arise on the untrodden ground, they have to be met by new efforts to cope with the new situation, and with the knowledge which can only be born with experience.

“Societies consisting of two or more employers, or of seven or more workers may be registered and become subject to the provisions of the Act under the title of ‘industrial union.’ Any such union may bring a trade dispute before the Board of Conciliation, which Board may proceed to investigate the dispute, or, on requirement of one of the parties, may refer the case direct to the Arbitration Court. If the dispute is left to the Board, after taking evidence, &c., the Board may make a recommendation, which, if accepted by the parties, is put into the form of an industrial agreement and has the force of law. If the Board's recommendation is ignored for a month it automatically becomes law, but if rejected the dispute is carried to the Court of Arbitration. This Court, consisting of a President, who is a Judge of the Supreme Court, and two other members—one elected by the employers’ unions, the other by the workers' unions—has wide powers, and against its decisions there is no appeal. Inspectors of Factories are Inspectors of Awards under the Arbitration Act. The later amendments of the Act are mostly in the direction of giving wider notice of Court sittings, of arranging for permits being given at lower rates than the minimum wage mentioned in the award, and of greater strictness in matters threatening to bring about a strike or lock-out.

“‘The Factories Act, 1901’ is a consolidation of former legislation, but with important amendments within itself and in the years 1902, 1905, and 1906. The Acts passed prior to 1901 dealt almost exclusively with the protection of working-women and children, but the existing law takes cognisance also of the working-hours of men, and arranges for payment being made for overtime-work. The forty-five-hour week is insisted on for women and youths, except in woollen-mills, where forty-eight hours are allowed; but if men are employed over forty-eight hours in one week overtime must be paid. The wages of young persons, the statutory holidays (with payment therefor), the regulated hours of overtime, the sanitation and hygiene of factories, provision of fire-escapes, drinking-water, &c., are all carefully arranged for under this Act. Any establishment wherein two or more persons work to produce articles intended for sale is a factory in New Zealand. All bakehouses, all laundries, and all places wherein Asiatics are employed are also factories, even if only one person is employed therein. This low limit is made mainly for the purpose of inspection, in order that the public should not be injured by taint on food or clothing manufactured in filthy surroundings. ‘Sweating’ has almost disappeared in New Zealand by the prohibition of sub-contracting in the issue of textiles to be made up into garments. The Factories Act is probably one of the most complete and perfect laws to be found on the statute-book of any colony, and is greatly appreciated by the workers, while the honest, fair-dealing employer is himself thereby protected from the unscrupulous proceedings of the piratical competitor.

“‘The Shops and Offices Act, 1904,’ is the consolidation of the Shops and Shop-assistants Acts of 1894, 1895, 1896, and 1901, but was itself amended in 1905. The Act regulates the hours of assistants in shops, not allowing them to exceed fifty-two hours a week or more than nine hours a day, with some exceptions. The shops are to be kept clean, and to have sanitary conditions necessary where two sexes are employed together.

“A weekly half-holiday is compulsory, but the particular day of the week is left to be chosen by each town separately. Compulsory closing of shops at any hour whatever is not insisted on unless under certain conditions whereby each trade is allowed to settle its closing-hour by a majority vote of all shopkeepers. To all young persons wages of 5s. a week as a minimum must be paid, with an annual increase of 3s. per week, until twenty years of age is reached. Overtime has to be paid for in both shops and offices, but some establishments, such as banks and shipping offices, are exempt.

“‘The hours of work and wages are subject to awards of the Arbitration Court.

“‘The Employers' Liability Act, 1882,’ added to and amended in 1891 and 1892, is designed to protect workmen from negligence on the part of employers by defining under what circumstances compensation for injury or death may be recoverable. The Act covers all employment except that of domestic service, and does not allow of ‘contracting out’ from its provisions, or permit the plea of ‘common employment’ to shield the employer or his agent for payment of damages if incurred.

“The last-mentioned Act has been practically superseded by ‘The Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900’ (amendments 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1905), because, while an accident to a worker had not to be compensated by an employer under the Employers' Liability Act unless such accident had occurred through his carelessness or through that of his agent, under the later Act all accidents are to be compensated unless they are caused by the serious and wilful misconduct of the person injured. This compensation is in no sense intended to be a punishment or penalty on the employer, but to be a means of providing for an injured workman or (in case of his death) for his family.

“A certain number of accidents take place—these numbers can almost be computed beforehand by actuarial experts—in spite of all that care and skill can do to prevent them. The workman, in case of industrial accident, had formerly not only the risk and pain to bear, but the money-loss of wages, the medical expenses, and in some events the ruin of his family, in order that profits might be made by others. Now the expense of accident is borne by the business itself as one of the legitimate expenses of carrying it on. To meet the difficulty of too great expense falling suddenly on an employer through his having to pay large accident compensation, provision is made by ‘The Government Accident Insurance Act, 1899,’ which insures employers against risk of paying compensation. There are also several private insurance companies in the colony which undertake these risks, and are regulated in some degree by ‘The Accident Insurance Companies Act, 1902.’ The Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act allows compensation up to £400 in case of death, and a less sum for injury. ‘Contracting out' is permitted if the alternative scheme is accepted as a fair equivalent by the Board of Conciliation of the district. ‘The Accidents Compensation Act, 1901,’ provides that an independent medical examination of the injured person may be ordered by the Judge before whom a claim of compensation for accident is brought. See also ‘The Deaths by Accidents Compensation Act, 1880,’ which deals with the status of persons to be benefited by compensation, and also ‘The Legitimation Act, 1894,’ which includes illegitimate children as legal recipients. ‘The Statute Law Amendment Act, 1906,' amends ‘The Workers’ Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900,' as regards certain Court procedure.

“‘The Workmen's Wages Act, 1893,’ states that if a workman shall demand payment of wages twenty-four hours or more after they are due, and the wages are not paid, the worker can legally attach moneys payable to the contractor by the employer until such wages are paid. Without written agreement to the contrary, all wages must be paid at intervals of not more than one week. Before the passing of ‘The Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900,’ it was ascertained that certain employers were taking out accident-insurance policies on their work-peoples' risks, so as to remove their own liability in case of accident, and deducting premiums therefor from the wages of the workers. This was considered by the Legislature as not only tending to produce negligence or recklessness in employers and their agents or foremen, by removing from them the liability for damages through accidents, but was also condemned in principle, on the ground that it is against justice to allow an employer to make arbitrary deductions from any wage agreed upon and worked for. This caused ‘The Wages Protection Act, 1899,’ to be passed. It prevents any deduction from lawfully earned wages as premiums for accident insurance, and makes any such deductions recoverable as debts within six months of such deductions being made.

“‘The Public Contracts Act, 1900,’ provides that in every contract let by a public body (such as the Government, a municipality, a Harbour Board, Education Board, &c.), the contractor must pay such rates to his men for wages, overtime, holidays, &c., as are generally considered usual and fair for such description of labour in that locality, or as fixed by the Court of Arbitration for the industrial district, whether the contractor is or is not a party to the award.

“‘The Truck Act, 1891,’ requires that payment of wages or earnings shall not be made in goods (technically known as ‘truck’ or barter), but in money, any contra-account notwithstanding; but there are a few exceptions, such as for advances for food, tools, &c., to men engaged in felling bush.

“In order to minimise the number of cases wherein fraudulent or unfortunate contractors formerly victimised their labourers, ‘The Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act, 1892,’ was brought into existence. This entitles a person who has done work on any land, building, or chattel to a lien upon such property. The lien is only to be exercised under certain restrictions, and for a limited amount; but it gives priority of claim for wages against other service, and enables legal proceedings for recovery to be taken before the attached property can be disposed of or alienated. With the Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act ‘The Threshing-machine Owners' Lien Act, 1895,’ is also to be considered. Liens to be acquired for security of miners' wages are dealt with in ‘The Mining Acts Compilation Act, 1905,’ and in ‘The Mining Act Amendment Act, 1905.’

“Among the enactments for the security of workers' wages may be noticed ‘The Companies Act, 1903,’ which gives priority of payment for wages or salaries above other debts in the event of the winding-up of a company, as ‘The Bankruptcy Act, 1892,’ does in the case of ordinary bankruptcy. ‘The Wages Attachment Act, 1895,’ prevents wages below £2 a week from being hypothecated for debt. It does not interfere with any workman being sued for debt in the ordinary course, but prevents a particular creditor from stepping in before others and seizing wages in advance before they are earned. The wages or earnings of coal-miners are specially safeguarded in the ‘The Coal-mines Compilation Act, 1905,’ and all conditions of other miners in ‘The Mining Acts Compilation Act, 1905,’ and the amending Acts of 1905 and 1906. No wages or payments of any kind may be made to workers in a publichouse or other premises licensed for the sale of alcoholic liquors; penalties are provided under ‘The Licensing Act, 1881,’ for any such payment.

“‘The Kauri-gum Industry Act, 1898’ (with its amending Acts of 1899, 1902, and 1903), regulates the conditions under which the fossil gum of the giant kauri-pine is dug and disposed of for sale. It specifies the different classes of settlers who may obtain licenses for digging gum, the varieties of licenses to dig and sell gum, and the particular lands on which the right to dig gum may be exercised.

“‘The Shearers' Accommodation Act, 1898,’ entails on Inspectors of Factories the duty of inspecting shearing-sheds on farms, runs, and stations all over the colony. Proper sleeping and other accommodation has to be provided for shearers—the most nomadic of workmen. If no provision is made, or if the accommodation is insufficient, formal notice has to be served on the owner or occupier in regard to improvements to be effected, and if the notice is disregarded or not fully complied with the offender can be brought before a Magistrate and fined.

“The licenses of registry offices for domestic or farm servants are regulated by ‘The Servants' Registry Offices Act, 1895.’ This Act prevents friendless or uneducated persons from becoming the prey of unscrupulous persons. Applicants for licenses as registry-office keepers have to pay a fee to the Government and to present a certificate of good character. Proper ledgers and books, open to inspection, must be provided. Registry-office keepers are not allowed to keep lodging-houses for servants or have any interest in such houses.

“‘The Shipping and Seamen Act, 1903’ (with amending Act of 1905), contains all the existing legal provisions affecting the protection of life at sea of both sailors and passengers. They relate to the appointment of pilots, ships' officers and engineers, the engagement and discharge of sailors, the sanitation, ventilation, or overloading of vessels, and the number of duly rated hands to be engaged in proportion to tonnage. They endeavour to prevent injustice to the sailor as to advance notes or payments in foreign money, and also specify penalties to be inflicted for desertion, disobedience, &c.

“‘The Inspection of Machinery Act, 1902’ (with Amendment Act, 1903), has, as its name implies, the oversight of all machinery, whether on land or water. It also provides for proper persons being in charge of machinery, &c., and for certificates of engineers and others in charge of engines and boilers.

“‘The Labour Department Act, 1903,’ established that Department on a statutory basis, although it had been in practical existence for some years. Its duties are to administer the labour laws, and to furnish information on all industrial matters, while power is given to certain of its officers to collect statistics with the authority wherewith a Crown Commissioner is invested.

“‘The Master and Apprentices Act, 1865’ applies mainly to the indenturing of children to employers, such children being the offspring of destitute parents. In other respects the law of England is held to be the law governing the relations between master and apprentice in this colony; but this is tempered by awards of the Arbitration Court, which allot the ratio of apprentices to journeymen engaged. Special sections of the main Act apply to the punishment of apprentices for absenting themselves from duty, and to the fine on a master for neglecting or ill-using his apprentice. ‘The Criminal Code Act, 1893,’ sections 150 and 213, also relates to the proper care of apprentices by their masters.

“Combinations or associations of persons for regulating the trade relations between masters and masters, or masters and workmen, or workmen and workmen, are to be Sound in ‘The Trade Union Act, 1878,’ with its amending Act of 1896. Practically, however, these relationships are determined by the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, and it is to the latter statute that attention must be paid if the relation of worker to employer is to be understood.

“‘The Conspiracy Law Amendment Act, 1894,’ permits any combination of persons in furtherance of a trade dispute, so long as it is not a combination for riot, sedition, or crime. Later legislation, however, forbids such combination from attempting to evade or defeat an award of the Arbitration Court, or to promote a strike or lock-out.

“Holidays for workers in the different trades are regulated under awards of the Arbitration Court, but by statute are referred to in the Factories, Shops and Offices, and other general Acts. Special enactments relate to ‘The Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act Amendment Act, 1895,’ ‘The Electoral Act, 1905, “The Bank Holidays Act, 1902,’ and ‘The Labour Day Act, 1899.’

“One of the latest departures in ‘advanced legislation' is the provision of land and dwellings for labour by means of ‘The Workers' Dwellings Act, 1905,’ ‘The Workers' Dwellings Act Amendment Act, 1905,’ the Amendment Act of 190G, and a section of ‘The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900.’ The excessive rents which workmen have had to pay in the chief centres of the colony needed reform in some protective way, and this method of attempting to achieve the object has been adopted.

“‘The Government Advances to Workers Act, 1906,’ enables a worker, manual, or clerical, who is not in receipt of more than £200 per annum to borrow from the Government Advances to Settlers Office a sum not exceeding £350 for the purpose of erecting a dwelling for himself. The loan, with interest at the rate of five per cent. per annum (subject to a rebate of one-half per cent. if paid within fourteen days of due date), is repayable by seventy-three half-yearly instalments, or the borrower may from time to time reduce his liability by payment of five pounds, or a multiple of five pounds.

“‘The Scaffolding Inspection Act, 1906,’ provides for the appointment of inspectors, whose duties are to see that all scaffolding and gear used in connection therewith is constructed or rigged in accordance with regulations to be framed for the purpose. Any person intending to set up scaffolding must, in writing, notify the inspector of such intention, subject to a penalty for non-compliance not exceeding twenty pounds. The inspector has power, if necessary, to order the owner or person in charge of scaffolding or gear to make such alterations to the same as may be required to render it safe. The penalty for failure to comply with such direction is a fine not exceeding twenty pounds. There is a right of appeal to the Minister against the decision of an inspector.”

CO-OPERATIVE PUBLIC WORKS.

Remarks on the co-operative system of constructing public works were given in a special article in the Year-book of 1894. The numbers of workmen employed in this manner under Government Departments during each month of the financial year 1906–7 were:—

Month.Roads Department.Public Works Department.Total.
April, 19063,2495,0878,336
May, 19062,7495,1277,876
June, 19062,4305,2107,040
July, 19062,2135,1807,393
August, 19062,1205,1537,273
September, 19061,9614,7926,753
October, 19061,9964,7456,741
November, 19061,9824,0956,677
December, 19062,2054,2746,479
January, 19072,4433,8246,267
February, 19072,6413,6316,272
March, 19072,7223,6566,378

The average number of men employed in each year was as follows:—

Year.Roads and Lands and Survey Departments.Public Works Departments.Total.
1891–92261527788
1892–932808421,122
1893–949331,0151,948
1894–951,1039622,065
1895–961,5727642,336
1896–971,4598542,313
1897–981,5528902,442
1898–991,6131,1942,807
1899–19001,8251,2433,068
1900–11,8202,0903,910
1901–21,8942,6734,567
1902–31,3191,7333,052
1903–41,4932,3053,798
1904–51,4072,1193,526
1905–63,4402,3455,785
1906-72,3934,6147,007
        Annual average last sixteen years1,5231,6363,159

LABOUR DEPARTMENT.

The total number of men for whom employment has been found by the Department of Labour up to the end of March, 1906, is given below. The statement also exhibits the number of persons dependent upon the men assisted:—

 Men.Dependents.
June, 1891, to 31st March, 18922,5934,729
1st April, 1892, to 31st March, 18933,8747,802
1st April, 1893, to 31st March, 18943,3417,942
1st April, 1894, to 31st March, 18953,0308,883
1st April, 1895, to 31st March, 18962,8718,424
1st April, 1896, to 31st March, 18971,7184,719
1st April, 1897, to 31st March, 18982,0354,928
1st April, 1898, to 31st March, 18992,1154,759
1st April, 1899, to 31st March, 19002,1474,471
1st April, 1900, to 31st March, 19013,1245,432
1st April, 1901, to 31st March, 19021,8302,747
1st April, 1902, to 31st March, 19033,7045,934
1st April, 1903, to 31st March, 19042,8753,237
1st April, 1904, to 31st March, 19053,1303,274
1st April, 1905, to 31st March, 19066,9037,324
1st April, 1906, to 31st March, 19077,2044,136
 52,49488,741

Chapter 48. SECTION XVI.—VITAL STATISTICS.

Table of Contents

BIRTHS.

THE number of births registered in the colony during 1906 was 34,252, or 27.08 in every 1,000 persons living. The number of births is 570 in excess of that for the year 1905, an increase of 2.41 per cent. From 1882 until the year 1899 there was a regular fall in the birth-rate. The number of births registered in a year reached 19,846 in 1884, and, after falling to 17,876 in 1892, has risen to 24,252 in 1906 as stated above.

The figures for each year from 1882 are worthy of notice, especially in connection with the subsequent particulars given as to marriages solemnised and the growth of population:—

Year.Number of Births.Rate per 1,000 of Population.
1,88219,00937.32
1,88319,20236.28
1,88419,84635.91
1,88519,69334.35
1,88619,20933.15
1,88719,13532.09
1,88818,90231.22
1,88918,45730.07
1,89018,27829.44
1,89118,27329.01
1,89217,87627.83
1,89318,18727.50
1,89418,52827.28
1,89518,54626.78
1,89618,61226.33
1,89718,73725.96
1,89818,95525.74
1,89918,83525.12
1,90019,54625.60
1,90120,49126.34
1,90220,65525.89
1,90321,82926.61
1,90422,76626.94
1,90523,68227.22
1,90624,25227.08

The marriages have increased numerically, and the population of the colony also.

Year.Number of Marriages.Mean Population (excluding Maoris).
1,8823,600509,309
1,8833,612529,292
1,8843,800552,590
1,8853,813573,362
1,8863,488582,117
1,8873,563596,374
1,8883,617605,371
1,8893,632612,716
1,8903,797620,780
1,8913,805629,783
1,8924,002642,245
1,8934,115661,349
1,8944,178679,196
1,8954,110692,417
1,8964,843706,846
1,8974,928721,609
1,8985,091736,260
1,8995,461749,984
1,9005,860763,594
1,9016,095777,908
1,9026,394797,793
1,9036,748820,217
1,9046,983845,022
1,9057,200870,000
1,9067,592895,594

The average number of children to a marriage may be ascertained by comparing the number of legitimate births for a series of years with the marriages, hut commencing with die marriages in the year preceding that for which the first number of births is taken.

The figures for the twenty-year period 1887–1906 show a decline in the proportion of births to every marriage in the preceding year from 5.31 to 3.21, as below:—

Year.Marriages.Legitimate Births.Proportion of Births to every Marriage solemnised in the Preceding Year.
1,8863,489  
1,8873,56518,5185.31
1,8883,61718,3255.14
1,8893,63217,8454.93
1,8903,79717,6754.87
1,8913,80517,6354.64
1,8924,00217,2834.54
1,8934,11517,5144.37
1,8944,17817,8244.33
1,8954,11017,7114.24
1,896 17,7784.32
1,8964,843  
1,8974,92817,9113.70
1,8985,09118,1543.68
1,8995,46118,0063.54
1,9005,86018,6403.41
1,9016,09519,5543.34
1,9026,39419,7343.23
1,9036,74820,8353.26
1,9046,98321,7373.22
1,9057,20022,6003.24
1,906 23,1203.21

If the average result be taken out for the ten years 1887–1896, it will be found to represent 4.67 births to a marriage. Dealing similarly with the figures for 1897–1906 the result is an average of 3.38, so that regarded annually or decennially there is a decided fall to be observed.

In the Australian States a similar decrease is noticeable.

New Zealand had in 1880 the highest birth-rate (40.78); in 1900 the case was reversed; but in 1906 the New Zealand rate was higher than that of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia.

The movement over ten years is calculated as under:—

BIRTH-RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.
State or Colony.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Queensland29.9228.2827.3130.2128.2827.6824.7127.1225.9226.31
New South Wales28.4227.1427.1027.4327.6027.1725.2826.7326.7327.04
Victoria26.5925.7226.7125.8225.7725.2324.4624.6524.8325.14
South Australia26.9724.9825.5125.7825.3924.8523.4324.7023.8223.54
Western Australia25.8229.3530.6431.4630.3230.0930.2730.3430.3030.02
Tasmania27.7326.2425.9828.2528.4028.9528.6129.5929.3229.52
New Zealand25.9625.7425.1225.6026.3425.8926.6126.9427.2227.08

This table shows that although New Zealand had in 1900 the lowest birth-rate in Australasia, the rate in this colony for 1906 was higher than that of New South Wales, Victoria, and some others.

A declining birth-rate is noticeable in many civilised countries, and attention has been drawn by statisticians and political economists to the serious consequences that may result. That fertility among women in New Zealand is decreasing, from whatever causes, further facts will tend to show.

Taking the number of married women in New Zealand at what may be considered the child-bearing ages (i.e., from 15 to 45 years, inclusive) as shown by each census since 1878, and for the same years the number of legitimate births (excluding plural) registered, the birth-rate per 1,000 married women of the above-stated ages is easily found, and is shown to be steadily declining. In 1878 the rate was 337 per 1,000, in 1896 it had fallen to 252, in 1901 to 244, and in 1906 to 228; or, in other words, in 1878 one married woman of the ages specified in every three gave birth to a child, while in 1906 the rate was less than one in four. The figures for each census year are given below.

BIRTH-RATES (LEGITIMATE) PER 1,000 MARRIED WOMEN AT CHILD-BEARING AGES FOR EACH CENSUS YEAR, 1878 TO 1906.
Year (Census).Number of Married Women between 15 and 45 Years of Age.Number of Legitimate Births (Confinements).Birth-rate per 1,000 Married Women of from 15 to 45 Years of Age.
1,87850,99517,190337.2
1,88157,45818,003313.3
1,88662,70418,532295.5
1,89163,16517,455276.3
1,89669,80717,596252.1
1,90179,40619,355243.8
1,90698,21122,352227.6

And another table is given, showing for a period of twenty years the numbers of married women at the quinquennial periods of age-belonging to the full term 15 to 45 years, with the proportions that those numbers bear to every 100 married women living at 15–45.

These proportions are found to have diminished appreciably a the earlier ages, 15–20 and 20–25 ; but the numbers of the living are much smaller at those ages than at the higher ones, 25–30 and onwards to 40–45, and the effect of this lesser number of wives at the lower ages in reducing the birth-rate would not be so much as-might at first be thought probable.

It is, however, undoubtedly a fact that to have a growing proportion of wives at the earlier productive ages is the best position, but it is not the one which obtains at present in New Zealand.

MARRIED WOMEN UNDER 45 YEARS OF AGE, GIVEN ACCORDING TO AGE GROUPS, AS AT THE CENSUSES OF 1881, 1891, 1901, AND 1906; WITH THE PROPORTION IN EACH GROUP FOR EVERY 100 OF THE WHOLE.
Age-groups.Married Women under 45, excluding Chinese.
Numbers at Census.Proportions per Cent.
1881.1891.1901.1906.1881.1891.1901.1906.
15–201,2337507779282.141.190.980.95
20–258,9968,86210,05312,15315.6614.0312.6612.37
25–3013,13314,54017,92324,03022.8623.0222.5724.47
30–3512,65614,57619,61723,02522.0323.0824.7023.44
35–4011,81112,95916,85421,45320.5520.5121.2321.84
40–459,62911,47814,18216,62216.7618.1717.8616.93
    Totals57,45863,16579,40698,211100.00100.00100.00100.00

A table is given in the Sixty-eighth Annual Report of the Registrar General of England of such importance that it is reproduced here :—

LEGITIMATE BIRTH RATES.
Country—(Arranged in order of rates in 1900–2).Proportion of Legitimate Births per 1,000 Wives aged 15–45 Years.Increase (+) or Decrease (−) per cent. in Fertility during 20 Years.
Approximate Periods.
1880–2.1890–2.1900–2.
European Countries    
  The Netherlands347.5338.8315.3−9.3
  Norway314.5306.8302.8−3.7
  Prussia312.6307.6290.4−7.1
  Ireland282.9287.6289.4+2.3
  German Empire310.2300.9284.2−8.4
  Austria281.4292.4283.7+0.8
  Scotland311.5296.4271.8−12.7
  Italy276.2 269.4−2.5
  Sweden293.0280.0269.0−8.2
  Switzerland284.1274.0265.9−6.4
  Denmark287.1278.1259.1−9.8
  Spain257.7263.9258.7+0.4
  Belgium312.7285.1250.7−198
  England and Wales286.0263.8235.5−17.7
  France196.2173.5157.5−19.7
Australian Commonwealth    
  Tasmania 311.0256.4 
  Queensland329.0320.6252.8−23.2
  Western Australia323.9338.8246.4−23.9
  South Australia326.5307.5235.0−28.0
  New South Wales337.8298.5234.3−30.6
  Victoria299.2297.8226.8−24.2
  New Zealand322.1277.5243.2−24.5

Here England and Wales for 1900–2 stands as having had the lowest fertility of all the European countries specified, except France. New Zealand shows a little above England, and in respect of Australia, somewhat higher than South Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria.

A further table shows the declining birth-rate, and the increase in the marriage-rate, in the United Kingdom.

BIRTH AND MARRIAGE RATES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1903, AND 1905.
Year.Mean population.Number.Rate per 1,000 of populationNumber.Rate per 1,000 of population
1,88636,313,5821,145,57731.5241,1806.6
1,89137,802,4401,148,25930.4275,9707.3
1,89639,599,0721,152,14429.0296,0897.5
1,90141,550,7731,162,97528.0313,3517.5
1,90342,371,2191,183,62727.9316,4157.5
1,90543,221,1451,163,50626.9315,0637.3

The above figures are taken from the report of the Registrar-General of England (68th number), published in 1907.

The birth-rates for ten years in Great Britain and certain countries of the European Continent are also given from the same source. The rates in England and Wales, and in Scotland, are higher than those in New Zealand, but the rate for Ireland is lower. France has the lowest rate of all quoted:—

BIRTH-RATES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 1896 TO 1905.
Countries.Number of Births per 1,000 of Mean Population.
1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.
Hungary40.540.337.739.339.337.838.836.737.035.7
Austria38.037.536.237.137.336.937.035.235.4 
Italy34.734.633.433.832.932.633.331.532.632.3
German Empire36.336.036.135.835.635.735.133.934.1 
Netherlands32.732.531.932.031.5132.331.831.631.430.8
Scotland30.430.030.129.829.629.529.229.228.728.1
Norway30.430.030.330.930.129.829.128.828.127.4
England and Wales29.629.529.329.128.728.528.528.427.927.2
Belgium29.029.028.628.828.929.428.427.527.1 
Sweden27.226.727.126.426.927.026.525.725.825.7
Switzerland27.928.128.428.928.629.128.727.727.727.4
Ireland23.623.523.222.922.722.723.023.123.623.4
France22.522.321.821.921.422.021.721.120.920.6

From the year 1895 marriages have shown an increase in New Zealand, the rate being then 5.94 per 1,000 of population. In 1906 the rate rose to 8.48, the highest record since 1875, when it was 8.91 per 1,000 of mean population. The number of marriages solemnised in 1906 was 7,592, an increase of 392 on the number for 1905.

MARRIAGE-RATES IN AUSTRALASIA PER 1,000 OF POPULATION FOR FIVE YEARS.
 1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Queensland6.315.725.936.046.73
New South Wales7.536.867.217.427.63
Victoria7.026.296.807.247.28
South Australia6.616.256.857.007.05
Western Australia9.779.338.838.488.70
Tasmania7.477.577.557.617.74
New Zealand8.018.238.268.288.48

In March, 1901, New Zealand had 86,806 children living under the age of five years, and in April, 1906, the number was 102,745, an increase of 15,939, or 18.35 per cent., although the population at all ages increased in the quinquennium by only 14.99 per cent. Between 1891 and 1896 the increase was only 455, or 0.55 per cent., while between 1886 and 1891 the children living under five years actually decreased in number by 3,624, the increase of population of all ages (8.33 per cent.) being less than between 1891 and 1896 (12.24 per cent.), 1896 and 1901 (9.86 per cent.), or 1901 and 1906 (14.99 per cent.). The number of children under one year to the total population at all ages, according to the results of five censuses, was:—

 Children under One Year.Total Population (all Ages).
Census 188618,355578,482
Census 189116,443626,658
Census 189617,070703,360
Census 190118,381772,719
Census 190622,289888,578

Thus, in 1886, with a population of 578,482 persons, there were 18,355 children under one year, against 22,289 children of that age in 1906, with a population of 883,578 persons.

The births registered in 1885 were 19,693, against 23,682 in 1905. The birth-rate fell from 34.35 per 1,000 of the population in 1885 to 27.22 in 1905.

Deducting 1,599, the number of deaths of children under one year registered in 1905, from 23,682, the number of births for that year, leaves 22,083, or within 206 of the living children under one year at the time of the last census.

TWIN BIRTHS.

There were 211 cases of twin, births (422 children), and triplets were registered in four instances, in 1906. The number of children born was 24,252; the number of mothers was 24,033: thus, on an average, one mother in every 114 gave birth to twins, against 97 in 1905, 93 in 1904, and 97 in 1903.

ILLEGITIMACY.

The births of 1,132 children were illegitimate: thus 47 in every 1,000 children born were born out of wedlock, against 46 in 1905.

The following table gives the rates of illegitimacy in Australasia. The rate in 1906 in New Zealand was less than in any of the Australian States except South Australia.

PROPORTION OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN EVERY 100 BIRTHS.
Year.Queensland.New South Wales.Victoria.South Australia.Western Australia.Tasmania.New Zealand.
1,8976.026.585.423.535.275.744.41
1,8986.046.935.293.624995.094.23
1,8995.977.155.493.954.916.084.40
1,9006.407.015.914.244.825.434.63
1,9015.937.165.583.983.885.944.57
1,9026.046.605.514.363.965.364.46
1,9036.766.715.734.184.695.614.55
1,9046.897.125.744.014.365.824.52
1,9057.007.375.614.374.195.524.57
1,9067.687.045.584.004.785.784.67

These figures show the proportion of illegitimate births to every 100 births for this colony to be fairly steady for the period 1897–1906; the difference amounts only to 0.26 per cent. on a comparison of the first and last years.

The total number of births registered was 19,135 in 1887 and 24,252 in 1906, while the illegitimate births rose from 617 to 1,132. The causes that led to the fall in the birth-rate certainly did not greatly affect the number of illegitimate children.

The number of spinsters in the colony between 15 and 45 increased during the ten years from 85,101 (census 1896) to 110,428 (census 1906), or at the rate of 29.76 per cent., while the illegitimate births increased from 834 to 1,132, or at the rate of 35.73 per cent.

The following figures, showing the rate of illegitimacy per 100 births in Australasia and in the United Kingdom, are based on statistics for a period of five years in the former, and ten years in the latter:—

Country.Illegitimate Births per Cent.
New South Wales7.0
Victoria5.6
Queensland6.9
South Australia4.2
Western Australia4.4
Tasmania5.6
New Zealand4.5
England and Wales4.2
Ireland2.6
Scotland7.2

Of the total number of children born in Australasia during the five years ended 1900, 5.67 per cent. were illegitimate, as compared with 4.42 per cent. in the United Kingdom for the same period.

The figures in the next table, which give the percentages of illegitimate births in a number of foreign countries, cover in most cases a period of five years.

Country.Illegitimate Births per Cent.
Germany9.08
Prussia7.68
Bavaria13.43
Saxony12.89
Austria14.20
Hungary9.13
France8.82
Belgium7.67
Netherlands2.60
Sweden11.13
Norway7.43
Italy6.45

For England and Wales the proportion of illegitimate births to the total births in 1905 was 4 per cent., having gradually diminished from 7 per cent. in 1845.

The average proportion of illegitimate births in Scotland in five years was 6.3 per cent., but in Ireland the extremely low average of 2.6 per cent. obtained.

THE LEGITIMATION ACT.

An important Act was passed in 1894, entitled the Legitimation Act, which makes provision for the legitimation of children born before marriage on the subsequent marriage of their parents. Under this Act any child born out of wedlock, whose parents afterwards marry, is deemed to be legitimised by such marriage on the birth being registered in the manner prescribed by the Act. For legitimation purposes Registrars must register a birth when called upon to do so by any person claiming to be the father of an illegitimate child; but such person is required to make a solemn declaration that he is the father, and that at the time of the birth there existed no legal impediment to his marriage with the mother of the child. He has also to produce the evidence of his marriage. It will thus be seen that in cases dealt with under the Act registration becomes the test of legitimacy. In the December quarter of 1894, 11 children were legitimised; in the year 1895 the number was 68; in 1896, 56; in 1897,48; in 1898, 59; in 1899, 41; in 1900, 62; in 1901, 47; in 1902, 96; in 1903, 65; in 1904, 87; in 1905, 84; and 1906, 125, making altogether 849 legitimations since the passing of the law.

“THE INFANT LIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1896.”

By this statute it has been rendered unlawful for a person to take charge, for payment, of an infant to maintain or nurse for more than three days without holding a license as an infants' home keeper. The house of such a person must be registered as an infants' home.

The administration of this law is a matter entirely managed by the police. The licensed homes are periodically inspected, and the results have shown that licensees generally comply with the required conditions, the homes and infants being well looked after.

The Commissioner in his report for the year ended 31st March, 1906, writes:—

During the year there were 557 registered homes throughout the colony, representing 862 infants, against 528 homes and 728 infants in 1904.

Twenty deaths occurred in the homes during the year, against twenty-one in the preceding year. Four licensees were prosecuted for breaches of the Act, and three were convicted, against five prosecutions and five convictions in 1904. No licenses were cancelled, and no neglect of licensees was disclosed at inquests.

MATERNITY HOMES AND THE REGISTRATION OF NURSES AND MIDWIVES.

There are four maternity homes now open for the use of the public, one at each of the principal centres. The St. Helen's Hospital at Wellington was opened in June, 1905; that at Dunedin n October, 1905; that at Auckland in June, 1906; and that at Christchurch, in April, 1907. Up to the end of March, 1907, a total of 564 births had taken place in the three hospitals, and 154 confinements had been attended by the institution nurses outside the hospitals. These institutions are a development of the policy begun by legislation in 1901, when the Nurses' Registration Act was passed, followed in 1904 by the Midwives' Act, the latter providing that after a certain date only those midwives who were duly registered would be qualified to practise on their own account. Thirteen nurses' certificates have been issued to those who were trained in the hospitals and were qualified to practise, while 890 midwives have been registered, 101 of these holding special certificates.

The maternity hospitals are not intended in any sense to be charitable institutions, and it is expected that they will be self-supporting. The three already running are within a comparatively small distance of paying the expenses of management.

BIRTHS AND BIRTH-RATES IN THE FOUR CHIEF CITIES.

The total number of births registered as occurring in the four chief centres and suburbs in 1906 was 6,512, as against 6,335 for the previous year. The birth-rates for 1906 were:—

 Birth-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Auckland City29.96
Auckland City and six suburban boroughs20.36
Wellington City27.85
Wellington City and three suburban boroughs27.26
Christchurch City28.19
Christchurch City and one suburban borough28.23
Dunedin City28.96
Dunedin City and six suburban boroughs27.03

By the inclusion of the suburbs the rate is raised at Christchurch, but lowered at Auckland, Wellington, and Dunedin. It will be observed that Christchurch has the highest rate, Wellington next highest, Dunedin and Auckland following with intervals. The birth-rate for the whole colony last year was 27.08 per thousand. Wellington and Christchurch are thus over the average; Auckland and Dunedin below it.

The birth-rates for three of the central boroughs last year show a rise when compared with 1905. In Auckland the rate fell from 30.06 to 29.96; in Wellington from 29.72 to 27.85, in Christchurch from 29.70 to 28.19, but rose in Dunedin from 23.90 to 28.96. The rates for five years, 1902 to 1906, are:—

 Births per 1,000 of Population.
 1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Auckland (without suburbs)30.8031.6731.0830.0629.96
Wellington25.2929.2226.7729.7227.85
Christchurch25.8426.5927.5329.7028.19
Dunedin19.9619.5422.4023.9028.96

NATURALISATION.

Aliens residing in the colony may, on taking the oath of allegiance to His Majesty, obtain letters of naturalisation entitling them to enjoy all the rights and privileges that a natural-born subject of the United Kingdom can enjoy or transmit within this colony. Three hundred and thirty-eight (319 men and 19 women) were naturalised in 1906.

The number belonging to each nationality was as under:—

NUMBER OF ALIENS NATURALISED IN 1906.
Natives of—M.F.
German Empire336
Norway126
Sweden211
Denmark210
Russia, Poland and Finland153
France and possessions31
Belgium10
Netherlands31
Switzerland71
Italy130
Spain50
Portugal and possessions40
Austria-Hungary1200
Greece70
China290
Japan20
United States of America60
Syria150
Brazil10
Peru10

The number of natives of each country naturalised during the last twenty-four years is next shown.

Natives of— 
Germany1,713
Sweden and Norway1,335
Denmark925
Russia in Europe287
France145
Belgium34
Netherlands69
Switzerland193
Italy and Sicily247
Portugal66
Austria-Hungary678
Greece58
China404
United States of America103
Other countries169
              Total6,426

By section 2 of “The Aliens Act Amendment Act, 1882,” repealed and re-enacted by section 2 of “The Aliens Act Amendment Act, 1892,” it is provided that when the father, or mother being a widow, has obtained naturalisation in the colony, every child who during infancy has become resident with them in New Zealand shall be deemed to be naturalised, and shall have the rights and privileges of a natural-born subject.

MARRIAGES.

The marriages for 1906 show an increase on the number for the previous year. The number was 7,592, or 392 more than in 1905. The marriage-rate rose from 8.28 per 1,000 persons living in 1905 to 8.48 in 1906, the rate for the latter year being the highest obtained since 1875, when it stood at 8.94 per 1,000 persons. The improvement shown during the last ten years sets New Zealand in a good position relatively to the Australian States.

The rates for a series of sixteen consecutive years were:—

MARRIAGES PER 1,000 OF THE POPULATION.
Year.Queensland.New South Wales.Victoria.South Australia (Proper).Western Australia.Tasmania.New Zealand.
1,8917.187.397.697.318.006.636.04
1,8926.676.776.646.517.296.516.23
1,8935.916.405.996.266.345.516.22
1,8945.706.205.986.096.245.436.15
1,8956.236.356.005.886.835.325.94
1,8966.056.596.486.208.455.886.85
1,8976.056.726.365.4610.736.236.83
1,8986.036.666.536.189.896.296.91
1,8996.786.897.016.249.896.377.28
1,9006.887.386.966.5010.277.717.67
1,9016.617.686.996.449.657.687.83
1,9026.317.537.026.619.777.478.01
1,9035.726.866.296.259.337.578.23
1,9045.937.216.806.918.837.558.26
1,9056.047.427.247.008.487.618.28
1,9066.737.637.287.128.707.748.48

The improved rate for this colony is higher than the rate for the European countries given in the table following.

MARRIAGES IN EVERY 1,000 OF THE POPULATION.
Hungary1,9058.4
German Empire1,9048.1
Belgium1,9048.0
Austria1,9047.8
England and Wales1,9057.7
France1,9057.7
Switzerland1,9057.6
Italy1,9057.6
Netherlands1,9057.3
Spain1,9057.2
Denmark1,9057.2
Scotland1,9056.7
Sweden1,9055.9
Norway1,9055.8
Ireland1,9055.3

Of the marriages solemnised in 1906, 6,925 were between bachelors and spinsters, 265 between bachelors and widows, 286 between widowers and spinsters, and 116 between widowers and widows.

Divorced men and women have been classified as bachelors or spinsters: 37 divorced men and 61 divorced women were married during the year.

Included amongst spinsters are eleven married women, and amongst the bachelors one married man, who elected to go through the form of marriage with other persons under the projection of the provisions of section 204, subsection (5), of “The Criminal Code Act, 1893,” which runs, “No one commits bigamy by going through a form of marriage if he or she has been continually absent from his or her wife or husband for seven years then last past, and is not proved to have known that his wife or her husband was alive at any time during those seven years.”

The total number of marriages solemnised (7,592) does not include marriages where both parties are of the aboriginal native race, such persons being exempted from the necessity of complying with the provisions of the Marriage Act, although at liberty to take advantage thereof. Twenty-seven marriages in which both parties were Maoris were contracted in 1906 in terms of the Act: 15 by Registrars, 7 by clergymen of the Church of England, 1 by a Methodist minister, and 4 by ministers of the Church of the Latter-day Saints. Four marriages of Chinese persons, previously performed in China, were again solemnised by Presbyterian ministers.

BACHELORS AND SPINSTERS IN NEW ZEALAND.

The results of three censuses in respect of the number of bachelors of 20 years and upwards, and spinsters of 15 years and upwards, in the colony show some interesting features. In 1891 there was an excess of bachelors over the spinsters amounting to 3,497 men. But by 1896 not only had the preponderance of the male element been lost, but an excess of spinsters over bachelors was reported amounting to 1,786 women, while in 1901 this excess had risen to 3,572 women. The census of 1906 disclosed the fact that there was a considerable excess of bachelors, amounting to 9,633. This result, no doubt, is largely due to the arrivals from abroad of numbers of young men who have settled in the colony.

It is noticeable how differently the numbers for the provincial districts have been affected by the process in operation. An excess of bachelors was preserved in Auckland, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Wellington, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland from 1891 to 1906. In Canterbury, however, an excess of spinsters was found in 1891 of 2,516, which increased to 3,997 in 1896 and to 4,918 in 1901, but decreased to 2,117 in 1906; while in Otago an excess of 773 spinsters in 1891 increased to 2,066 in 1896, diminished in 1901, when there were 1,899 more spinsters than bachelors, and again in 1906, when the number of spinsters was 954 greater than the number of bachelors. These two important districts of the South Island have lost large numbers of bachelors by departures to the North Island. The following table exhibits the particulars for each provincial district:—

Provincial Districts.Census, 1891.Census, 1896.Census, 1901.Census, 1906.
Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.
Total excess3,497  1,786 3,5729,633 
Auckland156 703 521 3,383 
Taranaki121 524 805 754 
Hawke's Bay1,337 1,142 425 1,151 
Wellington2,129 637 32 4,389 
Marlborough644 183 158 532 
Nelson1,486 580 637 1,550 
Westland900 501 666 935 
Canterbury 2,516 3,997 4,918 2,117
Otago 773 2,066 1,899 954
Chatham Islands15 7 1 10 
Kermadec Islands 2      

MARRIAGES BY MINISTERS OF VARIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

Of the marriages in the year 1906, 24.93 per cent. were solemnised by ministers of the Church of England, 25.75 per cent. by ministers of the Presbyterian Churches, 14.94 per cent. by ministers of the Wesleyan and ether Methodist Churches, 1112 per cent. by ministers of the Roman Catholic Church, 6.30 per cent. by ministers of other denominations, and 16.96 per cent. by Registrars.

The following shows the proportions of marriages by ministers of the principal denominations in the past eight years, and the percentages of these denominations to the total population in 1906:—

Denomination.Percentage of Marriages.Percentage of Denomination to Total Population in 1906.
1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Church of England24.1722.6824.9124.5825.5224.1224.2424.9341.51
Presbyterians25.3026.3324.4825.9525.3125.4626.4325.7522.96
Methodists12.9113.2313.1912.9513.3216.3016.7614.9410.06
Roman Catholics10.8710.8210.539.9410.0811.1410.2211.1214.31
Other denominations9.3410.2010.2010.079.876.546.756.3011.16
By Registrars17.4116.6916.6916.5115.9016.4415.6016.96 
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

Marriage by the Registrar is found to be less frequent than it was eight years ago, the percentage falling from 17.41 in 1899 to 16.96 in 1906.

MARRIAGE REGISTER SIGNED BY MARK.

Of the men married in 1906, 24, or 3.16 in every 1,000, and of the women 26, or 3.42 per 1,000, signed the register by marks.

The illiteracy of the people, as measured by the proportion of married persons who affix marks instead of signatures to the marriage register, has greatly decreased of late, having fallen since 1881 from 32.04 per 1,000 among men to 3.16 per 1,000, and from 57.98 per 1,000 to 3.42 per 1,000 among women. This is shown in a very striking manner by the following table:—

PERSONS IN EVERY 1,000 MARRIED WHO SIGNED BY MARK.
Denomination.1881.1891.1901.1906.
M.F.M.F.M.F.M.F.
Church of England16.5927.158.2910.661.323.290.531.58
Presbyterians10.2529.615.798.692.684.690.511.53
Wesleyans and other Methodists32.4141.798.9310.713.733.731.760.88
Roman Catholics117.78133.3331.3318.286.237.793.553.55
Other denominations10.3620.729.26 1.613.22  
    By Registrars39.2293.5127.4243.0813.7715.7313.2012.42
        Total marriages32.0457.9813.9316.824.596.233.163.42

The proportion of illiterates in 1901 and 1906 was greatest among those married before Registrars. Previously the proportion was largest among Roman Catholics; but since 1881 it has, as shown by the table, most remarkably decreased.

AGES OF PERSONS MARRIED.

Of the persons married in 1906, 125 bridegrooms and 1,204 brides were under 21 years of age—four of the bridegrooms were between 17 and 18, and four between 18 and 19. Of the brides, three were under 15, five were between 15 and 16, and twenty-seven between 16 and 17 years of age. The proportion of men married is greatest at the ages of 25 to 30, and of women at from 21 to 25 years.

The following are the proportions of men and women married at each age-period to every 100 marriages in the years 1891, 1901, and 1906:—

Age.1891.1901.1906.
M.F.M.F.M.F.
Under 21 years1.5520.791.9317.161.6515.86
21 and under 2526.9943.9924.9439.9723.6487.99
25 and under 3036.1922.9737.0826.8939.4928.70
30 and under 4025.948.7227.1212.7327.0313.75
40 and under 506.442.716.042.445.362.71
50 and under 602.260.661.770.571.720.69
60 and under 700.550.160.920.240.790.25
70 and upwards0.08 0.20 0.320.05

Registrars of Marriages are prohibited by law from issuing certificates for the marriage of minors without the consent of their parents or lawful guardians, if there be any in the colony. If a declaration be made in any case that there is no parent or lawful guardian in the colony, then a certificate may be issued after the expiration of fourteen days following the date on which the notice of intended marriage is given.

A marriage may not be solemnised except after the delivery to the minister or Registrar who officiates of a certificate issued by a Registrar authorising such marriage, and if any persons knowingly and wilfully intermarry without such certificate the marriage is null and void; and no clergyman or minister of any denomination is empowered to solemnise marriages until his name has been placed on the Registrar-General's list of officiating ministers for the year.

Marriage with a deceased wife's sister in New Zealand was legalised in the year 1880, and an Act was passed in the year 1900 which legalised marriage with the brother of a deceased husband. This Act is retrospective, including in its provisions marriages between such parties which had previously been solemnised as well as those contracted after the statute was passed, and declaring all these to be valid, and the issue born prior or subsequent to the passing of the Act to be deemed born in lawful wedlock.

The measure was reserved for the signification of her late Majesty's pleasure. The Royal assent has since been given, and the Act came into force in New Zealand by Proclamation dated the 22nd May, 1901.

The ages at which persons may contract binding marriages are the same as in England—12 years for females and 14 for males. Marriage may be contracted at earlier ages than those stated, but would be voidable at the discretion of either of the parties upon reaching the age of 12 or 14, as the case may be, and without the necessity of proceedings in Court.

Although in New Zealand the age at which girls may legally marry is as above, nevertheless, by the criminal law, to unlawfully carnally know a girl under the age of 16 years is now a punishable offence. The age of consent was raised from 15 to 16 by statute passed in 1896.

The average age of the men married in this colony in 1906 was 29.76 years, and of the women 25.97 years. In England the mean age of those whose ages were stated was (in the year 1905) 28.56 years for men, and 26.38 years for women. Thus the average age at marriage in the colony would appear to be higher for men, but lower for women, than in England.

The proportion of bridegrooms under 21 is much greater in England than in New Zealand, and the proportion of brides under 21 in the colony somewhat higher.

In England, in 1905, of every 1,000 bridegrooms whose ages were stated, 44 were under 21 years of age, and of every 1,000 brides 147 were under 21 years of age. In New Zealand, in 1906, the proportions were 16 bridegrooms and 159 brides of similar ages in every 1,000 married:—

Year.Bridegrooms under 21 in every 100.Brides under 21 in every 100.
1,8901.8922.75
1,8921.6220.14
1,8941.4419.53
1,8961.9619.51
1,8981.5718.13
1,9001.6717.34
1,9011.9317.16
1,9021.3916.59
1,9031.6216.01
1,9041.7317.61
1,9051.8016.90
1,9061.6515.86

NUMBER OF MINISTERS.

The number of names on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act is (April, 1907) 1,190, and the denominations to which they belong are shown hereunder:—

Denomination.No.
Specified in statute— 
    Church of England357
    Presbyterian Church of New Zealand274
    Roman Catholic Church191
    Methodist Church of Australasia in New Zealand177
    Congregational Independents24
    Baptists37
    Primitive Methodist Connexion46
    Lutheran Church9
    Hebrew Congregations7
    Church of Christ19
    Free Methodist Church of New Zealand4
    New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgians)1
    Independent Free Church1
    Salvation Army26
    Catholic Apostolic Church4
    Seventh-day Adventists3
    Unitarians2
    Brethren2
    Christadelphian1
    Others5
                Total1,190

DEATHS.

The deaths in 1906 numbered 8,339, being equivalent to a rate of 9.31 in every 1,000 persons living, as against 9.27 in 1905. The lowest rate experienced since the year 1887, when the deaths were 10.29 per 1,000 of the population, was that for 1896 (9.10).

COMPARATIVE DEATH-RATE FOR THE PERIOD 1896 TO 1906.
Country.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.

* Excluding the Northern Territory.

New Zealand9.109.149.8410.249.439.8110.5010.409.579.279.31
Queensland12.1011.3312.6612.0711.7311.8812.0812.3810.1110.479.56
New South Wales12.3010.8812.4811.8211.1611.6811.9511.5910.6210.139.89
Victoria13.3512.9015.9414.2812.7513.2213.4012.9011.9212.1012.42
South Australia*11.4811.2413.0612.1410.6411.1111.7910.7110.2210.1410.34
Western Australia16.4516.9716.0513.7612.9213.3613.6312.6011.9110.8311.87
Tasmania11.6311.5313.5112.2511.0510.4510.8411.9211.0110.2311.13
England and Wales17.017.417.518.218.216.916.215.416.215.2 
Scotland16.618.418.018.118.518.017.216.616.915.9 
Ireland16.618.418.117.619.617.817.517.518.117.1 
Denmark15.616.515.517.316.915.814.614.614.115.0 
Norway15.215.315.316.915.914.913.914.814.314.8 
Sweden15.615.415.117.716.816.015.415.115.315.6 
Austria26.425.624.925.425.224.224.723.823.7  
Hungary28.928.528.027.226.925.427.026.124.827.8 
Switzerland17.717.618.217.619.318.017.217.617.317.9 
German Empire20.821.320.521.522.120.119.420.019.6  
Netherlands17.216.917.017.117.817.216.315.615.915.3 
France20.019.520.921.121.920.119.519.219.419.6 
Italy24.021.922.921.823.821.922.122.220.921.7 

In this statement New Zealand is conspicuous as showing the lowest death-rate. The rates for the principal Australian States are a little higher, but, generally speaking, far below those for the United Kingdom or the European Continental States mentioned in the table.

Perfect accuracy in comparing one country or colony with another can only be attained by the use of what is termed an ”index of mortality.“ The proportions of the living vary in regard to the different age-groups, and the ordinary death-rate—which is calculated on the population as a whole—does not afford a true means of judging of the relative healthiness of the places compared. But by taking a population like that of Sweden, and applying the percentage at each age-group to the death-rates, a standard of health or index of mortality can be arrived at. This has been done for New Zealand, in accordance with a resolution of the Statistical Conference held at Hobart in 1902, and the result is expressed in tabular form.

INDEX OF MORTALITY IN NEW ZEALAND FOR 1906.
Ages.Estimated Mean Population, 1906.Number of Deaths, 1906.Deathrate per 1,000, 1906.Percentage of Population of Sweden, 1890 (Standard).Index of Mortality in New Zealand per 1,000.
Under 1 year22,4791,50666.992.55171
1 and under 20 years329,4008862.6839.801.07
20 and under 40 years338,6241,3293.9226.961.06
40 and under 60 years141,8621,43510.1119.231.94
60 years and upwards63,2293,18350.3411.465.77
            Totals895,5948,3399.31100.0011.55

A similar calculation for the States of the Australian Commonwealth has been made for 1904. The results, when compared with the actual rates, exhibit to what degree the age-constitution of the population affects the death-rate. The figures for New Zealand are also given.

 Year 1904.
 Index.Actual.
Queensland13.2310.01
New South Wales14.1010.62
Victoria14.2911.92
South Australia13.3210.22
Western Australia15.6011.91
Tasmania14.3611.01
New Zealand12.049.57
New Zealand (1905)11.859.27

DEATHS AND DEATH-RATES OF THE FOUR PRINCIPAL CITIES AND THEIR SUBURBS.

In the earlier annual reports on the vital statistics of the four chief towns the central boroughs alone were dealt with, particulars respecting the suburbs not having been obtained. But this omission was held to be a grave defect, as the suburban death-rate may differ much from the death-rate at the centre. Steps were therefore taken early in 1895 to collect statistics of the suburban boroughs as well as of the four chief cities. As regards Auckland and Christ-church, the whole of the area usually recognised as suburban has not yet been brought under municipal government, and the statistics given below do not deal with such portions as still remain in road districts. The omission, however, is not very important, for there are in either case quite enough suburbs included within borough boundaries to give a fair idea of the death-rate of greater Auckland and greater Christchurch. As further boroughs are formed the vital statistics will be made to include them.

The total number of deaths registered for the four centres in 1906 was 2,480—viz., 2,066 in the cities, and 414 in the suburbs.

By including the suburbs the death-rate for last year is lowered at three of the four centres. The rates for the year are:—

 Death-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Auckland City12.51
Auckland City and six suburban boroughs9.90
Wellington City9.45
Wellington City and three suburban boroughs9.19
Christchurch City11.12
Christchurch City and one suburban borough11.25
Dunedin City12.70
Dunedin City and six suburban boroughs11.35

If the number of deaths of infants under one year be excluded, the mortality among the rest of the population is found to have been for 1905 and 1906 in the following ratio to the 1,000 living:—

 1905.1906.
Auckland (including suburbs)7.967.63
Wellington (including suburbs)7.387.23
Christchurch (including suburbs)8.259.15
Dunedin (including suburbs)8.519.39

The degree of infantile mortality is perhaps best shown in the proportion of deaths of children under one year of age to every 100 births. For 1905 and 1906 the proportions at the chief centres are,—

 1905.1906.
Auckland (including suburbs)9.158.58
Wellington (including suburbs)9.627.19
Christchurch (including suburbs)8.907.44
Dunedin (including suburbs)6.717.26

Again, the percentage of deaths of children under 5 to the total number of deaths is—Auckland 28.13; in Christchurch, 23.00; in Wellington, 24.03; in Dunedin, 22.27.

MORTALITY AT FOUR CENTRES, EXCLUDING SUBURBS.

Excluding suburbs, and dealing with the deaths at all ages in the four cities or central boroughs only, the rates for 1906 are found to be lower than in the previous year at Wellington, but higher at Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin. The figures for five years are given:—

 Deaths per 1,000 of Population.
 1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)17.2112.9711.1112.1512.51
Wellington (excluding suburbs)12.5811.3010.7510.559.45
Christchurch (excluding suburbs)12.2411.3910.5010.7611.12
Dunedin (excluding suburbs)11.8614.7713.5911.1312.70

Omitting the deaths of infants under one year, and calculating the rate on the population of one year of age and upwards, Wellington again shows a lower rate for 1906 than for the previous year.

 Deaths per 1,000 of Population, excluding Infants (under One Year of Age).
 1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)12.869.459.249.399.84
Wellington (excluding suburbs)9.548.848.427.807.68
Christchurch (excluding suburbs)9.038.837.878.469.34
Dunedin (excluding suburbs)10.3513.6111.909.6410.76

Subjoined is a table showing the rates of infant mortality in the four cities for each of the past five years, together with the mean rates for the period.

 Deaths of Children under One Year to every 100 Births.
 1902.1903.1904.1905.1,906Mean of Five Years.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)15.4112.086.9310.139.9210.89
Wellington (excluding suburbs)12.979.289.5510.027.119.79
Christchurch (excluding suburbs)13.3210.4910.368.607.2410.00
Dunedin (excluding suburbs)8.607.278.747.217.767.92

CAUSES OF DEATH AT FOUR CENTRES, INCLUDING SUBURBS.

While treating of the death-rates at the chief cities and surroundings, it is desirable to refer to the causes of mortality, which is done in the remarks that follow. The deaths for the whole colony, classified according to their cause, are treated of at length a little further on.

Specific Febrile and Zymotic Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

The mortality from these diseases was lower at three of the four centres in 1906 than in the previous year. The total deaths in this class were 115 for 1905 and 133 for 1906.

 Deaths from Febrile and Zymotic Diseases.
 1905.1906.
Auckland and suburbs4542
Wellington suburbs3422
Christchurch suburbs2723
Dunedin suburbs946
 115133

Of the above, influenza caused most deaths in 1906 at the four centres taken together, the total number being 33. Diarrhœal diseases came next with 29 deaths, typhoid fever 14, diphtheria 13, whooping-cough 12, measles 10, scarlet fever 4, and other zymotic complaints 18.

Comparison of the deaths for each city, including suburbs, shows,—

 Auckland.Wellington.Christchurch.Dunedin.
Zymotic, &c., Diseases1905.1906.1905.1906.1905.1906.1905.1,906
Diarrhœal diseases21161229823
Influenza311364937
Typhoid fever75241  5
Measles       10
Scarlet fever2231 1  
Diphtheria3245 214
Whooping-cough    1 112
Other zymotic diseases9610412325

Parasitic Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

Hydatids were fatal at Dunedin (1 death).

Dietetic Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

These numbered 25, 6 being due to want of breast-milk, scurvy, or malnutrition, 16 to alcoholism, and 3 to delirium tremens.

Constitutional Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

The deaths at the four towns numbered 511 in 1906. The first in importance of these diseases, and of all causes of death, is tubercle. The figures for 1905 and 1906 show 211 and 232 deaths for each year respectively.

 Phthisis and other Tubercular Diseases.
1905.1906.
Phthisis.Other Tubercular Diseases.Phthisis.Other Tubercular Diseases.
Auckland and suburbs37124012
Wellington suburbs28144911
Christchurch suburbs44102814
Dunedin suburbs47195919
 1565517656

The mortality from tubercular diseases for 1906 is 9.3 per cent. of the total deaths at the four boroughs and their suburbs from all causes.

Deaths from cancer rose at the chief towns from 191 in 1905 to 217 in 1906. The latter number is 9 per cent. of deaths for the year from all causes.

The number of deaths from cancer at the four chief towns and their suburbs for each of the last five years was as under:—

 1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Auckland and suburbs4437453549
Wellington suburbs3747444753
Christchurch suburbs2533384960
Dunedin suburbs5962576055
 165179184191217

Diabetes shows 36 deaths in 1906, against 32 in 1905.

Developmental Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

There were 285 deaths in this class, of which 125 were from premature births, 151 from old age, and 9 from other causes.

Local Diseases (at Four Chief Centres).

Deaths in this class were 22 more than in 1905, the figures being 1,297, against 1,275. Diseases of the circulatory system were the most fatal of this class, amounting to 334, being heart-disease, &c. Diseases of the nervous system show 235 deaths—82 from apoplexy. Diseases of the respiratory system show 297 deaths for 1906, against 279 in the former year. Bronchitis, pneumonia, congestion of the lungs, pleurisy, and allied diseases form this group.

Under the head of ”Diseases of the Digestive System“ there were 263 deaths at the four centres, including 99 from enteritis; peritonitis, 23; gastritis, 21; cirrhosis of liver, 14; jaundice and liver-disease, 15; and dentition 5. From appendicitis 20 deaths are particularly noted

Diseases of the urinary system caused 115 deaths — 65 from Bright's disease. The remaining deaths were: 1 disease of organs of special sense, 9 of the lymphatic, 33 of the reproductive systems, 7 of the organs of locomotion, and 3 of the integumentary system.

Violent Deaths (at Four Chief Centres).

There were 134 violent deaths, 109 of which were classed as accidental. Twelve of these latter were caused by fractures, and 17 by falls. In 12 cases deaths resulted from the deceased being run over by a cart, tram, train, &c. Twelve deaths were from burns or scalds, 16 by drowning, 13 by suffocation, 4 by poisoning; besides 5 from accident at birth, and 18 others.

Two deaths were classified as homicide. Of 23 suicides, 8 were by shooting, 6 by cutting throat, 4 by poison, 4 by hanging, 1 by drowning.

VITAL STATISTICS OF AUSTRALASIAN CAPITALS, 1906.

The vital statistics of the chief cities, with their suburbs, of Australasia show that the death-rate in Wellington (N.Z.) for 1906 was lower than that of any other of the principal towns for the same year.

Capital Cities (including Suburbs).Estimated Mean Population.Births.Deaths.Excess of Birth over Deaths
Total Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.Total Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.

* Ten-mile radius.

Melbourne521,00012,37323.757,08313.605,290
Sydney534,20013,98426.185,70310.688,281
Adelaide174,4383,81521.872,07811.911,737
Brisbane*131,1023,21124.491,31110.001,900
Perth53,3002,01137.7389216.741,119
Hobart34,9201,09731.4160417.29493
Wellington64,3021,75327.265919.191,162

AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH, AND EXPECTATION OF LIFE.

The average age at death of persons of either sex, in each of the ten years 1897–1906, was as follows:—

 Males.Females.
1,89738.80 years34.77 years.
1,89839.29 years35.69 years.
1,89937.73 years33.54 years.
1,90040.31 years36.14 years.
1,90141.64 years37.68 years.
1,90241.07 years34.88 years.
1,90339.56 years35.43 years.
1,90441.47 years38.44 years.
1,90543.03 years39.13 years.
1,90644.39 years39.35 years.

The average expectation of life at each year of age has been compiled from a table given in a paper on the rates of mortality in New Zealand which was published by Mr. George Leslie. This is the best and most up-to-date information procurable, but it is not guaranteed by the authorities of the Government Life Insurance Department.

The table shows, on comparison with New South Wales figures (Coghlan's), that at birth the expectation of life to the male infant in New Zealand is considerably greater than in that State, the figures being 54.44 years (N.Z.), against 49.60 (N.S.W.), and for females 57.26 and 52.90.

At 21 years of age the expectation in New Zealand for males is 43.77 years, against 41.35 (N.S.W.), and for females 45.59, against 43.62.

At age 45 the comparison is, for males, 25.23 years (N.Z.), 23.27 (N.S.W.); females, 27.46 years (N.Z.), against 25.34 (N.S.W.).

At the age of 70, the limit of a normal life, the figures for New Zealand are—males 9.48 years, females 10.23, against 8.64 for both sexes in New South Wales.

Throughout the comparison is in favour of this country.

EXPECTATION OF LIFE IN NEW ZEALAND.
Age.Average Duration of Life: Years.
Male.Female.
054.44457.260
159.10261.214
259.16961.220
358.62660.647
457.92459.934
557.16759.148
656.39658.343
755.60657.520
854.79156.680
953.95655.825
1053.09454.953
1152.21254.069
1251.31553.180
1350.42552.294
1449.53951.415
1548.66350.545
1647.80349.690
1746.96048.847
1846.13948.016
1945.33647.198
2044.55146.393
2143.77545.593
2243.00544.803
2342.23544.021
2441.46843.244
2540.68442.474
2639.89941.708
2739.10840.946
2838.31940.187
2937.52639.431
3036.73638.678
3135.94937.928
3235.16537.181
3334.38436.438
3433.60535.695
3532.82934.954
3632.05434.215
3731.28233.475
3830.51132.734
3929.74431.990
4028.97931.243
4128.22030.493
4227.46529.739
4326.71528.981
4425.97128.221
4525.23127.458
4624.49926.694
4723.77325.927
4823.05525.163
4922.34424.399
5021.63623.640
5120.93222.885
5220.23122.135
5319.53021.392
5418.83620.655
5518.15019.926
5617.47819.202
5716.82218.485
5816.18317.776
5915.56017.077
6014.94916.386
6114.34815.705
6213.75415.037
6313.17014.386
6412.60013.752
6512.04613.135
6611.51212.534
6710.99411.945
6810.48611.365
699.98110,792
709.48110.227
718.9889.673
728.5049.130
738.0358.604
747.5868.095
757.1607.614
766.7587.164
776.3796.742
786.0226.349
795.6835.982
805.3625.636
815.0555.312
824.7655.005
834.4894.714
844.2294.439
853.9824.180
863.7473.935
873.5253.705
883.3133.487
893.1103.283
902.9143.089
912.7232.905
922.5252.731
932.3232.564
942.1012.400
951.8432.238
961.5532.082
971.2471.931
980.9601.774
990.6771.600
1000.5001.424
101 1.195
102 0.889
103 0.500

ORPHANHOOD OF CHILDREN.

New Zealand statistics give detailed information on this subject, which appears to be unique. In a paper read by Mr. H. W. Manly, actuary of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, on the 27th April, 1903, before the Institute of Actuaries at London, under the heading ”Children's Benefits,“ he stated that in order to ascertain the ages and the number of children left by a married man at his death he had to go to the same source as Mr. King did when he constructed his table of ”Family Annuities“—viz., the ”Statistics of the Colony of New Zealand.“ And further, after announcing his intention of making very considerable use of the information, he gave the tables, grouping five ages together. (”Journal of the Institute of Actuaries,“ October, 1903.)

Although the subject is not one of general interest, as the Yearbook is more often referred to than a statistical volume, it may be excusable to draw attention here to the tables published for the year 1906 and the experience of the quinquennial period, as shown in the ”Statistics of New Zealand.“

The first table shows, for the year 1906, the total number of men who died at each year of age from twenty upwards; the number of married men stated in the registers as having died (a) childless, (b) leaving children; and the number and ages of the children living at the time of the father's death. The next is a similar table, but giving five years' results for all ages of the fathers. A condensation of the table is shown.

NEW ZEALAND, 1902 TO 1906.
Ages of Married Men at Death.Number of Married Men who diedNumber and Ages of Living Issue.
Childless.Leaving Children.Under 5.5 to 10.10 to 15.15 to 21.21 and over.Not specified.Total.
20 to 3084164256381  13308
30 to 4015465372868129345 801,827
40 to 501589435969531,0369402881843,997
50 to 601931,4172385961,0561,8913,2714097,461
60 to 651281,034451493669484,1872365,931
65 and up wards6664,563591825011,38321,2711,24724,643

A table has also been prepared showing, for the year 1906, the number and ages of the youngest orphan children left.

INFANTILE MORTALITY.

Subjoined is a classified statement of the deaths of infants under one year during 1906, with the ratio of the deaths in each class to the 1,000 births during the year:—

Year.Sex.Under 1 Month.1 and under 3 Months.3 and under 6 Months.6 and under 12 Months.Total under 12 Months
NUMBER OF DEATHS.
1,906Male
Female
413
304
150
97
147
97
155
143
865
641
DEATHS TO THE 1,000 BIRTHS.
1,906Male
Female
33.31
25.64
12.10
8.18
11.86
8.18
12.50
12.06
69.77
54.06

Seventy out of every thousand of male children born, and fifty-four of every thousand females, are found to have died before attaining the age of one year. The mortality is thus one in fourteen of male children and one in eighteen of females, even in New Zealand, where conditions are far more favourable to infant life than in Australia, at least as far as relates to the cities.

It will also be seen from the figures that the chances of living during the first year of age are far greater for female than for male infants. Thus, during the year 1906 there were—

100 deaths of males to 77 deaths of females under 1 month of age;
100 deaths of males to 68 deaths of females from 1 to 3 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 69 deaths of females from 3 to 6 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 96 deaths of females from 6 to 12 months of age;
100 deaths of males to 77 deaths of females under 12 months of age;

The rates of infantile mortality—that is, the proportion the deaths of children under one year of age bear to the births—are higher in the Australian States than in New Zealand.

Dealing with the results for ten years, the deaths of infants under one year are in the large proportion of three-fourths of the total deaths under five, as might be expected, the first year being the tenderest period. (See notes to tables.)

DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER ONE YEAR, AND PROPORTION TO BIRTHS.
Year.Deaths of Infants under 1 Year of Age. (Totals for each Year, and Means of 10 Years.)Total Births registered in each Year, and Mean of 10 Years.Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 Year to every 1,000 Births.
Under 1 Month.1 Months and under 3 Months.3 Months and under 6 Months.6 Months and under 12 Months.Total under 12 Months.
1,8975122402693331,35418,73772.3
1,8985732893063421,51018,95579.7
1,8996193893784201,80618,83595.9
1,9006072882932811,46919,54675.2
1,9016102723922891,56320,49176.3
1,9026653443133901,71220,65582.9
1,9036923463673651,77021,82981.1
1,9046692603563311,61622,76671.0
1,9057142852903101,59923,68267.5
1,9067172472442981,50624,25262.1
Means of ten years6382963213361,59120,97575.85

NOTE—The total number of deaths of infants for the period included in the table is 15,905.

DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS, AND PROPORTION TO DEATHS AT ALL AGES.
Year.Deaths of Children under 1 to 5 Years of Age. (Totals for each Year, and Means of 10 Years.)Total Deaths at all Ages for each Year, and Mean of 10 Years.Deaths under 5 Years: Per Cent. of Mortality at all Ages.
Under 1 Year.1 Year and under 2 Years.2 Years and under 3 Years.3 Years and under 4 Years.4 Years and under 5 Years.Total Deaths under 5 Years.
1,8971,3541878469381,7326,59526.26
1,8981,5102009172471,9207,24426.50
1,8991,80629111174562,3387,68030.44
1,9001,4692059364581,8897,20026.24
1,9011,5632088568521,9767,63425.88
1,9021,71230711892612,2908,37527.34
1,9031,770275126111642,3468,52827.51
1,9041,6161698363431,9748,08724.41
1,9051,5991769761461,9798,06124.55
1,9061,5061778758371,8658,33922.36
Means of ten years1,5912199873502,0317,77426.13

OTE.—The total number of deaths included in this table of children under 5 years is 20,309.

Although 15,905 infants (under one year) were lost to the colony by death during the decade, and including these, 20,309 children under five, the third table shows much more satisfactory results for this colony than for New South Wales or Victoria in the matter of the preservation of infant life. Dealing with averages of five years, in New Zealand only 76 infants under one year are found to die out of every 1,000 born, against 97 in New South Wales and 96 in Victoria.

Year.Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 Year of Age to every 1,000 Births.
New Zealand.New South Wales.Victoria.
1,90176.3103.7102.9
1,90282.9109.7108.6
1,90381.1110.4106.4
1,90471.082.477.6
1,90567.580.683.3
Means of five years75.897.495.8

European countries show still higher average mortality of infants than the principal Australian States: England and Wales, 138 (under one year) to every 1,000 births; France, 144; Italy, 168; Hungary 212. Sweden (99) and Norway (83) are notable exceptions.

The principal causes of mortality in children under one year for New Zealand are given, with the numbers of deaths for five years from such causes. Premature birth stands first in order of importance, marasmus or debility coming next.*

DEATHS UNDER ONE YEAR.—PRINCIPAL, CAUSES.
Principal Causes of Deaths of Infants.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Miasmatic diseases92191362043
Diarrhœal diseases1761221529265
Premature birth303301291360337
Convulsions82103959690
Bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy235241149208170
Enteritis154167231193167
Marasmus, &c.294270273258267

*The report of the Royal Commission on the decline of the birth-rate in New South Wales (1904), besides giving statistics of infantile mortality, describes the conditions that operate in producing such mortality. Recommendations are also made, and the subject of feeding and care of infants dealt with.

The causes which operate in producing infantile mortality both among legitimates and illegitimates in New South Wales, are enumerated as under:—

  1. Premature birth; defective viability consequent upon imperfections in the process of development; disease acquired before birth; injured and impaired viability arising before or in process of birth.

  2. Defective care of the new-born by ignorant or careless midwives.

  3. Ill health of mothers, and consequent inability to provide the natural nutrition of infants and requisite nursing.

  4. A want of knowledge of the proper modes of rearing infants (exemplified under seven heads).

  5. Injurious quality of proprietary and other artificial foods, often recklessly advertised.

  6. Injurious quality of milk under the conditions in which it is commonly supplied and used.

  7. Injurious effects of chemical preservatives in milk, and in preparations of milk used as infant-food.

  8. Insufficient public maternity-hospital accommodation for the parturient women among the poorer classes.

  9. Insufficient public-hospital accommodation for the treatment of sick infants.

  10. The prevalence of epidemic preventable disease in infants.

  11. The undue incidence of ”summer diarrhœa,“ or acute gastro-intestinal catarrh.

    The causes tending to produce mortality in the illegitimate infants were found to be (in New South Wales):—

  12. Maternal indifference, and the social and economic disabilities of the mothers.

  13. Defective management of institutions and places where illegitimate infants are received.

  14. Secret adoption of children for gain.

  15. Separation of infants from their mothers.

  16. Infanticide and fœticide of viable infants.

A table is added to show that higher mortality obtains in the large towns than in New Zealand as a whole and two States of Australia.

Year.Wellington and Suburbs.Sydney and Suburbs.Melbourne and Suburbs.
Total Births.Deaths of Infants under 1 Year.Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 Year to 1,000 Births.Total Births.Deaths of Infants under 1 Year.Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 year to 1,000 Births.Total Births.Deaths of Infants under 1 Year.Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 Year to 1,000 Births.
1,9011,326133100.312,6011,517120.412,3751,536124.1
1,9021,321172130.213,0021,457112.112,4981,590127.2
1,9031,52014192.812,7491,483116.312,0121,493124.3
1,9041,47914195.313,2151,30098.411,8861,10292.7
1,9051,71516596.213,7691,23089.311,9441,13394.8
Means of five years1,472150102.213,06713,97106,912,1431,371112.9

The infantile mortality for a number of countries and colonies is given by the Registrar-General of England. New Zealand shows the lowest rate.

DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER 1 YEAR TO 1,000 BIRTHS.
Country.Average Annual Kate in 10 Years.
 1895–1904.
Chili326
Russia268
Austria224
Roumania218
Hungary216
Prussia197
Spain182
Jamaica176
Italy170
Ceylon169
Belgium156
Servia154
Prance153
Japan151
England and Wales150
Netherlands147
Western Australia147
Bulgaria144
Switzerland142
Finland134
Denmark127
Scotland126
New South Wales108
Victoria105
Ireland103
South Australia102
Queensland101
Sweden98
Tasmania94
Norway90
New Zealand79

CAUSES OF DEATH (THE WHOLE COLONY).

The deaths registered in the colony during 1906, arranged in the several classes according to their assigned causes, give the rates shown on the next page.

Causes of Death.Number of Deaths.Proportion to Total Deaths.Proportion per 10,000 living, 1906.Proportion per 10,000 living 1905
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.
    Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.  
Class I. Specific febrile or zymotic diseases,—        
      Order 1. Miasmatic diseases1531202733.103.533.273.051.98
      Order 2. Diarrhœal diseases4849970.971.141.161.081.47
      Order 3. Malarial diseases1 10.02 0.010.01 
      Order 4. Zoogenous diseases        
      Order 5. Venereal diseases98170.180.230.210.190.32
      Order 6. Septic diseases1840580.371.170.700.650.72
        Total Class I.22.92174464.646.375.354.984.49
Class II. Parasitic diseases105150.200.150.180.170.18
Class III. Dietetic diseases4916650.990.480.780.720.60
Class IV. Constitutional diseases8217171,53816.6421.0618.4417.1716.52
Class V. Developmental diseases57440297611.6311.8111.7010.9011.25
Class VI. Local diseases,—        
      Order 1. Diseases of nervous system50635786310.2510.1910.359.6410.49
      Order 2. Diseases of organs of special sense3470.060.120.090.070.15
      Order 3. Diseases of circulatory system7294011,13014.7711.7813.5512.6211.66
      Order 4. Diseases of respiratory system57839897611.7211.6911.7110.9011.26
      Order 5. Diseases of digestive system4133687818.3710.819.378.738.98
      Order 6. Diseases of lymphatic system724310.140.700.370.350.48
      Order 7. Diseases of urinary system2701123825.473.294.584.274.31
      Order 8. Diseases of reproductive system,—        
      (a.) Of organs of generation 3232 0.940.380.360.46
      (b.) Of parturition 7676 2.240.910.840.91
      Order 9. Diseases of locomotive system1811290.370.320.350.320.16
      Order 10. Diseases of integumentary system76130.140.170.150.140.15
      Total Class VI.2,5311,7894,32051.2952.5551.8148.2449.01
Class VII. Violence,—        
      Order 1. Accident or negligence4561085649.243.176.766.305.98
      Order 2. Homicide83110.160.090.130.120.06
      Order 3. Suicide7112831.440.350.990.931.02
      Order 4. Execution       0.01
      Total Class VII53512365810.843.617.897.357.07
Class VIII. Ill-defined and not-specified causes1861353213.773.973.853.583.53
      Grand totals4,9353,4048,339100.00100.00100.0093.1192.65

The next table shows, for either sex, the number of deaths from each cause registered during the year 1906:—

CAUSES OF DEATH.
Class.Causes of Death.Males.Females.Total.
Orders and Diseases.
I.—SPECIFIC FEBRILE OR ZYMOTIC DISEASES.    ORDER 1.—Miasmatic.   
Small-pox.........
Chicken-pox1...1
Measles57121
Epidemic rose-rash, rubeola.........
Scarlet fever, scarlatina51318
Typhus.........
Bubonic plague.........
Dengue.........
Relapsing fever.........
Influenza7557132
Whooping-cough121426
Mumps1...1
Diphtheria201535
Cerebro-spinal fever.........
Simple and ill-defined, fever.........
Enteric fever, typhoid341448
Other miasmatic diseases...... 
        Total Order 1153120273
    ORDER 1.—Diarrheal.   
Simple cholera347
Diarrhoea433982
Dysentery268
        Total Order 2484997
    ORDER 3.—Malarial.   
Remittent fever1...1
Ague.........
Beriberi.........
        Total Order 31...1
    ORDER 4.—Zoogenous.   
Hydrophobia.........
Glanders.........
Splenic fever.........
Cow-pox and other effects of vaccination.........
        Total Order 4.........
    ORDER 5.—Venereal.   
Syphilis7851
Gonorrhœa, stricture of urethra, ulcer of groin2...2
        Total Order 59817
    ORDER 6.—Septic.   
Phagedæna.........
Erysipelas639
Pyæmia, septicæmia129131
Puerperal fever, pyæmia, septicæmia...1818
        Total Order 6184058
        Total Class I.229217446
II.—PARASITIC DISEASES.Thrush...11
Other diseases from vegetable parasites.........
Hydatid disease10414
Worms.........
Other diseases from animal parasites.........
        Total Class II.10515
III.—DIETETIC DISEASES.Starvation, exposure123
Want of breast-milk.........
Scurvy401
Intemperance—   
Chronic alcoholism31738
Delirium tremens819
Other dietetic diseases5611
        Total Class III.491665
IV.—CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES.Rheumatic fever9817
Rheumatism7411
Gout2...2
Rickets3...3
Cancer337286623
Tabes mesenterica, tubercular peritonitis101020
Tubercular meningitis, acute hydrocephalus303666
Phthisis297259556
Other forms of tuberculosis, scrofula433578
Purpura, hæmorrhagic diathesis330
Anæmia, chlorosis, leucocythæmia251641
Diabetes mellitus5351104
Other constitutional diseases2911
        Total Class IV.8217171,538
V.—DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES.Premature birth190147337
Atelectasis15217
Cyanosis246
Spina bifida314
Imperforate anus.........
Cleft palate, hare-lip112
Other congenital defects16622
Old age347241588
        Total Class V.574402976
VI.—LOCAL DISEASES.    ORDER 1.—Diseases of Nervous System.   
Inflammation of the brain or its membranes8256138
Cerebro-spinal meningitis123
Apoplexy145127272
Softening of brain8115
Hemiplegia, brain paralysis202242
Paralysis (undescribed)442670
Paralysis agitans729
Insanity, general paralysis of insane441155
Chorea2...2
Epilepsy212748
Convulsions6543108
Laryngismus stridulus.........
Idiopathic tetanus314
Paraplegia, diseases of spinal cord14721
Locomotor ataxia8...8
Other diseases of nervous system422668
        Total Order 1506357863
    ORDER 2.—Diseases of Organs of Special Sense.   
Otitis, otorrhœa347
Epistaxis, and diseases of nose.........
Ophthalmia, and diseases of eye.........
        Total Order 2347
    ORDER 3.—Diseases of Circulatory System.   
Endocarditis, valvular disease462270732
Pericarditis459
Hypertrophy of heart123
Fatty degeneration of heart342559
Angina pectoris27532
Syncope12061181
Aneurism29534
Senile gangrene15419
Embolism, thrombosis201939
Phlebitis...33
Varicose veins, piles.........
Other diseases of circulatory system17219
        Total Order 37294011,130
    ORDER 4.—Diseases of Respiratory System.   
Laryngitis729
Croup4610
Other diseases of larynx and trachea4...4
Asthma, emphysema20525
Bronchitis192162354
Pneumonia270174444
Pleurisy332861
Other diseases of respiratory system482169
        Total Order 4578398976
    ORDER 5.—Diseases of Digestive System.   
Stomatitis, cancrum oris314
Dentition81119
Sore throat, quinsy123
Dyspepsia213
Hæmatemesis814
Melæna516
Diseases of stomach, gastritis5158109
Enteritis115111226
Ulceration, perforation, of intestine6511
Ileus, obstruction of intestine342761
Stricture or strangulation of intestine2...2
Intussusception of intestine538
Hernia61117
Fistula.........
Peritonitis414687
Ascites...11
Gall-stones10818
Cirrhosis of liver311344
Other diseases of liver, hepatitis, jaundice333669
Appendicitis462369
Other diseases of digestive system11920
        Total Order 5413368781
    ORDER 6.—Diseases of Lymphatic System and Ductless Glands.   
Diseases of lymphatic system213
Diseases of spleen2...2
Bronchocele11718
Addison's disease268
        Total Order 672431
    ORDER 7.—Diseases of Urinary System.   
Acute nephritis271845
Bright's disease12670196
Uræmia16622
Suppression of urine235
Calculus639
Hæmaturia224
Diseases of bladder and prostate76379
Other diseases of urinary system (kidney-diseases undescribed)15722
        Total Order 7270112382
    ORDER 8.—Diseases of Reproductive System.   
(a.) Diseases of organs of generation,—.........
Ovarian disease...55
Diseases of uterus and vagina...2020
Disorders of meustruation...11
Pelvic abscess...66
Perineal abscess.........
Diseases of testes, penis, scrotum, &c..........
(b.) Diseases of parturition,—   
Abortion, miscarriage...1111
Puerperal mania...11
Puerperal metritis.........
Puerperal convulsions...1010
Placenta prævia (flooding)...1919
Phlegmasia dolens...11
Other accidents of childbirth...3434
        Total Order 8...108108
    ORDER 9.—Diseases of Organs of Locomotion.   
Caries, necrosis9817
Arthritis, ostitis516
Other diseases of organs of locomotion426
        Total Order 9181129
    ORDER 10.—Diseases of Integumentary System.   
Carbuncle.........
Phlegmon, cellulitis538
Lupus.........
Ulcer, bed-sore.........
Eczema112
Pemphigus112
Other diseases of integumentary system...11
        Total Order 107613
        Total Class VI.2,5311,7894,320
VII.—VIOLENCE    ORDER 1.—Accident or Negligence.   
Fractures, contusions18529214
Gunshot wounds23124
Cut, stab2...2
Burn, scald282755
Sunstroke.........
Poison12315
Drowning16223185
Suffocation241236
Otherwise201333
        Total Order 1456108564
    ORDER 2.—Homicide.   
Murder, manslaughter8311
Wounds in battle.........
        Total Order 28311
    ORDER 3.—Suicide.   
Gunshot wounds24...24
Cut, stab20222
Poison10616
Drowning527
Hanging9110
Otherwise314
        Total Order 3711283
    ORDER 4.—Execution.   
Hanging.........
        Total Class VII.535123658
VIII.—ILL-DEFINED AND NOT-SPECIFIED CAUSES.Dropsy.........
Marasmus, &c.174133307
Mortification, gangrene.........
Tumour.........
Abscess1...1
Hæmorrhage.........
Sudden (cause unascertained)11213
Other ill-defined and not-specified causes.........
        Total Class VIII.186135321
        General totals4,9353,4048,339

MORTALITY FROM FEBRILE AND ZYMOTIC DISEASES.

The deaths in 1906 from specific febrile or zymotic diseases amounted to 446, a proportion of 4·98 in every 10,000 persons living, and an increase of 55 on the number of deaths in 1905, when the proportion was 4·49.

As in 1904 and 1905, a feature of last year's mortality is the comparative freedom of the colony from some of the epidemic diseases most fatal to children—viz., measles, scarlet fever, scarlatina, and whooping-cough—the total deaths from these causes being only 56, against 478 in 1903.

MORTALITY FROM FEBRILE AND ZYMOTIC DISEASES.

The deaths in 1906 from specific febrile or zymotic diseases amounted to 446, a proportion of 4.98 in every 10,000 persons living, and an increase of 55 on the number of deaths in 1905, when the proportion was 4.49.

As in 1904 and 1905, a feature of last year's mortality is the comparative freedom of the colony from some of the epidemic diseases most fatal to children—viz., measles, scarlet fever, scarlatina, and whooping-cough—the total deaths from these causes being only 56, against 478 in 1903.

The diseases in this class that have caused the greatest mortality during the past ten years are stated in the table that follows. Of these, diarrhœal complaints were by far the most fatal, causing 2,045 deaths in the decennial period. Influenza comes next, with 1,362 deaths; typhoid fever third, with 762 deaths; whooping-cough fourth, with 581 deaths; measles fifth, with 516 deaths; diphtheria next, 433 deaths; scarlet fever, with 242 deaths; and puerperal fever, with 209 deaths:—

Diseases.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Measles1561379613414310812
Scarlet fever and scarlatina22 101739131131018
Diphtheria49455863445423273535
Whooping-cough261239098320435326
Influenza1202191351812191175611370132
Diarrhœal diseases25727529819913927518419312897
Enteric or typhoid fever1061209368955361734548
Puerperal fever18191524202528212118

The mortality from measles for 1897 and 1898 was not great, but rose to 137 deaths in 1899, falling again to 9 deaths in 1900 and 6 deaths in 1901, again rising to 134 in 1902, and further to 143 deaths in 1903. During 1904, 1905, and 1906 this disease was not epidemic in the colony, and caused only ten, eight, and twelve deaths respectively. From scarlet fever and scarlatina there were only 18 deaths last year, as compared with 131 in 1903. The mortality from diphtheria, which was 49 deaths in 1897, fell to 35 deaths in 1906, the figures for the intervening years not presenting any striking features.

Whooping-cough in 1897 and 1898, caused only 8 deaths. In 1899 the mortality sprang up to a total of 123 deaths, against 90 in 1900, 9 in 1901, and 83 in 1902. In 1903 the mortality was heavy, the number of deaths being 204, but in 1904 only 35 deaths are recorded from this complaint, while in 1905 the number was further reduced to 3 deaths. Last year there were 26 deaths from this cause.

The deaths from influenza numbered 132 in 1906, as against 70 in the previous year. The figures for the eight previous years ranged from 56 to 219, the last being for the years 1898 and 1901.

From diarrhœal complaints the deaths in 1906 were 97, against 128 in 1905; while in 1896 the mortality reached the height of 334 deaths, and in 1889 was even higher (355), with a much smaller population than in 1906.

Enteric or typhoid fever was slightly more fatal in 1906 than in 1905, the figures being 48 deaths, against 45. The highest mortality during the decennium was in 1898, when the deaths numbered 120 for the colony.

BUBONIC PLAGUE.

The year 1900 saw the outbreak of the disease known as the bubonic plague, in Sydney and other parts of Australia. In that year there was one death from plague in New Zealand, which occurred at Auckland. None happened in the year 1901, but three deaths from this cause, all males, were registered at Auckland during 1902. No deaths from plague were recorded in 1903, but one death occurred in 1904. Last year no deaths were ascribed to this cause. The Public Health Department is taking every possible precaution.

VACCINATION.

The vaccinations registered for the last ten years are as under:—

Year.Total Vaccinations registered of Children under 14 Years of Age.Vaccinations of Children under 1 Year of Age.Number of Births registered.Proportion of Successful Vaccinations of
Children under 14 Years of Age to Total Births. Per Cent.Children under 1 Year of Age to Total Births. Per Cent.
1,9063,6021,81024,25214.857.46
1,9053,8182,07923,68216.128.78
1,90418,3682,32322,76680 6810.20
1,90311,6835,56621,82953.5225.50
1,9028,7632,61120,65542.4312.64
1,9013,7681,98420,49118.399.68
1,9004,5253,15119,54623.1516.12
1,8995,1333,37918,83527.2517.94
1,89810,3495,50718,95554.6029.05
1,89712,4406,16218,73366.4132.89

The number of successful vaccinations of children registered in 1906 was 3,602, against 3,818 in 1905. The fall prior to 1902 was consequent on the alteration of the law relative to vaccination in England, and subsequently in this colony, while the increase shown for the three years 1902–4 was no doubt due to a slight visitation of small-pox from abroad, which caused one death in 1903.

Seven children out of every hundred born in 1906 are shown to have been successfully vaccinated in that year. This is a falling-back to a position even lower than that which obtained in 1901 as regards vaccination of infants. The exemptions taken out will also be found from the subsequent remarks to have fallen in number. The procedure under the new law as regards vaccination is similar to that previously in force. The Registrar issues a notice when a birth is registered, with forms for certificate as to the result of vaccination attached. Vaccination is still compulsory, if exemption is not secured in four months from date of birth. But everything is now subject to the provisions of the ”exemption clause,“ which is the main feature, and governs the rest. Any parent or custodian who has conscientious objections—believing that vaccination would be injurious to the child's health—can apply for a certificate of exemption to a Magistrate or Registrar of Births; and, when the child's parent or guardian is resident outside of a borough, the application may be made to and certificate granted by a Justice of the Peace.

Fifteen thousand eight hundred and forty-six exemption certificates were issued from the 13th October, 1900, when the Act came into force, to the end of the year 1906. Of these 2,667 belong to the year 1906, when, as before stated, the successful vaccination of children under one year of age amounted to 1,810, or 7.47 per cent. of births.

When no exemption certificate is obtained, the law now allows to the parent twelve months instead of six from date of birth in which to vaccinate, and a similar period from date of taking charge of child in case of a custodian. There are penalties for not vaccinating, as before. One conviction for neglecting to vaccinate a child removes liability until the child is four years of age.

The figures given above do not include Maoris vaccinated, nor vaccinations of adult persons other than Natives.

PARASITIC DISEASES.

There were 15 deaths from parasitic diseases, the proportion per 10,000 living being 0.17. Deaths from hydatids numbered 14 in 1906.

DIETETIC DISEASES.

Under the class ”Dietetic diseases“ are included 47 deaths from intemperance. But these cannot be said to represent the full extent of the mortality really caused by the abuse of alcoholic liquors. Many deaths of intemperate persons are attributed to disease of the liver, kidneys, &c., in the medical certificates.

CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES: PHTHISIS, CANCER, ETC.

The deaths from constitutional diseases in 1906 numbered 1,538, or 17.17 per 10,000 of population, and 18 out of every 100 deaths from all causes. This class of disease is more fatal than any other except that defined as ”Local diseases,“ on account of the great numbers of deaths from cancer and phthisis, with other tubercular complaints, which are classed as ”Constitutional.“

The number of deaths from phthisis was 556 in 1906. The deaths in 1906 were in the proportion of 6.21 in every 10,000 persons living, against 5.70 in the previous year.

Figures for ten years are quoted, showing that the total number of deaths from this disease in 1902 was the highest recorded during the decennium, though the rate has been higher in some of the previous years.

Year.Deaths from Phthisis.Rate per 10,000.
1,8975968.26
1,8985978.11
1,8995937.91
1,9005777.56
1,9015967.66
1,9026177.73
1,9035706.95
1,9045987.08
1,9054965.70
1,9065566.21

Of the persons dying from phthisis in New Zealand during 1906, more than one-half were born in the colony. The numbers are: total of deaths from phthisis, 556; 337 of them having been New-Zealand-born. The proportion is 61 per cent.

At the census of 1906 the New-Zealand-born were shown to be 68 per cent. of the population, which would give the approximate average number of the same in 1906 as 611,300. The death-rate from phthisis amongst these persons was, judging from the numbers in the table annexed, 5.51 per 10,000 living.

The death-rate from phthisis in the United Kingdom is stated by the Registrar-General to be at the rate of 11.40 per 10,000 living for the year 1905.

DEATHS FROM PHTHISIS, 1906.

TABLE showing the Number of Persons who died from Phthisis in the Colony during the Year 1906, classified according to Age, Sex, and Length of Residence in the Colony.
Length of Residence in the Colony.Age at Death.
Under 5 Years.5 to 10.10 to 15.15 to 25.25 to 35.35 to 45.45 to 55.55 to 65.65 to 75.75 and up. wards.Total.
                MALES.           
Under 1 month    1     1
1 to 6 months      1   1
6 to 12 months    1 2   3
1 to 2 years   21     3
2 to 3 years   2  1   3
3 to 4 years    31    4
4 to 5 years    11    2
5 to 10 years    423   9
10 to 15 years    1911  12
15 to 20 years    133   7
20 to 25 years   141811 16
25 years and upwards    611131710259
Not known    46912123
Born in colony54756472663  154
        Totals5476174604723133297
                FEMALES.           
Under 1 month           
1 to 6 months   12     3
6 to 12 months   12     3
1 to 2 years    2     2
2 to 3 years   2  1   3
8 to 4 years    3     3
4 to 5 years   22     4
5 to 10 years   1121   5
10 to 15 years  11      2
15 to 20 years     11   2
20 to 25 years    5321  11
25 years and upwards    771044 32
Not known   1211 1 6
Born in colony31477533114   183
        Totals3158679453055 259
        Totals of both sexes85121471531057728183556

In Australasia the rate is materially increased by the deaths of persons who have come from other countries either already suffering from phthisis or predisposed thereto. There is no reason for believing that this circumstance has more effect on the death-rate in Australia than in New Zealand; so that the lower rate referred to in previous issues of this work as obtaining in this colony may be taken as proof of the superiority of its climate for withstanding consumptive tendencies.

Phthisis is now known to be and is treated as an infectious preventable disease caused by the Bacillus tuberculosus, which is communicable in many ways. Certain constitutions are far more predisposed than others to receive this bacillus, especially under conditions of life unfavourable to robust health, when a nidus is formed for the development of the bacillus. The Government has established a sanatorium for consumptives at Cambridge in the Waikato, and further institutions are contemplated.

From other forms of tuberculosis the deaths in 1906 were 164, or 1.83 per 10,000 of population. Thus a large addition has to be made to the deaths from phthisis to appreciate the full mischief done by tubercular disease.

Deaths from all Tubercular Diseases.

The mortality from all forms of tubercular disease, taken together, has been at the average rate of about 10 persons per 10,000 living for the last ten years. This rate is far lower than that which obtained in England during the year 1905, when the proportion was 16.32 per 10,000 living.

A table is supplied showing the results for each of ten years in New Zealand. Besides the death-rate from tubercular diseases, it also shows the percentage of deaths by tubercle to those from all causes, which was from 8.53 to 11.57 per cent. for the decennial period 1897–1906.

DECENNIAL TABLE, 1897–1906, SHOWING THE DEATH-RATE FROM TUBERCLE PER 10,000 LIVING AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEATHS.
Year.Mean Population.Number of Deaths from Tubercular Diseases.Rate per 10,000.Percentage of Total Deaths from all Causes.
1,897721,60976310.5711.57
1,898736,26076910.4410.62
1,899749,98479510.6010.35
1,900763,5947529.8510.44
1,901777,9687759.9610.15
1,902797,79380210.059.58
1,903820,2177699.389.02
1,904845,0227999.469.88
1,905870,0006787.798.41
1,906895,5947208.048.63
DECENNIAL TABLE, 1897–1906. — Deaths from various Tubercular Diseases registered in New Zealand, specifying the Number under and over Five Years of Age.
Persons.
Year.Tabes Mesenterica, Tubercular Peritonitis.Tubercular Meningitis, Acute HydrocephalusPhthisis.Other Forms of Tuberculosis, Scrofula.Total Deaths from Tuberculosis.Total all Ages.
Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.
1,89735933327589134588675763
1,8983712373810587113795674769
1,8994319324010583125697698795
1,900202024551356494766686752
1,9013022303110586145284691775
1,90226193630561286675727802
1,903222839359561116481688769
1,904171844445593126678721799
1,90515193738449286564614678
1,90681235318548106861659720

Nine deaths from ”lupus“ recorded during the decennium have not been included in the above table. They were all deaths of adult persons (3 males and 6 females), excepting 1, aged 13 years. Two deaths of females, aged 13 and 69 years respectively, were registered as from this disease in 1905.

It will be seen that the term ”tubercular diseases“ includes ”phthisis,“ ”tabes mesenterica,“ ”tubercular peritonitis,“ ”tubercular meningitis,“ ”acute hydrocephalus,“ with other forms of tuberculosis (scrofula, &c.). Of these the mortality from phthisis forms by far the greatest part of the whole. Thus, in 1906 there were 556 deaths from phthisis out of a total of 720 deaths from all tubercular complaints. Of 556 deaths by phthisis, only 8 were of persons under 5 years of age.

Examination of the next table, giving the full series of ages of persons who died from tubercular disease during the year 1906, shows that of 20 deaths from tabes mesenterica, with tubercular peritonitis, 8 were of children under 5 years. Also that, of 66 deaths from tubercular meningitis, with acute hydrocephalus, 35 were of persons under 5 years, and 23 from 5 to 20 years. Under ”other forms of tuberculosis“ (excepting phthisis) the greater numbers of deaths are at ages under 30 years.

The mortality from phthisis is heaviest at 20–30 years, being 184 deaths out of 556 of all ages; but large numbers are found in the columns as far as that for the advanced term of 65 to 70 years, at which the deaths for 1906 were 9, and 12 deaths from this cause are of persons of 70 years and upwards.

TABLE showing the Number of Deaths from Tubercular Diseases registered in New Zealand during the Year 1906, arranged in Groups of Ages.
Persons.
Under 1 Year.Under 5 Years.5 to 10.10 to 15.15 to 20.20 to 25.25 to 30.30 to 35.35 to 40.40 to 45.45 to 50.50 to 55.55 to 60.60 to 65.65 to 70.70 to 75.75 to 80.80 and upwards.Total 5 Years and over.All Ages.
Tabes mesenterica, tubercular peritonitis6841  23  11      1220
Tubercular meningitis, acute hydrocephalus15351445241      1   3166
Phthisis5851257909459584748291012993 548556
Other forms of tuberculosis, scrofula7103810888834141  116878
        Totals33612625721001087166505331201810941659720

To show the mortality from tuberculosis in various parts of the colony, a table giving the deaths in the various provincial districts is added, which, however, only shows that the mortality is distributed very much according to population. The deaths in the North Island are, however, found to be 20 more than those for the South Island, or 370 deaths and 350 deaths for those divisions respectively:—

TABLE showing the Number of Deaths from Tubercular Disease registered in each Provincial District of New Zealand during the Year 1906.
Provincial District.Tabes Mesenterica, Tubercular Peritonitis.Tubercular Meningitis, Acute Hydrocephalus.Phthisis.Other Forms of Tuberculosis, Scrofula.Total Deaths from Tuberculosis.
Auckland51113720173
Taranaki3116424
Hawke's Bay 523331
Wellington21211216142
Marlborough  4 4
Nelson3128234
Westland 2518
Canterbury416789107
Otago31815323197
        Totals206655678720

Legislative action, before referred to, has been already taken in the direction of guarding the life and health of the people from tubercle; further than this, the complete isolation of consumptive patients, with the disinfecting of their sputa and of everything that has been in contact with them, is suggested from time to time as a necessary measure.

Cancer.

The deaths from cancer during the year 1906 were 623. There were more deaths of males than of females, the numbers being—males 337, females 286. The rate of mortality per 10,000 living was 6.96. The apparent increase in deaths from this disease is shown further on and compared with that of England. But the increase is not believed by all authorities to be a fact to the extent represented, but partly the result of more careful certification of the causes of death, and of improved diagnosis in cases of what is termed inaccessible cancer.

It is certain, however, that out of a total of 8,339 deaths from all causes in New Zealand during 1906, 623, or 7.47 per cent., were caused by cancer.

The death-rate from cancer is not so great as that from tubercular diseases, but is nevertheless a most alarming matter, not only on account of the number of deaths, but because of its progressive increase.

A decennial table shows that the deaths from cancer per 10,000 persons living rose from 5.47 in 1897 to 7.10 in 1903, 6.76 in 1904, 6.51 in 1905 and 6.96 in 1906; and that whereas 5.99 out of every 100 deaths were attributable to cancer ten years ago, the proportion had grown to 7.47 last year.

TABLE showing for each of the Ten Years 1897 to 1906 the Number of Persons registered as having died from Cancer, the Proportion of Deaths from Cancer per 10,000 living, and the Percentage of all Deaths attributed to Cancer.
Year.Estimated Mean Population.Deaths from Cancer.Total Deaths, all Causes.Deaths from Cancer per 10,000 of Living Persons.Percentage of Total Deaths due to Cancer.
1,897721,6093956,5955.475.99
1,898736,2.04717,2446.406.50
1,899749,9844687,6806.246.09
1,900763,5944307,2005.635.97
1,901777,9685157,6346.626.75
1,902797,7935368,3756.726.40
1,903820,2175828,5287.106.82
1,904845,0225718,0876.767.06
1,905870,0005668,0616.517.02
1,906895 5946238,3396.967.47

To exhibit how cancer affects the different parts of the human body in respect of each sex, the experience of five years (1902 to 1906) is shown in a succeeding table. Of any single organ affected, the stomach is the one most liable to be the seat of cancer among males, while the mouth, lips, tongue, and throat, taking all these organs together, show a large number. Next to the stomach, the liver is with males the organ which is most often attacked, to judge by mortality records, and next in order come the intestines and rectum. Afterwards follow the kidneys, bladder, and urethra.

Amongst the females, the organs of generation—ovaries, uterus, and vagina—as a group, show most cases of mortality from cancer; but, as with the males, the stomach is, of any single organ, the one most affected, the breast, liver, intestines, and rectum following. Females do not contract cancer in the mouth (judging by the returns of deaths), tongue, lips, and throat to nearly the same extent as prevails among males. Whatever may be the cause, the figures are remarkable, being only 7.6 out of every 100 deaths from cancer among females, against 29.6 out of every 100 of males dying from the same cause, or, expressed in numbers, 89 deaths of females occurred against 434 of males from cancer in the mouth, &c., in a five years' experience of mortality.

DEATHS FROM CANCER, 1902 TO 1906.

TABLE showing the Number of Deaths of Males and Females from Cancer during the Years 1902 to 1906, classified according to the Part of the Body affected.
Part affected.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Number of Deaths.Proportion of Specified.Number of Deaths.proportion of Specified.Number of Deaths.Proportion of Specified.Number of Deaths.Proportion of Specified.Number of Deaths.Proportion of Specified.
Males.
  Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent.
Mouth, lip, tongue, throat, neck, &c.6324.149933.569932.467926.699431.02
Stomach11242.919632.5410735.0810736.1510434.33
Intestines, rectum3212.263511.873411.15299.803511.55
Liver3814.563511.874213.774916.554414.52
Kidneys, bladder, urethra, &c.124.60175.76134.26258.45185.94
Leg, foot, &c.  41.3572.3041.3551.65
Lung41.5393.0530.9831.0130.99
 261100.00295100.00305100.00296100.00303100.00
Not specified35 30 18 17 34 
        Totals296 325 323 313 337 
Females.
Mouth, tongue, throat, &c.167.4421905125.17198.09218.37
Breast3315.353314.232510.783816.173815.14
Stomach4320.005121.985523.715121.704216.73
Intestines, rectum3315.352812.073213.793414.473212.75
Kidneys, bladder83.7252.1641.7272.9831.20
Ovary, uterus, vagina4420.464820.695825.004920.856827.09
Liver3315.353816.383515.092711.494216.73
Gall-bladder, spleen, pancreas31.4041.7210.4341.7051.99
Lung, spine, thigh, shoulder20.9341.72104.3162.55  
 215100.00232100.00232100.00235100.00251100.00
Not specified25 25 16 18 35 
        Totals240 257 248 253 286 

Considering the numbers of persons dying at the different age-periods, the following table of ten years' results shows the age of 30 years to be the time of life at which deaths from cancer begin to be numerous (it is really 35 for males and 30 for females). The maximum of deaths is reached at the period 60 to 65 for males, and 55 to 60 for females. These remarks are given without reference to the numbers of persons living at the various ages.

Deaths from cancer, it will be observed, are very rare among children under 5 years, and not frequent in those above that age.

DEATHS FROM CANCER.—DECENNIAL RETURN.

TABLE showing the Number of Persons (Males and Females) at Different Ages registered as having died from Cancer in New Zealand during the Ten Years 1897 to 1906.
Year.Under 1 Year.Total under 1 Year.1 to 2.2 to 3.3 to 4.4 to 5.Total under 5 Years.5 to 10.10 to 15.15 to 20.20 to 25.25 to 30.30 to 35.35 to 40.40 to 45.45 to 50.50 to 55.55 to 60.60 to 65.65 to 70.70 to 75.75 to 80.80 and upwards.Total 5 Years and over.All Ages.
Under 1 Month.1 to 3 Months.3 to 6 Months.6 to 12 Months.
1,897 1  1 1 13 211 71022414271744935298392395
1,898       2 21225581736474777796935309469471
1,899       1 133 14615214248826487452719467468
1,900 1  1  1 2  62267164035757859513120428430
1,901  1 1    12 455820315360658074633311514515
1,902          1 355722354959728886673115536536
1,9031   1    1412610920374768698796723815581582
1,904   11   1231329615253557729999793133569571
1,905        11 13191015263958678496993819565566
1,906 11 211  4  33982529485770102107825026619623

The numbers of deaths of persons from cancer in each provincial district are given in another table, according to age-groups, but the result merely shows the disease to be one found everywhere throughout the colony—at least, there is no sufficient evidence of climatic conditions affecting the mortality to a great extent in any particular part of the country.

TABLE showing the Number of Deaths from Cancer registered in each Provincial District of the Colony of New Zealand during the Years 1903–6.
Provincial Districts.1903.1904.1905.1906.
Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Total.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Total.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Total.Under 5 Years.Over 5 Years.Total.
Auckland 1171171114115 110110 127127
Taranaki 2121 2121 2020 2525
Hawke's Bay 2626 2525 1616 3333
Wellington1107108 113113 1061062122124
Marlborough 66 55 66 1515
Nelson 2828 3232 2525 2626
Westland 3535 1616 1010 1919
Canterbury 105105 109109 112112 114114
Otago 136136113413511601612138140
        Totals1581582256957115655664619623

The following extract from a contribution to the Lancet, by Dr. W. Vernon Shaw, is of interest:—

”The growth of cancer cells is to be looked upon as an effort of reproduction in damaged tissue, the incidence of the damage falling upon the nuclear structures. This damage alters the nature of these structures so that the vegetative functions of the cell run riot, and the cells become parasitic towards the organism in which the growth is taking place. The nature of the changes in the cancer cells and their life-history thus becomes the important point from which the origin of the cancer process must be determined.

”What is the cause of this vegetative activity? Is it an initial damage to the cells in response to which there is an over-active attempt at repair? The peculiar frequency of such disease in organs once active but now undergoing involution would suggest this explanation, and also, the frequent origin of malignant growths in damaged tissue further supports this view.“

The death-rates for cancer in respect of each sex are given for each of ten years, selected to show the position as from 1886 to 1906:—

DEATHS FROM CANCER IN EVERY 10,000 PERSONS OF EACH SEX LIVING IN NEW ZEALAND.
Year.Males.Females.
1,8863.693.67
1,8904.724.79
1,8946.655.27
1,8986.775.98
1,9006.125.09
1,9016.486.77
1,9027.056.35
1,9037.516.63
1,9047.236.23
1,9056.796.18
1,9067.106.79

The mortality was higher among the males than among the females (with the exception of 1890 and 1901), which is the reverse of English experience, where the rate was 7.56 per 10,000 of males and 10.05 of females for the year 1905. In the United Kingdom, however, the rate of increase is so much higher among males than with females that the Registrar-General calculates equilibrium will be reached in about the year 1932, and thereafter the rate among males would exceed the rate among females.

The increase in the numbers for the sexes together for England and New Zealand is represented in the proportions below:—

DEATHS FROM CANCER IN EVERY 10,000 PERSONS LIVING.
Year.New Zealand.England.
1,8812.695.20
1,8863.685.90
1,8914.686.92
1,8965.507.64
1,8996.248.29
1,9005.638.28
1,9037.108.71
1,9056.518.85

The actual number of deaths of persons of either sex and all ages registered in New Zealand during the last sixteen years was:—

 Males.Females.Totals.
1,891154141295
1,892173134307
1,893188144332
1,894240168408
1,895208175383
1,896205184389
1,897210185395
1,898263208471
1,899271197468
1,900246184430
1,901265250515
1,902296240536
1,903325257582
1,904323248571
1,905313253566
1,906337286623
        Totals4,0173,2547,271

MORTALITY FROM DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES.

The total of deaths from developmental diseases was 976, or 10.90 per 10,000 persons living. The mortality from premature birth comprised 337 deaths, and that from atelectasis, cyanosis, and other congenital defects 51 deaths. The proportion of deaths from premature birth varies from 11 to 15 out of every 1,000 births, and that from congenital defects from 2 to 4 per 1,000 births. Particulars for ten years exhibit the annual rates:—

NUMBER AND PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 BIRTHS.
YearDeaths from Number.Premature Birth. Proportion per 1,000.Deaths from Number.Congenital Defects. Proportion per 1,000.
1,89721111.26522.78
1,89825113.24542.85
1,89926113.86472.50
1,90027614.12552.81
1,90126412.88633.07
1,90230314.66793.82
1,90330113.79673.07
1,90429112.78582.54
1,90536015.20411.73
1,90633713.90512.10

Stating the result in another way, there was one death from premature birth to every 72 births in 1906, and one death from congenital defect to every 476 births. In England the proportion of deaths from premature birth to every 1,000 births was as high as 20.31 in the year 1905.

OLD AGE.

Deaths from old age in 1906 numbered 588, against 578 in 1905.

MORTALITY FROM LOCAL DISEASES.

Deaths by diseases of the nervous system were 863, or 10.35 out of every 100 deaths from all causes, and 9.64 out of every 10,000 persons living. Of the 863 deaths, 272 were due to apoplexy, 108 to convulsions, and 138 to inflammation of the brain and its membranes. Paralysis, including hemiplegia and paralysis of the insane, caused 176 deaths, and locomotor ataxia 8 deaths. Paraplegia, with diseases of the spinal cord, caused 21 deaths. Deaths from nervous diseases (excluding convulsions of children) numbered 755, or 8.43 per 10,000 persons living.

Diseases of the circulatory system resulted in 1,130 deaths, being 13.55 out of every 100 from all causes, and 12.62 per 10,000 persons living. Of the total number in this order, endocarditis and valvular disease of the heart contributed 732 deaths. From angina pectoris there were 32 deaths, from syncope 181, from aneurism 34, and from other forms of heart-disease (hypertrophy, fatty degeneration, and pericarditis) 71.

Diseases of the respiratory system show 976 deaths, of which 798 were attributable to bronchitis and pneumonia. Taken together, these two complaints were the cause of more deaths than was phthisis; and adding 61 from pleurisy, 10 from croup, 9 from laryngitis, and 98 from other respiratory diseases, the mortality in the order is found to be 11.71 per cent. of the total deaths, and 10.90 per 10,000 of the population.

Deaths from diseases of the digestive system also formed a large proportion of the whole (9.37 per cent.), the number being 781. Enteritis was most fatal, showing 226 deaths, liver-diseases (113), gastritis (109) coming next, while 69 deaths were due to appendicitis.

Of 382 deaths from diseases of the urinary system in 1906, the deaths from Bright's disease of the kidneys (albuminuria) numbered 196.

Of the groups, (a) and (b), constituting the order styled ”Diseases of the reproductive system,“ the greater mortality is found under (b), ”Diseases of parturition.“ In considering the deaths of women in childbirth the number from Order 6, Class I., under the designation ”Puerperal fever, pyæmia, septicæmia,“ have also to be dealt with.

As the figures are highly important, a special comparative statement has been made out, giving besides the number of deaths of mothers the proportions in every 10,000 children born. These proportions, taken over ten years' comparison, fluctuate irregularly, the extreme limits being 38.37 per 10,000 births in the year 1900, and 58.64 for the year 1903.

WOMEN DYING IN CHILDBIRTH.
Year.Deaths of Women in each Year.Deaths of Mothers to every 10,000 Children Born.*
In Childbirth.From Puerperal Fever, &c.Total.

* Still-births are not registered.

1,89764188243.76
1,89872199148.01
1,89971158645.66
1,90051247538.37
1,90170209043.92
1,902852511053.26
1,9031002812858.64
1,904852110646.56
1,905792110042.23
1,90676189439.11

But any conclusion drawn from the above figures must be held as qualified by the remarks on page 435 touching the matter of diminished fertility of wives at the child-bearing ages.

VIOLENT DEATHS.

Deaths by violence form a large item in the total mortality. In 1906 the proportion per 10,000 of persons living was 7.35, the total number of deaths having been 658.

Of 535 males who died violent deaths, 71 were suicides. The deaths of females by violence were far fewer than those of males, amounting to 123, and out of these only 12 committed suicide. A table given previously states the full list of deaths from external or violent causes for the year 1906.

Accidental deaths numbered 564—males 456, and females 108. Of the total male deaths, 185 resulted from fractures or contusions, and 162 from drowning. Of the female deaths, 23 were due to drowning.

HOSPITALS, MENTAL HOSPITALS, BENEVOLENT ASYLUMS, AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

Public Hospitals.

Prior to the abolition of provinces the hospitals of the colony were supported mainly out of provincial revenues. After that event the expenditure for hospitals was for the most part charged against the revenue of counties and municipal corporations, until October, 1885, when ”The Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1885,“ came into force.

The portion of the colony included within the three principal islands—the North, South, and Stewart Islands—is divided into thirty-five hospital districts, each consisting of one or more counties with the interior boroughs, to be presided over by elective Boards, designated ”Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards.“

The revenues of these Boards accrue from the following sources:—

  1. Rents and profits of land and endowments vested in the Board, or set apart for the benefit of particular institutions;

  2. Voluntary contributions;

  3. Grants from contributory local authorities; and

  4. Subsidies from the Consolidated Fund (these being at the rate of 10s. for every £1 of bequests, but in no case exceeding £500 in respect of any one bequest; £1 4s. for every £1 of voluntary contributions; and £1 for every £1 received from any local authority).

The contributory local authorities (being the County and Borough Councils, and Boards of road and town districts where the Counties Act is not in force) are empowered by the Act to raise by special rates the amounts assessed by the Hospital District Boards as their proportionate contributions to the Hospital and Charitable Aid Fund.

The District Boards undertake the general management and control of those hospitals that are not incorporated in terms of the Act, and are required to contribute to the support of the incorporated hospitals. To be incorporated a hospital must have as many as 100 subscribers contributing not less than £100 annually by amounts of not less than 5s., and must have been declared by the Governor in Council, after receipt by him of a duly signed petition, to be a body politic and corporate, under the government of trustees.

There are 52 hospitals in the colony, of which 26 are incorporated institutions, while 26 are directly managed and controlled by District Boards. In 1906 these hospitals afforded accommodation for 1,360 male and 826 female patients, a total of 2,186. The number of cubic feet of space included within the walls of all the sleeping wards was 3,028,233, which gave an average of 1,385 cubic feet to each bed. 10,300 males and 5,284 females were admitted as patients during the year 1906, and 990 male and 475 female patients were inmates at the end of the year. The total number of indoor patients during the year was 16,917—viz., 11,259 males and 5,658 females.

Outdoor relief was also given to a very large number of persons; but, as in some of the hospitals no records are kept of the outdoor patients, it is impossible to state the number of distinct persons who received such relief.

The total revenues of the various hospitals as at five different annual periods were:—

1901–2.1902–3.1903–4.1904–5.1905–6.
 £££££
Voluntary contributions and be quests11,15411,53914,26020,05216,992
Payments by patients18,08319,61321,18521,79824,156
From Government54,38755,88159,09959,94767,615
From Hospital Boards and local authorities40,63844,01343,96050,32348,984
Rents and other sources7,5888,22217,14916,34214,763
        Totals131,850139,268155,653168,462172,510

Private Hospitals.

”The Private Hospitals Act, 1906,“ which came into force on the 1st January, 1907, provides for the licensing, management, and inspection of private hospitals. All such institutions must be licensed, and every application for a license must be accompanied by a statement giving full description of the house proposed to be used, number of patients, and class of cases proposed to be received. The licensee shall state whether it is in respect of a lying-in private hospital or a surgical and medical private hospital, and no lying-in patient shall be received in a private hospital unless it is licensed for such cases, and no patient other than a lying-in patient shall be received in a private hospital licensed for lying-in cases only.

For every private hospital there must be a resident manager, either the licensee or some person appointed by the licensee, and in every case the manager must be a legally qualified medical practitioner or a registered nurse in the case of a surgical and medical hospital, or a registered midwife in the case of a lying-in hospital, or a registered nurse and midwife, or a registered nurse having as resident assistant a registered midwife in the case of a hospital licensed for both purposes. No license shall be granted in respect of a house not previously licensed until such house and annexed buildings have been approved by the Inspector-General of Hospitals, and no addition shall be made to any private hospital until it has been so approved. No license shall be granted until the character and fitness of the applicant have been proved satisfactory, and the license must be renewed on the 1st January of each year.

In every private hospital there must be kept a register of patients showing particulars as to name, age, abode, and date of reception of each patient, date when such patient left, or in the event of death the date thereof, name of medical practitioner attending, and such other details as may be prescribed. Inquiry may be made at any time as to the management and conduct of any such private hospital, and if such inquiry prove unsatisfactory the license may be revoked, and no new license shall be granted to the person whose license is so revoked, for a period of five years.

The fact that two or more persons, not members of the occupier's family, are received into any house in any one month as lying-in cases, or who there receive medical or surgical treatment, attendance, or care, shall be sufficient evidence that the house is a private hospital, whether or not it is proved that any charge is made for such treatment, attendance, or care.

The Governor may from time to time make such regulations as are necessary for carrying the Act into effect, and substantial penalties are provided for breaches of its provisions. The first regulations under the Act were published in the New Zealand Gazette on the 30th May, 1907.

Mental Hospitals.

There are seven public mental hospitals in the colony, maintained wholly or in part out of the public revenue. There is also one private hospital, licensed by the Governor for the reception of the mentally afflicted.

The amount of sleeping-accommodation provided in each of the public mental hospitals is shown in tabular form, giving separately the number and cubic contents of the sleeping-rooms intended for one person only, and of the dormitories occupied by several inmates conjointly, together with the number of patients actually in the hospitals on the 31st December, 1906:—

Sleeping-rooms for One Person only.Dormitories for more than One Persons.
Number.Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet.Inmates (Patients) on 31st December, 1906.Number.Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet.Inmates (Patients) on 31st December, 1906.
Auckland127114,02412734358,149548
Wellington6760,3806716100,173201
Porirua7065,4667018355,528552
Nelson3327,863331465,111115
Hokitika3829,26938995,987128
Christchurch7969,6517937254,800450
Seacliff185148,78418562327,883569
        Totals599515,4375991901,557,6312,563

At Ashburn Hall, Waikari, there are seventy-eight rooms, each for one person only, with an aggregate cubic content of 77,461 ft. The number of patients on the 31st December, 1906, was 44.

At the end of 1906, 1,878 male and 1,286 female patients (including 83 out on trial) were under the care of the mental hospital officers of the colony. Of these, 1,745 males and 1,179 females were regarded as incurable, 59 males and 24 females were out on trial, and 74 males and 83 females were supposed to be curable. 181 male and 149 female patients were discharged during the year.

The following shows the proportion of the mentally afflicted—or, rather, of inmates of mental hospitals and those out on trial—to the population (exclusive in each case of Maoris) at the end of the years stated:—

1884, 1 patient to every 393 of population.
1886, 1 patient to every 370 of population.
1888, 1 patient to every 365 of population.
1890, 1 patient to every 348 of population.
1892, 1 patient to every 339 of population.
1894, 1 patient to every 316 of population.
1896, 1 patient to every 308 of population.
1898, 1 patient to every 300 of population.
1899, 1 patient to every 296 of population.
1901, 1 patient to every 286 of population.
1903, 1 patient to every 284 of population.
1905, 1 patient to every 286 of population.
1906, 1 patient to every 286 of population.

It must not be overlooked that the proportions are increased by the admission into the hospitals of inebriates, idiots, and others who should not properly be there.

Benevolent Asylums and Charitable Institutions.

The various benevolent asylums and charitable institutions are placed on a similar footing to the hospitals. Most of the Boards of hospital districts are also Charitable Aid Boards; but, for the purpose of distributing charitable aid only, some of the hospital districts have been united into larger districts, so that, although there are thirty-five Boards for hospital purposes, there are only twenty-four for charitable-aid purposes.

Returns were received from eighteen benevolent asylums (not including orphanages), established for the support of indigent persons. The number of inmates in these institutions at the end of 1906 was 1,237, of whom 727 were males and 510 females. Out door relief was given by one of these institutions to 1,895 persons (including 1,182 children).

Auckland Sailors' Home.

There is a Sailors' Home at Auckland for the use of seafaring men resident in or visiting the town. The late Edmund Costley having left a large sum for charitable purposes, it was resolved to employ the bequest in building and endowing an institution where sailors might be received without distinction of race or religious belief, and board, lodging, and refreshments provided for them, together with such instruction and amusements as might tend to promote their social comfort and general welfare.

The Home, built in 1887, has room for thirty-five inmates, who are charged 15s. a week for board and lodging. It is managed by a council of eight members elected by the subscribers to the institution. The late Primate of New Zealand, who first originated the scheme, was Life President.

Orphan Asylums.

There were in 1906 four orphan asylums in the colony, one maintained by a District Hospital Board, one by the Church of England authorities, and two by clergy of the Roman Catholic Church; three of them receiving, at the charge of the State, orphan, destitute, and other children committed to them by a Stipendiary Magistrate.

Exclusive of the children so committed, 13 male and 17 female orphans were received during the year 1906, and 53 male and 82 female orphans remained as inmates at the end of the year.

Orphanages receiving committed children are, for that purpose, constituted ”industrial schools.“

Chapter 49. SECTION XVII.—ACCUMULATION: PRICES AND WAGES

BANKS OF ISSUE.

IN December, 1906, five banks of issue were doing business in New Zealand, the Bank of New Zealand and the Colonial Bank having amalgamated in 1895. Two of the five banks, the Bank of New Zealand and the National Bank of New Zealand (Limited), are wholly New Zealand institutions. The total average liabilities of all five banks for the year 1906 in respect of New Zealand transactions were £24,143,008, and the average assets £23,829,933. The average amount on deposit during the year was £22,422,243, of which sum £2,220,163 belonged to the General Government. Excluding those belonging to Government, deposits to the value of £9,863,123 were bearing interest, and £10,338,957 at call. The value of the notes in circulation of these banks was £1,574,254.

The development of banking in New Zealand since the year 1857 has been very great. Taking for each year the average of the four quarters' returns made by the banks of issue, the figures for 1857, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1906 are:—

Year.   Deposits.   Assets.   Liabilities.
    £   £   £
1,857   343,316   419,860   432,494
1,870   3,127,769   6,315,354   3,819,670
1,880   8,538,935   14,220,275   9,550,177
1,890   12,368,610   17,735,259   13,356,598
1,900   15,570,610   17,314,535   16,964,582
1,906   22,422,243   23,829,933   24,143,008

In 1880 the deposits of these banks were £18 per head of the mean population; in 1890 they were £19.92 per head; and in 1906, £25.04. The ratio of advances to deposits, which was 132.34 per cent. in 1880, reached its maximum in 1883, when it stood at 173.35 per cent. The proportion since that year fell, till in 1903 it was only 75.96 per cent. In 1904 the ratio stood at 82.10 per cent., in 1905 at 80.77 per cent. and in 1906 at 79.54 per cent.

The following figures, which are taken from the published returns for the December quarter of each year, show that the value of the coin and bullion held by all the banks of issue doing business in New Zealand rose steadily from 1891 to 1895, in which year the value stood at £3,333,272. Since that date the value gradually decreased year by year to £2,636,177 in December quarter, 1899, but rose again to £4,696,758 in 1906:—

Quarter ended
31st December.
Coin.Gold and Silver
in Bullion or Prs.
Total Coin
and Bullion.
 £££
1,8912,231,242126,3462,357,588
1,8922,381,319141,4062,522,725
1,8932,480,453121,4962,601,949
1,8943,103,355118,1213,221,476
1,8953,199,389133,3833,333,272
1,8963,171,702122,9013,294,603
1,8972,848,183107,6352,955,818
1,8982,625,896126,3492,752,245
1,8992,511,102125,0752,636,177
1,9002,658,207144,0252,802,232
1,9012,921,268142,5753,063,843
1,9023,124,916167,1743,292,090
1,9033,597,280149,3003,746,580
1,9043,790,483162,5923,953,075
1,9053,849,039203,1344,052,173
1,9064,513,551183,2074,696,758

The figures shown for each quarter of the year 1906 are:—

    Coin.   Bullion.
    £   £
March quarter, 1906   4,078,850   211,402
June quarter, 1906   4,387,361   273,490
September quarter, 1906   4,529,589   198,364
December quarter, 1906   4,513,551   183,207

In 1886 the average amount of advances made by the banks was £15,853,420, equal to £27.23 per head of the mean population. The advances gradually declined in amount and proportion to population until 1891, when they were in value £11,549,145, or £18.34 per head. In 1897 advances stood at £10,892,111, or £15.09 per head, which is the lowest average since the year 1872. From thence there was continuous rise both in amounts of advances and rates per head of population until 1906, for which the figures are £17,833,640, or £19.91 per head. The discounts in 1905 amounted to £2,125,511, or £2.44 per head of mean population, and in 1906 they were £2,068,404, or £2.31 per head. The largest amount of discounts in any year was £6,061,959 in 1879, a rate of £13.53 per head. From 1879 there was a fall year by year until 1896, when the sum was £1,756,791, or £2.49 per head.

An account of the special banking legislation of 1893 and its subsequent developments will be found in the previous issues of the Year-book. (See page 400, Year-book 1902.)

THE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND ACT, 1903.”

This Act was passed in anticipation of guaranteed shares or stock issued under the authority of the Act of 1894, to the extent of two million pounds sterling, reaching maturity on the 19th July of the year 1904, and of the expiry of the term of currency of the debentures issued by the Assets Realisation Board (31st March, 1904). It also makes provisions under which the remaining liability of the proprietors of the Bank, under section 21 of “The Banking Act, 1861,” ranks as ordinary uncalled capital, and for the issue of fresh shares to the Government in lieu of the preferred shares originally issued to the Crown, but afterwards repurchased by the Bank. Besides the above, the Act deals with other matters affecting the business of the Bank and the Assets Realisation Board

Ordinary Shares.

Every ordinary share in the Bank is deemed to be a share of the nominal value of £6 13s. 4d., paid up to the extent only of the amount actually paid on account of instalments of the call in respect of such share, leaving a liability of the balance of instalments, and the further liability of £3 6s. 8d. per share, but no more.

New Guaranteed Stock.

The guaranteed stock issued under “The Share Guarantee Act, 1894,” to the extent of two million pounds, matured on the 19th July, 1904, and has been redeemed by the Bank, and a new issue of guaranteed stock, representing the sum of one million pounds sterling, having a currency not exceeding ten years, has been made in lieu there of

Preference Shares

The preferred shares, representing £500,000 new capital, issued under the authority of “The Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act, 1895,” and subsequently repurchased by the Bank, have been cancelled; and in lieu there of the Government of New Zealand purchased 75,000 preference shares of the Bank, fully paid, representing £500,000 new capital. These shares rank for dividend purposes in priority to ordinary shares to the extent of 5 per cent. per annum (non-cumulative), and for dividends in excess of 5 per cent. they are entitled to only half the rate payable on ordinary shares; so that where, for example, the dividend on the ordinary shares is at the rate of 6 per cent., the dividend on the preference shares will be at the rate of 5 1/2 per cent. The maximum rate of dividend payable on preference shares is 10 per cent., while that payable on ordinary shares is not limited. Otherwise the preference shares confer the same rights and privileges as ordinary shares.

Assets Realisation Board. (Since defunct; see last paragraph.)

The Act empowers the Assets Board, for the purpose of redeeming such of its debentures as are outstanding at maturity, to issue fresh debentures, having a currency of five years, for a sum not exceeding in all the face value of the residue of the outstanding debt, and bearing interest at a rate not higher than 3 1/2 per cent. per annum.

The properties vested in the Assets Board are to be valued at appointed times, and the actual deficiency between such value and the amount of outstanding debentures of the Board ascertained. When it is found that the assets of the Board are sufficient to meet its liabilities, the Governor may by Order in Council declare that the Board shall cease to exist, its properties being handed over to the Bank, which thereupon is to redeem all the outstanding debentures of the Board.

A Proclamation by the Governor in Council was published in a supplement to the New Zealand Gazette, dated 7th December, 1906, to the effect that valuations in the terms of the above provisions having been duly made and confirmed by the Valuer-General, the assets of the Board were found to be sufficient to meet the outstanding liabilities of the Board, and that the Assets Realisation Board should, from the 17th December, 1906, cease to exist.

Other Provisions.

December and June, as the dates for holding the half-yearly and annual meetings, are substituted for February and August. Special provision for voting at elections of directors (by papers forwarded and returned through the post) is made, and the date of election of the chairman is altered from January to April.

“THE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND ACT, 1904.”

The capital stock of one million pounds sterling issued by the Bank under authority of the Act of 1903, is to have priority, both as to capital and dividend, as against the assets of the Bank, over all existing shares of the Bank, whether preference or ordinary. Further provisions of this Act deal with the form in which the stock may be issued, the issue of fresh certificates on transfer, loss, or destruction of certificates or warrants, also as to the countersigning of certificates or warrants.

The appointment and term of office of Auditors is also dealt with.

SAVINGS-BANKS.

The number of post-offices open for the transaction of savings-bank business at the end of 1906 was 541.

There were 70,206 new accounts opened in the year, and 47,526 accounts were closed. The total number of open accounts at the and of 1906 was 298,746, or 1 in every 3.04 of the population.

The deposits received during the year amounted to £7,907,154 12s. 5d., and the withdrawals to £6,907,103 7s. 7d., the excess of deposits over withdrawals having thus been £1,000,050 14s. 10d. The total sum standing at credit of all accounts on the 31st December, 1906, was £9,953,265 11s. 0d., which gave an average of £33 6s. 4d. to the credit of each open account.

The number of open accounts (as on the 31st December) for five years are classified according to amounts at credit of each:—

 1900.1902.1904.1905.1906.
Not exceeding £20142,368161,989187,631198,481212,605
Exceeding £20 and up to £5022,33325,52028,23130,20433,314
Exceeding £50 and up to £10013,70416,62118,36319,51121,748
Exceeding £100 and up to £20011,17314,65715,58316,83517,752
Exceeding £200 and up to £3005,1515,4735,6246,4117,585
Exceeding £300 and up to £4001,2381,6191,9182,3702,841
Exceeding £400 and up to £5007738609561,1941,506
Exceeding £500 and up to6687268581,0601,395
Totals197,408227,465259,164276,066298,746

The following were the securities, &c., standing in the name of the Postmaster-General on account of the Post-Office Savings-Bank Fund on the 31st December, 1906:—

Description of Securities.Nominal Value.Value at Cost Price.
 £s.d.£s.d.
Dunedin Garrison Hall Debentures, 5 per cent.5,000005,00000
“The General Purposes Loan Act, 1873,” Debentures, 4 per cent.5,200004,34200
“The Government Advances to Settlers Act, 1894,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.300,00000300,00000
“The Government Advances to Settlers Extension Act, 1901,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.80,0000080,00000
“The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.231,50000231,50000
Greymouth Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.150,00000150,00000
“The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act, 1903,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.45,0000045,00000
“The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act, 1903,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.55,0000055,00000
Hamilton Borough Debentures, 4 1/2 per cent.3,000003,00000
Hokitika Harbour Board Debentures, 5 per cent.10,0000010,00000
“The Immigration and Public Works Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4 1/2 per cent.20,9000020,527100
“The Immigration and Public Works Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4 per cent.175,30000168,37200
“The Immigration and Public Works Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4 per cent. (Imperial guaranteed)400,00000400,00000
Inscribed Stock, 3 1/2 per cent.618,00000618,00000
Inscribed Stock, 3 per cent.2,260,4951112,244,582180
“The Land for Settlements. Act, 1892,” and its Amendments, Debentures 3 1/2 per cent.741,00600741,06600
The Land for Settlements Acts, 1894 and 1897, Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.62,0000062,00000
“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1899,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.125,00000125,00000
“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1901,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.17,6000017,60000
“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1901,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.15,0000015,00000
“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1902,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.125,00000125,00000
“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1902,” Debentures, 4 per cent.2,000002,00000
“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1903,” Debentures, 4 per cent.167,00000167,90000
“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1903,” Debentures, 4 per cent.7,825007,82500
“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1906,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.500,00000500,00000
“The Consolidated Loan Act, 1867,” Debentures, 4 per cent.13,0000012,48000
“The Consolidated Stock Act, 1884,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.407,50000407,50000
“The Consolidated Stock Act, 1884,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.100,00000100,00000
“The Consolidated Stock Act, 1884,” Debentures, 3 per cent.65,0000065,00000
“The Consolidated Stock Act, 1884,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.194,20000194,20000
“The Dairy Industry Act, 1898,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.1,781001,78100
“The Defence and other Purposes Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4 1/2 per cent.8,100008,10000
“The Defence and other Purposes Loan Act, 1870,” Debentures, 4 per cent.75,0000072,00000
“The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900,” Debentures, 4 per cent.25,0000025,00000
“The Laud for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900,” Debentures, 4 per cent.1500015000
“The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900,” Debentures, 4 per cent.1,000001,00000
“The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.23,0000023,00000
“The Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894,” Debentures 4 per cent.279,00000279,00000
“The Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894,” Debentures 3 1/2 per cent60,0000060,00000
“The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1901,” Debentures, 4 per cent.55,0000055,00000
“The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1901,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.936,00000936,00000
“The Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905,” Debentures, 4 per cent.5000050000
“The New Zealand Consols Act, 1894,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.27,2900027,19650
Oamaru Borough Consolidated Loan, 1893, Debentures, 5 per cent.13,8000013,80000
Oamaru Harbour Bonds, 5 1/2 per cent.31,0000031,00000
Patea Harbour Board Debentures, 4 1/2 per cent.26,8700026,87000
“The Public Revenues Act, 1893” (Treasury Bills), 3 1/2 per cent.599,20000599,20000
“The Scenery Preservation Act, 1903,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.20,0000020,00000
“The State Coal-mines Act, 1901,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.140,00000140,00000
Thames Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.10,0000010,00000
“The State Fire Insurance Act, 1903,” De-tures, 4 per cent.5000050000
“The State Fire Insurance Act, 1903,” Debentures, 3 1/2 per cent.1,500001,50000
Westport Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.489,50000489,50000
Totals9,726,67711119,698,992130

Most of this fund is invested in securities of the New Zealand General Government. Summarising the figures shows the investments to be:—

In New Zealand Government securities8,987,507
In local bodies' securities734,170
In other securities5,000
Total£9,726,677

There are five savings-banks in the colony not connected with the Post Office. The total amount deposited in them in 1906 was £1,013,571 of which the deposits by Maoris comprised £193. The withdrawals reached the sum of £947,988, or less than the total deposits by £65,583. The total amount to the credit of the depositors at the end of the year was £1,216,759, of which sum £202. belonged to Maoris.

SUMMARY OF ALL DEPOSITS.

If the total deposits in the banks of issue at the end of the year be assumed to be equal to the average deposits for the four quarters of the year, then it may be affirmed that, exclusive of Government moneys, the deposits in the said banks of issue and in the two classes of savings-banks amounted at the end of 1906 to £33,592,268. In addition, there are the deposits with building societies, which in 1905 were £433,490, and it is known that there were also deposits with financial companies of which no particulars have been supplied. The known deposits reach an average of £37 8s. 10d. per. head of the population, exclusive of Maoris.

BUILDING SOCIETIES.

There were 97 registered building societies in operation in the colony at the end of 1905. Of these, 59 were terminable societies, the rest were permanent.

The total receipts by these societies during their financial year were £1,069,870, of which deposits comprised £463,043.

The assets at the end of the year were valued at £1,793,157. The liabilities were: To shareholders, reserve fund, &c., £1,316,205; to depositors, £433,490; and to bankers and other creditors, £43,462.

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES.

During the year ended 31st December, 1906, 263 joint-stock companies, with a total nominal capital of £5,175,515, were registered under the provisions of “The Companies Act, 1903.”

 Companies registered in 1906.
District where registered.No.Nominal Capital.
  £
Auckland572,178,800
Poverty Bay230,000
Taranaki7204,700
Hawke's Bay6140,750
Wellington891,106,185
Marlborough28,500
Nelson46,150
Westland212,000
Canterbury33309,795
Otago461,070,135
Southland15108,500
Totals2635,175,515

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.

The Registrar of Friendly Societies received returns for the year 1906 from 535 central bodies, lodges, courts, tents, &c., having a membership at the end of the year of 53,759.

The total value of the assets of these societies was £1.057,821, of which the value of the sick and funeral benefit funds was £975,137.

The receipts during the year on account of the sick and funeral funds amounted to £137,544, and the expenditure to £78,073, of which the sick-pay to members reached the sum of £52,903. In addition to the sick-pay, the sum of £49,008 was paid out of the medical and management expenses fund for attendance given and medicine supplied to the members and their families.

The increase in the membership of Friendly Societies during the twenty years from 1886 to 1906 has been at a considerably greater ratio than the increase in population during the same period.

The percentage of members to population in 1886 was 3.68; in 1896, 4.46; in 1906, 5.91.

