REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF A CENSUS OF THE COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND TAKEN FOR THE NIGHT OF THE 31ST MARCH, 1901.

A Conference of statisticians representing the seven Colonies’ of Australasia was held in Sydney, sitting from the 26th February to the 3rd March, 1900, to arrange for the collection and compilation of the census of 1901 on a uniform basis, so as to secure that full and complete comparisons could be made of the results ascertained for the different States of what is now the Commonwealth of Australia, and for New Zealand. At this Conference there were present the following delegates: Messrs. T. A. Coghlan (New South Wales), President; J. J. Fenton (Victoria); J. Hughes (Queensland); L. H. Sholl (South Australia); M. A. C. Eraser (Western Australia); R. M. Johnston (Tasmania); E. J. von Dadelszen (New Zealand).

As to fixing a date for the census, the Conference was very desirous that the appointed night should be so selected for the enumeration of the people that the census might take place when there would be least movement of population, and when the localisation would be such as to render results showing normal conditions.

It was felt that to take a census at a time of general migration like Easter would be to enumerate the people in places at which they do not usually reside, and to increase unduly the population of some localities at the expense of others

Although the night of the 28th April was agreed to by resolution, this could not be acted upon, as instructions from the several Governments eventually fixed the night for the 31st March, being the same as that adopted in the United Kingdom.

No difficulty was experienced in arranging for a form of household schedule, which has been adopted by all the colonies, and, generally, for methods of compilation which would bring the compiled tables for each into the necessary agreement for comparative purposes.

As regards New Zealand, the most important alteration in the schedule was by way of introduction of a new heading of inquiry, under which the length of residence of all persons not born in the colony was required to be stated.

The inquiries actually made in respect of the people by means of the household schedule were as under:—

Names and surnames.
Sex.
Age last birthday.
Condition as to marriage.
Relation to head of house.
Profession or occupation.
Grade of occupation.
Sickness or infirmity.
Birthplace.
Length of residence.
Religion.
Schooling (Sunday).
13 and 14. Education.

Besides the above information as to all persons in the colony given in the household schedule, returns were obtained from proprietors or persons in charge of all manufactories, mills, works having machinery and plant, and other industries, including mines and quarries. The forms used for these were very comprehensive, and included questions as to hands and steam-power employed, value of materials operated on, and of produce or manufacture, with particulars as to quantities, and value of land, buildings, machinery and plant in use.

Further returns were collected under authority of the Fourth Schedule to the Census Act, showing the number of churches, chapels, and other places of worship, their situation, accommodation, and the attendance thereat; also as to land and building societies, mechanics’ institutes, with other literary or scientific institutions.

Nearly the whole of these returns were, however, unfortunately destroyed in the fire which occurred in the Census Office while the compilation was in progress, and the information intended to have been published under these heads was in consequence considerably curtailed.

By section 3 of “The Representation Act, 1877,” the Registrar-General is required to ascertain and report to the Representation Commissioners the results of any census, and it then becomes the duty of the Commission to divide the colony into electoral districts for the apportionment of the representation of the people on the basis of population. The final figures were accordingly formally reported in a certified return, on the 29th April, 1902, The return which gives details of population in counties, boroughs, road and town districts, &c., was presented to Parliament on the 10th July, 1901, following on a preliminary return made on the 12th June, 1901. Further census results were published in the form of summary tables in the New Zealand Gazette, as under: —

Religions	7th November, 1901.
Manufactories, works, &c.	7th November, 1901, and subsequent dates.
Birthplaces	28th November, 1901.
Ages	16th January, 1902.
Sickness and infirmity	30th January, 1902.
Conjugal condition	6th March, 1902.
Education	6th March, 1902.
Occupations	19th June, 1902, and subsequent dates.

Complete parts of the census volume were circulated as rapidly as they could be put through the Press, and issued on the following dates:—

7th April, 1902,—

Part I, Population and dwellings.

22nd April, 1902,—

Part II., Religions; and Part III., Birthplaces.

23rd September, 1902,—

Part IV., Ages.
Appendix A., Manufactories, works, &c.; Appendix B., Maori census; Appendix C, Land and live-stock.

Part V., Conjugal condition; VI., Education; VII., Sickness and infirmity; and VIII., Occupations, are complete, and in the printer's hands.

TOTAL COST OF CENSUS.

The cost per head of population of taking and compiling the census of 1901 is found to have been greater than that incurred on the occasion of the census of 1896, on a comparison of the total amounts spent:—

European census—	1896.			1901.
European census—	£	s.	cl.	£	s.	d.
Enumerators	954	8	11	1,297	14	2
Clerical assistance for, and sundries	422	4	0	736	1	11
Sub-Enumerators	8,839	3	4	10,168	6	2
Total	10,215	16	3	12,202	2	3
Maori census	818	14	1	961	13	7
Total collection	11,034	10	4	13,163	15	10
Maps, &c.	674	6	0	569	12	11
Compilation, and sundries in central office	4,642	9	6	5,667	7	0
Grand total cost of census, exclusive of printing	£16,351	5	10	£19,400	15	9

The total sum for 1901 is greater than that for 1896, as is also the cost per capita of population. The figures are:—

COLLECTION OF CENSUS (EXCLUSIVE OF MAORIS).

Year.	Amount. £	Population.	Cost per head. d.
1896	10,216	703,360	3.5
1901	12,202	772,719	3.8

For the Maoris the expense was as under:—

COLLECTION OF CENSUS OF MAORI POPULATION.

Year.	Amount. £	Population.	Cost per head. d.
1896	819	39,854	4.9
1901	962	43,143	5.4

Cost of Compilation and Sundries (including Maps) in Central Office.

Year.	Amount Spent. £	Population.	Cost per head. d.
1896	5,317	703,360	1.8
1901	6,237	772,719	1.9

The total cost of the European census of 1901 was at the rate of 5.7d. per head. In 1896 the total cost amounted to 5.3d. per head.

A comparison of expenditure in the enumeration in proportion to dwellings is scarcely possible for different parts of the colony in regard to country districts, because distances between the houses vary, and for other reasons. But a comparison of cost per 100 houses in the four chief cities of the colony is both interesting and useful, as affording an idea of what the expense can be reduced to in centres like capital towns. The cost in 1901 was lowest in Wellington, £115s. 3d. per 100 dwellings. In Dunedin the expenditure was c£3 0s. 8d. per hundred, and in Christchurch £3 11s. 6d.; while in Auckland the cost was as high as £5 7s. 9d., or more than three times that in Wellington.

ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CENSUS.

The number of Enumerators appointed to control the taking of the census was forty-two, against thirty-two in 1896. Each Enumerator had his particular district, consisting of a group of counties, with their interior boroughs. To increase the number of Enumerators’ districts was essential, in view of the need for more supervision of the Sub-Enumerators employed to deliver and collect the household schedules than was exercised in 1896, and also for a more prompt examination and despatch of the census to the head office by the local Enumerators. The number of Sub-Enumerators was 895, against 787 in 1896.

The plan adopted previously of forwarding to each Enumerator two large maps, showing the contiguous counties comprising his district, was again followed. One of these was sent back to the Registrar-General with the plan of proposed Sub-Enumerator's districts marked thereon. The maps were drawn to show all the existing divisions of the country for purposes of general and local government, such as counties and ridings, road and town districts, boroughs, and towns.

The Enumerators were instructed to make a riding, or part thereof, a census sub-district, unless there were special reasons against taking such a course. Sometimes road districts were adopted. If the subdivision into Sub-Enumerator's districts was not as minute everywhere as could be desired for purposes of the most rapid execution of the work, it was nevertheless done as closely in accordance with recognised methods as the circumstances of the colony would allow. It is sometimes found better to give any thoroughly reliable person a rather large district than to subdivide further when suitable men are not available. But the subdivision of the colony as a whole was far more thorough at the census of 1901 than in 1896, which is shown by the relative numbers of Sub-Enumerators, each of whom had a sub-district to himself.

Directly the plan of subdivision of an Enumerator's district was settled the descriptions of the boundaries were forwarded to the Chief Surveyor's Office, for maps to be prepared of each Sub-Enumerator's district, coloured to exhibit all territorial divisions. These maps enabled the Sub-Enumerators so to make up their books as to show the household schedules belonging to each division of the county.

The different Chief Surveyors, on completing the Sub-Enumerator's maps for any particular county, transmitted them to the Surveyor-General's office at Wellington, to be examined and passed on to the Registrar-General, who at once issued them (with books attached) to the Enumerator within whose district such county was situated. Later on the Registrar-General issued to all Enumerators full supplies of household schedules, with the forms for special industrial returns, and others relating to such matters as places of public worship, libraries, and other literary and scientific institutions.

After the census schedules had been all received from the Sub-Enumerators, a preliminary return of population was made up by every Enumerator, and from these a summary showing the rough results of the census was compiled in Wellington and presented to Parliament on the opening-day of the session. The first parcels of household schedules received from local Enumerators at the Registrar-General's office came to hand on the 9th April, 1901. The delivery went on from that time until the 20th June, 1901, when the last parcel arrived. In the meantime a large office had been opened in Wellington for the final compilation, and considerable progress made.

THE COMPILATION.

The compilation of the census necessitated the employment of a large staff of temporary clerks. These were taken on gradually, as fast as the arrival of the schedules permitted. The maximum number of clerks employed was fifty. The work of compilation began on the 29th April, 1901, and the staff was increased to the full number in June. Reductions began in October, and continued until, in June, 1902, there were only eight clerks remaining.

These compiling clerks were selected from applicants in all parts of the colony.

The first tabulation is made directly from the household schedules, and does not deal with any of the particulars relating to the people, such as age, religion, or birthplace. The number of each sex in every dwelling house is all that is noted, and the dwelling is classified as to number of rooms, and materials of which it is composed. The sheets on which these particulars are given are headed for every division of territory having boundaries existing in the colony. On completing the tabulation of the schedules belonging to any particular division of a county, a fresh sheet is taken, as the heading has changed. Thus, by breaking the sheets, summaries can afterwards be prepared without repeating any of the tabulation, no matter how frequently the boundaries of various divisions are found to interlace each other.

The schedules are laid out in counties, with what are termed “blue” and “white dividers” to mark where divisions, such as ridings, road districts, and localities, begin and end. The blue dividers simply indicate the localities or small places having names, but no legally denned boundaries.

The first compilation does not take very long to finish, and when done the Registrar-General is able to comply with the requirements of “The Representation Act, 1887,” by reporting the exact population to the Commissioners, who are appointed to divide the colony anew into electorates on the basis of the census, as before referred to.

An Act was passed on the 13th July, 1890, and two permanent Commissions of five members each were substituted for the one under the Act of 1887. One of these Commissions is for the North Island, and the other for the Middle and Stewart Islands. The official members of the North Island Commission are the Surveyor-General and the Commissioners of Crown Lands for Taranaki and Auckland. For the Middle Island the official element is represented by the Commissioners of Crown Lands for Westland, Canterbury, and Otago. The two remaining (unofficial) members of each Commission are, by the Act, persons nominated by the House of Representatives, hut not members of the Civil Service or of the General Assembly. These Commissions first sit together as a joint Commission for the purpose of fixing, according to the manner prescribed in “The Representation Apt, 1887,” the number of the districts for the North and Middle Islands (including Stewart Island), respectively. Afterwards they act separately and independently.

The method laid down in “The Representation Act Amendment Act, 1889,” for computing for the purposes of that Act the population of the colony, is to add 28 percent. to the population not contained in any city, borough, or town district having a population of over two thousand persons. The total population of the colony (other than Maoris), with the addition aforesaid, having been ascertained, is then divided by the number of members (seventy), and the quotient thus obtained forms the quota. The four city electoral districts are so defined as to extent that the population shall be three times the quota. Inasmuch as it would be impossible to divide the country into a given number of districts all having exactly the given quota of population, the law permits the Commissioners to make an allowance of 1,250 persons by way of addition to or deduction from the population of rural districts, and 100 persons in the case of city electorates; and due consideration is given to community of interest, facilities of communication, and topographical features, as far as possible, in forming the districts. A table is given further on showing the new districts, with the actual population of each, and the nominal population—that is, with 28 percent. added to the rural portion.

In 1900 an Act was passed increasing the number of members from seventy to seventy-six, and authorising the constitution of six additional electoral districts.

Proceeding as indicated above, each Island was found to be entitled to thirty-eight members. Previously the North Island had only thirty-four members, and the other thirty-six, but movement of population has altered the proportions in favour of the North.

When the work of the Joint Commission was done, the Commissioners for each Island met in Wellington on the 12th June,. 1902, to readjust boundaries, and again, subsequently (one at Wellington and one at Christchurch), for the consideration of objections. The districts were finally gazetted on the 13th August, 1902.

Reverting to the compilation of the census, the second tabulation was not made directly from the census schedules. In order to obtain tables showing the number of people of each sex at various ages, in combination with information as to their religion, birthplace, conjugal condition, degree of education, occupation, health, and other particulars, it has been found best to mark a card for each person, and then to tabulate the results of the sorted cards on to sheets ruled with the necessary columns. Any number of different combinations can be obtained from cards with perfect facility. They are used in vital statistics for a double purpose, first as a means of tabulating causes of death in combination with ages of deceased persons, and then, after being sorted into an alphabetical arrangement of the names, the general index of deaths registered is prepared from them, by means of which searches are made when copies of entries are called for.

The labour of transferring information from the schedules to the cards is not nearly so great as might at first be imagined, because the cards are printed in such a way that a mere stroke of the pencil across a small square space is enough for the most part to indicate what is wanted. Recognised abbreviations of words are permitted for the rest, such as “G.S.” for Government scholar, “Dr.” for daughter. The accompanying specimen of the form of printed card used will show that much work is saved.^* A clerk in/practice can mark a large number of cards in a day.

The checking of the cards is certainly a serious matter. It is effected by reading off with the schedules, and, if not insisted on, the census would be unreliable. But when the cards are all filled up and checked the benefit is at once discovered, and the preparation of the summary tables is conducted with so much facility and certainty that the advantages far outweigh the delay and cost of making ready the cards. In fact, the work closes up rapidly when these cards are complete.

* For further remarks on this particular form of card see paper on “Modes of Census-taking in the British Dominions,” by R. H. Hooker, M.A., Assistant-Secretary to the Royal Statistical Society, and read before that body on the l6th January, 1894. A model of the New Zealand card is there given, with special comments,

To avoid disturbing the cards for each county or borough by picking out those in regard to which exceptional information is wanted, a system of duplicate cards is used; as an instance, a second card is filled up for every Chinaman found in the census. These are kept by themselves, and tables relating to the Chinese are made up from them without interfering with the great mass of ordinary cards.

The processes of preparing the cards and checking them were carried on simultaneously, to secure good work. Card-writing began on the 1st June, 1901, and the whole were finished by the 11th October.

The sorting of the cards is done into cases placed upon the tables at which the clerks sit. These cases are divided into suitable compartments by means of movable pieces of wood, so that the sizes of the pigeon-holes can be varied according to the quantity of cards they are required to contain at different stages of the work. A checker tests the correctness of each sorting and count of the cards before they are removed from the pigeon-holes.

During the time that the second tabulation of the population was in progress the special industrial returns collected with the census were tabulated, and a complete set of tables relative to manufactories, works, &c, was compiled. The first census industrial statistics appeared in the Gazette of the 7th November, 1901. It was found that by publishing a little at a time the attention of the public was better drawn to the census, and interest in it kept alive, than by holding the matter back. After all the office summaries were completed, the tables for the census volume were made up from them. In these there is a good deal of calculating to be done, and many comparisons to make.

PART I.—POPULATION AND HOUSES.

Table of Contents

POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF NEW ZEALAND, 1891, 1896, 1901

POPULATION (EXCLUDING MAORIS).

2. POPULATION OF PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

3. POPULATION OF COUNTIES.

4. POPULATION OF BOROUGHS.

SUBURBS OF AUCKLAND.

SUBURBS OF WELLINGTON.

SUBURBS OF CHRISTCHURCH.

SUBURBS OF DUNEDIN.

5. POPULATION OF TOWN DISTRICTS AND SMALL CENTRES.

6. POPULATION OF ADJACENT ISLANDS.

7. POPULATION ON SHIPBOARD.

8. Density Of Population.

NUMBER OF PERSONS TO A SQUARE MILE.

9. PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES.

NUMBER OF FEMALES TO 100 MALES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

10. DWELLINGS OF THE PEOPLE.

11. UNINHABITED DWELLING-HOUSES.

12. HOUSES IN COURSE OF ERECTION.

Chapter 1.

Table of Contents

POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF NEW ZEALAND, 1891, 1896, 1901

POPULATION (EXCLUDING MAORIS).

The population of the Colony of New Zealand, according to the census taken on the 31st March, 1901, numbered 772,719 persons (exclusive of Maoris). The Maori population, including 31 Morioris at the Chatham Islands, was found to be 43,143, making a total of 815,862 persons altogether, of whom 2,857 were Chinese, and 5,540 half-castes.

Of the half-caste population—5,540 persons—2,407 were living amongst and as Europeans, while 3,133 persons were living with the Maoris. The total half-caste or mixed European and Native population was 5,762 persons in 1896, and the decrease for five years amounted to 222, or 3.87 per cent. Included in the Maori population are 190 Maori wives of European husbands. In the year 1886 201 Europeans were returned as married to Maori women, in 1891 the number was 251, and at the census of 1896 the number was 229.

The Chinese population shows a decrease since 1896 from 3,711 to 2,857, or at the rate of 23.01 per cent.

The numbers of the sexes in the population of the colony are shown in the statement below:—

	Total Population (including Chinese and Half-castes)			Half-castes(included previously).
	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Males.	Females.
Population (excluding Maoris)	772,719	405,992	336,727	1,188	1,219
Maori population	43,112	23,097	20,015	1,694	1,439
Morioris at Chatham Islands	31	15	16	…	…
Total population of the colony	815,862	429,104	386,758	2,882	2,658

Chinese, 2,857 persons, included in above.

At this point of the report it is convenient to leave any consideration of the Maori population, and deal only with the numbers excluding the Natives. Remarks on the Maori census will be found given by way of an Appendix.

The population (exclusive of Natives) at the census of April, 1896, was found to be 703,360 persons; so that the increase for the five-year period ended March, 1901, was 69,359 persons, or at the rate of 9–86 per cent.

This percentage is greater than the increase for the quinquennium 1886–91 when the colony added only 8.33 per cent, to its European population, but not so great as that for the period 1891–96, which was at the rate of 12–24 per cent.

Of the total increase in 1896–1901, 59,844 persons represent the natural increase by excess of births over deaths, and the remainder, 9,515, the excess of arrivals over departures.

The increase since 1858 is shown in tabular form:—

Census Years and Months.	Increases.
Census Years and Months.	Population. Persons.	Numerical.	Centesimal
1858, December	59,413
		39,608	66.67
1861, December	99,021
		73,137	73.86
1864, December	172,158
		46,510	27.01
1867, December	218,668
		37,725	17.25
1871, February	256,393
		43,121	16.82
1874, March	299,514
		114,898	38.36
1878, March	414,412
		75,521	18.22
1881, April	489,933
		88,549	18.07
1886, March	578,482
		48,176	8.33
1891, April	626,658
		76,702	12.24
1896, April	703,360
		69,359	9.86
1901, March	772,719

The average annual increase of population, judged by the results of the two last censuses, is at the rate of T90 per cent. Between 1891–96 the average rate was 2.40 per cent., and between 1886 and 1891 the rate was 1.60 per cent, per annum.

The census of March, 1901, proved the Registrar-General's estimates of population (made up by calculating annually the natural increase by excess of births over deaths and the increase by excess of arrivals over departures) to be very near to the truth. Thus, the estimate for the 31st March, 1901, was 775,122 persons, or within 2,403 of the population enumerated in the census. This very satisfactory closeness of the estimated population to the actual count of the people has been attained to a great extent by checking the returns of departures received from the Customs authorities with special returns supplied by the pursers of the Union Steamship Company's boats, in which are included all the persons who did not book passages at the final port of departure; also, the estimate is closer than it would have been if very great overcrowding of outgoing steamers had taken place between April, 1896, and March, 1901. New Zealand being insular, no doubt the estimates made between the different censuses ought to be fairly correct, but it is none the less satisfactory to find them so, as proof is given of a complete registration of births and deaths, besides of careful inquiry as to the outflow7 or influx of population to and from abroad.

The increase of population of the North and South Islands has not been by any means uniform during the period 1896–1901, or the preceding quinquennium 1891–96. The respective rates of progress are exhibited in the next statement:—

POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF NEW ZEALAND, 1891, 1896, 1901

(EXCLUDING MAORIS).

	1891.	1896.	Increase.
	1891.	1896.	Number.	Percentage
North Island and adjacent islets	281,455	340,631	59,176	21.03
South Island and adjacent islets	344,711	362,236	17,525	5.08
Stewart Island	202	252	50	…
Chatham Islands	271	234	− 37	dec.
Kermadec Islands	19	7	… 12	dec.
Totals for colony	626,658	703,360	76,702	12.24

	1896.	1901.	Increase.
	1896.	1901.	Number.	Percentage.
North Island and adjacent islets	340,631	390,571	49,940	12.79
South Island and adjacent islets	362,236	381,661	19,425	5.09
Stewart Island	252	272	20	…
Chatham Islands	234	207	− 27	dec.
Kermadec Islands	7	8	1	…
Totals for colony	703,360	772,719	69,359	9.86

Here it will be observed that the rate of increase for the two periods of five years each is slightly over 5 per cent, in the South Island, whereas in the North Island the increase is 21.03 per cent, for the period 1891–96, and 12–79 per cent, for 1896–1901. The average annual increase during ten years in the South Island has been 1.02 per cent., and that of the North Island for the last five years 2.56 per cent.

The population may be divided into persons enumerated on the census night as in the counties, in the boroughs, in the small islands belonging to the colony, and on shipboard. The numbers are given:—

POPULATION (EXCLUDING MAORIS).

	Persons.	Males.	Females.
In counties	417,596	231,426	186,170
In boroughs	350,202	170,450	179,752
On adjacent islands	943	589	354
Chatham Islands	207	112	95
Kermedec Islands	8	5	3
On shipboard	3,763	3,410	353
Total for colony	772,719	405,992	366,727

A comparison of the results for three census periods shows that the borough population increases at a slightly greater proportion to the whole than the county population. Thus in 1891 the counties had 352,097 persons and the boroughs 270,343, or, for every 100 persons in the colony (excluding the population of the adjacent islands and persons on shipboard) 56.57 belonged to the counties and 43.43 to the boroughs. In 1896 the county population had reached 391,735 persons, but was only 56.04 per cent, of the total, while the boroughs had 307,294 persons, or 43.96 per cent, of the whole county and borough population. In March, 1901, the figures were: —

	Persons.	Per Cent.
In countries	417,596	54.39
In boroughs	350,202	45.

Showing again n proportion somewhat in favour of the boroughs, when compared with the previous census.

Chapter 2. POPULATION OF PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

A statement of the population in each of the nine provincial districts and on the Chatham Islands is given, contrasted with the numbers as at the census of 1896:—

Provincial Districts.	April, 1896.			March, 1901.
Provincial Districts.	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Auckland	153,564	81,206	72,358	175,938	92,944	82,994
Taranaki	31,175	16,900	14,275	37,855	20,569	17,286
Hawke's Bay	34,038	18,397	15,641	35,424	18,859	16,565
Wellington	121,854	64,586	57,268	141,354	74,234	67,120
Marlborough	12,483	6,704	5,779	13,326	7,151	6,175
Nelson	35,734	19,574	16,160	37,915	20,607	17,308
Westland	14,469	8,106	6,363	14,506	8,106	6,400
Canterbury	135,858	69,708	66,150	143,041	72,871	70,170
Otago	163,944	86,098	77,846	173,145	90,534	82,611
Chatham Islands	234	132	102	207	112	95
Kermadec Islands	7	4	3	8	5	3
Totals	703,360	371,415	331,945	772,719	405,992	366,727

The numerical and centesimal increases for the provincial districts during the periods 1891–96 and 1896–1901 were:—

Provincial Districts.	1891–96.		1896–1901.
Provincial Districts.	Numerical.	Percentage.	Numerical.	Percentage.
Auckland	Increase, 20,405	15.32	Increase, 22,374	14.57
Taranaki	Increase, 9,110	41.29	Increase, 6,680	21.42
Hawke's Bay	Increase, 5,532	19.41	Increase, 1,386	4.07
Wellington	Increase, 24,129	24.69	Increase, 19,500	16.00
Marlborough	Decrease, − 284	− 2.22	Increase, 843	6.75
Nelson	Increase, 964	2.77	Increase, 2,181	6.10
Westland	Decrease, − 1,418	− 8.93	Increase, 37	0.26
Canterbury	Increase, 7,466	5.82	Increase, 7,183	5.29
Otago	Increase, 10,847	7.09	Increase, 9,201	5.61

Of the total increase in the period 1896–1901, amounting to 69,359 persons, or 9.86 per cent, for the colony, more than one-half took place in the Auckland and Wellington Provincial Districts; the numbers by way of increase for those districts being 22,374, or 14–57 per cent., and 19,500, or 16–00 per cent., respectively But the largest proportional advance was in Taranaki, being the excellent increase of 21–42 per cent. Hawke's Bay shows an increase of 4–07 per cent. The population of Otago increased 5–61 per cent, only; Canterbury still less, 5–29 per cent.; in Marlborough there was an increase for the quinquennium of 6.75 per cent.; in Nelson, 6–10 per cent.; and in Westland 0.26 per cent. The advantage is strikingly in favour of the provincial districts of the North Island, as pointed out previously. The rate of progress in 1891–96 was greater than that in 1896–1901 in Auckland, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Wellington, Canterbury, and Otago. At Nelson, Marlborough, and Westland the progress was greater in the latter period.

Chapter 3. POPULATION OF COUNTIES.

New Zealand is, by “The Counties Act, 1876,” divided into counties and boroughs, excepting certain outlying islands, which are not within county boundaries. It is provided by the above-mentioned Act that boroughs shall not be included in counties. In March, 1901, the number of counties was 86. Of these, the North Island had 52, with a population amounting altogether to 216,725 persons. The South Island had 33 counties, the population being 200,618 persons. Stewart Island is a county in itself and has a population of 253 persons. The names and populations of the various counties in the colony were as under at the date of the enumeration:—

Counties.	Census, 1901.	Census, 1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Mongonui	2,274	1,889	Inc. 385
Whangaroa	927	969	Dec. 42
Hokianga	1,767	1,909	Dec. 142
Bay of Islands	2,587	2,723	Dec. 136
Hobson	4,813	3,750	Inc. 1,063
Whangarei	6,380	6,847	^*
Otaamatea	2,721	2,483	Inc. 238
Rodney	3,678	3,464	Inc. 214
Waitemata	7,035	6,762	Inc. 273
Eden	19,314	15,940	Inc. 3,374
Manukau	12,306	12,185	Inc. 121
Coromandel	4,169	4,987	Dec. 818
Thames	5,043	4,515	Inc. 528
Ohinemuri	9,978	4,761	Inc. 5,217
Piako	2,436	2,706	^*
Waikato	3,183	2,814	Inc. 369
Waipa	3,580	3,584	Dec. 4
Raglan	1,697	1,545	Inc. 152
Kawhia	1,113	598	Inc. 515
West Taupo	287	156	Inc. 131
East Taupo	256	232	Inc. 24
Rotorua	1,307	840	Inc. 467
Tauranga	1,720	1,622	Inc. 98
Whakatane	779
		1,988	Inc. 229
Opotiki	1,438
Waiapu	711	447	Inc. 264
Cook	6,393	5,287	Inc. 1,106
Clifton	2,535	1,450	Inc. 1,085
Taranaki	11,194	9,970	Inc. 1,224
Stratford	5,081	5,141	^*
Hawera	8,347	6,934	Inc. 1,413
Patea	3,046	3,034	Dec. 38
Waitotara	3,476	2,737	Inc. 739
Wanganui	4,018	3,095	Inc. 923
Rangitikei	7,570	6,030	Inc. 1,540
Kiwitea	2,844	2,428	Inc. 416
Oroua	6,778	6,450	Inc. 328
Pohangina	1,536	1,351	Inc. 185
Manawatu	3,000	2,709	Inc. 291
Horowhenua	4,654	3,792	Inc. 862
Hawke's Bay	6,833	6,894	Dec. 61
Wairoa	1,773	1,490	Inc. 283
Waipawa	9,495	8,866	Inc. 629
Paiangata	2,376	2,374	Inc. 2
Pahiatua	3,600	3,208	Inc. 392
Eketahuna	2,332	7,209	Inc. 878
Akitio	1,048
Castlepoint	457
Mauriceville	1,127
Masterton	3,123
Wairarapa South	5,419	5,409	Inc. 10
Hutt	7,171	5,750	Inc. 1,421
Sounds	946	747	Inc. 199
Marlborough	6,518	6,330	Inc. 188
Kaikoura	1,765	1,575	Inc. 190
Collingwood	2,490	2,509	Dec. 19
Waimea	7,833	8,591	^*
Buller	4,868	4,333	Inc. 35
Inangahua	4,595	4,254	Inc. 341
Grey	4,971	4,592	Inc. 379
Westland	4,405	4,723	Dec. 318
Amuri	1,142	916	Inc. 226
Cheviot	1,120	1,042	Inc. 78
Ashley	11,599	11,913	Dec. 354
Selwyn	30,787	30,090	^*
Akaroa	3,669	3,886	Dec. 217
Ashburton	11,342	10,820	Inc. 522
Geraldine	5,991	7,499	^*
Levels	5,496	7,723	Inc. 2,227
Mackenzie	1,642	1,514	Inc. 128
Waimate	5,653	4,777	Inc. 876
Waitaki	9,086	8,876	Inc. 210
Waihemo	2,014	2,148	Dec. 134
Waikouaiti	4,082	4,389	Dec. 307
Peninsula	2,561	2,645	Dec. 84
Taieri	7,179	6,950	Inc. 229
Bruce	4,762	4,828	Dec. 66
Tuapeka	6,272	6,477	Dec. 205
Clutha	6,445	6,564	Dec. 119
Maniototo	3,792	3,742	Inc. 50
Vincent	4,362	4,090	Inc. 272
Lake	2,535	2,663	Dec. 128
Southland	22,583	21,603	Inc. 980
Wallace	7,989	6,657	Inc. 1,332
Fiord	124	151	Dec. 27
Stewart Island	253	244	Inc. 9

As before stated, the total county population amounted to 417,596, or 54.04 per cent, of the total for the colony.^† In counties are included all towns not constituted municipal boroughs; but, on the other hand, the people living in many of the boroughs can hardly be called townsfolk. The population in boroughs, which is given in detail further on, was 350,202 persons, or 45.32 percent, of the whole. For every 100 persons resident in counties in 1901 there were 84 residing in boroughs. In 1896 the counties had 391,735 persons, and the boroughs 307,294, or, in other words, for every 100 persons in counties 78 were residents of the boroughs. Thus it will be seen that the proportion of the town to the county population was greater in 1901 than in 1896.

* sundry boroughs were cut from these countries between 1896and 1901.

† For population of ridings, road districts, and localities, see Census volume, p.33, Part I

Chapter 4. POPULATION OF BOROUGHS.

Table of Contents

SUBURBS OF AUCKLAND.

SUBURBS OF WELLINGTON.

SUBURBS OF CHRISTCHURCH.

SUBURBS OF DUNEDIN.

There were 101 municipal boroughs in existence when the census of 1901 was taken. This was an increase of 6 on the number in 1896. Some of the new boroughs were town districts in 1896. In the following tables no populations are given for 1896 in respect of boroughs incorporated after that date, as a true comparison cannot well be made.

Boroughs.	Census, 1901.	Census, 1896.	Increase or Decrease.
* Since 1896 the boundaries of the boroughs have been extended
Whangarei	1,429	…	…
Birkenhead	1,057	690	Inc. 367
Devonport	3,823	3,010	Inc. 813
Auckland	34,213	31,424	Inc. 2,789
Grey Lynn	4,110	2,379	Inc. 731
Newmarket	2,060	1,929	Inc. 131
Parnell	4,566	4,196	Inc. 370
Onehunga	3,015	2,913	Inc. 102
Te Aroha	888	…	…
Thames	4,009	4,261	Dec. 252
Hamilton	1,253	1,248	Inc. 5
Cambridge	989	865	Inc. 124
Tauranga	945	1,018	Dec. 252
Gisborne.	2,737	2,334	Inc. 403
New Plymouth	4,405	3,825	Inc. 580
Stratford	2,027	…	…
Hawera	2,131	1,770	Inc. 361
Patea	691	739	Dec. 48
Wanganui	7,329	5,936	Inc. 1,393
Marton	1,101	1,151	Dec. 50
Feilding	2,298	2,045	Inc. 253
Palmerston North	6,534	5,910	Inc. 624
Foxton	1,211	1,102	Inc. 109
Hastings	3,650	3,190	Inc. 460
Napier	8,774	9,231	Dec. 457
Dannevirke	2,315	1,415	Inc. 900
Woodville	926	1,060	Dec. 134
Pahiatua	1,209	1,158	Inc. 51
Masterton	3,949	3,493	Inc. 456
Carterton	1,205	1,291	Dec. 86
Greytown	1,122	1,129	Inc. 7
Lower Hutt	1,822	1,520	Inc. 302
Petone	3,780	2,685	Inc. 1,095
Onslow	1,499	1,249	Inc. 250
Wellington	43,638	37,441	Inc. 6,197
Karori	1,212	1,024	Inc. 188
Melrose	2,995	2,044	Inc. 951
Picton	875	870	Inc. 5
Blenheim	3,222	3,018	Inc. 204
Nelson	7,010	6,659	Inc. 351
Richmond	543	562	Dec. 19
Motueka	886	…	…
Westport	2,922	2,424	Inc. 498
Greymouth	3,748	3,099	Inc. 649
Burnner	1,572	1,632	Dec. 60
Kumara	1,121	1,149	Dec. 28
Hokitika	1,946	2,059	Dec. 113
Ross	614	727	Dec. 113
Rangiora	1,768	1,869	Dec. 101
Kaiapoi	1,795	1,828	Dec. 33
Christchurch	17,538	16,964	Inc. 574
Lin wood	6,737	6,115	Inc. 622
St. Albans	6,607	5,781	Inc. 826
Sydenham	11,404	10,312	Inc. 1,092
Woolston	2,532	2,057	Inc. 475
Sumner	844	588	Inc. 256
New Brighton	1,008	…	…
Lyttelton	4,023	3,898	Inc. 125
Akaroa	559	613	Dec. 54
Ashburton	2,322	2,082	Inc. 240
Temuka	1,465	…	…
Timaru.	6,424^*	3,613	…
Waimate	1,359	1,286	Inc. 73
Oamaru	4,836	5,225	Dec. 389
Hampden	331	353	Dec. 22
Palmerston South	738	775	Dec. 37
Hawksbury	690	760	Dec. 70
Port Chalmers	2,056	1,901	Inc. 155
North East Valley	3,527	3,374	Inc. 153
Maori Hill	1,550	1,483	Inc. 67
West Harbour	1,465	1,366	Inc. 99
Dunedin	24,879	22,815	Inc. 2,064
Roslyn	4,632	4,118	Inc. 514
Mornington	4,008	3,584	Inc. 424
Caversham	5,266	4,763	Inc. 503
St. Kilda	1,700	1,185	Inc. 515
South Dunedin	5,363	4,592	Inc. 771
Green Island	667	663	Inc. 4
Mosgiel	1,463	1,382	Inc. 81
Milton	1,241	1,139	Inc. 102
Kaitangata	1,463	1,362	Inc. 101
Balclutha	1,017	925	Inc. 92
Lawrence	1,159	996	Inc. 163
Roxburgh	478	433	Inc. 45
Tapanui	350	408	Dec. 58
Naseby	505	447	Inc. 58
Cromwell	642	539	Inc. 103
Alexandra	818	454	Inc. 364
Arrow town	410	409	Inc. 1
Queenstown	690	781	Dec. 91
Gore	2,354	2,032	Inc. 322
Mataura	867	789	Inc. 78
Winton	474	397	Inc. 77
Invercargill	6,215	5,632	Inc. 583
North Invercargill	925	877	Inc. 48
South Invercargill	1,874	1,886	Dec. 12
East Invercargill	939	935	Inc. 4
Avenal	355	327	Inc. 28
Gladstone	329	339	Dec. 10
Campbelltown	1,350	1,075	Inc. 275
Riverton	815	893	Dec. 78

The Cities of Auckland, Christ church, and Dunedin have considerable suburbs. The suburban population of Wellington is comparatively small. The following gives the names and populations of the several areas which may fairly be termed suburbs of the four principal boroughs:—

SUBURBS OF AUCKLAND.

	Population. Census, 1901
Boroughs—
Birkenhead	1,057
Devonport	3,823
Newmarket	2,060
Grey Lynn (Newton)	4,110
Parnell	4,566
Road Districts—
Arch Hill	1,671
Eden Terrace	2,011
Epsom	750
Mount Albert	2,085
Mount Eden	5,129
Mount Roskill	581
One-tree Hill	1,283
Point Chevalier	684
Remuera	2,186
Northcote Riding	767
Outlying portion of Parnell Riding being land in the Domain with hospital on it	250
Total, suburbs	33,013
Auckland City	34,213
Total Auckland and suburbs	67,226

SUBURBS OF WELLINGTON.

boroughs—
Onslow	1,499
Melrose	2,995
Karori	1,212
Total suburbs	5,706
Wellington City	43,638
Total Wellington and suburbs	49,344

SUBURBS OF CHRISTCHURCH.

	Population. Census, 1901.
Boroughs—
Sydenham	11,404
St. Albans	6,607
Linwood	6,737
New Brighton	1,008
Woolston	2,532
Road Districts—
Spreydon	1,457
Halswell (part)	156
Riccarton (part)	4,371
Avon (part)	2,843
Heathcote (part)	2,388
Total suburbs	39,503
Christchurch City	17,538
Total Christchurch and suburbs	57,041

In laying off the suburbs of Christchurch the boundaries of the Christchurch Health District have been mainly followed.

SUBURBS OF DUNEDIN.

Boroughs—
Caversham	5,266
Maori Hill	1,550
Mornington	4,008
North-East Valley	3,527
Roslyn	4,632
St. Kilda	1,700
South Dunedin	5,363
West Harbour	1,465
Total suburbs	27,511
Dunedin City	24,879
Total Dunedin and suburbs	52,390

The increase of population for five years at the four chief centres, with their suburbs, was —

	Census, 1896.	Census, 1901.	Numerical increase	Increase Percent
Auckland and suburbs	57,616	67,226	9,610	16.68
Wellington and suburbs	41,758	49,344	7,586	18.17
Christchurch and suburbs	51,330	57,041	5,711	11..13
Dunedin and suburbs	47,280	52,390	5,110	10.81

Thus the two principal cities of the North Island are found to have progressed at a greater rate than those of the South Island, and Wellington in particular is shown to have developed to a greater degree than any other of the four chief towns.

The increase of population for ten years Mt the four chief centres, with their suburbs, was:—

	Census, 1891.	Census, 1901.	Numerical increase	Increase Percent
Auckland and suburbs	51,287	67,226	15,939	31.08
Wellington and suburbs	34,190	49,344	15,154	44.32
Christchurch and suburbs	47,846	57,041	9,195	19.22
Dunedin and suburbs	45,869	52,390	6,521	14.22

Chapter 5. POPULATION OF TOWN DISTRICTS AND SMALL CENTRES.