The Registrar of Friendly Societies has supplied particulars of the number of members of friendly societies, the amount of their accumulated capital, and the average capital per member in Australasia, according to the latest published statistics, arranged in order of membership:—

State or Colony.Date of Return.Number of Lodges.Number of Members.Amount of Funds.Capital per Member.
    ££s.d.
Victoria31st Dec., 19051,306111,5571,626,55514117
New South Wales31st Dec., 1905;1,195103,041970,893986
New Zealand31st Dec., 190550151,103996,22419911
South Australia31st Dec., 190449949,233676,04413148
Queensland31st Dec., 190539932,164359,3711136
Tasmania31st Dec., 190415516,500142,0008122
Western Australia31st Dec., 190521713,92597,37561911

New Zealand shows by far the highest average of capital per member, Victoria, South Australia, and Queensland following, but not closely, while the averages of New South Wales, Tasmania, and Western Australia are less than half the sum shown for this colony.

MORTGAGES.

In a return laid before the House of Representatives it is stated that during the year ended 31st March, 1906, mortgages to the value of £13,110,096 were registered in the several land registration districts of the colony, while the monetary value of those paid off amounted to £8,108,093. Compared with a similar return for the year 1904–5 the mortgages registered show an increase of £2,100,584, the total amount for the earlier year having been £11,009,512.

The total amounts represented in the mortgages registered and paid off in each registration district during 1904–5 and 1905–6 were:—

 1904–5.1905–6.
District.Mortgages
registered.
Mortgages
paid off.
Mortgages
registered.
Mortgages
paid off.
 ££££
Auckland1,121,017935,0631,648,935819,834
Poverty Bay374,542239,643562,685382,538
Taranaki800,191520,449922,286649,977
Hawke's Bay1,288,4471,273,350947,747697,538
Wellington3,307,7122,104,0804,285,5562,236,041
Marlborough135,64188,224170,689141,195
Nelson181,135157,852206,054135,631
Westland35,65922,82430,40623,841
Canterbury2,526,9751,586,3882,774,9042,015,080
Otago637,084482,401997,560640,874
Southland601,109402,383563,274365,544
Totals£11,009,512£7,812,657£13,110,096£8,108,093

Classified according to the various rates of interest, the amounts in the mortgage deeds registered during the two years were:—

1904–5.1905–6. 
££   Rate of Interest.

(a.) Including £140 at 4 1/5 and £47,000 at 4 1/4 per cent.

(b.) Including £1,416 at 5 1/8 per cent.

(c.) Including £800 at 5 3/8 per cent.

(d.) Including £1,800 at 5 1/3 per cent.

(e.) Including £1,200 at 6 1/6 per cent.

(f.) Including £100 at 7 1/4 per cent.

(g.) Including £900 at 8 1/8 per cent.

(h.) Including £17,698 at 4 1/4 per cent.

(i.) Including £7,000 at 5 5/16 per cent.

(j) Including £1,000 at 5 3/8 per cent.

(k) Including £290 at 6 1/5 per cent.

(l) Including £925 at 7 1/4 per cent. and £900 at 7 3/4 per cent.

71,850   101,818   at 4 per cent. or under.
929,094 (a)   545,028 (h)   at 4 1/2 per cent.
295,886   57,829   at 4 3/4 per cent.
4,485,105   6,313,070   at 5 per cent.
37,618(b)   106,224(i)   at 5 1/4 per cent.
1,164,559 (c)   1,277,389 (j)   at 5 1/2 per cent.
9.143(d)   6,370   at 5 3/4 per cent.
1,538,866   1,683,164(k)   at 6 per cent.
11,613 (e)   1,500   at 6 1/4 per cent.
131,802   150,639   at 6 1/2 per cent.
13,050     at 6 3/4 per cent.
435,213   454,760   at 7 per cent.
32,833 (f)   36,246 (l)   at 7 1/2 per cent.
224,085 (g)   283,240   at 8 per cent.
143,361   105,114   at 8 1/2 per cent. and over.
1,485,434   1,987,110   at rates not specified.
£11,009,512   £13,110,096 

Comparison of the foregoing with the amounts at the various rates of interest in the mortgages registered during 1895–96 shown the lowering of the rates that has taken place:—

Year 1895–96. 
£ 
26,285   in small sums at less than 5 per cent.
833,226   at from 5 per cent. to 5 1/4 per cent.
732,764   at 5 1/3 per cent.
116,600   at 5 3/4 per cent.
1,372,261   at from 6 per cent. to 6 1/4 per cent.
371,896   at from 6 1/2 per cent. to 6 3/4 per cent.
599,542   at from 7 per cent. to 7 1/4 per cent.
111,651   at 7 1/2 per cent.
382,348   at 8 per cent.
173,416   in small sums, at rates above 8 per cent.
853,801   at rates which are not specified.
   £5,573,790 

The total amount shown in deeds as secured by mortgage under the Land Transfer Act on 31st March, 1906, was £53.480,099, as against £49,030,811, in March, 1905, £45,493,552 in March, 1904, £42,906,772, in March, 1903, £40,587,109 in March, 1902, £37,767,650 in March, 1901, £35.303,728 in March, 1900, £33,035,337 in March, 1899, £32,152,288 in March, 1898, and £31,112,921 in March, 1897; but in respect of some transactions the same money may be included more than once.

LIFE INSURANCE.

There were existing in the colony at the close of the year 1905 114,553 life-insurance policies, an average of 130 in every 1,000 persons living. The gross amount represented by these policies was £28,087,349, an average of £245 3s. 10d. for each policy, and of £31 16s. 7d. for every European inhabitant of the colony at the end of the year.

The distribution of these policies shows that 39 per cent. are held in the Government Life Insurance Department:—

Name of Office.Number of Years of Business in the Colony.Now Zealand Business only.
Number of Existing Policies at End of Year 1905.Gross Amount insured by Policies at End of Year 1905.
   £
Australian Mutual Provident Society4433,0108,902,780
Australasian Temperance and General Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited)31,531165,294
Australian Widows' Fund Life Assurance Society (Limited)82,773691,808
Citizens' Life Assurance Company (Limited)124,902763,018
Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited)225,1631,272,407
Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States212,9821,058,222
Mutual Life Association of Australasia297,5771,803,897
National Mutual Life Association of Australasia (Limited)2610,3952,611,990
New York Life Insurance Company19947321,817
Scottish Metropolitan Life Assurance Company (Limited)9114,900
Yorkshire Insurance Company412522,900
Life Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government3645,13710,468,316
Totals, December, 1905..114,553£28,087,349
Totals, December, 1904..110,227£27,074,171

The rate at which life insurance increased is evidenced by the difference between the amounts insured at the end of each of the two years 1904 and 1905, being a sum of £1,013,178, or 3–74 per cent., while for the same twelve months population increased by 291 per cent. only.

INDUSTRIAL LIFE ASSURANCE.

In addition to the ordinary life insurance transactions alluded to above, there were in 1905 four industrial life assurance offices doing business in New Zealand. The number of policies in existence and the gross amount insured by such policies at the end of the year were:—

Name of Office.Number of Years
of Business
in the Colony.
New Zealand Business only.
Number of Existing Policies
at End of Year 1905.
Gross Amount insured by
Policies at End of Year 1905.
  £ 
The Australian Mutual Provident Society11,28033,659
The Australasian Temperance and General Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited)36,027131,259
The Citizens' Life Assurance Company (Limited)1217,306358,738
The Provident and Industrial Insurance Company of New Zealand1611,889354,215
Totals, December, 1905..36,502£877,871
Totals, December, 1904..34,364£851,688

Here an increase of £26,183, or 3.07 per cent., is shown to have taken place in twelve months.

“THE GOVERNMENT ACCIDENT INSURANCE ACT, 1899.”

By this statute the Commissioner of Life Insurance is given power to insure persons against accident, and especially employers against liability for accident to any person employed, besides generally doing the business of an insurer against accident.

In 1901 an Accident Branch of the Government Insurance Department was opened mainly with a view to relieve employers of labour of the liability imposed upon them by “The Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900.” In such a business the rates charged must necessarily be of an experimental nature for a considerable time, but so far they have proved to be, on the average, equal to the strain imposed upon them. In any event the interests of the life-insurance policyholders cannot suffer, as the life funds are in no case liable, and the costs of conducting the business are borne entirely by the Accident Branch itself.

“The Employers' Liability Act, 1882,” and its amendments give a workman the right to claim for any accident caused through any defect in the ways, works, machinery, or plant of the employer, or through the neglect of any overseer in the service of the employer, with certain limitations, the maximum amount he can claim being £500.

“The Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900,” greatly extends the liability of employers, as under this Act a workman can claim compensation for all injuries arising out of and in the course of his employment, not attributable to his serious and wilful misconduct.

The compensation is as follows:—

  1. Where death results from the injury and the workman leaves dependants wholly dependent upon his earnings, the compensation is three years' wages, but not to be less than £200, nor to exceed £400.

  2. If dependants are left partially dependent upon the workman's earnings, the compensation is to be such sum as may be agreed upon, not exceeding the amount payable under the former provision.

  3. If no dependants are left, the compensation is to be a sum equal to the reasonable expenses of the workman's medical attendance and burial, not exceeding £30.

  4. Where a workman is totally incapacitated for work, he is entitled to a weekly payment from the date of the accident, not exceeding 50 per cent. of his average weekly earnings. If the incapacity is partial only, he cannot claim for the first week unless the incapacity continues for a longer period than two weeks. The weekly payment is not to exceed £2, nor to be less than £1 when earning as much as £1 10s. at the time of accident, and the total liability of the employer is limited to £300.

If the accident occurs in course of employment in or about a mine, factory, building, or vessel, the compensation becomes a charge on the employer's interest in the property. This charge takes precedence of all existing or subsequent charges or encumbrances howsoever created other than those lawfully existing at the time of the commencement of the Act.

The Department's policies cover the full liability of an employer to his workmen under the Employers' Liability Acts and the Workers' Compensation for Accidents Acts, and the liability under common law to the extent of £500 per man.

The premiums are assessed on the wages, and vary from 3s. and 4s. per £100 of wages for the lightest occupations to 20s. per cent. for building trades, 45s. per cent. for coal-mines, and 85s. per cent. for bushfelling.

Policies protecting mortgagees from loss through the charge of an injured workman taking precedence of a mortgage are issued at premiums varying from 1s. per cent. of the mortgage for small mortgages to 6d. per cent. for large mortgages.

Personal-accident policies are also issued securing amounts for accidental death and permanent total or partial disablement, and weekly allowances during temporary disablement.

The premium income and claims of the Accident Branch since the commencement of business have been as follows:—

Year.Premium Income.Claims
 ££
7th June to 31st December, 190111,8562,428
Year ending 31st December, 190214,1007,364
Year ending 31sfc December, 190324,38113,230
Year ending 31st December, 190423,76812,105
Year ending 31st December, 190523,97011,242
Year ending 31st December, 190620,81513,720

The funds, assets, and liabilities of the Government Insurance Department belonging to its Accident Insurance Branch are to be kept separate and distinct from the main life-insurance business, and powers are vested in the Governor to make regulations in regard to tables fixing rates of premiums and other details for the conduct of accident insurance.

STATE FIRE INSURANCE.

A special article on this subject will be found in Part III of this book.

THE PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE.

This institution was described in full detail in the Year-book for 1898, page 454.

Classifying the business as on the 31st March, 1906 and 1907, the results are:—

 1906.1907.
Number
of
Estates.
Value
of
Estates.
Number
of
Estates.
Value
of
Estates.
  £ £
Wills and trusts (including sinking funds accounts)1,0912,252,8131,2402,008,942
Intestate estates1,092318,4901,164343,376
Mental patients' estates1,031280,4021,082284,004
Native reserves119400,000119425,000
West Coast Settlement Reserves333730,000333900,000
Unclaimed lands31128,28733828,835
Total3,977£4,009,9924,276£4,590,157

The capital funds of the Public Trust Office invested amounted, on the 31st March, 1907, to £2,117,924. The investments are as follow:—

 £
New Zealand Government securities123,047
Local bodies' debentures111,344
Mortgages of freehold property1,883,533
Total£2,117,924

PRIVATE WEALTH.

The private wealth of the colony has been estimated as for the year 1905, calculating on the assumption that the wealth of the living is proportionately equal to that left by the dead.

Working on the adult method, but excluding Maoris, the results for New Zealand, calculated on figures for the five years ending with 1905, were as under:—

PRIVATE WEALTH IN NEW ZEALAND.
1. Estates of deceased persons: net amount sworn to (five years)£14,871,393
2. Deaths of adults (number) (five years)27,098
3. Average amount left by each adult£548.8
4. Adults alive, 31st December, 1905 (estimated number)471,411
5. Aggregate private wealth, 31st December, 1905£258,710,000
6. Wealth per head of total estimated population on 31st December, 1905£293.169

The calculation has been made on the same method as that adopted in Australian States. It may be well to repeat the remark made before, that only a rough approximation to the facts can be put forward.

ESTIMATED PRIVATE WEALTH.

Year.   Amount.
 £
1,890   142,631,461
1,895   152,918,021
1,905   258,710,357

In the year 1890 the private wealth was estimated at £142,631,000, which rose to £152,918,000 in 1895, during a period of five years. From this last amount the private wealth would appear to have advanced to £258,710,000 in the year 1905.

An attempt to arrive at the value of the public property (exclusive of lessees' interests in land and improvements) in the colony, with the assistance of the Valuer-General, has led to the following result:—

PUBLIC PROPERTY.

Public property — i.e., land and improvements not owned by individuals (1905–6, latest information available), exclusive of Government railways:—

 ££
Crown lands18,917,713 
Local authorities' lands5,850,542 
Educational lands4,646,204 
Church and other lands3,392,172 
  32,806,631
Government railways, open and under construction, 31st March, 1906 24,092,085
Other public works—viz., telegraphs, lighthouses, harbours, and water-supply on goldfields 5,142,132
Total public property £62,040,848

This amount of £62,040,848, with the sum of £258,710,357 previously shown as the private wealth, estimated from probate returns, gives a total of £320,751,205. If to this be added £9,708,581, the value of Native lands with their improvements (exclusive of lessees interests), a final total of £330,459,786 is reached.

As before stated, so much of this sum as represents private wealth may be considered as net wealth, because stamp duty is paid after subtracting liabilities on estates. But the debt of the General Government and that of the local bodies (so far as raised abroad) must be deducted. The amounts were, in the year 1906, £53,497,442 and £5,467,500 respectively. Allowing for these, it is found that the colony had in 1906 at least £271,494,844 value of public and private wealth. Full information as to public wealth other than property owned by the Government is not procurable.

AVERAGE PRICES OF PRODUCE, LIVE-STOCK, PROVISIONS, ETC., IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1906.
Articles.Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland (Goldfield).Canterbury.Otago (Part Goldfield).
I. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.         
Wheat per bushel (60lb.)3/6 to 5/4/ to 4/63/6 to 4/34/ to 4/73/6 to 4/64/ to 4/34/3 to 5/3/ to 3/68/ to 3/6
Barley per bushel (47lb.)3/ to 4/93/ to 3/63/ to 3/93/3 to 4/63/6 to 5/3/94/ to 4/63/ to 3/63/3 to 4/
Oats per bushel (40lb.)2/6 to 3/62/6 to 3/2/10 to 3/32/8 to 3/62/6 to 3/63/3/2/ to 2/81/9 to 2/6
Maize per bushel 56lb.)3/3 to 5/4/64/to 4/64/ to 5/4/6 to 5/34/6 to 5/64/2 to 5/4/to 5/3/3 to 6/
Bran per bushel (20lb.)1/1 to 1/61/ to 1/21/ to 1/41/ to 1/611d. to 1/31/ to 1/31/3 to 1/411d. to 1/610d. to 1/6
Hay per ton70/ to 100/40/ to 120/60/ to 70/60/to 100/60/- 75/90/to 100/50/to 75/40/to 65/
II. FLOUR AND BREAD.         
Flour, wholesale per ton of 2,000lb.170/ to 210/191/6 to 215/192/6 to 220/190/ to 220/175/ to 205/180/ to 190/200/ to 210/170/to 200/160/to 230/
Flour, retail per bag of 50lb.4/9 to 6/35/9 to 6/5/6 to 6/65/3 to 6/5/ to 5/95/6 to 6/5/9 to 7/5/ to 5/65/ to 6/6
Bread per 4lb. loaf6d. to 7d.7d.6d. to 7d.6d. to 7d.6d. to 7d.7d.7d.5 1/2d. to 7d.5 1/2d. to 7d.
III. LIVE-STOCK AND MEAT.         
Horses, draught per head£25 to £40£30 to £38£40 to £50£35 to £45£30 to £50£40£40 to £60£30 to £40£30 to £45
Horses, saddle and harness per head£7 to £18£10 to £15£9 to £20£8 to £25£15 to £25£30£12 to £30£10 to £25£12 to £25
Cattle, fat per head130/ to 175/120/ to 130/160/ to 170/140/ to 170/120/ to 160/130/160/ to 200/120/ to 180/140/ to 220/
Cattle, milch cows per head100/to 150/120/115/ to 120/100/ to 130/100/ to 150/100/ to 140/100/ to 160/110/ to 160/120/to 160/
Sheep, fat per head16/ to 22/16/3 to 22/16/ to 18/615/ to 17/16/ to 18/20/19/ to 21/17/ to 22/619/ to 24/
Lambs, fat per head13/ to 16/12/ to 13/12/ to 13/12/12/ to 13/611/615/14/ to 17/14/ to 18/
Butchers' meat:—         
    Beef per lb4d. to 7d.3d. to 4d.4 1/2d. to 6d.4d. to 5d.4d. to 6d.5d. to 7d.5d. to 6d.4d. to 7d.4d. to 8d.
    Mutton per lb4d. to 6d.4d. to 5d.4d. to 5d.3 1/2d. to 5d.4d. to 6d.5d. to 7d.5d. to 7d.4d. to 6d.4d. to 6d.
    Veal per lb5d. to 6d.5d.5d. to 6d.4d. to 7d.4d. to 6d.5d. to 6d.5d. to 6 1/2d.4d. to 6d.4d. to 6d.
    Pork per lb6d.6d.6d.5d. to 6d.5d. to 6d.6d. to 8d.6 1/2d. to 8d.5 1/2d. to7d.6d. to 8d.
    Lamb per lb6d. to 7d.5d. to 6d.6d.to 7 1/2d.5d. to 7d.5d. to 7d.6d. to 7d.6 1/2d. to 8d.5d. to 8d.6d. to 9d.
IV. DAIRY PRODUCE.         
Butter, fresh per lb9 1/2d. to 1/11/111d. to 1/21/ to 1/211d. to 1/-1/1 to 1/31/1 to 1/310d. to 1/111d. to 1/3
Butter, salt per lb8d. to 11d.9d. to 1/9d. to 10d.9d. to 1/10d.9d. to 1/1/9d. to 11d.9d. to 1/
Cheese, colonial per lb7d. to 9d.8d.8d. to 9d.7 1/2d. to 9d.6d. to 8d.8d.8d.7d. to 8d.6d. to 9d.
Cheese, imported per lb1/ to 2/2/2/1/6 to 2/6..1/7..1/6 to 2/1/3 to 1/6
Milk per quart2 1/2d. to 4d.3d.3d.3d. to 4d.3d. to 4d.4d. to 6d.5d.3d. to 4d.3d. to 4d.
V. FARM-YARD PRODUCE.         
Geese per pair6/ to 8/5/6 to 7/7/6 to 8/5/ to 8/7/ to 9/6/ to 9/8/5/ to 7/6/ to 10/
Ducks per pair3/6 to 5/4/ to 4/63/9 to 5/4/ to 6/4/ to 5/5/6 to 7/5/ to 7/4/ to 5/64/ to 7/
Fowls per pair3/ to 5/3/6 to 4/3/6 to 4/3/6 to 6/3/ to 4/3/6 to 3/93/6 to 5/3/ to 5/2/6 to 4/
Turkeys per head4/ to 8/7/6 to 9/4/3 to 7/4/ to 9/6/6 to 10/7/66/6 to 7/66/ to 10/6/ to 12/6
Bacon per lb.7d. to 10d.7/ to 8/8d. to 9d.6 1/2d. to 9d.7d. to 10d.9d. to 9 1/2d.8d. to 9d.7d.to 10d.7d. to 10d.
Ham per lb.8d. to 1/8d. to 9d.9d. to 10d.7 1/2d. to 11d.8d. to 1/10d.9d. to 10d.9d. to 10 1/2d.9d. to 1/
Eggs per doz.10d. to 1/21/ ..1/ to 1/31/ to 1/310d. to 1/21/to 1/21/3 to 1/69d.to 1/10d. to 1/
VI. GARDEN PRODUCE.         
Potatoes, wholesale per ton220/ to 280/240/ to 280/210/ to 270/170/ to 260/180/ to 280/170/ to 220/180/ to 250/200/ to 240180/ to 240/
Potatoes, retail per cwt.12/to 15/13/ to 15/13/6 to 15/14/ to 16/10/6 to 16/9/6 to 12/12/12/ to 15/9/ to 13/
Onions per lb.1 1/2d. to 4d.2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.2d. to 3d.2d. to 3d.1 1/2d. to 2d.2d. to 3d.1d. to 2d.1 1/2d. to 4d.
Carrots per doz. bnchs.1/6 to 2/1/1/ to 2/1/ to 1/62/ to 3/2/93/ to 3/31/ to 2/1/ to 4/
Turnips per doz. bnchs.1/6 to 2/1/1/ to 2/1/ to 1/62/ to 3/2/93/ to 3/31/ to 2/1/ to 4/
Cabbages per doz.1/ to 4/2/ to 2/61/ to 3/1/ to 4/3/ to 4/2/3/ to 6/1/6 to 2/62/ to 3/
VII MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.         
Tea per lb.1/3 to 2/1/61/6 to 2/1/8 to 2/1/6 to 2/1/9 to 1/101/6 to 2/1/ to 2/41/ to 2/
Coffee per lb.1/3 to 1/101/81/8 to 2/1/4 to 2/1/6 to 1/91/6 to 1/101/6 to 1/91/4 to 1/101/6 to 2/
Sugar per lb.2 1/2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.3d.3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d
Rice per lb.2 1/2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.2d. to 3d.2 1/2d. to 3d.2d. to 3d.3d.2 1/2d.2d to 3d
Salt per lb.3/4d. to 1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d. to 1 3/4d.
Soap per cwt.12/ to 28/20/ to 24/20/ to 28/18/ to 28/22/ to 27/24/ to 26/614/ to 19/8/ to 29/12/ to 29/
Candles per lb.5 1/2d. to 8d.7d.7d. to 9d.6d. to 8d.6d. to 10d.7d.6d. to 9d.6d. to 6 1/2d.5 1/2d. to 10d.
Tobacco per lb.5/3 to 6/5/65/3 to 6/5/ to 6/5/6 to 6/5/6 to 6/65/65/3 to 5/95/ to 6/
Coal per ton21/ to 47/640/ to 50/32/6 to 50/35/ to 60/38 to 50/22/ to 35/20/ to 36/32/ to 58/620/ to 40/
Firewood per cord7/ to 30/30/ to 34/17/6 to 35/20/ to 30/15/ to 30/40/16/ to 30/25/ to 40/12/ to 40/
VIII. BEER, WINES, SPIRITS.         
Beer, colonial per hhd.80/ to 90/80/ to 85/80/ to 100/80/ to 91/684/ to 90/100/80/ to 108/75/ to 100/80/ to 110/
Beer, English, bottl'd per doz. qts.13/ to 18/14/ to 15/14/ to 16/13/6 to 16/616/ to 18/14/ to 15/14/ to 15/12/ to 18/13/9 to 18
Brandy per gallon24/6 to 28/26/ to 32/627/ to 31/24/6 to 33/26/ to 36/26/ to 30/24/ to 26/30/ to 37/626/ to 36/
Rum per gallon22/ to 27/22/ to 25/25/ to 30/23/6 to 33/22/ to 30/23/6 to 25/24/ to 26/25/6 to 27/620 to 30
Whisky per gallon23/ to 28/26/ to 30/27/ to 31/26/6 to 30/27/ to 30/24/6 to 28/25/ to 26/27/6 to 30/24/ to 30
Gin per gallon21/ to 28/620/ to 35/22/ to 31/24/ to 33/24/ to 34/23/6 to 24/20/ to 22/619/ to 28/20/ to 33
Wine, Australian per gallon15/ to 24/15/ to 18/14/ to 22/614/ to 21/16/ to 30/16/15/ to 17/14/ to 18/16 to 24
Wine, European per gallon20/ to 24/20/ to 22/21/ to 30/16/ to 42/18/ to 36/16/ to 27/20/ to 26/16/6 to 25/19/ to 36
AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES IN EACH PROVINCIAL, DISTRICT OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1906.
Description of Labour.Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland (Goldfield).Canterbury.Otago (Part Goldfield
1. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR.         
Farm-labourers:         
    With board, per week20/ to 25/20/ to 25/20/ to 25/20/ to 25/20/ to 25/20/20/ to 25/20/ to 22/620/ to 25/
    Without board, per day6/ to 7/7/6/ to 8/6/ to 7/7/ to 8/..6/7/ to 7/66/ to 7/
Ploughmen:         
    With board, per week20/ to 30/25/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/20/25/22/6 to 25/20/ to 27/6
    Without board, per day6/ to 7/7/7/ to 8/........7/ to 8/6/6
Harvesters :         
    With board, per week20/ to 27/35/30/30/30/ to 35/48/..35/to 48/30/ to 60/
    Without board, per day1/per hour1/per hour7/ to 9/8/to 9/9d. to 1/hr....8/ to 9/7/ to 9/
Men cooks on farms:         
    With board, per week20/ to 30/20/ to 25/25/ to 35/20/ to 30/25/ to 30/20/30/20/ to 25/20/ to 35/
Female farm-servants:         
    With board, per week12/ to 15/15/ to 20/12/ to 20/15/ to 25/10/ to 20/15/15/12/ to 15/10/to 15/
2. PASTORAL LABOUR.         
Shepherds, with board, per annum£65£70 to £78£60 to £80£60 to £78£60 to £80£52£65£65 to £78£65 to £75
Stock-keepers, with board, per annum Station-labourers£52 to £65£60£60 to £80£60 to £78£65 to £78£52£52 to £65£70 to £75£52 to £80
Station-labourers:         
    With board, per week20/ to 25/20/20/ to 30/20/ to 25/20/ to 25/25/25/20/ to 25/20/ to 25/
    Without board, per day6/................
Shearers, with board, per 100 sheep shorn17/6 to 20/17/6 to 20/17/6 to 20/16/ to 20/16/8 to 20/18/20/ to 25/16/8 to 20/15/ to 20/
Men cooks on stations, with board, per week20/ to 30/25/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/22/6 to 30/20/30/25/ to 30/20/to 32/
3. ARTISAN LABOUR (per day, without board).         
Masons10/ to 14/12/12/12/ to 15/12/12/12/12/12/ to 14/
Plasterers12/ to 14/15/ to 16/12/ to 15/12/ to 14/612/ to 14/12/ to 14/12/11/ to 12/12/ to 14/
Bricklayers12/ to 14/12/ to 13/12/ to 14/12/ to 15/12/12/ to 14/12/ to 14/12/12/ to 14/
Needlewomen:         
    With board, per week15/15/15/ to 20/15/ to 30/15/ to 20/..20/10/ to 22/610/ to 22/6
    Without board, per day (lunch always provided)3/ to 5/6/4/ to 6/4/ to 5/3/ to 5/4/2/6 to 5/3/6 to 4/3/ to 5/
5. MISCELLANEOUS.         
General labourers, without board, per day7/ to 8/7/ to 8/7/ to 9/7/to 9/7/ to 8/8/ to 9/9/ to 10/7/ to 8/7/ to 9/
Stonebreakers, without board, per cubic yard3/3 to 4/3/62/63/6 to 4/6....8/ to 5/2/3 to 3/31/9 to 3/6
Seamen, with board, per month100/ to 150/..130/ to 170/130/ to 140/140/130/ to 170/110/ to 160/130/120/ to 160/
Miners without board, per day8/ to 9/..10/..10/11/9/6 to 11/9/10/ to 12/
Engine-drivers without board, per day9/ to 10/9/ to 10/9/ to 12/9/ to 10/10/9/ to 11/10/ to 12/9/ to 11/9/ to 12/
Tailors without board, per day8/4 to 10/9/8/ to 10/9/ to 10/8/ to 10/9/ to 10/10/ to 12/8/4 to 10/9/ to 10/
Tailoresses without board, per week24/ to 30/25/ to 30/20/ to 36/25/ to 36/15/ to 30/20/ to 40/25/ to 30/20/ to 30/25/ to 30/
Dressmakers without board, per week18/ to 50/12/ to 42/15/ to 36/18/ to 40/25/ to 30/15/ to 30/15/ to 63/22/6 to 50/18/ to 45/
Milliners without board, per week20/ to 50/40/ to 50/30/ to 40/20/ to 48/30/ to 40/30/ to 50/40/ to 60/22/6 to 50/21/ to 60/
Machinists without board, per week24/ to 36/27/ to 36/25/ to 30/20/ to 36/30/30/25/ to 36/20/ to 36/20/ to 40/
Storekeepers without board, per week40/ to 60/50/ to 80/50/ to 60/45/ to 60/54/ to 80/60/50/40/ to 60/40/ to 60/
Storekeepers assistants, without board, per week30/ to 60/36/40/ to 50/40/ to 50/48/ to 60/20/ to 60/27/ to 55/30/ to 45/25/ to 60/
Drapers' assistants, without board, per week35/ to 60/50/ to 60/30/ to 60/25/ to 60/30/ to 60/20/ to 60/30/ to 45/40/ to 60/40/ to 80/
Grocers' assistants, without board, per week30/ to 5045 to 60/30/ to 50/30/ to 48/30/ to 50/30/ to 60/30/ to 55/36/ to 48/25/ to 60/
Butchers, without board, per week40/ to 60/50/ to 54/48/ to 60/35/ to 60/40/ to 50/25/ to 70/40/ to 60/40/ to 60/40/ to 60/
Bakers, without board, per week40/ to 60/50/ to 54/45/ to 60/45/ to 60/48/ to 60/40/ to 55/40/ to 70/45/ to 60/40/ to 60/
Storemen, without board, per week42/ to 50/42/ to 50/45/ to 65/42/ to 60/42/ to 50/25/ to 70/50/ to 55/45/ to 60/40/ to 60/
Compositors without board, per week45/ to 60/48/ to 55/42/ to 60/42/ to 66/45/ to 50/45/ to 60/40/ to 60/40/ to 60/45/ to 60/
Sawmill hands without board, per week36/ to 54/42/ to 66/48/ to 60/45/ to 60/48/ to 54/42/ to 60/54/48/ to 60/36/ to 60/
Flax-mill hands without board, per week25/ to 54/..48/ to 54/42/ to 54/36/ to 48/30/ to 60/54/36/ to 42/36/ to 48/

Chapter 50. SECTION XVIII.—FINANCE.

SUBSECTION A.—REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT.

THE revenue proper for the year ended 31st March, 1907, amounted to £8,399,075, and other receipts were £79,881, including £66,000 as the proceeds of sinking-fund debentures. The total receipts were thus £8,478,956. The principal increases over the previous year were in railways, £282,978; Customs duties, £243,629; stamps, £164,464; and land and income tax, £77,637. All the other heads of revenue, excepting territorial, exceeded the previous year's receipts.

The expenditure for the year under permanent charges and votes reached £7,774,926, or £652,586 in excess of that for the previous year. Amongst the permanent charges interest and sinking fund shows an increase of £44,938 over the previous year, arising from the payment of interest on new loans issued; and old-age pensions amounted to £59,864 more than for the previous year, owing to the increase in the annual pension paid. Of the increase in the departmental expenditure, £254,537 was for railways, £88,032 for education, and £40,459 for post and telegraphs. A grant of £49,500 was made towards the exhibition funds, and the maintenance of roads not previously charged to the Consolidated Fund cost £25,860. The new sinking fund established for war and defence loans absorbed nearly £40,000. The amount transferred to the Public Works Fund during the year was £775,000, making the total expenditure out of the Consolidated Fund £8,549,926.

The receipts for the year from all sources being £8,478,956, and the expenditure £7,774,926, a surplus is left on the year's transactions of £704,030, which, added to the amount of £13,795 left from previous year's balance after transfer to Public Works Fund of £775,000, gives a balance on the 31st March last of £717,825.

The chief heads of revenue and expenditure are shown hereunder:—

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.

Revenue.££
Balance on 31st March, 1906788,795
Customs duties2,941,040 
Beer duty107,582 
Stamps (including postal and telegraph cash receipts)1,365,727 
Land-tax447,342 
Income-tax277,867 
Railways2,621,396 
Registration and other fees119,445 
Marine dues40,891 
Miscellaneous226,885 
Territorial revenue250,900 
  8,399,075
Other receipts— 
        Proceeds of debentures for increases of sinking fund66,000  
        Recoveries in respect of expenditure of previous years13,881  
  79,881 
  £9,267,751 
Expenditure.££
His Excellency the Governor7,000 
Legislative52,702 
Ministers’ salaries and allowances12,433 
Interest and sinking fund charges2,172,092 
Exchange and commission23,427 
Pensions, civil and military57,855 
Old-age pensions319,076 
Railways1,850,047 
Public instruction813,580 
Postal and telegraph services617,270 
Judicial and legal330,499 
Hospitals and charitable institutions122,802 
Defence (including Naval)191,431 
Subsidies to local bodies99,864 
Department of Agriculture136,986 
Mental hospitals82,756 
Valuation Department30,171 
Customs48,908 
Marine (including harbours and lights)53,070 
Printing and stationery42,955 
Electoral10,945 
Registration of land and deeds, births, deaths, and marriages29,268 
Public buildings and domains, and maintenance of roads58,588 
Public Health Department26,659 
Labour Department16,249 
Tourist Department34,030 
Grant to New Zealand 
        International Exhibition49,300  
Miscellaneous expenditure170,934  
Territorial expenditure—314,029  
 7,774,926  
Other expenditure— 
        Transferred to Public Works Fund 775,000 
Balance on 31st March, 1907717,825  
 £9,267,751  

Ordinary Revenue.

The ordinary revenue shows an increase for the year 1906–7 of 11.12 per cent. over the figures for 1905–6. When considering the figures given it must be remembered that the mean population increased at the rate of 2.79 per cent., so that any rate above this means a higher ratio of revenue. Taking the items in order of their magnitude, the advance is shown below:—

Heads of Revenue.Ordinary Revenue.Increase.
1905–6.Per Cent. of Total.1906–7.Per Cent. of Total.Numerical.Centesimal.
 £ £ £Per Cent.
Customs duties2,697,41136.832,941,04036.09243,6299.03
Railways2,338,41831.932,621,39632.17282,97812.10
Stamps (including postal and telegraph cash receipts)1,201,26316.401,365,72716.76164,46413.69
Land-tax385,756527447,3425.4961,58615.96
Income-tax261,8163.58277,8673.4116,0516.13
Beer duty98,1351.34107,5821.329,4479.62
Registration and other fees108,2221.48119,4451.4711,22310.37
Marine36,7390.5040,8910.504,15211.30
Miscellaneous195,8102.67226,8852.7931,07515.87
          Ordinary revenue7,323,57010.0008,148,175100.00824,60511.12

The amount derived from Customs duties was 9.03 per cent. greater than that shown for 1905.6; land-tax, 15.96 per cent.; stamps, &c., 13.69 per cent.; income-tax, 6.13 per cent.; beer duty, 9.62 per cent.; registration and other fees, 10.37 per cent.; and railway revenue shows an advance of 12.10 per cent. While the mean population of the colony increased by 2.79 per cent. during 1906–7, the ordinary revenue advanced at the higher rate of 11.12 per cent., as shown above.

The Customs and excise duties in 1906–7 accounted for £37 8s. 2d. out of every £100 of ordinary revenue collected; railways, £32 3s. 5d.; and stamps (with postal and telegraph cash receipts), £16 15s. 2d. Of other items, the land-tax yielded 5.49 per cent. and income-tax 3.41 per cent. of the revenue.

Territorial Revenue.

Territorial revenue belonging to the Consolidated Fund decreased from £260,789 in 1905–6 to £250,900 in 1906–7. Details for the last two years are:—

Territorial Revenue.Increase or Decrease 1906–7.
1905–6.Per Cent. of Total.1906–7.Per Cent. of Total.Numerical.Centesimal.
* Exclusive of revenue derived from land set apart for State forests, £20,426; lands for close settlement, £204,921; and of the Cheviot Estate, £13,673. These moneys are credited in the separate loan accounts to which they belong.
 £ £ £Per Cent.
Cash land sales32,40612.4337,30814.87+ 4,902+ 15.13
Deferred-payment land sales5,4402.082,4620.98- 2,978- 54.74
Pastoral runs, rents, miscellaneous222,94385.49211,13084.15- 11,813- 5.30
          Territorial revenue260,789100.00250,900*100.00- 9,889- 3.79

By the foregoing table the cash land sales for 1906–7 are shown to have increased by 15 per cent., and to supply 15 per cent. of the whole territorial revenue of the Consolidated Fund; while rents and miscellaneous, which constitute 84 per cent. of the total, have decreased by 5 per cent.

Ordinary and Territorial Revenue.

The total ordinary and territorial revenue is found to have increased from £7,584,359 in 1905–6 to £8,399,075 in 1906–7, or at the rate of 10.74 per cent., or 7.95 per cent. more than the rate at which population increased:—

 Ordinary.Territorial.Total.
 £££
Year 1906–78,148,175250,9008,399,075
Year 1905–67,323,570260,7897,584,359
          Increase or decrease824,605- 9,889814,716

After allowing for alteration in system of charging interest and sinking fund, the charges of the public debt paid out of the Consolidated Fund, in proportion to the ordinary and territorial revenue, are found to have fallen from 41.6 per cent. in 1890–91 to 25.86 per cent. in 1906–7.

If the sum of £39,770, the amount of territorial revenue received by way of land sales in 1906–7, is deducted from the total revenue the charges of the public debt will be found to have absorbed 26.66 per cent. of the revenue, reduced by the sum derived from relinquishment of real estate of the Crown.

Total Revenue of General Government.

The whole of the revenue of the General Government arising from taxation as well as from other sources for the last ten financial years exhibits great progress. The rates of taxation and of revenue per head of mean population are given to illustrate this:—

Year ended 31 March.Revenue.Taxation per Head of Mean Population.Revenue per Head of Mean Population.
From Taxation.From other Sources.Total.
 ££££      s.     d.£     s.     d.
1,8982,678,5762,400,6545,079,2303     13     117     0     2
1,8992,707,0992,551,1295,258,2283     13     37     2     3
1,9002,891,1262,808,4925,699,6183     16     107     11     6
1,9013,042,8902,864,0265,906,9163     19     67     14     4
1,9023,113,0793,039,7606,152,8393     19     87     17     6
1,9033,277,9643,169,4716,447,4354     1     88     0     8
1,9043,649,6013,480,5167,130,1174     8     48     12     5
1,9053,754,3793,592,8187,347,1974     8     28     12     6
1,9063,841,5963,808,5027,650,0984     7     78     14     4
1,9074,264,5554,214,4018,478,9564     14     79     8     0

The total revenue is shown to have increased from £5,079,230 in 1897–98 to £8,478,956 in 1906–7, a difference of £3,399,726, while the proportion to population has increased by no less than £2 7s. 10d. per head.

The greater yield from the sources of taxation exhibited by the above figures may be regarded as to a large extent indicative of increased prosperity enjoyed by the people of the colony.

Ordinary Revenue Expenditure.

The expenditure for 1906–7 (exclusive of expenditure properly belonging to territorial purposes) amounted to £7,460,897, of which the largest item, after the charges of the public debt, £2,172,092, was on account of railways, £1,850,047. Public instruction cost £813,580, of which £537,677 was for carrying on the Board schools, £112,208 for technical and higher education, £21,851 for Native schools, £23,850 for industrial schools, and £85,867 for school-buildings. The postal and telegraph services cost £617,270. Under the heading “Judicial and Legal” the total sum expended was £330,499, of which the largest item was the police, £145,321; the next, District, Magistrates', and Wardens’ Courts, £55,353; and, thirdly, prisons, £43,689. Hospitals and charitable institutions cost £122,802, and the mental hospitals £82,756. Defence required £191,431, inclusive of £40,000 contributed by the colony towards the cost of Australasian naval defence; the Department of Agriculture, £136,986; Public Health Department, £26,659; Electoral, £10,945; Labour Department, £16,249; Tourist Department, £34,030; and the Valuation Department, £30,171. Payments of old-age pensions required £319,076 for the year.

Territorial Revenue Expenditure.

The chief items of expenditure under this head are the Lands and Survey Department, £165,833, and Mines, £29,306; while there was paid to local bodies £112,624 (£43,220 being “thirds” and “fourths” under the Land Act, and £15,256 for the Greymouth, £3,618 for the New Plymouth, £49,066 for the Westport, £590 for the Motueka, and £874 for the Nelson Harbour Boards); besides £5,509 expended in management of water-races, and £757 in rates on Crown lands.

Ordinary and Territorial Revenue Expenditure: Five Years.

The expenditure out of ordinary and territorial revenue during the last five financial years is tabulated, specifying the chief heads of expenditure. It must be noted that the old-age pensions is now a large item. The development of the Departments of Agriculture, Public Health, &c., also contributed to raising the expenditure latterly:—

Expenditure.Financial Years (ended 31st March).
1903–3.1903–4.1904–51905–6.1906–7.
 £££££
Charges of the public debt1,900,9791,957,9631,993,8702,087,4372,172,092
Railways1,357,3851,451,9541,471,8441,594,9541,850,047
Public instruction (including school-buildings, industrial and Native schools, and deaf and-dumb institution)566,568588,860653,272714,071813,580
Postal and telegraph485,860524,500557,535577,115617,270
Militia and Volunteers214,226165,142183,134156,555151,431
Old-age pensions212,962204,500197,911258,720319,076
Crown lands and surveys129,795160,932150,160176,388165,833
Police123,804126,149130,426135,253145,321
Other expenditure1,222,4401 254,2811,297,7501,421,8471,540,276
              Totals6,214,0196,434,2816,635,9027,122,3407,774,926

Loan Accounts, Receipts and Expenditure, 1906–7.

The total receipts of the various loan accounts—excluding the operations of the Government Advances to Settlers Account, Government Advances to Workers Account, the Conversion Account, and New Zealand Consols Account—for the year ended 31st March, 1907, were:—

Receipts in aid:—
      Public Works Fund—
 ££
          The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Acts—
                    Proceeds of debentures and scrip issued under the Act of 1905182,086 
                    Proceeds of debentures and scrip issued under the Act of 1906943,600 
                    Premiums received on sale of debentures and scrip14,131 
                    Premiums received on sale and renewal of debentures1,704 
  1,141,521
          Transfer from Consolidated Fund 775,000
          Ellesmere Reclamation, &c., Account 1,560
Cheviot Estate Account—
          Receipts under “The Cheviot Estate Disposition Act, 1883” 13,673
Land for Settlements Account—
          Debentures sold for purchase of estates530,040 
Premium on sale of debentures5,445 
Rents, &c.204,921 
Interest on investments16,000 
Other receipts1,182 
 757,588 
Maori Land Settlement Account—
Debentures and scrip issued65,975 
Premium received1,000 
  66,975
Loans to Local Bodies Account—
Debentures180,000 
Recoveries613 
  180,613
Scenery Preservation Account—
Debentures 10,000
                    Carried forward 2,946,930
                    Brought forward 2,946,930
Other receipts:—
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Acts—
Debentures for renewals and redemptions under
“The New Zealand Loans Act, 1904”668,700 
“The Native Land Purchases Act, 1892”—
Debentures renewed under “The New Zealand
Loans Act, 1904”125,000 
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900”—
Debentures renewed under “The New Zealand
Loans Act, 1904”889,766 
Debentures sold3,000 
  1,686,466
  £4,633,396

The total expenditure out of the above accounts during the financial year was £2,906,673, excluding £1,686,466 for renewal and redemption of debentures falling due.

Disbursements out of the Public Works Fund totalled £2,168,894, including £35,958 for the improvement of the Hutt Railway. The Colonial Treasurer proposes to transfer to this account during the current year a substantial sum out of the Consolidated Fund, in addition to the amounts already received from that source in past years (£5,630,000).

The Land for Settlements Account shows that payments were made during the year for the purchase of estates to be cut up for close settlement, £117,328; incidental expenses, including the cost of issuing debentures, £76,837. The interest charge on the Consolidated Fund was relieved to the extent of £188,013 out of this account, by way of recoup, while the sum of £50,165 was paid to the Public Trustee for the purpose of providing a sinking fund for repayment of securities issued.

The Loans to Local Bodies Account, which deals with moneys used chiefly for roading the more inaccessible country and for water-supply, shows an expenditure amounting to £133,629, besides that to open up Crown lands, £47,371.

The only payments out of the Cheviot Estate Account during the year were for interest £8,866, and surveys, roading, &c., £34; and the sum of £9,147 was charged to the Scenery Preservation Account.

The sum of £104,017 was paid out of the Maori Land Settlement Account for land purchases, and £2,372 for charges and expenses.

Expenditure on Services:—
        Public Works Fund—
 ££
          Railways1,345,749 
          Roads347,624 
          Public buildings226,918 
          Telegraph extension114,068 
          Tourist and health resorts42,271 
          Departmental16,710 
          Contingent defence14,874 
          Immigration14,353 
          Development of goldfields11,064 
          Purchase of Native lands9,135 
          Lands improvement5,605 
          Utilisation of water-power4,664 
          Lighthouses, harbour-works, and harbour-defences.4,504 
          Rates on Native lands695 
          Charges and expenses of raising loans10,660 
  2,168,894
        Cheviot Estate Account—
          Interest8,866 
          Surveys, roading, &c.34 
 8,900 
Scenery preservation Account—
Scenery preservation9,147 
Land for Settlements Account—
          Purchase of estates117,328 
          Interest recouped to Consolidated Fund188,013 
          Sinking Fund50,165 
          Charges and expenses (including loan charges)76,837 
 432,343 
Maori Land Settlement Account—
          Purchase of land104,017 
          Charges and expenses2,372 
 106,389 
Loans to Local Bodies Account—
          Grants to local bodies133,629 
          Roads to open up Crown lands47,371 
 181,000 
  2,906,673
Other expenditure:—
        Public Works Fund—
          Debentures redeemed and renewed (as per contra)668,700 
Native Lard Purchase Account—
          Debentures renewed (as per contra)125,000 
Land for Settlements Account—
          Debentures redeemed and renewed (as per contra)892,766 
  1,686,466
  £4,593,139

The expenditure out of loan accounts for five years may be summarised as given in the next table:—

Heads of Expenditure out of Loan Accounts.Financial Years.
1902–3.1903–4.1904–5.1905–6.1906–7.

* Including sums expended in the purchase of lands for settlement and expenses in connection therewith — viz., £406,844 in 1902–3; £623,269 in 1903–4; £603,912 in 1904–5; £990,815 in 1905–6; and £432,343 in 1906–7. Interest recouped to Consolidated Fund and payment to Sinking Fund has been included, being treated as expenditure out of the account.

† Including sums expended under Loans to Local Bodies Acts—viz., £18,578 in 1902–3; £25,753 in 1903–4; £28,895 in 1904–5; £38,801 in 1905–6; and £47,371 in 1906–7.

‡ This account is now dealt with under another heading, the expenditure being met entirely from the proceeds of the sale of coal.

NOTE.—Excluding amounts applied to investments by way of advances to settlers with charges and expenses, besides amounts for debentures redeemed and advances repaid.

 £££££
Charges and expenses of raising loans and renewals of (Public Works Fund)88,18087,24910,76423,65410,660
Cheviot Estate interest and expenses9,0378,8668,8668,8668,866
Contingent defence37,00438,72446,58835,56914,874
Immigration142Cr. 76,4828,75314,353
Land purchases*482,627*628,621*610,193*1,001,616*547,867
Lighthouses, harbour-works, and defences13,58110,8635,9904,9464,504
Public buildings197,455216,192116,678160,214226,918
Public Works departmental expenditure12,81916,08912,81413,51716,710
Railway-construction and other works connected with railway-extension759,753828,704749,4531,077,9781,345,749
Rates on Native lands471666631547695
Roads†301,747†387,595†258,956†399,667†395,029
Telegraph-extension68,57847,22779,29877,186114,068
Development of goldfields24,21316,2786,25818,53311,064
Tourist and health resorts10,94915,64317,10815,43842,271
Lands improvement2,3482,0192,2481,0525,605
State coal-mines39,42465,246110,126
Scenery-preservation....2,0905,0859,147
Utilisation of water-power....4682,9024,664
Payments to local bodies under Government Loans to Local Bodies Acts234,870195,652165,893117,066133,629
Ellesmere and Forsyth Rail way Trust....545....
Debentures issued to Midland Railway bondholders..150,000......
                Totals2,283,1982,715,6272,211,4492,972,5892,906,673

The total amount of actual loan-moneys under various heads raised from the beginning is roughly shown further on in a table dealing with the public debt of the colony.

Although the Public Works Fund forms the main source of the expenditure out of loan accounts, all the money included in it has not been raised from loans. Amounts from the revenue of the Consolidated Fund were paid to the Public Works Fund during the last sixteen financial years as follows:—

 £
1891–9230,000
1892–93200,000
1893–94250,000
1894–95250,000
1895–96150,000
1896–97150,000
1897–98300,000
1898–99425,000
1899–1900450,000
1900–1500,000
1901–2500,000
1902–3200,000
1903–4350,000
1904–5600,000
1905–6500,000
1906–7775,000
        Total£5,630,000

The expenditure each year since 1884 on services provided for by the Public Works Fund has been:—

Year.Immigration.Railways.Roads.Development of Goldfields.Telegraph Extension.Public Buildings.Lighthouses, &c.Other Services.Totals.

* Exclusive of moneys spent on roads under Lands Improvement, Native Lands Purchase, and Government Loans to Local Bodies Accounts: £103,076 in 1894–95, £162,757 in 1895–96. £173,358 in 1896–97.

† The expenditure on roads under the first two Acts mentioned above (*) is included as part of Public Works Fund; the sum of £18,770 was also spent out of Loans to Local Bodies Account on roads to open up Crown lands in 1897–98, £16,972 in 1898–99, £31,363 in 1899–1900, £37,390 in 1900–1, £31,979 in 1901–2. £18,578 in 1902–3, £25,753 in 1903–4, £28,895 in 1904–5, £38,801 in 1905–6, and £47,371 in 1906–7. These moneys have been excluded, as have also small sums expended in roading, &c., the Cheviot Estate.

‡ Including £150,000 debentures issued to Midland Railway bondholders.

 £££££££££
1884–3557,148663,063317,0438,02925,799117,36134,033114,2511,336,727
1885–8611,675725,496335,9049,03236,01086,859133,975136,4351,475,386
1886–8712,454615,265278,6177,66518,95289,598148,705162,2281,333,484
1887–8815,598403,726219,5191,01622,98490,52976,825135,962966,159
1888–898,791272,077106,4405512,04734,59247,593132,344613,939
1889–90867289,57284,12628416,34635,4739,43446,362482,464
1890–911,823180,02071,28982116,29222,8192,66639,026334,756
1891–92817154,416101,6052,25727,77334,7917,34762,495391,501
1892–93242220,894105,5063,81129,24531,10111,20560,502462,506
1893–94343176,304147,4185,27216,12744,0326,58810,713406,797
1894–95101247,54561,757*5,86519,22954,1903,1459,578401,410*
1895–96Cr. 10197,10566,774*9,34535,53876,5297,41019,639412,330*
1896–97.301207,23164,292*10,50836,79170,57911,60026,683427,985*
1897–98.70351,600290,777†33,11729,38473,5855,29581,715865,543†
1898–99105374,141295,534†17,35428,551107,26715,66277,713916,327†
1899–1900385417,937285,532†21,81526,771115,4279,026116,330993,223†
1900–1214717,723315,791†15,90750,101121,3646,51781,4041,309,021†
1901–2140333,941403,690†15,32531,729145,60012,159200,6682,143,252†
1902–3142759,753283,169†24,21368,578197,45513,581167,5541,514,445†
1903–4Cr. 7828,704361,842†16,27847,227216,19210,863315,728‡1,796,841†
1904–56,482749,453230,012†6,25879,298116,6785,99096,9011,291,072†
1905–68,7531,077,978360,766†18,53377,186160,2144,946103,4431,811,819†
1906–714,3531,345,749347,624†11,064114,068226,9184,504104,6142,168,894†

Other Accounts.

The State Coal-mines Account received during the year £161,214, derived from the sale of coal. The working-expenses of the mines absorbed £167,366, and the sum of £4,900 was paid for interest on debentures.

The State Forests Account receipts for the year were £20,426, made up of rents from lands set apart, £1,842, and miscellaneous £18,584; while the expenditure for tree-planting, &c., was £24,951.

Revenue received for local bodies amounted for the year to £75,561, to which gold duty contributed £29,729, goldfields revenue £18,558, endowments of land, &c., £18,854, and fees and fines, &c., £8,420. The amount paid over to the various local bodies was £75,777.

In the Deposit Account the sum of £302,274 is shown to have been received during the year, and £310,104 to have been withdrawn.

In the Conversion Account £841,966 of 3 1/2-per-cent. stock was inscribed, of which £241,700 was sold and the proceeds used to redeem £100,000 issued under “The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900,” and £148,800 under the Aid to Public Works Acts, the balance—£600,266—being issued in exchange for debentures which either fell due or came in for conversion. £255,300 was converted at par, £4,200 at £101, and £305,000 at £103, the premium paid requiring additional stock to the amount of £9,966.

Of the 3-per-cent. stock, £86,135 was inscribed—£75,555 for redemption of debentures and £10,580 for expenses of conversion. The public debt is increased by these conversions; but a considerable saving in the annual interest-payment is effected, as the Treasury was paying as high as 5 per cent. on £68,000 and 4 per cent. on £730,100 of the debentures dealt with.

Deposits inscribed in the New Zealand Consols Account amounted to £1,384 for the year. The sum invested up to 31st March, 1907, was £478,225.

Loans for Government Advances to Settlers.

A notable feature in the legislation of the year 1894 was the passing of the Government Advances to Settlers Act, a description of which, with its amending Acts and the loan operations under the same, will be found in Part III.

The loans authorised to the 31st March, 1907, classified according to provincial districts, are shown in tabular form:—

Provincial Districts.Number of Applications.Amount of Advances authorised.
  £
Auckland4,5991,385,773
Taranaki2,9201,228,619
Hawke's Bay1,051295,315
Wellington4,8331,661,078
Marlborough589226,605
Nelson24271,200
Westland34679,575
Canterbury1,608467,385
Otago and Southland3,3131,232,930
                Totals19,5016,648,480

Of the 19,501 advances authorised, 2,169 applicants declined the grants (£933,860) offered them, so that the net advances to the 31st March, 1907, numbered 17,332, and amounted to £5,714,620.

The total sum raised by the Government for investment on mortgage is £3,560,000. Eleven thousand and thirty-seven mortgagors are indebted to the Department to the extent of £3,554,607 3s. 3d. in respect of principal moneys.

The gross profits for the year ended the 31st March, 1907, were £49,836 7s., and the cost of management £4,864 14s. 5d., being 0.14 per cent., or 2s. 8d. per £100 on the capital employed. The net profits amounted to £44,971 12s. 7d.

Loan-flotation charges have been further written down out of profits by the sum of £40,000, and next year this item will disappear altogether.

The liabilities and assets at 31st March, 1907, of the Government Advances to Settlers Office were:—

DR.        Liabilities.£        s.        d.
3-per-cent. Loan, redeemable 1st April, 1945, “A”1,500,000        0        0
3-per-cent. Loan, redeemable 1st April, 1945, “B”500,000        0        0
Sundry loans1,130,000        0        0
Advances on account of loans430,000        0        0
Reserve Fund50,000        0        0
Suspense Account20,100        6        3
Accrued interest payable5,706        5        6
Accrued interest on deposits20        4        7
Sinking Fund6,453        0        0
Profit and Loss Account2,936        1        1
 £3,645,215        17        5
CR.        Assets.£        s.        d.
Investment Account—
      Advances on        £        s.        d. mortgage 5,557,287 18 1 
      Less repayments 2,005,411 13 5 
 3,551,876        4        8
Mortgage instalments receivable, overdue2,730        18        7
Bills receivable468        11        1
Interest receivable, overdue10,631        12        6
Interest receivable, accrued40,498        7        7
Loan-flotation charges26,741        7        6
Cash in hand and in bank12,268        15        6
 £3,645,215        17        5

The Statutes under which Government Advances to Settlers have been made are now consolidated and amended by the Act of 1906.

Advances to Workers.

The Government Advances to Workers Act was passed on the 29th October, 1906. Applications for loans were first considered by the Board at its meeting held on the 8th January, 1907. Up to 31st March, 1907, applications for loans to the number of 160, amounting to £242,920, were received, and of the applications 107, amounting to £27,875, were authorised. The estimated value of securities for the net authorised advances was £14,068.

Classified according to provincial districts, the advances authorised were:—

Provincial District.Number of Applications.Amount, of Advances authorised.
  £
Auckland369,515
Taranaki1150
Hawke's Bay41,000
Wellington328,300
Marlborough3330
Nelson1225
Canterbury185,050
Otago and Southland122,805
 107£27,875

The liabilities and assets as at 31st March, 1907, were:—

Dr.Liabilities.£        s.        d.
Advances on account of loan20,000        0        0
Suspense Account1,216        1        0
Accrued interest payable168        15        4
£21,384        16        4
Cr.Assets.£        s.        d.
Advances on mortgage5,490        0        0
Interest receivable accrued17        4        6
Profit and Loss Account433        11        2
Cash in hand and in Public Account15,444        0        8
£21,384        16        4

The debit balance of Profit and Loss Account, £433 11s. 2d., represents the preliminary expenses. Only a few of the advances made had been actually paid over at 31st March, whilst the accrued interest payable is calculated on the full amount of the loan-money received for investment. Next year the income should be sufficient to cover the expenditure and yield a profit.

Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement.

“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1896,” empowered the Colonial Treasurer to raise £1,000,000—in aid of the Public Works Fund to the extent of £500,000, and the Lands Improvement Account and the Native Lands Purchase Account £250,000 each.

The Act passed in 1897 authorised the raising of an additional sum of £250,000, to be applied for the purpose of procuring £200,000 for further rolling-stock for railways, and for the repair of damages to lines by floods or otherwise; £25,000 for erection and repair of public-school buildings, and another sum of £25,000 for purposes of building and equipment of technical schools.

The Act of 1898 provided for raising £500,000, of which £175,000 was allocated to railways-construction, £200,000 was for new rolling-stock for open railways, and £125,000 for the construction of roads, bridges, and other works authorised.

Under another Act of 1899, the sum of £1,000,000 was authorised —£300,000 for railway-construction, £225,000 for rolling-stock, £350,000 for land-settlement and goldfields-development, £50,000 for school buildings, £50,000 for purchase of Native lands, and £25,000 for harbour defence.

A further Act of 1900 provided for the raising of £1,000,000, of which £500,000 was allocated to railway-construction, £300,000 for rolling-stock £150,000 for land-settlement, and £50,000 for gold-fields-development.

Again, an Act of 1901 authorised raising the sum of £1,250,000. Of this, £600,000 was applied to railway-construction, £400,000 for rolling-stock, £200,000 for land-settlement, and £50,000 to development of goldfields.

The Act of 1902 authorised raising £1,750,000, to be devoted to railway-construction (£750,000), rolling-stock (£450,000), roads and bridges (£450,000), development of goldfields (£50,000), and telegraph-extension (£50,000).

The Act of 1903 authorised raising £1,000,000 for the following purposes: Railway-construction (£450,000), rolling-stock (£150,000), roads and bridges (£340,000), development of goldfields (£20,000), telegraph-extension (£40,000).

The Act of 1904 authorised raising £750,000 for purposes of railway-construction (£275,000), rolling-stock (£75,000), roads and bridges (£350,000), development of goldfields (£20,000), telegraph-extension (£30,000).

The Act of 1905 authorised raising £1,000,000 for purposes of railway-construction (£425,000), rolling-stock (£75,000), roads and bridges (£400,000), development of goldfields (£25,000), telegraph-extension (£75,000).

“The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1906,” authorised raising, under the provisions of “The New Zealand Loans Act, 1904,” in the colony or elsewhere, of sums not exceeding £1,000,000 altogether, by debentures or scrip, or by the creation or issue of inscribed stock under “The New Zealand Consolidated Stock Act, 1877.”

Pending the raising of the money authorised, funds may be obtained by the sale, &c., of short-dated debentures, bearing interest not exceeding 4 1/2 per cent. per annum, and having a currency of not more than seven years.

All the money raised under this Act is applied to the following purposes:—

 £
1. Railways—
        Railway-construction450,000
        Additional rolling-stock, &c., for open lines75,000
2. Land-settlement and goldfields-development—
        Construction of roads, tracks, and bridges to open up backblocks, and other work in connection therewith400,000
        For developing goldfields25,000
3. For telegraph-extension50,000
 £1,000,000

Loans under Land for Settlements Acts.

The moneys raised under these Acts and the operations by way of purchasing estates to be cut up for close settlement form the subject of a special section of this part of the Year-book (No. XX).

“The Local Bodies’ Loans Act, 1901.”

The above Act consolidates all former measures dealing with the borrowing-powers of local bodies. It does not affect the securities issued for any loan raised under any Act repealed.

“The Local Bodies’ Loans Amendment Act, 1903.”

As to Government loans to local bodies, the yearly rate of interest and the period during which interest is payable by the local authority shall, at the option of such authority, be—

  1. Five per centum per annum for a period of twenty-six years; or

  2. Four and a half per centum per annum for a period of thirty-two years; or

  3. Four per centum per annum for a period of forty-one years.

Such option shall be exercised by the local authority in its application for the loan.

At the expiration of the period during which interest is payable the liability of the local authority shall cease without further payment.

SUBSECTION B.—TAXATION.

Direct Taxation.

THE direct taxation prior to 1892 consisted of a property-tax of 1d. in the pound on all assessed real and personal property (with an exemption of £500), and the stamp duties; but in 1891 a Land and Income Assessment Act was passed repealing the property-tax. A full description of the system of the land and income tax will be found in a special article in Part III of this work. The leading features only are briefly stated here.

The Assessment Act of 1891 provided for an ordinary land-tax on the actual value of land, allowing an owner to deduct any amount owing by him secured on a registered mortgage. Under the original Act the deduction for improvements might not exceed £3,000; but by the Amendment Act of 1893 the value of all improvements whatsoever was exempted from liability to land-tax. Besides this, an exemption of £500 was allowed when the balance, after making deductions as above stated, was not above £1,500; and beyond that a smaller exemption was granted, but ceasing when the balance amounted to £2,500. There is a consolidation Act passed in 1900 now in force, with amendments made in 1903. Mortgages are subject to the land-tax, but in 1902–3 the rate was lowered from the full amount to 3/4d. in the pound. The rate of ordinary land-tax for 1906–7 was 1d. in the pound. Native land occupied by Europeans is taxed 1/2d. in the pound on the unimproved value.

In addition to the ordinary land-tax, there is a graduated land-tax, which commences when the unimproved value is £5,000. For the graduated land-tax the present value of all improvements is deducted; but mortgages are not deducted. The Act of 1893, while reducing the ordinary taxation on land by exempting all improvements, increased the graduated tax. Under the subsequent Act passed in 1903 the rates of graduated tax have been again increased, and the revised rates are now one-sixteenth of a penny in the pound sterling when the value is £5,000 and is less than £7,000, from which the rate increases with the value of the property by further steps of a sixteenth of a penny until the maximum of 3d. in the pound is reached, payable when the value is £210,000, or exceeds that sum.

GRADUATED LAND-TAX.

[Act assented to by His Excellency the Governor, 26th October, 1907.]

“THE Land and Income Assessment Act, 1907,” which deals almost entirely with the graduated land-tax and the prevention of evasion thereof, is deemed to form part of “The Land and Income Assessment Act, 1900,” called the principal Act.

Sections 44 and 45 of the principal Act, and sections 5 and 7 of the Amendment Act of 1903, are repealed.

The scale of graduated land-tax at present in force is continued up to £40,000, unimproved value, but beyond that the scale is repealed and a new rate is imposed which is to take effect for the current year ending the 31st March, 1908. From £40,000 to £41,000, unimproved value, the rate is 8s. per cent., and for every additional £1,000 of unimproved value the rate is increased by one-fifth of a shilling; the increased rate in each graduation is chargeable on the total unimproved value of land owned. The rate reaches its maximum at £200,000, all estates of that value and over paying at the rate of £2 per cent. on the total unimproved value.

For and after the year ending 31st March, 1910, the new progressive graduated scale over £40,000 is to be increased by 25 per cent. in the case of all land other than “business premises,” which is defined as being “any piece of land included within the area of a building used for business purposes, together with such additional land as immediately adjoins the said building, and is used and occupied in connection therewith, and does not exceed in extent the area of the building itself.” A building is deemed to be used for business purposes “if it is exclusively or principally used, whether by the owner or by any occupier or occupiers, for the purposes of any business, trade, or industry.”

As in the principal Act the graduated tax is increased by 50 per cent. in the case of absentees, but a new definition of an absentee is given, and it is made clear that the absentee tax does not apply to companies, but does apply to shareholders in companies. A person is now deemed to be an absentee “unless he has been personally present in New Zealand for at least one-half of the period of four years immediately preceding the year in and for which he is assessed for graduated land-tax: Provided that no person who has acquired all his land in New Zealand within the said period of four years shall be deemed to be an absentee if he has been personally present in New Zealand for at least one-half of the period which has elapsed between the time when he first acquired any of that land and the commencement of the year in and for which he is assessed for graduated land-tax.”

There are a number of clauses for preventing the evasion of the graduated land-tax, which may be shortly summarised as follows:—

  1. Life tenants are liable as if owners of fee-simple.

  2. Lessees are liable as if owners (except lessees of Crown, Native, or exempt land, and where lease has been in existence for more than five years prior to the passing of the Act).

  3. Shareholders are liable as if owners of the company's land in proportion to their interest in the paid-up capital.

  4. Two companies having practically the same shareholders are deemed one.

  5. Joint owners are assessable jointly and severally.

  6. Joint occupiers are liable as if joint owners.

  7. Buyer in possession is liable, although conveyance has not been executed.

  8. Seller remains liable until 15 per cent. of the purchase-money is paid or the Commissioner of Taxes is satisfied that subdivision actually creates closer settlement, except in case of agreement of sale, made five years before the passing of the Act, or made by a seller not the owner of more than £40,000 land unimproved value.

  9. No disposition is to be effective so long as possession is retained.

  10. Equitable owners are liable as if legal owners.

  11. Trustees are liable as if beneficially entitled.

  12. No deduction is allowable on account of mortgage-money or unpaid purchase-money.

  13. Mortgagees are not liable, but mortgagees-in-possession are liable like lessees.

In all these cases where duplicate assessments are made adjusting deductions are provided for, so that graduated tax is not paid twice in respect of the same land.

The value of minerals, timber, and flax is exempted from land-tax, and the income therefrom is made liable to income-tax.

Church properties are exempted from graduated land-tax.

Returns of land and of income are to be made annually, and every taxpayer must also make all such returns as are required by the Commissioner of Taxes for the purposes of the Act.

Under the graduated tax fifty per cent. additional is levied in case of persons who have been absent from the colony for not less than one year prior to the passing of the yearly taxing Act.

Graduated tax is not chargeable on Native land. The revenue from land-tax is in round numbers about £447,000 per annum.

Besides the land-tax (ordinary and graduated) there is also levied by way of further direct taxation an income-tax on all incomes above £300. From the yearly income of every taxpayer there is deducted by way of special exemption the sum of £300, and from taxable incomes a further deduction up to £50 per annum for life-insurance premiums is allowed. The rate of income-tax for 1906–7 was 6d. in the pound on the first taxable £1,000, and 1s. in the pound on any excess of £1,000.

Companies pay 1s. in the pound, and are not allowed exemption. The Act of 1893 further disallowed the £300 exemption in the case of persons not domiciled in New Zealand.

The revenue derived from income-tax may be set down at £278,000 per annum.

The amounts paid by way of income-tax, under a uniform rate of taxation, show great increase year by year, and afford satisfactory evidences of prosperity. These are quoted with a caution in regard to the figures for 1892 to 1895. The full number of persons properly liable to the tax may not have been ascertained at such time.

 Income-tax paid.
 £
1892–9367,367
1893–9475,238
1894–9589,891
1895–9692,778
1896–97105,504
1897–98115,210
1898–99115,480
1899–1900128,721
1900–1173,809
1901–2179,397
1902–3200,684
1903–4221,369
1904–5253,952
1905–6261,816
1906–7277,867

The increase from 1895–96 to 1906–7 is £185,089, being a rate of nearly 200 per cent., while the population increased during the same period by 29 per cent.

Indirect Taxation.

The indirect taxation is made up of Customs duties, and excise duty on beer made in the colony.

During the year ended 31st March, 1907, Customs duties collected amounted to £2,941,010, and excise duty on beer to £107,582, a total of £3,048,622. The duties are levied by specific charges of varying amount, and ad valorem charges ranging from 5 per cent. to 40 per cent. During the year 1906 specific duties were levied on goods imported to the value of £2,710,331, and ad valorem duties on £5,896,782; while goods valued at £5,476,949, or 38.29 per cent. of the total import, were admitted free of duty.

Of the total amount of taxation stated for the year 1906–7, the indirect taxation—i.e., Customs and excise duties—amounted to £3,048,622, while land and income tax, with stamps for taxation, yielded £1,215,933 which constitutes direct taxation. So that the colony still raises 71 per cent. of its taxation revenue by means of the indirect method.

Total Taxation by General Government.

The following statement shows the total amount raised by the General Government taxation during the financial year ended 31st March, 1907:—

Heads of Taxation.Amount collected.Amount of Taxation per Head (including Maoris) of Mean Population, 1906–7
* If the calculation be made excluding the Maoris, the amount per head of population is found to be increased to £4 14s. 7d.
 ££      s.      d.
Customs and excise3,048,6223      4      3
Land-tax447,3420      9      5
Income-tax277,8670      5      10
Stamps (taxation only)490,7240      10      4
 4,264,5554      9      10*

It may be well to call attention to the fact that a full yield of taxation per head of population may indicate (outside the question of increasing the rate of any particular tax levied) a satisfactory condition of business, as showing activity.

Taxation by Local Governing Bodies.

The various local bodies levied taxation during the year ended 31st March, 1906, to the amount of £1,258,125, or £1 8s. 8d. per head of European population. Of the total sum, £817,443 was raised by general rates, £333,777 by special and separate rates, £81,790 by licenses, and £25,115 by other taxes.

SUBSECTION C.—PUBLIC DEBT.

THE gross public debt of the colony on the 31st March, 1907, was £64,179,040, an increase of £1,988,000 on the amount owing at the end of the preceding financial year. The net debt increased by £1,606,071 and on 31st March 1907, stood at £61,276,542.

Of the increase in the public debt, £596,015 was used for the purchase of lands for settlement; £525,000 for railway construction and additions to open lines; £180,000 for loans to local bodies; £150,000 for advances to settlers; £20,000 for advances to workers; and £1,384 for New Zealand Consols deposits: making a total of £1,472,399 invested in a directly reproductive manner, besides moneys spent on telegraph extension.

The following table states the debentures and stock in circulation on 31st March, 1907, under the several Loan Acts or Ordinances of the Colonial and old Provincial Governments, the dates when redeemable, the estimated sinking funds accrued in respect of the same, and the annual charge thereon for interest and sinking fund:—

PUBLIC DEBT ON 31ST MARCH, 1907.Remarks.
Amount outstanding.Due Date.Sinking Funds accrued.Net Indebtedness.Annual Charge.
Rate.Amount.When payable.
Int.S.F.

Sinking fund payable 13 Mar. and 13 Sept.

* Only £200,000 has been actually issued to the public.

The sinking fund is payable on £2,743,100 (1 1/2 per cent. on £1,722,639, 1 per cent. on £79,625, and 1/2 per cent. on £940,836) the Land Assurance Fund is also charged with 1/2 per cent. as a contribution towards sinking fund.

£4,900 of this amount recoverable from the Government Advances to Settlers Office.

§ 89,700 of this amount recoverable from the Government Advances to Settlers Office.

* Loan may be paid off at any time on six months’ notice being given.

Debentures not presented at due date.

* Loan may be paid off at any time after 1st February, 1909, on six months’ notice being given.

Treasury bills amounting to £550,000 are not included.

 ££ ££c.c.£  
New Zealand Loan Act, 1863...266,30015 July, 1914184,18782,1135115,97815 Jan. and 15 July. 
Consolidated Loan Act. 1867...4,300Ann. drawing...4,3005...215Quarterly, 15 Jan., &c. 
Immigration and Public works Loan Act, 1870...*1,000,0001 June 1907965,51931,48142464,0001 June and 1 Dec.Sinking fund payable 13 Mar. and 13 Sept
Canterbury Loan Ordinance, 18623,000
12,200
15,2002 Jan., 1915
2 July, 1916
17,688Cr. 2,488611,06430 June and 31 Dec.* Only £200,000 has been actually issued to the public.
Consolidated Loan Act, 1867...13,00015 April, 1913...13,0004...52015 April and 15 Oct. 
Immigration and Public Works Loan Act, 1870363,000
27,900
390,90015 April, 1913
15 April, 1913
...
...
363,000
27,900
4
4 1/2
...
...
14,520
1,256
15 April and 15 Oct.
15 April and 15 Oct.
 
Defence and other Purposes Loan Act, 187025,000
75,000
100,0001 July, 1910
15 April, 1913
...
...
25,000
75,000
4 1/2
4
...
...
1,125
3,000
30 June and 31 Dec.
15 April and 15 Oct.
 
General Purposes Loan Act, 187317,400 10,800 54,70082,90015 Oct., 1913
15 May, 1914
28 Nov., 1914
...
...
...
17,400
10,800
54,700
4
4
5
...
...
...
696
432
2,735
15 April and 15 Oct.
15 May and 15 Nov.
15 May and 15 Nov.
The sinking fund is payable on £2,743,100 (1 1/2 per cent. on £940,836) ; the Land Assurance fund is also charged with 1/2 per cent as a contribution toward sinking fund.
District Railways Purchasing Acts, 1885–86...40,0001 July, 1909...40,0006...2,4001 April and 1 Oct.£4,900 of this amount recoverable from the goverment advances to settlers office.
Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, 1886...250,3001 Sept, 1907...250,3003 1/238,7011 Mar. and 1 Sept.£89,700 of this amount recoverable form the goverment advances to settlers office.
Consolidate Stock Act, 187729,150,302
8,946,997
9,659,980
47,757,2791 Nov., 1929
1 Jan., 1940
1 April 1945
...
...
...
29,150,302
8,946,997
9,659,980
4
3 1/2
3
...
...
...
1,166,012
313,145‡
289,799§
1 May and 1 Nov.
1 Jan. and 1 July.
1 April and 1 Oct.
 
Consolidated Stock Act, 1884—          
Colonial Issue509,500
65,000
100,000
194,200
868, 70031 Dec., 1907
4 Jan., 1909
4 Jan., 1909
1 Feb., 1912
...
...
...
...
509,500
65,000
100,000
194,200
3 1/2
3
3 1/2
3 1/2
...
...
...
...
17,833
1,950
3,500
6,679
1 Mar. and 1 Sept.
1 Feb. and 1 Aug.
 
Native Land Purchases Act, 1892. (Renewed under the Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement act, 1899)...125,00031 Oct., 1912...125,0003 1/2...4,37530 April and 31 Oct. 
Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894...400,00030 Sept., 1908...283,000
117,000
4
3 1/2
...
...
11,320
4,095
31 Mar. and 30 Sept.
31 Mar. and 30 Sept.
 
New Zealand Consols Act, 1894...478,2351 Feb., 1910...478,2353 1/2...16,7381 Feb. and 1 Aug. 
Land for Settlements Act,
1894, and Amendment Act, 1897
349.000
62,000
411,0001 April, 1909
1 April, 1909
...
...
349,000
62,000
3 3/4
3 1/2
...
...
13,088
2,170
1 April and 1 Oct.
1 April and 1 Oct.
 
Lands for Settlements Consolidation Act, 190010,0004,380,2311 Jan., 1909...10,0003 1/2...3501 Jan. and 1 July 
13,0001 Jan., 1911...13,0003 1/2...4551 Jan. and 1 July 
814,76631 Oct., 1912...814,7663 1/2...28,51730 April and 31 Oct. 
25,0001 June, 1907...25,0004...1,0001 June and 1 Dec. 
50,00030 June, 1907...50,0004...2,00030 June and 31 Dec. 
25,0001 Sept., 1907...25,0004...1,0001 Mar. and 1 Sept. 
559,6001 Feb., 1908...559,6004...22,3841 Feb. and 1 Aug. 
250,0001 April, 1908...250,0004...10,0001 April and 1 Oct. 
230,6501 Aug., 1908...230,6504...9,2261 Feb. and 1 Aug. 
106,4501 Jan., 1909...106,4504...4,2581 Jan. and 1 July 
38,5001 April, 1909...38,5004...1,5401 April and 1 Oct. 
263,3501 May, 1909...263,3504...10,5341 May and 1 Nov. 
337,4001 May, 1909...337,4004...13,4961 May and 1 Nov. 
69,0001 July, 1909...69,0004...2,760Jan. and 1 July 
185,80030 Sept., 1909...185,8004...7,43231 Mar. and 30 Sept. 
400,0001 Jan, 1910...400,0004...16,0001 Jan. and 1 July 
187,8001 Feb., 1910...187,8004...7,5121 Feb. and 1 Aug. 
99,6001 Jan., 1911...99,6004...3,9841 Jan. and 1 July 
8,6001 Nov., 1911...8,6004...3441 May and 1 Nov. 
90,5501 Jan., 1912...90,5504...3,6221 Jan. and 1 July 
50,1651 Jan., 1912...50,1654...2,0071 April and 1 Oct. 
82,8001 Feb., 1912...82,8004...3,3121 Feb. and 1 Aug. 
200,50030 June, 1914...200,5004...8,02030 June and 31 Dec. 
168,7001 Jan., 1921...168,7004...6,7481 Jan. and 1 July 
113,0001 Jan., 1922...113,0004...4,5201 Jan. and 1 July 
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1896...500,000*15 Aug., 1921...500,0003 1/2...17,50015 Feb. and 15 Aug.* Loan may be paid off at any time on six months notice being given.
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 19003,500697,0001 May, 1907...3,5004...1401 May and 1 Nov. 
20,0001 Feb., 1908...20,0004...8001 April and 1 Oct. 
20,0001 April, 1908...20,0004...8001 April and 1 Oct. 
352,4001 April, 1908...352,4004...14,0961 April and 1 Oct. 
151,5001 April, 1909...151,5004...6,0601 Jan. and 1 July. 
149,6001 May, 1909...149,6004...5,9841 May and 1 Nov. 
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 190115,000670,900Jan., 1909...15,0003 1/2...5251 Jan. and 1 July. 
152,7001 Dec., 1908...152,7004...6,1081 June and 1 Dec. 
17,9001 Jan., 1909...17,9004...7101 Jan. and 1 July. 
63,4001 Dec., 1911...63,4004...2.5361 June and 1 Dec. 
1,0001 Dec., 1912...1,0004...401 June and 1 Dec. 
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 19023,200
667,700
670,9001 Dec., 1906
1 Dec., 1912
...
...
3,200
125,000
542,700
...
3 /1/2
4
...
...
...
4,375
21,708
1 June and 1 Dec.Debentures not presented at due date.
Carried forward....58,701,245... 1,167,39457,533,861......2,249,873  
        Brought forward...58,701,245...1,167,39457,533,851......2,249,873  
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1903*299,800
200,200
342,500
842,5001 Feb., 1924
1 Feb., 1909
1 Jan., 1909
...
...
...
500,000
342,500
4
4
...
...
...
20,000
13,700
1 Feb. and 1 Aug.
1 Jan. and 1 July.
* Loan may be paid off at nay time after 1st February, 1909, on six months notice being given.
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1904...588,2001 Jan., 1912...588,2004...23,5281 Jan. and 1 July. 
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1905500,000
446,000
946,0001 July, 1916
1 Jan., 1921
...
...
500,000
446,000
4
4
...
...
20,000
17,840
1 Jan. and 1 July.
1 Jan. and 1 July.
 
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 190699,450
40,000
5,000
799,150
943,6001 Jan., 1912
1 Dec., 1912
1 Jan., 1917
1 Jan., 1922
...
...
...
...
99,450
40,000
5,000
500,000
299,159
4
4
4
4
3 1/2
4
...3,978
1,600
200
17,500
11,966
1 Jan. and 1 July.
1 Dec. and 1 June.
1 Jan. and 1 July.
1 Jan and 1 July.
 
Government Advances to Settlers Act 1894 Extension Act, 190180,000
300,000
380,0005 June, 1908
23 Oct., 1912
...
...
80,000
300,000
3 1/2
3 1/2
...
...
2,800
10,500
1 June and 1 Dec.
1 June and 1 Dec.
 
Government Advances to Settlers Act, 1906...50,000Oct., 1912...50,0003 1/2...1,7501 June and 1 Dec. 
Government Advances to Workers Act, 1906...20,0001 Jan., 1912...20,0003 1/2...7001 Jan. and 1 July 
Dairy Industry Act, 1898438
843
500
1,7811 Aug., 1908
1 Jan., 1911
1 Jan., 1916
...1,7813 1/2 621 Feb. and 1 Aug. 
Local Bodies Loans Act, 1901735,000
231,000
55,000
50,000
1,071,0001 Jan., 1909
1 Mar., 1911
1 Jan., 1909
1 June, 1911
...
...
...
...
735,000
231,000
55,000
50,000
140,000
3 1/2
3 1/2
4
4
3 1/2
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
25,725
8,085
2,200
2,000
4,900
1 Mar. and 1 Sept.
1 Mar. and 1 Sept.
1 Mar. and 1 Sept.
1 June and 1 Dec.
 
State Coal-mines Act, 1901...140,0001 April, 19...140,0003 1/2...4,9001 April and 1 Oct. 
Paeroa-Waihi Railway Act, 190353,476
26,738
80,21431 Mar., 1912
20 Sept., 1912
...80,2143...2,40631 Mar. and 30 Sept. 
Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Acts, 1903, and 1905...100,0001 May, 1911...100,0003 1/2...3,5001 May and 1 Nov. 
State Fire Insurance Act, 1903...2,0001 May, 1911...1,500
500
3 1/2
4
...
...
52
20
1 May and 1 Nov.
1 May and 1 Nov.
 
Scenery Preservation Act, 1903...20,0001 May, 1911...20,0003 1/2...7001 May and 1 Nov. 
Railway Improvements Authorisation Act, 190417,500
75,000
92,50030 June, 1910
30 June, 1914
...92,5004...3,70030 June and 31 Dec. 
Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905150,000
50,000
200,0001 Jan., 1921
1 Jan., 1911
...200,0004...8,0001 Jan. and 1 July. 
  64,179,040 1,167,39463,011,646     
Add Sinking Fund in respect of—          
The Government Loans to Local Bodies Acts.........539,019      
The Government Advances Settlers Office Account.........245,545      
The War and Defence Loans.........39,950      
The Land for Settlements Loans.........50,165      
Investments in Securities included above on account New Zealand Consols Investment Account.........360,425      
Bank of New Zealand Preference Shares held by Government.........500,000      
     1,735,104     
            Totals...64,179,040...2,902,49861,276,542......2,457,285  

Net Indebtedness: Comparison with Past Years.

The net public debt, after deducting the accrued sinking fund (£2,902,498), was on 31st March, 1907, £61,276,542, an increase of £1,606,071 during the year. Between seven and eight years’ revenue, ordinary and territorial, at the present rate would thus be required to pay off the net debt of the colony. The net indebtedness per head of population (excluding the Maoris) in March, 1890, stood at £60 5s. 3d.; in 1891, £59 11s. 10d.; in 1892, £59 2s.; in 1893, £58 2s. 7d.; in 1894, £57 8s. 10d.; in 1895, £57 9s. 9d.; in 1896, £60 2s. 4d.; in 1897, £60 13s. 9d.; in 1898, £60 4s. 11d.; in 1899, £61 14s. 4d.; in 1900, £61 17s. 3d.; in 1901, £62 16s. 10d.; in 1902, £65 12s. 4d.; in 1903, £65 15s. 3d.; in 1904, £65 12s. 8d.; in 1905, £66 7s. 4d.; in 1906, £67 0s. 11d.; and in 1907, £67 1s. 0d. But, in considering the increase of the amount of debt per head as a burden on the people, attention should be given to the remarks following the table showing amounts paid by way of charges of the public debt out of the revenue year by year. Besides these remarks, under the head of “Interest and Sinking Funds” there are others bearing on the subject, given previously, under “Revenue.”

In the state of affairs existing at the date to which the table relates, analysis of the results gives due dates for financial years to come, as under:—

Due Date: Year ending 31st March.Amount.
£
* Debentures not presented at due date.
1906*3,200
1,9082,582,900
1,9093,133,238
1,9102,712,185
1,911436,943
1,9121,422,841
1,9132,025,204
1,914496,300
1,915610,300
1,916500
1,917517,200
1,921764,700
1,9221,412,150
1,924299,800
1,93029,150,302
1,9408,946,997
1,9469,659,980
Annual drawing4,300
 £64,179,040

These figures show that the large sum of £29,150,302 will fall due on 1st November, 1929, £8,946,997 on 1st January, 1940, and £9,659,980 on 1st April, 1945, making £47,757,279 of the debt repayable during or subsequent to the financial year 1929–30.

The amounts that have matured or are maturing during the current financial year, with their due dates, are as follows:—

£ 
140,000due 1st April, 1907.
3,500due 1st May, 1907.
25,000due 1st June, 1907.
1,000,000due 1st June, 1907.
50,000due 30th June, 1907.
250,300due 1st September, 1907.
25,000due 1st September, 1907.
509,500due 31st December, 1907.
559,600due 1st February, 1908.
20,000due 1st February, 1908.
£2,582,900 

The million loan due 1st June, 1907, was guaranteed by the Imperial Government, and its debentures are commonly known as Imperial guaranteed debentures. Only £200,000 of these debentures were issued to the public, the balance being in the hands of the Government. Provision was made for the redemption of this loan by a sinking fund which reached the sum of £965,519, consisting principally of securities. These funds were released on 1st June and handed over to the Government in exchange for the debentures. The sum of £200,000 which was in the hands of the public has been converted, and the sinking fund will be devoted to the extinction of the £800,000 debentures, and the redemption of the debentures issued against the accretions as provided by “The Consolidated Stock Act, 1884.”

Years ended 31st March.Estimated or Census Population.Amount of Debentures and Stock in Circulation.Gross Indebtedness per Head of European Population.Amount of Sinking Fund accrued.Net Indebtedness.Net Indebtedness per Head of European Population.

* With these figures, in addition to the customary deduction made for sinking funds accrued, there has been included the accrued sinking funds of the Government Advances to Settlers Office, an item previously not shown in the table. The gross debt is also further reduced by taking off the amount of Government securities in which the New Zealand Consols deposits are invested, as both amounts appear in the table of the public debt. £500,000, the value of the preference shares held by the Government in the Bank of New Zealand, is also deducted.

If Maoris be included in the population for 31st March, 1907, the gross indebtedness at that date is lowered to £66 14s. 10d. per head, and the net indebtedness to £63 14s. 6d.

  ££ s. d.£££ s. d.
1,890618,65738,667,95062 10 11,386,18537,281,76560 5 3
1,891626,65838,830,35061 19 41,487,04237,343,30859 11 10
1,892637,47238,713,06860 14 81,037,86237,675,20659 2 0
1,893656,18739,257,84059 16 71,113,77038,144,07058 2 7
1,894676,74739,826,41558 17 0951,92438,874,49157 8 10
1,895689,47540,386,96458 11 6751,93239,635,03257 9 9
1,896703,18743,050,78061 4 5778,89142,271,88960 2 4
1,897717,64944,366,61861 16 5814,29443,552,32460 13 9
1,898731,71344,963,42461 9 0881,90344,081,52160 4 11
1,899746,67346,938,00662 17 3857,27946,080,72761 14 4
1,900758,61647,874,45263 2 2914,37546,930,07761 17 3
1,901772,71949,591,24564 3 71,033,49448,557,75162 16 10
1,902789,99452,966,44767 0 111,128,81651,837,63165 12 4
1,903814,84255,899,01968 12 02,313,239*53,585,780*65 15 3
1,904838,95457,522,21568 11 42,457,887*55,064,328*65 12 8
1,905864,97159,912,00069 5 42,508,368*57,403,632*66 7 4
1,906889,96862,191,04069 17 72,520,569*59,670,471*67 0 11
1,907913,87364,179,04070 4 72,902,498*61,276,542*67 1 0

The debt of the colony as above stated does not include the unpaid loans raised by the several local bodies, amounting at the end of March, 1906, to £10,718,051, of which sum £5,467,500 was raised outside the colony. These are referred to in dealing with the finance of local bodies.

Increase of Gross Public Debt.

The increase of the gross public debt since the 31st March, 1891, amounts to £25,348,690. A schedule of items composing this sum is subjoined. It shows the purposes to which the money raised has been or is being devoted. One of the largest items is £3,560,000 raised for advances to settlers, which represents investments by the Government bearing interest and lent on continually improving security, the principal being repaid by instalments.

Other items which may be considered to represent interest-bearing investments are those under the heads “Land-settlement,” “Native-land purchases,” “Loans to local bodies,” “Lands improvement,” “N.Z. Consols,” and “Bank of N.Z. preferred shares.”

  £
Gross public debt, 31st March, 1907 64,179,040
Gross public debt, 31st March, 1891 38,830,350
            Increase £25,348,690
 £ 
Native-land purchases715,675 
Land-settlement (including Cheviot)5,499,356 
Loans to local bodies2,418,100 
Lands improvement500,000 
Advances to settlers3,560,000 
Advances to workers20,000 
Bank of N.Z. preference shares500,000 
N.Z. Consols478,235 
District railways47,000 
Public works10,599,474 
Increase by conversions748,622 
Sinking fund accretions1,777,000 
Naval and military settlers27,226 
Advances to dairy companies1,781 
State coal-mines140,000 
State fire insurance2,000 
Scenery-preservation20,000 
 £ 27,054,469 
    Less Redemptions—  
    Consolidated Stock Act, 1884, debentures1,260,420 
    Other debentures445,359 
  1,705,779
            Total net increase £25,348,690

The above addition to the public debt, mainly for purposes of a directly reproductive nature, does not represent the whole expenditure on public works and services during the period. Out of surplus revenue since 1891, the sum of £5,630,000 has been transferred to the Public Works Fund and expended, thus substantially increasing the value of the national estate without a corresponding augmentation of the public liability.

Interest and Sinking Fund.

Of the total amount of outstanding public debt at the end of March, 1907—viz., £64,179,040—more than thirty-nine millions sterling bore interest at the rate of 4 per cent., over fourteen millions sterling at 31/2 per cent., and nearly ten millions sterling at 3 per cent. The following are the rates of interest payable on the complete public debt:—

Rates of Interest.Amount at each Rate.
 £
6 per cent.55,200
5 per cent.325,300
41/2 per cent.52,900
4 per cent.39,147,967
3 3/4 per cent.349,000
3 1/2 per cent.14,443,479
3 per cent.9,805,194
            Total£64,179,040

The total amount of interest payable to bondholders on the full amount of the public debt as quoted above is £2,400,641, which gives an average rate of £3 14s. 10d. per £100. On the total public debt outstanding on the 31st March, 1891, the average interest charge was £4 10s. 3d. per £100. During the period 1891–1907, therefore, the average rate is found to have declined by 15s. 5d. per £100, or about 17 per cent.

The foregoing refers to interest payable to bondholders only, and has nothing to do with sinking-fund requirements, which are included in the whole annual charge of the public debt.

The actual payments during thirteen years for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund are shown hereunder, together with the percentage of ordinary and territorial revenue absorbed by the public-debt charges:—

Year ended 31st March.Amounts actually paid for Interest and Sinking Fund out of the Consolidated Fund.Rate per Head of Mean Population.Percentage of Revenue absorbed by Public Debt Charges.
Public Debt.Treasury Bills.Total.
Interest.Sinking Fund.Total.Interest.
NOTE.—The alteration made in 1894–95 of the system which previously obtained in dealing with the drawing loan of 1867 has affected the comparison of the figures for the last twelve years with those preceding. The total amount actually paid for interest and sinking fund in 1889–90 was, under the old system, £1,897,602. The figures for each of the years ended March, 1890 to 1894 inclusive, will be found in the Year-book for 1899.
 ££££££ s. d.
1,8951,619,92557,9791,677,90438,9851,716,8892 10 338.96
1,8961,602,93341,1831,644,11639,6591,683,7752 8 436.96
1,8971,630,57741,8581,672,43537,0341,709,4692 8 235.62
1,8981,668,69743,3801,712,07729,3361,741,4132 8 134.28
1,8991,689,74944,6511,734,40033,0681,767,4682 7 1033.61
1,9001,674,61846,0731,720,69128,7031,749,3942 6 631.07
1,9011,671,55246,3641,717,91627,7001,745,6162 5 629.83
1,9021,722,81947,7241,770,54333,3961,803,9392 6 229.80
1,9031,817,70150,4641,868,16532,8141,900,9792 7 529.77
1,9041,875,37653,4081,928,78429,1791,957,9632 7 427.89
1,9051,914,29654,9331,969,22924,5001,993,7292 6 1027.38
1,9062,006,53756,1672,062,70424,5002,087,2042 7 727.52
1,9072,048,99097,3512,146,34125,7512,172,0922 8 225.86

The above amounts shown as interest and sinking fund do not comprise the whole of the interest and sinking fund paid by the Government in respect of moneys raised by the issue of loans. Thus, for loans raised under the Land for Settlements Acts, the Government Advances to Settlers Acts, and for the purchase of the Cheviot Estate, the interest, although made a charge upon the Consolidated Fund, is recovered from the receipts derived from the leasing of the lands, or from instalments paid by borrowers. The amount of interest thus charged and recovered during last year was £290,839 (under the Land for Settlements Acts, £174,139; Advances to Settlers Act, £102,799; Cheviot Estate, £8,866; other amounts, £5,035). Such interest does not become a burden upon the taxpayer, and consequently is not included in the figures upon which the rate per head of mean population is calculated.

The amount actually paid for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund during 1906–7 was £84,888 more than that for the previous year (this includes a charge for the first time of £39,950 as sinking fund of the War and Defence Loans), and the rate of charge per head of population shows a slight increase.

The securities in which the sinking funds were held as on the 31st March, 1907, are specified in the statement following:—

STATEMENT of the SECURITIES in which the SINKING FUNDS of the several LOANS were invested on the 31st March, 1907.
Investments in—£ s. d.
New Zealand 5-per-cent. Debentures3,470 0 0
New Zealand 4 1/2-per-cent. Debentures1,700 0 0
New Zealand 4-per-cent. Debentures103,745 0 0
New Zealand 3 1/2-per-cent. Debentures2,310 0 0
New Zealand 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock129,754 19 6
New Zealand 3 1/2-per-cent. Inscribed Stock11,923 6 3
New Zealand 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock19,809 9 2
New South Wales 4-per-cent. Debentures19,800 0 0
New South Wales 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock5,486 6 7
New South Wales 3 1/2-per-cent. Inscribed Stock85,000 0 0
New South Wales 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock71,386 18 4
Victoria 4-per-cent. Debentures15,000 0 0
Victoria 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock43,233 17 4
Victoria 3 1/2-per-cent. Inscribed Stock84,000 0 0
Victoria 3-percent. Inscribed Stock27,429 4 1
South Australia 4-per-cent. Debentures24,700 0 0
South Australia 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock4,851 0 5
South Australia 3 1/2-per-cent. Inscribed Stock39,000 0 0
South Australia 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock114,866 15 9
Tasmania 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock6,645 15 1
Queensland 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock1,433 8 8
Canada 4-per-cent. Debentures14,200 0 0
Canada 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock54,246 18 2
Canada 3 1/2-per-cent. Inscribed Stock34,022 11 8
Canada 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock5,000 0 0
Canada 2 1/2-per-cent. Inscribed Stock13,666 15 11
Ceylon 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock10,000 0 0
Gold Coast 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock18,000 0 0
Trinidad 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock2,861 9 10
Carried forward£967,543 16 9
            Brought forward967,543 16 9
Transvaal 3-per-cent. Guaranteed Stock142,602 18 5
Bank of New Zealand Guaranteed Stock, 4 per cent.1,600 0 0
Cardiff Corporation 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock26,000 0 0
Lagos 3 1/2-per-cent. Inscribed Stock17,000 0 0
Hong Kong 3 1/2-per-cent. Inscribed Stock14,260 17 5
Leeds Corporation 3-percent. Inscribed Stock14,000 0 0
Reading Corporation 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock6,500 0 0
Sheffield Corporation 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock16,000 0 0
County of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures60 0 0
Borough of Brunner 6-per-cent. Debentures990 0 0
Borough of Palmerston North 5-per-cent. Debentures530 0 0
Borough of Patea 4 1/2-per-cent. Debentures420 0 0
Borough of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures200 0 0
Westport Harbour Board 4-per-cent. Debentures660 0 0
Waimakariri-Ashley Water-supply Board 5-per-cent. Debentures320 0 0
Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company 5-per-cent. Debentures540 0 0
 1,209,227 12 7
Mortgages26,900 0 0
Investments, Government Advances to Settlers Office245,545 0 0
In common fund, Public Trustee, at 4 per cent.512,119 6 3
 1,993,791 18 10
Cash balance on 31st March, 190748,281 4 3
            Total£2,042,073 3 1

Of the total amount, £542,833 is represented by stock and debentures of the Australian States, and £183,259 by those of Canada, Ceylon, &c.; £272,713 was invested in similar securities of the New Zealand Government; £62,500 in inscribed stock of English corporations; £142,603 in Transvaal Guaranteed stock; £3,720 in debentures of various local governing bodies; other securities, £1,600; £26,900 on mortgage; Investments of Government Advance to Settlers Office, £245,545; and £512,119 is in the hands of the Public Trustee.

Flotation of Loans.

Of the gross public debt of the colony outstanding on 31st March, 1907, £51,587,793 was raised in London, £3,087,850 in Australia, and £9,503,397 in New Zealand; and of the total amount £48,235,514 was held as inscribed stock, and £15,943,526 in the form of debentures. Details are given hereunder:—

Kind of Stock.Floated inTotal.
London.Australia.New Zealand.
 ££££
Debentures3,830,5143,087,8509,025,16215,943,526
Inscribed stock47,757,279..478,23548,235,514
            Total51,587,7933,087,8509,503,39764,179,040

The large proportion of the public debt which has been floated in the colony s worthy of attention.

Prices of New Zealand Stock.

The highest and lowest London prices for the New Zealand 4, 31/2, and 3 per cent. stock, taken over a range of nineteen years, are quoted:—

QUOTATIONS, NEW ZEALAND STOCK.
Year.4-per-cents. (1929)3 1/2-per-cents. (1940)3-per-cents. (1945)
Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.
1,888104 1/296 1/4........
1,889109 1/499 5/8........
1,890109 1/8102 1/498 5/893 1/4....
1,891107 1/210098 1/491 1/8....
1,892106 5/81009891 1/2....
1,893107 1/49797 1/290....
1,894109 7/8105 3/8103 1/296 1/4....
1,895113 1/2105 5/8107 1/210095 3/491
1,896118 1/4106 1/2110 3/8101 1/2103 1/290
1,897117112 3/8111104 3/410299 1/2
1,898116 7/8108109 7/8103101 1/296 1/2
1,899116 1/2105 1/210910299 1/494 1/4
1,900113 1/4109106 3/4103 3/898 1/295 1/4
1,901115 3/8110 3/4109 3/4104 1/899 1/293 1/8
1,902113 1/4109109 1/2102 1/89793 5/8
1,903110 1/8105104 3/499 1/29688
1,904107 1/2104 1/2101 1/296 3/49086 1/4
1,905110 1/4105 1/4100 1/897 5/889 7/889 1/2
1,906110 3/4104 5/8102 1/298 3/891 1/487 1/4

Utilisation of Money composing Public Debt.

A statement is supplied, based on figures taken from the Colonial Treasurer's Budget of 1897 (to which the necessary additions have been made), showing the purposes for which the money forming the public debt of the colony was raised or voted.

But the amounts in the items must be regarded as only approximations to the actual facts. The information is merely indicative of the truth, and is a revision of what was given in the Year-book, 1899, which was found to be not as near to correctness as possible in places.

PUBLIC DEBT OF NEW ZEALAND, MARCH, 1907, SHOWING APPROXIMATELY THE AMOUNTS RAISED OR VOTED UNDER VARIOUS HEADS, ARRANGED IN THREE CLASSES.
 On 31st March, 1907
* NOTE.—Only a portion of expenditure of old Provincial Governments on railways became public debt of the colony. The total expenditure on railways (Provincial and General Government) to 31st March, 1907, was over twenty-five millions sterling, which includes £1,104,281 spent by the Provincial Governments, of which £82,259 was for the Dunedin and Port Chalmers line.
(a.) Services£
        Railways20,827,000*
        Lands improvement (roads and bridges)6,296,000
        Public works and buildings4,659,000
        Immigration2,477,000
        Maori war2,360,000
        Land-purchases2,271,000
        Defence1,938,000
        Telegraphs1,168,000
        Goldfields and coal-mines816,000
        Lighthouses and harbours540,000
        Midland Railway Company's bondholders150,000
 On 31st March, 1907
(a.) Services—continued.£
        State coal-mines140,000
        Tourist and health resorts78,000
        Scenery-preservation20,000
        State fire insurance2,000
(b.) Investments 
        Purchase of land for settlements5,499,000
        Advances to settlers3,560,000
        Loans to local bodies2,696,000
        Bank of New Zealand preference shares500,000
        New Zealand Consols478,000
        Advances to workers20,000
(c.) Other 
        Deficiencies in revenue, charges and expenses of raising loans, provincial liabilities, and miscellaneous expenditure7,684,000

It will thus be found that on the 31st March, 1907, out of a total debt of £64,179,000, the amounts allocated for services formed approximately the following proportions of the whole:—

 Per Cent.
For Railways32.45
For Lands improvement (roads and bridges)9.81
For Public works and buildings7.26
For Immigration3.86
For Maori war3.68
For Land-purchases3.54
For Defence3.02
For Telegraphs1.82
For Goldfields and coal-mines1.27
For Lighthouses and harbours0.84
For Midland Railway0.23
For State coal-mines0.22
For Tourist and health resorts0.12
For Scenery-preservation0.03
For Utilisation of water-power0.01

The total sum is divided into three classes in the table, of which (a) is composed of the various services above referred to, and the total of which forms 68.16 per cent. of the whole debt in 1907; class (b) consists of moneys devoted to what may be termed investments, being 19.87 per cent. of the total; (c) moneys paid away in charges and expenses of raising loans, also to meet deficiencies of revenue, besides old provincial liabilities, and miscellaneous expenditure, forming 11.97 per cent. of the debt.

The figures given as to railways do not include all the sums spent by the Provincial Governments, as stated in the note to the table, nor do the figures in some other items agree with those given elsewhere, made up from tables showing the expenditure out of the Public Works Fund, which, as previously explained, is augmented by contributions from the Consolidated Revenue Account.

Public Works in New Zealand.

The burden of a public debt depends greatly on the measure in which it is expended on reproductive works, and on the degree of prosperity enjoyed by the people. The generally rugged character of this country, and the natural difficulties appertaining to the sites of many of the towns, soon necessitated a large outlay on roads and public works. The need was fully recognised, and to some extent met, by the Provincial Governments, which have justly received great credit for their far-seeing and liberal exertions. A great deal of road-making, often of a very costly character, was accomplished, harbour and other improvements begun, and immigration encouraged. Some railways were made in Canterbury, Otago, and Southland. The City of Christchurch and the Canterbury Plains were connected with the Port of Lyttelton by a railway, which required the construction of a long and very costly tunnel through the intervening range of hills. In Otago private enterprise, backed by the guarantee of the Provincial Government, built a railway from Dunedin to Port Chalmers, and some miles of line were made in Southland from the Town of Invercargill into the interior; but no general and comprehensive scheme of public works could be carried out by the separate exertions of the Provincial Governments. In 1870, therefore, the General Government brought forward its public-works and immigration policy, by which it was proposed to raise a loan of ten millions for the construction of main trunk railways, roads, and other public works of importance to the colony as a whole, as well as for the promotion of immigration on a large scale, the expenditure to be spread over a period of ten years. This policy was accepted by the Legislature, and embodied in “The Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870.”

The demands for local railways and other works soon caused the original proposals to be exceeded, and entailed an expenditure at a much more rapid rate and to a far greater amount than was originally contemplated. Although many of the works undertaken have been directly unremunerative, yet the effect of the policy as a whole has been largely to develop the settlement of the country, and to increase enormously the value of landed property; land in parts which before the construction of railways was valued at from £1 to £2 per acre having been subsequently sold at prices varying from £10 to £20 per acre. Moreover, the railway and telegraph lines yield a revenue which covers a large portion of the interest on their cost after paying working-expenses.

Expenditure out of the Public Works Fund.

The net expenditure, under all heads, of the Public Works Fund from 1870 to the 31st March, 1907, can be given correctly, but this fund, as stated previously, is not altogether composed of money charged to the public debt. It had received £38,578,287 from loans and £6,610,123 by way of receipts in aid on the latter date. The money received by way of aid included £5,630,000 transferred from the Consolidated Fund during the last sixteen financial years, out of surplus revenue. Nearly forty-five millions sterling were spent since the year 1870 up to March, 1907, and the items given below exhibit the nature of the works, &c., with amount for each.

NET EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC WORKS FUND FROM 1870 TO 31ST MARCH, 1907
Expenditure on—£
Immigration2,177,581
Public works, departmental550,167
Railways, including surveys of new lines23,119,458
Roads7,537,726
Land-purchases2,033,558
Development of goldfields778,025
Telegraph extension1,324,245
Public buildings3,578,562
Lighthouses, harbour-works, and defences1,017,657
Contingent defence869,594
Rates on Native lands67,808
Thermal springs14,600
Tourist and health resorts113,519
Lands improvement15,014
Charges and expenses of raising loans1,244,128
Coal-mines10,835
Interest and sinking fund218,500
Payment to Midland Railway bondholders150,000
Utilisation of water-power8,033
            Total£44,829,010

Expenditure on Railways.

The railway expenditure during each of seven quinquennial periods with the years 1905–6 and 1906–7, comprising the period since the initiation of the public-works policy, has been:—

 £
1st July, 1870, to 30th June, 18753,575,362
1st July, 1875, to 31st March, 18804,919,712
1st April, 1880, to 31st March, 18853,120,680
1st April, 1885, to 31st March, 18902,308,319
1st April, 1890, to 31st March, 1895978,498
1st April, 1895, to 31st March, 19001,547,732
1st April, 1900, to 31st March, 19054,353,872
1st April, 1905, to 31st March, 19061,012,404
1st April, 1906, to 31st March, 19071,302,879
            Total£23,119,458

New Zealand's expenditure on railways is, with one exception (that of Tasmania) the lowest per head of the population of any of the Australian States. The next table shows the cost of railway-works, the mileage, the average cost per mile, the population, and the cost per head of the population in New Zealand and the several States referred to:—

State or Colony.Year endedCost of Construction of Open Lines.Average No. of Miles of Line open.Average Cost per Mile.Estimated PopulationCost per Head of Population

* Including Northern Territory.

† Including Maoris.

  £ £ £ s. d
Queensland30 June, 190621,741,2263,1096,993533,99240 14 3
New South Wales30 June, 190643,626,0633,36712,9571,514,24028 16 3
Victoria30 June, 190641,398,0373,39412,1971,226,23033 15 2
South Australia*30 June, 190614,790,9441,8917,822376,13639 6 6
West'n Australia30 June, 19069,965,9401,6076,202260,77938 4 4
Tasmania30 June, 19063,926,7134628,499177,75722 1 10
New Zealand31 Mar., 190723,504,2722,4279,570†961,60424 8 10

In the foregoing table the cost per head of population for railway-construction is shown to have been between £34 and £38 in the States of Victoria and Western Australia; over £39 in South Australia and nearly £41 in Queensland; in New South Wales it was nearly £29; but in New Zealand the cost has been over £24, and in Tasmania over £22, per head of population.

Public Debt of Australasia.

The following figures show the public debt of each State or colony in 1905–6:—

State or Colony.Date.Public Debt.Debt. per Head of Population.
Fixed Debt.Floating Debt.Total.
* As shown previously (see page 534), the amount of accrued sinking fund reduces this by £2 16s. 8d. per head.
  ££££  s. d.
Queensland30 June, 190640,134,4671,130,00041,264,46777 5 6
New South Wales30 June, 190676,426,9189,214,81685,641,73456 11 2
Victoria30 June, 190652,904,800175,00053,079,80043 5 9
South Australia30 June, 190626,550,2103,532,42530,082,63579 3 10
Western Australia30 June, 190617,558,553500,00018,058,55369 5 0
Tasmania30 June, 19069,582,885217,7469,800,63154 17 5
New Zealand31 Mar., 190662,191,040..62,191,04069 17 7*

The amount of indebtedness per head of population in June, 1906, in Queensland and South Australia was thus greater than that for New Zealand in March, 1906.

SPECIAL BANKING LEGISLATION.

A synopsis of “The Bank of New Zealand Act, 1903,” and “The Bank of New Zealand Act, 1904,” is given previously on pages 489 and 490.

Chapter 51. SECTION XIX.—CROWN LANDS.

A SUMMARY of the transactions during the year ended 31st March, 1907, will be found in the following table, which shows under all descriptions of tenure the number of selectors and the area selected:—

Nature and Tenure of Lands selected during the Year ended the 31st March, 1907.Number of Purchasers or Selectors.Area.
 Selectors.Area. A. R. P. A. R. P.
Town lands sold for cash245255 3 1041820,333 1 27
Suburban lands sold for cash52180 3 22
Rural lands sold for cash12119,896 2 35
Occupation with right of purchase412215,529 2 14
Lease in perpetuity29673,545 3 13
Village settlement, cash1519 2 5
Village settlement, lease in perpetuity321,012 1 38
Village-homestead special settlement17173 0 17
Special settlement associations—  
Lease in perpetuity14 1 24
Improved-farm special settlement (lease in perpetuity and occupation with right of purchase)465,621 3 18
Occupation leases, Mining Act261,043 3 4
Small grazing-runs3373,851 1 14
Pastoral runs113370,388 2 34
Miscellaneous leases and licenses48171,706 1 28
Cheviot Estate—  
    Cash lands167 0 31
    Miscellaneous4169 2 0
Land for Settlements Acts—  
    Cash lands1316 0 15
    Lease in perpetuity30180,691 2 23
    Small grazing-runs1841,002 1 6
    Miscellaneous343,533 2 39
 2,276958,650 3 30
Endowments—  
    Cash lands5214 0 0
    Occupation with right of purchase1776 0 0
    Occupation leases, Mining Act120 0 0
    Lease in perpetuity114,800 0 0
    Small grazing-runs49,733 1 0
    Hauraki pastoral leases1270 0 0
    Thermal springs184 2 0
    Miscellaneous291,025 1 33
    Native townships2284 0 23
    Thermal Springs (Rotorua)41 1 0
            Totals2,419975,379 2 6

Particulars of the number of Crown tenants at present holding lands under the several tenures, together with the yearly rental payable, are given in the next statement.

STATEMENT showing the TOTAL NUMBER OF CROWN TENANTS, with Area selected or held, and the Yearly Rent payable, as on the 31st March, 1907.
Tenures.Total Number of Tenants.Total Area held by such Tenants.Total Yearly Rental or Instalment payable.
ORDINARY CROWN LANDS. A. R. P.£ s. d.
Deferred payment13730,741 1 101,491 10 9
Perpetual lease564105,521 1 293,743 7 4
Occupation with right of purchase4,5751,454,983 1 2154,511 17 6
Lease in perpetuity4,8541,387,541 0 043,865 19 1
Agricultural lease15514 1 2122 10 3
Homestead.........
Mining Districts Land Occupation Act52422,881 3 361,351 12 0
Village settlements—   
    Deferred payment11225 2 023 4 8
    Perpetual lease1171,703 3 31258 8 0
    Occupation with right of purchase3161 1 1012 7 10
    Lease in perpetuity57011,986 3 252,148 6 4
Village-homestead special settlements—   
    Perpetual lease2394,607 0 19612 13 10
    Lease in perpetuity86618,438 1 182,723 5 7
Special settlement associations—   
    Deferred payment.........
    Perpetual lease10669 0 848 4 0
    Lease in perpetuity634113,487 3 25,886 13 6
Improved-farm special settlements60474,396 1 24,155 3 6
Small grazing-runs6451,407,795 2 1428,950 13 0
Pastoral runs87511,214,285 2 671,559 15 10
Miscellaneous leases3,393697,939 1 414,182 7 3
            Totals18,66416,547,780 0 16235,548 6 3
CHEVIOT ESTATE   
    Lease in perpetuity11824,392 1 26,450 14 6
    Village-homestead special settlement922,480 1 0870 10 4
    Grazing-farms4945,846 1 266,871 13 2
    Pastoral runs11,642 0 0193 3 8
    Miscellaneous621,389 0 22283 0 10
            Totals32275,750 0 1014,669 2 6
LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS ACTS   
    Lease in perpetuity3,504648,481 0 10195,129 14 4
    Lease in perpetuity, village45446 3 28339 15 10
    Special-settlement associations112,114 1 9162 7 8
    Small grazing-runs112207,508 0 3026,799 17 6
    Pastoral runs2953 2 38121 13 0
    Miscellaneous19111,540 3 371,810 13 10
            Totals3,865871,045 0 32224,364 2 2
WORKERS’ DWELLINGS529 3 351,345 0 0
THERMAL SPRINGS (ROTORUA)3106,080 0 242,188 16 4
Grand totals23,21317,500,665 1 37478,115 7 3
Endowments809398,603 2 1528,583 19 8
Native townships3481,131 2 71,416 3 8

Tables I and II, which follow, exhibit the acreage of land taken up for settlement, and the number of holdings under each description of tenure. The lands held under pastoral license and miscellaneous leases, such as for timber and flax-cutting, coal-mining, &c., are not included in these tables. Tables III and IV show the total acreage taken up year by year since March, 1897, in each land district, and the number of holdings grouped according to size, the areas varying from less than one acre in extent to 1,000 acres and over.

The forfeitures and surrenders in respect of the lands taken up for settlement (excluding, as already remarked, pastoral and miscellaneous leases) for the last ten years were:—

1897–98658 holdings130,380 acres.
1898–99567 holdings180,957 acres.
1899–1900510 holdings164,003 acres.
1900–1354 holdings106,690 acres.
1901–2192 holdings75,368 acres.
1902–3329 holdings106,390 acres.
1903–4354 holdings105,625 acres.
1904–5180 holdings89,451 acres.
1905–6154 holdings36,698 acres.
1906–7324 holdings74,841 acres.

Forfeited and surrendered lands are again thrown open for selection as soon as possible, and in the majority of cases are taken up again by fresh selectors within a short time.

A full description of the various tenures under which land is dealt with in the colony is given in the article entitled “The Land System of New Zealand,” in Part III of this book.

I.—COMPARATIVE STATEMENT SHOWING ACREAGE OF LANDS SELECTED UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES) DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1907.
1897–98.1898–99.1899–1900.1900–1.1901–2.1902–3.1903–4.1904–5.1905–6.1906–7.
NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1897–98, 130,380 acres; 1898–99, 180,957 acres; 1899–1900,164,003 acres; 1900–1,106,690 acres; 1901–2, 75,368 acres; 1902–3,106,390 acres; 1903–4,105,625 acres; 1904–5, 89,451 acres; 1905–6. 36,698 acres; and for 1906–7, 74,841 acres. But it must not be supposed that these relate to the acreages taken up during the same years; on the contrary, forfeitures may have their origin in selections of long standing and various dates.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Cash lands22,52537,40023,93658,70327,29017,19422,48118,99111,13220,357
Deferred payments..13....52..........
Perpetual lease and small areas6516406242,49910......127..
Occupation with right of purchase81,414109,950117,771262,729128,893118,557146,953138,206157,432215,530
Lease in perpetuity117,938159,415153,531144,205116,125161,745194,515173,811158,019154,237
Agricultural lease2581147023283613218....
Occupation lease under “The Mining Districts Land Occupation Act, 1894”1,2851,4492,2952,1232,5072,4344,9721,9141,1941,044
Village settlement—          
Cash130422109814020
Occupation with right of purchase222..1......41..
Lease in perpetuity1,4262,1151,7621,0824566195142081,9361,012
Village-homestead special settlement42134313764691,512272111287173
Special-settlement associations (lease in perpetuity)4426072....5,761729223..4
Special-settlement improved farms9,0074,8237,3931,9361,6184,03219,4361,4595475,622
Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms149,45877,632155,10986,076112,947113,925144,78667,27168,587114,854
            Totals384,449394,324462,530559,774390,406425,824534,679402,413399,342512,853
II.—COMPARATIVE STATEMENT SHOWING NUMBER OF SELECTORS OF LAND UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES) DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1907.
1897–98.1898–99.1899–1900.1900–1.1901–2.1902–3.1903–4.1904–5.1905–6.1906–7.
NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1897–98, 658 holdings; 1898–99, 567 holdings; 1899–1900, 510 holdings; 1900–1, 354 holdings; 1901–2, 192 holdings; in 1902–3, 329 holdings; in 1903–4, 354 holdings; in 1904–5, 180 holdings; 1905–6, 154 holdings; and in 1906–7, 324 holdings. See note to previous table as to the origin of these failures.
 No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.
For cash272534491363489374435371229447
Deferred payments..1....1..........
Perpetual lease and small areas21231......1..
Occupation with right of purchase380458395673447403402330388412
Lease in perpetuity599675647489501573894751706597
Agricultural lease52311323....
Occupation lease under “The Mining Districts Land Occupation Act, 1894”23316453715297403026
Village settlement—          
    Cash22163521191023915
    Occupation with right of purchase233..1..112..
    Lease in perpetuity921068096334021145532
Village-homestead special settlement9126730342384917
Special-settlement associations551....2942..1
Improved-farm special settlement77644113..3010614346
Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms71406435364558453451
            Totals1,5391,9531,8031,7691,6321,6022,0531,5811,5361,644
III.—LANDS TAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1907 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS, AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES).*
Laud District.1897–98.1898–99.1899–1900.1900–1.1901–2.1902–3.1903–4.1904–5.1905–6.1906–7.
*See notes as to forfeitures an surrenders on previous tables I and II.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland56,29590,16078,677201,35599,824153,559134,375120,351102,809166,315
Hawke's Bay19,87636,22236,45190,62571,90238,50599,15340,94955,21519,686
Taranaki16,78618,86754,96071,00023,94239,35369,23663,00535,50590,453
Wellington48,90963,74641,38848,53014,30013,26825,43253,13543,06364,582
Nelson13,60018,67310,21118,91829,38311,23716,98110,34022,17225,009
Marlborough54,58151,97374,31133,06364,62456,68133,33220,79554,03110,711
Canterbury75,04152,83934,21820,74411,57545,40178,3634,48713,41822,208
Westland43735279270927,2144,1124,09820,20215,81314,633
Otago77,34540,59968,43649,90123,46250,176151,78338,48729,98882,175
Southland21,57920,89363,08624,92924,18013,53221,92630,66227,32617,081
            Totals384,449394,324462,530559,774390,406425,824534,679402,413399,340512,853
IV.—HOLDINGS TAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1907 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS, AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES), CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE.
Size.1897–98.1898–99.1899–1900.1900–1.1901–2.1902–3.1903–4.1904–5.1905–6.1906–7.
 No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.
Under 1 acre103293345158195182363246221262
1 to 50 acres496571501466553466467397383400
51 to 250 acres616633492522471496624450 444432 
251 to 500 acres197277262333244237322280256222
501 to 1,000 acres63128116181110157190131158201
1,001 acres and upwards6451871095964877774127
Totals1,5391,9531,8031,7691,6321,6022,0531,5811,5361,644

Chapter 52. SECTION XX.—LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS.

A PULL description is given, in a special article belonging to Section 1, Part III, of the objects and method of the Land for Settlements Acts, under which the acquirement by Government is authorised, through purchase from private owners, of properties for subdivision into small farms to meet the want felt of Crown lands for disposal in places where they are specially in demand.

The report of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners on transactions for the year ended the 31st March, 1907, states:—

During last year 222 estates (1,424,405 acres) were offered to the Government, fifty-eight properties were inspected on the ground (497,000 acres), and the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners recommended the Government to purchase fifty-two, of an area of 438,142 acres.

Including estates agreed to be purchased the previous year, but not paid for till this, the transactions completed during the year amount to eight estates, of 9,644 acres, for which £117,328 was paid, and £70,950 was expended on roads, workers' dwellings, and other contingencies.

There were also ten estates, containing 63,080 acres, purchased for £357,181, which, however, are to be paid for and opened for selection in the year 1907–8.

Rents, interest, and other revenue received during the year amount to £227,548 19s. 2d. The interest paid for the money obtained to make the purchases is £188,012 13s., giving a profit for the year of £39,536 6s. 2d. The gain to the whole account since 1894 is £277,188 (including £5,953 6s. 4d. recovered from the sale of reserves, &c.), and of this £50,165 has been paid to the Public Trustee as a sinking fund.

The Board of Land Purchase Commissioners held thirty-two meetings, at which sixty-two estates, of 483,963 acres, were investigated, thirteen being situated in the Auckland District, nineteen in Hawke's Bay, nine in Wellington, two in Nelson, sixteen in Otago, and three in Southland.

The total area acquired under the Acts to the 31st March, 1907, is 995,267 acres, and of this 860,502 acres have been offered for public selection, and 852,647 acres have been taken up and are now occupied by 3,869 tenants.

For workers' dwellings, out of this area and cost 946 acres have been purchased, making, with 10 acres of Crown land at Sydenham, a total of 956 acres, the prime cost being £123,434. The formation of streets and erection of buildings cost £33,976 additional. Upon this land seventy-one dwellings have been built, and fifty-two are occupied. The house-rents received during the year amount to £290, and the rents received from temporary grazing licenses over the remainder of the land not at present required as sites for dwellings is for the year £801.

Of the 852,647 acres selected, 260,463 acres are in new grass, 63,511 in white crops, 39,635 in green crops, and 489,018 in native grass, bush, orchards, &c. The total number of sheep depastured is 696,485, cattle 52,530, horses 12,250, and pigs 8,427.

Negotiations are in progress for the purchase of other estates in Auckland, Hawke's Bay, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago.

A summary of the transactions is as follows:—

 No.Acres.Prime Cost.
Estates purchased at 31st March, 1906158985,623£4,124,313
Estates purchased during 1906–789,644117,328
 166995,267£4,241,641
Acquired at 31st March, 1907, but not paid for nor prepared for selection1063,080£357,181

The Land for Settlements Account now stands as under:—

Dr.£
Debentures current5,105,857
Rents, &c., received1,184,279
 £6,290,136
Cr.£
Purchase-money4,241,641
Incidental expenses361,917
Interest907,091
Sinking fund50,165
Balance729,322
 £6,290,136
SUMMARY OF ALL LANDS OFFERED TO GOVERNMENT UNDER “THE LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS CONSOLIDATION ACT, 1900,” AND ITS AMENDMENTS, AND HOW DEALT WITH, FROM 1ST APRIL, 1906, TO 31ST MARCH, 1907.
Land District.Estates offered.Recommended for Purchase.Not recommended for Purchase.Under consideration by the Board on 31st March, 1907.Withdrawn from Negotiations.
No.Area.No.Area.No.Area.No.Area.No.Area.
  A.R.P. A.R.P. A.R.P. A.R.P. A.R.P.
Auckland35388,34911010143,143001696,084115784,621335264,50000
Hawke's Bay37304,4000022190,2753151197,185025416,93900......
Taranaki78,9990011,9000032,2270015100024,36200
Wellington68316,70533717,06013244116,204206174,39622719,014024
Nelson37,7040027,20100150300............
Marlborough5139,52500......4138,2250011,30000......
Canterbury36145,150134120,628003186,813316437,708218......
Otago25111,848127657,8992221746,2293527,71900......
Southland61,72303433403231,68902............
                Totals2221,424,40502852438,142021130585,16122335323,19510577,906024
SUMMARY OF ESTATES ACQUIRED UP TO THE 31ST MARCH, 1907, AND AMOUNTS OF PURCHASE-MONEY.
Name of Land District.No. of Estates acquired before 31st March, 1906.Areas acquired before 31st March, 1906.No. of Estates acquired from 1st April, 1906, to 31st March, 1907.Area acquired from 1st April, 1906, to 31st March, 1907.Total Numbers of Estates to 31st March, 1907.Total Area to 31st March, 1907.Purchase money.Incidental Expenses, Roads, Preliminaries, &c.
  A.R.P. A.R.P. A.R.P.££
Auckland20251,81223021981422252,010334360,43963,661
Hawke's Bay15128,90613822,86602017131,772218757,13456,919
Taranaki32,6972411,9112444,6090879,8634,338
Wellington2455,602331350142555,637317434,16145,282
Marlborough9113,749221......9113,749221364,94641,752
Westland25,124326......25,1243268,3432,686
Canterbury58 261,99839... ...58261,998391,428,04764,770
Otago21111,66723224,6323023116,200132617,31265,632
Southland654,162337......654,162337191,29616,877
                Totals158985,6232089,64332166995,267124,241,641861,917

The Surveyor-General's report to the Hon. the Minister of Lands on the condition and settlement of the lands acquired and handed over to his Department under the before-mentioned Acts gives the particulars of the estates offered for selection as follows:—

The reports by the several Commissioners of Crown Lands give a detailed statement of the progress of the estates in their districts, and, generally speaking, the progress is very marked and the outlook hopeful; but heavy floods in the summer in the Auckland District, and an exceptionally dry season in parts of Canterbury and Otago, somewhat militated against the Crown lessees in those portions of New Zealand. Ten additional estates have been opened for selection during the past year, and a portion of an estate acquired previously, but not then opened, making a total area for selection of 189,633 acres, the number of new selectors for the year being 198, and the area selected 105,239 acres, yielding a rental of £22,513.

ESTATES OFFERED for SELECTION during the Year ending the 31st March, 1907, under “The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900,” and its Amendments.
Land District and Name of Estates.Areas acquired.Number of SelectorsArea Selected 31st March, 1907.annual rental payable on Lands leased.Date of Opening.

*Includes 57,166 acres set aside as a forest reserve.

Transactions as to disposal of land not completed before the close of the financial year.

Auckland—A.R.P. A.R.P.£s.d. 
    Selwyn (northern portion)*107,332132834,7431291,2390423 April, 1906.
    Mangapouri2,57211325 March, 1907.
    Mangawhero7,987333        
Hawke's Bay—
    Mangatahi12,2903162212,2720344,245345 Feb., 1907.
Taranaki—
    Huinga1,88011371,26610801404 Oct.. 1906.
Wellington—
    Hikawera2,61523352,6050066313105 June, 1906.
    Mahupuku7,061225107,027001,534605 June, 1906.
    Dyer16,657003516,4391104,32819025 June, 1906. 17 Sept., 1906.
Otago—
    Steward21,935274821,7291285,0211269 April, 1906.
    Plunket6,15600186,126092,165665 Feb., 1907.
    Totara3,161022253,0310232,51315025 March, 1907.
Totals189,63335198105,23931322,51304 

During the two months subsequent to the close of the financial year, the following areas have been allotted: Selwyn Settlement, 1,176 1/2 acres to four selectors; Mangapouri Settlement, 2,371 acres to nine selectors; Mangawhero Settlement, 7,810 acres to seventeen selectors; Huinga Settlement, 588 acres to three selectors; Totara Settlement, 94 1/2 acres to one selector: making an additional area of 11,452 acres allotted to thirty-one additional selectors.

The estates acquired but not opened on the 31st March, but which are now under survey ready for opening for selection, are: In the Hawke's Bay Land District — Otanga, near Dannevirke, of 4,028 acres: Nelson Land District—Wangapeka, of 4,480 acres: Otago Land District—Otekaike, of 17,767 acres; Ashley Downs, of 3,697 acres; and Airedale, of 2,662 acres.

Up to the present date some 149 estates have been acquired, of a total area of 1,017,588 acres, which are occupied by 3,869 selectors, who, with their families, number over 12,000 persons.

The estates, &c., acquired in each district under the Land for Settlements Acts to the 31st March, 1907, are next shown:—

Name of Estate.Area acquired and handed over by Board.
Auckland—A.B.P.
        Opouriao7,60400
        Okauia5,92000
        Rangiatea4,00400
        Karapiro2,335024
        Fencourt7,10535
        Whitehall8,95900
        Selwyn159,30200
        Cradock Hamlet3309
        Hetaua Hamlet451134
        Kitchener Hamlet26335
        Methuen Hamlet77314
        Plumer Hamlet7400
        Waari Hamlet427232
        Bickerstaffe12,480019
        Matamata42,73832
        Mangapouri2,572113
        Mangawhero5,00100
 259,113027
Hawke's Bay—
        Raureka42720
        Elsthorpe9,74000
        Waimarie430210
        Pouparae33734
        Tomoana111338
        Mahora1,13330
        Willows775136
        Hatuma26,522320
        Manga-a-toro19,581312
        Kumeroa3,774238
        Forest Gate8,822013
        Argyll33,705130
        Wigan10,072137
        Lindsay13,57400
        Mangatahi12,391137
 141,401335
Taranaki—
        Tokaora1,50528
        Spotswood310323
        Clandon881013
        Huinga1,880113
 4,577317
Wellington—
        Paparangi322332
        Ohakea1,745130
        Te Matua702019
        Aorangi1,78500
        Langdale9,40500
        Mangawhata1,240236
        Epuni Hamlet100314
        Maungaraki472120
        Linton551136
        Longbush3,021326
        Tablelands5,496330
        Normandale1,62309
        Tawaha2,328231
        Hikawera2,615233
        Mahupuku7,064225
        Dyer16,65700
 55,1333 21
Marlborough—
        Blind River5,50700
        Omaka3,89800
        Puhipuhi32000
        Starborough35,90600
        Richmond Brook5,85400
        Waipapa3,75520
        North Bank12,89500
        Rainford246021
        Flaxbourne46,59800
 114,979221
Westland—
        Poerua3,23016
        Kokatahi1,894220
 5,124320
Canterbury—
        Pareora620213
        Studholme Junction10907
        Kapua574122
        Rosebrook60018
        Otaio373314
        Patoa4,535314
        The Peaks2,81109
        Roimata48327
        Kereta105229
        Braco2724
        Epworth2103
        Ashley Gorge1,16536
        Omihi Valley2000
        Orakipaoa384031
        Highbank9,12138
        Otarakaro3939
        Wharenui73110
        Rakitairi3,526126
        Waiapi1,124236
        Horsley Down3,982335
        Albury19,639124
        R.S. 16822000
        R.S. 2682 (part)624
        R.S. 3646915432
        R.S. 3623198330
        R.S. 36056 and 3605758016
        R.S. 36228100323
        R.S. 3627861820
        R.S. 30791 (part)10000
        R.S. 3622646126
        Marawiti2,028233
        Hekeao2,254211
        Pawaho52018
        Waikakahi48,262234
        Tamai41028
        Takitu9,713037
        Pareora No. 28,132031
        Rautawiri11307
        Papaka1,561225
        Punaroa7,02935
        Lyndon4,243328
        Kohika3,864110
        Tarawahi3130
        Raincliff74520
        Puhuka3927
        Kaimahi10021
        Kapuatohe49337
        Rapuwai2.247211
        Lyndon No. 215,88700
        Maytown391332
        Eccleston1,24615
        Mead5,914317
        Chamberlain10,50019
        Annan32,858233
        Rosewill38,683215
        Morice2,253226
        Kinloch13,03315
        Mills882230
 262,175111
Otago—
        Pomahaka Downs7,47822
        Teanaraki351039
        Tahawai70135
        Maerewhenua11,163331
        Puketapu50906
        Ardgowan4,267328
        Makareao2,38304
        Makareao Extension2,589212
        Momona224116
        Tokarahi11,259236
        Janefield14702
        Elderslie11,61824
        Barnego7,07821
        Earnscleugh1,26935
        Windsor Park No. 13,821216
        Windsor Park No. 22,179217
        Duncan63323
        St. Helen's547320
        Greenfield22,071130
        Steward21,93527
        Plunket6,13600
        Totara3,161022
 120,898116
Southland—
        Merrivale9,99800
        Otahu6,153036
        Beaumont4,48404
        Ringway2,25328
        Glenham11,484210
        Edendale19,809311
 54,183029
SUMMARY.
        Auckland259,113027
        Hawke's Bay141,401335
        Taranaki4,577317
        Wellington55,133321
        Marlborough114,979221
        Westland5,124326
        Canterbury262,175111
        Otago120,898116
        Southland54,183029
                Totals1,017,68813

Chapter 53. SECTION XXI.—“THE GOVERNMENT VALUATION OF LAND ACT, 1896,” AND AMENDMENTS OF 1900 AND 1903.

PRIOR to the passing of “The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896,” there was an entire absence of uniformity in the system of making valuations of land within the colony for Governmental purposes. Each lending Department employed a separate set of local valuers for valuing mortgage securities. The Land-tax Department periodically employed a small army of temporary valuers when it required a new valuation of the land of the colony for taxation purposes, and each local authority had its own particular method of making up its roll for the levying of rates.

All values required by the Government Departments mentioned below and by local bodies, whether for loan, taxation, or other purposes, are now made by valuers employed by the State. These valuers work upon the one system which is laid down by the above-named Acts, and are responsible to the Government alone. They receive a regular salary, and when valuing for loan purposes are not dependent for their remuneration upon the good will of the person whose property they are valuing.

Under the above-mentioned Acts the Valuer-General is required to prepare valuation rolls, showing the selling-value of all land in the colony.

Briefly stated, the following are the chief purposes for which the roll values may be used:—

  1. As a basis on which loans may be granted by—

    1. The Advances to Settlers Office.

    2. The Public Trust Office.

    3. The Government Insurance Office.

    4. The Post Office.

    5. The Commissioners of Public Debt Sinking Funds.

    6. Such other public offices as the Governor from time to time directs.

    7. Trustees and investors.

  2. As a basis for the advancement of loans to local bodies by the Treasury under the Local Bodies' Loans Acts.

  3. As a basis for the levying of land-tax and local rates.

  4. As a basis on which to assess stamp duty and duty on deceased persons' estates.

  5. For the guidance of the Land Purchase Board when acquiring land under the Land for Settlements Act or the Public Works Act on behalf of the Government.

  6. For the guidance of all who may desire to ascertain the selling-value of any piece of land for investment, mortgage, or other purpose.

In view of the many and diverse purposes for which the roll values may be used, it is of the utmost importance that these values should be neither above nor below the fair market price, and it is as much to the interest of the owner as it is to that of the Department that the “unimproved value,” “value of the improvements,” and “capital value” of every property should be accurately entered in the roll.

The Act states that the “unimproved value of any piece of land means the sum which the owner's estate or interest therein, if unencumbered by any mortgage or other charge thereon, and if no improvements existed on that particular piece of land, might be expected to realise at the time of valuation if offered for sale on such reasonable terms and conditions as a bona fide seller might be expected to require.”

There are few terms used in connection with land-valuation which are more imperfectly understood than the term “unimproved value.” Some interpret the term to mean the original value of the land at the time when it was in its unimproved state, while others understand it to mean the present value, assuming all the land in the district to be unimproved. Neither of these interpretations is correct. The increased value attaching to any piece of land due to the successful working of other lands in the district, or to progressive works affected by the State, the general prosperity of the country, high markets for produce, &c., forms portion of the unimproved value under the New Zealand law. Any increased value, however, which is represented by the improvements effected by the individual possessor does not form part of the unimproved value.

Land-tax is levied on the unimproved value, and so also are the local rates in districts where the Rating on Unimproved Values Act is in force. It is therefore particularly necessary that uniformity of unimproved values should be studied by the valuer, otherwise one owner would be rated unfairly in comparison with his neighbour.

The Act defines “improvements” and “value of improvements” as follows:—

“‘Improvements’ on land means all work actually done or material used thereon by the expenditure of capital or labour by any owner or occupier of the land, nevertheless in so far only as the effect of such work or material used is to increase the value of the land, and the benefit thereof is unexhausted at the time of valuation; but shall not include work done or material used on or for the benefit of land by the Crown or by any statutory public body, unless such work has been paid for by the contribution of the owner or occupier for that purpose: Provided that the payment of rates or taxes shall not be deemed to be a contribution within the meaning of this definition.”

“‘Value of improvements’ means the sum by which the improvements upon an owner's land increases its value: Provided that the value of improvements shall in no case be deemed to be more than the cost of such improvements estimated at the time of valuation, exclusive of the cost of repairs and maintenance.”

Subject to the limitations contained in the above definition, all buildings, fences, planting, draining, private roads and water-races, clearing, permanent grassing, and other work of a permanent nature effected upon land are improvements.

The valuer must be guided, when valuing details of improvements, by the terms of the above definitions, and it is necessary, therefore, that the limitations referred to should be considered in detail. Anything which can be valued as an improvement must in the first place be effected upon the land which is benefited by that improvement. A public road may be made by an owner for the purpose of increasing the value of his land. This road would not be valued as an improvement, as it is not on the land and is not included in the area which is valued. Were the road a private one however, such as a farmer would make through his farm for the convenient working of his holding, it would be included in the total area valued, and would then be also valued as an improvement. Improvements can only be valued to the extent to which they increase the selling-value of the land. Sometimes an owner will expend his capital and labour injudiciously, and the result will prove detrimental to the land instead of being an improvement. Some lands hold grass better without being first ploughed than they do after the plough. The effect of ploughing in such cases would not be to improve the selling-value. Some improvements, such as ornamental shrubbery, orchards, lawns, vineries, &c., rarely increase the selling-value to the full extent of their cost, and should therefore be valued accordingly.

The definition also tells us that no work can be considered an improvement if the benefit is exhausted at the time of valuation. The Government lends money on the security of improvements, and it is obvious that if exhausted improvements were included in the valuation the security would be a very poor one.

Draining and orchards are improvements which frequently become exhausted. As long as a drain is effective and acts as a drain it necessarily adds to the selling-value and is an improvement; but an open drain which was cut many years ago and has become filled in and grassed over, owing to the necessity for it having passed away, would be considered as exhausted.

From the foregoing it will be seen that it devolves upon a valuer to ascertain carefully the condition of an improvement before estimating its value.