Besides the boroughs, there are 35 town districts (including the special town district of Rotorua, constituted under “The Thermal-Springs Districts Act, 1881,”) which are portions of the counties in which they are situated. One only of these, Hampstead, has more than 1,000 inhabitants. A list of these town districts is subjoined, with populations, as in 1901 ”

Town Districts.	Population.
* Constituted under “The Thermal-Springs District Act, 1881.”
Kamo	260
Helensville	531
Papakura	286
Te Awamutu	355
Kihikihi	222
Ngaruawahia	245
Rotorua^*	914
Opotiki	627
Waitara (Raleigh)	765
Opunake	466
Inglewood	719
Normanby	370
Manaia	447
Waverley	416
Lethbridge	230
Bulls	501
Halcombe	336
Clyde (Wairoa)	623
Taradale	763
Ormondville	459
Waipawa	669
Kaikora North	268
Featherston	629
Johnsonville	502
Havelock	316
Amberley	417
Southbridge	396
Hampstead	1,118
Tinwald	561
Geraldine	868
Allan ton (formerly Grey)	227
Outram	420
Clinton	431
Wyndham	417
Otautau	443

In addition to the boroughs and town districts above referred to, the census results showed for 1901 throughout the colony no less than 683 places of the nature of townships, villages, or small centres without defined boundaries. It is impossible to say that the populations of these small centres are all strictly accurate, even for the census date, or given in such a way as to be fit for comparison one with another. In different cases more or less of surrounding country may have been considered as belonging to the centre, but there is at least at each place mentioned some sort of nucleus of population, if not a well-defined village or township. In making the statement the best has been done with a difficult matter, and the. information is given as useful—in some cases, like that of Waihi and Reefton, important—even if open to objection here and there. The county in which each is situated is also given:—

	population.
Abbotsford, Taieri	284
Adair, Levels	206
Adams's Flat, Bruce	76
Adamson's, Southland	69
Addison's Flat, Buller	208
Ahaura, Grey	219
Albany, Waitemata	87
Albert Town, Vincent	73
Alford Forest, Ashburton	221
Alfredton (and vicinity), Masterton	332
Allandale, Waihemo	115
Allenton, Ashburton.	837
Alma, Waitaki	123
Alton, Patea	58
Anderson's Bay, Peninsula	567
Annat, Selwyn	105
Antonio.s Flat, Inangahua	51
Aongatete, Tauranga	22
Aoroa, Hobson	373
Apiti, Pohangina	128
Aramoho, Waitotara	1,002
Arapohu, Hobson	189
Aratapu, Hobson	556
Arden, Taieri	87
Argyle, Southland	80
Arthurtown, Westland	71
Arundel, Geraldine	38
Ashley, Ashley	202
Ashhurst (and vicinity), Oroua	545
Athol, Southland	72
Avondale, Eden	826
Awahuri, Manawatu	42
Awakino, Kawhia	124
Awanui, Waiapu	51
Awhitu, Manukau	413
Bainham, Collingwood	126
Bald Hill Flat, Vincent	175
Ballance, Pahiatua	73
Bannockburn, Vincent	394
Barkly, Southland	63
Barry's Bay, Akaroa	154
Basting's, Tuapeka	28
Beaconsfield, Levels	122
Beck's, Maniototo	67
Belfast, Selwyn	613
Belfield Village Settlement, Geraldine	166
Belgrove, Waimea	156
Bendigo, Vincent	49
Bennett's, Ashley	77
Berwick, Taieri	87
Blackball, Grey	382
Black's Point, Inangahua	315
Blackwater, Inangahua	149
Blair Taieri, Taieri	35
Blue Spur, Westland	135
Bombay, Manukau	363
Bowentown, Tauranga	24
Brighton, Buller	19
Brighton, Taieri	119
Brightwater, Waimea	391
Broad Bay, Peninsula	156
Brockville, Taieri	23
Buckley, Cook	164
Buffalo (and vicinity), Coromandel	574
Bulltown, Ohinemuri	27
Bunnythorpe (and vicinity), Oroua	148
Burke's, Mackenzie	143
Burnside (and vicinity), Taieri	469
Burnveil and Lovell's Fiat, Bruce	89
Burwood, Selwyn	140
Cabbage Bay, Coromandel	18
Callaghan's, Westland	79
Cambrian's, Maniototo	103
Cambridge West, Waipa	238
Cape Foulwind, Buller	182
Capleston, Inangahua	153
Cardrona, Lake	126
Castlecliffe, Waitotara	412
Castlepoint, Castlepoint	22
Centre Bush, Southland	83
Charleston, Buller	199
Charlton, Southland	108
Chatton, Southland	32
Cheltenham, Kiwitea	39
Chertsey, Ashburton	99
Clareville, Wairarapa South	93
Clarkville, Ashley	253
Clifton, Wallace	93
Clifton, Collingwood	60
Clyde, Vincent	374
Coalbrookdale, Buller	111
Coal Creek, Tuapeka	220
Coalgate (and vicinity), Selwyn	129
Cobden, Grey	423
Collingwood, Collingwood	16
Cooptown, Akaroa	96
Coromandel, Coromandel	663
Courtenay, Selwyn	161
Crofton, Rangitikei	148
Cromarty, Fiord	28
Crushington, lnangahua	152
Cullensville, Marlborough	84
Culverden, Amuri	87
Dacre, Southland	44
Dalefield, Wairarapa South	311
Danieltown, Wallace	68
Dalefield, Selwyn	118
Dargaville, Hobson	505
Deborah, Waitaki	34
Deborah Bay, Waikouaiti	163
Denlair, Wanganui	61
Denniston, Buller	793
Dillman's, Westland	168
Dipton, Southland	68
Doyleston, Selwyn	154
Dromore, Ashburton	78
Drummond, Wallace	248
Drury (and vicinity), Manukau	364
Dunback, Waihemo	165
Dunganville, Grey	90
Dunkeld, Tuapeka	105
Dunsandel, Selwyn	236
Duntroon, Waitaki	181
Durietown, Wanganui	355
Duvauchelle's Bay, Akaroa	145
East Clive, Hawke's Bay	141
East Dipton (and vicinity), Southland	139
Eastern Bush, Wallace	17
Eastown, Wanganui	238
East Winton, Southland	155
Edendale, Southland	180
Egmont, Taranaki	33
Eketahuna, Eketahuna	340
Ellesmere, Selwyn	103
Eltham, Hawera	400
Enfield, Waitaki	161
Epworth, Geraldine	105
Ettrick, Tuapeka	68
Evansdale, Waikouaiti	52
Eweburn, Maniototo	103
Fairdown, Buller	75
Fairfax (and vicinity), Bruce	183
Fairfield, Taieri	110
Fairlie, Mackenzie	597
Feldwick, Wallace	23
Fendalton, Selwyn	309
Fernhills, Southland	70
Fernside (and vicinity), Ashley	550
Ferntown, Collingwood	81
Flax Swamp, Waikouaiti	87
Flaxton, Ashley	17
Fordell, Wanganui	283
Fortrose, Southland	131
Frankton, Lake	265
Frasertown, Wairoa	175
Galatea, Whakatane	14
Garfield, Wallace	42
Georgetown, Waitaki	84
German Bay, Akaroa	155
Gibbston, Lake	158
Gibbstown, Collingwood	192
Girnmerburn, Maniototo	196
Glenavy, Waimate	98
Gleniti (and vicinity), Levels	99
Glenorchy, Lake	18
Glenore, Bruce	81
Glentunnel, Selwyn	153
Golden Cross, Ohinemuri	383
Goldsborough, Westland	146
Gordon Special Settlement, Piako	89
Governor's Bay, Akaroa	169
Grahamstown, Whangarei	60
Granity Creek, Buller	366
Grassmere, Southland	137
Greatford (and vicinity), Rangitikei	132
Greendale, Selwyn	340
Green Island Bush, Taieri	229
Greenlane, Eden	191
Greenpark, Selwyn	336
Greerton, Tauranga	99
Grovetown, Marlborough	352
Gumtown, Coromandel	107
Hakaru, Otamatea	44
Hakataramea (and vicinity), Waimate	264
Hamilton, Maniototo	27
Hampden, Waipawa	261
Hamua, Pahiatua	202
Hanmer Springs, Amuri	154
Harwood, Southland	81
Hastings, Thames	112
Hastwell, Mauriceville	220
Hatter's, or Nelson Greek, Grey	156
Hawarahu, Manukau	62
Havelock, Hawke's Bay	374
Hawarden, Ashley	66
Hawea, Vincent	39
Hawthorndale, Southland	42
Heddon Bush, Wallace	146
Henderson (and vicinity), Waitemata	357
Henley, Taieri	122
Herbert, Waitaki	282
Herbertville, Patangata	129
Heriot (and vicinity), Tuapeka	206
Highcliffe, Peninsula	222
Hikurangi, Whangarei	495
Hikutaia, Thames	152
Hillgrove, Waitaki	37
Hindon, Taieri	192
Hirstfield, Wallace	52
Hobsonville, Waitemata	194
Hodgkinson, Wallace	48
Hohoura, Mongonui	272
Holmesdale, Wallace	19
Horndon, Selwyn	189
Hororata, Selwyn	269
Howick (and vicinity), Manukau	617
Huia, Taranaki	54
Huiakama, Stratford	45
Huirangi, Taranaki	40
Hukerenui, Whangarei	110
Hunterville, Rangitikei	576
Huntly, Waikato	622
Hurunui, Ashley	58
Hyde, Maniototo	164
Ida Valley, Vincent	203
Inangahua Junction, lnangahua	98
Inglewood, Southland	46
Islington, Selwyn	289
Jackeytown, Oroua	85
Josephville, Southland	19
Kaeo (and vicinity), Whangaroa	324
Kaihu, Hobson	105
Kai Iwi, Waitotara	111
Kaikohe, Bay of Islands	115
Kaikoura, Kaikoura	516
Kaitaia, Mongonui	106
Kaitawa, Pahiatua	95
Kakanui (North), Waitaki	126
Kakanui (South), Waitaki	181
Kakaramea, Patea	117
Kanieri, Westland	149
Kapanga, Coromandel	328
Karaka, Cook	110
Karangahake, Ohinemuri	205
Katu, Hokianga	48
Kaukapakapa, Waitemata	543
Kaurihohore, Whangarei	191
Kawakawa, Bay of Islands	263
Kawarau Gorge, Vincent	40
Kawhia, Kawhia	158
Keel, Ashley	166
Kennedy Bay, Coromandel	89
Kennington, Southland	56
Kereru (and vicinity), Horowhenua	275
Kerrytown, Levels	156
Killinchy, Selwyn	77
Kimberley, Selwyn	149
Kimbolton, Kiwitea	219
Kingsdown, Levels	114
Kingston, Lake	61
Kirwee (and vicinity), Selwyn	333
Kohinui, Pahiatua	53
Kohukohu, Hokianga	128
Kokonga, Maniototo	45
Komaka, Pohangina	57
Konini (vicinity), Pahiatua	247
Kopu, Thames	166
Koru, Taranaki	93
Kuaotunu, Coromandel	375
Kukunui (Brownstown), Eketahuna	136
Kumoroa, Waipawa	148
Kuri Bush, Taieri	150
Kuriwao, Clutha	94
Kurow, Waitaki	264
Kyeburn Diggings, Maniototo	190
Kyeburn, Upper, Maniototo	78
Lake Hayes, Lake	194
Larrikins, Westland	90
Lauder, Maniototo	43
Leedstown (and vicinity), Rangitikei	269
Leeston, Selwyn	257
Leithfield, Ashley	298
Lepperton, Taranaki	36
Levin, Horowhenua	1,147
Lichfield, Piako	41
Lime Hills, Southland	96
Lincoln (and vicinity), Selwyn	464
Lintley, Southland	54
Linton, Oroua	61
Little Akaloa, Akaroa	233
Livingstone, Waitaki	123
Longburn (and vicinity), Oroua	358
Long Bush, Southland	215
Longford, lnangahua	25
Longridge, Southland	112
Lowburn, Vincent	133
Lowther, Southland	15
Luggate, Vincent	51
Lumsden, Southland	275
Lumsden Extension, Southland	162
Lyell, Buller	90
Macandrew, Southland	30
Macetown, Lake	113
Mackaytown (and vicinity). Ohinemuri	1,085
Mackenzie, Cheviot	113
Macrae's (and vicinity), Waihemo	59
Maheno, Waitaki	220
Maitland, Southland	22
Makakahi, Pahiatua	42
Makarewa, Southland	370
Maketu, Tauranga	41
Makikihi, Waimate	112
Makomako (and vicinity), Pahiatua	154
Makuri, Pahiatua	85
Makutoku, Waipawa	271
Manakau, Horowhenua	184
Mandeville, Southland	129
Mangahao, Pahiatua	43
Mangamahoe, Mauriceville	131
Mangamaire, Pahiatua	96
Mangaonoho, Rangitikei	342
Mangare (and vicinity), Manukau	702
Mangatainoko, Pahiatua	171
Mangawai, Otamatea	193
Mangaweka (and vicinity), Rangitikei	956
Mansfordtown, Waikouaiti	377
Manurewa, Manukau	70
Manutahi, Patea	72
Maori Gully, Grey	7
Mapourika, Westland	20
Marima, Pahiatua	50
Marsden, Grey	37
Marshalltown, Kiwitea	66
Martinborough (and vicinity), Wairarapa South	551
Matakanui, Vincent	219
Matakana, Rodney	172
Matakohe, Otamatea	338
Matamau, Waipawa	292
Mauku (and vicinity), Manukau	306
Mauriceville, Mauriceville	203
Maxwelltown. Waitotara	207
Mayfield, Waitemata	112
Meanee, Hawke's Bay	63
Medbury Village Settlement, Ashley	130
Menzies' Ferry, Southland	91
Mercer (and vicinity), Manukau	208
Merryjigs, lnangahua	68
Merton, Waikouaiti	170
Methven, Ashburton	296
Middlemarch, Taieri	226
Midhirst, Stratford	330
Milford, Geraldine	157
Millwood, Southland	75
Mobaka, Wairoa	119
Mokau, Kawhia	70
Mokihinui, Buller	29
Mokoreta, Southland	47
Mongonui, Mongonui	249
Morley, Wallace	70
Morrinsville, Piako	300
Mosstown, Waitotara	225
Motu, Cook	64
Moutere, Waimea	129
Murawai, Cook	23
Murchison, lnangahua	101
Neavesville, Thames	25
Netherton, Ohinemuri	155
Nevis, Vincent	168
Newman, Eketahuna	178
Newport, Hobson	129
Ngahauranga, Hutt	168
Ngahere, Grey	123
Ngaire, Stratford	81
Ngakawau, Buller	12
Ngapara, Waitaki	201
Niagara, Southland	87
Nightcaps, Wallace	373
Nikau (and vicinity), Pahiatua	114
Nokomai, Southland	113
Nolan, Hawera	129
Normanby, Levels	130
Norsewood (and vicinity), Waipawa	914
Northcote, Waitemata	767
North Taieri (and vicinity), Taieri	602
No Town, Grey	66
Nukumaru, Waitotara	61
Oaklands, Peninsula	76
Oakura, Taranaki	44
Oban, Stewart Island	80
Ohaeawai, Bay of Islands	112
Ohau (and vicinity), Horowhenua	309
Ohaupo, Waipa	250
Ohinemutu, Rotorua	107
Ohingaiti (and vicinity), Rangitikei	464
Ohiwa, Opotiki	19
Ohoka, Ashley	426
Okaiawa, Hawera	94
Okaihau and Omapere, Bay of Islands	273
Okain's Bay, Akaroa	278
Okarito, Westland	66
Okato, Taranaki	92
Okoroire, Piako	211
Omahu, Thames	268
Omata, Taranaki	41
Ongaonga, Waipawa	107
Ophir, Vincent	132
Opitonui, Coromandel	277
Opua, Bay of Islands	62
Opuriao, Whakatane	161
Oraka, Wallace	185
Orari, Geraldine	118
Ormond (and vicinity), Cook	482
Oropi, Tauranga	53
Orwell Creek, Grey	59
Otahuhu, Manukau	1,211
Otaki (and vicinity), Horowhenua	629
Otakia, Taieri	102
Otara, Opotiki	150
Otara, Southland	135
Otawa, Manukau	53
Otekaike, Waitaki	54
Otiake, Waitaki	118
Otorohanga, Kawhia	150
Owaka, Clutha	635
Owen Junction, Inangahua	28
Owharoa (and vicinity), Ohinemuri	485
Oxford East, Ashley	311
Oxford West, Ashley	176
Paeroa, Ohinemuri	1,504
Pahia, Wallace	151
Pahautanui, Hutt	101
Paikakariki, Hutt	160
Pakawau, Collingwood	39
Pakington, Manukau	69
Panmure, Eden	259
Papanui, Selwyn	270
Paparata, Manukau	180
Papatoitoi (and vicinity), Manukau	219
Parangahatu, Akitio	55
Paraparaumu, Hutt	198
Parkville, Eketahuna	202
Patumahoe, Manukau	148
Patutahi (and vicinity), Cook	228
Peel (and vicinity), Geraldine.	170
Pembroke, Lake	130
Pigeon Bay, Akaroa	157
Pihania, Hawera	27
Pine Hill, Waikouaiti	41
Pipiriki (and vicinity), Wanganui	233
Piritarau, Waiapu	164
Pirongia East, Waipa	89
Pleasant Point, Levels	749
Pleasant Valley, Waikouaiti	50
Pleckville, Eketahuna	71
Plimmerton, Hutt	92
Pohangina, Pohangina	167
Pokeno (and vicinity), Manukau	460
Porirua, Hutt	80
Porangahau, Patangata	187
Poro-o-torao, Clifton	235
Port Albert, Rodney	241
Port Awanui, Waiapu	51
Port Moeraki, Waitaki	197
Port Waikato, Raglan	14
Portobello Town, Peninsula	50
Puangi, Clifton	40
Puhoi, Rodney	39
Pukekohe East, Manukau	331
Pukekobe, Manukau	611
Pukerau, Southland	129
Pungarehu, Taranaki	143
Puni, Manukau	212
Purakanui, Waikouaiti	31
Puriri, Thames	220
Putara, Eketahuna	29
Putiki, Wanganui	145
Queensbury, Vincent	54
Raetihi (and vicinity), Wanganui	433
Raglan, Raglan	114
Rahotu, Taranaki	80
Rakaia, Ashburton	439
Rakaia Village Settlement, Ashburton	187
Rakaunui, Akitio	46
Rama Rama, Manukau	204
Rangiriri, Waikato	76
Rangiwahia (Pemberton), Kiwitea	88
Rata Settlement, Rangitikei	210
Raupo, Otamatea	108
Rawene, Hokianga	103
Redcliffe, Waimate	86
Redwood Town, Marlborough	143
Reefton, Inangahua	1,722
Reidston, Waitaki	80
Renwicktown, Marlborough	292
Reynolds, Waikouaiti	35
Riccarton, Selwyn	313
Richmond, Selwyn	252
Richmond Grove, Southland	101
Rikiorangi, Hutt	138
Rimu, Westland	118
Rimu, Southland	56
Riversdale, Southland	312
Riwaka, Waimoa	687
Rockville, Collingwood	102
Rolleston, Selwyn	85
Rongotea, Manawatu	229
Rotherham, Amuri	146
Round Hill Diggings, Wallace	178
Ruapekapeka, Bay of Islands	119
Runciman, Manukau	30
Russell, Bay of Islands	246
Sandymount, Peninsula	177
Sanson, Manawatu	210
Sawyer's Bay, Waikouaiti	305
Scarborough, Levels	54
Scarborough (and vicinity), Pahiatua	198
Scotsburn, Geraldine	24
Sefton (and vicinity), Ashley	620
Selwyn, Selwyn	33
Serpentine, Maniototo	44
Shaftesbury, Piako	85
Shannon, Horowhenua	272
Shawfield, Waikouaiti	125
Sheffield, Selwyn	153
Shiel Hill, Peninsula	86
Shirley, Selwyn	165
Shortland, Thames	1,217
Silverstream, Mackenzie	98
Skippers, Lake	92
Southbrook (and vicinity), Ashley	1,070
Spring Creek (and vicinity), Marlborough	264
Springfield, Selwyn	247
Spring Grove, Waimea	348
Springston, Selwyn	644
Stafford, Westland	116
St. Andrew's, Waimate	127
St. Bathan's, Maniototo	231
St. Helier's Bay, Eden	24
St. Kilda, Buller	16
Stirling (and vicinity), Bruce	232
Stoke, Waimea	511
Strathmore, Stratford	54
Studholme Junction, Waimate	138
Swannanoa, Ashley	100
Swanson, Waitemata	147
Taheke, Hokianga	21
Taiaroa Heads, Peninsula	45
Taihape (and vicinity), Kangitikei	461
Taipa, Mongonui	20
Tairua, Thames	360
Taitapu, Selwyn	268
Takapau (and vicinity), Waipawa	431
Tamaki West (and vicinity), Eden	351
Tarras, Vincent	158
Tatararaki, Hobson	348
Taueru, Masterton	139
Tauherenikau, Wairarapa South	113
Taupaki, Waitemata	131
Taupiri, Waikato	136
Taupo, East Taupo	79
Tavistock, Waimate	28
Taylorville, Wanganui	33
Te Anui, Wallace	16
Te Aroha West, Piako	158
Te Aute, Waipawa	120
Teddington, Akaroa	69
Te Horo, Horowhenua	98
Te Kopuru, Hobson	325
Te Kuiti, Kawhia	134
Templeton, Selwyn	67
Teoneroa, Fiord	37
Te Puke (and vicinity), Tauranga	477
Te Teko, Whakatane	20
Thornbury, Wallace	100
Thorpe, Waimea	262
Tikorangi, Clifton	29
Tiniroto, Cook	62
Tinui, Castlepoint	295
Tokaanu, East Taupo	55
Toka-Toka, Otamatea	96
Toko, Stratford	240
Tokomaru, Horowhenua	116
Tokomaru (and vicinity), Waiapu	196
Totara, Whangaroa	155
Totara, Waitaki	176
Totara East, Grey	188
Tuakau, Manukau	418
Tuamarina, Marlborough	44
Tumai, Waikouaiti	22
Tutaekara, Pahiatua	58
Turua, Thames	244
Upper Hutt, Hutt	309
Urenui, Clifton	165
Utiku, Rangitikei	297
Vauxhall, Peninsula	52
Vogeltown, Taranaki	176
Waddington, Selwyn	134
Wade, Waitemata	229
Waianiwa, Southland	52
Waiau, Amuri	153
Waiau, Manukau	63
Waihi, Ohinemuri	3,813
Waihola, Bruce	190
Waihou (and vicinity), Piako	410
Waikaia, Southland	230
Waikaka, Southland	112
Waikanae, Horowhenua	149
Waikare, Ashley	417
Waikawa, Southland	44
Waikiwi, Southland	152
Waikoikoi, Clutha	13
Waimangaroa, Buller	151
Waima, Hokianga	43
Waimata, Cook	117
Waimate, Bay of Islands	105
Waimatuku, Wallace	160
Waimea West, Waimea	221
Wainuiomata, Hutt	48
Waiomio, Bay of Islands	74
Waiorongomai, Piako	154
Waiotahi, Opotiki	117
Waipahi, Clutha	130
Waipara, Southland	17
Waipara, Ashley	141
Waipipi, Manukau	135
Waipiro (and vicinity), Waiapu	118
Waipori, Tuapeka	211
Waipu Central (and vicinity), Whangarei	461
Waipukurau, Waipawa	565
Wairaki, East Taupo	25
Wairio (and vicinity), Wallace	271
Waitahuna, Tuapeka	301
Waitati (and vicinity), Waikouaiti	272
Waitekauri, Ohinemuri	441
Waitotara, Patea	173
Waituna, Kiwitea	53
Waiwera, Waitemata	59
Waiwera, Clutha	167
Waiuku, Manukau	205
Wakefield, Waimea	479
Wallacetown, Southland	160
Wallingford, Patangata	90
Wangaehu, Wanganui	19
Wangamomona, Stratford	23
Wanstead, Patangata	111
Waotu, West Taupo	71
Warepa, Clutha	217
Warkworth, Rodney	572
Washdyke, Levels	217
Waterford, Tauranga	50
Waterton (and vicinity), Ashburton	197
Wayne's, Waihemo	24
Weber, Patangata	159
Weedon's, Selwyn	100
Wereroa, Horowhenua	58
West Clive, Hawke's Bay	333
West Melton, Selwyn	280
Weston, Waitaki	237
Whakataki, Castlepoint	50
Whakarewarewa, Rotorua	48
Whakatane, Whakatane	239
Whangapoua, Coromandel	61
Whangaroa, Whangaroa	100
Whare Plat, Taieri	93
Whenuakiti, Coromandel	40
Whitecliffs, Selwyn	98
Whitmore, Oroua	80
Whitstone, Waitaki	51
Wickliffe Bay, Peninsula	30
Wimbledon, Patangata	90
Winchester, Geraldine	170
Windsor, Waitaki	130
Woodbury, Geraldine	111
Woodend, Ashley	365
Woodend, Southland	115
Woodfield, Southland	34
Woodlands, Southland	207
Woodside, Taieri	222
Woodside, Wairarapa South	23
Woodstock, Westland	189
Woodstock Village Settlement, Ashley	50
Wrey's Bush, Wallace	289
Yaldhurst, Selwyn	143

Chapter 6. POPULATION OF ADJACENT ISLANDS.

The names and populations of the islands adjacent to and included in the colony were, in March, 1901:—

Islands.	Total.	M.	F.
Mokohinau Lighthouse	8	5	3
Tiritiri Lighthouse	5	2	3
Motuhora	7	4	3
Great Barrier	510	357	153
Little Barrier	11	1	10
Kawau	21	7	14
Ponui	27	11	16
Ponui Lighthouse	2	1	1
Ruche's	15	9	6
Pakatoa	5	3	2
Pahiki	4	3	1
Waiheke	162	81	81
Week's (Puketutu)	6	3	3
Motuihi	11	9	2
Bean Rock Lighthouse	1	1	…
Motutapu	11	7	4
Rakino	4	2	2
Rangitoto	3	3	…
Brown's	8	4	4
Mercury	14	5	9
Cuvier and Lighthouse	7	4	3
Slipper	3	3	…
Motiti	2	2	…
East Island Lighthouse	6	5	1
Portland and Lighthouse	21	13	8
Kapiti	3	1	2
Somes and Lighthouse	7	5	2
Stephen's	18	9	9
Brothers Lighthouse	3	3	…
Quarantine	2	1	1
Ruapuke	9	9	…
Dog Island and Lighthouse	16	9	7
Centre and Lighthouse	9	5	4
Resolution	2	2	…
Chatham Islands	207	112	95
Kermadec Islands	8	5	3
Total	158	706	452

The islands which are not included within the boundaries of the counties had in 1901 a population of 1,158 persons (exclusive of Maoris), against 950 in 1896. Only three of the islands had a population over 100 persons at last census. The population of the Great Barrier increased since 1896 from 307 to 510 persons; Waiheke showed a decrease from 166 to 162 persons. Europeans at the Chatham Islands decreased from 234 to 207.

Chapter 7. POPULATION ON SHIPBOARD.

The numbers of persons on shipboard at the various ports of the colony were as under. Of 3,768 persons altogether, 874 were on shipboard at the Port of Auckland, 333 at Wellington, 321 at Port Lyttelton, while at Bluff there were 303, at Westport 236, at Port Chalmers 149, besides 228 at the Upper Harbour (Dunedin). The total number of 3,763 does not include 352 persons, officers and crews of two British men-of-war:—

	Persons.	M.	F.
Mongonui	18	18	…
Kohukohu	22	21	1
Russell	26	24	2
Hobson	163	152	11
Whangarei	31	31	…
Warkworth	17	17	…
Helensville	27	26	1
Auckland	874	813	61
Devonport	1	1	…
Onehunga	47	46	1
Whitianga	14	12	2
Thames Harbour	8	8	…
Thames River	11	11	…
Ohinemuri River	50	44	6
Tauranga	1	1	…
Opotiki	5	5	…
Gisborne	58	55	3
Kawhia	1	1	…
Waitara	5	5	…
New Plymouth	87	71	16
Napier	241	201	40
Wanganui	5	5	…
Wellington	333	296	37
Sounds	2	2	…
Picton	95	66	29
Waimea	3	3	…
Motueka	23	23	…
Buller River	4	4	…
Westport	236	210	26
Nelson	157	126	31
Greymouth	89	89	…
Hokitika	5	5	…
Akaroa	5	5	…
Lyttelton	321	306	15
Timaru	62	62	…
Oamaru	17	17	…
Port Chalmers	149	148	1
Dunedin	228	217	11
Bluff Harbour	303	244	59
Stewart Island	19	19	…
	3,763	3,410	353

Chapter 8. Density Of Population.

Table of Contents

NUMBER OF PERSONS TO A SQUARE MILE.

The proportion of persons to a square mile in New Zealand increased from 6–760 to 7–427 between 1896 and 1901. In 1891 there were 6.024 persons to a square mile, giving an increase of 1.4 during the last ten years.

Since 1858 the proportions at the different census years were:—

NUMBER OF PERSONS TO A SQUARE MILE.

Year.	Persons.
1858	0.566
1861	0.944
1864	1.641
1867	2.094
1867	2.094
1871	2.456
1874	2.869
1878	3.969
1881	4.693
1886	5.5611
1891	6.024
1896	6.760
1901	7.427

Of the different provincial districts, the most thickly populated is Wellington, and the one with the fewest people in proportion to size is Marlborough. The table below shows the area of the provincial districts, and the average number of persons to a square mile:—

Provincial Districts.	Area in Acres.	Area in Square Miles.	Persons to a Square Miles
Wellington	7,042,000	11,003	12.
Taranaki	2,117,380	3,308	11.443
Canterbury	8,985,400	14,040	10.188
Hawke's Bay	2,822,300	4,410	8.032
Auckland	16,477,700	25,746	6.833
Otago	16,311,700	25,487	6.793
Nelson	6,572,100	10,269	3.692
Westland	2,970,600	4,641	3.126
Marlborough	3,041,670	4,753	2.804

The population in the boroughs, amounting to 850,202, gives an average of 1,357 persons to every square mile in these towns. The proportion has changed very little since 1891. The people lay closest in the City of Wellington, where they are 40 persons to the acre, or at the rate of 25,371 to the square mile.

Outside the boroughs (and excluding persons on shipboard) the population shows an average of 4–24 to the square mile of country outside boroughs, against 3–78 to the square mile in 1896 and 3.40 in 1891.

Chapter 9. PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES.

Table of Contents

NUMBER OF FEMALES TO 100 MALES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

At the census of 1858 the number of females to 100 males was found to ‘he 76.41, and the proportion was actually less in 1861, when the number was 62.16, and smaller still in 1864 (61.53). From this last year the proportion of females steadily increased to 90.33 at the last census.

Year.	Number of Females
1858	76.41
1861	62.16
1861	61.53
1867	65.75
1871	70.52
1874	75.17
1878	79.40
1881	81.72
1886	85.28
1891	88.26
1896	89.31
1901	90.33

The numbers of the sexes are shown to be gradually becoming equal as time advances.

The proportion of females to males was highest in Canterbury and lowest in Westland, as shown below:—

NUMBER OF FEMALES TO 100 MALES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

Provincial Districts.	Females to 100 Males.		Centesimal Increase or Decrease. 1896–1901.
Provincial Districts.	1896.	1901.	Males.	Females.
Canterbury	94.90	96.29	4.54	6.08
Otago	90.42	91.25	5.15	6.12
Auckland	89.10	89.29	14.45	14.69
Wellington	88.67	90.42	14.94	17.20
Marlborough	86.20	86.36	6.67	6.85
Hawke's Bay	85.02	87.83	2.51	5.90
Taranaki	84.47	84.04	21.71	21.09
Nelson	82.61	83.99	5.28	7.10
Westland	78.50	78.94	…	0.58

The centesimal increase of the population is found to be greater in respect of the females than the males in all the provincial districts except Taranaki.

Chapter 10. DWELLINGS OF THE PEOPLE.

The dwellings in the colony on the census night numbered 170,593, of which 153,782 were occupied houses, 10,830 unoccupied, and 865 houses in course of erection. Besides these there were 5,110 tents or dwellings with canvas roofs. The average number of persons to an inhabited dwelling has increased from 4.05 in the year 1867 to 4.86 in 1901. The average number of inhabited dwellings to a square mile was only 0.122 in the year 1858, but rose steadily during each census period until 1901, for which the figures are 1.527.

Of 170,593 dwellings, 153,945 were built of wood, iron, or lath and plaster, and 7,517 of brick, stone, or concrete. There were also 1,688 cob or sod houses, 71 of raupo, besides 5,110 tents and dwellings with canvas roofs, and 2,256 houses and huts of miscellaneous materials. The inhabitants of the several classes of dwellings were distributed as under at the last two censuses:—

Dwellers in—	1896.	l901
Houses of brick, stone, wood, iron, and lath and plaster	680,407	750,095
Huts or houses of cob, sod, raupo, &c.	11,033	8,437
On shipboard	3,381	3,763
Tents and dwellings with canvas roofs	8,322	10,170
Travellers and persons sleeping under drays or camping out	217	254
Total population (excluding Maoris)	703,360	772,719

With an increase of population amounting to 9.86 per cent., there is found an absolute reduction of 2,596 in the number of persons occupying inferior houses or huts, while the persons occupying the best class of dwelling increased by 69,688, or at the rate of 10.24 per cent.

The following are the proportions of the population (excluding Chinese and Maoris) residing in the different classes of dwelling at the last five census periods —

Percentage of population—	1881	1881	1891	1896	1901
In houses of the best material	92.92	95.14	95.83	96.74	97.07
In cob or sod houses, raupo, hues, &c.	5.25	2.87	2.55	1.57	1.09
In tents or dwellings with canvas roofs	1.22	1.13	1.08	1.18	1.32
On shipboard	0.59	0.82	0.52	0.48	0.49
Camping out	0.02	0.04	0.02	0.03	0.03

The number of brick, stone, or concrete houses increased between 1896 and 1901 from 6,490 to 7,517, or at the rate of 15.82 per cent.; and the wood, iron, or lath-and-plaster houses from 134,092 to 153,945, or at the rate of 14.81 per cent, during the five years, the increase of population having been, as before stated, 9.86 per cent.

The accommodation in the dwellings of the people has improved greatly in the time. This is exhibited by the following comparative table:—

Number of dwellings containing
Year.	One room (including Tents).	Two Rooms.	Three and Four Rooms.	Five and Six Rooms.	More than Six Rooms.	No. of Rooms unstated, 1878
1878	9,703	14,331	29,223	15,258	12,358	1,715
1881	10,077	14,758	35,064	19,338	15,344	1,169
1886	10,257	12,110	40,090	27,218	21,037	1,259
1891	11,528	11,030	41,934	32,868	24,968	1,523
1896	12,378	11,450	42,711	41,290	32,585	925
1901	13,263	10,462	45,499	52,585	36,542	547

Increase (+) or Decrease (-).
1878 to 1881	+ 371	+ 427	+ 5,841	+ 4,080	+ 2,986	− 546
1881 to 1886	+ 180	− 2,648	+ 5,026	+ 7,880	+ 5,693	+ 90
1886 to 1891	+ 1,271	− 1,080	+ 1,844	+ 5,650	+ 3,931	+ 264
1891 to 1896	+ 850	+ 420	+ 777	+ 8,422	+ 7,617	− 598
1896 to 1901	+ 885	− 988	+ 2,788	+ 11,295	+3,957	− 378

It will be noticed that the increase lies mainly in the houses of five to six and more than six rooms., which are more numerous by 15,252 than in 1896; whereas the dwellings of one to four rooms, including tents, only increased by 2,685 in five years. The actual number of houses was greatest in the group of those having five and six rooms (52,585), while the houses of three to four rooms numbered 45,499. Of houses of more than six rooms, the number was 86,542.

Of the four chief cities, Wellington shows the greatest number of persons to a house, which was also the experience of 1896, 1891, and 1886. In the year 1881 Christchurch had the largest proportion of persons to an inhabited dwellinghouse:—

Borough.	Average Number of Persons to every Inhabited Dwelling.
Borough.	1881.	1886.	1891.	1896.	1901.
Auckland	5.29	5.36	5.09	5.16	5.17
Wellington	5.43	5.71	5.50	5.55	5.51
Christchurch	5.69	5.55	5.41	5.30	5.09
Dunedin	5.53	5.36	5.11	5.10	5.06

The proportion in Wellington for 1901 is lower than that which obtained in 1896 in the same city, but higher than in 1891, when the average was 5.50 to every dwelling. At Christchurch and Dunedin the proportions fall regularly from 1881. At Auckland the proportion is highest for 1886, but in 1881 it was still higher than in 1901.

For the whole colony the average number of persons to each inhabited dwelling was 4.86, the lowest since 1874.

The succeeding statement gives the number of inhabited and uninhabited dwellings at each of the six past census dates:—

Years.	Inhabited Dwellings, including Tents.	Uninhabited Dwellings.	^* Proportion of Dwellings of both Classes to 100 of Population.	Average Number of Persons to Inhabited Dwelling.	Number of Dwelling-houses being built.
* The population on board ship is excluded from the numbers used
1878	82,588	5,292	21.36	5.02	497
1881	95.750	6,737	21.04	5.12	848
1886	111,971	9,146	21.11	5.17	834
1891	123,851	9,558	21.40	5.06	425
1896	141,339	8,006	21.34	4.98	577
1901	158,898	10,830	22.07	4.86	865

Chapter 11. UNINHABITED DWELLING-HOUSES.

The number of uninhabited dwelling-houses in 1901 was 10,830 (being in the proportion of 1.41 to each 100 of population), as against 8,006 in 1896, and 9,558 in 1891.

In 1901 the counties (excluding the boroughs) contained 7,740 uninhabited houses, or 1.85 for each 100 of population, and the boroughs contained 3,058, or 0.87 for each 100 of population.

The following were the numbers in the four chief cities:—

City.	Population.	Number of Uninhabited Houses.	Ratio to each 100 of Population.
Auckland	34,213	237	0.69
Wellington	43,638	266	0.61
Christchurch	17,538	134	0.77
Dunedin	24,879	105	0.42

Of the boroughs, Sumner shows the high rate of (6.l6 uninhabited houses per 100 of population, and New Brighton 6.05.

Chapter 12. HOUSES IN COURSE OF ERECTION.

The number of houses in course of erection at the census of 1901 was 865, an increase on that of the census of 1896. The numbers of houses being built and uninhabited in each of the provincial districts at the three last census periods are shown:—

Provincial District.	Dwelling-houses being built.			Dwelling-houses uninhabited.			Proportion of Dwellings being built to every 100 uninhabited in 1901.
Provincial District.	1891.	1896.	1901.	1891.	1896.	1901.
Auckland	107	110	234	2,505	1,473	2,787	8.40
Taranaki	11	40	36	261	321	425	8.47
Hawke's Bay	19	35	18	450	317	518	3.47
Wellington	112	131	210	1,125	1,086	1,642	12.79
Marlborough	7	5	11	103	143	165	6.67
Nelson	31	19	33	611	570	862	3.83
Westland	7	8	23	487	318	344	6.69
Canterbury	49	104	134	1,843	1,567	1,722	7.78
Otago	82	125	166	2,173	2,211	2,365	7.02
Totals	425	577	865	9,558	8,006	10,830	7.99

Table of Contents

13. Part II.—Religions Of The People.

NUMBERS FOR EACH DENOMINATION, AND INCREASE.

Proportions of Sexes in the various Denominations.

Chapter 13. Part II.—Religions Of The People.

Table of Contents

NUMBERS FOR EACH DENOMINATION, AND INCREASE.

Proportions of Sexes in the various Denominations.

OF the various religious denominations, the Church of England has most adherents in the colony. They numbered 314,024 at the date of the census; or, including 1,239 Protestants not more specifically described, 315,263 persons, being 40.84 out of every 100 of the population. The Presbyterians numbered 176,503 persons, or 22.87 per cent., and the Roman Catholics came next with 108,960, or, including Catholics not further defined, 109,822, which gives a proportion of 14.23 per cent. The Methodists were 83,802, or 10.86 in every 100 persons. Of other denominations, the Baptists, of whom there were 16,035, and the Salvation Army, 7,999 persons, were those returning more than 1 per cent, of the total population, the proportions being 2.08 and 1.04 respectively. 18,295 persons objected to state their religious belief, or 2*38 in every. 100.

The numbers and percentages for six censuses are given in tabular form, so as to allow of the degree of increase relatively to the population being observed:—

Denominations.	Number of Adherents in 1901.	Proportion Percent of Population
Denominations.	Number of Adherents in 1901.	1878.	1881.	1886.	1891.	l896.	1901.
* “Unspecified “not taken into account.
Church of England and Protestants (undefined)	315,263	42.55	11.50	40.17	10.51	40.27	40.84
Presbyterians	176,503	22.95	23.08	22.59	22.62	22.78	22.87
Methodists	83,802	9.14	9.53	9.55	10.14	10.44	10.86
Baptists	16,035	2.21	2.34	2.48	2.37	2.28	2.08
Congreationalists	6,699	1.31	1.37	1.35	1.07	0.97	0.87
Lutherans	4,833	1.36	1.18	1.02	0.90	0.79	0.63
Salvation Army	7,999	..	..	0.91	1.50	1.50	1.04
Society of Friends	313	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04
Unitarians	468	0.11	o.10	0.08	0.05	0.05	0.06
Other Protestants	16,877	1.08	1.26	1.55	1.82	2.16	2.19
Roman Catholics and Catholics (undefined)	109,822	14.21	14.08	13.94	13.96	14.07	14.23
Greek Church	189	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.02
Hebrews	1,611	0.34	0.31	0.27	0.23	0.22	0.21
Buddhists, Confucians	2,432	1.05	1.01	0.77	0.63	0.48	0.30
Other Denominations	1,347	0.05	0.11	010	0.12	0.16	0.17
No Denomination	8,240	0.53	0.89	1.05	1.32	1.22	1.07
No Religion	1,109	0.05	0.06	0.17	0.25	0.27	0.14
Unspecified	882	0.42	0.27	0.50	^*	^*	^*
Object to state	18,295	2.55	2.85	3.44	2.45	2.27	238
	772,719	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

Here the proportion belonging to the Church of England is shown to have been 40 per cent, since 1886, but a little higher previously. Presbyterians have been 22 or 23 per cent, of the whole since 1878, but the proportion of Methodists rose steadily from 9.14 to 10.86. Congregationalists declined from 1*37 per cent, in 1881 to 0.87 per cent, in 1901. Lutherans are fewer in proportion to the total at each succeeding census, while the Salvation Army increased from 0–91 in 1886 to 1.50 in 1891 and 1896, but decreased in 1901 to 1.04 per cent.

Roman Catholics and Catholics undefined formed practically 14 per cent, of the people at each of the census years. The proportion of Buddhists and Confucians diminishes with the number of Chinese in the colony. In 1886 the percentage of persons objecting to state their religion was 3.44, which fell to 2.45 in 1891, and, further, to 2.27 in 1896, but shows a slight increase in 1901.

A full statement of the particulars of all denominations as at the census of 1896 and 1901 is given, with the numerical and centesimal increase or decrease in each case. Amongst 1,093 returned as ‘Other Protestants,” 247 described themselves as “Church of God,” 201 “Christian, no Denomination,” 145 “Independents,” 41 “Our Father's Church,” 33 “Conditional Immortality,” 31 “Gospel Mission,” 29 “Forward Movement,” 26 “Central Mission,” and the remainder variously in very small numbers. The complete descriptions will be published in the detailed table.

NUMBERS FOR EACH DENOMINATION, AND INCREASE.

Religious Denominations.	Census, 1901.			Census, 1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Religious Denominations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Numerical.	Centesimal.
NOTE.— The minus sign (−) indicate decrease.
Total population	772,719	405,992	366,727	703,360	69,359	9.86
Total for specified religions	771,837	405,372	366,465	702,238	69,599	9.91
Episcopalians.
Church of England, and Episcopalians not otherwise defined	314,024	165,100	148,924	281,166	32,858	11.69
Protestants (undescribed)	1,239	742	497	1,643	−104	−24.59
Presbyterians	176,503	92,406	84,097	159,952	16,551	10.35
Methodists.
Wesleyan Methodists	71,034	35,362	35,672	63,373	7,661	12.09
Primitive Methodists	10,113	5,046	5,097	7,041	3,102	44.06
Methodists (undefined)	2,396	1,183	1,213	2,893	−497	−17.18
Others	229	122	107	60	169	..
Baptists	16,035	7,574	8,461	16,037	−2	−0.001
Congregationalists	6,699	3,151	3,545	6,777	−78	−1.15
Lutherans, German Protestants	4,833	3,063	1,770	5,538	−705	−12.73
Unitarians	468	283	185	375	93	24.80
Society of Friends	313	195	113	321	−8	−2.49
Church of Christ (Christian, Christian Disciples, &c.	6,105	2,860	3,245	5,859	246	4.20
Brethren (Christian Brethren) Exclusive Brethren, Open Brethren, Plymouth Brethren)	7,184	3,450	4,034	5,035	2,449	48.64
Believers in Christ	31	14	17	77	−46	−59.74
Evangelists, Evangelical Brethren, &c.	21	16	5	33	.12	−36.36
Nonconformists	61	36	25	95	−34	−35.79
Salvation Army	7,999	3,807	4,192	10,532	−2,533	−24.05
Christadelphians	989	497	492	952	37	3.89
Swedenborgians (New Church New Jerusalem Church)	159	72	87	191	−32	−16.75
Seventh.day Adventists	864	357	507	776	88	11.34
Students of Truth	33	17	16	340	−307	−90.29
Dissenters	3	3	..	65	−62	−95.38
Christian Israelites, Israelites	34	19	15	61	−27	−44.26
Other Protestants	1,093	577	516	1,710	−617	..
Roman Catholics	108,960	56,490	52,470	97,525	11,435	11.73
Catholics (undefined)	862	480	382	1,279	−417	−32.60
Greek Church	189	134	55	116	73	62.93
Catholic Apostolic	326	140	186	247	79	31.98
Other Sects—
Hebrews	1,611	826	785	1,549	62	4.01
Mormons, Latter-day Saints	272	145	127	289	−17	−5.88
Spiritualists	499	240	259	376	123	32.71
Buddhists, Confucians, &c…	2,432	2,413	19	3,391	−959	−28.28
Others	250	162	88	187	63	..
No Denomination, No Religion—
Freethinkers	2,856	2,245	611	3,983	−1,127	−28.30
Agnostics	552	413	139	562	−10	−1.78
Deists, Theists	59	51	8	46	13	28.26
No denomination	4,740	3,006	1,734	3,898	842	21.60
Doubtful	33	14	19	46	−13	−28.26
No religion	1,012	752	260	1,605	−593	−36.95
Atheists	80	67	13	117	−37	−31.62
Secularists	17	12	5	153	−136	−88.88
Object to state	18,295	11,827	6,468	15,967	2,328	14.58
Unspecified	882	620	262	1,122	−240	−21.39

It will be seen by the table that, of the larger Protestant denominations, the Wesleyan Methodists increased since 1896 from 63,373 to 71, 034 persons, being at the rate of 12.09 per cent.; Church of England from 281,166 to 314,024, or 11.69 per cent.; and Presbyterians from 159,952 to 176,503, or 10.35 per cent. Baptists decreased slightly. The Salvation Army, which increased its number by 1,149 persons between 1891 and 1896, being at the rate of 12.25 percent., now shows a decrease of 2,533 persons, or 24.05 per cent. The numbers of the Brethren show 48.64 per cent., and of Seventh-day Adventists 11.34 per cent, increase; but the Congregational Independents have decreased 1.15 per cent., and Lutherans 12.73 per cent. Of the Protestant bodies having but few members in the colony, the Unitarians increased from 375 to 468, and the Society of Friends are fewer by 8.

Roman Catholics added 11,435 to their number, being an increase of 11.73 per cent., a rate slightly higher than that obtained by the Church of England.

Hebrews were 1,549 in 1896, and 1,611 in 1901, a difference of 62. Spiritualists progressed, the numbers being 376 and 199, an increase of 32.71 per cent. Freethinkers decreased from 3,983 to 2,856, or by 28 per cent.; and Agnostics, who numbered 562 in 1896, now return 552, a decrease of 10.

Proportions of Sexes in the various Denominations.

While the number of males is found to be greater than that of females in the Church of England, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, and sundry other religious denominations, the contrary result is found in the following cases, the proportions per cent, being—

	Males	Females
Wesleyan Methodists	49.78	50.22
Primitive Methodists	49.75	50.25
Baptists	47.23	52.77
Congregationalists	47.08	52.92
Church of Christ	46.85	53.15
Brethren	46.10	53.90
Salvation Array	48.84	51.16
Seventh-day Adventists	41.32	58.68

Amongst those persons grouped as of “No denomination,” “No religion,” and “Object to state,” the proportion of females is small, as will be seen by the next figures:—

No Denomination ”	Males.	Females.
Freethinkers,	78.60	21.40
Agnostics	74.82	25.18
Deists, Theists	86.44	13.56
No Denomination	63.42	36.58
No. Religion ”
No religion	74.31	25.69
Atheists	83.75	16.25
Secularists	70.59	29.41
Object to state	64.70	35.30

PART III.—BIRTHPLACES OF THE PEOPLE.

Table of Contents

14. PROPORTIONS PER CENT. OF THE POPULATION.

15. INCREASES AND DECREASES SINCE 1896.

16. BIRTHPLACES.—NUMBERS OF EACH NATIONALITY, AND INCREASE, 1896 TO 1901.

Chapter 14. PROPORTIONS PER CENT. OF THE POPULATION.

Of the population exclusive of Maoris (772,719 persons), all but 442 were described as to birthplace on the census schedules. The number of the New-Zealand-born was 516,106, and of those born in Australia, Tasmania, and Fiji, 27,215, making 543,321 born in Australasia. The New-Zealand-born increase in proportion to the whole with every successive census. In 1886, 51.89 per cent, of the population were born in this colony; in 1891, the percentage was 58.61; in 1896 it had reached 62.85; and in 1901 the proportion was 60.88. adding to which 3.52 per cent, born in Australia, &c., makes 70.85 out of every 100 persons living in New Zealand who were born in Australasia.

205,111 persons were born in the United Kingdom, or 26.56 per cent, of the population, which was divided as under:—

Born in United Kingdom.	Number of Persons.	Per Cent. of Population.
England	111,964	14.50
Wales	1,765	0.22
Scotland	47,858	6.20
Ireland	43,524	5.64
	205,111	26.56

Besides these there were 4,049 persons born in other British possessions.

Summarising these results, it is found that 752,481 of the population, or 97.43 per cent., were born in the British possessions, made up as follows:—

Born in	Number of Persons.	of Population. Per Cent.
Australasia	543,321	70.35
United Kingdom	205,111	26.56
Other British Possessions	4,049	0.52
	752,481	97.43

There remained 18,593 persons born in foreign countries, or 2.41 per cent, of population; 1,203 born at sea; and 442 whose birthplaces were not specified.

Chapter 15. INCREASES AND DECREASES SINCE 1896.

The New-Zealand-born increased from 441,661 in 1896 to 516,106, or at the rate of 16.86 per cent., between 1896 and 1901, the numerical increase being 74,445 persons. The numbers born in the United Kingdom decreased altogether by 10,050 in the quinquennium.

Born in	Persons. 1901.	Decrease since 1896.
Born in	Persons. 1901.	Numerical.	Centesimal.
England	111,964	4,577	3.93
Wales	1,765	383	17.83
Scotland	47,858	2,577	5.11
Ireland	43,524	2,513	5.46

The numbers of the Australian-born are found to have increased for each colony. The number born in New South Wales, living in New Zealand, was 4,536 in the year 1896, but 6,430 in 1901, an increase of 41.75 per cent. There were 10,471 persons in this colony in 1896 born in Victoria, but 12,583 at last census, or an increase of 20.17 per cent, for five years. New Zealand also gained on the number born in Queensland, there being 1,271 in 1901, against 930 in 1896, or 36.36 per cent, increase. And similarly on the Western Australian, South Australian, and Tasmanian-born.

The number of the people born in foreign countries was found to be 18,593, being 2.41 per cent, of the whole. Besides these, 1,203 persons were returned as born at sea. The greatest number of foreigners were Germans (4,217). Next comes persons born in China (2,902). Swedes and Norwegians numbered 2,827; there were 2,120 persons from Denmark and her possessions; and 1,874 persons from Austria-Hungary.

The numbers of those born in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland, China, Africa, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Poland, Spain, and America all decreased since 1896.

The following table gives full details, and exhibits under the head of allegiance the number of British and foreign subjects in New Zealand:—

Birthplaces.—Numbers of each Nationality, and Increase, 1896 to 1901.

Chapter 16. BIRTHPLACES.—NUMBERS OF EACH NATIONALITY, AND INCREASE, 1896 TO 1901.

Where born.	Census, 1901.			Census, 1896. Persons.	Increase or Decrease.
Where born.	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Census, 1896. Persons.	Numerical.	Centesimal.
Total population	772,719	405,992	366,727	703,360	69,359	9.86
Total for specified birthplaces	772,277	405,690	366,587	702,756	69,521	9.89
British :—
United Kingdom,—
England	111,964	64,216	47,748	116,541	−4,577	−3.93
Wales	1,765	1,076	689	2,148	−383	−17.83
Scotland	47,858	27,516	20,342	50,435	—2,577	−5.11
Ireland	43,524	23,430	20,094	46,037	−2,513	−5.46
Australasia and Fiji,—
New Zealand	516,106	257,828	258,278	441,661	74,445	16.86
Queensland	1,271	645	626	930	341	36.36
New South Wales	6,430	3,395	3,035	4,536	1,894	41.75
Victoria	12,583	6,530	6,053	10,471	2,112	20.17
South Australia	1,575	807	768	1,222	353	28.88
Western Australia	190	103	87	112	78	69.64
Tasmania	3,720	2,084	1,636	3,160	560	17.72
Australia (State not named)	1,222	669	553	1,200	22	1.83
Fiji	224	98	126	151	73	48.34
Other British Possessions—
Gibraltar	48	24	24	49	−1	−2.04
Malta	55	37	18	71	−16	−22.54
India and Ceylon	1,286	722	564	1,341	−55	−4.10
Cape of Good Hope	141	72	69	246	−105	−42.68
St. Helena	43	25	18	50	−7	−14.00
British North America (Canada)	1,544	947	597	1,412	132	9.35
West Indies	208	144	64	247	−39	−15.79
Others	724	408	316	334	390	116.76
Foreign,—
Austria-Hungary	1,874	1,713	161	881	993	112.71
Belgium	117	84	33	138	−21	−15.22
Denmark and Possessions	2,120	1,384	736	2,125	−5	−0.24
France and Possessions	609	409	200	698	−89	−12.75
Germany	4,217	2,743	1,474	4,595	−378	−8.23
Greece	123	94	29	127	−4	−3.15
Italy	428	355	73	423	5	1.18
Netherlands and Possessions	116	105	11	132	−16	−12.12
Poland	97	65	32	101	−4	−3.96
Portugal and Possessions	172	151	21	173	−1	−0.58
Russia and Possessions	387	339	48	365	22	6.03
Spain and Possessions	59	41	18	88	−29	−32.95
Sweden	1,548	1,337	211	1,514	34	2.25
Norway	1,279	931	348	1,26	18	1.43
Switzerland	333	251	82	342	−9	−2.63
Other European Countries	30	20	10	30	…	…
China	2,902	2,866	36	3,719	−817	−21.97
Africa	103	54	49	134	−31	−23.13
America, North America	776	501	275	969	−193	−19.92
United States of America	881	592	289	780	101	12.95
Other Foreign Countries	422	289	133	485	−63	−12.99
At Sea	1,203	590	613	1,322	−119	−9.00
Unspecified	442	302	140	604	−162	−26.82
Allegiance.
British subjects	761,104	396,052	365,052	690,003	71,101	10.30
Foreign subjects	11,615	9,940	1,675	13,357	−1,742	−13.04

NOTE.—The minus sign (−) indicates decrease.

PART IV.—AGES OF THE PEOPLE.

Table of Contents

17.

PERSONS.

PROPORTIONS PER CENT, OF PERSONS—ALL SPECIFIED AGES.

MALES.

FEMALES.

PROPORTION PER CENT. (SPECIFIED AGES.)

PROPORTION OF PERSONS UNDER FIVE YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS 5–15 YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS 15–21 YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS 21–40 YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

PERSONS 65 YEARS AND UPWARDS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

18. FULL DETAILS OF AGES.

PROPORTIONS AT QUINQUENNIAL PERIODS OF AGE.

PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES AT EACH QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIOD.

POPULATION AT EACH YEAR OF AGE-PERIOD.

NUMBER OF MALES AT EACH AGE, 1901.

NUMBERS OF FEMALES AT EACH AGE,1901.

19. AGES AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE.

Chapter 17.

Table of Contents

PERSONS.

PROPORTIONS PER CENT, OF PERSONS—ALL SPECIFIED AGES.

MALES.

FEMALES.

PROPORTION PER CENT. (SPECIFIED AGES.)

PROPORTION OF PERSONS UNDER FIVE YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS 5–15 YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS 15–21 YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS 21–40 YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

PERSONS 65 YEARS AND UPWARDS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

INFORMATION as to the number of people at each year of age has been compiled. But it is desirable to consider first the numbers for eight groups of important age-periods which are given below, and compared with those of the previous census.

PERSONS.

	April, 1891.	April, 1890.	March, 1901.
Under 5 years	83,204	83,659	86,806
5 years and under 10 years	86,080	86,025	85,736
10 years and under 15 years	81,084	85,467	85,225
15 years and under 21 years	77,808	95,584	101,956
21 years and under 40 years	167,181	199,261	237,038
40 years and under 55 years	86,743	92,135	99,471
55 years and under 65 years	29,248	39,631	44,494
65 years and upwards	14,342	20,756	31,353
Unspecified	968	842	640
All ages	626,658	703,360	772,719

	Increase, 1891 to 1896.		Increase, 1896 to 1901.
	Numerical.	Centesimal.	Numerical.	Centesimal.
Under 5 years	455	0.55	3,147	3.76
5 years and under 10 years	−55	−0.06	−289	−0.34
10 years and under 15 years	4,383	5.40	−242	−0.28
15 years and under 21 years	17,776	22.85	6,372	6.67
21 years and under 40 years	32,080	19.19	37,777	18.96
40 years and under 55 years	5,392	6.22	7,336	7.96
55 years and under 65 years	10,383	35.50	4,863	12.27
65 years and upwards	6,414	44.72	10,597	51.06
Unspecified	−126	−13.02	−202	−23.99
All ages	76,702	12.24	69,359	9.86

The increase on the population under five years of age since 1896 is 3,147, while the gain during the previous period (1891–96) was only 455 persons. But between 1886 and 1891 there was a decrease for that age-period of 3,624 persons, although the population at all ages increased 8.33 per cent. The number of children under one year, and the total population at all ages, according to the results of four censuses, was:—

	Children under one year.	Total population (all ages).
Census, 1886	18,355	578,482
Census, 1891	16,443	626,658
Census, 1896	17,070	703,360
Census, 1901	18,381	772,719

Thus, in 1886, with a population of 578,482 persons, there were 18,355 children under one year, against 18,381 children of that age in 1901 to a population of 772,719 persons.

The births registered in 1885 were 19,693, against 19,546 in 1900, and the birth-rate has fallen from 34.35 per 1,000 of the population in the former year to 25.60 in the latter.

Deducting 1,469, the number of deaths of children under one year registered in 1900, from 19,546, the number of births for that year, leaves 18,077, or within 304 of the living children under one year at the time of the last census.

The number of persons under 21 years in March, 1901, was 359,723, and over 21 years 412,356, besides 640 unspecified as to age, but nearly all adults (39 under and 601 over 21 years).

Comparison of the population under and over 21 years for 1886, 1891, 1896, and 1901 shows that the number over 21 years is increasing in proportion to the population of all ages.

PROPORTIONS PER CENT, OF PERSONS—ALL SPECIFIED AGES.

	1886.	1891.	1896.	1901.
Under 21 years	53.47	52.46	49.94	46.59
Over 21 years	46.53	47.54	50.06	53.41
	10000	10000	10000	10000

The numbers of the people of either sex in the eight age-groups previously referred to are found to be as under, and the increase or decrease for each since 1896 is shown:—

MALES.

Ages.	Census.		Increase, 1896 to 1901.
Ages.	1896.	1901.	Numerical.	Centesimal.
Under 5 years	42,448	44,324	1,876	4.42
5 years and under 10 years	43,561	43,314	−247	−0.57
10 years and under 15 years	43,044	43,100	56	0.13
15 years and under 21 years	47,873	51,015	3,142	6.56
21 years and under 40 years	103,613	121,939	18,326	17.69
40 years and under 55 years	53,032	56,136	3,104	5.85
55 years and under 65 years	24,756	26,514	1,758	7.10
65 years and upwards	12,503	19,218	6,715	53.71
Unspecified	585	432	−153	−26.15
	371,415	405,992	34,577	9.31

FEMALES.

Ages.	Census.		Increase, 1896 to 1901.
Ages.	1896.	1901.	Numerical.	Centesimal.
Under 5 years	41,211	42,482	1,271	3.08
5 years and under 10 years	42,464	42,422	−42	−0.10
10 years and under 15 years	42,423	42,125	−298	−0.70
15 years and under 21 years	47,711	50,941	3,230	6.77
21 years and under 40 years	95,648	115,099	19,451	20.34
40 years and under 55 years	39,103	43,335	4,232	10.82
55 years and under 65 years	14,875	17,980	3,105	20.87
65 years and upwards	8,253	12,135	3,882	47.04
Unspecified	257	208	−49	−19.07
	331,945	366,727	34,782	10.48

NOTE.—The minus sign (−) denotes decrease.

The males under 21 years in 1901 were 181,753, and the adults 223,807, leaving 432 unspecified as to age, hut of whom few were children. The females under 21 numbered 177,970, and adults 188,549, leaving 208 unspecified. The proportions per cent, of population over 21 years of age of each sex are higher for 1901 than for 1896.

PROPORTION PER CENT. (SPECIFIED AGES.)

	Males.		Females.
	1896.	1901.	1896.	1901.
Under 21 years	47.72	44.82	52.39	48.55
Over 21 years.	52.28	55.18	47.61	51.45
	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

Of the proportions per cent, at various ages, those for the period 0–5 years (childhood) exhibit a decrease in respect of each sex according to the figures for four censuses.

PROPORTION OF PERSONS UNDER FIVE YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

	1886.	1891.	1896.	1901.
Persons	15.07	13.30	11.91	11.23
Males	14.12	12.72	11.45	10.92
Females	16.18	13.95	12.42	11.58

At 5 to 15 years, the school-going period, the proportions to the total of all ages are lower in 1901 than in 1890, 1891, and 1886, showing decrease with time, but the figures for 1891 are a little higher than those for 1886.

PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS 5–15 YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

	1886.	1891.	1896.	1901.
Persons	26.32	26.72	24.42	22.12
Males	24.67	25.36	23.36	21.28
Females	28.27	28.25	25.59	22.51

At 15–21 years the proportions rise with time, although a decrease is shown between 1896 and 1901:—

PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS 15–21 YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

	1886.	1891.	1896.	1901.
Persons	12.08	12.44	13.61	13.21
Males	11.05	11.61	12.91	12.59
Females	13.27	13.37	14.38	13.90

It is satisfactory to find that the proportions of those at the period 21–40 years are more than maintained in the last fifteen years, the increase during the last five years being considerable:—

PROPORTIONS OF PERSONS 21–40 YEARS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

	1886.	1896.	1901.
Persons	26.99	28.36	30.70
Males	27.71	27.94	30.06
Females	26.14	28.84	31.41

The numbers at this important period belonging to what are termed the supporting ages, in contradistinction to the dependent ages, rise on the male side from 86,028 in 1886 to 88,577 in 1891, 103,613 in 1896, and 121,939 in 1901, and increase faster on the female side, being 69,464, 78,604, 95,648, and 115,099 for these years respectively.

While there is a slight fall in the proportions at the group 40–55 since 1891, the figures increase at the periods 55-(55 and 65 and upwards. The progression in case of the aged people at the last period is especially important to notice, and figures for ten census years, extending from 1864 to 1901, are given accordingly:—

PERSONS 65 YEARS AND UPWARDS PER CENT. OF POPULATION.

1864	0.63
1867	0.86
1871	1.08
1874	1.22
1878	1.29
1881	1.41
1886	1.81
1891	2.29
1896	2.95
1901	4.06

The numbers in March, 1901, at the age-periods most often in request may be classified thus: Infancy and extreme youth (under 5 years)—males, 44,324; females, 42,482: School age (5 to 15 years)—males, 86,414; females, 84,547: Women of the reproductive ages (15 to 45)—183,387: The athletic age (21 to 40 years) —males, 121,939; females, 115,099: The militia age (17 to 55 years) —males only,^* 212,065: The elderly period of life (55 to 65 years)—males, 26,514; females, 17,980: Old age (65 years and upwards)—males, 19,218; females, 12,135.

Chapter 18. FULL DETAILS OF AGES.

Table of Contents

PROPORTIONS AT QUINQUENNIAL PERIODS OF AGE.

PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES AT EACH QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIOD.

POPULATION AT EACH YEAR OF AGE-PERIOD.

NUMBER OF MALES AT EACH AGE, 1901.

NUMBERS OF FEMALES AT EACH AGE,1901.

A table is appended to this portion of the Report showing the number of persons at each year of age as taken from the census schedules. A glance at this table will show that many people, either through disregard of truth, or carelessness, have set down their ages as at the nearest decennial or quinquennial period (30, 35, 40, &c.). To ascertain the true number living at each year of age, the total numbers in certain groups of ages should be distributed proportionately over the single years, and this has accordingly been done by the Actuary of the Government Life Insurance Department in respect of the numbers for each sex. The two tables showing the adjusted numbers are given with the one alluded to above.

The numbers and proportions at each period of five years are probably nearly correct, and are stated beneath. These numbers diminish in a regular progression.

PROPORTIONS AT QUINQUENNIAL PERIODS OF AGE.

	Numbers.			Proportions per Gent.
	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Under 5 years	86,806	44,324	42,482	11.24	10.93	11.59
5 years and under 10 years.	85,736	43,314	42,422	11.10	10.68	11.57
10 years and under 15 years	85,225	43,100	42,125	11.04	10.62	11.49
15 years and under 20 years	84,314	42,156	42,358	10.98	10.47	11.56
20 years and under 25 years	83,156	41,196	41,960	10.77	10.16	11.15
25 years and under 30 years	68,510	35,307	33,233	8.88	8.71	9.07
30 years and under 35 years	56,966	29,694	27,272	7.38	7.32	7.44
35 years and under 10 years	45,518	24,301	21,217	5.90	5.99	5.79
40 years and under 45 years	38,936	21,589	17,317	5.04	5.32	4.73
45 years and under 50 years	33,131	19,134	13,997	4.29	1.72	3.82
50 years and under 55 years	27,404	15,413	11,991	3.55	3.80	3.27
55 years and under 60 years	23,671	13,711	9,963	3.07	3.38	2.72
60 years and under 65 years	20,820	12,803	8,017	2.70	3.16	2.19
65 years and under 70 years	16,188	10,160	6,028	2.10	2.51	1.65
70 years and under 75 years	8,584	5,348	3,236	1.11	1.32	0.88
75 years and under 80 years	3,964	2,285	1,679	0.51	0.56	0.46
80 years and under 85 years	1,902	1,050	852	0.25	0.26	0.23
85 years and upwards	715	375	340	0.09	0.09	0.09
Unspecified	640	432	208	…	…	…
All ages	772,719	405,992	366,727	100.00	100.00	100.00

* The total number of males liable to be called out for service in the militia in March, 1901, was, in round numbers, 129,000, consisting of all males between 17 and 40 years, with the unmarried between 40 and 55 years, less the exemptions, numbering about 37,880 persons. They are classified as under:—

Class I. Unmarried, between 17 and 30 years	86,327
Class II. Married, between 17 and 30 years	15,407
Unmarried, between 30 and 40 years	18,901
Class III. Married, between 30 and 40 years	34,545
Unmarried, between 40 and 55 years	11,700
Total	166,830
Deduct exemptions	37,380
Number available for service	129,000

Of married men between 40 and 55 years there were 43,130.

The proportions of the sexes at each quinquennial period of age are shown hereunder: —

PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES AT EACH QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIOD.

Ages.	Proportion of Sexes in every 100 Persons living at each Age-period.
Ages.	Males.	Females.
Under 5 years	51.06	48.94
5 years and under 10 years	50.52	49.48
10 years and under 15 years	50.57	49.43
15 years and under 20 years	50.05	49.95
20 years and under 25 years	49.54	50.46
25 years and under 30 years	51.51	48.49
30 years and under 35 years	52.13	47.87
35 years and under 40 years	53.39	46.61
40 years and under 45 years	55.45	44.55
45 years and under 50 years	57.75	42.25
50 years and under 55 years	56.24	43.76
55 years and under 60	57.92	42.08
60 years and under 65 years	61.49	38.51
65 years and under 70 years	62.77	37.23
70 years and under 75 years	62.30	37.70
75 years and under 80 years	57.64	42.36
80 years and under 85 years	55.21	44.79
85 years and upwards	52.45	47.55
	52.54	47.46

At the first four of these the males and females are nearly equal in number, though the male element slightly preponderates, but at 20 to 25 there are actually more females than males, the figures being: males, 49.54; females, 50.46. At 25 to 30 years the males are, however, again found to be in excess of the females, though not greatly so. The difference thereafter widens until at 65 to 70, the proportions are 62.77 and 37.23 respectively. At 85 and upwards there were 52.45 of males and 47.55 of females in every 100 persons.

The numbers at each year of age were as follow: but, as previously pointed out, the clusters at the quinquennial periods show that these are not by any means absolutely correct, so that it has been necessary to add further tables giving the adjusted figures in respect of the numbers of each sex.

POPULATION AT EACH YEAR OF AGE-PERIOD.

[Numbers as compiled from Returns.]

Ages.	Including Chinese.			Chinese.			Excluding Chinese.
Ages.	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Total population	772,719	405,992	366,727	2,857	2,825	32	769,862	403,167	366,695
Total specified ages	772,079	405,560	366,519	2,832	2,800	32	769,247	402,760	366,487
Under 1 year	18,381	9,612	8,769	2	…	2	18,379	9,612	8,767
1 year	15,982	8,149	7,833	2	2	…	15,980	8,147	7,833
2 years	17,379	8,843	8,536	5	4	1	17,374	8,839	8,535
3 years	17,409	8,733	8,671	3	1	2	17,406	8,737	8,669
4 years	17,655	8,982	8,673	1	1	…	17,654	8,981	8,673
5 years	17,278	8,709	8,569	2	…	2	17,276	8,709	8,567
6 years	17,132	8,629	8,503	2	2	…	17,130	8,627	8,503
7 years	17,155	8,676	8,479	1	1	…	17,154	8,675	8,479
8 years	16,986	8,596	8,390	3	3	…	16,983	8,593	8,390
9 years	17,185	8,704	8,481	1	…	1	17,184	8,704	8,480
10 years	16,890	8,512	8,378	2	…	2	16,888	8,512	8,376
11 years	16,662	8,465	8,197	2	1	1	16,660	8,464	8,196
12 years	17,435	8,822	8,613	1	…	1	17,434	8,822	8,612
13 years	17,131	8,552	8,579	…	…	…	17,131	8,552	8,579
14 years	17,107	8,749	8,358	2	2	…	17,105	8,747	8,358
15 years	16,832	8,456	8,376	…	…	…	16,832	8,456	8,376
16 years	17,258	8,569	8,689	1	1	…	17,257	8,568	8,689
17 years	16,883	8,453	8,430	…	…	…	16,883	8,453	8,430
18 years	16,961	8,536	8,425	…	…	…	16,961	8,536	8,425
19 years	16,880	8,442	8,438	3	3	…	16,877	8,439	8,438
20 years	17,142	8,559	8,583	5	5	…	17,137	8,554	8,583
21 years	16,915	8,356	8,559	3	3	…	16,912	8,353	8,559
22 years	16,698	8,222	8,476	11	9	2	16,687	8,213	8,474
23 years	16,492	8,176	8,316	3	2	1	16,489	8,174	8,315
24 years	15,909	7,883	8,026	21	16	5	15,888	7,867	8,021
25 years	15,266	7,875	7,391	33	29	4	15,233	7,846	7,387
26 years	14,406	7,399	7,007	29	29	…	14,377	7,370	7,007
27 years	12,935	6,637	6,298	36	36	…	12,899	6,601	6,298
28 years	13,674	7,009	6,665	40	38	2	13,634	6,971	6,663
29 years	12,259	6,387	5,872	30	30	…	12,229	6,357	5,872
30 years	14,682	7,507	7,175	79	79		14,603	7,428	7,175
31 years	10,415	5,532	4,883	27	26	1	10,383	5,506	4,882
32 years	11,616	6,154	5,462	64	64	…	11,552	6,090	5,462
33 years	10,107	5,250	4,857	21	21	…	10,086	5,229	4,857
34 years	10,146	5,251	4,895	41	41	…	10,105	5,210	4,895
35 years	10,287	5,597	4,690	84	84	…	10,203	5,513	4,690
36 years	9,534	5,027	4,507	71	70	1	9,463	4,957	4,506
37 years	8,571	4,551	4,020	45	45	…	8,526	4,506	4,020
38 years	9,170	4,891	4,279	84	84	…	9,086	4,807	4,279
39 years	7,956	4,235	3,721	35	35	…	7,921	4,200	3,721
40 years	10,735	5,971	4,764	200	200	…	10,535	5,771	4,764
41 years	6,675	3,691	2,984	49	49	…	6,626	3,642	2,984
42 years	8,037	4,569	3,468	105	105	…	7,932	4,464	3,468
43 years	6,827	3,695	3,132	49	49		6,778	3,646	3,132
44 years	6,662	3,663	2,999	58	58	…	6,604	3,605	2,999
45 years	8,044	4,708	3,336	148	147	1	7,896	4,561	3,335
46 years	6,571	3,777	2,794	79	78	1	6,492	3,699	2,793
47 years	5,975	3,479	2,496	60	60	…	5,915	3,419	2,496
48 years	6,652	3,809	2,843	134	134	…	6,518	3,675	2,843
49 years	5,889	3,361	2,528	68	68	…	5,821	3,293	2,528
50 years	8,134	4,576	3,558	185	185	…	7,949	4,391	3,558
51 years	4,377	2,528	1,849	74	73	1	4,303	2,455	1,848
52 years	5,521	3,123	2,398	89	89	…	5,432	3,034	2,398
53 years	4,619	2,578	2,041	55	55	…	4,564	2,523	2,041
54 years	4,753	2,608	2,145	63	63	…	4,690	2,545	2,145
55 years	4,949	2,840	2,109	95	95	…	4,854	2,745	2,109
56 years	5,283	3,006	2,277	70	70	…	5,213	2,936	2,277
57 years	4,384	2,525	1,859	36	36	…	4,348	2,489	1,859
58 years	4,725	2,776	1,949	43	43		4,682	2,733	1,949
59 years	4,333	2,564	1,769	17	17		4,316	2,547	1,769
60 years	5,965	3,588	2,377	87	87	…	5,878	3,501	2,377
61 years	3,432	2,141	1,291	37	37	…	3,395	2,104	1,291
62 years	3,888	2,453	1,435	47	47	…	3,841	2,406	1,435
63 years	3,806	2,300	1,506	35	35	…	3,771	2,265	1,506
64 years	3,729	2,321	1,408	26	26	…	3,703	2,295	1,408
65 years	4,095	2,563	1,532	33	32	1	4,062	2,531	1,531
66 years	3,431	2,089	1,342	15	15	…	3,416	2,074	1,342
67 years	3,432	2,178	1,254	19	19	…	3,413	2,159	1,254
68 years	3,015	1,923	1,092	15	15	…	3,000	1,908	1,092
69 years	2,215	1,407	808	5	5	…	2,210	1,402	808
70 years	2,662	1,620	1,042	14	14	…	2,648	1,606	1,042
71 years	1,577	1,011	566	3	3	…	1,574	1,008	566
72 years	1,655	1,047	608	8	8	…	1,647	1,039	608
73 years	1,406	885	521	4	4	…	1,402	881	521
74 years	1,284	785	499	2	2	…	1,282	783	499
75 years	1,157	674	483	3	3	…	1,154	671	483
76 years	916	524	392	3	3	…	913	521	392
77 years	698	388	310	…	…	…	698	388	310
78 years	689	407	282	2	2	…	687	405	282
79 years	504	292	212	…	…	…	504	292	212
80 years	550	301	249	1	1	…	549	300	249
81 years	428	253	175	1	1	…	427	252	175
82 years	435	231	204	…	…	…	435	231	204
83 years	259	135	124	…	…	…	259	135	124
84 years	230	130	100	…	…	…	230	130	100
85 years	166	87	79	…	…	…	166	87	79
86 years	139	77	62	…	…	…	139	77	62
87 years	116	61	55	…	…	…	116	61	55
88 years	76	40	36	…	…	…	76	40	36
89 years	59	32	27	…	…	…	59	32	27
90 years	56	31	25	…	…	…	56	31	25
91 years	30	14	16	…	…	…	30	14	16
92 years	22	11	11	…	…	…	22	11	11
93 years	13	7	6	…	…	…	13	7	6
94 years	7	1	6	…	…	…	7	1	6
95 years	7	3	4	…	…	…	7	3	4
96 years	9	3	6	…	…	…	9	3	6
97 years	4	2	2	…	…	…	4	2	2
98 years	8	5	3	…	…	…	8	5	3
99 years	3	1	2	…	…	…	3	1	2
100 years	…	…	…	…	…	…	−	…	…
Unspecified, under 21	39	24	15	…	…	…	39	24	15
Unspecified, over 21	601	408	193	25	25	…	576	383	193

NUMBER OF MALES AT EACH AGE, 1901.

Total Males.						New-Zealand-born Males.
Age.	Census Numbers.	Adjusted Numbers.	Age.	Census Numbers.	Adjusted Numbers.	Age.	Census Numbers.	Adjusted Numbers.	Age.	Census Numbers.	Adjusted Numbers.
0	9,612	9,612	55	2,840	2,829	0	9,568	9,568	55	210	208
1	8,149	8,149	56	3,006	2,763	1	8,083	8,083	56	209	192
2	8,843	8,843	57	2,525	2,723	2	8,739	8,739	57	166	159
3	8,738	8,738	58	2,776	2,704	3	8,603	8,603	58	127	120
4	8,982	8,982	59	2,564	2,692	4	8,793	8,793	59	72	88
5	8,709	8,680	60	3,588	2,676	5	8,525	8,495	60	69	60
6	8,629	8,666	61	2,141	2,637	6	8,378	8,346	61	23	37
7	8,676	8,659	62	2,453	2,574	7	8,349	8,307	62	23	22
8	8,596	8,657	63	2,300	2,501	8	8,145	8,240	63	22	15
9	8,704	8,652	64	2,321	2,415	9	8,226	8,235	64	10	14
10	8,512	8,648	65	2,563	2,328	10	8,093	8,230	65	18	12
11	8,465	8,637	66	2,089	2,245	11	8,042	8,228	66	12	11
12	8,822	8,623	67	2,178	2,063	12	8,425	8,223	67	10	10
13	8,552	8,606	68	1,923	1,867	13	8,161	8,217	68	6	8
14	8,749	8,586	69	1,407	1,657	14	8,381	8,200	69	2	7
15	8,456	8,556	70	1,620	1,423	15	8,030	8,103	70	8	6
16	8,569	8,520	71	1,011	1,196	16	8,089	7,993	71	2	5
17	8,453	8,489	72	1,047	1,043	17	7,896	7,882	72	4	5
18	8,536	8,460	73	885	906	18	7,774	7,770	73	4	4
19	8,442	8,431	74	785	780	19	7,557	7,602	74	6	4
20	8,559	8,404	75	674	656	20	7,529	7,413	75	3	3
21	8,356	8,348	76	524	532	21	7,062	7,138	76	1	1
22	8,222	8,271	77	388	433	22	6,712	6,804	77	3	3
23	8,176	8,177	78	407	363	23	6,482	6,420	78	1	1
24	7,883	7,996	79	292	301	24	5,981	5,991	79	1	1
25	7,875	7,702	80	301	276	25	5,693	5,497	80	3	3
26	7,399	7,354	81	253	249	26	5,035	4,935	81	..	..
27	6,637	7,041	82	231	217	27	4,176	4,440	82	2	2
28	7,009	6,733	83	135	177	28	4,218	4,154	83	1	1
29	6,387	6,477	84	130	131	29	3,776	3,872	84	1	1
30	7,507	6,290	85	87	87	30	4,250	3,697	Unspecified.	106	106
31	5,532	6,106	86	77	77	31	3,128	3,553
32	6,154	5,938	87	61	61	32	3,394	3,322
33	5,250	5,761	88	40	40	33	2,881	3,105
34	5,251	5,599	89	32	32	34	2,838	2,819
35	5,597	5,301	90	31	31	35	2,596	2,481
36	5,027	5,022	91	14	14	36	2,158	2,143
37	4,551	4,829	92	11	11	37	1,771	1,848
38	4,891	4,649	93	7	7	38	1,622	1,600
39	4,235	4,500	94	1	1	39	1,287	1,362
40	5,971	4,429	95	3	3	40	1,347	1,173
41	3,691	4,378	96	3	3	41	848	997
42	4,569	4,328	97	2	2	42	888	851
43	3,695	4,259	98	5	5	43	710	738
44	3,663	4,195	99	1	1	44	616	654
45	4,708	4,113	100	..	..	45	678	592
46	3,777	3,981	46	482	537
47	3,479	3,841	Unspecified.	432	432	47	462	484
48	3,809	3,669				48	474	436
49	3,361	3,530				49	354	393
50	4,576	3,301				50	422	350
51	2,528	3,170				51	242	313
52	3,123	3,070				52	313	278
53	2,578	2,972				53	233	246
54	2,608	2,900				54	188	226
	..	..				405,992	405,992	..	..	257,828	257,828

NOTE,—The Adjusted figures have been supplied by the Government Life Insurance Commissioner.

NUMBERS OF FEMALES AT EACH AGE,1901.

Total Females.						New-Zealand-Born Females.
Age.	Census Numbers.	Adjusted Numbers.	Age.	Census Numbers.	Adjusted Numbers.	Age.	Census Numbers.	Adjusted Numbers.	Age.	Census Numbers.	Adjusted Numbers.
NOTE,—The Adjusted figures have been supplied by the Government Life Insurance Commissioner.
0	8,769	8,769	55	2,109	2,134	0	8,720	8,720	55	200	187
1	7,833	7,833	56	2,277	2,065	1	7,774	7,774	56	177	175
2	8,536	8,536	57	1,859	2,000	2	8,404	8,404	57	155	155
3	8,671	8,673	58	1,949	1,932	3	8,524	8,524	58	116	128
4	8,673	8,653	59	1,769	1,855	4	8,478	8,478	59	95	95
5	8,569	8,635	60	2,377	1,775	5	8,358	8,358	60	61	59
6	8,503	8,611	61	1,291	1,680	6	8,265	8,286	61	20	22
7	8,479	8,589	62	1,435	1,600	7	8,161	8,243	62	19	19
8	8,390	8,564	63	1,506	1,539	8	8,023	8,201	63	21	17
9	8,481	8,540	64	1,408	1,484	9	8,036	8,161	64	12	15
10	8,378	8,518	65	1,532	1,400	10	7,950	8,130	65	16	14
11	8,197	8,488	66	1,342	1,320	11	7,784	8,100	66	14	12
12	8,613	8,466	67	5,254	1,211	12	8,207	8,059	67	7	10
13	8,579	8,452	68	1,092	1,043	13	8,236	8,019	68	10	9
14	8,358	8,436	69	808	925	14	7,979	7,985	69	2	8
15	8,376	8,418	70	1,042	825	15	7,988	7,950	70	13	7
16	8,689	8,400	71	566	726	16	8,257	7,907	71	5	6
17	8,430	8,382	72	608	637	17	7,937	7,865	72	2	3
18	8,425	8,364	73	521	559	18	7,807	7,822	73	3	3
19	8,438	8,346	74	499	489	19	7,812	7,776	74	1	2
20	8,583	8,321	75	483	427	20	7,847	7,710	75	3	3
21	8,559	8,281	76	392	372	21	7,689	7,608	76	..	..
22	8,476	8,201	77	310	338	22	7,405	7,472	77	..	..
23	8,316	8,036	78	282	297	23	7,120	7,181	78	2	2
24	8,026	7,822	79	212	265	24	6,767	6,795	79	3	3
25	7,391	7,552	80	249	232	25	5,857	6,173	80	..	..
26	7,007	7,249	81	175	201	26	5,308	5,285	81	..	..
27	6,298	6,908	82	204	162	27	4,381	4,519	82	1	1
28	6,665	6,410	83	124	132	28	4,482	4,180	83	..	..
29	5,872	6,138	84	100	105	29	3,883	3,981	84	1	1
30	7,175	5,909	85	79	83	30	4,583	3,795
31	4,883	5,678	86	62	64	31	3,163	3,582	Unspecified.	89	89
32	5,462	5,442	87	55	49	32	3,401	3,360
33	4,857	5,206	88	36	36	33	2,977	3,160
34	4,895	4,961	89	27	27	34	2,829	2,800
35	4,690	4,662	90	25	20	35	2,480	2,403
36	4,507	4,394	91	16	16	36	2,180	2,091
37	4,020	4,217	92	11	12	37	1,747	1,812
38	4,279	4,066	93	6	9	38	1,498	1,543
39	3,721	3,943	94	6	7	39	1,212	1,297
40	4,764	3,816	95	4	6	40	1,332	1,126
41	2,984	3,624	96	6	5	41	827	966
42	3,468	3,448	97	2	3	42	813	820
43	3,132	3,296	98	3	2	43	663	704
44	2,999	3,168	99	2	1	44	593	616
45	3,336	3,048	Unspecified.	208	208	45	626	542
46	2,794	2,936				46	434	476
47	2,496	2,824				47	406	418
48	2,843	2,720				48	413	397
49	2,528	2,624				49	336	376
50	3,558	2,546				50	413	332
51	1,849	2,461				51	196	290
52	2,398	2,370				52	268	250
53	2,041	2,284				53	220	212
54	2,145	2,215				54	181	199
	..	..	366,727	366,727	..	..	258,278	258,278

Chapter 19. AGES AND LENGTH OF RESIDENCE.

For a person not born in New Zealand, the householder was required to state on the census schedule the length of his or her residence therein in years, and, from the information thus obtained, a table has been compiled showing the number of persons at each year of age, and the length of their residence in the colony, and from this the following figures, which will no doubt be found interesting, are taken:—

On the 31st March, 1901, there were in New Zealand 26,563 persons of 65 years of age and. upwards who had been twenty-five years and over resident in the colony, and, at the same time, no less than

3,537 persons	64 years of age and over, resident	24 years and upwards.
3,602 persons	63 years of age and over, resident	23 years and upwards.
3,831 persons	62 years of age and over, resident	22 years and upwards.
3,532 persons	61 years of age and over, resident	21 years and upwards.
5,978 persons	60 years of age and over, resident	20 years and upwards.
4,180 persons	59 years of age and over, resident	19 years and upwards.
4,676 persons	58 years of age and over, resident	18 years and upwards.
4,567 persons	57 years of age and over, resident	17 years and upwards.
5,277 persons	56 years of age and over, resident	16 years and upwards.
5,030 persons	55 years of age and over, resident	15 years and upwards.

In addition to the above, there were 925 persons of 65 years and over whose length of residence was not specified, 71 persons who had resided twenty-five years and over in the colony whose ages were not stated, and 273 adults unspecified both as to age and length of residence, as well as 163 adults born in New Zealand whose ages were not given.

Aliens are included in the foregoing figures, but Maoris are excluded. There were 11,615 foreign subjects (of all ages) in New Zealand on the 31st March, 1901.

Of the New-Zealand-born, 171 had reached or passed the age of 65 years at the time of the census; 22 were 64 years old; 43 were 63; 42 were 62; 43 were 61; 130 were said to be 60; 167 were 59; 243 were 58; 321 were 57; 386 were 56; and 410 were 55 years old. These have been included in the figures previously given.

PART V.—CONJUGAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE.

Table of Contents

20.

21. Numbers Living.

22. PROPORTION TO EVERY 100 LIVING AT EACH AGE

PROPORTIONS FOR. 100 MARRIED WOMEN AT THE AGES 15 TO 45.

23. CONJUGAL CONDITION OF CHINESE.

24. BACHELORS AND SPINSTERS.

NUMBER OF BACHELORS AGED 20 YEARS AND UPWARDS TO EVERY 100 OF SPINSTERS AGED 15 AND UPWARDS.

25. HUSBANDS AND WIVES.

26. WIDOWERS AND WIDOWS.

27. DIVORCED PERSONS.

28. MARRIAGE BATES IN AUSTRALASIA.

MARRIAGE RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.

BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.

29. HALF-CASTE CHINESE.

Chapter 20.

OF 403,167 males, exclusive of Chinese, 273,113 were returned as unmarried, 118,475 as husbands, 10,653 as widowers, and 926 were unspecified as to conjugal condition.

These figures show a proportion of 67.90 per cent, of males to have been unmarried, 29.45 as husbands, and 2.65 as widowers, or, eliminating all males under 14 years, who were necessarily unmarried, 53.91 per cent, not married, 42.29 per cent, husbands, and 3.80 widowers.

Of females, numbering altogether 366,695, there were 230,510 unmarried, 117,821 wives, 17,902 widows, and 462 not specified as to condition. Or, represented proportionally, of females at all ages, 62.94 per cent, were not married, 32.17 were wives, and 4.89 widows. Shutting off those under 14 years, the proportions stand as 45 persons 18 unmarried, 47.59 waves, and 7.23 widows.

The proportions for successive census periods exhibit on the male side a rise in the percentage of the married men and a steady increase in regard to widowers since the year 1878. On the female side the percentage of the unmarried rose with regularity until the year 1891, while the married diminished. The percentage of widows increased steadily. Chinese are excluded from the calculations.

Year.	Males.			Females.
Year.	Unmarried.	Married.	Widowed.	Unmarried.	Married.	Widowed.
1878	70.09	28.06	1.85	62.59	34.32	3.09
1881	70.39	27.73	1.88	63.64	33.05	3.31
1886	70.35	27.61	2.04	64.59	31.74	3.67
1891	70.02	27.61	2.37	64.95	30.94	4.11
1896	69.48	27.97	2.55	64.37	31.10	4.53
1901	67.90	29.45	2.65	62.94	32.17	4.89

The proportions at different age-periods show, for males, that the unmarried decrease from 99 per cent, at the period 17.20 to 65 per cent, at the period 25.30 years. At 30.35 years the husbands, who were only 34.61 per cent, at the previous period, exceeded the unmarried, the proportion being of husbands 58.54, unmarried 40.38, and widowers 1.08 per cent. At 80.85 years the widowers were in the highest proportion per cent., the figures being 15.90 unmarried, 39.85 husbands, and 44.25 widowers.

Of the females, 99 per cent, were spinsters at the period 14.18 years; thence onward the proportion diminished and the wives and widows increased, until at 25.30 years the wives were in the highest proportion—i.e., 54.07 per cent., against 45.06 of unmarried females, and 0.87 of widows. At 70.75 years the widows had increased so as to exceed the wives, being 52.31 per cent., against 43.53, while the spinsters had diminished to 4.16 per cent. At 85 and upwards the widows were 81.01 per cent, of the whole number of females.

The numbers and proportions according to conjugal condition for each age-period are exhibited in full detail:—

Chapter 21. Numbers Living.