Work done by the Crown or a public body is not, the Act says, to be considered an improvement unless it is paid for by the individual, but expenditure by way of rates and taxes is not to be deemed to be payment for the work.

The expenditure of loan-moneys by the Crown or by public bodies is for the benefit of the community or district, and not for the exclusive benefit of any individual or holding.

It would be beyond the powers of any valuer to apportion the value of a public street, railway, telegraph-line, or, in fact, any public work amongst the different holdings which derived benefit from that work.

The amount at which improvements are to be valued is defined by the Act as the sum by which they increase the selling-value of the land, provided that the value must not exceed the cost, although it may be below the cost. The cost of an improvement is not necessarily its selling-value, as its suitability and condition must be taken into consideration.

Machinery, whether fixed to the soil or not, is not an improvement, and it is not included in the capital value. The buildings containing the machinery would, however, be valued as an improvement.

“Capital value” is defined as follows:—

“‘Capital value’ of land means the sum which the owner's estate or interest therein, if unencumbered by any mortgage or other charge thereon, might be expected to realise at the time of valuation if offered for sale on such reasonable terms and conditions as a bona fide seller might be expected to require.”

The fair selling-value in the open market represents the capital value, but not necessarily the auction value or value derivable at a forced sale. The valuer is required to exercise special care in fixing the capital value at such a sum as will be fair to both the borrower and the lender should the property be offered as a security.

Uniformity of capital values is of the utmost importance. Land of similar quality and position should be valued uniformly, whether in a large or a small holding.

Ratepayers frequently complain that their rates will be unduly increased when values are raised. This is not a matter which the Department has any right to consider, however much it may sympathize. Its duties under the Act are to make a roll of selling-values for various purposes. The responsibility of fixing the rate for local rating purposes rests entirely with the local body, and, if the selling-values in a district are high, it is within the power of the ratepayers themselves to see that a moderate rate is struck.

It may not be out of place to mention the relative numbers of the land-tax and local ratepayers within the colony, from which it will be seen that the number of persons who are interested in the amount of rate annually struck by the local body far exceeds the number who are interested in the amount of land-tax annually fixed by Parliament. There are, roughly, 145,000 holders of land in the colony. The total number of land-tax payers is only, roughly, 23,000, while practically every holder pays local rates.

The foregoing remarks apply when valuing land, whether it is leased or not; but in the case of lands which are leased on terms favourable to the lessee the valuer has, in addition, the important duty of determining what proportion of the value belongs to the owner and what proportion to the lessee.

The principle on which lessees' and sublessees' interests are to be determined is contained in “The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1903.”

Special provision is contained in the Act for adjusting the relative interests of owner and lessee year by year, and this adjustment will always be made by the Valuer-General when applied to.

When the values appearing on a roll become out of date a revision takes place, but before any revised values can take effect the district must be gazetted for revision by Order in Council. There is no fixed period between one revision and another. The necessity for revision depends upon whether or not the roll values are correct.

When a revision of a district is ordered, the valuer makes a thorough overhaul of the unimproved values as well as the values of improvements and capital values. During the period intervening between revisions the Valuer-General cannot alter the unimproved values of the roll entries unless the owner pays a fee to cover the cost and demands a revaluation of his property, or in case of an admitted error having taken place. During this intervening period, however, the Valuer-General may keep values up to date by adding the value of improvements which have been put on since the revision, or by deducting the value of those taken away.

If additional improvements have been effected to a property prior to the 31st March in any year, they can be rated for the then ensuing year commencing on the 1st April. If they have been effected after the 31st March, however, they cannot be rated until the 1st April of the following year. The same rule applies to changes in occupancy. The person who is occupier on the 31st March is placed on the roll for the rates for the ensuing year, but if a person enters into possession after the 31st March his name is not entered up until the 1st April succeeding the date of occupation. Rolls are thus corrected in respect to occupancy and improvements as at the 31st March in each year, but the unimproved values must remain until a complete revision is ordered by the Governor in Council. The local authority is empowered by the Act to amend its rating roll in respect to the occupancy of land, but cannot amend values on its own authority. When a property becomes subdivided the Valuer-General divides the existing value on the roll proportionately. No alteration is made in any entry on the roll without giving the owner and occupier due notice, in order that they may object, if necessary, but the omission to give such notice does not invalidate an assessment.

It has been said that roll values are used as a guide to Government Departments when lending money. On receipt of an application for a loan the lending Department is supplied with a copy of the existing roll value of the security. The lending Boards, however, usually require that the security should be again inspected by the valuer before they grant the loan. This necessitates a revaluation of the property, but such revaluation is not used for either taxation or rating purposes. Since the present Act came into force these revaluations for loan purposes have, in almost every case, exceeded the values entered on the roll.

When the values in a district have been revised the new roll is lodged for inspection at some public office, and an advertisement in the papers calls the attention of the public to the fact, so that every person interested may inspect it. At the same time every owner and occupier receives a notice showing at what value his property is entered. The omission to give notice, however, does not, as has been said, invalidate the assessment. The Department invites the fullest scrutiny of its rolls before submitting them to the Assessment Court. Persons whose names appear on the roll are invited to object if they are of opinion that the valuer has exceeded the selling-price, or for other sufficient cause. The fact that the new valuation will cause an increase in the amount of local rates or land-tax payable is not considered a sufficient cause. The Department does not fix the rate in either case, and any such objection can only be based on an assumption that the rate to be levied will be the same as previously. Neither is the fact that the new valuation shows an increase or decrease on the last valuation considered a sufficient ground of objection, as the selling-value may have increased or decreased since the last valuation was made, or the previous valuation may have been erroneous.

Objections to value can only be on the ground that the valuation does not represent the true selling-value, as that is the guide imposed by the Act. Of course, there are legitimate reasons for objection on other questions besides the question of value, such as errors in ownership, occupancy, area, or description, &c., which matters are always attended to and corrected without reference to the Assessment Court.

A frequent source of objection is that improvements are valued too high or too low. Before such an objection can be maintained it must be ascertained whether the capital value represents the fair and full selling-value. If, for instance, the capital value of a property is set below the true selling-value, the improvements will necessarily be valued in proportion. In such cases as this an increase in the value of improvements would only serve to increase the capital value, and would not reduce the unimproved value.

Objections to values are invariably referred to the valuer to enable him to review his valuation before the sitting of the Assessment Court, and the objector receives in due course a reply. If the objection has been allowed there is no necessity for the objector to appear at the Court. Should it be disallowed, he may carry it before the Court for consideration. Due notice of the sitting of the Court will be given by advertisement, as required by the Act.

If on appeal to the Court the objection is allowed, the reduction is immediately carried into the roll. If, however, the owner is not satisfied with the Court's decision he may, under section 31 of the Act of 1900, within fourteen days of the hearing, require the Valuer-General either to reduce to the value which he considers to be the fair selling-value or else to purchase the property at that value.

On the other hand, section 30 of the 1900 Act provides that if the Valuer-General is of opinion that a Court has made an unfair reduction in a valuation, he may, also within fourteen days of the hearing, require the owner to consent to what he considers is the fair selling-value, or else he will acquire the property at that value on behalf of the Government.

Power is also given by section 18 of the same Act to an owner to appeal to the Supreme Court on questions of law. On all other questions the decision of the Assessment Court is, however, final.

There is still another course open to an owner who is dissatisfied with his value, and he may adopt it at any time without reference to the date of sitting of the Court. Section 7, subsection (5), of “The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896,” provides that an owner, by paying the fee prescribed by regulation to cover the cost, may obtain a revaluation of his property. Such revaluation is subject to the same right of objection and review as it would be in the case of the revision of the district.

The following figures may be of interest to those who study the question of land-valuation:—

TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES OF LAND IN THE COLONY.
Year of Valuation.Total Capital Values.Total Unimproved” Values.
 ££
187899,566,67962,573,868
1882101,000,000..
1885113,270,649..
1888111,137,71475,497,379
1891122,225,02975,832,465
1897138,591,34784,401,244
1902154,816,13294,847,727
1904182,796,241112,629,412
1905197,684,475122,937,126
1906218,422,552137,168,548
1907236,644,536149,682,689
TABLE SHOWING NUMBERS OF FREEHOLDERS OF LAND, OUTSIDE OF BOROUGHS AND TOWN DISTRICTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO AREA HELD BY THEM.
Year.Holders of 5 Acres and under 100 Acres.Holders of 100 Acres and under 1,000 Acres.Holders of 1,000 Acres. and under 5,000 Acres.Holders of 5,000 Acres and under 10,000 Acres.Holders of 10,000 Acres and under 20,000 Acres.Holders of 20,000 Acres and under 50,000 Acres.Holders of 50,000 Acres and over.Total Number of Holders.
188314,76614,2671,281203141832330,764
188617,07515,4711,425220151792934,450
188918,80516,7431,413221134892737,432
189219,36917,5381,558208148843038,935
190220,79920,3162,144260123702343,735
190620,90021,2692,417278129621345,068

The total numbers of freeholders in the colony, including owners of township lands, were as follows:—

In year 1883   71,240
In year 1886   80,527
In year 1889   84,547
In year 1892   91,501
In year 1902   115,713
In year 1906   128,019

N.B.—It should be noted that no leaseholders, Crown or otherwise, are included in the above numbers.

The result of the general valuation of land as in March, 1898, is given in the report of the Valuer-General presented to both Houses of Parliament. Since this general valuation a revision has been made in many districts, which brings the figures as corrected to represent the values on the 31st March, 1907. Comparative figures are here given for 1891 and 1907 showing the increase, and stating separately the unimproved value and the value of improvements:—

COMPARISON OF CAPITAL VALUES, 1891 AND 1907.

 1891.   1907.   Increase, 1891 to 1907.
    £   £   £
Unimproved value   75,832,465   149,682,689   73,850,224
Value of improvements   46,392,564   86,961,847   40,569,283
                Totals   £122,225,029   £236,644,536   £114,419,507

In the figures for the North and South Islands the relative degree of increase is exhibited:—

CAPITAL VALUES.

    1891.   1907.   Increase.
    £   £   £
North Island   57,441,115   137,998,395   80,557,280
South Island   64,783,914   98,646,141   33,862,227
                Totals   £122,225,029   £236,644,536  , £14,419,507

The increase for the North Island of £80,557,280 represents an advance of 140.24 per cent. on the value of 1891, and that of £33,862,227 for the South Island, 52.27 per cent. The increase for the whole colony as shown is £114,419,507, or 93.61 per cent. The following statement gives the capital value of land and improvements in counties and boroughs* as for 1891 and 1907:—

CAPITAL VALUE OF LAND AND IMPROVEMENTS IN COUNTIES AND BOROUGHS.

    1891.   1907.
    £   £
*Including in the term “boroughs” those town districts which, under the provisions of the Town Districts Act of 1906, are deemed not to form part of any county.
Counties   85,818,167   152,095,969
Boroughs*   36,406,862   83,948,567
                Totals   122,225,029   236,644,536

The increase in the capital value of land with improvements in counties for the sixteen years is £66,877,802, or 77.92 per cent.; while that for boroughs” is £47,541,705, or 130.58 per cent. But the value of property in boroughs* was added to between 1891 and 1907 by the constitution of twenty-two new boroughs, and the inclusion of eighteen town districts, and that of the counties correspondingly reduced; so that the actual rate of increase in the value of country lands is higher than indicated by the above figures, and in urban lands considerably less. Comparisons for counties, boroughs, and town districts which under the provisions of the Town Districts Act do not form part of any county are given in the three tables next following; afterwards the gross capital value, and the capital value of rateable property in counties, road and town districts and boroughs, with an indication of the system of rating adopted by the local authorities for those districts. The rateable values can be used in connection with the information given in Section IV, “Local Governing Bodies,” as to rates struck, &c.:—

COUNTIES, 1891 AND 1907.

TABLE showing the CAPITAL VALUE of LAND, with IMPROVEMENTS (and distinguishing the UNIMPROVED VALUE of LAND), in each COUNTY in NEW ZEALAND according to the Results of the General Valuation made in 1891, and as at 31st March, 1907:—

[* No valuation made.]
County.Capital Value, Land and Improvements.Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous columns).
As in Year 1891.As at 31st March, 1907.As in Year 1891.As at 31st March, 1907.

(a) Exclusive of Borough of Whangarei, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(b) Exclusive of Helensville Town District, which in 1691 forced part of county.

(c) Exclusive of Borough of Mount Eden, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(d) Exclusive of County of Awakino, and part of County of Waitomo, which in 1891 formed part of County of Kawhia.

(e) Formed part of Kawhia County.

(f) Formed part of Kawhia and Clifton Counties.

(g) Exclusive of Borough of Waihi, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(h) Exclusive of Borough of Te Aroha, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(i) Exclusive of County of Opotiki, which in 1891 formed part of the County of Whakatane.

(j) Formed part of County of Whakatane.

(v1) Exclusive of Opotiki Town District, which in 1891 formed part of Whakatane County.

(k) Exclusive of Clyde Town District, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(l) Exclusive of Taradale Town District and of a portion transferred to Rangitikei County.

(m) Exclusive of the County of Woodville, Dannevirke Borough, Waipawa and Waipukurau Town Districts, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(n) Formed part of Waipawa County.

(o) Exclusive of Weber County, which in 1891 formed part of Patangata County.

(p) Formed part of Patangata County.

(q) Exclusive of portion of Borough of Waitara and of portion of County of Waitomo, which in 1891 formed parts of Clifton County.

(r) Exclusive of Fitzroy Town District, Borough of Inglewood, portions of Borough of Waitara and Egmont County, which in 1891 formed parts of Taranaki County.

(s) Formed part of the Counties of Taranaki and Hawera.

(t) Exclusive of the Borough of Stratford, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(u) Exclusive of the Borough of Eltham, County of Eltham, and a portion of Egmont County, which in 1891 formed parts of Hawera County.

(v) Formed part of Hawera County.

(w) Exclusive of Gonville Town District, which in 1891 formed part of Waitotara County.

(x) Exclusive of Waimarino County, which in 1891 formed part of Wanganui County.

(y) Formed part of Wanganui County.

(z) Exclusive of Hunterville and Bull's Town Districts, and including portion transferred from Hawke's Bay County.

(a1) Formed part of Oroua County.

(b1) Exclusive of Counties of Kiwitea, Pohangina, and Kairanga, which in 1891 formed parts of Oroua County.

(c1) Including a portion transferred from Foxton Borough.

(d1) Exclusive of the Borough of Levin, which in 1891 formed part of Horowhenua County.

(e1) Exclusive of Borough of Pahiatua, which in 1891 formed part of Pahiatua County.

(e2) Late Wairarapa North County.

(f1) Exclusive of the Borough of Eketahuna, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(g1) Exclusive of Featherston County, which in 1891 formed part of Wairarapa South County.

(h1) Formed part of Wairarapa South County.

(h2) Exclusive of Martinborough and Featherston Town Districts, winch in 1891 formed part of Wairarapa South County.

(i1) Exclusive of the Boroughs of Miramar and Eastbourne, and Johnsonville Town District, which in 1891 formed part of Hutt County.

(j1) Exclusive of County of Takaka, which in 1891 formed part of Collingwood County.

(k1) Formed part of Collingwood County.

(l1) Exclusive of Motueka Borough, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(m1) Exclusive of Linwood, Woolston, and New Brighton Boroughs, which in 1891 formed part of Selwyn County.

(n1) Exclusive of Mount Herbert County, which in 1891 formed part of Akaroa County.

(o1) Formed part of Akaroa County.

(p1) Exclusive of Hampstead and Tinwald Town Districts, which in 1891 formed part of Ashburton County.

(q1) Exclusive of Levels County and Temuka and Geraldine Boroughs, which in 1891 formed part of Geraldine County.

(r1) Formed part of Geraldine County.

(s1) Exclusive of Bay Town District, which in 1891 formed part of Peninsula County.

(t1) Exclusive of Otautau Town District, which in 1891 formed part of county.

(u1) Exclusive of Borough of Mataura, Wyndham Town District, and a portion of Avenal Borough, which in 1891 formed parts of Southland County.

 ££££
Mangonui196,158290,563152,151177,518
Whangaroa63,82583,18641,37951,776
Bay of Island365,069519,494247,612340,544
Hokianga422,365627,553365,957496,454
Whangarei523,420923,958(a)316,003499,661(a)
Hobson325,974618,628241,880398,457
Otamatea258,496608,006156,975369,972
Rodney293,235533,134173,313259,605
Waitemata632,012998,097(b)388,568565,613(b)
Eden2,002,6773,593,094(c)991,3801,967,547(c)
Manukau1,385,3302,700,949664,2721,535,408
     Islands (Great and Little Barrier)55,28461,76242,57439,651
Waiheke, &c.71,34393,82140,21150,860
Waikato632,7741,488,420282,655915,937
Raglan3,9411,120,060280,945694,009
Waipa464,0861,152,031197,900665,275
Kawhia354,269154,420(d)350,051113,042(d)
Awakino(e)336,107(c)248,046
Waitomo(f)617,288(f)515,872
Coromandel217,120275,803166,483173,302
Thames253,013490,453168,442326,612
Ohinemuri204,704476,056(g)164,182283,399(g)
Tauranga282,723665,801172,078408,354
Piako689,3841,553,832(h)427,889953,414(h)
Rotorua168,371686,582114,289530,133
Whakatane663,785397,909(i)548,221829,185(i)
Opotiki(j)499,369(v1)(j)395,475(v1)
East Taupo301,681576,778292,106463,362
West Taupo235,997466,629226,406417,746
Islands (Mayor and Motiti) 5,780 3,696
Waiapu472,5481,901,886341,0621,323,141
Cook1,885,8565,202,7421,175,7123,512,598
Wairoa1,101,0722,584,615(k)786,0321,762,207(k)
Hawke's Bay3,673,8895,799,351 (l)2,558,5834,509,091(l)
Waipawa2,178,8122,971,838(m)1,249,6951,957,831 (m)
Woodville(n)721,916(n)453,117
Patangata1,863,9362,778,225 (o)1,154,9092,169,603 (o)
Weber(p)368,038(p)208,793
Clifton441,325769,389 (q)385,252481,602 (q)
Taranaki969,5792,152,682 (r)604,0911,256,902 (r)
Egmont(s)980,116(s)586,037
Stratford560,3451,497,886 (t)447,502909,885 (t)
Hawera1,247,4363,121,758 (u)807,8872,370,422 (u)
Eltham(v)1,489,119(v)1,050,961
Patea823,6751,419,276522,322866,634
Waitotara731,6681,242,558 (w)460,842878,384 (w)
Wanganui1,178,1061,642,031 (x)830,5191,083,315 (x)
Waimarino(y)720,484(y)605,882
Rangitikei1,475,4733,062,482 (z)870,0911,918,410(z)
Kiwitea(a1)1,620,859(a1)1,053,002
Pohangina(a1)867,323(a1)541,240
Kairanga(a1)2,156,839(a1)1,621,714
Oroua2,268,8541,600,293 (b1)1,298,4171,140,726 (b1)
Manawatu810,1711,710,050 (c1)445,4161,277,222 (c1)
Horowhenua858,6482,553,740 (d1)551,2481,798,449 (d1)
    Islands (Kapiti, Mana, and Somes) 17,984 13,378
Chatham Islands 95,557 55,838
Pahiatua511,4001,721,263 (e1)331,6341,033,427 (e1)
Akitio 752,831 436,974
Castlepoint 588,873 374,864
Eketahuna(e21,831,209(f1)485,553H(e2)1,057,393267,970(f1
Mauriceville 438,640 252,317
Masterton 2,423,818 1,554,320
Wairarapa South1,872,0351,514,297(g1)1,104,0641,016,625(g1)
Featherston(h1)2,421,983(h2)(h11,759,899(h2)
Hutt1,030,7452,377,029520,0051,471,720(i1)
Collingwood323,910207,397(j1)223,376124,911(j1)
Takaka(k1)279,261(k1)147,191
Waimea1,196,2261,608,135(l1)740,668972,576(l1)
Sounds171,095365,129124,480217,410
Marlborough1,837,6323,351,4871,344,1202,571,231
Kaikoura350,521564,420209,082413,950
Buller651,129873,785483,407598,489
Inangahua874,948870,964598,963627,110
Grey861,890839,014670,528637,005
Westland1,048,1561,011,443964,461805,218
Cheviot486,765926,272413,852742,375
Amuri921,2211,439,444762,518934,219
Ashley3,801,3415,607,5952,861,0834,533,853
Selwyn7,446,75610,085,151(m1)4,897,4196,971,080(m1)
Akaroa1,169,3791,974,712(n1)775,3161,564,437(n1)
Mount Herbert(o1)320,378(o1)252,953
Ashburton3,630,3836,675,788(p1)2,691,4665,456,715(p1)
Geraldine3,257,6962,330,543(q1)2,316,1831,271,565(q1)
Levels(r1)2,052,822(r1)1,575,763
Mackenzie736,021998,640589,528794,288
Waimate2,462,4333,758,1861,968,5873,113,721
Waitaki2,709,3793,280,1912,060,6402,593,563
Maniototo449,650730,096358,342500,304
Waihemo417,887465,636277,792314,125
Waikouaiti602,015701,094309,077379,460
Peninsula414,146439,342(s1)193,301261,436(s1)
Taieri1,330,7181,742,028931,5541,221,317
Tuapeka938,7011,213,252642,394875,788
Bruce957,4381,234,630600,771899,511
Clutha1,151,0461,545,906772,3521,042,393
Vincent791,595504,917637,287323,272
Lake382,722363,097274,791259,345
Fiord 144,320 137,540
Wallace1,364,0162,025,925(t1)943,7771,397,525(u1)
Southland3,739,5135,817,478(u1)2,446,8303,951,625(u1)
Stewart Island85,021163,23579,690135,385
    Islands (Antipodes, &o.) 13,880 13,880
Quarantine and Goat 3,454 900
Islands

BOROUGHS, 1891 AND 1907.

TABLE showing the CAPITAL VALUE of LAND, with IMPROVEMENTS (and distinguishing the UNIMPROVED VALUE of LAND), in each BOROUGH in NEW ZEALAND according to the Results of the General Valuation made in 1891, and as at 31st March, 1907.
Borough.Capital Value, Land and Improvements.Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous columns).
As in Year 1891.As at 31st March, 1907.As in Year 1891.As at 31st March, 1907.

(a) Formed part of Whangarei County.

(b) Formed part of Eden County.

(c) Formed part of Piako County.

(d) Formed part of Ohinemuri County.

(e) Formed part of Waipawa County.

(f) Formed part of Clifton and Taranaki Counties.

(g) Formed part of Stratford County.

(h) Formed part of Hawera County.

(i) Formed part of Taranaki County.

(j) Formed part of Rangitikei County.

(k) Part transferred to Manawatu County.

(l) Formed part of Horowhenua County.

(m) Part transferred to Wellington City.

Approximate.

(n) Formed part of Pahiatua County.

(o) Formed part of Wairarapa North County.

(p) Area of Borough reduced in 1904. Boundary altered.

(q) Formed part of Hutt County.

(r) Formed part of Waimea County.

(s) Value of railway-station (£80,000) included in 1891, excluded in 1907.

(t) Formed part of Selwyn County.

(u) Formed part of Geraldine County.

(v) Formed part of Southland County.

(w) Area of Borough increased in 1905. Boundary altered.

 ££££
Whangarei(a)277,466(a)151,815
Birkenhead77,532160,36842,33367,813
Devonport407,333818,882163,468344,648
Parnell366,098706,301138,775305,903
Newmarket182,353289,95182,327126,396
Grey Lynn222,355629,023135,607277,867
Onehunga250,634473,721111,406231,798
Mount Eden(b)923,050(b)387,066
Hamilton90,142450,31344,584266,739
Cambridge70,279218,74525,521112,990
Thames227,171268,81376,54791,720
Tauranga63,026104,97525,15344,672
Te Aroha(c)88,167(c)34,789
Waihi(d)189,762(d)65,195
Auckland4,934,2889,617,7572,471,4965,592,547
Gisborne317,989987,173148,511568,315
Napier1,275,8531,641,740667,157804,621
Hastings372,458735,955230,592455,294
Dannevirke(e)388,132(e)234,299
Woodville102,226113,06757,85245,880
New Plymouth341,1171,201,256165,621727,668
Waitara(f)136,648(f)55,391
Hawera84,834435,96137,914230,961
Patea43,37864,37812,05522,037
Stratford(g)353,785(g)190,908
Eltham(h)183,243(h)98,272
Inglewood(i)144,499(i)67,134
Wanganui543,4031,350,494290,321854,509
Marton83,915152,70933,73661,159
Taihape(j)150,638(j)88,224
Feilding146,884571,30568,199325,453
Palmerston North489,6181,991,887310,2931,137,983
Foxton85,743161,748(k)39,75578,005(k)
Levin(l)221,601(l)125,576
Onslow144,053333,251(m)70,803181,909(m)
Karori118,728672,79874,595403,676
Wellington—
    City portion5,865,77815,910,9553,440,1829,608,829
    Melrose portion203,5172,217,553129,4291,358,765
    Onslow portion..217,741..137,184
Pahiatua(n)209,082(n)100,911
Eketahuna(o)152,287(o)85,925
Masterton356,8601,086,010(p)159,861571,580(p)
Carterton88,650186,44131,31582,228
Greytown115,649150,02334,09559,039
Lower Hutt244,0751,474,035159,1781,073,319
Petone268,3581,243,166145,221744,956
Miramar(q)413,284(q311,630
Eastbourne(q)162,673(q)110,936
Richmond84,28599,02243,37553,813
Nelson942,3701,176,891389,397670,444
Picton88,195137,65041,18955,307
Blenheim378,943425,073167,481182,421
Motueka(r)147,145(r)81,998
Westport166,987428,69957,782221,058
Greymouth299,077535,038114,543165,982
Brunner115,89270,55216,16611,561
Kumara33,56534,3576,9455,982
Hokitika102,708201,58718,05479,974
Ross16,96121,7105,2505,492
Rangiora158,017215,99571,16186,347
Kaiapoi134,055184,13047,02359,060
Christchurch—
    Central Ward3,403,5665,907,3791,820,7702,898,107
    St. Albans Ward524,8221,154,238284,938388,109
    Sydenham Ward821,0601,351,682(s)333,876424,471(s)
Linwood Ward(t)786,882(t)240,875
Woolston(t)297,696(t)121,880
New Brighton(t)117,905(t)51,544
Sumner102,145353,45560,246210,905
Lyttelton851,730854,754150,490238,922
Akaroa49,40767,83819,62824,389
Ashburton223,091445,61890,733202,140
Temuka(u)148,668(u)40,072
Geraldine(u)102,363(u)35,176
Timaru442,830913,132151,661337,461
Waimate75,399223,82718,75986,904
Oamaru612,571690,944279,113248,696
Hampden13,19520,3565,2299,659
Naseby24,18633,4182,4404,765
Palmerston51,18274,89216,77123,170
Hawksbury45,71665,09619,82328,512
Port Chalmers200,043301,96560,946104,050
West Harbour137,015179,63268,24081,713
North-east Valley276,835507,130130,271209,241
Maori Hill142,890318,97867,348146,590
Roslyn360,962757,620169,610322,549
Mornington284,875498,059125,414183,271
Dunedin—
    Leith, Bell, High, and South Wards4,193,4226,277,4942,124,4673,021,684
    Caversham Ward466,074680,301217,158264,085
    South Dunedin Ward223,534536,26682,609167,053
St. Kilda118,477418,17176,842165,541
Green Island36,96246,66613,58514,215
Mosgiel122,625196,30953,44177,659
Roxburgh20,12332,7143,1675,102
Lawrence79,066118,43818,58431,988
Tapanui16,15523,2292,5753,750
Milton76,207166,26914,01254,175
Balclutha53,210125,43014,54748,580
Kaitangata54,976100,27921,13331,297
Arrowtown24,58620,9845,0123,325
Queenstown65,15364,10213,52414,531
Cromwell22,16845,1924,65810,726
Alexandra13,57851,6942,9559,898
Gore142,708432,94766,171183,300
Mataura(v)136,680(v)49,457
Winton20,19557,0407,96521,286
Gladstone26,54162,92013,82524,992
Avenal15,26954,739(w)6,68719,761(w)
North Invercargill28,29362,09815,64020,153
East Invercargill42,99681,03518,38525,400
Invercargill959,1401,586,022517,879689,880
South Invercargill79,526181,15042,81374,247
Riverton59,62664,33322,02417,922
Campbelltown97,380214,54649,43089,620

TOWN DISTRICTS, 1891 AND 1907.

TABLE showing the CAPITAL VALUE of LAND, with IMPROVEMENTS (and distinguishing the UNIMPROVED VALUE of LAND) according to the Results of the General Valuation made in 1891, and as at 31st March, 1907, for those Town Districts which, under the Provisions of “The Town Districts Act, 1906,” do not form Part of any County.
Town District.Capital Value, Land and Improvements.Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Columns).
As in Year 1891.As at 31st March, 1907.As in Year 1891.As at 31st March, 1907.

(a) Formed part of Waipukurau Road District.

(b) Formed part of Henui Road District.

(c) Formed part of Westmere Riding, Waitotara County.

(d) Formed part of Rangitikei County.

(e) Formed part of Martinborough Biding, Wairarapa South County.

(f) Formed part of Peninsula Road District.

 ££££
Helensville40,63932,1068,0286,544
Opotiki35,65560,08714,39031,850
Clyde45,341115,19222,16472,229
Taradale82,71194,31450,57553,675
Waipawa70,46296,05129,31546,607
Waipukurau(a)83,961(a)33,556
Fitzroy(b)116,444(b)71,281
Gonville(c)166,429(c)115,842
Hunterville(d)57,312(d)22,347
Bull's38,02439,2188,96611,735
Martinborough(e)83,851(e)33,135
Featherston47,18770,73313,64821,971
Johnsonville46,313146,99421,51979,249
Hampstead60,563105,70327,78443,304
Tinwald49,42879,20025,19145,215
Bay(f)183,043(f)101,958
Otautau14,34044,8716,01514,802
Wyndham22,76351,8207,54417,127

LOCAL DISTRICTS, 1907.

TABLE showing—(1.) CAPITAL VALUE of LAND, with IMPROVEMENTS (and distinguishing the UNIMPROVED VALUE OF LAND), in each COUNTY, RIDING, ROAD DISTRICT, and TOWN DISTRICT in NEW ZEALAND. (2.) CAPITAL VALUE of RATEABLE PROPERTY, with IMPROVEMENTS (and distinguishing the UNIMPROVED VALUE of LAND), in each COUNTY, RIDING, ROAD DISTRICT, and TOWN DISTRICT, as at 31st March, 1907.
NOTE.—The rateable value of pastoral lands of the Crown is fixed, under section 2 of “The Rating Act, 1894,” at the annual rental capitalised at 6 per cent., and in some cases is more and in some cases less than the assessed capital value of same. The rateable values which are shown below include, in some cases, Native lands which are liable for half rates only.
[System of rating: C.V. signifies capital value, U.V. unimproved value, and A.V. annual value.]
County and Riding.Road District or Town District.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous column.)Capital Value (Land and Improvements)Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous column).

* No Board.

* No rate levied. The Counties Act not wholly in force.

* No rate levied. The Counties Act not wholly in force.

* No Board.

Counties Act not in force.

* Late part of Clifton County.

* Counties Act not in force

* Counties Act not in force.

* No rates levied. Counties Act not in force.

* Approximate.

* No rates levied. Counties Act not in force.

* No rate levied. Counties Act not wholly in force.

* Formerly Knapdale Road District.

Formerly Tuturau Road District.

Formerly Otaraia Road District.

§ No Board.

  ££ ££
Mangonui—
        Kaitaia..71,35044,116..63,02937,783
        Hohoura..48,06325,519..29,84315,954
        Oruru..52,26535,826..33,67218,894
        Mangonui..47,12724,281..34,17513,807
        Victoria Valley..34,67617,676..31,23414,814
        Herekino..37,08230,100..20,69214,081
                Total of county..290,563177,518C.V.212,645155,333
Whangaroa—
        Whangaroa..29,22919,681..24,62516,719
        Totara..22,02813,485..17,92010,366
        Kaeo..31,92918,610..27,48415,186
                Total of county..83,18651,776C.V.70,02942,271
Bay of Islands—
        Waimate..170,779111,180..146,36988,657
        Russell..63,89546,927..37,58923,376
        Kawakawa..104,05050,996..78,72731,086
        Pakaraka..180,770131,441..137,62990,821
                Total of county..519,494340,544C.V.400,314233,940
Hokianga—
        Whangape..72,95957,039..38,68424,941
        Kohukohu..83,15753,070..50,75722,823
        Waihou..80,95270,081..43,54333,833
        Taheke..82,70575,398..21,32515,200
        Horeke..28,84919,933..25,76916,853
        Rawene..35,72221,059..29,62113,299
        Omapere..185,536152,122..43,94714,889
        Waipoua..57,67347,752..33,75524,286
                Total of county..627,553496,454U.V.287,401171,124
Whangarei—
        OtongaOtonga27,10112,421C.V.26,71612,226
        Outlying34,37318,064..23,3039,764
        KiripakaMarua34,15820,137C.V.29,30815,834
 Outlying54,95236,378..45,95828,149
        HikurangiHikurangi57,12231,241C.V.54,66130,560
 Kaurihohore22,82211,769C.V.22,24111,551
 Outlying26,44315,138..23,65512,350
        WairuaKamo T.D.31,27012,369C.V.29,73012,007
 Outlying102,96954,310..96,98449,167
        MaunuMaunu155,43888,078C.V.146,29183,075
 Outlying34,00821,183..27,09414,794
 Mangakahia19,56411,257C.V.18,37910,072
        ManaiaWhareora14,3087,908C.V.14,0267,626
 Parua30,19214,780C.V.27,57313,438
 Outlying41,95722,393..38,52719,531
        MangapaiMaungakaramea40,44817,620C.V.39,37517,132
 Ruarangi18,0559,355C.V.17,3038,603
 Waikiekie60,21835,303C.V.59,11534,525
 Outlying23,44711,850..21,48010,313
        WaipuWaipu North26,90312,355C.V.25,55511,247
 Outlying20,15113,817..17,45711,123
 Waipu48,05921,935C.V.45,51920,315
                Total of county..923,958499,661C.V.850,250443,402
Hobson—
        Dargaville..87,09853,718..86,77353,413
        Kaihu..45,98931,592..42,23027,833
        Tangowahine..119,20699,546..101,72782,297
        Wairoa..90,74770,382..82,02661,792
        Okahu..74,12443,432..72,74942,866
        Aratapu..111,12953,904..106,99252,374
        Te Kopuru..90,33545,883..66,59630,023
                Total of county..618,628398,457U.V.559,093350,598
Otamatea—
        Tokatoka..172,839121,402..167,711116,685
        MatakoheMatakohe71,02345,134C.V.68,52243,354
 Outlying32,66422,354..31,21521,005
        MareretuMareretu34,42617,022C.V.33,40416,165
        Paparoa..56,29825,598..53,97725,089
        Wairau..71,59935,954..70,75735,718
        WhakapirauWhakapirau*83,16351,414..66,17337,319
        KaiwakaMangawai34,12319,240C.V.32,64518,311
 Outlying51,87131,854..42,87224,291
                Total of county..608,006369,972C.V.567,276337,937
Rodney—
        HoteoAlbertland North8,1944,212C.V.7,5323,767
 Outlying65,42234,004..58,89327,800
        AlbertAlbertland South33,03010,543C.V.31,31610,086
 Wharehine24,53114,926C.V.23,84614,526
        Tauhoa..41,04719,069..39,83018,361
 Komokoriki14,9279,127C.V.12,5396,883
        KaiparaAhuroa13,2128,353C.V.12,9828,248
 Outlying33,75016,713..32,80815,936
        Omaha..56,03126,296..54,93625,846
 Matakana West31,92712,648C.V.30,42212,016
        MatakanaMatakana East17,0079,562C.V.16,9309,495
 Eastern Mahurangi15,0617,421C.V.13,7616,731
 Outlying32,69916,029..31,70515,500
        MahurangiPt. Warkworth, N.W.15,8667,275C.V.15,5687,087
        WarkworthPt. Warkworth, Township S.W.67,43724,894C.V64,74524,177
        PuhoiPuhoi62,99338,533C.V.61,72838,293
                Total of county..533,134259,605C.V.509,541244,752
Waitemata—
        Mairetahi..114,73465,744..104,03158,018
        KaukapakapaKaukapakapa63,96633,380C.V.61,15231,087
        Kumeu..62,20137,655..59,75435,673
        WainuiPukeatua39,37922,150C.V.35,07018,188
 Outlying46,58420,957..44,57820,365
        Takapuna..204,924125,199..197,922122,634
        Birkenhead..53,89332,408..51,25529,770
        Northcote..143,99371,828..139,18368,788
        Waitakerei..147,74292,148..139,08885,239
        Waikomiti..120,68164,144..98,52050,493
                Total of County..998,097565,613C.V.930,553520,255
Eden—
        NewtonArch Hill146,29461,209A.V.140,08457,929
        GraftonEden Terrace177,95963,386C.V.177,23463,161
 P'nt Chevalier165,75558,582C.V.56,80543,487
        WhauMount Albert493,525234,377C.V.484,760231,012
 Avondale161,50971,858C.V.154,55267,606
 Mount Roskill254,538177,688C.V.246,468174,118
        EpsomEpsom393,575203,216C.V.390,095201,041
 One-tree Hill509,688312,776C.V.471,612289,366
        ParnellRemuera817,025476,290C.V.792,935460,345
 Orakei12,98211,078C.V.11,0329,328
 Tamaki West172,360123,357C.V.166,835119,157
 Panmure Township22,68510,611C.V.20,4759,781
        TamakiMount Wellington265,199163,119C.V252,634156,548
                Total of county..3,593,0941,967,547*3,365,5211,882,879
Manukau—
 Awhitu57,08627,106U.V.52,35325,876
        AwhituPollok Settlement17,5488,036C.V.17,0787,873
        WaiukuWaipipi199,070110,528C.V.194,350108,382
 Waiuku145,29893,425C.V.140,91390,647
 Pakuranga83,67056,568C.V.82,48856,054
 Howick Township27,30410,305C.V.26,20710,025
        HowickPaparoa37,97620,998C.V.37,31620,763
 East Tamaki167,53798,975C.V.167,41298,570
 Turanga39,27917,924C.V.38,50417,859
 Maraetai24,00313,721U.V.23,27313,621
 Otahuhu166,82691,288C.V.155,00186,748
 Mangere335,668236,848C.V.325,028229,078
        OtahuhuPapatoitoi81,18357,126C.V.79,94456,841
 Manurewa58,03031,477C.V.56,91631,296
 Papakura71,24737,113U.V.70,30837,064
 Wairoa141,60674,849C.V.137,06472,067
        PapakuraDrury74,45136,759C.V.73,45736,629
 Papakura T.D.37,35116,404C.V.34,77015,338
 Hunua42,69822,922U.V.41,65322,357
 Mauku87,74147,607C.V.85,76946,914
 Karaka77,98737,740C.V.77,07437,292
        PukekohePukekohe W.174,430102,241C.V.173,067102,083
 Pukekohe T.D.67,93237,261C.V.62,10235,991
 Pukekohe E.169,41081,355 166,12480,804
 Opaheke63,81928,567C.V.62,23428,449
 Paparata59,80126,767C.V.58,28026,238
 Pokeno46,94621,618C.V.44,30020,303
        MaungatawhiriMaungatawhiri36,94015,675C.V.36,77715,612
 Mercer26,75411,646C.V.19,0338,615
 Outlying81,36062,559C.V.62,63143,830
                Total of county..2,700,9491,535,408*2,601,4261,483,218
Islands—
        Great Barrier..61,76239,651Nil40,35432,456
Kermadec..93,82150,860Nil79,04943,701
Waiheke
Kawau
Motutapu
Motiti
Ponui
Motuhora
Rangitoto
Moturoa
Motuihi
Motutikatika
Cuvier
Mokohinau
Great Mercury
Taranga
White
Week's Island
Whale
Tiritiri
                Total of islands..155,58390,511Nil119,40376,157
Waikato—
        WhangamarinoWhangamarino210,778127,396C.V.184,868110,766
        HuntlyHuntly229,336145,170C.V.212,536133,370
        KirikiriroaKirikiriroa640,957403,867C.V.602,819380,404
        TamahereTamahere157,19392,883C.V.149,96286,496
        CambridgeCambridge250,156141,621C.V.247,440141,000
                Total of county..1,488,42091,937C.V.1,397,625852,036
Raglan—
        Onewhero..250,894142,257..247,524140,119
        Whangape..268,247167,850..253,388153,567
        Waingaro..198,697110,857..196,182108,342
        Te AkauTe Akau*118,383105,507..118,338105,465
        Karioi..86,77849,573..83,74047,822
 Raglan T.D.18,9096,767U.V.17,2656,387
        WhaingaroaOutlying64,08238,204..03,19337,657
        KaramuKaramu*39,48124,154..39,02123,694
 Outlying26,71619,829..24,89417,257
        Pirongia..47,87329,011..45,87727,155
                Total of county..1,120,060094,009U.V.1,089,422667,465
Waipa—
        NewcastleNewcastle119,96071,909C.V.117,28470,632
 Ngaruawahia T.D.31,69610,715C.V.28,0368,750
        Hamilton..231,877148,734..225,595146,787
        TuhikarameaTuhikaramea74,02247,842C.V.73,53747,407
        PukekuraPukekura256,341141,918C.V.253,300140,875
        Mangapiko..174,66097,533..170,43895,021
 Te Awamutu T.D.54,72527,720C.V.49,46925,854
        RangiaohiaKihikihi T.D.18,9096,670C.V.15,5076,118
 Rangiaohia189,841112,234C.V.187,881111,959
                Total of county..1,152,031605,275C.V.1,121,047654,003
Kawhia—
        KawhiaKawhia T.D.13,5725,631U.V.10,0033,637
 Outlying2,0941,879..1,6221,407
        Matakowhai..66,12445,629..63,36442,869
        Te Kuri..18,22314,975..15,36812,195
        Awaroa..20,83417,055..18,07014,291
        Waiharakiki..19,52415,698..19,15415,328
        Taharoa..14,04912,175..11,2099,385
                Total of county..154,420113,042U.V.138,79099,112
        Awakino..336,107248,046247,481162,463
Waitomo—
        Waitomo..40,19028,009..31,93120,974
        Te Rauamoa..51,84138,464..42,82729,812
        Otorohanga..51,85235,859..41,33627,366
        Hangatiki..22,68214,556..21,69913,669
        Mairoa..64,56646,291..53,57135,449
        Paemako..28,14621,645..23,54117,288
        Te Kuiti..27,86418,066..23,87714,842
        *Ohura..332,817312,165..149,741134,355
                Total of county..617,288515,872C.V.388,734295,359
Coromandel—
        Coromandel..134,22671,920..104,97454,165
        Port Charles..44,51730,122..37,60223,464
        Mercury Bay..97,06071,260..77,21354,725
                Total of county..275,803173,302C.V.219,789132,354
Thames—
        Hastings..69,39553,311..58,57244,791
        Waiotahi..9,1335,635..4,4851,302
        Kauaeranga..34,61312,597..33,52612,010
        Parawai..44,43818,030..38,69816,385
        Totara..332,874237,039..274,870184,071
                Total of county..490,453326,612C.V.410,151258,559
Ohinemuri—
        Waitoa..114,19691,244..67,77746,220
        Paeroa..215,381124,126..187,73196,556
        Waitekauri..47,98232,780..22,5149,671
        Karangahake..98,49735,249..71,57921,892
                Total of county..476,056283,399C.V.349,601174,339
Tauranga—
        KatikatiKatikati65,51736,519U.V.53,59725,534
 Outlying12,2339,389..8,3736,054
        Te Puna..94,41074,255..83,78164,026
        Waimapu..114,67564,362..105,57757,569
        Te PukeTe Puke146,95183,557U.V.137,62976,710
 Outlying46,12628,171..43,52225,592
        Maketu..185,889112,101..171,619101,045
                Total of county..665,801408,354U.V.604,298356,530
Piako—
        Waitoa..637,788365,858..613,006347,729
        Te Aroha..107,26964,575..99,52957,929
        Matamata..256,808161,160..227,144133,091
        Taotaoroa..82,28645,618..81,89045,583
        Patetere..469,681316,203..322,353192,153
                Total of county..1,553,832953,414C.V.1,343,922776,485
Rotorua—
        North..315,974246,734..104,47665,466
        South..370,608283,399..242,567162,868
                Total of county..686,582530,133Nil347,043228,334
Whakatane—
        Matata..126,438109,555..59,40646,186
        Omataroa..96,07069,143..88,26264,978
        Opouriao..125,474111,249..46,29433,819
        Waimana..49,92739,238..40,38730,255
                Total of county..397,909329,185C.V.234,349175,238
Opotiki—
        Waioeka..468,496378,667..241,184156,391
        Ohiwa..30,87316,808..25,24311,209
                Total of county..499,369395,475C.V.266,427167,600
        East Taupo..576,778463,362*376,498264,637
        West Taupo (portion)..442,606401,088..123,61783,975
 Taumarunui Township24,02316,658..19,00312,138
                Total of county..466,629417,746*142,62096,113
Islands—
        Mayor and Motiti..5,7803,696Nil5,7803,696
Waiapu—
        Matakaoa..281,748240,599..219,099179,827
        Awanui..284,339221,558..275,667218,174
        Piritarau..486,074326,931..465,217309,631
        Waipiro..454,762285,527..434,875267,237
        Tokomaru..394,963248,526..292,254147,832
                Total of county..1,901,8861,323,141C.V.1,687,1121,122,701
Cook—
        Tolago..855,310602,130..735,795487,209
 Waikohu605,903397,187C.V.540,478332,822
 Waipaoa179,127102,809C.V.177,834101,516
        WaikohuMangatu186,600120,096C.V.179,665114,096
 Ngatapa670,773436,744C.V.597,761364,396
 Waimata375,975256,578C.V.313,334194,022
        WaimataPouawa245,887163,528C.V.245,887163,528
 Ormond114,80077,087C.V.112,76176,772
 Poverty Bay256,525182,289C.V.253,513181,526
        GisborneTaruheru (Subdivisions 1, 2)108,72879,275C.V.107,91479,147
 Taruheru (Subdivision 3)58,53232,144C.V.58,53232,144
        WhataupokoOutlying (pt.)56,57135,830..55,79635,680
 Outlying (pt.)65,12349,173..65,12349,173
 Titirangi42,48432,051C.V.42.48432,051
        PatutahiPatutahi340,250235,002C.V.337,268233,612
 Hangaroa130,39374,906C.V.74,68219,195
        HangaroaOutlying207,532152,773..138,40786,960
 Aroha111,77066,822C.V.111,77066,822
        Arai..590,459416,174..565,075393,641
                Total of county..5,202,7423,512,598C.V.4,714,0793,044,312
Wairoa—
        Waikaremoana..1,293,948877,707..1,210,588797,603
        Clyde..483,377322,161..414,984254,602
        Mohaka..807,290562,339..711,503468,227
                Total of county..2,584,6151,762,207C.V.12,337,0751,520,432
Hawke's Bay—
        Petane..452,278318,301..442,827312,145
        Puketapu..582,444430,809..579,984428,754
        Okawa..802,918610,710..802,312610,244
        Meanee..388,692285,945..360,606281,274
        Erewhon..119,57696,626..115,14992,199
        Maraekakaho..636,681498,976..632,127495,194
        Heretaunga..1,064,092822,486..1,062,999822,273
        Clive..542,123440,698..538,216438,926
        Havelock..1,210,5471,004,540..1,205,1101,002,505
                Total of County..5,799,3514,509,091C.V.5,739,3304,483,514
Waipawa—
 North Ruataniwha410,400289,037U.V.411,307290,934
        HampdenOutlying57,24926,924..48,51719,192
        WaipawaWaipawa62,83341,925U.V.62,80341,905
 Takapau361,802242,491U.V.358,751241,672
 Outlying183,788103,156..178,81898,737
        Ruataniwha..340,774223,797..331,534216,043
        WaipukurauWaipukurau339,450254,484U.V.339,567254,978
        NorsewoodNorsewood244,842142,182U.V.239,392139,242
        OrmondvilleT.D. Outlying36,54010,307U.V.32,2239,556
 Ormondville169,08390,975..167,87290,360
        Dannevirke..306,117216,236..296,776207,476
        Mangatoro..458,960316,317..457,089314,596
                Total of county..2,971,8381,957,831U.V.2,924,6491,924,691
Woodville—
        Woodville..179,739106,024..178,546105,325
        Maungaatua..159,237109,232..157,681107,711
        Kumeroa..202,620115,493..200,286114,282
        Maharahara..180,320122,368..177,510120,310
                Total of county..721,916453,117U.V.714,023447,628
Patangata—
 Patangata237,354180,542C.V.237,096180,519
        PatangataKaikora N. T.D.34,43016,481A.V.32,55816,276
        OeroOero498,091408,991C.V.497,363408,417
        TamumuTamumu832,093676,659C.V.832,009676,575
 Wanstead197,034155,867C.V.196,479155,610
        EparaimaWallingford466,557346,320C.V.465,420345,473
        PorangahauPorangahau512,666381,743C.V.502,149376,163
                Total of county..2,778,2252,169,603C.V.2,763,0742,159,033
Weber—
        Weber..122,94170,597..121,65170,262
        Ti-tree Point..109,84161,905..108,55660,644
        Wimbledon..135,25676,291..132,24474,767
                Total of county..368,038208,793C.V.362,451205,673
Clifton—
        Mokau..250,473176,736..203,713131,400
        Urenui..159,06990,254..147,15979,428
        Tikorangi..90,85157,061..90,24456,889
        Waihi..100,01067,295..99,18466,584
        Ngatimaru..168,98690,256..140,24662,030
                Total of county..769,389481,602C.V.680,546396,331
Taranaki—
 Waitara West230,159135,423C.V.228,187134,910
        WaitaraEgmont179,841105,109C.V.177,196103,593
 Henui129,30679,503C.V.128,26078,943
 Moa644,802353,751C.V.639,438352,197
        MoaMangorei80,37543,980C.V.80,24643,966
 Waiwakaiho101,50950,531C.V.97,04447,851
 Elliott57,48639,093C.V.56,89038,710
 Carrington104,44663,854C.V.103,54463,145
 Frankley74,46945,524C.V.74,34845,504
 Barrett117,50475,764C.V.115,35674,307
 Omata94,16764,003C.V.79.78251,041
OmataUpper Hurford21,69911,431C.V.21,51011,423
 Tataraimaka58,52932,959C.V.57,75832,740
 Oakura107,45363,628C.V.101,72558,300
 Okato112,17367,439C.V.108,50964,910
 Werekino38,76424,910C.V.37,38923,535
                Total of county..2,152,6821,256,902C.V.2,107,1821,225,075
Egmont—
        RahotuParihaka634,185381,535C.V.618,152371,492
        OpunakeOpunake T.D.72,91539,170C.V.63,05985,737
        Oeo..273,016165,332..267,643160,919
                Total of county..980,116586,037C.V.948,854568,148
Stratford—
        NorthManganui393,101215,304U.V.389,152213,847
        East..434,338254,281..422,005242,546
        Ohura..238,122166,467..201,521131,687
        West..214,410133,977..210,763131,034
        South..217,915139,856..216,775139,478
                Total of county..1,497,886909,885U.V.1,440,216858,592
Hawera—
 Manaia T.D.48,18415,874C.V.43,40414,713
 Waimate (pt.)754,728608,397C.V.752,859607,728
        KaupokonuiWaimate (pt.)383,623289,556C.V.382,039289,166
 Norman by T.D.32,50515,104C..V.30,66014,691
        HaweraOutlying815,928629,418..808,274025,169
        Arawata..398,661290,988..394,240289,496
        Mokoia..436,252338,155..433,275336,026
        Meremere..252,077182,930..238,505170,088
                Total of county..3,121,7582,370,422C.V.3,083,2562,347,077
Eltham— ££ ££
        KapongaKaponga T.D.25,72910,297C.V.22,4459,315
 Outlying261,683189,487..256,328184,598
        Mangatoki..560,221416,379..557,934415,847
        Eltham..253,633161,022..250,603158,675
        Omona..101,18964,165..90,53853,997
        South..280,664209,611..285,849209,558
                Total of county..1,489,1191,050,961C.V.1,463,7571,031,990
Patea—
 Patea West362,991230,230C.V.347,057215,794
        OtoiaPatea East211,732133,714..204,236131,804
 Outlying4,4584,458..1,8931,893
        Kapara..143,37087,216..111,05456,773
 Kohi72,28644,934C.V.71,96944,894
 Wairoa84,68351,847C.V.79,20046,486
 Motoroa37,86820,908C.V.37,20720,347
 Waitotara-Momohaki165,47183,477C.V.154,00178,952
        WaverleyOkutuku79,86154,590C.V.79,86154,590
 Whenuakura-Waitotara196,846129,048C.V.196,767129,003
 Waverley T.D.59,70421,212C.V.53,77519,522
                Total of county..1,419,276866,634C.V.1,337,020800,058
Waitotara—
        Tokomaru..170,731119,087..130,60079,465
        Waitotara..408,213296,815..405,728295,615
        Brunswick..371,600252,067..366,651249,834
        Westmere..292,014210,415..290,186209,127
                Total of County..1,242,558878,384C.V.1,193,165334,041
Wanganui—
        MangawheroMangawhero339,532224,236C.V.305,332190,963
        Upper WangaehuUpper Wangaehu529,952327,624C.V.453,760252,271
        MataongaongaMataongaonga226,316163,279C.V.225,813163,026
        KaukateaKaukatea87,57558,113C.V.87,34958,083
        PuruaPurua250,025163,273C.V.247,949162,654
        KaitokeKaitoke208,631146,790C.V.205,361144,382
                Total of county..1,642,0311,083,315C.V.1,525,564971,379
        Huikumu..186,437160,507..150,531131,008
        Manganui..139,707122,350..39,09822,224
        Ruapehu..66,66056,570..39,37529,807
        Karioi..35,62833,457..28,73726,611
        Parapara..111,73884,440..101,92875,331
        Raetihi..32,97119,692..26,97715,567
        Ohakune..147,343128,866..140,896122,958
                Total of county..720,484605,882U.V.533,542423,506
Rangitikei—
        Erewhon..398,610327,780..356,852287,842
        Awarua..390,322255,171..356,150227,188
        Otairi..321,802162,857..309,771152,039
        Te Kapua..318,904174,956..290,281146,520
        Wangaehu..340,644203,805..340,072203,451
        Rangitira..343,697210,259..342,622210,185
        Porewa..330,235184,613..327,781184,245
 Lethbridge T.D.27,35211,143A.V.25,40910,831
        OtakapuOutlying301,021207,640..300,754207,717
        Rangitoto..289,895180,186..288,798180,078
                Total of county..3,062,4821,918,410C.V.2,938,4961,810,096
Kiwitea—
        Hautapu..222,604139,155..212,881130,133
        Rangiwahia..211,290126,286..202,045117,875
        Peep-o'-day..177,149109,402..157,87090,123
        Ongo..174,701120,501..171,301117,451
        Kiwitea..153,502110,821..153,502110,821
        Waituna..159,879107,522..159,199107,228
        Cheltenham..161,986112,754..160,288112,590
        Kimbolton..163,27498,532..160,07597,362
        Pakihikura..196,474128,029..195,383127,160
                Total of county..1,620,8591,053,002C.V.1,572,5441,010,743
Pohangina—
        Mangapikopiko..138,95782,642..135,61780,882
        Umutoi..142,33888,505..123,92870,408
        Coal Creek..130,40479,221..130,09679,038
        Tamaki..97,68567,090..72,00741,412
        Pohangina..86,24653,347..84,66952,536
        Mangaone..144,76392,189..144,37992,119
        Awahou..126,93078,246..119,07171,142
                Total of county..867,323541,240C.V.809,767487,537
        Manawatu— ££ ££
        Sandon..200,975147,394..203,328146,564
        Mount Stewart..228,076160,673..227,199159,936
        Waitohi..191,114137,962..190,448137,912
        Rongotea Rongotea T.D.38,03813,232C.V.33,63112,167
 Outlying232,342175,601..232,113175,475
        Carnarvon..258,924208,404..256,701207,330
        Kawakawa..240,325182,267..239,949182,249
        Awahou..314,256251,689..311,830250,644
                Total of county..1,710,0501,277,222C.V.1,695,1991,272,277
Oroua—
 Halcombe T.D.21,1956,303A.V.19,1576,180
        RangitawaOutlying26,67019,509..26,62019,459
        Mangaone..107,58774,525..107,52274,460
        Raumanga..294,722210,909..294,186210,878
        Makino..344,573260,212..344,149260,192
        Taonui..391,353285,376..389,733285,018
        Hiwinui..352,719253,714..352,315253,668
        Otangaki..61,47430,178..57,08627,853
                Total of county..1,600,2931,140,726C.V.1,590,7681,137,708
Kairanga—
        Mangaone..582,846452,969..580,087452,358
        Taonui..956,529733,751..944,911732,615
        Fitzherbert..617,464434,994..604,634423,382
                Total of county..12,156,8391,621,714U.V.2,129,6321,608,355
Horowhenua—
        Tokomaru..846,797623,267..838,952618,690
        Wirokino..1,090,296810,919..1,024,329773,057
        OtakiOtaki333,891190,608C.V.319,208183,172
        Te Horo..281,756173,655..274,368166,912
                Total of county..2,553,7401,798,449C.V.2,456,8571,741,831
        Chatham Islands..95,55755,838*92,44653,614
Islands—
Kapiti
Mana
Somes
..17,98413,378Nil10,4849,378
Pahiatua— ££ ££
        Mangahao..585,833377,195..573,811368,58
        Pukemiku..185,619107,972..179,322105,625
        Makuri..313,335178,675..305,686171,501
        Mangaone..266,633168,234..266,261163,056
        Puketoi..369,843201,351..365,858198,830
                Total of county..1,721,2631,033,427U.V.1,690,9381,012,594
Akitio—
        Akitio..204,336127,574..201,666124,904
        Waihi..171,01184,545..163,50978,029
        Rakannui..73,32740,153..67,98535,134
        Pongaroa..215,003122,052..198,441107,833
        Mataikona..89,15462,650..89,06762,583
                Total of county..752,831436,974U.V.720,668408,483
Castlepoint—
        East..303,391199,203..302,976199,113
        West..285,482175,661..282,518175,162
                Total of county..588,873374,864U.V.585,494374,275
Eketahuna—
        West..271,969155,951..259,962144,995
        East..213,584112,019..213,103111,924
                Total of county..485,553267,970U.V.473,065256,919
Mauriceville—
        West..220,367127,295..202,177110,740
        East..218,273125,022..204,027111,732
                Total of county..438,640252,317C.V.406,204222,472
Masterton—
        Alfredton..340,452174,782..336,274171,294
        Upper Taueru..213,944123,928..213,708123,857
        Rangitumau..337,586215,348..336,650215,251
        Opaki..395,588384,950..578,768371,880
        Te Whiti..279,452206,543..278,329206,020
        Wainuioru..656,796448,769..650,472443,845
                Total of county..2,423,8181,554,320C.V.2,394,2011,532,147
Wairarapa South— ££ ££
        Belvedere..257,202166,341..239,915150,783
        Dalefield..238,868156,205..235,489154,265
        Parkvale..249,489169,660..246,113169,398
        Maungaraki..768,738524,419..762,533520,460
                Total of county..1,514,2971,016,625U.V.1,484,050994,906
Featherston—
        Pahaoa..372,518263,536..372,513263,531
        Greytown..338,697244,975..324,639232,119
        Martinborough..199,495141,144..197,463139,985
        Western Lake..179,035139,782..161,936123,168
        Kahutara..349,649268,250..340,639259,820
        Featherston..152,904105,088..150,389102,783
        Otaraia..198,947151,950..198,302151,305
        Turanganui..239,231184,933..224,012170,199
        Awhea..391,507260,241..371,555240,994
                Total of county..2,421,9831,759,899C.V.2,340,8481,083,904
Hutt—
        Whareroa..274,624169,187..256,731152,518
        HorokiwiOutlying256,839149,999..254,824147,319
 Plimmerton20,6658,130C.V.20,0457,680
        Porirua..667,157332,350..585,804315,270
        Mungaroa..401,950262,924..370,453238,861
        Epuni..348,70167,390..318,086242,164
        Wainuiomata..268,89494,984..244,709179,029
        MakaraMakara138,19988,756C.V.137,60188,596
                Total of county..2,37,0291,471,720C.V.2,188,2531,371,437
Collingwood—
        Aorere..120,38460,997..94,28637,254
        Pakawau..87,01363,914..69,44451,675
                Total of county..207,397124,911C.V.163,73088,929
Takaka—
        Waitapu..138,73765,053..128,21057,399
        Anatoki..140,52482,138..106,20650,078
                Total of county..279,261147,191U.V.234,416107,477
Waima—
        MoutereUpper Moutere56,01325,504C.V.54,58325,115
 Outlying57,97934,348..56,80633,719
        MotuekaRiwaka148,69592,390C.V.141,81986,596
 Outlying145,25174,705..136,98667,700
        StokeStoke316,352221,247C.V.294,230207,079
 Dovedale53,80025,525C.V.51,85724,504
        Wai-itiWaimea W.92,01060,445C.V.89,81559,720
 Outlying315,347179,130..297,568167,654
        Wangapeka..123,10475,224..99,56452,520
        Motupiko..137,78087,911..113,95465,669
 Suburban N.133,85172,224C.V.124,50067,473
 Outlying9,8078,180..7,9586,331
        WangamoaMaitai, Outlying18,14615,743..12,3849,981
                Total of county..1,608,135972,576C.V.1,482,024874,061
Sounds—
        Pelorus Sound portion (Croixelles to Cape Lambert)..262,954149,732..215,752104,934
        Queen Charlotte Sound and Port Underwood portion..102,17567,678..78,61544,311
                Total of county..365,129217,410*294,367149,245
Marlborough—
        PelorusPelorus368,507233,072U.V.296,529163,661
        HavelockHavelock T.D.26,6508,837C.V.21,8527,537
        PictonPicton227,767136,954C.V.218,047129,172
        Spring CreekSpring Creek291,542241,005C.V.286,826237,425
        OmakaOmaka542,303420,186C.V.535,755415,934
        WairauWairau758,959613,856C.V.716,753573,082
        AwatereAwatere1,135,759917,321U.V.1,066,624849,900
                Total of county..3,351,4872,571,231*3,142,3862,376,711
Kaikoura—
        Clarence..107,43579,920..87,33759,822
        Suburban..137,456102,913..131,66599,922
        Peninsula..57,85424,765..51,28622,643
        Conway..197,789156,089..185,689143,989
        Hundalee..63,88650,263..45,58231,959
                Total of county..564,420413,950C.V.501,559358,335
Buller— ££ ££
        Karamea..*145,462*107,587..*56,672*19,080
        Wareatea North..*550,135*359,041..*443,945*269,900
        Lyell..*26,913*16,813..*11,797*3,017
        Charleston..*61,169*51,383..*9,882*2,809
                Total of county..*873,785*598,489U.V.*552,303*307,930
Inangahua—
        Hampden..413,852364,749..86,77939,203
        Boatman's..106,94075,687..45,04115,008
        Reefton..183,71957,309..159,38748,420
        Murray..17,28310,954..9,8694,110
        Crushington..56,49749,308..11,1043,915
        Antonio's..92,67369,103..36,74513,985
                Total of county..870,964627,110U.V.348,925124,641
Grey—
        Cobden..137,60284,056..88,56641,592
        Brunnerton..148,221104,835..73,88030,742
        Waipuna..148,004114,326..54,11222,570
        Nelson Creek..72,45154,293..27,93210,638
        Red Jack's..111,21799,817..33,73522,335
        Maori Creek..45,66839,007..34,48529,168
        Paroa..41,30023,301..28,15311,935
        Marsden..21,64018,183..6,4563,457
        Hohonu..112,91199,187..38,30825,050
                Total of county..839,014637,005C.V.385,627197,487
Westland—
        Arahura..98,81359,844..57,24721,668
        Kanieri..264,428160,176..185,04993,985
        Southern..648,202585,198..132,95575,613
                Total of county..1,011,443805,218C.V.375,251191,266
Cheviot—
        Hawkeswood..225,352185,583..225,073185,304
        Kaiwara..118,310108,342..118,310108,342
        Waiau..152,321123,887..150,596123,377
        Lowry..162,668119,722..158,312117,891
        Hurunui..130,368109,069..129,170108,556
        Seaward..137,25395,772..132,95494,614
                Total of county..926,272742,375U.V.C.V.914,415738,084
Amuri— ££ ££
        Hanmer..386,505284,129..360,465266,591
        Pahau..372,003290,126..368,362287,524
        Waiau..291,07444,939..288,26544,326
        Rotherham..224,862180,403..223,289180,104
        Lyndon..165,000134,622..165,000134,622
                Total of county..1,439,444934,219C.V.1,405,381913,167
Ashley—
        WaiparaWaipara1,916,7491,655,161C.V.1,871,0341,631,314
        Mount ThomasAshley435,127348,636C.V.421,412336,578
 Kowai874,469684,698C.V.862,597680,859
        KowaiAmberley T.D.36,74313,634C.V.32,73312,694
        OxfordOxford541,358403,374C.V.510,210380,940
        CustCust227,337174,611C.V.224,598174,028
        MandevilleMandeville-Rangiora751,490584,432C.V.742,440580,961
        West EyretonWest Eyreton262,345223,864C.V.261,463223,495
        EyretonEyreton561,977445,443C.V.557,374444,201
                Total of county..5,607,5954,533,853*5,483,8614,465,070
Selwyn—
        AvonAvon796,566508,417C.V.776,788502,204
 Riccarton1,645,804923,552C.V.1,265,324709,647
        RiccartonTempleton666,151413,824C.V.651,726408,054
        CourtenayCourtenay1,146,932861,271C.V.1,103,671840,912
 Malvern189,952145,002C.V.179,345141,759
 East Malvern187,531147,971C.V.183,296145,821
        MalvernS'th Malvern127,38296,739C.V.125,59296,359
 Upper Waimakariri69,29556,135C.V.74,83254,862
        HeathcoteHeathcote755,568427,513C.V.744,117424,149
 Taitapu162,762126,727C.V.160,216126,270
        HalswellSpreydon284,554134,556U.V.279,999133,321
 Halswell479,880340,900C.V.456,612335,757
        ColeridgeL'ke Coleridge324,733271,731C.V.322,037271,192
 Rakaia476,463365,756C.V.467,646361,898
 Springs757,334573,097C.V.717,578570,769
        LincolnLincoln434,955344,810C.V.427,485343,561
 Southbridge T.D.37,59814,880C.V.31,73214,015
 Ellesmere1,541,6911,218,199C.V.1,522,0911,214,787
                Total of county..10,085,1516,971,080C.V.9,490,0876,695,337
Mount Herbert— ££ ££
        Port Victoria..108,08479,896..103,08678,759
        Port Levy..212,294173,057..211,319172,982
                Total of county..320,378252,953C.V.314,405251,741
Akaroa—
        Port LevyPigeon Bay263,916204,247C.V.262,773204,096
        Little RiverLittle River667,506561,554C.V.651,934549,263
        Okain's BayOkain's Bay240,497181,934C.V.239,090181,650
        Le Bon's BayLe Bon's Bay163,461123,547C.V.162,954123,313
        WainuiTown of Akaroa & Wainui639,332493,155C.V.627,590488,091
                Total of county..1,974,7121,564,437C.V.1,944,3411,546,413
Ashburton—
        Mount HuttMount Hutt1,286,8361,092,958C.V.1,270,8651,085,601
        South RakaiaSouth Rakaia1,086,431890,741C.V.1,074,542886,869
 M'nt Somers296,325239,470C.V.274,463226,520
        Mount SomersAnama472,817394,666C.V.466,639389,813
 Upper Ashburton1,096,618866,715C.V.1,090,967864,334
        Upper AshburtonRangitata729,631582,527C.V.721,964580,284
        WakanuiWakanui548,038450,888C.V.542,214447,914
 Longbeach793,461647,261C.V.789,341646,674
        AshburtonColdstream365,631291,489C.V.362,762290,463
                Total of county..6,675,7885,456,715C.V.6,593,7575,418,472
Geraldine—
        Mount PeelMount Peel484,221392,868C.V.481,222391,385
        RaukapukaGeraldine854,002696,688C.V.848,600695,038
        TemukaTemuka992,320182,009C.V.982,366177,444
                Total of county..2,330,5431,271,565C.V.2,312,1881,263,867
Levels—
        Tengawai..375,332312,309..374,056311,892
        Point..293,191235,936..289,647235,052
        Waimataiti..289,896220,432..289,634220,170
        Seadown..309,374266,266..307,938265,891
        Claremont..206,474166,551..204,924166,421
        Gleniti..273,401149,971..268,021146,946
        Otipua..305,154224,298..301,914223,723
                Total of county..2,052,8221,575,763C.V.2,036,1341,570,095
Mackenzie— ££ ££
        Te Kapo..255,607221,409..171,134151,902
        Fairlie..328,128232,587..314,523225,598
        Albury..296,217235,725..292,138235,206
        Cave..118,688104,567..118,647104,526
                Total of county..998,640794,288C.V.896,442717,232
Waimate—
        Upper Pareora..386,415337,517..382,110336,519
        Lower Pareora..327,952269,027..323,74858,361
        Hakataramea..266,720224,495..265,752227,207
        Otaio..462,909389,693..455,909385,206
        Makikihi..385,623314,737..383,562314,509
        Deep Creek..622,232492,815..616,963491,576
        North Waihao..1,306,3351,085,437..1,225,5781,039,095
                Total of county..3,758,1863,113,721U.V.3,653,6222,852,473
Waitaki—
        Ahuriri..139,221127,619..138,426126,824
        Otekaike..328,914238,281..319,013235,745
        Awamoko..453,177385,156..447,035380,152
        Papakaio..626,084474,012..611,325468,003
        Waiareka..634,281496,126..591,944459,936
        Incholme..228,868197,927..227,797197,162
        Kakanui..378,726309,953..324,026257,364
        Otepopo..303,919220,288..296,781219,212
        Moeraki..187,001144,201..181,582143,308
                Total of county..3,280,1912,593,563C.V.3,137,9292,487,706
Maniototo—
        St. Bathan's..93,67356,700..88,48555,005
        Idaburn..80,24655,932..75,80054,169
        Mount Ida..249,066159,700..236,310153,225
        Kyeburn..68,90446,792..67,998446,273
        Puketoi..138,019103,002..135,053101,181
        Hyde..40,41725,889..38,25225,381
        Serpentine..59,77152,289..58,61151,129
                Total of county..730,096500,304C.V.700,505486,363
Waihemo—
        Green Valley..45,26431,173..44,68530,984
        Dunback..60,46638,199..58,96037,814
        Macrae's..96,82163,866..95,20563,599
        Blue Mountain..86,45157,998..85,51057,542
        Meadowbank..31,93825,727..31,91325,702
        Bushy..77,78051,383..77,75351,356
        Goodwood..66,91645,779..66,36345,737
                Total of county..465,636314,125C.V.460,389312,734
Waikouaiti—
        Hawksbury..195,962139,486..194,829139,173
        Merton..258,929116,729..145,10495,842
        Blueskin..166,62980,100..153,99277,010
        North-east Valley..79,57443,145..77,99141,979
                Total of county..701,094379,460C.V.571,916354,004
Peninsula*—
 Otago Heads65,07833,764C.V.40,79724,976
        Portobello Bay(Portobello (Portobello Ward)65,38338,612C.V.62,48338,206
        Broad BayPortobello (Broad Bay Ward)60,65134,483C.V.59,55834,151
        North-east HarbourPortobello (North-east Harbour Ward)67,91238,618C.V.66,66738,256
        SandymountPeninsula (Sandymount Ward)55,97036,046C.V.54,67035,646
        HighcliffPeninsula (Highcliff Ward)69,14140,399C.V.59,54039,964
        Anderson's BayPeninsula (Anderson's Bay Ward)19,99814,995C.V.19,99814,995
        TomahawkTomahawk35,20924,519C.V.34,51423,949
                Total of county..439,342261,436C.V.398,225250,143
Taieri— ££ ££
        Strath Taieri..262,367190,673..257,662188,948
        Deep Stream..167,863131,901..165,227130,060
        Maungatua..210,882160,203..206,353158,211
 Outram T.D.49,87024,660C.V.42,49522,795
        OutramOutlying227,764191,693C.V.226,984191,558
        East Taieri..185,008135,752..182,566135,270
        North Taieri..182,287115,597..179,064114,690
        Kaikorai..247,422127,709..244,837125,824
 Allanton T.D.11,3203,739C.V.8,5923,136
        OtokiaOutlying197,245139,390..192,496137,711
                Total of county..1,742,0281,221,317C.V.1,706,2761,208,203
Tuapeka—
        Teviot..188,856110,706..184,021107,187
        James..403,028327,958..395,201325,589
        Beaumont..49,09635,180..45,50432,320
        Gabriel's..39,09322,219..34,35718,404
        Waipori..40,88129,766..37,60127,217
        Tapanui..258,404194,916..246,367189,908
        Brown's..105,12872,441..101,86270,063
        Clark's..63,54643,992..61,54543,150
        Waitahuna..65,22038,610..59,61835,646
                Total of county..1,213,252875,788C.V.1,166,076849,484
Bruce—
        Clarendon..71,47150,580..70,92650,260
        Mount StuartMount Stuart117,91883,021C.V.116,09682,106
        Waihola..91,67354,726..88,52853,768
        BalmoralBalmoral286,470224,112C.V.285,457223,399
        Tokomairiro..283,157207,758..276,156206,262
        Glenledi..44,04630,121..42,98829,476
        Crichton..94,75675,579..93,88675,374
        Kaitangata..67,95948,259..66,52547,367
 Inch-Clutha84,67565,510C.V.83,72565,370
        MatauOutlying92,50559,845..91,06559,505
                Total of county..1,234,630899,511C.V.1,215,352892,887
Clutha—
        Glenkenich..206,052148,027..204,687147,892
        Waipahi..156,029105,513..153,247104,563
        Clydevale..144,391116,217..143,689116,105
        Pomahaka..217,165162,710..212,981160,769
 Clinton T.D.24,5767,244A.V.21,6566,756
        ClintonOutlying77,778358,614..77,03619,169
        Clutha..192,533125,618..192,315125,523
        Richardson..173,078122,123..166,626119,348
        South Molyneux..155,79289,396..142,72985,0777
        Catlin's..198,507106,931..154,66269,961
                Total of county..1,545,9061,042,393C.V.1,469,628955,163
        Islands (Quarantine and Goat)..3,454900Nil....
Vincent—
        Hawea..92,44267,064..82,97563,117
        Clutha..43,52222,818..30,76413,887
        Lindis..23,56816,237..22,23115,892
        Matakanui..84,25054,880..75,17650,342
        Manuherikia..76,41650,348..69,99849,839
        Dunstan..103,85861,452..93,15459,306
        Carrick..37,63526,054..37,88028,678
        Earnscleugh..43,22624,419..34,42019,733
                Total of county..504,917323,272C.V.446,598300,794
Lake—
        Matukituki..23,15519,496..6,3933,542
        Shotover..20,65017,234..5,5612,760
        Greenstone..49,21638,927..22,65613,254
        Cardrona..46,09827,229..25,15611,175
        Queenstown..58,32037,567..46,46129,375
        Arrow..96,62064,574..88,81459,082
        Kingston..69,03854,318..51,29338,409
                Total of county..363,097259,345C.V.246,334157,597
        Fiord..144,320137,540Nil17,60016,820
Wallace—
        Mararoa..338,052264,047..266,457199,575
        Waiau..295,224223,031..234,963164,317
        Wairio..455,034300,462..431,182281,585
        Otautau..401,081278,683..391,338271,137
        Orepuki..201,130107,908..179,18790,298
        Aparima..335,404223,394..327,506217,274
                Total of county..2,025,9251,397,525C.V.1,830,6331,224,186
Southland—
        Oreti..522,229380,523..496,920361,700
        Waikaia..371,063274,380..338,326246,716
        Winton..1,163,106743,346..1,130,195720,059
        Hokonui..826,009609,516..789,697578,325
        MatauraOutlying*418,350287,553..410,637283,476
 Outlying202,100137,601..199,884136,389
 Outlying165,555113,933..158,185109,139
        Wallacetown..382,784255,772..375,231251,747
        AwaruaInvercargill§178,98593,723..169,94287,726
 Outlying394,897236,341..388,836233,920
        Waihopai..571,581406,066..532,042371,162
        ToetoesOutlying—Wyndham portion110,72173,929..109,26272,942
 Outlying510,098338,942..450,930285,567
                Total of county..5,817,4783,951,625U.V.5,550,0873,738,832
Stewart Island—
        North..65,97244,154..19,46811,560
        South..97,26391,231..8,5453,424
                Total of county..163,235135,385C.V.28,01314,984
Islands—
Antipodes
        Auckland..13,88013,880Nil676676
Campbell
        Cook..Not Valued

BOROUGHS.

TABLE showing (1) CAPITAL VALUE OF LAND with IMPROVEMENTS (and distinguishing the UNIMPROVED VALUE of LAND). (2.) CAPITAL VALUE of RATEABLE PROPERTY, with IMPROVEMENTS (and distinguishing the UNIMPROVED VALUE of LAND) in each BOROUGH in NEW ZEALAND as at 31st March, 1907.
Boroughs.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements.)Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous column).
* Approximate.
 ££ ££
Whangarei277,468151,815C.V.268,908146,185
Birkenhead160,36867,813A.V.156,51165,421
Devonport818,882344,648U.V.682,452302,063
Parnell706,301305,903A.V.666,322289,619
Newmarket289,951126,396A.V.282,991122,436
Grey Lynn629,023277,807U.V.617,465273,551
Onehunga473,721231,798A.V.444,204218,101
Mount Eden923,050387,000C.V.828,881360,551
Hamilton450,313266,739U.V.394,425228,736
Cambridge218,745112,990A.V.191,74297,937
Thames268,81391,720A.V.236,84885,060
Tauranga104,97544,072A.V.95,10440,261
Te Aroha88,16734,789A.V.74,04129,148
Waihi189,76265,195A.V.160,43160,111
Auckland9,617,7575,592,547A.V.8,642,0334,974,648
Gisborne987,173568,315A.V.949,265552,933
Napier1,641,740804,021A.V.1,516,889765,107
Hastings735,955455,294A.V.720,540452,144
Dannevirke388,132231,299U.V.373,605225,653
Woodville113,06745,880U.V.98,06741,325
New Plymouth1,201,256727,668A.V.1,083,099655,473
Waitara136,64855,391C.V.130,66151,989
Hawera435,961230,961U.V.396,135208,338
Patea64,37822,037A.V.56,25120,072
Stratford353,785190,908U.V.318,810171,501
Eltham183,24398,272C.V.175,87893,425
Inglewood144,49967,134C.V133,18561,055
Wanganui1,350,494854,509A.V.1,203,529759,911
Marton152,70961,159A.V.144,48960,039
Taihape150,63888,224C.V.125,52371,701
Feilding571,305325,453U.V.545,710311,966
Palmerston North1,991,8871,137,983U.V.1,894,7011,079,783
Foxton161,74878,005A.V.146,94070,881
Levin221,601125,576C.V.207,166117,191
Onslow333,251181,909U.V.295,311169,349
Karori672,798403,676U.V.621,458372,396
Wellington—
        City portion15,910,9559,608,829U.V.13,789,2448,406,920
        Melrose portion2,217,5531,358,765U.V.2,185,7581,334,270
        Onslow portion217,741137,184U.V.214,392134,859
Pahiatua209,082100,941U.V.198,20397,505
Eketahuna152,28785,925U.V.141,37281,794
Masterton1,080,010571,580U.V.997,801539,252
Carterton186,44182,228C.V.175,27177,921
Greytown150,02359,039A.V.142,06450,971
Lower Hutt1,474,0351,073,319U.V.1,384,03996,350
Petone1,243,166744,950U.V.1,147,932673,486
Miramar413,284311,630U.V.385,404289,955
Eastbourne162,673110,936U.V.160,732109,775
Richmond99,02253,813C.V.94,66751,895
Nelson1,176,891570,444A.V.1,070,229530,737
Picton137,65055,307U.V.118,80245,951
Blenheim425,073182,421U.V.387,496172,154
Motueka147,14581,998C.V.140,46280,565
Westport*428,699*221,058U.V.*357,144*181,723
Greymouth535,038165,982U.V.472,046144,371
Brunner70,55211,561A.V.20,0728,658
Kumara34,3575,982C.V.24,4943,947
Hokitika201,58779,974U.V.158,69461,943
Ross21,7105,492C.V.17,5254,536
Rangiora215,99580,347C.V.200,52382,345
Kaiapoi184,13059,060A.V.167,32056,565
Christchurch—
        Central Ward5,907,3792,898,107U.V.5,451,9422,768,930
        St. Albans1,154,238388,109U.V.1,135,587383,701
        Sydenham Ward1,351,682424,471U.V.1,254,595364,819
        Linwood Ward786,882240,875U.V.770,475235,973
Woolston297,696121,880U.V.283,425118,550
New Brighton117,90551,544A.V.114,53150,390
Sumner353,455210,905U.V.330,465200,220
Lyttelton854,754238,922A.V.316,099142,417
Akaroa67,83824,389C.V.61,81522,689
Ashburton445,618202,140A.V.403,828177,795
Temuka148,66840,072C.V.124,02534,777
Geraldine102,36335,176C.V.95,02633,261
Timaru913,132337,461A.V.817,557308,057
Waimate223,82786,904U.V.200,92480,493
Oamaru690,944248,696A.V.629,904232,292
Hampden26,3569,659C.V.22,3598,358
Naseby38,4184,765A.V.27,2184,245
Palmerston74,89223,170C.V.66,46921,474
Hawksbury65,09628,512C.V.61,68327,936
Port Chalmers301,965104,050A.V.274,09598,180
West Harbour179,63281,713U.V.171,29278,443
North-east Valley507,130209,241U.V.489,298202,099
Maori Hill318,978146,590U.V.257,583119,835
Roslyn757,620322,549A.V.741,630317,809
Mornington498,059183,271A.V.479,509179,451
Dunedin—
    Leith, Bell, High, and South Wards6,277,4943,021,684A.V.5,607,2942,708,324
Dunedin—
    Caversham Ward680,301264,085A.V.628,114244,365
    South Dunedin Ward536,266167,053A.V.517,926163,713
St. Kilda418,171165,541A.V.406,821164,041
Green Island46,66614,215A.V.39,75613,040
Mosgiel196,30977,659A.V.184,05974,119
Roxburgh32,7145,102A.V.28,8144,592
Lawrence118,43831,988A.V.103,11329,163
Tapanui23,2293,750A.V.20,6543,555
Milton166,26954,175A.V.154,66951,775
Balclutha125,43048,580U.V.116,28545,425
Kaitangata100,27931,297A.V.94,34429,985
Arrowtown20,9843,325A.V.15,5442,896
Queenstown64,10214,531A.V.53,67113,161
Cromwell45,19210,726A.V.39,9259,297
Alexandra51,6949,898A.V.47,9549,050
Gore432,947183,300U.V.392,350164,435
Mataura136,68049,457A.V.129,34545,201
Winton57,04021,286U.V.51,34819,300
Gladstone62,92024,992A.V.61,25824,552
Avenal54,73919,761U.V.54,73919,761
North Invercargill62,09820,153U.V.60,74119,723
East Invercargill81,03525,400A.V.80,85525,325
Invercargill1,586,022689,880U.V.1,337,551554,060
South Invercargill181,15074,247U.V.178,94173,550
Riverton64,33317,922A.V.55,40416,410
Campbelltown214,54689,620U.V.184,87069,045

TOWN DISTRICTS.

TABLE showing (1) CAPITAL VALUE of LAND, with IMPROVEMENTS (and distinguishing the UNIMPROVED VALUE of LAND) ; (2) CAPITAL VALUE of RATEABLE PROPERTY, with IMPROVEMENTS (and distinguishing the UNIMPROVED VALUE of LAND), as at 31st March, 1907, for those Town Districts which, under the Provisions of “The Town Districts Act, 1906,” do not form Part of any County.
Town Districts.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements.)Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous column).
Helensville32,1066,544A.V.29,5096,230
Opotiki60,08731,850C.V.54,57629,707
Clyde115,19272,229U.V.103,17067,439
Taradale94,31453,675C.V.92,07053,440
Waipawa96,05146,607U.V.86,32442,905
Waipukurau83,96133,556U.V.73,71031,160
Fitzroy116,44471,281C.V.115,84071,081
Gonville166,429115,842C.V.152,844113,297
Hunterville57,31222,347C.V.53,22820,204
Bull's39,21811,735A.V.35,95511,299
Martinborough83,85133,135C.V.79,29332,602
Featherston70,73321,971C.V.62,77220,894
Johnsonville146,99479,249C.V.140,33974,579
Hampstead105,70343,304C.V.95,26342,859
Tinwald79,20045,215C.V.76,22644,610
Bay183,043101,958C.V.179,038100,893
Otautau44,87114,802C.V.41,71314,084
Wyndham51,82017,127U.V.47,14316,113

Chapter 54. SUPPLEMENTAL TO PART II.

STATISTICAL VIEW OF FIFTY YEARS' PROGRESS IN NEW ZEALAND, 1857–1906.

I.—POPULATION.
Year.Population (exclusive of Maoris and for Annexed Pacific Islands) on 31st December.Births.Deaths.Marriages.
Males.Females.Totals.
NOTE.—Maori population excluded from above was 47,731 in 1906, and that of Cook and other Islands 12,340 persons.
1,85727,60622,19649,8021,966434478
1,85833,67925,73459,4132,272582534
1,85941,10730,48671,5932,647704603
1,86045,39434,31779,7113,1461,092690
1,86161,06237,95999,0213,4411,109878
1,86279,68046,132125,8124,0641,2311,091
1,863105,97858,070164,0485,1151,9831,485
1,864106,58065,578172,1586,5012,9211,878
1,865117,37673,231190,6077,4902,7571,908
1,866125,08079,034204,1148,4662,5402,038
1,867131,92986,739218,6688,9182,7022,050
1,868134,62191,997226,6189,3912,6622,085
1,869140,11297,137237,2499,7182,7211,931
1,870145,732102,668248,40010,2772,7031,851
1,871156,431110,555266,98610,5922,6421,864
1,872162,404117,156279,56010,7953,1921,873
1,873170,406125,540295,94611,2223,6452,276
1,874194,349147,511341,86012,8444,1612,828
1,875213,294162,562375,85614,4385,7123,209
1,876225,580173,495399,07516,1684,9043,196
1,877227,681180,937408,61816,8564,6853,114
1,878240,627191,892432,51917,7704,6453,377
1,879257,894205,835463,72918,0705,5833,352
1,880268,364216,500484,86419,3415,4373,181
1,881274,986225,924500,91018,7325,4913,277
1,882283,303234,404517,70719,0095,7013,600
1,883294,665246,212540,87719,2026,0613,612
1,884306,667257,637564,30419,8465,7403,800
1,885312,125263,101575,22619,6936,0813,813
1,886317,646271,740589,38619,2996,1353,488
1,887324,558278,803603,36119,1356,1373,563
1,888324,948282,432607,38018,9025,7083,617
1,889328,588287,464616,05218,4575,7723,632
1,890332,557292,951625,50818,2785,9943,797
1,891330,174297,884634,05818,2736,5183,805
1,892345,146305,287650,43317,8766,4594,002
1,893357,635314,630672,26518,1876,7674,115
1,894363,763322,365686,12818,5286,9184,178
1,895369,725328,981698,70618,5466,8634,110
1,896376,987337,175714,16218,6126,4324,843
1,897384,703344,353729,05618,7376,5954,928
1,898392,124351,339743,46318,9557,2445,091
1,899398,679357,826756,50518,8357,6805,461
1,900403,628364,650768,27819,5467,2005,860
1,901414,223373,434787,65720,4917,6346,095
1,902425,908382,021807,92920,6558,3756,394
1,903439,674392,831832,50521,8298,5286,748
1,904453,992403,547857,53922,7668,0876,983
1,905467,366415,096882,46223,6828,0617,200
1,906481,651427,075908,72624,2528,3397,592
II—LAND AND STOCK.
Year.Occupied and Cultivated Holdings over One Acre in Extent.Land (including Sown Grasses under Cultivation.)Live-stock.
Horses.Horned Cattle.Sheep.Pigs.
 Number.Acres.    
1,857..121,648........
1,858..141,00714,912137,2041,523,32440,734
1,859..156,940........
1,860............
1,861..226,62128,275193,2852,761,38343,270
1,862............
1,863............
1,864..382,65549,409249,7604.937,27361,276
1,865............
1,866............
1,867..676,90965,715312,8358,418,579115,104
1,86811,932783,435........
1,86913,476997,477........
1,87010,2111,140,279........
1,87114,8741,226,22281,028436,5929,700,629151,460
1,87215,3041,416,933........
1,87315,8831,651,712........
1,87416,0921,943,65399,261494,11311,674,863123,741
1,87517,2502,377,402........
1,87618,7502,940,711........
1,87720,5193,523,277........
1,87821,0483,982,866137,768578,43013.069,338207,337
1,87923,1294,506,889........
1,88024,1474,768,192........
1,88126,2985,189,104161,736698,63712,985,085200,083
1,88227,3525,651,255........
1,88328,5876,072,949........
1,88429,8146,550,399........
1,88531,7636,668,920........
1,88633,3326,845,177187,382853,35816,564,595277,901
1,88734,7437,284,752........
1,88835,7477,670,167........
1,88938,1788,015,426........
1,89038,0838,462,495........
1,89141,2248,893,225211,040831,83118,128,186308,812
1,89242,7689,713,745....18,570,752..
1,89345,29010,063,051..885,30519,380,369..
1,89446,67610,128,076..964,03420,230,829..
1,89552,79010,698,809237,4181,047,90119,826,604239,778
1,89658,90411,550,075249,8131,138,06719,138,493209,834
1,89760,75911,444,563252,8341,209,16519,687,954186,027
1,89862,63911,984,606258,1151,203,02419,673,725193,512
1,89962,48512,474,511261,9311,222,13919,348,506249,751
1,90062,78612,636,035266,2451,256,68019,355,195250,975
1,90163,98213,083,971279,6721,361,78420,233,099224,024
1,90265,03413,357,700286,9551,460,66320,342,727193,740
1,90366,09213,504,004298,7141,593,54718,954,553226,591
1,90468,68013,868,074314,3221,736,85018,280,806255,320
1,90569,94214,114,925326,5371,810,93619,130,875249,727
1,90672,33814,382,787342,6081,851,75020,108,471242,273
III.—TRADE.
Year.Wool.Grain.Frozen Meat.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 lb.£Bushels.£Cwt.£
1,8572,648,716176,57981,75729,676....
1,8583,810,372254,02271,40320,680....
1,8595,096,751339,779118,74039,016....
1,8606,665,880444,39255,68313,112....
1,8617,855,920523,7288,1182,518....
1,8629,839,265674,2266,6021,821....
1,86312,585,980830,4953,2381,160....
1,86416,691,6661,070,9973,580722....
1,86519,180,5001,141,76125,4476,076....
1,86622,810,7761,354,15232,6107,297....
1,86727,152,9661,580,608158,81126,986....
1,86828,875,1631,516,548632,556114,125....
1,86927,765,6361,371,230520,55696,441....
1,87037,039,7631,703,944854,399141,135....
1,87137,793,7341,606,1441,032,902164,087....
1,87241,886,9972,537,9191,058,480178,886....
1,87341,535,1852,702,471598,431136,832....
1,87446,848,7352,834,6951,162,782291,103....
1,87554,401,5403,398,1551,276,927231,417....
1,87659,853,4543,395,8162,172,098337,878....
1,87764,481,3243,658,9381,323,910276,452....
1,87859,270,2563,292,8072,112,214508,767....
1,87962,220,8103,126,4393,470,344660,557....
1,88066,860,1503,169,3005,540,445898,997....
1,88159,415,9402,909,7605,815,960986,072....
1,88265,322,7073,118,5544,310,984907,96115,24419,339
1,88368,149,4303,014,2116,723,3031,286,72487,975118,328
1,88481,139,0283,267,5275,489,635766,824254,069345,090
1,88586,507,4313,205,2754,597,645513,697296,473373,857
1,88690,853,7443,072,9713,523,324463,549346,055427,193
1,88788,824,3823,321,0744,126,836443,780402,107455,870
1,88883,225,7333,115,0085,101,167668,859552,298628,800
1,889102,227,3543,976,3756,120,202985,224656,822783,374
1,890102,817,0774,150,5998,287,0241,030,415898,8941,087,617
1,891106,187,1144,129,6865,877,059676,3381,000,3071,194,724
1,892118,180,9124,313,3076,625,525816,272869,6001,033,377
1,893109,719,6843,774,7384,855,368583,397903,8361,085,167
1,894144,295,1544,827,0162,434,295226,1831,025,2431,194,545
1,895116,015,1703,662,1312,381,837215,7831,134,0971,262,711
1,896129,151,6244,391,8482,941,821346,1971,103,3621,251,993
1,897135,835,1174,443,1441,919,887235,4291,407,9211,566,286
1,898149,385,8154,645,8041,045,980136,1201,551,7731,698,750
1,899147,169,4974,324,6276,985,999721,8171,865,8272,088,856
1,900140,706,4864,749,1969,529,8471,034,0141,844,8312,123,881
1,901146,820,0793,699,10313,373,5151,285,8111,857,5472,253,262
1,902160,419,0233,354,5635,865,562786,5482,138,5572,718,763
1,903155,128,3814,041,2745,362,748533,8652,378,6503,197,043
1,904144,647,3764,673,8263,775,978392,3461,912,9792,793,599
1,905139,912,7375,381,3332,282,853294,5741,690,6842,694,432
1,906154,384,5686,765,6551,006,825139,4742,025,5072,877,031
Year.Butter.Cheese.Phormium Fibre.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 Cwt.£Cwt.£tons.£
1,8573822,1025491,81838710
1,8585322,8389343,995641,516
1,8598595,5881,0674,296771,593
1,8601,0266,6238103,535611,240
1,861251264041,844243
1,862    13261
1,863Butter and cheese not separately given for years 1862 to 1865. The total export for this period was 617 cwt., £2,97613251
1,864    7170
1,865    375
1,8662321,590136545996
1,86738102903621264,256
1,8681385323351,2405348,137
1,8692,70514,6792,3318,0402,02845,245
1,8703,43512,9952,7359,3275,471132,578
1,8714,34212,4261,6194,0234,24890,611
1,8721,6294,4621,3624,3793,98599,405
1,8737222,3421,9936,6256,454143,799
1,8743571,1681,3264,4082,03837,690
1,8751046604421,86263911,742
1,8768713,9108853,48889718,285
1,8775,20623,4584,99916,7131,05318,826
1,8783,10612,1113,0199,36862210,666
1,8793391,6311726284457,874
1,8802,7178,3507171,98389415,617
1,8812,4268,4963,0566,1121,30826,285
1,88211,26452,0883,55310,1302,04041,955
1,8838,86942,0202,5196,8922,01336,761
1,88415,76666,59310,34225,0741,52523,475
1,88524,923102,38715,24535,7421,06316,316
1,88623,175105,53716,42945,6571,11215,922
1,88717,01854,92123,91354,5621,57825,094
1,88829,995118,25236,68278,9184,04275,269
1,88937,955146,84026,55867,10517,084361,182
1,89034,816122,70140,45184,98621,158381,789
1,89139,430150,25839,77086,67515,809281,514
1,89253,930227,16241,49391,04212,793214,542
1,89358,149254,64546,20199,62612,587219,375
1,89460,771251,28055,655115,2034,67766,256
1,89557,964227,60176,743150,9091,80621,040
1,89671,353281,71671,372130,1662,96832,985
1,89799,002402,60577,683150,5172,76930,674
1,89896,801403,69068,711135,7764,85074,556
1,899136,086571,79969,440141,81810,371184,411
1,900172,583740,620102,849229,11115,906332,182
1,901201,591882,406104,294238,68510,171195,728
1,902253,9981,205,80274,746163,53920,852534,031
1,903285,1061,318,06774,780194,99822,652595,684
1,904314,3601,380,46084,526185,48626,936710,281
1,905305,7221,408,55788,562205,17127,877696,467
1,906320,2251,560,235131,206341,00227,779776,106
Year.Gold.Gum (kauri).Provisions, Tallow, Timber &c.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Value.
 Oz.£Tons.££
1,85710,43640,4422,52135,25082,817
1,85813,53352,4431,81020,03678,419
1,8597,33628,4272,01020,77681,833
1,8604,53817,5851,0469,85152,795
1,861194,234752,6578569,88848,437
1,862410,8621,591,3891,10311,10777,835
1,863628,4502,431,7231,40027,02752,105
1,864480,1711,857,8472,22860,59059,089
1,865574,5742,226,4741,86746,06082,729
1,866735,3762,844,5172,53570,572116,901
1,867686,7532,700,2752,68577,49189,294
1,868637,4742,504,3262,69072,49351,361
1,869614,2812,362,9952,850111,30780,197
1,870544,8802,157,5854,391175,074212,044
1,871730,0292,787,5205,054167,958338,335
1,872445,3701,730,9924,811154,167396,976
1,873505,3371,987,4252,83385,816412,660
1,874376,3881,505,3312,56879,986397,762
1,875355,3221,407,7703,230138,523285,715
1,876318,3671,268,5592,888109,234351,731
1,877366,9551,476,3123,632118,348469,670
1,878311,4371,244,1903,445132,975573,735
1,879284,1001,134,6413,228147,535484,150
1,880303,2151,220,2634,725242,817544,973
1,881250,683996,8675,460253,778574,880
1,882230,893921,6645,533260,369921,290
1,883222,899892,4456,518336,6061,121,257
1,884246,392988,9536,393342,1511,116,799
1,885222,732890,0565,876299,7621,154,819
1,886235,578939,6484,920257,6531,058,552
1,887187,938747,8786,790362,4341,085,468
1,888229,608914,3098,482380,9331,274,780
1,889197,492785,4907,519329,5901,606,828
1,890187,641751,3607,438378,5631,440,731
1,891251,1611,007,1728,388437,0561,436,671
1,892237,393951,9638,705517,6781,200,525
1,893227,502915,9218,317510,7751,113,799
1,894221,614887,8658,338404,5671,112,233
1,895293,4931,162,1817,425418,7661,269,031
1,896263,6941,041,4287,126431,3231,269,680
1,897251,647980,2046,641398,0101,389,398
1,898280,1751,080,6919,905586,7671,562,834
1,899389,5701,513,18011,116607,9191,645,313
1,900373,6141,439,60210,159622,2931,784,350
1,901455,5581,753,7847,541446,1141,935,567
1,902507,8521,951,4267,430450,2232,333,704
1,903533,3142,037,8329,357631,1022,288,327
1,904520,3231,987,5019,203501,8171,976,471
1,905520,4852,093,93610,883561,4442,167,616
1,906563,8432,270,9049,154522,4862,587,453
Year.Export (the Produce of New Zealand).Imports.Coal-mines Output from.
Total Value.Total Value.From United States (included in previous Column).
 £££Tons.
1,857369,394992,9945,978..
1,858433,9491,141,2735,276..
1,859521,3081,551,0305,945..
1,860549,1331,548,33318,474 
1,8611,339,2412,493,81126,790Prior to 1878, 109,931
1,8622,358,0204,626,08289,806 
1,8633,342,8917,024,674109,998 
1,8643,050,6347,000,655109,222 
1,8653,503,4215,594,97745,084 
1,8664,396,0905,894,863129,300 
1,8674,479,4645,344,60792,590 
1,8684,268,7624,985,748117,326 
1,8694,090,1344,976,12669,109 
1,8704,544,6824,639,10560,497 
1,8715,171,1044,078,19359,345 
1,8725,107,1865,142,95190,657..
1,8735,477,9706,464,687143,273..
1,8745,152,1438,121,812191,539..
1,8755,475,8448,029,172213,492..
1,8765,488,9016,905,171192,287..
1,8776,058,7176,973,418269,656..
1,8785,784,6198,755,663432,572162,218
1,8795,563,4558,374,585438,399231,218
1,8806,102,3006,162,011238,011299,923
1,8815,762,2507,457,045343,645337,262
1,8826,253,3508,609,270463,493378,272
1,8836,855,2447,974,038419,250421,764
1,8846,942,4867,663,888348,557480,831
1,8856,591,9117,479,921401,532511,063
1,8866,386,6826,759,013337,322534,353
1,8876,551,0816,245,515298,736558,620
1,8887,255,1285,941,900323,069613,895
1,8899,042,0086,308,863342,436586,445
1,8909,428,7616,260,525355,395637,397
1,8919,400,0946,503,849361,795668,794
1,8929,365,8686,943,056381,627673,315
1,8938,557,4436,911,515379,378691,548
1,8949,085,1486,788,020394,691719,546
1,8958,390,1536,400,129394,233726,654
1,8969,177,3367,137,320492,840792,851
1,8979,596,2678,055,223628,044840,713
1,89810,324,9888,230,600800,411907,033
1,89911,799,7408,739,633775,309975,234
1,90013,055,24910,646,0961,061,8731,093,990
1,90112,690,46011,817,9151,415,2601,227,638
1,90213,498,59911,326,7231,318,9371,362,702
1,90314,838,19212,788,6751,441,3581,420,193
1,90414,601,78713,291,6941,527,9151,537,838
1,90515,503,53012,828,8571,438,5011,585,756
1,90617,840,34615,211,4031,405,7811,729,536
IV.—TRANSPORT.
Year.Shipping.
Inwards.Outwards.Registered Vessels belonging to Colony.
Tonnage.Tonnage.Gross Tonnage.
1,85778,30976,5246,662
1,85890,11882,2936,852
1,859136,580120,3927,883
1,860140,276140,2938,527
1,861197,986205,3509,144
1,862301,365288,64710,825
1,863419,935394,66515,189
1,864426,004433,25322,573
1,865295,625283,02024,484
1,866330,303306,97926,787
1,867309,568308,16923,240
1,868277,105287,71024,539
1,869250,731247,76425,990
1,870273,151265,40726,743
1,871274,643265,61827,107
1,872300,302285,36623,963
1,873289,297281,84730,035
1,874399,296385,53338,935
1,875416,727417,82042,025
1,876393,180393,33444,401
1,877388,568400,60942,479
1,878456,490428,49346,965
1,879473,940475,75264,457
1,880395,675424,04166,316
1,881420,134413,48772,387
1,882461,285438,55176,196
1,883494,926507,56584,903
1,884529,188534,24292,696
1,885519,700513,00095,887
1,886502,572488,33194,196
1,887489,754493,58394,027
1,888526,435531,47886,132
1,889602,634593,25287,411
1,890662,769649,70598,907
1,891618,515625,807102,068
1,892675,223656,100101,156
1,893615,604642,466100,388
1,894631,100631,25099,588
1,895672,951648,946100,988
1,896614,097627,659105,553
1,897686,899675,333119,713
1,898765,255765,793126,113
1,899811,183807,866129,583
1,900854,632825,275137,767
1,9011,063,2741,075,906143,183
1,9021,089,1791,048,770147,822
1,9031,102,0641,113,165150,909
1,9041,154,5691,144,764157,334
1,9051,139,4101,141,552171,753
1,9061,243,6521,238,214180,124
Year.Government Railways. (Figures to 31st March following.)Electric Telegraph.
Miles open for Traffic.Miles under Construction.Railway Receipts.Miles of Line.Number of Messages.Cash and Cash Values, including Telephones.
   £  £
1,857............
1,858............
1,859............
1,860............
1,861............
1,862............
1,863............
1,864............
1,865............
1,866......69948,2319,114
1,867......71487,43614,295
1,868......1,471134,64726,224
1,869......1,611173,74632,649
1,870......1,887238,19527,422
1,871......2,015369,08537,203
1,872......2,312491,20544,669
1,873145434..2,389637,94155,195
1,87420962121,1982,632844,30162,322
1,87554246472,0733,156993,32374,420
1,876718427469,0513,1701,10,59980,841
1,8771,052251569,8983,3071,182,95585,589
1,8781,089142758,0963,4341,260,32492,433
1,8791,171284762,5723,5121,448,943112,351
1,8801,288192836,0773,7581,304,712100,023
1,8811,333187892,0263,8241,438,772101,566
1,8821,371171953,3473,9741,570,189102,378
1,8831,404224961,3044,0741,599,400102,958
1,8841,4791581,045,7124,2641,654,305101,482
1,8851,6131791,047,4184,4631,774,273112,778
1,8861,721171998,7684,5461,836,266115,666
1,8871,753169994,8434,6461,835,394116,211
1,8881,777163997,6154,7901,765,860104,116
1,8891,8091761,095,5694,8741,802,987106,462
1,8901,8421321,121,7015,0601,961,161110,697
1,8911,8691701,115,4325,3491,968,264117,634
1,8921,8861881,181,5225,4791,904,143103,813
1,8931,9481481,172,7925,5132,069,791112,466
1,8941,9931271,150,8515,8232,046,839114,510
1,8952,0141141,183,0416,2452,124,211123,112
1,8962,0181241,286,1586,2852,520,169129,635
1,8972,055921,376,0086,4842,696,233136,221
1,8982,0901131,469,6656,7362,960,738145,295
1,8992,1041111,623,8916,9103,469,631162,945
1,9002,2122081,727,2367,2493,898,128186,978
1,9012,2352121,874,5867,4694,167,981207,476
1,9022,2911941,974,0387,7494,559,304222,495
1,9032,3281752,180,6417,7794,965,197237,564
1,9042,3741732,209,2317,9445,159,745250,063
1,9052,4072222,349,7048,3555,640,219273,911
1,9062,4582222,624,6008,9536,396,332307,521

V.—ACCUMULATION.

Year.Banks. (Average of Four Quarters.)Savings-Banks (Post Office and private).Post Office Money Orders issued.
Deposits.Assets.Liabilities.Number of Depositors.Balance to credit on 31st Dec.Number.Amount.

* Information not yet available.

† From here figures are for year ended 31st March.

 £££ £ £
1,857343,146419,860432,494........
1,858448,078705,738616,7697157,862....
1,859541,2131,003,584678,4748027,996....
1,860644,521992,082801,5881,10412,450....
1,861882,7541,235,9521,097,1621,14422,921....
1,8621,596,4462,691,1172,092,4971,49629,7681,4106,590
1,8632,092,0904,028,7662,962,5852,37144,11711,58655,703
1,8642,480,3035,063,4583,343,1724,66994,24816,59178,556
1,8652,638,4145,455,2893,522,1464,30487,40017,23678,576
1,8663,097,4735,891,5324,010,1104,51391,86322,710708,779
1,8672,904,5945,947,1603,737,6956,579156,85524,473115,610
1,8683,102,7275,734,7453,838,2208,121243,61525,854118,211
1,8693,174,8316,231,4163,863,00610,103320,38328,427127,218
1,8703,127,7696,315,3543,819,67012,137388,80431,864140,454
1,8713,334,6725,871,8883,988,40014,275454,96636,291157,397
1,8723,919,8385,429,7474,628,81917,289597,00244,660191,009
1,8734,713,8067,267,7205,538,03021,807812,14452,351219,258
1,8745,564,4349,954,2166,490,50427,215943,75362,712263,164
1,8755,967,20510,987,1786,987,31830,310897,32673,027293,481
1,8766,238,47111,776,0707,221,39932,577905,14680,255310,268
1,8777,185,10612,992,1048,152,23035,709964,43090,672334,973
1,8788,960,36915,393,63010,031,00939,9261,043,204101,017368,255
1,8798,021,07316,054,2959,057,46342,679990,337117,999428,673
1,8808,538,93514,220,2759,550,17747,4621,148,992135,648465,405
1,8819,069,37714,863,64510,083,18861,0541,549,515135,556452,182
1,8828,945,34617,162,23410,015,27368,3581,832,047148,162499,368
1,8838,659,47717,794,7619,706,70073,5461,784,631172,556541,133
1,8849,643,21418,442,13910,691,59979,5141,926,759186,052572,666
1,88510,083,29618,811,56711,130,24485,7692,142,560188,622581,395
1,88610,579,71119,041,82711,603,19491,2962,133,861155,680547,755
1,88711,031,61418,799,84711,995,49597,4962,407,776159,579555,744
1,88811,155,77818,709,44412,108,353103,0462,691,693162,387555,996
1,88911,528,42417,652,91512,486,717110,5662,858,644172,076589,545
1,89012,368,61017,735,25913,356,598118,3443,137,023176,427602,007
1,89112,796,09816,814,51813,820,458126,8863,406,949195,239651,990
1,89213587,06217,558,16814,623,335135,8273,580,544199,438694,847
1,89314,433,77718,255,53415,489,633147,1993,966,849210,957750,929
1,89413,927,21717,746,42114,930,791154,4054,066,594222,678776,783
1,89513,544,41518,159,78114,491,627163,5134,620,696243,497812,604
1,89614,490,82716,900,19915,520,431175,1735,065,864269,566902,160
1,89714,290,51217,276,77115,380,248187,9455,520,080293,659970,831
1,89814,143,22917,013,40415,299,058199,4645,746,887318,3701,029,241
1,89914,591,22317,190,43315,834,858213,1726,128,297344,6641,118,808
1,90015,570,61017,314,53516,964,582228,8836,665,344369,8341,214,853
1,90116,034,84818,422,27417,490,035245,0247,268,103405,9671,286,508
1,90217,231,76718,999,18018,701,063261,9487,876,877367,2071,277,059
1,90319,011,11419,913,54620,563,879280,0118,432,958396,3121,416,224
1,90419,074,96020,893,09620,643,359297,5698,839,307407,7831,476,887
1,90520,545,60121,770,52522,144,166316,3769,773,954417,4411,541,712
1,90622,422,24323,829,93324,143,008341,11411,170,025439,0201,686,232
Year.Insurances in Force in the Government Life Insurance Department at End of Year.Old-age Pensions, 31st March of following Year.Friendly Societies from which Returns received.Public Trust Office.
No. of Policies.Sums Assured and Bonuses.No. of Pensions in Force.Amount represented.No. of Lodges, &c.No. of Members.Number of Estates.Amount represented.
  £ £   £
1,857................
1,858................
1,859................
1,860................
1,861................
1,862................
1,863................
1,864................
1,865................
1,866................
1,867................
1,868................
1,869................
1,8705930,250............
1,871454200,611............
1,8721,689625,421............
1,8732,634995,986........25717,500
1,8743,9531,453,496........29328,930
1,8754,9891,836,859........34742,163
1,8766,1532,282,129....898,56041259,720
1,8777,1492,716,907....888,82857567,675
1,8788,7113,251,220....1109,75962773,940
1,87910,2233,726,330....13813,16571396,315
1,88011,6564,171,504....17914,484770117,980
1,88112,4114,471,182....27218,634836150,750
1,88215,8925,273,164....27318,700911204,545
1,88319,9175,992,111....27518,8481,024317,680
1,88421,0036,224,571....28121,1441,082392,315
1,88523,2186,552,242....30222,7941,190457,620
1,88624,7157,053,276....29021,6791,293576,010
1,88725,4397,136,944....34724,9281,304715,860
1,88826,1687,362,488....35324,9381,483954,675
1,88927,2187,600,537....36526,0131,5611,130,960
1,89028,1027,807,792....35726,3791,6781,240,097
1,89129,2268,390,803....36427,3721,8251,252,625
1,89230,3168,580,817....37928,7541,9121,284,745
1,89331,7098,821,255....37229,7632,0221,450,918
1,89432,9079,232,543....36929,963
1,89533,9689,345,229....37630,9052,0861,562,269
1,89634,7729,415,693....39231,8252,2361,806,953
1,89736,1749,857,010....38832,6702,3341,898,163
1,89837,84810,124,2277,443128,08241035,5012,4131,950,314
1,89939,36610,341,70211,285193,71843338,2022,4912,110,316
1,90040,36810,639,97812,405211,96544440,2572,6672,192,594
1,90141,29110,627,26312,776217,19244541,2362,8982,326,954
1,90242,40611,024,73412,481211,59546243,4083,0492,467,614
1,90343,11611,111,80711,926200,91546545,2553,3142,706,785
1,90444,19411,261,08011,770199,08151547,3023,4703,152,882
1,90545,13711,725,97712,582313,01850151,1033,6843,577,355
1,906....13,257326,08453553,7593,9774,009,992

VI.—PUBLIC INDEBTEDNESS

Year.Public Debt: Debentures and Stock in Circulation. (Prior to 1880 the figures are for Calendar Years.)Debt of Local Bodies (excluding Government Loans).Year.

* There was in March, 1907, an accrued sinking fund amounting to £2,902,498, leaving a net indebtedness of £61,276,542.

† There was in March, 1906, an accrued sinking fund amounting to £995,970, leaving a net indebtedness of £9,722,081.

 ££ 
31st December, 1857....31st December, 1857
31st December, 1858....31st December, 1858
31st December, 1859....31st December, 1859
31st December, 1860....31st December, 1860
31st December, 1861....31st December, 1861
31st December, 1862836,000..31st December, 1862
31st December, 18631,289,750..31st December, 1863
31st December, 18642,219,450..31st December, 1864
31st December, 18654,368,681..31st December, 1865
31st December, 18665,435,728..31st December, 1866
31st December, 18675,781,193..31st December, 1867
31st December, 18687,182,743..31st December, 1868
31st December, 18697,360,616..31st December, 1869
31st December, 18707,841,891..31st December, 1870
31st December, 18718,900,991..31st December, 1871
31st December, 18729,985,386..31st December, 1872
31st December, 187310,913,936..31st December, 1873
31st December, 187413,366,936..31st December, 1874
31st December, 187517,400,031..31st December, 1875
31st December, 187618,678,111..31st December, 1876
31st December, 187720,691,111..31st December, 1877
31st December, 187822,608,311..31st December, 1878
31st December, 187923,958,311..31st December, 1879
31st March, 188128,185,7113,039,80731st March, 1881
31st March, 188228,479,1113,277,58431st March, 1882
31st March, 188329,445,0113,540,04631st March, 1883
31st March, 188431,071,5823,962,33031st March, 1884
31st March, 188532,195,4224,313,22331st March, 1885
31st March, 188633,880,7224,943,27031st March, 1886
31st March, 188735,741,6535,620,74731st March, 1887
31st March, 188836,758,4375,812,80331st March, 1888
31st March, 188938,375,0505,892,05031st March, 1889
31st March, 189038,667,9505,978,05931st March, 1890
31st March, 189138,830,3506,042,69331st March, 1891
31st March, 159238,713,0686,081,93431st March, 1892
31st March, 159339,257,8406,203,86931st March, 1893
31st March, 189439,826,4156,614,82431st March, 1894
31st March, 189540,386,9646,685,51031st March, 1895
31st March, 189643,050,7806,737,57831st March, 1896
31st March, 189744,366,6186,793,39831st March, 1897
31st March, 189844,963,4246,834,36131st March, 1898
31st March, 189946,938,0066,963,25431st March, 1899
31st March, 190047,874,4527,057,35031st March, 1900
31st March, 190149,591,2457,563,06931st March, 1901
31st March, 190252,966,4477,839,69531st March, 1902
31st March, 190355,899,0198,217,19631st March, 1903
31st March, 190457,522,2158,898,91031st March, 1904
31st March, 190559,912,00010,018,24231st March, 1905
31st March, 190662,191,04010,718,051†31st March, 1906
31st March, 190764,179,040*..31st March 1907

EDUCATION.

Year.Scholars at Primary Schools.Scholars at Secondary or High Schools.Scholars at Private Schools.New Zealand University Graduates (Direct Degrees).

* In addition to these there were in December, 1906, 4,174 children attending the Native Schools, nearly all maintained by the Government, and 795 at Industrial Schools and Orphanages.

NOTE.—Statistics of schools and scholars not being complete for years prior to 1874, no figures are entered.

1,857........
1,858........
1,859........
1,860........
1,861........
1,862........
1,863........
1,864........
1,865........
1,866........
1,867........
1,868........
1,869........
1,870........
1,871........
1,872........
1,873........
1,87438,215..8,237..
1,87545,562..7,316..
1,87651,9646549,357..
1,87756,2397169,992..
1,87865,0408689,206..
1,87975,5561,41710,234..
1,88082,4011,63111,238..
1,88183,5601,8199,987..
1,88287,1791,89910,002..
1,88392,4762,38411,255..
1,88497,2382,64212,203..
1,885102,4072,65911,989103
1,886106,3282,35812,497117
1,887110,9192,24213,417145
1,888112,6852,12013,893168
1,889115,4562,14713,458199
1,890117,9122,11713,626230
1,891119,5232,20514,142279
1,892122,6202,26214,456323
1,893124,6902,25114,922366
1,894127,3002,45414,627410
1,895129,8562,52514,659464
1,896131,0372,61413,947501
1,897132,1972,70914,447546
1,898131,6212,70614,782603
1,899131,3152,72315,295641
1,900130,7242,79215,555699
1,901131,3512,89915,344757
1,902132,2623,07215,624814
1,903133,5683,72215,609869
1,904135,4754,03816,378929
1,905137,6234,06016,639992
1,906139,302*4,27017,1311,083
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS taken at the Station established by the Hon. Captain Tucker, M.L.C., at CAMPBELL ISLAND. Lat. 52° 33' S., Long. 169° 8' E.; Altitude about 75 ft.
1906.TEMPERATURES.RAINFALL.WIND DIRECTIONS. (Observed at 9 a.m. Daily).
Means.Mean Daily Range.Extremes (Absolute.)
Max.Min.Mean.Max.Min.Range.Total.01″ or over.Max. in One DayN.N.EE.S.E.S.S.W.W.N.W
        in.Days.         
JANUARY56.742.349.514.46438264.32244311......3188
FEBRUARY54.442.849.111.66237253.2818467..1111413
MARCH49.341.245.28.15534215.932610241..34775
APRIL48.640.844.77.85433215.6924185113....3256
MAY45.137.241.17.95030204.412242822..2287
JUNE44.436.040.28.45029214.712585511..4676
JULY42.934.538.78.44628186.612697827..3254
AUGUST43.435.539.47.95026244.13246812..1....2610
SEPTEMBER46.838.242.58.65531243.211934102....4..86
OCTOBER48.139.143.69.05430243.88233513..2..1276
NOVEMBER51.339.145.212.26030304.36214713......5183
DECEMBER54.941.948.413.06432325.922814015..2......410
      Year48.839.009.764263856.452801851171116430267784
MEAN TEMPERATURES.
Punta Arenas (53° 10' S., 70° 54' W.).
January.February.March.April.May.June.
51.850.949.144.441.236.5
July.August.September.October.November.December.
33.836.940.344.147.549.8
MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE.
43.7° Fah.

THE TOTALISATOR

Year.No. of Totalisator Licenses issued for Meetings held during Financial Year.Days.Percentage paid to Treasury.Total Amount Invested by the Public.
N.B.—The years used for purposes of the table are financial years, not, the racing years. This accounts for the number of licenses issued in some of the periods being over the legal limit for one year.
   ££
1889–90187241.. 
1890–91219278.. 
1891–922343007,591506,078
1892–9324030710,800720,029
1893–9424731810,375691,673
1894–9520726810,446696,456
1895–9617025611,156743,763
1896-9715825011,911794,096
1897–9815526813,297886,567
1898–9914425013,695912,969
1899–190015427815,9831,065,580
1900–115327817,5411,168,732
1901–216530919,0401,275,813
1902–314827619,7341,274,102
1903–415128220,4861,357,263
1904–515629421,5711,437,431
1905–615829822,8981,555,638
1906–715930327,6511,837,095

PART III.—ARTICLES ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS

Table of Contents

Chapter 55. SECTION I.
THE LAND SYSTEM OF NEW ZEALAND.*

S. PERCY SMITH, F.R.G.S.

THE Crown lands of New Zealand are administered under “The Land Act, 1892,” together with its amendments and the regulations made thereunder.

The distinguishing features of the present land system involve the principle of State ownership of the soil, with a perpetual tenancy in the occupier. A very large proportion of the Crown lands are now disposed of for 999 years. The rentals are based on the assessed value of the land at the time of disposal, without increase or recurring valuations. Under this system there is a fixity of tenure practically equal to freehold, and which, like freehold, necessarily carries with it the power of sale, sub-lease, mortgage, or disposition by will. At the same time the improvements made in the soil by cultivation, &c., are secured to the tenant should he from any cause be obliged to forfeit or surrender his lease.

When it is taken into consideration that, with few exceptions, the Crown lands are, in their prairie condition, incapable of profitable use, the advantage to the settler of setting free his capital to develop the capabilities of the soil, rather than having to expend it in the purchase of a freehold, is very apparent.

The values placed on the Crown lands are, as a rule, low, for the State does not so much seek to raise a revenue directly therefrom as to encourage the occupation of the lands by the people; this occupation secures an indirect increased revenue, besides the other advantages resulting from a numerous rural population.

* A Royal Commission has recently reported on the whole system of land tenure.

Again, underlying the whole of the New Zealand land system is a further application of the principle of “the land for the people”—viz., the restriction in area which any man may hold. This subject has been forced upon the attention of the Legislature by defects in former systems, under which one individual with means at his command could appropriate large areas, to the exclusion of his less wealthy fellow-settler. Under existing conditions, where the price at which land is offered is fixed for ever, and where choice of selection is by ballot, every would-be settler has the same chance, and may hold under the Crown an equal area of land. The quantity that a selector may hold is so fixed as to encourage the class of moderate farmers, for up to the statutory limit the amount he may select is left almost entirely to himself. The Act defines the amount of land any one may hold at 640 acres of first-class or 2,000 acres of second-class land. These limits apply to lands which are thrown open for optional selection, but in some cases, where the quality of the land is very good and the selectors many, the limit is by regulation made smaller.

In addition to the many advantages offered by the lease-in-perpetuity system, the Land Act provides others, to meet the wants of different classes. The general rule is that land thrown open for optional selection is offered to the public under three different tenures, the choice of which is left to the would-be settler. The three tenures are:—

  1. Cash, in which one-fifth of the purchase-money is paid down at once, and the remainder within thirty days, The final title is not given until certain improvements have been made on the land.

  2. Lease with a purchasing clause, at a 5-per-cent. rental on the value of the land; the lease being for twenty-five years, with the right to purchase at the original upset price at any time after the first ten years and within twenty-five years, or to convert into a lease in perpetuity (3rd tenure).

  3. Lease in perpetuity, at a rental of 4 per cent. on the capital value.

“The Land Act, 1892,” provides for a special class of settlement called small-farm associations, which found favour with the public to a very considerable extent during the first three years after the Act of 1892 came into force, but is now superseded to a large extent by the improved - farm settlement system. The small-farm association system provides that, where not less than twelve individuals have associated themselves together for mutual help, such an association can, with the approval of the Minister of Lands, select a block of land of not more than 11,000 acres, but there must be a selector to each 200 acres in the block. The extreme limit that one person may hold is fixed at 320 acres. Settlements of this class are held on lease in perpetuity, in a similar way to lands under the same tenure when thrown open for optional selection. The conditions of residence and improvement are the same. The system offers many advantages to the settler, so long as the blocks of land are judiciously chosen, having regard to quality of land, access, markets, and the probability of employment being obtained in the neighbourhood. In the eagerness to obtain lands on such easy terms these points have, in the past, not received sufficient attention by some of the associations, and in consequence they are not all successful.

Under “The Land Act, 1885,” there was a somewhat similar system, but it allowed of the acquisition of the freehold. This is now being taken advantage of to a considerable extent.

The following figures show the amount of settlement by associations under both Acts on the 31st March, 1907. At that date there were 655 selectors, holding 116,271 acres under various tenures and in different parts of the country.

The village - settlement system of New Zealand has excited much inquiry. This system provides: 1st, villages of one-acre sections; 2nd, small farms of 100 acres. There has not been any great extension of this system in recent years. On the 31st March last there were 1,971 settlers holding 39,950 acres, and the total number of persons residing in these settlements was 1,558 and 413 non-resident, the amount advanced by Government for houses, clearing, &c., being £15,116, of which £6,196 had been returned. The total value of improvements on the lands at the same date was £221,625. The above figures do not include the settlement on reserves and endowments.

The improved - farm settlement system was first begun in order to find work for the people. Considerable areas of forest-clad Crown lands were set aside, and small contracts for the clearing, burning, and sowing these with grass have been let. In most cases the farms are selected or balloted for in their primitive state, and the settler is for a time paid for the improvements he makes, or, in other words, the cost of converting forest lands into grass lands is advanced from time to time by the Government. In other cases a piece of forest land is taken in hand, and men are employed at fixed rates in felling, burning, and grassing. When so much grass is laid down as will give a good start, the land is opened for selection in sections of 50 to 200 acres and balloted for among the applicants. The farms are let on lease in perpetuity at a rental sufficient to cover the cost of clearing, &c., together with a fair rental of the land. Up to the 31st March, 1907, 55 settlements had been allocated, covering an area of 94,791 acres, situate in various parts of the colony. At that date 603 settlers had been allotted sections, who, together with their families, numbered 1,809 persons who were residing on the lands. They had felled and grassed 38,823 acres. The amount paid to the settlers up to the 31st March, 1907, was £58,349, and the total value of improvements on the land (including the Government advances) was £164,157.

The size of holdings averages about 123 acres.

“THE BUSH AND SWAMP CROWN LANDS SETTLEMENT ACT, 1903.”

This Act provides more liberal conditions for the selection and settlement of bush and swamp lands. The principal provisions are as follows: Land opened under the Act is divided into three classes—(a) heavy-bush lands, (b) light-bush or swamp lands, and (c) scrub land, according to the nature of the vegetation existing on the lands opened for sale or lease. On heavy-bush lands the selector, after payment of his first half-year's rent, is exempt from further rent for a period of four years, whilst no rate can be levied or collected by any local authority on the land for the same period; on light-bush lands or swamp lands three years' exemption from rent and rates is allowed, whilst residence for the first five years may be dispensed with on swamp lands; on scrub lands two years' exemption from rent and rates is given.

THE LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS ACTS

In the earlier years of the settlement of New Zealand there were opportunities for men of capital and judgment to acquire large estates, and while there were plenty of good Crown lauds to select from this was of great advantage to the colony when money was needed for administration and roads and bridges. These large estates employed hired labour, and most of them did little towards cultivating their lands, and consequently progress beyond the pastoral stage ceased in the districts in which they were situated. As the best lands in the course of years passed from the Crown, the country became a series of agricultural communities interspersed with large properties occupied by a manager and a few shepherds, and the people pressed that they and their sons should be allowed to occupy these large estates instead of being compelled to go into inaccessible back country without roads or railways. To meet this the late Hon. (later Sir) John McKenzie, then Minister of Lands, introduced into the Legislature in the session of 1892 a Bill intituled “The Land for Settlements Act,” which authorised the purchase from private individuals of suitable properties for subdivision into farms. Under the provisions of this Act and the amending Acts, which are now consolidated into the Act of 1900, properties have been acquired, and divided into small farms and leased in perpetuity at a 5-per-cent. rental, on a capital value fixed at a rate sufficient to cover first cost, together with survey, administration, and roads (if required). The usual process of acquisition is as follows: Whenever a property is offered to the Government, if it is so situated as to meet the object of the Act, a report on it is obtained from a Government officer, and, should his report be favourable, the question of purchase is then considered by a Board of Land Purchase Commissioners, composed of the Inspector, who is the permanent Chairman, three other Government officers, whose training and duties qualify them to advise the Government as to whether the purchase is a suitable one, and as to the price which should be given for the property, and a member nominated by the Government from residents in the district where the land to be dealt with is situated. It is only on the advice of this Board that the Government acts. In nearly all cases the properties acquired have been improved to a certain extent by fencing and buildings, and were situated in the neighbourhood of closely settled districts. The amount which may be expended per annum under the Act is £500,000. The Act also provides for the exchange of high-lying pastoral Crown lands for low-lying agricultural lands suitable for small holdings.

Lands may also be taken compulsorily in cases where the Board cannot agree with the owner as to price, &c., and where the Governor in Council decides to acquire the land for closer settlement. The amount payable to the owner is decided by a Compensation Court, composed of a Judge of the Supreme Court and two Assessors, one appointed by Government, the other by the owner of the property.

The acquisition of lands under the Land for Settlements Acts has proved beneficial in providing homes for a large class of men of moderate capital who shrink from the rough work of breaking in new country, or who, having accumulated capital (cash, stock, and implements), prefer open country near civilisation. Sons of farmers begin life near the old home, and help from there is given in many ways. The system also affords to the small-farmer class of the Old Country an opening for building up homes for themselves where their previous experience will be of use, instead of having to learn the methods adapted to a new and wild country.

Preference is given to landless people, and applicants for rural land have to satisfy the Land Board as to their means to stock and cultivate the property applied for and erect suitable buildings thereon. The Board, in fact, has a discretion as to who may become tenants.

Land may also be compulsorily taken for workmen's homes within a borough having a population of at least 15,000 persons, or within a radius of fifteen miles from the border thereof, for the purposes of providing workmen's homes or villages; but the area is restricted to not more than 100 acres every year within any such borough, or within the radius named above from the boundary of the borough.

The owner is left with right to retain an area of not more than 10 acres if in a borough, or 50 acres in any other case.

A workman's allotment is not to exceed 5 acres, and advances up to £50 are made by Government to successful applicants in aid of the cost of fencing and building dwellinghouses.

Regulations giving full directions to applicants under this Act have been issued from time to time, which should be in the hands of every one before applying for lands under this Act.

An account of the operations under the Land for Settlements Acts will be found in Part II of this work.

PURCHASE OF NATIVE LANDS BY GOVERNMENT

From about the year 1823 (which is the date of the first recorded deed) until the 6th February, 1840, the date of the Treaty of Waitangi, lands in New Zealand were acquired by direct purchase from the Maoris by individual members of the white races. During the years 1837 to 1839, or about the time it became probable that the sovereignty of the islands would be assumed by the United Kingdom, the greater number of these purchases were made, and they extended to most parts of the country. These purchases are technically known as “the old land claims,” and their total number (including pre-emptive claims), as estimated by Commissioner F. Dillon Bell in 1862, was 1,376, covering an area of about 10,322,453 acres, out of which large area grants were recommended for 292,475 acres. These figures have been slightly added to since, but not to any very large extent. The large area shown above was reduced on survey to about 474,000 acres, situated principally to the north of Auckland. The difference in area between the amount granted to the purchasers and the total area surveyed became what are termed “surplus lands of the Crown.” It was held that the Native title had been fully extinguished through such purchases over the whole area surveyed; but, as by Ordinance No. 2 of 9th June, 1841, the claimants could not be granted more than 2,560 acres each, the balance became vested in the Crown on the assumption of the sovereignty, the Native title having been fully extinguished.

In many cases the titles did not issue to those to whom the land was awarded, as they were compensated by scrip issued by the Government, with the understanding that such scrip was to be exercised in the purchase of Crown lands in the neighbourhood of Auckland, to which place it was desirable—so soon as the capital was founded—to draw a population. The lands thus paid for in scrip became Crown lands, and these, together with the surplus lands, have from time to time been disposed of by the Crown and settled on. The amount of scrip, &c., issued up to 1862 was over £109,000.

On the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on the 6th February, 1840, the pre-emptive right was ceded to the Government, and consequently private purchase ceased. This remained the law until the passing of “The Native Land Act, 1862,” when the Crown relinquished its right of pre-emption, whilst at the same time the purchase of Native lands for the Crown did not abate, but continued side by side with the private purchases up to the passing of “The Native Land Court Act, 1894.”

“The Maori Lands Administration Act, 1900,” is a measure intended to restrain Natives from pauperising themselves in the future by parting with the freehold of the balance of their lands (about five millions of acres). Its main provisions are—

  1. Prohibition of further alienation of the freehold of Native lands, either to the Crown or private purchasers, except as to inchoate transactions at the date of the passing of the Act and certain limited areas which were then comprised in separate titles and held by not more than two owners.

  2. Leasing of Native lands through partly elected and partly nominated Councils possessing all the powers and, where authorised, exercising all or any of the functions of the Native Land Court.

  3. Advances to Natives to road and otherwise improve their surplus lands for their own use and occupation.

“The Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905,” amends the above. Whilst placing the power of dealing with their lands in the hands of the Maori owners through special Boards called “Maori Land Boards,” it restores to the Crown the right of purchasing Maori lands in certain districts, provided that the price to be paid be not less than that fixed by the Valuer-General as its value.

From time to time since 1840 various sums were appropriated by Government or by Parliament for the acquisition of a Crown estate. Up to the date of passing of “The Native Land Act, 1862,” these operations were conducted by officers of the Government specially appointed, who, from a knowledge of the Maoris, their customs and disposition, were successful in securing large areas of land for settlement. It must be conceded that their operations as a whole were successful, and that the number of disputed cases arising out of their labours was exceedingly small. The Waitara purchase is, however, here excluded, for there were reasons of general policy affecting that sale which did not prevail in other cases. This purchase was the ostensible cause of the Native rebellion of 1860 and following years, but the motives which led to it were far deeper than the mere purchase of a few acres—there was a great principle at stake.

The difference effected in the mode of purchase by “The Native Land Act, 1862,” was this: Previously, the title of the Maoris who were to receive payment for the land was decided by the Land Purchase officers; but the Act quoted set up a Court, presided over by able Judges, who determined the titles, which were afterwards registered in a special Court. Purchases have since been effected with the registered owners.

It is difficult to obtain figures showing the actual area acquired by the Crown from the Maoris up to 1870, but in round numbers it was 6,000,000 acres in the North Island; whilst the whole of the South Island, with the exception of reserves for the original Native owners, was acquired prior to the passing of “The Native Land Act, 1862.” Stewart Island was purchased from the Native owners by deed dated 29th June, 1864.

The Native rebellion of 1860–69 brought Native-land purchases, for the time being, practically to a standstill.

The Immigration and Public Works Acts of 1870 and 1873 appropriated £200,000 and £500,000 respectively for the purchase of lands in the North Island; and these amounts have, up to the 31st of March, 1907, been augmented by further annual appropriations from the public funds and other loan-moneys, covering altogether a total expenditure since 1870 of £2,033,558, with the following results: Area finally acquired in the North Island from Natives, from 1870 to 31st March, 1907, 7,978,072 acres. Area under negotiation in the North Island on 31st March, 1907, 75,879 acres; interests therein finally acquired, 6,112 acres.

The purchase of Native lands was, during the past financial year, resumed under the provisions of “The Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905.” The expenditure on this account to 31st March, 1907, was £106,389, and the area acquired or under negotiation 320,945 acres. This is not included in the foregoing paragraph.

DIGEST OF THE LAND LAWS

Administration

The Grown lands are administered, under the authority of “The Laud Act, 1892,” by the Hon. the Minister of Lands at Wellington. For convenience the colony is divided into ten land districts, each being under the local direction of a Commissioner and a Land Board. The Commissioner's office is known as the principal land office, and in some of the larger districts there are one or more local land offices. It is with these land offices the selector has to transact all business, from the first consultation of the maps to the final receipt of the Crown title.

Land Districts and Principal Land Offices

The names of the land districts and of the towns where each principal office is situated are, beginning with the most northerly and taking them geographically, as under:—

Land District.Town where Principal Land Office is situated.
AucklandAuckland.
TaranakiNew Plymouth.
Hawke's BayNapier.
WellingtonWellington.
NelsonNelson.
MarlboroughBlenheim.
WestlandHokitika.
CanterburyChristchurch.
OtagoDunedin.
SouthlandInvercargill.

Classification of Lands, &c

Crown lands are divided into three classes:—

  1. Town and village lands, the upset prices of which are, respectively, not less than £20 and £3 per acre; such lands are sold by auction:

  2. Suburban lands, the upset price of which may not be less than £2 an acre; these lands are also sold by auction:

  3. Rural lands, which may be disposed of at not less than £1 per acre for first-class, and 5s. an acre for second-class lands; such lands may be sold or leased by auction, or sold or leased on application.

No rural section may be larger than 640 acres in extent if first-class land, or 2,000 acres if second-class land, whether offered by auction or application. No person can select more than 640 acres of first-class or 2,000 acres of second-class land, including therein any land which he then owns. Small grazing-runs, first-class, may not exceed 5,000 acres, and second class 20,000 acres. Pastoral runs are limited to areas which will carry 20,000 sheep or 4,000 cattle. No person can select more than one run.

Mode of acquiring Crown Lands

Crown lands may be acquired as follows:—

  1. By auction, after survey, in which case one-fifth of the price is paid down at the time of sale, the balance within thirty days:

  2. By application, after the lands have been notified as open for selection, in which case the applicant fills up a form (to be obtained at any of the Land Offices) and makes the declaration and undertaking required by the particular system he wishes to select under.

All applications, whether for surveyed or unsurveyed lands, are deemed to be simultaneous if made on the same day, and, if there be more than one applicant for the same land, the right of selection is determined by ballot.

Lands thrown open for application may be either surveyed or unsurveyed, and those not selected the first day remain open.

The Optional System of Selection

Lands for selection are notified as open for application on and after a stated day, and, at the option of the applicant, may be obtained on any of the three following tenures: (a) Freehold; (b) occupation with the right of purchase; (c) lease in perpetuity.

(a.) Freehold

If the land is surveyed, one-fifth of the price is to be paid down when the application is granted, and the balance within thirty days; or, if the land is not completely surveyed, the survey fee is deposited when the application is agreed to, and goes towards the purchase of the land; the balance must be paid within thirty days of notice that the survey is completed.

A certificate of occupation will issue to the purchaser on final payment, which will be exchanged for a Crown title so soon as the Board is satisfied that the improvements mentioned on the next page have been completed.

(b.) Occupation with Right of Purchase

Lands selected on this tenure are held under a license for twenty-five years. At any time subsequent to the first ten years, and before the expiration of the license, after having resided and made the improvements hereinafter described, the licensee can, on payment of the upset price of the land, acquire the freehold. If the land be not purchased, the license may be exchanged for a lease in perpetuity.

The rent is 5 per cent. on the cash price of the land; a half-year's rent has to be paid at the time the application is approved, if surveyed land, which represents the half-year's rent due in advance on the 1st day of January or July following the selection. If the land is unsurveyed, the cost of survey is to be paid, and is credited to the selector as so much rent paid in advance, counted from the 1st day of January or July following thirty days' notice of the completion of survey.

Residence and improvement of the land are compulsory, as hereinafter described.

(c.) Leases in Perpetuity

Lands selected on this tenure are leased for 999 years, subject to the conditions of residence and improvements described below. The rental is 4 per cent. on the cash price of the land, and applications are dealt with in the same way as under the previous tenure (b), but there is at no time a right to purchase the freehold.

Two or more persons may make a joint application to hold as tenants in common under either of the two last-named tenures.

Residence and Improvements

Under the two last-mentioned tenures, the conditions as to residence and improvements are:—

RESIDENCE

  1. Must commence on bush or swamp lands within four years, and in open or partly open land within one year, from the date of selection:

  2. Must be continuous for six years on bush or swamp land, and for seven years on open or partly open land, on lands occupied with a right of purchase:

  3. Must be continuous for a term of ten years on lease-in-perpetuity lands.

The Board has power to dispense with residence in certain cases, such as where the selector is residing on adjacent lands, or is a youth or unmarried woman living with parents, and in a few other cases.

RESIDENCE implies the erection of a habitable house to be approved of by the Board.

IMPROVEMENTS which must be made are as follows:—

  1. Freehold-tenure lands must be improved within seven years to an amount of £1 an acre for first-class land, and 10s. an acre for second-class land.

  2. Lands held on lease with right of purchase, or on lease in perpetuity, must be improved to an amount equal to 10 per cent. of the value of the land within one year from the date of the license or lease; within two years must be improved to the amount of another 10 per cent.; within six years must be improved to the value of another 10 per cent., making 30 per cent. in all within the six years. In addition to the above, the land must be further improved to an amount of £1 an acre for first-class land, and on second-class land to an amount equal to the net price of the land, but not more than 10s. an acre.

Improvements may consist of reclamation from swamps, clearing of bush, planting with trees or hedges, cultivation of gardens, fencing, draining, making roads, wells, water-tanks, water-races, sheep-dips, embankments or protective works, or in any way improving the character or fertility of the soil; or the erection of any building, &c.; and cultivation includes the clearing of land for cropping, or clearing and ploughing for laying down with artificial grasses, &c.

Special-settlement Associations

Under the existing regulations any number of persons, not less than twelve, may select and apply for a block of land of not less than 1,000 acres or more than 11,000 acres in extent, but the number of members must be such that there shall be one for every 200 acres in the block, and no one can hold more than 320 acres, except in swamp lands, where the area may be 500 acres.

The capital value of lands within a special settlement is fixed after survey by special valuation, but may not be less than 10s. an acre; the rental is not less than 4 per cent. on the capital value, and the tenure is a lease in perpetuity.

Residence, occupation, and improvements are generally the same as already described, and applications have to be made in manner prescribed by regulations.

Applicants should apply to a Commissioner for a copy of the regulations, as they are liable to change at any time.

Suitable land for small settlement of this kind is now scarce.

Improved-farm Settlements

Special regulations are in force for this class of settlement, which should be applied for, but briefly the terms are as follow: Applicants are selected by the Commissioner of Crown Lands, preference being given to married men. The areas of the farms may vary from 10 acres to 200 acres, according to locality; no settler can select more than one farm. Contracts are made with the settler to fell the forest, burn it, and sow with grass-seed up to 100 acres, the cost being paid by the Government, and £10 may be advanced to a single man and £30 to a married man to help to build a house. The rates allowed for felling are those current in the district. The land is then leased for 999 years at a rental of 4 per cent. on the unimproved capital value, plus the actual cost of the felling and grassing. As a rule, the settlers can get employment on the roadworks in the neighbourhood, but Government does not guarantee this.

Residence for the first ten years is compulsory, and improvements must be made in terms of Part III of “The Land Act, 1892.” (See ante.)

Village Settlements

Village settlements are disposed of under regulations made from time to time by the Governor, but the main features are as follow:—

Such settlements may be divided into:—

  1. Village allotments not exceeding 1 acre each, which are disposed of either by auction among the applicants or by application, as already described, with option of tenure, the cash price being not less than £3 per allotment:

  2. Homestead allotments not exceeding 100 acres each, which are leased in perpetuity at a 4-per-cent. rental on a capital value of not less than 10s. per acre.

Residence, improvements, and applications are the same as already described. The leases are exempt from liability to be seized or sold for debt or bankruptcy.

The Colonial Treasurer is empowered in certain cases to advance small sums for the purpose of enabling selectors to profitably occupy their allotments.

Small Grazing-runs

Small grazing-runs are divided into two classes: First class, not exceeding 5,000 acres; second class, not exceeding 20,000 acres in area. The rental in both cases is not less than 2 1/2 per cent. on the capital value per acre, but such capital value cannot be less than 5s. per acre. Small grazing-runs are leased for terms of twenty-one years, with right of renewal for other twenty-one years, at a rent of 2 1/2 per cent. on the then value of the land. The runs are declared open for selection, and applications and declarations on the forms provided have to be filled in and left at the Land Office, together with the deposit of one half-year's rent, which represents that due on the 1st day of March or September following the selection.

No holder of a pastoral run, and no holder of freehold or leasehold land of any kind whatever, over 1,000 acres in area, exclusive of the small grazing-run applied for, may be a selector under this system; and only one small grazing-run can be held by any one person.

The lease entitles the holder to the grazing rights, and to the cultivation of any part of the run, and to the reservation of 150 acres round his homestead through which no road may be taken; but the runs are subject to the mining laws.

Residence is compulsory, if bush or swamp land, within three years; if open, within one year; and must be continuous to the end of the term, but may in a few cases be relaxed. Improvements necessary are as follow: Within the first year, to the amount of one year's rent; within the second year, to another year's rent; and within six years, to the value of two other years' rent: making in all a sum equal to four years' rental which must be expended within six years. In addition to these improvements, bush-covered first-class runs must be improved to an amount of 10s. an acre, and second-class bush-clad runs to an amount of 5s. an acre.

These runs may be divided, after three years' compliance with the conditions, amongst the members of the selector's family.

Pastoral Runs

Pastoral country is let by auction for varying terms not exceeding twenty-one years; and, excepting in extraordinary circumstances, runs must not be of a greater extent than will carry 20,000 sheep or 4,000 head of cattle. Runs are classified from time to time by special Commissioners into: (1) Pastoral lands, which are suitable only for depasturing more than 5,000 sheep; (2) pastoral-agricultural lands, suitable for subdivision into areas of under 5,000 acres, which may be either let as pastoral runs, generally for short terms, or cut up for settlement in some other form. Leases of pastoral lands may not be resumed; leases of pastoral-agricultural lands may be resumed at any time after twelve months' notice, without compensation.

No one can hold more than one run; but. in case of any one holding a run of a carrying-capacity less than 10,000 sheep, he may take up additional country up to that limit.

Runs are offered at auction from time to time, and half a year's rent has to be paid down at the time of sale, being the amount due in advance on the 1st day of March or September following the sale, and the purchaser has to make the declaration required by the Act. All leases begin on the 1st day of March, and they entitle the holder to the grazing rights, but not to the soil, timber, or minerals; and the lease terminates over any part of the run which may be leased for some other purpose, purchased, or reserved. The tenant has to prevent the burning of timber or bush; in open country to prevent the growth of gorse, broom, or sweetbriar; and to destroy the rabbits on his run. With the consent of the Laud Board, the interest in a run may be transferred or mortgaged, but power of sale under a mortgage must be exercised within two years.

In case it is determined again to lease any run on expiry of the lease, the new lease must be offered by auction twelve months before the end of the term, and if, on leasing, it shall be purchased by some one other than the previous lessee, valuation for improvements, to be made by an appraiser, shall be paid by the incoming tenant, but to a value not greater than three times the annual rent—excepting in the case of a rabbit-proof fence, which is to be valued separately. If the run is not again leased, the value of rabbit-proof fencing is paid by the Crown, but the tenant has no claim against the Crown beyond the value of the rabbit-proof fence; he may, however, within three months of sale, remove fences, buildings, &c. Buns may also be divided with the approval of the Board.

Bush and Swamp Crown Lands

“The Bush and Swamp Crown Lands Settlement Act, 1903,” provides that any lands brought under its provisions shall be exempt from rents and rates after the payment of the first half-year's rent for periods of four years in the case of “heavy-bush land,” three years in case of “light-bush land” or “swamp land,” and two years in the case of “scrub land.”

Survey Charges on Unsurveyed Lands

The following is the scale of charges for surveys of unsurveyed lands:—

  • Not exceeding 30 acres, £6.

  • Exceeding 30 and up to 50 acres, 3s. 6d. per acre, but not less than £6.

  • Exceeding 50 and up to 100 acres, 3s. per acre, but not less than £8 15s.

  • Exceeding 100 and up to 200 acres, 2s. 6d. per acre, but not less than £15.

  • Exceeding 200 and up to 300 acres, 2s. per acre, but not less than £25.

  • Exceeding 300 and up to 500 acres, 1s. 8d. per acre, but not less than £30.

  • Exceeding 500 and up to 1,000 acres, 1s. 4d. per acre, but not less than £41 13s. 4d.

  • Exceeding 1,000 and up to 2,000 acres, 1s. per acre, but not less than £66 13s. 4d.

For the survey of any area of rural land, being open land, the scale of charges shall be two-thirds the foregoing rates.

In case any question shall arise as to what lands are included in the expression “open land,” the same shall be settled by the Surveyor-General, whose decision shall be conclusive.

The Chief Surveyor may vary the above charges by substituting a rate per mile or per day for such work as may not come under the foregoing scale.

Chapter 56. ADVANCES TO SETTLERS

THE Government Advances to Settlers Act was a Government policy measure in the legislation of 1894. It was designed to afford relief to a numerous class of colonists who were struggling under the burden of high rates of interest and heavy legal expenses of mortgages, &c. These were established when prices of agricultural produce were high and profits large; and, so long as business continued to be prosperous, they attracted but little, if any, attention. For several years preceding 1894 commerce and agriculture had suffered from world-wide depression; settlers were becoming embarrassed in their circumstances; and the high rates of interest still charged were felt to be a burden on the industry of the people not easily borne, and a hindrance to the settlement and development of the farming lands of the colony. Under these circumstances the Government brought in the Government Advances to Settlers Bill. It was passed towards the close of the session of 1894, and immediately came into operation, with results which have proved beneficial to the farming community. The very great success of this office and the extent to which it has contributed to the general prosperity of the colony are not sufficiently realised. A general decline in the rates of interest at once set in, and at a moderate computation it is claimed that the Act has been instrumental in lowering these to the extent of a saving, directly or indirectly, to mortgagors in this colony of over £8,500,000, in addition to a large saving in legal costs, procuration fees, and valuations, owing to the very low rates charged. This result, while it may have diminished the incomes of a few persons resident within the colony, has benefited many thousands of deserving settlers and led to large areas of land being brought under cultivation that, but for the Advances to Settlers Act, would still be in their natural state. The entire exemption of all improvements on land from rates and taxes has much encouraged the outlay of capital on improvements, estimated over £30,000,000, and a considerable amount of this has been provided by this Department. Additional concessions are being made from time to time to extend the usefulness of the office, and render further assistance to settlers.

The Act authorised the raising of three million pounds sterling within two years, in sums of a million and a half per annum, at a rate of interest not higher than 4 per cent. In May, 1895, tenders were invited in London for £1,500,000 of 3-per-cent. inscribed stock of the Government of New Zealand, and applications were received for £5,960,400 at prices ranging from £100 to £90. The million and a half was placed at an average price of £94 8s. 9d.

An amending Act, passed in 1895, extended the time for raising the residue of the three millions to three years from the coming into operation of the amending Act. In 1898 this term was extended for a further period of three years, and in 1901 the time-limit restriction was removed altogether, power being given at the same time to raise an additional loan of £1,000,000.

To carry out the objects of the Act, an office was established called the “Government Advances to Settlers Office”; at the same time an independent General Board was constituted to co-operate with and assist the Superintendent, the title by which the chief administrative officer is known.

The statutes for advances to settlers by Government are now consolidated and amended by the Act of 1906.

The business of the office is the advancing of money in New Zealand on first mortgage of lands and improvements held under the following classes of tenure, free from all encumbrances, liens, and interests other than leasehold interests, that is to say:—

  1. Freehold land held in fee-simple under “The Land Transfer Act, 1885,” or freehold land held in fee-simple the title to which is registered under “The Deeds Registration Act, 1868.”

  2. Grown land held on perpetual lease under “The Land Act, 1885.”

  3. Crown land held under Parts III and IV of “The Land Act, 1892.”

  4. Crown land held on lease as a small grazing-run under “The Land Act, 1885,” or under “The Land Act, 1892.”

  5. Crown land held on agricultural lease under “The Mining Act, 1891.”

  6. Crown land held on lease (not being for mining purposes) under “The Westland and Nelson Coalfields Administration Act, 1877.”

  7. Native land held on lease under “The West Coast Settlement Reserves Act, 1881,” or under the Act of 1892.

  8. Land held on lease under “The Westland and Nelson Native Reserves Act, 1887.”

  9. Land held under “The Thermal Springs Districts Act, 1881.”

  10. Educational and other reserves which are subject to the provisions of “The Land Act 1877 Amendment Act, 1882,” by virtue of Proclamation made under section 50 thereof, or “The Land Act, 1885,” by virtue of Proclamation made under section 237 thereof, or “The Land Act, 1892,” by virtue of Proclamation made under section 243 thereof, and are held on perpetual lease or lease in perpetuity, or on deferred-payment or small-grazing-run systems.

  11. Crown land held by license on the deferred-payment system under Part III of “The Land Act, 1885.”

  12. Land held under lease from a leasing authority, as defined by “The Public Bodies' Powers Act, 1887,” and providing for the payment by the incoming tenant of valuation for improvements made upon the land, whether by the lessee named in such lease or any former lessee, as tenant.

  13. Land held under lease from a Maori Land Board under “The Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905.” Provided the Board or other person in whom the land is vested joins in the mortgage for the purpose of securing the due payment of the instalments.

With regard to classes 10 and 12, a lease is not eligible if it provides for absolute forfeiture (without compensation) for breach of conditions, or if on the determination of the lease compensation is to be allowed for certain improvements only.

Loans can be granted only on the instalment system (fully described hereafter);

  1. On all freeholds up to three-fifths of the value of the security: Provided that in the case of first-class agricultural freeholds loans may be advanced up to two-thirds of the value..

  2. On leaseholds up to three-fifths of the value of the lessee's interest in the lease..

The granting of advances and the determining of what shall be considered first-class agricultural land rests solely with the General Board of the office.

No loan of less than £25 or more than £3,000 can be granted. If the applicant has already obtained any advance under this Act, and is desirous of obtaining a further advance, either on the same security or on a separate security, the amount of the application, added to the amount of the advances already obtained, must not exceed £3,000.

The security which the applicant offers for the loan must consist of one or more holdings of the several classes of tenure above mentioned, and must, of course, be of the necessary value; and if the security is leasehold all the covenants and conditions of the lease, including the payment of rent, must have been regularly complied with. Crown lessees should note that “The Land Act, 1892,” provides that leases under that Act must be at least twelve months in existence before they can be mortgaged.

In the case of an application for an advance on the security of an interest in land held under a lease or license issued from the Lands Department (and belonging to one or more of the classes of tenure numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11), a notice of the application must be forwarded to the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the district in which the land is situated. The requisite form, and an envelope for forwarding it, may be obtained from any Postmaster in the colony.

All applications must be accompanied by a valuation fee according to the following scale:—

 £s.d.
On an application for a loan not exceeding £1000106
Exceeding £100 but not exceeding £250110
Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £5001116
Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £3,000220

Mortgages are repayable by seventy-three half-yearly payments of principal and interest combined. They may also be repaid in whole or in part at any time. Interest is charged at the rate of 5 per cent., reducible to 4 1/2 per cent. provided payment is made not later than fourteen days after due date, and no arrears in respect of instalments or other payments under the mortgage remain outstanding. The instalment due dates shall be 14th February and 14th August in each year.

Every half-yearly instalment, except the last, is at the rate of £3 (less the rebate of interest in case of prompt payment) for every £100 of the loan. The following table shows, taking a loan of £100 as an instance, how much of each instalment is applied to repaying the principal, and how much is in payment of interest. It shows also the amount of rebate in respect of each instalment, and the balance of principal remaining due after payment of the respective instalments until the loan is entirely repaid in thirty-six years and a half:—

TABLE OF PRESCRIBED HALF-YEARLY INSTALMENTS FOR EVERY ONE HUNDRED POUNDS OF THE LOAN.
Half-year.Prescribed Half-yearly Instalment.Apportioned thus:1/2 per Cent. Rebate of Interest.Balance of Principal owing.
On Account of Interest at 5 per Cent.On Account of Principal.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
1st3002100010005099100
2nd300299010305098199
3rd300296010604119893
4th3002930109041197186
5th300290011004119776
6th3002880114041096162
7th300285011704109647
8th30028101111041095128
9th300271001220499506
10th30027601260499480
11th3002720121004993152
12th300261101310489321
13th30026701350489288
14th3002630139047911411
15th300251001420479109
16th30025601460479063
17th3002520141004689115
18th300249015304688162
19th30024501570458807
20th30024001600458747
21st30023701650448682
22nd3002320161004485114
23rd300229017304384141
24th300224017804383165
25th3002111018104282184
26th3002160186042811910
27th300210019004181010
28th30020601960418014
29th3002001000407914
30th3001196106031178010
31st30011901100311761910
32nd3001186116031075184
33rd3001180120031074164
34th300117512703973139
35th3001161013203872107
36th300116313903771610
37th30011581440377026
38th3001151141103668177
39th300114515703567120
40th3001131016203566510
41st3001132161003464190
42nd300112617603363116
43rd30011191830326233
44th3001111181103160144
45th30011041980305948
46th3001971105021157143
47th3001810111202115631
48th30018111111021054112
49th300173112902952185
50th300166113602851411
51st300158114402749107
52nd300149115302647154
53rd3001311116102545193
54th30013011700244423
55th300121117110244244
56th300111118110214055
57th300102119100203857
58th3000192201001113649
59th30001812111011034210
60th30001712211018311911
61st3000160240017291511
62nd30001411251016271010
63rd30001392630142547
64th300012727501322172
65th30001152870122087
66th3000103299010171810
67th3000902110001115710
68th300078212400912156
69th300065213700810111
70th30005121411006770
71st30003821640044108
72nd30002421780031130
73rd1131000101130001 .. 

The mortgagor may pay to the Superintendent at any time the whole balance of principal owing, with interest to date of payment, and obtain a discharge of the mortgage on payment of the fee prescribed for such discharge.

The mortgagor may also from time to time pay to the Superintendent, in addition to the half-yearly payments, sums of £5 or a multiple of £5.

Money paid in advance by a mortgagor may be applied in one of the following methods, according as he directs:—

  1. It may be held on his behalf and applied in payment of the half-yearly instalments (consisting partly of interest and partly of principal) as they fall due, until the deposit is exhausted.

  2. It may be applied at once in payment of as many future half-yearly instalments of principal (but not of interest) as it will cover, and, as far as such instalments are concerned, the corresponding interest will not be charged. On the next half-yearly date, however, the mortgagor will be required to continue his payments as before, the advance payment having the effect of reducing the period (thirty-six years and a half) during which he would have to pay such instalments. For instance, a mortgagor has a loan of £100: On the due date of his eighth half-yearly instalment he pays, in addition to the amount due, a sum of £5. This is applied in payment of his ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth instalments of principal—12s. 2d., 12s. 6d., 12s. 10d., 13s. 1d., 13s. 5d., 13s. 9d., 14s. 2d. (see table), making a total of £4 11s. 11d.—and the corresponding interest, £2 7s. 10d., £2 7s. 6d., £2 7s. 2d., £2 6s. 11d., £2 6s. 7d., £2 6s. 3d., £2 5s. 10d., is not charged. A balance of 8s. 1d. remains in his favour. Then on the next due date he has to make the half-yearly payment as usual (less 8s. 1d.), but, instead of being the ninth, it counts as the sixteenth instalment, and by this means the whole loan is repaid three years and a half earlier (seven half-yearly payments) than it otherwise would be.

  3. It may be applied as provided in the next paragraph.

At any time, after at least one-tenth of the loan has been repaid, by means of the half-yearly instalments or of moneys repaid in advance, or both, the mortgagor (provided he is not in arrear with any instalment or other payment due under the mortgage) may, with the consent of the Superintendent, readjust the loan by treating the balance of principal then unpaid as a fresh loan duly granted on that date for a fresh term. But no readjustment is allowed unless the balance of unpaid principal amounts to at least £100. Under this arrangement the mortgagor will be relieved of paying interest on the original amount of the loan, and will pay only on the balance of principal not repaid.

The law-costs payable for preparing and completing the mortgages under the Act are as follow:—

Mortgages under “The Land Transfer Act, 1885.”

Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage (to be deducted from the advance),—

 £s.d.
If advance be not exceeding £250076
Exceeding £250, but not exceeding £5000100
Exceeding £500, but not exceeding £7500150
Exceeding £750, but not exceeding £1,000110
Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding £1,500160
Exceeding £1,500, but not exceeding £2,0001116
Exceeding £2,000, but not exceeding £3,0001176

With cash disbursements, which are the same in every case, namely,—

 £s.d.
Search-fee (with an additional 2s. for every certificate of title after the first)020
Registration (with an additional 2s. for every certificate of title after the first)0100

Mortgages under “The Deeds Registration Act, 1868.”

Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage (to be deducted from the advance),—

 £s.d.
If advance be not exceeding £1500180
Exceeding £150, but not exceeding £250106
Exceeding £250, but not exceeding £500150
Exceeding £500, but not exceeding £7501130
Exceeding £750, but not exceeding £1,000230
Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding £1,5002130
Exceeding £1,500, but not exceeding £2,0003130
Exceeding £2,000, but not exceeding £3,0004130

With cash disbursements,—

Fee chargeable by solicitor not residing in registration centre for employing agent to register mortgage050
Solicitor's charge for obtaining Land Board's consent to mortgage of leasehold land— 
      If advance be not exceeding £250020
      Exceeding £250050
Fee for partial or total discharge of mortgage050
Fee for execution of consent by the Superintendent to any document050
Fee for production of title-deeds held by the Superintendent056

Mortgages to secure further advances will be prepared and completed free of charge to borrowers except the payments of cash disbursements.

Valuation reports on the securities offered are made on behalf of the Department by expert land-valuers permanently employed by the Government Valuation of Land Department; and these reports, together with the corresponding valuations appearing in the district valuation rolls, prepared in accordance with the provisions of “The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896,” and reports from the Commissioners of Crown Lands in the case of Crown leaseholds, are considered by the General Board. Board meetings are held weekly, or as occasion requires, and the Superintendent is bound by the resolutions of the Board. A resolution is taken with regard to every application placed before the General Board, so that on the Board rests the responsibility of granting loans or of refusing to grant them.

Some applicants offer securities which are obviously not eligible; and in that event the valuation fees paid are returned, the securities are not reported on, and the applications do not go before the Board.

By arrangements made with the Post Office, mortgagors are enabled to pay their instalments and interest to the credit of the Superintendent at any money-order office throughout the colony, and free of all costs for remitting the money to Wellington. This is an arrangement at once convenient and economical for the large number of persons scattered all over the colony who have financial dealings with the Advances to Settlers Office. Loans may also be repaid in full through the Post Office.

Arrangements have been made whereby the whole cost of mortgagee's accident indemnity insurance in respect of its mortgages will be borne by the Advances to Settlers Office. Formerly the premiums were charged to and paid by mortgagors.

The officials of the Government Advances to Settlers Office are bound by declaration to observe secrecy respecting applications for advances, and are forbidden to give any information respecting the business of the Department except to officers appointed to assist in carrying out the provisions of the Act.

The Act provides penalties for persons employed in the business of the Advances to Settlers Office taking any fee or reward from an applicant for a loan under the Act; for persons acting as valuers of land in which they have a pecuniary interest; and for persons who may attempt to bribe any one employed under the Act.

Extract from the Thirteenth Annual Report

This year has again proved a record year for the amount of business transacted. the applications numbering 2,420. amounting to £999,461, as against 2,288 applications, amounting to £949,432, for the previous year, an increase of 132 applications for £50,029. The advances actually granted during the year numbered 1,929, for £767,730 4s. 7d., which exceeds those of the previous year (also a record) by 222, for £134,277 11s. 1d. The Board had up to the 31st March, 1907, authorised 19,501 advances, amounting to £6,648,480. Applicants to the number of 2,169 declined the grants offered them, amounting to £933,860, so that the net advances authorised to the 31st March, 1907, numbered 17,332, and amounted to £5,714,620.

Seventy-six per cent. of the advances made during the year was for loans not exceeding £500.

The total sum raised by the Government on debentures for investment on mortgage is £3,560,000. Eleven thousand and thirty-seven mortgagors are now indebted to the Department to the extent of £3,554,607 3s. 3d. in respect of moneys, an increase during the year of 1,051 mortgagors, amounting to £427,619 13s. 3d.

The gross profits for the year ended 31st March, 1907, were £49.836 7s., and the total cost of management and expenses of the Department £4,864 14s. 5d., being 0.14 per cent., or 2s. 8d. per £100 on the capital employed. (The cost of the previous year was 0.13 per cent., or 2s. 7d. per £100.) The net profits amounted to £44,971 12s. 7d., an increase on the previous year of £10,924 3s. 5d., notwithstanding the additional expenses connected with the concessions granted to the mortgagors.

The loan flotation charges have been further written down out of profits by the sum of £40,000. Next year this item will disappear altogether.

These eminently satisfactory results have been largely contributed to by the stoppage of the leakages in the shape of loss of interest on portion of the funds of the office, and consequently reaping the full benefit of all the funds of the office being employed in its own business; so that, notwithstanding the large amount—exceeding three-quarters of a million—of new business transacted during the year, the office has only had to resort to borrowing to the comparatively very small amount of £150,000.

Additional advances are now secured by further-charge mortgages prepared in accordance with the Act of last session, free of charge to the mortgagors, except the payment to the Deeds Office of the necessary 10s. registration fee. Four hundred and fifty of these mortgages were prepared and completed during the past year very satisfactorily and without difficulty.

Arrangements have now been made also whereby all mortgage - deeds securing loans will be prepared and completed free of charge to mortgagors, except the payment to the Deeds Office of a small fee of 10s. for registration. It is estimated that by this change a saving to mortgagors of fully £10,000 per annum in legal costs and fees will be effected. In addition to much time and trouble saved, far greater expedition will be given to the completion of loans, and much labour and expense saved to the Department.

Sixteen freehold and nine leasehold securities have for various reasons been realised by the Department up to the present time. In most cases fairly good surpluses over and above the advances owing to the Department have been obtained and refunded. In no case has a loss been made, and the Department has at the present time no securities on its hands. There is, however, one small loan just now which is somewhat doubtful and may ultimately result in a small loss for the first time.

Mortgagors continue to meet their half-yearly payments of interest and principal in a manner creditable to themselves and highly satisfactory to the Department.

The total amount of interest collected for the year amounted to £145,071 10s. 6d. The total amount of interest collected to the 31st March, 1907, amounts to the sum of £1,043,871, in addition to the repayments of principal, £2,002,680, making a grand total of £3,046,551, besides a large sum for insurance premiums, fees, &c., without any loss having been incurred, at the same time the average amounts collected being only about £8 of principal and interest combined.

The increase in the volume of business transacted during the year has been very large; and the staff of the office have worked well, and deserve commendation for the efficient and expeditious manner in which the work has been carried out.

Chapter 57. ADVANCES TO WORKERS.

IN continuance of the system of the money-lending operations of the Government, the Government Advances to Workers Act was introduced and passed towards the end of the session of 1906. It is a measure calculated to confer upon a large number of deserving people throughout the colony an opportunity of borrowing money at a low rate of interest for the sole purpose of acquiring homes for themselves. The Act has been only a few months in active operation, but sufficient time has elapsed to prove that it is being largely taken advantage of by the workers for whose benefit it was placed on the Statute-book.

The following extract from the report of the Superintendent will explain the method of making advances:—

The business of the office is the advancing of money to workers desirous of providing themselves with homes on first mortgage of urban and suburban lands and improvements held under any of the classes of tenure upon which advances to settlers are made (specified in the preceding article), free from all encumbrances, liens, and interests, other than leasehold interests.

  1. A worker is defined as a person employed in manual or clerical work, who at the time of making application for a loan is not in receipt of an income of more than £200 per annum, and is not the owner of any land other than the section on which it is proposed to build.

  2. Not more than £350 may be granted to any one borrower. No advance shall be granted which exceeds the value of the dwelling-house to be erected, or exceeding three-fourths of the total value of the security when the building is completed, in the case of freehold land, or three-fourths of the lessee's interest in the lease after the building is erected, in the case of leasehold land.

  3. The amount of the loan granted by the Board may either be paid over in one sum when the building is completed, or, if the applicant desires it, be advanced by instalments corresponding in amount to the progress from time to time made in the erection of the building. An inspection and report shall be made by an officer of the Valuation Department prior to payment of any progress payment on account of the loan, and for each such inspection a fee of 7s. 6d. shall be paid by the applicant.

  4. Loans shall be granted only on the instalment system, and shall be repaid or re-adjusted as in the case of a loan under “The Government Advances to Settlers Act, 1906.” Interest is charged at the rate of 5 per cent., reducible to 4 ½ per cent., provided payment is made not later than 14 days after due date, and no arrears or other payment under the mortgage remain outstanding.

  5. Mortgages will be prepared and completed free of charge to borrowers, except the payment of cash disbursements, which will be deducted from the advance.

No commission or charge or procuration fee for the promotion of an advance—that is, for the successful result of the application for the loan—may be paid or levied.

Any person desiring an advance should make a written application on the form provided for the purpose, a copy of which can be obtained from any Postmaster in the colony. The Postmaster will also supply an envelope in which the application may be forwarded free of postage, and will afford to the applicant any explanation which may be required respecting the filling in of the form. Application for a loan may also be made to representatives of the Valuation of Land Department who, together with Postmasters, act as agents for the office throughout the colony. The Department has no other authorised agents. No professional assistance is necessary, and no charge is authorised for the filling-in of the application form.

Chapter 58. THE LAND AND INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT.

THE INCOME-TAX.

IN New Zealand there is a combined land and income tax in force The income-tax is generally assessable on all income, with the exceptions of the rents or profits derived from the direct use or cultivation of land, and interest from mortgages of land. The reason for these important exceptions is that the income-tax is levied in conjunction with a land-tax and a graduated land-tax on the unimproved value of land, and a tax on the capital value of mortgages. This exemption from income-tax of income derived from land is therefore necessary in order to avoid duplicate taxation, on the principle that where the capital is taxed (as in land and mortgages) the income earned by such capital is exempt.

In addition to the above, the following incomes are exempted: The income of—

The Crown;

The salary and emoluments of the Governor;

Local authorities;

Friendly societies in respect of business carried on within their circle of membership only; Building societies;

Public charitable and public educational institutions; Savings-banks;

Commissioners of General Government and local body sinking funds;

Religious societies, so far as the funds are devoted to the support of aged or infirm ministers or their families only;

Imperial pensioners, so far only as the amount of the pension is drawn from the Crown and charged with income-tax in Great Britain or some British possession;

Any co-operative dairy factory company, so far as income is derived from dairy-produce supplied by its own shareholders;

Public societies not carrying on business for pecuniary gain.

Process of Assessment.

All persons, firms, and companies deriving income in or from the colony are required, before the 1st June in each year, to furnish full and complete returns. The forms on which returns are required to be made are posted direct to taxpayers, and they may also be obtained at any post-office.

Returns of income have to be made annually, and must be posted to reach the Commissioner's office in Wellington not later than the 1st of June; they contain particulars of all income liable to taxation actually earned during the year ending on the 31st March immediately preceding.

Returns of land and mortgages are made by companies annually and by persons biennially, and must be posted to reach the Commissioner's office in Wellington not later than the 1st May. The returns contain particulars of all land and mortgages as owned at noon on the 31st March; the Commissioner must also be notified from time to time of sales or purchases of land and alterations in mortgages.

All returns (both of land and mortgages and of income) are critically examined by a permanent and experienced staff of Government officials; all inaccuracies and obscure items are the subject of correspondence during examination.

Income-tax assessments are made and the accounts posted about the 1st January; they are made payable about the 31st January, and a period of fourteen days' grace is allowed in which to make payment, after which 10 per cent. is added to the amount of the tax.

Land-tax assessments are made and the accounts posted about the 1st November; they are made payable about the 30th November, and, as in the case of income-tax, fourteen days are allowed in which to make payment, after which 10 per cent is added to the amount of the tax.

The returns are exhaustively revised and checked in the Land and Income Tax Office, Wellington, all doubtful points are queried, erroneous deductions disallowed, and additions made where necessary. In addition to these steps, there are inspecting officers appointed to verify returns at the taxpayer's place of business. The Act provides special powers for examining all the books, &c., of a taxpayer. The Commissioner can at any time call for the production to the inspecting officers of all books, balance-sheets, stock-sheets, and any papers or other evidence of the taxpayer's income; penalties are provided in the event of refusal to comply with the Commissioner's request. This process of examination has resulted in a very large amount of revenue being collected, which otherwise would have escaped, and it is beyond question that a great measure of the success attending the income-tax administration in New Zealand is due to this careful and systematic inspection. It not only results in the large collections of shortages, but by the liability to audit, deters dishonest taxpayers from making incorrect returns, while it at the same time helps honest taxpayers requiring assistance and information to comply with the law. The form of the return for traders and manufacturers is that of a simple profit and loss account, easily understood by persons in business. A great improvement in the records and book-keeping of the majority of taxpayers has been noticed since the inception of the income-tax, and it is believed that the tax itself (including its method of administration) has been the principal cause.

All persons, films, companies, local authorities, Government Departments, and others having employees, furnish annual returns of the salaries, bonuses, &c., paid to their employers as remuneration for their services. These are checked by comparison with the individual returns of employees.

All persons, firms, or companies paying interest on deposits, loans, &c., have to furnish annual returns of such payments, and altogether there is a complete system of check on returns furnished to the Department.

Penalties are provided for failure to make returns or for making incorrect or fraudulent returns.

Ordinary trading and manufacturing companies are assessed on the whole of the income derived, save that from exempted sources referred to. In addition to the full return required they have also to furnish a true copy of their last balance-sheet issued to shareholders.

Banking companies are assessed on an arbitrary amount, arrived at by taking 10s. per cent. on the average assets and liabilities as shown by the quarterly statements published in the Government Gazette, owing to the difficulty in arriving at an accurate assessment of the actual income.

Loan, building, and investment companies are charged on the whole of their income, inclusive of the interest on money lent on mortgage, but in their case the mortgages are not charged land-tax.

Fire, accident, and guarantee insurance companies are assessed on the business done in New Zealand only, and reinsurances with companies or underwriters outside New Zealand are not allowed as deductions from income.

Life-insurance companies are assessed only on the income from investments (other than investments in land or mortgages of land).

Mining companies are assessed on one-half of the dividends paid annually to shareholders. (The other half is exempted, as it is deemed to be the return of the shareholders' capital.)

Income from shipping, whether in the case of companies or persons, for assessment is deemed to be that derived from business originating in the colony, whether carried on outside New Zealand or not, but does not include income from business originating outside New Zealand.

Where a company has borrowed money on debentures secured on land, the debentures are deemed to be a mortgage up to the capital value of the land, and are assessed as a mortgage. If the amount of the debentures exceed the capital value of the lands, they are assessed on this excess for income-tax.

The only income which is assessed at the source is that derived from public companies, either as dividends or interest on debentures. In all other cases, income, including salaries, is assessed direct to the taxpayer, who has to make a return of income from all assessable sources (such returns do not, of course, include income from dividends of public companies or interest from mortgages and debentures).

Income returns and assessments are in all cases made on the actual income of the preceding year. Returns and assessments for land-tax, graduated land-tax, and mortgage-tax are made on the value as at noon on the 31st day of March in each year.

What is deductible from Income.

Briefly put, the only deductions permissible are the losses, out-goings, and expenses actually incurred in the production of the income. The rules as to these are to be found in (more particularly) section 66 of “The Land and Income Assessment Act, 1900.”

It may be pointed out in this connection that in taxpayers' balance-sheets many sums are written off to Profit and Loss which are not allowed in a return of income, and at the initiation of the system considerable difficulty was experienced by the Department in disabusing taxpayers of the idea that the return should agree with the Profit and Loss Account. After these years, however, the Department has succeeded in thoroughly establishing the principle, and taxpayers now recognise that the return must be prepared in accordance with the Assessment Act, and not with what they have deemed to be the year's profit for their own purposes. This has the effect of a uniform return being obtained for assessment; otherwise there is no uniformity.

Amongst the questions to which special attention has been given is that of the depreciation of plant and machinery, and the amount to be allowed as a deduction under this heading. The Amendment Act of 1894 admitted amongst deductions an allowance for depreciation of plant and machinery over and above what may be claimed as repairs and renewals, and this allowance is maintained in the Act of 1900. The allowance is by law fixed at what may be considered just by the Commissioner; but the Chief Inspector of Machinery is in this matter the expert adviser of the Department, and he fixes the rates to be allowed.

Obsolete machinery is also allowed for when the machinery has been actually discarded, and the loss definitely ascertained; the amount allowed is the actual loss on the machinery discarded, less any depreciation already allowed, and not the value of new machinery replacing the old. Machinery superseded by something better but kept in reserve in case of breakdown is not allowed for.

An allowance is made to taxpayers who occupy their own freehold or leasehold premises by way of rent or sinking fund. Such taxpayers are now entitled to deduct a sum at the rate of 5 per cent. on the capital value of their interest in the land or improvements thereon. Mortgage-interest at the same time is not deductible. The deduction of 5 per cent. on the capital value of the taxpayer's interest in his business premises precludes any further deduction.

All assessments are made in the office of the Commissioner of Taxes, Wellington. When assessments are completed the Commissioner serves each taxpayer with a notice of the amount on which he is assessed, and also at the same time with a notice of the amount payable thereon. The taxpayer then has the right to object to the assessment within a time specified, but the payment of the tax is not held over pending settlement of the objection. These objections are in the first instance dealt with by a permanent Stipendiary Magistrate, with an appeal to the higher Courts on points of law.

Special Exemption for Income-tax.

Each taxpayer, whether alone or in partnership, is allowed exemption up to £300. That is to say, if there are two partners in the business £600 is exempted, but if either or both taxpayers derive income apart from the partnership then no further exemption is allowed in their individual assessment. Life-insurance premiums on the taxpayer's own life are also allowed up to £50.

The statutory exemption of £300 is not allowed to absentees, whether firms or individuals, nor in any case to companies.

GRADUATED LAND-TAX.

[Act assented to by His Excellency the Governor, 26th October, 1907.]

“THE Land and Income Assessment Act, 1907,” which deals almost entirely with the graduated land-tax and the prevention of evasion thereof, is deemed to form part of “The Land and Income Assessment Act, 1900,” called the principal Act.

Sections 44 and 45 of the principal Act, and sections 5 and 7 of the Amendment Act of 1903, are repealed.

The scale of graduated land-tax at present in force is continued up to £40,000, unimproved value, but beyond that the scale is repealed and a new rate is imposed which is to take effect for the current year ending the 31st March, 1908. From £40,000 to £41,000, unimproved value, the rate is 8s. per cent., and for every additional £1,000 of unimproved value the rate is increased by one-fifth of a shilling; the increased rate in each graduation is chargeable on the total unimproved value of land owned. The rate reaches its maximum at £200,000, all estates of that value and over paying at the rate of £2 per cent. on the total unimproved value.

For and after the year ending 81st March, 1910, the new progressive graduated scale over £40,000 is to be increased by 25 per cent. in the case of all land other than “business premises,” which is defined as being “any piece of land included within the area of a building used for business purposes, together with such additional land as immediately adjoins the said building, and is used and occupied in connection therewith, and does not exceed in extent the area of the building itself.” A building is deemed to be used for business purposes “if it is exclusively or principally used, whether by the owner or by any occupier or occupiers, for the purposes of any business, trade, or industry.”

As in the principal Act the graduated tax is increased by 50 per cent. in the case of absentees, but a new definition of an absentee is given, and it is made clear that the absentee tax does not apply to companies, but does apply to shareholders in companies. A person is now deemed to be an absentee “unless he has been personally present in New Zealand for at least one-half of the period of four years immediately preceding the year in and for which he is assessed for graduated land-tax: Provided that no person who has acquired all his land in New Zealand within the said period of four years shall be deemed to be an absentee if he has been personally present in New Zealand for at least one-half of the period which has elapsed between the time when he first acquired any of that land and the commencement of the year in and for which he is assessed for graduated land-tax.”

There are a number of clauses for preventing the evasion of the graduated land-tax, which may be shortly summarised as follows:—

  1. Life tenants axe liable as if owners of fee-simple.

  2. Lessees are liable as if owners (except lessees of Grown, Native, or exempt land, and where lease has been in existence for more than five years prior to the passing of the Act).

  3. Shareholders are liable as if owners of the company's land in proportion to their interest in the paid-up capital.

  4. Two companies having practically the same shareholders are deemed one.

  5. Joint owners are assessable jointly and severally.

  6. Joint occupiers are liable as if joint owners.

  7. Buyer in possession is liable, although conveyance has not been executed.

  8. Seller remains liable until 15 per cent. of the purchase-money is paid or the Commissioner of Taxes is satisfied that subdivision actually creates closer settlement, except in case of agreement of sale, made five years before the passing of the Act, or made by a seller not the owner of more than £40,000 land unimproved value.

  9. No disposition is to be effective so long as possession is retained.

  10. Equitable owners are liable as if legal owners.

  11. Trustees are liable as if beneficially entitled.

  12. No deduction is allowable on account of mortgage-money or unpaid purchase-money.

  13. Mortgagees are not liable, but mortgagees-in possession are liable like lessees.

In all these oases where duplicate assessments are made adjusting deductions are provided for, so that graduated tax is not paid twice in respect of the same land.

The value of minerals, timber, and flax is exempted from land-tax, and the income therefrom is made liable to income-tax.

Church properties are exempted from graduated land-tax.

Returns of land and of income are to be made annually, and every taxpayer must also make all such returns as are required by the Commissioner of Taxes for the purposes of the Act.

Rates of Tax.

Income-tax— 
    On the first £1,000 of taxable income after allowances of exemption of £300 and life-insurance premiums up to £506d. in the pound.
    On income in excess of £1,3001s. in the pound.
    Companies (no exemption)1s. in the pound.
Land-tax— 
    Ordinary land-tax (on the unimproved value)1d. in the pound.
    Graduated land-tax (in addition to ordinary land-tax)1/16 d. to 3d. in the pound.
    Mortgages (on the capital value)3/4 d. in the pound.

Total Yield of Tax.

The income-tax for the year just closed (ending the 31st March, 1907) amounts to £277,866. As this seems a small sum, the many exempted sources of income already enumerated must be borne in mind. The land-tax, which takes the place of income-tax on the use or produce of land, yielded £447,342.

The net assessed income, after allowing all exemptions, is £6,290,197. The net assessed taxable value of land and mortgages, after allowing all exemptions, is £86,847,606.

The number of income-tax payers is 9,540 The number of land-tax payers is 27,659.

The yields of tax for the last ten years were as follows:—

 Land-tax.Income-tax.
 ££
1897–98267,286115,210
1898–99298,052115,480
1899–1900293,627128,721
1900–1294,583173,808
1901–2312,835179,397
1902–3296,062200,683
1903–4334,990221.368
1904–5352,854253,952
1905–6385,755261,815
1906–7447,342277,866

The numbers of taxpayers for the same period were:—

 Land-tax.Income-tax.
1897–9813,1324,588
1898–9915,4494,647
1899–190015,8925,088
1900–116,8885,656
1901–218,4686,556
1902–318,8697,589
1903–420,8658,258
1904–523,8958,934
1905–624,2468,993
1906–727,6599,540

Principle of Graduation.

All incomes are exempt up to £300, with the exceptions previously mentioned. This amount is taken off the income of all taxpayers, so that a person with a net income of £300 would pay nothing, while one with an income of £350 would pay tax on £50 only, and so on. As explained, incomes of persons over £1,000, after allowing £300 exemption, pay a double rate, so the system of graduation may be described as—the total exemption of small incomes up to £300, a tax of 6d. in the pound on moderate incomes between £300 and £1,300, and on larger incomes over £1,300 at 6d. in the pound on the first £1,000 and 1s. in the pound on the excess.

THE LAND-TAX.

The land-tax is assessed on the unimproved value—i.e., the capital value (or gross saleable value) less the value of all improvements, so that there is an entire exemption of improvements on land from taxation. Since this was initiated it is estimated that over £35,000,000 has been expended on improvements, which consists entirely of labour and materials. The effect of this on trade and labour in conducing to the prosperity of the colony can scarcely be appreciated.

An owner of land the unimproved value of which, together with mortgages owing to him, does not exceed £1,500 (after deducting mortgages owing by him) is allowed an exemption of £500, but where such value exceeds £1,500 the exemption diminishes by £1 for every £2 that such value increases, so that no exemption is allowable when £2,500 is reached.

If the total unimproved value of land in any assessment amounts to £5,000 or over, graduated land-tax is payable thereon (in addition to ordinary land-tax) in graduations beginning at the rate of 1/10d. in the pound, and increasing by sixteenths to the maximum rate of 3d. in the pound. Mortgages are not chargeable with graduated tax, but, on the other hand, they are not deductible in assessments for graduated land-tax.

Owing to the deductions and exemptions allowable the number of land-tax payers is only 27,659, as compared with the number of landowners estimated at 128,019 freeholders and 23,213 Crown tenants.

Fifty per cent. additional on the amount of the graduated tax is levied where the owners have been resident out of the colony for a period of not less than one year next preceding the date of the passing of the annual taxing Act.

The valuations for land-tax are made by the Government Valuation of Land Department, who employ a permanent staff of expert valuers and supply the assessment rolls used by the Land and Income Tax Department.

The Act contains a provision that in cases where the income from any land or mortgages, plus income from all other sources, is less than £200 per annum, and the owner is incapacitated by age or infirmity from supplementing such income, a further exemption may be allowed by the Commissioner upon his being satisfied that the payment of the tax would entail hardship on such owner. This discretionary power has been exercised in a considerable number of instances, especially in the case of widows and orphans with small means, and much hardship prevented.

All mortgages are assessed at their full nominal value, except where it is satisfactorily shown that owing to depreciation of the security or other cause such value has been diminished. In the case of mixed mortgages—that is, mortgages which are secured on both real and personal property—the amount of the mortgage chargeable with land-tax is taken to be the assessed value of the land included in the security, the interest derived from the balance of mortgage being liable to income-tax.

Native lands which are occupied by Europeans are subject to the ordinary tax, it being considered that, as such lands have benefited equally with the lands of Europeans by the expenditure of public money, they should bear some proportion of the taxation. But, recognising that in some instances, where the interests of the Native owners are small, the collection of the tax might possibly entail some hardship, the Legislature decided that only half the usual rate should be collected on such lands. Graduated tax is not chargeable on Native land.

Exemptions from Land-tax.

A place of worship for any religious society, or a place of residence or any of the clergy or ministers of such society.

A charitable or educational institution (other than a public charitable or educational institution hereinbefore exempt) not carried on exclusively for pecuniary profit: provided that this exemption shall not extend to more than 15 acres in the case of any one such institution.

A public library, athenæum, mechanics' institute, public museum, school of mines, or masonic lodge.

A showground or place of meeting of any agricultural society.

A public cemetery or public burial-ground.

A public garden, public domain, public recreation-ground, or other public reserve.

A public road or public street.

A public railway, to the extent of the land actually used for permanent-way, and for yards, sheds, and buildings for the purposes of traffic only, but not further nor otherwise.

SYSTEM OF COLLECTION

The tax may be paid at any postal money-order office, or direct to the office of the Commissioner of Taxes, Wellington. The total cost of the collection of the income-tax for 1906–7, including cost of assessment and administration, was 2.2 per cent., and for land-tax, graduated land-tax, and mortgage-tax, including the cost of valuation of land, was 3.9 per cent. The cost of collection for both taxes was 3.27 per cent.

Chapter 59. “THE GOVERNMENT VALUATION OF LAND ACT, 1896.”

[A COMPLETE exposition of the system in force, with tables, forms the subject of Section XXI of Part II. See page 555, ante.]

Chapter 60. RATING ON UNIMPROVED VALUE OF LAND.

“THE Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896,” was passed by the General Assembly to afford local bodies the opportunity of adopting the principle of rating which is expressed in the title of the measure. It is entirely at the option of the bodies to adopt the system, and provision is made for a return to the old system of rating, if desired, after three years' experience of the new one. The Act provides that a proportion of the ratepayers on the roll, varying from 25 per cent. where the total number does not exceed 100, to 15 per cent. where the number exceeds 300, may by demand in writing, delivered to the chairman of the district, require that a proposal to rate property on the basis of the unimproved value may be submitted to the ratepayers, whose votes shall be taken between twenty-one and twenty-eight days after delivery of the demand. The poll is to be taken in the same manner as in case of a proposal to raise a loan in the district under “The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1901.”

Under the original Act it was necessary for a minimum number of one-third of the ratepayers to vote, and a majority of their votes carried the proposal. Now, under “The Local Government Voting Reform Act, 1899,” the question of adoption or otherwise is decided by a bare majority of the valid votes recorded, irrespective of the number of ratepayers who have voted.

A rescinding proposal can be carried at a poll by the same means as one for adoption, but not until after three years have elapsed; and, vice versa, rejection of a proposal bars its being again brought forward for a similar period. However, in the case of past polls at which the proposal to adopt the Act was rejected solely on account of an insufficient number of ratepayers recording their votes, it is now provided that a new poll may be held at any time.

The valuation-roll is supplied to the local authority by the Valuer-General under the provisions of “The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896,” and its amendments of 1900 and 1903, and the definitions of “capital value,” “improvements,” “unimproved value,” and “value of improvements “found in these Acts apply also to the Eating on Unimproved Value Act. Provision is made for adjustment of rating-powers given under previous Acts to the Act of 1896 by fixing equivalents. Thus a rate of 1s. in the pound on the annual value under former Acts is to be considered equal to 3/4d. in the pound on the capital value under the Act of 1896.

The adjustments are to be made so that the rates on the unimproved value shall be such as to produce as much as, but not more than, the rates under “The Eating Act, 1891.” For instance, supposing a local authority has a rating-power up to 3/4d. in the pound on the capital value, then it can levy any rate in the pound on the unimproved value of land in its district so long as the producing capacity of such rate is not greater than would be the producing capacity of a 3/4d. rate on the capital value of the district. When a fixed rate, under the older system of rating, is security for a loan, the Controller and Auditor-General is given power to interfere and fix the new rate himself if of opinion that the new rate on the unimproved value does not afford equally good security to the one to be given up.

The operation of the Act does not apply to water, gas, electric light, sewage, nor hospital and charitable aid rates.

Particulars will be found in Section IV, “Local Governing Bodies,” of the local bodies that have, up to 31st March, 1907, submitted the question of the adoption of the Act to the ratepayers, and the result of the polling in each case.

Chapter 61. STATE FIRE INSURANCE.

IN the year 1903 was passed an Act “to establish a State Fire Insurance Office and to make other provisions for the insurance and protection of insurable property in New Zealand against loss or damage by fire.”

The statute provides for the establishment of an office to be administered by a General Manager appointed by the Governor, and for the necessary staff—not subject to the laws regulating the Civil Service.

There is provision for the constitution of a Board, to consist of the General Manager, the Colonial Treasurer, the Government Insurance Commissioner, and two other persons (not being in the Civil Service) appointed by the Governor. The latter hold office for two years, with eligibility for reappointment, and are to be remunerated according to appropriation by Parliament.

In order to provide capital for the business, the Treasurer, on being authorised by the Governor in Council, is empowered to raise from time to time such sums as he thinks fit, not exceeding in the whole £100,000, any of which may, if found convenient, be raised in the colony.

In the event of such capital not being found sufficient, the Treasurer, on being authorised by the Government, is empowered to raise additional capital as required. To do this the General Manager must convene a meeting of the Board, and, if the Board approves, by requisition under his seal apply to the Treasurer for what is deemed necessary by way of supplementary capital and additional funds (not exceeding £20,000 at a time) to carry on business until the pleasure of Parliament is signified.

The rate of interest on debentures, scrip, or other security issued in respect of any sum raised under the Act may not be higher than 4 per cent.

For purposes of sinking fund, it is provided that at the expiration of every triennial period during the currency of securities the General Manager shall pay over to the Public Trustee one-half the net profits to the credit of a State Fire Insurance Sinking Fund Account. As soon as the Treasurer is satisfied that the accumulations of sinking fund will suffice to redeem the securities at maturity he is to notify the Public Trustee and the Manager, whereupon the payments of sinking fund cease, and subsequent accretions of interest are paid into Reserve Fund.

All moneys payable to the General Manager are to be paid to the credit of the State Fire Insurance Account, out of which shall be payable, without further appropriation than the Act under notice, all costs and expenses, salaries, fire losses, and other outgoings of the business—including interest payable on securities issued.

Provision is made for the General Manager, with consent of the Board, to buy, sell, or lease land, with or without buildings.

For the period ending 31st December following the expiration of three years after the first insurance is effected, and triennially from then, one-half of the net surplus profits are to go to a Reserve Fund and be invested by the General Manager. The other half is to be devoted to bonuses payable to such persons as are actual insurers in the State Fire Insurance Office. The division is to be made on a proportional basis, relatively to premiums paid, and as soon after the close of the triennial period as possible.

On the 4th January, 1905, the State Fire Insurance Office opened for public business, and at the end of that year the public support accorded resulted in insurances therein to the extent of £3,000,000.

The State Fire Insurance Office commenced business with premiums 10 per cent. less than those accepted by the private insurance companies, and a little later the latter reduced to the same level all rates, except on dwellings, and similarly rated risks, which were lowered by 33 1/3 per cent. The State Fire Insurance Office thereupon reduced dwellings, and similarly rated risks, by 33 1/3 per cent. The private insurance companies also decided (1) to decline reinsurances from or to give reinsurances to the State Fire Insurance Office, and (2) to decline to accept any risk on which the State Fire Insurance Office held a line; and this attitude was maintained by the private insurance companies until early in 1906, when they were practically obliged to mutually agree (1) to continue to decline reinsurances from or to give reinsurances to the State Fire Insurance Office, but (2) to allow each other to accept risks on which the State Fire Insurance Office held a line, and also to abandon their objection to the State Fire Insurance Office accepting risks on which they themselves had lines.

The State Fire Insurance Office has evidently found favour with the public, and, seeing it has been successful, it fully justifies the object of its inauguration—namely, that the Government Office should regulate the rates of fire-insurance premiums on the basis of fair prices, which on an average would leave a reasonable and legitimate trade profit on the business of fire insurance for all concerned.

The following is an extract from the report of the General Manager for the year ended 31st December, 1906:—

The year 1906 is the second financial year of the State Fire Insurance Office, and I am pleased to be able to point out the continued strong support of the public as shown by the fact that the net income for 190G amounts to £20,962 8s., in comparison with £13,127 11s. 9d. for 1905.

Early in 1906 the insurance companies abandoned all their “higher rates,” and from thence forward the rates of premium of the State Fire Insurance Office and the private insurance companies have been alike.

I may here say that in my opinion the difference between the rates which now prevail and those which prevailed just prior to the advent of the State Fire Insurance Office represents, say, £200,000 per annum.

Though the prevailing rates of premium presumably are highly satisfactory to the insuring public in view of the fact that they are very much below what they were prior to the advent of the State Fire Insurance Office, nevertheless experience has shown that they are lower than they should be, and this fact has been very much impressed upon the private insurance companies whose competition has failed to make the State Fire Insurance Office lose heavily, as they anticipated, although necessarily their action reduced its profit results by some £12,000.

The Revenue Account and balance-sheet attached hereto show that after writing off £634 5s., one-quarter of the preliminary expenses, there remains a credit to Profit and Loss Account of £699 10d. 4d., and this result in my opinion is as satisfactory as could be expected in the circumstances.

The Liabilities and Assets at the end of the year 1906, were:—

Liabilities.Assets.
Capital authorised by£ s. d.£ s. dAgents' balance—£. s. d.£ s. d.
    “The State Fire Insurance Act, 1903100,000 0 0 Head Office70 6 6 
   Auckland183 1 2 
   Christchurch98 11 10 
Less not raised98,000 0 0 Dunedin100 19 0 
  2,000 0 0  452 18 6
Reserve for unearned premiums6,987 9 4Outstanding premiums3,082 17 1
Fire Insurance funds, as per Revenue Account699 10 4Cash6,258 4 1
Premiums and other deposits369 17 7Preliminary expenses1,268 10 3
Outstanding fire losses300 0 0Office furniture653 6 11
Other sums owing by the office—£ s. d.    
    Interest on capital81 11 8    
    Reinsurance premiums due1,274 7 11    
  1,358 19 7   
  £11,715 16 10  £11,715 16 10

Chapter 62. OLD-AGE PENSIONS IN NEW ZEALAND.

ON the 8th July, 1896, a Bill providing for the payment of old-age pensions was introduced by the late Bight Honourable R. J. Seddon into the Lower House, but lapsed in Committee on the 16th September.

Later in the same year, on the 14th October, a Registration of People's Claims Bill was introduced, the object being to ascertain the probable cost of establishing an Old-age Pension Fund.

This Bill passed through all its stages in both Houses, and received the Governor's assent on the 17th October.

In 1897 an Old-age Pensions Bill was again introduced, and passed all its stages in the Lower House, but was thrown out at the second reading in the Upper House.

Still again, in 1898, an Old-age Pensions Bill was introduced, and this year succeeded in passing both Houses, receiving the Governor's assent on the 1st November, 1898. Under this Act the Registration of People's Claims Act of 1896 was repealed.

The Act thus passed provided for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of a pension of £18 per annum, or 6s. 11d. per week, without contribution by the beneficiaries.

An amending Act, however, passed on the 29th July, 1905, and taking effect on the 1st September, increased the full pension to £26 per annum, or 10s. a week.

The Act is administered by a Registrar located at Wellington, who is responsible to the Colonial Treasurer. For the purposes of administration the colony is divided into seventy-five districts, each in charge of a Deputy Registrar. In the chief centres of population the Deputy Registrar is the paid officer of the Old-age Pensions Department, but otherwise the duties of this office are undertaken by Clerks of Stipendiary Magistrates' Courts. All claims are investigated by Stipendiary Magistrates, who alone have the power to grant or refuse pensions.

The Act applies to all residents of the colony who fulfil the necessary conditions, except—

  1. Maoris who receive votes other than pensions out of the grant appropriated by “The Civil List Act, 1863.”

  2. Aliens.

  3. Naturalised subjects who have not been naturalised one year.

  4. Chinese or other Asiatics, whether naturalised or not.

The qualifications of an applicant are briefly as follows:—

  1. He must have reached the age of sixty-five.

  2. He must have resided continuously in the colony for twenty-five years.

    NOTE.—Continuous residence is not interrupted by occasional absences not exceeding two years. By the amending Act of 1900 four years' absence is allowed where the applicant was not absent during the twelve months preceding the day on which the original Act was passed, and where total actual residence is not less than twenty-five years. In the case of a seaman continuous residence is not interrupted by absence on board a ship registered in the colony, provided he establishes the fact that his home is in the colony.

  3. He must not during the past twelve years have been imprisoned for four months or on four occasions for an offence punishable by twelve months' imprisonment.

  4. He must not during the past twenty-five years have been imprisoned for five years for any offence.

  5. He must not at any time have deserted his wife and children.

    NOTE.—An amending Act in 1902 substituted for the words “at any time” the words “during the past twelve years.”

  6. He must have lived a sober and reputable life during the past five years.

  7. His yearly income must not reach £52.

    NOTE.—The amending Act of 1905 increased this amount to £60.

  8. The net value of his accumulated property must not be £270 or over.

    NOTE.—The amending Act of 1905 reduced this amount to £260.

  9. He must not have deprived himself of property or income to qualify for a pension.

Each applicant must apply in person to the Deputy Registrar of the district in which he resides, and fill in a form. The Deputy Registrar proceeds at once to verify the applicant's statements by a sec of inquiry forms, which are sent out as follows:—

Form B, to the various banks.

Form C, to the Valuation and Tax Departments.

Form D, to the Post-Office Savings-Bank.

Form E, to the Police Department.

Form F, to the Registrar of Deeds.

Form G, to the employers.

Form H, to a person of good character who has known the applicant for a long time.

Form I, to the insurance companies.

Form K, to the Registrar, for proof of age and residence.

Form L, to the mortgagee, where a mortgage exists,

The results of these inquiries are transmitted, with the form of application, to the Stipendiary Magistrate presiding at the nearest Court, and a date is fixed for the personal examination of the pensioner.

The Deputy Registrar is the only person outside the Magistrate who is authorised to appear at the investigation of a claim and to question an applicant.

NOTE.—Under the original Act these investigations were held in open Court, but the Act of 1905 gives the Magistrate power, if he so chooses, to bear all cases in camera.

The Magistrate intimates his decision to the Registrar, who, if the pension is allowed, issues a pension-certificate for the amount granted, without which no payment can be received.

Each pension is granted for twelve months, and a fresh application requires to be made each year for renewal.

Payment of the pension is made by twelve monthly instalments through the Post Office, sufficient money being remitted by way of imprest each month to meet the instalments falling due in that month. The particulars necessary for payment are furnished to the Post Office each year by schedules containing all pensions then current, supplementary schedules being forwarded each month of the new pensions granted in that month. Lists of pensions payable at each paying office are supplied to that office, and are open for inspection on payment of 1s.

Instalments are payable on the 1st of the month, but may be collected up to the first day of the month following, after which date the special authority of the Colonial Treasurer is required before payment can be made.

The full pension under the old Act was reducible by—

  1. £1 for every complete £1 of income over £34.

  2. £1 for every complete £15 of net accumulated property.

Under the Act of 1905 the deduction on account of property was altered from £1 in £15 to £1 in £10.

Income is money or profits derived by any means from any source, and includes the cost of board and lodging up to £26, but not sick-allowance or funeral benefits paid by a friendly society.

Net accumulated property is the capital value of all real and personal property owned by an applicant, less the amount of any mortgage existing on the property, and less the sum of £50.

Under the Act of 1905 a deduction of £150 instead of £50 is allowed where any part of the property of an applicant consists of property on which he permanently resides and which produces no income.

There have been various changes in the provisions dealing with the division of income and property where the claimant is married.

Under the original Act the income of a married claimant was deemed to be not less than half of the total incomes of husband and wife, but there was no limit placed on the amount of property which the husband or wife of an applicant could own.

The Act of 1900 altered this by limiting the amount of income of a married couple, including pension, to £78, and providing for the charging of half a husband's property against his wife, and vice versa. A further amendment has now been effected by the Act of 1905, which increased the £78 limit of income for husband and wife (including pension) to £90, and provides for the equal distribution between husband and wife of all property owned by either or both of them.

To ascertain whether a pensioner is entitled to a renewal of his-pension, he is required each year, shortly before the expiry of the certificate held by him, to furnish the Deputy Registrar with a statement of his income during the past year, and also of his property. On receipt of this statement the Deputy Registrar proceeds to verify the contents by the inquiry forms, and then submits it to the Magistrate, who investigates it in the same manner as is done in an original claim, the pensioner being required to attend in person if able to do so. The decision of the Magistrate is notified to the Registrar, who issues a fresh pension-certificate for the amount for which the pension is renewed, and authorises the Post Office to pay for another twelve months. The expired certificate is retained by the Post Office on payment of the final instalment, and forwarded to the Pensions Department, where it is filed.

If a person is physically unfit to draw his pension in person, he may appoint an agent, who requires an authority signed by a Stipendiary Magistrate before he can collect an instalment. This authority is renewed each year as the pension is renewed.

Pensions granted to persons maintained in charitable institutions are paid to the governing bodies of the institutions on production of an authority, likewise signed by a Stipendiary Magistrate. A fresh authority is required each month in these cases.

No payment is made of an instalment which falls due while a pensioner is in gaol, in an asylum, or out of the colony.

On the death of a pensioner the portion of the instalment accruing to date of death, together with any unpaid instalment then payable, may be paid if applied to defray funeral expenses.

If the Registrar has reason to believe that any pension has been improperly obtained, he may suspend payment and cause an inquiry to be held before a Magistrate, who has full power to act.

If during the currency of a pension-certificate a pensioner becomes possessed of property or income in excess of the amount allowed by law. the Registrar may apply to the Magistrate to have the pension cancelled or varied.

A Magistrate has power on his own initiative to review any previous decision, and to cancel or amend any pension-certificate.

If a pensioner is convicted of drunkenness or any other offence the convicting Court has power to forfeit one or more instalments, to cancel the pension outright, or to order payment to be made to an agent.

Any person who by a wilfully false statement obtains or attempts to obtain a pension to which he is not entitled is liable to six months' imprisonment, as also is any person who aids or abets such person.

Where it has been found that a pensioner has been overpaid, and the Magistrate is of opinion that such overpayment was obtained by fraud, the pensioner is liable, in addition to imprisonment, to a penalty of double the amount paid in excess.

If on the death of a pensioner, or the wife or husband of a pensioner, it is found that he, or either of them, was possessed of property in excess of the amount allowed by law in respect to the amount of pension granted, double the amount of pension so overpaid may be recovered from the estate so found to be in excess.

Any person otherwise qualified to receive a pension who owns property on which be resides, and the value of which does not exceed £300, may transfer the said property to the Public Trustee, and the value of such property shall be deducted from the capital value of his total accumulated property for the purpose of computing the amount of his pension. The pensioner is permitted to reside on the property rent-free during his lifetime, but he must pay all rates and charges thereon. If a husband and wife, both being pensioners, are living together, and one should die, the survivor shall be permitted to continue to reside on the property. On the death of both pensioner and survivor, or where the pensioner is no longer entitled to a pension, the Public Trustee shall sell the property, and after deducting from the proceeds of the sale the amount of pension paid as a consequence of the transfer of the property, together with his commission and interest at the rate of 4 per cent., shall pay the balance to the person or persons entitled thereto. Provision is made for a pensioner or survivor to pay such amounts as aforesaid at any time, with a view of obtaining a retransfer of the property.

Two registers are kept in the office of each Deputy Registrar—namely, a Pension-claim Register and an Old-age Pension Register.

The Pension - claim Register contains a record of each claim filed, and how it is dealt with. This register is open for inspection on payment of the sum of 1s.

The Old-age Pensions Register contains a record of each pension granted in the district, as also of each pension transferred from any other district. All changes made from time to time in regard to any pension are entered up in this register.

Each Deputy Registrant is required to supply the following monthly returns:—

  1. A return of new pensions granted by the Magistrate—to include transfers from other districts.

  2. A return of new claims rejected or adjourned by the Magistrate.

  3. A return of renewal certificates granted by the Magistrate.

  4. A return of applications to inspect the Pension-claim Register.

The numbers at the end of each financial year since the Act came into operation, together with the gross payments made in each year, are as follow:—

  £
At 31st March, 18997,4433,124
At 31st March, 190011,285157,342
At 31st March, 190112,405197,292
At 31st March, 190212,776207,468
At 31st March, 190312,481210,140
At 31st March, 190411,926203,164
At 31st March, 190511,770195,475
At 31st March, 1906 (5 months at £18, 7 months at £26)12,582254,367
At 31st March, 1907 (12 months at £26)13,257314,184
        Gross total £1,742,556
NUMBER and ANNUAL VALUE of PENSIONS granted to Europeans and Maoris in Force on the 31st March, 1907.
District.Number.Annual Value.
Europeans.Maoris.
   £
Auckland1,3321033,065
Coromandel93403,335
Dargaville72192,292
Hamilton256337,055
Helensville5211,332
Kaitaia16441,458
Mongonui1314655
Maungaturoto40..980
Otahuhu10842,727
Raglan1125917
Rawene22642,074
Rotorua18431,514
Russell62793,446
Taupo413415
Warkworth7371,853
Whangarei14953,861
Whangaroa1524898
Thames25356,554
Opotiki1621961
Paeroa7091,954
Tauranga28251,316
Te Aroha382971
Whakatane729928
Gisborne73192,053
Port Awanui413333
Napier254..6,137
Dannevirke13813,252
Waipawa.55..1,306
Wairoa1028721
New Plymouth200155,124
Stratford331848
Wanganui18824,841
Hawera6921,773
Marton9222,288
Patea261702
Wellington617515,384
Feilding9422,402
Carterton8812,109
Masterton10512,520
Otaki5181,420
Pahiatua42..934
Palmerston N.17334,190
Nelson215..5,177
Motueka74..1,802
Blenheim143..3,462
Havelock7..182
Christchurch1,523237,552
Akaroa4331,172
Amberley11..285
Ashburton245..6,078
Culverden4..100
Kaiapoi31147,850
Kaikoura143435
Timaru185..4,555
Fairlie10..248
Temuka147..3,517
Waimate11512,707
Greymouth439..11,263
Reefton143..3,638
Hokitika503112,876
Westport25616,587
Oamaru27126,755
Dunedin1,232129,357
Balclutha14013,526
Clyde109..2,790
Lawrence208..5,231
Milton125..3,051
Naseby103..2,611
Palmerston S.63..1,537
Waikouaiti4441,189
Invercargill629315,676
Queenstown99..2,490
Riverton123 113,356
Chatham Islands33131
        Totals12,597660£326,084

Chapter 63. RECIPROCAL TRADE.

Sections 2 to 11 of “The Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act, 1903,” dealing with preferential trade have been repealed by “The Tariff Act, 2907.” The following provisions of the former measure are still in force:—

Where any country, being part of the British Dominions, reduces or abolishes, or proposes to do so, the duty on any product or manufacture of New Zealand, the Governor is authorised to enter into an agreement to reduce or abolish the duty on any articles the produce or manufacture of such country to an extent that the estimated revenue so remitted shall equal as nearly as possible the remission by that country. Such agreements, however, require ratification by Parliament.

Similarly, where any country not being part of the British Dominions, reduces or abolishes, or proposes to do so, the duty on any product or manufacture of New Zealand, the Governor is authorised, subject to or by virtue of a treaty with His Majesty, to negotiate for an agreement to reduce or abolish the duty on any articles the produce or manufacture of such country to an extent that the estimated revenue so remitted in New Zealand shall equal as nearly as possible what is remitted by that country, subject to Parliamentary ratification.

Chapter 64. SECTION II.
AGRICULTURE IN NEW ZEALAND.

M. Murphy, F.L.S.

IT is generally admitted that there is no part of the British dominions where agriculture, in its widest sense, can be carried on with so much certainty and with such good results as in New Zealand. The range of latitude, extending as it does from 34° to 47° south, secures for the colony a diversity of climate which renders it suitable for all the products of subtropical and temperate zones, while an insular position protects it from the continuous and parching droughts which periodically inflict such terrible losses on the agriculturist and pastoralist of Australia and South America.

Again, the climate, although somewhat variable, never reaches the extremes of heat or cold. So genial, indeed, is it that most animals and plants, when first introduced to the colony, assume a vigour unknown to them before.

NORTH ISLAND.

All the best forage-plants and grasses thrive most admirably, continuing to grow throughout the year with little intermission. Stock of every sort thrive and fatten rapidly on the pastures, coming to maturity at an early age without the aid of roots or condimental foods. All cereals flourish equally well, more especially Indian corn, which produces from fifty to eighty bushels per acre.

So full is the soil of plant-food that several continuous crops of potatoes or cereals may be taken with little apparent exhaustion. Wheat, oats, and barley thrive where the soil is not too rich; otherwise they produce enormous crops of straw, without a corresponding yield of corn. The tobacco-plant thrives well, as do also hops and sorghum, broom-corn, peanut, hemp, ramee or rhea (China grass), together with a large variety of economic plants, the growth of which will one day afford employment for a large population. In addition to these, all the British, Chinese, and Japanese fruits, with oranges, lemons, limes, olives, and vines (in the northern part), flourish abundantly, requiring but ordinary care. Potatoes are largely grown, and yield heavy crops.

Most of the country along the south-west and west coast is now taken up, and the primeval forest is fast disappearing before the settler's axe. For the most part, the soil is fertile, and the growth of grass and clover is extremely rapid and vigorous when sown on the surface after the felled timber has been destroyed by fire.

To the British husbandman it will seem almost incredible that the best pasture-grasses grow and thrive as they do with no other preparation than the ashes resulting from the burnt timber—no ploughing and no previous loosening of the soil—yet, in less than a year from the date of scattering the seed, this same land will fatten from five to six sheep per acre.

So rapidly are these fertile forest-lands being cleared and converted into pastures that the demand for stock (principally dairy) has greatly increased, and this demand must continue for a number of years before it is fully met.

Those who in the past have watched the progress of New Zealand, especially of the North Island, have always maintained that when the Maori difficulties and other impediments to settlement were overcome, the prosperity of the country would advance at a very rapid rate. This prediction has now been realised, and all that is required to make the present prosperity of the country continuous is the more rapid settlement of our lands with a thrifty class of settlers.

There are millions of acres yet unoccupied, a great portion of which is of good quality, and only waiting the hand of man to make it carry, with very little cost, large herds of dairy stock, with flocks of long-wool and crossbred sheep. The west coast of the North Island is essentially a cattle-country. Considerable areas in the midland districts are adapted to long-wool sheep, as is also the country along the east coast. Much of the country may be described as being good sheep-land, a large portion of which is quite capable of carrying two sheep to the acre, and some of it as many as three or four.

SOUTH ISLAND.

If the North Island has a splendid inheritance in her forests, the South Island can boast of her magnificent plain-lands, rolling downs, and vast mountain ranges, all of which, to a greater or less degree, have already been made to contribute to the wealth of the colony.

The central portion of the South Island presented to the first-comers a vast plain, covered only with waving tussock-grass, offering little or no obstruction to the plough.

Travelling south, the country assumes a different character: easy, undulating downs, well watered, here and there interspersed with fertile plains, the greater portion admirably adapted for agriculture, and all of it suitable for pastoral purposes.

The climate of the South Island is not so warm in summer nor so mild in winter as that experienced in the North Island. However, as has already been stated, there are no extremes of heat or cold. Much more might be said in praise of this portion of the colony. It is deemed necessary to say so much in order that readers may better comprehend the comparative ease with which every kind of farming is carried on in New Zealand as compared with other-countries less favourably situated.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

The following resume of the statistics, as published in the Gazette for the past season, is sufficient to indicate the trend of the agricultural and pastoral industries; fuller particulars will be found in the statistical portion of this book. It will be seen that there has been a decrease in the acreage sown in wheat amounting to 11,481 acres, while there has been an increase of 12,360 acres of oats and 3,774 acres of barley; the area under turnips, mangolds, and rape exceeds that of the previous year by 49,865 acres. The increase of land laid down in grass is shown to be 193,070 acres.

The stock statistics show that horses have increased by 16,093 head, cattle by 40,814, and pigs decreased by 7,454.

The sheep returns, made up to 30th April, 1906, show that the total number of sheep in the colony was 20,108,471, an increase of 977,596 on the number for the previous year.

THE FARMING OUTLOOK.

Before the advent of the freezing-chamber, sheep-farming could only be carried on profitably on large areas with large flocks, for the reason that wool and tallow were the only marketable products, the sale of fat sheep and lambs being confined to supplying the demand for local consumption. The development of the meat-export trade has completely altered the condition of things from an agricultural point of view. Almost every farmer, small and large, now keeps his flock of breeding-ewes for the production of lambs for freezing, thereby necessitating the growth of large areas of root and forage crops, and so bringing about a greatly improved style of farming throughout the colony when compared with the previous system of universal corn-growing and boiling-down.

The season of 1906–7, although a disappointing one, has on the whole proved to be better than was anticipated. The summer was one of the finest experienced for years, so far as evenness of temperature, amount of sunshine, and almost total absence of northwest winds is concerned. The want, however, of the usual rainfall in the South Island had a detrimental effect upon the growth of grass, root, and forage crops. Considerable areas of wheat and oats had to be fed off. It is estimated that in Canterbury and Otago 5,000 acres of wheat and 21,000 acres of oats were disposed of in this manner. The actual loss was, however, more apparent than real. The turnip and rape crops, particularly in Canterbury, suffered more from the attacks of aphides, and the caterpillar of the diamond-back turnip moth (Plutella cruciferarum), and “black rot” than from the meagre rainfall. The partial destruction of these crops is a more serious matter than that of the cereals. The area so affected is estimated at between 40,000 and 50,000 acres. Welcome showers in the early autumn saved the position, inducing as they did a fairly good supply of winter feed. The development of the dairy industry and the advent of an efficient milking-machine will cause the demand for dairy farms to continue as brisk as ever. Dairy farms, especially in the North Island, have advanced enormously in value during the last decade. It would, however, be unreasonable to expect this rise to continue, either for dairying or for agricultural lands, in the face of the strides being made in these industries in other parts of the world and the consequent increased competition. In connection with this subject, the following information will be interesting as well as instructive, viz: The area of land under occupation in New Zealand at the present time amounts to 37,408,473 acres, of which 911,794 acres were under cereals and pulse (including 264,638 acres for ensilage, chaff, and feeding down), 700,343 acres under green crops, in sown grasses 12,718,531 acres, in native grass, tussock, &c., 22,922,047 acres, in fallow 52,119 acres, plantations, orchards and gardens 102,985 acres, and vineyards 654 acres.

WHEAT.

The Canterbury Plains, the great wheat-growing district of the South Island, extend 150 miles north and south, running inland from the sea for forty miles, the whole forming an area of over 3,000,000 acres. A great portion of this vast plain is admirably adapted for the production of wheat, barley, and oats, and all the best cultivated grasses, the growing of which has been carried on extensively since the foundation of the colony. The total area under wheat harvested in the colony for the season. 1906–7 was 206,185 acres (exclusive of areas grown for chaffing and fed off), of which 151,355 acres were grown in Canterbury, the average yield throughout the colony being 27.18 bushels per acre; total yield, 5,605,252 bushels. The land is for the most part free from stones or impediments of any kind. Single-furrow ploughs are now rarely seen, double- and three-furrows being in general use, and an occasional steam plough. Three horses, occasionally four, with a man or a boy, can turn over three acres per day on the plains, at a cost of 5s. or 6s. per acre. A stroke of the disc or other harrow, followed by the seed-drill and light harrows, completes the operation of sowing.

Seed-sowing commences in May, and can be continued as weather permits through the winter, and in the heavy swamp land (drained) on into September and even October. From 1 1/4 to 1 ½ and 2 bushels of seed per acre are usually sown, the quantity increasing as the season advances.

OATS AND BARLEY.

Otago and Southland districts excel in the production of oats, which is their principal cereal crop. The total area under this cereal harvested for the season 1906–7 was 633,279 acres, of which 281,350 acres were cut for chaff and ensilage and feeding down.

The yield of oats in Otago and Southland varies from 40 to 80 bushels per acre, the cost of production being about the same as wheat—viz., £2 per acre when grown from grass-land, and £1 10s. from stubble.

Malting barley, of very superior quality, is grown in Nelson and Marlborough, where the soil and climate appear to be particularly adapted to its culture. 33,305 acres were grown this year for threshing.

The growing of this cereal (barley) for malting purposes requires more attention than it has yet received in this colony. It is claimed for this crop that it will show a better result than wheat, for the following reasons: (1) It is less exhaustive to the soil; (2) it gives an average yield of from 10 per cent. to 20 per cent more than wheat; (3) the growing crop in favourable seasons can be fed off twice, or even three times, to the advantage of the subsequent yield of grain. Land of a light and calcareous nature, but unsuitable for wheat, will give a barley thin in the skin, and particularly suited for malting purposes. Barley is not a difficult crop to raise, but there are certain points that need careful attention, which, if neglected, would probably result in the production of an inferior sample, which would hardly pay for growing.

ROOT-CROPS.

Potatoes: Potatoes are largely grown throughout New Zealand, On suitable soils very heavy crops are raised, it being no uncommon thing to dig from 8 to 10 and 15 tons per acre, although the general average is much lower, for the reason that unsuitable land is frequently devoted to this crop. The area under potatoes in 1906–7 was 31,289 acres. The bulk of the crop is planted without manure, but, where used, bonedust, superphosphate, blood-manure, or animal guano (which may be procured of first quality from the local manure manufactories), from 1 cwt. to 2 cwt. per acre, is applied with good results. The potato is, however, an expensive crop to grow, costing from £5 to £6 per acre, and it is perhaps the most precarious of all crops, being materially affected by drought, but more particularly so by early and late frosts. The past season was not a favourable one for this esculent, owing to the small rainfall during the growing season. The crops were, however, a good medium average. The disease which threatened to destroy the crop throughout the colony in 1906 happily was generally conspicuous by its absence in the present year's crop, but it was present in a slight degree in many of the Canterbury potato-fields. The fine, warm, dry season experienced had much to do with our immunity from the disease. Some growers followed carefully the instructions sent out by the Government Biologist in the matter of spraying with Bordeaux mixture with little or no apparent results. The unsprayed crops were equally free from disease. The practice of spraying for fungoid infestations should, however, be encouraged, as it is well known that no fungoid growth can exist when treated with a solution of sulphate of copper.

Land for potatoes is usually broken out of grass, skim-ploughed in autumn, ploughed deeply in spring, and thoroughly tilled; or potatoes may be grown in drills opened and closed with a double-furrow plough. The seed—15 cwt. per acre—is then ploughed in under every third furrow, the after-culture consisting of harrowing just as the crop is appearing over ground (by this means myriads of seedling weeds are destroyed); drill-grubbing, hoeing, horse-hoeing, and earthing-up being the subsequent operations. Heavy crops of wheat, oats, barley, beans, or peas can always be relied upon after potatoes. The potato boom which has been running its course for some time appears to be wearing itself out. Professional growers have been sending out new varieties in quick succession with high-sounding names, claiming for each superior qualities from anything previously grown, offering them at fabulous prices, which were readily obtained. These were to revolutionise potato-growing. Such varieties as “Northern Scar,” “King Edward,” “Eldorado” (and a host of others might be mentioned which were put on the market) have given way to the novelties, the favourite up to the time of writing being “Princess Victoria.” A farmer in South Canterbury recently published the result of a trial of 140 named varieties, amongst which “Princess Victoria” is assigned the first position as a large cropper, good flavour, and comparatively early maturity. It must, however, be remembered that frequently the most promising new varieties are the first to “run out.” If, however, the boom should lead to the permanent establishment of even one variety better than anything previously in cultivation, the money and time which has been expended will have been well spent.

Turnips:* The turnip-crop of this season has been a comparative failure. The ravages of the caterpillar of the diamond-back moth in Canterbury and several other districts throughout the colony have been so prevalent as to render the turnip-crop comparatively worthless. This pest is believed to be indigenous to New Zealand. It is always present in our turnip-crop. Fortunately, however, it is only periodically, after long intervals, that it appears in such destructive numbers as was the case in the crop of 1907. The late Miss Ormerod, in her “Injurious Insects,” refers to an infestation which ravaged the turnip-crops of Great Britain and Ireland in 1851. All cruciferous plants are subject to its attack. It is exceedingly difficult to successfully deal with, but severe attacks are not frequent; were they so, turnips and rape would go out of cultivation, the loss resulting from which would be difficult to estimate, as the success or otherwise of the export trade in mutton and lamb is largely dependant on these crops. In the southern portion of the Island the crop was fairly good, not suffering to the same extent from the pest referred to. The area under this crop for the season 1906–7 was 514,341 acres, an increase of 44,762 acres as compared with the previous year.

* Valuable information on the growing of this crop will be found under this beading in the Year-book for 1901, page 478.

Rape is largely grown as sheep-feed, and may be sown either in early spring or immediately after harvest, the stubble being skim-ploughed or broken up with the spring-tined cultivator. This crop is invaluable in the early spring, and may be fed off in time for oats or barley. Dairy cattle, however, should not be fed on rape, as doing so destroys the flavour of the milk. This fodder plant is more valuable for fattening lambs than the turnip; there were 137,364 acres under this crop, being an increase of 5,622 acres.

Kale: Mr. Lowrie, the director of the Lincoln Agricultural College, has demonstrated the great value of kale as a supplementary forage-crop. There are several varieties of kale which have been cultivated for a lengthened period in Europe. For some reason its culture has hitherto been much neglected in New Zealand. Mr. Lowrie has, however, succeeded in bringing its value before the farming community, with the result that it may be said to be fairly established. It is not intended that it should take the place of rape. As a forage-crop, however, the kales compare very favourably with the varieties of rape. It will stand drought better than rape; it is less liable to blight; it is healthier for stock. Mr. Lowrie remarks: “I have never known kale to injure stock, either sheep or cattle, and I have frequently had to take lambs off rape, when they have begun to die from irritation in the intestines, and put them on kale to recover.” The value, however, of the food from a fattening point of view is scarcely so high as rape. Young stock will fatten on rape quicker, but wethers and two-tooth sheep and over seem to do as well on kale as they will do on rape, and the percentage of deaths will always be lower. A good block of kale should always be grown, for reasons above stated. It has another advantage—viz., it can with impunity be fed to dairy cows with little fear of tainting the milk, as is the case with rape.

The cultivation of kale consists in sowing the seed in drills, 21 in. apart, with 1 lb. of seed per acre. Sown in September, the crop will be ready for grazing in February, and can be grazed right through the autumn. Stock should be taken out about the end of May and the crop left until the spring, when in the month of September it will yield an enormous amount of forage; but care must be taken not to feed it too closely at any time. The plant is a gross feeder, and must be treated generously if sown in indifferent soil. From 2 cwt. to 3 cwt. per acre of manure should be drilled in with the seed. The variety known as “Thousand-headed kale” is the most generally useful.

Mangolds and Carrots are largely grown in some districts. They cost more money per acre than turnips to produce, as they must be hand-hoed; nor are they so suitable a crop for cleaning the land. Turnip-sowing does not commence till November or December, affording ample time for the destruction of seedling weeds; this important opportunity is largely lost in the culture of the mangold, which is usually sown in October. Mangolds are, however, an invaluable crop on a stock-farm, as they do not reach their primest condition until the turnip-supply is exhausted, usually in August. From 30 to 60 tons per acre is not an uncommon yield of these roots, often without the aid of manure, on rich swamp land. Experiments and analyses show that the orange and yellow Tankard are more nutritious than any of the long varieties; 6,571 acres were grown last season.

Carrots are also a valuable crop, especially for horses; on sandy loams the yield reaches 15 to 20 tons per acre. Carrots impart a pleasant flavour to butter, and should be largely grown for dairy stock.

SEEDS.

Clover: Saving clover for seed in favourable seasons is a lucrative industry, adding materially to the farmers' income. Clover is sown with a spring crop, usually of corn, lightly grazed in the following autumn, and then reserved for a crop of hay, which, according to the season, yields from 2 to 3 tons per acre when cut in November or early in December. Some farmers prefer feeding off with sheep in preference to mowing for hay. The after-growth is then allowed to flower and seed, which it does very freely. Thousands of humble-bees may be seen in the clover-fields during the months of January, February, and March. The seed ripens in March, and is then cut and dried, and threshed out by machines known as clover-shellers. An acre of clover may yield in hay and seed from £8 to £10. It must, however, be stated that, while a good crop of clover-seed is most lucrative, it is nevertheless a most precarious one. Owing to lateness of the season of ripening, it sometimes happens that the fertilisation is imperfect, resulting in a majority of barren heads. This gave rise to a controversy as to whether the proper bee has been introduced. The point was referred to the late Miss Ormerod, the English entomologist, with specimens, which that lady identified as Bombus terrestris and subterraneous. The former is declared by Mr. Darwin to be useless as a fertiliser for the reason that its tongue is too short. This question has again been revived, it being thought that while some of the varieties introduced have proved very valuable as fertilisers it is quite possible that there are others still more so. The Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association set up a sub-committee to collect information on the subject. As the result of the inquiries made, Messrs. Sladen, Ripple Court, Dover, England, and A. H. Ham, Oxford, England—well-known scientists—were asked to co-operate in collecting the most suitable species. A small consignment (the season being too far advanced) was shipped by the s.s. “Paparoa,” which arrived in Lyttelton on the 24th February, 1906. Out of fifteen sent ten arrived alive—viz., four Bombus lapidarius (the red-tailed bee), and six Bombus hortorum. These were released in clover-paddocks at and near the Lincoln Agricultural College. Another consignment of 165 red-tailed queens arrived at Lyttelton per steamer “Paparoa” in December, 1906, of which 94 were found to be dead, the balance (71) soon revived when exposed to the warm sun, and took flight. The third consignment of these insects arrived per s.s. “Ruapehu”, in December, 1906. The shipment consisted of 145 queens, of which 62 were found to be alive; these were liberated at Mr. H. E. Peryman's farm at Tai Tapu, in the midst of luxuriant clover paddocks.

Humble-bees were first successfully introduced into Canterbury in 1885. The variety was Bombus terrestris; and they were found to spread over an area of a hundred miles in less than twelve months.

The red-tailed bee is easily distinguished from any other species in the colony; the posterior is closely covered with red hairs, hence its name. It may with every confidence be claimed that this bee, Bombus lapidarius, has at last been established in the colony. It will soon spread throughout the length and breadth of the land, and if all that is claimed for this species be correct, red-clover must become a more certain cropper than in the past. For this the Committee of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association will deserve the gratitude of the farming community. The recent importations cost the Association £100. The Dominion Entomologist of Canada has promised to send a shipment of bees as soon as practicable, and it is probable that some may also be procured from California.

White and alsike clover are now grown in considerable quantities. White clover yields enormously: as much as 300 lb. of white and alsike seed has been obtained per acre. These clovers are not so dependent on the action of the humble-bee for their fertilisation. They mature earlier, and are more easily threshed and cleaned than cow-grass or red-clove.

Grass-seed Saving: All the most valuable British grasses flourish throughout New Zealand. Cocksfoot has been for many years a staple product of Banks Peninsula (Akaroa County), where the soil for the most part consists of decomposed volcanic rocks and vegetable mould. Large quantities of this seed are now raised in the North Island and in many other parts of the colony as well. The seed is of the finest description, frequently weighing 20 lb. to the bushel, 12 lb. being a standard bushel. Cocksfoot thrives on a very wide range of soil, from the richest to the poorest, preferring, of course, the former. It may be found on the dry stony plains of the interior, green and healthy, when the surrounding herbage, introduced or indigenous, has given way to the heat of the summer sun.

Growing ryegrass (Perennial and Italian) for seed is also an important industry. The seed is usually gathered by stripping, when the crops are heavy they are cut and tied as corn, and afterwards threshed by machinery. The yield varies from 20 to 50 bushels per acre, weighing from 25 lb. to 32 lb. per bushel, 20 lb. being the standard weight. A common practice is to graze the land till midsummer; to take the stock off for a few weeks, and then to run the stripper over the ground. By this primitive method 10 bushels per acre of perennial ryegrass is sometimes secured, of the finest quality. Ryegrass-seed is usually in good demand; the price varies according to the season; the usual price, however, is from 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. and 4s. per bushel. Crested dogstail, sheep's fescue, and meadow fescue are also successfully grown, particularly in the North Island, for seed.

Many of the indigenous grasses of New Zealand are possessed of considerable feeding-value, but, unfortunately, few of them will stand too close feeding. The action of fire is especially injurious to most of them. Of recent years much has been said in favour of Danthonia semiannularis (one of the native oat-grasses) as a grass particularly adapted to some of the poorer soils in the North Island, where it is said to thrive admirably; it is also said to be able to resist the action of occasional grass-fires. There are many varieties of Danthonias, from the giant, coarse-growing snow-grass or oat-grass, to the fine-leaved varieties found in almost all the natural pastures in the colony. They are for the most part valuable for sheep pastures. Mr. Kirk, the Government Biologist, has under observation at some of the Government stations large collections of grasses (native and foreign), and it is expected that some results will be obtained which may prove of considerable value to the pastoral interests of the colony.

Small Seeds: New Zealand, from the nature of her soil and climate, otters a fine field for growing all kinds of farm and garden seeds. This circumstance has already attracted the attention of some of the larger seed-merchants of Great Britain, whose agents occasionally visit the colony with a view to inducing farmers and others to grow certain kinds of seeds. The industry is peculiarly adapted to small holdings, and well suited to young persons, the work being light and of an interesting character. Beady sale can be found for carefully grown and carefully cleaned garden-seeds if grown in quantity.

OTHER CROPS.

Pulse: Peas and beans are largely grown for pig and horse feed, and for export; they form an excellent preparation for wheat. An extensive trade in peas of a certain description is done in the manufacturing towns of Great Britain; and efforts are now being made to secure a share of this trade for the colony by producing peas suitable for splitting for human food. The business should prove a most remunerative one. Thirty bushels, of peas per acre is considered a fair crop, while 60 to 70 bushels of beans are often secured. As showing the extraordinary fertility of some of the. lands in the colony, it may be mentioned that beans and wheat have been grown alternately on Kaiapoi Island (Canterbury) for thirty years without any apparent diminution of yield, the crops of recent years being as abundant as those grown twenty-five years ago—40 to 50 bushels of wheat and 60 to 70 bushels of beans being the usual return per acre.

Cape Barley and Winter Oats: The demand for early spring feed has resulted in the growing of these plants for forage. Their extreme hardiness renders them well adapted for autumn sowing. If sown in March they are ready for feeding-off in May; they may be fed off again in July, and on till the beginning of October, when, if allowed to run to seed, they will produce 40 to 60 bushels per acre, or they may be ploughed in as green manure for turnips.

Tares are also grown, but not so largely as they deserve to be, especially for dairy stock. Mixed with oats, barley, or rye, they are excellent milk-producers; and when grown luxuriantly they destroy all kinds of weeds, and leave the land in fine condition for a spring corn-crop.

Lucerne: This permanent fodder-plant thrives admirably in most parts of New Zealand, provided the land is not waterlogged, yielding three to five cuttings in the year; and, if properly cultivated and well attended to, particularly in its early stage of growth, it will continue to yield liberal cuttings for seven or eight years, or even longer. This is a most excellent crop for the small or large farmer, furnishing, as it does, an abundant supply of succulent fodder, in deeply-cultivated soils, during the drier months of midsummer, as well as in the early spring. All farm animals are partial to lucerne; pigs thrive upon it. No farm should be without a well-cultivated plot of this plant. In deeply cultivated land lucerne will yield four or five cuttings during the season, no matter how hot and dry the weather may be. It is this drought-resisting quality which renders lucerne such a valuable fodder plant in Queensland and New South Wales, where it is extensively grown for pasture purposes, and for hay, which is largely exported for use in other parts of the Commonwealth.

COST OF WORKING A FARM IN NEW ZEALAND.

When comparing the cost of working a farm in England with one of the same size in the colony, several points have to be taken into account, such as the climate, the soil, labour, and machinery. In Australasia wages are higher than in Britain; as a set-off against this, New Zealand can claim, firstly, that there are more fine working-days in the year, the fields are much larger, the latest improvements in labour-saving machinery have been introduced, the soil is more easily worked, and that the genial nature of the climate renders it unnecessary to house stock during the winter months, thus saving the cost of attendance; secondly, that farming operations may be carried on continuously throughout the whole year; and, thirdly, that the paddocks are so large, and usually so level, that the double- and treble-furrow plough may be worked by one man or youth with three horses, thus equalising the cost of labour, as we have shown that one man, or even a boy, will be quite equal to two men or boys in the Old Country; so that, after all, the difference in the cost of working a farm in the colony is not so great as might appear at first sight.

Colonial farmers, particularly those farming large areas, are already turning their attention to the coming motive power which is destined to take the place of horse-power for ploughing, threshing, and indeed every kind of work which is now performed by horses. Trials of agricultural motors have been held in Scotland. Ploughing, harrowing, reaping and binding, and manure-spreaders are worked with great ease and precision. The total cost of working one of these motors is estimated at 18s. per day. The machine complete weighs about 30 cwt., and the speed is from two and a half to six miles an hour. Numbers of these motors have already found their way to Australia and New Zealand. It is probable that this power will ultimately take the place of horses for ploughing and other farm work on the level plain lands, doing it at a greatly reduced cost per acre. Ploughing with electric traction has been tried in California, it is reputed, with considerable success. A fully equipped three-horse team costs nearly £200, besides the upkeep in the way of feed and the risk of accidents and death.

The hay-crop is simply cut one day, raked into windrows the next, and in a couple more it is ready for stacking.

Wheat is cut and tied by machinery, the stooks requiring no capping. It is frequently threshed out of the stook in favourable seasons, thereby saving the cost of stacking and thatching; but this method, although very general, is not recommended except in hot or dry seasons. The stacks are rarely thatched, except, perhaps, on the weather side. This is a wise precaution, the neglect of which sometimes entails serious loss.

The manure bill, which is such a heavy item of annual expenditure with the British farmer, presses as yet very lightly on the farmers of the colony. It is, however, a notable fact that the use of fertilisers is becoming more general; 1 cwt. to 1 ½ cwt. of superphosphates per acre is used with the turnip and other root-crops, for the purpose of forcing the young plant into the rough leaf, when it will be out of one danger—the turnip-fly. It will therefore be seen that the colonial farmer has many advantages over the farmer of the Old Country.

It may also be pointed out that the application of one or two hundredweight per acre of superphosphate of lime produces better results in colonial soils than double the quantity would do in England, showing clearly that the natural richness of colonial soils is not yet exhausted.

LIVE-STOCK.

Cattle: The total number of cattle in the colony for 1906–7 was 1,851,750, an increase of 40,814 over the previous year.

Horses: The number of horses in the colony for 1906–7 was 343,059, an increase of 16,093 over the previous year.

Sheep: The returns made up to the 30th April, 1906, show 20,108,471, an increase of 977,596 over the year ending 30th April, 1905. This is most encouraging. The increasing demand for breeding ewes has had the natural result of raising the price of this class of sheep, large numbers of which are now reserved for replenishing the breeding flocks of the colony. The export of frozen lambs for the year 1906 amounted to 2,434,443, and the export of frozen sheep for the same period was 1,781,114 — a total of 4,215,557; besides which there were 31,650 cwt. of frozen mutton joints exported. Total export of beef in lbs, 28,293,104.

The returns made up to the 30th April, 1906, show the distribution of the flocks of the colony to be as follows : In the North Island, 10,009,731; and in the South Island, 10,098,740: total 20,108,471.

SHEEP.

New Zealand has proved itself admirably adapted for the breeding of all' classes of sheep, from the fine-combing merino to the strongest type of Lincoln. The merino occupies and thrives on the wild lands of the colony, from the snow-line to the border of the plains, as well as on the drier portions of the plains. The merino ewe furnishes the foundation for all the crossbred varieties. On the rich moist soils the Lincoln and Romney Marsh sheep flourish, while the finer English and Border Leicesters and Downs sheep occupy the drier lands.

Sheep bred from merino ewes and longwool rams, or from crossbred ewes with Down rains, are the most suitable for the frozen-meat trade, and are known as “freezers.”

The dapper little Southdown flourishes wherever crossbreds thrive. Their more ponderous cousins, the Shropshire and Hampshire Downs, have their admirers, especially the Shropshire, which are largely used for crossing with a view to producing early-maturing lambs. English Leicesters and Border Leicesters are also much sought after for this purpose, particularly in the South Island, where “prime Canterbury” mutton is produced. The breeds of sheep now in New Zealand are Lincolns, English Leicesters, Border Leicesters, Romney Marsh, Shropshires, Southdown, Hampshire Downs, Merinos, Cheviots, Ryelands, Dorset Horns, Oxford Downs, and Roscommons.

Shearing commences in September, and is continued till January.' The usual price per hundred is from 17s. 6d. to 20s. Shearing-machines are now largely used in nearly all the larger sheds.

The average clips for the various breeds of sheep are approximately: Merino, from 4 lb. to 7 lb.; quarter-breds, about 6 ½ lb.; half-breds, 7 ½ lb.; three-quarter-breds, 8 ½ lb.; Leicester, 10 ½ lb.; Lincoln, 11 lb. Of course, very much larger clips are obtained from special flocks, as much as 25 lb. to 30 lb. per sheep; but the above figures represent general averages. The export of wool for 1906 was valued at £6,765,655, being £1,384,322 in excess of 1905.

The staple of New Zealand wool, especially the longwool and cross-bred, is remarkable for its freedom from breaks and other imperfections incidental to countries subject to long droughts and periodical scarcity of feed.

The most profitable sheep for New Zealand is that which combines the best fleece and the most suitable carcase for freezing purposes, together with early maturity. This is the class of sheep which some sheep-breeders have set themselves to produce. Whether such an animal, having fixity of type, can be evolved, remains to be proved; so much depends on the feed, situation, and soil.

The capability of New Zealand for producing mutton has not nearly reached its limit. When the frozen-meat trade was first seriously considered, an assertion to the effect that the colony could soon find 1,000,000 sheep per annum for freezing without impairing the breeding-flocks was treated as highly chimerical by sheep-breeders of long experience. The export of sheep and lambs for the year 1906, was 4,215,557 carcases. There are now twenty-two freezing-works in operation in New Zealand. But, while congratulating the colony on the development of the frozen-meat trade, it must be borne in mind that Argentina and Australia also share the trade of Great Britain with New Zealand. It must be admitted that, with cheaper land and a closer proximity to the markets of the world, Argentina must necessarily be a very formidable rival to Australasia. The only way to keep command of the market is to ship nothing but first-quality graded mutton and lamb.

“The New Zealand Flock-book,” first published in 1895, is now thoroughly established, and is of great value to the owners of pure pedigree flocks. There are now about six Hundred registered flocks throughout the colony. Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania also have Flock-books. This is a step in the right direction, as flock-masters in South America demand a certificate to the effect that the cattle and sheep purchased by them are duly registered in an authorised Herd- or Flock-book. The value of these books is now so fully recognised that all the distinctive breeds of sheep in Britain and elsewhere have their recognised registers. Carefully kept registers of breeding must ultimately tend to improvement in the quality of the flocks of the colony.

HORSE-BREEDING.

The climate of New Zealand is admirably adapted for the breeding and rearing of horses of all kinds, especially draught horses. Indeed it would be difficult to find better Clydesdale horses than those bred on the limestone soils of Oamaru, Canterbury and elsewhere. Some of the best blue-blood of this breed has from time to time been imported from Scotland, with the result that the breed is now well established in the colony. In October, 1906, there were 343,059 horses in the colony.

The light-horse stock of the colony has risen into note through the production of animals which have rendered themselves famous on the colonial turf. The demand for horses suitable for remounts for the cavalry service in India is a continuous one, affording a ready market for the proper stamp of animal; shipments are periodically made to that country with varying results.

With a view to bringing the use of pure-bred sires within the reach of small selectors in the outlying blocks the Government have imported a few first-class horses of the most approved types, which cannot fail to have a beneficial effect on the stock of the country. The Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association publish a Draught-horse Stud-book, which is largely used by breeders of that class of horse.

CATTLE.

The colony possesses all the best strains of blood, and this is evidenced by the superior class of cattle to be met with throughout the settled districts, especially in the show-yards. There are now four herd-books published in the colony—viz., the “Shorthorn,” “Other Breeds,” published by the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association, the “Hereford Herd-book,” published by the Hereford breeders, and the “Jersey Herd-book,” published in Palmerston North. The value of properly kept herd-books is now fully recognised. Purchasers of animals for export or otherwise now demand that they shall be duly registered in some authorised herd-book as a guarantee of pure breed. New Zealand is comparatively free from many of the diseases so disastrous to horned stock in other countries. With a view to maintaining this enviable position, the Government has prohibited vessels carrying live-stook from infected colonies touching at any of the ports of New Zealand except under certain conditions.

DAIRY STOCK.

The breeding of first-class dairy stock offers a field for profitable investment owing to the increasing development of the' dairy industry. There are now 543,927 cows kept exclusively for dairy purposes, an increase of 26,207. The rearing of well-bred heifer calves is sadly neglected by many dairy farmers, for the reason that the consumption of the separated milk by pigs gives a much quicker return. Nevertheless every dairy farmer should rear a few of the best heifer calves from the best milkers got by a good strain of sire. Separated milk, although relieved of its butter-fat, loses little of its feeding value; the addition of a little linseed meal will restore the fatty constituents, which, however, are not the most valuable for feeding purposes. Ground oats, wheat, or barley added to the linseed mucilage will tend greatly to the rapid growth of the calves. An acre or so of European flax should be grown upon every farm where stock-rearing is carried on. Much has still to be done in the way of improving the dairy stock of the colony. The yield of milk from fairly good milking-cattle is approximately 500 gal. per annum, although from 700 gal. to 900 gal. per head are frequently obtained from selected herds. The average quantity of milk obtained will no doubt be increased as more attention is paid to breeding and proper feeding. The general management and feeding of dairy stock is a question demanding every attention. Kind treatment is essential to success; clean pastures, clear running water, and grasses of the best quality are all factors fully recognised wherever dairying is successfully carried out; and, last but not least, warmth and shelter during the cold wet months of winter.

The average yield of butter from milk passed through the separator is 1 lb. for every 2 ½ gal. of milk of 10 ½ lb.; so that the average cow produces annually 200 lb. of butter, or 500 lb. of cheese, which, estimated at 4 1/2d. per pound, will be worth about as much as the butter.

FEEDING FOR MILK.

The following excellent paper on “Feeding for Milk” is commended to the careful consideration of dairy farmers in the colony. It is from the pen of Mr. W. Lowrie, Director Lincoln Agricultural College. It should be carefully perused and acted upon by those desirous of procuring a fair return from their cows :—

The feature of the dairy industry of this colony which seems most in need of improvement is, generally speaking, the management of the dairy farm. It is generally agreed that the work of the factories, the organization for grading, and the facilities for marketing the produce have been much improved from year to year, yet, although the climate and soil of New Zealand are exceptionally favourable for the industry, progress in the amount of output is not what might have been anticipated. It is at the source of the industry—the management of the cow—that weakness occurs, and the question or questions how best to remedy this defect really dwarfs, for the time being, all other considerations relative to the improvement of the industry. I do not think that it can be claimed that the management of dairy stock has reached nearly the high level of efficiency shown in the management of sheep in the colony. Consequently the economic position of the dairy herd, compared with sheep, is at a disadvantage proportional to the failings in its management, and that encouragement for the extension and development of dairying, so pregnant of importance to the colony, is not what might have been. There are men in every district who manage their cows pre-eminently well, but as the many are so far behind the few the fruition of the industry is retarded. The extent of the loss possible to be avoided has been variously put by those who have been earnestly urging improved methods. Mr. Scott says 30 per cent.; Mr. Cuddie put it at over £1,000,000 sterling. I have no knowledge on which to make an estimate, but I may say, with such diffidence as my very limited knowledge of the colony requires, that I cannot think an estimate based on 500 gallons, or thereabout, average per cow, in any way extravagant. We are fond of comparing colonial methods with the methods of the British farmer, and generally flatter the colonial in the comparison, but there are occasions when the advantage is the other way. 1 noticed in Mr. Spier's report of one of the milk-record societies of the West of Scotland—viz., Fenwick—constituted of eighteen farmers, milking 443 cows—that the average per cow was 875 gallons at 3 per cent. fat. If that average can be had from Ayrshires in the west of Scotland, surely there is good reason to reckon 500 gallons to 550 gallons practicable with good-grade cattle in New Zealand, where the period of the year when good grazing conditions obtain is so much longer. But we need not go to Scotland for an example of the value of good management, as there are in New Zealand, before our eyes, individual farmers whose cows average 800 gallons or over per annum.

Of the factors determining success, I will mention two which seem deserving of much more attention—viz., (1) the selection, breeding, and rearing of dairy stock; (2) the feeding of the milking-herd.

It is well for the farmer to keep before his mind's eye how great is the drain on the cow in full milk, and how essential a generous dietary becomes to enable her to maintain her full capacity. Let me instance the case of a cow yielding 600 gallons per annum. In her milk there would be approximately 230 lb. of fat, 200 lb. of albumenoids, 300 lb. of milk-sugar, 42 lb. of ash or mineral matter—total, 772 lb. of solids.

This amount of dry matter is nearly twice the total weight of dry matter in the body of a cow 900 lb. to 1,000 lb. live weight. Such a drain on the body, and such demand on the vital activities, that the mammary gland shall secrete a weight of solids practically double the dry matter of the cow's body each year, should surely convince us that liberal feeding alone can enable her to do it.

Some men proceed as if they thought the secretion of milk was a creative act, or that the cow's udder compares somewhat with the widow's cruse of oil—that it can he drawn on without feeding proportionately, and yet not fail. But the cow, of course, requires food for other purposes than the mere supply of blood from which may be produced by the metabolic activity of the cells of the udder the solid matters of the milk. The body-weight has to be maintained or increased, the foetus nourished, the temperature of the body maintained (often a considerable demand where shelter is deficient or rugs not provided), energy has to be supplied for the muscles and nerves, and to do among other things the mere work which the secretion or elaboration of material in the cells of the udder means. As a matter of fact, of the available energy supplied in the food, it has been estimated by Mr. Jordan, of New York Experimental Station, that less than one-third is accounted for in the energy of the solid matters of the milk. The udder—let me put it otherwise—does not act as a mere sieve; the fat, sugar, and proteids of the milk are chemically distinct from the fats, sugar, and albumenoids of the food, and where work such as this is done, energy must be supplied. As well may we expect a steam-engine to work without fuel.

Let me further illustrate this matter by comparing the result of the cow yielding 600 gallons per year with the increase of a fattening bullock of 1,200 lb. live weight. We may take it that the bullock under heavy feeding will increase 12 ½ lb. per week live weight. The percentage composition of the increase, according to Lawes and Gilbert's calculations of fattening oxen, was 24.6 water, nitrogenous matter 7.7, fat 66.2, ash 1.5. If the bullock took twenty-two weeks to fatten, two of them could be fattened in the forty-four-weeks lactation period of the cow. The increased live weight of the two bullocks would be 550 lb., and this would be made up approximately—135 lb. water, 42 lb. albumenoids, 364 lb. fat, and 8 lb. mineral matter. The total increase of dry matter, therefore, is, for the two bullocks, 414 lb. But the cow produces 772 lb. of solid matter, we have already noted, and therefore she produces in the year nearly as much solid or dry matter as is represented in the increase of four bullocks fattening on good rations, each taking over five months to fatten. Surely, therefore, the cow will be admitted to be deserving of rich rations, and these abundant in quantity. When this is fully and generally recognised, this million sterling that is now missing will, in part at least, be picked up.

Of all the foodstuffs available, good grazing proves all round the best and the cheapest, and it behoves the dairy-farmer to make the grazing as good as the conditions of his country allow. Land may readily be too rich and grow feed too luxuriant and abundant for sheep, but we never find grazing too luxuriant for cattle, provided the herbage is nutritious. But in grazing land with dairy cows, it is not to be forgotten that it is being exhausted in a greater degree than would be the case in grazing cattle or sheep. A dairy cow, for example, will be the means of removing from the land, if she yield 600 gallons, 361b. nitrogen, 12 lb. phosphoric acid, and 10 lb. potash. To replace this with a mixture of artificial manure would require over 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda, about 60 lb. of bonedust, and nearly 3/4 cwt. of kainite. But in practice on most soils, where in the herbage there is a fair proportion of leguminosæ, the replacing of the phosphoric acid will suffice, and for the best results that must occasionally be done. The permanent pasture should be reinforced with basic slag or superphosphate, otherwise, as we have seen, there is removed in a cow's milk per year almost as much phosphoric acid as is drawn from the soil in 28 bushels of wheat, and every one knows there comes an end to the time you can take crop after crop of wheat off the same land without manure. If the pasture be grazed and grazed in this way, with comparatively little addition in the form of other foodstuffs to the stock on it, there comes a time when the exhaustion shows, when the leguminous herbage becomes scarce, when the better grasses fail, and the pastures become possessed of inferior grasses. Though the change may not be very apparent, the stock will feel it and will show it in their yields. In the new lands of the North Island this question is not at hand, but on the lands which have been farmed for a longer time, an occasional top-dressing of lime, bonedust, basic slag, or superphosphate would be remunerative, for it would carry more stock and do them better.

In selecting seeds for sowing out permanent pasture for dairy cattle, it should be endeavoured to increase the percentage of leguminous herbage in the pasture—to make the pasture what chemists designate a narrow ration. Cow-grass, I fear, we cannot buy—or, to put it in another way, we cannot obtain a red clover that is perennial—and accordingly we should try to make up with white clover and sow proportionately heavy. Alsike clover might also be added in greater proportion on the heavier, damper lands, as on these alsike will last longer. But the grazing, except for the matter of overstocking, is satisfactory, and does not offer opportunity for improvement as does the winter and spring feeding of the stock. It is in the winter and spring feeding of the cows, and in the feeding and rearing of heifers, that New Zealand practice as a whole compares badly, and much loss is gained from the industry than is possible. There can be no doubt whatever that much better provision should be made for wintering. The crops which suggest themselves as worthy of much greater attention are—

  1. Such grasses as Italian rye and some of the best brome-grasses, such as Schraders or prairie grass.

  2. Such roots as mangolds, carrots, and parsnips.

  3. The drumhead cabbage.

  4. Crops for soiling or ensiling in various mixtures, simple and complex, oats, Cape barley, pease, beans, vetches.

On a dairy farm it seems to me that everything should turn round the cow, and the crops grown should be such as are likely to provide foodstuffs out of which to work up the best return on butter-fat. Italian rye-grass I consider of the very greatest value. I would place this plant far ahead of any varieties of oats or barley for spring feeding. With these latter costing as much for cultivation and seeding, it is only a few days' feast and the feed is gone; whereas Italian rye will carry the same stock on the same area, and beat them as the spring advances. When the pastures come to a good bite, the stock can be taken out, and in six weeks you may cut a luxuriant crop of hay. Leave the aftermath for a time, and you will get excellent summer and autumn grazing. It is well to sow the Italian rye early—at the end of March, say—and sow out with a heavy seeding, 2 bushels down to 30 lb., with 6 lb. to 8 lb. of red clover, and 2 lb. alsike clover. There is everything to recommend in this practice—good spring feed, excellent hay, and plenty of it, and good summer grazing—when perennial rye (of which far too much is about) has gone to seed and become dry or bleached. Let any one try it, and I feel sure no further missionary work will be required; he will be converted right away to its use, if on suitable country. In sowing out clovers with Italian rye, early sowing is absolutely necessary, else will the clovers fail. If sowing late, omit clover and sow increased weight of seed. You may then sow the rye-grass for seed after being spring-fed, and plough up again in the autumn. This will pay better than oats for winter or spring early feed. At the same time, a block of land sown sufficiently early in the autumn in plots of different crops for soiling, so as to offer a succession of green forage in the spring, is valuable on a dairy farm. Rye, Cape barley and vetches, dun oats and vetches, would offer such a succession. It is better to cut these crops and feed them from racks than to graze them, as the quantity of forage secured is heavier and cleaner and better for the stock, while the puddling of the land (which must occur in the average spring) is avoided. Of these green feed-crops mentioned, the rye should always be fed before it comes into ear. If left until it comes into ear, cattle care less for it, and it has a flight deleterious effect on the quality of the dairy-produce. Other crops, vetches and Cape barley, and vetches and oats, if not required for soiling, can be advantageously saved for hay, and if the weather—at the time they are ready for cutting—be unsuitable, they can be made into silage. The vetch most suitable for sowing for this purpose is the large grain, and it is worth a farmer's while to sow a patch of the large tare simply for seed, as the price of such tares on the market is always very high. I might mention that there is on the market just now a very handy one-horse mower, which is convenient to cut crops for soiling when only a few loads each day are required.

It is needless to urge the value of plenty of have for dairy stock in the winter time. All farmers are agreed on that matter, but some do not fully appreciate the fact that a considerable quantity of hay can be made without lessening in anything like a proportional degree the grazing-capacity of the area they hold, as there is generally in New Zealand (on good land at any rate) such an overwhelming luxuriance of herbage in the early summer. If this be left ungrazed, it tends to go down and rot the bottom. The better practice is to shut up a proportion of the fields, and convert them into hay or silage.

The roots to be recommended to the dairy farmers are mangolds, carrots parsnips; and in connection with these roots might also be mentioned such forages as cabbage and kohl-rabi. Cabbages come in in the autumn, while mangolds which have been stored are ripening in the heap. Of the roots, mangolds give by far the heaviest yields, and can be grown per ton at less expense considerably than carrots or parsnips. But they require very heavy manuring and good soil for the best results, while the carrot and the parsnip are less exacting, both as to quality of soil and as to quantity of manure.

It is a mistake to feed roots too heavily—for example, to feed only mangolds, and, as dry feed, oat-straw. In that case a cow, if she have a full supply of mangolds, would eat upwards of 1 cwt. per day, but the quantity is better to be limited to 50 lb. or 60 lb. per cow, and the balance of feed made up with oat-straw, hay, or such green forage, fed direct from the field, as we have already mentioned. It is a great convenience in the spring to have a good supply of roots, such as mangolds, stacked away, as they are so easily kept, and are available to be fed in the spring when, say, the land under Italian rye-grass is too soft to be grazed by cattle without hopelessly spoiling it as a pasture.

It is well for the farmer also to have blocks of such crops as pease, beans, and oats, which he can thresh, to supply concentrated foodstuffs for his cows in the spring. Crushed pease, crushed beans, and crushed oats, fed to the amount of a few pounds per day, will be found very useful to help the cows to maintain their milk-yield until such time as the grazing comes to full bite. It is a misfortune to have cows entering on the lactation period in poor condition, so that when good grazing does become available they have to make up body-weight in addition to their ordinary functions of secreting milk. It is desirable to avoid the check that so many cows get in the spring, and to insure that the animals shall be milking in good, thrifty, healthy condition. If that can be secured there is no doubt whatever that the milk-flow would be considerably increased through the milking-period.

Silage as yet has only been adopted by comparatively few farmers. For the North Inland, I should consider the making of silage a very important feature of dairy practice. Where maize can be grown it certainly should be adopted. I can foresee the time when, if the dairying industry continues to make progress, there will he large chaffing plants travelling round among dairy-farmers, filling their silos. It id not always necessary to grow crops specially for making into silage, but when such crops are grown, maize, if the climate allows of it, is the very best, and following that I would place a mixture of oats, Gape barley, beans, and pease. Maize undoubtedly is best chaffed, and I would say probably all forage to be ensiled is better to be chaffed. I have found that there is less waste, that the silage is more easily made, that it packs better, and that it. is more easily handled when it comes to be fed. In the wetter districts of the North Island, I think silage will ultimately prove a great stand-by to the farmer, as it can be secured at a time of the year when it is easier to get on the land, whereas roots are often very difficult to get out, and it certainly is very convenient to have, when winter sets in, your store of forage under cover and adjacent to the buildings in the form of hay and silage.

Let me say, in conclusion, that when the careful rearing and feeding of dairy stock shall become general throughout the colony, and more attention be given to the breeding and selection, it will be found that there is much to recommend the dairying industry financially not yet revealed.

THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.

This industry continues to flourish throughout New Zealand. As evidence of its growth, it may be stated that the export of butter in 1906 amounted to £1,560,235, and of cheese £341,002. The Government still spends large sums of money in teaching the art of butter and cheese making, the proper method of grading, packing, and shipping. With a view to encourage the breeding of better strains of cattle for the production of milk of superior quality as well as quantity, the Government, recognising the importance of this matter, have imported a few first-class sires from well-known breeders of milking strains of cattle for the use of those dairy farmers who are not in a position to secure the best bulls for their purpose. The service of these bulls has been fixed at a nominal scale, and is only available for selected animals. Graders are employed examining all butter and cheese for export, and brand each packet with its proper quality. Factory-owners fully recognise that it is folly to pay freight on any but the best quality; and this remark applies to grain and meat as well. We have to compete against Canada, the United States, Denmark, Australia, the Argentine, and Siberia. New Zealand dairymen must therefore endeavour to raise dairy cattle which will yield the maximum of milk of the best quality; in fact, nothing but intense farming will pay in the future, applied to every branch. To produce milk of the best quality for the manufacture of butter or cheese during the winter and early spring months is a very difficult matter, especially when turnips are largely used. The practice of grazing milking-cattle on “breaks” of turnips is discouraged, but if this feed must be used, they should be topped and tailed and carted on to clean grass land, and fed immediately after milking with plenty of clean sweet hay intervening. Ensilage is strongly recommended as a substitute for turnips, and is used by many dairy-farmers in the North Island. A well-known Australian authority, writing in the Pastoralists' Review, says, “Ensilage for years past has been fully recognised as pre-eminently a food for the cow in milk, but to be of much feeding-value a great deal depends on the herbage and grasses and care used in its manufacture.” This is an important point. Many farmers in Otago Central also use large quantities of this kind of fodder with great success.

The complete sterilising of milk to destroy the germs of disease is a wise precaution. The operation consists of heating milk up to a certain temperature, and cooling it rapidly, a process which has been found to destroy the bacillus of tuberculosis known to be present in the milk of affected cattle. The Government veterinaries are employed examining the cattle, and a large number are annually tested with tuberculin, and when found affected they are destroyed, compensation being allowed.

PIGS.

These useful adjuncts to the dairy now hold an important position on all dairy farms in New Zealand. The last statistics show swine numbering 242,273. The favourite breed in New Zealand is the improved Berkshire. The large and small breeds of White Yorkshire are also to be met with, but are not so generally approved of as the black pigs. The Tarn worth pig has its admirers amongst pig-breeders, as they answer admirably for crossing with black pigs. They produce good bacon pigs, making more lean meat and longer sides than the pure Berkshires, but they take a much longer time in coming to maturity, which renders the breed less sought after than it otherwise might be. Pigs require no better attention than a good grass paddock, with a liberal supply of roots, and a little unthreshed pea-haulm for a few weeks before killing, with plenty of water, and shelter from the sun during the warmest summer months, and in winter as well.

The breeding, rearing, and fattening of pigs is a source of wealth which is capable of considerable expansion. Several plants for the mild curing of bacon have been set up at the various freezing-factories, and by private persons and firms. The establishment of properly appointed pig-farms is a somewhat costly undertaking, as all the fences must be pig-proof. Doubtless this consideration has had a deterrent effect upon some, while others find the rearing of young stock for the dairy and the breeding of lambs a sufficiently profitable undertaking, besides causing less trouble, but there is room for an enormous extension of this industry.

POULTRY.

The efforts being made by the Government to foster this industry are gradually producing the hoped-for results. The distribution of a better class of poultry is showing good results already. Farmers are beginning to see that their poultry-yard should form no mean auxiliary to the general return from the products of the farm. With such a climate as we have, there need be no difficulty in raising hundreds where dozens are now produced. The Agricultural Department is doing much to foster this industry. The Government Poultry Depots are kept busily employed. The Department intends to seek legislation to prevent the export of any poultry unless it has been graded by a Government official. This is a step in the right direction. The egg-laying competitions now being carried out at Lincoln Agricultural College and Blenheim will certainly give an impetus to fowl-raising. The conditions of the several lots at the trials will be a fairly good index to the breeds best suited for the production of eggs.

THE FRUIT INDUSTRY.

From the North Cape to the Bluff Hill, in the extreme south of the South Island, the climate and soil are, for the most part, well adapted for the growth of a large variety of fruits. Generally speaking, pears, plums, quinces, apricots, figs, walnuts, cherries, gooseberries, currants, strawberries, and raspberries grow luxuriantly, producing abundant crops of fruit. In the Auckland District, oranges, lemons, and limes, grow in favourable localities. The olive thrives in certain districts of the North Island, bearing satisfactory crops, and the manufacture of oil should assume important dimensions at no distant date.

Vine-growing is also carried on with tolerable success in many districts; tons of fruit grown under glass are sold in the Auckland markets annually. Signor Bragato, an Italian wine expert, has given it as his opinion that there are numerous localities in both Islands suited for growing vines for the manufacture of wine.

Away in the far north the banana grows and ripens its fruit, but it is not thought that it will ever enter into successful competition with those grown and imported at so cheap a rate from the Pacific Islands.

Extensive orchards of apples have existed in Auckland for many years, and are still capable of producing an abundance of fruit, if kept free from codlin-moth and other pests. Orchard-planting is progressing, and must one day be a very important industry. Central Otago will also become a large fruit-producing district, being free from violent and scorching north-west winds, so soon as that district is connected by rail with the sea-ports. The total area under orchards in the colony is 27,515 acres, and 654 acres of vineyard.

The manufacture of cider has assumed considerable dimensions, opening up a market for suitable surplus fruit. The colonial-made article is rapidly coming into favour with the general public.

The drying of fruit has been fostered by the authorities, who sent an expert through some of the apple-growing districts, giving practical lessons in the art of artificial fruit-drying. A great deal more might also be done in bottling fruits, and the manufacture of fruit-wine, if only for home consumption. The manufacture of jam is successfully carried on; there is, however, plenty of room for further developments in this direction. During the International Exhibition the Department of Agriculture had an expert giving practical illustrations of bottling fruits, which were much appreciated by the general public.

PROSPECTS OF SMALL FARMERS.

Those who have watched the course of events in other countries, so far as they affect the agricultural interests of New Zealand, are forced to the conclusion that New Zealand will have to pay great attention to the quality of her agricultural exports. Our farmers cannot hope to compete with such countries as Australia and South America, where land is so much cheaper, and where mutton and beef of good quality can be produced; for cheap meat these must command the markets of the world. Happily for New Zealand, her climate and pastures are such that she can not only produce mutton equal to the finest English or Scotch, but can produce more per acre than Australia. Our dairy-produce is now second to none, which is largely due to the system of manufacture and Government grading.

Owing to her humid climate and fertile soil New Zealand is peculiarly well adapted for small holdings. Men of slender means can easily make homes for themselves and their families, always provided they know something of the work they undertake, and are, with their families, willing to work hard and live frugally for a few years. It is quite possible for a man with a few cows and pigs, together with poultry and bees, to make a good living, as markets for these products are available in England and elsewhere; there is also a good local market if the goods are properly prepared, and a continuous demand for the supply of coastal and ocean-going steamers. The facilities now given for obtaining land and money at reasonable rates offer great inducements to persons to settle upon the land. This is amply illustrated at Cheviot and elsewhere, where fine estates have been cut up into moderate-sized farms, and let to farmers on long lease at a rental representing 4 per cent. on the purchase-money. Prosperous homes have sprung up, and tree-planting is being carried on by some of the settlers, which is an earnest of the stability of the settlements.

Chapter 65. SECTION III.
THE MINERAL WATERS OF NEW ZEALAND.

Arthur S. Wohlmann, M.D., Lond., Government Balneologist.

NEW ZEALAND is a country peculiarly rich in mineral waters, and, as might be expected in a land in which volcanic agencies are still active, more particularly rich in thermal waters distinguished by a very high temperature rather than by a high percentage of dissolved salts, though the latter class of water is by no means absent. The vast majority of thermal springs are found in the North Island, and arise over a very large area.

Of these springs, a large proportion have never yet been analysed, many are known only to a few individuals, and doubtless many yet remain to be discovered, or, if known at all, are only known to the local Maori population. A sufficient number, however, have now been examined to enable a very fair classification of the whole to be attempted, and, as will be seen by the subjoined tables, with the exception of the sulphated waters, there are few of the more important types of mineral water that are not represented among the springs of this country.

The different classes of mineral water have a rough general plan of geographical distribution, so that the probable nature of a spring may to a certain extent be inferred by its position on the map, though this is a rule with many exceptions, and the point must not be pressed too far. Thus in the central pumice plateau, from the south of Taupo to Rotorua and thence on to the Bay of Plenty, the vast majority of the springs are very hot, sulphuretted, siliceous, and weakly mineralised; while along the east coast, from the East Cape to Cape Palliser, muriated waters of high specific gravity, and containing iodides, predominate.

The following classified list of waters is based almost entirely on the analyses recorded in the reports of the Colonial Museum and Laboratory, published by the Mines Department, between the years 1874 and 1906, and of these a large proportion of the more important have recently been made by Dr. Maclaurin. On account of the space which would be required to give the full detailed analysis of each specimen, only the essential and characteristic ingredients are given here, together with the total grains per gallon of solid constituents. In all cases, however, in which the analyses have been taken from the above reports, the year is also given to facilitate reference should fuller details be required.

For further information on this subject the reader is referred to the paper by Mr. W. Skey in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 1877, to several published pamphlets by Mr. J. A. Pond, and to the article by Sir James Hector in the Official Year-book, 1893. The names Skey, Pond, and Hector at the head of an analysis have reference solely to the above-mentioned papers.

Owing to the large number of their contained ingredients, a scientific classification of mineral waters is a very difficult matter, and all the methods of classification usually adopted are open to criticism. Under Dr. Peale's system a fair amount of accuracy is arrived at, but only at the price of a cumbersome and uncouth string of adjectives; while in the simpler system which is usually adopted by English writers, and which I have for convenience followed here, a water may often with equal justice be classified under two or more headings, owing to its containing several ingredients of practically equal importance, and in such cases a compromise has to be adopted.

For purposes of comparison a well-known example of a European mineral water is given with each class, except, of course, in those rare instances in which a New Zealand water has no corresponding European prototype.

SIMPLE THERMAL WATERS.

These waters are very weakly mineralised, and owe their therapeutic value chiefly to the hot water, used in the form of baths. That some of the most famous spas in the world are supplied only with such waters suffices to show the efficacy of hot water when skilfully employed, and it is noteworthy that it is in such spas that the douche treatment is frequently brought to a pitch of great perfection. There remains, of course, the still-disputed point as to whether these waters may not owe their efficacy to some factors not indicated by the chemical analysis; and recent developments in science have so far modified our conceptions of the nature of matter and of energy that a dogmatic expression of opinion is less likely to be advanced now than was the case some years ago.

* Here, and throughout this paper, the figures are given in grains per gallon.
EUROPE.
Gastein.
Total solids21.0*
Temperature121°Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Waingaro (1904).
Sodium-chloride6.43
Silica7.80
Total solids22.66
Temperature130° Fahr.
Matamata (1904).
Sodium-bicarbonate28.10
Total solids46.66
Temperature106° Fahr.
Maruia (1903).
Total solids36.5
Temperature140° Fahr.
Mount Egmont (1883).
Calcium-carbonate6.72
Total solids26.23
Hurunui (1885).
(Complete analysis not available.)
Franz Josef (1901).
Total solids56.21
(Principally sodium chloride and carbonate.)
Lake Sumner. (Skey.)
Total solids18.56
Temperature93° Fahr.
Miranda, Thames. (J. A. Pond.)
Sodium-chloride15.17
Total solids31.27
Temperature134° Fahr.
Katikati (1901). (Vide also “Muriated Waters.”)
Sodium-chloride119.54
Total solids137.26
Okoroire.
Sodium-chloride17.18
Silica and silicates9.70
Total solids42.34
Temperature113° Fahr.
Haupiri (1901)
Sodium-silicate7.3
Total solids19.3

MURIATED WATERS.

The principal ingredient of these waters is common salt. In this country they are, in the majority of instances, very hot, and are used both for baths and for drinking purposes. In the former case they exert a stimulating effect on the nerve-endings in the skin; while, taken internally, they stimulate the mucous membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract, and have a diuretic, and sometimes a laxative, effect.

No use has been hitherto made in New Zealand of the concentrated mutterlauges so much used on the Continent of Europe, though indeed some of the waters are so strong naturally as to need little concentration to rival these “mother-liquors” in strength.

Taken as a whole, they constitute an important and numerous group, and are distinguished by their geographical distribution and by certain chemical peculiarities. Thus the great majority arise near the coast, especially the east coast of the North Island. A great number of the waters, too, contain very considerable quantities of calcium-chloride and of sodium-iodide, so that the muriated waters fall naturally into three main groups—those containing a great preponderance of sodium-chloride, those in which calcium-chloride is present in so great a quantity as to rival or even surpass the sodium-chloride in importance, and those in which sodium-iodide is present in noticeable quantities. The great majority of the second class, however, belong also to the third.

CLASS I.—SODIC MURIATED WATERS.

EUROPE.
Wiesbaden.
Sodium-chloride420
Temperature100° to 156° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Helensville (1889, 1903). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Sodium-chloride114.46
Total solids134.68
Temperature115° to 146° Fahr.
Hokianga (1878). (Pond.)
Sodium-chloride2797.4
Total solids2937.5
Hokianga, Rotokakahi (1905).
Sodium-chloride1350.0
Total solids1543.0
Patangata (1902). (Vide also “Chalybeate” and “Iodide Waters.”)
Sodium-chloride152.2
Total solids176.4
Waimate (1883). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Total solids586.63 to 834.32
Papaite, Wanganui (1886).
Sodium-chloride313.41
Total solids348.54
Pipiriki, Wanganui (1888).
Spring on left bank—Sodium-chloride121.88
Total solids130.61
Spring on right bank—Sodium-chloride231.64
    Total solids244.03
Mokau, Motukarama (1888). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
    Total solids844.0
(Incomplete analysis.)
Kotuku, Greymouth (1904). (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)
Sodium-chloride162.20
Total solids201.25
Katikati (1904).
Sodium-chloride119.54
Total solids137.26
Whangape, Waikato. (Skey.)
Total solids47.04
McLean's, Napier. (Skey.)
Total solids444.7
Mahurangi, Auckland. (Skey.)
Total solids141.0

CLASS II.—CALCIC-SODIC MURIATED WATERS.

The nearest European prototype to such a class of waters is Kreuznach.

Calcium-chloride140.0
Sodium-chloride700.0

When this and similar waters are evaporated to a mutterlauge, as is so frequently done, thereby precipitating some of the sodium-chloride, and leaving a concentrated solution of the chlorides of magnesium and calcium with some iodides, a striking resemblance is found to certain of the New Zealand waters.

NEW ZEALAND.
Kawhia (1903). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride585.51
Sodium-chloride424.55
Total solids1040.76
Mataroa (1903). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride128.21
Sodium-chloride1625.25
Magnesium-chloride85.70
Total solids1843.43

Okain's Bay (1904). (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)

This is an artificial spring of cold water obtained from a bore sunk into the recent soil of a rapidly silting-up bay, and is remarkable for the unusually large amount of iron in solution.

Calcium-chloride468.5
Sodium-chloride295.5
Magnesium-chloride264.8
Ferrous bicarbonate26.7
Total solids1128.9
Totoro, Mokau River (1905). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride681.0
Sodium-chloride784.0
Total solids1496.0
Morere (1903, 1905). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride594.78
Sodium-chloride1249.67
Total solids1899.60
Temperature120° Fahr.
Te Puia (1906). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride153.40
Sodium chloride807.75
Total solids978.69
Temperature150° Fahr.
Kopuowhara, Mahia (1885). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride177.82
Sodium-chloride1027.66
Total solids1241.65
Great Barrier Island (1904).
Calcium-chloride103.75
Sodium-chloride791.50
Total solids985.23
Temperature180° Fahr
Pahaua, Wellington (Skey; also 1878). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Calcium-chloride120.88
Sodium-chloride1303.32
Total solids1474.09
Kotuku, Greymouth (borehole), (1904).
Calcium chloride, sulphate, and bicarbonate458.8
Sodium-chloride5134.0
Total solids5936.8
Wallingford, Wellington (Skey). (Vide also “Iodide Waters.”)
Total solids826.0

CLASS III.—IODIDE MURIATED WATERS.

Iodine is found in these waters combined usually with sodium or magnesium; in addition there is generally present a certain and varying amount of free iodine. The amount of iodide present is seldom more than about 2.5 grains per gallon, but even this small quantity exceeds the amount present in most similar European waters, one of the richest of which, Heilbrun (Bavaria), is given here for comparison.

The therapeutic value of such minute quantities of iodide has been much questioned, though Neisser has, on the other hand, pointed out the potent effect on human metabolism of minute quantities of iodine in thyroid extract. There remains the possibility, however, that the essentially active factor in these waters is not the iodide but the free nascent iodine, which is almost always present. The pungent smell of this mineral may generally be detected for some distance round the source of an iodide spring, and where the thermal water is broken up by a fall into a spray or douche, under which circumstances free iodine seems to be liberated, the odour is unmistakably strong. It is conceivable that, quite apart from the iodine that is taken into the system when the water is drunk, quite an appreciable amount, and that in a highly active condition, may be inhaled with the water vapour and spray by the bather.

EUROPEAN.
Heilbrun (Bavaria).
Sodium-chloride343.0
Sodium-bicarbonate63.0
Sodium-bromide3.5
Sodium-iodide2.1
NEW ZEALAND.
Morere, (1903, 1905).
Sodium-iodide2.7
Total solids1858.07
(Also sufficient free iodine to tinge the water light-brown.)
Kawhia (1903).
Sodium-iodide0.47
BromidesTrace
Total solids1040.76
Mataroa (1903).
Sodium-iodide1.37
Total solids1843.43
Pahaua (1878; also Skey).
Magnesium-iodide0.582
Magnesium-bromideTraces
Iodine (free)1.595
Total solids1424.096
Kopuowhara, Mahia (1885).
Magnesium-iodide2.98
Total solids1241.65
Whareama, Masterton (1889).
Iodides0.81
Total solids316.36
Kaiti, Gisborne (1902).
Sodium-iodide4.0
Total solids758.3
(This spring is now practically dried up.)
Totoro (1905).
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids1496.0
Patangata (1902).
Potassium-iodide0.5
Total solids177.0
Waimate (1883).
Iodine (free and combined)1.98
Total solids586.63
Helensville (1903).
Sodium-iodide0.03
Total solids134.68
Te Puia (1906).
Sodium-iodide1.41
Total solids978.69
Tarawera, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine0.714
Total solids99.95
Parke's Spring, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine1.01
Total solids200.73
Otumuheka, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids13.88
Ruahine, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids152.31
Orakeikorako, Taupo District. (Skey.
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids84.36
Orakeikorako (Alum Cave). (Skey.
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids56.47
McMurray's, Taupo District. (Skey.) 
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids33.12
Te Hukahuka, Taupo District. (Skey.)
Iodine not estimated. 
Total solids13.81
Burton's, Taipo District. (Skey.)
(Analysis incomplete.)
Wallingford, Wellington. (Skey.)
Iodides and bromides not estimated. 
Total solids826.0
McLean's, Napier. (Skey.)
Iodides and bromides not estimated. 
Total solids444.7

SIMPLE ALKALINE WATERS.

The principal ingredient in these waters is sodium-bicarbonate, and if sodium-chloride is present, it is so only in a trifling amount. There is also generally present a considerable amount of carbonic-acid gas. Such waters are not common in this country, the only characteristic one, so far as I am aware, being Puriri.

Taken internally they act as antacids and diuretics, and promote the biliary secretion. They are useful in certain forms of gout, but are more suitable for robust than for debilitated subjects.

There are no waters of this class used as baths in New Zealand.

EUROPE.
Vichy.
Sodium-bicarbonate350.0
Temperature89° to 108° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Puriri. (Vide, also “Table-waters.”)
Sodium-bicarbonate452.39
Total solids537.11
Temperature60° Fahr.

MURIATED ALKALINE WATERS.

In these waters considerable quantities of sodium-chloride are present with the bicarbonate, and, while they are useful in the same class of cases as the last, they are generally believed to be less “lowering.”