Males.
Ages.	Total.	Unmarried.	Husbands.	Widowers.	Divorced.	Not stated.
All ages	403,167	272,858	118,475	10,653	255	926
Specified ages	402,760	272,685	118,401	10,641	255	778
14 years and upwards	280,786	150,711	118,401	10,641	255	778
Under 14 years	121,974	121,974	..	..	..	..
14 years to 15 years…	8,747	8,747	..	..	..	..
15 years to 16 years	8,456	8,456	..	..	..	..
16 years to 17 years	8,568	8,566	..	..	..	2
17 years to 18 years	8,453	8,443	4	..	..	6
18 years to 19 years	8,536	8,508	16	..	..	12
19 years to 20 years	8,439	8,402	28	..	..	9
20 years to 21 years	8,554	8,440	94	1	..	19
21 years to 25 years	32,607	29,482	2,953	34	4	134
25 years to 30 years	35,145	22,730	12,121	156	10	128
30 years to 35 years	29,463	11,845	17,206	317	24	71
35 years to 40 years	23,983	6,854	16,577	445	41	66
40 years to 45 years	21,128	4,898	15,434	706	26	64
45 years to 50 years	18,647	3,730	13,956	859	47	65
50 years to 55 years	14,948	2,788	11,098	970	34	58
55 years to 60 years	13,450	2,423	9,699	1,259	24	45
60 years to 65 years	12,571	2,320	8,711	1,484	17	39
65 years to 70 years	10,074	2,347	5,927	1,756	15	29
70 years to 75 years	5,317	1,094	2,931	1,267	7	18
75 years to 80 years	2,277	444	1,105	709	3	16
80 years to 85 years	1,048	164	416	462	2	4
85 years to and upwards	375	30	125	216	1	3
Unspecified	407	173	74	12	…	148

Females.
Ages.	Total.	Unmarried.	Wives.	Widows.	Divorced.	Not stated.
All ages	366,695	230,361	117,821	17,902	149	462
Specified ages	366,487	230,284	117,746	17,881	149	427
14 years and upwards	247,828	111,625	117,746	17,881	149	427
Under 14 years	118,659	118,659	…	…	…	…
14 Under 15 years	8,358	8,358	…	…	…	…
15 Under 16 years	8,376	8,375	1	…	…	…
16 Under 17 years	8,689	8,677	10	…	…	2
17 Under 18 years	8,430	8,352	72	…	…	6
18 Under 19 years	8,425	8,215	193	1	…	16
19 Under 20 years	8,438	7,924	501	…	…	13
20 Under 21 years	8,583	7,593	963	5	…	22
21 Under 25 years	33,369	24,114	9,090	67	8	90
25 Under 30 years	33,227	14,918	17,923	290	16	80
30 Under 35 years	27,271	6,986	19,617	593	35	40
35 Under 40 years	21,216	3,373	16,854	929	33	27
40 Under 45 years	17,347	1,783	14,182	1,342	21	19
45 Under 50 years	13,995	966	11,309	1,683	17	20
50 Under 55 years	11,990	665	9,239	2,068	5	13
55 Under 60 years	9,963	467	7,144	2,330	6	16
60 Under 65 years	8,017	347	5,222	2,422	6	20
65 Under 70 years	6,027	253	3,283	2,468	2	21
70 Under 75 years	3,236	134	1,404	1,687	…	11
75 Under 80 years	1,679	86	515	1,074	…	4
80 Under 85 years	852	26	173	649	…	4
85 years and upwards	340	13	51	273	…	3
Unspecified	208	77	75	21	…	35

Chapter 22. PROPORTION TO EVERY 100 LIVING AT EACH AGE

Table of Contents

PROPORTIONS FOR. 100 MARRIED WOMEN AT THE AGES 15 TO 45.

	Males.				Females.
	Unmarried.	Husbands.	Widowers.	Divorced.	Unmarried.	Wives.	Widows.	Divorced!.
All ages	67.84	29.45	2.65	006	62.90	32.17	4.89	0.04
Specified ages	67.84	29.45	2.65	0.06	62.91	32.17	4.88	0.04
14 years and upwards	53.82	42.29	3.80	0.09	45.12	47.59	7.23	0.06
Under 14 years	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
14 years to 15 years	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
15 years to 16 years	…	…	…	…	99.99	0.01	…	…
16 years to 17 years	…	…	…	…	99.88	0.12	…	…
17 years to 18 years	99.95	0.05	…	…	99.15	0.85	…	…
18 years to 19 years	99.81	0.19	…	…	97.69	2.30	0.01	…
19 years to 20 years	99.67	0.33	…	…	94.05	5.95	…	…
20 years to 21 years	98.89	1.10	0.01	…	88.69	11.25	0.06	…
21 years to 25 years	90.79	9.09	0.11	0.01	72.46	27.32	0.20	0.02
25 years to 30 years	64.91	34.61	0.45	0.03	45.01	54.07	0.87	0.05
30 years to 35 years	40.30	58.54	1.08	0.08	25.65	72.04	2.18	0.13
35 years to 40 years	28.66	69.31	1.86	0.17	15.92	79.54	4.38	0.16
40 years to 45 years	23.25	73.27	3.35	0.13	10.29	81.84	7.75	0.12
45 years to 50 years	20.06	75.07	4.62	0.25	6.91	30.93	12.04	0.12
50 years to 55 years	18.72	74.53	6.52	0.23	5.55	77.14	17.27	0.04
55 years to 60 years	18.08	72.35	9.39	0.18	4.70	71.82	23.42	0.06
60 years to 65 years	18.51	69.51	11.84	0.14	4.34	65.30	30.29	0.07
65 years to 70 .	23.37	59.00	17.48	0.15	4.21	54.66	41.09	0.04
70 years to 75 years	20.65	55.31	23.91	0.13	4.16	43.53	52.31	…
75 years to 80 years	19.64	48.87	31.36	0.13	5.13	30.75	64.12	…
80 years to 85 years	15.71	39.85	44.25	0.19	3.07	20.40	76.53	…
85 years and upwards	8.06	33.60	58.07	0.27	3.86	15.13	81.01	…

The proportion of married women under 20 years of age is still steadily diminishing, while the proportion from 35 to 45 years has an increasing tendency. Women in New Zealand are therefore not now marrying at such early ages as they did in former years. The process brings the relative proportions closer to those that obtain in England:—

PROPORTIONS FOR. 100 MARRIED WOMEN AT THE AGES 15 TO 45.

Ages.	England.	New Zealand.
Ages.	1881.	1878.	1881.	1886.	1891.	1896.	1901.
Under 20 years	1.10	2.45	2.16	1.81	1.19	1.12	0.98
20 and under 35 years	59.32	61.90	60.53	60.03	60.12	59.57	59.94
35 and under 45 years	39.58	35.65	37.31	38.16	38.69	36.31	39.08
	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

Chapter 23. CONJUGAL CONDITION OF CHINESE.

Of 2,825 male Chinese living in the colony, 6l were stated as married and 13 widowed. The instruction on the census schedule was that Chinese not having wives in this colony or any Australian State should be returned as unmarried. Of 32 Chinese females, 18 were returned as married, 12 of the rest being young people under 14 years of age. The half-caste Chinese are referred to on page 41.

Chapter 24. BACHELORS AND SPINSTERS.

Table of Contents

NUMBER OF BACHELORS AGED 20 YEARS AND UPWARDS TO EVERY 100 OF SPINSTERS AGED 15 AND UPWARDS.

Of 272,685 unmarried males of specified ages, 09,844 were over 20 years of age, and, of 230,284 unmarried females, 103,416 were found to be over 15 years; the excess of spinsters over bachelors was therefore 3,572. Accepting the above as the marriageable ages, the number of bachelors to every 100 spinsters was 97.

That a process of equalisation in the numbers of bachelors and spinsters has been going on steadily during past years is proved by the results of previous censuses:—

NUMBER OF BACHELORS AGED 20 YEARS AND UPWARDS TO EVERY 100 OF SPINSTERS AGED 15 AND UPWARDS.

Census, 1874	238
Census, 1878	191
Census, 1881	162
Census, 1886	123
Census, 1891	105
Census, 1896	98
Census, 1901	97

Chapter 25. HUSBANDS AND WIVES.

The number of husbands of specified ages was 118,401, and of wives 117,746, giving an excess of husbands over wives amounting to 655. This excess of husbands is almost entirely accounted for by the arrival in the Auckland Provincial District during the last few years of a number of Austrian gum-diggers—married men who did not bring their wives with them. There were 100 wives to every 100 husbands in the colony, notwithstanding the small numerical excess of husbands above mentioned. As in the case of the bachelors and spinsters, a process of equalisation in the number of husbands and wives has also been in operation, the number of husbands to every 100 wives having fallen from 102 in 1874 to 101 in 1881, and again to 100 in 1891, 1896, and 1901.

Chapter 26. WIDOWERS AND WIDOWS.

The widowers of specified ages numbered 10,641, and the widows 17,881, being a proportion of 60 widowers to every 100 widows. At the census of 1896 the proportion was 62 to every 100 widows.

Chapter 27. DIVORCED PERSONS.

Four hundred and four persons—namely, 255 men and 149 women—were entered on the census schedule as being divorced. These numbers are not likely to represent fully the actual facts, but are interesting as, no doubt, an approximation to the truth. During the five years ended 31st December, 1900, the number of decrees for dissolution of marriage granted was 232, and for judicial separation 24.

Chapter 28. MARRIAGE BATES IN AUSTRALASIA.

Table of Contents

MARRIAGE RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.

BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.

It was remarked in the report on the census of 1890 that the marriage rate in New Zealand, from being the highest in Australasia, had fallen to be the lowest, and that the same process hits been going on in regard to birth rates. The lapse of five years places New Zealand in a much better position as regards marriage, the rate being lower than in Tasmania and Western Australia only, but higher than in Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, and Queensland.

MARRIAGE RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.

	1874.	1886.	1891.	1895.	1900.
Queensland	8.62	8.67	7.18	6.23	6.88
New South Wales	7.70	7.99	7.39	6.35	7.38
Victoria	6.33	7.84	7.69	6.00	6.96
South Australia	8.00	6.24	7.31	5.88	6.50
Western Australia	6.96	7.98	8.00	6.83	10.27
Tasmania	6.83	7.26	6.63	5.32	7.71
New Zealand	8.81	5.99	6.04	5.94	7.67

In the year 1880, New Zealand had the highest birth rate of Australasia, hut since 1887 the position has been exactly the opposite.

BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.

	1887.	1891.	1895.	1900.
Queensland	38.09	36.35	32.85	30.21
New South Wales	36.42	34.50	30.66	27.43
Victoria	32.39	33.57	28.57	25.82
South Australia	34.63	33.92	30.23	25.78
Western Australia	37.34	34.85	25.62	31.46
Tasmania	33.87	33.37	30.10	28.25
New Zealand	32.09	29.01	26.78	25.60

Chapter 29. HALF-CASTE CHINESE.

The schedules showed that at the time of the census 43 European women were married to Chinese, the result of such unions being 106 children (60 males and 46 females). If these half-caste children be added to the number of purebred Chinese in the colony the result would be,—

	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Chinese	2,857	2,825	32
Chinese half-castes	106	60	46
	2,963	2,885	78

PART VI.—EDUCATION OF THE PEOPLE.

Table of Contents

30.

PROPORTION TO EVERY 100 AT EACH QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIOD.

NUMBERS (EXCLUDING CHINESE).

PERSONS IN EVERY 1,000 MARRIED WHO SIGNED BY MARK.

31. ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL.

ATTENDING SUNDAY-SCHOOLS (INCLUDING TEACHERS).

Chapter 30.

Table of Contents

PROPORTION TO EVERY 100 AT EACH QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIOD.

NUMBERS (EXCLUDING CHINESE).

PERSONS IN EVERY 1,000 MARRIED WHO SIGNED BY MARK.

THE replies given by householders to the inquiry showed that in every 100 persons living (excluding Chinese), 82.78 per cent. could read and write, 1.95 could read only, and 15.27 were unable to read. The proportion per cent. unable to read fell from 23.72 in 1878 to 21.19 in 1886, to 16.51 in 1896, and further to 15.27 in 1901. Of those who could read only, the proportion diminished from 6.76 in 1878 till in 1901 it stood at 1.95 per cent. The following shows the percentages at each census period:—

	Read and Write.			Read only.			Cannot Read.
	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
1878	69.52	72.11	66.33	6.76	5.91	7.80	23.72	21.98	25.87
1881	71.32	73.31	68.94	5.63	5.01	6.39	23.05	21.68	24.67
1886	74.01	75.40	72.41	4.80	4.36	5.31	21.19	20.24	22.28
1891	77.27	77.97	76.48	3.97	3.74	4.24	18.76	18.29	19.28
1896	80.60	31.06	80.09	2.89	2.71	3.08	16.51	16.23	16.83
1901	82.78	83.08	82.44	1.95	1.81	2.10	15.27	15.11	15.46

Besides the improvement in the degree of education shown above, which is observed in respect of females as well as males, it will be noticed that whereas the difference in the percentage able to read and write is very considerably in favour of the male sex for the year 1878, the proportions approximate more closely at each successive census year, until in 1901 there are found to have been 82.44 per cent. of the female sex who could read and write, against 83.08 males. The education of the females, taking as a standard the knowledge of reading and writing, is thus nearly equal to that of the males. But with a system of free and compulsory education this would be expected in time, and the census results have no longer the degree of importance or interest they had years ago.

It is in considering the proportions of the population at different age-periods that the improvement in education is even more clearly proved, as seen by reference to the next table:—

PROPORTION TO EVERY 100 AT EACH QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIOD.

Ages.	Persons.			Males.			Females.
Ages.	Read and Write.	Read only.	Cannot Read.	Read and Write.	Read only.	Cannot Read.	Read and Write.	Read only.	Cannot Read.
All ages	82.78	1.95	15.27	83.08	1.81	15.11	82.44	2.10	15.46
Specified ages	82.77	1.94	15.29	83.08	1.80	15.12	82.44	2.09	15.47
Specified ages above 5 years	93.37	2.15	4.48	93.42	1.99	4.59	93.32	2.32	4.36
Under 5 years	…	0.32	99.68	…	0.30	99.70	…	0.33	99.67
5 years to 10 years	63.40	10.90	25.70	62.37	11.29	26.34	64.46	10.50	25.04
10 years to 15 years	99.24	0.34	0.42	99.13	0.38	0.49	99.36	0.29	0.35
15 years to 20 years	99.47	0.11	0.42	99.30	0.14	0.56	99.64	0.09	0.27
20 years to 25 years	99.24	0.16	0.60	98.95	0.22	0.83	99.53	0.11	0.36
25 years to 30 years	99.07	0.23	0.70	98.80	0.27	0.93	99.35	0.19	0.46
30 years to 35 years	98.82	0.31	0.87	98.58	0.34	1.08	99.08	0.28	0.64
35 years to 40 years	98.06	0.62	1.32	97.96	0.54	1.50	98.19	0.70	1.11
40 years to 45 years	97.19	0.91	1.90	97.28	0.71	2.01	97.08	1.15	1.77
45 years to 50 years	96.16	1.43	2.41	96.56	0.95	2.49	95.62	2.06	2.32
50 years to 55 years	94.91	1.86	3.23	95.90	1.15	2.95	93.69	2.73	3.58
55 years to 60 years	93.68	2.65	3.67	94.78	1.74	3.48	92.19	3.88	3.93
60 years to 65 years	92.70	3.25	4.05	94.19	1.95	3.86	90.36	5.29	4.35
65 years to 70 years	88.90	4.82	6.28	91.20	3.15	5.65	85.03	7.62	7.35
70 years to 75 years	89.16	5.50	5.34	91.58	3.73	4.69	S5.20	8.39	6.41
75 years to 80 years	87.18	6.37	6.45	89.53	3.99	6.48	84.00	9.60	6.40
80 and upwards	84.57	7.75	7.68	86.53	5.27	8.20	82.23	10.71	7.06
Unspecified age under 21	54.84	9.68	35.48	47.37	10.52	42.10	66.67	8.33	25.00
Unspecified age over 21	95.25	1.75	3.00	96.68	1.66	1.66	93.08	1.89	5.03

Here it is found that in 1901, of persons at the age-period of 10–15 years, 99.24 per cent. were able to read and write, whilst 0.34 per cent. could merely read, and 0.42 per cent. were unable to read. From 15–20 years the proportion who could not read increased slowly with each succeeding quinquennial period of age until at 50–55 years it stood at 3.23 per cent. At 75–80 years the proportion was 6.45, and at 80 and upwards it had advanced to 7.68. Similarly, the proportion of persons who could read only increased from 0.34 at 10–15 years to 1.86 at the period 50–55, and again to 7.75 at 80 and upwards. The better education of the people at the earlier ages is thus exhibited. The numbers upon which the above proportions are based are:—

NUMBERS (EXCLUDING CHINESE).

Ages	Persons.				Males.				Females.
Ages	Read and Write.	Read only.	Cannot Read.	Education unknown	Read and Write.	Read only.	Cannot Read.	Education unknown	Read and Write.	Read only.	Cannot Read.	Education unknown
All ages	632,936	14,857	116,821	5,248	332,560	7,223	60,484	2,900	300,376	7,634	56,337	2,348
Specified ages	632,538	14,847	116,798	5,067	332,318	7,217	60,472	2,753	300,220	7,630	56,326	2,311
Specified ages above 5 years	632,538	14,570	30,350	4,996	332,318	7,082	16,324	2,720	300,220	7,488	14,026	2,276
Under 5 years	..	277	86,448	68	..	135	44,148	33	..	142	42,300	35
5 years to 10 years	53,408	9,181	21,647	1,491	26,528	4,803	11,200	771	26,880	4,378	10,441	720
10 years to 15 years	84,316	287	357	258	42,586	164	210	137	41,730	123	147	121
15 years to 20 years	84,167	97	351	195	42,041	58	238	115	42,126	39	113	80
20 years to 25 years	82,210	136	494	273	40,570	90	342	159	41,640	46	152	114
25 years to 30 years	67,458	158	478	278	34,564	94	325	162	32,894	64	153	116
30 years to 35 years to	55,721	177	489	347	28,856	100	315	192	26,865	77	174	155
35 years to 40 years	44,020	277	591	311	23,342	129	357	155	20,678	148	234	150
40 years to 45 years	37,065	347	726	337	20,373	149	421	185	16,692	198	305	152
45 years to 50 years	31,059	461	780	342	17,812	176	459	200	13,247	285	321	142
50 years to 55 years	25,299	495	860	284	14,185	171	436	156	11,114	324	424	128
55 years to 6O years	21,670	613	850	280	12,596	231	463	160	9,074	382	387	120
6O years to 65 years	18,871	661	825	231	11,729	243	481	118	7,142	418	344	113
65 years to 70 years	14,156	767	1,001	177	9,099	314	564	97	5,057	453	437	8O
70 years to 75 years	7,529	464	451	109	4,806	196	246	69	2,723	268	205	40
75 years to 80 years	3,408	249	252	47	2,017	90	146	24	1,391	159	106	23
8O and upwards	2,181	200	198	36	1,214	74	115	20	967	126	83	16
Unspecified age under 21	17	3	11	8	9	2	8	5	8	1	3	3
Unspecified age over 21	381	7	12	176	233	4	4	142	148	3	8	34

Statistics showing the proportion of persons married in different years and who signed the register with a mark, corroborate the census results as to advance in education. In the year 1881 32 males and 58 females per 1,000 of either sex were found to be illiterate, as being not able to sign their names. These proportions fell to 19.21 males per 1,000 and 28.96 females per 1,000 of that sex in 1886, and again to 16.33 and 19.23 in 1890; in 1895 the proportions stood at 9.48 for males, and the same for females; and in 1900 only 5.29 for males and 5.12 for females.

A table is next given to show particulars in respect of the various principal religious denominations, and of marriages by Registrars:—

PERSONS IN EVERY 1,000 MARRIED WHO SIGNED BY MARK.

Denomination.	1881.		1886.		1890.		1895.		1900.
Denomination.	M.	F.	M.	F.	M.	F.	M.	F.	M.	F.
Church of England	16.59	27.15	9.33	12.00	6.08	4.86	3.21	3.21	3.01	5.27
Presbyterians	10.25	29.61	9.79	7.62	8.59	15.27	5.00	1.00	2.59	3.23
Wesleyans and other Methodists	32.41	41.79	6.33	14.78	15.20	10.14	4.65	4.65	3.98	3.98
Roman Catholics	117.78	133.33	46.45	65.57	35.26	42.82	17.39	28.26	9.46	6.31
Other denominations	10.36	20.72	11.49	22.99	15.00	0.00	10.00	10.00	..	..
By Registrars	39.22	93.51	35.98	62.03	29.77	40.60	22.02	20.73	13.29	10.22
Totals	32.04	57.98	19.21	28.96	16.33	19.23	9.48	9.48	5.29	5.12

In all the preceding proportions and numbers the Chinese have been excluded.

Occupiers of houses were directed, in filling up census schedules, to see that Chinese should be set down as unable to read or write unless they could read and write English. Out of a total of 2,857 Chinese, 385 were returned in conformity with these instructions as capable of reading and writing English, 20 as able to read only, and 2,452 as not able to read or write; but of these 2,452 no less than 823 are stated to be able to read and write Chinese, and 17 to read only in that language.

Chapter 31. ATTENDANCE AT SCHOOL.

Table of Contents

ATTENDING SUNDAY-SCHOOLS (INCLUDING TEACHERS).

An inquiry was made as to the number of children attending schools of various kinds, besides those receiving tuition at home; also, as to the number of Sunday-school scholars and teachers. While information is always obtainable from the Education Department as to the children attending public schools, the number at private schools can only be got by means of the census, or by special applications made for the purpose to the proprietors, which is done once a year. The census figures serve to check the returns received from private schools; while for Sunday-schools, and tuition at home, there is no other source of information.

The compiled tables give, for March, 1901:—

	Total.	Boys.	Girls.
At Government primary schools	132,911	68,360	64,551
At College, high, grammar, or private schools	19,837	8,994	10,843
Being taught at home	5,055	2,215	2,840

Comparison with former censuses shows increasing numbers at the schools, but latterly a decline in the home tuition. Possibly a gradually advancing density of population in the country districts accounts for the diminution in the children taught at home. The figures at last five successive censuses are:—

	At Government Primary Schools.	At college, High, Grammar or Private Schools.	Receiving Tuition at Home.
April, 1881	87,811	13,538	7,348
March, 1886	110,644	14,948	7,567
April, 1891	124,063	17,047	8,178
April, 1896	133,364	17,600	6,352
March, 1901	132,911	19,837	5,055

As to attendance at Sunday-schools, a comparison can only be made if the teachers be included with the scholars. Proceeding on these lines, a large development is found since 1878: —

ATTENDING SUNDAY-SCHOOLS (INCLUDING TEACHERS).

Census Year.	Totals.	Males.	Females.
1878	62,273	30,707	31,566
1886	99,884	48,509	51,375
1896	116,045	54,063	61,982
1901	118,412	54,834	63,578

The excess of females over males would seem to grow greater, considered numerically, as well as in proportion to the numbers, with time.

The number of scholars at the Sunday-schools in 1901 was 107,113, of whom 50,932 were boys and 56,181 girls. The teachers were 11,299 of both sexes, 3,902 being males and 7,397 females.

Part VII.—Sickness And Infirmity.

Table of Contents

32.

SICKNESS, ACCIDENT, AND INFIRMITY: PROPORTIONS FOR 1,000 LIVING.

PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 LIVING.

PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 PERSONS OVER 15 YEARS.

33. Specified Infirmities.

34. Deaf And Dumb.

DEAF AND DUMB (IN SEXES).— PROPORTIONS PER 10,000 OF POPULATIONS.

NUMBERS OF THE DUMB AT LAST CENSUS.

OCCUPATIONS (PAST OR PRESENT) OF THE DEAF AND DUMB.

DEAF-MUTEISM IN AUSTRALASIA, 1891.

35. Blind.

PROPORTIONS OF BLIND TO EVERY 10,000 PEOPLE.

NUMBER OF THE BLIND AT AGE-PERIODS.

OCCUPATIONS (PAST OR PRESENT) OF THE BLIND.

36. Lunacy.

LUNATICS.—NUMBERS AT QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIODS.

LUNACY IN AUSTRALASIA, 1891.

LUNACY (INCLUDING IDIOCY).

37. Idiocy.

IDIOCY IN AUSTRALASIA, 1891.

Chapter 32.

Table of Contents

SICKNESS, ACCIDENT, AND INFIRMITY: PROPORTIONS FOR 1,000 LIVING.

PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 LIVING.

PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 PERSONS OVER 15 YEARS.

THE inquiry made under the heading “Sickness and Infirmity” on the household schedule for 1901 differs materially from that made at the census of 1896. At the enumeration of 1896 the instruction on the household schedule was, “If laid up or unable to follow usual occupation by reason of illness or accident, write ‘Sick,’ or ‘Accident,’ or if afflicted by any of the following infirmities write ‘Deaf and dumb,’ ‘Blind,’ ‘Insane,’ ‘Idiotic,’ ‘Epileptic,’ ‘Paralytic,’ ‘Leprous,’ ‘Lost a limb,’ or ‘Crippled,’ as the case may be.”

But in 1901 the heading to this column in the schedule was, “If laid up or unable to follow usual occupation by reason of illness or accident, write ‘Sick,’ or ‘Accident’ (specifying cause for either), or, if "Deaf and dumb," or ‘Blind,’ state so.”

Consequently, a large number of those who in 1896 were returned as “Sick” only have for 1901 been tabulated under “Specified Complaints,” or, in cases where the cause given was “Old age,” they have been entered under the heading “Debility and Infirmity.”

By means of the information thus obtained the proportion of persons incapacitated from work on the day of the census has been ascertained, and is shown in the tables according to various age-periods.

The results of the investigation under this head show that 9.28 persons in every 1,000 were suffering from sickness or accident on the 31st March, 1901, using the word “sickness” to mean inability to work on that day; and that, besides these, there were 7.20 persons in every 1,000 who were either affected with blindness, or deaf-and-dumb, lunatic, idiot, epileptic, &c.

These figures admit of being compared with the results obtained in New South Wales in 1891:—

SICKNESS, ACCIDENT, AND INFIRMITY: PROPORTIONS FOR 1,000 LIVING.

	New Zealand.	New South Wales (1801).
Persons	16.48	19.79
Males	20.09	22.90
Females	12.49	16.13

The difference shows in favour of this colony in case of males as well as females.

The sickness and infirmity of the males is found to be higher than that of the females in both instances, and the degree of variation is practically the same in each: New Zealand showing 20 males per 1,000 living of that sex against 12 females per 1,000, and New South Wales 22 males per 1,000 against 16 females out of a similar number of females.

The proportions of males and females suffering from sickness, accident, or specified infirmity in this colony are shown according to age-periods in the following statement. In regard to males, after the period 35–40 the proportion of sickness rises steadily at each quinquennium of age; while under “Accident” the proportion is highest at the period of 70–75 years. The rate of sickness per 1,000 males living at 35–40 years was 5.68, and this increased to 18.38 at 55–60, to 54.62 at 65–70, and to 70.18 at 80 and upwards. In regard to females, the sickness is not so great at 40–45 years as at 35–40, but from 20–25 it increases, and from 50 to 55 very rapidly, though the numbers on which the proportions are based are admittedly small from this point onwards. The rates per 1,000 were 5.89 at 20–25 years, 6.74 at 40–45, 11.17 at 50–55, and 47.82 at 80 and upwards.

PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 LIVING.

Persons.

Ages.	Sick.	Specified Complaints.	Suffering from Accident.	Total^* Specified Infirmities.	Total Sickness, Accident, and infirmity.
Specified ages	3.24	4.15	1.89	7.20	16.48
Under 5 years	0.45	0.54	0.24	0.18	1.41
5 years to 10 years	0.33	1.21	0.50	1.00	3.04
10 years to 15 years	0.86	1.22	0.76	1.92	4.76
15 years to 20 years	1.50	2.05	1.58	2.26	7.39
20 years to25 years	2.75	2.95	1.96	3.40	11.06
25 years to 30 years	2.79	3.30	1.89	4.42	12.40
30 years to35 years	2.65	3.90	1.63	6.18	14.36
35 years to 40 years	2.48	3.80	1.74	8.39	16.41
40 years to 45 years	2.90	3.72	2.44	10.27	19.33
45 years to 50 years	4.22	5.73	2.69	13.13	25.77
50 years to 55 years	5.07	6.53	3.17	15.47	30.24
55 years to 60 years	6.42	10.09	3.76	20.40	40.67
60 years to 65 years	10.42	14.46	5.43	23.58	53.89
65 years to 70 years	19.21	20.38	7.35	33.60	86.54
70 years to 75 years	26.91	30.29	9.32	53.70	120.22
75 years to 80 years	37.59	28.76	9.08	67.36	142.79
80 years and upwards	38.59	21.40	8.41	105.08	173.48

PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 LIVING.

Males.

Ages.	Sick.	Specified Complaints.	Suffering from Accident.	Total^* Specified Infirmities.	Total Sickness, Accident, and infirmity.
Specified ages	3.47	5.07	3.03	8.52	20.09
Under 5 years	0.47	0.52	0.32	0.18	1.49
5 years to 10 years	0.25	1.43	0.67	1.11	3.46
10 years to 15 years	0.88	1.28	1.18	2.41	5.75
15 years to 20 years	1.51	2.07	2.57	2.73	8.88
20 years to 25 years	2.28	3.23	3.37	4.03	12.91
25 years to 30 years	2.58	3.26	3.37	4.98	14.19
30 years to 35 years	2.29	3.90	2.63	6.84	15.66
35 years to 40 years	1.77	3.91	2.63	9.22	17.53
40 years to 45 years	2.78	3.75	3.75	10.47	20.75
45 years to 50 years	3.81	6.43	4.02	14.22	28.48
50 years to 55 years	5.12	6.81	5.00	15.57	32.50
55 years to 60 years	6.71	11.67	5.62	22.39	46.39
60 years to 65 years	11.25	17.10	7.73	23.90	59.98
65 years to 70 years	21.65	32.97	10.24	37.30	102.16
70 years to 75 years	30.29	39.45	12.90	60.40	143.04
75 years to 80 years	41.57	38.95	11.82	81.84	174.18
80 years and upwards	38.60	31.58	9.82	120.00	200.00

PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 LIVING.

Females.

Ages.	Sick.	Specified Complaints.	Suffering from Accident.	Total^* Specified Infirmities.	Total Sickness, Accident, and Infirmity.
* Including the “deaf and dumb,” “blind,” “lunatics,” “idiots,” “epileptics,” “paralytic,” “crippled and deformed,” “debilitated and infirm,” and “deaf only.”
Specified ages	2.98	3.14	0.63	5.73	12.48
Under 5 years	0.42	0.57	0.16	0.19	1.34
5 years to 10 years	0.40	0.99	0.33	0.89	2.61
10 years to 15 years	0.83	1.16	0.33	1.42	3.74
15 years to 20 years	1.49	2.03	0.59	1.79	5.90
20 years to 25 years	3.22	2.67	0.57	2.79	9.25
25 years to 30 years	3.01	3.34	0.33	3.82	10.50
30 years to 35 years	3.04	3.89	0.55	5.46	12.94
35 years to 40 years	3.30	3.67	0.71	7.45	15.13
40 years to 45 years	3.05	3.69	0.81	10.03	17.58
45 years to 50 years	4.79	4.79	0.86	11.64	22.08
50 years to 55 years	5.00	6.17	0.83	15.34	27.34
55 years to 60 years	6.02	7.93	1.21	17.66	32.82
60 years to 65 years	9.11	10.23	1.75	23.07	44.16
65 years to 70 years	15.10	15.26	2.49	27.37	60.22
70 years to 75 years	21.32	15.14	3.40	42.64	82.50
75 years to 80 years	32.16	14.89	5.36	47.65	100.06
80 years and upwards	38.59	9.23	6.71	87.25	141.78

Females are proved to be very much less liable to accident than males, the proportions being 0.63 per 1,000 of females, and 3.03 per 1,000 of males, or better stated for this purpose, 6.27 per 10,000 females and 30.28 per 10,000 males. As with sickness, the proportions increase with advancing age: for instance, among males, 3.37 per 1,000 were suffering from accident at the group 20–25 years, 3.75 per 1,000 at 40–45, 10.24 at (65.70, and 12.90 at the group 70–75 years. Among females the highest proportion per 1,000 is found at 75–80 years, being a rate of 5.36, or 53.60 per 10,000 living.

The numbers on which the above proportions are based are:—

Persons.

Ages.	Sick.	Specified Complaints.	Suffering from Accident.	Total^* Specified Infirmities.	Total Sickness, Accident, and Infirmity.
* Including the “deaf and dumb,” “blind,” “lunatics,” “idiots,” “epileptics,” “paralytic,” “crippled and deformed,” “debilitated and infirm,” and “deaf only.”
All ages	2,505	3,207	1,461	5,574	12,747
Specified ages	2,504	3,206	1,458	5,558	12,726
Under 5 years	39	47	21	16	123
5 years to 10 years	28	104	43	86	261
10 years to 15 years	73	104	65	164	406
15 years to 20 years	127	174	134	192	627
20 years to 25 years	229	245	163	283	920
25 years to 30 years	191	226	130	303	850
30 years to 35 years	151	222	93	352	818
35 years to 40 years	113	173	79	382	747
40 years to 45 years	113	145	95	400	753
45 years to 50 years	140	190	89	435	854
50 years to 55 years	139	179	87	424	829
55 years to 60 years	152	239	89	483	963
60 years to 65 years	217	301	113	491	1,122
65 years to 70 years	311	427	119	544	1,401
70 years to 75 years	231	260	80	461	1,032
75 years to 80 years	149	114	36	267	566
80 years and upwards	101	56	22	275	454
Unspecified	1	1	3	16	21

Males.

Ages.	Sick.	Specified Complaints.	Suffering from Accident.	Total^* Specified Infirmities.	Total Sickness, Accident, and Infirmity.
* Including the “deaf and dumb,” “blind,” “lunatics,” “idiots,” “epileptics,” “paralytic,” “crippled and deformed,” “debilitated and infirm,” and “deaf only.”
All ages	1,410	2,056	1,231	3,466	8,163
Specified ages	1,410	2,055	1,228	3,456	8,149
Under 5 years	21	23	14	8	66
5 years to 10 years	11	62	29	48	150
10 years to 15 years	38	55	51	104	248
15 years to 20 years	64	88	109	116	377
20 years to 25 years	94	133	139	166	532
25 years to 30 years	91	115	119	176	501
30 years to 35 years	68	116	78	203	465
35 years to 40 years	43	95	64	224	426
10 years to 45 years	60	81	81	226	448
45 years to 50 years	73	123	77	272	545
50 years to 55 years	79	105	77	240	501
55 years to 60 years	92	160	77	307	636
60 years to 65 years	144	219	99	306	768
65 years to 70 years	220	335	104	379	1,038
70 years to 75 years	162	211	69	323	765
75 years to 80 years	95	89	27	187	398
80 years and upwards	55	45	14	171	285
Unspecified	..	1	3	10	14

Females.

Ages.	Sick.	Specified Complaints.	Suffering from Accident.	Total^* Specified Infirmities.	Total Sickness, Accident, and Infirmity.
* Including the “deaf and dumb,” “blind,” “lunatics,” “idiots,” “epileptics,” “paralytic,” “crippled and deformed,” “debilitated and infirm,” and “deaf only.”
All ages	1,095	1,151	230	2,108	4,584
Specified ages	1,094	1,151	230	2,102	4,577
Under 5 years	18	24	7	8	57
5 years to 10 years	17	42	14	38	111
10 years to 15 years	35	49	14	60	158
15 years to 20 years	63	86	25	76	250
20 years to 25 years	135	112	24	117	388
25 years to 30 years	100	111	11	127	349
30 years to 35 years	83	106	15	149	353
35 years to 40 years	70	78	15	158	321
40 years to 45 years	53	64	14	174	305
45 years to 50 years	67	67	12	163	309
50 years to 55 years	60	74	10	184	328
55 years to 60 years	60	79	12	176	327
60 years to 65 years	73	82	14	185	354
65 years to 70 years	91	92	15	165	363
70 years to 75 years	69	49	11	138	267
75 years to 80 years	54	25	9	80	168
80 years and upwards	46	11	8	104	169
Unspecified	1	…	…	6	7

Sickness and infirmity can be compared for New Zealand, in respect of persons over 15 years of age, with the results of the census of 1896 and previously. The proportions are: —

PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 PERSONS OVER 15 YEARS.

	Sickness and Accident.	Specified Infirmities.	Total Sickness and Infirmity.
Census, 1874	12.64	5.32	17.96
Census, 1878	11.16	5.70	16.86
Census, 1881	11.20	7.22	18.42
Census, 1886	12.61	7.82	20.43
Census, 1891	12.78	11.08	23.86
Census, 1896	14.28	11.41	25.69
Census, 1901	12.72	10.29	23.01

Chapter 33. Specified Infirmities.

The total of these under the various heads amounted to 5,574 of both sexes and all ages. The males were 3,466, and the females 2,108, the proportions for every 10,000 persons being 71.98; for males 85.21, and for females 57.35 per 10,000 of each sex respectively. These infirmities are specially treated of one by one in the succeeding paragraphs.

Chapter 34. Deaf And Dumb.

Table of Contents

DEAF AND DUMB (IN SEXES).— PROPORTIONS PER 10,000 OF POPULATIONS.

NUMBERS OF THE DUMB AT LAST CENSUS.

OCCUPATIONS (PAST OR PRESENT) OF THE DEAF AND DUMB.

DEAF-MUTEISM IN AUSTRALASIA, 1891.

There were 226 persons—131 males and 92 females—returned as deaf and dumb, or dumb only: of these, 45 were inmates of the Sumner Institution, leaving 181 deaf-mutes who were living at home or in some other private residence. The total shows a proportion of 2.91 persons per 10,000 living, against 2.86 ascertained in 1896. The proportions of the deaf and dumb taken according to the sexes did not differ much. The figures are given for seven census years.

DEAF AND DUMB (IN SEXES).— PROPORTIONS PER 10,000 OF POPULATIONS.

	Males.	Females.
Census, 1874	2.05	1.71
Census, 1878	2.25	2.18
Census, 1881	2.23	2.45
Census, 1886	2.37	2.22
Census, 1891	2.80	2.49
Census, 1896	2.99	2.71
Census, 1901	3.28	2.51

The numbers at the census of 1901 for quinquennial age-periods are:—

NUMBERS OF THE DUMB AT LAST CENSUS.

	M.	F.
All ages	134	92
Under 5 years	…	…
5 years to 10 years	18	16
10 years to 15 years	32	14
15 years to 20 years	18	10
20 years to 25 years	16	8
25 years to 30 years	8	12
30 35	12	8
35 years to 40 years	6	8
40 years to 45 years	5	5
45 years to 50 years	6	1
50 years to 55 years	3	5
55 years to 60 years	5	1
60 years to 65 years	3	1
65 years to 70 years	…	1
70 years to 75 years	…	…
75 years to 80 years	1	2
80 years and upwards	…	…
Unspecified	1	…

The highest numbers are shown at the ages 10 to 15.

The occupation of the deaf and dumb were returned in 1901 as under:—

OCCUPATIONS (PAST OR PRESENT) OF THE DEAF AND DUMB.

	Persons.	M.		F.
	Persons.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Under 20.	Over 20.
Draughtsman	1	…	1	…	…
Hotel servant	1	…	1	…	…
Domestic servant	4	1	…	…	3
Charwoman	1	…	…	…	1
Milkman	1	…	1	…	…
Assistant to storekeeper	1	…	1	…	…
Assistant to printer	1	l	…	…	…
Saddler	2	…	2	…	…
Tanner	1	…	1	…	…
Cabinetmaker	1	1	…	…	…
Tailor	2	…	2	…	…
Dressmaker	6	…	…	2	4
Bootmaker	1	…	1	…	…
Labourer (freezing-works)	1	l	…	…	…
Assistant to brewer	1	…	1	…	…
Fell monger	1	…	1	…	…
Carpenter	4	l	3	…	…
Labourer	4	1	3	…	…
Farmer	4	…	4	…	…
Gardener	3	…	3	…	…
Farm labourer	13	1	12	…	…
Sheep-farmer	1	…	…	…	…
Shepherd	1	…	1	…	…
Dairy farmer	4	…	4	…	…
Independent means	2	…	2	…	…
No occupation	8	…	8	…	…
Domestic duties	38	…	…	1	37
Scholar (private school)	2	1	…	1	…
Scholar (Government school)	8	6	…	2	…
Receiving tuition at home	3	2	…	1	…
Dependent on relatives	41	20	5	11	5
Deaf-and-dumb Institute, Inmate of	45	24	1	20	…
Industrial School, Inmate of	1	…	…	1	…
Occupation not stated	18	8	7	1	2
	226	68	66	40	52

In 1891 deaf-mutes were found to exist in Australia in the following proportions, with which is given the proportion for New Zealand in 1901:—

DEAF-MUTEISM IN AUSTRALASIA, 1891.

South Australia	had 1 deaf-mute in every 1,369 persons.
Queensland	had 1 deaf-mute in every 2,557 persons.
Tasmania	had 1 deaf-mute in every 2,716 persons.
New South Wales	had 1 deaf-mute in every 2,867 persons.
Victoria	had 1 deaf-mute in every 3,133 persons.
Western Australia	had 1 deaf-mute in every 4,526 persons.
New Zealand (1901)	had 1 deaf-mute in every 3,419 persons.

Chapter 35. Blind.

Table of Contents

PROPORTIONS OF BLIND TO EVERY 10,000 PEOPLE.

NUMBER OF THE BLIND AT AGE-PERIODS.

OCCUPATIONS (PAST OR PRESENT) OF THE BLIND.

There were 297 males and 156 females, making a total of 453 persons returned as blind, including 63 who were given in the schedules as “nearly” or “partly” blind. Of the above total number, 15 were inmates of the Jubilee Institute for the Blind at Auckland. It would thus appear that only one out of every thirty persons in the colony who suffered from blindness had been received into the institution. The number of blind persons in 1896 was 344. The proportions in every 10,000 of population shows a continuous rise at successive censuses, and that there is more blindness amongst males than females.

PROPORTIONS OF BLIND TO EVERY 10,000 PEOPLE.

	Persons.	Males.	Females.
1874	2.34	2.45	2.18
1878	2.56	2.42	2.73
1881	2.82	2.93	2.68
1886	3.22	3.65	2.70
1891	4.87	4.91	3.74
1896	4.90	5.69	4.01
1901	5.87	7.32	4.26

The number of the blind in quinquennial periods of age is stated for each sex. Of 297 males, 100 were under and 197 upwards of 50 years old. Of 156 females, 63 were under 50, and 93 over that age.

NUMBER OF THE BLIND AT AGE-PERIODS.

	Persons.	M.	F.
All ages	453	297	156
Under 5 years	3	…	3
5 years to 10 years	16	9	7
10 years to 15 years	17	11	6
15 years to 20 years	15	11	4
20 years to 25 years	20	10	10
25 years to 30 years	14	9	5
30 years to 35 years	17	13	4
35 years to 10 years	21	16	5
40 years to 45 years	18	11	7
45 years to 50 years	22	10	12
50 years to 55 years	23	16	7
55 years to 60 years	45	32	13
60 years to 65 years	37	22	15
65 years to 70 years	74	53	21
70 years to 75 years	46	28	18
75 years to 80 years	36	25	11
80 and upwards	29	21	8

Of the total number of the blind, 453 persons, there were 43 in regard to whom nothing as to their occupation was stated on the household schedule; 71 (females) were returned as engaged in domestic duties, 15 persons as inmates of Blind Institute, 10 as dependent relatives, 132 as of no occupation, 21 as labourers, 21 as farmers, 9 as farm-labourers, 6 as dairy-farmers, 5 as sheep-farmers, 8 as carpenters, 10 as pensioners, 6 of independent means, and the rest (96) of various occupations in small numbers each. A complete statement is added, in regard to which it must be remarked that many of the occupations are evidently the past occupations of persons whom blindness has prevented from continuing to work at their usual calling.