EUROPEAN.
Ems.
Sodium-chloride70.0
Sodium-bicarbonate140.0
Temperature80° to 120° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Te Aroha. (1903, 1904, 1905.)
Sodium-chloride59.5
Sodium-bicarbonate657.4
Total solids784.3
Temperature135° Fahr.
Waiwera. (Skey; also 1904.)
Sodium-chloride116.7
Sodium-bicarbonate87.5
Total solids219.5
Temperature105° Fahr.
Ohaeawai. (1904.)
Sodium-chloride65.10
Sodium-bicarbonate134.50
Total solids255.66
Temperature180° Fahr.

(This water is strongly sulphuretted, and might with equal justice be placed among the sulphur waters.)

MURIATED SULPHATED WATERS.

As already mentioned, the sulphated waters are scarcely represented in New Zealand, the only example, so far as I am aware, being the somewhat anomalous Okain's Bay water, already classed under the calcic muriated and chalybeate waters.

This water, while containing an overwhelming proportion of chlorides, contains also a moderate amount of magnesium-sulphate, any action of which, however, would be subordinate to that of the other ingredients.

EUROPE.
Brides, Salins.
Sodium chloride126.0
Sodium sulphate84.0
Magnesium sulphate35.0
Temperature96° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Okain's Bay (1904).
Sodium, magnesium, and calcium chlorides1028.8
Magnesium sulphate78.0
Total solids1128.9
(Cold spring.)

THE CALCAREOUS OR EARTHY WATERS.

New Zealand is poor in springs of this class, calcium, when present in any quantity, being generally in the form of the chloride.

EUROPE.
Contrexéville.
Calcium-sulphate105.0
Calcium-bicarbonate28.0
NEW ZEALAND.
Wairongoa. (Vide also “Table-waters.”)
Calcium-bicarbonate67.86
Magnesium-bicarbonate35.89
Total solids165.75
Kamo. (Vide also “Table-waters.”)
Calcium-bicarbonate57.68
Magnesium-bicarbonate17.05
Sodium-bicarbonate38.64
Total solids164.36

CHALYBEATE WATERS.

Therapeutically the most important of these waters are those containing the bicarbonate of iron and free carbonic-acid gas. Many of the chalybeate springs of New Zealand contain large, and sometimes enormous, quantities of the sulphate, and, while these are noted here, they are, except as baths, of little practical use so far as the iron-salt is concerned. The ferrous bicarbonate, on the other hand, is easily assimilated, especially when associated with carbonic-acid gas; while it is to the presence of this gas that baths of such waters owe their stimulating properties.

EUROPE.
Schwalbach.
Ferrous bicarbonate5.6
TemperatureCold
NEW ZEALAND.
Waitangi, Rotoehu (1903, 1904).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.5
Total solids58.73
Temperature120° Fahr.
(Free effervescence of carbonic acid.)
Kamo.
Oxide of iron (present in the spring as bicarbonate)0.28
Total solids164.36
Kotuku, Greymouth (1904).
Ferrous bicarbonate4.10
Total solids201.25
Okain's Bay (1904). (Vide also “Muriated Waters.”)
Ferrous bicarbonate26.7
Total solids1128.9
Patangata (1902).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.6
Total solids176.4
Aorangi. (Skey.)
Ferrous bicarbonate0.94
Total solids13.75
Paeroa (1905). (Vide also “Table-waters.”)
Ferrous bicarbonate1.6
Total solids167.8
Free carbonic acid26.0
Temperature80° Fahr.
Waiwera. (Vide also “Muriated Alkaline Waters.”)
Ferrous bicarbonate0.686
Total solids219.558
Taupo Waters.
Iron Spring, Terraces (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.28
Total solids63.04
Carbonic acid16.9
Temperature120° Fahr.
Soda-water Spring, Terraces (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.84
Total solids64.19
Carbonic acid47.70
TemperatureCold
Arsenic Spring,” the Spa (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate0.56
Total solids52.52
(This spring contains no arsenic.)
Wairakei Waters.
Devil's Eye-glass (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate1.20
Total solids117.25
The Boilers (1905).
Ferrous bicarbonate1.12
Total solids100.77
(These last two waters are scarcely potable.)
Waiotapu.
Chalybeate waters exist here, but so far no potable specimens have been analysed.
Rotomahana “Iodine Spring” (1904). (Contains no iodine.)
Ferrous bicarbonate0.62
Total solids157.79
Temperature212° Fahr.
Motu, Gisborne (1904).
Ferrous sulphate44.68
Total solids379.31
White Island. (Skey.) (Vide also “Acid Waters.”)
Ferrous sulphate1059.0
Total solids13638.0
Temperature212° Fahr.
Whale Island. (Pond.)
Ferrous sulphate9.38
Total solids250.30
Temperature198° Fahr.
Abbotsford, Otago (1882). (Analysis incomplete.)
Ferrous sulphate..
Total solids304.0
Akitio, Wellington. (Skey.)
Iron and alumina0.93
Total solids37.65
Onetapu. (Skey.)
Ferrous chloride not estimated..
Total solids456.0
Bay of Islands. (Skey.)
Iron-oxide2.23
Total solids134.62
Amberley, Canterbury. (Hector.)
Total solids93.6
(Cold spring.) 

Rotorua Waters.

The majority of these contain iron, but, as this is not an important and essential feature of these waters, two only are given as types of the rest.

Rachel Spring. (Hector.)
Iron and alumina oxides2.41
Total solids131.34
Postmaster Spring (1906).
Ferrous sulphate0.52
Total solids86.81

SULPHUR WATERS.

This is a very important but somewhat ill-defined group, characterized by the presence of sulphides in sufficient quantity to give a very noticeable odour to the water. In Europe, as a general rule, these waters are only feebly mineralised, the other ingredients of the water being comparatively unimportant. In New Zealand, while this rule holds good for the majority of the sulphur waters, yet there is a very important class, of which the acid waters of Rotorua may be taken as a type, in which, while the sulphides are very much in evidence, other ingredients have a considerable and sometimes a very much greater importance.

As compared with the other mineral waters of New Zealand, there is an overwhelming preponderance of sulphur waters, both in the number of springs and in the amount of outflow. All are hot and all are siliceous.

The great bulk of these springs arise in the volcanic region stretching from the central volcanoes of the North Island northward to the Bay of Plenty, and, indeed, right out to sea to White Island.

The vast majority of these waters have not yet been analysed, but from the great number of specimens that have already been examined a very fair estimate may be made of the whole.

It is usual to draw a distinction between those sulphur waters containing marked quantities of sodium-sulphide, and those containing only sulphuretted hydrogen, and special therapeutic effects have been attributed to the former class. While admitting the distinction, it must be borne in mind that frequently the second represents only a phase of the first, and that, owing to the very rapid decomposition of sodium-sulphide on exposure to air, analysis, unless performed at the spring, is apt to show only sulphuretted hydrogen, sulphur, and sodium-carbonate.

The sulphur waters may be divided into two main classes, the alkaline or neutral, and the acid.

CLASS I.—THE ALKALINE SULPHUR WATERS.

For the most part the specific gravity of these waters is not high, the largest ingredient being usually chloride of sodium, and the alkalinity not strong.

For all practical purposes their most marked characteristic is the amount of silicate they contain, and it is this ingredient which gives to the alkaline waters of the Rotorua district their peculiarly bland and satiny feel, and which makes them so valuable for bath purposes. A similar condition causes the “unctuous” sensation of the sources savonneuses at Plombières.

Of the therapeutic action of the silicates little is known: taken internally, it has been asserted that they exercise a solvent action on the urates in gout, and, used externally, an antiseptic action on the skin (Felix); but however this may be, it is quite certain that in strong solution they constitute most bland and sedative baths.

As the highly siliceous waters shade off imperceptibly into the less siliceous, it has not seemed convenient to make them a separate class, and they are therefore all included here under the term “sulphur waters.”

EUROPE.
Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle).
Sodium-chloride182.0
Sodium-carbonate42.0
Sodium and hydrogen sulphides...
Temperature113° to 133° Fahr.
NEW ZEALAND.
Rachel Spring, Rotorua. (Hector.)
Sodium-chloride69.43
Silicates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium36.35
Silica18.21
Total solids131.34
Carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen...
Temperature194° Fahr.

Under this heading come, with the exception of certain muddy geysers of the type of Waimangu, practically the whole of the springs in the “Thermal District” which exhibit, or tend to exhibit, geyser action. Thus would be included many springs at Tokaanu, the Taupo geysers, the springs of the Geyser Valley at Wairakei, and the Whakarewarewa and Ohinemutu geysers. A certain number of these are given as types of the rest.

Many of these waters contain so very little sulphide that they might with equal justice be classed under the heading of “Simple Thermal Waters,” or of “Muriated Waters,” but for convenience they are placed all together here.

* The surface temperature of these springs, which exhibit more or less geyser action, is the boiling-point. Their temperature apparently increases directly as the distance below the surface at which it is taken.
Oil Bath,* Rotorua District. (Skey.)
Silica and silicates29.0
Sodium-chloride66.34
Total solids104.54
Spout Bath,* Rotorua District. (Skey.)
Sodium-silicates16.32
Sodium-chloride53.61
Total solids87.78
Kuirau, Rotorua District. (Skey.)
Silicates22.0
Sodium-chloride45.70
Total solids79.85
* The surface temperature of these springs, which exhibit more or less geyser action, is the boiling-point. Their temperature apparently increases directly as the distance below the surface at which it is taken.
Te Koutou, Rotorua District. (Skey.)
Sodium-silicate32.12
Total solids72.78
Waihunuhunukuri (Lake House), Rotorua District. (Hector.)
Total solids58.4
Waikite,* Rotorua District (1904).
Sodium-chloride38.75
Sodium-bicarbonate20.03
Silica24.36
Total solids90.28
Matuatonga,* Rotorua District. (Hector.)
Sodium-chloride66.44
Sodium-silicate29.27
Total solids113.27
Hanmer, South Island.
Sodium-chloride62.09
Total solids77.38
Gases—Sulphuretted hydrogen and methane. 
Temperature118° Fahr.
Crow's Nest Geyser,* Taupo District. (Hector.)
Total solids153.6
Witches' Cauldron,* Taupo District. (Hector.)
Total solids166.4
Waiariki, Taupo District. (Hector.)
Total solids86.4
Top Spring, Terraces, Taupo District (1905).
Sodium-chloride43.66
Total105.80
Temperature184° Fahr.
South Bay Spring, Terraces, Taupo District (1905).
Sodium-chloride56.10
Total107.72
Temperature180° Fahr.
A.C. Bath, Spa, Taupo District (1905).
Total46.43
Temperature102° Fahr.
Old Sulphur Spring, Spa, Taupo District.
Total63.79
Temperature135° Fahr.
Champagne Pool,* Wairakei (1905).
Sodium-chloride195.20
Total242.68
Red Coral Geyser,* Wairakei (1905).
Sodium-chloride39.35
Total100.77
Omupokapoka, Onepu (1904).
Total constituents116.82
Temperature180° Fahr.
Manupirua, Rotoiti (1904).
Total solids44.91
Temperature105° Fahr.

CLASS II.—ACID SULPHUR WATERS.

With the exception that they are much more siliceous, the alkaline sulphur waters bear a fairly close resemblance to numerous sulphur waters in Europe; but for a type of the acid sulphur waters we have to look to America, there being no waters of this nature used at the European spas. The nearest European approach to the acid baths of New Zealand is to be found in the “peat baths” of Austria, which contain free sulphuric and formic acids and sulphate of iron.

The action on the peripheral circulation of the strongly acid baths of Rotorua is most marked. The skin becomes intensely injected, there is a corresponding unloading of the deep veins, and the general circulation is improved. At the same time the nerve-endings in the skin are stimulated: so that, provided the immersion is not too prolonged, the sensation of the bather is one of general exhilaration. The use of such baths in chronic deep-seated congestions, and in pain and stiffness of muscular and fibrous structures, is obvious. The large quantities of alum usually present with the acids, and the free gases in the water, also help to stimulate the skin. These waters are not used for drinking purposes.

Rotorua Acid Waters.
 Postmaster Bath Spring (1906).Priest Bath Spring (1906).Sulphur Point Effervescing Spring (1906).Spring supplying New Baths.
Sodium-sulphate14.2510.8518.1019.94
Aluminium-sulphate15.609.608.1012.38
Silica15.1012.1020.2022.82
Sulphuric acid (free)22.293.774.4616.80
Carbonic acid (free)28.8440.002.524.31
Sulphuretted hydrogen13.095.000.191.80
Total128.7497.4981.95102.58
Temperature110° Fahr.105° Fahr.160° Fahr.150° Fahr.

There are innumerable springs in the central Rotorua group, along the foreshore of Lake Rotorua, which conform to the type of the “Priest” and “Postmaster” Springs. Of these the first two on the following list may serve as examples:—

Waikupapapa.
Hydrochloric acid (free)7.49
Sulphuric acid (free)4.29
Total solids56.45
Ngaruapuia.
Hydrochloric acid (free)6.76
Sulphuric acid (free)3.11
Total solids59.50

White Island and Whale Island, in the Bay of Plenty, contain springs of remarkable acidity, which are not used as baths.

White Island. (Skey.)
Hydrochloric acid9547.0
Total solids13638.0
Temperature212° Fahr.
Whale Island. (Pond.)
Sulphuric acid138.32
Total solids250.30
Temperature198° Fahr.
TAUPO.
Rotokawa (Black Water). (Hector.)
Hydrochloric acid(Free)
Total142.4
Temperature192° Fahr.
Rotokawa (Yellow Water). (Hector.)
Hydrochloric acid(Free)
Total176.0
Temperature152° Fahr.

WAIRAKEI.

Practically all springs of the Kiriohinekei Valley are more or less acid: two are given as types.

Devil's Eye-glass (1905). (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)
Sulphuric acid (free)2.80
Carbonic acid (free)7.10
Total solids117.25
The Boilers (1905). (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)
Sulphuric acid (free)4.50
Carbonic Acid (free)7.50
Total solids100.77

WAIOTAPU.

Strongly acid waters also exist here, but have not yet been fully analysed. For the most part they appear to be aluminous and chalybeate.

Abbotsford, Otago (1882).
Sulphuric acid (free, and combined with iron)191.87
Total solids304.01

CLASS III.—MUDDY WATERS.

There remains a subclass of the sulphur waters which consists of mineral water containing large quantities of highly siliceous mud in suspension. The importance of these waters lies in the fact that they are greatly utilised for mud baths.

Some of them contain free mineral acids, others are neutral, or only give an acid reaction from the amount of free carbonic-acid gas they contain. Typical examples of the former are the “Coffeepot” and the “Cameron” Springs, and of the latter, the “Sulphur Point Mud Spring,” all of Rotorua.

Coffee-pot.
Sodium-sulphate23.71
Hydrochloric acid (free)7.66
Sulphuric acid (free)7.60
Total60.19
Cameron.
Sodium-sulphate44.54
Hydrochloric acid (free)5.92
Total80.5
Sulphur Point (1906).
Sodium-chloride80.85
Sodium-silicate26.30
Carbonic acid (free)14.90
Total141.72

Below is given an analysis (1906) of the muddy deposit around this spring, from which, and from similar material, the mud baths of Rotorua principally are made. It consists mainly of silica, and is noticeable in containing both gold and silver. On account of its interest, I have given Dr. Maclaurin's analysis in full.

Silica69.30
Alumina4.52
Iron-oxides2.00
Titanium-oxide0.58
Lime1.00
Magnesia0.10
Soda and potash1.30
Sulphur (combined)1.40
Sulphur (free)6.09
Organic matter10.01
Water3.70

“Microscopic examination of the deposit* showed that it consisted mainly of quartz and amorphous silica, with a little felspar. The mud also contains 5 grains of gold and 6 dwt. 1 grain of silver per ton.”

ARSENICAL WATERS.

There are no complete analyses yet available of arsenical waters in New Zealand, though arsenic is known to exist in minute quantities in some of the Taupo springs, and in one or two it is said to be so abundant as to poison horses which drink the waters. The so-called “Arsenic Spring” at the Spa contains no arsenic.

EUROPE.
La Bourboule.
Sodium-arseniate1.96
Total solids448.00
NEW ZEALAND.
Burton's, Taipo. (Hector.)
“Traces of arsenic.”

* “Suspended in the water.”

MERCURIAL WATERS.

Certain of the muriated alkaline springs are turbid with mud containing varying amounts of mercury derived from the soil around, which is rich in this mineral.

While such can perhaps hardly be strictly classed as “mineral waters,” the natural mixture of mineral water with mercurialised mud is obviously important from a therapeutic point of view, and is classed here for convenience.

Ohaeawai (1904). (Vide “Muriated Alkaline Waters.”)

* Amount of mercury variable.

Temperature, 180° Fahr.

TABLE-WATERS.

This is another ill-defined group of waters, usually characterized by feeble mineralisation, and by containing a large quantity of free carbonic-acid gas.

It is obvious that such a water may be classed under one or other of the previous headings according to the preponderating ingredients it may contain, and, as a matter of fact, most of the mineral waters used as table-waters in New Zealand are really so strongly mineralised as to justify the title of “medicinal,” and almost all contain rather more iron than is consistent with an ideal table-water.

EUROPE.
Selters (Seltzer water).
Amuriated alkaline water containing— 
    Sodium-chloride140.0
NEW ZEALAND.
Wairongoa (South Island). (Vide also “Earthy Waters.”)
Calcium-bicarbonate67.86
Magnesium-bicarbonate35.89
Sodium-chloride22.73
Sodium-bicarbonate20.91
Sodium-sulphate14.70
Total solids165.75

Together with a large excess of carbonic-acid gas, which is bottled with the water.

Puriri. (Vide also “Alkaline Waters.”)

This is a cold alkaline spring, temperature 60° Fahr., which is very freely used as a table-water, but which is so strongly mineralised that it should really be classed under the head of “Alkaline Waters.”

Te Aroha. (Vide also “Muriated Alkaline Waters.”)

The thermal waters of Te Aroha, cooled and artificially aerated, are also sometimes used as table-waters, but are so strongly mineralised as to really constitute medicinal waters.

* Minute globules of mercury are easily discernible to the naked eye in the deposits alongside the springs.

There are also at Te Aroha several cold springs, feebly mineralised, pleasant to the taste, but somewhat deficient in natural carbonic-acid gas.

Cold “Magnesia” Spring (1902).
Calcium-bicarbonate41.5
Magnesium-bicarbonate23.4
Total solids83.6

Kamo. (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)

These waters are tepid to warm, strongly effervescent with carbonic-acid gas, and pleasant to the taste.

Calcium-bicarbonate57.68
Sodium-bicarbonate38.64
Sodium-chloride38.01
Total solids164.36

Paeroa (1905). (Vide also “Chalybeate Waters.”)

Tepid spring, temperature 80° Fahr., fair effervescence of CO2, pleasant sweetish taste.

Magnesium-bicarbonate73.0
Sodium-bicarbonate39.4
Calcium-bicarbonate35.5
Total solids167.8
Free carbonic acid26.0

GASES IN MINERAL WATERS.

Carbonic acid is present in a very large number of waters, but is especially noticeable in those of Kamo, where it is the chief therapeutic agent in the baths.

Methane (marsh-gas) is exceedingly abundant in the iodine waters of the east coast, notably at Te Puia and Morere, where it is used for illuminating purposes, as also at Hanmer in the South Island.

Nitrogen in small quantities accompanies the sulphuretted hydrogen in many waters.

Sulphuretted hydrogen is present in large quantities in the “sulphur waters,” and in minute quantities in the majority of the springs.

Sulphurous acid is abundantly evolved through the soil forming the bed of many of the acid sulphur springs, and, coming in contact with sulphuretted hydrogen, is at once decomposed, with the formation of water and sulphur.

SPAS.

The vast majority of the springs in the above list are practically unequipped and almost unused.

In the central volcanic district, notably at Taupo and Wairakei, there are baths in connection with the hotels. These baths, however, are more or less primitive, and are suitable rather for the tourist than the invalid.

There are baths and hotel-accommodation also at Kamo, Waiwera, and Okoroire, and, in more primitive fashion, at Morere, Te Puia, Helensville, and Waingaro.

Hanmer in the South Island, and Te Aroha and Rotorua in the North, are spas under Government management. Of these Rotorua is the largest and best-equipped.

Chapter 66. OTHER GOVERNMENT TOURIST AND HEALTH RESORTS.

MOUNT COOK.

THE Mount Cook Hermitage Hotel—under the control of the Government Tourist Department—is situated in the heart of the Southern Alps. The Hermitage is 2,506 ft. above sea-level. It is reached from Christchurch or Dunedin by rail and coach. Trains connect at Timaru for Fairlie, thirty-nine miles. At Fairlie the traveller changes to the coach for the rest of his journey (ninety-six miles). A night is spent en route from Fairlie to the Hermitage at Lake Pukaki, where there is a Government hotel. Guides and horses are obtainable at the Hermitage. The hotel is a building of thirty-five rooms, with stabling and paddocks for horses. Cook's coupons are accepted at the Hermitage. The glaciers within easy distance include the great Tasman Glacier (one of the largest in the world), the Murchison, Godley, Mueller, and Hooker. Mount Cook (12,349 ft.) and the surrounding mountains are within convenient distance of the Hermitage. From the Ball Hut (3,404 ft.) and Malte Brun Hut (5,700 ft.), erected for the shelter of climbers, in the vicinity of Mount Tasman, many alpine excursions may be made. The Ball Hut is twelve miles, and the Malte Brun about twenty miles from the Hermitage. The west coast may be reached from here, via the Hooker Glacier, Fitzgerald's Pass, and the valleys of the Copland and Karangarua Rivers.

THE SOUTHERN LAKES.

The most easily accessible of the Otago lakes is WAKATIPU, which is fifty-four miles long, 1,069 ft. above sea-level, and has a depth of 1,252 ft. Queenstown, on the shores of this lake, is reached in one day from Dunedin or Invercargill by rail (174 miles or eighty-seven miles) to Kingston, thence by Government steamer twenty-five miles. From Queenstown, where there is good hotel-accommodation, the ascent of Ben Lomond (5,747 ft.) and other mountains may be made on horseback. The Government steamers run to Kinloch and Glenorchy, at the head of the lake, whence excursions may be made to Mount Earnslaw (9,300 ft.), by horse and on foot, to Paradise (by buggy), and to the Routeburn Valley, the Dart River, Rere Lake, &c. There is an alpine route through from Greenstone on the shores of the lake, via the Hollyford River, to Martin's Bay on the west coast (sixty-three miles), also a track from Mount Nicholas to Lake Te Anau via the Keys.

LAKE WANAKA (928 ft. above sea-level and thirty-five miles in length) may be conveniently visited from Wakatipu. A coach runs from Queenstown to Pembroke, on Lake Wanaka, a distance of forty-one miles. The service is bi-weekly in summer and weekly in winter. There are hotels at Pembroke, and an accommodation-house at Makarora (the head of the lake). Steamers ply on the lake and may be hired as required. LAKE HAWEA (134 ft. above Wanaka) is ten miles distant by a vehicle-road. There is good red-deer stalking in the vicinity; trout abound in the streams and in Lakes Wanaka and Hawea. A track leads from the head of Lake Wanaka over the Haast Pass (sixteen miles distant) to the west coast, connecting with the road to Hokitika.

LAKE TE ANAU, forty-two miles long, and 694 ft. above the sea, is reached by train and coach from either Dunedin or Invercargill—train to Lumsden, thence a coach journey of fifty-two miles to Te Anau, occupying a day. There is a comfortable hotel at the coach terminus on the shores of the lake. A small steamer runs to the head of the lake, where there is an accommodation-house. From here visitors may walk to Sutherland Palls and Milford Sound. The track leads up the Clinton Valley, over Mackinnon's Pass to the Sutherland Falls (nineteen miles), and Milford Sound (thirty-five miles). The Sutherland Palls (1,904ft.) are the highest in the world. There are shelter-huts at convenient distances along the route. Guides are obtainable at Te Anau. There is an accommodation-house at Sutherland's, Milford Sound, opposite Mitre Peak. An oil-launch is available for excursions on the Sound. From the upper part of Lake Te Anau there is a good track to George Sound (thirteen miles), via Lakes Hankinson and Thompson. A rowing-boat is available on the Sound, and huts are provided for visitors.

MANAPOURI LAKE (elevation 597 ft.) is visited from Lake Te Anau. The distance between the lakes is six miles, but the accommodation-houses are thirteen miles apart. A coach traverses the intervening distance, in connection with the steamers on the lakes and the coaches from Lumsden. Manapouri may also be reached by coach (thirty-eight miles) from Otautau, which is thirty-two miles from Invercargill by rail. Manapouri is the deepest of the New Zealand lakes, having an extreme depth of 1,452 ft. There is a small steamer on the lake; it may be engaged by visitors as required. This lake is regarded by many as the most picturesque in New Zealand.

STEWART ISLAND.

Stewart Island is reached by steamer (bi-weekly service December to February, weekly at other times) from the Bluff, a distance of twenty-four miles. There are accommodation-houses at Oban (Half-moon Bay), where the steamer calls, and at the bays round the coast. An auxiliary oil-ketch and other boats may be hired at Oban for coastal cruises, and excellent fishing is to be obtained. Bathing, boating, and deep-sea-fishing excursions are the chief attractions of the island. Walking-tours may also be made to the summits of Mounts Anglem (3,200 ft.) and Rakiahua (2,217 ft.), and other wooded peaks.

Small coasting-boats (sail and screw) take visitors when required to Paterson Inlet, the Neck, and other scenic resorts. Two of the most attractive spots, Port Adventure and Lords River, may be visited in one day from Oban. The boardinghouses at Oban are capable of accommodating a large number of visitors; there are several stores in the township.

Chapter 67. NEW ZEALAND INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1906–7.

ONE of the most important events in the past year was the New Zealand International Exhibition of Arcs and Industries, held at Christchurch during the summer of 1906–7. The Exhibition was by far the most ambitious yet attempted in this country, and it compared exceedingly well with the largest Expositions held in Australia. The site chosen was a very convenient and beautiful one, in Hagley Park, on the banks of the Avon Stream, quite close to the heart of Christchurch City. The Exhibition was managed and financed by the Government, with the valuable assistance of over a score of Christchurch committees of citizens for various branches of the Exposition, besides local committees in most of the large centres, who arranged the Provincial displays.

The area of the park ground devoted to the purposes of the Exhibition was over a hundred acres. The main building had a frontage of nearly a quarter of a mile to the Avon River, and the architecture of the frontal portion with its two lofty towers, its massive dome, and its spacious and handsome entrance-way, was of considerable artistic grace. The buildings required over 3,000,000 ft. of timber for the frame-work alone; and for the roofing of the main building 225 tons of galvanised iron were used. The machinery hall, a large annexe forming the northern portion of the buildings, is stated to have been the largest wooden-arch building yet constructed in any part of the world. Other sections in the form of annexes were a fine fireproof art gallery, a large concert hall, and beautiful fernery. The total cost of the buildings was about £90,000. The total floor space in the buildings was 476,500 square feet. Of this area the corridors, avenues, and offices absorbed a large portion leaving about 300,000 square feet available for exhibitors.

The Exhibition was opened by His Excellency the Governor (Lord Plunket) on 1st November, 1906, and continued open for five months and a half, closing on 15th April, 1907. During that period it was visited by not only a very large number of the people of New Zealand, but also by a great many Australians and by numerous travellers from Great Britain and America. The total registered attendance was 1,996,861, a daily average attendance of 13,949. These figures exceeded those of any previous Australasian Exhibition; but they are naturally considerably in excess of the actual number of visitors, as they include all the visits of season-ticket holders, attendants, and others in frequent or daily attendance at the Exhibition.

The representations from oversea countries consisted chiefly of art and trade exhibits from Great Britain; a very fine business and general exhibit from Canada, and State exhibits from a number of the Australian States, besides one from Fiji. The British Government's exhibit consisted chiefly of sociological, educational, statistical, and naval and military expositions, in audition to a splendid collection of pictures and specimens of fine arts and crafts, totalling a value of about £100,000. Canada's contribution, housed in a special court, was regarded as the best-arranged commercial exhibit in the buildings. The Australian States represented by courts of exhibits were New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The British Government took up a space of 23,760 square feet, Canada 21,000 square feet, New South Wales 10,000 square feet, and Victoria about 6800 square feet. In addition to the British Government exhibit there were a large number of private business exhibits from the United Kingdom. The Imperial Government paid a high compliment to the colony by sending one of England's most distinguished public men, the Right Hon. Sir John E. Gorst, K.C. (who had in 1861–63 occupied an official position in New Zealand), as Special Commissioner to represent Great Britain at the opening ceremony.

In addition to the important exhibits from the British Dominions, the following foreign countries were represented in the industrial sections of the Exhibition: The United States, Germany, France, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Syria, Cuba, Philippine Islands. The total value of the exhibits from outside the colony was £224,110, in addition to the British art collection. The whole collection of art and industrial exhibits in the buildings was approximately valued at something over half a million sterling.

As an exposition of New Zealand's great natural wealth and her solid progress in industries and manufactures the Exhibition was creditable in a high degree. The examples of New Zealand manufactures in food-products, clothing, machinery, furniture, and other essential articles were all excellent of their kind, and served to impress visitors as well as New Zealanders with the capabilities and merits of our local industries.

A special feature of the Exhibition was the courts arranged by the various New Zealand Departments of State, such as the Government Departments of Agriculture, Mines, Railways, Public Works, Labour, Defence, Tourist and Health Resorts, State Insurance, &c. All these provided large exhibits of considerable attractiveness and educative value. Good displays of the natural resources and the manufactures of the various provincial districts came from Auckland, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, Westland, Canterbury, and Southland. The Wellington and Otago provinces were not represented by special provincial Courts. There was a large section devoted to an exhibition of Home Industries.

Amongst the features of the Exhibition which made for its popularity and success was an excellent orchestra of over fifty instrumentalists, who gave daily performances throughout the season. In the fernery there was a beautiful collection of over eighty species of New Zealand's native ferns. There was also a small but exceedingly well-equipped aquarium. Some distance in the rear of the main buildings was a large Maori village, palisaded and fortified in representation of the pa of ancient times, and containing numerous native-built houses. Here visitors from various Maori tribes lived during the season and gave exhibitions of their dances, &c. Besides the interesting Maori congress, there were visiting parties of Cook Islanders, Niue (Savage Island) natives, and Fiji natives; the latter gave exhibitions of their unique and very ancient rite of fire-walking. In another part of the grounds there was a “Wonderland” of various side-shows and amusements; the area devoted to this purpose being 10 acres, and about £20,000 was expended on the section by the private syndicate which conducted it. The chief attraction was a water-chute, in connection with which the waters of Victoria Lakelet were utilised. Numerous athletic, military, and other competitions were held during the currency of the Exhibition on a specially prepared sports ground; and there were flower shows, musical and bandsmen's competitions, axemen's carnival, shows of fat stock, &c., at intervals during the season.

To a great many New Zealanders the British Art display—the finest yet sent out to a British colony—was the most attractive section of the Exhibition. In paintings, sketches, etchings, articles of sculpture, &c., there were 1,696 works, contributed by 737 exhibitors, including some of the most eminent British artists. The art collection was augmented by a representative selection of Australian and New Zealand artists, the whole art section filling twelve rooms of the specially built gallery. Of the £100,000 worth of British pictures over £17,000 were sold during the Exhibition season to New Zealand and Australian galleries and private art lovers; this, it was stated, was the largest sale of British pictures at any international exhibition.

Ministers of the Crown in turn resided in Christchurch during the Exhibition season and exercised general administrative functions. Mr. G. S. Munro was General Manager of the Exhibition and Mr. E. J. Righton Secretary.

The Prime Minister, Right Hon. Sir Joseph Ward, in his Financial Statement delivered during the session of 1907, stated that the total expenditure on the Exhibition amounted to about £200,000, of which £75,500 was paid from the Consolidated Fund, the amount being made up by receipts from admissions, royalties on selling rights and sideshows, payments for space, and the realisation of the Exhibition estate. Of the amount paid from the Consolidated Fund, £15,000 had already been repaid, so that the cost at date stood in round figures at £60,500; but there would be a further reduction upon this amount from sales of buildings, &c.

Chapter 68. THE MAORI POPULATION.

THE census of the Maori population—that is, full-blooded Maoris, with all half-castes living as members of a Native tribe—was taken under the supervision of the officers of the Justice Department in the latter part of April, 1906. The enumeration of the Natives cannot be effected for one particular night, as is done with Europeans, but it is done as quickly and thoroughly as is possible under the circumstances existing.

The enumeration was made to state the names of the Natives in the Sub-Enumerator's books, besides information as to sex, age, principal tribe, sub-tribe, or hapu to which belonging, and particulars as to extent of cultivations owned individually or communally, with live stock.

The proportion of the Maori population to that of European descent was in the years 1896, 1901, and 1906 one Maori to every nineteen Europeans. It is in the North Island that the proportion of Maoris to Europeans is by far the highest, being one in every eleven, against one in one hundred and seventy-five for the South and Stewart Islands.

The percentage of each race to the population was:—

 European.Maori.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.
North Island91.388.62
South Island99.450.55

In April, 1906, the number of Maoris on the principal islands of New Zealand was as shown hereunder:—

 Maoris.Half-castes living as Members of Maori Tribes (included in the preceding Numbers).
 Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.
North Island44,96224,16120,8012,4231,3401,083
South Island2,2561,2101,0461,363733630
Stewart Island1006040643529
Chatham Islands—      
    Maoris1728983673136
    Morioris30181221129
Maori wives living with European husbands211..211......
        Totals47,73125,53822,1933,9382,1511,787

Besides the half-castes included in the above table, there were 2,578 half-castes (males, 1,307; females, 1,271) living with and enumerated as Europeans at the time of the census. The above total of 47,731 shows an increase on the population as enumerated in 1901 of 4,588 persons. But the figures for 1896 showed a large decrease, and the increase for the periods 1896–1901 and 1901–1906, are too great to be taken as fact. Whether there has been any degree of increase in the last ten years is considered doubtful. But certainly there is not a natural increase of Maoris approaching that of Europeans, and averaging the results of the different enumerations of Maoris made since 1874, still conveys the idea of a stationary population. It would be safest, perhaps, to say that the figures for 1890 are probably the most doubtful, and may have understated the fact, thus giving rise to idea of substantial subsequent addition by natural increase to the Maori population.

MAORI POPULATION AS ENUMERATED, 1874 TO 1906.

 Persons.Increase.Decrease.
1874 (first census)470....
1878 (first census)43,595..1,875
1,88144,097502..
1,88641,969..2,128
1,89141,99324..
1,89639,854..2,139
1,90143,1433,289..
1,90647,7314,588..

HALF-CASTES.

The half-caste population consists of those who live as members of Maori tribes, and others living with and counted as Europeans in the census. Adding the numbers of the two kinds gives the following figures for four censuses:—

 Half-castes living as Members of Maori Tribes.Half-castes living as Europeans.Total Half-caste Population.
Census.Persona.Persons.Persons.
1,8912,6812,1844,865
1,8963,5032,2595,762
1,9013,1332,407540
1,9063,9382,5786,516

Here the total half-caste population is shown as increasing in number on a review of the numbers for four censuses.

PROPORTIONS AT DIFFERENT AGE-GROUPS.

The increase shown by the censuses of 1901 and 1906 in the Maori population cannot be considered as proved. The proportions of the people under and over 15 years are now given for four successive census years, and the figures certainly tend to show a growing proportion at the earlier ages. But to state that this is indicative of a satisfactory position seems impossible, because of the doubt as to the totals of all ages being sufficiently correct for purposes of comparison, And further, a higher proportion of persons under 15 may be simply the result of low numbers of persons living at the higher ages.

PROPORTIONS PER 100 PERSONS LIVING.—MAORIS.

 Males.Females.
 Under 15 years.Over 15 years.Under 15 years.Over 15 years.
1,90638.2661.7439.2060.80
1,90135.7564.2517.8962.11
1,89635.2864.7236.8263.18
1,89133.2266.7835.2264.78
1,88631.6468.3633.5666.44

The proportions per cent. under 15 years of the young people of either sex are somewhat different from those found in the European population, viz.: Males under 15, 30.21; over 15 years, 69.79: and females under 15, 32.97; and over 15 years, 67.03. In the case of the Europeans the proportions of the people under 15 years are somewhat kept down by the excess of arrivals over departures, which consists mainly of grown up persons.

Chapter 69. THE ANCIENT MAORI: HIS AMUSEMENTS, GAMES, ETC.

Elsdon Best

The Maori people had a number of games and amusements that had been handed down from ancient days, and which served to pass away the time during the long winter evenings, or during other leisure. In many of these amusements, as kite-flying, posture-dances, &c., adults took part; others, again, were confined to children. It is somewhat surprising that the Natives have not only abandoned nearly the whole of their ancient games or amusements, but also have not adopted those of the intruding Europeans. Maori children nowadays really play very few games, and seem to take no interest in the toys, &c., of which their ancestors thought much.

As is usual among a primitive people, a considerable amount of folk-lore was handed down orally among the Maori people. Songs, myths, fables, and such items are conserved in this manner; their repetition was a favoured way of passing long winter evenings. Probably the most common amusement of the young people was the combined song and posture-dance known as haka. Great numbers of such songs were composed—in fact, any unusual event called for a new song—often accompanied by those peculiar motions of the limbs and body so well beloved of the Maori people. The well-known poi dance is a form of haka.

A peculiar game, known as titi touretua, was a favourite in pre-European times. It demanded, as did many of the Native games, quickness of hand and eye. This game was played by six or more persons, who sat in a circle, but not close together Four sticks, each about 2 ft. in length, which were sometimes ornamented with carved figures, were used. Four of the players each held one of these sticks in a vertical position, and, in time to an accompanying song, swung them up and down. On the repetition of certain words in the song the sticks were thrown across the circle to the players whose hands were empty. These caught the sticks in their flight, and the same process was repeated. Care had to be taken in throwing the sticks, so that they did not strike against each other. There were many different motions and ways of throwing the sticks, all of which must occur at the right moment, as notified by certain words in the song which was sung by the players.

The game termed matimati was played without any appliance whatever, and by two persons. There were several forms of this game, of which the following is a well-known one. The two players sat opposite each other and repeated together a series of short, abrupt sentences, at the same time quickly placing their hands in a certain position. There were eleven different cries, and a certain way of placing the hands for each cry. The difficulty was to make the proper movement with the hands at each cry, while those cries were being repeated as quickly as is possible. The first was “Matimati!” upon which the players struck their closed hands together, the same movement being made for the second cry. The third was “Rua matimati!” Here the players opened their hands, with fingers apart, and struck the right thumb across the left. At the fourth cry the right hand was clenched and struck on the open palm of the left hand. At the fifth cry the hands were opened and brought together, palm to palm, the fingers interlocking. And so on up to the eleventh movement.

The pakuru or pakakau was a piece of wood, sometimes elaborately carved, about 1 ft. or 15 in. in length. One end of this was held between the teeth while the operator, with a small wooden striker held in the right hand, kept tapping the pakuru in time to the words of a song. It would appear to have been a very primitive form of accompaniment.

The karetao was a sort of “jumping-jack,” a wooden figure in human form, often much embellished with carving, and having the face tattooed in the orthodox manner. The arms of this figure were loose, being secured only by strings passed through holes in the shoulders of the figure. By means of pulling these strings the arms were made to assume different positions, and, through a quivering movement imparted by the left hand of the operator, to resemble somewhat a person performing a haka. As in the case of most other such toys, special jingle-songs were composed to be sung during the manipulation of the karetao.

Many of the old Natives assert that the clappers known as “bones” were used by the old-time Maori, and termed tokere. They were made of wood. A pair was held in either hand of the operator, and certain songs were sung to the accompaniment of these implements.

There were a great many forms of riddles and guessing games, which were termed kai or panga.

The purerehua was the well-known and widespread “bull-roarer,” which was operated by means of a stick about 4 ft. in length, to which the roarer was attached by means of a cord. The kororohu was the “whizzer” beknown of our childhood, and a favourite toy of Native children in former times. They sang little songs of little worth while so playing.

One of the most common forms of amusement was “cats-cradle,” or whai, as it was termed. This obtained not only among children, but also adults often indulged in the game. They set up a great many different patterns, some of which were most complicated, and each was known by a distinct name.

Another string game was the pa tokotoko. It was played by two persons, each of whom was provided with a piece of string, one end of which was formed into a running noose. The game seems to have consisted of attempting to catch the extended forefinger of the adversary in the noose.

Musical instruments were not numerous in Maoriland. Two primitive forms of flute were made of wood and bone. One of these was used as a nose flute. The Tuhoe people made them of the wood of the neinei tree. The pahu or war-gong was made of wood, as also was the pu kaea or trumpet. The pu tatara was made from a large sea shell. It emitted a loud booming sound similar to that of the pu kaea.

Among games played by children only were the upokotiti, tara-koekoea, hapi tawa, kura-winiwini, tatau tangata, and tatai whetu. The fourth mentioned was a string game. The children sat in two rows, facing each other. A string was passed down the space between them, each child holding the string with both hands so that it was hidden from sight. One end of the string was held in the mouth of a player seated at one end of the ranks, the other end being free. Another person had now to guess where the end of the string was —a difficult thing to locate, so expert were the young folk in manipulating the string.

Of outdoor games, that known as wi was somewhat similar to the “prisoner's base” of our own people.

It is interesting to note that the ancient Maori was acquainted with the whip-top and humming-top, and also with the kite. The whip-top was made to jump over small hurdles by means of vigorous whipping. A double-pointed whip-top was made to change ends by means of the whip. The humming-tops were made of wood or, in some cases, of small hollow gourds.

Kite-flying was a favourite pastime of the Maori, and often pursued by adults. The kites appear to have been made in two, if not three, different shapes. Some were in the form of birds, with long wings, and the generic terms for kites were many (bird) and kahu (hawk). Others again had two wings on either side of a triangular body. They were constructed in a very neat manner from aute bark, leaves of the raupo plant, or the triangular stems of the upoko-tangata. There were certain charms chaunted while a kite was being flown, in order to cause it to rise to a desirable height. The light shells of the fresh-water mussel were sometimes attached to a kite, which shells made a rattling sound when agitated by the movements of the kite.

Another favoured pastime was the casting of small darts, termed teka and neti. The dart was thrown so as to strike and glance off a small mound of earth, behind which the thrower stood. This sport had also its peculiar charm, repeated by the thrower in order to cause his dart to speed a goodly distance.

The topa or koke was an amusement of children. Into the stem of a broad leaf, as that of the wharangi shrub, was inserted the base of a culm of the karetu grass. The leaf was then cast forward by the thrower, who would stand on an eminence, such as a river-bank. When deftly cast, the leaf would sail onward for some distance before descending to earth. Charms were repeated by the children to cause these leaves to travel a distance.

The pirori or hoop was another old-time Maori toy. They were made from tough forest creepers, but were not trundled, as with us, by means of a stick. The players stood facing each other, on opposite sides of the playground, the hoop being thrown so as to roll across to the opposite player, who, with a stick, would endeavour to strike the hoop so as to cause it to return to the thrower's side. But he would not follow up the hoop. Sometimes hoops were thrown so as to rebound and jump over a hurdle.

The reti or toboggan was a favourite with children. It was merely a fiat piece of wood, about thirty inches in length and five in width, sometimes elaborately carved. A child “squatted” down on this, with one foot immediately behind the other, the feet having two small steps to press against on the board. Toboggan slides were formed on steep slopes, and kept slippery by having water poured or sprinkled on them.

Stilt walking was common. Stilts were termed pou toti, and the foot-rests were about three feet from the ground. Wrestling on stilts was practised by the young people.

Swings were much patronised by young people, the favoured form being that known as “giant stride” to us, and as morere and moari to the Maori. If possible these were erected on the bank of a river or lake, where deep water obtained, so that the performers would swing out over the water, when they released their hold of the cord and plunged, feet foremost, into the water. The Natives are, of course, excellent swimmers, but do not appear to have ever taken to diving as we know it—i.e., head first. They merely jump into the water, descending feet first, from considerable heights. They so jump from the face of a cliff, from an overhanging tree, or, if the top of the bank be level ground, they often make a running jump of it.

The long jump was practised, and children indulged in skipping, (piu), though the single skip-rope does not seem to have been used. A long cord was used, with a child at each end to swing the same. Several players would skip at the same time with such a cord.

The pioi or see-saw, consisting of a pole balanced across a log, was a childish amusement, as also was ripi, or “ducks and drakes.” The latter term seems to have been applied not only to the skimming of flat stones along the surface of water, but also to the casting upwards of flat, rounded stones, chips or pieces of bark.

The sling for throwing stones was used in former times. It seems to have been termed kotaha among the Tuhoe Tribe. The bow and arrow do not appear to have been used, except perhaps as a child's toy.

Taupunipuni was a children's game much resembling our “hide-and-seek.”

Wrestling, called whatoto, was much practised by young men, and girls are said to have sometimes engaged in it. There were certain charms repeated by the performers which were supposed to assist them materially to increase their strength and dexterity. Other charms were recited in order to weaken an adversary.

The game of ruru, or “knuckle-bones,” was a favourite one, and demanded a considerable amount of skill and quickness. The different hamlets were wont in former times to issue challenges to each other to play this game, in which round stones were used.

Old men often employed their time in making toys for children, but these old-time toys are not seen nowadays. They and most of the ancient games have vanished from our ken.

Chapter 70. A TANGI.

J. Carroll, AT THE MAORI CEREMONY IN CONNECTION WITH THE LATE PREMIER'S FUNERAL.

By day what thoughts of thee arise!

But thou 'rt vanished in the night of Death.

Naught is left my heart to cherish

But fond longings—fond and vain.

Far, far away thy form has taken flight.

Far, far thou 'rt severed from my side,

And spirit-voices breathe thy name.

Here in this lonely world

I sit with drooping head,

And mourn with the sighing wind.

No te ao te hua ra tanga

Riro ki te Po.

Waiho noa hei tumanako

Ma te ngakau.

Kei tawhiti to hou tinana.

Kei te reo o tuku

Tenei au e noho ana.

I te pouritanga

Mapu kau noa atu i konei

Au koho hau raro i.

PART IV.—DESCRIPTION OF LAND DISTRICTS

Table of Contents

Chapter 71. THE AUCKLAND LAND DISTRICT.

JAMES MACKENZIE, Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor.

Introductory.

THE Auckland Land District covers about four and a half degrees of latitude, with an area of 13,858,000 acres, extending from 34° 30' to 39° S., its greatest length being about 365 miles, from the North Cape to the 39th parallel, south of Lake Taupo, while its greatest width is about 180 miles. In the peninsula north of Auckland, indented as it is on either side by harbours and arms of the sea, and with a mean width between the Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea of little over forty miles, the range of temperature is remarkably small. The thermometer seldom registers above 80° in the shade in the middle of summer, whilst the heat is always tempered by a cool breeze, bringing the mean summer temperature to under 70° in the shade. The frosts are hardly worth mentioning, as the minimum register is seldom below 40°; but south of Auckland sharp white frosts occur very often, more especially beyond 38° of latitude, and snow lies upon the summits of some of the highest hills or mountains in winter

Physical Features.

This land district may be said to have no real mountains, as the most prominent peaks of the several scattered ranges or hills seldom exceed 3,000 ft. in height above the sea-level, an altitude just enough—south of 38°—to clothe the last 1,000 ft. with snow in the depth of winter. North of Hokianga and the Bay of Islands there is one well-defined range of hills rising to a height of 2,463 ft.; whilst south of these places, and extending to the Wairoa River on one side and the Whangarei Harbour upon the other, the country is all more or less broken into ranges from 1,000 ft. to 2,000 ft. in height, with valleys between. The next really well-developed main range lies within the Coromandel and Thames Peninsula. With a length of over 150 miles, it has an average height of over 2,800 ft., commencing with Moehau, or Cape Colville, 2,935 ft.: next, Te Aroha, a peak of 3,176 ft.; and sending at Weraiti with a height of 2,527 ft. There are two other well-defined ranges—namely, Tawairoa and Hauturu—lying between the west coast and the Waipa basin, with their highest peak at Pirongia, which rises to 3,156 ft., and often snow-capped. There are other ranges forming the watershed between the basins of the Waikato and Waipa Rivers, and dividing both from the streams running into the western side of Lake Taupo. Their highest peak is Pureora, rising to 3,793 ft. The eastern side of the land district is occupied by a very broken, forest-clad country, known as the Urewera country, the average height of which is about 2,500 ft. This has been reserved for the Natives. To the east of Lake Taupo lie the Kaimanawa Ranges, of about 4,500 ft., and generally open on the ridges, with valleys clothed in beech forests. Nearly the whole of the Auckland Land District is indented on both coasts with harbours and arms of the sea, forming a cheap and easy means of access. Of rivers, properly so called, there are only two of any great length—namely, the Wairoa and Waikato. The first empties itself into the Kaipara Harbour, a large arm, or rather succession of arms, of the sea, giving hundreds of miles of inland water-carriage to all parts of the Counties of Hobson, Otamatea, Rodney, and Waitemata. This river is navigable from its mouth to its junction with its tributaries Wairua and Mangakahia, a distance of ninety-one miles from the sea, and for forty miles it is navigable for ships of large burden The River Waikato has a course of 200 miles, measured from its source in the Ruapehu Mountain through Lake Taupo to the sea on the West Coast. It is navigable for river-steamers for seventy-five miles from its mouth, and its tributary, the Waipa, for twenty miles from its confluence with the Waikato at Ngaruawahia. Another river—the Thames, or Waihou—though of no great length, affords a valuable means of inland water-carriage, and is navigable for small steamers for twenty-five miles. Generally speaking, every part of the district has an abundant water-supply, now and then lessened for a short time at the end of a very dry summer.

Plains.

Of plains proper, this district has only the stretch of country called Kaingaroa, extending from the eastern side of Lake Taupo towards the Bay of Plenty, all more or less of a pumice formation; the valley of the Thames, and the delta between the Thames and Piako Rivers, which is generally level, the quality of the soil varying very much in different parts; and the Central Waikato basin, already thickly settled. Here and there in the North there are level plateaux of volcanic soil, more or less densely wooded, and along the main rivers there are stretches of level country, but there are no large plains of alluvial soil such as the South Island can show.

Lakes.

Of these, which add so much to the scenery of a country, this district possesses a fair share, there being eight principal lakes, with some twenty or more smaller ones. To the north of Auckland, in the Bay of Islands district, there is only one lake of any size, called Omapere, three miles by two miles, an old crater. In the Waikato are Lakes Waikare and Whangape, the first six miles and a half long by three miles across, and the second five miles by one mile. These lakes are generally frequented by numerous wild swans and ducks, and, being both connected with the Waikato River by navigable creeks, form a convenient waterway for transport of goods to settlers living around their shores. All the remaining lakes of large size are within the watershed of the Thermal-springs District, and are mostly from seven to eight miles long, and from three to six miles wide, except Taupo Moana, the queen of the North Island lakes, which is twenty-five miles long and eighteen miles broad, with a depth of 500 ft. The scenery round its western shore is of the most romantic kind.

Forests.

The greater part of the Auckland Land District has been covered in the past with dense forests, which are now fast disappearing under the axe of the settler and being transformed into rich pasture-land. The only really good Crown lands fit for settlement in the North are still all covered with forest, and must be cleared and sown before any returns can follow. The area of forest land in the Auckland District at the present time is about 950,000 acres north of Auckland, and 2,720,000 acres south of it. The forests contain a mixture of trees of all kinds, from the giant kauri to scrubby tea-tree or manuka, but all the bush is useful for building, fencing, and household purposes, or at any rate may be converted into charcoal for sale. Of kauri (the most valuable tree in New Zealand) great quantities are being yearly cut and exported or used for home consumption.

Soils.

With respect to the soils of Auckland, nowhere in New Zealand within such short distances is there such a diversity in the quality—a distance of half a mile often makes all the difference between rich alluvial and barren pipeclay. To the north of the Bay of Islands and Hokianga the lands are chiefly clay and sandstone, with here and there a volcanic area intervening. In and about the valley of the Mangonuiowae River, in the Hokianga County, there is some of the richest alluvial soil in the district. Between the Hokianga and Bay of Islands Harbours there are large areas which will carry good grass and feed one or two sheep to the acre, after clearing and laying down in grass; and there is also land highly suitable for fruit-growing. South of Hokianga, and between that place and the Wairoa River, the soil is, generally speaking, very good, being both volcanic and alluvial. Immediately south of the Bay of Islands, and extending thence to Whangarei, the soil is, for the most part, clay lying upon sandstone or marl, with alluvial flats in the bottoms of the valleys; but these are, as a rule, very narrow. Within the Puhipuhi State Forest there is an area, say, of 16,000 acres, more or less, of volcanic soil. Approaching Whangarei, at Hikurangi, the limestone crops out, overlying coal-deposits, and round Whangarei itself the soil becomes a rich volcanic, in a high state of cultivation. South of Whangarei Harbour, and from thence to Auckland, the Crown lands generally are of a broken character, with soil varying from alluvial swamps—as in the case of the Tokatoka Swamp of 16,000 acres– to the limestone areas round Maungaturoto, the sandstone and clay lands of Rodney County, and the poorer clay lands lying north of the City of Auckland, which have, however, proved eminently suitable for fruit-growing.

For about 200 miles south of Auckland the land (with the exception of the Cape Colville Ranges) is, generally speaking, far less broken, and gradually opens out into large tracts of level country in the Waikato and Waipa basins. Immediately south of Auckland the soil is rich volcanic until it is gradually superseded by the prevailing clays; the greater portion of Manukau County, for thirty miles south of Auckland, may be classed as pastoral, and is under occupation as such. The Crown areas available for settlement—say, 1,400 acres—are chiefly in the Otau Parish, varying from volcanic clay to ordinary clay land, forest-clad, and well adapted for pastoral purposes. In the Counties of Waikato, Raglan, Waipa, Piako, West Taupo, Kawhia, Waitomo, and Awakino, there is a still greater diversity of soils. Raglan County contains large areas of good limestone country, broken, but with rich black soil, and carrying most luxuriant grass. The lower Waikato country consists of clay soil and extensive swamps, almost undrainable, but at a distance of eighty miles from Auckland is found a flat and undulating country, lying partly within the Waikato and Waipa basins, and partly within the valleys of the Piako and Waihou Rivers, formed mainly of alluvial deposits of rhyolite sands brought down from the volcanic districts. In the Kawhia, Waitomo, and Awakino Counties there is a large area of excellent limestone land, a considerable portion of which is heavily timbered, with numerous warm valleys. Most of this land has now been acquired by the Government from the Native owners, and has been taken up by a good class of settlers. Negotiations are proceeding for the acquisition of further extensive areas in Thames, Ohinemuri, Waitomo, Awakino, Kawhia, and West Taupo Counties. Beyond this there is a large stretch of country consisting alternately of open valleys and forest-clad hills, a fair proportion of which is good land, both pastoral and agricultural. At Te Kuiti extensive kilns have been erected for the supply of large quantities of burnt lime for agricultural purposes. The industry is in a most flourishing condition, being well supported by farmers in the surrounding districts. The County of Coromandel, with portions of Thames and Ohinemuri Counties, is chiefly devoted to the mining industry. The soil is nearly all clay, the land very broken, but suitable for pastoral purposes if cleared of the dense forest that now covers it. The western portion, however, of the Thames and Ohinemuri Counties contain large areas of alluvial and swamp lands, now in the hands of the Crown, but, through want of drainage, not yet available for settlement.

In the County of Tauranga, the clay lands extend from Te Aroha Mountain to Katikati entrance, changing, near Tauranga, to sandstone and black pumice soil of rich character, which improves towards Te Puke and Maketu, where the land is all good, and more or less volcanic. In Whakatane and Opotiki Counties there are very extensive swamps, of which large portions are drainable, and back from the coast seven miles or so are large areas of Crown lands, broken and forest-covered, opened ready for settlement. The soil is chiefly clay or light loam, with alluvial flats in the valleys, and all well watered. This kind of country extends to the boundary of the land district. The coastal lands are nearly all alluvial flats in a high state of cultivation, and the settlers mostly well-to-do.

Roads giving access to back-block settlements in various parts of the district are being vigorously constructed and many old road lines abandoned in favour of new deviations, which provide an easier and better grade.

Review of Soils: Uses and Returns.

Briefly to set forth the capabilities of the Crown lands in the district, it will suffice to say that north of the Bay of Islands and Hokianga the land is suitable chiefly for two classes of persons—the gum-digger, and the fruit-grower or small farmer. The former has the range over large areas of Crown lauds upon paying a small fee, and his earnings average from 5s. to 10s. a day. As for the latter, in and around Hokianga, with its 250 miles of water-front age, almost anything can be grown. The soil is well adapted for the cultivation of grapes, and an excellent wine is being manufactured at, Kohukohu. Oranges and lemons flourish side by side with all kinds of apples, pears, and plums. Wheat does fairly well, and maize gives a return of 50 to 60 bushels an acre. Sheep also thrive; and most of the lands, when properly grassed with artificial grasses, will carry two or three sheep to an acre, but ordinary rough-grassed lands only one and a half to two sheep per acre. The clearing of forest lands, ring-fencing and grassing them, will cost about £3 to £ 10s. per acre. The same remarks apply to the Bay of Islands and Whangarei, and to the country as far south as Auckland. Round about Whangarei district, and under similar conditions of culture, the average return for good agricultural or pastoral lands would be fully 12s. an acre per annum. South of Auckland, throughout the Waikato, Piako, Waipa, and Raglan Counties, and thence south to the district boundaries, the land is both agricultural and pastoral. All the cereals do well, wheat averaging 27 to 30 and up to 40 bushels per acre, and oats 26 bushels per acre. Potatoes average from 5 to 7 tons per acre. Dairy-farming is carried on, yielding (upon well-cultivated farms) a net profit of 15s. to 20s. an acre per annum; whilst sheep-farming yields a profit of from 5s. to 7s. 6d. a sheep per annum on very large estates; allowing for greater losses from disease, &c., the average return would still be 4s. per sheep. The cost of clearing fern and scrub is generally from 7s. to 10s. an acre, and laying down fern land by surface-sowing and harrowing, about 17s. an acre.

The seaward counties of Tauranga, Whakatane, and Opotiki are both agricultural and pastoral, growing wheat and maize alike to perfection, without indicating any perceptible deterioration in the soil. In fact, these counties, upon their alluvial shores and uplands, grow the greater portion of the maize produced in the district, and from the ports of Whakatane and Opotiki in one year some 34,000 sacks have been exported. In these counties the average yield of wheat is from 22 to 25 bushels per acre, oats about 29 bushels per acre, and maize 45 to 60 bushels per acre. It is quite possible within this district to select land early in the winter, fell and burn off by the ensuing summer, sow in grass in the autumn, and put on stock within twelve months from selection. Large areas remain to be opened in the future, and when the swamp lands are systematically drained the climatic conditions are such that no more productive soil will be found to exist in the colony either for agricultural or flax-growing purposes.

Rainfall.

The rainfall during the year averages about 39 in., the greater portion of which as a rule, falls between the 1st of May and 1st of November, or during the winter and spring months. Owing to the constant changes of wind, caused by the configuration of the coast-line, the shortness of the distance between the two coasts, and the influence, greater or less, of the trade-winds, it is quite common for one neighbourhood to have double the rainfall of another, even though the two be only twenty miles apart. Droughts of more than a couple of months are practically unknown, and grass is always abundant.

Winds.

One of the chief means whereby the great healthiness of the climate is maintained is the constant presence of fine breezes, blowing both summer and winter, the prevailing winds being north-east and south-west, and very seldom passing into really heavy gales. In the middle of summer, the sea-breeze during the day and the land-breeze at night are almost unvarying.

Chief Centres and Surrounding Districts.

The City of Auckland lies on the southern shore of the Waitemata Harbour, one of the finest havens in the colony, on a narrow neck of land between the Waitemata and the Manukau. Alike from the sea and from the neighbouring hills the city and surrounding country present a charming picture. Especially fine are the views obtainable from Mount Eden, a volcanic hill some 644 ft. above sea-level, and from One Tree Hill, both situated in the suburbs. These are also points of historic interest, inasmuch as they were held as strongholds during the tribal wars. A favourite drive is that through Cornwall Park, in the vicinity of One Tree Hill. Facing the town are the green hills and white houses of the North Shore, and the remarkable island peak of Rangitoto; beyond lie the many islands of the Hauraki Gulf, with the blue hills of Coromandel and the Great Barrier in the fur distance. Clustered near the foot of the hill, and scattered for many miles to the southward, are charming villa-like houses, with tasteful gardens and shrubberies, while to the north-west the view is closed by high wooded ranges. The city has an excellent commercial position; it has communication by sea with both sides of the Island, while the Kaipara and Wairoa Rivers leading far into the northern peninsula, and to the south the Waikato and Thames Rivers leading into the heart of the Island, give it natural facilities for inland communication. The latest census returns (1906) give the population of the city and suburbs as 82,101. The city is well supplied with, gas and water, and amongst public buildings may be noticed Government House, the Government Offices, Post and Telegraph Offices, Supreme Court, &c. There is a Tree Public Library and Art Gallery, and a good Museum, containing what is probably the best Maori collection in the world. The Auckland University College is affiliated to the New Zealand University. There are several fine buildings included amongst the places of worship in the city and suburbs. The Victoria Arcade, the Exchange, Harbour Board Offices, hotels and clubs, as well as many commercial buildings, compare favourably with those in other parts of the colony. There are admirable recreation-grounds, including the Government Domain of about 180 acres, as well as the Botanic Garden, the Albert Park in the centre of the city, and the recently-opened Victoria Park at the west end bordering upon the harbour. There is an electric tramway system extending through the city and the suburbs. Auckland has numerous industries, including; amongst others, ship-building, sugar-refining, timber-converting, sash and door manufactories; rope and twine, pottery, brick and tile, varnish works; printing-offices, &c.

The City of Auckland is the centre from which radiate all railways, road, and steamer routes. From it, by rail, lies the way to all Crown lands south of the Waitemata, while the Kaipara Railway connects it with the country north of Helensville. All lands to the north and along the Bay of Plenty are reached from its wharves by the Northern Company's and Settlers' Company's steamers. The chief centres to the north are:—

Warkworth, on the East Coast, over forty miles from Auckland, with communication by coach and steamer. It is a thriving township, with post and telegraph office, public halls, hotels, &c. It is also the site of important hydraulic-lime and cement works. A good deal of agricultural and pastoral farming is carried on in its neighbourhood.

On the West Coast an important centre is Helensville, on the Kaipara Harbour, distant thirty-eight miles from Auckland, with which it is connected by rail. Besides possessing fine mineral and hot springs, opened in June, 1907, it has for public purposes conveniences required by travellers such as hotels, stores, &c., and is the starting-point of the river-steamers running to all places in the Otamatea and Hobson Counties. It is also one of the main centres for the export of balk timber.

North of Helensville the railway has been opened to Tauhoa, sixty-four miles from Auckland. The line is under construction to Wellsford, and will eventually be carried on to Maungatapere.

Dargaville, on the Wairoa River, is a town of about 600 inhabitants, with conveniences for travellers. It may be reached by rail and steamer from Auckland three times a week. Dargaville is the starting-point of the Kaihu Valley Railway, which is open for traffic for seventeen miles from the town, and from the terminus of the railway all the Crown lands in the neighbourhood are reached, even so far north as Hokianga. The town is also the centre of a very large timber-export trade. There are only two townships on the west of any importance north of Dargaville—Port Rawene, or Hokianga, and Kohukohu, about five miles further up. Both have post and telegraph stations, and hotels, with fortnightly steam-communication from Auckland.

Whangarei, on the East Coast, is distant ninety-five miles from Auckland, with which it has steam-communication three times a week. The town is a thriving and important place, having a population of about 2,120, and is the centre of an agricultural and pastoral country. In the neighbourhood is also a large coal-bearing and gum-and-timber-producing district, while the export of oranges and lemons, which thrive magnificently on the rich volcanic soil, is on the increase. From here, all lands within a radius of thirty to forty miles may be visited by horse, carriage, or rail. Opau Wharf, about three miles south of Whangarei, is the present commencing-point of the railway-line passing through Whangarei and Kamo to Hukerenui, a distance of about twenty-three miles. This line will ultimately join that at present constructed for eight miles in a southerly direction from Kawakawa. Railway-formation is being pushed on, and there is now only a distance of nine miles to be taken in hand. The completion of this and the other sections now in hand will connect Kawakawa by rail with Whangarei. A bridge has been built over the Whangarei River, and the work of forming a railway is being proceeded with from Opau Wharf to deep water at Grahamtown, three miles distant.

Kawakawa, at the head of the tidal portion of the river of the same name, is connected by a short railway-line with Opua, the calling-place of steamers from Auckland. Kawakawa possesses good inns. From it coaches run weekly to Hokianga and Hukerenui. It is the centre of a coal and gum industry, and a port of lading for those products. The old town of Russell (formerly called Kororareka) is situated further down the bay, and has a good hotel, besides having a post and telegraph office. To Whangaroa, Mangonui, Awanui, Hohoura, and Parengarenga the Northern Company's steamers run every week. Whangaroa is famed for its exquisite scenery, and is the centre of a large timber and gum export trade. Mangonui is the starting-point and centre from which to visit, by carriage or horse, all the Crown lands in the Mangonui County.

South of Auckland, along the Waikato Railway, there are numerous townships of more or less importance, but no starting-point for Crown lands until Mercer is reached at a distance of forty-three miles. It is situated at the borders of what is known as the Waikato Country, upon the Waikato River, which is tidal up to this point, and the township has a post and telegraph office and other conveniences. At sixty-five miles from Auckland by rail is Huntly, also on the Waikato River, a flourishing township, with a large output of valuable coal. It has also pottery, brick, and tile works. On the opposite side of the Waikato River large areas of Crown lands are being brought into use, and are carrying numbers of sheep and cattle. The next town is Ngaruawahia, or Newcastle, seventy-four miles from Auckland, situated at the junction of the Waikato and Waipa Rivers, with hotels, bank, post and telegraph office. It is a centre from which portions of Crown lands in Raglan County are reached, and also from it river-steamers run north and south to the various settlements. Ngaruawahia has a flourishing creamery, a brewery, and a cooperage. At eighty-five miles from Auckland the train reaches Frankton Junction, where lines branch off to Hamilton, Cambridge, Te Aroha, Paeroa, Thames, and Rotorua, the main line going through Te Awamutu, 100 miles from Auckland, to Taumarunui, 175 miles. About two miles beyond Taumarunui the Wanganui River is crossed on a substantial steel bridge, which is available for both road and railway traffic. The rails are laid for over twenty miles beyond this bridge to Raurimu, where a large camp of workmen is located, and to this point goods and passengers are carried by rail, although the line is not yet open for regular traffic. The formation-work on the railway is being actively proceeded with, the advance works being practically in touch with those on the southern end of the line. Waimarino, in the open plateau of the same name (206 miles from Auckland), is the summit of the line, the height above sea-level being 2,600 ft.

Te Awamutu is a thriving town, and is especially English-looking with its nicely cultivated fields and well-kept hedges Taumarunui is not only the temporary railway terminus, but is also the point where the Wanganui River traffic connects with the northern railway-system, and is becoming in consequence of this a regular tourist resort. As the train reaches the town in the evening, and leaves for Auckland early on the following morning; travellers stay the night, and thoroughly modern accommodation-houses exist for their convenience. Taumarunui is also an important Native centre.

Hamilton is a busy, flourishing town, situated on both sides of the Waikato River, with a population of about 2,150 persons, and is the centre of an agricultural and pastoral district. It possesses a creamery, flax-mill, brewery, and two soap-factories, besides other local industries. Cambridge, about thirteen miles by road and fifteen miles by rail from Hamilton, has a population of about 1,250, and is the headquarters of the Farmers' Club. It is a busy, thriving township, surrounded by good farming country. At Maungakoua, seven or eight miles from Cambridge, the Government has established an institution for consumptives, known as Te Waikato Sanatorium. The site is in the ranges, at an elevation of about 1,000 ft., and the climate is well suited to the treatment of pulmonary complaints. Between Hamilton and Cambridge, and in the country round, there are numerous creameries, cheese and butter factories. Wine and cider making are also successfully pursued, and there are several apiaries, from which large quantities of honey are produced.

One hundred and fifteen miles from Auckland by rail is Te Aroha, a quiet township, celebrated for its thermal springs and medicinal mineral waters, with good hotels. The population is about 1,100. Another thirteen miles brings the traveller to Paeroa, a centre of mining industry—whence a branch line 12 1/2 miles long connects with Waihi (population, 5,600), a gold-mining town—and in another twenty miles the Thames Borough is reached.

The settlements at the Thames and Coromandel are essentially mining townships. The first is situated forty-two miles by steamer from Auckland, on the Firth of Thames, and at the mouth of the Waihou River. It has a population of about 3,750 persons. There is daily rail and steam communication with Auckland, the railway also connecting it with Paeroa, Te Aroha, Waihi, Rotorua, &c. Coromandel is about thirty-five miles from Auckland, with which it has constant communication by steamer; it is another mining centre, situated at the head of a picturesque harbour. Tauranga, with a population of about 1,050, is situated on the harbour of that name in the Bay of Plenty. Coaches run thither from the Thames, and from Rotorua; it has also constant communication by steamer with Auckland, and with Matata, Whakatane, and Opotiki. From the fact of the harbour being the only one on the east coast between Coromandel Peninsula and Gisborne capable of receiving large vessels, the town is bound to be of importance in the future.

Opotiki, the second town of importance in the Bay of Plenty, is situated about eighty miles by steamer or road from Tauranga. It has steam communication with Auckland, and is connected with Gisborne by means of bridle-track, road, and for part of the distance (Gisborne to Kaiteratahi, thirteen miles) by railway. It is the headquarters of the maize-producing district, and has rich alluvial lands, from which good returns are obtained. It is a starting-point from which large blocks of Crown lands suitable for pastoral purposes may be reached.

The Township of Rotorua is situated on the shores of Rotorua Lake, at a distance of 171 miles by rail from Auckland. Travellers can reach Rotorua in one day from Auckland. It is the chief township in the hot-lakes district, and has also a large area of fairly good Crown land near, adapted for pastoral purposes. Considerable quantities of sulphur are obtained from the neighbourhood. (See special articles, Thermal Springs District.)

The Township of Te Kuiti, on account of its position on the line of the Main Trunk Railway, has made rapid progress within the past two or three years. Besides possessing a dairy factory, first-class stores, a newspaper (the King Country Chronicle), and a library, all trades are represented. The Railway Department has taken into consideration the growing importance of the township, and are erecting larger and more commodious engine-barns. It is also expected that a new post-office will be built shortly to meet present and future requirements. The Roads Department have erected a large number of bridges and constructed many miles of roads and tracks throughout the district. Settlers and townspeople, recognising that progress cannot come without effort, have combined to make Te Kuiti an important inland centre.

The Rohe Potae (King-country) generally is destined within the next few years to become a closely settled and prosperous locality. It is capable of great development, and what were formerly extensive bush areas are rapidly undergoing conversion into productive and remunerative farms.

At To Rau-a-moa a dairy factory has for several years been established with success, and the settlers are much encouraged by the excellent results achieved, aided by the Government efforts to eradicate the noxious ragwort by stocking the affected area with sheep.

Oparau, on the Kawhia waters, has a timber-mill, and another is proposed to be erected shortly at Marakopa, where the flax industry is flourishing.

A tender trades between Marakopa, Aotea, and Kawhia collecting produce and distributing goods for the Northern Steamship Company's regular west coast steamer. At Oparau, Hauturu, and Kinohaku small settlements have sprung up, each being landing-places for the settlers' goods. The Government have constructed a wharf at Kawhia, and although the town is approached by a bar harbour still the latter is a good one.

Native lands for the most part are washed by the Aotea waters in this locality, but the Crown land at the northern end of the Moerangi Block is settled, and has a promising future. This part of the Kawhia County is much better served from Te Mata and Raglan.

Te Mata is situated at the eastern foot of Kariori, and has made considerable progress during recent years. The town possesses a school, post and telegraph office, telephone bureau, a fine hall, and a very successful co-operative dairy factory. In the Kauroa Valley close by there is another dairy factory.

The port of Raglan has several wharves and goods-sheds, and besides being served by weekly steamers there is a tri-weekly coach service with Hamilton, and also a similar bi-weekly communication with Ngaruawahia, via Waingaro Hot Springs. Te Akau Block, which has recently been acquired by the Crown from the Native owners, consists of some 13,000 acres, and adjoins the Whaingaroa Harbour. Raglan contains quite a fine fleet of motor-launches, has two churches, public hall, courthouse, library, two first-class hotels, a timber-mill, several flax-mills, and a newspaper (the Raglan County Chronicle). The northern portion of the county, which is almost wholly settled, bears the reputation of being the second best sheep-carrying country in the Auckland Land District.

At Onewhero, Pukikawa, Churchill, Harapepe, and Karamu there are dairy factories and creameries. Good hotel accommodation is obtainable at Waingaro Hot Springs, where bath-buildings have been erected. The coal deposits in the Raglan County are very valuable, most of them being worked in the neighbourhood of Huntly, on the Waikato railway-line.

Summary of Lands Available.Acres.
            Town, village, and suburban778
            Town, village, and suburban, V.S.63
            Rural lands surveyed57,555
            Rural lands unsurveyed19,749
            Small grazing-runs29,787
            Pastoral runs240,759
            Pastoral areas within mining districts242,261
            Land for Settlements:— 
            Town and suburban209
            Hamlets424
            Ordinary farms4,579
            Dairy farms1,789
            Small grazing-runs35,804
Native townships77
 633,834
County.Sections.Area.
1 Bay of Islands  42 Sections9,392
2 Coromandel    4 Sections329
Coromandel      Hauraki pastoral67,544
3 East Taupo    9 Pastoral runs240,759
East Taupo    1 Small grazing-run10,350
4 Hobson    6 Sections263
5 Hokianga  52 Sections10,914
6 Manukau    5 Sections373
Manukau    1 Unsurveyed600
7 Mangonui  35 Sections3,772
8 Ohinemuri  15 Sections5,112
Ohinemuri      Hauraki pastoral64,178
9 Opotiki    7 Sections4,935
10 Otamatea    7 Sections139
11 Piako  46 Sections3,283
Piako and Ohinemuri      Unsurveyed1,006
12 Raglan    4 Sections368
13 Rodney  23 Sections1,627
14 Tauranga and Rotorua      Unsurveyed12,020
15 Tauranga    2 Sections unsurveyed157
16 Tauranga  19 Sections2,248
17 Thames      Unsurveyed1,970
18 Thames      Hauraki pastoral110,539
19 Whangarei  42 Sections1,829
20 Waikato  11 Sections1,408
21 Waikato and Thames      Unsurveyed3,996
22 Waipa    1 Section15
23 Waitemata  49 Sections3,311
24 Whangaroa  10 Sections358
Whangaroa    2 Small grazing-runs2,222
25 Whakatane    3 Sections1,431
Whakatane    1 Small grazing-run5,232
26 West Taupo    3 Small grazing-runs11,983
West Taupo    5 Sections5,075
27 Great Barrier    1 Section52
28 Waitomo    2 Sections1,002
29 No county    6 Sections319
30 Town, village, and suburban..778
31 Rangaroa, V.S.  28 Sections63
32 Native townships212 Sections77
33 LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS  
            Town and suburban249 Sections209
            Hamlets114 Sections424
            Ordinary farms    7 Sections4,579
            Dairy farms    6 Sections1,789
            Small grazing-runs    9 Sections35,804
                    Total..633,834

Areas not yet open for Selection.

Awakino County.—3,990 acres, mostly broken forest land of good quality, principally limestone formation.

Bay of Islands County.—52,106 acres. About one-half open fern and ti-tree lands; one-half mixed forest; soil generally second class; fairly accessible by roads; some fair bush lands at Ruapekapeka. The good land in this county is much scattered. A block of 6,700 acres in Omapere Survey District has just been surveyed, and is now available for selection.

Coromandel County.—4,632 acres; generally rough forest lands, not suited for agriculture, except in isolated patches of small extent. Possibly the Cape Colville Range is auriferous all its length through the county. A considerable amount of timber—kauri—is still in the hands of the Crown. Soil generally fair. Coromandel possesses many excellent harbours, advantage of which is taken by several sawmill companies. There are large areas in this county available for application under the Hauraki Pastoral Regulations.

East Taupo County.—137,852 acres broken forest land; soil light and indifferent. A coach-road from Tauranga to Napier runs through this county.

Hobson County.—35,181 acres, about 6,000 acres of which is broken forest lands, which cannot be offered for selection until the kauri has been removed. The remaining land is mostly open, gum bearing, and of poor quality.

Hokianga County.—61,428 acres, Crown lands; nearly all forest; soil generally fair, but the best lands are at present inaccessible for want of roads. The large extent of Crown lands lying to the south of Hokianga Harbour is of excellent quality, but a good deal broken and forest-clad. The Crown lands to the north of the harbour are generally of good quality, but also broken, but not so much so as those to the south. The completion of the road from Hokianga to Takahue has opened up a large extent of bush country for settlement. The Crown owns a considerable extent of valuable kauri forest in this county. Rawene is the principal town, where there are post, telegraph, and Stipendiary Magistrate's offices. The water communication throughout the district is extensive. The soil varies much, but is principally clay, though the Waoku plateau is all volcanic. Communication weekly via Bay of Islands, and fortnightly via West Coast.

Kawhia County.—4,950 acres, forest and open land, generally of good quality.

Mangonui County.—59,300 acres, the greater part of which is indifferent soil, with a vegetation of fern and ti-tree, though some, such as in the Herekino district, are first-class lands. The lands in Herekino are undulating, wooded, and at present difficult of access, but in time will form a fine settlement. The open fern lands are usually clay, and only suitable for rough cattle runs. A little kauri forest remains in the hands of Government. Mangonui is reached from Auckland by steamer once a week.

Manukau County.—7,257 acres, mostly open lands or swamp, the soil generally only medium. The lands in eastern part of county are very good, but broken, and covered with mixed forest. Communication by road, rail, or water in this county is more advanced than in most of the others in this district.

Opotiki County.—98,716 acres, nearly all broken forest lands, good pastoral country. Maize-growing is largely carried on over the flat lands near the coast, which have mostly been disposed of. Opotiki is in weekly communication with Auckland by steamer. Extensive surveys are just finished in this county.

Otamatea County.—8,066 acres; open and forest lands of fair to medium quality. Of this about 4,500 acres is situated in the Tokatoka Swamp, a drain swamp of excellent quality; but this cannot be dealt with for some years owing to existing timber rights.

Piako County.—7,426 acres. The Government lands are broken forest ranges near Te Aroha, and open flat land near Waotu.

Raglan County.—3,000 acres, the greater part open undulating land of medium quality, with some fair patches.

Rodney County.—2,800 acres, mostly forest, and a good deal broken; but, when roads are made, a large area of this will be available for settlement. The soil is generally very fair clay land.

Rotorua County.—24,000 acres; soil generally very good, but; light, covered principally with mixed forest; accessible by Rotorua-Morrinsville Railway and Rotorua–Tauranga Road from Rotorua Township.

Tauranga County.—35,835 acres. Those near Tauranga are forest lands of good quality, but broken. The forests are mixed, the principal timber trees being rimu and matai.

Thames and Ohinemuri Counties.—Thames County, 20,793 acres, and Ohinemuri County, 62,594 acres; partly broken forest country, unsuited for agriculture except in isolated spots; partly swamp land of good quality, which will be offered for selection as soon as the necessary drainage works are completed. The Ohinemuri Goldfield contains some fair agricultural land, but not of any great extent. Thames is situated in Thames County, and is supported principally by the adjacent goldfields. There are large areas in these counties available under the Hauraki Pastoral Regulations.

Waitemata County.—14,900 acres, mostly open, undulating, but inferior soil, suitable for fruit-growing.

Waikato County.—37,862 acres, mostly open land of second-class quality. A good deal of swamp and inferior land. Extensive coalfields at Maramarua and Huntly, at both of which places they are worked. Some swamp lands still remain in the hands of the Crown, generally isolated sections. Communication is easy — as the surface is generally level—by rail, road, and water.

Waitomo County.—8,164 acres, chiefly forest and open lands; mostly of limestone formation, and good quality. Access is being continually improved by roads in course of construction.

Waipa County.—400 acres, mostly open, gently undulating fern bills, but not first-class soil.

Whakatane County.—82,667 acres, mostly either good swamp or forest-clad ranges. Here and there fair agricultural lands are found near Richmond and Whakatane, which is in weekly communication by steamer with Auckland. This includes Waimana Settlement.

Whangarei County.—18,976 acres, Crown lands; soil generally very fair, mostly bush, occasionally a good deal broken. In various places a few farms can be obtained of good quality, mixed agricultural and pastoral land. Whangarei Township has daily communication by steamer with Auckland, and exports a considerable quantity of coal, timber, lime, and fruit.

Whangaroa County.—3,956 acres, mostly open broken land of inferior quality. Whangaroa, celebrated for its beautiful scenery, is the site of a large sawmill industry.

West Tauno County.—6,146 acres open and forest land, close to Taumarunui, on the Main Trunk Railway-line.

Timber.

The extensive forests in the Auckland District contain many timbers of which the durability and strength are of established reputation. Of these the kauri, which is indigenous to the district, is greatly valued. The trees often attain gigantic size, and the vast groves create a profound impression upon those who view them for the first time. The great demand for this timber still continues, whilst rimu (red pine), kahikatea (white-pine), and totara are also much used for building and other purposes. Most of the timber is disposed of in New Zealand, but during the year ended the 31st December, 1906, 68,242,718 superficial feet of hewn or sawn timber, valued at £276,411, were shipped for export at Auckland and Kaipara.

Recently compiled returns furnish the information that there are in the Auckland District 59 sawmills employing about 2,367 hands; but the number of persons engaged in bushfelling and other occupations in connection with the timber industry must be approximately between four and five thousand. The aggregate cutting-capacity of the mills in operation is about 256,325,000 ft. per annum, the average annual output being about 190,543,000 ft. The balk timber is brought by rail or along the coast to Auckland, where it is sawn into various sizes. Several large mills and wood-working establishments have been erected in the city, and also for a considerable distance along the harbour frontage.

With the view to preserving specimens of the various timbers and clumps of forest for scenic purposes, the Government have made extensive reserves in various parts of the district. In addition, State-appointed experts are engaged in planting forest-trees, and in nurturing and cultivating young trees.

Kauri-gum.

A good demand continues to exist for this unique product, which is found in the Auckland District only. During 1906 large consignments, totalling 9,154 tons and valued at £522,486, were disposed of in America, the United Kingdom, and other parts of Europe, where it is manufactured into varnish of the finest quality. A proportion of the gum is also utilised in this colony for the same purpose, and altogether about a hundred persons are engaged in the manufacture of varnish, 90 per cent. of which is disposed of locally. In the manufacture of varnish, kauri-gum is said to have an advantage over even the best Manila copal, inasmuch that in its use uniformity of quality may be anticipated with a greater degree of certainty.

The gum industry affords employment for several thousand men, who are engaged in digging, scraping, sorting, and packing it for export. In its original state, being of a viscid nature, it exudes from various parts of the trees, and finally reaches the ground, where it solidifies and becomes a hard yet brittle substance. The principal method of obtaining it is as follows: Where the land has been denuded of kauri-trees, a long rod or spear is used in penetrating the ground to a depth varying from 12 in. to 30 in., according to the nature of the soil. When the existence of gum has been ascertained the soil is turned over and the deposits unearthed. These are of different quality, that of an amber-like transparency being of the highest value.

It might be supposed that kauri-gum which had been covered by earth for many years would have in consequence deteriorated, but such is not the case unless the soil be wet. New gum contains a chemical property which proves troublesome to the manufacturers of varnish, whilst that which has been imbedded for a lengthy period does not possess this defect. It has been observed that kauri-trees flourish best on high ground, but large quantities of gum are found in swampy land where the face of nature appears to have undergone a change through seismic disturbance. The value of swamp-gum is generally low in comparison with that of gum obtained at higher elevations; and, indeed, in some instances huge deposits are found in the swamps which are of no commercial value.

A few years ago it was thought that the supply would soon become exhausted, but a competent authority of long experience advances the opinion that large quantities of gum will be obtainable for a considerable period, as deposits are continually being found at greater depths than formerly, and in localities where it was believed that the gum was completely worked out.

The method of obtaining gum by “tapping” the trees has been found to seriously interfere with their development and stability, and it is now considered an illegal act to obtain kauri-gum by this means from trees on Crown lands.

Flax (Phormium tenax).

At a very remote period in the history of New Zealand the value of this excellent product, which is found in abundance, was recognised, and long before machinery was introduced by Europeans the Natives possessed a method of successfully treating it. Not only were they able to use the flax in making mats and comfortable Native clothing for themselves, but they produced it in large quantities for disposal to the early traders and whalers, who turned the investment to profitable account in the market of the New South Wales capital.

For many years past much attention has been devoted to the dressing of flax by improved methods, and the Government have from time to time greatly encouraged manufacturers by offering a substantial bonus for the production of fibre of a high-grade quality.

In many parts of this district magnificent crops of flax are obtained, and so suitable is much of the swamp land for the cultivation of this valuable product that the flax-milling industry is now in a flourishing condition, and its position as one of the most important of our colonial industries firmly established.

There are at present seventy-five flax-mills in operation. These employ a large number of people, whilst in the City of Auckland some forty-one hands are engaged in making rope, twine, and cordage. The manufactured articles are of a quality which bear favourable comparison with those imported from other countries.

Last year the quantity of flax exported was 7,945 tons, valued at £222,677, showing an increase in value of £30,850 when compared with the figures of 1905.

Gold and Silver.

For many years past large quantities of gold have been obtained in this district, the auriferous-quartz reefs being principally located in the Thames, Coromandel, Ohinemuri, and Piako Counties. The method usually adopted in the treatment of the ores is the cyanide process and battery amalgamation.

During the year ended the 31st December, 1906, the quantity of gold shipped from Auckland was 295,417 oz., valued at £1,195,541, besides which 1,390,536 oz. of silver, valued at £143,572, were exported.

The famous Waihi, Waiotahi, and other mines continue to yield increasing returns of gold, and find employment for a large number of hands. As the auriferous-quartz reefs are very extensive in character, it is reasonable to predict that immense quantities of ore will be treated for many years to come with equally satisfactory results. The Town of Waihi contains a population of about 5,600, and may be reached by either steamer to the Thames, thence by rail via Paeroa, or rail the whole distance from Auckland. The time occupied in visiting Waihi and returning to Auckland is two days.

Many experienced prospectors are still engaged in exploring other parts of the district where auriferous reefs are known to exist, whilst the future of some of the smaller claims which have been pegged off is anticipated with much hopefulness.

Considerable interest continues to be taken in the School of Mines at the Thames, where the instruction imparted is keenly appreciated. During 1906 the examinations in electrical and mining engineering subjects resulted in 100 per cent. of the students receiving first-class passes in the senior and junior grades, whilst in two instances gold medals were awarded.

Copper.

During the year a large number of applications have been granted for the right to mine for copper, principally in the Kaeo district, and the development of this industry is looked forward to with considerable interest.

Granite.

For some years past the want has been felt in Auckland of a suitable stone for the erection of buildings worthy of the size and prosperity of the city; and notwithstanding the fact that many of the local volcanic stones are excellent for certain purposes, most of the stone used in the construction of the larger buildings has been either blue stone imported from Victoria or the granite from Scotland.

A very large and valuable deposit of what is by many designated a true granite has been found on the Coromandel Peninsula some 20 miles from Cabbage Bay.

Samples have been submitted to numerous experts both in this colony and elsewhere, who have pronounced the stone as equal in appearance, toughness, and durability to any of the imported granites.

Being free from flaws, of a fine grey colour, it presents, when polished, a handsome surface.

The stone is obtainable in any lengths, and can be landed in Auckland at a price to compete with ordinary blue stone. The quarries are situated on the seashore close to deep water, and extend over an area of 80 acres.

Early in the year a company (the New Zealand Quarries, Limited) was formed locally to develop the deposit, and the material is already being successfully introduced into several fine buildings at present in course of construction. As architects are now specifying Coromandel granite to take the place of the imported stone, and the supply of the former being practically unlimited, there is little doubt that the industry will in the very near future provide employment for a large number of people. Extensive machinery has been ordered from Scotland to work the deposit to the best advantage.

At Putaruru, on the Rotorua line, an excellent building-stone has also been discovered, and is likely to be shortly developed.

Coal.

In various parts of this district extensive coal-deposits exist, and mining operations are successfully carried on in the north at Hikurangi, Kamo, and Ngunguru, whilst in the south the coal-mines at Huntly and Taupiri continue to supply a household coal of fine quality. The annual output of these mines is about 190,000 tons, most of which is consumed locally.

The City and Suburbs of Auckland are principally lighted by coal-gas, and about 36,000 tons is utilised annually for its manufacture. This is brought from Westport, in the South Island, where a specially suitable coal is obtainable in large quantities.

The value of 25,369 tons of coal exported from Auckland during 1906 was £22,993.

Wool.

This industry does not reach a maximum of importance in this district as compared with other parts of the colony, the attention of the settlers being chiefly centred in the dairying industry. At the same time a considerable quantity of wool is produced for export and local use. The product is usually of excellent quality, and when properly graded brings the highest market prices. As the forest lands become denuded larger areas will be available for sheep-grazing. This will no doubt result in the wool industry being found within a few years in the front rank of importance.

The quantity of wool shipped from the Auckland District during 1906 was 4,805,128 lb., valued at £213,021.

Dairying.

Some idea of the prosperous condition of this industry may be arrived at from the fact that no less than 68,381 cwt. of butter, valued at £340,367, and 3,768 cwt. of cheese, valued at £9,621, were shipped from the Port of Auckland to the United Kingdom and elsewhere during the year 1906. Distributed over this district are numerous factories and creameries, employing a large number of hands, who are periodically instructed by experts appointed by the Government as to the most improved methods of dealing with the manufacture of cheese and butter. Under these circumstances it can be easily understood that the industry is yearly increasing in importance, inasmuch as large quantities of these commodities are being produced of a high standard of excellence.

Fisheries.

At present about 450 boats of various sizes are engaged in the fishing industry, employment being thus found for about nine hundred and thirty people. There is great abundance and variety of edible fish, and a steady supply for the market is maintained, consisting principally of snapper, mullet, and flounders. Whitebait are also supplied from the Waikato River during the months of August, September, October, and November.

A small quantity of cured fish is exported to Sydney, and the canning of mullet for local consumption and export affords employment to a large number of people.

Good trout-fishing is to be obtained in many of the rivers and streams of the district, notably those at Okoroire, Rotorua, Atiamuri, and Galatea.

Numerous beds of rock-oysters exist on both coasts, but during part of the year this fishery is closed. Large numbers of oysters are forwarded during the open season to other New Zealand towns, and small consignments are shipped regularly to Australia.

Fruit Canning and Preserving.

The soil and climate of Auckland are particularly adapted to fruit-growing and during the season the supply is so abundant that in many instances it barely pays the producer to Rend it to the local market The increased interest in the business of canning is mainly due to this fact, and already the prospects of the industry are good, as canned fruits may now be obtained equal in quality to those imported from California and elsewhere. Fruit-growers are recognising the importance of the canning industry, and are being encouraged under the supervision of Government experts to cultivate fruits especially suitable for canning. There are now eight factories in this district, and employment is found for about one hundred hands. A number of fruit-growers are also canning fruits in a small way in various parts of Auckland with more or less success.

At the Thames and in parts of the Waikato gooseberries and apricots do well. Peaches grow splendidly in most parts of Auckland, and within a few years large quantities should be available for canning purposes. Apples, plums, and strawberries of fine flavour grow abundantly, and the former, when carefully packed, always command good prices. Evaporated fruits are also disposed of to advantage.

General.

Auckland, on account of its remarkably fine harbour and first-class shipping facilities, possesses many local industries, all of which are in a most flourishing condition.

Perhaps first in importance is the Colonial Sugar Company's refinery at Chelsea, where some 250 hands are constantly employed. The extensive machinery for the treatment of the raw material, which is brought from Fiji, is capable of turning out 1,000 tons of refined sugar weekly. Most of the output is consumed in the colony, but a proportion is shipped to the New Zealand dependencies and elsewhere. Last year the total output of the refinery was about 41,000 tons.

Amongst the more recently established industries are the paper-mills at Riverhead, on the upper reaches of the Waitemata. These mills employ some thirty-four hands, whilst the quality of the paper manufactured is entirely satisfactory.

The brick and pottery business affords occupation for about 237 people, and there is every prospect of this number being increased shortly, as, in consequence of the extension of the electric tramways to various parts of the suburbs, a much larger demand exists for building material.

In the north and on the shores of one of the best harbours in the colony (Whangarei) an immense deposit of kaolin has been found. Various tests have proved the quality to be exceptionally good and in every way suitable for the manufacture of china, crockery, vitrified drain-pipes, tiles, &c.

Within easy distance of Auckland large hydraulic lime and Portland cement works are in full operation, the annual output being from 30,000 to 40,000 tons. These works employ about a hundred and sixty hands. The quality of the cement is such that it is largely used in many important public works. Some 20,000 tons are required in connection with the extensive harbour-works now in progress in Auckland, where reinforced concrete is taking the place of wooden piles in wharf-construction, &c. Many thousand tons have also been used by the Napier and New Plymouth Harbour Boards, with the most satisfactory results, in the erection of breakwaters.

The Auckland cement will also be extensively employed in connection with the large dry docks to be constructed at Wellington.

The fame of the local product has already been established in the adjoining States, and in New South Wales the large reservoir on Pott's Hill, used for the Sydney water supply, is built of the material referred to, which for strength and quality is considered to be second to none in the world.

Besides the industries mentioned many others equally successful are in operation, including meat-preserving works, flourmills, oil, soap and candle works, boot and shoe factories, tanneries, ironworks, shipbuilding yards, large printing and lithographic works, stationery and book manufacturing establishments, &c. The industries in existence in this district, excluding mines and quarries, as ascertained from the last census returns (1906) number 885.

The Electric Tramway Company employ some 400 hands, and maintain a huge plant. In 1904 the power was increased from 1,500 to 2,500 horse power. The largely increased traffic has necessitated the construction of additional cars. Those built locally have proved in every way satisfactory. Since the inauguration of the electric-car service the congestion of population has been greatly relieved, large numbers of people having removed to the suburbs, where building is proceeding at an unprecedentedly rapid rate. Auckland may now claim to be one of the most progressive cities in the colonies.

The exports of colonial produce from this port during 1906 were valued a £3,108,927, an increase of £594,877 on value of shipments for the previous year.

Chapter 72. THE TARANAKI LAND DISTRICT.

F. SIMPSON, Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands.

The Taranaki Land District is situated on the western side of the North Island of New Zealand, at about its widest part, and may be said to be the most compact and fertile district of the colony, for, with the exception of the upper half of Mount Egmont, and of the ranges adjoining, which absorb about 36,000 acres, the whole of the area—minus what is taken up by the rivers, streams, and lakes—is suitable for settlement, and certainly two-thirds of the district is good land. The gross area of the district is 2,430,000 acres.

Physical Features.

Of mountains, the principal one is the beautiful volcanic cone from which the district takes its name, Taranaki, otherwise called Mount Egmont, which has an altitude of 8,260 ft. This mountain is the centre of distribution for a radius of twenty miles of the volcanic formation known us the “drift,” which covers the volcanic rocks below an altitude of 3,000 ft. Hummocks composed of trachyte boulders and cement crop up here and there and make excellent metal-quarries.

Beyond the volcanic formation—that is, from about Urenui on the north and Hawera on the south—the country is generally broken, and the formation is known as papa, a calcareous blue clay, capped in many places by shelly limestone.

The northern portion, between the Tongaporutu and the Mokau Rivers, contains also limestone, greensands, and coal outcrops. At Panirau, a small tributary of the Mokau, about thirty miles from the sea, there is an isolated patch of volcanic agglomerate and tufas, and a similar formation is found at the north-eastern corner of the district.

Eastward of the base of Mount Egmont there are few, if any, mountains worthy of the name, although there are many ranges varying in height from 1,000 ft. to 1,500 ft. above sea-level, and, in a few instances—such as the Matemateonga and Waiaria Ranges—they run up to 2,500 ft.

The principal river is the Wanganui, which bounds the district on the east between Taumarunui and Pipiriki, a distance of about ninety miles. Its average width varies from 2 to 3 chains. For nearly the whole distance it is shut in by high precipitous hills, and in many places by perpendicular walls of rock. The scenery is very grand and beautiful. There are numerous rapids, but few of them are dangerous to skilful canoeists. New Zealand's great scenic river-trip may now be done in a number of ways. From Wanganui, in the winter, the steamers run tri-weekly to Pipiriki, and in the summer months, from December to April, daily, except Sunday and Monday, and excursions are made from that point to the beautiful upper reaches beyond, returning to Pipiriki House in the evening. The traveller can then return to Wanganui, taking train either north or south, or he can take coach round Ruapehu, Tongariro, and Ngauruhoe to the Hot Lakes, or may go on up stream to Messrs. Hatrick and Co.'s houseboat, sixty miles beyond Pipiriki, returning to the latter point the next day, or proceed right on to Taumarunui, the junctioning point at the head of the river with the new Central Railway, taking train from there to Auckland or Rotorua. Coming down stream the traveller may take the train from either Auckland or Rotorua to Taumarunui, staying there overnight; take the steam-launch down stream the following day to Pipiriki, staying there for the night, and going on to Wanganui the next day. From Taumarunui to Pipiriki is about eighty-four miles, and from Pipiriki to Wanganui sixty miles. Good accommodation can be procured at the houseboat and Pipiriki. Messrs. Hatrick and Co. have a fleet of twelve steamers and launches, the route being now one of the most largely frequented in the colony. The fares on the river are: Taumarunui to Pipiriki, 40s. single; Pipiriki to Wanganui, 15s. single; Wanganui to Pipiriki, 20s. return; Taumarunui to Pipiriki, 60s. return, or vice versa. Accommodation at Pipiriki and the houseboat can be obtained at the rate of 2s. 6d. for each meal and bed. The caves near Pipiriki are very extensive, and rich in stalactites, the entrance being hung with a mass of ferns and lichens. There are some magnificent views near Atene. A mile or two below Pipiriki the banks of the river rise to a great height, and are very imposing. From the caves, for some sixty miles to the houseboat, the river flows between perpendicular walls of rock, all festooned with ferns and lichens, with a background of luxuriant bush. Over these cliffs fall numerous streams, making a succession of waterfalls. At Manganui-a-te-ao, an immense cliff rises like a mighty pillar on the right, and the rivers meet like two lanes, walled in by massive piles of masonry.

The next river in size is the Mokau, bounding the district on the north. It is navigable for handy steamers drawing from 7 ft. to 8 ft. of water as far as the coalmines, about twenty miles from its mouth, and for canoes as fay as Totoro, twenty-six miles further up. Several outcrops of coal are found on its banks, and, as limestone is also present, the river is likely to become an important waterway of the district. The scenery on either side, although not on quite so grand a scale as may be seen on the Wanganui, is very beautiful.

The other large rivers are the Waitara and Patea. The former has its source about midway between the coast and the Wanganui River, in an easterly direction from Pukearuhe, between New Plymouth and the Mokau. It is about a hundred miles in length, and runs out at the Town of Waitara, some ten miles north-east from New Plymouth. There is a bar at the mouth, but steamers of 300 tons can enter safely in calm weather, and, although there are numerous rapids on its course, it is navigable for canoes for about ninety miles.

The Patea River rises in Mount Egmont, and, after traversing a tortuous course of about 110 miles, runs out at the extreme southern end of the provincial district. It has a bar harbour, with a depth of 13 ft. to 14 ft. at spring tides. Steamers of from 40 tons to 50 tons trade regularly to the Town of Patea, which is situated a mile or so north of the mouth. The Patea is navigable for canoes for fifty miles.

Besides these rivers there are many smaller ones, and streams innumerable—in fact, no district in the world could be better watered and at the same time be so secure from disastrous floods. It is estimated that between the Mokau and the Patea there are no fewer than eighty-five named streams emptying themselves into the Tasman Sea, fully sixty of which flow from Mount Egmont.

Excepting the Ngaire Swamp, a block of open land near Eltham, 3,700 acres in extent, now partially drained and recently disposed of for settlement purposes, there are no plains, properly so called, in the district, although the stretch of very fertile country lying between the Waingongoro and Otakeho Rivers, comprising an area of about 25,000 acres, is known as the Waimate Plains. Of this area 13,500 acres have been disposed of, and the remainder, 11,500 acres, has been handed back to the Natives as a reserve.

There are no lakes worthy of the name. The largest sheet of water is Rotokare, situate about twelve miles from Eltham; it is about half a mile in length, with an average width of six chains. There are also a few small lakes inland from Waverley, at the southern end of the district.

The whole of the district, with the exception of a fringe of open country along the coast from Pukearuhe to Patea, averaging three miles in width, and containing about 250,000 acres, and some valleys at the north-eastern corner of the district, about 150,000 acres in extent, was originally covered with heavy forest, but this is rapidly disappearing under progress of settlement and erection of sawmills to deal with such timber.

The larger timber is chiefly rata, rimu, matai, tawa, kahikatea, kohekohe, pukatea, rewarewa, hinau, with a few totara scattered here and there. Among the smaller trees may be mentioned the kotukutuku or fuchsia, karaka, and mahoe.

As regards the timber industry, the total quantity cut during the year ended the 31st March, 1907, was 16,824,281 superficial feet, made up of rimu (10,467,781 ft.), kahikatea (3,838,000 ft.), totara (1,393,900 ft.), and matai (1,124,600 ft.). There are twenty-nine mills in all, employing 453 men. Most of the mills work together under association rules and prices.

An area of 72,565 acres, measuring six miles on every side from the summit of Mount Egmont, was originally set apart as a forest reserve. To this has now been added 1,040 acres on the lower slopes of Pouakai Range, with an additional 5,500 acres on the Patua Range, making a total of about 79,000 acres, which has now by Act of Parliament been set apart as the “Egmont National Park,” the internal affairs of which are administered by a partly elected and partly nominated Board of ten members. At about three miles within the reserve the forest begins to get stunted; and at four and a half miles it gives place to low wiry scrub, which ceases at five miles, or an elevation of about 4,000 ft. At 5,000 ft. the moss ends; beyond this point to the summit the mountain is composed of loose scoria and lava.

A comfortable house, known as the Egmont Mountain-house, has been built at an elevation of 3,200 ft. on the northern face of the mountain, at a distance of twenty miles from New Plymouth by the Junction and Egmont Roads, and tourists can be driven the whole of the way. This house is maintained by the Egmont National Park Board, and is open for the accommodation of visitors all the year round. The keeper acts as guide also. The time usually occupied in the ascent from the house is from three to four hours for men, and four to six hours for ladies. There are two women's rooms at one end of the house, and two men's at the other, with large common living and dining room in the centre. Visitors have now the option of being supplied with meals at a cost of 1s. 6d. each, or they may provide and cook their own food. Beds are also provided. Horse feeds, 1s. 6d. each; paddocking, 6d. daily, or 2s. 6d. a week. A small charge for use of house is made to visitors of 1s. per night or 5s. per week throughout the visit. In addition to the mountain-house, the Board has erected a cottage of three rooms, comprising two bedrooms (fitted with four bunks each), and one living-room in between. This cottage is intended for renting by the week to family parties, only one such party occupying it at a time, the minimum charge per week being two pounds sterling for a party of four adults; over that number and up to eight (the limit allowed), 5s. each per week; children over five and under twelve years, half-rates. The cottage is not let to any one party for a longer period than two weeks while there are other applicants. The Board provides cooking and other utensils, firewood, and water, also mattresses and pillows; but visitors must take their own blankets, and provide and cook their own food. The caretaker at the mountain-house keeps a small stock of the principal lines of food usually wanted for sale to visitors. The cottage is within 60 or 70 yards of the mountain-house, and in charge of the same caretaker, but parties desirous of renting it should communicate with the Honorary Secretary to Committee for Northern Division of Egmont National Park, New Plymouth, giving dates between which they require it. These applications are booked in order of priority of receipt (after notification that offers will be received, usually in the early part of December). Guide's fee for mountain, £1 per party. During the past season there were about 1,600 visitors, remaining various periods of from one or two days to as many weeks. The view from the top is superb, including as it does the volcanic cones of Ruapehu, Ngauruhoe, and Tongariro, the whole of Taranaki, and a considerable portion of Auckland and Wellington Districts, also across Cook Strait to the mountains of Marlborough and Nelson Districts of the South Island. In fine weather, when the snow is off, the mountain can be ascended without risk. A considerable sum has been expended in improving the accommodation at the house.

The mountain can also easily be ascended from Stratford side, the return journey occupying about thirteen hours, including stoppages. Tourists can ride over the first eleven miles to the Pembroke Road Mountain-house (three rooms) above the bush-line, altitude 3,720 ft.: time occupied, about two and a half hours. A new two-roomed cottage has been erected, and is now in use. Here the horses are left, and the remaining climb has to be done on foot: time required for a fair walker, three hours, although, coming down, the distance can be done in two hours. Two hundred and fifty-seven persons visited the mountain by this route during the season. Good hotel-accommodation, guide, and horses can be obtained in Stratford. Provisions are kept on reasonable terms by the caretaker at the house. The return trip can be varied by visiting Dawson's Falls and Kendle's Cascade, or by a run across to the Egmont Mountain-house. Those who do not care to attempt the summit will be amply repaid by the pleasure of the ride through the forest. and by the magnificent views to be obtained from the house. The houses have sleeping-accommodation for about thirty persons.

Another route now coming into favour is from Hawera or Eltham via Manaia or Kaponga and Dawson's Falls. At the latter place a comfortable shelter-house, capable of accommodating over forty people, has been erected, and is known as the Falls Mountain-house (altitude, 2,090 ft.). This house, which is close to the Falls (65 ft.), is within an easy two hours' ride of Kaponga. During the season the house is in charge of a caretaker, and food, horse-feed, and paddocking can be obtained. Two comfortable cottages have been erected in connection with this house. Water is obtained from the adjoining creek by means of a ram. From the house to summit of Mount Egmont occupies from four to six hours' climbing at a moderate pace, the time being in accordance with the strength and composition of party. From the top the tourist can, instead of returning by the same route, drop down to the mountain-house on the north or New Plymouth side of the mountain. The walk would not occupy over two hours, easy walking, or he could go out via Stratford, there being a good walking track between the houses. A weekly coach-service has been instituted both at Hawera and Eltham, while Stratford as a base, is equally desirable to start from; the whole distance can he driven over. About 2,200 persons visited the mountain by this route during the season.

A track has been partly made from the western side of the mountain, enabling tourists to ascend via Rahotu. A small accommodation-house has been erected, 32 ft. by 14 ft., consisting of a general room and two sleeping-rooms, each containing twelve bunks. Tables, forms, and utensils have also been provided. The number of visitors was about 100.

Soils.

The volcanic soil, the boundaries of which have been already described, varies a good deal in quality. The best is believed to be on the south side of the mountain, between Stratford, Hawera, and Opunake, but not less than two or three miles from the forest-reserve boundary. It is thought that the country now being opened to the north and east of the volcanic deposit—that is, the papa and limestone formation—will, from the presence of lime, be much richer and more lasting as pasture-land than that around the mountain. The carrying-capacity of the land is, on an average, two and a half to three sheep to the acre.

Dairying, Grazing, and Agriculture.

Taranaki is essentially a grazing and dairying district, its chief products being butter and cheese.

There are 90 dairy factories and 79 skimming-stations scattered over the district. Of these factories, 77 produce butter only, while 13 produce cheese only. There are also in this district 6 registered packing-houses for milled butter, 228 registered private dairies for butter-making, besides many small plants run on individual farms of which no record is obtainable.

In September, 1896, a new work in connection with the dairying and meat industries was started in the shape of the Taranaki Freezing-works, situated at Moturoa, near the breakwater, and close alongside the railway-line. During the year 1906 the output from the works was—Butter, 197,158 boxes, weighing 4,929 tons net; cheese, 11,898 packages, net weight 797 tons. During the hot season the factories and railway-vans carrying butter have been supplied with ice from the works at a nominal cost. Most of the butter from the southern end of the district now goes to Patea.

There are in the Taranaki District 22,809 horses, 273,913 cattle, 493,255 sheep, and 44,303 swine. These figures include all kinds and ages.

Agriculture has not hitherto been carried on to any great extent in this district. The total area under corn-crops during season 1906–7 was 10,849 acres, as follows : Wheat, 562 acres; oats, 8,854 acres; barley, 939 acres; rye, 44 acres; maize, 310 acres; peas, 32 acres; beans, 102 acres; vetches, 6 acres.

Sown grasses and clovers for feeding down and seed, 1,177,837 acres, as follows: Grasses and clovers on ploughed land, 183,571 acres; surface sown grasses, 716,322 acres; tussock, native grass, and unimproved land, 270,011 acres; hay, 9,716 acres, ensilage, 766 acres; for seed, rye-grass, 64 acres; cocksfoot, 406 acres; white clover, 1 acre; potatoes, 688 acres; turnips, 16,605 acres; mangolds, 780 acres; rape, 3,351 acres; carrots, 696 acres; other crops, 210 acres. Plantations, 1,131 acres; fallow, 355 acres. Private gardens, 793 acres; market gardens, 82 acres; orchards, 794 acres; vineyards, 7 acres.

The average yield of different grain-crops in bushels per acre for season of 1906–7 was: Wheat, 37; oats, 40; barley, 45.

Mining.

The only mining going on at present is at the Mokau Coal-mines, which are situated on the Mokau River, about twenty-three miles from the sea, the river being navigable right up to the mines for vessels of 7 ft. 6 in. draught. The coal is the best class of pitch-brown, and is excellent for household and steam purposes.

Ironsand is found in great abundance on the seashore from Mokau to Patea, a distance of 130 miles. It produces, when smelted, from 50 to 60 per cent. of iron of the finest quality. The first attempt to smelt this sand was made in 1848, and several trials have been made since, but the heavy cost of production and the absence of capital and modern appliances have, so far, retarded the industry. Strong efforts are now being made to remedy this by the introduction of outside capital and it is hoped those will shortly be successful, and work in full swing.

Petroleum-boring.

After numerous attempts and a considerable expenditure of capital, it appears as if those fostering this industry are now to receive their reward. Although petroleum has previously been obtained, it has always been in conjunction with water. It would seem as if this difficulty had now been overcome, and with “oil struck” and a good pressure obtainable, indications are very promising. Companies are in course of flotation, and it is to be hoped that the industry has come to stay.

Climate.

The climate of Taranaki is remarkably healthy, without any extremes of temperature. Below is given a table of mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures in shade for each month of the year ending December, 1906:—

 Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
Mean temperature60.862.560.858.456.451.652.562.952.756.558.661.8
Extreme maximum temperature788382726866676768707978
Extreme minimum temperature444040393632343136373943
Number of days on which rain fell171915212622271316181617
Total rainfall per month in inches and decimals3.4353.2004.4756.3128.754.8956.5704.133.474.173.984.7
Mean barometric reading for the month30.00630.00330.1330.04430.1129.85329.51630.00829.8629.8929.729.906

The mean barometric reading was 29.919 in. for the year. Total rainfall, 58.087 in. on 230 days. The rainfall varies considerably, as, for instance, at Norfolk Road, three miles south of Inglewood, the rainfall for the year 1906 was 99.30 in. on 198 days, the maximum daily fall being 4.39 in. on November 5th. The average rainfall at New Plymouth during the past twelve years was 64.033 in., and at Norfolk Road for same period 101.772 in.

Chief Towns.

The principal town of the district New Plymouth, founded in 1841 (population 5,150), is situate on the seashore, about two miles from and to the north-east of the picturesque rocky islets known as the Sugar Loaves. The general appearance of the town is very attractive, and it abounds in neatly-kept gardens. The Recreation Grounds, from which a good view of Mount Egmont is obtained, form a favourite resort.

New Plymouth is 251 miles by rail from Wellington, the railway running in a northerly direction through the district from Patea to Sentry Hill, where it turns at right-angles westward for eight miles to New Plymouth. From Sentry Hill there is a branch line to Waitara, four miles distant.

The Port of New Plymouth is situated at Moturoa, two miles from the town. Protection for shipping is afforded by a concrete mole or breakwater running in a north-east direction for a distance of 1,900 ft. Under the lee of this there is wharf-accommodation provided for the coastal trade. Steamers of 1,000 tons can be berthed here in almost all weathers. The wharf is connected with New Plymouth by both rail and road. The breakwater was built at a cost of £200,000, borrowed under security of one-fourth of the land revenue of the Provincial District of Taranaki, and the right to levy a rate over certain lands. The present rate levied is 5/16d. in the pound on the capital value. The principal over-sea exports from breakwater for the year (exclusive of all coastal trade) were: Butter, value £416,428; cheese, value £35,422; fungus, value £2,043: total value, £671,871. Imports (oversea): value, £92,244. Customs duties for the year, £31,087.

Manufactures in New Plymouth are represented by two sash and door, a boot, butter-keg, and three coach factories, a brewery, cordial factories, a flour-mill, tannery, fellmongery, bone-mill, and iron-foundry, with freezing-works in the suburbs. The town has a septic-tank drainage and water, electric light, and gas laid on.

Hawera, the next largest town, is situate on the eastern edge of the Waimate Plains. The population is 2,153, and the town is lit with electric light and gas supplied by private companies. The Wellington-New Plymouth Railway runs close to it, the distance by rail from New Plymouth being about forty-eight miles. Hawera is surrounded by a first-class dairying and grazing country, capable of carrying a very large population. Hawera possesses an excellent water and drainage scheme, the water being obtained from the Kapuni River, eleven miles from the town, and the sewerage being carried by gravitation direct into the ocean. Municipal undertakings owned and controlled by the borough are the public abattoirs, fresh-water swimming baths, and fire-brigade station, and the town also possesses an excellent free reading-room and circulating library.

The Town of Patea is situated on the coast, at the extreme southern end of the district, and has a population of 870. There is a splendid grazing district inland, with a large area of land yet to be opened up. There is a dairy factory, which has two branch creameries in the country. A refrigerating company for dairy and other produce has also been established, and is proving a great success. Exports for 1906 were: Wool, 5,802 bales; fungus, 612 bags; tallow, 586 casks; pelts, 88 casks; loose hides, 5,095; grass-seed, 250 sacks; butter, 120,915 boxes; meat, 12,920 cases; sheep, 1,719; sundries, 666 packages; cheese, 28,790 cases; empties, 1,601; cattle, 547; pigs, 43; carcases of frozen mutton, 1,813; carcases of cattle, 3,212. Imports: Ordinary, 7,959 tons; coals, 3,601 tons. Wharfages amounted to £1,675; dumping dues, £349; tonnage dues, £541; port dues, £79; water, &c., £25; rents, £540. The Harbour Board has an up-to-date wool-dumping press and hydraulic pumps. The width between the east and west pierheads is 260 ft.; width of channel about 180 ft., gradually narrowing to 100 ft. as the beacons are approached. The pilot reports the depth of water at not less than 12 ft. at high-water, springs, and 9 ft. at high-water, neaps, with a straight channel. Steamers trade regularly to Westport, Greymouth, Lyttelton, Wellington, and other ports. The Board is now engaged in erecting a west breakwater, of concrete, which has been carried out to a distance of 700 ft., and this should prove a great protection to steamers, and prevent the encroachment of sand common to bar harbours.

Stratford, a comparatively young town, lies about midway between Patea and New Plymouth. It has already a population of 2,160, and is growing fast. The height above sea-level is 1,000 ft., and the climate is bracing though somewhat moist. Stratford possesses an excellent high-pressure water-supply, the water being obtained from the Patea River, some three miles above the town by means of filtration tunnels carried under the river bed. A complete septic-tank system of drainage has also been instituted. There is a good Public Library and Reading-room, and a Municipal Town Hall capable of seating 800 persons. The main road to Auckland—known as the Stratford–Ongarue (now Ohura Road)—starts here. It has been formed as a cart-road for fifty-six miles and a half, and as a bridle-road right through. There are twenty miles of dray-road to be formed before through communication with Ohura is established, but, still, the trip right through on horseback is possible, the track not being very difficult. A commencement has been made with the construction of the railway-line between Stratford and Auckland via Ongarue, the line being completed and open for traffic as far as Douglas, a distance of eleven miles, and will shortly be opened to Huiroa, five miles further. A short branch is also in course of construction from Waipuku to Mangonui, on the slopes of Mount Egmont, the first section of which is approaching completion. This line is for the purpose of opening up the extensive stone deposits that exist in the Mangonui Gorge of great value for road-metalling and railway-ballasting purposes.

Waitara, formerly known as Raleigh, a seaport town of about 960 inhabitants, proclaimed a borough on the 6th September, 1904, is situated on the river of the same name, a mile up from the sea, and about ten miles north-east from New Plymouth. The Mount Egmont Freezing-works have passed into the hands of Messrs. Borthwick and Sons, who have rebuilt and greatly enlarged the works, the storage capacity now being for 25,000 carcases of mutton, together with five freezing-rooms, capable of hanging 1,200 carcases; also a beef-chilling room and a mutton-chilling room. Provision is made at the slaughterhouse for accommodation of fourteen mutton and three beef butchers. The freezing plant is a 60-ton Hercules, and is guaranteed to freeze 1,500 sheep per day. The boiling-down and tallow department is most complete and up to date, and a large manure plant has now been erected. The works are fitted throughout with electric light. The following were the principal direct shipments Home during the year: 4,318 tons of frozen meat, 3,975 bales of wool, 6 bales of leather, 1,076 casks of tallow, 97 casks of pelts, 253 casks of oleo, and 22 bales of horns. All produce is conveyed on board the New Zealand Shipping Company's ocean-going steamers (which anchor in Waitara roadstead) in specially constructed and insulated bags. These works are gazetted as Government grading and cool stores, which is a great convenience for outside dairy factories, as it avoids risk of injury to their produce after it has been graded. The exports from the port coastwise for the year 1906 were: Wool, 73 bales; grass-seed, 43 1/4 tons; hides, 270; skins, 12 bundles; timber, 51,110 super, feet; Hour 34 tons; tallow, 9 casks; cattle, 359 head; horses, 21; sheep, 3,547; butter, 61 boxes; general cargo, 938 tons. Total tonnage of exports for year was 7,346 tons. Imports, coastwise, for same period were : Grain, 7 1/2 tons; manure, 441 1/2 tons; lime, 40 1/2 tons; timber, 198.236 super. feet; coal, 4,497 tons; wool, 416 bales; flour, 167 tons; horses, 5; general cargo, 3,047 tons. Total tonnage of imports, 9.103 tons; making in all a gross total of 16,449 tons of cargo handled at the port during the year

Inglewood, situated on the railway-line, sixteen miles south-east of New Plymouth, is a flourishing little town, constituted a borough on the 10th March, 1903, with a population of 1,152 inhabitants, rapidly coming to the front. The town is well equipped with livery stables, coffee palace, and hotels, and is lighted by electricity supplied by a private company, the Corporation having the right to take over the works when they choose. The town is well endowed, and possesses a Public Library and Reading-room, band, fire-brigade, gymnasium, and various kindred institutions for the recreation and convenience of the inhabitants. The bacon-factory during the year put through 3,445 pigs, costing £7,148 7s. 6d. The factory is worked by a 24 in. turbine, the water being conveyed in a race 10 chains long. It is provided with a four-horse-power tubular boiler, a Lard jacket, and Californian pump. There is also a size “D”, ammonia refrigerating machine.

Eltham, population about 1,500, is situated on the railway-line between Stratford and Hawera, being six miles and a half from the former, and twelve miles from the latter town. It was constituted a borough on 12th October, 1901. A first-class high-pressure gravitation water-supply has been provided, whereby provision for a population of 10,000 is made. A septic-tank system of drainage has also been provided. In the matter of fire prevention a first-class station has been erected and equipped with the most up-to-date plant, while the services of a strong volunteer brigade have been accepted, and a fire-police duly enrolled. During the year 1906 the Eltham Bacon-factory bought 2,916 pigs, at a cost of £5,074 17s 6d. Of this number 501 were killed at Waitara as porkers.

Opunake, a seaport town of about 400 inhabitants, was visited during the year by 58 steamers. Imports, and exports, 1,097 tons; but more than half the trade of the district does not come or go through the port; in fact, the goods carried by road are on the increase. If the railway from Eltham is made this town should make rapid strides, as it is intended to improve the harbour.

The only other townships that need be mentioned are Manaia, population about 450; and Normanby, population about 400.

Roads and Railways.

The chief means of communication is the railway from Wellington, which traverses the district between Patea and New Plymouth—a distance of sixty-six miles. Through trains run every day, except Sunday, between New Plymouth and Wellington, and vice versa, a distance of 251 miles. As already stated, a railway from Stratford to Ongarue, on the North Island Main Trunk Railway, is under construction, and is open to Douglas, eleven miles from Stratford.

The Main North Road runs from New Plymouth, passing through the Towns of Waitara and Urenui; and is formed as a cart-road to Mokau, the northern boundary of the district. All the streams are bridged with the exception of the Mokau River, on which is a good ferry. From Mokau there is a dray-road right through to Te Kuiti, on the Auckland railway system. About midway between New Plymouth and Waitara the Mountain Road diverges and runs almost due south, and chiefly along the railway, for a distance of forty miles, connecting with the Main South Road at the Town of Hawera. This is at present the principal road in the district, tapping, as it does, large numbers of district roads, and passing through the Towns of Inglewood, Midhirst, Stratford, Eltham, Normanby, and Hawera.

The Ohura Road branches from the Mountain Road at Stratford. It is formed and open for traffic as a dray-road for fifty-six miles and a half from Stratford and for horse-traffic right through to Ohura. A coach runs in summer time every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (returning on following days) between Stratford and Whangamomona Village, a distance of forty-one miles, and the road is now being extended into the interior so as eventually to connect with Auckland, and will open up a large area of fertile country.

The Main South Road from New Plymouth follows the trend of the coast to the south, and was at one time the coach-road to Wellington. It passes through the Villages of Omata, Oakura, Okato, Rahotu, Otakeho, Manutahi South, and Kakaramea, and the Towns of Opunake, Manaia, Hawera, and Patea.

The Junction Road runs south-east from New Plymouth, and crosses the Mountain Road and railway at Inglewood, thirteen miles out; it is metalled for thirty-six miles and a quarter, formed as a dray-road to forty-five miles and three-quarters, where it connects with the Ohura Road at a distance of thirty miles from Stratford. This road crosses a number of district roads; hence its name.

The Opunake Road runs from Stratford to Opunake, twenty-six miles, skirting the southern base of Mount Egmont. It is formed and metalled for twelve miles from Stratford; the remainder is open for horse-traffic only. Vehicular traffic turns down the Manaia Road to Kaponga, thence along the Eltham–Opunake Road to the latter place. This route is metalled throughout.

The Eltham Road runs from Eltham to Opunake, twenty-five miles, connecting with the Opunake Road at Punehu, seven miles from Opunake. This is formed and metalled throughout.

The other main roads in course of construction are the Rawhitiroa Road, leaving the Mountain Road near Eltham; the Otaraoa, Moki, and Okoko Roads.

Lands open and available for ordinary Selection.

These comprise 28,891 acres, in forty-seven lots, situated in all parts of the district, consisting generally of rough forest-clad country but of very fair soil resting upon a formation principally of papa. These sections are at present rather difficult of access, but when cleared of timber will be found to be very suitable for raising sheep and cattle, while flats along streams could be used for dairying operations on a small scale. Most of the lands are exempt from rent and rates for four years from date of selection.

Lands being prepared for Settlement.

In Ohura and Piopiotea West Survey Districts, between Ohura and Wanganui and Ohura Rivers: 31,800 acres, undulating and hilly country, of fair quality, covered with mixed forest, scrub, and some of it open country.

In Totoro Survey District, along the south bank of Mokau River, 7,500 acres, undulating and hilly country of fair to good quality, covered in places with mixed forest and manuka, partly open fern land.

In Tainui, Mokau, and Waro Surrey Districts, along the south bank of the Mohakatino River, 13,000 acres of hilly country with good flats in valleys; covered with dense forest.

In Pouatu and Mahoe Survey Districts, between Tangarakau and Heao Rivers, 13,000 acres hilly country with heavy mixed forest.

All the lands will be found suitable for mixed occupation, such as raising young cattle and sheep, and in the more favoured localities for dairying.

There are 482,710 acres of land in this district still in the hands of the Natives.

There are 57,000 acres of unsurveyed Crown lands yet suitable for settlement, in addition to the above described.

A guide, giving particulars of any Crown lands open for selection, will be supplied free to any one applying personally or by letter to the Lands and Survey Department, New Plymouth.

It may be said, in conclusion, that there is every sign of genuine prosperity throughout the district, which has advanced rapidly during the last few years, and will no doubt continue to do so.

Chapter 73. THE HAWKE'S BAY LAND DISTRICT.

H. TRENT, Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Land.

The Land District of Hawke's Bay comprises that portion of the east coast of the North Island from Cape Turnagain, in latitude 40° 30', northwards to Lottin Point, about thirty miles beyond the East Cape, and contains the Waiapu, Cook, Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, Waipawa, Patangata, Woodville, and Weber Counties.

It has a seaboard of 300 miles, with an average depth from the coast of forty-five miles, and embraces an area of 6,063,000 acres. Its western limit is defined by the Ruahine, Kaweka, Ahimanawa, Raukumara, and other high ranges that form the watershed between the rivers flowing through it to the sea, and those that run to the west coast and the Bay of Plenty.

Physical Features.

The Ruahine Range extends northwards for about sixty miles from the Manawatu Gorge as far as the valley of the Ngaruroro River. Its altitude varies from 3,000 ft. to 6,000 ft., and for a considerable distance its summit is snow-clad during the winter months.

The Kaweka, a shorter range, divided from the Ruahine by the Ngaruroro River, attains an altitude of 5,650 ft., is very rugged and steep, and a prominent feature in the landscape in winter, covered as it then is with snow.

From these two ranges, which fall very abruptly on the Hawke's Bay side, the land slopes gradually to the sea, forming in some parts fine rolling hills—the essence of a sheep-country—in others extensive plains, with comparatively little poor soil.

Northwards from the Kaweka there is a series of forest-clad ranges of varying height, stretching away in the direction of the East Cape. Hikurangi, the highest point, is a bold peak with an elevation of 5,606 ft., rising so abruptly on all sides that the ascent can be made only at one point, and that with difficulty.

The only lake in the district of any extent is Waikaremoana, so famous for its magnificent scenery. It lies about thirty-five miles inland of Wairoa (Clyde), and is eleven miles in length, with a breadth at the widest part of about eight miles. Nestled among precipitous mountain-ranges, wooded to the water's edge, with numerous bays and inlets, it has a natural beauty hardly to be surpassed.

From Wairoa there is a formed road to the lake, and twenty-five miles round it, as far as the Oporuahine River.

The principal plains are: (1.) The Ruataniwha, some fifty miles south of Napier. This is 120 square miles in extent, is for the most part occupied as sheep-runs, and carries a large quantity of stock. (2.) The Heretaunga Plain, with an area of ninety square miles, lying immediately to the south of Napier. This is rich alluvial land; a large portion is thickly settled, the remainder used for grazing and agriculture. The only other plain of any extent is at Poverty Bay. It has an area of sixty-five square miles, is very fertile, well cultivated, and has a large population.

The district is well watered throughout by numerous rivers and streams, but none are navigable except the Wairoa and Turanganui, and these only for vessels of light draught. They are both tidal, and serve as ports to the Towns of Wairoa (Clyde) and Gisborne.

Communication.

The chief outlets from Napier are three in number. First the Napier–Wellington Railway, which traverses the centre of the southern half of the district for its whole length of 100 miles, and may be called the main artery of communication. Nearly parallel to it throughout runs an excellent gravelled road, which was made before the construction of the railway. On either side there are numerous branch roads, which act as feeders, making a very complete system of internal transit. Another main road runs in a westerly direction to Kuripapango, distant forty-five miles, a favourite resort in the summer time, removed as it is from the heat of the country near the coast. A coach runs thither weekly, and on thence to Inland Patea, where the Napier Road meets the roads to Hunterville, Tokaanu, and the Wanganui River.

The part of the district served by these two main lines—viz., that between Napier and Woodville—contains the greater portion of the population, and from the extent of arable land within it is likely in the future to be very thickly peopled. Notwithstanding that so much of the Native land in this part is unoccupied and in its natural state, there are nearly a million of acres of land in sown grasses.

Napier–Taupo Road.—The road from Napier to Taupo is a fairly good one, though the many hills between Napier and Upper Mohaka, the Mohaka River, and the pumice soil between the river and Taupo render it trying for a cyclist. It is a good coach-road, however, and buggies can be easily driven over it at all seasons of the year.

Napier to Pohui, twenty-six miles, by a good road, though very steep in parts owing to the many hills which have to be surmounted.

Pohui to Tarawera, nineteen miles. Here again the road is extremely hilly for the first six miles to the Mohaka River, though it is fairly level between that river and Tarawera.

Tarawera to Rangitaiki, twenty miles, over a road which is good after rain, but, owing to the pumiceous nature of the foil, very loose and dusty in dry weather.

Rangitaiki to Taupo, twenty-five miles, over a pumice road, level throughout.

Starting from Napier by the Spit and Ahuriri Bridge, over the entrance to the Inner Harbour, the road proceeds for some miles along the shingle bank between the Outer and Inner Harbours, and reaches the pretty village of Petane, seven miles away. After the Petane Hill is surmounted the route is along the Petane Valley—a charming spot, and past the village of Eskdale, situated on the banks of the Esk River. From hereto Pohui, where a halt is made to change horses and have lunch, the road winds among hills and some fine pastoral country. Leaving Pohui with fresh horses, a very steep hill remains to be climbed—the Titi-o-kura—before the Mohaka River is reached at Upper Mohaka. The bridge over the river was washed away by the disastrous flood of Easter, 1897, but another fine bridge has been erected. Some grand views can be obtained from the summit of the hills between Pohui and Mohaka River, and the beautiful valleys and high ranges traversed en route are very picturesque. Tarawera is reached about 6 o'clock, where a stay is made for the night. There is a well-known mineral spring here, and the bush around the township makes it a very attractive place.

Leaving Tarawera early the next morning, the tourist is taken past several objects of interest connected with the early days of the road while it was under construction by the Armed Constabulary. The double waterfall is also passed on the road, and a halt should be made to view it at leisure. Level, rolling plains continue from here right up to Taupo, and there is nothing particular to see before the Rangitaiki River is reached and a halt made for lunch. From there to Taupo, through the Kaingaroa Plains, the road is not interesting, the only objects of interest being the mobs of wild horses frequently met with. Twelve miles from Taupo are the graves of the troopers who were killed at Opepe by the Maoris in 1869. On nearing Taupo the scenery improves; and the first view of the lake, with the grand mountains of Tongariro (6,458 ft.), Ruapehu (8,873 ft.), and Ngauruhoe (7,515 ft.) in the background, and Tauhara (3,603 ft.) in the foreground, with the numerous clouds of steam ascending from the hot springs in the neighbourhood, make a grand picture. The coach arrives at Taupo about 4 o'clock, where there is a choice of three good hotels. There are hotels at Pohui, Tarawera, Rangitaiki, and Taupo. Good trout-fishing can be obtained in the neighbourhood of the hotels mentioned.

The Napier-Wairoa Road has been completed, with the exception of a bridge at Matahouroa Stream, and there is a weekly mail-coach service between the two towns. The coach is stopped occasionally by floods at the stream mentioned, and until the bridge is completed the heavy traffic between the two places will be done by a small steamer.

From the Wairoa a main road runs northward, through the Village of Tiniroto and on to Gisborne, a distance of seventy-five miles. For a considerable distance it runs through hilly country, and, as it has not been gravelled, wheeled traffic is suspended during the winter months; but a coach runs weekly for nine or ten months out of the year. There is also a road from Wairoa to Gisborne via Nuhaka Hot Springs for wheeled traffic.

Between Gisborne and Opotiki, in the Bay of Plenty, communication is not good. The road, which is 120 miles in length, has been formed to the Motu Township, a distance of sixty miles. In the neighbourhood of the forest a large area of Crown lands has been taken up and settled. The rest of the journey must be done on horseback. A railway is being constructed from Gisborne in the direction of Motu. The portion from Gisborne to Puha, a distance of twenty miles, is open for traffic. The continuation of this line will greatly assist the progress of the district.

The country to the north of Gisborne is being rapidly opened up, the coastal road being open for traffic as far as Port Awanui, while several of the arterial roads are being extended.

Small steamers trade regularly along the coast, calling in at Tolaga and Tokomaru Bays, Waipiro, Tuparoa, Awanui, Kawakawa, and other small bays.

Pastoral Industries.

The Hawke's Bay District is pre-eminently a sheep-grazing country, and the large area of 2,644,027 acres has been improved and sown in English grasses, clover, &c. In 1906 there were 4,616,881 sheep in the district, and the numbers of other stock were as follows: Horses, 37,300; cattle, 285,399; and swine, 14,484. The value of the wool exported from Hawke's Bay for the year ended 30th June, 1906, was £947,808, a considerable increase over previous year.

Freezing-works are established at Tomoana, Port Ahuriri, Gisborne, and Pakipaki, and the export of frozen meat for the year ended 30th June, 1906, was as follows: Beef, 1,543 tons, valued at £30,860; 190,259 carcases of mutton, valued at £126,839; 177,576 carcases of lamb, valued at £126,522; preserved meats, 131 tons, valued at £10,150.

Timber Industry.

As showing the importance of this industry, there are numerous sawmills in the district, and, outside of wool, frozen meats, tallow, and pelts, sawn timber ranks first in the value of the exports. 2,648,230 ft. of timber were exported during the year, the total value being £11,917, and 55,635 posts and strainers, value £2,339. It is satisfactory to note that sawmills have been established at Pohui and Puketitiri, in which districts there are large areas of valuable forest. As the bulk of the sawn timber from these places must necessarily come through Napier, it follows that the port and trade of the town will reap immense benefits from the further development of the industry in its vicinity.

Trawling Industry. At present no less than forty boats of all sizes are engaged in the trawling and fishing industry, giving employment to several hundred people. Fish are largely exported to Wellington, Wanganui, and Palmerston North.

Flax-milling.

It may be stated that every available strip of flax in this district has been taken up; several flax-mills are now in full working-order. The output of fibre for the year was 2,954 bales, valued at £14,770.

Agricultural Pursuits.

Agriculture is not carried on to the extent it might be with so much land suitable for root and grain crops. No doubt this is due to the profits made in sheep-farming. It is chiefly confined to the Heretaunga Plains and the flat lands near Gisborne. The soil is favourable to root-crops; potatoes range from 6 to 15 tons to the acre, and in some instances exceed this amount. Only a moderate quantity of grain is grown; barley, for which the soil seems well adapted, returning from 20 to 60 bushels of good sample to the acre. 38,192 acres were in root and green crops and gardens.

The fruit growing and canning industries have now attained some importance. There are large orchards at Hastings and Havelock North, and also vineyards at Te Mata, Taradale, and Greenmeadows. The area in orchard 2,238 acres and vineyard 150 acres.

Dairying.

Settlers are now turning their attention to dairying, and factories have been established in the bush districts at Norsewood, Ormondville, Maharahara, Tamaki, Hastings, Gisborne, and Woodville, whilst several others are in contemplation. At the last-mentioned town a cheese-factory has been in existence for some years, and turns out an excellent article much sought after in other parts of the colony. There can be no doubt that the further development of the dairying industry must materially benefit the farming class—especially the small farmer, who may find it difficult to make a living out of sheep.

Other Industries.

Other industries, such as fellmongeries, soap-works, boot, coach, sash and door, and rope and twine factories. &c., are established in the principal towns.

Climate.

The climate is generally of a mild character, and, though hot along the coast-lands in the height of summer, it is, owing to the dryness of the atmosphere, not so relaxing as in parts of the island farther north. The rainfall is light, excepting in the bush districts and high inland country.

Napier itself is recommended by many medical men as a resort for invalids suffering from pulmonary complaints, chiefly on account of the mildness of its winter season. The average rainfall for thirty-four years is 37.70 in.

Towns.

Napier is pleasantly situated on the peninsula known as Scinde Island, which is joined to the mainland by a narrow shingle-bank several miles in length. It is a busy town, with a population of about 9,500. The business part is on the flat land at the foot of the group of hills that take up the greater part of the peninsula. These hills, formerly barren and waste, are now occupied by numerous private residences, and the very general tree-planting has given the upper town a distinctive and pleasing character. There is a good water-supply, derived wholly from artesian wells of large size, and pumped by machinery to reservoirs on the tops of the hills. The shipping trade, as the large exports show, is especially active during the wool and frozen-meat season. It is still carried on at Port Ahuriri, about a mile from the town; but has recently, in a large measure, been transferred to the fine breakwater which is now partially completed. During the year 1906, the imports amounted in value to £338,224, and the exports to £1,406,362.

Gisborne, the trade-centre and port of what is known as the Poverty Bay District, is a prosperous town of nearly 5,700 inhabitants, exclusive of Maoris, rapidly increasing in size and importance, as the large quantity of unimproved land in the Cook County is fast becoming settled and made productive. There are 1,579,097 sheep in Cook and Waiapu Counties.

Clyde, the county town and port of the Wairoa County, is picturesquely situated on the Wairoa River, about three miles from the mouth. The river is navigable for small craft as far as the village of Frasertown, twelve miles further up.

With a few exceptions, the towns and villages to the south of Napier are all situated on the line of railway running from that city to Wellington. The principal are: Hastings, a rising town of about 4,600 inhabitants, Waipawa, Waipukurau, Dannevirke (population about 3,500), and finally Woodville (population about 1,110), about three miles from the Manawatu Gorge, and distant ninety-five miles from Napier. It is at this and of the district that the Crown has, in the last few years, successfully planted settlement, and, in place of the continuous forest known as the Seventy-mile Bush of earlier days, there are now prosperous townships, with various thriving industries established.

Crown Lands.

The land held by tenants of the Crown, of whom there are 1,361 in the district under the various systems of tenure, amounts to 830,565 acres, and there remain about 145,858 acres not yet dealt with in any manner.

The latter is, for the most part, suitable for pastoral purposes only, any fit for agriculture lying in small, isolated spots, widely scattered, and such as could not be selected independently of the surrounding inferior land. Nearly the whole is broken forest country, fitted more for sheep than cattle, and having an average carrying-capacity, when cleared, of about one sheep to the acre, though the best of it might possibly graze from two to three. The land is chiefly in the Hangaroa, Koranga, Mangatoro, Norsewood, and Motu Districts, and the back-country of the Waiapu County.

About 19,797 acres are now open for selection. This area includes lands open under the pastoral-runs system.

The following is a short description of some of the areas to be dealt with in the future:—

Waiapu County.—20,145 acres.

Which are situated in the following survey districts:—

Mata.—2,785 acres, undulating pastoral open country, partly in grass and in mixed bush. The greater portion of this area will be thrown open for selection under the small-grazing-run conditions during the year.