OCCUPATIONS (PAST OR PRESENT) OF THE BLIND.

	Persons.	M.		F.
	Persons.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Under 20.	Over 20.
Barrister (not in practice)	1	…	1	…	…
Surgeon	1	…	1	…	…
Teacher of blind	2	…	2	…	…
School-teacher	1	…	1	…	…
Musician	3	…	3	…	…
Street musician	1	…	1	…	…
Organ-grinder	2	…	2	…	…
Comedian	1	…	1	…	…
Boardinghouse-keeper	2	…	2	…	…
Hotelkeeper	1	…	1	…	…
Domestic servant	1	…	…	…	1
Cook	1	…	1	…	…
Capitalist	2	…	2	…	…
Insurance agent	1	…	1	…	…
Proprietor of houses	4	…	4	…	…
News-vendor	2	…	2	…	…
Butcher	1	…	1	…	…
Assistant butcher	2	…	2	…	…
Fish-hawker	1	…	1	…	…
Fruiterer	2	…	2	…	…
Grocer	3	…	3	…	…
Seed merchant	1	…	1	…	…
Hawker	1	…	1	…	…
Storekeeper	2	…	2	…	…
Commercial traveller	2	…	2	…	…
Cab proprietor	1	…	1	…	…
Mariner	1	…	1	…	…
Waterman	1	…	1	…	…
Lumper	3	…	3	…	…
Compositor	1	…	1	…	…
Piano-tuner	3	…	3	…	…
Basket-maker	4	…	4	…	…
Saddler	1	…	1	…	…
Shipwright	2	…	2	…	…
Cabinetmaker	1	…	1	…	…
Boot and shoe maker	4	…	4	…	…
Stonemason	2	…	2 …	…	…
Carpenter	8	…	8 …	…	…
Plumber	1	…	1 …	…	…
Painter	1	…	1 …	…	…
Contractor	1	…	1 …	…	…
Labourer (undefined)	21	…	21 …	…	…
Farmer	21	…	20 …	…	1
Farm-labourer.	9	…	9 …	…	…
Gardener	1	…	1 …	…	…
Market gardener	2	…	2 …	…	…
Settler	1	…	1 …	…	…
Dairy-farmer	6	…	5	…	1
Sheep-farmer	5	…	4	…	1
Shepherd	1	…	1	…	…
Fisherman	1	…	1	…	…
Bushman	1	…	1	…	…
Gumdigger	3	…	3	…	…
Miner (undefined)	1	…	1	…	…
Miner, coal	1	…	1	…	…
Miner, quartz	3	…	3	…	…
Miner, alluvial	4	…	4	…	…
Inspector of minerals	1	…	1	…	…
No occupation	132	11	80	2	39
Independent means	6	…	4	…	2
Pensioner	10	…	9	…	1
Annuitant	3	…	3	…	…
Domestic duties	71	…	…	3	68
Scholar, Government school	2	2	…	…	…
Scholar, private school	1	1	…	…	…
Receiving tuition at home	2	1	…	1	…
Dependent on relative	10	3	…	7	…
Inmate of Blind Institute	15	8	…	7	…
Occupation not stated	43	5	16	…	22
Totals	453	31	266	20	136

Chapter 36. Lunacy.

Table of Contents

LUNATICS.—NUMBERS AT QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIODS.

LUNACY IN AUSTRALASIA, 1891.

LUNACY (INCLUDING IDIOCY).

The lunatics enumerated were 2,675 persons, 1,599 males and 1,076 females, nearly all of whom were inmates of the asylums for the insane in the colony. Departmental returns for the 31st December, 1900, show 2,672 persons (including 21 Maoris) as the total number of inmates.

Comparison with the results of previous censuses shows a continually increasing proportion of lunatics to the population in respect of either sex, and that there is considerably more lunacy among the male element than the female.

	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Census, 1874	19.93	23.28	15.48
Census, 1878	20.85	25.07	15.54
Census, 1881	22.86	27.30	17.43
Census, 1886	26.50	31.03	21.18
Census, 1891	27.82	31.28	23.92
Census, 1896	31.13	35.70	26.02
Census, 1901	34.47	39.23	29.19

The numbers of males who were lunatics were highest at the period 45–50 years, while the number of females was greatest at 40–45 years, as will be found by the following statement:—

LUNATICS.—NUMBERS AT QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIODS.

Ages.	Persons.	M.	F.
All ages	2,675	1,599	1,076
Under 5 years	2	1	1
5 years to 10 years	5	3	2
10 years to 15 years	19	11	8
15 years to 20 years	43	22	21
20 years to 25 years	114	63	51
25 years to 30 years	186	108	78
30 years to 35 years	245	141	104
35 years to 40 years	257	145	112
40 years to 45 years	312	176	136
45 years to 50 years	333	213	120
50 years to 55 years	296	177	119
55 years to 60 years	298	191	107
60 years to 65 years	244	139	105
65 years to 70 years	162	109	53
70 years to 75 years	88	60	28
75 years to 80 years	35	21	14
80 years and upwards	22	11	11
Unspecified	14	8	6

The proportion of lunatics per 10,000 males living at the above age-periods was only 5.8 at 15–20 years, but had advanced to 59.67 at 35–40 years, to 139.30 at 55–60, and reached its maximum at that period. In the case of females, the proportion rose to a maximum of 130.97 at 60–65 years.

In 1901 one person in every 289, exclusive of Maoris, in New Zealand was afflicted with lunacy. This proportion is greater than the proportions obtaining in 1891 in any of the Australian States.

LUNACY IN AUSTRALASIA, 1891.

Victoria … had 1 lunatic in every	302 persons.
New South Wales had 1 lunatic in every	359 persons.
South Australia had 1 lunatic in every	376 persons.
Tasmania had 1 lunatic in every	383 persons.
Western Australia had 1 lunatic in every	386 persons.
New Zealand (1901) had 1 lunatic in every	289 persons.

Stated in proportions to 10,000 persons living, the comparison for the Home country, some of the Australian States and this colony is:—

LUNACY (INCLUDING IDIOCY).

United Kingdom (1891)	35.52 per 10,000 persons.
England (1891)	32.58 per 10,000 persons.
Scotland (1891)	38.43 per 10,000 persons.
Ireland (1891)	45.04 per 10,000 persons.
Victoria (1891)	36.17 per 10,000 persons.
New South Wales (1891)	30.38 per 10,000 persons.
New Zealand (1901)	35.83 per 10,000 persons.

Chapter 37. Idiocy.

Table of Contents

IDIOCY IN AUSTRALASIA, 1891.

The number of idiots of both sexes enumerated in the census was 105, against 144 in 1896; the proportion to 10,000 of population being 1.36, against 2.02 at the previous census. As with lunacy, the proportion of idiocy amongst the males (1.43 per 10,000) is higher than amongst the females (1.28). In comparison with the Australian States New Zealand has fewer idiots in proportion than any of them.

IDIOCY IN AUSTRALASIA, 1891.

Tasmania had 1 idiot in every	3,188 persons.
Victoria … had 1 idiot in every	3,212 persons.
South Australia had 1 idiot in every	3,815 persons.
New South Wales had 1 idiot in every	3,930 persons.
Western Australia had 1 idiot in every	7,112 persons.
New Zealand (1901) had 1 idiot in every	7,359 persons.

PART VIII.—OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

Table of Contents

38.

THE CLASSIFICATION.

DEFINITION OF PRINCIPAL CLASSES.

SECTION A.—BREADWINNERS.

SECTION B.—DEPENDENTS: NON-BREADWINNERS.

NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS IN THE CLASSES.

EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYED.

THE UNEMPLOYED.

GRADES OF OCCUPATIONS.

OCCUPATIONS—EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYED.

OCCUPATIONS.—PROPORTION OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYED IN EACH CLASS

39. CLASS I.—PROFESSIONAL.

ORDER 1.—PERSONS engaged in GOVERNMENT (not otherwise classed). DEFENCE, LAW, and PROTECTION.

ORDER 2.—PERSONS ministering to RELIGION, CHARITY, HEALTH, EDUCATION, ART, SCIENCE, and AMUSEMENTS.

40. CLASS II.—DOMESTIC.

ORDER 3. — PERSONS engaged in the SUPPLY of BOARD and LODGING, and in rendering PERSONAL SERVICE for which REMUNERATION is usually paid.

41. CLASS III.—COMMERCIAL.

ORDER 4.—PERSONS performing Offices in connection with the EXCHANGE, VALUATION, INSURANCE, LEASE, LOAN, or CUSTODY of MONEY, HOUSES, LAND, or PROPERTY-RIGHTS.

SUB-CLASS B.—TRADE.

ORDER 5.—PERSONS dealing in ART or MECHANIC PRODUCTIONS in which MATTERS of various Kinds are employed in COMBINATION.

ORDER 6.—PERSONS engaged in the SALE, HIRE, or EXCHANGE of TEXTILE FABRICS and DRESS, and of FIBROUS MATERIALS.

ORDER 7.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN DEALING IN FOOD, DRINKS, NARCOTICS, and STIMULANTS.

ORDER 8.—PERSONS engaged in dealing in and treating ANIMALS, and Dealing in ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES (excluding Dealers in Food).

ORDER 9.—PERSONS engaged in Dealing in MINERALS and other SUBSTANCES mainly used for FUEL and LIGHT.

ORDER 10.—PERSONS engaged in Dealing in MINERALS other than for FUEL and LIGHT.

ORDER 11 —PERSONS engaged as GENERAL DEALERS, or in MERCANTILE PURSUITS not elsewhere classed.

ORDER 12.—PERSONS engaged as SPECULATORS on CHANCE EVENTS.

Sub-class C.—STORAGE.

ORDER 13.—PERSONS engaged in STORAGE.

42. CLASS IV. —TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.

ORDER 14.—PERSONS engaged in the TRANSPORT of PASSENGERS, GOODS, effecting COMMUNICATIONS.

43. CLASS V.—INDUSTRIAL.

ORDER 15.—PERSONS engaged in connection with the Manufacture of or in other PROCESSES relating to ART and MECHANIC PRODUCTIONS in which Materials of various Kinds are employed in Combination.

ORDER 16.—PERSONS engaged in connection with the MANUFACTURE of, or REPAIRING, CLEANSING, or in other PROCESSES relating to TEXTILE FABRICS, DRESS, and FIBROUS MATERIALS.

ORDER 17.—PERSONS engaged in the MANUFACTURE of, or in other PROCESSES relating to, FOOD, DRINK, NARCOTICS, and STIMULANTS.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 18.—PERSONS (not otherwise classed) engaged in MANUFACTURE or other PROCESSES connected with ANIMAL and VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 19.—PERSONS engaged in the ALTERATION, MODIFICATION, or MANUFACTURE of, or in other PROCESSES relating to, METALS or MINERAL MATTERS

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 20.—PERSONS engaged in the CONVERSION of, COAL and other SUBSTANCES to purposes of HEAT, LIGHT, or forms of ENERGY not otherwise classed.

Details for the sub-order are :—

ORDER 21.—PERSONS engaged in the MAKING or REPAIRING of BUILDINGS, ROADS, RAILWAYS, CANALS, DOCKS, EARTHWORKS, &C, or in OPERATIONS the Nature of which is undefined.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 22.—PERSONS engaged in the Disposal of the DEAD, or of REFUSE.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 23.—INDUSTRIAL and other active WORKERS imperfectly defined.

Details for each sub-order are :—

44. CLASS VI.—AGRICULTURAL, PASTORAL, MINERAL, AND OTHER PRIMARY PRODUCERS.

ORDER 24.—PERSONS directly engaged in the CULTIVATION of LAND, in BREEDING or REARING ANIMALS, or in obtaining RAW PRODUCTS from NATURAL SOURCES.

Details for each sub-order are :—

45. CLASS VII.—INDEFINITE.

ORDER 25.—PERSONS whose OCCUPATIONS are UNDEFINED or UNKNOWN, embracing those who derive Incomes from Sources which cannot be directly related to any other Class.

Details for each sub-order are :—

46. CLASS VIII.—DEPENDENTS.

ORDER 26.—PERSONS DEPENDENT upon NATURAL GUARDIANS.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 27.—PERSONS DEPENDENT upon the STATE, or upon PUBLIC or PRIVATE SUPPORT.

Details of each sub-order are :—

OCCUPATIONS OF THE CHINESE.

Chapter 38.

Table of Contents

THE CLASSIFICATION.

DEFINITION OF PRINCIPAL CLASSES.

SECTION A.—BREADWINNERS.

SECTION B.—DEPENDENTS: NON-BREADWINNERS.

NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS IN THE CLASSES.

EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYED.

THE UNEMPLOYED.

GRADES OF OCCUPATIONS.

OCCUPATIONS—EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYED.

OCCUPATIONS.—PROPORTION OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYED IN EACH CLASS

THE CLASSIFICATION.

At a Conference of Statisticians of the Australasian Colonies,^* held at Hobart in February, 1900, a series of resolutions was passed, and a form of schedule agreed to, with the view of securing the uniformity so necessary for comparative purposes in system and heads of inquiry. The classification of occupations used in 1896 by this colony was, with minor amendments, generally adopted. This classification has been described as one devised “as a means of overcoming the great difficulties with which the systematic grouping of the occupations of the people of a country has always been found to be attended,” and I think may fairly claim to have attained its purpose.

The names of the members of the Conference were as under: T. A. Coghlan, Government Statistician, New South Wales; J. Hughes, Registrar-General, Queensland; L. H. Sholl, Under-Secretary and Government Statist, South Australia; M. A. C. Fraser, Registrar-General, Western Australia; R. M. Johnston, Government Statistician and Registrar-General, Tasmania; e. J. von Dadelszen, Registrar-General, New Zealand.

The old classification of Dr. Farr, in use prior to 1891, purported to divide the population so as to distinguish the commercial from the industrial class; but, in allotting the various occupations to the different classes, the principle adopted was that of grouping all workers and dealers in different matters together according to the material dealt in or worked upon, and placing the whole in the industrial class. Thus the dealers, who are really commercial, went to swell the number of the industrial at the expense of the commercial class. General labourers were cast out of the industrial into the indefinite class, merely because the material on which they worked was not stated. &c. The classification used in 1891 and 1896, while preserving Parr's professional class nearly intact, transfers, among other changes, a large number of women and children from the domestic to the dependent class, and completes the commercial class by including “trade “among the agorici of Farr. The industrial class now consists of part of what was assigned to it by Farr, but includes general labourers. Miners and other primary producers are placed with the agricultural and pastoral class, as being engaged in obtaining raw materials from natural sources. The indefinite class is greatly reduced in number, and the class styled “dependent “introduced. The Conference readily agreed to a proposal for distinguishing “employers” from “employed” —a division first attempted in New Zealand, at the suggestion of the writer of this report on the occasion of the census of 1886, and renewed in 1891 and 1896. The importance of affording the means of distinguishing persons in business from wage-earners is obvious, besides being absolutely essential to an improved classification of occupations.

The Conference also arranged for bringing out the occupations of the people in seven groups of ages, instead of merely distinguishing the number of each sex under and over 20 years of age as was done prior to 1891. (The full details will be found in the Census volume.)

The full description of the arrangement of occupations in the eight classes used under the new method is as follows:—

DEFINITION OF PRINCIPAL CLASSES.

SECTION A.—BREADWINNERS.

PROFESSIONAL.—Embracing all persons, not otherwise classed, mainly engaged in the government and defence of the country, and in satisfying the moral, intellectual, and social wants of its inhabitants.
DOMESTIC.—Embracing all persons engaged in the supply of board and lodging, and in rendering personal services for which remuneration is usually paid.
COMMERCIAL.—Embracing all persons directly connected with the hire, sale, transfer, distribution, storage, and security of property and materials.
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.—Embracing all persons engaged in the transport of persons or goods, or in effecting communication.
INDUSTRIAL.—Embracing all persons, not otherwise classed, who are principally engaged in various works of utility, or in specialities connected with the manufacture, construction, modification, or alteration of materials so as to render them more available for the various uses of man, but excluding, as far as possible, all who are mainly or solely engaged in the service of commercial interchange.
AGRICULTURAL, PASTORAL, MINERAL, AND OTHER PRIMARY PRODUCERS.—Embracing all persons mainly engaged in the cultivation or acquisition of food products, and in obtaining other raw materials from natural sources.
INDEFINITE.—Embracing all persons who derive incomes from services rendered, but the direction of winch services cannot be exactly determined.

SECTION B.—DEPENDENTS: NON-BREADWINNERS.

DEPENDENTS.—Embracing all persons dependent upon relatives or natural guardians. including wives, children, and others not otherwise engaged in pursuits for which remuneration is paid; and all persons depending upon private charity, or whose support is a burthen on the public revenue.

It will be noticed that in the professional class are included persons described as “officers of Government”; but the numbers given under this heading in the subsequent tables do not represent the whole number employed by the Government, the principle adopted having been to complete the other groups where the scheme of classification required it, rather than to show completely all persons paid by Government. Thus, Postal and Telegraph officers are classified in Class IV., “Transport and Communication.” Railway employees are similarly dealt with. The full statement of persons paid by Government but not included in Order 1 would comprise some or all of the following: Persons connected with charitable or benevolent institutions, education, life insurance, railways, harbours, lighthouses, post and telegraph, and mining, also civil engineers, electricians, surveyors and assistants, architects and draughtsmen, printers and binders in the Government Printing Office, and artisans in Government railway workshops. It is highly important that persons making use of the tabulated results of the information as to occupations should be aware of and bear in mind the above facts.

The numbers under “Commercial” and “Industrial” include all persons whose occupations were sufficiently defined to enable them to be classified in connection with the business or industry in which they are engaged. Many, chiefly those whose employment was of the nature of unskilled clerical assistance, while entering “clerk “binder the heading “Occupation,’ did not state in what trade or industry they were employed. These, of course, could not be allotted to any special industry. Those engaged as agents or assistants in any occupation belonging to Classes III. to VII. have been, generally speaking, included with the principals. All persons stated as both manufacturers and dealers or sellers have been classed as makers only, under Class V. Persons out of employment are included under their ordinary or former occupations. Inmates of asylums, industrial schools, and refuges, together with all persons in gaols, have not been classed according to their ordinary occupations, but in Class VIII., as part of the dependent population.

The difficulty of tabulating the occupations of the people shown in the census is certainly lessened by the introduction of the card system; but there remains an unsatisfactoriness in the work on account of the different ways in which people return themselves when their occupation is virtually the same, and the number of instances in which unskilled labour is not defined as having to do with the industry on which it is temporarily employed. These causes prevent the published results from being what they ought to be, even with perfect care in the compilation-work. The basis of such work is often enough faulty or incomplete, and it is impossible to remedy the defect. One man may be a “carter at brewery,” and returns himself accordingly. Another omits the words “at brewery,” and thus the total number of persons employed in the brewing business becomes deficient. As continual instances of these irregularities are found, it arises that the census industrial statistics often differ materially as to “hands employed “from the results brought out under the head of “Occupation “in regard to labourers and others attached to various industries.

The numbers being brought out for no less than seven groups of ages will afford evidence of what occupations the rising generation is mostly taking to.

NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS IN THE CLASSES.

The population, specified as to occupation, is divided into two sections:—

	Totals.	Males.	Females.
Breadwinners	340,230	274,559	65,671
Dependents, or non-breadwinners	432,149	131,164	300,985
Occupation not stated	340	269	71

The dependent population consists chiefly of wives, relatives, and others employed in household duties but unpaid, children, persons supported by charity, &c. Its proportion to the whole increases with the process going on of equalization in numbers of the sexes.

The male breadwinners were more than twice as numerous as the male dependents, who were mostly under fifteen years of age; but the female dependents were nearly five times as many as the breadwinners of that sex.

Breadwinners are divided into the seven classes previously alluded to:—

Primary Producers.—Males, 108,007; females, 3,914. This is the most important class numerically. It includes persons engaged in agricultural and pastoral pursuits, fishing, and mining.

Males 26.62, females 1.07 per cent, of population of either sex.

Industrial.—Males, 84,874; females, 16,310: persons engaged in manufacture or other processes where materials are employed combined.

Males 20.92, females 4.45 per cent.

Commercial.—Males, 34,409; females, 5,528.

The commercial group forms 8.48 per cent, of the male and V.51 Per cent. Of the female population.

Transport and Communication.—Males, 21,265; females, 485: persons engaged in the transport of passengers and goods, and in effecting communication.

Males 5.24, females 0.13 per cent.

Professional.—Males. 14,549; females, 8,960. These are persons, not otherwise classed, engaged in Government, defence, law and order, or ministering to religion, charity, health, education, art, science, or amusement.

Males 3.59, females 2.44 per cent.

Domestic (but directly earning money).—Males, 6,542; females, 27,852; persons supplying board and lodging, or personal services for which payment is rendered.

Males 1.61, females 7.60 per cent.

Indefinite.— Males, 4,913; females, 2,622: persons living on incomes earned in the past, or indefinitely described. Males T21, females 0.71 per cent.

The population of each class, and the proportion per cent, of the total population, are tabulated below:—

Occupations	Numbers.			Proportions per Cent.
Occupations	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Total population	772,719	405,992	366,727	100.00	100.00	100.00
Section A .—Breadwinners.
Class I. Professional	23,509	14,549	8,960	3.04	3.59	2.44
Class II. Domestic	34,894	6,542	27,852	4.45	1.61	7.60
Class III. Commercial—
Sub-class A. Property and Finance	5,631	5,046	585	0.72	1.24	0.16
Sub-class B. Trade	33,438	28,500	4,938	4.31	7.03	1.35
Sub-class C. Storage	868	863	5	0.10	0.21	0.00
Class IV. Transport and Commission	21,750	21,265	485	2.82	5.24	0.13
Class V. Industrial	101,184	84,874	16,310	13.10	20.92	4.45
Class VI. Agricultural, Pastoral, and other Primary Producers—
Sub-class A. Agricultural	67,812	65,723	2,089	8.78	16.20	0.57
Sub-class B. Pastoral	21,410	19,600	1,810	2.77	4.83	0.50
Sub-class C. Mineral	17,816	17,808	8	2.31	4.39	0.00
Sub-class D. Other Primary Producers	4,883	4,876	7	0.63	1.20	0.00
Class VII. Indefinite	7,535	4,913	2,622	0.98	1.21	0.71
Section B.—Non-Breadwinners (Dependents).
Class VIII. Dependents—
Sub-class A. Dependent on natural guardians	426,643	127,916	298,727	55.23	31.53	81.47
Sub-class B. Dependent upon the State, or upon public or private support	5,506	3,248	2,258	0.72	0.80	0.62
Occupations not stated	340	269	71	…	…	…

No less than 32.33 per cent, of the male population are shown to be dependent, and 82.09 per cent, of the females. These consist of 127,916 males and 298,727 females dependent upon natural guardians; and 3,248 males and 2,258 females dependent upon the State, or upon public or private support. The greater number of those dependent upon natural guardians are scholars and students. There are also a large number of dependent relatives who were not stated to be performing domestic duties, and, of females, many persons performing domestic duties for which remuneration is not paid.

In the next table the number of breadwinners of either sex in each class of occupation, and the proportions per cent, to the total of breadwinners, is given:—

Occupations.	Numbers.			Proportion per Cent.
Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Total breadwinners	340,230	274,559	65,671	100.00	100.00	100.00
Class I. Professional	23,509	14,549	8,960	6.91	5.30	13.64
Class II. Domestic	34,394	6,542	27,852	10.11	2.38	42.41
Class III. Commercial—
Sub-class A. Property and Finance	5,631	5,046	585	1.65	1.84	0.89
Sub-class B. Trade	33,438	28,500	4,938	9.83	10.38	7.52
Sub-class C. Storage	868	863	5	0.26	0.31	0.01
Class IV. Transport and Communication	21,750	21,265	485	6.39	7.74	0.74
Class V. Industrial	101,184	84,874	16,310	29.74	30.91	24.84
Class VI. Agricultural, Pastoral, and other Primary Producers—
Sub-class A. Agricultural	67,812	65,723	2,089	19.93	23.94	3.18
Sub-class B. Pastoral	21,410	19,600	1,810	6.29	7.14	2.76
Sub-class C. Mineral	17,816	17,808	8	5.24	6.49	0.01
Sub-class D. Other Primary Producers	4,883	4,876	7	1.44	1.78	0.01
VII. Indefinite	7,535	4,913	2,622	2.21	1.79	3.99

EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYED.

The breadwinners of the colony are also classified according to the grade of their occupations, by which means the entire population can he brought under six heads:—

	Males.	Per Cent. of Breadwinners.	Females.	Per Cent. of Breadwinners.
Employers	34,002	12.39	2,010	306
Independent workers	47,317	17.23	8,750	13.32
Wage-earners	166,432	60.62	48,088	73.23
Unemployed	8,467	3.08	1,359	2.07
Relatives assisting, and not specified	18,341	6.68	5,464	8.32
Breadwinners	274,559	100.00	65,671	100.00
Dependents	131,164	…	300,985	…
Not stated	269	…	71	…
Totals	405,992	…	366,727	…

The proportion of the male breadwinners who are employers (12.39 per cent.) is slightly higher than it was in 1896 (12.02 per cent.) On the female side the proportion of employers was 3.06 per cent, at both censuses. Male wage-earners, employed or unemployed, were 63.70 per cent., against 61.48 per cent, in 1896. Female wage-earners, whether in work or not, were 75.30 per cent, in 1901, against 75.01 per cent, in 1896, indicating a growing use of female labour.

THE UNEMPLOYED.

The unemployed male population in New Zealand in March, 1901, formed only 3.08 per cent, of the breadwinners, as against 6.15 per cent, returned at the census of 1896.

Of the unemployed (males), which totalled 8,467,—

1,866 are found in Order 24: (890 agricultural, 191 pastoral, 695 mining, gold, coal, &c, 61 bushmen, and 29 fishermen and others).

1,182 in Order 23: Industrial workers imperfectly defined (chiefly general labourers).
877 in Order 21: House building, road and railway-works labourers, &c.
164 in Order 3: Engaged in board and lodging and rendering personal services.
642 in Order 14: Road, railway, tram, or sea and river traffic.
582 in Order 15: Manufacturers of books, tools, implements, furniture, building materials, &c.
255 in Order 16: Manufacturing textile fabrics, dress, &c.
256 in Order 2: Ministering to religion, chanty, health, education, &c.
319 in Order 19: Manufacturing earthenware, jewellery, and workers in metals.
206 in Order 7: Dealing in food, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants.
187 in Order 17: Workers in animal food, drinks, narcotics, stimulants, &c

The balance being fairly evenly distributed over the remaining Orders of Occupations.

Of the regular agricultural workers for wages, only thirty-seven in every thousand were found to be unemployed.

It is in the industrial class, not the primary producers from the land, that the largest proportion of unemployed to the total of the class will be found. On the whole class the proportion was 4.13 per cent, of males and 2.31 of females, and here a large decrease is shown on the proportion found to exist in 1896, viz., 11.14 per cent, for males and 5.66 per cent, for females. The percentage was highest among general and road labourers, printers and bookbinders, cabinetmakers, and carpenters.

In dealing with the above figures it is necessary to remember that at the time of the census no less than 2,501 males between 15 and 60 years of age were returned as suffering from sickness or accident, and some of these would probably be included in the number stated to be unemployed.

Generally, the results of the investigation into the occupations of the people agree with the result of the inquiry into the development of manufactures and works, which is given farther on in this report (Appendix A). It is found in regard to industries that spring directly from land settlement, such as butter and cheese-making, meat-freezing, and sawing of timber, the development since 1896 was considerable. The occupation tables show that there was a considerable number of persons unemployed at the time of the census who belonged to such callings, including the building and allied trades. The exact number of the 9,826 persons unemployed belonging to each specific occupation will be found in the Census volume, p. 342.

It is, however, a matter for congratulation that the total number of unemployed in 1901 was found to be only 9,826, against 17,408 in 1896, when the population of the colony was much smaller.

GRADES OF OCCUPATIONS.

The numbers and proportions of persons of each sex in the different classes of occupation, divided according to grade—i.e., employers, independent workers, wage-earners, unemployed, and relatives assisting, are given in the two following statements:—

OCCUPATIONS—EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYED.

Occupations.	Males.						Females.
Occupations.	Employers.	In business on own Account but not employing other Persons.	Working for Wages or Salary.	Wages-earners unemployed.	Relatives assisting but not receiving Wages, and Others understand.	Total Males.	Employers.	In business on own Account but not employing other Persons.	Working for Wages or Salary.	Wages-earners unemployed.	Relatives assisting but not receiving Wages, and Others undescribed.	Total Females.
Section A.—Breadwinners.
I. Professional	1,354	1,714	10,975	311	165	14,549	79	1,513	6,576	312	480	8,960
II. Domestic	1,440	739	3,995	164	204	6,542	493	1,219	24,369	557	1,214	27,852
III. Commercial —
A. Property and Finance	608	1,507	2,818	43	10	5,046	40	493	45	2	5	585
B. Trade	4,151	4,724	18,384	708	533	28,500	222	920	3,162	101	533	4,938
C. Storage	12	5	807	34	5	863	..	..	5	..	..	5
IV. Transport and Communication	863	1,405	18,230	642	125	21,265	8	..	464	10	3	485
V. Industrial	8,240	6,030	66,290	3,508	806	84,874	561	1,983	13,186	377	203	16,310
VI. Primary Producers—
A. Agricultural	13,131	10,209	23,192	890	12,301	65,723	475	616	157	..	841	2,089
B. Pastoral	3, 360	4,386	8,897	191	2,766	19,600	126	321	121	..	1,242	1,810
C. Mineral	465	7,070	9,503	695	75	17,808	5	2	1	..	..	8
D. Other Primary Producers	367	1,014	3,340	93	62	4,876	..	3	2	..	2	7
VII. Indefinite	11	2,424	1	1,188	1,289	4,913	1	1,680	..	..	941	2,622
Totals	34,002	47,317	166,432	8,467	18,341	274,559	2,010	8,750	48,088	1,359	5,464	65,671
Section B.— Dependents (Non-breadwinners):
VIII. Dependents—
A. On Natural Guardians	..	..	..	..	..	127,916	..	..	..	..	..	298,727
B. On the State or Public Charity	..	..	..	..	..	3,248	..	..	..	..	..	2,258
Not stated	..	..	..	..	..	269	..	..	..	..	..	71
Totals	..	..	..	..	..	405,992	..	..	..	..	..	366,727

OCCUPATIONS.—PROPORTION OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYED IN EACH CLASS

Occupations.	Males.						Females.
Occupations.	Employers.	In business on own Account but not employing other Persons.	Working for Wages or Salary.	Wages-earners unemployed.	Relatives assisting but not receiving Wages, and Others understand.	Total Males.	Employers.	In business on own Account but not employing other Persons.	Working for Wages or Salary.	Wages-earners unemployed.	Relatives assisting but not receiving Wages, and Others undescribed.	Total Females.
Section A.—Breadwinners.
I. Professional	9.31	11.99	75.43	2.14	1.13	100.00	0.88	16.89;	73.39	3.48	5.36	100.00
II. Domestic	22.01	11.29	61.07	2.51	3.12	100.00	1.77	4.38	87.49	2.00	4.36	100.00
III. Commercial —
A. Property and Finance	12.05	31.05	55.85	0.85	0.20	100.00	6.84	84.27;	7.09	0.34;	0.85	100.00
B. Trade	14.56	16.58	64.51	2.48	1.87	100.00	4.50	18.63	64.03	2.05	10.79	100.00
C. Storage	1.39	0.58	93.51	3.94	0.58	100.00	..	..	100.00	..	..	100.00
IV. Transport and Communication	4.06	6.60	85.73	3.02	0.59	100.00	1.65	..	95.67	2.06	0.62	100.00
V. Industrial	9.71	7.11	78.10	4.13	0.95	100.00	3.44	12.16	80.85	2.31	1.24	100.00
VI. Primary Producers—
A. Agricultural	19.98	24.66	35.29	1.35	18.72	100.00	22.74	29.49	7.51	..	40.26	100.00
B. Pastoral	17.14	22.38	45.39	0.98	14.11	100.00	6.96	17.73	6.69	..	68.62	100.00
C. Mineral	2.61	39.70	53.37	3.90	0.42	100.00	62.50	25.00	12.50	..	..	100.00
D. Other Primary Producers	7.53	20.79	68.50	1.91	1.27	100.00	..	42.86	28.57	..	28.57	100.00
VII. Indefinite	0.22	49.34	0.02	24.18	26.24	100.00	0.04	64.07	..	..	35.89	100.00
Totals	12.39	17.23	60.62	3.08	6.68	100.00	3.06	13.32	73.23	2.07	8.32	100.00

The classes are divided into 27 orders, which again are divided into 113 sub-orders. The items of the sub-orders are the specific occupations. In the succeeding tables each specific occupation is given according to the classification, and explanatory notes showing the unskilled assistance and other particulars included with the numbers for the various industries, &c. The totals of the orders and sub-orders precede the figures for the items contained in each sub-order.

An alphabetical arrangement of specific occupations shown in the census is added at the end of this report.

Chapter 39. CLASS I.—PROFESSIONAL.

Table of Contents

ORDER 1.—PERSONS engaged in GOVERNMENT (not otherwise classed). DEFENCE, LAW, and PROTECTION.

ORDER 2.—PERSONS ministering to RELIGION, CHARITY, HEALTH, EDUCATION, ART, SCIENCE, and AMUSEMENTS.

ORDER 1.—PERSONS engaged in GOVERNMENT (not otherwise classed). DEFENCE, LAW, and PROTECTION.

1.19 per cent, of total male population.

0.03 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Officers of General Government (not otherwise classed	101	942	1,043	17	30	47	1,090
2. Officers of local Government	21	375	396	2	9	11	407
3. Persons ministering to defence	26	1,007	1,033	…	…	…	1,033
4. Persons ministering to law and order	266	2,075	2,341	13	58	71	2,412
Totals, Order 1, 1901	414	4,399	4,813	32	97	139	4,942
Totals, Order 1, 1896	334	3,204	3,538	6	37	43	3,581

The first sub-order consists of persons occupied in connection with Government whom it was not necessary to allot to other classes in carrying out the principle of classification. Hence the total number does not by any means represent the full number of persons employed by Government. It is a residue left after completing other groups—for instance, that of transport and communication, to which is carried the number of persons engaged in railways, telegraph, telephone, and postal service, although the employees in these services are paid by Government. Similarly with officers of local bodies, but to a less extent.

It has been asked why the full number of persons employed by Government is not given. But the classification is not intended to show any such result, and the census is not the proper source from which to look for such information. It could not be given by means of the census, for the word “Government” is constantly omitted by the householders in describing occupations. When the total number of persons employed by Government is wanted, it is found necessary to have a special return compiled from departmental sources, distinguishing “permanent” from “temporary” employment.

The full details of the specific occupations in the order are given. In Sub-order 4 the barristers and solicitors will be found to number 636, against 604 in 1896. Law clerks increased from 591 to 700 in five years, and law students from 34 to 95.

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Sub-order I.—General Government.
The Governor	1	1	..
Officer of Government Department (exclusive of officers specially classified)	1,069	1,022	47
Others (including persons holding Ministerial or political office whose ordinary occupation is not stated)	20	20	..
Sub-order 2. —Local Government.
Officer of local body or Municipal Council	403	392	11
Others (including mayors or members of local bodies whose ordinary occupation is not stated)	4	4	..
Sub-order 3.—Defence.
Officer of Defence Department	21	21	..
Army officer in actual service	29	29	..
Army non-commissioned, warrant officer, private	515	515	..
Naval officer in actual service	5	5	..
Naval petty, warrant officer, sailor, marine	4	4	..
Others (including Volunteer whose ordinary occupation is not stated) (1)	459	459	..
Sub-order 4.—Law and Order.
Officer of Law Department	9	9	..
Judge (Chief Justice, and Judges of the Supreme, .District, and Native, Land Court)	23	23	..
Law-court officer, clerk	118	116	2
Magistrate	27	27	..
Sheriff's officer, bailiff	29	29	..
Barrister, solicitor	636	635	1
Law clerk (not articled)	700	672	28
Law student, articled clerk	95	94	1
Others connected with the law (2)	11	10	1
Police : principal officer	10	10	..
Police : subordinate officer, policeman, detective	563	558	5
Penal : principal officer	11	11	..
Penal: subordinate officer, warder (3)	177	144	33
Others (4)	3	3	..

	M.	P.
(1) Volunteers	404	0
Drill instructor	19	0
Permanent Militia	20	0
Engineer, Torpedo Corps	3	0
Magazine-keeper	2	0
Torpedo-man	8	0
Caretaker, drill-shed	3	0
(2) Law accountants	6	0
Justice of the Peace	4	0
Typist	0	1
(3) Subordinate officer	137	5
Matron	0	26
Prison officer	7	2
(4) Private detective	3	0

ORDER 2.—PERSONS ministering to RELIGION, CHARITY, HEALTH, EDUCATION, ART, SCIENCE, and AMUSEMENTS.

2.40 per cent, of total male population.

2.41 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons ministering to religion	13	1,219	1,262	3	265	268	1,530
2. Persons ministering to charity (exclusive of hospitals)	1	36	37	14	203	217	254
3. Persons ministering to health	360	1,921	2,281	73	2,299	2,372	4,653
4. Persons connected with literature	22	517	539	29	59	88	627
5. Persons connected with science	4	74	78	1	3	4	82
6. Persons engaged in civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, and surveying	123	1,490	1,613	2	2	4	1,617
7. Persons connected with education	197	1,886	2,083	665	3,278	3,943	6,026
8. Persons connected with fine arts	60	567	627	135	432	567	1,194
9. Persons connected with music	20	386	406	171	1,105	1,276	1,682
10. Persons connected with amusements	152	658	810	27	65	92	902
Totals, Order 2, 1901	952	8,784	9,736	1,120	7,711	8,831	18,567
Totals, Order 2, 1896	891	7,570	8,461	1,112	6,092	7,204	15,665

In Sub-order 1 the number of the clergy is given as 891. In 1896 the number returned was 777. Besides the regular clergy, there were 13 Mormon missionaries and 289 Salvation Army officers, of whom 160 were females; also, 32 evangelists, 82 missionaries (21 women), and 17 preachers. The number of the clergy on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act is 1,001, and the denominations to which they belong are as under:—

Denomination.	No.
Church of England	327
Presbyterian Church of New Zealand	209
Roman Catholic Church	l60
Methodist Church of Australasia in New Zealand	164
Congregational Independents	20
Baptists	28
Primitive Methodist Connexion	36
Lutheran Church	9
Hebrew Congregations	6
Church of Christ	14
Free Methodist Churches	3
Auckland Central Mission	1
Wellington Central Mission	1
Independent Wesleyan	1
The Forward Movement	1
Salvation Army	9
Catholic Apostolic Church	4
Seventh-day Adventists	5
Unitarian Church	1
Pilgrims of Peace	1
Scots Church	1
Total	1,001

There were 47 theological students, 82 church officers, such as sextons and others, 74 members of religious orders not ministering to charity or education; and 3 others complete the group.

Included in Sub-order 3 are 438 medical men in practice, against 411 returned in 1896. (The number of medical practitioners registered in the colony was in 1901, 711, including 43 whose addresses are not known and 143 who have left New Zealand.) Medical students numbered 61. There were 132 persons who are grouped in the detailed tables as irregular medical practitioners, including, among others, 1 Chinese doctor, 36 herbalists and 18 assistants, 12 medical galvanists, 1 homœopathist, and 58 masseurs. Dentists numbered 571 (including apprentices), against 275 in 1896. Pharmaceutical chemists and assistants were 811, against 656 at the previous census. The number of midwives, monthly nurses, and sick-nurses was 1,531, and of veterinary surgeons 73.

The full details in this order are:—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1 — Religion.
Clergyman	891	891	..
Irregular clergy, Salvation Army officer (5)	433	246	187
Theological student	47	44	3
Church officer, verger (6)	82	76	6
Member of religious order not classified as ministering to charity or education	74	2	72
Others (clerk to Church trustees)	3	3	..
Sub-order 2.— Charity (exclusive of Hospitals).
Officer of Department of charity	9	4	5
Officer of charitable or benevolent institution	56	15	41
Subordinate officer or servant, charitable or benevolent institution	157	18	139
Sister of charity	31	..	31
Others: Secretary to children's aid society	1	..	1
Sub-order 3. —Health.
Officer of Health Department	10	9	1
Sanitary inspector, inspector of nuisances	66	63	1
Medical practitioner	438	432	6
Medical student	61	49	12
Irregular medical practitioner (7)	132	80	52
Dentist (S)	571	512	59
Pharmaceutical chemist, druggist (9)	811	755	56
Hospital or asylum nurse	446	3	443
Hospital or asylum officer or attendant (not elsewhere described) (10)	507	292	215
Midwife, monthly nurse	1,076	..	1,076
Sick-nurse	455	5	450
Veterinary surgeon	73	72	1
Others (11)	7	7	..
Sub-order 4.—Literature.
Author, editor, journalist	434	417	17
Reporter	57	57	..
Literary amanuensis, shorthand-writer	91	26	65
Others (12)	45	39	6
Sub-order 5.—Science.
Officer of scientific Department of State	6	6	..
Analytical chemist	13	11	2
Assayer, metallurgist	27	27	..
Geologist, mineralogist	5	5	..
Naturalist, biologist, botanist	9	9	..
Others (13)	22	20	2
Sub-order 6.—Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Architecture, and Surveying.
Civil engineer (14)	356	356	..
Directing or consulting engineer	24	24	..
Electrician (not connected with telegraph or telephone service or electric light)	84	84	..
Surveyor (15)	726	725	1
Architect (16)	245	244	1
Draughtsman (not otherwise described)	178	176	2
Others (17)	4	4	..
Sub-order 7. — Education.
Officer of Education Department (18)	97	91	6
University professor, demonstrator, lecturer, &c.	36	35	1
Professor, lecturer, teacher, college, grammar, high school	89	52	37
Schoolmaster, schoolmistress, teacher, public school (19)	2,194	924	1,270
Schoolmaster, schoolmistress, teacher, denominational school	170	27	143
Schoolmaster, schoolmistress, teacher, private school	252	35	217
Schoolmaster, schoolmistress, teacher, undefined	2,427	784	1,643
Tutor, governess	337	11	326
Teacher of languages or other accomplishments, not art or music	126	40	86
Others (20)	298	84	214
Sub-order 8.— Fine Arts.
Artist, painter, art student	507	196	311
Sculptor	11	11	..
Engraver (art only)	9	6	3
Photographer, retoucher (21)	667	414	253
Sub-order 9.—Music.
Composer of music	1	..	1
Musician, vocalist, student of music	280	170	110
Music professor, teacher, &c.	1,396	233	1,163
Music-hall proprietor, manager, &c	3	1	2
Others : Street musician	2	2	..
Sub-order 10.—Amusements.
Actor, actress, circus performer	208	121	87
Theatre, hall proprietor, lessee, manager, doorkeeper, ticket-taker	42	40	2
Racecourse ranger, caretaker, secretary	52	52	..
Jockey	302	302	..
Cricket-ground, bowling-green caretaker, professional player	52	52	..
Billiard-table proprietor, keeper, marker	182	182	..
Zoological gardens, menagerie keeper, attendant, &c,	10	10	..
Others (22)	54	51	3

	M.	F.
(5)Evangelist	30	2
Missionary	61	21
Missionary Mormon	12	1
Preacher	14	3
Salvation Army officer	129	160
(6)Church officer, verger	29	5
Caretaker	14	1
Sexton and assistant	33	0
(7)Chinese doctor	1	0
Herbalist	33	3
Herbalist assistant	12	6
Masseur	20	38
Medical galvanist and assistant	11	1
Faith-healer	3	0
Manicurist	0	3
Homœpathist	0	1
(8)Dentist	284	23
Apprentice	183	11
Assistant	45	25
(9) Chemist and druggist	398	11
Apprentice	111	8
Assistant	218	24
Clerk	10	1
Dispenser	1	1
Messenger	14	0
Salesman, saleswoman	1	11
Traveller	2	0
(10) Hospital or asylum attendant (not otherwise described)	19	15
Hospital clerk	6	6
Hospital cook	8	21
Hospital dispenser	5	1
Hospital dresser	2	0
Hospital matron or servant	25	141
Hospital porter	20	0
Hospital secretary	4	0
Hospital steward	4	0
Hospital warder	23	2
Lunatic-asylum clerk	7	1
Lunatic-asylum cook	3	2
Lunatic-asylum messenger	8	0
Lunatic-asylum matron	0	1
Lunatic-asylum warder	158	25
(11) Doctor's boy	2	0
Oculist	2	0
Manager, sanatorium	3	0
(12) Interpreter	39	2
Compiler	0	4
(13) Museum assistant	11	0
Phrenologist	9	2
(14) Civil engineer	248	0
Mining engineer	69	0
Civil engineer's assistant	21	0
Mining student	18	0
(15) Surveyor	308	0
Surveyor's assistant …	417	1
(16) Architect	185	0
Architect's assistant	27	0
Architect's apprentice	16	0
Architect's clerk	16	1
(17) Director, School of Mines	2	0
Inventor	2	0
(18) Education Department officer	12	1
Education Department cadet	1	0
Education Department clerk	24	3
Inspector of Schools	35	2
Secretary	14	0
Truant officer	5	0
(19) Schoolmaster, schoolmistress	848	1036
Probationer	2	11
Pupil-teacher	74	223
(20) Member of religious community (teaching)	2	147
Prioress of religious community (teaching;)	0	7
Teacher of blind	4	0
School manager	2	9
Gymnastic instructor	2	0
School matron	O	7
School caretaker, cleaner	46	13
Student, Normal School	2	8
Teacher, Normal School	1	2
Librarian and assistant	24	21
(21) Photographer, retoucher	381	142
Photographer, assistant	33	111
(22) Huntsman	12	0
Professional athlete	13	1
Tourist agent	3	0
Showman, lecturer	18	2
Rifle-saloon keeper	4	0
Hypnotist	1	0

Chapter 40. CLASS II.—DOMESTIC.