Waiapu.—821 acres; soil generally very good; covered with native grasses and light bush.

Tutamoe.—7,750 acres; rough and broken land, rising to an altitude of about 3,000 ft. above sea-level. The soil is fair to good in the valleys and poor on the ridges; all covered with bush.

Tokomaru.—186 acres; open fern land, partly grassed.

Matakaoa.—146 acres; hilly country, covered with mixed bush; soil fairly good.

Hikurangi.—8,457 acres; high, rough, bush-clad country, ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 ft. above sea-level; chiefly birch-clad with tawa and mixed bush in the gullies; formation sandstone and slate.

Cook County.—70,306 acres.

Waimata Survey District.—1,118 acres; principally hilly country; about 300 acres in grass; balance is covered with light bush; good dark soil on clay and papa subsoil. This land will be thrown open for selection under the small-grazing-run tenure during the year.

Hangaroa Survey District.—608 acres; hilly land of fair quality, covered with fern and scrub.

Koranga and Ngatapa Survey Districts.—48,951 acres; all heavy bush country, chiefly good mixed bush with red birch on the ridges; situated about 70 miles from Gisborne and about 40 miles from Opotiki.

Waingaromia Survey District.—832 acres; all hilly bush country; good to fair soil on papa formation.

Tutamoe Survey District.—2,241 acres; rough and broken land rising to an altitude of about 3,000 ft. above sea-level; the soil is fair to good in the valleys and poor on the ridges; all covered with bush.

Motu Survey District.—16,557 acres; very broken red-birch country; soil light, mixed with pumice; height from 1,000 to 3,000 ft. above sea-level. The greater portion of this land will be thrown open for selection within the year.

Wairoa County.—17,623 acres.

Tuahu Survey District.—17,623 acres; fronting on the Ruakituri River; ranging from good tawa bush with easy faces to rough high birch ranges; proposed to be subdivided into sections ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 acres, distant about 38 miles from the port of Wairoa—27 miles by coach-road and 11 miles by formed pack-track.

Hawke's Bay County.—19,665 acres.

Patoka Survey District.—4,028 acres; chiefly forest country, with light soil, part river bed.

Waimarama, Te Mata, Oero and Kidnapper Survey Districts. -1,627 acres; being parts of the Pukekura East, Okaihau, Waipuka and Waimarama Blocks; are now under lease and cannot be dealt with for some time.

Kuripapanga Survey District.—14,010 acres; high broken pastoral country; open country with scrub and black-birch in gullies; altitude, 2,000 ft. to 4,000 ft. above sea-level.

Waipawa County.—25,099 acres.

Norsewood Survey District.—Piripiri Block, 10,225 acres; bush country, mostly covered with bush; a good proportion undulating land; all well watered; portion of this area will probably be open for selection at an early date.

Norsewood and Tahoraite Survey Districts.—14,874 acres; being portion of Tamaki Block; bush country; all covered with heavy forest; portion is good, flat agricultural land; 3,000 acres will be thrown open for selection at an early date.

Native Lands.

Of the Native lands in this district, a very considerable portion has been leased to Europeans, but there still remains in the hands of the Maoris a valuable estate, comprising both agricultural and pastoral country, and including some 800,000 acres of excellent land. This land lies for the most part in the Waiapu County, towards the East Cape.

Thermal Springs.

At Waipiro Bay and Nuhaka thermal baths have been constructed and their medicinal properties are highly spoken of. Both places are now accessible by coach and the number of visitors, especially in the summer-time, is considerable.

Chapter 74. THE WELLINGTON LAND DISTRICT.

JOHN STRAUCHON, Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands.

The Wellington District is bounded towards the north by the Auckland District; towards the east by the Hawke's Bay District, to the sea; thence by the sea to the Patea River on the West Coast; and thence bounded towards the west by the Taranaki District. The area contained within these limits is about 6,81,958 acres. It lies between the parallels of 39° and 41° 30' south latitude; its greatest length north and south is about 180 miles, and its mean width east and west about sixty miles.

General Physical Features.

The district is divided into two well-defined parts by a mountain range, which forms part of the backbone of the North Island. At its northern end this range—there known by the name of Ruahine, and averaging a height of about 4,000 ft.—divides Wellington from Hawke's Bay; but after passing the point where it is intersected by the Manawatu River, the range takes the name of Tararua for many miles, until, at about forty miles from the termination on the shores of Cook Strait, it divides into two main ranges, known respectively under the general names of Rimutaka and Tararua, both ranges averaging from 2,500 ft. to 3,500 ft. in height, the highest point being 5,154 ft. Parallel to the main range, and divided from it by the Wairarapa Plain and the undulating country to the north, is a series of ranges at a few miles inland from the East Coast, known as the Puketoi, Taipo, Maungaraki, and Haurangi Ranges. Lying on the northern border of the district are the Kaimanawa Ranges, for the most part open and grass-covered, rising to a mean height of about 4,500 ft. Westward from the latter mountains, and divided from them by a deep, broad valley, in which flow the Waikato and Wangaehu Rivers, is the volcanic chain of mountains containing Ruapehu, 9,008 ft., and Ngauruhoe, an active volcano, 7,515 ft. high. The long sweeping curve of Cook Strait, forming the south-western limit of the district, is bordered, from the Patea River to within thirty miles of Wellington, by a comparatively level and undulating country, now nearly all under cultivation, having an average width of about fifteen miles. This is one of the finest parts of the colony, and is celebrated for its stock-raising capabilities. It was originally in a great measure open, th*** the southern part, where the plain is narrowed in between the sea and the Tararua Range, had a good deal of forest on it.

Inland of this coastal plain, at varying distances from the sea, the country gradually rises to a mean height of about 1,500 ft. to 1,800 ft., and becomes a good deal broken in character. It was originally forest-clad almost throughout. It is much cut up by rivers and streams flowing from the interior to the sea, of which the principal, commencing from the north, are these: the Waitotara, the Wanganui, the Wangaehu, the Rangitikei, the Oroua, the Pohangina, and the Manawatu, which last, after leaving the gorge in the Ruahine Ranges, runs through level land to its mouth in Cook Strait. This broken country, being everywhere composed of papa, or marly formation, which takes grass excellently, promises in the near future to be a large sheep-carrying district.

At about fifteen miles south of the volcanic peaks of Ruapehu Mountain the papa country terminates in a fairly well-marked escarpment, giving place to a more level and undulating country formed of volcanic matter, the greater portion of which is forest-clad, though on the south-east, east, and west sides of that mountain there are open grassy plains, of no great fertility, but yet suited to pastoral pursuits.

To the eastward of the main range formed by the Rimutaka and Tararua Ranges is the great depression known at its southern end as the Wairarapa Plain, which gradually rises northwards from the lake of that name into somewhat broken country, of no great height, at a distance of some forty-five miles from the sea. Prom here the country falls again slightly to the Upper Manawatu River, the depression in this part being marked by the extensive flats in the neighbourhood of Pahiatua, and by the shallow valleys of the Mangahao, Mangatainoko, and Tiraumea Rivers and their branches. For thirty miles from the sea this great valley is mostly open, with patches of forest here and there, but becomes more plentifully wooded at the base of the Rimutaka and Tararua Ranges. The quality of the soil varies from light and stony on the Wairarapa Plains proper to rich papa country as the northern end is approached. The southern end of this country is watered by the Ruamahanga River and its tributaries. Generally the district is a pastoral one, though agriculture is also pursued successfully. The neighbourhood of the Puketoi Ranges is in many places composed of limestone, and promises in the future to become a very rich pastoral district, such as will support a considerable population. In the forks formed by the Tararua and Rimutaka Ranges the Hutt River takes its rise, and runs in a southerly direction through an undulating or level country, finally falling into Port Nicholson. The valley contains some very fine land, generally held in small holdings.

Plains.

The two most important of these have already been mentioned. On the eastern side of the main range the Wairarapa extends northward from the lake of that name for about forty-seven miles, with an average width of about nine miles. In some parts, especially on the flats along the Ruamahanga River, the soil is alluvial and rich; in others, though stony and unfit for cultivation, it is nevertheless grassed, and carries stock well in the winter and rainy seasons. The plain is watered by the Waiohine, Waingawa, and Ruamahanga Rivers, and contains altogether about 200,000 acres, much of which is good agricultural land. On the other side of the district, west of the Tararua and Ruahine Ranges, there is a large block of land so nearly level that it may be called a plain, extending from Paekakariki (twenty-seven miles from Wellington) to Marton (a few miles north of the Rangitikei River), and contains about half a million acres. Starting as a narrow strip between the Hills and the sea, the plain widens out by degrees until at Feilding it is at least twenty miles in breadth. Along the beach runs a fringe of sandhills, but behind this is to be found some of the best farming and grazing land in the colony. There are two plains inland—Murimotu and Waimarino—both lying some 2,200 ft. above sea-level, in the neighbourhood of Mount Ruapehu, the former to the south and the latter to the north-west of the mountain. The soil is covered with a coarse native tussock, and, though capable of carrying stock, is of a light porous nature, and cannot be classed as agricultural land.

Rivers.

First among these is the Wanganui, with a length of 136 miles from its source, near Mount Tongariro, to its outlet. The Manawatu is next in importance. Rising in the Ruahine Range, it flows through the picturesque Manawatu Gorge, joining the sea at the port of Foxton. The Rangitikei, the third in size, rises in the Kaimanawa and Ruahine Mountains, and flows through the Awarua country, where it is joined by the Hautapu and other large tributaries. After a course of over a hundred miles it reaches the sea some little distance below the Township of Bull's, on the west coast. Lesser rivers on the west coast are the Waitotara (north of Wanganui), the Wangaehu (which takes its rise in Mount Ruapehu, and from its source to its mouth is so strongly impregnated with sulphur that fish cannot live in it), the Turakina, and the Otaki. The only other rivers of any size are the Hutt (Heretaunga), emptying itself into the Wellington Harbour; the Ruamahanga, flowing through the Wairarapa Valley and lakes into Palliser Bay; and on the east coast the Pahaoa, Aohanga, and Akitio.

Lakes.

The only lake of any size in the Wellington District is the Wairarapa, lying between the Rimutaka and Haurangi Ranges, towards the southern end of the Wairarapa Valley. It is about twelve miles long and four broad, and is connected by the Ruamahanga River with Onoke, a small lake separated from Palliser Bay by a narrow shingle-spit only. A passage through the spit is opened from time to time when the lake rises above its natural level and overflows the low-lying flats along its margin. Water-fowl of every kind—among them numbers of black swans—are to be found round about these lakes.

Scenery.

The views] obtained from the railway-line in the ascent and descent of the Rimutaka Range are among the best in the neighbourhood of Wellington, and the road through the Forty-mile Bush was long considered one of the most beautiful drives in the North Island; but its beauty has been diminished by the felling of the bush consequent on the increase of settlement. The same may be said of the Manawatu Gorge, famed in the old coaching days for its lovely scenery, but now sadly marred by the construction of the railway-line. The most beautiful drive now left is through the Awarua Bush, from Ohingaiti to Moawhango. From this road, as it winds round the spurs, most charming glimpses are obtained of the Rangitikei River and the blue hills beyond, and at other points the traveller looks up deep ravines where the graceful fern-tree stands out in bright relief against the dark green of the native bush. Another road, from Pipiriki, on the Wanganui River, to the Murimotu Plain, traverses one of the most magnificent forests in the North Island. Here the bushman's axe has felled only the timber standing on the road-line, and the track runs beneath the shade of the largest and stateliest maire and rimu known. Beautiful as these drives are, the scenery on the Wanganui River is still more lovely. A few miles below Taumarunui the river enters a series of gorges, shut in by high precipitous cliffs. Sometimes the canoe glides slowly through quiet reaches, sometimes shoots rapids which make the traveller hold his breath till they are passed, and then again traverses places where the water is ever in turmoil, boiling and eddying in whirlpools, taxing the energies of the most skilful Native steersman, and testing the nerve of the most courageous tourist. These experiences, with the views obtained of the banks, densely wooded even where the papa rock rises almost straight from the water's edge, make the eighty-four miles journey from Taumarunui to Pipiriki an event not easily effaced from the memory. Between Pipiriki and Wanganui excellent steamers are now running, so that the beauties of the lower part of the river may be seen by all without trouble or discomfort. In summer time a launch goes as far as Taumarunui three times a week with the convenience of a house-boat at Ohura, where the night is passed on the upward trip.

Forests.

The Wellington District is essentially a forest country, for out of the 6,810,958 acres contained within its borders about 3,000,000 are still under bush. By far the largest forest is the Waimarino, having an area of at least three-quarter million acres, a portion of it being nearly level land, containing magnificent timber, principally rimu, matai, totara, maire, and other pines. This forest is as yet hardly touched, though timber is being cut at Raetihi for the settlers now making their homes in the neighbourhood. A very efficiently equipped Government sawmill has been working at Kakahi for some time, and supplying all the totara required by the Public Works Department for the construction of the railway in the vicinity, and a sawmill at Piriaka is cutting bush on a Native reserve. The distance from the settled districts or any port will render the timber in this part useless as a marketable commodity until the country is opened up by the North Island Main Trunk Railway now in course of construction.

There is a large extent of bush land, drained by the Turakina, Mangamahu, and Wangaehu Rivers, extending up to the Wanganui River, and containing about 300,000 acres. Very little of this, from its inaccessibility, will be utilised for saw-milling purposes, but a great deal of it, together with a further block of 230,000 acres on the west side of the Wanganui River, will be cleared by the settlers and sown down with grass. A further block of about 100,000 acres of forest land lies in the Pohangina Valley and on the slopes of the Ruahine Range. A large portion of this has been taken up and is now being settled.

The Awarua Block, extending on both Bides of the Rangitikei River and to the summit of the dividing range, is covered with heavy bush on the lower slopes. The portion which has been sold by the Government for settlement purposes is being cleared by the settlers; but. there is a large amount of very valuable milling-timber still standing in the neighbourhood of Taihape, where several sawmills are busily engaged. The timber on the east side of the Rangitikei River, reserved for milling by the Crown, is untouched.

The forest land on the west coast extends from Pukerua to the Manawatu Gorge, on the west side of the Tararua Range, and contains an area of about 300,000 acres, the bulk of it being fit, only for turning into pasture. The most available part of it, alongside the Wellington–Manawatu Railway, is being extensively cut into by sawmillers at Levin and other places on the line.

After this in size is the forest on the eastern slopes of the Tararua Ranges, extending from Featherston to the Manawatu Gorge, which includes what remains of the well-known Forty-mile Bush, containing probably about 175,000 acres. Portion of this area is being quickly denuded of timber by the sawmills established at Pahiatua, Newman, Hukanui, Eketahuna, and by settlers. A tract of about 50,000 acres lying to the east of the Puketoi Range cannot be utilised for milling purposes, as it is not tapped by any branch railway-line, and its distance from the main line would probably render the business unprofitable except for local purposes. Nor are there any suitable ports along the coast where timber could be shipped.

The other forests are, one near Luke Taupo, and the Haurangi Forest on the east side of the Wairarapa Lake. The former contains some valuable milling-timber, principally matai and maire, and the latter consists for the most part of beech-covered hills, and cannot be considered as valuable for milling purposes.

Soil.

It may be said that the Wellington Land District contains within its borders a greater quantity of good land than any other in the North Island, very little, except the mountain-tops, being unfitted for use, while some of it is of very superior quality, suited for the growth of the productions of every temperate climate. As much of it is still forest-clad, settlers must look forward to having to make their farms by felling and burning the bush before grass can be sown, and, as it takes from ten to fifteen years before the plough can be used in bush-land, grazing, for which the climate and soil is admirably adapted, will be the principal industry for sometime to come. It is generally calculated that the cost of felling and burning ordinary bush varies from 25s. to 35s. an acre. To this must be added about 20s. for seed and fencing. It is no uncommon thing for a return to be received at from twelve to eighteen months after felling. The usual practice is to put sheep on to the new lands soon after the grass has obtained a good hold. The process of improving the lands by the gradual “logging up” and burning of the fallen tree-trunks is a long one, but it pays in the end, for in this way fine pasture-lands are obtained on the hills, and agricultural lands on the flats.

Climate.

The climate of Wellington District is healthy and mild, the mean annual temperature (in the city) being about 55°, whilst the mean rainfall is about 50 in. per annum; and for the year ending 31st March, 1907, the mean temperature was 55.2°, the mean maximum temperature was 60.5°, and the mean minimum was 499°. The total rainfall was 38.95 in. on 142 days, while for the corresponding previous twelve months the rainfall was 58.14 in. on 182 days. The rainfall differs, however, according to locality. Inland and near the ranges it is much greater. The top of Ruapehu Mountain is covered with perpetual snow, which lies also on the tops of Kaimanawa, Ruahine, and Tararua in the winter. Frosts are heavy in the interior.

Harbours and Ports.

The coasts of Wellington are not so well supplied in this respect as are some other parts of the colony; but what is lost in number is made up in a great measure by the excellence of the chief haven—Port Nicholson—which, from the position it occupies, at the meeting-point, as it were, of the coastal traffic of both Islands, and from its sheltered position and depth of water, may be considered one of the most convenient harbours in the world. The Wanganui River, which has been considerably improved by artificial means, is the second port in the district, and has a considerable trade carried on by coastal steamers. The Patea and Manawatu Rivers are also used by coastal steamers, whilst several other inlets along the shore afford shelter and stopping-places, according to the direction of the wind. The extension of railways along both coasts has, in a large measure, done away with the inconveniences arising from want of harbours.

Towns.

The capital of the colony—Wellington—is situated in the south-west angle of Port Nicholson, on Lambton Harbour. It was founded in 1840 by the New Zealand Company. The city occupies the flat skirting the original shore line, long since obliterated by the reclamation of the foreshore, which is now mostly covered with fine buildings. The population of the city to April, 1907, was 62,367, including Melrose and Wadestown, which now form part of Wellington. Including suburbs, the population was 67,535. The harbour is land-locked, contains an area of about 20,000 acres, and varies in depth from 6 to 14 fathoms, with good anchorage, the bottom being silty clay and sand. The width of entrance at narrowest part is 3,600 ft., with a depth of 7 to 8 fathoms; the current never exceeds 2 knots; the rise and fall of tide varies from 3 ft. to 4 ft. There is no bar at the entrance to the harbour, and vessels can enter inwards or outwards in all weather and at all states of the tide. There is a fixed white light at Pencarrow Head, on east side of entrance, at a height of 322 ft., visible for twenty-five miles. There has also been erected at foot of Pencarrow, 35 ft. above the water, a lighted beacon, which defines the entrance to the harbour in thick weather when the high light may be obscured by fog. The fixed light on Somes Island, within the harbour and six miles from Pencarrow, is 95 ft. above sea-level, and is visible for sixteen miles. It has a white sector fixing the entrance-passage. The outer signal-station on Beacon Hill, near the Heads, on the west side of the entrance, signals all vessels as soon as distinguished, and these are repeated at the inner signal station on Mount Victoria for the information of the townspeople.

The Beacon Hill Station is connected to the city public telephone exchange. The total wharf - accommodation for berthing vessels amounts to 10,615 ft., with depths of water ranging from 16 ft. to 32 ft. The Harbour Board has a complete and elaborate system of hydraulic plant, comprising some forty-four cranes (fixed and movable) with variable rakes up to 32 ft. and 50 ft., and lifts of from 2 to 35 tons. There are also movable winches and sundry smaller hydraulic plant in the sheds and stores. Storage-sheds are available for cargo discharging from or loading at any berth, and have an area of 228,981 square feet of floor-space, with a cubic capacity of 3,824,110 ft. There is also a patent slip, owned by a private company, that can-take vessels up to 2,000 tons, not exceeding in length 300 ft., or greater draught than 16 ft. at forward end when going on to slip. The ways are laid to a gradient of 1 in 23, and are 1,070 ft. in length at high water, with a depth of 32 ft. at outer end. This slip is situated at Evans Bay, some two miles and a half from the wharves. There are also several foundries and sawmills available to carry out any repairs required. For the year ending 30th September, 1906, 3,346 vessels, of a registered tonnage of 2,461,437, entered the port. The tonnage of goods passing over the wharves during the same twelve months, inwards and transhipments, amounted to 392,308 tons of general goods; and 124,112 tons were also shipped outwards, as well as 217,607 bales of wool, hemp, and tow. Coal amounted to 130,602 tons. Timber: Inward, 23,672,364 superficial feet; outwards, 1,561,488 superficial feet. The value of imports for same period amounted to £3,994,570, and the exports to £3,377,106. The Harbour Board has a largo dredge capable of dredging down to 42 ft. at low water, and it is arranged so as to deliver the material at sea or to pump it ashore for reclamation purposes. The Board has let a contract for the construction of a graving-dock 650 ft. in length, with a depth of 28 ft. on the sill, and a width at entrance of 84 ft. It has also large schemes of reclamation in hand, partly with a view to obtaining revenue by letting and partly in connection with schemes of wharf-accommodation, and to give road and railway approaches to the new wharves. The Board's revenue on working account last year was £141,004, and its working expenditure amounted to £98,792, in addition to which £29,093 was written off for depreciation on structures. The total cost on capital expenditure since the Board's inception in 1881 has been £854,543, and its loan indebtedness at the 30th September last £484,000, and it has an estimated balance of assets over liabilities of £299,371.

Being the seat of Government, the city contains the residence of the Governor and the headquarters of the Government Departments, which are placed in what is said to be the largest wooden building in the Southern Hemisphere. There are several noticeable public buildings, amongst which must be mentioned the Parliamentary Buildings, containing a valuable library, General Post Office, Government Life Insurance Offices, Government Printing Office, Government Railway Offices, Customhouse, Public Library, with a flourishing branch at Newtown, attached to which is the commencement of a natural history museum, School of Art, Town Hall, and Harbour Board Offices. The Colonial Museum and the Botanical Gardens are also worthy of notice. The city is lighted by gas and electricity. The privately owned plant for the production and distribution of the latter has been recently taken over by the Corporation. The principal streets are paved with wooden blocks. An excellent supply of water is obtained from the Wainui-o-mata River, on the other side of the harbour, and from the Kaiwarawara Stream, to the westward. The drainage is very complete in the principal part of the city, and it is now proposed to extend it to the outlying portions. A system of electric trams for the city has been installed, and extended to Brooklyn, Island Bay, Karori, Kilbirnie, and Miramar, and the extension to Seatoun will soon be completed. The principal industries are represented by iron and brass foundries, sawmills, soap and candle works, boot-factories, aerated-water and meat freezing works, coachbuilding, rope and Swine works, sash and door factories, brick, tile, and pottery works, printing and publishing offices, besides match and box factories, and other smaller works of various kinds. The city is increasing with rapid strides; its excellent position, together with the fine back-country, places it in the front rank of New Zealand towns. The principal suburbs are Karori, Onslow, and Miramar, containing 2,432, 1,351, and 1,385 inhabitants respectively. The railway-line to the Hutt Valley is now being straightened and duplicated to afford greater facilities of transit, which are necessary in consequence of the rapid development of population.

Johnsonville, seven miles from Wellington by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway, is a town district with a population of about 900 persons. There are four churches, a Post-office, a public school, hotel, and Police-station. There is no system of drainage.

Petone is situated along the northern shore of Port Nicholson, seven miles from Wellington by the railway. It has a population of about 6,400, and contains twenty factories, including the Government Railway Workshops, a woollen-factory, the Gear Company's Meat Preserving and Freezing Works (one of the most modern and comprehensive establishments for this industry in the Southern Hemisphere), two sawmills, and a printing-office (which issues a tri-weekly newspaper), &c. The water-supply is by gravitation from a reservoir about two miles and a half distant on the Korokoro Hills. There is a system of drainage by gravitation and night cartage, and refuse is collected and buried. There are two State Schools, a District High School, and a private school, also Municipal Offices and four hotels. The borough owns the gasworks, and supplies gas to the adjacent Borough of Lower Hutt, in addition to the local consumption. There are extensive recreation-grounds, with grandstand and band rotunda, Ninety-one dwelling-houses and ten shops were erected in the borough during the year 1906, including the twenty-five workers' dwellings built by the Government.

The Lower Hutt, almost immediately adjoining, has a population of about 3,500. The water-supply is artesian at present, but a loan has been authorised for a pumping and gravitation scheme, and the work is in progress, also another loan for a pumping and gravitation scheme of sewage-drainage. There are four hotels, three manufactories, two sawmills, a State School, a District High School, a Roman Catholic School, and several private schools. The public buildings are a Railway-station, Police-station, Municipal Offices, Library and Free Reading-room, and a new Post-office with clock and chiming bells. There are two recreation-grounds within the borough, and the public are admitted to Bellevue and Mason's gardens on payment of a small entrance fee. During the year 1906 five shops and 71 dwelling-houses have been erected within the borough. The Upper Hutt, situated at the head of the valley, has many small farms, owned by some of the very early settlers. The railway here begins the ascent of the Rimutaka Range.

Featherston, situated in the Wairarapa Valley, forty-six miles by rail from Wellington, is a small township, with butter and cheese factories in the neighbourhood. The population is 680, with three churches, two hotels, a State School, Town Hall, Courthouse, Town Board Office and Literary Institute. A gravitation water-supply has been installed. There is a public domain and special grounds for various sports. Roads lead from it to Martinborough and the east coast, and also down the Wairarapa Valley to Palliser Bay.

Greytown is situated three miles off the main line of railway, with which it is connected by a branch line, and near the middle of the Wairarapa Valley, fifty-four miles from Wellington by rail. The population is about 1,130, with three hotels, two manufactories, a State and High School, also a Public Library and Reading-room, Post-office, Railway-station, and Municipal Council Chambers. Water is brought in from the Waiohine River, and there is no drainage system. The refuse, &c., is removed by contract. There is also a 10-acre recreation reserve.

Martinborough lies near the eastern side of the Wairarapa Plain, and is some eleven miles and a half from Featherston, the nearest railway-station on the Wellington–Napier railway-line, and is a flourishing little town of some 640 inhabitants, with every prospect of increasing the population within the next few years, having a good and extensive back country, capable of carrying a large number of people. There are two good-sized hotels and a good boardinghouse. There are two manufactories, a State School, Post and Telegraph Office, Courthouse, Town Hall, and County Council Offices. There is no water-supply or drainage system, but a loan of £8,000 has been raised for a high-pressure water-supply; refuse is carted to a depot outside the town boundary. The Town Board recently raised a loan of £2,000 for street-improvements.

Carterton, the centre of a large dairying district, has a population of about 1,400 persons. There are four co-operative cheese-factories and three proprietory factories in the immediate vicinity, the total output of cheese being about 1,000 tons per annum. There is a high-pressure water-service in the town, with open water-races for the suburban lands, and the Council has just installed a coal-gas plant at a cost of £5,000. There is a septic-tank system of drainage in a special area, and the rubbish is carted to a depot. There are three hotels, four schools (including one high, one primary, and two private ones), a hall, a library with free reading-room, &c. There is a brick and tile factory on the boundary of the borough, and a tannery and two sawmills in the neighbourhood. The recreation-grounds cover about 16 acres. It is expected that the Government will acquire the Carrington Estate, in the neighbourhood of this township, for closer settlement purposes. For year ending 31st March, 1907, the rainfall was 33.37 in., and fell on 119 days—the heaviest rain for one day being 3.27 in. on the 19th March.

Masterton is situated at the head of the Wairarapa Valley, on the Wellington–Napier Railway, sixty-seven miles from the capital. It is the centre of an agricultural and pastoral country, and has a population of about 5,050. There are six hotels, numerous manufactories, two State Schools, including a District High School, Roman Catholic Convent, two private schools, and a Technical School; the public buildings being a Town Hall, Public Library and Reading-room, Post-office, Courthouse, also Municipal and County Council Offices, Railway-station, &c. There is also a public park of about 30 acres, with sports-ground and grandstand, &c.; also a school recreation-ground of 3 acres, and large fish-hatcheries. The water-supply is by gravitation, the system of drainage being by septic tank with sewage-farm annexed. Rubbish is carted to a depot, and there are also some small private destructors. The town is lit with gas. An important coach-road leads from here through a fine pastoral district to Ti Nui, and on to Castlepoint on the east coast, where a large quantity of wool is annually shipped to Wellington for export.

North of Masterton is the Opaki Plain, and beyond is the entrance of the once famous Forty-mile Bush, which is now a thriving pastoral, agricultural, and dairying district. Butter-factories have been established at numerous centres.

Eketahuna is, by rail and road, eighty-nine miles from Wellington. From there a main road leads to Alfredton and up the Tiraumea Valley, through the East Puketoi country, to Weber and Dannevirke, the latter on the Napier railway-line. The population is about 800, with four hotels, thirteen manufactories, a State School, three churches, Post-office, Courthouse, Railway-station, and Town Hall. There is also a recreation-ground. There is no water-supply, but a sewage system of drainage is partly installed; rubbish and refuse are buried. The rainfall last year amounted to 67.49 in., and fell on 144 days.

Pahiatua, a township eighteen miles beyond Eketahuna, has a population of about 1,380. The number of hotels is four, manufactories thirty-six, with District High and Public Schools, and also a Convent School. The public buildings are: Courthouse, Post-office, Public Library, Drill-shed, &c. There is also a 10 acre recreation reserve. There is a gravitation water-supply, and the drainage system is by gravitation through pipes into a septic tank. The rainfall last year was 50.51 in., and fell on 179 days. It is the county and market town of a large and improving district, and will probably also become the centre of a large dairying industry. Several branch roads run from Pahiatua into the adjoining country, the principal one leading to Makuri through a beautifully wooded gorge. Prom there another branch road passes over the Makuri saddle into the East Puketoi country. Excellent fishing is obtainable in the neighbourhood.

On the west coast, Pahautanui (or more correctly Paua-taha-nui), at the head of the Porirua Harbour, is the centre of a small agricultural community of early settlers, the old coach-road to the west coast running through it; and there is a branch road leading over to Hayward's, in the Hutt Valley. Near Plimmerton, on the sandhills and about a mile south, lies a large boulder known to Native tradition as “Te Punga o Matahourua”—the anchor of “Matahourua,” one of the canoes bringing the original Maori inhabitants to the Island. Paekakariki, twenty-seven miles from Wellington, may be considered the commencing-point of the west coast settlements, which are springing up in every available valley along the coast.

Otaki is forty-seven miles from Wellington by rail and road. There are six hotels, five manufactories, and one sawmill; a State School, a Roman Catholic and a Maori School. There are a Railway-station, Post-office, Hospital, and several other public buildings, but the township has neither a water-supply nor a drainage system, the refuse being removed by contract and buried. The rainfall was 50.70 in., and fell on 166 days. There are 331 homesteads in the Otaki Road District, and the population, including that of Otaki and of Manakau townships is 1,524 persons.

Levin, proclaimed a borough in 1906, has a population of 1,265 persons. The water-supply is by gravitation. Drainage is by a system of open drains. Rubbish is carted to a rubbish and nightsoil depot. There are two hotels, two manufactories, and two sawmills, a public school, including a District High School, Post-office, Courthouse, and Municipal Buildings. There are also two recreation-grounds.

At Manakau and Shannon thriving townships have arisen since the Manawatu Railway Company opened up the land round about, much of it being rich farming and grazing country. Between Shannon and the Manawatu River there is a large raupo or flax swamp, named Makurerua, containing at least 15,000 acres of fine alluvial soil, which is being gradually drained, and will probably at some future period become grazing-land.

Foxton, a borough at the mouth of the Manawatu River, a small shipping-port, contains 1,330 inhabitants, four hotels, seven flax-mills, a State School, and a Public Library. There is also a public park. There is no water-supply and no drainage system, the nightsoil and other refuse being removed by cart to a depot outside the borough. It is connected with Palmerston North by a branch railway, and is the outlet for a large area of good agricultural land, with a considerable flax-milling industry. The Foxton Wharf is 512 ft. long. and the railway runs down it. The harbour light is white, and visible for six miles seaward in ordinary weather. The depth of water on the bar at high water, spring tides, is about 11 ft., and at high water, neap tides, about 8 ft. Prom the mouth of the river to the wharf—some six miles—the water on the flats is about the same depth. Vessels can lie afloat at the wharves at all times, but they can only work the port with a flowing tide and in favourable weather. Messrs. Levin and Co. have a river service consisting of five steam-launches and a number of punts, which are employed in supplying the numerous flax-mills on the river with raw material, and also in bringing down fibre to Foxton for shipment. A rope and twine manufactory has been recently started. The Manawatu Heads are distant by road some three miles, and are a favourite summer resort of the residents of Palmerston North and other parts of the Manawatu district. There are about a dozen houses at the Heads. Direct railway-communication between Marton and this port would enable the wool and timber from the Rangitikei and other up-country districts to reach the seaboard for shipment with the shortest possible land carriage.

Palmerston North is an inland town at the junction of the Wellington–New Plymouth and the Palmerston–Napier Railways, situated on a fine plain in the midst of a most excellent farming district, at a point eighty-seven miles from Wellington and 112 miles from Napier. The population is about 10,250. The town is lit with gas, and has a gravitation water-supply and septic-tank system of drainage. The refuse is burnt on the river-bank. There are fifteen hotels and seventy-nine manufactories of all sorts, and three State Schools, a High School, four private schools, and a Catholic School and Convent. The public buildings are: Courthouse, Post-office, Opera House, Library, Municipal Buildings, Hospital, and Railway-station. There are recreation-grounds, a Public Domain, and Agricultural and Pastoral Show-grounds. The rainfall last year amounted to 47.33 in., and fell on 185 days. A fine bridge across the Manawatu River connects it with the Fitzherbert Block, a tract of rich agricultural land. Nine miles from Palmerston is the Township of Ashhurst, at the mouth of the Pohangina Valley, up which settlement has now extended for a distance of twenty-two miles. Several large farm-homestead association blocks have been selected up this valley.

Feilding is ninety-nine miles from Wellington by rail. The population is about 2,975, and there are four hotels, two State Schools, with Post-office, Courthouse, railway-station, recreation-grounds, &c. There is a gravitation water-supply. The drainage system is by gravitation into a septic tank, and the rubbish is removed to the borough depot. The rainfall last year was 33.03 in., and fell on 145 days. Feilding is one of the most important towns on the west coast, as it is the centre of a very fine locality and the outlet for a large tract of inland country, the forest on which is fast being felled. A coach-road connects it with Birmingham (Kimbolton) and Pemberton, about thirty-two miles distant. On the seaward side for a distance of twenty miles there is also much good agricultural land, extending on the north-west to the Rangitikei River, and including the Township of Halcombe. There are several dairy factories established in the neighbourhood.

Marton, 116 miles from Wellington by rail, is one of the earliest of the west coast settlements, and is the centre of an agricultural country. The population is about 1,275. There are three hotels and four manufactories, five schools (a Boys' College, a State School, two private girls' schools, and a Technical School). The public buildings are fourteen in number, and comprise among others Municipal Offices, Opera House, Public Library and Reading-room, Post-office, Courthouse, &c. There is also a public park of some 10 acres in the centre of the borough. The town is supplied with water by gravitation from a reservoir one mile and a half away, the pressure being equal to 45 lb. to the square inch. The Township of Bull's, on the north side of the Rangitikei River, lies between Marton and the coast. From Marton Junction the southern part of the North Island Main Trunk Railway extends up the Rangitikei Valley for fifty miles to Mataroa, the present terminus, and will shortly be opened for regular traffic to Waiouru (69 miles) on the old tourist road between Pipiriki and Tokaanu. Near Mangaweka are the Makohine and Mangaweka viaducts, two imposing structures of steel, the former being 250 ft. high, and one of the most difficult items of construction on the line. Beyond Mataroa the rails are laid past Turangarere and Waioruru to Rangataua, near the Township of Ohakune, where most of the workmen are now located, and settlement is steadily following the completion of the railway. Goods and passengers from the south are carried by the ballast train as far as Rangataua, from which point coach communication has recently been established with Raurimu, the northern terminus of the railway, so that, with the exception of this coach journey of 28 miles, railway communication between Auckland and Wellington has now been established. Another road runs from Turangarere through Moawhango to Napier.

Hunterville, situated in the centre of a grazing district, has a population of 645. There are two hotels, a State School, Post-office, Courthouse, Railway-station, &c. There is no water-supply or drainage system, the refuse being removed by cart. There is a public domain. The rainfall for lest year was 46.425 in., and fell on 178 days.

Taihape, situated on the North Island Main Trunk Railway, has a population of 1,300 persons. There are two hotels, a school, a Post-office, and Court-house. There are two manufactories, and during the year two shops and fifteen houses have been erected in the borough. There is a water-supply by gravitation for drainage only, and rubbish is removed to a depot. There are 50 acres of recreation reserves. The rainfall last year was 42.426 in. on 226 days.

Wanganui, situated near the mouth of the river of that name, is the oldest town after Wellington, from which it is 150 miles by rail—the distance by sea being only 120 miles. It is the centre of an excellent farming district. The population is about 8,200. The town is lit with gas, and has a gravitation water-supply, also a gravitation drainage scheme discharging into the Wanganui River. Refuse is collected, buried, or burned. There are twelve hotels, twelve manufactories of various sorts, and two sawmills. There are two Colleges—one for boys and one for girls—four State Schools and five Catholic Schools, a Post-office, Public Library, Museum, Land Office, &c., Courthouse, Observatory, Opera House, Hospital, Gaol, Railway-station, and four recreation-grounds. The rainfall last year was 41.39 in., on 190 days. The Railway Wharf, the principal one, is some 900 ft. long, and can accommodate six coasting vessels. The Cattle Wharf is 40 ft. long. Hatrick and Co.'s Wharf and the Aramoho Wharf are each 40 ft. long. The Heads Wharf at Castlecliff is 360 ft., long. The port light on North Head, Castlecliff, is one of the sixth order, and in clear weather is visible for thirteen miles. The depth of water on the bar varies from 10 ft. to 13 ft. at high water, and 3 1/2 ft. to 6 1/2 ft. at low water. There is 12 ft. of water at the wharves at high water, spring tides. Coasting-vessels can only cross the bar at or near high water, but it is rarely that they are unable to cross inwards at that time, although with a strong south-west gale blowing they are unable to cross outward. 549 vessels, with a registered tonnage of 127,190 tons, used the harbour during the year ending 31st December, 1906. The value of imports for that period amounted to £183,561, and the exports to £384.318. Near the mouth of the river are freezing-works, the meat from which is conveyed by lighters to the large English steamers which lie off the mouth of the river. Not far from it are some extensive railway workshops. The Wanganui River is navigable for a light-draught steamer up to Pipiriki, a distance of sixty miles, and a launch goes a further distance of eighty-four miles to Taumarunui.

Raetihi, with a population of 285 persons, has no hotels, being within the King-country; but there are three good boarding-houses, a State School, Post-office, Police Office, Waimarino County Council's Office, dairy factory, two manufactories, and a sawmill. During last year two shops and three dwellinghouses were erected. There is also a recreation-ground of some 11 acres in extent. The water-supply is by pumping and wells, but there is no drainage system beyond a few open drains, &c. Refuse is carted away. The rainfall during last year was about 75 in.

Crown Lands available for Future Settlement.

Town Land.—Sections in Piriaka, Ohakune, Mowhanau, Ninia, Horopito, Rangataua, Mataroa, and Pongaroa Townships will probably be open for sale at Wanganui, Raetihi, Taihape, Pongaroa, Pahiatua, and Wellington on dates due notice of which will be given in the local papers.

Small blocks have been purchased in the Hutt, Petone, and Johnsonville districts under the Land for Settlements Act and “The Workers' Dwellings Act, 1905,” including the Wilford, Hall-Jones, Waddington, Melling, Hawtrey Heretaunga, Holworthy, and Pitt Settlements.

Improved-farm Settlement Lands.

All the available land suitable for holding under the improved-farm conditions has now been allotted, but if any of the sections now held under this system should be forfeited they will probably be balloted for amongst applicants in the district who are known to be of good character and likely to make good settlers.

Land open and available for Ordinary Selection.

Tokaanu Township.—Leases of ninety-eight allotments for the term of twenty-one years, with right of renewal for a further term of twenty-one years, are open for application by tender.

Hokio Township.—Leases of thirty-three allotments for the term of twenty-one years, with right of renewal for a further term of twenty-one years, are open for application by tender.

Wharangi (Foxton Sanatorium).—Leases of nine allotments for the term of fourteen years are open for application by tender.

Village Lands.—Village homesteads are open for application in the following. settlements: Marshall, Manunui, and Mataroa.

Normandale Settlement.—About seventeen lots, ranging from 5 to 389 acres, are open for application on lease in perpetuity in this settlement, which is situated near Lower Hutt.

Crown Land Guides and sale lithographs, giving full particulars of lands open for selection in this land district, will be forwarded to any one on application to the Commissioner of Crown Lands, Wellington.

Native Lands.

Townships are now surveyed at Pipiriki, Tokaanu, Parata, Potaka, and Hokio; sections in Tokaanu and Hokio, are open for leasing under “The Native Townships Act, 1895.”

The Turangarere Native Township, comprising 64 lots, has been offered by public auction under “The Native and Maori Land Laws Amendment Act, 1902.”

Ohotu Block.—Seventy-one lots, comprising an area of 57,455 acres of Maori land, about forty-five miles up the Wanganui River, in the Ohotu Block, have been offered for selection for terms of twenty-one years with right of renewal. Most of these have now been selected, but particulars as to the few lots still open can be obtained from the President or Secretary, Aotea Maori Land Board, Wanganui.

Tenders have been invited for the lease of five lots in Tuakira Block, comprising 10,689 acres, and of twenty-eight lots in Morikau, No. 2 Block, comprising 14,066 acres, for twenty-one years with right to renewal.

The blocks under lease to Europeans contain about 374,700 acres, the principal being Owhaoko, Mangohane, Ruanui, and Oroumatua. Of others passed through the Native Land Court there are about 562,415 acres which are fit for settlement, the principal being the balance of the Awarua and the Motukawa, Te Tuhi, Ahuahu, Rangiwaea, and Puketotara Blocks, in the central district; Raetihi in the Waimarino district; Tauakira, Ohotu, Whaharangi, and Morikau, on the Wanganui River; Maraetaua and Kaha-kaha, between the Wanganui and Wangaehu Rivers. Those not suitable for settlement at present are the Te Hautu, Ohuanga, and Kaimanawa, on the east side, and the Oahukura on the west side, of Tongariro Mountain, containing an area of about 345,000 acres.

The Native lands which have not passed the Native Land Court contain an area of about 105,306 acres, the principal being the Pukehika, Te Hautu Waihunu, and Waipapa Blocks, on and between the Wangaehu and Wanganui Rivers, and some others on the west side of the latter river.

Pastoral and Agricultural Industries.

The pastoral industry is by far the more important, the total area in grass in 1906–7 being 2,718,302 acres, as compared with 112,082 acres under crop, garden, or orchard. Of the area in crop, 5,319 acres were in wheat, 42,132 in oats, and 51,944 acres in turnips or rape, the rest being in potatoes or other crops.

The following figures will show the average return per acre of grain for the year 1906.7: Wheat, 31.61 bushels; oats, 3990 bushels; barley, 41.89 bushels.

The area in sown grass now exceeds that in any other district in the colony. though the area under crop is very small as compared with either the Otago or Canterbury Districts. In April, 1906, there were 4,244,830 Sheep; and in October, 1906, the cattle numbered 399,174, horses 56,589, and pigs 46,472. The-total area in gardens is given as 2,536 acres; in orchards, 3,696 acres; and in-plantations, 6,260 acres.

Dairy Industry.

Both soil and climate are well adapted for the production of butter and cheese, and the number of creameries and butter factories is increasing very considerably each year, and the export constantly augmenting.

Thirty-five butter and nineteen cheese factories were returned in August, 1906, as at work in the Wellington Provincial District.

Phormium Tenax.

The principal flax-mills working are at Featherston and Martinborough, in the Wairarapa, and at Waikanae, Tokomaru, Linton, Oroua Bridge, Bull's, and Foxton, in the Manawatu. This industry has increased greatly during the last few years, the export from Wellington for the year ending 31st March, 1906, being about 13,000 tons of dressed flax. There are about fifty mills at work, employing about a thousand hands.

The tow produced in the course of manufacture, which was formerly destroyed, is now found to have a market value of from £6 to £12 per ton, and is exported.

Timber Industry.

Sawmills are to be found in different parts of the district where the means to convey the timber from the forests are sufficient and not too costly, the timber cut being principally totara, red-pine (rimu), and white-pine (kahikatea); the first two are largely used in house-construction, bridge-building, and other works, and the last for butter-boxes and export to Australia, for similar use there. Others of the native woods are very beautiful, but are utilised only to a small extent.

The principal mills are at Pahiatua, Eketahuna, &c., in the Forty-milt Bush and Wairarapa districts; at Otaki, Waikanae, Shannon, and Levin, in the Manawatu district; and at Taihape, Raetihi, and Taumarunui, in the interior country. There are also mills and factories in Wellington and other towns for dressing, &c., the rough material. In the whole district there were at the census of 1906, 98 mills and sash and door factories engaged in this industry, employing 1,611 persons.

Miscellaneous Industries.

The number of the other principal industries in this provincial district for the year 1905 were as follows: Meat freezing and preserving works, 5; ham and bacon curing establishments, 4; fish-curing works, 2; grain-mills, 11; confectionery works, including biscuit manufactories, 13; breweries, 13; aerated-water factories, 22; condiment-factories, 9; soap and candle works, 4; cooperages, 6; gasworks, 9; brick, tile, and pottery works, 29; tinware factories, 9; iron and brass foundries, 11; printing-offices, 51; basket and perambulator factories, 7; coachbuilding and painting works, 41; cycle-factories, 19; saddlery and harness factories, 24; tanning, fellmongering, &c., establishments, 16; sail and oilskin factories, 7; furniture and cabinetmaking, 40; tailoring establishments, 69; dressmaking and millinery, 69; shirt-making, 6; boot and shoe factories, 18. On this occasion, the census figures are given showing principal factories only—not the figures put forward by the Labour Department.

Chapter 75. THE MARLBOROUGH LAND DISTRICT.

C. W. ADAMS, late Chief Surveyor.

Boundaries.

The Marlborough Land District, occupying the north-east corner of the South Island, and containing about 2,792,500 acres of land, is bounded generally on the north and east by Cook Strait and the east coast as far as the Conway River; thence by that river to its junction with the Towy River; from this point, by straight lines, rivers, and the summits of watersheds, to the western side of Tennyson Inlet, Pelorus Sound. From the Conway to the Acheron River it abuts on to the Canterbury Land District, and from that river to Pelorus Sound it is bounded by the Land District of Nelson.

The widest part of the district is from Cape Campbell to Tophouse, a distance of about sixty-seven miles, and the extreme length from Cape Jackson to the Conway is 120 miles.

Physical Features.

The district throughout is generally mountainous, but none even of the highest peaks are covered with perpetual snow, although Tapuaenuku, the highest of the Inland Kaikouras, attains an altitude of 9,462 ft. Of the Seaward Kaikouras, or Looker-on Mountains, the highest points are Kaitarau and Whakari, which are 8,700 ft. and 8,500 ft. respectively. There are several lesser peaks, from 4,000 ft. upwards.

The view from Kahautara Bluff, south of Kaikoura Settlement, looking northwards, when the Looker-on Mountains are snow-capped, is said to be one of the finest in New Zealand.

Geologically, the district may be briefly described as follows: North of the Wairau River the rocks belong chiefly to the Upper and Lower Devonian series, with a belt of Silurian between them, embracing the country along the west of Queen Charlotte Sound to Cook Strait. Within those series auriferous deposits are found, and at present worked at Mahakipawa, Wakamarina, and Wairau Valley. In Endeavour Inlet an antimony-mine was worked for some time; but operations were discontinued and the machinery removed. This claim and several others have been again taken up and are now being worked The country south of the Wairau River may be said to belong chiefly to the Carboniferous Age, with patches, along the coast and up the Clarence Valley, of Cretaceo-Tertiary and Lower Greensand formations; while along and between the Awatere and Clarence Rivers volcanic formation and numerous intrusive dykes occur. The Red Hills also, at the head of the Wairau Valley, are of volcanic origin.

Coal has been discovered in the neighbourhood of Picton, and in the Clarence Valley, but none has been as yet successfully worked within the district. A narrow belt of Tertiary limestone, suitable for building purposes, extends, with small interruptions, from Cape Campbell to the boundary of the Canterbury Provincial District. The Marlborough land may be divided into three classes: Open land, generally covered with associated grasses; forest land; and intermediate, or land partly forest, partly covered with scrub, fern, or other rank vegetation. This original condition of the soil naturally gave rise to a localisation of industries, and a very unequal distribution of settlement. Thus the open country was taken up for pastoral purposes; in the forest country the timber industry was developed, and the intermediate land passed into the hands of farmers. Though agriculture is now extending into the pastoral and forest country, and considerable areas of forest land have been cleared and laid down in grass, the portions of the district characterized by these respective industries are still well defined.

In the northern part of the district, bounded by Cook Strait, numerous deep fiords and bays run far into the land. The principal of these are Pelorus and Queen Charlotte Sounds, Tory Channel, Port Underwood, and Port Gore.

These Sounds are very picturesque, but the hills surrounding them are not so rugged and precipitous as are those of the thirteen celebrated Sounds on the west coast of Otago and Southland.

Though generally steep, the land is not too rough to he used for pastoral purposes, and nearly all the land in the Sounds is occupied by thriving settlers.

Pelorus Sound, the most extensive and picturesque, is thirty-four miles long, following the course of the main channel, with the Town of Havelock at its head. There are many bays and inlets branching off in all directions: the largest of these is Kenepuru Sound, fourteen miles long. Pelorus Sound, including its branches, has a shore-line of over 300 miles in length, not counting islands.

Queen Charlotte Sound is the next in length, being thirty miles from its entrance to its head; it also has many bays and inlets, one of which is Picton Harbour, twenty-five miles from the entrance.

Tory Channel is ten miles long, and forms the most direct line of communication between Picton and Wellington. The distance from Wellington Wharf to the entrance of Tory Channel is about forty miles, and about twenty more to Picton.

The shore-line of Queen Charlotte Sound and Tory Channel is over 200 miles in length. The entrance of Queen Charlotte Sound is about twenty miles distant from that of Pelorus Sound, and this latter is about twelve miles from the French Pass. Generally there is deep water in all the sounds and bays, and good anchorage can be found near the shore. The country is hilly everywhere in the neighbourhood of the Sounds, the highest point being Mount Stokes, 3,951 ft. above sea-level.

Rivers.

Four considerable rivers, the Wairau, Awatere, Clarence, and Conway, rise towards the western boundary of the district; the two former, running east and north, fall into Cook Strait; the two latter, taking a southerly and easterly course, discharge into the sea on the eastern side of the Island. These rivers water large and fertile valleys, but none can be entered by vessels except the Wairau, which is navigable for small steamers for about twelve miles from its mouth.

Plains.

The Wairau Plain, containing about 65,000 acres, on which stands Blenheim, the capital of Marlborough, is the principal block of agricultural land within the district. The soil, generally good, is, on the lower or seaward side of the plain, extremely fertile, especially in the neighbourhood of Tuamarina, Spring Creek, and near Blenheim, which is surrounded by numerous gardens, with rich deep mould, and well sheltered with trees. The average yield of wheat for the plain is about 30 bushels per acre; of oats and barley, 35; of peas, 30; and of potatoes, 10 tons per acre. Hops have been successfully grown for many years in the neighbourhood of the town, but, owing to the high price of labour, their cultivation has not extended. The plain, traversed in all directions by good macadamised roads, and dotted over with numerous comfortable homesteads, standing in clumps of trees amidst well-cultivated fields, has already an old-world appearance. More than half the population of the Marlborough Land District—about 14,000, according to the last census—is centred in the town of Blenheim and on the Wairau Plain. Besides this plain there are several thousand acres of terrace flats and valleys along the larger rivers, notably at Starborough, on the Lower Awatere.

Lakes.

There are not any lakes worthy the name. The largest is Kapara te Hau, more familiarly known as Grassmere, situate on the coast between the Awatere River and Cape Campbell. It is about three miles in diameter, and very shallow, being, indeed, no more than a lagoon, as during a dry season there is little or no water in it.

There are two other lakes of small size, viz.—Lake Elterwater, four miles south of Lake Grassmere, and Lake McRae, situate in the open country between the Awatere and the Clarence Rivers.

Forests.

The portion of Marlborough north-west of the Wairau River, extending to the boundary of the Nelson Land District, and including the county of Sounds, in all about 280,000 acres, was originally covered with dense forest. In the valleys and on the lower hill-slopes, rimu, kahikatea, matai, totara, miro, and tawa were the principal forest-trees. The higher portion of the hills and steep spurs are clothed with the various species and variety of birch (beech), to which along the shores of the Sounds were added pukatea and kohekohe, the latter locally called cedar.

Since 1860 sawmills have been at work in various parts of the district. Thirty-five mills have been erected, and have worked for longer or shorter periods. Have-lock, on the Pelorus Sound, is at present the headquarters of the timber trade.

The hills along the shores of the Sound will, for many years, furnish birch sleepers. There are other timbers left in places, but nowhere sufficient to justify the erection of a mill, unless pukatea wood, hitherto neglected, could be utilised. It is a light, tough timber, well adapted for boat-building and for packing-cases. The quantity of pine timber remaining in the Kaituna and Onamalutu Valleys is small, but there is a good supply of birch and other wood, suitable for fencing and firewood. On these valleys the Wairau Plain is mainly dependent for timber.

The Pelorus Valley, with its tributaries the Wakamarina, Rai, Ronga, and Opouri Valleys, still contain about 250,000,000 ft. of convertible timbers, exclusive of the birch, of which there is a large amount of the best quality on the hills and terraces. The Wairau, Blenheim, and other districts extending southwards must depend for the future on this source for all their building material.

In the neighbourhood of Kaikoura, along the base of Mount Fyffe, and in the Hapuku Valley, there is another small block of forest land in which three small sawmills have been erected. The quantity of timber suitable for sawmill purposes in this block is very limited, but it will furnish the neighbouring country with firewood and fencing for many years.

Soils and their Uses.

The Wairau Plain, which is the principal block of agricultural land, has been already dealt with. The second agricultural centre is in the neighbourhood of Kaikoura. The land extending along the base of Mount Fyffe, between the Kohai and Hapuku Rivers, about 13,000 acres in extent, is held in small or moderate-sized farms; the soil is good, the block known as “The Swamp,” between Mount Fyffe and the Peninsula, being particularly rich. In the Pelorus, Kaituna, and Onamalutu Valleys, and in the Sounds, settlers following in the wake of the sawmills have already converted much of the land worked over into grazing-farms. The land is of three descriptions—alluvial flats, terraces, and hill-sides. On the flats in the larger valleys the soil is rich, producing heavy crops of oats, peas, beans, and potatoes, wherever it has been brought into cultivation. The terrace-land varies much in quality, but generally grows good grass, as do also the hills on which tawa formerly grew; the birch country being very barren. On the small bush-farms cattle-grazing is the chief pursuit, there being 18,750 head in the district.

Grazing.

About 1,680,000 acres of the Marlborough Land District are at present devoted to keeping sheep. The leaseholds in the northern parts of the district contain a large extent of scrub and fern covered country, now producing little or no food for sheep, but capable of improvement. The total number of sheep depastured is 904,918, distributed as follows amongst the counties into which the land district is divided: Marlborough County, 538,817; Sounds County, 183,782; Kaikoura County, 182,319. On the natural pasture of the open country merino sheep are kept almost exclusively, the land carrying from half to one sheep per acre. In the forest country, on sown grass, the land keeps from two to four crossbred sheep per acre. Along the shores of the Sounds large areas of hill-land have been taken up on lease, and are now being cleared and laid down in grass expressly for keeping sheep, but generally throughout the forest country the holdings are small or of moderate size; hence this is, after the Wairau Plain, the most populous portion of the district.

The export of wool during last year shipped via Pit-ton was 10,067 bales by direct boat. A large proportion of the wool from this district is shipped from Wellington and Lyttelton.

Industries.

Gold-mining has been carried on for some years, principally at Mahakipawa, Wakamarina, and Wairau Valley. At present not much gold is being obtained.

One dredge is at work in the Wakamarina River.

Fourteen sawmills are at work within the district—two at Kaikoura, and the others in the Pelorus, Kaituna, Onamalutu, and Wakamarina Valleys, and in the Pelorus and Queen Charlotte Sounds—the total output being about 9,000,000 ft., employing about two hundred hands. The principal one is Messrs. Brownlee and Co.'s, in the Pelorus Valley, their tramway being some twenty two miles long, the output last year being about 3,600,000 ft. Messrs. Brownlee and Co. have seventy men employed, and keep two vessels running between Havelock and Lyttelton.

During the year the phormium industry employed eleven mills, and the quantity of fibre shipped was 7,300 bales and 2,000 bales tow.

There are three flour-mills at work, two of them being owned by Messrs. Redwood Bros. The one at Spring Creek is a complete roller-mill, driven by water-power, and can turn out about 14 tons of flour in twenty-four hours. It is electric lighted, and the sack-working machinery is driven by electric motor. The other two mills are in Blenheim; one is worked by water power and the other by steam.

There is a dairy factory at Spring Creek which contains all the latest improvements in machinery.

There is a first-class cheese-factory at Tuamarina. Last season 64 tons were turned out. There are also cheese-factories at Kaikoura and Havelock. Kaikoura produced 140 tons last season, and Havelock 64 tons.

Climate.

Marlborough possesses an excellent climate, and at Blenheim it is fine weather nearly all the year round. There is almost a total absence of the boisterous winds that so frequently visit Wellington.

The original distribution of the open and forest lands was entirely due to climatic causes. At Cape Campbell, one of the barest places in the district, the annual rainfall is only about 24 in. or 25 in.; in the Pelorus Valley, the centre of the forest country, it is over 65 in. This difference between the climates of the northwestern and south-eastern portions of the district explains why the artificial pasture-land, when compared with the natural pasture, supports such a large amount of stock. Winter and spring are the wettest seasons, hence the dry climate is not unfavourable for agriculture. Wherever the soil is suitable, crops sown in winter and harvested in early summer can be successfully grown. Everywhere near the coast the range of temperature, considering the latitude, is very small. The thermometer seldom falls below 30 deg., or rises above 78 deg. Along the shores of the Sounds the mildness of the winter, owing to the curious distribution of land and water, allows lemons, oranges, passion-fruit, figs, and other sub-tropical fruits to be grown in favourable situations. On the lower hills and terraces of the forest country the chestnut (Castanea vulgaris) grows rapidly, and commences to bear fruit in five or six years. In all parts of the low country the common English fruit-trees—apple, plum, pear, cherry, &c.—yield abundantly, the fruit, owing to the clearness of the atmosphere, being of excellent quality. In the high country, where snow falls occasionally during winter, red, white, and black currants can be produced in such quantities that with little labour they might be made an article of export to the warmer parts of Australia.

Towns.

The chief town, Blenheim, is situate on the Wairau Plain, at the junction of the Opawa and Omaka Rivers—a third river, the Taylor, would join at about the same point were it not that when not in flood it disappears beneath the surface, about three miles south of the town. Blenheim has been termed a miniature Christchurch, doubtless from its extreme flatness. Considering this, its streets are not so straight and wide as they should be. The Government Buildings, which comprise the Post and Telegraph Offices, Lands and Survey Offices, Courts of Justice, &c., form a handsome edifice in the centre of the town, which is well planted with deciduous and evergreen trees. It is about eighteen miles and a half from Picton by rail, and about twelve miles from the sea by the Opawa River, which is navigable for small steamers. Blenheim is lit by gas, and is supplied with water principally by artesian wells. The population is 3,350.

The next town in importance is Picton, the principal port, only fifty-three miles by sea from Wellington. This little town, both in position and appearance, may be said to be the antithesis of Blenheim, being most picturesquely situated at the head of Queen Charlotte Sound, and nestling among hills, some of the higher ones still densely covered with birch and other forest. There is frequent communication with Wellington and Nelson by steamers averaging 500 tons, and vessels of large size can lie at the wharf at low water. The direct exportation of frozen meat from Picton commenced in 1892, when 16,433 carcases were shipped. The Christchurch Meat Company exported from Picton for the year ended 31st March, 1907, mutton, 22,076 carcases, and lambs, 63,893 carcases. Picton possesses a malting establishment also, producing for export, as the excellent quality of the barley grown on the Wairau Plain insures a ready market. A small quantity of oysters, mostly procured in Queen Charlotte Sound, is annually exported from Picton; with culture the supply might be almost indefinitely increased, many of the sheltered bays in both sounds being well adapted for the purpose. What is now being done along the Marlborough coast is a mere trifle compared with what might be accomplished if capital and knowledge were brought to bear on the ashing industry. Around the whole coast, from the mouth of the Conway to near the French Pass, the sea abounds in fish. Within the Sounds and amongst the islands of Cook Strait, hapuku, snapper, moki, barracouta, raturi, kahawai, and rock-cod are extremely plentiful. Immense shoals of the southern herring (Clupea sagax) and of anchovies (Engranlis encrasicholus) frequent the inlets at certain seasons of the year, and quantities of fresh fish are exported thence to various places within the colony. As steamers arrive at and leave Picton almost daily, shipments can be made without delay to all parts. Picton possesses a good gravitation water-supply. Its population is about 1,000 persons.

Havelock, situate at the head of Pelorus Sound, is, as has been already stated, the present headquarters of the timber trade, Messrs. Brownlee and Co.'s steam sawmill, at the mouth of the Pelorus River, being only a mile or so from the town, Between Picton and Havelock there is a mail-service twice a week, via Cullensville. on the Mahakipawa Goldfields. The population of Havelock is about 300 persons.

The Town of Kaikoura, the greater part of which is built on a raised shingle-beach, is situate at Kaikoura Peninsula, near the southern boundary of the district. The town, with the adjoining settlement of small farms, forms one of the most picturesque spots in New Zealand, lying as it does under the Seaward Kaikouras, or Looker-on Mountains. At the back of the town the peninsula, which is composed of Cretaceo-Tertiary limestone, rises abruptly for about 100 ft., and affords splendid sites for dwellinghouses. Kaikoura is connected with Blenheim by a bi-weekly coach service, the distance being about ninety-five miles. There is also direct steamer communication with Wellington and Lyttelton. The population of the town is about 500.

Roads and Railways.

The only railway is that between Picton and Seddon, a distance of thirty-three miles and a half. Three trains run daily between Picton and Blenheim, about eighteen miles, and trains twice daily on three days in the week and once daily on the other three days between Blenheim and Seddon. A substantial railway and traffic bridge over the Awatere River, costing £22,500, is a very great boon to the district.

The Main Road to Nelson, distant seventy-eight miles, is a good metalled road nearly the whole way. It runs up the Wairau Valley from Blenheim for about six miles, crosses the Wairau River into the Kaituna Valley, which it follows as far as Havelock—about twenty-eight miles. It then runs up the Pelorus and Rai Valleys, and ascends by easy gradients to the Brown Saddle, where it crosses the boundary into Nelson. An excellent coach service—probably the best in the colony —has been established for some years, the coach running to and from Nelson on alternate days, covering the distance in eleven hours, and another coach service twice a week has been established between Blenheim and Havelock.

The Main South Road, running over the Taylor Pass into the Awatere Valley, and through the Starborough, Flaxbourne, Kekerangu, and other properties, connects Blenheim with Kaikoura and the south, and is a good road during dry weather, although it might be much improved in places. Since the acquisition of the Starborough Estate by the Government the bulk of the traffic now goes via the Redwood Pass, as it is a more direct route to the town of Seddon. The portion between the Clarence River—over which a fine bridge was built some years ago—and the Hapuku River runs along the coast under steep hills covered with forest. A road to the south of Kaikoura, between the Kahautara and Conway Rivers, is now completed and forms part of the main Cheviot–Kaikoura Road, and, besides its great usefulness in opening up the country through which it passes, will also become a favourite route for tourists, as in many places it passes through most picturesque scenery.

A good road has been formed up the Wairau Valley, passing through the Bank-house, Erina, Lansdowne, Hillersden, and Birch-hill properties, and connecting with Tophouse, just outside the boundary, distant fifty-six miles from Blenheim. At Tophouse there is an hotel and a telegraph-station, and thence a good road leads to Belgrove, on the Nelson Railway-line.

A coach runs twice a week between Blenheim and Wairau Valley—twenty-five miles—where there is an hotel, a post and telegraph office, and one or two stores.

There is also a good cart-road running up the Awatere River—which it crosses and recrosses several times—as far as Molesworth Station, about seventy miles from Blenheim. Between these points there is a weekly coach and mail service.

There are other minor roads and bridle-tracks throughout the district too numerous to specify.

Crown Lands.

The area of Crown lands at present available for settlement is about 130,000 acres, but of this area 90,000 acres are of very poor quality, being chiefly the summits of high, rugged country. The balance of available area lies principally in the Pelorus, Rai, and Wakamarina Valleys, and in the Sounds, and will doubtless be readily taken up when thrown open for selection.

Chapter 76. THE NELSON LAND DISTRICT.

F. W. FLANAGAN, Commissioner of Crown Lands.

Boundaries of Land District.

The Nelson Land District, comprising an area of 7,322 square miles, is situated at the north-western corner of the South Island, extending from latitude 40° 30' south to about latitude 42° 30' south. It is bounded towards the west and north by the sea from Perpendicular Point, on the west coast to Pelorus Sound (a distance of about 520 miles); towards the south-east by the range leading over Elliot Peak and the Rai Saddle to the Pelorus River, thence by that river to its source in Slaty Peak, and by the western watershed of the Wairau River, the St. Arnaud Range, and the Spenser Mountains to the northern watershed of the Grey River; towards the south by the watershed between the Grey River and the Inangahua River, and the watershed between the Inangahua River and the Mawhera-iti River to Mount Faraday, and thence by the Paparoa Range to Mount Pecksniff (4,250 ft.), and by the Pororari River to the sea.

Introductory.

Glancing for a moment at the topographical map of the Nelson District, the impression left on one is that the country consists entirely of masses of rugged mountains, rocky peaks, and narrow gorges through which rivers and torrents flow. Such an impression would, however, be a false one so far as the real character of the country is concerned, for, although mountain-ranges predominate, there are nevertheless scores of excellent plains and valleys between the ranges and along the rivers throughout the district which will at no distant date be brought into cultivation. The backblocks of Nelson, comparatively remote from the city, have until recently been a terra incognita. Naturally enough in the earlier stages of settlement in such territory only the easily accessible lands are sought after. However, as population increases the country becomes better explored and will gradually come into prominence, when many mistaken ideas respecting it will be dispelled.

Physical Features.

Undoubtedly the most distinctive feature of Nelson is the mountain-system. The mountains are well defined. First in importance is the eastern mountain-chain, which commences near Queen Charlotte Sound and runs south-westerly more or less continuously until it is broken through by the pass which leads to the Valley of the Wairau, a few miles to the north of Lake Rotoiti, where it recommences and is known as the St. Arnaud Range and further on as the Spenser Mountains, in the peaks of which an altitude of nearly 8,000 ft. is attained, thus traversing the whole length of the land district and forming the main watershed between the east and west coasts. From this eastern chain flow some of the principal feeders of the Buller River. Next in importance to the eastern chain is what may be called the western mountain-chain, which rises at Separation Point in Golden Bay and runs south-west generally parallel to the eastern chain for the entire length of the district at elevations reaching 3,750 ft., 4,355 ft., and 5,800 ft., and known at its approach to the Buller River as the Lyell Range, and south of the Buller River as the Brunner Range and the Victoria Range respectively. This chain is broken by the Buller River. On the western side of this western chain arc the sources of the Karamea River, the Mokihinui River, and of the many tributaries of the Inangahua River. Branching off from the eastern mountain-chain before described at Mount St. Arnaud (5,621 ft.) is a lateral mountain-chain running north-west to Mount Owen (6,165 ft.), and thence to the head-waters of the Wangapeka River, where it meets the western chain. The subsidiary chain forms the watershed of the Wangapeka and Motueka Rivers, which flow northerly towards Tasman Bay, and also the watershed of the Matiri, Owen, and Hope Rivers, which are tributaries of the Buller River. From Mount Arthur (5,800 ft.), on the western mountain-chain, a lateral mountain-range runs north-west to the west coast, the principal peaks of the last-mentioned range being Mount Peel (6,000 ft.), Mount Cobb (5,560 ft.), and Mount Domett (5,300 ft.) In this range is the source of the Aorere River and of the Takaka River, both of which discharge their waters into Golden Bay. In addition to the mountain-chains mentioned, there are several subsidiary chains running parallel to the eastern and western chains and to the lateral chains, besides isolated mountain-masses, rocky peaks, and hills connecting with the principal mountain-system by means of low ranges and passes.

Rivers.

The Buller River is not only the most important river in the Nelson District, but, relatively speaking, in New Zealand. It runs its varied course for over a hundred miles from Lake Rotoiti—which is practically its source—flowing generally in a westerly direction through gorges, valleys, rocky defiles, and alluvial deposits right across the land district to where it flows into the sea at the Town of Westport. The Buller River constitutes an extensive watershed of about 4,500 square miles. Its principal tributaries are rivers which carry large volumes of water. Taking them in their order, from the source towards the mouth of the Buller River, there are the Gowan, Owen, Mangles, Matakitaki, Matiri, Maruia, and Inangahua. The fall of the Buller River, from its source to the Mangles—a distance of thirty-three miles—is 1,468 ft., or 44 ft. to the mile. Nearly all the tributaries of the Buller River named are goldfields independent of each other.

The Inangahua River, although, strictly speaking, a tributary of the Buller, yet fairly comes within the category of a river. It has its source in the Victoria Range, from whence flow many tributary streams; it is also fed by streams having their source in the Brunner Range.

Other rivers worthy of mention are the Karamea, which rises in the westerly mountain-chain near Mount Arthur, and the Motueka and Takaka Rivers, which flow into Tasman and Golden Bays respectively. It may be remarked that none of the rivers in the Nelson District are deep enough for navigation. Another feature worthy of notice is that all the large rivers discharge their waters on the west coast.

Lakes.

The lakes in the Nelson District are alpine in character and comparatively small. They are, however, exceedingly beautiful, their environment—picturesquely wooded ranges and snow-capped mountains and valleys—being unsurpassed.

The principal lakes are Rotoroa, situated about seventy miles from Nelson, and Rotoiti, situated about fifty-seven miles from Nelson, access to both lakes being via Tophouse. There is also the Matiri Lake, situated west of Mount Owen, the Diamond Lakes, situated in Cobb Valley, near the source of the Takaka River, and Lake Daniels, situated near the head-waters of the Maruia River.

Plains and Valleys.

The Waimea Plain, extending from Nelson City to the Village of Wakefield, seventeen miles, and containing about 28,000 acres, is the oldest-settled locality in Nelson—probably in New Zealand. This plain is occupied in small holdings by farmers and orchardists, and until recently it was supposed to be the only land in Nelson suitable for agricultural farming. The result, however, of explorations through south-west Nelson has proved that there are many plains of moderate area, and also valleys, throughout the district which possess a fertile soil which will at no distant date be utilised for agricultural purposes. Amongst the plains worthy of note are the Maruia Plains, containing 33,000 acres, and now in the process of being settled, the Matakitaki, Tiraumea, Tutaki, Central Buller, Inangahua, Karamea, Heaphy, Oparara, Matiri, Wangapeka, Tadmor, Sherry, Ikamataua, Mawhera-iti, and numerous rich flats, besides an extensive area of open pakihi land.

Forest.

Nelson is almost entirely a forest country. Out of 3,068,000 acres of Crown lands, about two millions and a half acres are still under forest and scrub. The forest contains a large variety of timber: there are rimu (red-pine), kahikatea (white-pine), totara, matai (black-pine), black-birch, brown-birch, red-birch, silver-birch, kohekohe (New Zealand cedar), titoki (New Zealand ash), mapou (red matipo), yellow-pine, tawa, kawakawa, (tall pepper-tree), rewarewa (New Zealand honeysuckle), horopito (pepper-tree), makomako (wineberry), manuka (tea-tree), horoeka (lancewood), puka (broadleaf), kowhai, and kamahi; and undergrowth of tutu, koromika (veronica), fuchsia, and hoho (five-fingers). Birch predominates. Rimu is becoming scarce and valuable. It is estimated that the amount of timber fit for milling does not exceed 5,592,250,000 superficial feet.

Classification of Crown Lands.

The Nelson Land District contains about 4,686,000 acres. Up to the 31st March, 1907, there had been sold or otherwise disposed of an area of 1,618,000 acres, leaving an area of 3,068,000 acres, which may be classified as follows: Lands suitable for mixed farming, 421,000 acres; lands suitable for pastoral purposes, 1,103,000 acres; lands suitable for reservation for forest, climatic, and scenic purposes, 884,000 acres; and barren mountain-tops, 660,000 acres.

The area suitable for mixed farming may be described generally as light to heavily timbered country, with tracts of open terrace lands (pakihi), the latter being stony and mossy in places. The timber consists of black-birch, brown-birch, red-birch, red-pine, white-pine, mountain totara, and kowhai, with undergrowth of broadleaf, fuchsia, pepperwood, wineberry, lancewood, lacebark, and black scrub. The soil on the river-flats is exceedingly rich, and on the slopes and up to a good elevation there is a great deal of limestone, marls, sandstone, and conglomerate. That the open terrace land before referred to may be improved by drainage and cultivation is evidenced by the results obtained in the Inangahua County, but considerable capital and patience are required to make it reproductive. The area suitable for pastoral purposes naturally comprises the hilly country which is wooded similarly to the flat and low-lying country just described, but the birch forest predominates and the undergrowth is not so dense. The formation is limestone, serpentine, granite, and conglomerate. Where the forest has been cleared and grassed, at a cost of about £3 per acre, the results from this country have been excellent. It carries about two sheep to 3 acres.

The area suitable for reservation for forest, climatic, and scenic purposes is an estate of great value, for although it possesses no value as land suitable for any kind of settlement, yet it is a picturesque showground for tourists.

The barren mountain-tops, although reaching to a high elevation, have a value for grazing purposes in many localities during a portion of the summer season; in fact, there is a considerable area for that purpose held under lease at the present time.

It is not too much to say that included in the lands thus briefly described there is land suitable to every kind of culture—stock-producing, dairying, fruitgrowing, pig-breeding, &c. The general average quality of the lands, combined with a mild climate, justifies the opinion that there is a favourable field in Nelson Land District for the industrious settler. He acquire cheap land on liberal terms, with exemption from rent and rates periods from two to four years, in localities where there arc the requisite natural conditions for his special pursuits. These facts have been long overlooked by residents of other districts of New Zealand, and cannot now be made too widely known.

Crown Lands Open for Selection. On Lease in Perpetuity.

The following blocks of unsurveyed forest-clad Crown lands are open for selection on lease in perpetuity subject to exemption from rents and rates for four years from date of selection:—

Heaphy Block (13,030 acres), at rentals ranging from 3.1d. to 5.7d. per acre per annum.—Situated on the West Coast, Nelson, between the Heaphy and Kohaihai Rivers. Soil is good along coast and for about a mile back from the Heaphy River. Good limestone outcrops at the Kohaihai Bluff and near the Heaphy River. Whole block forest-clad.

Oparara Block (17,171 acres), at rentals ranging from 4.2d. to 6.9d. per acre per annum.—Situated on the Kohaihai, Oparara, and Karamea Rivers, and surrounding the Karamea Settlement, where dairying is being carried on with success. Well watered, covered with forest of brown, black, and silver birch, totara, rimu, yellow and silver pine, kamahi, and rata; birch predominates. Formation generally granite, with some limestone outcrops; soil very good towards the coast. There is regular steamer communication from Westport; distance about forty miles.

Kongahu Block (11,457 acres), at rentals ranging from 4.6. to 9.6d. per acre per annum.—Situated to the south of the Little Wanganui River, and lying between the inland road from Mokihinui to Karamea and the sea-coast. Access may be obtained by steamer trading from. Westport to Little Wanganui, about thirty-five miles. Good grazing-country when cleared. The formation of the western portion is chiefly limestone, while that of the eastern portion is papa. The whole is forest-clad.

Otumahana Block (16,035 acres), at rentals ranging from 3.8d. to 6.2d. per acre per annum.—Situated to the southward of the Oparara Block, and to the eastward and adjoining the Kongahu Block, and includes the valleys of Granite Creek, Little Wanganui River, and Captain's, Blue Duck, and Harvey Creeks, tributaries of the Little Wauganui River. Access by the Karamea-Seddonville Road, the northern portion of the block being about four miles and a half from the Karamea Township. Whole block is covered with forest, consisting of birches, kamahi, rimu, and miro, with occasional patches of white-pine towards the northern end, and heavy undergrowth. Land undulating, with good rich flats along most of the rivers and creeks. Formation, sandstone and granite, gravel on papa. Good dairying and grazing-country when felled and grassed.

Mokihinui Block (2,796 acres), at rentals ranging from 3.1d. to 8.4d. per acre per annum.—Situated to the northward of the River Mokihinui, about twenty-seven miles from Westport, and is covered with forest of birch, rimu, rata, and kahikatea, with dense undergrowth; fair to good land; formation of granite, sandstone, papa, and limestone.

Owen and Owen East Blocks (7,042 acres), at rentals ranging from 2.8d. to 4.8d. per acre per annum.—Situated within the basin of the Owen River and its tributaries. Distant about thirty miles from Tadmor Railway-station. Country consists of flats, undulating spurs, and steeper back country, forest-clad. Soil good on river-flats, fair on spurs and slopes, well watered; formation, sandstone, granite, limestone. Very good grazing-country when stripped of timber and grassed.

Waitapu Survey District (4,350 acres); annual rent, 3.6d. per acre per annum. Hilly bush country. Formation, limestone and slate. Can be converted into healthy grazing-country.

Tadmor Survey District (9,338 acres); annual rent, 3.3d. per acre per annum. Low hills and gullies, heavy bush. Formation, sandstone gravels.

Kaiteriteri Survey District (3,892 acres); annual rent, 2.8d. per acre per annum. Rough hills; formation, granite.

On the Optional System.

Unsurveyed forest-clad land open for sale or selection, subject to exemption from rents and rates for periods of three and four years from date of selection, either for cash, for occupation with right of purchase, or for lease in perpetuity, at the option of the selector.

Takaka Survey District (27,000 acres), situated on both sides of the Takaka Valley, and surrounding the already settled land in that locality.—Cash prices, 7s. per acre; lease in perpetuity, rent 33d. per acre per annum: occupation with right of purchase, rent 4.2d. per acre per annum. Broken mountain-slopes.

Mount Arthur and Takaka Survey Districts (14,700 acres).—Cash price, 7s. 6d. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 4d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 3.6d. per acre per annum. And 4,099 acres in the Takaka Survey District: Cash price, 7s. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 4.2d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 3.3d. per acre per annum. Situated in the head-waters of the River Takaka and its tributary creeks; poor land, but suitable for sheep-grazing when cleared.

Wakapuaka and Tapamutu Survey Districts (2,000 acres).—Cash price, 6s. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 3.6d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 3.3d. per acre per annum. Rough mountain-slopes; birch bush.

Rintoul Survey District (2,000 acres).—Cash price, 6s. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 3.6d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 33d. per acre per annum. Rough broken country.

Tadmor and Howard Survey Districts (Rainy River Block, 3,690 acres).—Cash price, from 6s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent from 3.9d. to 4.5d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent from 3.1d. to 3.6d. per acre per annum. Long spurs and gullies; birch bush.

Mount Arthur Survey District (17,000 acres).—Cash price, 6s. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 3.6d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 2.8d. per acre per annum. Rough steep country. Soil fair in places. Will make good sheep-country.

Totaranui Survey District (10,860 acres).—Cash price, 6s. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 3.6d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 2.8d. per acre per annum. Rough mountain-slopes; bush.

Kaiteriteri Survey District (11,940 acres).—Cash price, 6s. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 3.6d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 2.8d. per acre per annum. Rough mountain slopes; forest.

Wangapeka Survey District (12,000 acres).—Cash price, 6s. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 3.6d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 2.8d. per acre per annum. Steep mountainsides; mixed bush.

Wangapeka Survey District (4,300 acres), Block VI.—Cash price, 5s. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 3d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 2.4d. per acre per annum. Rough mountain-slopes; bush.

Motueka and Kaiteriteri Survey Districts (9,000 acres).—Cash price, 7s. per acre; occupation with right of purchase, rent 4.2d. per acre per annum; lease in perpetuity, rent 3.3d. per acre per annum. Rough mountain-slopes; bush.

79,400 acres comprised in moderate-sized areas scattered over the Nelson Land District, details of which may be found in Crown Lands Guide.

Areas on Lease in Perpetuity (opened on the 7th August, 1907).

The following unsurveyed forest-clad blocks are advertised as open for selection, subject to exemption from rents and rates for periods of three and four years from date of selection:—

Mid-Maruia Block (21,750 acres), at rentals ranging from 3.8d. to 6.7d. per acre per annum.

Rappahannock Block (7,109 acres), at rentals ranging from 3.8d. to 5.2d. per acre per annum.

Warwick Block (5,821 acres), at rentals ranging from 3.8d. to 6.2d. per acre per annum.

The Mid-Maruia, Rappahannock, and Warwick Blocks are situated about eighteen to twenty-six miles from the Town of Murchison, on the main road leading from Murchison to Maruia Plains. One continuous area of 34,680 acres, extending between the Maruia North Block and the Maruia Block (both of which are in process of settlement), covering portion of the Maruia Valley and the adjoining country. The country consists of flats, undulating terraces, sloping spurs, and hills; well watered. The soil is excellent on the river-flats, varies from very good to fair on the slopes, and is rather poor in the high country. The formation is granite, sandstone, conglomerate, and limestone. Nearly all covered with forest, red and brown birches predominating, with a few white, black, and red pines, and occasional totaras; dense undergrowth of broadleaf, five-fingers, pepper-tree, fuchsia, &c. Elevation above sea-level varies from 1,100 ft. to 2,970 ft. The land is capable of being utilised successfully as healthy sheep- and cattle-grazing country.

Under Special Regulations (opened on the 21st August, 1907).

Glenroy Block (13,127 acres), at rentals ranging from 3d. to 7.2d. per acre per annum.—Tenure, twenty-one years' lease under the regulations for the occupation of pastoral lands in mining districts. There is right of renewal for periods of twenty-one years, and valuation for improvements. Situated about seventeen miles from the Town of Murchison, on the main road (metalled) Murchison to Horse Terrace. Forest-clad hills; conglomerate rook formation; excellent river-flats, soil in flats being from 18 in. to 4 ft. deep. Soil fair in gullies and on the slopes. 380 acres open land, remainder forest of brown and red birch and underscrub, which provides cattle-feed in winter. This country can be converted into really good sheep country. The areas have been schemed out so as to allow each farm a portion of the river-flat.

Lands being prepared for Settlement.

About 40,000 acres of forest country, intersected by an open plain of about 3,000 acres in extent, is being prepared for settlement. This country is situated about eleven miles from the Town of Murchison, and is served by a metalled cart-road.

Industries

Agricultural.—Agricultural farming is carried on only to a very limited extent in Nelson. It is practically confined to the Waimea Plain and the Motueka, Riwaka, and Takaka Districts. Barley, wheat, oats, maize, and rye are successfully grown in these localities. Hop-culture has been developed to a very considerable extent.

Pastoral.—Up to a very recent period the pastoral industry was wholly confined to the old-established settlements of Nelson in the districts of Tasman and Golden Bays respectively. It is, however, now extending over the Hope, Central Buller, and Karamea districts on the West Coast. Owing to the liberal land laws a large area of timber country has been taken up recently in the localities mentioned, and has been cleared, grassed, and stocked with sheep—which are more profitable than cattle on small holdings—with very promising results. The country in south-west Nelson is exceedingly healthy sheep-country, the land takes the grass well, a considerable area of it being limestone land. The climate is mild, and the access roads in good order. A ready market for stock is found on the West Coast as far south as Greymouth. Up to the present the supply of live-stock has not been equal to the demand. Good prices are being given for cattle and sheep. The number of sheep in the Nelson District, according to the latest returns, was 292,476; number of cattle, 32,488; number of swine, 6,224; and number of horses, 8,284.

Mining.—Gold was first discovered in Nelson in 1857, the oldest goldfield being Collingwood, and in this district may be found gold, silver, copper, chrome, antimony, hæmatite, and manganese. There are enormous iron-ore deposits at Parapara, near Collingwood. A mineral lease containing the iron-ore deposits has been granted to a syndicate, and it is probable that at an early date operations will be commenced.

For some time past development-work has been going on at the copper mine situate in Aniseed Valley, near Nelson City. The Mineral Belt Company, who hold the lease of the property, recently sent 500 bags of copper-ore to the Great Cobar smelter, New South Wales, and the analysis gave 13 per cent. of copper, paid for at the rate of £100 per ton of copper or £13 per ton of ore. A further shipment was despatched to New South Wales on the 14th June last.

Hydraulic and alluvial mining is carried on over a considerable area in south-west Nelson. The working of alluvial flats by dredging has not, however, proved a success. It is gratifying to know this, for large areas of rich alluvial river-flats, which would have been a source of wealth for all time as cultivable lands have been sluiced away.

Quartz: The principal quartz reefs of Nelson District are at Reefton and its vicinity, and they still maintain their gold-producing reputation. Gold to the value of nearly £160,000 was obtained last year. Reefing is carried on at Lyell, Boatman's, and many localities near Reefton. The discovery of promising reefs at Upper Blackwater has had the effect of stimulating mining operations generally in southern Nelson. It may be stated that Nelson and Westland Districts have been constant contributors to the gold-export of New Zealand.

Coal-mining: The most important coalfields in New Zealand are situated in south Nelson, not many miles from the Town of Westport. A very marked increase in the output of coal took place during last year, and the industry is still developing rapidly. The output from the Westport collieries during the month of May, 1907, was 60,070 tons, of which 57,224 tons were exported. An idea of the importance of the coal industry may be estimated from the fact that during May, 1907, ninety-four steamers (representing 46,950 tons) entered, and ninety-seven steamers and one sailing-vessel (representing 48,757 tons) left the Port of Westport. The total tonnage for the month of May, 1907, was 95,707 tons. 608,269 tons of coal were produced from Westport mines during last year. The Westport-Stockton Coal Company has started operations on their property near Millerton, adjoining the Westport Coal Company's property, and in the near future the export of coal from Westport will be very considerably augmented. There are also coal-mines at Puponga, near Cape Farewell, and at Pakawau, near Collingwood. The number of men employed in the coal industry in Nelson is 960.

Timber Industry.—There are seventy-one sawmills in the Nelson Land District, twenty-five of that number being erected and cutting on Crown lands, thirty-seven on freehold lands, and nine on a large reserve, the property of the Westport Harbour Board. The cutting-capacity per annum of these sawmills is 61,127,000 superficial feat. Fifty-nine sawmills are working by steam, with 752 1/2-horse power, and twelve of the mills are working by water with 99-horse power; the total horse-power of the mills being 851 1/2. Rimu is the principal timber milled. The number of persons employed in connection with the saw-milling industry is 403. Of the seventy-one sawmills in this district, fifteen are situated between Motueka and Cape Farewell, twenty-two scattered between the City of Nelson and the Tadmor Saddle, twenty-three situated in Buller County, and eleven situated in Inangahua County. Generally speaking, the milling operations in northern Nelson are on the decline. It is in the western and southern portions of the district—Buller and Inangahua—that sawmilling has assumed any important proportions. There has been considerable activity in the timber industry in the counties named, and the probabilities are that it will increase very materially during the coming year.

Dairying.—From results achieved so far in the promotion of the dairy industry, it is safe to anticipate the extension of dairying in Nelson. It is carried on with much success at Karamea—a settlement on the west coast of Nelson—and an up-to-date factory has been established there, which is supplied by 500 cows; another factory is in operation at Takaka, where the milk of 400 cows is supplied. There are also factories at Richmond and Wakapuaka, suburbs of Nelson City.

Fruit.—A great deal of fruit is grown on the Waimea Plain, near Nelson City, but the future home of the industry will probably be Motueka. Fruit of all descriptions is successfully grown at Motueka and the surrounding district, and the export is likely to assume very large dimensions in the near future. There are many other localities near Nelson where fruit can be successfully grown. The fact that other localities have not been fruit-producing does not mean that fruit cannot be equally well grown there. Fruit-growing will eventually follow on closer settlement. As a matter of fact, the climate of Nelson is such that it is not too much to say that there is scarcely a locality in the whole district where fruit will not grow to perfection.

Other Industries established in Nelson are ham and bacon curing; cheese-factories; grain-mills; biscuit-factory; fruit-preserving; confectionery; breweries; colonial-wine making: aerated water factory; coffee and spice works; sauce, pickle, and vinegar factory; soap and candle works; lime and cement works; tinware factory; iron and brass foundries; engineering-works; printing and bookbinding works; coachbuilding-works; cycle-factories; saddlery and harness factories; tanning and wool-scouring; furniture-works; hæmatite-paint works; tailoring, dressmaking, and millinery establishments; boot and shoo factories; and eleven flax-mills.

Roads and Railways.

There are 97 miles of railway in Nelson District. The principal line runs from Nelson City to Tadmor, a distance of 42 miles. This railway is portion of the railway scheme which will eventually connect Nelson City with the West Coast and Canterbury. An extension of the line from Tadmor to Manu—10 miles—is now under construction. A railway runs from Westport to Mokihinui—32 miles—and is an essential accessory to the development of the immense coal-deposits in the Westport district. The Westport Harbour Board own a railway which connects Westport with Cape Foulwind—a distance of 7 miles. The main and district roads throughout Nelson are well maintained right through the year. The climate on the one hand, and the abundance of metal on the other, contribute towards cheapness of construction and maintenance of the roads. There are good metalled roads to the backblocks: bridle-tracks are constructed in the first instance through the newly-settled country, and afterwards widened into dray-roads in many instances.

The main coach-roads are—Nelson to Inangahua Junction, 116 miles; Inangahua Junction to Westport, 27 miles; Inangahua Junction to Reefton, 21 miles; Nelson to Blenheim, 78 miles; Nelson to Motueka, 32 miles.

In addition to the roads named, there are several which are safe driving-highways—amongst these being that from Foxhill to Tophouse, 28 miles; Tophouse to Lake Rotoiti, 5 miles; Nelson to Cable Bay, 15 miles.

Harbours.

Nelson has a good inner harbour, enclosed by a natural boulder-bank running from its entrance to the base of Mackay's Bluff, a distance of about eight miles. Certain harbour-improvements which are now being effected—the cutting of a new entrance through the boulder-bank—are expected to give a depth of 15 ft. at L.W.O.S.T., and 27 ft. at high water. The Union Steamship Company's coastal steamers trade from Nelson, Greymouth, Westport, Onehunga, Picton, and Wellington. A local fleet of steamers ply between Motueka, Collingwood, Waitapu, and Puponga. There are small harbours in Tasman Bay and Blind Bay, and on the West Coast at Karamea River, Heaphy River, and Little Wanganui River, easily worked by steamers of light draught. There is a regular steamer-service between Westport and Karamea.

Towns.

Nelson.—The City of Nelson is beautifully situated at the head of Blind Bay. Its chief attractions are its remarkably fine climate and surroundings; it is largely used as a health resort. It has an excellent water-supply, gasworks, and abattoirs, the property of the municipality. The streets are clean and well kept, and are lighted with gas. There are three recreation-grounds, public gardens, and public swimming-baths. Nelson possesses special attractions as a residential city, and has a Boys' College, a Girls' College, School of Music, and a Technical School. The harbour of Nelson is under the control of a Harbour Board, and extensive works are now in progress, including a new entrance through the Boulder Bank, which will admit of ocean-going steamers coming up to the wharf with safety. There is regular communication by steamer between Nelson and the City of Wellington—the direct trip from port to port being done in seven hours. Local steamers ply between Nelson and the many small harbours in Tasman and Golden Bays. The population of Nelson City is 8,164.

Westport is situated at the mouth of the Buller River, and possesses the finest harbour on the west coast of the South Island. It is the second largest town in Nelson Land District—population, 3,642. The chief export is coal, obtained from the Westport Coal Company's mines at Denniston and Millerton and the State coal-mine at Seddonville, all of which places are connected with the port by railway. The municipality owns the gas and water works and an up-to-date public reading-room and library. In the centre of the town is Victoria Square; on the beach is a reserve of 12 acres, which will probably be enlarged to 50 acres. In the southern part of the town is a domain containing about 14 acres, and on the railway-line, about a mile and a half from the town, is another recreation-ground of 90 acres. Considerable improvements have been made in the Harbour of Westport by the Harbour Board. The water on the bar is 21 ft. 9 in. and in the river 24 ft. 6 in.

Reefton.—The next town of importance is Reefton—a distance of 136 miles from Nelson by railway and coach—with a population of 1,679. Reefton may also be reached from Westport by coach via Inangahua Junction, 27 miles; and then by coach for the remainder of the distance, 21 miles. Reefton was the first town in New Zealand to be lit by electricity. It is almost essentially a gold-fields township, but there are large areas of alluvial land lying between Reefton and Inangahua Junction, which will gradually be brought under cultivation and form the nucleus of an agricultural population.

Motueka.—The Borough of Motueka—population, 1,068—is situated at the head of Blind Bay, on a beautiful plain, with considerable back-country. As a fruit-producing district Motueka is rapidly coming to the front. It enjoys a genial climate, somewhat similar to the City of Nelson. There is daily communication by steamer and coach with Nelson, and a weekly direct steamer-service to the City of Wellington.

Richmond.—The Borough of Richmond—population, 651—is picturesquely situated in a highly cultivated part of the Waimea Plain famed for its fruit and flowers. It possesses an excellent climate.

Murchison.—Until very recently Murchison could hardly be described as a hamlet. Now, however, it has risen to the status of a small township, with a population of 120 people. It has a church, school, two hotels, and nice residences. It is 84 miles from the City of Nelson, and is reached by railway and coach—by railway, Nelson to Kohatu (31 miles); and by the mail-coach, Nelson to Westport, from Kohatu (53 miles). It is situated in the centre of a district which is rapidly coming to the front as a grazing district.

Other townships and hamlets on the railway-line south-west from the City of Nelson are Stoke Village (population 603), Hope Village (population 356), Spring Grove (population 264), and Wakefield (population 544).

Climate and Rainfall.

The climate and rainfall of Nelson, generally speaking, are excellent. In the winter frosts occur between June and August. The falls of snow are comparatively light, except on the higher ranges. The average rainfall of Nelson for thirty years is 59 in. The average temperature of the year based on eleven years of observation is 54.86° Fahr.: the average for winter is 46.58° Fahr., the average for spring is 54.56° Fahr., the average for summer is 62.78° Fahr., and the average for autumn is 55.76° Fahr. The difference between the warmest and coldest months is 17.10° Fahr.

Sport.

Nelson, from its configuration and its good climate, offers as many attractions to the sportsman as any other district in New Zealand. Deer-stalking is to be had within a few miles from Nelson, both red and fallow deer being in very large numbers. Some Virginian deer have been recently imported. Stags in the early part of the season are usually in fine condition, full-grown beasts scaling from 300 lb. to 400 lb. Quail-shooting, owing to the destruction of the birds by stoats and weasels, is not so good as it was in former years. Quail are, however, comparatively numerous in the settled districts about Nelson and in the newly sown bush clearings in the backblocks. Pheasants are not numerous. Trout-fishing is a favourite sport of Nelson residents. The rivers flowing into Tasman and Golden Bays have been stocked with trout, and many of the rivers on the West Coast are proving admirable fishing-rivers.

Chapter 77. THE WESTLAND LAND DISTRICT.

G. J. ROBERTS, Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands.

The Westland District occupies the central portion of the western watershed of the South Island, joining Canterbury on the east; its north and south boundaries with Nelson and Otago being the Pororari, Otututu, Grey, and Awarua Rivers. The mean length is 250 miles, and its average width twenty-seven miles. The area is 6,750 square miles, composed for the most part of the great central snow-clad mountain-chain and its outrunning ranges, intersected by narrow bush-clad valleys, and subsiding westward into undulating plateaux, river straths, and shelving coasts.

There are few places of historical interest. The country has been sparsely peopled by the Maoris for many years past, and they have left numerous traces of their occupation. There are several beautiful allegorical legends connected with their sojourn and wanderings in various parts of the district. A coincidence holds with regard to the minerals most precious to the Maoris and Europeans—viz., that the first finds of greenstone and gold were made in the same locality—at Pounamu—and that each in its time induced adventurers to dare the unknown, and led to the exploitation of various transinsular routes, for there is not a single subalpine pass through the main range that was not known and used in the ancient days by the Maoris. They passed the information on to the whites, who have subsequently used these crossings. The Maoris have now two permanent settlements—at Arahura in the north, and Makawhio in the south, of West-land. They have adopted European habits, reside in comfortable houses, are well-educated, orderly citizens, partly living on rentals, and partly by the cultivation, of their reserves. The greater number are located at Arahura, where they have the advantage of church and school.

About the period 1840 to 1850 the seaboard was fairly well known to the whalers and sealers, who then found profitable work along the coast. Casual explorers and others afterwards visited the region, coming by sea and land, mainly with a view to establishing pastoral settlements; but they found no inducement to remain. The discovery of gold in 1864, however, led to an enormous influx of miners, who flocked in from all parts of the world, and in a short time there was an estimated population of forty thousand young and hardy men. The result of their search was the discovery of numerous deposits of gold, and as a consequence clearings were made, townships built, harbours improved, roads, bridges, and tracks constructed. Although after the first flush of success the population has dwindled, yet year by year the country has progressed. Gold-mining now is conducted on more scientific principles, with the attendant establishment of extensive coal-mines, flax-mills and sawmills, whilst farms now occupy the straths of the rivers. Telegraph-lines, railways, and coach-roads are rapidly overtaking the narrow bridle-tracks which extend and are being extended all over the district.

Westland is intensely interesting to all and every class. To the geologist. in the striking difference of rock-texture, every variety being represented and easily scanned in the frequent sections laid bare in the ravines bordering the different routes; in the numerous hot springs, which here, as in all other deeply-eroded ranges, ooze from decomposing sulphides in the pressure-heated strata; and in the many forms of ice-action which have left record of past and present glaciation.

The botanist will be interested in the varieties of alpine lichens, mosses, grasses, flowers, and shrubs; the dwarfed mountain forest and flora, with the tangle of subalpine underbrush; the tree-dotted openings in the valley-bottoms; the heavy milling-timbers of the lowlands, with their wealth of parasitical plants, festoons of creepers, and close undergrowth; the sedges and aquatic plants fringing the lakes, streams, and lagoons; and the varied ferns, from the giant tree-fern near the coast to the tiny moss-fern on the high Alps.

The naturalist will find the ornithology quaint and beautiful—the diminutive rock-wren, the kea, and the kakapo on the ranges, the kiwi, the white heron of the coastal waters, and the wild-fowl of the streams and rivers, with hosts of intervening bird-life. On the beaches and in the tidal pools of the south are shells, whilst rookeries of the fur and other seals are also to be found.

To the artist this land presents manifold subjects of diversity and beauty. None need fail, either with brush or lens, to carry away interesting momentoes of land- and sea-scapes and pictures of unique interest, portraying the surroundings of the gold-miner and the settlers' homes.

For the mountaineer this is an endless field for activity. He may make his excursion short or far-reaching—either following the few beaten routes, or breaking new ground and climbing the virgin peaks.

The settler will find areas of excellent land suitable for farming, and under the present land laws, by industry and thrift he can redeem an independency from the country now under forest.

The miner will also obtain an outlet for his knowledge in the mineral belts which traverse the mountains right through and contain almost all known metals. He may exploit the coal-bearing regions, or try for gold amongst the quartz in the ranges, the gold-bearing gravels of the terraces, or the auriferous sands on the sea-beaches.

The sawmiller has a great extent of forest lands containing quantities of saleable timbers, which only await working.

Physical Features—Mountains.

The main range (Southern Alps), which is the dividing elevation or backbone of the South Island, constitutes the eastern boundary of Westland for its entire length. This mountain system is snow-covered almost from end to end, and its ice-clad lofty peaks uplift from the snowfields which cap the less abrupt elevations, and which fill the immense intervening hollows (névés). Subsidiary ranges, varying in height, radiate chiefly from “knots” in this great central chain, and are snow-coated most of the year. From these again, ridges covered with dense alpine forests descend steeply into the valleys or fall abruptly to the level of the inland plateaux of the littoral country. The westward faces of these spurs at one time formed the sea-wall. From the sheets of névé-snow alluded to above, numerous glaciers, with feeders from the lateral ranges, extend down the upper main valleys, presenting every aspect of ice-action, and from these the principal rivers take their rise. Parallel with the central mountain-mass, and linked to it by low narrow saddles in the northern districts, are isolated mountains, varying in extent and height, which are the remnants of an ancient continuous granite range that extended along the old coast-line. The bold, flat-topped Paparoa Range, lying between the central Grey Valley and the sea-coast, is another island mountain. With the exception of this Paparoa Range and a few outrunners of the central chain, the whole of the above-mentioned areas may, from a settlement point of view and apart from minerals, be considered barren mountain wastes.

Rivers.

A few of these lead from the foothills, and are of small volume; the others are snow-fed streams descending from the central range, at first in narrow gorges amongst the mountains, but spreading widely on reaching the seaboard country. They are shallow shingly streams in winter, but swift and deep in summer. In the northern district all the larger rivers are bridged; and southward, ferries are placed on all the main streams, which from the melting of the snow are practically unfordable from September to January. Under the heading of “Harbours and Ports,” post, are described those tidal rivers which are available for oversea shipping.

The Westland rivers and their feeders, flowing with great speed and volume, and being frequent and constant, could easily and cheaply be harnessed for the supply of electric power for the whole of the South Island.

Climate.

The climate is equable and temperate, free from storms and fogs. Immediately after bad weather the clouds roll inland, and there is a prevailing clearness of sky, without wind. The rain-bearing winds are mostly from the north-west and north-east. The southerly winter gales usually coat the ranges with snow. which however rarely falls below 2,000 ft. Westland has none of the muggy heat of the north, nor the dry, depressing, dust-laden winds of the east. Frost is infrequent and slight along the coast, and a light snowfall has only reached the seaboard once in twenty years.

The rainfall averages 112 in. per annum, and falls for the most part at night. It is undoubtedly heavy, but does not last, as it is very thorough, and there is none of the long-continued drizzle of the south, from which the adjacent dividing-range completely screens the West Coast.

The following figures exhibit the average temperature for the past few years: Mean temperature in shade in summer, 55°; in winter, 48.5°. The average number of days on which there was no rainfall is 200. Old residents and visitors alike esteem the climate of Westland, at all times of the year, to be most healthy and enjoyable.

Lakes.

The principal are Lakes Christabel, Hochstetter, Ahaura, Haupiri, Brunner, Poerua, Kanieri, Mahinapua, Ianthe, Rotokino, Whahapo, Mapourika, Paringa, Moeraki, and Ellery, with Saltwater and Okarito Lagoons. These and a considerable number of smaller ones are dotted over the district. All vary in character—mountain tarns; coastal tidal lagoons; shallow reedy sheets; deep mountain-girt waters—all are more or less forest-locked, and present every form of lacustrine beauty.

Some of these waters are fairly deep, and sound more than 300 ft. below the sea-level.

The deeper lakes occupy the basins scooped out by ancient glaciers that have receded ages ago. Some again are slowly filling up with the shingle, &c., poured into them by the mountain rivers and streams, whilst others are rising very slowly but definitely; and a few are only remnants of very extensive sheets of water, as the high marginal lake-formed terraces prove.

In conjunction with their effluents these lakes form valuable waterways for the transport of timber and goods. Eventually, the bulk of them will be used for electric-power purposes.

Soils.

The pastoral highlands have a coating of fine mould, and this continues fairly good down to the heavy-timber line.

Where these lands have a fall or a porous subsoil they produce a fine sward of alpine grasses, which are yearly increasing the cap of rich humus so characteristic of this district. The lower flanks of the mountains hold a thinner and less fertile soil. Although these and the lower heights are somewhat abrupt and unfitted for cultivation, yet when cleared of bush and exposed to the sun and air they improve rapidly, and will eventually become good sheep country. There are scattered areas of hilly lands, more or less extensive, which are of limestone formation. Although unsuitable for agricultural purposes, they are coated with splendid grass-growing soils. These limestone areas are becoming much appreciated by the older settlers, who are using the lime to fertilise their pastures In the formation of soils there have not been, as in other countries, countless herds of animals to depend upon. Only the bones of a few birds and rats enrich them—hence their paucity of bone-producing properties.

A margin, varying in width, of gentle slopes and “fans” fringes the base of the foothills. Here the soil is a rich vegetable mould and proves most productive when properly tilled.

Stretches of good alluvium, composed for the most part of arable free-working soils, border the rivers, streams, and sea-coast. These are well adapted for oats and root-cropping.

Pastoral Lands.

The total area of pastoral land now available amounts to 1,850,000 acres, 104,000 of which constitute scattered high mountain grass districts; the balance, 1,746,000 acres, being the ordinary bush-clad country, much of which is quite inaccessible to stock. All over the coastal lands, along the slopes of the lower hills and in the bottoms of the inland valleys, large numbers of cattle are bred and fattened on the dense undergrowth of the forest. The tussock herbage of the high lands above the timber-line is at present lying waste. In the past one or two attempts that have been made to utilise this country have failed, because the sheep were left there to brave the winter snow-storms, the owners having become careless owing to having successfully wintered their stock in previous mild seasons. Sheep may be safely pastured on these high lands for eight months in the year, but feed must be provided for them in the low country for the remaining four. There are one or two farmers who are successfully following this method, and there is ample scope for settlers to copy their example. Hitherto sufficient attention has not been paid to the breed of sheep most suitable for these mountain pastures.

Some of the richest soil in Westland is on the middle mountain-slopes, and eventually, when these have been cleared of the scrubby stunted timber and grassed, stock may run quite safely throughout the year.

Pastoral Runs open for Selection as on 1st April, 1907.

There are fifty-six pastoral runs at present open for selection, varying in area from 2,000 acres to 45,000 acres, the annual rentals of which average £1 per 1,000 acres for a terra of ten years. Detailed descriptions of each run, as to locality and nature of country, are published in the Grown Lands Guide, which may be obtained at any Land Office in the colony. Any further desired information will also be promptly supplied on application to the Commissioner of Crown Lands at Hokitika.

Agricultural Lands.

The agricultural lands comprise some 219,400 acres of forest and 11,500 acres of open surface, such as swamps, grass-grown river-beds, and fringes, &c. The bulk of these lands, when cleared of bush, grow root-crops—especially turnips, which are much used for fattening purposes. The even and moist temperature encourages the almost uninterrupted growth of grass and clover, which are very luxuriant, and favour stock-raising. Oats are also grown abundantly for local consumption, and for the most part are cut into chaff. Year by year the imports of potatoes, fruits, butter, and fat stock are decreasing owing to increased local production.

The settlement of these lands is progressing remarkably, and farmers are now located in almost every valley in the district. These pioneers are very successful in the main, possess comfortable holdings, and evidence further progress by the importation of pedigree stock of all classes, and of agricultural machinery, and by the establishment of dairy factories and creameries. No intending settler could do better than make an inspection of these farming centres, view the local methods of reclaiming the country, and obtain an encouraging object-lesson as to the future from the prosperous homesteads established by the efforts of our early settlers.

The whole of the Westland District is a proclaimed goldfield. Hence before dealing with any portions of the agricultural lands noted above for settlement purposes these various areas have to be withdrawn from mining operations. This is done from time to time as settlement demands, after duly safeguarding the mining and sawmilling interests by the exclusion of all known auriferous lands and blocks of saleable milling-timbers.

Under the provisions of the Bush and Swamp Crown Lands Settlement Act. special facilities are afforded in Westland to selectors with the most limited capital to obtain a holding, which when laid down in grass is a moderate and sufficient independency.

The following statement exhibits the settlement lands open for selection as on the 1st April, 1907:—

Crown Lands available for immediate Settlement.

 Acres.
Surveyed rural lands1,299 in 8 sections.
Surveyed (under bush and swamp)8,875 in 37 sections.
Unsurveyed (under bush and swamp)85,503.
Pastoral lands781,810 in 56 runs.
Town and village lands112 in 319 sections.
 877,599

Lands proposed to be opened for Selection.

2,150 acres on Arnold River, in Brunner Survey District. Mostly heavily timbered terraced country, in strips and patches.
3,500 acres in Blocks VII and XI, Waimea Survey District. All bush-covered, level lands; milling-timber cut out; inferior, sour soil. Access by Kumara to Paroa Road and railway.
  700 acres behind Taramakau Settlement. Strip of densely bushed terraces and hill-slopes; inferior soil.
3,000 acres at Maintain River. Flat land with patches of heavy timber, and open pakihis in places; inferior soil.
1,690 acres on the south bank of the Waitaha River. Heavy mixed bush, with patches of scrub and fern; fair soil.
2,000 acres, Hohonu Survey District. Young, light, mixed bush, with scattered fair rimu and patches of scrub; chiefly inferior soil; about 400 acres cleared and in grass.
2,150 acres, Wataroa Survey District. Mixed bush; medium soil, with flats of fair quality; on right bank of Wataroa River.
1,320 acres on left bank of Karangarua River, Karangarua Survey District. Mixed bush land; fairly flat.
  600 acres on right bank of Moeraki River, two miles above Lake Moeraki, Abbey Rocks Survey District. Land fairly flat; mixed bush.
2,800 acres on both banks of the Poerua River, Wataroa Survey District and Poerua Survey District, River-flats and hill-slopes; mixed bush.
  775 acres on right bank of Clearwater River.
  630 acres on right bank of Turnbull River.
1,300 acres on left bank of Okuru River.
  118 acres on left bank of Turnbull River.
  747 acres at Evans Creek.
  450 acres on south side of Taramakau Settlement.
1,130 acres between Fox and Cook Rivers.
5,800 acres at Punakaiki and Pororari Rivers.
1,300 acres on Ahaura–Amuri Road.
32,160 acres.

Many other areas in different parts of the district are now being surveyed into suitable farming allotments. The capital values of these lands vary from 5s. to £1 per acre. They are wholly procurable on lease in perpetuity, under the above-mentioned enactment, which provides that after the payment of the first half-year's rent no further rental or tax of any description is leviable for two, three, and four years, according to the nature of the surface or bush.

Intending settlers should write to the Commissioner of Crown Lands at Hokitika, and all possible information will be promptly forwarded for their guidance.

Forests

Generally speaking the whole of the district is covered with dense forest from the sea-beach to the grass-grown tops of the high ranges, even the broken mountain-faces being wrapped with foliage. The varieties of trees differ considerably according to soil and altitude. Kamahi and rata are the chief timbers—very useful for firewood—and being spread over the whole district, constitute an almost inexhaustible supply. Rimu is the chief milling-timber, and this also is widely distributed from the seaboard to the interior uplands. Valuable stretches of white-pine belt the low-lying coastal lands, and the same may be remarked concerning the imperishable silver-pine. Clumps of black-pine are met with, also rarer patches of totara, while cedars are scattered along the flanks of the inland ranges and all over the lower hills and plateaux. The approximate area of forest is over 2,250,000 acres, of which a fair proportion carries timber fit for the sawmill, the remainder being mainly firewood and mining timbers and dwarfed alpine bush.

The sawmilling industry has advanced considerably during 1906. With the contemplated early extension of existing railway-lines and main roads, and the improvements of southern harbours and waterways, it will undoubtedly still further progress. Westland is well fitted for an expansion of this industry, as the forests extend over the whole district. Coal is located in many places, whilst the power derivable from the rivers and streams, either director by electricity, is practically unlimited. The isolation of the district, limited means of transport, and want of good harbours at present act against the utilisation of the areas of marketable timber south of Ross; but this is only a temporary obstruction, and ere long means will be adopted to cope with these difficulties.

The sawmills at present in operation (save five smaller ones) are located north of the Hokitika River—that is, in proximity to the running railway-lines. The millers are gradually extending their operations into the back country of the northern district, whence the haulage to the railways and ports is conducted by means of light railways, tramways, traction-engines, and water-carriage, via lakes and streams. Red-pine is the timber principally cut by the mills, and is accounted of very fine quality; but large quantities of white-pine have also been milled during the season and exported to Australia for butter-boxes. A few of the small mills cut silver-pine railway-sleepers only. A certain quantity of totara, black-birch, black-pine, &c., has also been utilised, but not in large quantities. A few mills are run by water-power, but the bulk of them use steam.

The appended summary shows the present position of the industry in Westland:—

Number of Mills.Number of Hands.Horse-power.Cutting-capacity.Output for the Year.
   Super. ft. Super. ft.
4964591294,426,000White-pine
Silver-pine
Red-pine, &c.
44,933,813

It is estimated that quite a thousand hands are employed either about the mills or in cutting firewood, fencing-posts, railway-sleepers, bridge piles and braces, telegraph-poles, and blocks for houses; while many are wholly engaged in furnishing the props, sluice-blocks, and other timbers required for the coal and gold mines. From a settlement point of view alone these lumberers and their families are consumers of all kinds of farm-produce, and are thus local markets for the farmers.

Flax-milling.

Every available strip of flax in this district has been taken up. Eleven flax-mills are now in full working-order, located all over the coast. The output of fibre has not been large, as most of the mills have only recently commenced operations. The industry, by the employment given and the consumption of local produce, further tends to the settlement of the country.

Means of Communication.

Steamer Access.—Hokitika and Greymouth are the principal shipping centres, and steamers of various lines trade daily between the latter port and the other ports of the colony. A subsidised steamer runs between Hokitika, Okarito, and the southern ports as far as Jackson's Bay, plying every two months, thus enabling miners and settlers to obtain supplies and the latter to ship their cattle and produce to market. The Government steamer also calls at Big, Jackson's, and Bruce Bays on her quarterly trips from Dunedin and Bluff. Cargo-craft of various tonnage, with and without auxiliary steam-power, likewise make periodical calls at Hokitika and Greymouth.

Railways.—Hokitika to Greymouth (24 miles).—This line, with the exception of a loop midway to connect with Kumara, runs parallel to and only a short distance from the ocean-beach. Many interesting phases of old and modern gold-workings are passed through along the base of the wooded terrace which, at no far-distant date, formed the shore-line. Sundry small farms and wayside holdings are on either hand, and lumbering and gold-mining takes place on the plateaux and in the gullies for miles inland all the way through, numerous flag-stations affording termini for this side traffic.

And hereabouts, as elsewhere in Westland, there are clusters of miners, farmers, and wood-cutters, whose workings and clearings lie scattered far back on the terraces and amongst the hollows of the surrounding forest, of whom the passing traveller is unaware.

The line is being extended southward to Ross, and is already open for traffic to Rautapu, a distance of seven miles. Complete communication with Ross is expected in 1908.

Greymouth to Runanga (5 miles).—This short line connects with the State coal-mine in the vicinity of the newly established Township of Runanga, which lies to the north-east of the Port of Greymouth.

Greymouth to Reefton (46 miles).—This railway taps the central and lower valley of the Grey River, via Brunnerton, Stillwater, Ngahere, and Ahaura, as well as six minor stations within the Westland District. A great tonnage of coal from the Brunner, Tyneside, and Blackball mines, large quantities of timber from the numerous sawmills, gold-mining material, green flax, farming produce, stock, and goods, besides a large number of passengers, are railed along this line. A further section (Reefton to Inangahua Junction) is in course of construction.

Greymouth to Otira.—This line branches from the Reefton line at Stillwater, and proceeds up the Arnold Valley, via Lake Brunner and Taramakau Valley, to Otira (42 miles from Stillwater and 51 from Greymouth). Large quantities of timber are brought down this section from the numerous sawmills that are established alongside of the line. Stock and produce also swell the amount of traffic, and there is also a considerable and increasing number of passengers travelling to and from Christchurch by the overland coach, which connects the present termini of the railways at Otira and Springfield.

The railways in course of construction in connection with the Westland system include the extension of the Greymouth-Reefton Section down the valley of the Inangahua River (20 miles) to the Buller Valley, a very convenient and promising line. There is also the link (43 miles) between the Otira terminus and the works now progressing up the Waimakariri Valley to complete communication between the east and west coast. This includes the tunnel at Arthur's Pass through the main range between the Otira and Bealey valleys, for which a tender has recently been accepted. The extension of the Greymouth-Hokitika line to Ross (16 miles) is likewise in progress, and its completion will render an immense area of milling-timber available, will revive the mining industry by the economical carriage of material and coal, and enable large numbers of fat stock to be railed to the northern markets.

Roads.—An arterial road extends throughout Westland from the Upper Grey valley, via Ahaura, Greymouth, Kumara, Hokitika, Ross, and Okarito, down to the Haast River, and thence partly by sea-beach and rough tracks almost to Big Bay, on the confines of Otago. This thoroughfare is fit for vehicle traffic down to the Waiho, but southward of that river it is merely a horse-track. The rivers in the northern district, as far as the Waitaha, are all bridged; below that point ferries are placed on all the large streams, so that access is safe and uninterrupted right through, via Haast Pass, to Otago.

Three roads only have been made across the island leading out of Westland. One, a coach-road, runs from Hokitika via Kumara to Christchurch. The others are bridle-roads, one of which at present is out of repair and impassable, leads up the Ahaura Valley via the Amuri Pass into North Canterbury, and the other, in fair order, proceeds from the sea-coast up the Haast Valley via the Makarora River to Pembroke in Otago.

Numerous short dray-roads and horse-tracks branch from these trunk lines to the various mining and settlement centres, while the sea-beach and open shingle river-beds likewise give access to the adjacent country. Sundry dips and cols, varying from 1,800 ft. to over 7,000 ft. in height, leading across the Southern Alps have been explored and mapped, and during the summer months are repeatedly crossed by experienced mountaineers. Of these depressions the only subalpine saddle is Haast Pass, all the others being liable to blocks by winter snow.

Four rough foot-tracks, blazed through the bush and partly benched, go across into Canterbury, as follows: (1) Via Arahura and Browning's Rivers over Browning's Pass into the Wilberforce Valley; (2) via Hokitika River over Mathias Pass into Mathias Valley; (3) via Whitcombe River, over Whitcombe's Pass into Rakaia Valley; and (4) via Copland River, over the main divide to the Hermitage in the Tasman Valley.

As a whole the West Coast roads are smooth and level, and, passing through rocky and gravelly districts, are free from mud and dust.

Coach Traffic.—Coaches three times a week connect with Canterbury via Arthur's Pass, and also ply daily between Ross, Hokitika, Kumara, Greymouth, and the neighbouring towns. Once a week a mail is despatched by coach to Okarito and thence conveyed on horseback southward to Paringa, and once a fortnight to Jackson's Bay.

Telegraph Lines.—These extend along all the trunk road-lines in the north, with numerous telephonic connections with tide districts, and south as far as Mahitahi. Within the next six months the line will be extended to the Okuru. A large party of men is now at work on this extension.

TOWNS.

Greymouth.

Greymouth is situated on the south bank of the Grey River. It was proclaimed a borough in 1868, having an area of 2,000 acres, of which about 500 acres is a Native reserve, and the remaining portion freehold. The tenure in the Native reserve is leasehold in perpetuity, with revaluations every twenty-one years, somewhat after the manner of the Glasgow leases.

Blaketown, within the borough area, is situated on Municipal Reserve No. 51, having a frontage to Tasman Sea of about a mile. About 30 acres of this reserve has been subdivided into quarter-acre sections and let for twenty-one years at £1 per annum each, with renewal of lease for further periods of twenty-one years at a revaluation of rental. Of this area eighty-four sections have been taken up by workmen, who have erected substantial cottage-homes thereon. The municipal authorities, by this method of leasing the land, are encouraging workmen to provide homes for themselves.

The rising Township of Cobden, which is built on the north bank of the Grey River, immediately abreast of Greymouth—to which it is linked by a fine cylinder bridge—may be considered a suburb of the borough. It contains a population of about six hundred, and is principally occupied by the residences of Greymouth merchants and tradesmen.

Greymouth is the principal import and export town of Westland, and is a flourishing mining centre, having a present population of 4,800. The unimproved value of rateable property on 31st March. 1907, was £144,371, capital value, £472,046, and municipal revenue £16,500 per year. The borough is connected by rail with Hokitika, Kumara, Grey Valley, Reefton, Moana, Otira, and the State coal-mine at Runanga, and on three days in each week Christchurch can be reached in one day, via Otira, by coach and rail.

At the beginning of the century the Borough Council adopted a progressive policy, and borrowed money for drainage and water-supply works, which are now completed. The drainage is effected by the earthenware-pipe system, with cement joints and trapped house-services. To date eight miles of sewers have been laid, to which 600 houses are connected.

The water-supply is taken from the Grey River. The filter is formed in a shingle-bed of the river, and the filtered water is then pumped up 286 ft. into a service reservoir which contains 800,000 gallons, and thence it is distributed through tea miles of mains all over the town. The pumps are driven by two 42 h.p. gas-engines fed from the Corporation gasworks.

The Council purchased the gasworks from the old company, and run them as a municipal concern. When purchased in 1900 the yield of gas was 7,700,000 ft., now it is 20,000,000 ft., and the revenue from gas and water is sufficient to pay the whole of the interest and sinking fund on the loans, and, as a consequence, the security rates have never been collected.

The town possesses some very fine buildings, notably the new Town Hall, Municipal Buildings, and Library. The Town Hall is fitted as a bijou theatre, with a sitting-capacity of 800. The Library and Reading-rooms are very commodious and handsome, and were rendered possible by the gift of £2,500 towards them from Mr. Carnegie. The Library is supported by a library rate of 1d. in the pound.

The new Post-office, now nearing completion, is a splendid building, and the tower will contain a four-face chiming clock of 6 ft. diameter.

The Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches deserve special mention; the latter is a brick-and-compo building, with a very fine spire. Other fine buildings are the Grey River Hospital, Grey District High School, Convent School, Gieseking's and McDonnell's buildings, and many other substantial edifices. Tainui Street and Mawhera Quay—which faces the port—have been almost wholly rebuilt during the last few years, and present a fine appearance, whilst the number of comfortable up-to-date residences recently built give a most pleasing aspect to this prosperous town.

A monument, in a central position, containing four drinking-fountains, modelled and cast by McFarlane, of Glasgow, commemorates the Duke of York's visit, the King's Coronation, Trooper Martin (killed in the Boer War), and Peace Day (Boer War).

The town has a telephone exchange, which is in general use.

There are sixteen miles of streets in the borough, which are formed and gravelled, and the Council have commenced to finish the principal streets with tar-macadam. The streets are well lighted with gas.

One of the Government Railway Workshops is located here, with a number of local industries.

A description of the Port of Greymouth will be found post.

Hokitika.—This town is situated at the north mouth of the Hokitika River, bordering the sea-beach. It contains a population of about 2,250, and is mainly dependent on the adjacent sawmills, flax-mills, farming settlements, and gold-mines. A considerable trade is also done by sea with the miners and settlers in south Westland, for which district it is the shipping-port. It possesses convenient structures, such as a drill-shed, theatre, four churches, convent, and school, as well as a commodious Town Hall, containing the Corporation offices, public library and reading-room, and museum; is lit with gas and has a telephone exchange. A fine clock-tower, with chimes, has been erected in the centre of the town in memory of the Westland troopers who fell in the Boer war. A very handsome building encloses the High and State schools. On a high terrace immediately north of the borough are situated the hospital, gaol, and lunatic asylum, all of which, with their many detached buildings, gardens, and grounds, are beautifully kept. There is a fine central park—the recreation-ground of the place. As the suburban dwellings are surrounded by gardens the town has a most pleasing aspect. It enjoys grand views of Mount Cook and other dominant peaks, and from the terrace on the Town Belt the panorama of snow-capped mountains is one of the finest in the world. Excursions by road and water can be made to the adjacent beauty-spots and Lakes Kanieri and Mahinapua, which are unrivalled in their different scenic aspects. On the eastern boundary of the borough is the racecourse, which is well equipped and pleasantly situated. The local industries comprise sawmills, flaxmills, sash, door, and furniture factories, foundry and engineering shops, fish-cannery, coachbuilding, bone-mill, breweries, and coffee and spice works. Hokitika is connected with Greymouth and the north by railway, which will ere long be open southward to Ross. In connection with this latter extension a fine combined railway and traffic bridge has been erected across the Hokitika River, and proves a great convenience to the townspeople and suburban residents. The town has improved very much lately, new buildings having been erected (notably a Free Library, the gift of Mr. Carnegie). A contract has been let for a splendid water-supply from Lake Kanieri (fourteen miles), and improved sewerage and street-access will also be undertaken.

Brunner—Picturesquely situated on the banks of the Grey River, seven miles above Greymouth, it includes the villages of Dobson, Taylorville, and Wallsend, and contains 1,133 people. This town is wholly dependent on the adjacent Brunner and Tyneside coal-mines and their allied industries of coke-burning and brick and tile making. The output of these mines and the manufactories is sent by rail to Greymouth, where the bulk of it is shipped. The mineral traffic causes this short branch to be the best-paying railway-line in the colony. Two fine suspension bridges across the Grey River link the townships together, one being a railway and the other a foot bridge.

Kumara.—This compact little town, with its suburbs of Dillmanstown and Larrikins, of 1,250 inhabitants is placed on the skirts of the largest alluvial gold-field in New Zealand. Main roads to Hokitika, Greymouth, and Christchurch radiate from this place, and a fine road of four miles connects it with the railway. The town is finely situated on a high cable-land, and enjoys interesting views of mountains, and bush-clad plateaux, river, valley, and ocean. Hydraulic gold-mining and gold-dredging is carried on here on an extensive scale, the greater portion of the water-supply coming many miles from the inland mountains. Large sludge-channels have been made to carry away the tailings. This industry gives employment to a large number of men, and also provides lucrative work for sawmillers and mechanical engineers. Kumara has finely equipped and well-built schools, hospital, library, and school of mines.

Ross.—Population, about 600. A very picturesque township situated at the foot of the northern slopes of Mount Greenland, 150 ft. above and one mile distant from the sea. It occupies a very sunny sheltered position, and is famed for fruit and flowers. It is essentially a gold-mining centre, and extensive sluicing is carried on. Right under the town area are various layers of auriferous drifts, partly worked, but at present waterlogged. It is expected that these deep levels will be worked again in the near future, and the town renew its old prosperity. The completion of the railway from Hokitika will greatly benefit Ross and the surrounding district.

Blackball.—Population, about 800. A township in the Grey Valley mainly dependent on the coal-mines in its vicinity. A railway and traffic bridge has been constructed over the Grey River, and a branch fine about two miles and a half long will connect the town with the main trunk railway.

In addition to the towns already enumerated there are many small mining and sawmilling centres, such as Ahaura, Hatters' Terrace, No Town, Stillwater, Kokiri, Nelson Creek, Moana, Noble's, Orwell Creek, Twelve-mile, Stafford, Kanieri, Woodstock, Rimu, Blue Spur, Okarito, Gillespie's, &c. The town of Runanga has been established in connection with the State coal-mines near Greymouth, which are connected by rail with that town.

Ports.

Greymouth.—Twenty-four miles north-east of Hokitika. Extensive harbour-works have been carried out. A breakwater or sea-wall extends some 3,542 ft. seaward from the mouth of the river on the south side, and on the north side 1,400 ft. with internal half-tide training-walls, the result being an average depth of water on the bar of 22 ft. at high water and of 13 ft. at low water. Vessels of 1,500 tons can come alongside the wharf. There is a berth-age accommodation of 2,770 ft., with a minimum depth of 12 ft. to 16 ft. at low water. Steps are also being taken to construct a tidal dock and walls in Kororo lagoon. The principal exports are gold, coal, coke, and timber. The number of vessels that entered the port during the year 1906 was: 687 steamers, tonnage 295,219; 37 sailing-vessels, tonnage 4,893; being a total tonnage of 300,112 for the year. The train runs down the wharf, and the coal-trucks, specially made for the purpose, are lifted and emptied into the vessel's hold by means of powerful hydraulic and 3team cranes, of which there are five, with capacities of from 1 1/2 tons to 12 tons, 30 that every encouragement is given to quick despatch. 272,132 tons of coal, 1,769 tons of coke, 1,080 tons of bricks, 2,037 bales of flax, 37,883,519 superficial feet of sawn timber, and 102,841 sleepers were exported, and 49,826 tons of general cargo were imported during the year.

Hokitika.—Two training-walls have been constructed, the one on the north side being about 2,000 ft. long, while that on the south is 677 ft. The bar is of shifting sand, and the depth at high water varies from 9 ft. to 15 ft., while inside the depth is from 6 ft. to 22 ft. for three-quarters of a mile from the entrance. For ten months out of the twelve the port is usually safe for vessels drawing 8 ft. to 10 ft. of water. The berthage-space amounts to 1,000 ft., with from 18 ft. to 22 ft. of water. The principal exports are gold and timber. Additional harbour works will be shortly taken in hand.

The several succeeding places are each the port for the adjacent small mining and farming settlements, which are wholly dependent on the periodical steamers for their supplies and for the export of flax, timber, produce, and, at times, of fat stock for the northern markets. The Government steamship calls at the three bays noted below, and the local steamer from Hokitika visits all these minor ports every two and three months, whilst other steamers ply to such of these places as trade induces; but as all the rivers have bar entrances the working of them is often precarious and intermittent.

Okarito.—Fifty-five miles south-west of Hokitika. A bar harbour, sometimes completely blocked by a high sandbank thrown up by heavy seas. When open the entrance is good, with a maximum depth of 10 ft. There is a small jetty about half a mile from the entrance. The sand and pipi bank was blown up recently by the Government.

Bruce Bay.—Ninety-five miles south-west of Hokitika. An open roadstead well sheltered from the south and south-westerly winds by Heretaniwha Point. which juts out fully a mile to the southward. Good anchorage in 18 ft. of water opposite the Green Rock, which stands up out of the water. Good boat-landing with above-named winds on a smooth sandy beach.

Paringa River.—104 miles south-west of Hokitika. Open roadstead. Vessels coming in and out should give Hanata Reef (off the north head) a wide berth. There is also a sunken reef, awash at low water, in the middle of the bay, and a dangerous sunken rock just off the South Head, two or three chains away, facing a small sandy bay, and right abreast of the trig, station. Vessels lie inside and a little to the northward of this rock, about a quarter of a mile from shore, and are quite safe with southerly winds.

Haast River.—118 miles south-west of Hokitika. A constantly shifting bar at entrance, which is nearly opposite and a little to the southward of the Alhambra Rock. This rock stands well out of the water, and vessels entering can go on either side with safety. Average depth of water on bar from 6 ft. to 8 ft.

Okuru and Turnbull Rivers.—139 miles south-west of Hokitika. These rivers join just inside the entrance. Good, straight channel; average depth, 8 ft. to 10 ft. The port is well sheltered by Open Bay Islands, which he about three miles away, just opposite the entrance, bearing a trifle west of north. A dangerous reef lies about two miles and a half from the south-west point of the smaller island, and immediately to the north-west of a line drawn from the last-named point to the extreme end of Jackson's Head.

Jackson's Bay.—153 miles south-west of Hokitika. Good shelter and anchorage, open only to north-east, with 12 ft. of water within a few chains of shore. Jackson's Head runs out about one mile and a half in a north-easterly direction from the southern end of the bar. This is the only ocean harbour on the coast of Westland, and could be converted into a first-class port at comparatively small cost. No doubt Jackson's Bay will eventually form a great coal-port, as indications of coal are found from the Bay to Tauperikaka, a distance of thirty miles.

Moreover, the recent discovery of a practicable pass through the main range, via the Waiatoto and Axius Rivers, will make it in the near future the natural outlet for the Lake Wanaka country.

Big or Awarua Bay, 200 miles south-west of Hokitika, at the extreme southwest corner of Westland. An open roadstead, sheltered from east and south-west winds; 24 ft. of water on south side anchorage and 30 ft. on north side just opposite Crayfish Rock, in a spot sheltered from northerly winds.

Steamers have also in past years entered the Taramakau, Waitaha, Wataroa, Whanganui, Waiatoto, Arawata, and Cascade Rivers, all of which have bar entrances. Goods and passengers are also landed at the roadsteads of Saltwater, Gillespie's Beach, and Abbey Rocks

Minerals and Mining

The whole of the District of Westland is a proclaimed goldfield, and contains the greatest area of alluvial auriferous ground on the West Coast.

All the Westland rivers carry down more or less gold, but the three great gold-yielding rivers are the Grey, Arahura, and Waiho, the bars and beaches of which appear to be replenished with fresh deposits of the metal after each flood. Every stream in the Grey Valley is auriferous, and the gold-bearing nature of the adjoining gravels is evidenced by the old and new workings which are scattered all over the watershed. Again, if one stands on the summit of Mount Turiwhate, the ancient beds of the Arahura can be easily traced northward to the Kumara and southward to the Rimu diggings. Similarly, the Waiho has in olden times flowed both northward down the present valley of the Okarito River and southward to the Omoeroa River, the lateral terraces in both directions being well defined and gold-bearing.

There are three main gold-bearing deposits in Westland. The first, which may be called riverine leads, run generally westward. These are ancient riverbeds, often lying at a considerable elevation, of which the bulk has been washed away, leaving detached portions, as Kumara and Rimu. The second are beach leads, both those along the present coast-line and others running parallel thereto at distances varying from one quarter to four miles inland, and at levels from a few feet below to a couple of hundred feet above sea-level. The third are extensive masses of gravel, &c., occurring in large isolated patches, as at Bell Hill, Big Dam Hill, Humphrey's Gully, and Bald Hill, north of the Haast. These drifts have all one noticeable peculiarity—namely, that they invariably coat the seaward faces of the hills, and neither gold nor drift is to be found on the inland slopes. Gold-bearing fans from Mount Greenland have been found at different levels on Ross Flat, having probably been deposited in deep water by successive landslides.

Hydraulic mining on a large scale is successfully carried on in various portions of the northern districts, and is being extended to many other localities. Kanieri Lake is being again utilised, and an abundant quantity of water is now available for the sluicers in the Kanieri Valley. The extension, now surveyed, of the Humphrey's Gully water-race to Rimu and Back Creek will develop a very large field. The tapping of the Arahura River will enable the miners at Blue Spur to obtain an unfailing supply of water, and command a large area of auriferous country at present unworkable from want of water at a sufficient altitude. A large acreage of alluvial drift has been pegged out as dredging claims. Some companies are at work with more or less profit. Experts are assured that a large extent of auriferous gravels exists all over the low-lying country which will yield remunerative returns by this new treatment. Undoubtedly great areas of swampy, undrainable, and hitherto unavailable lands will be prospected, and it is expected that valuable finds will be made in such districts. Numerous and costly experiments have been made with dredges of different types in the endeavour to work economically the gold-bearing sands which lie along the sea-beaches for a distance of a hundred and forty miles, but very few have proved a success. A considerable number of miners (“blacksanders”) work on some of the beaches, and seem to make a fair living, many of them having been so employed in one neighbourhood for over twenty years.

Gold-bearing quartz has been found throughout the district, the most promising find being at Paparoa, Mount Alexander, Taipo Range, Browning's Pass, and Cedar Creek. Silver-ores, associated with gold, have also been found, notably at Rangitoto.

The reefs at Garden Gully, on the Paparoa Range, are now undergoing a thorough test by a well-equipped battery on the spot, and evidence satisfactory results.

At Browning's Pass deposits of auriferous quartz, known as the “Westland Reefs,” have been traced for considerable distances, and are at present being prospected by several parties of experienced miners The amount of gold exported during the past year amounted to 97,130 oz., valued at £384,705.

Specimens of all the known economic minerals have been discovered in various localities. These were displayed at the New Zealand International Exhibition and commanded considerable attention. The Paparoa Range, north of Greymouth, contains many varieties, and will eventually hold a large mining population.

Copper also occurs in the Taipo, Arahura, Toaroha, Whitcombe, Wanganui, and Jackson Valleys, the finest lodes discovered being on the western faces of the Matakitaki Range, near the Haast River, with good seams and beds of coal and limestone adjacent.

Petroleum has been found in the Arnold Valley, and borings are now being made to test and develop what is hoped may be a good oil-bearing basin.

First-class slate, suitable for any purpose, exists in the Upper Wanganui Valley and on the Paparoa Range, Fine pottery-clays and fireclays are also in bulk on this range, and building-stone of all kinds, granite freestone, &c., is to be found all over the Coast. Limestone also occurs in different localities, comprising qualities suitable for making lime and cement, and also for lithographic purposes. Greenstone (pounamu) is now largely exported for fine lapidary and jewellers' work, and commands a ready sale. Iron-ores occur in quantity in various localities.

Coal-mining.—As noted before, great quantities of coal are obtained from the mines at Brunnerton, and also from the fine seams at Blackball, higher up the Grey Valley. Extensive seams are now being developed at the State coal-mine in the Seven-mile Creek basin, and further along the coast. On the higher slopes of the Paparoa Range areas have been surveyed and leased, and large outcrops are being prospected. The Paparoa Coal Company, near Blackball, are now building a branch railway, erecting the various buildings, workmen's dwellings, and machinery for the commercial development of their fine property, and expect to place their coal on the market at an early date. It would appear that the greater portion of the seaward country hereabouts contains very extensive coalfields—it undoubtedly contains the greatest area of coal-bearing strata yet discovered; but nevertheless all the way down the coast to Jackson's Bay, wherever the coal-measures have been protected from the scour of the ice-streams of the great glacial period, isolated areas of coal exist, and possibly borings would prove the lower coal-beds to be intact under the overlying drifts. The four largo coal-mines now at work—viz., the Brunner, Tyneside, Blackball, and State coalmines—are all finely equipped with the latest machinery, are directly linked to the main railway by branch lines, and produce great quantities of coal varying in character and suited for different economic purposes. Last year some 320,840 tons were raised and railed to various towns, but principally into Grey-mouth, whence it was shipped to places in and beyond the colony.

Chapter 78. THE CANTERBURY LAND DISTRICT.

ERIC C. GOLD SMITH, Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands.

Boundaries—Physical Features.

The Land District of Canterbury comprises the central portion of the South Island, and lies between the Conway River, Barefell Pass, and Mt. Franklin on the northward; the Spenser Mountains, Travers Peak, Mt. Barron, the Amuri, Hope, and Hurunui Passes, the summit of the Southern Alps, and the western watershed of the River Hopkins and Lake Ohau on the westward; the Rivers Ohau and Waitaki on the southward; and the South Pacific Ocean on the eastward. It lies between south latitudes 42° 5' and 44° 55', and east longitudes 169° 45' and 173° 30'. The length of the district north-east and south-west is about 220 miles; the breadth W.N.W. and E.S.E., from the summit of the Alps to the sea, averages seventy miles. The sea-board has a length of about 300 miles, consisting generally of low-lying beaches, broken by the projection eastward of Banks Peninsula, which contains the only largo natural harbours. That portion of the district which fronts the ocean between the Ashley and Opihi Rivers is flat land, about 2,500,000 acres in extent; north and south of those limits the plain is interspersed with undulating and hilly country. This great plain stretches westwards, rising and merging into downs and hills, which again extend westward and merge into the Southern Alps and the offshoots therefrom. Banks Peninsula, which has an area of about 250,000 acres, is wholly composed of ridges and hills, deeply intersected by basins and gullies, the result of volcanic action.