Table of Contents

ORDER 3. — PERSONS engaged in the SUPPLY of BOARD and LODGING, and in rendering PERSONAL SERVICE for which REMUNERATION is usually paid.

1.61 per cent, of total male population.

7.60 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in the supply of board and lodging	348	3,545	3,893	1,330	5,419	6,749	10,642
2. Persons engaged in domestic service and in attendance	495	2,154	2,649	7,636	13,467	21,103	23,752
Totals, Order 3, 1901	843	5,699	6,542	8,966	18,886	27,852	34,394
Totals, Order 3, 1896	1,068	4,812	5,880	8,568	14,362	22,930	28,810

Details of occupations in the foregoing sub-orders were:—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Sub-order I.—Board and Lodging.
Hotelkeeper, innkeeper	1,556	1,341	215
Relative assisting	764	133	631
Servants(23)	4,586	1,658	2,928
Coffee-palace, restaurant, tea-room, eating-house keeper	126	66	60
Relative assisting	29	12	17
Servant	141	53	88
Board, lodging-house keeper	1,404	288	1,116
Relative assisting	552	39	513
Servants	1,318	172	1,146
Club-house manager, secretary, steward, servant	142	115	27
Others (24)	24	16	8
Sub-order 2.—Domestic Service and Attendance.
Servants registry-office keeper	37	3	34
House servants	20,022	833	19,189
Personal attendants	231	5	226
Nurse	298	..	298
Paid companion	251	..	251
Coachman, groom	633	633	..
Gardener	42	42	..
Bath proprietor, attendant	28	22	6
Porter, gatekeeper	18	15	3
Office keeper, attendant	96	82	14
Charwoman, cleaner	205	6	199
Hairdresser, barber	725	707	18
Mangier, laundry-keeper, laundryman, washerwoman	1,033	169	864
Shoeblack	1	1	..
Others (25)	132	131	1

	M.	P.
(23) Hotel servant	1181	2249
Hotel clerk	35	10
Hotel manager	69	12
Hotel cook	195	308
Barmaid, barman	178	349
(24) Caterer	14	6
Sailors' home servant	2	2
(25) Tourist guide	15	1
Watchman	116	0

The total number of persons engaged in or connected with the sale or manufacture of wine, beer, spirits, cordials, &c, is found to be returned as under:—

	Males.	Females.	Persons.
Hotelkeeper	1,341	215	1,556
Relative assisting	133	631	764
Manager, clerk	104	22	126
Hotel, club; &c, servant	1,376	2,557	3,933
Manager, secretary, steward, of club-house	115	27	142
Barman, barmaid	178	349	527
Wine, spirits, ale, merchant	50	3	53
Assistant	10	1	11
Clerk, bookkeeper, accountant, traveller, storeman	86	1	87
Cordial, &c, merchant, salesman	6	…	6
Brewer, bottler	178	2	180
Manager, clerk, traveller	96	2	98
Relative assisting, apprentice	10	1	11
Cellarman, assistant, carter, Sec.	330	…	330
Maltster and assistants	147	…	147
Wine-maker, bottler	16	…	16
Cordial, &c, maker	215	7	222
Clerk, bookkeeper, traveller, assistant	160	2	162
Totals	4,551	3,820	8,371

Chapter 41. CLASS III.—COMMERCIAL.

SUB-CLASS A.—PROPERTY AND FINANCE.

Table of Contents

ORDER 4.—PERSONS performing Offices in connection with the EXCHANGE, VALUATION, INSURANCE, LEASE, LOAN, or CUSTODY of MONEY, HOUSES, LAND, or PROPERTY-RIGHTS.

SUB-CLASS B.—TRADE.

ORDER 5.—PERSONS dealing in ART or MECHANIC PRODUCTIONS in which MATTERS of various Kinds are employed in COMBINATION.

ORDER 6.—PERSONS engaged in the SALE, HIRE, or EXCHANGE of TEXTILE FABRICS and DRESS, and of FIBROUS MATERIALS.

ORDER 7.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN DEALING IN FOOD, DRINKS, NARCOTICS, and STIMULANTS.

ORDER 8.—PERSONS engaged in dealing in and treating ANIMALS, and Dealing in ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES (excluding Dealers in Food).

ORDER 9.—PERSONS engaged in Dealing in MINERALS and other SUBSTANCES mainly used for FUEL and LIGHT.

ORDER 10.—PERSONS engaged in Dealing in MINERALS other than for FUEL and LIGHT.

ORDER 11 —PERSONS engaged as GENERAL DEALERS, or in MERCANTILE PURSUITS not elsewhere classed.

ORDER 12.—PERSONS engaged as SPECULATORS on CHANCE EVENTS.

Sub-class C.—STORAGE.

ORDER 13.—PERSONS engaged in STORAGE.

ORDER 4.—PERSONS performing Offices in connection with the EXCHANGE, VALUATION, INSURANCE, LEASE, LOAN, or CUSTODY of MONEY, HOUSES, LAND, or PROPERTY-RIGHTS.

1.24 per cent, of total male population.

0.16 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons performing offices in connection with banking and finance	313	1,932	2,245	…	94	94	2,339
2. Persons performing offices in connection with insurance and valuation	248	1,325	1,573	9	20	29	1,602
3. Persons performing offices in connection with land and household property	46	1,172	1,218	6	456	462	1,680
4. Persons performing offices in connection with property-rights not otherwise classed	1	9	10	…	…	…	10
Totals, Order 4, 1901	608	4,438	5,046	15	570	585	5,631
Totals, Order 4, 1896	358	3,673	4,031	6	423	429	4,460

Details of the sub-orders are:—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Sub-order I.—Banking and Finance.
Bank director, banker	3	3	..
Bank manager, officer, clerk	1,182	1,181	1
Building-society, savings-institute director, manager, officer, clerk	19	18	1
Share and stock broker, dealer, jobber, speculator	479	476	3
Moneybroker, financier, capitalist (26)	461	373	88
Pawnbroker, loan-office keeper	25	24	1
Public accountant, auditor	170	170
Sub-order 2.-—Insurance and Valuation.
Manager, director, agent of insurance company (27)	968	950	18
Actuary, average-stater	4	4	..
Underwriter, marine surveyor	574	18	..
Auctioneer, appraiser, valuator (28)	574	563	11
Friendly, benefit society officer	1	1	..
Official or Trade Assignee	10	10	..
Others: Fire-brigade assistant	27	27	..
Sub-order 3.—Land and Household Property.
Land proprietor, speculator	46	26	20
Land and estate agent, broker (29)	412	400	12
Others connected with dealings in land	15	13	2
House proprietor	1,151	724	427
House agent, rent collector	55	54	1
Market lessee	1	1	..
Sub-order 4.—Property Rights not otherwise classed.
Officer of Patents, Trade-marks Department	2	2	..
Patentee, owner of trade-mark, &c.	1	1	..
Patent, trade-mark agent	6	6	..
Others connected with various property rights and transfers	1	1	..

	M.	F.
(26) Moneybroker, financier, capitalist, and assistant	323	87
Accountant to loan company	18	0
Financial agent	15	1
Manager, secretary, financial company	17	0
(27) Manager, director, agent	416	6
Accountant	36	0
Cadet	6	4
Canvasser, traveller	26	1
Clerk	442	1
Messenger	10	0
Secretary	14	0
28) Auctioneer and valuator	278	0
Accountant and clerk	193	9
Assistant	29	2
Manager	1	0
Salesman	6	0
Storeman	56	0
(29)Land and estate agent	301	4
Land and estate book-keeper	87	8
Native-land agent	12	0

SUB-CLASS B.—TRADE.

[These, it must be remembered, are dealers only, not makers. The exclusion of the latter, and compliance with the rule of grouping persons stated to be both manufacturers and dealers, as makers, under Class V., leaves some very small numbers, such as watch and clock dealers, 53, in Sub-order 7; while the watch and clock makers number 562 in Class V.]

ORDER 5.—PERSONS dealing in ART or MECHANIC PRODUCTIONS in which MATTERS of various Kinds are employed in COMBINATION.

0.48 per cent, of total male population.

0.09 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Male			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons dealing in books, publications, and advertising	193	447	640	13	47	60	700
2. Persons dealing in musical instruments	14	102	116	11	11	22	138
3. Persons dealing in prints, pictures, and art-materials	3	29	32	1	2	3	35
4. Persons dealing in ornaments, minor art-products, and small wares	26	111	137	20	91	111	248
6. Persons dealing in designs, medals, type, and dies	…	1	1	…	…	…	1
7. Persons dealing in watches, clocks, jewellery, platedware, and scientific instruments	5	29	34	6	13	19	53
8. Dealing in surgical instruments and appliances	…	1	1	…	…	…	1
9. Dealing in arms and explosives	…	2	2	…	…	…	2
10. Persons dealing in machines, tools, and implements	16	158	174	…	9	9	183
11. Dealers in carriages and vehicles	30	99	129	3	8	11	140
12. Persons dealing in harness, saddlery, and leatherware	9	51	60	…	1	1	61
13. Persons dealing in ships, boats, and marine stores	8	30	38	…	…	…	38
14. Persons dealing in building-materials and house-fittings	8	53	61	3	3	6	67
15. Persons dealing in furniture	28	136	164	7	15	22	186
16. Persons dealing in chemicals and by-products	22	69	91	2	3	5	96
17. Persons dealing in paper and paper-makers' materials	62	214	276	19	46	65	341
Totals, Order 5, 1901	424	1,532	1,956	85	249	334	2,290
Totals, Order 5, 1896	280	1,311	1,591	41	148	189	1,780

Details for the sub-orders are:—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Sub-order I.—Books, Publications, and Advertising.
Bookseller, book canvasser (30)	349	310	39
Circulating-library proprietor, librarian	23	11	12
Advertising agent, bill-poster, bill-distributor	44	42	2
News agent, newspaper vendor (31)	280	273	7
Others (32)	4	4

	M.	F.
(30) Bookseller and canvasser	185	16
Apprentice	14	1
Assistant	90	19
Clerk	12	3
Shopboy	4	0
traveller	5	0
(31) News agent, vendor	165	5
News agent clerk	11	2
News-boy	92	0
Relative assisting	5	0
(32) Agent, tract society	1	0
Bellman	3	0

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 2.—Musical Instruments.
Musical-instrument importer, seller (33)	136	114	22
Others (34)	2	0	..
Sub-order 3.—Prints, Pictures, and Art Materials.
Picture dealer	21	20	1
Art, photographic requisites importer, dealer	10	9	1
Picture-frame dealer	2	1	1
Others : Foreign-stamp dealers	2	2	..
Sub-order 4.—Ornaments, Minor Art Products, and Small Wares.
Basketware, wickerware dealer	2	1	1
Artificial-flowers dealer	1	1	..
Fancy-goods dealer (35)	237	133	104
Stuffed birds, animals dealer	3	1	2
Toys and minor art products dealer	5	1	4
Sub-order 6.—Designs, Medals, Type, and Dies.
Designs, patterns, medals, type, and dies dealer	1	1	..
Sub-order 7.—Watches, Clocks, Jewellery and Platedware, and Scientific Instruments.
Watch, clock, jewellery importer, dealer ..	49	34	15
Electro-plate wares importer, dealer	4	..	4
Sub-order 8.—Surgical Instruments and Appliances.
Surgical instruments and appliances dealer	1	1	..
Sub-order 9.—Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives. Arms, explosives dealer	2	2	..
Sub-order 10. —Machines, Tools, and Implements.
Agricultural machinery, implements dealer	54	54	..
Sewing-machines importer, dealer (36)	93	84	9
Other machines, tools, implements dealer (37)	36	36	..
Sub-order 11.—Carriages and Vehicles.
Carriage, wagon, cart dealer	2	2	..
Bicycle importer, dealer	137	127	10
Perambulator, wheel-chair importer, dealer	1	..	1
Sub-order 12.—Harness, Saddlery, and Leatherware.
Saddlery, harness importer, dealer (38)	18	17	1
Saddlers' ironmonger	5	5	..
Leather and grindery merchant, dealer	29	29	..
Others : Leather and grindery salesman and assistant	9	9	..
Sub order 13.—Ships, Boats, and their Equipment, and Marine Stores.
Ships and boats dealer	3	3	..
Tackle and equipment for ships and boats dealer	11	11	..
Ship-chandler	18	18	..
Others: Marine-stores dealer	6	6	..
Sub-order 14.—Building Materials and House-fittings.
Oil and colour man, glass, paperhangings dealer (39)	67	61	6
Sub-order 15.—Furniture.
Furniture dealer (40)	182	160	22
Second-hand furniture dealer, broker	4	4	..
Sub-order 16.—Chemicals and By-products.
Chemical materials (not drugs) dealer	10	7	3
Chemical by-products dealer	1	1	..
Wholesale druggist (41)	83	81	2
Others : Agent for sheep-dip	2	2	..
Sub-order 17.—Paper, Papermakers' Materials, Stationery.
Paper merchant, importer	20	20	..
Stationer (42)	308	243	65
Rag, waste-paper dealer	13	13	..

	M.	F.
(33) Music seller	50	3
Music assistant	22	12
Music clerk	18	1
Music salesman, saleswoman	24	6
(34) Storeman, music business.	1	0
Manager, music business.	1	0
(35) Dealer, fancy goods	38	42
Assistant	19	35
Clerk	10	2
Salesman, saleswoman	30	24
Storeman	9	0
Traveller	21	1
(36) Sewing-machine dealer	5	0
Sewing-machine agent	42	1
Sewing-machine clerk	7	1
Sewing-machine manager	4	0
Sewing-machine traveller and collector	21	0
In sewing-machine shop	5	7
37) Dealers	10	0
Agent, machinery	26	0
(38) Saddlery, harness dealer	2	0
Saddlery, harness clerk	4	0
Saddlery, harness salesman	7	1
Saddlery, harness traveller	4	0
(39) Oil and colour dealer	31	1
Oil and colour clerk	13	2
Oil and colour salesman, sales woman	27	3
(40) Furniture dealer	56	4
Clerk	16	4
Salesman, saleswoman	88	14
(41) Wholesale druggist	7	0
Assistant	28	0
Clerk	26	1
Carter	1	0
Traveller	19	1
(43) Stationer	123	23
Stationer's apprentice	2	0
Stationer's assistant	90	40
Stationer's clerk	21	2
Stationer's traveller	1	0

ORDER 6.—PERSONS engaged in the SALE, HIRE, or EXCHANGE of TEXTILE FABRICS and DRESS, and of FIBROUS MATERIALS.

1.03 per cent, of total male population.

0.38 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Male			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in the sale, hire, or exchange of textile fabrics	954	2,724	3,678	383	855	1,238	4,916
2. Persons engaged in the sale, hire, or exchange of dress	95	400	495	41	97	138	633
3. Persons engaged in the sale, hire, or exchange of fibrous materials	…	2	2	…	…	…	2
Totals, Order 6, 1901	1,049	3,126	4,175	424	952	1,376	5,551
Totals, Order 6, 1896	808	2,500	3,308	256	598	854	4,162

Details for the sub-orders are:—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—Textile Fabrics.
Manchester warehouseman, wholesale draper (43)	1,261	1,216	45
Draper, linen, woollen draper (44)	3,648	2,455	1,193
Silk mercer, dealer	7	7	..
Sub-order 2.—Dress.
Clothier, outfitter, slop-seller (45)	162	139	23
Men's mercer, hatter, hosier, haberdasher (46)	77	71	6
Millinery, bonnet, hat dealer	19	2	l7
Shoe, boot dealer (47)	360	278	82
Second-hand clothes dealer	35	5	10
Sub-order 3.— Fibrous Materials.
Flax merchant, &c. (48)	2	2

	M.	F.
(43) Manchester warehouseman	73	1
Agent, soft-goods	13	0
Assistant, warehouse	98	2
Apprentice, soft-goods warehouse	14	0
Clerk, soft-goods warehouse	203	11
Carter, soft-goods warehouse	12	0
Manager, soft-goods warehouse	30	0
Packer soft-goods warehouse	26	0
Salesman, saleswoman	301	31
Storeman	54	0
Traveller	86	0
Warehouseman, undefined	306	0
(44) Draper and linen-draper	787	177
Assistant	1,289	784
Apprentice	63	69
Boy	53	0
Clerk	131	106
Cartel	11	0
Manager	31	2
Porter	19	0
Relative assisting	18	52
Shopwalker	3	2
Traveller	50	1
(45) Clothier, outfitter, &c.	69	15
Apprentice	3	0
Assistant	43	5
Clerk	0	1
Errand-boy	7	0
Salesman, saleswoman	17	0
(46) Mercer	50	3
Assistant	21	3
(47) Shoe and hoot dealer	72	4
Clerk	11	3
Errand-boy	16	0
Manager	13	0
Relative assisting	0	15
Salesman, saleswoman	145	59
Traveller	15	1
(48) Hemp grader	1	0
Flax merchant	1	0

ORDER 7.—PERSONS ENGAGED IN DEALING IN FOOD, DRINKS, NARCOTICS, and STIMULANTS.

2.10 per cent, of total male population.

0.24 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Male			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in dealing in animal food	805	3,422	4,227	22	109	131	4,358
2. Persons engaged in dealing in vegetable food	176	1,048	1,224	80	371	451	1,675
3. Persons engaged in dealing in groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants	836	2,234	3,070	49	247	296	3,366
Totals, Order 7, 1901	1,817	6,704	8,521	151	727	878	9,399
Totals, Order 7, 1896	1,634	5,863	7,497	130	554	684	8,181

Details for the sub-orders are:—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—Animal Food.
Milk-seller (49)	574	511	63
Cheesemonger, dairy-produce dealer	23	20	3
Butcher (50)	3,355	3,314	41
Provision merchant, dealer	37	35	2
Poulterer, game dealer	33	33	..
Fishmonger, oyster dealer (51)	327	305	22
Others (52)	9	9	..
Sub-order 2.—Vegetable Food.
Flour, grain, merchant, dealer (53)	564	563	1
Bread, biscuit dealer (54)	11	6	5
Confectioner, pastry dealer	221	134	187
Greengrocer, fruiterer, potato dealer (55)	779	521	258
Sub-order 3.—Groceries, Drinks, Narcotics, and Stimulants.
Wine and spirit merchant, Australian-wine seller (56)	151	146	5
Cordial, aerated-waters seller	6	6	..
Cocoa, coffee, chicory agent, dealer	28	28	..
Grocer, tea dealer (57)	3,056	2,783	273
Tobacconist (58)	122	104	18
Others: Ice-cream dealer	3	3	..

	M.	F.
(49) Milk-seller	317	41
Assistant	92	12
Milk-boy and driver	69	0
Relative assisting	33	10
(50) Butcher	2,518	6
Apprentice	35	0
Assistant	50	0
Boy	131	0
Carter	43	0
Clerk	86	11
Labourer	65	0
Manager	0	1
Relative assisting	82	14
Rider-out	11	0
Salesman	245	0
Pork-butcher	48	8
(51) Fishmonger	260	11
Clerk	3	3
Assistant	42	8
(52) Butter expert	8	0
Exporter of meat	1	0
(53) Flour merchant	130	0
Flour agent	12	0
Flour assistant	22	0
Flour earner	28	0
Flour clerk	114	1
Flour contractor	3	0
Flour labourer	104	0
Flour salesman	23	0
Flour sampler	7	0
Flour storeman	109	0
Flour store manager	4	0
Flour traveller	7	0
(54) Bread and biscuit dealer	1	0
Clerk	0	1
Driver	3	0
Relative assisting	0	1
Shopman, shopwoman	1	3
Traveller	1	0
(53) Greengrocer, fruiterer	378	182
Assistant	59	40
Relative assisting	12	34
Shopboy, shopgirl	10	2
Storeman	8	0
Vegetable hawker	54	0
(56) Wine and spirit merchant	50	3
Assistant	10	1
Clerk	38	1
Storeman	17	0
Traveller	31	0
(57) Grocer, tea dealer	760	122
Grocer's assistant	1,022	50
Grocer's clerk	149	39
Grocer's carter	284	0
Grocer's delivery-boy	36	0
Grocer's manager	15	0
Grocer's messenger	11	0
Grocer's relative assisting	37	44
Grocer's shopman, shopwoman	314
Grocer's traveller	42	0
Tea agent, broker	33	1
Assistant	6	0
Tea packer, sorter	56	11
Tea wrapper	1	0
Tea traveller	17	2
(58) Tobacconist	82	9
Relative assisting	5	5
Salesman, saleswoman	16	4
Traveller	1	0

ORDER 8.—PERSONS engaged in dealing in and treating ANIMALS, and Dealing in ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES (excluding Dealers in Food).

0.64 per cent, of total male population.

0.01 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in dealing in and treating living animals	195	1,199	1,394	…	…	…	1,394
2. Persons engaged in dealing in manures and animal waste products	…	5	5	…	…	…	5
3. Persons engaged in dealing in leather, raw materials, and manufactures	2	38	40	1	…	1	41
4. Persons engaged in dealing in wool and other animal matters	19	150	169	…	…	…	169
5. Persons engaged in dealing in seeds, plants, fodder, &c	48	274	322	12	38	50	372
6. Persons engaged in dealing in other vegetable matters (not included elsewhere)	90	572	662	2	2	4	666
Totals, Order 8, 1901	354	2,238	2,592	15	40	55	2,647
Totals, Order 8, 1896	243	1,457	1,700	2	9	11	1,711

Details for the sub-orders are:—

Occupations.	Persons,	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—Living Animals.
Live-stock dealer (59)	415	415	..
Animal-trainer, horsebreaker	464	464	..
Bird-fancier	5	5	..
Others (60)	510	510	..
Sub-order 2.—Manures and Animal Waste Products.
Manure, guano dealer	1	1	..
Bonedust dealer	2	2	..
Others: Manure salesman	2	2	..
Sub-order 3.— Leather, Raw Materials, and Manufactures
Hide, skin dealer	15	15	..
Prepared-skins, leather dealer (61)	25	24	1
Others: Prepared-skins, leather carter	1	1	..
Sub-order 4.—Wool and Other Animal Matters.
Wool broker, merchant	45	45	..
Wool broker, assistants (62)	120	120	..
Tallow merchant, dealer	3	3	..
Bone, horn, hoof, hair merchant, dealer	1	1	..
Sub-order 5.—Seeds, Plants, Flowers, Vegetable Products for Fodder and Gardening Purposes.
Seed merchant (63)	140	130	10
Florist, flower and plant seller	58	24	34
Produce, hay and corn merchant, dealer (64)	174	168	6
Sub-order 6.—Other Vegetable Matters not included elsewhere.
Timber merchant	129	128	1
Timber merchant, assistants (65)	533	530	3
Indiarubber-wares, dealer	1	1	..
Others (66)	3	3	..

	M.	F.
(59) Live-stock dealer	137	0
Cattle dealer	66	0
Horse dealer	46	0
Rabbit dealer	33	0
Sheep dealer	32	0
Stock agent	32	0
Stock agent clerk	22	0
Stock agent salesman	8	0
Stock and station agents	19	0
(60) Equestrian	3	0
Groom to horse breaker, trainer	484	0
Caretaker, saleyards	1	0
Dog-monger	1	0
Rabbit agent	21	0
(61) Prepared-skins, leather dealer	7	0
Clerk	8	1
Salesman.	9	0
(62) Assistant	25	0
Clerk	32	0
Manager	8	0
Labourer	12	0
Storeman	15	0
Wool-classer	17	0
Wool-sorter	11	0
(63) Seed merchant	42	3
Apprentice	5	0
Clerk	23	3
Shopman, shopwoman	60	4
(64) Produce merchant	89	5
Assistant	49	0
Clerk	28	1
Relative assisting.	2	0
(65) Agent	6	0
Assistant	36	0
Carter	108	0
Clerk	127	3
Labourer	168	0
Manager	22	0
Measurer	9	0
Orderman	25	0
Salesman	29	0
(66) Hop dealer	1	0
Storeman	2	0

ORDER 9.—PERSONS engaged in Dealing in MINERALS and other SUBSTANCES mainly used for FUEL and LIGHT.

0.18 per cent, of total male population.

0.00 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in dealing in coal, &c, for fuel and light	81	667	748	3	8	11	759
Totals, Order 9, 1901	81	667	748	3	8	11	759
Totals, Order 9, 1896	60	444	504	1	5	6	510

Details for the sub-order are:—

Occupations.	Persons,	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—Coal and other Substances mainly used for Fuel and Light.
Coal, coke merchant, dealer (67)	688	679	9
Lignite, shale, peat, charcoal dealer	1	1	..
Firewood, fuel merchant, dealer (68)	67	65	2
Others (69)	3	3	..

	M.	F.
(67) Coal merchant	280	1
Agent	15	0
Assistant	41	3
Clerk	69	6
Carter	186	0
Labourer	56	0
Manager	10	0
Salesman	1	0
Yardman	21	0
(68) Firewood dealer	30	1
Carter	33	0
Clerk	2	1
(69) Asbestos agent	2	0
Match-seller	1	0

ORDER 10.—PERSONS engaged in Dealing in MINERALS other than for FUEL and LIGHT.

0.37 per cent, of total male population.

0.01 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in dealing in stone, clay, earthenware, glass, &c.	12	56	68	7	13	20	88
2. Persons engaged in dealing in gold, silver, and precious stones	…	1	1	…	…	…	1
3. Persons engaged in dealing in metals other than gold and silver	343	1,107	1,450	3	15	18	1,468
Totals, Order 10, 1901	355	1,164	1,519	10	28	38	1,557
Totals, Order 10, 1896	240	794	1,034	4	22	26	1,060

Details for sub-order are:—

Occupations.	Persons,	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—Stone, Clay, Earthenware, Glass, and Minerals not otherwise classed.
Stone, gravel, sand dealer	1	1	..
Lime merchant, dealer	5	5	..
Potteryware, earthenware dealer	3	2	1
Glassware dealer	3	3	..
China, crockeryware dealer (70)	74	56	18
Others (71)	2	1	1
Sub-order 2.—Gold, Silver, and Precious Stones.
Precious-stones dealer	1	1	..
Sub-order 3.—Metals other than Gold and Silver.
Tin, zinc merchant, dealer	1	1	..
Antimony, lead dealer	1	1	..
Iron-ore, pig-iron, scrap-iron dealer	1	1	..
Iron, galvanised-iron, wire importer, dealer	19	19	..
Ironmonger, hardware dealer (72)	1,241	1,226	15
Others (73)	205	202	3

	M.	F.
(70) China, crockeryware, dealer.	18	2
Assistant	5	6
Clerk	5	2
Manager	1	0
Salesman, saleswoman	24	8
Traveller	3	0
(71) Bottle merchant	1	0
Monumental dealer	0	1
(72) Ironmonger	305	0
Apprentice.	49	0
Assistant	355	6
Clerk	185	7
Carter	29	0
Manager	15	0
Porter, packer	19	0
Relative assisting	1	0
Salesman, shopwoman	133	2
Shopboy	13	0
Traveller	69	0
Warehouseman	55	0
(73) Kauri-gum buyer	42	2
Gum merchant's assistant	9	1
Carter	3	0
Clerk	6	0
Labourer	11	0
Packer	13	0
Sorter	77	0
Storeman.	40	0
Scraper	1	0

ORDER 11 —PERSONS engaged as GENERAL DEALERS, or in MERCANTILE PURSUITS not elsewhere classed.

2.20 per cent, of total male population.

0.61 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged as merchants, dealers (undefined)	954	4,838	5,792	350	1,071	1,421	7,213
2. Persons engaged in other mercantile pursuits (undefined)	713	2,443	3,156	279	543	822	3,978
Totals, Order 11, 1901	1,667	7,281	8,948	629	1,614	2,243	11,191
Totals, Order 11, 1896	1,577	7,492	9,069	368	1,226	1,594	10,663

Details for each sub-order are:—

Occupations.	Persons,	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1. —Merchants, Dealers (undefined).
Merchant, importer (undefined)	416	415	1
Assistant (74)	928	889	39
Relative assisting	9	8	1
Sub-order 1.—Merchants, &c—continued.
Storekeeper, shopkeeper (75)	3,909	2,881	1,028
Relative assisting	477	195	282
Dealer, trader (76)	244	221	23
Relative assisting	21	9	12
Hawker, pedlar	254	234	20
Broker, agent	134	132	2
Commission agent (77)	821	808	13
Sub-order 2.—Other Mercantile Persons.
Officer of public company, society (78)	85	83	2
Clerk, cashier, accountant (commercial or undefined)	2,638	2,145	493
Commercial traveller, canvasser, salesman, saleswoman (undefined)	1,166	848	318
Others (79)	89	80	9

	M.	F.
(74) Apprentice	5	0
Assistant and clerk	669	32
Carter	19	0
Manager	44	0
Message-boy	1	0
Storeman	104	0
Traveller	47	7
(75) Storekeeper, shopkeeper	1,634	434
Apprentice	4	3
Clerk	133	20
Carter	51	0
Manager	62	1
Packer	18	0
Salesman, saleswoman	30	7
Stableman	100	0
Storeman.	190	0
Shop assistant	406	517
Shopboy, shopgirl	73	3
Store assistant	288	43
(76) Dealer, trader	216	19
Assistant	4	4
Carter	1	0
(77) Commission agent	649	4
Assistant	35	1
Clerk	64	8
Hotel agent	1	0
Manufacturer's agent	59	0
(78) Officer of public company	17	1
Agent	9	0
Clerk, accountant	20	1
Manager	37	0
(79) Assisting in business	18	5
Elevator-boy	2	0
Debt-collector	19	0
Labour and Customhouse agent	38	0
Packer	0	4
Weighbridge-keeper.	3	0

ORDER 12.—PERSONS engaged as SPECULATORS on CHANCE EVENTS.

0.01 per cent, of total male population.

0.00 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in speculating on events	3	38	41	…	3	3	44
Totals, Order 12, 1901	3	38	41	…	3	3	44

Details for the sub-order are:—

Occupations.	Persons,	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—Chance Events.
Turf commission agent, sweep promoter	18	18	..
Bookmaker	19	19	..
Others (80)	7	4	3

	M.	F.
(80) Clairvoyante.	0	1
Palmist	0	2
Totalisator owner and worker	4	0

Sub-class C.—STORAGE.

ORDER 13.—PERSONS engaged in STORAGE.

0.21 per cent, of total male population.

0.O0 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in storage	136	727	863	1	4	5	868
Totals, Order 13, 1901	136	727	863	1	4	5	868
Totals, Order 13, 1896	139	777	916	…	…	…	916

Details for the sub-order are:—

Occupations.	Persons,	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—Storage.
Bonded-, free-store proprietor, manager, clerk	22	22	..
Bonded-, free-store man, worker (81)	823	818	5
Others engaged in storage, hulk-keepers	23	23	..

	M.	F.
(81) Bonded- or free-store worker	714	0
Store assistants	73	3
Clerk	7	2
Packer	34	0

Chapter 42. CLASS IV. —TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.

Table of Contents

ORDER 14.—PERSONS engaged in the TRANSPORT of PASSENGERS, GOODS, effecting COMMUNICATIONS.

5.24 per cent, of total male population.

0.13 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged on railways (not construction)	590	4,462	5,052	1	4	5	5,057
2. Persons engaged on tramways	63	318	381	…	…	…	381
2. Persons engaged on roads	601	4,595	5,196	4	12	16	5,212
3. Persons engaged on seas and rivers	616	7,358	7,974	6	78	84	8,058
4. Persons engaged on postal service	204	760	964	21	190	211	1,175
5. Persons engaged on telegraph and telephone service	480	738	1,218	27	141	168	1,386
6. Persons engaged in delivery of documents, parcels, and messages by hand	413	67	480	1	…	1	481
Totals, Order 14, 1901	2,967	18,298	21,265	60	425	485	21,750
Totals, Order 14, 1896	2,091	14,521	16,612	48	277	325	16,937

Details for each sub-order are:—

Occupations.	Persons,	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—On Railways (not Construction).
Railway officer, stationmaster, clerk	1,191	1,188	3
Railway engine-driver, fireman	834	834	..
Railway guard, porter, servant	902	900	2
Railway ganger, fettler	1,337	1,337	..
Railway employee, labourer	785	785	..
Others : Railway carter	8	8	..
Sub-order 2. — On Roads.
Tramway owner, officer, clerk, conductor, gripman, engine-driver, employee (82)	381	381	..
Coach, omnibus, cab proprietor	385	382	3
Relative assisting	22	20	2
Driver, conductor	544	544	..
Parcels-delivery agent, driver, clerk	84	84	..
Drayman, carrier, carter, teamster, horse-driver (not elsewhere classified (83)	3,221	3,216	5
Relative assisting	70	70	..
Livery-stable keeper (84)	438	432	6
Others (85)	448	448	..
Sub-order 3.—On Seas and Rivers, and the Regulation thereof.
Harbours and Rivers Department, Marine Board, ferry-service officer	174	173	1
Pilot	20	20	..
Lighthouse keeper, superintendent	83	83	..
Shipowner, shipping agent, manager, clerk (86)	518	512	6
Shipmaster, seaman (merchant service)	2,824	2,824	..
Engineer, stoker, coal-trimmer of steamer (merchant service)	1,149	1,149	..
Steward, stewardess, ship-servant	867	792	75
Bargemaster, lighterman	21	21	..
Stevedore, lumper, wharf-labourer	2,148	2,148	..
Boat proprietor, boatman, waterman	75	75	..
Ferry-punt lessee, worker	47	47	..
Wharf owner, lessee, wharfinger	36	36	..
Others (87)	96	94	2
Sub-order 4.—On Postal Service.
Postal officer, postmaster, clerk, sorter	820	611	209
Letter-carrier	228	227	1
Mail contractor	55	55	..
Mailman, mail-guard	45	44	1
Others: P.O. messengers	27	27	..
Sub-order 5.—On Telegraph and Telephone Service.
Telegraph officer, stationmaster, operator, clerk	636	629	7
Electrician, lineman	157	157	..
Telephone officer	217	56	161
Messenger	376	376	..
Sub-order 6.—Delivery of Documents, Parcels, and Messages by Hand.
Messenger, porter	118	118	..
Errand boy, girl	363	362	1

	M.	F.
(82) Tramway owner, officer, clerk	21	0
Tramway conductor, driver, &c.	147	0
Tramway labourer	213	0
(83) Drayman, carrier, carter	2,985	2
Clerk	28	3
Teamster	203	0
(84) Livery-stable keeper.	178	4
Clerk	16	2
Groom	114	0
Hostler	36	0
Stable-boy	88	0
(85) Bullock-driver, undefined	164	0
Driver, undefined	152	0
Facker on road	29	0
Traction-engine driver	103	0
(86) Shipowner, manager, clerk	384	5
Book-keeper, accountant	111	1
Storeman	17	0
(87) Boiler-cleaner, marine	1	0
Clerk, tally, wharf	66	0
Marine surveyor	5	0
Signalman, signalwoman	22	2

Chapter 43. CLASS V.—INDUSTRIAL.

Table of Contents

ORDER 15.—PERSONS engaged in connection with the Manufacture of or in other PROCESSES relating to ART and MECHANIC PRODUCTIONS in which Materials of various Kinds are employed in Combination.

ORDER 16.—PERSONS engaged in connection with the MANUFACTURE of, or REPAIRING, CLEANSING, or in other PROCESSES relating to TEXTILE FABRICS, DRESS, and FIBROUS MATERIALS.

ORDER 17.—PERSONS engaged in the MANUFACTURE of, or in other PROCESSES relating to, FOOD, DRINK, NARCOTICS, and STIMULANTS.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 18.—PERSONS (not otherwise classed) engaged in MANUFACTURE or other PROCESSES connected with ANIMAL and VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 19.—PERSONS engaged in the ALTERATION, MODIFICATION, or MANUFACTURE of, or in other PROCESSES relating to, METALS or MINERAL MATTERS

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 20.—PERSONS engaged in the CONVERSION of, COAL and other SUBSTANCES to purposes of HEAT, LIGHT, or forms of ENERGY not otherwise classed.

Details for the sub-order are :—

ORDER 21.—PERSONS engaged in the MAKING or REPAIRING of BUILDINGS, ROADS, RAILWAYS, CANALS, DOCKS, EARTHWORKS, &C, or in OPERATIONS the Nature of which is undefined.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 22.—PERSONS engaged in the Disposal of the DEAD, or of REFUSE.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 23.—INDUSTRIAL and other active WORKERS imperfectly defined.

Details for each sub-order are :—

In Sub-class B of the Commercial class all persons engaged in dealing were included; the makers or manufacturers have now to be considered.

ORDER 15.—PERSONS engaged in connection with the Manufacture of or in other PROCESSES relating to ART and MECHANIC PRODUCTIONS in which Materials of various Kinds are employed in Combination.

4.55 per cent, of total male population.

0.26 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1, Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of books and publications	642	1,893	2,535	304	233	537	3,072
2. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of musical instruments	10	105	115	…	3	3	118
3. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of prints, pictures, and art materials	58	171	229	2	4	6	235
4. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of ornaments, minor art products, and small wares	124	263	387	87	65	152	539
5. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of equipment for sports and games	1	7	8	2	1	3	11
6. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of designs, medals, type, and dies	11	50	61	1	1	2	63
7. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of watches, clocks, and scientific instruments	94	468	562	2	4	6	568
8, Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of surgical instruments and appliances	1	6	7	…	2	2	9
9. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of arms, ammunition, and explosives	13	39	52	22	13	35	87
10. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of engines, machines, tools, and implements	581	2,341	2,922	…	…	…	2,922
11. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of carriages and vehicles	518	1,521	2,039	1	3	4	2,043
12. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of harness, saddlery, leather, and leather-ware	313	1,095	1,408	18	6	24	1,432
13. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of ships, boats, and their equipment	85	772	857	4	6	10	867
14. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of furniture.	545	1,363	1,908	20	37	57	1,965
15. Persons engaged in manufacturing building material, &c	864	4,387	5,251	6	9	15	5,266
16. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of chemicals and by-products	32	106	138	56	34	90	228
Totals, Order 15, 1901.	3,892	14,587	18,479	525	421	946	19,425
Totals, Order 15, 1896.	2,388	8,597	10,985	220	267	487	11,472

A large part of the apparent increase shown for 1901 in this order is caused by the inclusion of sawmill workers, who in 1896 were given to what is now Order 18.