The Southern Alps, which form the backbone of the island, are a continuous chain of mountains, with a succession of magnificent peaks, attaining their culminating point in Mount Cook, or Aorangi, 12,349 ft. above sea-level; there are, besides, numerous peaks ranging in altitude between 7,000 ft. and 10,000 ft. Offshoots, extending to great distances eastward and south-eastward from the main range, attain elevations of 6,000 ft. to 9,000 ft. On these mountain-ranges are numerous and extensive glaciers, from which emanates the river-system of the district, comprising the Waiau-ua, about 100 miles in length; Hurunui, 85 miles; Waimakariri, 90 miles; Rakaia, 85 miles; Ashburton, 64 miles; Rangitata, 74 miles; the Waitaki and its main feeders, 140 miles. These rivers rush down from the mountain-gorges, through the intervening ranges and hills, and traverse the plains to the sea. The channels on the plains are shallow, and extend in some instances over a mile in width.

These rivers serve as outlets for a portion of the Lake system of the South Island, Lake Sumner being connected with the Hurunui, Lakes Coleridge and Heron with the Rakaia, and the Mackenzie Country lakes—Tekapo, Pukaki, and Ohau—with the Waitaki. Another important lake is that known as Lake Ellesmere, west of Banks Peninsula; it is separated from the ocean by a narrow shingle-spit only 5 chains across at one point, through which, at certain seasons, the flood waters force a channel to the sea. Lake Tennyson is situated on the eastern flank of the Spenser Mountains, 3,614 ft. above sea-level.

Climate.

The climate of Canterbury is well suited to Europeans. It resembles that of Great Britain, but on the plains is far more equable, the mean daily range of temperature being 17.10° Fahr. Observations taken at Lincoln (fourteen miles from Christchurch) for a period of twenty-one years, ending December, 1903, give the following results : Barometer, reduced to 32° Fahr. and sea-level, 29.968 in.; mean maximum daily temperature, 61.8°; mean minimum daily temperature, 43°; mean average temperature, 52.4°. The extremes of temperature were 984° and 19.9° Fahr. The rainfall for the same period averaged 24.674 in. per annum, the extremes being 35.287 in. in 1886 and 14.480 in. in 1897. The average annual number of days on which rain fell was 123, the extremes being 154 in 1902 and 98 in 1891. Snowfalls are very light on the plains, but in the high uplands the climate is much colder and more severe. The changes of weather and temperature are sudden, calms and gales rain and sunshine, heat and cold alternating. The prevailing winds are north-east, south-west, and north-west—the last a hot wind. The climate, as a whole, is splendidly healthy, bracing, and most enjoyable.

Foundation and Settlement.

The district was occupied, in the first instance, by settlers sent out by the Canterbury Association, which was formed in 1848, and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1849, under the auspices of prominent men in England, including the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Lyttelton. The step was not taken until after due inquiry as to the most suitable part in which to establish a settlement. Captain (afterwards Sir George) Grey, at that time Governor, recommended the Wairarapa, but it was finally decided to take over from the New Zealand Company a tract of the Canterbury Plains, in the neighbourhood of Port Cooper. Captain Thomas, the agent of the association, who had advised the selection, superintended the surveys and the preparations for receiving intending settlers. The original intention of the founders was that the settlement should be independent and complete in itself, and should embrace only such persons as were members of the Church of England and were approved of by the association. This was frustrated by the influx of numbers of persons of all classes and beliefs. The first body of emigrants arrived at Port Cooper on the 16th December, 1850, and the settlement remained under the control of the association, as directed by a committee of management in England, and under the active personal supervision of Mr. John Robert Godley, until 1853, when the whole of Canterbury became a province of New Zealand by the provisions of “The Constitution Act, 1852.”

Thenceforward the control of the settlement was vested in the Superintendent and the Provincial Council. The first Superintendent was Mr. James Edward FitzGerald, who held office till 1857; he was followed in succession by Mr. William Sefton Moorhouse, 1857—1863; Mr. Samuel Bealey, 1863—1866; Mr. Moorhouse again till 1868; and Mr. William Rolleston till the abolition of the provinces in 1876, when the district came directly under the control of the General Government.

Internal Communication.

In no part of New Zealand are the means of communication better than in Canterbury. The natural facilities of the country have been abundantly supplemented by railways and roads. Lyttelton, the chief port, is connected by rail with Christchurch, the heart and centre of the whole district. From Christchurch the main line extends northwards to Culverden, a distance of 69 miles, with a branch from Waipara to Domett in the Cheviot Estate (about thirty-two miles) open for traffic Southward the main trunk line runs through Waitaki (139 miles) to Dunedin. These lines tap and serve the whole coastal district and the lands adjoining on the western side. In addition, eight branch-lines have been constructed westward, and two lines south-eastward; the former, in most instances, extending to the foot of the hills. The Springfield branch is being extended into and through the main range in order to connect with the West Coast system.

Combined with the railway system is a complete network of main, district, and subsidiary roads, extending into all parts of Canterbury. The total length of railways is about 486 miles, and the roads probably exceed 10,000 miles in the aggregate. The completion of this splendid system is due, partly to the foresight of the original settlers, partly to the exertions of the Provincial Government, and partly to the railway and public-works policy of the late Sir Julius Vogel.

Geological Formation.

According to Sir James Hector, the main western ranges are composed of Upper Palæozoic rocks, having at their base extensive plains of Tertiary fluviatile formation, with occasional protruding ridges of Upper Mesozoic, forming low mountain-ranges subordinate to the main axis. Banks Peninsula consists of basic volcanic rocks.

Area, Nature, and Disposition of Lands.

The area of the Canterbury Land District is 9,604,045 acres, of which the estimated area of forest land is 516,030 acres. Forest lands are found in Banks-Peninsula and in the Mount Peel and Waimate districts, where the timber consist? chiefly of totara and matai; at the sources of the Waiau-ua, Ashley, Wai-makariri, Rakaia, and Hopkins Rivers, at Lakes Ohau and Sumner, and near Springfield and Methven, the timber in these localities being mostly native beech; and near Oxford, where the beech is interspersed with rimu, totara, matai, &c.

The lands of Canterbury may be classed approximately as follows : First class, 2,046,071 acres; second class, 5,207,173 acres; third class (barren lands and lands of small value), 2,350,801 acres : total, 9,604,045 acres.

The disposition of lands was in 1907 as follows:—

 No. of Holders.Area in Acres.
  1. Crown lands disposed of for cash (including land granted under Midland Railway Act, 572,000 acres, but deducting lands repurchased for settlement—262,175 acres)3,828,327
  2. Lands held on deferred payments129,279
  3. Lands held on perpetual lease442,320
  4. Lands held as leaseholds in perpetuity1,584289,611
  5. Lands held in occupation with right of purchase344,736
  6. Lands held as village-homestead special settlements40912,466
  7 Lands held as small grazing-runs99214,895
  8. Lands held as grazing-farms (on Cheviot Estate)4945,846
  9. Pastoral licenses1413,452,315
10. Special-settlement associations414,651
11. Reserves and Crown lands held under temporary occupation licenses (area, 97,697 acres, included in 12 and 17)731
12. Area of land reserved and granted under various Acts (exclusive of Midland Railway land, included in 1)972,662
13. Land purchased and disposed of under Land for Settlements Acts (included in 4, 7, 10, and 11; 1,230 holders, 259,946 acres)
14. Workers' dwellings92
15. Crown lands open for selection45,675
16. Crown lands being prepared for selection
17. Barren lands, and lands for future disposal721,260
                            Total3,1539,604,045

In explanation, it may be noted that No. 1 comprises the freehold lands conveyed, and that tenants of Nos. 2, 3, and 5 have the right of acquiring the freehold,. which is not the case with tenants of Nos. 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 13. Crown lands proper are: 15, open for selection.

Soils.

The Southern Alps and mountains adjoining are, owing to their great altitude, subject to disintegration, and form for the most part rocky barren wastes.

The lower ranges and hills, the high tablelands, and the light stony portions of the plain form the pastoral areas.

In the northern and southern districts and in the great central plain are the agricultural areas. This latter class of land comprises rich alluvial tracts about Cheviot, Rangiora, Kaiapoi, Lincoln, Ellesmere, Longbeach, Temuka, and Waimate, and the splendid plain and down lands which extend from Cheviot to the Waitaki.

Banks Peninsula, where the soil is of a rich volcanic nature, though exceedingly hilly, has alluvial areas in the valleys and about the bays.

Pasturage and Crops.

Below a certain level, the mountainous and hilly regions, and the high upland country in the western and northern part, are covered by native grasses, with an admixture of English forage-plants where the character of the soil and other circumstances are favourable.

The pasturage, which is very suitable for sheep-farming, is taken full advantage of by the pastoral tenants of the Crown, and is used to some extent by freeholders. The light stony portions of the plain also contain native grass lands, well adapted to merino sheep.

The lower hills, downs, and better kinds of plain-country have been widely cultivated, and have proved well fitted for the production both of cereals and of grasses.

The chief crops grown in Canterbury District are wheat, oats, barley, turnips, rape, clover and grass seed; while amongst other crops produced are rye, peas, beans, mangolds, beet, carrots, and potatoes.

Of the cereals, wheat is the most largely grown, and was for many years a large item of export. In the season 1906–7 the area under crop for threshing was 152,453 acres, being nearly three-fourths of the total wheat-area of the colony. The total yield was 4,286,104 bushels, being an average of 2811 bushels per acre.

Oats also are very successfully grown, the figures for the same period being 153,462 acres, or over three-sevenths of the total area of this crop in the colony. The total yield was 4,958,399 bushels, being an average of 32.31 bushels per acre.

Barley of superior quality is also produced, the figures being 9,460 acres, equal to nearly three-tenths of the total area of barley-crop in the colony. The total yield was 311,008 bushels, being an average of 32.87 bushels per acre.

Grass-seeds are abundantly grown, cocksfoot mainly on the splendid Banks Peninsula country, and ryegrass throughout the land district.

Potatoes, which yield crops of excellent quality, were grown in 1906–7 on 8,283 acres; turnips and rape were grown on 249,014 acres, and the combined area of other crops grown, including rye, peas, beans, mangolds, beet, carrots, and onions, was 16,493 acres. The area of wheat, oats, and barley for fodder was 85,609 acres. The area ploughed and laid down in English grasses was 1,639,711 acres. Surface-sown lands comprised 571,139 acres. The total area under crop was 674,774 acres, and the area broken up but not in crop, 12,293 acres. Plantations, exclusive of private gardens, occupied an area of 24,354 acres. The aggregate area of private and market gardens, orchards, and vineyards over quarter of an acre in extent was 7,869 acres.

Stock.

The pastoral and agricultural lands provide grazing and fodder for a large number of sheep, cattle, horses, and other stock. Of late years the value of the plains has been much enhanced and the carrying-capacity thereof greatly increased by the water-race system, which supplies water throughout the length and breadth of the dry areas, and enables the country to be occupied in smaller holdings than would otherwise be possible.

The following table shows the extent, cost, and other particulars regarding the water-race system in the several counties:—

County.Area watered.Miles of Races.Total Cost.Cost per Acre watered.Amount of Water distributed every Twenty-four Hours.Annual Charge for Use of Water.
 Acres. £s.d.Gal. 
Amuri24,162544,800311 2/3Races are maintained by an annual charge in proportion to area watered.
Ashley122,00050025,0004127,000,000From 3/4d. to 6d. per acre, in addition to special rates for interest on loans.
Selwyn326,8881,13279,30741090,940,3608s. 4d. to £1 6s. 6d. per 100 acres.
Ashburton586,0001,55243,78015 3/486,000, 000£1 13s. 4d. per mile of race.
Geraldine71,2122609,01026 1/229,520,000About 7d. per acre, including a rate for payment of principal and interest on loans, and a rate for maintenance.
Levels19,000715,50059 1/26,480,0001 3/4d. per acre, and an interest-rate of 5/8 d. in the pound on capital value.
Mackenzie9,400351,93541 1/27,516,8002 11/16d. per acre on part of district and 5/8d. in the pound on capital value in remainder of district.
Waimate23,3981256,021526,700,000Races are maintained by an annual charge on the value of lands watered.

The sheep in the District of Canterbury, in April, 1906, numbered 5,079,574. In October, 1906, there were 64,273 horses, mules, and asses, 131,438 cattle, and 42,541 pigs.

The district has a well-deserved reputation for the classes and splendid quality of its sheep. On the mountains and higher lands the merino still predominates; but on the richer low-lying ranges, hills, and plains the prevailing types are crosses between the merino and Leicester, Lincoln, Romney Marsh, and other breeds. In proof of the superior character of the flocks, pasturage, and climatic conditions in the South Island, the following percentages of lambing returns are quoted—these are “fair average returns, but much higher might have been exhibited”: Mountain native pasture—pure merino, 75.36; pure merino and Border Leicester, 88.94: English-grass pasture—crossbred and Border Leicester, 80.8; half-bred Border Leicester, 82.79; Border Leicester, 90.77; Lincoln, 88.08; Romney Marsh, 111.46; English Leicester, 93.34; Shropshire, 9741; Southdowns, 96.87. It must be borne in mind that the flocks and herds are supported by the natural and artificial pastures without housing.

Owing to the development of the frozen-meat trade a great impetus has been given to sheep-breeding. The bulk of the primest meat exported from the colony is supplied by this district, with Marlborough, and commands the highest price in the London markets. The frozen meat exported from Canterbury during the year ended 31st March, 1907, was valued at £1,301,618, besides which large quantities of preserved meats, tallow, manure, neatsfoot oil, oleo, &c., were produced.

At Belfast, Fairfield (near Ashburton), Islington, Timaru, and Pareora freezing-works are established, each containing a complete plant for carrying on the industry, as well as departments for curing, preserving, boiling-down, tallow-rendering, fellmongering, and the manufacture of manures. The Canterbury Frozen Meat and Dairy Produce Export Company (Limited) owns the Belfast Freezing-works, with storage for 90,000 carcases, and a daily capacity of 5,500 carcases; the Fairfield Works (near Ashburton), with storage for 65,000 carcases,, and a daily capacity of 4,500 carcases; and the Pareora Works (near Timaru), which have storage for 100,000 carcases, and can deal with 5,000 in a day. The works have engines representing 950-horse power, and employ 719 men when in full work. The Islington and Timaru works, which are owned by the Christchurch Meat Company, employ in all about 700 men, and have engines representing 403-horse power. The former can put through 8,000 carcases per diem, and have storage for 140,000 carcases. The latter can deal with 6,000 carcases in a day, and have storage for 120,000 carcases. At Hornby there has been established by Messrs. Nelson Brothers (Limited) a well-equipped factory for freezing only, with engines of 300-horse power, and a capacity of dealing with 1,000 sheep per diem. The factory has storage-room for 50,000 sheep, but is not now in operation.

Wool.

During the year ended 31st March, 1907, there were shipped at Lyttelton and Timaru 40,315,501 lb. wool, valued at £2,006,255; and to this must be added the amount bought for manufacture by the woollen-mills in the district. The Kaiapoi Woollen Manufacturing Company (Limited) owns large woollen-mills at Kaiapoi, and clothing-factories at Christchurch. These are fitted with modern machinery and appliances, and the company's products have obtained a considerable reputation. The company employs about 900 hands, and uses about 1,250,000 lb. of wool and 5,000 pounds' worth of other colonial products in a year. The staple of the New Zealand wool, especially the long-wool and cross-bred, is remarkable for its freedom from breaks and other imperfections. The average clips are approximately as follows: Merino, 41b. to 71b.; quarter-breds, 6 1/2 lb.; half-breds, 7 1/2 lb.; three-quarters, 8 1/2 lb.; Leicesters, 10 1/2 lb.; Lincoln, 11 lb. From special flocks clips up to 25 lb. and 30 lb. are obtained.

Butter and Cheese.

Banks Peninsula and the rich tracts of country previously mentioned are excellently suited for dairy farming. The pasturage and climatic conditions are favourable, and a great increase in the production of butter and cheese may be looked for, more especially as housing and hand-feeding are in some districts unnecessary. A central co-operative dairy factory has been established at Addington, served by twelve creameries, situate at Marshlands, Oxford, Halswell, Springston, Doyleston, Little River, Ladbrooks, Lakeside, Kaiapoi, Green Park, Brookside, and Ashburton, each capable of dealing with the milk of 1,000 cows. There are also very complete dairy factories at Taitapu, Sefton, Cheviot, Timaru, Temuka, South-brook, Belfast, Tinwald, and Le Bon's Bay, as well as cheese-factories at Flemington and German Bay. The number of cheese and butter factories in the district in 1906 was 15, and of creameries 43; the output of butter and cheese amounted to 4,415,0101b.

Timber.

The sawmilling industry finds its development chiefly in the Oxford, Little River, Mount Somers, and Waimate districts. The number of mills in Canterbury in 1906 was eighteen, employing 266 hands, the horse-power being 393. The output is, however, diminishing owing to the working-out of the available timber. The timber comprises birch, totara, red and white pine. The first-named is used chiefly for sleepers and fencing, the totara and pine for building purposes. Including the work done by the planing and moulding mills the value of all the manufactures under this head was £29,912.

Fruit.

The district is eminently adapted for the growth of a large variety of fruits especially all that flourish in Great Britain. Attention has recently been directed to landing supplies of fruit in London; the attempts so far have proved satisfactory, and point to the possibility of a large trade being established.

Coal.

Brown coal is found at the Malvern Hills, Homebush, Whitecliffs, Springfield, Mount Somers, Albury, and various other places. Lignite is also commonly distributed. For the year 1906, the output from 11 collieries, employing about 85 hands, was 26,553 tons, bringing the total amount raised from 26 collieries up to the 31st December, 1906, to 530,424 tons. The seams worked vary from 16 ft. to 2 ft. 3 in., the average width being 8 ft. At Acheron, near Lake Coleridge, a true anthracite is found, the other pits in the district being of brown coal or lignite.

Building-stones.

The building-stones of Canterbury comprise some excellent varieties. The Halswell quarries produce an exceedingly hard and close-grained stone of a dull leaden-grey colour. Granular trachytes are obtained from Governor's Bay, Lyttelton; porphyrites at Malvern Hills; good limestone at Malvern Hills, Waikari, Mount Somers, and various other places; bluestone rock is found at Timaru suitable for millstones. There is abundance of limestone in North Canterbury, Mount Somers, Castle Hill, and various other parts, which is well adapted for making lime.

Fisheries.

Deep-sea fishing is carried on from Lyttelton and Akaroa, the kinds of fish chiefly caught being groper (hapuku), ling, conger-eels, moki, butterfish, barracouta, soles, whiting, red-cod, herrings, and garfish. From Lake Ellesmere and the river estuaries excellent flounders are obtained.

Trout thrive amazingly in the rivers and fresh-water lakes, affording excellent sport.

Manufactories.

Excluding mines and quarries, the total number of manufactories in Canterbury at the date of the census in 1906 was 696, employing 7,516 mules and 2,403 females.

Included in the above were 37 printing, 9 agricultural-implement, 26 coach building and painting, 27 fellmongering, tanning, currying, and wool-scouring establishments, 7 sail and oilskin factories, 15 boot and shoe factories, 2 rope and twine works, 8 flax-mills, 6 boiling-down, meat-preserving, and freezing works, 11 bacon-curing works, 16 cheese and butter factories, 22 grain-mills, 33 chaff-cutting and grass-seed-dressing works, 13 breweries, 8 malt-houses, 28 aerated waters and cordial works, 4 sauce and pickle making factories, 4 soap and candle works, 18 sawmills and sash and door factories, 4 gasworks, 22 brick, tile, and pottery manufactories, 13 iron and brass foundries, 41 cycle-works, 27 furniture-factories, and 6 engineering-works.

The census returns also showed that in 1905 the value of land, machinery, and buildings used for factory purposes was £2,200,902, and the total value of manufactures £5,088,329.

Educational Institutions.

Primary Schools.—The district is divided into two parts, termed North and South Canterbury, each presided over by an Educational Board. Under the control of the Boards schools have been established throughout the whole country wherever population warranted their erection.

The number of children attending the public primary schools in Canterbury on 31st March, 1907, was 24,593. Average daily attendance, 20,752. Number of teachers—males, 258; females, 409: total, 667. Number of schools, 284.

There is a Normal School at Christchurch for the training of teachers.

Secondary Education.—For the further education of children ample provision has been made by the establishment of secondary schools. The principal schools of this class are the Boys' and Girls' High Schools at Christchurch, Rangiora, Ashburton, and Timaru. For more advanced students Canterbury College, Christchurch, is available. This institution was founded and endowed by the Provincial Government in 1873, and is presided over by a Board of Governors. The teaching staff comprises fourteen professors and lecturers, and the number of students attending lectures is 30k The School of Engineering, Electricity, and Technical Science, recently established as a special branch of the college, is well equipped, and is attended by a large number of students. The School of Art is also a special branch of the college work, and the popularity of both these branches has been met by the recent erection of considerable additions to the building accommodation.

It should be recorded here that the Provincial Government of Canterbury was fully alive to its duties as regards higher education. It made reserves for the purpose of endowment for the following objects: (1) College, 101,640 acres, reserved June, 1873; (2) technical science, 103,000 acres, reserved July, 1873; (3) School of Agriculture, 100,950 acres, reserved June, 1873; (4) Boys' High School, 9,220 acres, reserved at various dates; (5) Classical School, 8,953 acres, reserved at various dates. To these were subsequently added the following: (6) Girls' High School, 2,578 acres, reserved January, 1878: (7) Medical School, 5,000 acres, reserved December, 1877.

Technical education is provided for by the schools of engineering and art in connection with Canterbury College, a technical and continuation school under the control of a local Board of Management subsidised by the Government and local bodies, and a school of domestic instruction, also controlled by a local Board of Management.

Private Schools.—There are numerous private schools, independent of the State, the chief amongst them being Christ's College, Christchurch, connected with the Church of England. The Roman Catholics support schools of their own in Christchurch, Pleasant Point, Lyttelton, Timaru, Addington, Papanui, Ashburton, Akaroa, Rangiora, Sheffield, Temuka, Leeston, and Waimate. There are besides, in Christchurch, some excellent private boarding and day schools for both boys, and girls, and two good commercial training schools.

Other Institutions.

Canterbury has the advantage of possessing many flourishing public institutions. The School of Art, Christchurch, was established by the College Governors in 1882; the Art Gallery owes its origin to the Art Society, the site being the gift of the Government. The Canterbury Agricultural College, Lincoln, also founded by the College Governors, is surrounded by 660 acres of laud. The commodious buildings, which cost over £20,000, provide accommodation for the Director and teaching-staff, and for forty-five students. The fees are on a low scale. The farm buildings are complete, and include a well-equipped dairy. Instruction is given in agriculture, chemistry, botany, mechanics, physics, surveying, &c.

The Public Library, Christchurch, under the control of the College Governors, contains reading-rooms, a circulating library of some 23,000 books, and a reference library of about 16,000 volumes. One hundred and thirty-six magazines and newspapers are provided. The number of subscribers is 2,000, and the average daily attendance over 1,000. There is also a spacious free reading-room, 60 ft. by 36 ft., which is supplied with 148 English, American, and colonial newspapers and periodicals.

The Museum, Christchurch, is a handsome pile of stone buildings; the collections are large and varied. They are separated into two groups: (1) Those from New Zealand; (2) those from foreign countries. In the New Zealand department the skeletons of whales and moas, as well as the collections of shells (tertiary and fossils) and rocks, are specially good; and the Maori collection, exhibited in a Maori house, is also of considerable interest. In the foreign department, the geological, mineralogical, and ethnological collections are the most extensive, but there is also a good illustrative series of Egyptian and Roman antiquities, as well as of the remains of prehistoric man in Europe and America.

This institution owes its origin and success to the foresight, skill, and energy of the late Sir Julius von Haast, and to the munificence of the Provincial Government.

The philanthropic institutions embrace the Christchurch, Akaroa, Ashburton, Timaru, and Waimate Hospitals; the Sunnyside Mental Hospital; the Rhodes Convalescent Home; the Memorial Home for the Aged at Woolston; the City Mission and Destitute Men's Home, Christchurch; the Deaf-and-Dumb Asylum at Sumner; the Orphanage, Sydenham; the Industrial School at Burnham; and the Mount Magdala Asylum, Samaritan Home, and St. Mary's Home, in the vicinity of Christchurch.

Towns.

Christchurch, the capital city of the Canterbury District, is situated on the plains. It is practically level, the original portion of the city being laid out in rectangular form, two miles by one mile and a quarter, and intersected diagonally by a street. All the principal streets are 66 ft. in width. There are numerous open spaces, including the Cathedral Square in the centre, and Cranmer and Latimer Squares. The Avon, a pretty stream, overhung by willows, runs through the town, presenting from ail points charming vistas. The city is surprisingly English in its appearance, architecture, and surroundings. The central portion, where stands the Cathedral, Government offices, and other substantial structures, has a handsome, well-built look. Other parts contain fine public buildings, such as the Museum, Canterbury College, High Schools, &c. The whole is admirably set off by Hagley Park, 400 acres in extent, the Domain and Botanical Gardens, 79 acres, Lancaster Park, the Town Belts, and other public and private gardens and plantations. The suburbs can show many handsome houses and beautifully kept grounds.

On the 1st April, 1903, the suburbs of Sydenham, Linwood, and St. Albans were amalgamated with the original city proper into what is known as “Greater Christchurch,” comprising a total population of 52,313. Including the adjacent Boroughs of Woolston and New Brighton, and other suburban areas, the total population amounts to about 70,313. Tramways connect the centre of the city with the outlying areas of Addington, Sydenham, the Port Hills, Opawa, Papanui, and Fendalton, and with the seaside villages of New Brighton and Sumner. The city has been drained at considerable expense, the sewage being conveyed three miles and discharged on the sand wastes near the sea. A pure and copious water-supply bus been provided by nature, and is obtained by artesian wells. For the purposes of municipal government the city is divided into four wards, and its affairs are controlled by the City Council, presided over by the Mayor. Christchurch is the centre of trade and commerce for the North Canterbury agricultural and pastoral country, and the headquarters of many manufacturing industries, including carriage, boot and clothing factories, iron and brass foundries, agricultural-implement works, fellmongering, tanning, and wool-scouring works, Hour-mills, breweries, meat preserving and freezing, biscuit, planing and moulding, bicycle, brick and pottery, soap and candle, and other works.

There are large and well-equipped agricultural and pastoral show-grounds at Addington, where a fine and successful show is held every year.

Recreation and amusement are provided for by His Majesty's Theatre, Theatre Royal, Opera House, and various public halls, the famous Riccarton racecourse, the numerous cricket and football grounds, &c., while boating men have the River Avon and the Heathcote estuary.

Christchurch is connected with the outside world by Port Lyttelton, seven miles distant. The railway-tunnel of 1 5/8 miles in length, through the Port Hills, is on this line. Christchurch is not only the centre of the splendid Canterbury Plains, but is also one of the chief railway centres of the colony. Addington railway-workshops are extensive and fully equipped.

Lyttelton, the chief port of the district, is situated on the northern shores of the inlet of that name, sometimes called Port Cooper. The surrounding country consists of high precipitous hills, which separate the harbour from Christchurch and the plains; but by the construction of the railway and tunnel the natural difficulties have been overcome, with the result that the whole of the imports and exports of northern and central Canterbury pass through Lyttelton. The origination and accomplishment of this great engineering work is due to the late William Sefton Moorhouse, at that time Superintendent of the Province. The natural advantages of the port have been enhanced by reclamation and harbour-works, which include two breakwaters, 2,010 ft. and 1,400 ft. in length respectively, extending from Officer and Naval Points, enclosing about 107 acres; long lengths of wharf-accommodation, 10,041 ft.; a patent slip for ships up to 400 tons; and a splendid graving-dock 450 ft. long, width on top and bottom 82 ft. and 46 ft. respectively, the entrance being 62 ft. wide, well equipped with machinery and all requisites for repairs. Ships drawing up to 25 ft. can berth alongside the spacious wharves and sheds. The railway, electric-light, machinery, and appliances are available throughout, which renders loading and unloading practicable both by day and by night. As an indication of the volume of trade dealt with at the port, it may be noted that for the year ended 31st March, 1907, the imports were valued at £2,567,883 and the exports at £3,056,255. The town is built on the side of the range, the streets being generally steep, flanked by solid stone buildings; and a background of green spurs and bold rocky faces gives completeness to the whole appearance. The water-supply is obtained from artesian wells on the Christchurch side of the hills. To Christchurch there is a bridle-track over the range, and a carriage-road via Sumner. The harbour is well defended by fortifications and batteries on Ripa Island and the mainland. The population in 1906 was 3.941 persons.

Timaru, the third town in importance, is situated on the coast and railway-line between Christchurch (100 miles) and Dunedin (131 miles). It has a well-constructed artificial harbour, the port of shipment for the agricultural and pastoral districts of Geraldine, Timaru, and Waimate. The harbour is enclosed by a breakwater built of blocks of concrete; a rubble wall—the North Mole—starts from the shore a quarter of a mile away to the north, and extends easterly to a point 350 ft. from the breakwater. The enclosed space is 50 acres. During the year ended 31st March, 1907, the value of goods imported here was £248,832 and of produce exported £1,230,813. The town is situated on rolling hills overlooking the sea. The streets are irregular, but the public and commercial buildings, churches, and private houses are generally well and handsomely built of stone. The chief industries are meat-freezing, sawmilling, flour-milling, &c. The town has a good high-pressure water-supply, and is connected by well-made roads with the surrounding districts, and by rail with Fairlie, the route to the Mackenzie Country and Mount Cook. The population at the last census was 7,615 persons.

Of other towns in Canterbury the following deserve mention: Rangiora, population 1,723 persons, twenty miles from Christchurch by northern line of railway, is situated in the centre of a fine farming country, and possesses manufactories, including flax-mills, flour-mill, and brewery. The town and neighbourhood are much benefited by plantations.

Kaiapoi, on the Waimakariri, population 1,804, about fourteen miles from Christchurch by the northern railway-line, lies in a rich farming country, rendered pleasing and attractive by the extent and variety of plantations and gardens. There are factories and various industries, including ham and bacon curing, sawmills, brewery, and agricultural-implement works. Here also is the famed Kaiapoi Woollen-mill, which employs 600 hands when trade is brisk. The Waimakariri is navigable for small vessels to the centre of the town.

Ashburton, the newest of the towns, has a population of 2,563, and is fifty-three miles from Christchurch on the southern trunk line. It is a well-built town, with extensive and beautiful recreation-grounds and gardens. It owes its existence to the settlement of the plains, the surrounding country being well adapted for farming. There are meat-freezing works, a cordial-factory, flour-mills, gasworks, ironworks, woollen-mill, brickworks, &c.

Geraldine, population 942, is situated on the Waihi River, four miles from Orari Railway-station, about eighty-six miles south-west from Christchurch. It is a neat and pretty town, in a first-class farming district, and has a beautiful park of native forest-trees.

Temuka, eighty-nine miles from Christchurch, on the southern railway-line, is a well-built town, with good agricultural land all round. It possesses flour-mills, a butter and cheese factory, brewery, foundry, and fellmongery. There is a beautiful park and domain. The population of the borough is 1,661 persons.

Waimate, population 1,637, is situated on the Waihao Forks Railway, about four miles from Studholme Junction, over a hundred miles from both Christ-church and Dunedin. This town is the centre for an extensive back-country, and a splendid agricultural area. It owes its origin to the sawmill industry of the Waimate bush. Industries: sawmilling, flour-milling, &c.

Akaroa, population 557, situated on the noble harbour of that name, was founded in 1840, in the first instance by the French. It is a quiet, picturesque little place, much patronised by Christchurch residents and others as a summer resort and watering-place. It was here that Captain Stanley hoisted the British flag on 11th August, 1840, when he took possession of the South Island on behalf of the Crown, forestalling the French by a few hours only. A suitable obelisk commemorating this event has been erected on the spot.

Chapter 79. THE OTAGO LAND DISTRICT.

DAVID BARRON, Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor.

Boundaries and Area.

The Otago Land District lies between the 44th and 47th parallels of south latitude, and extends from 167° 20' to 171° 10' of east longitude. It is bounded on the north by the Canterbury Land District; on the south-east and south by the ocean; on the west and south by the Waikawa, Mokoreta, Slopedown, Waikaka, Chatton, Wendon, Waikaia, Gap, Rockyside, and Kingston Survey Districts, the western and southern shores of Lake Wakatipu, to opposite Round Peaks; thence by southern watershed of the Greenstone, Hollyford, and John o' Groats Rivers to the ocean at Stripe Point; and on the north-west by the ocean to Big Bay.

The district measures about 160 miles from Stripe Point on the west coast to Waikouaiti Bay on the east coast, and the same distance from north to south. Its area is 8,882,800 acres.

Physical Description.

The country generally is mountainous, the highest land being to the north-west, and culminating in Mount Aspiring, 9,960 ft. above the level of the sea.

The west coast mountains are remarkably rugged and grand. The thirteen sounds that pierce this coast are on the west coast of the Southland District. Milford Sound, though only eight miles in length, contains some of the grandest scenery in the world; and fourteen miles inland from its head is the great Sutherland Waterfall, 1,904 ft. high, possibly the highest waterfall known. Bligh Sound is smaller than Milford, and not nearly so interesting; but George Sound is larger, and very picturesque.

A tourist track has been opened from the head of Te Anau Lake to Milford Sound. The Government Tourist Department has now assumed complete control of this track, and has established a comfortable accommodation-house at the head of Te Anau, where guides can be procured if required from the 1st November to the 30th April. There are six huts on the track, supplied with blankets, provisions, &c., and a man in charge of each hut. The track runs through the Clinton Valley, passes the Sutherland Falls and Lake Ada, and opens out some of the finest scenery in the colony. A practicable route has also been discovered, and a track formed, from the north-west arm of the middle fiord of Te Anau Lake to the head of George Sound. During the season there is a fortnightly mail between Invercargill and Milford.

For nearly one hundred miles inland from the west coast the country is very mountainous, but at a distance of sixty or seventy miles from the south-east coastline it begins to get gradually lower, taking the form of rolling hills and downs along the sea-shore.

Rivers and Lakes.

The largest rivers are the Clutha, Taieri, and Waitaki: the first-named drains Lakes Wakatipu, Wanaka, and Hawea; the last, Lakes Ohau, Pukaki, and Tekapo, in the Canterbury District. Te Anau, the largest lake in the South Island, lies partly in the Otago and partly in the Southland District. The dimensions of these lakes are as follows:—

Lakes.Length in Miles.General Breadth in Miles.Area in Square Miles.Height above Sea-level in Feet.
Te Anau, in Southland421 to 6132694
Manapouri, Southland14456597
Wakatipu, in Otago501 to 3 1/21121,016
Wanaka291 to 375920
Hawea193481,062
Ohau111 to 3231,720
Pukaki112 1/2 to 5311,588
Tekapo151 to 3 1/232 1/22,321

These lakes are situated in mountainous country; they are of glacial origin, and all very deep.

The steamer service on Lake Wakatipu is now owned by the Government, and is under the control of the Railway Department. During the Bummer months the steamers run between Kingston and Queenstown daily, and to the head of the lake from Queenstown three times a week. During the winter months the daily service to Kingston is maintained, but the communication with the head of the lake is only bi-weekly.

On Lakes Wanaka, Manapouri, and Te Anau smaller steamers are in use.

The Clutha River is the largest in New Zealand, and is estimated to discharge over 1,000,000 cubic feet per minute. It has a rapid current, but is navigable for small steamers for a distance of forty miles from its mouth. The Waitaki is not a navigable river. For some seventeen miles from its mouth the Taieri River is affected by tides, which run up one branch into Waihola Lake, and up the other branch as far as Allanton (Greytown).

A small privately-owned steamer runs from Henley to the mouth of the Taieri River. There is also a house-boat in connection with the steamer. The scenery down the Taieri River is exceptionally fine, and the numerous excursions are well patronised by those in search of a day's outing. The distance from Henley to Taieri Mouth is about six miles.

Plains.

There are some considerable areas of tolerably level land in the interior, the largest being the Maniototo Plains, the Idaburn, Manuherikia, and Upper Clutha Valleys. Their dimensions are approximately as follows: Maniototo Plains, length twenty-four miles, average breadth, ten miles; Idaburn Valley, twenty-five miles by four miles; Manuherikia Valley, thirty-five miles by four miles; Upper Clutha Valley, thirty-three miles by five miles.

The Taieri Plain, nearer the coast, is about the same size as the Idaburn Valley, and is very fertile. Other plains are the Waitaki in the north, the Tokomairiro, the Strath-Taieri, the Tapanui, and the fertile Inch-Clutha, lying between the two branches of the Clutha River, and consisting entirely of alluvial deposit. There is also a good deal of low country, chiefly rolling downs, on the south-west side of the Clutha near the sea.

Forests.

The forest land lies mostly along the sea-coast, the largest area of bush being Tautuku Forest, about forty miles in length and fifteen miles in breadth. The western part of this forest is in the Southland District. The other principal forest areas are in the following localities, viz.: north of Dunedin, east of the Tapanui Mountains, in the upper valley of the Waikaia River, and towards the north-west coast.

The forests of Otago contain a large variety of useful timber, both hard and softwood; some being suitable for building purposes, while other varieties are highly ornamental, and much prized for cabinet-work.

Building Stones.

Building-stones of good quality are found in various places throughout Otago. The Port Chalmers quarries afford an inexhaustible supply of bluestone, a basaltic stone of great hardness and durability; and the neighbourhood of Hindon furnishes a bluestone of superior quality. A very good bluestone is also to be found on the Horseshoe Bush Estate, about thirty miles south from Dunedin and one mile from Clarendon Station. In Otago central a hard, close sandstone is obtained near Kokonga. A hard freestone of excellent quality is found at Waikawa, where there is a large hill of it close to the water's edge. Blocks of very great size can be obtained. There is also a freestone of superior quality on land at the Peninsula, but the inaccessibility to the store would make it difficult to quarry. A dense dark granite of first-class quality is obtainable on Ruapuke Island; specimens, both tooled and polished, may be seen in the base and pilasters of the new Government Life Insurance Buildings at Dunedin. The same quality of stone is also obtainable at the Ocean Beach, near the Bluff. A soft white building-stone—the well-known Oamaru limestone—is found in large quantities along the railway-line near Oamaru, from whence a good deal is exported to other parts of New Zealand and to the Australian States. A similar kind of stone is found at Otekaike, about two miles from the railway-station, and it may be interesting to note that during the years 1891–93 about 3,000 tons of stone were sent from the Otekaike quarries to form the facings of the Melbourne Fish-market.

Limestone for Burning.

Limestone is found in the following places: Oamaru, Otekaike, Otepopo, Waihemo, Waikouaiti, Lower Harbour, Peninsula, Waihola, Millburn, and Wakatipu.

The Millburn Lime and Cement Company burn large quantities of lime at their Millburn works, whence it is sent to all parts of Otago, for building purposes, gasworks, &c. It is also largely used in farming, and the productiveness of the Tokomairiro Plain has been greatly increased of late years by its application to the soil. Large cement-works belonging to the same company have been open for some years on the reclaimed land in Otago Harbour, near Dunedin. The cement manufactured at these works is considered fully equal, if not superior, to the best imported, and is largely used in building and other constructive works.

The Government lime-kilns at Makareao, near Dunback, have been leased for five years. The lime produced is of good quality, and there is a branch railway to the kilns.

Coal and Lignite.

In the southern portion of Otago and in part of Southland thin seams of coal of a bituminous character exist. Probably the coal produced from the pits at Kaitangata, Shag Point, and Nightcaps is the best in quality. First-class brown coals are worked in several parts of Otago, the principal seats of the industry being Green Island, Milton, Alexandra, and Bannock-burn, as well as other parts of Central Otago.

Beds of lignite are also found in numerous localities, chiefly around the margins of the old lake-basins and along the courses of the older river-valleys, and are worked on a sufficient scale to supply local requirements.

The output of coal and lignite in Otago and Southland for year ending December 31st, 1906, was 438,882 tons.

Climate.

The climate of Otago is on the whole fairly equable. Central Otago suffers a little from the intensity of the cold in the winter and the excess of heat in summer; but places on the sea-coast have a fairly even temperature all the year round. There is a somewhat large area of practically rainless territory, which includes the Maniototo Plains, the Idaburn and Manuherikia Valleys, and extends to Lakes Wakatipu, Wanaka, Hawea, and Ohau on the west and north, and to the northern portion of Waitaki County on the north-east. From Oamaru the direction would be across country to Mount Benger and to the southern end of Lake Wakatipu. This part of the country is well adapted for sheep of all kinds, especially merinos, some of the runs being capable of carrying 80,000 sheep. Wonderful results have been worked with irrigation on parts of the hitherto dry and barren portions of Central Otago.

West Coast.

In marked contrast to Central Otago is the West Coast District, which may be described as having a wet climate. Not that the number of wet days in the year is very great, but it is subject to very heavy rains from the north-west, the fall generally exceeding 100 in. per annum. But, although wet, the climate is mild, and the vegetation is consequently luxuriant. Mr. and Mrs. Sutherland keep a house of accommodation for tourists at the head of Milford Sound. There are very few visitors to the Sounds during winter, but in summer the tourist traffic is considerable. Towards the south-east and south coasts of the district the climate is moist, being somewhat similar to that of Dunedin, where the average rainfall is 38 in., distributed over 180 days in the year.

At Martin's Bay three families have settled. Their sheep and cattle are increasing, and the land is gradually being cleared.

There are thousands of acres of first-class bush land in and around Martin's Bay, well adapted for dairy-farming and stock-raising, only awaiting selectors to occupy them. The land belongs to the Crown, and is open for application at the Land Office, Dunedin. Good milling-timber, consisting of red, white, and black pine, beech, and totara, is obtainable on this part of the west coast.

Fruit.

There are some fine fruit-growing districts in the valley of the Clutha, from below Roxburgh right up to Lake Wanaka. The summers are dry and warm, and the soil suitable. Apricots, peaches, &c., come to maturity fully a month before they do at Dunedin, and grapes ripen in the open air. There is a great future for this neighbourhood in the growing of those varieties of fruit which agree with and thrive in a dry climate. The grape might be cultivated either for wine-making or for the table, and some varieties could be made into good raisins. The dryness of the atmosphere is favourable for preserving all kinds of fruit, while the Otago Central Railway has brought portion of the valley into direct communication with a market.

Crops.

The following are the agricultural statistics as at 31st October, 1906:—

Total area in occupation in the Otago Land District, including sown grasses and land in native grass, &c., 7,754,855 acres. Corn-crops sown for threshing, chaffing, and feeding-off, comprising wheat, oats, barley, rye, maize, peas, beans, 129,383 acres; green, root, and other crops, 160,963 acres; grasses sown for seed and hay, 10,446 acres; land ploughed and sown in grass, 841,023 acres; land ploughed and sown in clover, 2,155 acres; surface-sown grasses, 196,230 acres; plantations, &c., including private gardens, market gardens, orchards, and vineyards, of a quarter of an acre and upwards, 0,710 acres; land ploughed but not planted, 11,363 acres; area in tussock or native grass, 6,393,882 acres.

 Acres.Estimated Yield per Acre.Total.
Wheat for threshing37,35121 bushels797,483 bushels.
Oats for threshing68,45223 bushels1,591,838 bushels.
Barley for threshing3,79023 bushels87,020 bushels.
Stock.Head.
Sheep, as at 30th April, 19062,537,010
Horses, as at 31st October, 190640,227
Cattle, as at 31st October, 1906138,541
Swine, as at 31st October, 190616,811

The dairy industry continues to flourish and expand in Otago, and new lands are continually being brought under cultivation.

The export of rabbit-skins from Dunedin during the financial year ended 31st March, 1907, amounted to 4,206,867 skins, valued at £36,657.

Freezing Establishments.

There are three freezing and preserving works in Otago. The establishments are at Oamaru, Burnside, and Port Chalmers. At Oamaru there is a 60-ton Hercules refrigerator, capable of freezing 1,200 sheep a day, and there is storage-room for 30,000 carcases. The Port Chalmers freezing-works, erected in 1896 by the Otago Dock Trust, are largely used for the storage of butter prior to shipment, and for the freezing of rabbits during the season when these are available for export. The refrigerating machinery originally consisted of a 12-ton Hercules, but lately the buildings were enlarged, and a 35-ton Hercules was added. At Burnside there is a 75-ton Hercules machine, capable of freezing 2,000 sheep per day, and there is storage-room for 50,000 carcases. In addition to the usual export in mutton and lamb, much export business is done at these works in frozen rabbits.

Gold-production.

Otago produces about one-third of the gold-output for New Zealand.

Gold is found very generally distributed throughout Otago, except in the southern portion of the district. The principal localities are: Clutha Valley, Tuapeka, Shotover, Cardrona, Tinker's, St. Bathan's, Mount Ida, Nevis, Bannockburn, and Maerewhenua.

Last financial year 132,195 oz. of gold were exported from Dunedin, having a value of £535,238.

Manufactories and Works.

Under this head the returns to 31st July, 1907, of the various trades and the number of factories within Dunedin and surrounding district are as follows:—Aerated-water factories, 10; agricultural implement, 5; bakers and pastrycooks, 57; basket-factories, 6; blacksmiths and coachbuilders, 45; boot-factories, 56; bacon-factories, 19; box-factories, 5; breweries, 6; brick, tile, &c., factories, 6; brush and broom, 2; butchers (manufacturing small goods), 49; butler and cheese factories, 13; cabinetmaking-factories, 55; calico and leather bag, 4; carpenters, 43; cement-factory, 1; chemical, medicine, &c., 14; cigarette-factory, 2; clothing-factories, 10; coffee and spice factories, 5; coopers, 2; dentists, 22; dressmakers, 126; engravers, 2; engineers, 45; fellmongers, 4; fish-curers, 14; flock-factories, 4; flour-mills, 4; grass-seed cleaning, 7; gasworks, 3; gunsmiths, 4; hat and cap factories, 5; hair preparing factories, 5; hosiery-factories, 5; jam, biscuit, &c., 15; ink-factory, 1; lapidaries, 4; lead-light working, 8; laundries, 36; match factory, 1; marine stores, 2; manure-factories, 3; mat and rug factories, 3; monumental works, 4; paint-manufactories, 2; paper-factories, 2; cycle, &c., 21; photographers, 21; piano-manufacturers, 5; plasterers, 4; plumbers, 36; printers, 27; packing goods for transit, 2; quarries, 5; rabbit-exporters, 6; rope and twine factory, 1; saddlers, 16; sail and lent factories, 6; sauce-factories, 3; sawmills, 9; shirt-factories, 13; soap and candle factories, 5; tailors, 53; tanneries, 3; tea-packers, 12; umbrella-factories, 4; venetian-blind factories, 2; watchmakers, 31; typewriter-repairing, 2; wireworking, 3; woollen-mill, 1; wool-dumping for export 3; sawing firewood, &c., 7.

Woollen-mills.

There are four woollen-mills at work in the Provincial District of Otago, employing about 1,200 hands. The woollen industry in Otago is of greater magnitude than in any other district of New Zealand, and as an exemplification of the excellent, quality of the material turned out it may be mentioned that the Mosgiel Woollen Factory took the Grand Prix at St. Louis Exposition for rugs blankets, and wool.

Besides supplying local needs, Otago Provincial District exported during the year ended 31st March, 1907, 24,826,327 lb. of wool, valued at £1,149,843; but this includes Southland wool.

The number of hands employed in the manufactories of the Otago Provincial District was, according to the last, census, 9,664 males and 3.210 females; total number of works of the above description, 888.

Chief Towns.

The following are the chief towns of Otago, with their population, including all having 1,000 inhabitants and upwards: Dunedin and suburbs, 58,036: Oamaru, 5,071; Port Chalmers, 2,120; Mosgiel, 1,517; Milton, 1,284; Kaitangata, 1,682; Lawrence, 1,106; Balclutha, 1,161.

City of Dunedin.

Dunedin, the capital city and commercial centre of Otago, is situated at the head of Otago Harbour, and is distant eight miles—about half an hour's journey by rail—from its seaport, Port Chalmers. Otago Harbour has been greatly deepened by dredging during the past decade, and ocean liners are now berthed alongside the Dunedin wharves.

The city proper is about two miles and a half long by a mile broad, and is dotted here and there with handsome public buildings and large warehouses which compare favourably both in size and architecture with those in other centres of New Zealand. Among buildings of note may be mentioned the Law Courts. Knox Church, St. Joseph's Cathedral, Boys' High School, First Church. Town Hall, Otago University, and the new Railway-station. The city has been much beautified with numerous parks and reserves artistically laid out by the Dunedin and Suburban Reserves Conservation Society, who have taken in hand with praiseworthy energy the task of planting with trees and flowers hitherto neglected areas of waste land. The Octagon, Jubilee Park, and Victoria Gardens (formerly known as the Triangle) are standing monuments to the society's work.

The private residences of Dunedin are largely situated on the hills sloping upwards from the harbour, and cable tramways connect the city proper with the hill suburbs. A reserve of native bush fringes the hills round about, and is traversed by a fine carriage road, named “The Queen's Drive,” from which views of the harbour and city can be obtained. This reserve—known as the Town Belt—was set apart in the early days of Otago settlement.

The city has now an electric tram service, which has been extended to the favourite seaside resorts of Ocean Beach and St. Clair. each within three miles of the Chief Post Office. At the northern end of the city—about two miles from the Chief Post Office—the electric cars run down to the Botanical Gardens, which are tastefully and artistically laid out with many beautiful flowers and shrubs. A band rotunda has been erected here, and on Sunday afternoons sacred concerts are given throughout the summer months.

The Woodhaugh Valley, the reservoir, and the Leith Valley with its waterfalls, are also within easy distance of the town, and from a scenic point of view possess many features of interest.

Dunedin is well supplied with elementary schools, there being in 1906 six large schools in the city proper, with an attendance of 3,290 pupils, and twelve more in the suburbs, with 4,392 pupils.

There is also in Dunedin a training-college for teachers. The students in training number eighty.

The School of Art and Design is in the same building as the Normal School, and has a staff of seven teachers. In 1906 there were 472 students in attendance.

The Otago Boys' High School stands on a commanding plateau 300 ft. above the business part of the city and the harbour. The school was opened on the 3rd August, 1863, in the building in Dowling Street now occupied as the Girls' High School. The new buildings in Arthur Street were opened by the late Sir William Jervois, Governor, in February, 1885. The teaching staff, including the Rector, numbers 13; the attendance is about 310.

The Otago Girls' High School was opened on the 6th February, 1871, with a roll of 78 pupils. The present attendance is 161, with a teaching staff of 11, exclusive of visiting teachers. Otago holds the proud distinction of having established the first Girls' High School in Australasia. Among the earnest band of workers who laboured to establish this first High School for girls the name of Miss Dalrymple stands pre-eminent, and will ever be held in grateful remembrance by the people of Otago.

At the commencement of the year 1903 the Board of Governors accepted the Government's offer in connection with providing free secondary education by admitting sixty-three boys and fifty-one girls who passed the Sixth Standard in the primary schools and were under fourteen years of age on 31st December, 1902, on payment by the Government at the rate of £8 per annum per head.

There are now 271 boys and 154 girls in attendance at the schools under the new Government regulations.

A swimming-bath has been erected at the Boys' High School 75 ft. by 30 ft., 6 ft. deep at one end and 3 ft. 6 in. at the other, covered with iron roof with skylights, and furnished with dressing-rooms. This bath will be available for both schools, and will be a valuable adjunct.

The University of Otago was founded in 1869, and opened in 1871. It is well housed in a pile of handsome buildings after the domestic Gothic style. There are four separate faculties in the University—viz., arts and science, medicine, mining, and law. The teaching staff comprises thirty professors and lecturers.

The School of Medicine provides the full course for the medical degrees of the University of New Zealand. There is a medical museum in the University buildings containing anatomical, pathological, and other preparations and models.

The School of Mines occupies a separate (temporary) building. It possesses a metallurgical testing-plant, well-equipped mining, geological, and metallurgical laboratories. The curriculum provides for the course prescribed for the B.Sc. degrees in mining and metallurgy of the University of New Zealand, and for the Associate diplomas in mining and metallurgy of the University of Otago.

A School of Dentistry has been established during the year, and is now open. Instruction is given qualifying for the degree in dentistry of the University of New Zealand.

The undergraduates keeping terms, according to the latest available information, are 216 men and 107 women. The University library contains over 5,000 specially selected volumes, and is open to the public under certain conditions for purposes of reference.

The Chemical and Physical laboratories are well fitted up, and furnished with all necessary instruments and appliances, There are six scholarships tenable at the University, ranging in value from £15 to £30 per annum.

The public museum is under the control of the University Council. It is situated in Great King Street, about five minutes' walk from the University. It includes a public art gallery, in which there are some good works of art, and a well-equipped biological laboratory. Up to the present time only the central portion of the original design for the museum building has been erected.

The Dunedin Athenæum and Mechanics' Institute is centrally situated in the Octagon, and possesses a well-maintained library of over 20,000 volumes, and a membership of about 1,820 subscribers. The building, which was considerably enlarged a few years ago, contains, in addition to the circulating library, a reference library, a large reading-room with an excellent supply of magazines and newspapers from all parts of the world, a chess-players' room, and a smoking-room.

The Cargill Monument, which was erected to the memory of the late Captain Cargill, the founder of the Otago settlement, stands in the Triangle, between the Customhouse and the Bank of New Zealand. It is an ornate specimen of early decorated Gothic.

Towns and Surrounding Country.

Port Chalmers (eight miles from Dunedin) situate on Otago Harbour, midway between the Heads and Dunedin, has a population of about 2,120. It is the chief port of Otago, and possesses every accommodation for Home vessels, including dry dock, 80-ton sheer-legs, steam-hammer, and other appliances, besides several private foundries, cool-storage chamber, &c. The Port Chalmers graving-dock is described in the article on page 75.

Leaving Dunedin by the northern railway, winding in and out through the hills which surround the town and port, and skirting the precipitous cliffs of the coast-line, the first station of importance reached after Port Chalmers is Waitati, a favourite seaside resort in Blueskin Bay; distance, seventeen miles. Fifteen miles beyond is Waikouaiti—population, 700—pleasantly situated on the Hawksbury Lagoon, the centre of a flourishing farming country. The next place of note is Palmerston, forty-one miles from Dunedin, with 780 inhabitants. A branch line leaves Palmerston and runs nine miles up Shag Valley to Dunback. Six miles further on the main line there is a branch to Shag Point, a coalfield, with two pits, which, however, are not being worked at present.

Oamaru (seventy-eight miles) is the second town in Otago, having a population of about 5,100. It is the centre of a large farming district, and has a good harbour, formed by a concrete breakwater, for the reception of ocean-going ships. The chief exports are wool and grain. A branch-line runs from the junction near Oamaru up the Waiareka Valley to Ngapara, seventeen miles, and Tokarahi, twenty-five miles from Oamaru, and another seven miles by road leads to Livingstone.

Starting from Oamaru, and proceeding to Central Otago, via the valley of the Waitaki River, the first part of the journey is accomplished by rail across the fertile Papakaio Plains to Awamoko (ninety-six miles), and thence following up the Waitaki River past Duntroon to Kurow (120 miles from Dunedin). At Kurow the traveller leaves the railway and follows the course of the Waitaki through pastoral country to Rugged Ridges Station (133 miles); a little beyond Rugged Ridges the road leaves the Waitaki River, and crossing the Ahuriri Pass (141 miles), strikes the Ahuriri River, which it follows up past Omarama Station (158 miles) to the junction of Longslip Creek; it then ascends this creek until Lindis Pass saddle is reached (172 miles), at a height of 3,185 feet. Here begins the descent to the Clutha Valley via Morven Hills Station (181 miles) and Tarras Station (200 miles). From Tarras Station the road runs through settled farming country up the Clutha River, which is crossed by means of a punt at Newcastle (219 miles), and four miles more brings the traveller to Pembroke, on the southern shore of Lake Wanaka.

From Dunedin the main trunk railway runs southward to Invercargill, a distance of 139 miles. Passing through the Caversham Ward and tunnel the traveller reaches Burnside (four miles) and Abbotsford (five miles), industrial centres, with coal, mining, tanning, iron-smelting, and other works. Four miles farther on is Wingatui-the junction of the Otago Central Railway; and ten miles from Dunedin is Mosgiel, a rising township with 1,520 inhabitants, noted for its woollen-mills. The railway-line now skirts the Taieri Plain, an alluvial flat eighteen miles long by five miles broad, the most fertile portion of Otago. A branch line nine miles long from Mosgiel Junction runs to Outram, on the farther side of the Taieri Plain. The main line continues on from Mosgiel, passing the smaller townships of Allanton (Grey-town) and Henley, and Lakes Waihola and Waipori, strikes Milton (thirty-six miles). Milton, in the middle of the Tokomairiro Plain, is a town of 1,300 inhabitants, with flour-mill, dairy factories, flax-mill, pottery-works, and tannery. The next place of importance is Balclutha (fifty-three miles), on the banks of the Clutha River, with flax-mills, dairy factories, and chicory-works; population nearly 1,200. Kaitangata, situated lower down the Clutha River, and connected by a branch line four miles long, has extensive coalfields, and a population of about 1,700. Leaving Balclutha, the main line runs through the Clutha downs, passing the small centres of Waitepeka, Warepa, Kaihiku, and Waiwera, and reaches Clinton (seventy-four miles), on the Waiwera stream, a favourite resort of anglers. The next station of note beyond Clinton is Waipahi Junction (eighty-four miles), on the Waipahi River, likewise a favourite fishing-ground. Further on is Gore (100 miles), on the Mataura River, in the Southland District. Gore is a fast-rising township of 3,100 inhabitants, with paper-mill, flour-mill, freezing-works, dairy factory, coal-mines, &c.

A branch line has just been commenced from a point on the main line near Gore to the Township of Waikaka, twelve miles distant, and will serve a rich agricultural district which has been settled and cultivated for many years.

A branch line from Waipahi follows up and crosses the Pomahaka River and connects Tapanui (97 miles), Kelso (100 miles), Heriot (104 miles), and Edievale (110 miles).

The Otago Central Railway starts from Wingatui, crosses the Taieri Plain, and then winds round to the Taieri River, which it follows up to Waipiata, eighty-one miles from Dunedin, thence proceeds across the Maniototo Plain to the watersheds of the Taieri and Manuherikia Rivers and through the Ida Valley to Omakau, Chatto Creek, and Alexandra to the present terminus, at Clyde. In its course along the river it runs for some distance through a rocky gorge, but after crossing the Sutton Stream enters Strath-Taieri—a comparatively flat, open country. Near Hindon Station (twenty-five miles from Dunedin), in the Taieri Gorge, and Barewood (thirty-seven miles) there are quartz-reefs being worked. In traversing the Strath-Taieri, the line passes the Blair-Taieri Village Settlement (forty-four miles), Middlemarch, a rising township (forty-eight miles), and reaches Hyde (sixty-four miles). The line pusses through the Poolburn Gorge across the Manuherikia River to Chatto Creek. Central Otago has a great future before it, as, in the opinion of experts, it is naturally adapted for producing fruit of different kinds in perfection.

Another means of access to Central Otago is by the Clutha Valley. Two miles beyond Milton the Lawrence branch leaves Clarkesville Junction, runs up the Tokomairiro River and the gorge of Manuka Creek, and down to Waitahuna (fifty-three miles from Dunedin) and Lawrence (sixty miles), gold-mining centres, with an aggregate population of about 1,500. This line is being extended towards Beaumont and Roxburgh. Gold was first discovered in the Lawrence district in 1861, and the mines are still yielding freely. From Lawrence a coach runs to Beaumont (seventy-two miles), on the Clutha River, and thence up the Clutha Valley. Crossing the Beaumont Bridge the road follows the west bank of the Clutha, passing numerous dredging-claims. At eighty-nine miles is Ettrick, and seven miles further on is Roxburgh—the Teviot—(ninety-six miles), a town of about 500 inhabitants.

Following the main road along the west bank of the Clutha River the traveller reaches Alexandra South (122 miles), at the junction of the Manuherikia River with the Clutha, and Clyde—the Dunstan—(130 miles), the county town of Vincent County. The next place of importance is Cromwell (143 miles), at the junction of the Kawarau River with the Clutha. Cromwell is a small town of nearly 700 inhabitants.

If the traveller wishes to pursue hie journey farther he can either follow the road up the Clutha to Newcastle and Pembroke, on Lake Wanaka, or take the Kawarau Gorge road by way of the Crown Terrace to Queenstown, on Lake Wakatipu.

Queenstown, a township situated on the shores of Lake Wakatipu, has a population of 665, and is the centre of a large gold - mining district. The chief feature of Queenstown is the grand mountain and lake scenery in the neighbourhood, which attracts large numbers of tourists every year. There are two ways of reaching Queenstown—the one by the Clutha Valley and Kawarau Gorge, as above described, and the other by rail to Kingston, at the foot of Lake Wakatipu, and thence by steamer, which runs to suit the trains.

The Tautuku bush, in the south of Otago, has only lately been opened up, but already a large number of settlers are making their homes there. Starting from Balclutha the Catlin's River branch line runs southwards to Romahapa (sixty-one miles from Dunedin) on the crossing of the main road to Port Molyneux, thence to Glenomaru (sixty-five miles), Owaka (seventy-two miles from Dunedin), and the present termination at Catlin's, three miles further on. The Catlin's–Waikawa main road is formed the whole way through, as are also numerous district roads.

Railways.

The principal lines are as follows: (1.) The main trunk line from Dunedin to Christchurch, with branches from Oamaru to Hakataramea, forty-three miles; and -Onaru to Ngapara and Tokarahi, twenty-five miles; also, Palmerston to Dunback, nine miles. (2.) The main trunk line, Dunedin to Invercargill, with branches—Mosgiel to Outram, nine miles; Milton to Lawrence, twenty-four miles; Stirling to Kaitangata, five miles; Balclutha to Catlin's River, twenty-two miles; and Waipahi to Edievale, twenty-four miles. (3.) The Otago Central, from Wingatui to Clyde, 134 miles.

The following is a list of portions of railways under construction in Otago and Southland:—

Otago Central Railway, from Wingatui to Clyde, 134 miles, completed this year.

Lawrence-Roxburgh Railway, under construction, seven and a quarter miles from end of station-yard at Lawrence.

Catlin's River Railway, under construction, four miles from end of station-yard at Catlin's River.

Riversdale–Switzers Railway, under construction, two miles from end of old formation at two miles from Riversdale Junction.

Waimahaka–Catlin's Railways, under construction, three miles from end of station-yard at Waimahaka.

Gore–Waikaka Railway, under construction, eight miles from junction with main line at Waikaka siding.

Orepuki–Waiau Railway, under construction, three miles and a quarter from end of station-yard at Waihoaka to Te Tua.

Statistical.

The total population of the Otago Land District on the 29th April, 1906 was 127,877.

Area of Otago Land District: Open land below 2,000 ft., 5,230 square miles; forest land below 2,000 ft., 1,710 square miles; open land above 2,000 ft., 6,177 square miles; forest land above 2,000 ft., 500 square miles; area of lakes, &c., 262 square miles: total, 13,879 square miles, or 8,882,800 acres.

The following table shows the disposition of the land in the Otago District on 31st March, 1907:—

 Holdings.Acres.
1. Lands finally alienated, comprising freehold land and vested reserves (net area after deducting land acquired under Land for Settlements Acts, &c.)2,726,156
2 Lands held on deferred payment, rural145,372
3 Lands held on perpetual lease, rural18734,395
4 Lands held under occupation-with-right-of-purchase clause25745,082
5 Lands held on lease in perpetuity, ordinary Crown lands, rural785192,668
6 Lands held under agricultural lease on goldfields15514
7 Lands held under Mining Districts Land Occupation Act2439,580
8 Lands held under village settlement, deferred payment2100
9 Lands held under village settlement, perpetual lease15312
10 Lands held under village settlement, lease in perpetuity1181,698
11 Lands held under village-homestead special settlement, perpetual lease721,060
12 Lands held by special-settlement associations, lease in perpetuity142,765
13 Lands held as small grazing-runs273580,486
14 Lands held under pastoral license, not including bush2164,159,279
15 Lands held under lease and license for miscellaneous purposes, exclusive of gold-mining735133,330
16 Lands acquired and disposed of as lease in perpetuity under Land for Settlements Act. rural546104,635
17 Lands acquired and disposed of as small grazing-runs under Land for Settlements Act910,743
18 Lands acquired and disposed of as pastoral homestead sites under Land for Settlements Act2954
19 Lands acquired and disposed of as miscellaneous licenses under Land for Settlements Act541,700
20 Crown lands open for selection (including Land for Settlements Act), exclusive of pastoral lands28,955
21 Crown lands being prepared for selection157,695
22. Land open for application under pastoral licenses21,740 
23. Lands held by aboriginal Natives16,500
24 Lakes, and Clutha and Taieri Rivers163,500
25. Balance of Crown lands, including mining reserves, public reserves not vested, bush lands, roads, barren country, &c.483,581
Total area of district (13,879 square miles), 8,882,860

Tenants of lands included in 2,3. and 4 have the right of acquiring the freehold, There is no right of acquiring the freehold for tenants of lands included in 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19.

Chapter 80. THE SOUTHLAND LAND DISTRICT.

J. HAY, Chief Surveyor and Commissioner of Crown Lands.

Boundaries.

The Southland District may be stated to comprise the Counties of Fiord, Stewart Island, Southland, Wallace, and part of Lake, and is bounded on the north and east by the Otago District, and on the south and west by the Tasman Sea, and may be said to lie between south latitudes 45° and 47° and east longitudes 166° 15' and 169° 15'. For administrative purposes, however, the Snares, Auckland, Enderby, Campbell, Antipodes, Bounty, and all other islands within the limits of the colony south of the 47° parallel of south latitude are included in it.

Area and Physical Features.

The total area of the district, including Stewart Island, but exclusive of Solander, Ruapuke, and the other small islands enumerated above, is 7,566,592 acres, of which 500,000 are covered with bush. A considerable area in the Fiord County consists of immense alpine country with scrubby bush reaching to the snow-line. This little-known country extends to the western sea, and there presents the remarkable indentations of the coast-line known as the West Coast Sounds. The whole region is a paradise for the artist, and, indeed, for all enthusiastic lovers of nature, but has little attraction for the agriculturist or pastoralist. The bush land suitable for timber lies in the neighbourhood of Forest Hill, Hokonui, Waikawa, and on Stewart Island. The timbers of commercial value are totara, rimu, miro, matai, kahikatea, rata, and kamahi, in mixed bushes; but Fagus fusca and other beeches predominate on the high lands.

The open land in Southland and Wallace Counties, in its natural state, carries tussock and snow-grass, fern, flax, manuka, &c., and there is a considerable area of marshy land, interspersed here and there with peat hogs.

Perhaps the most striking feature, if we exclude the Fiord country, is the number of well-defined rivers and valleys of the district, the latter often widening out to some extent with gravel beds as they run through very extensive plains. Commencing with the eastern side, the Mataura, Oreti (or New River), Aparima (or Jacob's River), and Waiau are the most prominent illustrations of this; but these rivers by no means exhaust the list, as they all have numerous tributaries, which exhibit the same features on a lesser scale.

Speaking generally, the watersheds of these rivers do not attain any great height until followed far inland, and near the great lakes to be presently noticed. From what has been said above, it follows that the extensive plains and valleys referred to are of alluvial formation, in many places of very rich and fertile quality, and capable of raising crops of every known product, subject, of course, to climatic limitations. Generally these plains and valleys rise from the river-levels in a very gradual Elope, sometimes into a series of terraces from 10 ft. to 50 ft. in height, and sometimes into undulating hills intersected at frequent intervals by lateral gullies affording natural drainage and an abundant supply of water.

These hills are covered with an indigenous growth, consisting of tussock and other grasses, fern, flax, &c., and even in their native state afford excellent grazing for sheep.

Near the large lakes, such as Wakatipu, Te Anau, Manapouri, Hauroto, and others, and between these and the west coast, the country becomes very high, often reaching 5,000 ft. and 6,000 ft. above sea-level, with very steep and rugged spurs. But these features are seen more prominently in the almost inaccessible Fiord country before referred to, and also in the West Coast Sounds. The open country of the interior occasionally presents a number of low ridges and lesser mountain-tops covered with tussock and other herbage, affording admirable pasture for sheep in summer; but stock have to be removed from April to October, during which period this part of the district is generally covered with snow.

Southland does not contain so much forest as most of the North Island districts, and this, with its extensive tussock-covered plains before referred to, will account for its early and extensive settlement; nevertheless there are considerable areas of forest in the eastern, southern, and western parts, and on Stewart Island, and a large export trade is done in the different kinds of pine and other timbers used for building, engineering, furniture making, &c.

From what has been said of the river systems it will be evident that the country is well supplied with water, although none of the rivers can be used for purposes of internal communication; but the plains are traversed by railways for considerable distances from the principal towns, and where the railways end communication is continued by good roads, so that there is probably no part of the colony better off for means of transit; and with the Bluff Harbour the Southland District would seem to possess every facility.

Agriculture.

Having already touched on the character of the soil, it only remains to say that the plains, terraces, and lower hills are well adapted for raising wheat, oats, and other cereals, turnips, mangolds, beets, and the various other crops common to temperate climates. Wheat is not so widely grown as it might be, for the reason, probably, that the pastoral branches of farming receive more attention than the agricultural, and wheat is not required for these, whereas oats are largely grown for export and to feed sheep in the form of chaff; turnips also are much cultivated for winter food. Where wheat is grown the yields are very satisfactory, ranging from 40 to 60 bushels per acre, while oats frequently give 70 to 80 bushels.

Linseed is now receiving some attention from farmers, as they find ready sale for it to the manufacturing chemists at remunerative prices, a fair crop yielding over £5 per acre.

Dairy-farming, &c.

Dairy-farming now forms a very important industry in this district, a number of factories having been established. In this connection the Customs Department returns (for year ending 31st March of the present year) for this district, under “Exports,” give the following interesting figures: Butter, 389 1/2 cwt., value £1,993; cheese, 40,141 1/4 cwt., value £112,084.

Sheep-farming.

By far the most important industries are those connected with the raising and export of mutton and wool. Some years ago sheep-farming was much hindered by the inroads of rabbits; but owing to the repressive measures adopted there has been a marked abatement of the pest. The hill-country, although it does not carry a large proportion of stock to area, is eminently healthy. The average carrying-capacity over the whole district would probably be slightly over two sheep to the acre. Until within the last few years most of the runs were stocked with merinos, but owing to the decline in price of merino wool, and to the carcase being unacceptable to the European market, these sheep have, generally speaking, been replaced by Leicesters, Lincolns, Romney Marsh, Cheviot, and crossbreds of various kinds, better suited to the existing demands. The total number of sheep on the books of the local Stock Department, reaches 1,251,270. This number is distributed over Southland District. During the later portion of the past year many of these were acquired by settlers from the northern districts of the colony, but the successful lambing season intervening has more than neutralised the depletion. A number of large establishments for slaughtering and freezing sheep and tinning meat are at work. Two large establishments are situated at the Bluff, and another at Mataura (on the Main Trunk Railway-line). Beef, mutton, and rabbit tinning works have been established for some years at the Gap Road, near Winton, while another is in operation at Woodlands. The exports from these factories (frozen meats) as returned for past year are as follow: Frozen mutton—91,670 carcases, value £107,584; lamb — 209,035 carcases, value £107,584; rabbit-skins — 725,393, value £7,578; beef—1,234 cwt., value £1,162: rabbit-carcases—1,576,963, value £32,834.

Industrial (Coal, Gold, &c.).

Extensive seams of coat and lignite are distributed over the district, and a large deposit of brown coal is being developed by the Nightcaps Coal Company. This coal is used throughout the district, and its utility has been recognised by the Railway Department of the colony, some 19,000 to 20,000 tons having been used on the Southland section of New Zealand railways during the past year. Coal of quality similar to that at the Nightcaps has been opened up at Hokonui, and some 52,000 tons have been taken out therefrom. The comparatively small demands of the district, however, led to the mine being closed down a few years since. A deposit of shale covering a fair area exists at Orepuki. Peat is also found in some up-country neighbourhoods—notably at Mataura—and is used for fuel where wood and coal are scarce. Gold is found all over the district, and is being obtained either by sluicing or dredging. A considerable amount of capital has been invested in river and beach dredges worked by steam. The dredging operations of the past, year have for the most part been confined to the streams lying east of the Mataura River. These dredges have been working for some years, and the yields of gold, although of an intermittent character, have on the whole been satisfactory; output during past year 21,701 1/2 oz., valued at £86,818. Payable gold-bearing reefs also exist in Preservation Inlet and at Stewart Island. Among the lesser industries the preparation of the fibre of the native flax plant (Phormium tenax) is worthy of notice. The plant is found all over this district, and forty-four mills have been set up. The more remunerative and regular prices obtained make this a steady industry throughout the district, some 20,634 bales having been graded and exported from the Bluff during the past year.

Timber.

Last, but of considerable value in results, the timber industry of the district merits attention. For many years the active efforts of the sawmiller have proved a source of considerable wealth. No less than fifty-one sawmills are now at work off and on within the greatly reduced timber-areas of Southland, and it is feared that this district will be worked out; at any rate, the industry will be very considerably reduced in the near future.

Fish. Salt-water fish abound in great numbers in the waters surrounding Stewart Island, and oysters are found on banks between that island and the Bluff. Fish are largely exported to Melbourne, some 6,329 cwt., of the value of £9,552, having been frozen and exported from the Bluff, as also large numbers of oysters during the open season. All the large rivers, and many of the tributaries, are well stocked with trout, while for heavy trout-fishing the Waiau River may be mentioned as one of the finest in New Zealand. One river—the Aparima—had salmon-spawn put into it some years ago, and, it is now believed, with success.

Fruit.

The small English fruits, such as gooseberries, currants, raspberries, strawberries, &c., grow in great profusion, as do also apples. Stone-fruits are not so common, although peaches, nectarines, apricots, &c., do well when trained against nursery-walls in favourable aspects.

Climate.

The climate is bracing in winter, and warm and genial in spring and summer. The old residents state that there has been a marked decrease in the rainfall within the last decade. No regular observations have been recorded for the last few years, but it is believed that the average is about 30 in. a year. It may, however, be observed that more rain falls near the coast than inland, and also that the rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year than is the case in the northern part of the colony. The temperature varies from 40° in winter to 70° in summer.

Towns.

Invercargill, the chief town, was from the first well laid out with wide streets and liberal reserves in the town belts for recreation purposes. The town has become conspicuous by the architectural beauty presented to the visitor in the many fine buildings. Among these—all in brick, concrete, or limestone—the branches of the leading banks doing business in this colony are prominent, also hotels and many wholesale and retail mercantile houses. The Government Buildings are on a scale not often seen in a town of the same size, and a clock and chimes of New Zealand make have been placed in the central tower. The Corporation has during the past year built a Town Hall and Municipal Theatre at a cost of £23,800. It presents a very handsome appearance in brick and concrete, while the Theatre has every convenience, together with large seating accommodation and the electric light. The Corporation provides water and gas, also disposes of sewage, &c., for the citizens. The streets are well lighted, paved, and maintained. Artesian water is pumped to the top of a handsome brick tower—which, by the way, is a very conspicuous landmark—and stored there in a tank, from which most of the houses within the town boundaries are supplied. The population, including suburbs, was 12,507 by the census of April, 1906. Five railways concentrate here, one from the famed Cold Lakes, another from Dunedin and Christchurch, a third line communicates with the agricultural and pastoral country lying east of the Mataura River, known as the Seaward Bush line, a fourth line opens communication with the extended area westward covered by the Wallace County and known as the Western District, while the short line to the Port of Bluff carries a heavy traffic—the main produce of the district—for export. Rope and twine, carriage and implement factories, flour-mills, saw-mills, fellmongeries, a boot factory, three bacon-factories, brick and pottery works, iron-foundries, and various other industries are in active operation. There are three first-class hotels. In the summer season Invercargill, by the arrival of intercolonial steamers and express trains, may be said to be thronged with visitors and tourists desiring to view the beauties of Stewart Island or the more distant high alpine scenery and deep waters of the Cold Lakes District (Te Anau, Wakatipu, Manapouri and the further, lakes), for, doubtless, the combinations of scenery there presented in mountain, glacier, and lake are unexcelled in either hemisphere. It should also be mentioned that Stewart Island is now connected by means of a submarine cable used for telephonic communication, which is of the greatest service to business-men and pleasure-seekers. Although the Bluff is the principal port, Invercargill is provided with a lesser harbour in the New River Estuary, forming its western margin, where there is a jetty with appliances for the use of small steamers and craft trading with Stewart Island and along the coast, the goods being handled within the town boundaries.

Campbelltown, situated at the foot of the hill known as the “Bluff,” has become a place of some importance in the district, being identified with the Bluff Harbour. The population at the last census, exclusive of those on shipboard, was 1,472. The town presents some good buildings—frozen-meat works, hotels, grain-stores, and shipping offices, all in brick. Perhaps the most conspicuous building is seen in the Government, Post, Telegraph, and Customs building, with its clock-tower and chimes; while the railway offices, with hardly less proportions, and conveniences lately added to facilitate the easy handling of goods, assert the prosperity of the place. Connected by rail with Invercargill (seventeen miles—six trains daily), a very large shipping business is effected here in the imports and exports of the agricultural counties of Southland, Wallace, Lake, and Stewart Island, principally consisting in exports of wool, grain, frozen mutton, rabbits, fish, cheese, butter, timber, flax, and oysters; and in imports of general merchandise, guano, coal, and hardwood timber. The increasing trade of the port has been steadily met by the harbour authorities in increase of wharfage-accommodation in the direction of widening and strengthening, and there is now a fine wharf, 1,760 ft. long, with four lines of rails, having 3,300 ft. of berthage, all well lit, as also the town, with electric light. AS a further indication of the importance of the port, it may be stated that steamers and other vessels having a combined net tonnage of 480,271 tons entered inwards during 1906, and comprised the largest frozen-neat carriers of the New Zealand Shipping, Shire, Tyser, Federal, and Shaw-Savill lines. The port is a natural one, possessing good shelter and anchorage with deep water. On account of the depth of water, the port is frequently selected as the final port of departure for fully-laden vessels, but in view of the increasing size of steamers and the possibility of the great ocean passenger lines extending their terminals to New Zealand, the Board in 1904 imported an up-to-date bucket and suction dredge, built by Simons, of Renfrew, and capable of dredging to a depth of 40 ft., and this dredge has been constantly employed in deepening the berths in the vicinity of the wharves and attaining a depth which will easily accommodate the largest steamers trading to this colony. The Bluff is also the first and last port of call for steamers trading with Tasmania and Australia.

Next in size to Invercargill is the inland Town of Gore, situated on the Mataura Hirer, and at the junction of the Main Trunk Railway with the Waimea Plains Branch. Owing to this fact, and to the fertility of the land in the neighbourhood, Gore is rapidly growing in size and importance. The population was 3,033 in April, 1906. The construction of a new line of railway from Gore to Waikaka (12 miles) has recently been commenced.

Riverton is a pretty little town, about twenty-five miles from Invercargill, with which it is connected by rail, which runs through to Orepuki and Waihoaka; it is situated on the estuary of Aparima, or Jacob's River. Riverton is the oldest settlement in Southland, and was a great resort for whalers in former years (population 914). The harbour is available for and used by coasting-vessels, but the principal carrying-trade is done by rail. There are several sawmills in the neighbourhood, this industry being largely carried on near the many timbered localities in the district.

Otautau, on the banks of the stream bearing the same name, is the county town of Wallace, and has a population of about 600. It is the distributing centre of all that large area of agricultural and pastoral country lying between the Longwood range and the Waiau River, and northwards to the Mararoa River. It has direct communication by rail with Invercargill, Nightcaps, and Orepuki. In Otautau large grain-stores are seen, flour-mills, and a dairy factory, while in the vicinity timber and flax mills are met with. The most direct inland communication with Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau is by road passing through the town and onwards. This route is well suited for vehicular traffic, but the favourite or more easy line of communication is by rail from Invercargill to Lumsden and onward by coach as before noticed.

The Village of Nightcaps is reached by a short line of railway from Thornbury, on the Invercargill–Riverton line. A large colliery exists here. (See Industrial, Coal, &c., ante.)

The Town of Winton (population 456 by last census) is on the Invercargill–Kingston Railway, about twenty miles distant from Invercargill, and is the centre of a good farming, sawmilling, and coal-mining district. A short line of railway has been opened from here to Hedgehope, an extensive agricultural locality lying some fifteen miles away in an easterly direction.

Lumsden is the junction of the Kingston (Lake Wakatipu), Invercargill, and Waimea Plains Railway-lines. Coaches starting from here take passengers and mails to Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau and the surrounding country.

East of Invercargill are Edendale and Wyndham, both with railway connection and surrounded by rich agricultural country reaching to Fortrose, with good roads-Fortrose is easily reached from Invercargill by the Seaward Bush Railway, which connects with the Wyndham Road at Waimahaka, distant about four miles north of Fortrose. It is surrounded by exceedingly fertile country, and the harbour (estuary of the Mataura River) can be entered by coasting steamers. The Seaward Bush Railway is at present open for traffic to Waimahaka (26 miles from Invercargill), and is being extended towards Tokanui.

Eastward of Fortrose and about midway between that place and Catlin's River is Waikawa, a newly-settled township with a harbour for coasters, and a large area of surveyed Crown land around, with good timber, available for settlement. Steamers trading with Dunedin and Invercargill call here and at Fortrose at regular intervals. A good export of timber occurs at Waikawa.

Crown Lands for Disposal.

The total area of surveyed lands remaining open for selection as on the 31st March, 1907, was 58,020 acres, comprising the following lands:—

Town and suburban605 acres.
Village-homestead settlements485 acres.
Rural—ordinary3,204 acres.
Rural—bush and swamp31,127 acres.
Land for settlements4,224 acres.
Rural—lease in perpetuity362 acres.
Rural—bush and swamp (lease in perpetuity), unsurveyed6,357 acres.
                Total46,364 acres.
Unsurveyed pastoral runs11,656 acres.
                Gross total58,020 acres.

Appendix A. NEW ZEALAND'S EXTENDED BOUNDARIES.

NOTES ON THE COOK AND OTHER ISLANDS ANNEXED TO NEW ZEALAND IN 1901.

The Pacific islands annexed to this colony in pursuance of resolutions passed by the House of Representatives in September and October, 1900, were Rarotonga, Mangaia, Mauke, Atiu, Aitutaki, Mitiaro, Hervey Islands, Palmerston, Niue, Danger, Rakahanga, Manihiki, Penrhyn, and Suwarrow. Takutea and Nassau, not mentioned in the resolutions, also lie within the boundary-lines prescribed by the Imperial Order in Council and the New Zealand Proclamation dealing with the annexation. Under “The Cook and other Islands Government Act, 1901,” the Federal Parliament of the Cook Islands and the several Native Councils were continued under the names “Federal Council” and “Island Councils.” The former has power to enact Federal Ordinances for the government of all the islands excepting Niue, while each Island Council can make local Ordinances governing the inhabitants within its jurisdiction. No Ordinance passed in the islands, however, can have the force of law until assented to by the Governor of New Zealand in the name and on behalf of His Majesty; and the Governor has power, by Order in Council, to direct that any of the laws in force in the islands at the commencement of the principal Act shall be repealed or modified. The Governor in Council has power also to apply to the islands any law in force in New Zealand, either in whole' or with modifications, excepting the laws relating to alcoholic liquors. “The Licensing Act Amendment Act, 1904,” contains special provisions dealing with the question of liquor in the Cook and other Islands. The New Zealand Customs Tariff is. with certain exceptions, in force within the extended boundaries, and the Governor, by Order in Council, may from time to time modify the tariff as applying to any of the islands.

The laws are enforced through the High Court, which has jurisdiction throughout the whole of the islands excepting Niue; and, in the Cook Group, until 1905, there were also the Arikis' Courts, which were composed of Native Judges, except at Aitutaki, where no Court was legally constituted unless the European Magistrate was present. Under “The Cook and other Islands Government Act Amendment Act, 1904,” however, the Arikis' Courts have been abolished in all those islands in which a European Resident Agent has been appointed, and the jurisdiction and power of these Courts or a Judge thereof are now exercised by such Resident Agent. The High Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of murder or of assault with intent to commit murder, and in all cases of manslaughter; in all criminal charges against foreign residents; and in all cases between foreign residents, or between foreign residents and Maoris in which the plaintiff may, with the consent of the Chief Judge, begin an action in the Court, or may with the same consent seek redress for any wrong alleged to have been done by any local Government in any island. The Chief Judge has power to send any case of a criminal charge against a foreign resident for trial before a Court constituted under the provisions of the Pacific Order in Council. The headquarters of the High Court are at Rarotonga, where it sits once a week, but visits are periodically made to the other islands within its jurisdiction. Appeals are allowed from the local Courts to the High Court. In Niue the laws are administered by Native Magistrates, except in cases in which white people are concerned. These are dealt with in a Court held by the Resident Commissioner.

The Act of 1901 placed all the annexed islands under one administration, and Colonel W. E. Gudgeon, C.M.G., who, prior to the annexation, had acted as British Resident, was appointed Resident Commissioner. By the amending Act of 1903 Niue was placed under a separate administration, and the Federal Council and the High Court of the Cook Islands have now no jurisdiction in that island. Mr. H. G. Cornwall, is now Resident Commissioner in Niue.

Rarotonga.

Rarotonga is certainly the finest island in the Cook Group, both in point of scenic attractions and in respect of its general productiveness. It is a particularly good specimen of the volcanic order of islands, and the rugged grandeur of its mountain-peaks and the variety and luxuriance of its vegetation combine to present one of the most romantic and picturesque scenes that one could possibly find even in the South Seas, where the romantic and picturesque are supposed to abound. Attaining, as it does, a height of 2,100 ft., the island is well watered; and a belt of rich soil, varying from one to two miles in width, extends all round from the mountains to the sea. The circumference of Rarotonga is over twenty miles, and the total area is 16.500 acres. The land at present is not being utilised to anything like the full extent of its possibilities; but the Land Titles Court is doing good_ work, and a considerable portion of the island has been surveyed. With the advent of a larger European population a steady increase in the yield of the staple products of the island may be looked for. In the case of copra it will be some years before the production can be greatly increased, but the cocoanut-palm is being extensively planted, and, given favourable conditions, the results may be awaited with confidence. The banana trade is developing very satisfactorily, and large areas are being planted with this fruit. Rarotonga is particularly well adapted to the growth of the banana, and the outlook so far as this item is concerned is distinctly hopeful, the export from the group for 1906 having exceeded that of the previous year by 16.000 cases. Avarua, on the north coast, is the principal village on the island, and the seat of the Federal Government and Islands Administration. It is also the port of call for the Union Steam Ship Company's steamer, which visits the Group every four weeks. A substantial building known as the “Whare Manuhiri” has been erected here for the accommodation of visitors, and it is expected that a tourist traffic will now be developed. The Native population of Rarotonga is 2,334, in addition to which there are 107 whites on the island.

Mangaia.

This is one of the largest of the annexed islands, being about thirty miles in circumference, and having an area of some thirty square miles. Given proper landing facilities, it would be in no way behind Rarotonga, except in the lack of that impressive mountain scenery that lends such a charm to the latter island. Mangaia is somewhat peculiar in structure. At a short distance inland from the shore there rises an almost perpendicular wall of dead coral, about 100 ft. high, as if the reef of earlier days had been lifted bodily by some convulsion of nature; This makatea, as it is called, runs right round the island, and is perforated by numerous caves and crevices, which in olden times were used as depositories for the dead, as well as for storage and other purposes. These caves still supply, in the calcareous formations in which they abound, the material from which the Natives manufacture some of their household implements. The top of the makatea averages about a mile in width, and is well adapted to the growth of the citrus family of fruits. The interior face of this coral rampart slopes down gradually into a basin of rich swamp land containing extensive taro-plantations, and from this the land rises again in a succession of low hills to a central plateau, about 650 ft. high, known as the “Crown of Mangaia.” These taro-swamps still supply most of the food of the Mangaians, although for many years the tribes have lived in the Villages of Oneroa, Tamarua, and Ivirua, on the coast. The interior of the island, which contains some splendid valleys, is well watered by streams which filter through below the base of the makatea into the sea. The population, according to the latest returns, is 1,523, in addition to eight whites. The people are said to display a greater degree of industry than is usual among Natives of the Pacific islands, and this fact, combined with the natural resources of the island, promises well for the future prosperity of Mangaia. There are considerable areas of waste land awaiting cultivation, and the Natives are becoming alive to the necessity for planting these with cocoanuts, &c. Citrus fruits are already growing in profusion, and it is estimated that with proper cultivation the output could be increased twenty-fold. Mangaia produces the best coffee in the Group at present. The trade of the island has hitherto been hampered to a considerable extent in consequence of the difficulty in shipping produce. The reef, which encircles the island at a short distance from the shore, is without an opening, and communication between the island and outside can only be obtained by crossing the reef in Native canoes. This process, where cargo is concerned, is necessarily slow and costly—it takes as long to ship 50 tons over the reef at Mangaia as it does to ship 200 tons at Rarotonga—besides which the produce is always liable to be damaged by salt-water. Steps have been taken, however, to have suitable boat-passages opened through the reef, and when this has been accomplished the chief hindrance to the development of the trade of this island will be removed.

The Resident Agent at Mangaia is Mr. J. T. Large.

Mauke.

This island is low and flat, and is skirted by a belt of ironwood (toa), which was formerly found in large quantities, and was much sought after by traders. Mauke, like Mangaia, has a fringing reef which, however, does not so readily lend itself to the process of crossing in canoes that obtains in Mangaia. A landing has to be effected on the edge of the reef itself, and one reaches dry land by wading or being carried through the shallow water covering the depression in the coral between the outer edge and the shore. Mauke also has its makatea, or raised-coral area, but it merges almost imperceptibly into the volcanic formation of the centre, and the general level of the island all over is about 60 ft. above the sea. The island is small, its area being only about four square miles and a half; but it is remarkably fertile, and, notwithstanding that in common with the other islands of the Group it is very imperfectly planted, it exported last year 58 tons of copra and 8,877 cases of oranges. Tararo Ariki is Resident Agent on Mauke. The Native population of the island is 444, the whites numbering only two.

Atiu.

This island is much like Mauke in appearance, having the same high fringing reef and the same dead-coral formation over the greater part of its area. It is much larger, however, its area being about thirty-two square miles, and it has four times as much unused land as Rarotonga. Atiu is a valuable island, and exports good quantities of copra, oranges, coffee, and limejuice. All the usual island fruits grow well, but a fuller development of the resources of the island is retarded through the lack of proper facilities for shipping produce. Arrangements have been made, however, as in the case of Mangaia, to have a boat-passage formed through the reef at the earliest possible moment. The cavernous formation, which is so marked a feature of the makatea at Mangaia, is also present in the coral-rock portion of Atiu, and must, no doubt, be found more or less in all islands that owe their existence in any degree to the upheaval of a sea-worn coral reef. The late Ngamaru Ariki was practically King of Atiu, although he had lived for many years in Rarotonga, and as such he exercised a measure of sovereignty over Mauke and Mitiaro, both of which were conquered by the Atiuans prior to the introduction of Christianity. The population of the island is about 914 Natives, and four whites, but this does not represent anything like the total of the Atiuan tribes. They are largely represented in the subordinate islands, as well as in Tahiti.

The settlement at Atiu is some distance inland, on the flat summit of the low central hill to which the island rises.

Aitutaki.

Aitutaki combines the features of the volcanic island and the atoll; indeed, it may be regarded as an atoll in course of formation, and it affords a good illustration of the different stages of the process. The island is almost surrounded by a barrier reef, which supports several fruitful islets, and on the south-east lies five miles distant from the land. On the western side it approaches much nearer, the entrance to the Avatapu Channel being about three-quarters of a mile from the wharf at Arutanga, the principal village on the island. At the northern point of the island the reef fringes the shore as in the other main islands of the Cook Group, the barrier stage having not yet been reached. This island approaches more closely to Rarotonga in the general appearance of fertility than any of the others, and it can also claim to possess a considerable degree of scenic attractiveness. It rises somewhat abruptly on the western side to a height of 360 ft., and slopes away gradually to the eastern coast. The area is about seven square miles. The lagoon on the Arutanga side of the island is shallow, and can only be used by vessels of a very small class; but on the eastern side it is much deeper, and freer from coral patches, and there are several places in the reef where, it is believed, a navigable channel might be formed. The land at Aitutaki is divided among the people in small sections; but though each family has quite enough land for its support, it has seldom more than an acre or two in any one place, and the more remote sections are apt to be neglected. The Native population at present is 1,154, two-thirds of these living in the four settlements on the western side, and the remainder in the Villages of Vaipae and Tautu on the east. In addition there were eighty-two absentees. There are eight white people on the island. The Resident Agent is Mr. J. C. Cameron.

Niue.

Niue is the largest of the annexed islands, having an area of a hundred square miles, and a circumference of forty miles by road. It consists entirely of uplifted coral, and is probably the result of a series of upheavals. In general formation it takes the shape of two terraces. the lower being about 90 ft. above sea-level, and the other about 220 ft. At Alofi the fringing reef is broken by a narrow boat-passage, partly natural and partly the result of improvements effected by H.M.S. “Mildura” a few years ago. In addition to the one at Alofi, there are landing-places at Avatele and at Tuapa, where Togia, the “King” of Niue resides. Although so rocky that it is for the most part unploughable, Niue is by no means unproductive. All the usual tropical fruits grow well, and large trees are found averaging from 18 in. to 2 ft. 6 in. in diameter, and in some cases attaining a diameter of 4 ft. and running up to 100 ft. in height. Large areas of the island are covered with forest, and it is estimated that there must be millions of feet of timber suitable for milling purposes, including ebony and other hardwood. A good deal of this timber, however, is situated in rocky country, and it is questionable if it would pay to cut it and bring it out. One of the principal drawbacks to Niue trade in the past has been the lack of good roads connecting the various villages with the principal landing-place, but this difficulty is fast being removed. In addition to a road right round the island, there is now a road through the centre, with branch roads to the settlements on either side, and before long there should be a good system of roads throughout the island. A careful survey of the land was made three years ago; the roads were traversed throughout, the area of the island determined, and the coast-line defined. There are many extensive caves in Niue, and concerning these Mr. Haszard, the surveyor who visited the island, says: “There is one at Lakepa, I was told, having passages which can be measured by the mile. One that I visited at Vaiopeope is extremely beautiful. It is situated about two hundred yards from the sea on the northern coast, and is formed of a number of galleries and terraces, one below the other. Stalactites and stalagmites are in great profusion, and group themselves into all kinds of fantastic shapes. In one gallery the roof appears to be studded with lilies carved out of alabaster. As one descends to the lower galleries the sensation is decidedly weird. The gurgling and reverberations of the swiftly flowing water is heard deep down in dark subterranean channels, which are evidently connected with the sea, for, ever and anon, a mighty gust of wind impelled by the huge rollers breaking on the reef outside, strikes the visitor, and it requires a steady nerve and a firm foothold to avoid being swept into the seething cauldron below. If these caves were in an accessible position they would be a great draw to tourists.”

In consequence of the porous nature of the rock there are no streams in Niue, and consequently fresh water is scarce. A supply is obtainable from the caves, but the difficulty of carriage is necessarily considerable, and the water is frequently brackish. Concrete tanks have now been constructed in the principal villages. These are roofed over with galvanised corrugated iron, and provide a sufficient catchment-surface to fill them during the rainy season. The people thus have a reliable supply of good drinking-water.

In the past the manufacture of hats from a kind of pandanus by the Natives. who are very expert plaiters, has been of considerable dimensions; but, owing to the introduction into the markets reached by the Niue article of a cheaper kind of Panama hat, the industry has declined somewhat, but it is hoped that it will increase again. During the year ending the 31st March, 1907, hats to the number of 3,255 dozen were exported from Niue, principally to Auckland, the value represented being £2,201. There has been a large increase in the export of copra during the year, and a good trade has been done in curios and fungus. The Native population of Niue is 3,801, exclusive of 580 at present absent in other islands or at sea. The Niueans are naturally of a roving disposition, and numbers of the men go to Tonga, Samoa, Maiden Island, &c. Many go under engagement as labourers, and return on the expiration of their term. The white population numbers twenty-one persons. The Resident Commissioner is Mr. H. G. Cornwall, who also acts as Postmaster. Collector of Customs, &c.

Penrhyn.

Penrhyn is a good specimen of the pure atoll. It is merely a ring of coral, about forty-eight miles in circuit, supporting a number of low islands, from 200 to 300 yards across, and enclosing a lagoon of ninety square miles in area, of which twenty-four square miles are more or less covered with pearl-shell. There are three passages into the lagoon, the principal one having a depth of 18 ft. at low water, and there is sufficient wharf accommodation at Omoka for the small class of vessel that visits the island. The other village at Penrhyn, Te Tautua, is some ten miles distant. The pearl-shell fishing is the main industry of the island, but considerable quantities of copra are now being exported also. For many years the supply of cocoanuts was barely sufficient for home consumption, but in 1903 Colonel Gudgeon reported that “from some unexplained cause the cocoanut-palms have suddenly regained their old fertility, and thousands of young trees, planted on land only a few feet above sea-level, are growing as vigorously as those planted on the best alluvial land in Rarotonga.” The practice followed with regard to pearl-shell fishing is to divide the lagoon into three parts. which are alternately closed against fishing for a certain period. When the interdiction is removed from any area the Natives may dive without restriction beyond the payment of a small fee to the Government. After the naked diving has been in operation for a time the machines are allowed to the brought into requisition until the limit of time has been reached. That area is then closed, and the same procedure is repeated in another portion of the lagoon. By this means each area is given rest for about a year, and as the shell is said to grow very rapidly at Penrhyn the supply is well maintained. An Ordinance of the Federal Council prohibits the removal of shells of less than 4 1/2 in. in diameter. Over 90 tons of pearl-shell, representing an amount of £9,300, were exported from the northern islands during 1902, and it would be safe to say that the greater part of this came from Penrhyn, from which island alone over 100 tons annually were formerly obtained. The price at present is low, and the export for 1905 was under 50 tons, The lagoons at Penrhyn and Manihiki have been taken over by the Crown. and will be set aside by Proclamation as reserves for public pearl-shell and turtle fishing. The total population is, 414 Natives and six whites. The Resident Agent is Captain M. J. Nagle.

Manihiki.

Manihiki is also an atoll, but, unlike Penrhyn, it has no opening through the reef into the lagoon, and when the Natives wish to visit the neighbouring island of Rakahanga their boats have to be carried across the narrow strip of land separating the lagoon from the sea. The island consists of about two square miles of land, encircling a lagoon of some six miles in diameter. A good deal of pearl-shell has been obtained from Manihiki, but some years ago it was found necessary to close the lagoon, as the shell-beds had been fished almost to the point of exhaustion. The Natives of this island have some reputation for their skill in the manufacture of hats. Walking-sticks, paddles, &c., inlaid with pearl-shell, are also manufactured. The principal export is copra, and as the Natives are beginning to see the wisdom of thinning out the superabundant growth of their palms the production of this item should materially increase. The Native teachers of the London Missionary Society look after the education of the children of the island. The total population is 521, two of whom are whites. There were besides twenty-two absentees. Mr. H. Williams acts as Resident Agent.

Mitiaro.

This is a small coral island lying about forty miles to the north-east of Atiu, and an equal distance from Mauke. Its area is only about four square miles, and it nowhere rises higher than 50 ft. above sea-level. It contains some good land, however, and is capable of producing 100 tons of copra annually. In the centre is a pretty little lagoon, bordered by a belt of swamp. The population, according to the last returns, was 208 Natives and two whites. Tou Ariki acts as Resident Agent.

Takutea.

This is the smallest island in the Cook Group, its area being about 300 acres. It lies about 125 miles to the north-east of Rarotonga, and close to the Island of Atiu. It belonged to the late Ngamaru Ariki, and was by him presented to His Majesty King Edward for the benefit of his subjects in the Group. The Resident Commissioner is having the island systematically planted with cocoanut-palms, and he anticipates that it will in time yield 200 tons of copra annually. At present it is uninhabited.

Palmerston.

Palmerston is an atoll, with a land-area of one square mile, lying to the north-west of Rarotonga, some 273 miles distant. The reef carries a number of small islets, which are in the occupation of the descendants of the late William Marsters, an old English sailor. One of these, Joel Marsters, acts as Resident Agent, and he and six other members of the family constitute the Island Council. The lagoon, which is about eight miles in diameter, does not carry pearl-shell at present, but it is hoped that spawn may be successfully introduced from other islands. The planting of the land is being well looked after by the Marsters family. The population is 82.

Manuae and Te Au-o-Tu.

These two small islands are enclosed within one reef, and are known as the Hervey Isles—a name that is frequently applied to the Cook Group as a whole. They contain approximately 500 acres and 1,000 acres respectively of good cocoanut land, and under the careful cultivation of the Cook Islands Trading Company, to whom they are leased, they will ere long produce an immense amount of copra. The islets form a dependency of Aitutaki, about sixty miles distant, by the people of which they were conquered in heathen times. By a recent decision of the Land Titles Court Te Au-o-Tu was awarded to the Arikis of Aitutaki and their clans, seventy-one owners, who claimed the islands by right of conquest; while in the case of Manuae an order was made in favour of the eighty-six descendants of the conquered people, their claim also having been recognised as good. This partition of the islands ends a long-standing contention between the rival claimants, and the judgment is admitted to be an equitable one. The Cook Island Trading Company's lease runs for twenty-five years from the 7th June, 1898, and the rent will now be shared equally by the owners of the two islands. The population is stated as ten.

Suwarrow.

Suwarrow is a valuable atoll, 530 miles from Rarotonga. Its value lies chiefly in its lagoon, however, the land-area being very small. The lagoon is from eight to ten miles long, and about eight miles across at the widest part, and it makes a splendid harbour, having an entrance sufficiently deep to admit vessels drawing up to 20 ft. of water. The island is under lease to Lever's Pacific Plantations (Limited) “for the purpose of removing guano or other fertilising substances therefrom, and of planting the land with cocoanuts, and for collecting pearl-shells, and for other purposes of a like nature.” A portion of one of the reef islets, known as Anchorage Island, is vested in the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty as a reserve for naval purposes. Large quantities of pearl-shell of excellent quality were obtained from the lagoon by the Pacific Trading Company, the predecessors of the present lessees; but diving has been discontinued for some time now, and the shell-beds are being given a long rest, the company having transferred its operations to Christmas Island. It is probable that on the expiry of the present lease in August, 1913, the Islands Government will take over the control of the lagoon, so far, at least, as machine-diving is concerned. It is estimated that one machine will obtain from 40 to 45 tons of shell a year at Suwarrow. There are about thirty people on the island.

Rakahanga.

This island lies about twenty-five miles to the north of Manihiki. It is not so large as its neighbour, and the lagoon does not contain any pearl-shell, but otherwise the two islands are very much alike. They are owned and inhabited by the same people, and what has been said concerning Manihiki is true, for the most part, of Rakahanga also. The duties of Resident Agent are performed by Mr. Henry Williams, of Manihiki. Rakahanga has a population of 351 Natives and one white, in addition to fifty absentees.

Danger (Pukapuka) and Nassau.

These two islands lie away towards the north-west corner of the annexation boundary. Concerning the former Colonel Gudgeon writes, “At Pukapuka I found a very singular population, who have now some knowledge of the Rarotongan language, but whose language is not intelligible to the Maori of the Pacific. This is such a primitive people that I considered it advisable for the present to leave them under their own ancient form of government, inasmuch as they are seldom visited by Europeans, and produce only a little copra.” The island is a small atoll of about three miles in diameter, and the lagoon produces some pearl-shell. The population numbers 435, besides thirty-two absentees. Nassau is owned by a resident of Apia, Samoa.

LAND.

No land is sold by the Natives of the Cook Islands or Niue, but considerable areas have been leased in Rarotonga to European settlers. It is recognised that the prosperity of the islands depends in great measure on the settlement of the spare lands by a good class of white planters, and it is hoped that before long additional areas in Rarotonga, as well as portions of the adjacent islands of Mauke and Atiu, will be open for lease. At present there are difficulties in the way of securing leases from the Natives, but the work of surveying the land and defining the Native titles is proceeding rapidly, and every effort is being made to bring the unused lands into profitable occupation. It is desirable that the intending settler should have a capital equal to at least £10 for each acre he purposes taking up. The cocoanut-palm takes from eight to ten years to reach bearing-point, and during that time the planter must maintain himself by growing bananas or securing some outside employment. When the palms are in full bearing, however, the annual value of the crop may be estimated at not less than £6 per acre, and this may be regarded as a practically assured income for sixty years or more.

EDUCATION.

The education of the children in these islands is well looked after by the London Missionary Society, the pioneers in all educational and missionary effort in this part of the Pacific. Almost every village of any importance has its school. The most important educational establishment, however, is the high school at Tereora, Rarotonga, where children from all the islands of the Group are received as boarders and given a really good education. The following extract from a report by the Resident Commissioner will convey a good idea of the work that is being done in Tereora School, and in the educational institutions generally throughout the islands:—

“During the past year four boys have been selected from this school and employed in the various stores in the island, and I have taken one on as a cadet in the survey office, who promises to become a first-class draughtsman. The master, Mr. P. H. Hall, deserves very great credit for the, good English taught in his school, and I feel assured that Tereora will be to the Cook Islands what Te Aute College is to the young Maoris of New Zealand. A Native of Polynesia is apt to take a very practical view of education, and only values it for the advantages that may thereby accrue to the scholar. Until lately these prospective benefits have not been apparent to the Maori, and therefore many of the most influential people have not taken advantage of the education offered by Tereora; but the sudden demand for reliable and educated boys who can speak both English and Maori has altered all that. Makea is now sending her foster-children to Tereora, and the parents generally are alive to the fact that knowledge may be both power and money, two things that will never be despised in Polynesia.

“The remarks I have made concerning Tereora will apply in a slightly less degree to the Araura School of Aitutaki. This institution is of recent date, but under the management of the Misses Royle is doing good work, while the Rev. Mr. Jones, with characteristic energy and benevolence, prepares the younger children for Araura.

“At Mangaia the Rev. Mr. Bond James is engaged in the same good work, and it may safely be said that wherever the European members of the mission are engaged in the teaching the education given is quite up to the requirements of the islands. This remark can only apply to Rarotonga, Aitutaki, and Mangaia. At Atiu, Mauke, and Mitiaro, where there are no European missionaries, the education of the children must of necessity be left in the hands of the Native teachers. In these cases it is, however, possible to render assistance at a very small cost to the Group, and I propose to employ a few of the smartest boys from Tereora as teachers at a sum not exceeding £20 per annum each, a salary that will be regarded as absolute wealth. For the last eight years we have given an annual subsidy to Tereora of £2 10s. per scholar, provided that not more than fifty scholars were taught in the school. This subsidy was paid with the view of providing food for the children from the outlying islands, but it has been found to be insufficient, and I propose to increase it to £200 per annum. It will be money well spent, for it is from Tereora that the English language will spread over the whole Group.”

The Sisters of St. Joseph have a very good school at Avarua, Rarotonga, where music is included among the subjects taught; and in the Village of Titikaveka the Seventh-day Adventists have a school which is well patronised owing to the fact that the lady in charge makes the teaching of English the leading feature of her work.

Good work is being done in the village schools of Niue also, of which there are eleven, and one thousand children are there being taught reading, writing, and arithmetic in the vernacular. Nearly all the younger Niueans are able to read and write in their own language.

The Now Zealand Education Department is now considering the question of taking over the control of educational matters in the Islands.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.

Cook and Northern Islands.—For the financial year ending the 31st March, 1907, the revenue of the Cook and other Islands, including the balance from the previous year, was £9,840 7s. 4d., and the expenditure £6,416 6s. 6d. This leaves a credit balance of £3,424 0s. 10d., in addition to which there is an amount of £1,043 19s. 3d. outstanding for Land Titles Court fees. The following is a comparative statement of revenue and expenditure for the past nine years.

Year.Revenue.Expenditure.Surplus.
*Figures for 1901–2 are for nine months only.
 £ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.
1898–991,801 13 41,402 12 5399 0 11
1899–19003,165 7 102,188 9 10976 18 0
1900–14,252 17 112,951 14 101,301 3 1
1901–2*4,063 9 62,335 7 31,728 2 3
1902–36,584 13 44,725 16 111,858 16 5
1903–47,169 0 84,558 3 92,610 16 11
1904–58,185 11 05,093 8 83,092 2 4
1905–510,249 3 45,455 10 114,793 12 5
1906–79,840 7 46,416 6 63,424 0 10

Niue.—The revenue of Niue for the year ending the 31st March, 1907 (including balance from previous year), was £2,141 14s. 7d., and the expenditure £2,168 5s. 9s. The total funds to the credit of the Niue Government on the 31st March, however, amounted to £1,999 12s. 6d.

EXPORTS AND IMPORTS.

Cook and Northern Islands.—The value of exports for the year 1906 was £45,925, while the imports amounted to £41,437. The principal items exported were as follow:—

 £
Coffee, 104,300 lb.2,175
Copra, 948 tons13,387
Bananas, 72,430 cases, 13,954 bunches10,445
Oranges, 86,220 cases10,975
Pineapples, 4,777 cases590
Limejuice, 7,180 gallons355
Pearl-shell, 100 tons5,000

The amount of the imports is made up as follows:—

From New Zealand33,056
From United Kingdom1,305
From New South Wales1,859
From Victoria23
From United States2,149
From Germany174
From France8
From Tahiti2,418
From Niue317
From British Columbia30
From China52
From India5
From Samoa4
From Maiden Island37
 £41,437

Niue.—The exports for 1906–7 amounted to £7,958, and the imports to £5,580. The principal items of export were—

 £
Copra. 435 tons5,161
Hats, 3,255 dozen2,201
Fungus, 32,536 lb331
Curios71
Kits, 568 dozen96

The imports represented—

From New Zealand4,029
From Sydney649
From Tonga202
From Samoa339
From Maiden Island85
From Cook Islands26
From United Kingdom151
From New Guinea4
From United States95
 £5,580

Appendix B. APPENDIX A.
PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

DATES OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND.

Dec. 13, 1642.—Discovery of New Zealand by Abel Jansen Tasman.

Oct. 8, 1769.—Captain Cook landed at Poverty Bay on his first visit.

June 30, 1788.—Macaulay and Curtis Islands, of the Kermadec Group, discovered by Captain Sever, of H.M. transport “Lady Penrhyn.”

Nov. 29, 1790.—Chatham Islands discovered by Lieutenant Broughton, in H.M.S. “Chatham.”

Nov. 17, 1793.—Captain d'Entrecasteaux, with the “La Recherche” and “L'Espérance,” discovered Raoul or Sunday Island. (The latter name was given by Captain Raven, of the transport “Britannia,” who visited the island 6th Nov., 1796.)

Nov., 1793.—Lieutenant-Governor King's (of Norfolk Island) visit to Doubtless Bay.

1795.—The ship “Endeavour,” Captain Bampton, sunk at Facile Harbour, Dusky Sound.

1800.—Antipodes Island discovered by Captain Pendleton.

1806.—Auckland Isles discovered by Captain Briscow, ship “Ocean,” one of Enderby's whalers.

1806.—Ship “Venus” visited East Coast of New Zealand. She was taken by convicts at Port Dalrymple, Tasmania. Their visits gave rise to the Nga-Puhi southern expedition.

1807.—Defeat of Hongi and Nga-Puhi Tribe at Moremonui, ten miles south of Maunganui Bluff, Kaipara.

1809.—The taking and burning of the transport “Boyd” at Whangaroa.

1810.—Campbell Island discovered by Captain P. Haselburg, of brig “Perseverance.”

1814.—First arrival of the Rev. Mr. Marsden at Bay of Islands, and introduction of Christianity. Horses, oxen, sheep, and poultry first brought to the colony.

Aug., 1815.—Attempted capture of the “Trial” and “Brothers” at Kennedy Bay.

1818.—Hongi's and Te Morenga's great expedition to East Cape.

1819–20.—Patuone, Nene, and Te Rauparaha's raid on Taranaki and Port Nicholson.

1820.—Hongi visited England; returned to New Zealand July, 18

1820.—H.M. store-ship “Coromandel” visited Coromandel.

1820.—Rev. S. Marsden travelled from Wai-te-mata via Kaipara to the Bay of Islands—the first white man to do so.

Aug., 1820.—The “Prince Regent” entered Auckland Harbour—the first vessel to do so.

Nov., 1821.—Fall of Mauinaina Pa, Auckland Isthmus, to Hongi.

Nov., 1821.—Ngati-Toa migration from Kawhia to Otaki under Te Rauparaha.

Dec, 1821.—Fall of Te Totara Pa, Thames, to Hongi.

May, 1822.—Fall of Matakitaki Pa, Waikato, to Hongi.

May, 1823.—Fall of Mokoia Pa, Rotorua Lake, to Hongi.

1823, 1828.—Acts passed by the Imperial Parliament extending the jurisdiction of the Courts of justice in New South Wales to all the British subjects in New Zealand.

1824.—Fall of Te Whetumatarau Pa, near East Gape, to Pomare.

1825.—First attempt at colonisation by an expedition under the command of Captain Herd, who bought two islands in the Hauraki Gulf.

Feb., 1825.—Great defeat of Ngati-Whatua at Te Ikaaranganui, Kaipara, by Hongi.

1827.—Destruction of mission-station at Whangaroa by Hongi's forces.

Feb., 1827.—Admiral (then Captain) Dumont D'Urville anchored in Auckland Harbour.

1828.—Hongi died at Whangaroa, from wounds received at Hokianga.

1828.—The “Maquarie,” Captain Kent, the first vessel to enter Kawhia.

March, 1829.—Brig “Hawes” captured at Whakatane by Maoris.

1830.—Battle of Taumata-wiwi, near Cambridge.

1830.—Fall of Kaiapohia Pa, Canterbury.

March 6, 1830.—Battle of Kororareka, between two Nga-Puhi Tribes.

Dec., 1830.—Death of Tama-i-hara-nui at the hands of Te Rauparaha's people. He was brought from Port Cooper by Captain Steward, brig “Elizabeth.”

1831.—Tory Channel whaling-station established.

1831.—Application of thirteen chiefs for the protection of King William the Fourth.

Dec., 1831.—Pukerangiora Pa, Waitara, fell to Waikato.

Feb., 1832.—Repulse of Waikato at Nga-motu Pa, under Dicky Barrett.

1833.—Mr. Busby appointed British Resident, to live at the Bay of Islands.

1834.—Battle of Haowhenua and Pakakutu, near Otaki.

1834.—Bishop Williams's first visit to East Gape.

April 29, 1834.—“Harriet” wrecked at Cape Egmont.

Oct. 1, 1834.—H.M.S. “Alligator” shelled and took Waimate Pa, near Opunake. First occasion of H.M. troops being employed in New Zealand.

1835.—Declaration of independence of the whole of New Zealand as one nation, with the title of “The United Tribes of New Zealand.”

Nov. and Dec., 1835.—Ngati-Awa Tribes migrated to and conquered the Chatham Islands.

March 28, 1836.—Maketu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Waikato.

May 9, 1836.—Te Tumu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Te Arawa.

Aug. 5, 1836.—Battle at Matai-puku, Rotorua—Waikato beat Te Arawa.

Oct., 1836.—Siege of Toka-a-kuku, Te Kaha, Bay of Plenty.

1838.—The Roman Catholic Bishop Pompallier, with several priests, arrived at Hokianga.

Sept. 1, 1838.—H.M.S. “Pelorus” discovers Pelorus Sound.

April, 1839.—Taking of the French whaler “Jean Bart” at Chatham Islands by Maoris.

May 12, 1839.—Departure of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company from England.

June, 1839.—Issue of Letters Patent authorising the Governor of New South Wales to include within the limits of that colony any territory that might be acquired in sovereignty by Her Majesty in New Zealand.

Sept. 16, 1839.—First, body of New Zealand Company's emigrants sailed from Gravesend.

Sept. 20, 1839.—Arrival in Port Nicholson of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company under Colonel Wakefield.

Oct. 16, 1839.—Battle of Te Kuititanga, Otaki.

Jan. 20, 1840.—First steamer arrived in New Zealand.

Jan. 22, 1840.—Arrival of first body of immigrants at Port Nicholson.

Jan. 29, 1840.—Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands. On the following day (Jan. SO) he hoisted the Union flag, and read the commission, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom, which extended the boundaries of the Colony of New South Wales so as to embrace and comprehend the Islands of New Zealand; also his own commission as Lieutenant-Governor over territory that might be acquired in sovereignty.

Feb. 5, 1840.—Treaty of Waitangi signed.

May 21, 1840.—Date of Proclamations of sovereignty over the Islands of New Zealand.

June 17, 1840.—The Queen's sovereignty over the Middle Island formally proclaimed at Cloudy Bay, by Major Bunbury, H.M. 80th Regiment, and Captain Nias, R.N.

Aug. 11, 1840.—The British flag hoisted at Akaroa by Captain Stanley, R.N., and British authority established. The French frigate “L'Aube” arrived there on the 13th August, and the vessel “Comte de Paris,” with fifty-seven immigrants, on the 16th August, in order to establish a French colony.

Sept. 18, 1840.—The British flag hoisted at Auckland. The Lieutenant-Governor's residence established there.

1840.—Formation of Wanganui settlement under the name of “Petre.”

Feb. 12, 1841.—Issue of charter of incorporation to the New Zealand Company.

Mar. 31, 1841.—Arrival of first New Plymouth settlers.

May 3, 1841.—New Zealand proclaimed to be independent of New South Wales.

Oct., 1841.—Selection of site for settlement at Nelson.

Feb. 1, 1842.—Settlement founded at Nelson.

May 29, 1842.—Arrival of Bishop Selwyn in the colony.

Sept. 10, 1842.—Death of Governor Hobson. Lieutenant Shortland, R.N., Colonial Secretary, became Acting-Governor until the arrival of Captain Fitzroy.

June, 1843.—Affray with Natives at the Wairau, and massacre by Rangi-haeata of Captain Wakefield, R,N., agent at Nelson of the New Zealand Company, and others, who had surrendered.

Dec. 23, 1843.—Arrival of Captain Fitzroy, R.N., as Governor.

July 8, 1844.—The Royal flagstaff at Kororareka cut down by Heke.

March 10, 1845.—Attack on and destruction of Town of Kororareka by Heke.

Oct. 1, 1845.—Receipt of despatch notifying recall of Governor Fitzroy.

Nov. 14, 1845.—Arrival of Captain Grey, as Lieutenant-Governor of the colony, from South Australia.

Jan. 11, 1846.—Capture of pa at Ruapekapeka, Bay of Islands, and termination of Heke's war.

Mar. 3, 1846.—Commencement of Native hostilities in the Hutt Valley, near Wellington.

May 16, 1846.—Attack by Natives on a military outpost in the Hutt Valley.

July 23, 1846.—Capture of Te Rauparaha at Porirua, near Wellington. He was detained for a year as a prisoner on board a ship of war.

Aug. 28, 1846.—The New Zealand Government Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, under which a charter was issued dividing the colony into two provinces, and granting representative institutions.

May 19, 1847. —Attack by Natives on settlement of Wanganui.

Jan. 1, 1848.—Captain Grey sworn in as Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, also as Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster.

Jan. 3, 1848.—Major-General Pitt appointed by Governor Grey to be Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

Jan. 28, 1848.—Assumption by Lieutenant-Governor E. J. Eyre, at Wellington, of the administration of the Government of the Province of New Munster.

Feb. 21, 1848.—Peace ratified at Wanganui.

Mar. 7, 1848.—Suspension by Imperial statute of that part of the Now Zealand Government Act which had conferred representative institutions.

Mar., 1848.—Otago founded by a Scotch company under the auspices of the Free Church of Scotland.

Oct., 1848.—Severe earthquake at Wellington.

July, 1850.—Surrender of the New Zealand Company's charter, all its interests in the colony reverting to the Imperial Government.

Dec, 1850.—Canterbury founded by the Canterbury Association in connection with the Church of England.

Jan. 8, 1851.—Death of Major-General Pitt, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

April 14, 1851.—Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

1852.—Discovery of gold at Coromandel by Mr. Charles Ring.

June 30, 1852.—The Constitution Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, granting representative institutions to the colony, and subdividing it into six provinces.

Jan., 1853.—Promulgation of the Constitution Act.

Mar. 7, 1853.—Assumption by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., of the duties of Governor of the colony, in terms of the appointment after the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act, and cessation of the duties of the Lieutenant-Governors of New Ulster and New Munster.

Dec. 31, 1853.—Departure of Governor Sir George Grey.

Jan. 3, 1854.—Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard assumed the administration of the Government.

May 27, 1854.—Opening at Auckland of the first session of the General Assembly by Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, Administrator of the Government.

Jan., 1855.—Very severe earthquake on each side of Cook Strait.

Sept. 6, 1855.—Arrival of Governor Colonel T. Gore Browne, C.B.

Nov. 12, 1855.—First members elected to House of Representatives under system of Responsible Government.

Aug. 8, 1855.—General Assembly opened.

Sept. 15, 1855.—General Assembly prorogued.

May 7, 1856.—Appointment of the first Ministry under the system of Responsible Government, under Mr. Sewell, Colonial Secretary.

May 14, 1856.—Defeat of Mr. Sewell's Ministry.

May 20, 1856.—Appointment of a Ministry under presidency of Mr. W. Fox, as Attorney-General.

May 28, 1856.—Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a direct vote of want of confidence.

June 2, 1856.—Appointment of a Ministry under the presidency of Mr. E. W. Stafford.

1857.—First payable goldfield in the colony opened at Collingwood, in the Nelson Province.

Aug. 21, 1858.—New Provinces Act passed.

Nov. 1, 1858.—Establishment of the Province of Hawke's Bay.

Dec. 22, 1858.—The Austrian exploring frigate “Novara” arrived in Auckland Harbour. Dr. Ferdinand von Hochstetter, at the request of the New Zealand Government, was commissioned to make geological surveys of the greater part of Auckland and Nelson Provinces.

March, 1859.—Te Teira offered land at Waitara for sale to the Government.

Nov. 1, 1859.—Establishment of the Province of Marlborough.

Mar., 1860.—Commencement of hostilities against Wiremu Kingi te Rangi-take at Waitara.

Mar. 18, 1860.—Capture of Maori pa at Waitara.

Mar. 28, 1860.—Engagement at Waireka.

June 27, 1860.—Engagement of Puketakauere at Waitara.

Nov. 6, 1860.—Defeat at Mahoetahi, with heavy loss, of a force of Waikato Natives, who had crossed the Waitara River to join Wiremu Kingi.

Dec. 31, 1860.—Capture of the Matarikoriko Pa, and defeat of a large body of Waikato Natives.

Jan. 23, 1861.—The Natives made a determined attack on the redoubt at Huirangi occupied by Imperial troops, and were repulsed with heavy loss.

April 1, 1861.—Establishment of Province of Southland.

May 21, 1861.—A truce agreed to.

May, 1861.—Discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully, Otago.

July 5, 1861.—Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a vote of want of confidence.

July 12, 1861.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr Fox.

July 29, 1861.—Incorporation of the Bank of New Zealand.

Sept. 26, 1861.—Arrival of Sir George Grey, K.C.B., at Auckland, from the Cape Colony, to succeed Governor Gore Browne. Sir George Grey was sworn in as Governor on the 3rd October.

Oct. 2, 1861.—Departure of Governor Gore Browne.

June 28, 1862.—Coromandel proclaimed a goldfield.

June 29, 1862.—Wreck of s.s. “White Swan” on East Coast (with loss of many public records, in transit from Auckland).

July 28, 1862.—Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry by the casting-vote of the Speaker, on a proposed resolution in favour of placing the ordinary conduct of Native affairs under the administration of the Responsible Ministers.

Aug. 6, 1862.—Appointment of a Ministry under the leadership of Mr. Alfred Domett.

Feb. 7, 1863.—Wreck of H.M.S. “Orpheus” on Manukau Bar; 181 lives lost.

Feb. 26, 1863.—Definite relinquishment by the Imperial Government of control over administration of Native affairs.

May 4, 1863.—Treacherous assault near Tataraimaka by Natives on a military escort. Murder of Lieutenant Tragett, Dr. Hope, and five soldiers of the 57th Regiment.

June 4, 1863.—Defeat of Natives at Katikara, by a force under Lieut.-General Cameron.

July 17, 1863.—Action at Koheroa, in the Auckland Province. Commencement of the Waikato War.

Oct. 27, 1863.—Resignation of the Domett Ministry, in consequence of difficulties experienced in connection with arrangements for finding a fitting representative of the Government in the Legislative Council.

Oct. 30, 1863.—Appointment of the Ministry formed by Mr. Fox, under the premiership of Mr. F. Whitaker.

Nov., 1863.—Acceptance by the General Assembly of colonial responsibility in Native affairs.

Nov. 20, 1863.—Battle of Rangiriri. Defeat of Natives and unconditional surrender of 183.

Dec. 1, 1863.—The first railway in New Zealand opened for traffic by Mr. Samuel Bealey, Superintendent of Canterbury. The line was from Christ-church to Ferrymead Junction.

Dec. 3, 1863.—The New Zealand Settlements Act passed, giving the Governor power to confiscate the lands of insurgent Natives.

Dec. 8, 1863.—Occupation of Ngaruawahia. The British flag hoisted on the Maori king's flagstaff.

Feb. 11, 1864.—Engagement with Natives on Mangapiko River. Major (then Captain) Heaphy, of the New Zealand Forces, won the Victoria Cross for distinguished bravery on this occasion.

Feb. 22, 1864.—Defeat of Natives at Rangiaohia.

April 2, 1864.—Attack on and capture of pa at Orakau, Waikato.

April 21, 1864.—Engagement near Maketu, Bay of Plenty. Tribes of the Rawhiti defeated by Arawa Natives, under Captain McDonnell.

April 29, 1864.—Assault on Gate Pa, Tauranga, Bay of Plenty, and repulse of large British force by the Maoris. The pa was abandoned by the Natives during the following night.

April 30, 1864.—Repulse of attack by rebel Hauhau Natives on redoubt at Sentry Hill, Taranaki.

May 14, 1864.—Battle of Moutoa, an island in the Wanganui River, between friendly and rebel Hauhau Natives. Complete defeat of rebels.

June 21, 1864.—Engagement at Te Ranga, near Tauranga, by Lieut.-Colonel Greer, 68th Regiment. Severe defeat of the Natives.

1864.—Discovery of gold on the west coast of the Middle Island.

Sept. 10, 1864.—Escape of Maori prisoners from Kawau.

Oct. 3, 1864.—Wellington chosen as the seat of Government.

Nov. 24, 1864.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. F. A. Weld, the Whitaker-Fox Ministry having resigned during the recess.

Dec. 17, 1864.—Confiscation of Native lands in Waikato by Sir George Grey.

Feb., 1865.—Removal of the seat of Government to Wellington.

March 2, 1865.—Barbarous murder of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, a Church of England missionary, at Opotiki, by Hauhau fanatics, under Kereopa.

June 8, 1865.—Submission of the Maori Chief Wiremu Tamihana te Waharoa (William Thompson).

June 17, 1865.—Murder of Mr. Fulloon, a Government officer, and his companions, at Whakatane, by Hauhau fanatics.

July 22, 1865.—Capture of the Wereroa Pa, near Wanganui.

Aug. 2, 1865.—Assault and capture of the Pa Kairomfromi, at Waiapu, by Colonial Forces under Captain Fraser, and Native Contingent under the chief Te Mokena. Eighty-seven rebels killed.

Sept. 2, 1865.—Proclamation of peace issued by Governor Sir George Grey, announcing that the war, which commenced at Oakura, was at an end.

Sept. 30, 1865.—Murder by Hauhaus, at Kakaramea, of Mr. Broughton, when sent as friendly messenger to them by Brigadier-General Waddy.

Oct. 12, 1865.—Resignation of Mr. Weld's Ministry, on account of a resolution adverse to the Government policy, having been defeated only by the casting-vote of the Speaker.

Oct. 16, 1865.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. E. W. Stafford.

Dec. 25, 1865.—Defeat of rebel Natives at Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces and Native Contingent.

Jan. 4, 1866.—Defeat of Natives at Okotuku Pa, on the west coast of the North Island, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 7, 1866.—Assault on and capture of Putahi Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 13, 1866.—Assault on and capture of Otapawa Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 17, 1866. to Jan. 25, 1866.—Period of Major-General Chute's march through the bush to New Plymouth.

Jan., 1866.—Escape of a large number of Native prisoners from the hulk at Wellington; many were drowned in trying to swim ashore.

March 29, 1866.—Submission of the rebel chiefs Te Heuheu and Herekiekie, of Taupo district.

Mar., 1866.—A detachment of Maori prisoners sent to the Chatham Islands.

June 15, 1866.—Commencement of Panama steam mail-service.

Aug. 26, 1866.—The Cook Strait submarine telegraph cable laid.

Oct. 2, 1866.—Engagement with rebel Natives at Pungarehu, West Coast. by Colonial Forces, under Major McDonnell.

Oct. 8, 1866.—First Act passed to impose stamp duties.

Oct. 12, 1866.—Defeats of rebel Natives at Omaranui and at Petane, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces.

July, 1867.—Opening of Thames Goldfield.

Oct. 30, 1867.—An Act passed to establish an institute for the promotion of science and art in the colony.

Oct. 10, 1867.—An Act passed for the division of the colony into four Maori electorates, and the admission of four Maori members to the House of Representatives.

Jan., 1868.—Establishment of the County of Westland.

Feb. 5, 1868.—Arrival of Governor Sir George F. Bowen, G.C.M.G.

July 4, 1868.—Seizure by Maori prisoners, under the leadership of Te Kooti, of the schooner “Rifleman,” and their escape from the Chatham Islands.

July 12, 1868.—Night attack by Natives on redoubt at Turuturu Mokai. Sub-Inspector Ross and seven Europeans killed. Natives driven off by the arrival of a force under Major Von Tempsky.

Aug. 8, 1868.—Pursuit by Lieut.-Colonel Whitmore of escaped Chatham Island prisoners, and indecisive engagement in the gorge of the Ruake Ture.

Aug. 21, 1868.—Attack on Ngutu-o-te-Manu by force under Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell. Defeat of Natives; four Europeans killed and eight wounded.

Sept. 7, 1868.—Engagement in bush at Ngutu-o-te-Manu. Major Von Tempsky, Captains Buck and Palmer, Lieutenants Hunter and Hastings, and fourteen men killed.

Oct. 19, 1868.—Bishop Selwyn left New Zealand.

Nov. 7, 1868.—Attack on Moturoa. Repulse of Colonial Forces, with severe loss.

Nov. 10, 1868.—Massacre of thirty-two Europeans at Poverty Bay by Te Kooti's band of Natives, who had escaped from the Chatham Islands.

Nov. 24, 1868, Dec. 3, 1868, Dec. 5, 1868.—Engagements between friendly Natives and rebels under Te Kooti, at Patutahi, Poverty Bay district.

Jan. 5, 1869.—Assault on and capture of Ngatapa Pa, Poverty Bay district, after a siege of six days, by the Colonial Forces of Europeans and friendly Natives under Colonel Whitmore and Major Ropata. Dispersion and pursuit of Te Kooti's band. More than 136 rebel Natives were killed.

Feb. 13, 1869.—Treacherous murder of the Rev. John Whitely and seven other Europeans at the White Cliffs, Taranaki.

Feb. 18, 1869.—Attack by rebel Natives on a foraging-party at Karaka Flat; one sergeant and six men killed.

Mar. 3, 1869.—Termination of Panama mail-service.

Mar. 13, 1869.—Attack on and defeat of Titokowaru's force at Otauto.

April 10, 1869.—Native pa at Mohaka taken by Te Kooti, who killed forty friendly Natives and several Europeans in the neighbourhood.

April 12, 1869.—First arrival of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in Wellington; in H.M.S. “Galatea.”

May 6, 1869.—Surprise and capture of Ahikereru and Oamaru Teangi Pas, Waiwera country. Defeat of Te Kooti.

June 13, 1869.—Surrender to Major Noake and Mr. Booth, R.M., of the chief Tairua, with 122 men, women, and children of the Pakakohe Tribe, near Wanganui.

June 24, 1869.—Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry on a want-of-confidence motion.

June 28, 1869.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. W. Fox.

Sept. 3, 1869.—An Act passed providing Government life insurance and annuities.

Oct., 1869.—Seventy-four prisoners from the bands of Te Kooti and Titoko-waru sentenced to death, after trial, for treason. The sentences of seventy-three were commuted to pend servitude for various terms.

Oct. 4, 1869.—Pourere Pa stormed and taken by Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell, with a mixed force of Europeans and Natives.

Jan., 1870.—Three hundred friendly Natives under Topia, and three hundred under Major Keepa (known as Kemp), started up the Wanganui River in pursuit of Te Kooti, who retreated into the Urewera country.

Jan. 25, 1870.—Capture of Tapapa Pa, occupied by Te Kooti.

Feb. 24, 1870.—The last detachment of the Imperial troops left the colony.

Mar. 25, 1870.—Major Keepa, with Native force, captured the position held by Te Kooti at Maraetahi, in Urewera country; nineteen rebels killed and seventy-three of Te Kooti's men taken prisoners. Te Kooti escaped with twenty followers.

Mar. 26, 1870.—Commencement of San Francisco mail-service.

June 28, 1870.—Enunciation in the House of Representatives of the public-works policy by the Colonial Treasurer, Mr. Vogel.

July, 1870.—Thirty prisoners of Te Kooti's band sentenced to death. The sentences were commuted to penal servitude.

Aug. 27, 1870.—Arrival in Wellington of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in H.M.S. “Galatea.” Second visit.

Sept. 12, 1870.—An Act passed to establish the New Zealand University.

Sept. 12, 1870.—The Land Transfer Act passed, to simplify the title to land and dealings with real estates.

Oct. 6, 1870.—Southland Province reunited with Otago.

Dec. 5, 1870.—Honiani te Puni, the chief of the Ngatiawas, a staunch friend of the Europeans, died at Petone, near Wellington, aged ninety years.

Mar., 1871.—Commencement of railway-construction under the public–works policy.

Aug. 4, 1871.—Death of Tamati Waka Nene, the great Ngapuhi chief and friend of the Europeans.

Nov., 1871.—Capture of the notorious rebel Kereopa, the murderer of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, by the Ngatiporous.

Jan. 5, 1872.—Execution of Kereopa at Napier.

Jan., 1872.—Remission of sentences on fifty-eight Native prisoners then undergoing imprisonment for rebellion.

Feb. 22, 1872.—Visit of William King, the Maori chief of Waitara, to New Plymouth, and resumption of amicable relations with the Europeans.

May 9, 1872.—A general thanksgiving-day for the recovery of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

Sept. 6, 1872.—Defeat and resignation of Mr. Fox's Ministry.

Sept. 10, 1872.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. E. W. Stafford.

Oct. 4, 1872.—Defeat of the Stafford Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Vogel.

Oct. 11, 1872.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, M.L.C.

Oct. 11, 1872.—First appointment of Maori chiefs (two) to be members of the Legislative Council.

Oct. 25, 1872.—The Public Trust Office Act passed.

Jan., 1873.—Establishment of the New Zealand Shipping Company.

Mar. 3, 1873.—The Hon. W. Fox appointed Premier on the resignation of that office by the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, the other members of the Ministry being confirmed in their offices.

Mar. 19, 1873.—Departure of Governor Sir G. F. Bowen, G.C.M.G.

Mar. 21, 1873.—Assumption of the Government by Sir G. A. Arney, Chief Justice, as Administrator.

April 8, 1873.—Resignation of the premiership by the Hon. W. Fox, on the return of the Hon. J. Vogel, C.M.G., from Australia. Appointment of Mr. Vogel as Premier, the other Ministers being confirmed in their offices.

June 14, 1873.—Arrival of Governor Sir J. Fergusson, P.O.

Aug. 22, 1874.—The Imprisonment for Debt Abolition Act passed.

Nov. 27, 1874.—Sir James Fergusson left New Zealand.

Dec. 3, 1874.—Arrival of Governor the Marquis of Norman by, P.C. 1874.—31,774 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.

Jan. 3, 1875.—Visit of Sir Donald McLean to the Maori king; resumption of amicable relations.

July 6, 1875.—Resignation of the Ministry, in consequence of the absence of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G., in England, and his being unable to attend the session of Parliament. Reconstitution thereof, under the premiership of the Hon. Dr. Pollen, M.L.C.

July, 1875.—Establishment of the Union Steam Shipping Company of New Zealand.

1875.—18,324 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.

Oct. 12, 1875.—The Abolition of Provinces Act passed.

Feb. 15, 1876.—Resignation of the Hon. Dr. Pollen's Ministry, and reconstitution under the premiership of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G.

Feb, 18, 1876.—Completion of the work of laying the telegraph cable between New Zealand and New South Wales.

June, 1876.—Death of Dr. Isaac Earl Featherston, while acting as Agent-General for the colony in England. He was the first to hold that office, and had previously been Superintendent of the Province of Wellington from the time of the first establishment of provincial representative institutions.

Sept. 1, 1876.—Resignation of Sir J. Vogel's Ministry in view of the appointment of Sir J. Vogel as Agent-General. Formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Sept. 13, 1876.—Resignation of Major Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of doubts being entertained as to the constitutional position thereof. Reconstruction of the Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Nov. 1, 1876.—“The Abolition of Provinces Act, 1875,” came into full operation. Complete abolition of provincial institutions. The colony subdivided into counties and municipal boroughs.

Oct. 8, 1877.—Defeat of the Atkinson Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Larnach.

Oct. 15, 1877.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

Nov. 29, 1877.—The Education Act, providing for the free and compulsory education of children, passed.

April 11, 1878.—Bishop Selwyn died, in England.

Oct. 29, 1878.—Sir George Grey's first land-tax passed.

Feb. 29, 1879.—Departure of Governor the Marquis of Normanby, P.C.

Mar., 1879.—Removal of surveyors from the Waimate Plains by Natives acting under Te Whiti's orders.

Mar. 27, 1879.—Arrival of Governor Sir Hercules G. R. Robinson, G.C.M.G.

May 25, 1879.—The Natives from Parihaka, by order of Te Whiti, began ploughing up lands occupied by Europeans.

June, 1879.—Arrest and imprisonment of 180 of these Natives for causing disturbances.

July 29, 1879.—Defeat of the Grey Ministry on an amendment to the Address in Reply, moved by Sir William Fox, followed by a dissolution of Parliament.

Oct. 3, 1879.—Defeat and subsequent resignation of Sir George Grey's Ministry.

Oct. 8, 1879.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon, John Hall.

Dec. 19, 1879.—An Act passed to assess property for the purpose of taxation.

Dec. 19, 1879.—The Triennial Parliament Act passed.

Dec. 19, 1879.—An Act passed to qualify every resident male of twenty-one years of age and upwards to vote.

June, 1880.—First portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners released by the Government.

July 9, 1880.—Bounty Island taken possession of by Captain George Palmer, H.M.S. “Rosario.”

Sept. 8, 1880.—Departure of Governor Sir Hercules G. R. Robinson, G.C.M.G.

Oct. 1880.—Release of the last portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners.

Oct. 26, 1880.—Sir Francis Dillon Bell appointed Agent-General.

Nov. 29, 1880.—Arrival of Governor Sir A. H. Gordon, G.C.M.G.

April 29, 1881.—“Tararua,” steamer, wrecked; 130 lives lost.

June 26, 1881.—Severe earthquakes in Wellington.

Nov. 5, 1881.—March of force of Constabulary and Volunteers on Parihaka, and arrest of Te Whiti and Tohu, without bloodshed.

Feb. 15, 1882.—First shipment of frozen meat made from Port Chalmers. (See Year-book, 1893, p. 192.)

April 21, 1882.—Resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. J. Hall's Ministry, and its reconstruction under the premiership of the Hon. F. Whitaker, M.L.C.

June 23, 1882.—Departure of Governor Sir A. H. Gordon.

June 24, 1882.—Assumption of the Government by Sir J. Prendergast, Chief Justice.

Jan. 20 1883.—Arrival of Governor Sir W. F. D. Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B.

Jan. 26 1883.—A direct line of steam-communication between England and New Zealand inaugurated by the New Zealand Shipping Company.

Feb. 13, 1883.—Proclamation of amnesty to Maori political offenders.

Feb. 19, 1883.—Liberation of Te Whiti and Tohu.

Sept. 25, 1883.—Resignation of the office of Premier and his seat in the Ministry by the Hon. F. Whitaker, and the appointment of the Hon. Major H. A. Atkinson to be Premier, the members of Mr. Whitaker's Ministry being confirmed in their offices.

June 11, 1884.—Defeat of Major Atkinson's Government.

June 27, 1884.—Dissolution of the General Assembly.

Aug. 16, 1884.—Resignation of Major-Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of the result of the general election. Formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.

Aug. 20, 1884.—Defeat of Mr. Stout's Ministry by an amendment, expressive of want of confidence, to the Address in Reply being carried.

Aug. 28, 1884.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Aug. 29, 1884.—Defeat of Major Atkinson's Ministry on a vote of want of confidence.

Sept. 3, 1884.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.

Nov. 8, 1884.—An Act passed to enable certain loans of the New Zealand Government to be converted into inscribed stock and the accrued sinking funds released.

Aug. 1, 1885.—The New Zealand Industrial Exhibition opened at Wellington.

June 10, 1886.—Volcanic eruptions at Tarawera, and destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces; 101 lives lost.

May 28, 1887.—Defeat of Sir Robert Stout's Ministry.

July 15, 1887.—Dissolution of the General Assembly, after prorogation, on the 10th June.

July 21, 1887.—A Proclamation issued declaring the Kermadec Islands to be annexed to and form part of the Colony of New Zealand.

Aug. 17, 1887.—Kermadec Group annexed to New Zealand. Flag hoisted and proclamation read at Sunday Island.

Oct. 8, 1887.—Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major H. A. Atkinson, Sir Robert Stout's Ministry having resigned in consequence of the result of the election.

Dec. 19, 1887.—An Act passed to reduce the number of members of the House of Representatives, after the expiration of the General Assembly then sitting, to seventy-four, including four Maori representatives.

Dec. 23, 1887.—The Australian Naval Defence Act, being an Act to provide for the establishment of an additional naval force on the Australian Station, at the joint charge of the Imperial and the several Colonial Governments, was passed by the New Zealand Legislature.

Oct. 27, 1888.—Formal Proclamation of British Protectorate of Cook Group of Islands, by Captain Bourke, R.N., of H.M.S. “Hyacinth.”

Mar. 22, 1889.—Departure of Governor Sir W.F. D. Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B., from the colony.

Mar. 23, 1889.—Assumption of the Government by Sir James Prendergast.

May 2, 1889.—Arrival of the Earl of Onslow, G.C.M.G.

Sept. 2, 1889.—Electors prohibited by statute from voting in respect of more than one electorate at any election for the House of Representatives.

Nov. 26, 1889.—Opening of South Seas Exhibition, Dunedin.

Dec. 5, 1890.—First election of members of the House of Representatives under a practical manhood suffrage, and on the one-man-one-vote principle.

Jan. 24, 1891.—Notification by Governor of acceptation of resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. Sir H. A. Atkinson's Ministry. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. John Ballance.

April 22, 1891.—Proclamation by Governor of New Zealand to inhabitants at Rarotonga of appointment of British Resident for the Protectorate of the Cook Islands.

May 25, 1891.—Adhesion of Australia to Postal Union.

Aug. 19, 1891.—Labour Laws: Passing of Employers' Liability Act 1882 Amendment Act.

Aug. 29, 1891.—Labour Laws: Passing of Truck Act, to prohibit payment of wages in goods or otherwise than in money.

Sept. 8, 1891.—Passing of Land and Income Assessment Act for purposes of taxation, and repeal of property-tax.

Sept. 21, 1891.—Labour Laws: Passing of an Act for supervising and regulating of factories and workrooms. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]

Jan. 19, 1892.—Electoral districts of the colony based on population as ascertained by the results of the census of 1891 proclaimed.

Feb. 2, 1892.—Departure of Governor the Earl of Onslow.

Feb. 25, 1892.—Assumption of the Government by Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice.

June 7, 1892.—Arrival of Governor the Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G.

June 28, 1892.—Death of Sir H. A. Atkinson, K.C.M.G., Speaker of the Legislative Council, and previously four times Premier.

Oct. 1, 1892.—Labour Laws: Passing of Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act.

Oct. 8, 1892.—Passing of Dairy Industry Act. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]

Oct. 11, 1892.—Passing of first Land-tax and Income-tax Act on the basis of the Assessment Act of previous year.

Oct. 11, 1892.—“Land Act, 1892”: Lease in perpetuity without revaluation system introduced; occupation with right of purchase; optional method of selection; small-farms associations.

Oct. 8, 1892.—“Land for Settlements Act, 1892,” authorising purchase of lands from individuals for purposes of subdivision. [Repealed by Act of 1894. See post.]

April 19, 1893.—Cheviot Estate taken over by Government under the Land and Income Assessment Act.

April 27, 1893.—Death of Hon. John Ballance, Premier of New Zealand.

May 1, 1893.—Resignation of the Ministry in consequence of the death of the Hon. John Ballance, and appointment of a new Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. R. J. Seddon.

June 23, 1893.—Death of Sir William Fox, K.C.M.G., four times Premier of New Zealand.

Sept. 2, 1893.—Passing of Bank-note Issue Act, to make bank-notes a first charge on assets and to enable the Government to declare them to be a legal tender, &c.

Sept. 8, 1893.—The Legislative Council of New Zealand passed, by a majority of two, the Bill conferring the franchise on women.

Sept. 14, 1893.—Banks and Bankers Act Amendment Act passed, to permit of increase of capital by issue of new shares.

Sept. 19, 1893.—“The Electoral Act, 1893,” extending franchise to women.

Oct. 2, 1893.—Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act passed: New licenses to be granted subject to the votes of the electors; reduction or abolition of licenses if desired.

Oct. 6, 1893.—Passing of “Criminal Code Act, 1893.”

Oct. 6, 1893.—Labour Laws: Passing of “Workmen's Wages Act, 1893.”

Oct. 6, 1893.—Native Land Purchase and Acquisition Act.

Oct. 20, 1893.—Sir James Prendergast appointed temporarily Deputy of the Governor.

Nov. 28, 1893.—A general election took place, being the first occasion on which women exercised the franchise.

Dec. 28, 1893.—Death of Right Rev. Dr. Henry John Chitty Harper, formerly Bishop of Christchurch and Primate of New Zealand.

Mar. 19, 1894.—Sir James Prendergast appointed temporarily Deputy of the Governor.

June 30, 1894.—Passing of Act to extend operation of Bank-note Issue Act, and another Act to control the transfer of bank shares.

June 30, 1894.—“Bank of New Zealand Share Guarantee Act, 1894,” to guarantee special issue of shares to amount of £2,000,000, and purchase of Assets Estates Company by Assets Board. [Amended on July 20.]

July 20, 1894.—Passing of an Act to limit number of bank directors and power of shareholders to transfer their shares.

Aug. 21, 1894.—Labour Laws: Passing of Conspiracy Law Amendment.

Aug. 31, 1894.—Labour Laws: Passing of an Act to encourage the formation of industrial unions and associations, and to facilitate the settlement of industrial disputes by conciliation and arbitration.

Oct. 18, 1894.—“New Zealand Consols Act, 1894.”

Oct. 18, 1894.—“Government Advances to Settlers Act, 1894,” for relief of settlers burdened by high charges of interest, &c.

Oct. 18, 1894.—Passing of “Land for Settlements Act, 1894,” authorising acquisition of private lands for purposes of settlement, with compulsory powers, and repealing Act of 1892; also “Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894.”

Oct. 18, 1894.—Labour Laws: Passing of “Shops and Shop-assistants Act, 1894,” for limiting hours of business in shops.

Oct. 23, 1894.—Passing of “Banking Act, 1894.”

Oct. 23, 1894.—Dairy Industry Act, to regulate manufacture of butter and cheese, with inspection and grading for export, and provide for purity of milk.

Oct. 28, 1894.—Wreck of s.s. “Wairarapa” at Great Barrier Island; 135 lives lost.

Mar. 29, 1895.—Death of Right Reverend Andrew Burn Suter, D.D., formerly Bishop of Nelson, and Primate of New Zealand.

May 27, 1895.—Government assumed management of the Midland Railway.

Aug. 3, 1895.—Death of C. W. Richmond, Puisne Judge of Wellington.

Aug. 20, 1895.—Trustees of cemeteries authorised to provide for cremation of dead.

Sept. 4, 1895.—“Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act, 1895,” providing for writing off paid-up capital with proceeds of first call on reserve liability; also for new capital and Assets Realisation Board, &c.; also to purchase business of any other bank.

Sept. 20, 1895.—Labour Laws: Passing of an Act to regulate attachment of wages.

Sept. 20, 1895.—Labour Laws: Passing of Servants' Registry Office Act.

Sept. 20, 1895.—“Family Homes Protection Act, 1895,” to secure homes for the people and to prevent them from mortgage or sale for debt.

Oct. 18, 1895.—Amended tariff passed.

Oct. 31, 1895.—Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act Amendment Act: Sale of Colonial Bank business to Bank of New Zealand.

Dec. 20, 1895.—Appointment of Sir P. A. Buckley, K.C.M.G., as a Judge of Supreme Court.

Jan. 10, 1896.—Hon. W. P. Reeves appointed Agent-General in London.

Mar. 26, 1896.—Brunner Mine explosion; sixty-seven deaths.

April 12, 1896.—General census of colony taken for Sunday night.

May 18, 1896.—Death of Sir Patrick Buckley, K.O.M.G.

July 11, 1896.—Appointment of Mr. W. B. Edwards as a Judge of the Supreme Court.

July 19, 1896.—Death of Hon. Robert Pharazyn, M.L.C.

Aug. 2, 1896.—Death of James Edward FitzGerald, G.M.G., Controller and Auditor-General.

Oct. 16, 1896.—Land for Settlements Act amended: Special provision made for disposal of highly improved lands acquired; preference given to landless people; Boards may select applicants, &c.

Oct. 17, 1896.—Alteration of franchise by abolition of non-residential or property qualification.

Oct. 17, 1896.—Government Valuation of Land Act passed.

Dec. 4, 1896.—General election of members of House of Representatives for the new districts as fixed by the Representation Commissioners on basis of census, 1896.

Feb. 6, 1897.—Departure of the Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G.

Feb. 8, 1897.—Sir James Prendergast Administrator of Government.

June 22, 1897.—Diamond Jubilee of reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Hon. R. J. Seddon, Premier of New Zealand, called to Privy Council, on occasion of his visit to England with contingent New Zealand Forces.

July 29, 1897.—Wreck of s.s. “Tasmania” at Mahia Peninsula; ten lives lost.

Aug. 10, 1897.—The Earl of Ranfurly assumed office as Governor.

Dec. 22, 1897.—Act to establish at Wellington the Victoria College, in connection with the New Zealand University.

July 15, 1898.—Hon. Sir Francis Dillon Bell, K.C.M.G., C.B., died.

1898.—Death of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

1898.—Death of Bishop Selwyn, of Melanesia.

Oct. 15, 1898.—The Municipal Franchise Reform Act passed.

1898.—The Divorce Bill passed both Houses. Her Majesty's assent thereto gazetted 13th April, 1899.

Nov. 1, 1898.—An Act to provide for old-age pensions passed.

Feb. 10, 1899.—Rev. William Colenso died at Napier.

March 13, 1899.—Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., died.

April, 1899.—Victoria University College opened in Wellington.

May 25, 1899.—Resignation of Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice.

June 1, 1899.—“The Divorce Act, 1898,” assented to by Her Majesty the Queen, came into operation.

June 22, 1899.—Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., appointed Chief Justice.

Oct. 19, 1899.—Act passed constituting Labour Day. The second Wednesday in the month of October in each year to be a public holiday.

Oct. 21, 1899.—N.Z. Contingent (the first) consisting of 215 officers and men, left in s.s. “Waiwera” for Algoa Bay to assist the British in the Transvaal war.

Nov. 16, 1899.—General Assembly dissolved.

Dec. 6, 1899.—General Election of Members of House of Representatives.

Jan. 21, 1900.—The Second N.Z. Contingent (258 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Waiwera.”

Feb. 5, 1900.—Hon. Thomas Dick died.

Feb. 17, 1900.—The Third N.Z. Contingent (264 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Knight Templar.”

March 24 and 31, 1900.—The Fourth and Fifth Contingents (1,060 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.ss. “Monowai,” “Gymeric,” “Waimate,” and “Maori.”

June 28, 1900.—“Bubonic Plague Prevention Act, 1900,” passed.

Aug. 8, 1900.—“Immigration Restriction Act, 1899,” assented to by Her Majesty in Council, came into operation.

Oct. 13, 1900.—Public Health Act passed.

Oct. 18, 1900.—The Maori Councils Act passed.

Oct. 20, 1900.—“The Representation Act, 1900,” passed, increasing number of European representatives to seventy-six.

Dec. 29, 1900.—Hon. Sir James Prendergast, Kt., appointed Deputy-Governor.

Jan. 1, 1901.—Universal penny postage adopted by New Zealand.

Jan. 22, 1901.—Queen Victoria died.

Jan. 28, 1901.—Accession of King Edward VII. proclaimed in New Zealand.

Jan. 30, 1901.—Sixth N.Z. Contingent (578 officers and men) sailed for South Africa in s.s. “Cornwall.”

Feb. 14, 1901.—Death (in England) of Sir Edward Stafford, G.C.M.G., formerly three times Premier of New Zealand.

Feb. 21, 1901.—Appointment of Mr. Theo. Cooper as a Judge of the Supreme Court.

March 31, 1901.—General census of the colony taken for Sunday night.

April 6, 1901.—Seventh N.Z. Contingent (600 officers and men, rough-riders) sailed for South Africa, per s.s. “Gulf of Taranto.”

May 22, 1901.—Deceased Husband's Brother Marriage Act came into operation after Royal assent.

June 10, 1901.—Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York arrived in New Zealand.

June 10, 1901.—Boundaries of Colony extended to include Cook and other Pacific Islands.

Aug. 6, 1901.—Sir John McKenzie, K.C.M.G., died.

Nov. 7, 1901.—State Coal-mines Act passed.

Feb. 1, 1902.—North Island division of the Eighth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Surrey.”

Feb. 8, 1902.—South Island division of the Eighth Contingent sailed from Lyttelton per s.s. “Cornwall.”

March 12, 1902.—South Island division of the Ninth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Port Chalmers for South Africa per s.s. “Kent.”

March 19, 1902.—North Island division of the Ninth Contingent sailed from Auckland per s.s. “Devon.”

March 24, 1902.—End of Pacific cable landed in Doubtless Bay, Mangonui.

April 14, 1902.—North Island division of the Tenth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Drayton Grange.”

April 14, 1902.—Right Hon. R. J. Seddon sailed for London to attend Conference of Colonial Premiers, and to represent New Zealand at His Majesty the King's Coronation.

April 19, 1902.—South Island division of the Tenth Contingent sailed for South Africa per s.s. “Norfolk.”

June 26, 1902.—Death of Most Rev. Bishop William Garden Cowie, Primate of New Zealand.

Aug. 9, 1902.—Celebration in New Zealand on the occasion of the Coronation of His Majesty King Edward VII.

Aug. 1902.—Return of N.Z. troopers from South Africa (Eighth Contingent left Durban 5th July; Ninth, 9th July; Tenth, 15th July).

Nov. 5, 1902.—General Assembly dissolved.

Nov. 9, 1902.—Wreck of s. s. “Elingamite” on Three King's.

Nov. 25, 1902.—General Election of Members of House of Representatives.

Dec. 8, 1902.—Pacific (all red) Cable service opened for international business.

Dec. 31, 1902.—Export of frozen meat for year valued at £2,718,763.

Dec. 31, 1902.—Export of butter and cheese for year valued at £1,369,341.

Feb. 8, 1903.—Hon. W. Rolleston died.

Mar. 16, 1903.—Sir George Whitmore, K.C.M.G., died.

May 22, 1903.—Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau te Wherowhero (formerly known as the Maori King) summoned to the Legislative Council, and sworn in as a member of the Executive Council of the colony.

May 24, 1903.—Empire Day proclaimed in New Zealand (anniversary of birth of late Queen Victoria).

June 29, 1903.—Opening of Parliament (the fifteenth).

Sept. 11, 1903.—Mr. F. R. Chapman appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court.

Nov. 18, 1903.—State Fire Insurance Act passed.

Nov. 24, 1903.—Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act passed.

Jan. 5, 1904.—Hon. W. C. Walker, C.M.G., died.

June 20, 1904.—Assumption of the Government of New Zealand by Lord Plunket.

July, 1904.—A team of riflemen, chosen from the Defence Force of New Zealand to represent the colony, was sent to England under the command of Lieut.-Colonel R. J. Collins, V.D., to compete at Bisley for the “Kolapore Imperial Challenge Cup,” and succeeded in bringing the trophy to New Zealand.

March 23, 1905.—Death of Hon. Sir A. J. Cadman, Speaker, Legislative Council.

June 14, 1905.—Hon. W. P. Reeves appointed first High Commissioner for New Zealand at London.

July 29, 1905.—“Old-age Pensions Act, 1905,” passed, increasing amount of annual pension to £26.

Oct. 30, 1905.—Workers' Dwellings Act passed.

Nov. 29, 1905.—General Assembly dissolved.

Dec. 6, 1905.—General election of Members of House of Representatives.

June 10, 1906.—Death of the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.C., Premier of New Zealand.

June 21, 1906.—Resignation of Ministry in consequence of the death of the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, and appointment of a new Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. W. Hall-Jones.

June 27, 1906.—Opening of Parliament (the sixteenth).

Aug. 6, 1906.—Resignation of Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. W. Hall-Jones, and appointment of a new Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Aug. 21, 1906.—Opening of Parliament (second session of the sixteenth).

Oct. 29, 1906.—Government Advances to Workers Act passed to assist workers in providing homes for themselves.

Nov. 1, 1906.—Opening of the New Zealand International Exhibition at Christchurch.

Nov. 18, 1906.—Death of Hon. Albert Pitt, M.L.C., Attorney General, Colonial Secretary, and Minister of Defence.

April 15, 1907.—Opening of Conference of Premiers at London. New Zealand represented by Hon. Sir Joseph Ward, K.C.M.G.

April 15, 1907. —Closing of the New Zealand International Exhibition.

May 9, 1907.—Hon. Sir Joseph Ward, K.C.M.G., called to the Privy Council.

May 13, 1907.—Closing of the Conference of Premiers at London.

Jane 25, 1907.—Death of Sir John Hall, K.C.M.G., formerly Premier of New Zealand.

June 27, 1907.—Opening of third session of sixteenth Parliament.

Sept. 25, 1907.—Passing of “The Tariff Act, 1907.”

Sept. 26, 1907.—Style and designation of the “Colony of New Zealand” changed to “Dominion of New Zealand,” by Royal Proclamation of 10th September, 1907.

Appendix C. APPENDIX B.—CUSTOMS TARIFF.

IN “The Tariff Act, 1907,” which came into operation from the 17th July, 1907, it is provided, inter alia, that—

Section 3. All duties of Customs, and all exemptions from such duties, as specified in the Schedules to “The Customs and Excise Duties Act, 1888,” “The Customs and Excise Duties Act, 1895,” “The Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1900,” and “The Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act, 1903,” and also all duties imposed by the Governor under section seventeen of “The Customs and Excise Duties Act, 1888,” are hereby repealed, and there shall be levied, collected, and paid to the use of Hits Majesty on all goods imported into New Zealand or entered for home consumption after the coming into operation of this Act the several duties of Customs mentioned in Schedules A and B to this Act.

Section 4. The goods mentioned in Schedule B hereto shall, except as otherwise provided for in that Schedule or in Schedule E, be exempt from duties of Customs if imported into New Zealand or entered for home consumption after the coming into operation of this Act.

Section 5. There shall be levied, collected, and paid to the use of His Majesty on all goods specified in Schedules C, D, and E hereto, and not being the produce or manufacture of some part of the British dominions, if imported into New Zealand or entered for home consumption after the respective dates hereinafter specified in this section, in addition to the duties (if any) authorised under Schedules A and B hereto, the duties of Customs following, that is to say:—

  1. On the articles specified in Schedule C, if so imported or entered after the coming into operation of this Act, an amount equal to the amount payable on these articles under Schedule A:

  2. On the articles specified in Schedule D, Part I, if so imported or entered after the coming into operation of this Act, an amount equal to one-half of the amount payable on these articles under Schedule A:

  3. On the articles specified in Schedule D, Part II, if so imported or entered after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and eight, an amount equal to one-half of the amount payable on these articles under Schedule A:

  4. On the articles specified in Schedule D, Part III, if so imported or entered after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and eight, an amount equal to twenty per centum of the amount payable on these articles under Schedule A:

  5. On the articles specified in Schedule E, Part I, if so imported or entered after the coming into operation of this Act, duties of Customs equal to twenty per centum of the value for duty as defined by “The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1882,” or its amendments:

  6. On the articles specified in Schedule E, Part II, if so imported or entered after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and eight, duties of Customs equal to twenty per centum of the value for duty as defined by “The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1882,” or its amendments:

  7. On the articles specified in Schedule E, Part III, if so imported or entered after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and eight, duties of Customs equal to ten per centum of the value for duty as defined by “The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1882,” or its amendments:

  8. On the articles specified in Schedule E, Part IV, if so imported or entered after the coming into operation of this Act, duties of Customs specified in the said Part of the said Schedule.

Section 7. Nothing in this Act shall be so construed or shall so operate as to conflict with the schedule of Customs duties and exemptions contained in the Order in Council made by the Governor on the seventh day of January, nineteen hundred and seven, for the purpose of carrying into effect a certain treaty therein referred to, and made between the Government of New Zealand and the Governments of certain colonies in South Africa:

Provided that, notwithstanding anything in the said schedule, no higher duty shall be levied on any goods the produce or manufacture of the said colonies than that which would be levied under this Act on the same goods if they were the produce or manufacture of some other part of the British dominions.

Section 8. (1.) The articles in which spirit is a necessary ingredient, permitted to be manufactured in any warehouse or place of security approved and appointed under section twenty-six of “The Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 1882” (hereinafter called a manufacturing warehouse), shall be limited to the following articles when made under such conditions, in such quantities, and according to such formulae as may from time to time be approved by the Minister of Customs, that is to say: Perfumed spirit, spirituous preparations for the toilet, culinary or flavouring essences, and medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food).

(2.) Before delivery from any manufacturing warehouse there shall be paid to and for the use of His Majesty a duty on such articles in accordance with the following scale, that is to Bay:—

On perfumed spirit, £1 the liquid gallon.

On toilet preparations which are subject to 16s. the liquid gallon on importation, 12s. the liquid gallon.

On toilet preparations which are subject to 25 per centum duty on importation, 6s. the liquid gallon.

On culinary and flavouring essences, 12s. the liquid gallon.

On medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing more than 50 per centum of proof spirit, 9d. the pound.

Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing 50 per centum of proof spirits or less, free.

(3.) The Minister of Customs may prohibit the manufacture of any article included under the foregoing headings, if in his judgment such manufacture is detrimental to the revenue derived from the duty on spirits.

(4.) If at any time the Collector is satisfied that any article made in a manufacturing warehouse has not been prepared strictly in accordance with the formula approved by the Minister of Customs, or that any article the manufacture of which has been prohibited by the said Minister under the authority of this section has been made in a manufacturing warehouse, the said Minister may by writing under his hand revoke the appointment of the warehouse in which such article has been so prepared or made.

(5.) For the period of two years after such revocation no person who was in occupation of such warehouse at the time of the revocation shall be competent to make application for the reappointment of that warehouse, or for the appointment of any other warehouse, and if he becomes the occupier of any manufacturing warehouse the Minister of Customs may revoke the appointment thereof.

(6.) Sections nine and eleven of “The Customs and Excise Duties Act, 1895,” are hereby repealed.

SCHEDULES.

NOTE.—The headings of the respective classes in Schedules A and B are used solely for convenience of classification, and shall not in any way affect the interpretation of the Tariff.

The word “iron” includes steel, or steel and iron combined.

Neither steam-engines, nor parts of steam-engines, nor boilers (land or marine), nor feed-water beaters, fuel-economizers, steam superheaters, or mechanical stokers are included in the expression “machines” or “machinery” as used in the Tariff.

The abbreviation “n.o.e.” means not otherwise enumerated.

SCHEDULE A.

CLASS I.—FOODS AND ARTICLES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.

Names of Articles and Rates of Duty.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Bacon, and hams, 2d. the lb.

Biscuits, ships', plain and unsweetened; also dog-biscuits, 3s. the cwt.

Biscuits, other kinds, 2d. the lb.

Candied peel, and drained peel, 3d. the lb.

Confectionery, n.o.e.; including medicated lozenges, medicated confectionery, boiled sugars, liquorice n.o.e., sugared or crystallized fruits, 2d. the lb., including internal containing packages (other than plain bottles and plain trade packages).

Chocolate confectionery and confectionery containing chocolate:—

  1. in plain trade packages, 3d. the lb.

  2. in fancy packages, or in small packages for retail sale, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Fish, dried, pickled, or salted, n.o.e., 10s. the cwt.

Fish, potted, and preserved, 2d. the lb., including any liquor, oil, or sauce.

(NOTE.—The term “fish” is used in the Tariff in its widest sense, and includes shell-fish, crustaceans, and other foods obtained from the fisheries.)

Fruits, dried—viz., currants, and raisins, 1d. the lb., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Fruits, dried—viz., figs, dates, and prunes, 2d. the lb., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Fruits, dried, n.o.e., 2d. the lb.

Fruits, fresh—viz., apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, medlars, apricots, quinces, tomatoes, and grapes. 1d. the lb.

(No duty exceeding 1/2d. the lb. to be levied on apples and pears on and from the 14th July to and including 31st December.)

Fruits, fresh—viz., currants, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, strawberries, and lemons, 1/2d. the lb.

Fruit-pulp, partially preserved fruit, fruit preserved by sulphurous acid, unsweetened and n.o.e., 1 1/2d. the lb.

Glucose, and caramel, 1d. the lb.

Honey, 2d. the lb.

Jams, jellies, marmalade, and preserves, 2d. the lb., or package of that reputed weight, whichever rate is higher, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.

Jellies, concentrated, 4d. the lb.

Maizena, and cornflour, 1/4d. the lb., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Mustard, 2d. the lb., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Pearl barley, 1s. the cwt.

Peas, split, 2s. the cwt.

Pickles, 3s. the gallon.

Sauces, catsup, and chutney, 4s. the gallon.

Soy, in vessels of 10 gallons capacity or under, 4s. the gallon.

Spices, ground, n.o.e., including pepper, pimento, and olive-stones, ground, 2d. the lb.

Spices, unground, including chillies, pepper, and pimento, unground, 2d. the lb., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Sugar, ½ d. the lb., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Treacle, and molasses, 1/2d. the lb., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Vinegar, not exceeding 65 per cent. of acidity, calculated as acetic acid, 6d. the gallon.

Walnuts, shelled or unshelled, 2d. the lb.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Capers, carraway-seeds, caviare, cayenne pepper, curry-powder, and paste, fish-paste, olives, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Lard, and refined animal fats, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Meats, potted or preserved, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Provisions, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad valorem:—

Fruits, preserved in juice, or syrup, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

(Fruits, preserved in juice, or syrup, fortified with alcohol to any extent exceeding 33 per cent. of proof spirit, shall be charged 16s. per proof gallon on such juice or syrup, in addition to 25 per cent. ad valorem on the total value of the goods.)

Milk or cream, preserved, evaporated, or dried, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS II.—TOBACCO.

Subject to fixed rates:—

Cigarettes, not exceeding in weight 2 ½ lb. per 1,000, 17s. 6d. the 1,000.

Cigarettes, n.o.e., 7s. the lb.

Cigars, including the weight of every band, wrapper, or attachment, to any cigar, 7s. the lb.

Snuff, 7s. the lb.

Tobacco, including the weight of every label, tag, or other attachment, 3s. 6d. the lb.

Tobacco, unmanufactured, entered to be manufactured in New Zealand in any licensed tobacco-manufactory, for manufacturing purposes only, into tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, or snuff, 2s. the lb.

CLASS III.—ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND MATERIAL FOR MAKING THE SAME.

Subject to fixed rates:—

Ale, beer of all sorts, porter, cider, and perry, when containing more than 2 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity, 2s. the gallon.

Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of 33 per cent. of proof spirit, but not exceeding the strength of proof, 16s. the liquid gallon.

Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of proof, 16s. the proof gallon.

Hops, 6d. the lb.

Maize, flaked, 1s. the bushel.

Malt, whole or ground, 2s. the bushel.

Rice malt, 1d. the lb.

Solid wort, 6d. the lb.

Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, the strength of which can be ascertained by Sykes's hydrometer or other instrument, 16s. the proof gallon.
(No allowance beyond 165 under proof shall be made for spirits or spirituous mixtures of a less strength than 165 under proof.)

Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, n.o.e., when not exceeding the strength of proof, 16s. the liquid gallon.

Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, n.o.e., when exceeding the strength of proof, 16s. the proof gallon.

Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, in bottles or jars in cases, shall be charged as follows—viz.: Two gallons and under as two gallons, over two gallons and not exceeding three as three gallons, over three gallons and not exceeding four as four gallons, and so on for any greater quantity contained in any case.

Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, in combination with other ingredients, and although thereby coming under any other designation excepting medicinal preparations otherwise enumerated, 16s. the liquid gallon.

Wine.—The term “wine” as applied to the Tariff includes medicated wine, or wine mixed with food; also such spirituous beverages, and fluid foods, containing less than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, as may be so decided by the Minister.

Wine, Australian, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity, 5s. the gallon.

Wine, other than sparkling, and Australian, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity, 6s. the gallon.

Wine, sparkling, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity, 9s. the gallon.

Wine of any kind containing more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit, 16s. the liquid gallon.

CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND MATERIALS FOR MAKING THE SAME.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Chicory, 3d. the lb.

Cocoa, and chocolate, including cocoa-beans roasted and crushed; also cocoa or chocolate mixed with milk or any other food substance whatsoever, 3d. the lb.

Coffee, roasted, 3d. the lb.

Tea, n.o.e., 2d the lb.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Aerated, and mineral waters; effervescing beverages; and beverages n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Coffee, essence of, and essence of coffee with milk or any other food substance, 20 per cent. ad valorem

Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, unsweetened, in containers of less than ten gallons capacity, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, sweetened; syrups; raspberry vinegar, sweetened, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS V.—DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, AND DRUGGISTS' SUNDRIES.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Acid, acetic, containing not more than 30 per cent. of acidity, 1 1/2d. the lb.

Acid, acetic, containing more than 30 per cent. of acidity, for every 10 per cent. of acidity or fraction thereof, 1/2d. the lb.

Acid, tartaric, 1d. the lb., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Cream of tartar, 1d. the lb., up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter free.

Essences flavouring, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, 16s. the liquid gallon.

Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wines or wines mixed with food), containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, 1s. the lb.

Opium, £2 the lb.

Saccharine n.o.e., including substances of a like nature or use, 1s. 6d. the oz.

Soda, bicarbonate, 1s. the cwt., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Soda-crystals, 2s. the cwt.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Baking powder; yeast preparations, and other ferments; also yeast foods, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Chemicals, and chemical preparations, n.o.e., including photographic chemicals n.o.e.; also anti-incrustation, boiler, and other compounds, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Essences, flavouring, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Eucalyptus oil in bulk or bottle, 20 per cant. ad valorem.

Glycerine, refined, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Medicinal preparations, drugs, and druggists' sundries, and apothecaries' wares, n.o.e.; also aerated water makers', and cordial manufacturers', and brewers' drugs, chemicals, and other sundries, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wines or wines mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or less, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Saccharine, in the form of tablets, pilules, granules, or cachets, each containing not more than ½ grain of saccharine in combination with at least 10 per cent. of alkali, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILE GOODS.

Goods subject to fixed rates of duty:—

Cotton, raw, 4d. the lb.

Goods subject to 10 per cent. ad. valorem:—

Cotton piece-goods, to include turkey twills, dress prints (hard-spun and plain-woven), where the invoice value does not exceed 4d. per yard; and cotton piece-goods n.o.e., 10 per cent. ad valorem, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter free (under Schedule B, Glass VI, item “Cotton or linen piece-goods, &c.”).

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem, except as specified:—

All articles n.o.e., made of textile, felt, or other piece-goods, or of any combination of the same, wholly or partly made up or manufactured, and not being apparel or clothing either wholly or partly made up, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Cotton piece-goods—viz., tapestry; cretonnes; chintz art crêpe and serges; velveteens, velvets, and plushes, all kinds; damasks; moquette; sateens; linenettes; crepons; crimps; zephyrs; ginghams; turkey twills; prints; printed cottons; piques; vestings, quiltings, and marcellas; muslins of all kinds; nets; window-nets; hollands, curtains, and blinds; diapers; ticks, including coloured Belgian; towellings, 20 per cent. ad valorem up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter free (under Schedule B, Class VI, item “Cotton or linen piece-goods, &c.”).

Drapery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Flags, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Forfar, dowlas, and flax sheeting, in the piece, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter free (under Schedule B, Class VI, item “Cotton or linen piece-goods, &c.”).

Haberdashery n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Lace, and laces, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Linens, and unions of cotton and linen, in the piece, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter free (under Schedule B, Class VI, item “Cotton or linen piece-goods, &c.”).

Ribbons, and crape, all kinds, 25 per cent. ad valorem, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Rugs, woollen, cotton, opossum, or other, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Silks, satins, velvets, plushes, n.o.e., composed of pure silk, or of silk mixed with any other material, in the piece, 25 per cent. ad valorem, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter to be classified under the next ensuing item “Textile piece-goods, &c.”

Textile piece-goods n.o.e., including imitation silks, composed of any material or substance whatsoever, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Yarns n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad valorem:

Apparel, and ready-made clothing, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Feathers, ornamental (including ostrich); artificial flowers, leaves, and sprays, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Furs, and fur trimmings, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Hats of all kinds (including straw hats), also caps, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Hosiery n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Millinery of all kinds, including trimmed hats, caps, and bonnets, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 40 per cent. ad valorem:

Apparel made to the order, or measurement, of residents in the colony, and intended for the individual use of such residents, whether imported by the residents themselves or otherwise, 40 per cent. ad valorem.

Apparel—viz., Volunteer clothing made to measurements sent from New Zealand, 40 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS VII.—LEATHER AND MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER.

Goods subject to mixed rates:—

Boots, shoes, clogs, and pattens, n.o.e., viz:—

  • Men's, above size No. 5, 1s. 6d. the pair, and 15 per cent. ad valorem.*

  • Youths', above size No. 1, 1s. the pair, and 15 per cent. ad valorem.*

  • Boys', Nos. 7 to 1, both inclusive, 6d. the pair, and 15 per cent. ad valorem.*

  • Women's, above size No. 1, 1s. the pair, and 15 per cent. ad valorem.*

  • Girls', Nos. 7 to 1, both inclusive, 6d. the pair, and 15 per cent. ad valorem.*

  • Other kinds, 1s. the pair, and 15 per cent. ad valorem.*

Slippers (not including lawn tennis, and gymnasium shoes soled with indiarubber or felt), 6d. the pair, and 15 per cent. ad valorem.*

Slippers of felt, with carpet, twine, or felt soles, 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem.

Shoes or goloshes known as Plimsolls with moulded indiarubber soles, 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem.

Champion, gymnasium, yachting, and lawn tennis boots, and shoes, with moulded indiarubber soles, 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem.

Goloshes or overshoes of all kinds, of rubber, 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem.

Shoettes, and sandals, n.o.e., 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Leather—

  • Leather belting, belt leather, harness, welting, bridle, strap, legging, bag, and kip other than East India, 4d. the lb.

  • All hide leathers dressed, n.o.e., 3d. the lb.

  • (NOTE.—Any leathers n.o.e. (1) either dressed in sides, or pieces of whatever size, or (2) if in whole skins over 16 ft., are to be classed as hide leather.)

  • Calf skins, being whole skins, however dressed, and 16ft. spread and under, 1d. the lb.

  • Sheepskins, and lambskins, however dressed, n.o.e., 3d. the lb.

  • East India kip, dressed, 1d. the lb.

  • Sole, pump, and skirt leather, 2d. the lb.

  • Leather dressed, n.o.e., including kangaroo, and wallabi, 1d. the lb.

Leather board or compo., 4d. the lb.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Leather bags, and leather, cloth bags, n.o.e., 20 per cent., ad valorem.

Leather, chamois, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Leather manufactures, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Saddlery, and harness; whips, and whip-thongs, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem:—

Heel plates, and toe stiffeners, and toe plates, 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem.

Laces, vamps, and uppers; also clog or patten soles, 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem.

Leather cut into shapes, 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem.

Leather leggings, 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad valorem:—

Portmanteaux; trunks; travelling bags, and brief bags, of leather or leather cloth, 10 in. in length and upwards; and carpet bags, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD FURNISHING.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Basketware, and wickerware, n.o.e., not being furniture, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

* On and after the 31st day of October, 1907, and at 22 ½ per cent. ad valorem up to that date.

Carpets; druggets; floorcloth; mats; matting; plain and fancy stair oil baize; wood, and fancy oil baize; and oil, and other dado cloths, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Furniture, knife, and plate powder, and polish; also floor and linoleum polishes, not being varnishes, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad valorem:—

Furniture, and cabinetware, n.o.e., and other than iron, or other metal, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Mantelpieces, other than stone, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Upholstery, n.o.e., 25 per cent ad valorem.

CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHEN GOODS.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Glass, crown sheet, and common window, 2s. the 100 superficial feet, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter free.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Bricks, known as firebricks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

China, porcelain, and parian ware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Drainage pipes and drainage tiles, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Earthenware, stoneware, and brownware, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Filters, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Fireclay, ground; and fireclay goods, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Flooring, wall, hearth, and garden tiles, to per cent. ad valorem.

Glass, plate, polished, coloured, and other kinds, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907; thereafter free.

Glassware, globes, and chimneys, for lamps, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad valorem:—

Plate glass bevelled or silvered; mirrors, and looking glasses, framed or un-framed, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Cards, playing, 6d. the pack.

Perfumed spirits, and Cologne water, £1 10s. the liquid gallon.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Clocks, time registers, and time detectors, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Fancy goods, and toys; also sporting, gaming, and athletic requisites, n.o.e., including billiard tables, and billiard requisites; hair and toilet combs, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Fishing tackle, including artificially baited hooks, other than flies, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Jewellery; plate, gold, or silver; plated-ware, greenstone, cut or polished, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Lay figures, busts, and dress stands, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Magic lanterns, bioscopes, cinematographs, kinetoscopes, phonographs, gramophones, graphophones, and the like instruments, including accessories peculiar thereto n.o.e.; also limelight, and the like apparatus, including accessories peculiar thereto, except magic-lantern slides, 20 per. cent. ad valorem.

Mouldings, and panels, in the. piece, of either wood, plaster pulp, metal, or other material, for picture frames, cornices, walls, or ceilings, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Musical instruments, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Photographic goods n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs, framed or unframed; picture or photograph frames or mounts, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

(NOTE.—Any painting, drawing, or photograph, in any medium having a value for duty exceeding £5 shall be assessed for duty at £5, plus the value of the frame and mounting, if any, and plus the value of the canvas or other material upon which such painting, drawing, or photograph is made.)

Statues, statuettes, casts, and bronzes, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Tobacco pipes and cases, cigar and cigarette holders and cases, cigarette papers and cases, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Watches, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Walking sticks, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad valorem:—

Artificial flies, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Oil, perfumed; also toilet preparations, and perfumery, n.o.e. 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XI.—PAPER MANUFACTURES AND STATIONERY.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Handbills, circulars, programmes, playbills, printed posters, trade catalogues, price-lists, and fashion-plates; printed advertising matter n.o.e.; also paper bags, and wrapping-paper, or wrappers, of all kinds, printed or lithographed; printed or lithographed envelopes or labels, 3d. the lb.

(NOTE.—This shall not apply to trade catalogues or price-lists of the goods of firms or persons having no established business in New Zealand.)

Ink, writing, 2s. the gallon.

Paper bags, coarse (including sugar bags), 7s. 6d. the cwt.

Paper wrapping, all kinds, not printed, including blue candle, glazed cap, glazed casing?, small hand, lumber hand, tissue, brown, cartridge, and sugar papers, 5s. the cwt.

Goods subject to 15 per cent. ad valorem:—

Paperhangings, 15 per cent. ad valorem, up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Cardboard, pasteboard, strawboard, wood-pulp board, corrugated board, and cloth-lined board, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Cloth-lined, enamelled, gelatine, and metallic papers, n.o.e.; also “ivorite” n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Stationery, and writing paper, n.o.e., also printers' menu, wedding, programme, and mourning cards of cardboard, celluloid, or other material, edged, or embossed, but otherwise unprinted, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad valorem:—

Calendars, and showcards, all kinds, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Cardboard- or paper-boxes complete; or cardboard or paper, out, or shaped, for boxes, wrappers, or other receptacles (including match-boxes), 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Directories of New Zealand, or of any part thereof; also covers for directories, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Paper bags, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Stationery, manufactured—viz., account-books, manuscript-books, scribbling, and letter blocks, and books, plain, or ruled; bill-head, invoice, and statement forms; printed or ruled paper, counter-books, cheque, and draft forms; tags, labels not printed or lithographed, blotting-pads, sketch-books, book-covers, copying letter-books, manifold-writers, albums (other than for photographs), diaries, birthday-books, plain or faint lined ruled books, printed window-tickets, printed, lithographed or embossed stationery n.o.e., and Christmas, New Year, birthday, Easter, and other cards, and booklets, 25 per cent. ad valorem. Stereotypes, matrices, half-tone, and line blocks, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XII.—MANUFACTURES OF METAL.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Cartridges (shot) 10- to 24-bore, 2s. 6d. the 100.

Cartridge-cases, 1s. 3d. the 100.

Composition-piping, 3s. 6d. the cwt.

Iron galvanised corrugated sheets, 2s. the cwt.

Iron, and other nails, n.o.e., including dog-spikes, 2s. the cwt.

Iron, plain galvanised sheet or hoop, 1s. 6d. the cwt.

Iron tanks, for every 100 gallons, or fraction of 100 gallons, in holding capacity, 2s. 6d.

Lead, in sheets, 1s. 6d. the cwt., up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Lead piping, 3s. 6d. the cwt.

Shot, 10s. the cwt.

Goods subject to 5 per cent. ad valorem:—

Engines and machines for mining purposes—namely, Capstan engines for mining shafts; winding engines, steam, air, or electrically driven, including bed plates, foundation bolts, and friction clutches, when imported with the engines; drums for winding engines, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

Machinery—viz., flour-milling, refrigerating, dredging, woollen mill, paper mill, rope and twine making, oil refining, boring, meat preserving, leather-splitting, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

Printing machines or presses; embossing, bronzing, type casting and type setting machines; ruling machines, cardboard box making machines, and tools for same, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

Soda-water machines; also machines for aerating liquids, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

Steam engines, and parts thereof, for mining (including gold-dredging), or gold saving purposes and processes, or for dairying purposes, 5 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 10 per cent. ad valorem:—

Machinery, electric, and appliances, namely: Electric generators, and electric motors, including slide rails therefor, electric lamps including globes for are lamps, electric transformers, 10 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Bicycles, tricycles, and the like vehicles, also finished, or partly finished or machined parts of the same, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Bill-hooks, bush-hooks, slashers, and hedge knives, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Boilers, land, and marine, including feed water-heaters, fuel-economizers, steam superheaters, and mechanical stokers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Cartridges, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Cash registering machines, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Grab winches, cranes, capstans, and windlasses, 20 per cont. ad valorem.

Electric batteries, and cells; furniture, fittings, instruments, and appliances, n.o.e., for the generation, transmission, application, or utilisation, of electricity, or of electric power of any description whatsoever, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Firearms, all kinds, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Hardware, ironmongery, and hollow-ware, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Iron pipes wrought n.o.e., and wood or fibre pipes, exceeding 6 inches in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes exceeding 9 inches in internal diameter, and knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Lawn mowers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Lead-headed nails and galvanised cup-headed roofing nails, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Machinery, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal, or manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal in combination with any other material whatsoever, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Steam engines, and parts of steam engines, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad valorem:—

Galvanised iron manufactures, n.o.e., made up from galvanised iron, or from plain sheet iron, and then galvanised, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Japanned, and lacquered metalware, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Tinware, and tin manufactures, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, AND ARTICLES MADE FROM TIMBER.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Timber, palings, split, 2s. the 100.

Timber, posts, split, 8s. the 100.

Timber, rails, split, 4s. the 100.

Timber, sawn, dressed, 4s. the 100 ft. superficial.

Timber, sawn, rough, 2s. the 100 ft. superficial.

Timber, shingles, and laths, 2s. the 1,000.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Bellows, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Blocks, wooden tackle, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Broom, mop, hoe, rake, and similar handles, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, perambulators, and the like vehicles, and wheels for the same, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Carriage shafts, spokes and felloes, dressed; bent carriage-timber, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Cars, wagons, and trucks, railway and tramway; and wheels for the same, n.o.e. Motor vehicles. Motor car bodies, or bodies for motor busses, whether attached or unattached, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Doors and sashes, either plain, or glazed with ornamental glass, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Woodenware, and turnery, n.o.e., and veneers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XIV.—OILS, PAINTS, ETC.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Oils in vessels capable of containing one gallon of oil or more—namely, vegetable oils, 6d. the gallon, up to and including 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Oil—namely, crude petroleum, crude residual oil, once-run shale oil, once-run petroleum oil, 1/2d. the gallon.

Oil, n.o.e., including mineral lubricating oil, in vessels capable of containing one gallon or more, 6d. the gallon.

Paints and colours, ground in oil or turpentine; also putty; and driers, n.o.e., 2s. 6d. the cwt.

Paints, and colours, mixed ready for use; also enamel paints, n.o.e., 5s. the cwt.

Stearine, 3/4d. the lb.

Varnish and lacquers, including lithographic varnish, gold-size, liquid gold, and other metallic paints; also liquid medium for mixing with metallic paints, 2s. the gallon.

Whiting, and chalk, 1s. the cwt.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Axle grease, and other solid lubricants; petroleum greases, and mixtures of the same with other substances, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Harness oil, and composition, leather dressing, and belt dressing; also leather revivers and polishes n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Oils in vessels having a lesser capacity than one gallon, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL AND FARM PRODUCTS, ETC.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Cattle (horned), 10s. each.

Chaff, £1 the ton.

Grain—namely, barley, 2s. the 100 lb.

Grain, and pulse, of every kind, n.o.e., 9d. the 100 lb.

Grain, and pulse, of every kind, when ground or in any way manufactured, n.o.e., including wheat flour, 1s. the 100 lb.

Horses, £1 each.

Onions, £1 the ton.

Potatoes, £1 the ton.

Prepared calf-meal, £1 5s. the ton.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Animals, food for, of all kinds, n.o.e., including horse, and cattle spices, and condiments, proprietary or otherwise; also hempseed, mawseed, millet-seed, canary-seed, and mixed bird-seed, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS.

Goods subject to fixed rates:—

Blue, 1d. the lb.

Candles, 1 1/2d. the lb.

Cement, Portland, and other structural, and building cement, 2s. the barrel.

Gelatine, isinglass, glue, and size, 1 1/2d. the lb.

Matches:—

  • Wooden, in boxes containing not more than 60 matches, 1s. the gross of boxes.

    • In boxes containing over 60 and not more than 100 matches, 2s. the gross of boxes.

    • In boxes containing more than 100 matches; for every 100 matches, or fraction thereof, contained in one box, 2s. the gross of boxes.

  • Wax, “plaid vestas” in cardboard boxes containing under 100 matches, 1s. the gross of boxes.

  • “Pocket vestas,” in tin or other boxes, containing under 100 matches, 1s. 4d. the gross of boxes.

  • Wax, other kinds, for every 100 matches or fraction thereof contained in one box, 2s. 3d. the gross of boxes.

  • Matches of any material other than wood or wax, a duty corresponding to the duty payable on wooden matches.

  • (NOTE.—Boxes made of gold, silver, metal, wood, or composition, of permanent value when empty, shall, in addition to the duty payable on any matches contained therein, be charged as jewellery or fancy goods.)

Paraffin wax, 1d. the lb.

Powder, sporting, 6d. the lb., up to and including the 31st day of October, 1907; thereafter free.

Sausage skins, and casings, (including brine or salt), 3d. the lb.

Soap, common yellow, and blue mottled, 5s. the cwt.

Spirits, methylated to the satisfaction of the Minister, 1s. the liquid gallon.

Spirits, cleared from warehouse, methylated under prescribed conditions, 6d. the liquid gallon, not including the added naphtha or other methylating material.

Starch, 2d. the lb.

Wax, mineral, vegetable, Japanese, and beeswax, 1d. the lb.

Goods subject to 10 per cent. ad valorem:—

Flock, 10 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad valorem:—

Bags, calico, forfar, linen, flour; bagging, bags, and sacks, n.o.e., including filter bags, and sheaths, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Blacking, and boot-gloss, and -polish, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Blacklead, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Boats, launches, yachts, also all vessels propelled by means other than oars (when imported in any vessel), including all fittings therefor n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Cordage, rope, and twine, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Fireworks, n.o.e., 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Nets, and netting, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Soap powder, extract of soap, dry soap, soft soap, liquid soap, soap solutions, and washing, or cleansing powders, crystals, pastes, and liquids, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick, and wagon covers, 20 per cent. ad valorem.

Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad valorem:—

Bags of textile or felt, all kinds, if printed, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Brooms, brushes, and brushware, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Marble, granite, and other stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom; also imitation stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom, or from cement, 25 per cent. ad valorem.

Soap, n.o.e., 25 per cent. ad valorem.

In addition to any duty chargeable by law on any goods imported into the colony, a further duty of 20 per cent. ad valorem shall be charged when the goods are prison-made.

SCHEDULE B.

CLASS I.—FOODS, ETC.

Names of Articles.

Almonds, and nuts, except walnuts.

Anchovies, salted, in casks, or other containers, capable of holding 28 lb. net or over.

Arrowroot, sago, tapioca, macaroni, vermicelli, rice-flour, prepared barley-flour, potato-flour, infants and invalids farinaceous foods.

Cocoa or cacao butter, cocoanut butter, nut butter, and other refined vegetable butters or fats.

Salt.

Rice, dressed or undressed; also rice meal refuse and rice meal.

Soy, in vessels exceeding 10 gallons capacity.

CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, ETC.

Cocoa-beans, uncrushed.

Coffee, raw.

Fruit-juices, or imitation fruit-juices, unsweetened, in containers of 10 gallons capacity or over.

Tea, in bulk—viz., in packages of 5 lb. or over net weight of tea.

CLASS V.—DRUGS, ETC.

Acids—viz., boracic; carbolic; chromic; citric; fluoric; formic; lactic; muriatic; nitric; oleic; oxalic; picric; pyrogallic; salicylic; sulphuric.

Concentrated extracts, or essences, in liquid form, or preserved in fat, for the purpose of manufacturing perfumery, when entered to be warehoused in a manufacturing warehouse for the purpose of making perfumery or other articles therein.

Dextrine n.o.e.

Disinfectants.

Drugs and chemicals, viz.—

Carnauba wax.

Catechu.

Cochineal.

Creosote, crude or commercial.

Crude distillates of coal-tar or wood, in vessels containing 10 gallons or over, for the manufacture of disinfectants in New Zealand.

Formic aldehyde, and solution thereof.

Fusel oil.

Gall nuts.

Glycerine, crude.

Gums—viz., arabic, benzoin, damar, tragacanth, artificial gum-arabic.

Liquefied gases, and compressed gases.

Liquorice in blocks of 7 lb. net and over, or soft liquorice-extract in bulk, in tins or other vessels capable of holding 7 lb. net or over.

Naphthalene, crude or refined.

Saffron.

Strychnine, and salts of strychnine.

Sugar of milk.

Sulphur.

Turmeric.

Alum, alum sulphate.

Ammonium chloride, or sal ammoniac, ammonium sulphate.

Arsenic, and arsenates.

Borax.

Calcium carbide, chloride, sulphate, sulphite, and bisulphite; chlorinated lime.

Carbon bisulphide.

Copper sulphate, or bluestone, oxide of copper.

Iron sulphates.

Magnesium sulphite, and bisulphite.

Manganese oxides.

Phosphorus.

Potash; pearlash; potash, caustic, chlorate, cyanide, nitrate (or saltpetre), permanganate, prussiates, sulphite, and bisulphite; metallic potassium.

Salts of thorium, zirconium, or other rare metals, and solutions thereof, including mixtures of same, suited for the manufacture of incandescent mantles.

Silver nitrate in crystals.

Soda acetate, crude; soda ash; soda arseniate, anhydrous carbonate, caustic, cyanide, bisulphite, hyposulphite, silicate, sulphate, sulphide, sulphite, nitrate, permanganate.

Metallic sodium, sodium peroxide.

Zinc chloride.

[NOTE.—Mixtures of any of the articles enumerated under this Schedule as drugs and chemicals, with each other, or with chemicals, or substances not enumerated, shall, if not provided for elsewhere in the Tariff, be charged as medicinal preparations n.o.e., or chemicals n.o.e. under Schedule A, Class V.]

Drugs crude, not powdered, and unsuited for use as foods, or in the manufacture thereof—viz., barks, woods, twigs, leaves, herbs, flowers (except hops), roots, corms, gums, balsams, inspissated juices (except opium), seeds, fruits, fruit rinds, pitch, cantharides, ergot; also powdered pyrethrum flowers or Dalmatian powder, and powdered hellebore in bulk.

Essential oils, except eucalyptus; cod liver oil; oil of rhodium.

Horse, and cattle drenches.

Insecticides for agricultural uses, also tree washes.

Opium when entered to be warehoused in a manufacturing warehouse, for the purpose of making therein approved medicinal preparations.

Scrub exterminators.

Sheep dip; sheep drenches; sheep licks.

Surgical, and dental instruments; also the following surgeons', physicians', dentists', and opticians' materials—viz., antiseptic dressings, gauzes, lint, tow, cotton wool, poroplastic felt, adhesive plaster, oiled silk or other fabric, spongio piline, bandages, catgut, and sterilised, and other sewings, thermometers; also appliances including splints for wear, peculiarly adapted to correct a deformity of the human body, to afford support to an abnormal condition of the human body, or to reduce or alleviate such condition, or to substitute any part of such body; crutches; ear trumpets, ear tubes, and audiphones, for the partially deaf. Opticians' trial cases, lenses, and frames, spectacles, and magnifying glasses, opthalmoscopes, optometers and other measuring instruments, test cards, and diagrams, artificial eyes (demonstration and other). Dentists' materials—viz., artificial teeth, tooth crowns, celluloid blanks, base plates, denture strengthened, gutta percha stick, points, pellets, and sheets, rubber dam, amadou absorbent, absorbent paper, rubber in sheets, metal-plate, -wire, -foil, -sticks; solder; fusible metal, porcelain powder, and enamel, inlays, modelling composition and wax, investment compound, amalgam, and cement; also such other appliances and materials peculiar to surgical or dental use as may from time to time be enumerated in any order of the Minister.

Scientific and philosophical instruments and apparatus—namely, assay-balances; laboratory retorts, and laboratory flasks, and other instruments, and apparatus, for chemical analysis, and assay work; assay furnaces, including dentists' and jewellers' furnaces; also such instruments, and apparatus, suited strictly for scientific and philosophical purposes, as may from time to time be approved by the Minister.

CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILES.

Brace-elastic, and brace-mountings.

Brattice cloth made of jute or hessian.

Bunting, in the piece.

Butter cloth; also cheese cloth, and cheese bandages or caps.

Buttons, tapes, wadding, pins, needles.

*Calico, white and grey, also cotton sheetings, in the piece, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907.

*Corduroy, moleskin, and plain beaver-skin, of cotton, in the piece, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907.

* Thereafter as “Cotton or linen piece-goods, and unions of the same, n.o.e.”

*Coloured cotton shirtings, flannelette shirtings, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907.

*Forfar, dowlas, and flax sheeting, when out up under supervision in sizes not exceeding 47 in. by 36 in. for making flour-bags, and not exceeding 54 in. for lining wool mats, up to and including 31st day of December, 1907.

Cotton or linen piece-goods, and unions of the same, n.o.e., except imitation silks composed of any material or substance whatever, on and after 1st day of January, 1908.

Fur skins, green or sun-dried.

Gold or silver lace or braid for military clothing, featherstitch braid.

Hatmakers' materials—viz., felt hoods; shellac; galloons; calicoes; spale boards for hat boxes; leathers; silk plush in the piece; linings, when out up or otherwise, under such conditions as the Minister may prescribe; blocks; moulds; frames; ventilators, and tassels.

Hessians, plain or striped, and scrim.

Leather cloth, plain colours.

Minor articles (required in the making-up of apparel, boots, shoes, hats, caps, saddlery, umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades), enumerated in any order of the Minister, and published in the Gazette.

Ostrich feathers grown in New Zealand, when returned from abroad dressed, or dyed, upon evidence being produced to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs as to their previous exportation.

Sailcloth, canvas, and unbleached double-warped duck, in the piece.

Sewing cottons, silks, and threads; angola mendings not exceeding 45 yards in length; crewel, flourishing, embroidery, darning, knitting, and crochet threads, of silk, linen or cotton, or unions of the same, plain' or fancy; macrame thread or macrame twine.

Silk for flour dressing, in the piece.

Silk twist (shoemakers' and saddlers').

Staymakers' binding, eyelets, corset-fasteners, jean, ticks, lasting, sateen, and cotell; also corset shields, and busk protectors.

Tailors' trimmings — viz., haircloth; plain or coloured imitation haircloth; canvas; buckram; wadding, and padding; silk, worsted, and cotton bindings, and braids; stay bindings; Russia braids; shoulder - pads; buckles; silesias; drab, slate, and brown jeans; pocketings; slate, black, and brown dyed unions and linens; Verona, and Italian cloth, of cotton or wool, or unions of the same; also such other lining materials as may be approved by the Minister.

Tubular woven cotton cloth in the piece for meat-wraps.

Umbrella-makers' materials—viz., reversible, and levantine silk mixtures, gloria, and satin de chene, of not less than 44 in. in width; alpaca cloth, with border; zanella cloth, with border; also other piece-goods on such conditions as the Minister may approve; sticks, runners, notches, caps, ferrules, cups, ribs, stretchers, tips, and rings.

Union textiles n.o.e., in the piece, the invoice value of which does not exceed 6d. the yard, when cut up, and made into shirts or pyjamas, under such conditions and regulations as the Minister may prescribe.

Waterproof material in the piece, having within, or upon it, a coating of indiarubber.

CLASS VII.—LEATHER AND ARTICLES USED IN LEATHER MANUFACTURES.

Boot elastic.

Bootmakers' linings, canvas, plain, or coloured, bag and portmanteau linings, of such materials, qualities, and patterns, as may be approved by the Minister.

Boots, shoes, shoettes, sandals, clogs, and pattens, slippers, and goloshes—namely, children's No. 0 to 6.

Cork soles, and sock-soles; moulded shoe and slipper soles of rubber.

* Thereafter as “Cotton or linen piece-goods, and unions of the same, n.o.e.”

East India kip, also hides, crust or rough tanned, but undressed.

Goat-skins, and kid-skins, however dressed.

Grindery—namely, button fasteners, and staples; eyelets, and hook eyelets, and eyelet rings; tingles; spikes for running or cricketing shoes; boot-protectors; wood or rubber heels or knobs; leather toe-tips, “Wells” patent or a similar make, stiffeners or toes moulded ready for use, copper toes, boot stretchers and trees, hollow-fillers, japanned toe-tips; legging springs and stiffeners; lasting tacks, pegs, brass rivets, iron rivets; brass, iron, and copper cut-bills; steel points, sparrow bills; wrought, cut, and malleable hob-nails; Hungarian nails; wrought, and out tip-nails; iron or wooden lasts; stands for lasts; sole, heel, stiffening, and toe-cap knives; shoemakers' wax; heel-balls; bristles, hemp, and flax; rubber solution or cement; welting cut into strips or in coils ready for use; shoemakers' binding or beading; welting leather cut into strips not exceeding 1 in. in width; webbing; tanners', curriers', and bootmakers' inks Or stains; bootmakers' sectional cutting-boards; glass or emery paper, or cloth, on sheets, in rolls, or cut into shapes.

Hog-skins.

Kangaroo, and wallaby skins, undressed.

Leather, japanned or enamelled.

Saddle-trees.

Saddlers' ironmongery (except bits and stirrup-irons), hames, and mounts for harness; straining, surcingle, brace, girth, and roller webs; collar check, and the same article plain, of such quality as may be approved by the Minister; legging-buckles, also metal articles required to repair or complete riding or driving harness, or saddlery, to be repaired or made in the colony.

Tanning materials, crude.

CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE, ETC.

Blind webbing, and tape. Worsted covered cord, and solid glace cord, for Venetian, and other blinds.

Upholsterers' materials—viz., webbing, hair-seating, imitation hair-seating; curled hair; gimp, and cord, of wool, cotton, or silk; tufts, and studs; chair canvas.

CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, ETC.

Bottles, empty, plain stone; also empty plain glass bottles, not being cut or ground: jars, plain glass; and plain earthen jars, up to 3 in. in diameter at the mouth.

Earthen, or glass roofing tiles, ridging, or finials; also roofing slates.

Glass plates (engraved) for photo-lithographic work.

Jars, or other dutiable vessels, containing free goods, or goods subject to a fixed rate of duty, and being ordinary trade packages for the goods contained in them.

Lamps, miners' safety, and glasses therefore; lamps peculiarly adapted for use on harbour beacons and lighthouses, also appliances peculiar to such lamps; side lights, and head lights, especially suited for the use of ships.

CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS, ETC.

Action work, and keys, in frames, or otherwise, iron, or metal piano frames, for manufacture of organs, harmoniums, and pianos; organ pipes, and stop-knobs.

Articles, being exhibits for public display only in public museums, whether purchased under bond or directly imported by, or for presentation to such museums, upon declaration that such goods will not be sold or otherwise disposed of in New Zealand without payment of any duty which may be payable.

Artists' materials—viz., canvas in the piece or on stretchers, oiled paper or drawing paper in sheets or blocks, colours, brushes, palettes, and palette knives.

Cigarette papers entered to be warehoused in any licensed tobacco manufactory for the manufacture therein of cigarettes.

Films for bioscopes, cinematographs, and kinetoscopes.

Microscopes, and telescopes, and slides, and lenses, for same.

Paintings, statuary, and works of art, whether purchased under bond or directly imported by, or for presentation to any public institution or art association registered as a body corporate, for display in the buildings of such institution or association, and not to be sold or otherwise disposed of; statuary or works of art, whether purchased under bond, or directly imported for display in any public park or place, on conditions prescribed by the Minister.

Paintings or pictures, painted or drawn by New Zealand students, within five years of the time of their departure from the colony for the purpose of undergoing a period of tuition abroad for the first time, upon evidence being produced to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs.

Photographic cameras, and lenses, including focussing cloths, and camera covers.

Photographs of personal friends in letters or packets.

Precious stones, out or uncut, if unmounted.

Sensitised surfaces, and albumenised paper, plain, not being postcards or other stationery.

Slides for magic lanterns.

CLASS XI.—PAPER, ETC.

(NOTE.—In every case where exemption from duty is governed by a size, the equivalent area shall be exempt under like condition.)

Bookbinders' material—viz., cloth, leather, thread, headbands, webbing, endpapers, tacketing-gut, marbling-colours, marble-paper, blue or red paste for ruling-ink, staple-presses, wire staples, staple-sticks.

Butter paper (known as vegetable parchment paper), and waxed paper unprinted.

(NOTE.—Butter paper or waxed paper, printed, shall be charged as wrapper paper, or wrappers, of all kinds, printed or lithographed. Schedule A, Class XI.)

Cardboard, pasteboard, wood-pulp board, and corrugated board, of size not less than that known as “royal,” and weighing not less than 2 oz. per sheet of “royal” size; also strawboard of size not less than that known as “royal,” and weighing not less than 3 oz. per sheet of “royal” size.

Cardboard boxes, material for—viz., gold, and silver paper, plain or embossed; embossed paper in strips; gelatine or coloured papers; known as “box papers.”

Cartridge drawing paper,

Celluloid, plain, in sheets, n.o.e.

Cloth-lined boards, not less than “royal” size.

Cloth-lined paper, and enamelled, gelatine, and metallic paper, of size not less than “demy”; also “ivorite” of size not less than “demy.”

Copy-books, having printed headlines on each page; also drawing-books.

Copying paper, medium and larger sizes, in original mill wrappers and labels. Ink, printing.

Masticated para.

Millboard, and book-binders' leather board.

Paper, hand-made or machine-made, book, or writing, when in original wrappers, of sizes not less than the size known as “demy,” and not being a wrapping paper, or of the same quality as a wrapping paper.

Paper, printing.

Printed books, papers, and music, n.o.e., excepting advertising matter.

Sunday school tickets, and reward cards, being Scriptural or religious motto cards, not exceeding 5d. per dozen invoice value, and not exceeding 6 in. by 4 in. in size, and having no reference upon them to Christmas, New Year, Easter, or birthdays.

CLASS XII.—METALS.

Agricultural machines, and agricultural implements, n.o.e.; also parts peculiar to the manufacture or repair of agricultural machines, and implements—including: chaff cutting knives, fittings for threshing mills, forgings or castings for ploughs, discs for harrows, plough-shares, mould-board plates, and steel-share plates out to pattern, skeith-plates, tilt-rakes, reaper knife sections or fingers, finished brass, and steel springs.

(NOTE.—Agriculture as applied to the Tariff shall include horticulture and viticulture.)

Anchors.

Artificers' tools, n.o.e., not including brushes or brushware; also the following tools—namely, axes, and hatchets, spades, shovels, forks, picks, mattocks, quartz, and knapping hammers, scythes, sheep-shears, reaping hooks, soldering irons, paperhangers' scissors, butchers' saws or cleavers; measuring bands or tapes; coal cutters, and air picks.

Axles, axle-arms, and axle boxes.

Bellows nails.

Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for —namely, rubber tires, pneumatic rubber tires, outside covers of rubber, and inner tubes, handle grips, pedal rubbers; also the following articles when not plated, japanned, enamelled, or varnished—namely, drop forgings, stampings, steel balls, weldless steel tubes with or without butted ends, wood or metal rims (not bored), spokes, forks, stays, handle bars, and seat pillars, unbuilt, bracket shells, fork, and stay ends, fork tips, bridges, crowns, and lugs; also ball heads complete when not brazed, including all plated parts. Hubs complete plated or otherwise, sprockets, chains, and chain-wheels, whether plated or not. Bottom brackets complete, including axles, cups, cranks, and pedals, plated or otherwise.

Beekeepers' tools, implements, and apparatus—namely, metal fittings for bee hives, bee smokers, wax extractors, rubber gloves, gloves of textile soaked in oil, queen cages, comb foundation, foundation machines, honey knives, honey extractors, queen rearing outfits, wax presses, tools peculiar to the use of beekeepers.

Blacksmiths' anvils, forges, and fans.

Bolts, and bolt ends, up to 24 in in length; nuts, blank or screwed nuts, black or finished nuts.

Brass, copper, and tin, in pigs, bars, or sheets; also tinned hoops.

Brass or metal tubing, and stamped work, in the rough.

Caps, percussion.

Card clothing, for woollen-mills, and for paper-mills.

Castings for ships; also propeller screws, including only bosses and blades.

Chains, iron, plain, or with hook, swivel, or ring, attached.

Copper, brass, and composition rod, bolt, sheathing, and nails.

Couch-roll jackets, machine wires, beater-bars, and strainer-plates, for paper-mills.

Crucibles.

Electrical materials—namely, insulated cable and wire, carbon in block, sheet, or rod, arc lamp carbons; mica, vulcanite, and other insulating material, rubber or guttapercha solutions, insulating tape.

Electricians' portable testing sets.

Emery grinding machines, and emery wheels.

Empty iron drums, not exceeding 10 gallons capacity.

Engineers', and all metal- or wood- or stone-workers' machine tools or hand tools, not including brushes or brushware.

Engine-governors.

Eyelets.

Fire-engines, chemical fire-engines, and chemical fire-extinguishers; also firehose and couplings therefor, portable fire-escapes, fire-ladders, fire-reels, and firemen's helmets, if declared, to the satisfaction of the Collector, for the use of a fire brigade.

Fish-hooks, unmounted, and without attachments.

Galvanising baths, welded.

Gas engines, and hammers, and oil engines.

Glassmakers' moulds.

Hydraulic wheel presses.

Iron boiler-plates and unflanged end-plates for boilers; boiler-tubas not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter and unflanged; expansion-rings; furnace-flues.

Iron pipes wrought, and wood or fibre pipes, not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes not exceeding 9 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Wrought iron boring, casing, and lining tubes, for oil boring, mining, or well sinking purposes.

Iron, plain black—viz., sheet, plate, hoop, rod, bolt, bar, angle, tee, channel; pig iron; plain iron rolled girders; rolled chequered plates; shafting, plain rolled or plain turned, but otherwise unwrought.

Iron and steel cordage.

Lead, in pigs and bars.

Locomotive wheels and tires, including wheels and tires for railway or tramway passenger cars; coil, spiral, and volute springs, suited for the manufacture of locomotives; automatic air-pressure brakes specially suited for use on railway carriages and wagons.

Machine saw-blades.

Machinery—viz., dairying machinery (including cream-separating machines, also coolers); also vacuum pumps for milking machines when imported along with the machines to which they belong.

Machinery, mining, and gold saving; also, briquette making, and coal washing machines, rock breaking machines, trommels, stamper batteries, ore feeders, grizzly bars, steel shoes and dies, ore crushing rolls, ball mills, grinding pans, tube mills, concentrators and rubber endless belts for same, battery screening woven or punched; also, the following machines, materials, and appliances, when imported for mining purposes, namely:—

Air compressors, not including the motive power for charging the same.

Chain links and rollers for conveyors, and conveyor belts of rubber or fibre.

Electric exploders.

Fans for mine ventilation.

Filter presses.

Fuel economizers.

Sand pumps.

Sinking pumps.

Solution pumps made wholly of metal.

Steam pumps having a capacity exceeding 5,000 gallons per hour.

Turbine pumps.

Shaft signalling gear.

Steel or iron head frames for mining shafts.

Battery blanket not exceeding 3 ft. wide.

Material for filter cloths and plush or other cloth for gold saving.

Medals, including only old or second-hand war medals, humane societies', and other similar medals; also old coins.

Metal fittings, for trunks, portmanteaux, travelling bags, leggings, bags, and satchels.

Metal sheaves, grooved metal pulleys.

Metal tubes in the rough, having a slit through their whole length, suited for the manufacture of fenders, bedsteads, gates, and the like articles.

Metal wire of all kinds, plain; metal cordage n.o.e., not being gold or silver; also barbed fencing wire, and fencing staples.

Metal wove-wire, and metal gauze; also wire netting, and expanded metal lathing or fencing, in the piece.

Metallic capsules.

Meters, gas, or electricity, being household supply meters.

Meters, water.

Motor engines for bicycles.

Moulders' chaplets and dowels.

perambulators, and the like vehicles, fittings for, n.o.e.

Perforated or cellular sheet zinc or iron.

Portable engines on four or any greater number of wheels, with boiler of locomotive type; also traction engines.

Printing type, and printing materials, n.o.e., suited only for the use of printers.

Rails for railways and tramways, including lay outs, and points, and crossings, for the same; also fish plates.

Rivets, and washers.

Rock drills, diamond drills, and drill sharpeners.

Set screws, engineers' studs, and split pins.

Sawing, knitting, and kilting machines.

Spray pumps, not being syringes.

Steam or hydraulic pressure, and vacuum gauges, pressure indicators or pressure gauges for gas or oil engines; speed indicators, engineers', for testing machinery.

Surveyors' instruments—viz., steel bands, chains, measuring tapes, field instruments, and drawing instruments; draughtsmen's drawing instruments.

Tacks, and nails, 1 in. and under.

Tea packing lead.

Tinsmiths' fittings, and furniture, including stamped or blocked tin or copper, planished or unplanished.

Welded and flanged boiler furnaces, plain or corrugated.

Zinc, plain sheet.

Zinc plates or copper plates for photo-lithographic work.

CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, ETC.

Ash, hickory, lancewood, and beechwood timber, unwrought.

Blacksmiths', braziers', assay, and treadle power bellows.

Carriage or cart makers' materials—viz., shafts, spokes, and felloes, in the rough; hubs, all kinds; poles if unbent and unplaned, all kinds; bent wheel rims.

Chassis for motor vehicles, whether attached or unattached to such vehicles, including wheels therefor.

Churns.

Lignum-vitæ.

Material for the manufacture of carriages, carts, drays, and wagons, motor vehicles, and railway cars or wagons—viz., springs, truck pedestals, mountings, trimmings, hinges, tire bolts, shackle holders, step treads, rubber cloth, rubber tires, pneumatic rubber tires, outer covers of rubber, inner tubes; also iron or metal fittings (except steps, lamp irons, dash irons, seat rails, and fifth wheels) for the manufacture of carriages, carts, drays, wagons, and motor vehicles (other than motor bicycles or railway or tramway cars or wagons).

Sieves, hair.

Wooden handles for tools.

CLASS XIV.—OILS, ETC.

Oils in vessels capable of containing one gallon of oil or more—viz., refined mineral oils not exceeding in specific gravity 0870 at 60° F.; fish, penguin, mutton bird, seal, and whale oils.

(NOTE.—Mixtures of mineral or vegetable oils, with each other, or with fish, penguin, mutton bird, seal, whale, or other oils, shall be charged with duty (1) if imported in vessels capable of containing one gallon of oil or more, as oil n.o.e., including mineral lubricating oil, Class XIV, Schedule A; (2) if imported in vessels having a lesser capacity than one gallon, 20 per cent ad valorem.)

Paints, and colours, n.o.e.

Turpentine; turpentine substitute composed of volatile mineral oils, or of volatile mineral oils in combination with turpentine, or other volatile-vegetable oils; liquid driers; terebene.

Wood naphtha.

CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL FARM PRODUCTS, ETC.

Linseed.

CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS.

Apparatus, appliances, articles, and materials, for educational purposes, as may be approved by the Minister, and under conditions prescribed by him.

Bagging, bags, or sacks, of jute or hessian; also cornsacks; bags made of New Zealand tow or flax.

Belting, for driving machinery, other than leather belting, and not being cordage or rope.

Binder-twine.

Bricks, other than firebricks.

Candle-nuts, and candle-nut kernels.

Candle-wick.

Canvas aprons and elevators, for reapers and binders.

Canvas, indiarubber, or other hose, tubing, or piping, armoured or otherwise; flexible metal hose, tubing, or piping.

Charts and maps.

Confectioners' moulding starch.

Cork, cut; bungs; fishermen's cork floats; also plain unornamental stoppers of every description for bottles, jars, and casks.

Cotton and other waste, engineers.

Diving dresses, and dresses suited solely for use in poisonous gases or smoke, with apparatus peculiar thereto.

Dyes; dye stuffs; and dyeing materials, crude.

Engine packing.

Felt sheathing.

Gum boots, half-knee, knee, or thigh, the soles of which may be of either leather or rubber.

Hawsers of 12 in. or over.

Honey and brown Windsor soap composition.

Indiarubber gloves.

Manures.

Marble, granite, and other stone, hewn or rough sawn, not dressed or polished.

Netmakers' cotton twine; nets, seine fishing.

Official supplies for consular officers of countries where a similar exemption exists in favour of British consuls.

Paper-makers' felts.

Passengers' baggage and effects, including only wearing apparel and other personal effects that have been worn or are in use by persons arriving in the colony; also implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupation, or employment, of such persons, not exceeding £50 in value, and household or other effects not exceeding £100 in value, which have been in use for twelve months prior to embarkation by the persons or families bringing them to the colony, and which are not intended for any other person, or persons, or for sale; also cabin furnishings belonging to such persons not exceeding in value £10:

Provided that goods falling within the above exemption may be admitted free, only, if imported within two years of the arrival in the colony of the persons or families by whom they have been used.

Plaster of Paris.

Powder—viz., blasting powder, and blasting meal.

Returned empties which are identified as such to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs.

Shipbuilders' models of vessels suited only for exhibition.

Ship chandlery, n.o.e.

Ships' rockets, blue-lights, and danger signals, and rocket life-saving apparatus.

Stones, mill, grind, oil, and whet.

Tobacco for sheepwash, or for insecticide, after being rendered unfit for human consumption to the satisfaction of the Minister.

Treacle or molasses, mixed with bone-black in proportions to the satisfaction of the Minister.

Typewriters.

Wax, bottling.

Wool packs and wool pockets.

Yarn—viz., coir, flax, jute, and hemp.

Articles and materials (as may from time to time be specified by the Minister) which are suited only for, and are to be used solely in, the fabrication or repair of goods within the colony. All decisions of the Minister in reference to articles so admitted free to be published from time to time in the Gazette.

And all articles n.o.e.

Provided that all goods falling under this Schedule, which are prison made, shall be charged an ad valorem duty of 20 per cent.

PREFERENTIAL TARIFF.

SCHEDULE C.

CEMENT, Portland, and other structural, and building cement.

SCHEDULE D.—PART I.

Basketware, and wickerware, n.o.e., not being furniture.

Bicycles, tricycles, and the like vehicles, also finished, or partly finished or machined parts of the same, n.o.e.

Boots, shoes, clogs, and pattens, n.o.e.—namely, men's, above size No. 5; youths', above size No. 1; boys', Nos. 7 to 1, both inclusive; women's, above size No. 1; girls', Nos. 7 to 1, both inclusive; other kinds; slippers (not including lawn tennis, and gymnasium shoes soled with indiarubber or felt); slippers of felt, with carpet, twine, or felt soles; shoes or goloshes known as Plimsolls with moulded indiarubber soles; champion, gymnasium, yachting, and lawn tennis boots, and shoes, with moulded indiarubber soles; goloshes or overshoes of all kinds, of rubber; shoettes, and sandals, n.o.e.

Candles.

Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, perambulators, and the like vehicles, and wheels for the same.

China, porcelain, and parian ware.

Clocks, time registers, and time detectors.

Cordage, rope, and twine, n.o.e.

Earthenware, stoneware, and brownware.

Fancy goods, and toys; also sporting, gaming, and athletic requisites, n.o.e., including billiard tables, and billiard requisites; hair, and toilet combs.

Firearms, all kinds.

Fish, potted, and preserved (not including sardines).

Furniture, and cabinetware, n.o.e., and other than iron or other metal.

Glassware; globes, and chimneys, for lamps.

Hardware, ironmongery, and hollow-ware, n.o.e.

Hops.

Iron, and other nails, n.o.e., including dog-spikes.

Iron pipes wrought n.o.e., and wood or fibre pipes, exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes exceeding 9 in. in internal diameter, and knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same.

Jewellery; plate, gold, or silver; plated ware.

Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick, n.o.e. Lawn-mowers.

Musical instruments.

Paper-wrapping, all kinds, not printed, including blue candle, glazed cap, glazed casings, small-hand, lumber-hand, tissue, brown, cartridge, and sugar papers.

Upholstery, n.o.e.

Walking-sticks.

Preferential duties upon the articles hereafter enumerated to be charged up to and including the 31st day of December, 1907, thereafter to cease and determine:—

Cream of tartar.

Glass, crown, sheet, and common window.

Glass, plate, polished, coloured, and other kinds, n.o.e.

Paper-hangings.

SCHEDULE D.—PART II.

Preferential duties upon the items hereafter enumerated shall only be charged after the thirty-first day of March, 1908:—

Bill-hooks, bush-hooks, slashers, and hedge-knives.

Brooms, brushes, and brushware.

Cartridges (shot), 10 to 24 bore.

Cartridge-oases.

Cartridges, n.o.e.

Cars, wagons, and trucks, railway, and tramway; and wheels for the same n.o.e.

Electric batteries, and cells; furniture, fittings, instruments, and appliances, n.o.e., for the generation, transmission, application, or utilisation of electricity, or of electric power of any description whatsoever.

Fish, dried, pickled, or salted, n.o.e.

Galvanised iron manufactures, n.o.e., made up from galvanised iron, or from plain sheet iron, and then galvanised.

Heelplates, and toe stiffeners, and toe plates.

Japanned, and lacquered metalware.

Laces, vamps, and uppers; also clog or patten soles.

Lay figures, busts, and dress stands.

Leather bags, and leathercloth bags, n.o.e.

Leather cut into shapes.

Leather leggings.

Leather manufactures n.o.e.

Machinery, electric, and appliances—namely, electric generators, and electric motors, including slide rails therefor, electric lamps, including globes for arc lamps, electric transformers.

Magic lanterns, bioscopes, cinematography, kinetoscopes, phonographs, gramophones, graphophones, and the like instruments, including accessories peculiar thereto n.o.e.; also limelight, and the like apparatus, including accessories peculiar thereto, except magic-lantern slides.

Mantelpieces, other than stone.

Manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal, or manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal in combination with any other material whatsoever, n.o.e.

Matches:—

Wooden, in boxes containing not more than 60 matches.

  • In boxes containing over 60 and not more than 100 matches.

  • In boxes containing more than 100 matches.

Wax, “plaid vestas” in cardboard boxes containing under 100 matches.

  • “Pocket vestas” in tin or other boxes, containing under 100 matches.

Wax, other kinds.

Matches of any material other than wood or wax.

Paper bags, coarse (including sugar bags).

Paper bags, n.o.e.

Picture or photograph frames or mounts.

Statues, statuettes, casts, and bronzes.

Tinware, and tin manufactures, n.o.e.

Tobacco pipes and cases, cigar and cigarette holders and cases, cigarette oases and papers.

Woodenware, and turnery, n.o.e., and veneers.

Lard, and refined animal fats, n.o.e.

Meats, potted or preserved.

Provisions, n.o.e.

Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved.

Fruits, preserved in juice, or syrup.

Milk or cream, preserved, evaporated, or dried.

Coffee, essence of, and essence of coffee with milk or any other food substance.

Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, unsweetened, in containers of less than ten gallons capacity.

Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, sweetened; syrups; raspberry vinegar, sweetened.

Baking powder; yeast preparations, and other ferments; also yeast foods.

Chemicals, and chemical preparations, n.o.e., including photographic chemicals n.o.e.; also, anti-incrustation, boiler, and other compounds.

Essences, flavouring, n.o.e.

Glycerine, refined.

Medicinal preparations, drugs, and druggists' sundries, and apothecaries' wares, n.o.e.; also aerated water makers', and cordial manufacturers', and brewers', drugs, chemicals, and other sundries, n.o.e.

Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wines or wines mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or less.

Saccharine, in the form of tablets, pilules, granules, or cachets, each containing not more than ½ grain of saccharine in combination with at least 10 per cent. of alkali.

Leather, chamois.

Saddlery, and harness; whips, and whip-thongs.

Portmanteaux; trunks; travelling-bags, and brief-bags, of leather or leather-cloth, 10 in. in length and upwards; and carpet hags.

Furniture, knife, and plate powder, and polish; also floor and linoleum polishes,. not being varnishes.

Bricks, known as firebricks.

Drainage pipes, and drainage tiles.

Filters.

Fireclay, ground; and fireclay goods.

Flooring, wall, hearth, and garden tiles.

Plate glass bevelled or silvered; mirrors, and looking glasses, framed or un-framed.

Fishing tackle, including artificially baited hooks, other than flies.

Photographic goods n.o.e.

Artificial flies.

Oil, perfumed; also toilet preparations, and perfumery, n.o.e.

Cardboard, pasteboard, strawboard, wood-pulp board, corrugated board, and cloth-lined board, n.o.e.

Cloth-lined, enamelled, gelatine, and metallic papers, n.o.e.; also “ivorite” n.o.e.

Ink, writing.

Stationery, and writing paper, n.o.e., also printers' menu, wedding, programme, and mourning cards of cardboard, celluloid, or other material, edged, or embossed, hut otherwise unprinted.

Calendars, and showcards, all kinds.

Cardboard or paper boxes complete; or cardboard or paper, out, or shaped, for boxes, wrappers, or other receptacles (including match-boxes).

Directories of New Zealand, or of any part thereof; also covers for directories.

Stationery, manufactured—viz., account-books, manuscript-books, scribbling, and letter blocks, and books, plain or ruled; hill-head, invoice, and statement forms; printed or ruled paper, counter-books, cheque, and draft forms;. tags, labels not printed or lithographed, blotting-pads, sketch-books, book-covers, copying letter-books, manifold-writers, albums (other than for photographs), diaries, birthday-hooks, plain or faint lined ruled books, printed window-tickets, printed, lithographed, or embossed stationery n.o.e, and Christmas, New Year, birthday, Easter, and other cards, and booklets.

Boilers, land, and marine, including feed-water heaters, fuel-economizers, steam superheaters, and mechanical stokers.

Crab winches, cranes, capstans, and windlasses.

Machinery, n.o.e.

Steam-engines, and parts of steam-engines, n.o.e.

Bellows, n.o.e.

Doors, and sashes, either plain, or glazed with ornamental glass.

Axle grease, and other solid lubricants; petroleum greases, and mixtures of the-same with other substances, n.o.e.

Harness oil, and composition, leather dressing, and belt dressing; also leather revivers and polishes n.o.e.

Animals, food for, of all kinds, n.o.e., including horse, and cattle spices, and condiments, proprietary or otherwise; also hemp-seed, maw-seed, millet-seed, canary-seed, and mixed birdseed.

Bags, calico, forfar, linen, flour; bagging, bags, and sacks, n.o.e., including filter bags, and sheaths.

Blacking, and boot-gloss, and polish.

Blacklead.

Boats, launches, yachts, also all vessels propelled by means other than oars (when imported in any vessel), including all fittings therefor n.o.e.

Fireworks, n.o.e.

Nets, and netting.

Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick, and wagon covers.

Bags of textile or felt, all kinds, if printed.

Granite, and other stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom; also imitation stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom, or from cement.

Soap, n.o.e.

SCHEDULE D.—PART III.

Preferential duties upon the items hereafter enumerated shall only be charged after the thirty-first day of March, 1908:—

Biscuits, ships', plain and unsweetened; also dog biscuits.

Biscuits, other kinds.

Candied peel, and drained peel.

Confectionery, n.o.e.; including medicated lozenges, medicated confectionery boiled sugars, liquorice n.o.e., sugared or crystallized fruits.

Chocolate confectionery, and confectionery containing chocolate:—

  1. In plain trade packages.

  2. In fancy packages, or in small packages for retail sale.

Jams, jellies, marmalade, and preserves.

Jellies, concentrated.

Spices, ground, n.o.e., including pepper, pimento, and olive stones, ground.

Vinegar, not exceeding 65 per cent. of acidity calculated as acetic acid.

Chicory.

Cocoa, and chocolate, including cocoa-beans roasted and crushed; also cocoa or chocolate mixed with milk or any other food substance whatsoever.

Coffee, roasted.

Tea, n.o.e.

Soda-crystals.

Handbills, circulars, programmes, playbills, printed posters, trade catalogues, price-lists, and fashion-plates; printed advertising matter n.o.e.; also paper bags, and wrapping paper, or wrappers, of all kinds, printed or lithographed; printed or lithographed envelopes or labels.

(NOTE.—This shall not apply to trade catalogues or price-lists of the goods of firms or persons having no established business in New Zealand.)

Composition-piping.

Iron galvanised corrugated sheets.

Iron, plain galvanised sheet or hoop.

Iron tanks.

Lead piping.

Shot.

Oil, n.o.e., including mineral lubricating-oil, in vessels capable of containing one gallon or more.

Paints, and colours, ground in oil or turpentine; also putty; and driers n.o.e.

Paints, and colours mixed ready for use; also enamel paints, n.o.e.

Stearine.

Varnish and lacquers, including lithographic varnish, gold size, liquid gold, and other metallic paints; also liquid medium for mixing with metallic paints.

Whiting, and chalk.

Grain, and pulse, of every kind, when ground or in any way manufactured, n.o.e., including wheat flour.

Blue.

Gelatine, isinglass, glue, and size.

Soap, common yellow, and blue mottled.

Spirits, methylated to the satisfaction of the Minister.

Starch.

SCHEDULE E.—PART I.

Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for—namely, handle-grips, pedal rubbers: also the following articles when not plated, japanned, enamelled, or varnished—namely, drop-forgings, stampings, steel balls, weldless steel tubes with or without butted ends, wood or metal rims (not bored), spokes, forks, stays, handle-bars, and seat pillars unbuilt, bracket shells, fork, and stay ends, fork-tips, bridges, crowns, and lugs; also ball heads complete when not brazed, including all plated parts. Hubs complete plated or otherwise, sprockets, chains, and chain-wheels, whether plated or not. Bottom brackets complete, including axles, cups, cranks, and pedals, plated or otherwise.

Gas engines, and hammers, and oil engines.

Iron pipes wrought, and wood or fibre pipes, not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes not exceeding 9 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Wrought iron boring, casing, and lining tubes, for oil boring, mining, or well-sinking purposes.

Iron, plain black—viz., sheet, plate, hoop under 6 in. in width, rod, bolt, bar, angle, tee, channel; plain iron-rolled girders; rolled chequered plates; shafting; plain rolled or plain turned, but otherwise unwrought.

Iron and steel cordage.

Motor engines for bicycles.

Paper, printing.

Rails for railways and tramways, including lay-outs, and points, and crossings, for the same; also fish plates.

SCHEDULE E.—PART II.

Preferential duties upon the items hereafter enumerated shall only be charged after the thirty-first day of March, 1908:—

Butter cloth; also cheese cloth, and cheese bandages or caps.

Canvas, indiarubber, or other hose, tubing, or piping, armoured or otherwise; flexible metal hose, tubing, or piping.

Cardboard boxes, material for—namely: gold, and silver paper, plain or embossed; embossed paper in strips; gelatine or coloured papers; known as “box papers.”

Castings for ships; also propeller-screws, including only bosses and blades.

Iron boiler-plates and unflanged end-plates for boilers; boiler-tubes not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter and unflanged; expansion-rings; furnace-flues.

Tabular woven cotton cloth in the piece for meat wraps.

SCHEDULE E.—PART III.

Preferential duties upon the articles hereinafter enumerated shall only be charged after the thirty-first day of March, 1908:—

Boots, shoes, shoettes, sandals, clogs, and pattens, slippers, and goloshes—namely children's Nos. 0 to 6.

Cork soles, and sock-soles; moulded shoe and slipper soles of rubber.

Artists' materials—viz., canvas in the piece or on stretchers, oiled paper or drawing-paper in sheets or blocks, colours, brushes, palettes, and palette knives.

Photographic cameras, and lenses, including focussing cloths, and camera covers.

Sensitised surfaces, and albumenised paper, plain, not being postcards or other stationery.

Copy-books, having printed head lines on each page; also drawing-books.

Ink, printing.

Anchors.

Blacksmiths' anvils, forges, and fans.

Caps, percussion.

Chains, iron, plain, or with hook, swivel, or ring, attached.

Engine governors.

Fire-engines, chemical fire-engines, and chemical fire-extinguishers; also firehose and couplings therefor, portable fire-escapes, fire-ladders, fire-reels, and firemen's helmets, if declared, to the satisfaction of the Collector, for the use of a fire brigade.

Machinery—namely, dairying machinery (excluding cream-separating machines, also coolers).

Machinery, mining, and gold saving; also briquette making, and coal washing machines, rock breaking machines, trommels, stamper batteries, ore feeders, grizzly bars, steel shoes and dies, ore crushing rolls, ball mills, grinding pans, tube mills, battery screening woven or punched; also, the following machines, materials, and appliances, when imported for mining purposes, namely:—

Air compressors, not including the motive power for charging the same.

Chain links and rollers for conveyors, and conveyor belts of rubber or fibre.

Electric exploders.

Fans for mine ventilation.

Filter presses.

Fuel economizers.

Sand pumps.

Sinking pumps.

Solution pumps made wholly of metal.

Steam pumps having a capacity exceeding 5,000 gallons per hour.

Turbine pumps.

Shaft signalling gear.

Steel or iron head frames for mining shafts.

Battery blanket not exceeding 3 feet wide.

Material for filter cloths and plush or other cloth for gold saving.

Metal sheaves, grooved metal pulleys.

Metal wove-wire, and metal gauze; also wire netting, and expanded metal lathing or fencing, in the piece.

Metallic capsules.

Perforated or cellular sheet zinc or iron.

Portable engines on four or any greater number of wheels, with boiler of locomotive type; also traction engines.

Printing machines or presses; embossing, and bronzing machines, ruling machines, cardboard box making machines, and tools for same.

Printing type and printing materials, n.o.e., suited only for the use of printers.

Steam or hydraulic pressure, and vacuum gauges; pressure indicators or pressure gauges for gas or oil engines; speed indicators, engineers', for testing machinery.

Surveyors' instruments—viz., steel bands, chains, measuring tapes, field instruments, and drawing instruments; draughtsmen's drawing instruments.

Welded and flanged boiler furnaces, plain or corrugated.

Paints, and colours, n.o.e.

Belting, for driving machinery, other than leather belting, and not being cordage or rope.

Binder-twine.

Cork, cut; bungs; fishermen's cork floats; also plain unornamental stoppers of every description for bottles, jars, and casks.

Felt-sheathing.

Machinery—viz., refrigerating, dredging, woollen mill, paper mill, rope and twine making, meat preserving, leather splitting.

Soda-water machines; also machines for aerating liquids.

Steam engines, and parts thereof, for mining (including gold dredging), or gold-saving purposes and processes, or for dairying purposes.

Engines and machines for mining purposes—viz., capstan engines for mining shafts; winding engines, steam, air, or electrically driven, including bedplates, foundation bolts, and friction clutches, when imported with the engines; drums for winding engines.

SCHEDULE E.—PART IV.

Tea in bulk—viz., in packages of 5 lb. or over net weight of tea 2d. the lb.

GENERAL INDEX

“Accident Insurance Act, 1899” 498
Acclimatisation. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 431.)
Accumulation, Prices and Wages 487
Development of Banking 487
Acres and Yield in Corn-crops 399
Acres of Land under Crop 400
Addenda et Corrigenda. (Back of Title.)
Administration of Land Laws, &c. 622
Advances to Settlers 519, 628
Loans for 520, 629
Mortgage Fees 634
Table showing how repaid 632
Titles eligible 630
Transactions of Office 636
Valuation Fees 631
Advances to Workers 521, 637
Agents for the Colonies, Crown 29
Ages at Death, Average 456
Average, of Persons married 449
Ages of the People (Census, 1906) 143
Agricultural College, Lincoln 155
Agricultural Statistics 398
Agriculture and Live-stock 388, 398, 657
Acreage under Wheat, Oats, &c., in Provincial Districts 399
Barley 407, 660
Cape Barley and Winter Oats 667
Cattle 394, 671
Cereals 404, 660
Consumption of Wheat 405
Cost of growing Oats 661
Cost of working a Farm 667
Dairy Industry, The 676
Dairy Stock 394, 671
Feeding for Milk 672
Fertilisers 668
Fruit Industry, The 678
Gardens and Orchards 408
Grass and Clover Seeds 409, 664
Hops 408
Horses 396, 670
Lambing Returns, Averages 393
Lucerne 667
Mangolds and Carrots 663
Maize 407
Oats 406, 660
Pigs 397, 677
Potatoes 408, 661
Poultry 677
Rape 408,663
Root-crops 661
Sheep 391,669
Turnips and Rape 408,662
Wheat-crop of Australian States 405
Wheat-crop of the World 405
Wheat, Estimated Surplus of 406
Wheat held by Farmers, 1906 406
Wheat, Seed per Acre 660
Wheat, Yield per Acre 399
Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Acts, 1896 to 1906 522
Alcoholic Liquors, Consumption of, 1897 to 1906 310
Aliens Naturalised 443
America, Trade with the United States of 367
Analyses of Coals 417
Analyses of Mineral Waters 680
Angora goats 397
Animals. (See Live-stock.)
Antipodes Islands 6
Appendix—
Dates of certain Principal Events in the History of New Zealand 819
Area of New Zealand 5
Of Cook Islands 7
Of North, South, Stewart, Chatham, and other Islands 6
Of United Kingdom compared with New Zealand 8
Area of Australasia 7
Compared with European Countries 7
Area under Cultivation in Counties 401
Arrests for Drunkenness 190
Arrivals and Departures 124
Chinese 125
Departures, how Numbers ascertained 125
Articles on Special Subjects 615
Artillery, Naval, Field, and Garrison 66–69
Assembly, General 32
Associations, Special-Settlement 625
Assurance, Industrial Life 498
Asylums, Benevolent 485
Orphan 486
Auckland, City of—
Exports 341
General Description 716
Imports 305
Meteorology 256
Population 132
Value of Property 215, 568, 597
Vital Statistics 442, 452
Auckland Docks 72
Graving-dock Charges 72
Auckland Islands 6, 14
Auckland Land District—Introductory, Physical Features, Plains, Lakes, Forests, Soils; Rainfall; General Products and Industries; Chief Towns; Crown of Native Lands available for Future Settlement 712
Auckland Sailors' Home 485
Australasian Railways 379
Australian States, Area of 7
Birth-rates of 434
Death-rates of 450
Debt of 543
Friendly Societies in 495
Live-stock in 390
Marriage-rates of 444
Mineral Production of 413
Oat-crop of 407
Population 148
Railways in 379
Trade 370
Wheat-crop of 405
Average Quantity of Milk to 1 lb. Butter 672
Average Yield of Butter or Cheese 672
Bachelors and Spinsters in New Zealand 148
Banking, Development in 487
Banking Legislation, Special. (See Year-book 1902, p. 400.)
“Bank of New Zealand Act, 1903” 489
“Bank of New Zealand Act, 1904” 490
Bankruptcy 182
Petitions, &c., Ten Years 183
Transactions in 1905 182
Banks of Issue—
Advances and Discounts 488
In all Classes of Banks, Average per Head 493
Assets and Liabilities 487
In all Classes of Banks, Average per Head 493
Coin and Bullion 487
In all Classes of Banks, Average per Head 493
Deposits 487
In all Classes of Banks, Average per Head 493
Notes in Circulation, &c. 487
Banks—
Post-Office Savings 490
Deposits, Withdrawals, Open Accounts, Amounts to Credit 490
Securities held 491
Deposits, Withdrawals 493
Private Savings 493
Deposits, Withdrawals 493
Barley 407
Beer, Consumption of, per Head 310
Beer, Excise Duty on 113
Benevolent Asylums and Charitable Institutions 485
Birthplaces (Census, 1906) 146
Birth-rates per 1,000 of Population in Australasia 435
Births 433
Illegitimate 439
Illegitimacy in Australasia 440
Legitimation Act 441
Of Twins 439
Proportion to Population, 1882–1906 433
Rates in European Countries 438
To Marriages, Proportion of 434
Boroughs—
Expenditure of 203
Auckland, with Suburbs 132
Christchurch, with Suburbs 133
Dunedin, with Suburbs 133
Wellington, with Suburbs 132
In Colony 129, 215
Auckland, with Suburbs 132
Christchurch, with Suburbs 133
Dunedin, with Suburbs 133
Wellington, with Suburbs 132
Indebtedness of 206
Population of (Census, 1906) 129
Rateable Value of Property in 215, 597
Revenue of 203
Value of Land and Improvements in 568
Value of Rateable Property in 597
Boundaries and Area of the Colony 5
Bounty Islands 6
Breadstuffs in various Countries, Consumption of 406
Bubonic Plague 468
Building Societies 493
Income, Assets, Liabilities, Reserve Funds 493
Bush and Swamp Crown Lands Settlement Act 617
Butter and Cheese 351, 672
Export to United Kingdom, Eighteen Years 351
Factories 283,395
Industry 676
Cadet Corps 68
Campbell Islands 6
Campbell Islands, Meteorology of 613
Cancer, Deaths from 474
Decennial Return 474
Part of Body affected 475
Proportion of Deaths per 10,000 living, 1886–1906 478
Canterbury Agricultural College 155
Canterbury Land District—Boundaries and Physical Features, Scenery, Climate; Internal Communication; Geological Formation; Area, Nature, and Disposition of Lands; Soils; Pasturage and Crops; Stock, Wool, Butter and Cheese, Timber, Fruit; Coal, Building-stones; Fisheries; Manufactories; Libraries and Churches; Educational and other Institutions; Towns 782
Cape Barley and Winter Oats 667
Capital City, Population of 132
Capitation to Efficient Volunteers and Cadets 68
Cattle 394
In Provincial Districts 394
Causes of Death 462
At Four Centres 453
Cancer 474
Details of 464
Developmental Diseases 479
Dietetic Diseases 469
Local Diseases 480
Measles 467
Old Age 480
Parasitic Diseases 469
Phthisis 469
Proportion of Deaths from each 463
Typhoid Fever 467
Violence 481
Cereals 404, 660
Charges, Survey, on Unsurveyed Lands 628
Charitable Institutions, Benevolent Asylums and, &c. 485
Chatham Islands 6, 14
Cheese and Butter 395, 351, 672
Cheviot Estate (see also Year-book, 1895, p. 264) 545
Childbirth, Deaths of Women in 481
Children to a Marriage, Number of 434
Chinese—
Immigration and Emigration of 125
Number in Colony 127
Christchurch, City of—
Exports (Lyttelton) 341
General Description 790
Imports 305
Population (City and Suburbs) 133
Value of Property 217, 569, 598
Vital Statistics 442, 451
Cities 132
Civil Cases 182
Civil Establishment at Seat of Government 37
Classification of Lands, &c. 622
Climate—
Temperature in New Zealand, Australia, and other British Possessions 256–262
Clips, Average Wool 669
Clothing, Imported, Value of 306
Coal 414
Coal, Analysis of 417
Coal-miners, Average Output and Earnings 421
Coal Production of the World 423
Colleges and University 170
Colonial Office, The 29
Colonisation of New Zealand 3
Colony, Boundaries and Area of the 5
Crown Agents for the 29
Population of the 120
Communication and Transport 374
Conjugal Condition of the People (Census, 1906) 148
Constitution 16
Government 17
Consumption of Beer, Spirits, and Wine 310
Consuls, Foreign (see also Addenda) 26
Convictions 186
For Drunkenness 190
Summary 186
Convictions of Maoris 192
Cook and other Pacific Islands annexed 808
Cook Strait 11
Co-operative Public Works 431
Corn-crops, Acreage and Actual Yield of 399
Corrigenda. (Back of Title.)
Cost of Living in New Zealand and in Various Countries. (See Year-book, 1903, p. 462.)
Management of Local Governing Bodies 204
Railways 377
Working a Farm in New Zealand 667
Council, Executive, 1843–56 22
Council, Executive, April, 1907 31
Legislative, Roll of Members of the (see also Corrigenda) 33
Successive Speakers of the Legislative 25
Counties, Population of (Census, 1906) 129
Land under Cultivation in 401
Value of Land and Improvements in 564,572
Value of Rateable Properties in 572
Court, Validation 49
Courts, Bankruptcy 182
Civil Cases, Supreme and District 182
Charges for Offences before 185
Committals 186
Punishment on Summary Convictions (five years) 189
Divorce and Separation 183
Charges for Offences before 185
Committals 186
Punishment on Summary Convictions (five years) 189
Magistrates', Civil Cases 182
Charges for Offences before 185
Committals 186
Punishment on Summary Convictions (five years) 189
Sentences, Supreme and District (five years) 189
Supreme and District, Convictions 186
Cows, Average Annual Yield of Milk 672
Crime, Law and 182
Cross-breeding of Sheep 669
Crown Agents for the Colonies 29
Crown Lands occupied 545
Mode of acquiring 623
Crown Lands of New Zealand 544, 615
Crown Tenants 545
Cultivation. (See Agriculture.)
Customs Duties, Rates levied 98, 837
Revenue from 327
Dairy Industry 676
Produce, Export of 351
Stock 394,671
Dates of Principal Events 819
Deaf-mutes, Institution for 180
Death, Average Age at 456
Causes of 462
Death-rates in various Countries and States, 1896–1906 450
Deaths—
From Cancer 474
From Congenital Defects 479
From Nervous Diseases 480
From Phthisis 469
From Typhoid Fever 467
In Four Principal Cities 451
In Principal Cities of Australasia 455
Inquests on 197
Number of, in 1906 450
Of Infants 458
Of Infants to every 1,000 Births 458
Of Women in Childbirth 481
Violent 481
Debt, General Government (see Public Debt) 527
Of Local Bodies 206, 208
Deceased Persons' Estates—Duties Payable on 119
Defences, Military and Naval—
Administration; Artillery, New Zealand Royal; Bearer Corps, Volunteers; Cadet Corps, Volunteers; Capitation; Cycle Corps, Volunteers; Defence Rifle Clubs; Engineers, New Zealand Royal; Engineers, Volunteers; Enrolment, &c.; Expenditure and Maintenance; Field Artillery, Volunteers; Instructors; Militia and Volunteer Districts; Mounted Rifles, Volunteers; Naval and Garrison Artillery, Volunteers; Arms, &c.; Rifle Corps, Volunteers; School of Instruction; Submarine Mining Engineers, Volunteers 66
Deferred-payment System, Land taken up on 545
Departures, Arrivals and 124
Deposits in Banks 487
Depots for Shipwrecked Mariners 69
Digest of the Land Laws 622
Discovery and Early Settlement 2
Discovery of Gold in New Zealand. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 343.)
Diseases, Various, Deaths from 464
District Court, Civil Cases 182
Divorce, Petitions and Decrees, 1896–1905 184
Divorce and Separation 183
Grounds for 183
Docks, Graving, and Patent Slips 72
Drainage Boards, Revenue, Expenditure, and Loans 202–203
Dredging, Gold-, Description of. (See Year-book, 1899, p. 509.)
Drunkenness 190
Persons convicted of 190
Dunedin, City of—
Exports 341
General Description 797
Imports 305
Meteorology 260
Population, City and all Suburbs (Census, 1906) 133
Value of Property 570, 598
Vital Statistics 442–452
Duties and Functions of Representation Commissions 242
Duties on Estates of Deceased Persons 119
Early Settlement, Discovery and 2
Ecclesiastical 64
Education 149
Free Secondary 166
District High Schools 168
Scholarships 176
Private Schools 173
Public (Government) Schools 150
School of Engineering and Technical Science 155
Native Schools 175
Secondary 165
Technical and Manual 154
Training of Teachers 152
University, New Zealand 170
Education Boards, Income and Expenditure of 153
Education of the People 181
Egmont, Mount 10
Election, General, 1905 214
Electoral. (See Representation.)
“Electoral Act, 1893,” extends Franchise to Women 18, 243
“Electoral Act Amendment Act, 1896,” abolishes Property Qualification 18, 243
Electric Telegraph 382
Emigration. (See Immigration and Emigration.)
Engineering, School of 155
Estates of Deceased Persons, Duties Payable on 119
Estates offered for Selection under Land for Settlements Act, during Year 1906–7 552
European Population of Colony 120
Excise Duty on Beer 113
Executive Council, 1843–56 22
Exhibition, International 701
Expectation of Life in New Zealand 456
Expenditure, Revenue and—
General Government 508
Local Bodies 200
Of Public Works Fund by General Government 514,516
Exports 337
Butter and Cheese to United Kingdom, for Eighteen Years 351
Quantity, Twenty-five Years 349
Value, Nineteen Years 345
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Coal 415
Quantity, Twenty-five Years 349
Value, Nineteen Years 345
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Details of all Exports 353
Quantity, Twenty-five Years 349
Value, Nineteen Years 345
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
From different Ports 340
Quantity, Twenty-five Years 349
Value, Nineteen Years 345
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
From North and South Islands 340
Quantity, Twenty-five Years 349
Value, Nineteen Years 345
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
From United Kingdom to various Countries and Colonies 373
Quantity, Twenty-five Years 349
Value, Nineteen Years 345
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Frozen Meat 349
Quantity, Twenty-five Years 349
Value, Nineteen Years 345
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Gold, Silver, and other Minerals to 31st December, 1906 411
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Gold, 1906 350
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Grain 350
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Home Produce, Value of 345
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Increase and Decrease on Principal Articles 342
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Kauri-gum 352
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Of Australasia, 1905 370
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Phormium 352
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Quantities of Principal Articles, 1905 and 1906 343
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Rabbit-skins 347
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Re-exports, exclusive of Specie 340
Of New South Wales compared with New Zealand 340
Sheep-skins and Pelts 348
Tallow 349
To different Countries 337
To Germany 368
To United States 367
Value of Principal Articles of New Zealand Produce 341
Wool, Nineteen Years 346
External Trade of Australasia 371
Factories &c. (See Manufactories and Works.)
Factories, Butter and Cheese 394
Farming, Dairy 676
Farm in New Zealand, Cost of Working a 667
Features of the South Island, Physical 11
Of the North Island 8
Feeding for Milk 672
Fees payable under Land Transfer Act 118
Fifty Years' Progress of New Zealand 601
Finance 508
Fire Inquests 198
Fire Insurance, State 647
Fish Acclimatised. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 431.)
Fish and Fisheries. (See Year-book, 1895, p. 373.)
First Offenders' Probation Act 197
Flocks of Sheep, Number and Size of 392
Foreigners Naturalised during last Twenty-four Years, Number of 444
Foreign Consuls (see also Addenda) 26
Foveaux Strait 13
Franchise 18,243
Municipal 209
Freezing Establishments in the Colony. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 314.)
Free Secondary Education 166
Friendly Societies 494
Frozen Meat exported 349
Fruit Culture 78
Drying 678
Industry, The 678
Fungus, New Zealand, Export of 342
Gaols, Prisoners in 193
Gardens, Plantations, and Orchards, Total Acreage in 403
General Assembly, The 32
General Election, 1905 244
Germany, Trade with 368
Glaciers in South Island 11
Gold, Coal, and other Minerals 411
Coal-mining 414
Composition of Coal 447
Consumption of 415
Output of 415
Total Quantity and Value entered for Exportation, 31st March, 1907 413
Gold exported Year 1906 350
Total Quantity and Value entered for Exportation, 31st March, 1907 413
Gold produced in Australasia 414
Gold Production of the World 414.
Gold-dredging 412
Gold-mining—Hands, Output, &c. 412
Remarks on 411
Governing Bodies, Local 199
Government Advances to Settlers 519, 628
Government Advances to Workers 521
Government Schools 150
Government the Seat of 18
Government Valuation of Land and its Improvements 555
Governor of New Zealand 31
Governors, Successive 19
Grain exported 350
Grown in each Provincial District 390
Grass Lands, Acres of 400
In Australasia, 1905–6 409
Grass-seed 664
Sown, per Acre 409
Graving-docks and Patent Slips 72
Grazing-runs, Small 626
Green Crops, Acreage under, in Provincial Districts 400
Habitual Criminals and Offenders Act, 1906 189
Harbour Boards Revenue, Expenditure, and Loans 205–207
Harbours. (See Year-book, 1894, pp. 389–408.)
Harbours—Pilotage, Port Charges, &c. 76
Hawke's Bay Land District—General Description; Communication; Pastoral Industries; Agricultural Pursuits; Dairying; Timber and other Industries; Climate; Towns; Crown Lands; Native Lands 736
Hay, Acres in 400
High Commissioner in London 29
Holdings, Number of Occupied 384
Home Produce exported, Value of 345
Honours held by Colonists (see also Addenda) 29
Hops, cultivated, imported and exported 408
Horse-breeding 670
Horses in New Zealand, Number of 396
In Provincial Districts 396
Hospitals 481
Hot Springs 680
House of Representatives 17,34
Speakers of the 26
Houses, Licensed 235
Illegitimate Births in Australasia 440
Immigration and Emigration 124
Of Chinese 125
Imports and Exports 301,337
Each Australian State, 1905 370
Imports—
Beer, Spirits, and Wine, Consumption of 310
Germany 335
South Africa 336
United Kingdom 303
United States 333
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
Clothing, &c. 306
Germany 335
South Africa 336
United Kingdom 303
United States 333
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
Coal 415
Germany 335
South Africa 336
United Kingdom 303
United States 333
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
Free and Dutiable, Value of 308
Germany 335
South Africa 336
United Kingdom 303
United States 333
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
From different Countries, Value of 303
Germany 335
South Africa 336
United Kingdom 303
United States 333
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
Inclusive and exclusive of Specie 301
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
Into Australasia 370
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
Per Head of Population 302
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
Spirits 310
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
Sugar and Tea 309
Consumption of, per Head of Population 309
Tobacco, Consumption of 311
Per Head of Population, Australasia 372
Improved-farm Settlements 625
Income Tax, Land and 524, 638
Exemptions 641, 645
Rates of Tax 643
Yield of Tax 643
Indebtedness of Australasia 543
Of Local Bodies 203–207
For Twenty-one Years 200
Outside Colony 207
Index of Mortality for New Zealand 451
Industrial Schools 177
Industrial Life Assurance 498
Industries. (See Manufactories and Works.)
“Infant Life Protection Act, 1896” 441
Infantile Mortality 458
Influenza, Deaths from 467
Inquests, Death 197
Fire 198
Insurance, Life 497
Companies in New Zealand 497
Insurance, State Fire 647
International Exhibition 701
Iron, Machinery, &c., imported, Value of 306
Ironsand and Iron-ores 424
Islands outlying, Description of the 14,808
Joint Stock Companies 494
Jubilee Institution for the Blind 180
Judges, Supreme Court 21
Kauri-gum (Exported)—
Average Price of 352
Quantities and Values exported 352
Kermadec Islands 614
Labour—
In New Zealand. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 362.)
Prices of Provisions, Live-stock, &c., 1905 503
Wages, Average Rates of 505
Labour Department, Men assisted by 432
Labour Legislation—
Acts of Parliament composing 426
Remarks on 427
Lakes 9–13, 699
Lambing Averages 393
Land—
Acreage of, under Crop 400
Graduated 524, 644
And Income Tax 524, 638
Graduated 524, 644
Crown, open for Selection. (See Land Districts.)
Graduated 524, 644
Fit for Agriculture and Pasture 9
Graduated 524, 644
Government Valuation of 555
Graduated 524, 644
Grass-sown 409
Graduated 524, 644
Held as Pastoral Runs 545
Graduated 524, 644
Held as Small Grazing-runs 545
Graduated 524, 644
Held under Pastoral and Miscellaneous Leases 545
Graduated 524, 644
Holdings in Provincial Districts 386
Graduated 524, 644
Holdings taken up, Sizes of 384
Graduated 524, 644
Improved-farm Settlements 545, 625
Graduated 524, 644
Occupation of 384, 623
Graduated 524, 644
On Perpetual Lease, Lease in Perpetuity, and Occupation with Right of Purchase 545
Graduated 524, 644
Rating on Unimproved Value 210
Graduated 524, 644
Sold on Deferred Payments 545
Graduated 524, 644
Taken up under various Tenures, Ten Years 546
Graduated 524, 644
Taken up in each Land District 548
Graduated 524, 644
Tax 524, 644
Graduated 524, 644
Village Settlements, Land held 545
Village Settlements, sold on Deferred Payments, &c. 545
Land and Improvements, Government Valuation of 555
Land Districts in the Colony, Description of—Auckland, 712; Canterbury, 782; Hawke's Bay, 736; Marlborough, 754; Nelson, 759; Otago, 792; Southland, 803; Taranaki, 727; Wellington, 741; Westland, 768.
Land for Settlements Acts—
Estates offered for Selection during Year ended 31st March, 1907 552
Transactions under 549
Land Laws, Digest of 622
Administration 622
Freehold Tenure 623
Leases in Perpetuity 624
Occupation with Right of Purchase 623
Classification of Lands, &c. 622
Freehold Tenure 623
Leases in Perpetuity 624
Occupation with Right of Purchase 623
Grazing-runs, Small 626
Freehold Tenure 623
Leases in Perpetuity 624
Occupation with Right of Purchase 623
Improved-farm Settlements 625
Freehold Tenure 623
Leases in Perpetuity 624
Occupation with Right of Purchase 623
Land Districts and Principal Land Offices 622
Freehold Tenure 623
Leases in Perpetuity 624
Occupation with Right of Purchase 623
Mode of Acquiring Crown Lands 623
Freehold Tenure 623
Leases in Perpetuity 624
Occupation with Right of Purchase 623
Optional System of Selection 623
Freehold Tenure 623
Leases in Perpetuity 624
Occupation with Right of Purchase 623
Pastoral Runs 627
Residence and Improvements 624
Special-settlement Associations 625
Survey Charges on Unsurveyed Lands 628
Village Settlements 626
Land Settlements Acts, 1896—1906, Aid to Public Works and 522
Land System of New Zealand 615
Land-tax 524, 644
Land Transfer Act, Fees payable under 118
Lands—
Native, Purchase of, by Government 619
Survey Charges on Unsurveyed 628
Land under Cultivation in Counties 401
Land, Valuation of—
In Boroughs 568
In Colony 563
In Counties 564
In Local Districts 572
In Town Districts 571
Law and Crime 182
Laws, Difference of, between England and New Zealand. (See Year-book, 1896, p. 281.)
Legislation, Special Banking. (See Year-book, 1902, p. 400.)
Legislative Council 32
Roll of Members of the (see also Corrigenda) 33
“Legitimation Act, 1894” 441
Letters posted 380
Licenses and Licensed Houses 235
Licenses—
Number and Fees paid 235
Proportion to Population 235
Licensing Laws—
Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act 236
Annual Fees 236
Revenue from Licenses 235
Life Insurance, Year1905 497
Lighthouses, Names and Number of, Colour, Order, &c. 89
Lincoln Agricultural College 155
List, Official 37
Live-stock—
Average Prices of 503
Export of 353
In Australasia 390
In each County 388
Loan Accounts—
Expenditure, 1906–7 516
For Advances to Settlers 520
General Government (see Public Debt) 527
Of Local Bodies, Outstanding, at various Rates of Interest 207
Of Local Bodies, Net Indebtedness 206
Local Bodies' Loans Acts 208
Local Bodies—
Cost of Management 204
Expenditure of 203
Indebtedness; Twenty-one Years 200
Number of 199
Outstanding Loans at various Rates of Interest 207
Rates collected in Twenty-one Years 200
Revenue and Expenditure of Boroughs, Counties, Drainage Board, Harbour Boards, River Boards, Road Boards, Town Boards 203–205
Taxation by 201
Local-option Poll, 1905 236
Lucerne 667
Magistrates' Courts, Apprehensions, Convictions, &c. 185
Mail-services between England and New Zealand, Cost of 381
Maize, Area under 407
Manawatu–Wellington Railway 378
Mangolds and Carrots 408
Manual and Technical Instruction 154
Manufactories and Works 263
Average Wages paid, Males and Females 264
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Increase in Number of Establishments, Hands employed, Wages paid,
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Horse-power, Value of Lands, &c., between 1901 and 1906 263
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Increase in Total Value of Output 264
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Industries in Provincial Districts, Number of 267
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Principal Industries, Details of 270
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Principal Increases in Value of Output, Details of 265
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Principal Industries, Number of Hands employed, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1906 280
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Principal Industries, Value of Output, 1885, 1895, 1900, 1905 278
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Remarks on Summarised Results 263
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Value of Materials operated upon 266
Aerated Water and Cordial Factories 287
Agricultural-implement Factories 294
Bacon-curing 282
Biscuit-factories 285
Boot and Shoe Factories 298
Breweries 286
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works 292
Butter and Cheese Factories 283
Clothing and Waterproof Factories 297
Coach Building and Painting 294
Colonial Wine-making 287
Confectionery and Sugar-boiling 286
Cooperages 289
Cycle-works 295
Fellmongering, Tanning, Currying, and Wool-scouring 295
Fish Curing and Preserving 283
Fruit-preserving and Jam-making 285
Furniture-factories 296
Gasworks 291
Grain-mills 284
Hosiery-factories 298
Iron and Brass Foundries, Boiler and Range Making, and Engineering 293
Lime and Cement Works 291
Meat-freezing and Boiling-down Works 281
Phormium-mills 299
Printing and Bookbinding 293
Rope and Twine Works 299
Saddlery and Harness 295
Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making 288
Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories 290
Ship and Boat Building 296
Soap and Candle Works 289
Tinware-factories 292
Woollen-mills 297
Maoris, The—
Amusements and Games of 707
Charged with Offences 192
Children attending Schools 175
Convicted of Offences, 1891–1905 192
Distribution of 120
Half-castes 126
Population at Last Census 126
Representation 17, 34, 253
Tangi 711
Marlborough Land District—Physical Features: Rivers, Plains, Lakes, Forests, Soils, Grazing; Industries; Climate; Towns; Roads and Railways; Crown Lands 754
Marriage, Births to every 434
Decrees for Dissolution of 184
Decrees for Judicial Separation 184
Rates in New Zealand, Australian States, and European Countries 444, 445
Marriages 444
Ages at which Marriage may be contracted 448
Ages of Persons Married 448
Of Aborigines 445
Percentage of Persons under 21 Years 449
Proportion by each Denomination 447
Proportion of each Sex signing Register by Mark 447
Measles, Deaths from 467
Meat, Frozen, Total Export of 349
Medicine, School of, Otago 798
Members of House of Representatives, Roll of 35
Legislative Council, Roll of 33
Meteorological Observations 256
Miles of Railway open for Traffic 376
Military and Naval Defences 66
Milk—
Average Yield of Butter from 672
Average Yield per Cow 672
Mineral Production of Australasia 413
Minerals, Gold, Coal, and other 411
Mineral Waters of New Zealand 680
Mines, Schools of 156
Mines, State Coal 422
Ministers, Officiating, under Marriage Act 450
Ministers, Cabinet 31
Ministries, Successive 24
Money-orders and Postal-notes 381
Mortgages 495
Amounts borrowed at various Rates of Interest 496
Mountains 9, 10, 699
Mount Cook 11
Egmont 10
Ruapehu 10
Tongariro 9
Municipal Corporations Acts 1900 and 1902, Qualifications for Enrolment under 209
Mutton. (See Frozen Meat.)
Consumption per Head. (See Year-book, 1898, p. 289.)
National Scholarships 176
Native Lands purchased by Government 619
Native Schools 175
Naturalisation 443
Nelson Land District—General Description; Rivers, Lakes, Plains, Forests; Agricultural, Pastoral, Mining; Towns; Railways, Roads, Tracks, &c.; Crown Lands 759
Newspapers 91
Posted 380
New Zealand—
Abolition of Provincial Governments in 17
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Area of, Boundaries and 5
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Arrival of Missionaries in 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Captain Cook's Visits to 2
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Colonisation of 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Colony divided into Six Provinces 17
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Company 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
County Government in 17
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Cook Islands, Inclusion of 5
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Discovery and Early Settlement of 2
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
General Assembly of 32
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Governors of, Successive 19
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Lieutenant Hanson's Visit to 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Made a Separate Colony 4
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Representative Government granted in 16
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Settlement at Port Nicholson 3
Canterbury 4
Nelson 4
New Plymouth 4
Otago 4
Sovereignty of Queen proclaimed 3
Surville, and Marion du Fresne, Visits of 2
Tasman's Visit 2
Treaty of Waitangi 4
Niue, Island of 812
Oats 406
Oat-crop of Australasia, 1906 407
Occupation of Land 384
Offences—
Charges for, before Magistrates' Courts 185
Convicted before Supreme and District Courts 192
Summarily convicted 192
Convictions for 186
Convicted before Supreme and District Courts 192
Summarily convicted 192
Maoris charged with 192
Convicted before Supreme and District Courts 192
Summarily convicted 192
Office, The Colonial 29
Official List 37
Officiating Ministers 450
Old-age Pensions 650
Optional System of selecting Land 623
Orchards 408,678
Orphan Asylums 486
Orphanhood of Children 457
Otago Land District—Boundaries and Area; Physical Description; Rivers and Lakes, Plains, Forests; Building-stones, Coal, Limestone; Climate; West Coast; Fruit, Crops, Stock; Freezing Establishments, Woollenmills, Clothing-factories, Dairy Factories; Gold Production; Chief Towns; City of Dunedin; Towns and surrounding Country; Railways; Statistical; Local Industries 792
Outlying Islands of New Zealand 14,808
Parcels Post 380
Value of Imports by 381
Parliament, Members of 35
Parliaments, Successive 23
Passengers, Railway 377
Pastoral Leases, Lands held under 545
Patent Slips and Graving-docks 72
Pensions, Old-age 650
Perpetual-lease System, Land held under the 545
Perpetuity, Leaseholds in 545
Phormium tenax
Export of 352
Phosphate Rock 424
Phthisis, Death-rates from 469
Deaths from, 1897 to 1906 469
Physical Features of the North Island 8
South Island 11
Pigs 397,677
In Counties 388
In Provincial Districts 397
Pilotage, Port Charges, &c. 76
Plantations, Gardens, and Orchards, Acreage in 408
Population of New Zealand 120
Arrivals and Departures 124
From and to United Kingdom 124
Of Chinese 125
Census, 1906 126
Chinese 126
Cook and other Islands 121
European 120
Increase in each Quarter, 1906 122
In adjacent Islands 142
In Principal Cities and Suburbs 132
In Provincial Districts (Census, 1906) 128
Maori 705
Of Australasia 148
Of Boroughs (Census, 1906) 129
Of Capital City (Census, 1906) 132
Of Counties (Census, 1906) 129
Of small Centres (Census, 1906) 134
Of Town Districts (Census, 1906) 134
Port Charges, Pilotage, &c. 76
Post-offices 380
Savings-banks 490
Securities 491
Potatoes 408
Cost of Growing 661
Cultivation of 661
Export of 360
Yield of 408
Premiers of Successive Ministries 25
Preserved Meats exported 359
Prices and Wages 503–507
Principal Events, Dates of 819
Prisoners in Gaol 193
Private Schools 173
Private Wealth 501
Probation Act, First Offenders treated under 197
Property-tax repealed 524
Prospects of Small Farmers 679
Public Debt 627
Annual Charge 535
Securities in which invested 537
Comparison with Past Years 532
Securities in which invested 537
Details of Loans 528
Securities in which invested 537
Flotation of Loans 538
Securities in which invested 537
Increase of 534
Securities in which invested 537
Net Indebtedness 532
Securities in which invested 537
Of Australasia 543
Securities in which invested 537
Purposes of Money composing Debt 539
Securities in which invested 537
Rates of Interest on 535
Securities in which invested 537
Sinking Fund accrued, Amount of 534
Securities in which invested 537
Stock Quotations 539
Public Libraries subsidised 181
Public Property, Value of 502
Public Schools 150
Industrial Schools 177
Secondary Schools 165
Technical Schools 154
Public Trust Office (see also Year-book, 1898, p. 454) 500
Number and Value of Estates administered 501
Public Works 19,431
Expenditure on 516
Purchase of Native Lands by Government 619
Queen's Scholarships 176
Quotations, New Zealand Stock 539
Railways 376
Australian States, Miles of, in 379
Length and Cost 376
Particulars of Revenue from 378
Passengers 377
Profit on Working 378
Revenue and Expenditure 378
Train-miles 377
Traffic in Local Products for Seventeen Years 377
Comparison of Traffic, Revenue, and Expenditure for Seventeen Years 378
Length and Cost 376
Particulars of Revenue from 378
Passengers 377
Profit on Working 378
Revenue and Expenditure 378
Train-miles 377
Traffic in Local Products for Seventeen Years 377
Government, Goods and Live-stock carried 377
Length and Cost 376
Particulars of Revenue from 378
Passengers 377
Profit on Working 378
Revenue and Expenditure 378
Train-miles 377
Traffic in Local Products for Seventeen Years 377
In New Zealand, their History and Progress. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 377.)
Wellington–Manawatu Railway 378
Rainfall in New Zealand 260
Rape and Turnips, Acres under 408
Rateable Properties in Boroughs 215
In Road Districts 227
Town Districts 226
Rates collected by Local Bodies, Twenty-one Years 200
Rates of Wages, Average in Provincial Districts in 1906 505–507
Rating on Unimproved Value 210,646
Method of taking Poll 646
Ratepayers may demand Poll to be taken 646
Result of Polls taken by Local Bodies 210
System Optional 647
Reciprocal Trade 656
Religions of the People 147
Repayments of Advances to Settlers 632
Representation 242
Duties and Functions of Representation Commissions 242
“Electoral Act, 1905” 18
Electoral Acts 243
General Election of 1905 244
Maori Members 253
Qualifications of Electors, European 18
Maori 18
Representation Commissions 242
Woman's Franchise 18,243
Residence and Improvements on Crown Lands 624
Revenue and Expenditure—
Government Railways 378
Land-tax and Income-tax, Revenue from 525
Loan Accounts Expenditure, 1906–7 515
Of Boroughs, Counties, Drainage Boards, Harbour Boards, River Boards, Road Boards, and Town Boards 201
Ordinary Revenue 510
Ordinary Revenue Expenditure 512
Territorial Revenue Expenditure 513
Territorial Revenue 510
River Boards, Revenue of 203
Rivers 9,13
Road Boards, Revenue, Expenditure, &c. 203
Roll of Members of the House of Representatives 35
Legislative Council 33
Roman Catholic Schools 173
Root-crops 408,661
Sailors' Home, Auckland 485
Savings-Banks, Post-Office 490
Private 493
Scholarships 176
Schools, Blind 180
Deaf and Dumb 180
Cost of 178
Inmates, 1904 and 1905 179
District High 168
Cost of 178
Inmates, 1904 and 1905 179
Industrial 177
Cost of 178
Inmates, 1904 and 1905 179
Engineering 155
Mines 156
Native 175
Primary Public 150
Private 173
Roman Catholic 173
Secondary or Superior 165
Sunday 181
Seeds, Grass- 664
Settlement, Discovery and Early 2
Settlements, Land for 618
Acquisition of Land under 549
Estates offered for Selection during Year 1906–7 552
Government Aid to Settlers 619
Preference given to Landless People 619
Process of Acquisition 618
Special Provisions for Workmen's Homes 619
Transactions of Board for Year 1906–7 519
Settlers, Advances to 519,628
Sheep 391,669
In Australasia, 1905–6 390
In Colony 391
In Counties 388
In Provincial Districts, April, 1905 and 1906 392
Number and Size of Flocks 392
Numbers in North and South Islands 391
Sheep-farming 669
Clips, Average Weight of 669
Grass-seed sown per Acre 409
Lambing Returns 393
New Zealand Flock-book 670
Shipping 374
Coastwise, Inwards 375
Coastwise, Outwards 375
Inwards and Outwards, Eleven Years 374,375
Registered Vessels 376
Shipwrecked Mariners, Depots for 69
Silver Produced 410
Sinking Fund—
Amounts paid for Interest and 536
Securities of 537
Sitting-days of House of Representatives 35
Legislative Council 33
Slips, Patent 72
Small Farmers, Prospects of 679
Small Grazing-runs 515,626
Soils, Description of. (See Land Districts.)
Sounds, West Coast 12
South Africa, Trade with 370
Southern Lakes, The 699
Southland Land District—Physical Features; Area, Nature, and Disposition of Lands; Agriculture, Dairy-farming, Sheep-farming; Coal and Gold; Fish, Fruit; Climate; Towns; Crown Lands for Disposal 803
Sown Grasses, Extent of 400
In Counties 401
New Zealand, compared with Australia 409
Speakers of the House of Representatives, Successive 26
Legislative Council, Successive 25
Special-settlement Associations 625
Spinsters and Bachelors in New Zealand 148
Spirits, Consumption per Head 310
Springs, The Thermal 680
State Coal-mines 422
State Fire Insurance 647
State Instruction. (See Schools.)
Statistical Synopsis: Fifty Years' Progress of Colony 601
Stewart Island 6,13,700
Stipendiary Magistrates' Courts, Apprehensions, Convictions, &c. 185
Civil Cases 182
Stock in New Zealand, Live 388,669
In Australasia 390
Subsidised Public Libraries 181
Successive Governors 19
Ministries 24
Premiers 25
Sugar, Consumption of 309
Supplemental. Fifty Years' Progress of New Zealand 601
Supreme Court, Civil Cases 182
Judges, Past and Present 21
Survey Charges on Unsurveyed Lands 628
Sutherland Waterfall, The 792
Tallow exported 349
Tangi, Maori 711
Taranaki Land District—Physical Features; Soils; Dairying, Grazing, &c.; Mining; Climate; Towns; Roads and Railways; Crown Lands 727
Tariff, Customs, 1907 837
Taxation by General Government 524
Deductions and Exemptions under Land and Income Tax 524,641,645
Graduated 524,644
Growth of Amount paid in Income Tax 643
Graduated 524,644
Income-tax 525,638
Graduated 524,644
Land-tax (ordinary) 524,644
Graduated 524,644
Proportion derived from Customs, 1906–7 526
Yield of Land and Income Tax 526,643
Taxation by Local Bodies 201
Tea, Consumption of 309
Teachers, Training of 152
Technical Education 154
Telegraphs: Messages transmitted, Miles of Line, Receipts 382
Telephone Exchanges 382
Temperature and Rainfall 256
At different Stations of New Zealand 256
Highest and Lowest in Shade, in New Zealand, the Australian States, and other British Possessions 261
Tenure of Occupied Lands 386
Tenures, the Three, under Land Act 623
Thermal Springs 680
Timber exported 362
Tobacco, Consumption of 311
Tongariro Mountain 9
Totalisator Permits issued 614
Town Districts, Value of Property in 571,600
Town Districts. (See Local Bodies.)
Towns, Principal, and Suburbs 132
Trade—
Australasia as Market for Great Britain, Importance of 373
External, of Australasia 371
Of Australasia, Value of, per Head 372
Of Australasia with United Kingdom 373
(See Exports.)
(See Imports.)
(See Shipping.)
Of Cook and other Islands 308,364
Per Head of Population, Twenty-one Years 366
With Atlantic and Pacific Ports of United States, Ten Years 368
With Australia 367
With Germany 368
With India 369
With United Kingdom 367
With United States 367
Transport and Communication 374
Electric Telegraph 382
Australasian 379
Cost of 377
Number of Miles travelled 377
Revenue and Expenditure for Seventeen Years 378
Traffic for Seventeen Years 377
Traffic in Local Products for Seventeen Years 377
Shipping 374
Mail-services 381
Australasian 379
Cost of 377
Number of Miles travelled 377
Revenue and Expenditure for Seventeen Years 378
Traffic for Seventeen Years 377
Traffic in Local Products for Seventeen Years 377
Shipping 374
Postal and Electric Telegraph 380
Australasian 379
Cost of 377
Number of Miles travelled 377
Revenue and Expenditure for Seventeen Years 378
Traffic for Seventeen Years 377
Traffic in Local Products for Seventeen Years 377
Shipping 374
Railways 376
Australasian 379
Cost of 377
Number of Miles travelled 377
Revenue and Expenditure for Seventeen Years 378
Traffic for Seventeen Years 377
Traffic in Local Products for Seventeen Years 377
Shipping 374
Treaty of Waitangi 4
Trout in New Zealand, Introduction of. (See Year-book, 1894, p. 431.)
Trust Office, Public (see also Year-book, 1898, p. 454) 500
Turnips, Acreage under 408
Unimproved Value, Rating on 210
United States, Trade with 367
University of New Zealand 170
Senate 172
Students 172
Undergraduates 172
Vaccination, Exemption from 469
Vaccinations, Successful, Numbers and Proportions 468
Valuation of Land, Government 555
Value of Home Produce exported 345
Vessels. (See Shipping.)
Village Settlements 626
Vital Statistics 433
Vital Statistics, Australasian Capitals, 1906 455
Volunteers 66
Wages and Prices in each Provincial District 503–507
Water-races, Canterbury 788
Wealth, Private 501
Wellington, City of—
Exports
General Description 746
Imports 805
Meteorology 258
Population (and all Suburbs) 132
Value of Property 568
Vital Statistics 442
Wellington Land District—Physical Features; Plains, Rivers, Lakes, Scenery, Forests, Soil; Climate; Harbours and Ports 5 Towns; Crown Lands; Industries, &c. 741
Wellington-Manawatu Railway
Westland Land District—Physical Features; Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Lakes; Soil; Climate; Lands; Harbours; Towns; Mining and Minerals, &c. 768
Wheat, Amount held from Previous Season 406
Acreage and Actual Yield in Provincial Districts 399
Annual Average, Principal Countries 406
Area under, and Produce, Seventeen Years 404
Annual Average, Principal Countries 406
Consumption of, in New Zealand 405
Annual Average, Principal Countries 406
Crops of Australian States 405
Crop of the World 405
Export in 1906 350
Seed sown per Acre 660
Wine, Consumption of, per Head 310
Winter Oats and Cape Barley 667
Yield per Acre 667
Women's Franchise 18,243
Wool—
Exported 346
Production of, Nineteen Years 346
Proportions of Greasy, Scoured, and Washed Wool exported, Nine Years 347
Used at Local Mills 346
Woollen Manufactures exported, Value of 343
Workers, Advances to 521,637
World's Coal Production 423
World's Gold Production 414
World's Wheat-crop 405