Details for each sub-order are:—

Occupations.	Persons,	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—Manufacturing Books and Publications.
Publisher, newspaper proprietor (88)	243	215	28
Printer, printer's manager, clerk (89)	1,105	1,064	41
Compositor	811	691	120
Machinist, stereotyper, and others engaged in printing (90)	300	275	25
Bookbinder, manufacturing stationer (all branches) (91)	612	290	322
Others: Embosser	1	..	1
Sub-order 2.—Musical Instruments.
Musical-instrument maker.	28	28	..
Musical-instrument, tuner, repairer	88	85	3
Others: Music-string maker	2	2	..
Suborder 3.—Prints, Pictures, and Art Materials.
Lithographer, lithographic, zincographic printer (92)	149	144	5
Picture-frame maker, picture restorer, cleaner	80	79	1
Artists' materials manufacturer, artists' colourman	4	4	..
Others : Ticket-writer	2	2	..
Sub-order 4.—Ornaments, Minor Art Products, and Small Wares.
Carver (all branches), carver and gilder	81	73	8
Image-maker, modeller	7	6	1
Taxidermist	12	11	1
Toymaker	7	7	..
Basketmaker, wickerworker (93)	140	138	2
Artificial-flower maker, art needle-worker	13	..	13
Paper-bag, box maker	115	32	83
Brush, broom maker	150	108	42
Others (94)	14	12	2
Sub-order 5.—Equipment for Sports and Games.
Billiard, bagatelle-table manufacturer	3	3	..
Cricket, lawn-tennis equipment maker	2	2	..
Fishing-tackle maker	5	2	3
Others; Net-maker	1	1	..
Sub-order 6.—Designs, Medals, Type, and Dies.
Engraver (not art), pattern-designer	55	53	2
Rubber-stamp maker	8	8	..
Sub-order 7.—Watches, Clocks, and Scientific Instruments.
Watch, clock, chronometer maker (95)	551	546	5
Optician	16	15	1
Others	1	1	..
Sub-order 8.—Surgical Instruments and Appliances.
Surgical-instrument maker	4	4	..
Surgical appliances, truss, bandage maker	5	3	2
Sub-order 9.—Arms, Ammunition, and Explosives.
Gunsmith	46	45	1
Explosives-manufacturer	23	2	21
Fuse, cartridge maker	14	1	13
Fireworks-maker	4	4	..
Sub-order 10.—Engines, Machines, Tools, and Implements.
Engine maker, fitter, mechanical engineer (96)	2,128	2,128	..
Millwright	48	48	..
Boilermaker	624	624	..
Sub-order 10.—Engines, Machines, &c.—continued.
Agricultural machinery and implement maker (97)	82	82	..
Sewing-machine maker, repairer	7	7	..
Cutler, tool-maker, saw-setter	29	29	..
Gas-, water-meter maker	2	2	..
Others (98)	2	2	..
Suborder 11.—Carriages and Vehicles.
Railway carriage, wagon, tramcar builder (99)	126	126	..
Coach, carriage, wagon, cart builder (100)	1,120	1,1l8	2
Bicycle-maker (101)	395	394	1
Perambulator, wheel-chair maker	20	19	1
Wheelwright (102)	382	382	..
Sub-order 12. —Harness, Saddlery, and Leatherware.
Saddlery and harness maker, whip-maker (103)	1,379	1,357	22
Leather-belting maker	7	7	..
Leather cutter, designer.	11	10	1
Portmanteau-maker	34	33	1
Others: Morocco-finisher	1	1	..
Sub-order 13.—Ships, Boats, and their Equipment.
Shipbuilder, shipwright, boat-builder (104).	622	622	..
Ship-rigger	15	15	..
Block, oar, mast maker	4	4	..
Sailmaker (105)	209	199	10
Graving-dock, patient-slip proprietor, manager	2	2	..
Dock engine-driver, labourer	9	9	..
Others : Dredge, pontoon builders	6	6	..
Sub-order 14.—Furniture.
Furniture-manufacturer, cabinetmaker, bedstead-maker (106)	1,507	1,503	4
Bed, mattress maker, upholsterer (107)	388	337	51
Others (108)	70	68	2
Sub-order 15.—Building Materials and other Manufactures comprised mainly of Timber.
Sawmill proprietor, worker (exclusive of forest sawmill) (109)	4,368	4,364	4
Joiner, door, sash, mantelpiece manufacturer (110)	635	635	..
Cooper (111)	198	197	1
Relative assisting	7	7	..
Others (112)	58	48	10
Sub-order 16.—Chemicals and By-products.
Manufacturing chemist (not elsewhere classified) (113)	65	60	5
Ink, blacking manufacturer	6	5	1
Salt, soda, alkali, starch, blue maker	21	21	..
Chemical-manure maker (114)	14	14	..
Paint-manufacturer	7	7	..
Others (115)	115	31	84

	M.	F.
(88) Publisher proprietor	65	7
Clerk	78	14
Correspondent	1	0
Engine-driver	1	0
Manager	18	2
Reader	26	5
Traveller.	26	0
(89) Printer, manager, clerk	752	15
Apprentice	95	2
Assistant	217	24
(90) Machinist, stereotyper	168	25
Linotype operator	107	0
(91) Bookbinder	201	152
Apprentice	26	11
Assistant	57	125
Folder	4	18
Sewer	2	l6
(92) Lithographer, zincographic printer	108	3
Lithographic apprentice	12	0
Lithographic artist	23	2
Lithographic draughtsman	1	0
(93) Basketmaker, wickerworker	105	0
Apprentice.	5	0
Assistant	28	2
(94) Cork-cutter.	9	0
Tobacco-pipe maker.	3	2
(95) Watchmaker, &c.	454	2
Apprentice.	46	0
Assistant	46	3
(96) Engine maker, fitter, &c.	1,299	0
Apprentice.	193	0
Assistant	101	0
Driller	5	0
Engine-fitter	205	0
Apprentice	37	0
Machinist	62	0
Riveter	33	0
Smith	19	0
Striker	14	0
Turner	77	0
Hammerman	12	0
Pattern-maker	71	0
(97) Agricultural machinery, implement maker	39	0
Assistant	9	0
Clerk	18	0
Engineer	15	0
Traveller	1	0
(98) Bellows-maker	1	0
Pump-maker	1	0
(99) Railway carriage, wagon, car builder	44	0
Fitter	12	0
Assistant	11	0
Lifter	22	0
Painter, polisher	24	0
Trimmer.	13	0
(100) Coach and cart builder	512	1
Apprentice	45	0
Assistant	60	1
Coach-painter	288	0
Coach-painter apprentice	17	0
Coach-painter assistant	2	0
Coach trimmer	48	0
Coach smith	134	0
Coach apprentice	12	0
(101) Bicycle-maker	342	1
Apprentice	43	0
Assistant.	9	0
(102) Wheelwright	331	0
Apprentice	23	0
Assistant	28	0
(103) Saddlery, harness, and whip maker.	1,122	0
Apprentice	120	3
Assistant	99	19
Clerk	16	0
(104) Shipbuilder and shipwright	477	0
Apprentice	15	0
Assistant.	101	0
Clerk	1	0
Joiner	25	0
Painter	3	0
(105) Sailmaker	175	3
Assistant	22	7
Relative assisting	2	0
(106) Furniture - manufacturer, cabinetmaker	953	1
Apprentice	122	0
Assistant	234	0
Chairmaker	54	1
French-polisher	140	2
(107) Bed and mattress maker, upholsterer	256	26
Apprentice	20	1
Assistant	61	24
(108) Blind-maker	53	2
Cane-worker	1	0
Glass-beveller	14	0
(109) Saw-mill proprietor, worker	523	0
Benchman	54	0
Blacksmith	9	0
Bullock-driver	35	0
Bushman	150	0
Carpenter, joiner	18	0
Carter, horse-driver, truckman	127	0
Clerk, book-keeper	113	1
Contractor	49	0
Cook	20	3
Engine-driver	308	0
Feeder, planing-machine	6	0
Fireman	22	0
Foreman	16	0
Labourer	2,053	0
Log-getter	23	0
Machinist	92	0
Manager.	62	0
Relative assisting sawyer	21	0
Saw-sharpener	35	0
Sawyer	426	0
Timber rafter	9	0
Timber stacker	8	0
Tramway-layer	46	0
Trollyman	41	0
Watchman	18	0
Yardman	80	0
(110) Joiner, &c.	590	0
Sash and door worker	45	0
(111) Cooper	152	0
Apprentice	6	0
Assistant	39	0
Clerk	0	1
(112) Boxmaker.	39	10
Packing-case maker	9	0
(113) Manufacturing chemist	55	5
Acid-works employee	9	0
(114) Chemical-manure maker	6	0
Labourer	7	0
Manager	1	0
(115) Knife-polish	2	0
Match-factory employee	16	84
Sheep-dip manufacturer	4	0
Varnish-maker	9	0

ORDER 16.—PERSONS engaged in connection with the MANUFACTURE of, or REPAIRING, CLEANSING, or in other PROCESSES relating to TEXTILE FABRICS, DRESS, and FIBROUS MATERIALS.

2.01 per cent, of total male population.

3.88 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture, repairs, cleansing, &c, of textile fabrics	219	550	769	391	468	859	1,628
2. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of dress	1,037	5,259	6,296	4,933	8,417	13,350	19,646
3. Persons engaged in connection with the manufacture of fibrous materials	274	834	1,108	10	18	28	1,136
Totals, Order 16, 1901	1,530	6,643	8,173	5,334	8,903	14,237	22,410
Totals, Order 16, 1896.	1,888	5,961	7,849	4,605	7,445	12,050	19,899

Details for each sub-order are:—

Occupations.	Persons,	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 1.—Textile Fabrics.
Woollen manufacturer, spinner, and other workers (all branches) (116)	1,538	684	854
Silk manufacturer, spinner, and other workers (all branches)	3	3	..
Dyer, scourer	69	66	3
Flock-manufacturer	11	11	..
Others (117)	7	5	2
Sub-order 2.—Dress.
Clothing-manufacturer, tailor, dressmaker (118)	12,948	2,320	10,628
Relative assisting	114	28	86
Hat, cap, bonnet maker (119)	119	47	72
Shirtmaker (120)	897	57	840
Milliner, staymaker, glovemaker (121)	811	..	811
Sock maker, knitter	48	7	41
Furrier, rug-maker	17	7	10
Bootmaker, shoemaker (all branches) (122)	4,467	3,724	743
Relative assisting	34	32	2
Umbrella, parasol maker	62	43	19
Feather-dresser, glove-cleaner	14	1	13
Others (123)	115	30	85

	M.	F.
(116) Woollen manufacturer, worker	11	1
Assistant.	12	21
Burler	1	16
Cap-hand.	0	1
Carder	35	0
Classer	15	0
Clerk	24	0
Cloth-finisher	17	6
Darner	0	32
Designer	12	0
Dyer	13	0
Engine-driver, fireman	23	0
Factory-hand	259	277
Warehouseman	2	0
Flock-maker	1	0
Fuller	9	0
Knitter	8	56
Machinist	1	83
Machine-cleaner.	2	0
Manager	19	0
Night-watchman.	1	0
Piecer	3	0
Presser	25	2
Scourer	4	1
Sorter	15	1
Spinner	74	10
Seamer	0	3
Stapler	3	0
Traveller	5	0
Tuner (loom)	31	1
Tweed-finisher	8	2
Warper	16	1
Washer	4	0
Weaver	24	298
Winder	0	35
Yarn-scourer	1	1
Yarn-twister	6	6
(117) Carpet-maker	3	0
Lace-maker	2	2
(118) Clothing-manufacturer, tailor, dressmaker	l622	8844
Apprentice, tailor.	122	119
Apprentice dressmaker	0	298
Assistant	268	1038
Clerk	18	5
Cutter	161	2
Errand and shop boy	14	0
Labourer.	3	8
Machinist	7	233
Machinist relative assisting	1	15
Manager	13	2
Pattern-cutter	0	9
Presser	86	18
Seamstress	0	35
Trimmer.	5	2
(179) Hat, cap, and bonnet maker	27	26
Assistant.	17	27
Straw-hat maker	3	19
(120) Shirtmaker.	33	326
Apprentice	0	2
Needlewoman	0	263
Sewing-machinist	1	149
Shirt-cutter	15	3
Factory-hand	8	97
(121) Milliner, staymaker	0	526
Mantle-maker	0	107
Milliner's apprentice	0	47
Assistant	0	131
(122) Bootmaker	2,721	24
Apprentice	123	22
Assistant	549	135
Clerk	33	10
Clicker	159	0
Cordwainer	10	0
Cutter	12	0
Errand-boy	19	0
Finisher.	26	2
Fitter	0	57
Machinist	55	416
Presser	6	0
Repairer.	6	0
Sewing-machinist	4	77
Traveller.	1	0
(123) Oilskin-maker	13	7
Waterproof-maker	17	78

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order 3.—Fibrous Materials.
Mat-maker	6	4	2
Rope, cord maker (124)	152	151	1
Canvas, sailcloth maker	2	2	. .
Tent, tarpaulin maker	43	30	13
Bag, sack maker	18	6	12
Others (125)	915	915	. .

	M.	F.
(124) Rope, cord maker	71	0
Apprentice	2	0
Assistant	50	1
Labourer	28	0
(125) Flax-mill owner	90	0
Assistant	6	0
Baler	1	0
Bleacher	1	0
Carpenter	1	0
Carter, horse-driver	32	0
Catcher	1	0
Clerk	1	0
Contractor	1	0
Cook	27	0
Dresser	43	0
Engine-driver	56	0
Feeder	9	0
Flyman	5	0
Grader	1	0
Hackler	6	0
Manager	12	0
Mill-hand	544	0
Paddocker	17	0
Presser	14	0
Relative assisting	2	0
Scutcher	29	0
Stripper	9	0
Washer	7	0

ORDER 17.—PERSONS engaged in the MANUFACTURE of, or in other PROCESSES relating to, FOOD, DRINK, NARCOTICS, and STIMULANTS.

1.80 per cent, of total male population.

0.10 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in processes relating to the production of animal food	373	2,183	2,556	17	21	38	2,594
2. Persons engaged in processes relating to the production of vegetable food	762	2,725	3,487	161	111	272	3,759
3. Persons engaged in processes relating to groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants	179	1,080	1,259	18	29	47	1,306
Totals, Order 17, 1901	1,314	5,988	7,302	196	161	357	7,659
Totals, Order 17, 1896	1,118	4,328	5,446	91	110	201	5,647

Details for each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I.—Animal Food.
Slaughterman, abattoir-worker (126	226	226	. .
Meat, bacon, ham curer, preserver (127)	389	380	9
Fish-curer	70	69	1
Butter, cheese maker, factory worker (128)	826	798	28
Animal-food refrigerator (129)	1,063	1,063	. .
Others (130)	20	20	. .

	M.	F.
(126) Slaughterman, abattoir-worker	196	0
Labourer	30	0
(132) Meat and bacon preserver, dry salter	85	0
Assistant	20	6
Boner	11	0
Clerk	23	2
Engine-driver	5	0
Fat-collector	1	0
Flesher	5	0
Gutter and runner	1	0
Ham and bacon curer	46	1
Labourer, meat-works	46	0
Labourer, rabbit-factory	24	0
Meat-packer	2	0
Meat-preserver	37	0
Sausage-skin manufacturer	55	0
Storeman in bacon-factory	3	0
Tinsmith	12	0
(128) Butter and cheese worker	167	5
Assisting in cheese-factory	39	7
Assisting in dairy factory	195	13
Butter-packer	21	1
Creamery assistant	87	0
Engine-driver	2	0
Inspector, dairy factory	1	0
Labourer, cheese-factory	45	0
Manager, dairy factory	209	2
Messenger	17	0
Milk-preserver	13	0
Oleo-worker	2	0
(129) Animal-food refrigerator	1	0
Assistant	20	0
Butcher	155	0
Carter	11	0
Clerk	100	0
Contractor	1	0
Cooper	1	0
Engineer, fireman	120	0
Expert, foreman	20	0
Fellmonger	24	0
Freezer	34	0
Greaser	18	0
Labourer	518	0
Manager	19	0
Mechanical engineer	21	0
(130) Meat-grader	8	0
Storeman and caretaker	12	0

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
Sub-order 2.—Vegetable Food.
Miller, maizena-manufacturer (131)	561	557	4
Baker, biscuit, pastry manufacturer (132) ..	2,609	2,502	107
Relative assisting	83	50	33
Fruit-preserver, jam-maker (133)	90	41	49
Confectionery-maker (134)	305	226	79
Sugar-mill owner, sugar-refiner (135)	106	106	. .
Others: Baking-powder workers	5	5	. .
Sub-order 3.—Groceries, Drinks, Narcotics, and Stimulants
Brewer, bottler, and others engaged in brewing (136)	610	606	4
Relative assisting	9	8	1
Maltster (137)	147	147	. .
Wine-manufacturer (not grower)	16	16	. .
Cordial, aerated-water manufacturer (all branches) (138)	370	361	9
Relative assisting	14	14	. .
Coffee-roaster	11	11	. .
Tea mixer, taster	15	15	. .
Tobacco, cigar, cigarette manufacturer (139I	24	14	10
Spice-manufacturer	5	5	. .
Condiment-maker (all branches)	76	53	23
Others (140)	9	9	. .

	M.	F.
(131) Miller	250	3
Apprentice	15	0
Assistant	63	0
Clerk	35	2
Flour-mill carter	39	0
Flour-mill engine-driver	38	0
Flour-mill fireman	2	0
Flour-mill labourer	82	0
Relative assisting	8	0
Traveller	5	0
(133) Baker, biscuit, pastry maker	1,612	20
Apprentice	87	0
Assistant	416	23
Boy	24	0
Driver	166	0
Labourer	99	0
Biscuit-factory assistant	65	51
Clerk	30	0
Engine-driver	2	0
Packer	9	13
Traveller	2	0
(133) Fruit-preserver, jam-maker	20	15
Assistant	21	34
(134) Confectionery-maker	126	3
Apprentice	4	5
Assistant	68	59
Sugar-boiler, lollie maker .	23	12
Traveller	6	0
(135) Sugar-mill owner, refiner	9	0
Clerk	10	0
Sugar-works employee	27	6
Fireman	10	0
Labourer	10	0
(136) Brewer, bottler,&c,	178	2
Apprentice	2	0
Assistant	91	0
Bottle-washer	16	0
Carter	72	0
Cellar 111 an	43	0
Clerk	53	2
Cooper	7	0
Engine-driver	10	0
labourer	91	0
Manager	6	0
traveller	37	0
(137) Maltster	134	0
Labourer	13	0
(138) Cordial-manufacturer. &c.	301	7
Cordial, aerated water bottler	30	0
Assistant	84	1
Clerk	7	1
Traveller	2	0
Driver	37	0
(139) Tobacco, cigar manufacturer, c.	6	5
Employee	8	5
(140) Lemon-peel curer	4	0
Cider-maker	3	0
Cocoa-worker	1	0
Ice-cream maker	1	0

ORDER 18.—PERSONS (not otherwise classed) engaged in MANUFACTURE or other PROCESSES connected with ANIMAL and VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES

0.60 per cent, of total male population.

0.00 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
* NOTE.—The decrease shown in this order is apparent only. Sawmill workers, who in 1896 were here included, are by the classification adopted in 1901 grouped in Order 15, ante.
1. Persons engaged in manufactures or other processes connected with animal matters (not otherwise classed)	363	1,606	1,969	5	2	7	1,976
2. Persons engaged in working in wood (rot elsewhere classed)	47	202	249	. .	. .	. .	249
3. Workers in vegetable produce for fodder	28	124	152	. .	. .	. .	152
4. Paper manufacturers	16	45	61	8	3	11	72
Totals, Order 18, 1901^*	454	1,977	2,431	13	5	18	2,449
Totals, Order 18, 1896	776	3,787	4,563	13	5	18	4,581

Details for each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I.—Animal matters (not otherwise classed).
Soap, candle manufacturer (141)	147	144	3
Tallow-melter, boiling-down worker (142)	57	57	. .
Fellmonger, wool-washer (143)	948	948	. .
Relative assisting	13	13	. .
Tanner, currier (all branches) (144)	771	770	1
Bonedust-manure manufacturer (145)	26	23	3
Others (146)	14	14	. .
Sub-order 2.—Working in Wood (not elsewhere classed).
Firewood cutter, chopper	154	154	. .
Fencer, hurdle-maker (147)	95	95	. .
Sub-order 3.—Workers in Vegetable Produce or Fodder.
Chaff-cutter (148)	140	140	. .
Others(149)	12	12	. .
Sub-order 4.— Paper-manufacturers.
Paper-manufacturer (all branches) (150)	72	61	11

	M.	F.
(141) Soap and candle manufacturer	40	1
Apprentice	2	0
Candle-maker	13	0
Packer	2	1
Clerk	9	0
Labourer	59	0
Soap-boiler	17	1
Traveller	2	0
(142) Tallow -melter, boiling - down
worker	19	0
Labourer	7	0
Tallow-man	31	0
(143) Fellmonger, wool-washer	500	0
Apprentice	4	0
Clerk	6	0
Classer, sorter	124	0
Engine-driver	3	0
Labourer	188	0
Skinner, flesher	14	0
Skin dresser, splitter	12	0
Wool and skin cleaner	97	0
(144) Tanner, currier	362	1
Assistant	49	0
Beamsman	13	0
Carter	17	0
Clerk	11	0
Engine-driver	15	0
Flesher, skinner	29	0
labourer	192	0
Manager	11	0
Currier's apprentice	18	0
Leather - manufacturer's assistant	23	0
Dresser	30	0
(145) Bonedust-manufacturer	5	0
Assistant	18	3
(146) Fiddle-string maker's assistant	1	0
Blue-makers	13	0
(147) Fencer, hurdle-maker	46	0
Fencing contractor	21	0
Labourer	28	0
(148) Chaff-cutter	50	0
Engine-driver	24	0
Labourer	60	0
Relative assisting	4	0
Cook	2	0
(149) Seed-dresser	11	0
Oil-refiner	1	0
(150) Paper-manufacturer	12	0
Worker, mills	48	9
Relative assisting	1	2

ORDER 19.—PERSONS engaged in the ALTERATION, MODIFICATION, or MANUFACTURE of, or in other PROCESSES relating to, METALS or MINERAL MATTERS

2.04 per cent, of total male population.

0.00 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1, Persons engaged in manufactures and processes relating to stone, clay, earthenware, glass, and minerals (not elsewhere classed)	203	973	1,176	. .	2	2	1,178
2. Persons engaged in manufactures relating to gold, silver, and precious stones	116	276	392	2	1	3	395
3. Persons engaged in manufactures relating to metals other than gold and silver (not elsewhere classed)	1,726	4,986	6,712	3	5	8	6,720
Totals, Order 19, 1901	2,015	6,235	8,280	5	8	13	8,293
Totals, Order 19, 1896	1,498	4,942	6,440	1	16	17	6,457

Details for each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I.— Manufactures and Processes relating to Stone. Clay
Earthenware, Glass, and Minerals (not otherwise classed).
Monumental, marble mason, stone-cutter, dresser	106	106	. .
Lime-burner (152)	105	105	. .
Plaster-maker, cement-manufacturer (1 =n)	51	51	. .
Brickmaker, tile-manufacturer (154)	708	706	2
Relative assisting	34	34	. .
Pottery-maker (155)	125	125	. .
Relative assisting	2	2	. .
Glass manufacturer, worker	9	9	. .
Crockery, earthenware repairer, maker	3	3	. .
Asphalt-maker	30	30	. .
Asbestos-manufacturer	2	2	. .
Others: Pumice workers	3	3	. .
Sub-order 2.—Workers in Jewellery, Precious Stones, and Minting.
Goldsmith (156)	354	351	3
Relative assisting	4	4	. .
Lapidary, precious stones worker	19	19	..
Electro-plater, plater	18	18	. .
Sub-order 3.— Workers in Various Metals (not elsewhere classed).
Tin smith, smelter, worker (157)	601	601	..
Relative assisting	8	8	. .
Silver, copper, lead smelter, worker (158)	65	65	. .
Malleable iron and steel manufacturer, smelter, worker (150)	157	155	2
Iron founder, moulder, worker (160)	1,384	1,382	2
Brass founder, moulder, brazier, worker (161)	181	179	2
Galvanised-iron worker (al! branches)	11	11	. .
Wire and cable manufacturer, worker	44	44	. .
Blacksmith, striker, farrier (162)	4,141	4,140	1
Relative assisting	114	113	1
Locksmith	11	11	. .
Others: Carriage lamp maker	3	3	. .

	M.	F.
(152) Lime-burner	60	0
Engineer	7	0
Labourer	37	0
Relative assisting	1	0
(153) Plaster-maker, cement-manufacturer	13	0
Cement-miller	26	0
Engine-driver	12	0
(154) Brick-maker, tile-manufacturer	429	2
Apprentice	6	0
Assistant	48	0
Carter	21	0
Engine-driver	11	0
Labourer	191	0
(155) Pottery-maker	53	0
Apprentice	1	0
Assistant	33	0
Engine-driver	3	0
Pipe-maker	35	0
(156) Goldsmith, jeweller	210	0
Apprentice	42	2
Assistant	94	1
Clerk	5	0
(157) Tinworker	439	0
Apprentice	135	0
Assistant	127	0
(158) Lead-worker, coppersmith	56	0
Apprentice	9	0
(159) Malleable-iron worker	17	2
Clerk	1	0
Engine-driver	2	0
Furnace-man	5	0
Galvaniser of iron	5	0
Puddler, roller	4	0
Worker	32	0
Oven-maker	7	0
Range-maker	33	0
Range-fitter	49	0
(160) Iron founder, moulder, worker	591	0
Apprentice	115	0
Assistant	170	0
Clerk	54	2
Engine-driver	34	0
Furnace-man	80	0
Labourer	248	0
Striker	81	0
(161) Brass founder, moulder, brazier
Apprentice	17	0
Clerk	2	0
Finisher, polisher	68	1
Moulder	39	0
(162) Blacksmith, farrier	3,125	1
Apprentice	261	0
Assistant	490	0
Hammer-man	16	0
Horse-shoer	104	0
Labourer	36	0
Striker	108	0

ORDER 20.—PERSONS engaged in the CONVERSION of, COAL and other SUBSTANCES to purposes of HEAT, LIGHT, or forms of ENERGY not otherwise classed.

0.14 per cent, of total male population.

0.00 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1 Persons engaged in the conversion of coal, &c, to purposes of heat, light, &c.	63	517	580	3	. .	3	583
Total, Order 20, 1901	63	517	580	3	. .	3	583
Total, Order 20, 1896	30	299	329	. .	2	2	331

Details for the sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I.—Working in Fuel, Light, and other Forms of Energy. Gas manufacture and supply, officer, worker (163)	411	408	3
Coke manufacturer, burner	3	3	. .
Electric light or energy producer, worker (164)	164	164	. .
Charcoal-burner	5	5	. .

	M.	F.
(163) Gas manufacturer, officer, worker	109	0
Secretary clerk	56	3
Engineer	41	0
Fitter	21	0
Lamplighter	22	0
Workman	159	0
(164) Electric light or energy producer. worker.	30	0
Clerk	9	0
Electrician	33	0
Electric engineer	88	0
Motor-driver	4	0

ORDER 21.—PERSONS engaged in the MAKING or REPAIRING of BUILDINGS, ROADS, RAILWAYS, CANALS, DOCKS, EARTHWORKS, &C, or in OPERATIONS the Nature of which is undefined.

5.64 per cent, of total male population.

O.00 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons engaged in making or repairing houses and buildings	2,549	13,198	15,747	5	8	13	15,760
2. Persons engaged in making or repairing roads, railways, bridges, &c.	446	6,686	7,132				7,132
Total, Order 21, 1901	2,995	19,884	22,879	5	8	13	22,892
Total, Order 21, 1896	1,884	13,599	15,483	3	4	7	15,490

Details for each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I.- Houses and Buildings.
Builder, contractor, manager, foreman, clerk (165)	1,295	1,293	2
Relative assisting	35	35	. .
Stonemason, hodman, labourer (166)	326	326	. .
Bricklayer, hodman, labourer (167)	1,158	1,158	. .
Relative assisting	16	16	. .
Carpenter, labourer (168)	8,104	8,104	. .
Relative assisting	85	84	1
Slater, shingler	27	27	. .
Plasterer, modeller (169)	368	368	. .
Relative assisting	2	2	. .
House-painter, paperhanger, glazier (170)	2,738	2,734	4
Relative assisting	34	32	2
Plumber, gasfitter, bell-hanger (171)	1,479	1,475	4
Relative assisting	12	12	. .
Others : Signwriter	81	81	. .

	M.	F.
(165) Builder, contractor, manager,
fireman, clerk	1,127	2
Builder's apprentice	24	0
Assistant	27	0
Inspector	12	0
Labourer	103	0
(166) Stonemason, hodman, labourer	292	0
Apprentice	7	0
Assistant	15	0
Concrete mason and assistant	12	0
(107) Bricklayer, hodman, labourer	1,004	0
Apprentice	25	0
Assistant	129	0
(168) Carpenter, labourer	7,290	0
Apprentice	327	0
Assistant	395	0
Engine-driver (turner)	26	0
Stair-builder	3	0
Wood-machinist	31	0
Wood-moulder	10	0
Woodware manufacturer	7	0
Woodware labourer	6	0
(160) Plasterer, modeller	286	0
Apprentice	12	0
Assistant	31	0
Labourer	39	0
(170) House-painter, glazier, paper-
hanger	2,398	0
Apprentice	108	0
Assistant	179	1
Clerk	11	1
Decorator	38	0
(171) Plumber, gasfitter, bell-hanger	1,144	1
Apprentice	132	0
Assistant	178	0
Clerk	21	3

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order 2.—Roads, Railways, Earthworks, &c.
Road, railway, bridge, telegraph, wharf contractor	386	386	. .
Relative assisting	6	6	. .
Skilled assistant, foreman, inspector, manager (172)	469	469	. .
Carter, teamster	234	234	. .
Engine-driver, fireman	91	91	. .
Navvy, labourer, platelayer	5,493	5,493	. .
Stone-breaker, contractor (road metal)	242	242	. .
Dredge-worker, diver (173)	64	64	. .
Drainer, pavior, asphalt-worker (174)	117	117	. .
Others (175)	30	30	. .

	M.	F.
(172) Skilled assistant, foreman, inspector, manager, &c.	122	0
Bridge carpenter	126	0
Fitter	4	0
Clerk, road-works	32	0
Foreman, ganger, railway and road works	50	0
Inspector, road-works	56	0
Overseer, works.	73	0
Timekeeper	6	0
(173) Dredge-worker, diver	44	0
Engineer	17	0
Marine diver	3	0
(174) Drainer, pavior	74	0
Ditcher	4	0
Drain labourer	39	0
(175) Crane-driver	23	0
Telegraph-constructor	4	0
River - bank protection labourer	3	0

ORDER 22.—PERSONS engaged in the Disposal of the DEAD, or of REFUSE.

0.04 per cent, of total male population.

0.00 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Engaged in the disposal of the dead	3	61	67	2	. .	2	69
2. Engaged in the disposal of refuse, &c.	8	106	114	. .	. .	. .	114
Totals, Order 22, 1901	11	170	181	2	. .	2	183
Totals, Order 22, 1896	5	106	111	1	. .	1	112

Details for each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I.—Disposal of the Dead.
Undertaker	50	48	2
Cemetery-keeper, grave-digger	19	19	. .
Sub-order 2. —Disposal of Refuse.
Scavenger, street-cleaner..	2	2	. .
Chimney-sweep	54	54	. .
Sanitary contractor, nightman	46	46	. .
Others : Rag and bottle gatherer	12	12	. .

ORDER 23.—INDUSTRIAL and other active WORKERS imperfectly defined.

4.08 per cent, of total male population.

0.20 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Industrial workers imperfectly denned	2,295	14,274	16,569	308	413	721	17,290
Totals, Order 23, 1901	2,295	14,274	16,569	308	413	721	17,290
Totals, Order 23, 1896	2,763	15,042	17,805	185	278	463	18,268

Details for each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Suborder I.—Imperfectly defined.
Mechanic, manufacturer (so defined)	119	110	9
Factory worker, manager (so defined)	400	237	l63
Engineer, engine-driver, stoker (so defined) (176)	1,505	1,505	. .
Machinist, machine-hand (so defined)	660	161	499
Contractor, manager, apprentice, foreman (so defined)	1,339	1,298	31
Labourer (undefined)	12,849	12,849	. .
Others (177)	428	409	19

	M.	F.
(176) Engineer, engine-driver, stoker	1,175	0
Engineer's apprentice	261	0
Engineer's assistant	69	0
(177) Handy-man	12	0
Mill assistant	83	15
Mill labourer	261	0
Mill manager	9	0
Mill owner	30	0
Wage-earner	14	4

Chapter 44. CLASS VI.—AGRICULTURAL, PASTORAL, MINERAL, AND OTHER PRIMARY PRODUCERS.

Table of Contents

ORDER 24.—PERSONS directly engaged in the CULTIVATION of LAND, in BREEDING or REARING ANIMALS, or in obtaining RAW PRODUCTS from NATURAL SOURCES.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 24.—PERSONS directly engaged in the CULTIVATION of LAND, in BREEDING or REARING ANIMALS, or in obtaining RAW PRODUCTS from NATURAL SOURCES.

26.60 per cent, of total male population.

1.07 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons directly engaged in agricultural pursuits	13,009	52,714	65,723	522	1,567	2,089	67,812
2. Persons directly engaged in pastoral pursuits	3,592	16,008	19,600	812	998	1,810	21,410
3. Persons engaged in rabbiting, beekeeping, &c.	257	713	970	. .	3	3	973
4. Persons directly engaged in fisheries, &c.	96	622	718	1	1	2	720
5. Persons directly engaged in forestry, or the acquisition of raw products yielded by natural vegetation	314	2,627	2,941	. .	2	2	2,943
6. Persons engaged in the conservancy of water	14	233	247	. .	. .	. .	247
7. Persons engaged in mines, quarries, &c.	1,323	16,485	17,808	1	7	8	17,816
Totals, Order 24, 1901	18,605	89,402	108,007	1,336	2,578	3,914	111,921
Totals, Order 24, 1896	19,589	83,427	103,016	1,001	2,113	3,114	106,130

Details for each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I.—Agricultural Pursuits.
Farmer	28,337	27,284	1,053
Relative assisting	12,908	12,078	830
Farm manager, overseer	501	501	. .
Farm students, Agricultural College	25	25	. .
Farm servant, agricultural labourer (178)	19,749	19,672	77
Market-gardener	895	885	10
Assistant (179)	487	486	1
Relative assisting	42	39	3
Fruit-grower, orchardist	345	324	21
Assistant (180)	61	61	..
Relative assisting	39	35	1
Hop, cotton, tea, coffee grower	20	20	. .
Assistant (181)	113	33	80
Tobacco-grower	2	2	. .
Wine-grower, vigneron	29	29	. .
Sugar-planter	3	3	. .
Horticulturist, gardener (182)	2,608	2,608	7
Relative assisting	76	76	. .
Agricultural Department officer	46	45	1
Others (183)	1,526	1,524	2
Sub-order 2,— Pastoral Pursuits.
Grazier, runholder, pastoralist. stock-breeder	3,220	3,139	81
Relative assisting	671	654	17
Station manage1-, overseer, clerk	516	515	1
Stockrider, drover, shearer, shepherd, pastoral labourer (184)	7,662	7,605	57
Dairy-farmer	4,702	4,363	339
Relative assisting	3,306	2,083	1,223
Dairy assistant, milker	1,073	1,010	63
Poultry-farmer	159	130	29
Stock and Brands Department officer	66	66	. .
Others (185)	55	55	. .
Sub-order 3.—The Capture, Preservation, or Destruction of Wild
Animals,' or the Acquisition of Products yielded by Wild
Animals.
Bee-keeper	35	32	3
Rabbiter (186)	936	936	. .
Others: Mutton-birders	2	2	. .
Sub-order 4.—Fisheries.
Fisheries Department inspector, officer	20	20	..
Fisherman (187)	633	633	. .
Relative assisting	21	19	2
Oyster-bed lessee, worker, shell-fish catcher	44	44	. .
Engaged in whale, seal fishery	2	2	. .

	M.	F.
(178)Farm servant, agricultural
labourer	16,987	15
Assistant	1,620	51
Boy	40	0
Bullock-driver	19	0
Cadet	59	0
Carter	26	0
Cook	75	7
Cowherd	114	0
Fencer	18	0
Gardener	37	0
Groom	29	0
Harvester	12	0
Milker	47	4
Ploughman	516	0
Rabbiter	51	0
Rouseabout	4	0
Stableman	18	0
(179) Assistant	465	1
Labourer	21	0
(180) Assistant	61	0
(181) Hop, cotton grower. assistant..	9	3
Hop-picker	24	77
(182) Horticulturist, gardener	2,382	6
Apprentice	10	0
Assistant	209	1
(183) Agricultural-implement owner
worker	07	0
Threshing-machine assistant	22	0
Cook	65	0
Engine-driver	129	0
Labourer	1,080	0
Cropper	3	0
Director, Agricultural College	7	0
Farm contractor	41	0
General grower	4	0
Grass-seed sower	9	0
Harvest contractor	4	0
Ploughing contractor	32	0
Potato grower, digger, picker	2	0
Visitor, lodger, assisting on farm	17	1
Secretary, agricultural association	2	0
(184) Stockrider, drover, shearer, shepherd..pastoral labourer	3,041	0
Book-keeper, clerk	32	3
Boundary-keeper	4	0
Bullock-driver	59	0
Butcher, baker	8	0
Cadet	60	0
Carpenter	54	0
Carter, wagoner, horse-driver	98	0
Cook	295	50
Cowherd	130	3
Dairyman and assistant	31	1
Engine-driver	1	0
Farm servant	120	0
Fencer	152	0
Gardener	138	0
Grass-seed sower	20	0
Groom	128	0
Labourer and assistant	2,252	0
Musterer	27	0
Packer	22	0
Ploughman	264	0
Rabbiter	342	0
Rouseabout	19	0
Scourer	23	0
Shepherd's relative assisting	21	0
Stockman	120	0
Storekeeper	2	0
Visitor, assisting	1	0
Wood-cutter	7	0
Wool classer, picker, dresser	125	0
(185) Contractor on station	24	0
Fencing contractor	3	0
Ostrich-farmer	5	0
Pig-farmer	3	0
(186) Rabbiter	846	0
Rabbit agent	62	0
Rabbit carter	6	0
Rabbit fence keeper	22	0
(187) Fisherman	611	0
Fisherman assistant	21	0
Fisherman boy	1	0

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order 5.—Forestry, or the Acquisition of Raw Products yielded by Natural Vegetation.
Forest Department ranger, officer	51	51	. .
Axeman, woodman, timber getter, splitter	2,290	2,290	. .
Bark-stripper	11	11	. .
Collector of pith and fibre-yielding plants (1S8)	132	132	. .
Others (189)	459	457	2
Sub-order 6.—Engaged in the Conservation of Water in all its
Forms and in Water-supply from Natural Sources.
Conservation of Water Department officer	11	11	. .
Conservation of Water Department caretaker, worker	11	11	. .
Water-supply (private) officer, worker, well-sinker	87	87	. .
Others (190)	138	138	..
Sub-order 7.—Mines, Quarries, or the Acquisition of Natural Mineral Products.
Mines Department officer	11	11	. .
Mine, gold (quartz), proprietor, manager, worker (191)	4,306	4,306	. .
Mine, gold (alluvial), proprietor, manager, worker (192)	6,616	6,615	1
Mine, gold (undefined), proprietor, manager, worker	408	406	2
Mine, tin (lode), miner, worker	11	11	. .
Mine, tin (alluvial), proprietor, manager, worker	2	2	. .
Mine, silver, proprietor, manager, worker (193)	4	4	. .
Mine, coal, proprietor, manager, worker (194)	2,203	2,200	3
Relative assisting	12	12	. .
Mine, iron, worker	1	1	. .
Mine, copper, manager, officer, miner, worker	3	3	. .
Mine, shale, manager, officer, miner, worker (195)	38	38	. .
Mine, precious stones, manager, worker	4	4	. .
Mine, others and undefined, manager, worker (196)	748	748	. .
Quarry proprietor, manager, clerk	20	20	. .
Quarry man, worker	227	227	. .
Others (197)	3,202	3,200	2

	M.	F.
(188) Flax-cutter	121	0
Flax contractor	11	0
(189) Bush bullock-driver	35	0
Bush carter	24	0
Bush contractor	242	0
Bush cook	120	3
Bush foreman, manager	25	0
Bush horse-driver	3	0
Gorse-cutter	2	0
Weed-destroyer	1	0
(190) Contractor	1	0
Water-race caretaker	38	0
Water-race manager	1	0
Waterworks engine-driver	15	0
Waterworks inspector	10	0
Waterworks labourer	60	0
Waterworks turncock	7	0
(191)Mine, gold (quartz)—	. .	. .
Proprietor, manager, worker	3,641	0
Amalgamator	35	0
Assayer	39	0
Battery-boy	5	0
Battery engine-driver	121	0
Battery feeder	11	0
Battery labourer, hand	333	0
Battery manager	69	0
Cyanide-process worker	. .	0
Mine (quartz), carter	18	0
Mine (quartz), manager	17	0
(162) Mine, gold (alluvial)—
Proprietor, manager, worker	5,617	1
Clerk, book-keeper	16	0
Gold-dredge dredgemaster	134	0
Gold-dredge engine-driver	246	0
Gold-dredge winchman	110	0
Gold-dredge worker, labourer	459	0
Miner, relative assisting	23	0
Mine-manager	10	0
(193) Mine (silver) proprietor, manager, worker	2	0
Prospector	2	0
(194) Mine (coal)—
Proprietor, manage, worker	1,921	0
Assistant	7	0
Banksman and screener	8	0
Blacksmith	3	0
Carpenter	13	0
Carter	45	0
Clerk	15	1
Engine-driver	62	0
Horse-driver	14	0
Manager	27	0
Rope-boy	9	0
Trucker	53	0
Mining engineer	23	0
(195) Mine (shale)—
Apprentice	1	0
Bricklayer	1	0
Caretaker	1	0
Carpenter	1	0
Chemist	1	0
Clerk	1	0
Engineer	7	0
Labourer	9	0
Manager	1	0
Miner	11	0
Refiner	1	0
Stoker	1	0
Turner, fitter	3	0
(196) Mine and other undefined manager, worker, &c,	701	0
Antimony miner	5	0
Cinnabar miner	3	0
Manganese miner	6	0
Prospector	33	0
(197) Caretaker, mine	1	0
Kauri-gum digger	3,145	2
Kauri-gum packer	1	0
Kauri-gum prospector	3	0
Kauri-gum relation assisting digger	20	0
Kauri-gum scraper	1	0
Kauri-gum sorter	20	0
Petroleum-borer	9	0

Chapter 45. CLASS VII.—INDEFINITE.

Table of Contents

ORDER 25.—PERSONS whose OCCUPATIONS are UNDEFINED or UNKNOWN, embracing those who derive Incomes from Sources which cannot be directly related to any other Class.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 25.—PERSONS whose OCCUPATIONS are UNDEFINED or UNKNOWN, embracing those who derive Incomes from Sources which cannot be directly related to any other Class.

1.21 per cent, of total male population.

0.71 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons of independent means, having no specific occupation, or undefined	9	2,422	2,431	12	1,669	1,681	4,112
2. Others, undefined, both as regards means and particular occupation	75	2,407	2,482	37	904	941	3,423
Totals, Order 25, 1901	84	4,829	4,913	49	2,573	2,622	7,535
Totals, Order 25, 1896	302	3,832	4,134	182	2,236	2,418	6,552

Details for each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I.—Persona of Independent Means, having no Specific Occupation, or Undefined.
Pensioner	1,066	747	319
Annuitant	578	341	237
Independent means, lady, gentleman (so defined) (198)	2,468	1,343	1,125
Others (199)	3,423	2,482	941

	M.	F.
(198) Independent means	864	1062
Private means	91	26
Retired	388	37
(199) Infirm	63	30
Invalid	356	96
No occupation	1,199	278
Out of business	93	1
Past work	476	65
Relative (occupation not stated)	103	43
Tourist	37	32
Traveller	69	20
Unemployed	58	0
Swagger	1	0
Visitor, not performing domestic
duties	27	376

Chapter 46. CLASS VIII.—DEPENDENTS.

Table of Contents

ORDER 26.—PERSONS DEPENDENT upon NATURAL GUARDIANS.

Details for each sub-order are :—

ORDER 27.—PERSONS DEPENDENT upon the STATE, or upon PUBLIC or PRIVATE SUPPORT.

Details of each sub-order are :—

OCCUPATIONS OF THE CHINESE.

ORDER 26.—PERSONS DEPENDENT upon NATURAL GUARDIANS.

31.53 per cent, of total male population.

81.47 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons performing domestic duties for which remuneration is not paid	44	21	65	25,124	148,997	174,121	l74,186
2. Dependent scholars and students	78,419	112	78,531	77,824	76	77,900	156,431
3. Dependent relatives and others, not stated to be performing domestic duties	49,218	102	49,320	46,555	151	46,706	96,026
Totals, Order 26, 1901	127,681	235	127,916	149,503	149,224	298,727	426,643
Totals, Order 26, 1896	126,869	342	127,211	148,913	126,803	275,716	402,927

Details for each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I. — Domestic Duties for which Remuneration is not paid.
Wife, mother, widow	118,581	. .	118,581
Son, daughter, relative	49,741	28	49,713
Visitor	4,859	21	4,838
Boarder, lodger	1,005	16	989
Sub-order 2.— Dependent Scholars and Students.
Son, daughter, relative, and others supported at university	146	79	67
Son, daughter, relative, and others at school	151,745	76,523	75,222
Son, daughter, relative, and others taught at home	4,540	1,929	2,611
Sub-order 3. —Dependent Relatives and others not stated to be performing Domestic Duties.
Father, mother (dependent upon children)	177	67	110
Son, daughter, relative (including persons under twenty years of age
with unspecified occupation)	92,595	47,734	44,861
Visitor	2,125	991	1,134
Others	1,129	528	601

ORDER 27.—PERSONS DEPENDENT upon the STATE, or upon PUBLIC or PRIVATE SUPPORT.

0.80 per cent, of total male population.

0.06 per cent, of total female population.

Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Males.			Females.			Totals, both Sexes.
Occupations, in Sub-orders.	Under 20	Over 20.	Totals.	Under 20.	Over 20.	Totals.	Totals, both Sexes.
1. Persons supported by voluntary and State contributions	297	2,443	2,740	414	1,633	2,047	4,787
2. Criminal class (under legal detention)	258	250	508	183	28	211	719
Totals, Order 27, 1901	555	2,693	3,248	597	1,661	2,258	5,506
Totals, Order 27, 1896	584	2,934	3,518	688	1,602	2,290	5,808

Details of each sub-order are :—

Occupations.	Persons.	Males.	females.
Sub-order I.—Supported by Voluntary and State Contributions.
Inmate of hospital	315	182	133
benevolent institution	1,489	808	681
hospital for insane	2,651	1,573	1,078
orphan asylum	292	165	127
Pauper, beggar	16	7	9
Others	24	5	19
Sub-order 2.— Criminal Class (under legal detention).
Inmate of gaol, penal establishment	289	265	24
Inmate of lock-up watch-house	2	2	. .
Inmate of reformatory, industrial school	428	241	187
Occupation not stated (over twenty years of age)	340	269	71

OCCUPATIONS OF THE CHINESE.

The Chinese enumerated at the census numbered 2,857, against 3,711 in 1896, a decrease of 854, or 23.01 per cent.

Of the number in 1901, 2,825 were males and 32 females. Of the males 61 were returned as married.

The number of Chinese under 14 years of age was only 26 (15 males and 11 females). These do not include the issue of unions between Chinese men and European women (60 males and 46 females).

The occupations show 1,313 gold-miners, 591 market gardeners with 69 labourers and assistants, 172 fruiterers or greengrocers with 14 assistants, 82 laundrymen with 4 assistants, 75 storekeepers with 9 clerks and assistants, 48 labourers undefined, 47 farm labourers, 43 storemen, 41 hotel cooks and servants, 26 boardinghouse keepers with 9 cooks and servants, 24 fish-hawkers, 25 rabbiters, 13 carpenters and cabinetmakers, 13 merchants, 6 provision merchants and 1 storeman, 1 butter-merchant, 9 fishermen, 8 grocers with 2 managers, 7 restaurant-keepers and 1 waiter, 6 rag, bone, and bottle dealers, 5 clerks and accountants, 4 drapers, 4 station labourers, 4 interpreters, 3 agents, 2 butchers, 2 hawkers, and 5 of independent means.

In addition to the number of hotel and boardinghouse cooks, there were 5 farm, 9 station and 37 cooks undefined. Amongst others in small numbers are noticed 1 law-clerk, 2 missionaries, 1 medical man, 1 herbalist, and 1 music-teacher.

Two of the Chinese were inmates of hospitals, and 14 of benevolent asylums. There were 23 Chinese lunatics (in asylums), but only 1 of this race was a prisoner in gaol on the census night.

Appendix A. APPENDICES

Table of Contents

Appendix A.—Industries; Public Libraries, And Other Literary And Scientific Institutions; Places Of Worship.

Manufactories and Works.

INCREASE IN VALUE OF OUTPUT, 1895 TO 1900.

MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS, 1896 AND 1901.

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.

MEAT FREEZING AND PRESERVING, WITH BOILING-DOWN.

Bacon-cubing Establishments.

Fish Curing And Preserving.

Butter and Cheese Factories.

Grain-mills.

Biscuit Factories.

Fruit-Preserving and Jam-Making.

Confectionery Works.

Breweries.

Malthouses.

Colonial-Wine Making.

Aerated-Water And Cordial Factories.

Coffee and Spice Works.

Sauce- and Pickle-making.

Soap and Candle Works.

cooperages.

Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories.

GASWORKS.

LIME AND CEMENT WORKS.

BRICK, TILE, AND POTTERY WORKS.

Tinware Factories.

IRON AND BRASS FOUNDRIES; BOILER AND RANGE-MAKING; WITH NGINEERING.

AMMUNITION WORKS.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT FACTORIES.

PRINTING AND BOOK BINDING ESTABLISHMENTS.

COACH-BUILDING AND PAINTING.

CYCLE WORKS.

SADDLERY AND HARNESS WORKS.

BRUSH AND BROOM MAKING.

FELLMONGERING, TANNING, CURRYING, AND WOOLSCOURING.

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING.

SAIL, TENT, AND OILSKIN FACTORIES.

FURNITURE FACTORIES.

CHEMICAL WORKS.

WOOLLEN MILLS.

CLOTHING AND WATERPROOF FACTORIES.

CLOTHING FACTORIES.

WATERPROOF MAKING.

BOOT AND SHOE FACTORIES.

HOSIERY FACTORIES.

ROPE AND TWINE WORKS.

PHORMIUM MILLS.

MINES AND QUARRIES.

GOLD-QUARTZ MINING AND CRUSHING.

HYDRAULIC GOLD-MINING.

GOLD-DREDGING.

COLLIERIES.

SUMMARISED RESULTS.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES, MECHANICS‧ INSTITUTES, AND OTHER LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS.

PLACES OF PUBLIC WORSHIP.

Appendix A.—Industries; Public Libraries, And Other Literary And Scientific Institutions; Places Of Worship.

Manufactories and Works.

THE results of the compilation of the special returns relating to the various manufactories, works, &c., in the colony are compared with those shown for previous censuses in certain of the tabulated statements given with these remarks.

It must be observed, however, that whereas up till the time of last census the term “factory” was rather held to mean an establishment where manufacture was carried on wholesale, where machinery was employed, and where several hands worked together; in the returns for 1901 a “factory” has been interpreted to mean any concern where two or more persons work together at making articles for disposal, wholesale or retail, and without reference to machinery being used or not. Thus the return seems to be rather one showing industrial workers (and their production) where two or more are found together, than one of manufactories to supply the wholesale traders, or making for export. But the attempt has been made to approximate the census results to those of the Labour Department, according to special direction. To make the comparison with previous census figures as true as possible, the results for all the dressmaking, tailoring, shirt-making, millinery, and other establishments which were not included until 1901 have been deducted from the totals at foot of the summary table. Any roughness in the comparison caused by small concerns employing two persons only, and doing a retail business in making or repairing, having been included at the last census, but not before, cannot be avoided. And, indeed, it will become clear to any one reading the following remarks that the large increase in money value of manufactures is obtained mostly on items in respect of which moving down to a limit of two persons engaged would not materially alter the comparison.

The totals for the industries do not include mining and quarrying, which are dealt with separately.

Deducting, as above mentioned, from the total value of manufactures for the year 1900 the results for such industries as were not included in 1895, a most satisfactory increase is found on analysis of items, which has been mainly brought about by developments on a large scale in the following industries:—

INCREASE IN VALUE OF OUTPUT, 1895 TO 1900.

	Increase in 5 Years.
	£.
Meat freezing, preserving, &c.	2,182,616
Batter and cheese factories	1,033,876
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring	650,855
Foundries, boiler-making, range-making, and engineering	621,356
Sawmills, with sash and door making	369,882
Printing establishments (not Government)	315,161
Clothing (with boot and shoe) factories	242,122
Breweries and malt-houses	240,468
Flaxmills	170,946
Gasworks	91,542
Chaff-cutting works	90,816
Biscuit factories	79,010
Bacon-curing establishments	73,542
Coach-building and painting	67,108
Woollen-mills	56,959
Brick, tile, and pottery works	56,090
Aerated-water factories	53,202
Cycle factories	46,230
Lime and cement works	29,261

If to these be added the value of the grass-seed after dressing, £241,239 for the year 1900, the greater part of the increase in the total for all manufactured articles (£7,591,789) is accounted for. There are a large number of smaller amounts of increase than those above stated, but the main lines of development are sufficiently indicated.

The addition of the figures in the column for total value of manufactures is not absolutely justified to the fullest extent of the amount shown (seventeen million pounds sterling); but in the present state of New Zealand industries it appears that the degree of repetition of value is not so great as to prevent the total given being of great help in judging of development. No doubt seventeen million pounds is over the fact, because, for instance, butter frozen for export is included in returns for meat-freezing establishments, and also in the butter factory returns; timber cut is valued under saw-milling, and some again in the furniture-making line. Also, leather is valued in the tanning returns, and some part of it again in the boot and saddlery items. But, of the material operated upon, a great deal is imported.

The great primary industries of meat-freezing, butter and cheese making, with some others, do not mainly provide materials for making other wares.

The iron which is used at the foundries and engineering works is imported to New Zealand.

But it must be admitted that, as the colony advances in primary industries, deductions will have to be made with great discrimination, from the figures in the column “Value of all manufactures,” in respect of the amounts given in the returns.

As yet it is held that the addition is not so much affected by repetitions as to render the result other than useful; although, as before remarked the total figures are admittedly in excess of the actual fact. The comparison with previous census results is still considered valuable.

The special tables which follow the summaries wall show clearly that quantities have risen, as well as the value of manufactures, so that the development is not merely a question of market prices but of actual output.

In 1896 the actual increase in five years of the annual output was found to be only £775,523. But it was noticed that there were special causes for this amount being so small; and also that quantities showed then in many cases a certain degree of development of industries, though values had not been maintained throughout.

The year 1895 was admittedly a time when great results could not be looked for. Severe financial troubles had happened shortly before. The phormium and rope industries, iron-working (implements and other) were not thriving, and in other lines matters were not altogether what could have been wished. The inquiry for the year 1900 has been made after a period of great prosperity.

MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS, 1896 AND 1901.

	April, 1896	March, 1901^†	Increase, 1896–1901.
	No.	No.	No.
* Omitting Government Railway Workshops and Government Printing Office.† Excluding dressmaking, tailoring, shirt-making, millinery, &c., for which no returns in 1896.
Number of establishments^†	2,459	3,163	704
Hands employed—
Males	22,986	35,438	12,452
Females	4,403	6,288	1,885
Totals^†	27,389	41,726	14,337
Wages paid—	£	£	£
To Males	1,776,076	2,895,279	1,119,203
To Females	131,516	203,282	71,766
Totals^†	1,907,592	3,098,561	1,190,969
	H.p.	H.p.	H.p.
Horse-power	28,096	38,052	10,956
Total approximate value of—	£	£	£
Land	1,063,989	1,713,254	649,265
Buildings	1,743,073	2,419,803	676,730
Machinery and plant	2,988,955	3,826,574	837,619
Totals	£5,796,017	£7,959,631	£2,163,614

Under the heading “Hands employed,” the males increased from 22,986 in 1896 to 35,438, or at the rate of nearly 54.17 per cent. in five years. The females employed increased at the rate of 42.81 per cent.

The wages paid in the factories or large industrial works dealt with in the census returns were returned for 1895 at £1,907,592, and for 1900 at £3,098,561.

The average annual amount of wages paid to male hands was £77.2 in 1895 and £81.7 in 1900. For females, 29.5 in 1895, against £32.3 at the last census. The wages of both would seem to have been more than maintained.

The increase for the year 1901 over 1896 in the horse-power stated in the returns was 10,956, against 6,400 for 1896.

The approximate value of the land used for purposes of the factories and industries increased from 11,063,989 in 1896 to 11,713,254 in 1901. The value of the lands used for mining is not included in the above figures, and the value of Crown lands has been omitted throughout.

A very satisfactory development will be found in the value of the machinery and plant, from 12,988,955 in 1896 to 13,826,574 in 1901, being at the rate of 28.02 per cent, for the period. The value of the buildings also increased greatly.

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

All the various industries for which returns were received in 1901 are given in the statement below, which thus enumerates completely the manufactories and works in operation in the colony, specifying the provincial districts in which they are situated:—

Manufactories, Works-, &c.	Number of Industries in Provincial Districts.									Total Number of Industries
Manufactories, Works-, &c.	Auckland.	Taranaki.	Hawke's Bay.	Wellington.	Marlborough.	Nelson.	Westland.	Canterbury.	Otago.	Total Number of Industries
Animal food—
Meat freezing and preserving works	7	2	2	5	1	…	…	4	13	34
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments	4	4	2	3	…	4	…	10	12	39
Fish curing and preserving works	8	…	…	4	1	1	1	…	13	28
Butter and cheese factories	27	102	8	37	4	7	3	17	42	247
Rabbit-packing	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	7	7
Condensed-milk factory	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	1
Vegetable food—
Grain-mills	8	3	2	8	2	5	…	23	27	78
Biscuit-factories	5	…	1	3	1	1	…	2	7	20
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works	6	1	1	1	…	1	…	1	2	13
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works	…	…	3	4	…	…	…	7	4	26
Sugar-refining works	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Fruit-canning works	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Baking-powder factories	8	…	…	1	…	…	…	1	1	11
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
Breweries	9	3	5	10	2	10	4	16	15	74
Malthouses	4	…	1	3	2	4	1	10	8	33
Colonial-wine making	4	…	3	1	1	2	1	2	…	14
Aerated-water factories	22	11	8	24	5	7	4	27	17	125
Coffee and spice works	4	…	…	4	…	1	1	3	5	18
Tobacco manufactories	2	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	2
Cigarette manufactories	1	…	…	1	…	…	…	…	1	3
Sauce and pickle factories	9	1	1	5	…	1	…	4	2	23
Vinegar works	3	…	…	…	…	1	…	…	…	4
Ice factories	2	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	2
Animal matters (not otherwise classed) —
Bone-mills	2	3	…	2	…	…	1	…	…	8
Soap and candle works	7	…	1	4	…	2	…	6	4	24
Glue factory	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Sausage-skin factory	1	…	1	3	…	…	…	4	1	10
Roiling-down works	5	…	1	3	…	…	…	…	5	14
Manure-works	1	…	2	…	…	…	…	1	1	5
Oleomargarine-works	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	…	1
Fat-refining works	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	…	1
Working in wood—
Cooperages	4	2	2	4	…	…	…	7	4	23
Saw-mills, sash and door factories	48	23	26	66	8	46	29	18	70	334
Barrow and ladder factory	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Wood ware and turnery factories	10	1	…	5	…	…	…	6	6	28
Vegetable produce for fodder—
Chaff-cutting establishments	15	2	…	…	…	12	…	25	1	55
Grass-seed-dressing establishments	…	4	1	…	…	…	…	9	11	25
Paper manufacture—
Paper-mills	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	2	3
Paper bag and box factories	3	…	…	…	…	…	…	l	3	7
Gasworks	6	2	2	6	1	2	2	4	5	30
Electric-lighting works	…	1	…	1	…	1	…	1	2	6
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, itc.—
Lime and cement works	6	…	…	1	…	2	1	…	5	15
Brick, tile, and pottery works	24	5	8	18	1	5	2	20	25	108
Tobacco-pipe factory	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	1
Monumental masonry	8	…	1	3	…	2	…	6	7	27
Glassworks	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	…	2
Glass-bevelling works	1	…	…	1	…	…	…	…	…	2
Electro-plating works	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	…	2
Pumice-works	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Metals, other than gold and silver—
Tinware factories	12	…	…	13	…	4	2	18	11	60
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.	13	1	2	13	2	3	3	14	14	65
Heel- and toe-plate factories	2	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	3
Engineering-works	10	…	…	9	…	2	…	8	8	37
Range-making works	5	…	…	1	…	…	…	…	3	9
Spouting and ridging factories	6	8	2	3	…	…	…	7	9	35
Lead-headed-nail works	…	…	…	1	…	…	…	…	…	1
Iron pipe and fluming works	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	2	2
Books and publications—
Printing offices	35	12	4	40	2	8	3	35	49	188
Musical instruments—
Musical instrument factories	…	…	…	1	…	…	…	…	2	3
Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares—
Picture-frame makers	2	…	…	4	…	…	…	…	3	9
Basket and perambulator factories	6	…	…	6	…	…	…	4	5	21
Cork-cutting	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Lapidaries	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	3	3
Equipment for sports and games—
Billiard-table factories	1	…	…	1	…	…	…	1	…	3
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
Rubber-stamp making	2	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	2
Arms and explosives—
Ammunition factory	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Machines, tools, and implements—
Agricultural-implement factories	6	…	2	3	…	…	…	10	12	33
Brush and broom factories	6	…	…	1	…	…	…	3	2	12
Cutlery factory	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Bellows factory	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Carriages and vehicles—
Coach building and painting works	33	11	12	44	4	9	1	26	20	160
Cycle factories	8	2	3	10	…	2	…	25	21	71
Harness, saddlery, and leatherware—
Saddlery and harness factories	22	7	7	29	…	5	1	24	20	115
Whip-thong factories	…	…	…	1	…	…	…	…	1	2
Portmanteau factories	2	…	…	2	…	…	…	…	2	6
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments	16	4	15	14	4	4	…	29	33	119
Ships, boats, and their equipment—
Ship- and boat-building yards	17	…	…	3	…	1	…	2	9	32
Graving-docks and patent slips	3	…	1	1	…	…	…	2	1	7
Block and pump factory	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Sail and oilskin factories	9	1	2	4	…	1	1	5	7	30
Furniture—
Furniture and cabinetmaking	26	14	7	36	1	4	4	20	32	144
Venetian-blind works	2	…	…	5	…	…	…	2	3	12
Mattress factories	3	…	…	3	…	…	…	2	4	12
Wool, rug, and mat making	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	2	2
Chemicals and by-products—
Perfumery manufactories	1	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1
Varnish manufactories	3	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	4
Ink manufactories	2	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	3
Starch manufactories	…	…	…	…	…	1	…	…	2	3
Chemical works	2	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	5	8
Hæmatite-paint factories	…	…	…	…	…	1	…	…	3	4
Sheep-dip factories	…	…	2	…	…	…	…	…	1	3
Match factories	…	…	…	1	…	…	…	…	1	2
Herbal-remedies factories	…	…	4	…	…	…	…	3	8
Blacking factories	1	…	…	1	…	…	…	…	1	3
Cocoanut-oil mill	2	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	2
Textile fabrics—
Woollen-mills	1	…	…	1	…	…	…	3	5	10
Flock-mills	1	…	…	1	…	…	…	1	2	5
Cleaning and dyeing works	5	…	…	2	…	…	…	3	1	11
Dress—
Tailoring establishments	32	12	3	67	…	10	7	22	22	175
Dressmaking and millinery establishments	41	8	12	78	5	9	3	69	65	290
Shirt-making establishments	4	1	…	7	…	1	…	4	8	25
Corset and belt manufactories	3	…	…	…	…	…	…	3	…	6
Clothing factories	7	…	…	3	…	…	…	3	8	21
Waterproof factories	1	…	…	2	…	…	…	1	2	6
Boot and shoe factories.	31	4	…	24	…	2	3	27	35	126
Hat and cap factories	5	…	…	3	…	…	…	2	3	13
Hosiery factories	1	…	…	3	…	l	…	5	7	17
Fibrous materials—
Rope and twine works	3	1	…	2	…	…	…	7	4	17
Bag and sack factories	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	1	1
Flax-mills	23	6	2	25	14	7	…	8	16	101
Returns not included in above	40	5	3	4	…	6	…	13	3	74
Totals, Census, 1901	752	267	160	707	61	198	78	648	809	3,680
Deduct tailoring, dressmaking, shirt-making, and monumental masons' establishments, not included in accounts taken for 1896 and 1891	85	21	16	155	5	22	10	101	102	517
Totals, Census, 1901 (less deductions shown above)	667	246	144	552	56	176	68	547	707	3,163
Totals, Census, 1896	573	128	147	396	50	154	47	448	516	2,459
Totals, Census, 1891	577	68	85	333	77	142	51	380	541	2,254

The provincial districts, arranged according to the number of industries belonging to each specified in the last census returns, stand as under:—

	Number of Industries, excluding Mines and Quarries.
	1901	1896	1891
Otago	707	516	541
Auckland	667	573	577
Wellington	552	396	333
Canterbury	547	448	380
Taranaki	246	128	68
Nelson	176	154	142
Hawk's Bay	144	147	85
Westland	68	47	51
Marlborough	56	50	77

DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.

The principal industries returned at the census of 1901, and particulars relating thereto, are given in detail in the following table. These industries are arranged in classes according to their nature:—

Nature of Industries.	Total Number of Industries	Number of Hands employed.			Wages paid.			Amount of Power employed(Horse-Power)	Value of all materials used or operated upon during 1900.	Value of all Manufacturer or Produce(Including Repair-)for the Year 1900.^*	Approximate Value of Land, Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Nature of Industries.	Total Number of Industries	Males.	Females.	Totals.	Males.	Females.	Totals.	Amount of Power employed(Horse-Power)	Value of all materials used or operated upon during 1900.		Approximate Value of Land, Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
* For information us to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables. Value of output, wages, &c, not shown where the number of establishments is no small that particulars might be identified. † For full particulars respecting these industries see special tables. NOTE.—See note at end of Table.
Animal food—					£	£	£	H.p.	£	£	£
Meat freezing and pro-serving works^†	34	2,172	49	2,221	198,306	1,419	199,725	7,057	252,290	3,720,475	803,720
Ham and bacon curing establishments^†	39	185	11	196	13,891	496	14,387	250	115,656	159,564	62,192
Fish curing and preserving works^†	28	135	2	137	7,445	73	7,518	..	7,714	25,173	17,235
Butter and cheese factories^†	247	1,165	23	1,188	95,461	972	96,433	2,3099	1,195,600	1,535,150	388,750
Rabbit-packing	7	62	..	62	3,200	..	3,200	..	..	..	362
Condensed-milk factory	1	17	16	33	..	..	..	39	..	..	..
Vegetable food —
Grain-mills^†	78	513	2	515	49,254	110	49,364	2,422	545,642	682,884	358,656
Biscuit factories^†	20	454	213	667	34,231	4,545	38,776	291	117,383	197,989	90,243
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works^†	18	85	82	167	6,317	1,758	8,075	117	42,404	58,092	20,935
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works	26	158	147	305	11,128	3,600	14,728	19	47,150	88,580	56,955
Sugar-refining works	1	256	..	250	..	..	..	922	..	..	..
Fruit-canning works	1	3	2	5	..	..	..	10	..	..	..
Baking-powder factories	11	19	10	29	1,074	181	1,255	17	9,318	18,163	18,200
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
Breweries^†	74	677	5	682	83,403	77	83,570	632	158,212	553,627	294,592
Malthouses^†	33	145	..	145	14,994	..	14,994	110	72,211	105,671	75,038
Colonial-wine making^†	14	49	l0	59	2,320	92	2,412	14	3,019	10,330	18,183
Aerated-water factories^†	125	437	15	452	31,771	284	32,055	250	63,835	151,811	105,178
Coffee and spice works	18	63	15	78	4,950	235	5,194	83	32,091	45,628	47,572
Tobacco manufactories	2	11	9	20	..	..	..	8	..	..	..
Cigarette manufactories	3	1	17	18	..	..	..	6	..	..	..
Sauce and pickle factories^†	28	77	51	128	4,628	1,760	6,388	71	20,505	31,258	36,715
Vinegar works	4	13	10	23	1,179	258	1,437	4	3,284	6,824	4,480
Ice-factories	2	5	..	5	..	..	..	35	..	..	..
Animal matter (not otherwise classed)—
Bone-mills	8	17	..	17	453	..	453	77	1,080	2,520	6,230
Soap and candle works^†	24	224	8	232	10,009	239	19,248	346	112,623	158,640	66,809
Clue factory	1	5	..	5	..	..	..	23	..	..	..
Sausage-Skin factories	10	93	..	98	8,689	£	8,689	..	17,845	30,674	3,949
Boiling-down works^†	14	61	..	61	5,910	..	5,910	393	92,603	114,416	26,836
Manure works	5	30	..	30	1,872	..	1,872	63	31,652	37,769	10,266
Oleomargarine-works	1	9	..	9	..	..	..	50	..	..	..
Fat-refining works	1	14	..	14	..	..	..	18	..	..	..
Working in wood—
Cooperages^†	23	137	1	138	10,884	39	10,923	177	19,942	37,521	21,787
Saw-mills, sash and door factories!	334	6,805	7	6,812	513,622	266	513,888	8,744	..	1,268,689	703,620
Barrow and ladder factor	1	5	..	5	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Woodware and turner factories	28	154	2	156	11,779	82	11,861	176	19,146	37,552	28,227
Vegetable produce for fodder—
Chaff-cutting establishments	55	265	1	266	9,829	26	9,855	391	130,507	169,313	46,786
Grass-seed dressing establishments	25	60	..	60	5,310	..	5,310	189	197,846	241,239	48,195
Paper manufacture—
Paper-mills	3	70	19	98	..	..	..	705	..	..	..
Paper bag and box factories	7	24	57	81	1,312	1,936	3,248	13	4,471	14,217	11,499
Gasworks^†	30	568	4	572	70,388	185	70,573	242	83,612	290,567	971,559
Electric-lighting works	6	52	..	52	6,226	..	6,226	2,158	4,603	23,234	64,156

Nature of Industries.	Total Number of Industries	Number of Hands employed.			Wages paid.			Amount of Power employed(Horse-Power)	Value of all materials used or operated upon during 1900.	Value of all Manufacturer or Produce(Including Repair-)for the Year 1900.^*	Approximate Value of Land, Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Nature of Industries.	Total Number of Industries	Males.	Females.	Totals.	Males.	Females.	Totals.	Amount of Power employed(Horse-Power)	Value of all materials used or operated upon during 1900.		Approximate Value of Land, Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables. Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified. †For full particulars reflecting these Industries, see special tables. ‡ Value of manufactures at Government Railway Workshops not included. § Value of manufactures at Government Printing Office not included. NOTE. See note at end of table.
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.—					£	£	£	H.p.	£	£	£
Lime and cement works^†	15	184	..	184	16,577	..	16,577	466	18,397	45,142	38,436
Brick, tile, and pottery works^†	10S	838	..	838	63,336	..	63,336	659	..	122,230	114,567
Tobacco-pipe factory	1	2	2	4	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Monumental masonry	27	81	..	81	7,072	..	7,072	l3	8,689	22,313	17,391
Glassworks	2	9	..	9	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Glass-bevelling works	2	7	..	7	..	..	..	13	..	..	..
Electro-plating works	2	11	..	11	..	..	..	7	..	..	..
Pumice-works	1	27	1	28	..	..	..	15	..	..	..
Metals, other than gold and silver—
Tinware factories^†	60	336	1	337	23,107	36	23,143	23	52,553	98,587	56,914
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.^†	65	1,950	5	1,955	162,477	170	162,647	983	240,578	508,906	211,282
Heel- and toe-plate factories	3	7	..	7	..	..	..	23	..	..	..
Engineering works^†^‡	37	1,437	5	1,442	127,374	261	127,635	541	186,208	361,958	155,081
Range-making works	9	193	..	193	16,927	..	16,927	53	19,721	53,307	27,919
Spouting and ridging factories	35	261	..	261	20,584	..	20,584	35	70,643	112,691	52,687
Lead-headed-nail works	1	3	..	3	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Iron-pipe and fluming works	2	5	..	5	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Books and publications—
Printing offices^†^§	188	2,627	507	3,134	268,041	16,564	284,605	956	200,243	704,285	559,538
Musical instruments—
Musical-instrument factories	3	11	..	11	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Ornaments, minor art products, and smallwares—
Picture-frame makers	9	19	3	22	1,234	69	1,303	1	2,497	5,771	11,750
Basket and perambulator factories	21	107	11	118	6,517	494	7,011	9	6,902	17,942	18,130
Cork-cutting	1	3	..	3	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Lapidaries	3	8	..	8	..	..	..	7	..	..	..
Equipment for sports and games—
Billiard-table factories	3	7	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
Rubber-stamp making	2	3	..	3	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Arms and explosives—
Ammunition-factory	1	21	84	105	..	..	..	39	..	..	..
Machines, tools, and implements—
Agricultural implement factories.^†	33	584	2	586	53,879	62	53,941	360	49,072	138,094	61,339
Brush and broom factories;	12	86	42	128	5,965	1,190	7,155	32	10,158	21,131	13,829
Cutlery-factory	1	2	..	2	..	..	..	2	..	..	..
Bellows-factory	1	2	..	2	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Carriages and vehicles—
Coach-building and painting works^†	160	1,185	..	1,185	83,356	..	83,356	128	88,229	216,077	150,811
Cycle-factories^†	71	378	17	395	20,873 !	570	21,443	95	26,824	65,047	65,403
Harness, saddlery, and leatherware—
Saddlery and harness factories^†	115	629	23	652	40,808	1,026	41,834	3	75,724	147,026	96,559
Whip-thong factories	2	5	..	5	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Portmanteau factories	6	19	3	22	1,206	117	1,323	..	2,741	5,483	6,460
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments^†	119	1,957	6	1,963	159,180	162	159,342	1,108	1,391,323	1,888,107	235,952

Nature of Industries.	Total Number of Industries	Number of Hands employed.			Wages paid.			Amount of Power employed(Horse-Power)	Value of all materials used or operated upon during 1900.	Value of all Manufacturer or Produce(Including Repair-)for the Year 1900.^*	Approximate Value of Land, Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Nature of Industries.	Total Number of Industries	Males.	Females.	Totals.	Males.	Females.	Totals.	Amount of Power employed(Horse-Power)	Value of all materials used or operated upon during 1900.		Approximate Value of Land, Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables. Value of output, wages, &c, not shown where the number of establishments is go small that particulars might be identified. † For full particulars respecting these industries, see special tables. § See remarks on page 93. NOTE.— Two or more distinct industries were carried on at some establishments, in such cases particulars of power, hands, and plant employed, and wages paid, unless stated separately for each branch of industry, have been treated as belonging to the most important work.
Ships, boats, and their equipment—					£	£	£	H.p.	£	£	£
Ship- and boat-building yards^†	32	211	..	211	13,476	..	13,476	49	20,389	45,811	15,198
Graving-docks and patent slips	7	32	..	32	2,864	..	2,864	435	..	7,264	230,165
Block and pump factory	1	2	..	2	..	..	..	4	..	..	..
Sail and oilskin factories^†	30	150	81	231	10,446	1,996	12,442	..	24,628	44,854	40,893
Furniture—
Furniture and cabinet-making^†	144	1,243	67	1,310	88,843	2,262	91,105	369	101,595	241,024	170,338
Venetian-blind works	12	49	2	51	3,567	65	3,632	19	5,896	13,233	7,469
Mattress-factories	12	55	..	55	3,260	..	3,260	20	9,212	16,296	13,165
Wool, rug, and hat making	2	9	8	17	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Chemicals and by-products—
Perfumery-manufactory	1	1	3	4	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Varnish-manufactories..	4	19	..	19	1,474	..	1,474	37	4,227	6,732	5,765
Ink-manufactories	3	5	..	5	..	..	..	8	..	..	..
Starch-manufactories	3	24	8	32	..	..	..	16	..	..	..
Chemical-works	8	76	19	95	7,551	504	8,055	92	42,479	64,834	37,793
Hæmatite-paint factories	4	12	..	12	609	..	609	28	1,030	2,578	5,943
Sheep-dip factories	3	6	1	7	..	..	..	10	..	..	..
Match-factories	2	37	146	183	..	..	..	19	..	..	..
Herbal-remedies factories	8	13	10	23	1,134	581	1,715	12	3,994	18,996	10,305
Blacking-factories	3	2	1	3	..	..	..	7	..	..	..
Cocoanut-oil mill	2	10	..	10	..	..	..	54	..	..	..
Textile fabrics—
Woollen- mills^†	10	769	924	1,693	71,454	40,547	112,001	1,554	196,081	359,382	277,422
Flock-mills	5	9	1	10	559	12	571	55	1,459	4,105	2,650
Cleaning and dyeing works	11	28	23	51	1,816	837	2,653	13	2,141	7,855	9,635
Dress—
Tailoring establishments	175	722	899	1,621	65,695	37,251	102,946	8	122,853	301,356	211,016
Dressmaking and millinery establishments	290	23	2,865	2,888	2,236	76,270	78,506	..	173,211	312,436	193,998
Shirt-making establishments	25	28	503	531	1,911	13,651	15,562	40	45,319	75,879	26,528
Corset and belt manufactories	6	1	24	25	9	542	551	..	959	2,249	5,659
Clothing-factories^†	21	431	2,081	2,512	37,778	63,023	100,801	67	177,828	329,026	89,247
Waterproof-factories^†	6	22	92	114	1,807	2,822	4,629	3	6,285	13,378	7,845
Boot and shoe factories^†	126	1,906	790	2,696	165,227	27,216	192,443	184	273,325	529,254	176,992
Hat and cap factories	13	37	80	117	2,641	2,748	5,389	20	11,463	25,641	19,217
Hosiery-factories^†	17	17	265	282	1,328	6,702	8,030	71	18,032	31,265	19,997
Fibrous materials—
Rope and twine works^†	17	192	..	192	13,136	..	13,136	494	46,378	87,863	55,309
Bag and sack factory	1	..	6	6	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Flax-mills^†	101	1,698	..	1,698	101,046	..	101,046	1,190	53,064	203,492	64,446
Values for industries of which less than four of any one sort were found in the returns	..	..	..	..	53,927	9,235	63,162	..	526,252	694,896	258,885
Returns not included in above	74	140	156	296	10,952	4,836	15,788	138	28,834	61,749	59,659
Totals, Census, 1901	3,680	30,292	10,555	46,847	2,972,193	330,454	3,302,647	39,113	7,749,770	17,853,133	8,408,564
Deduct tailoring, dressmaking, shirtmaking, and monumental masons' establishments, not included in accounts taken for 1896 and 1891	517	854	4,267	5,121	76,914	127,172	204,086	61	350,072	711,984	448,933
Totals, Census, 1901 (less deductions shown above)	3,163	35,438	6,288	41,726	2,895,279	203,282	3,098,561	39,052	7,399,698	17,141,149	7,959,631
Totals, Census, 1896	2,459	22,986	4,403	27,389	1,776,076	131,516	1,907,592	28,096	3,285,247	9,549,360	5,796,017
Totals, Census, 1891	2,254	22,664	2,969	25,663	1,705,641	102,999	1,808,640	21,696	..	8,773,837	5,261,826

The succeeding statement shows the most important industries in operation in 1901, ranged in order of the values of their output for 1900, and compared with the results obtained for the years 1895, 1890, and 1885:—

	Total Value of all Manufacture or Produce, including Repairs.
	1900.	1895.	1890.	1885.
Meat-freezing and preserving and	£	£	£	£
boiling-down works	3,834,891	1,652,275	1,464,659	543,878
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring	1,888,107	1,237,252	1,026,349	634,915
Butter and cheese factories	1,535,150	501,274	150,957	43,094
Sawmills, sash and door factories	1,268,689	898,807	832,959	1,177,713
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c. (not including Government Rail-way Workshops)	924,171	302,815	403,635	368,919
Clothing and boot and shoe factories	858,280	616,158	570,315	514,506
Printing establishments (not including Government Printing Office)	704,285	389,124	354,559	273,886
Grain mills	682,884	874,656	991,812	754,830
Breweries and malthouses	659,298	418,830	380,849	421,197
Woollen mills	359,382	302,423	279,175	194,311
Gasworks	290,567	199,025	178,947	194,653
Grass-seed dressing establishments	241,239	..	..	..
Furniture and cabinetmaking	241,024	85,327	131,314	162,375
Coach - building and painting works	216,077	148,969	139,660	128,346
Flax-mills	203,492	32,546	234,266	20,059
Biscuit factories	197,989	118,979	127,147	47,784
Chaff-cutting works	169,313	78,497	63,236	54,440
Bacon-curing establishments	159,564	86,022	83,435	58,799
Soap and candle works	158,649	152,298	155,714	130,745
Aärated-water factories	151,811	98,609	91,091	94,098
Saddlery and harness factories	147,626	63,735	37,347	..
Agricultural implement factories	138,094	102,054	144,472	111,823
Brick, tile, and pottery works	122,230	66,140	56,830	91,797
Spouting and ridging works	112,691	23,702	33,140	25,478
Tinware factories	98,587	63,723	14,297	8,500
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works	88,580	33,235	17,248	17,130
Rope and twine works	87,863	52,400	70,711	56,413
Cycle factories	65,047	18,817	5,655	1,301
Chemical works	64,834	75,320	41,568	34,283
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works	58,092	30,108	27,255	32,292
Ship and boat-building works	45,811	25,233	35,847	56,132
Coffee and spice works	45,028	74,339	64,024	98,234
Lime and cement works	45,142	15,881	19,416	16,928
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories.	44,854	30,166	31,083	25,574
Bone-mills and other manure works	40,298	12,240	4,628	8,337
Woodware and turnery factories	37,552	18,276	9,050	..
Cooperages	37,521	19,233	11,540	11,862
Hosiery factories	31,205	9,357	5,650	6,200
Sauce and pickle works	31,258	13,417	6,407	3,145
Sausage-skin factories.	30,674	13,472	10,582	..
Hat and cap factories	25,041	10,902	21,028	13,695
Fish - curing and preserving works	25,173	10,292	19,537	12,182
Electric-lighting works	23,234	..	..	..
Brush and broom factories	21,131	23,363	13,340	7,786
Herbal-remedies factories	18,396	..	..	..
Baking-powder factories	18,163	10,153	5,637	4,120
Basket and perambulator factories	17,942	11,920	7,381	4,375
Mattress factories	16,296	..	..	..
Paper-bag and cardboard box factories	14,217	7,698	4,497	..
Waterproof factories	13,378	22,354	..	..
Venetian blind factories	13,233	9,878	4,776	6,470
Colonial-wine works	10,330	8,963	3,456	3,626
Other industries in respect of which the value of the manufactures was less than £8,000, and sundry	805,606	473,037	380,156	235,148

The order of the principal industries, ranged according to the number of hands employed, is as follows:—

	Number of Hands.
	1901.	l896.	1891.
Sawmills, sash and door factories	6,812	4,059	3,266
Clothing and hoot and shoe factories	5,208	4,407	3,233
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c	3,590	1,642	1,787
Printing establishments (excluding Government Printing Office)	3,184	2,351	2,569
Meat freezing, preserving, and boiling-down works	2,282	2,037	1,568
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments	1,963	1,629	1,196
Flax-mills	1,698	647	3,204
Woollen mills	1,693	1,416	1,175
Furniture and cabinet-making factories	1,310	490	585
Butter and cheese factories	1,138	576	269
Coach-building and painting works	1,185	807	678
Brick, tile, and pottery works	838	455	494
Breweries and malthouses	827	560	563
Biscuit factories	667	425	331
Saddlery and harness factories	652	266	184
Agricultural implement factories ..	586	581	528
Gasworks	572	295	249
Grain-mills	515	419	499
Aerated-water factories	452	347	261
Cycle factories	395	125	31
Tinware factories	337	289	93
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works	305	69	53
Hosiery factories	282	133	51
Chaff-cutting works	266	212	205
Spouting and ridging works	261	90	100
Sugar-refining works	256	160	119
Soap and candle works	232	190	200
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories	231	143	124
Ship- and boat-building yards	211	108	145
Bacon-curing establishments	196	123	84
Rope and twine works	192	150	222
Lime and cement works	184	79	98
Match factories	183	121	..
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works	167	193	117
Woodware and turnery factories	156	81	51
Cooperages	138	76	53
First-curing and -preserving works	137	75	140
Brush and broom factories..	128	92	81
Sauce and pickle works	128	68	41
Basket and perambulator factories	118	76	63
Hat and cap factories	117	72	112
Waterproof factories	114	93	..
Ammunition factories	105	90	80
Sausage-skin factories	98	56	73
Paper-mills	98	84	48
Chemical works	95	114	55
Paper-bag and cardboard-box factories	81	86	35
Coffee and spice works	78	119	81
Rabbit preserving and packing works	62	32	..
Grass-seed dressing establishments	60	..	..
Colonial-wine works	59	53	24
Mattress factories	55	..	..
Electric-lighting works	52	..	..
Venetian-blind factories	51	45	29
Cleaning and dyeing works	51	58	48
Bone-nulls and other manure works	47	46	25
Condensed-milk factory	33	..	..
Graving docks and patent slips	32	29	64
Starch and soda works	32	27	13
Baking-powder factories	29	..	..
Pumice works	28	20	..
Corset and belt manufactories	25	..	..
Herbal-remedies factories ..	23	..	..
Vinegar works	23	..	..
Portmanteau factories	22	..	..
Picture-frame makers	22	..	..
Tobacco manufactories	20	..	..
Sheep-dip factories	7	29	..
Industries employing under 20 bands	532	268	36

MEAT FREEZING AND PRESERVING, WITH BOILING-DOWN.

The establishments increased from 43 in 1896 to 48 in 1901, and the hands employed from 2,037 to 2,282. The value of output for 1900 is returned as more than double that for 1895, the figures being £3,834,891 against £1,652,275, a rise of £2,182,616. From 1890 to 1895 the increase was only £187,616. Of the total value for 1900 (£3,834,891), sheep and lambs frozen were valued at £2,103,166, and legs of mutton at £85,361. The beef frozen, preserved meats, tallow, bone dust, &c., also show largely increased business in the quinquennium, 1895–1900; frozen butter and rabbits most markedly so.

The table given below shows quantities as well as values in the comparisons, which speak for themselves as to the great development that has been proceeding of late.

Census Year.	No of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine power used.			Amount of Horse Power	Output, 1900 and 1895.
		Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine power used.				Sheep and Lambs frozen.
		M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Oil.		Car cases.	Value.
				£	£					No.	£
1901	48	2,233	49	204,216;	1,419	50	..	1	7,450	^*3,348,123	^*2,103,166
1896	43	1,985	52	180,471;	304	42	3	..	7,492	^*2,362,535	^*1,213,559
Increase	5	248	..	23,745	1,115	8	..	1	..	985,588	889,607
Decrease	..	..	3	..	..	..	3	..	42	..	..

Census Year.	Beef frozen and chilled.		Frozen Rabbits.		Preserved Meats.		Tallow.
Census Year.	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.	Quan.	Value.
	Lb.	£	No.	£	Lb.	£	Tons.	£
1901	34,285,328	381,210	6,040,047	144,616	7,867,440	171,151	14,767	298,821
1896	1,954,495	21,425	..	..	4,999,640	74,369	10,958	172,310
Incr.	32,330,833	359,785	6,040,047	144,616	2,867,800	96,782	3,809	126,511

Census Year.	Bonedust.		Other Manures.		Neatsfoot mid Trotter Oil.		Bones, Horns, Hoots, Ac.
Census Year.	Quan.	Value.	Quan.	Value.	Quan.	Value.	Quan.	Value.
	Tons.	£	Tons.	£	Galls.	£	Tons.	£
1901	6,514	31,037	5,721	25,824	30,174	3,450	530	3,085
1896	3,248	11,865	2,206	9,424	15,067	2,097	113	188
Increase	3,266	19,172	3,515	16,400	15,107	1,353	417	2,897

Census Year.	Output, 1900 and 1895—continued.			Approximate Value of
	Other Products.	Frozen Produce Butter and all other frozen):Value	Total Value of Output, 1900 and 1895.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Value.	Frozen Produce Butter and all other frozen):Value	Total Value of Output, 1900 and 1895.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
* Also 21,994 cwt. of legs of mutton frozen in 1895, valued at £16,373, and 64,203 cwt. of frozen legs of mutton in 1900, valued at .85,361.
	£	£	£	£	£	£
1901	82,345	503,430	3,834,891	87,776	428,075	404,707
1896	64,889	65,776	1,652,275	67,504	326,224	317,323
Increase	17,456	437,654	2,182,616	20,272	101,851	87,384

Bacon-cubing Establishments.

These were 39 in number, employing 196 hands, against 37 with 123 hands in 1895. The output increased in value from £86,022 for 1895 to £159,564 in 1900, the business done in hams having progressed very greatly.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Motive Power.			Horse power.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.		M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.	Horse power.
				£	£				H.p.
1901	39	185	11	13,891	496	17	2	2	250
1896	37	118	5	7,314	80	7	1	..	49
Increase.	2	67	6	6,577	416	10	1	2	201

Census Year.	Value of Material used.	Output for Year 1900.				Total Value of Output.	Approximate Value of^*^†
Census Year.	Value of Material used.	Bacon.	Hams.	Lard.	Other Products.	Total Value of Output.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
* Value of land and buildings given with butter-factory in one case. † Value of land, buildings, and plant not stated in one ease.
	£	Cwt.	Cwt.	Cwt.	£	£	£	£	£
1901	115,656	34,103	21,836	2,082	4,182	159,564	19,377	25,960	16,855
1896	65,867	33,260	800	20	..	86,022	6,823	11,090	4,605
Incr.	49,789	843	21,036	2,062	4,182	73,542	12,554	14,870	12,250

Fish Curing And Preserving.

There was a considerable decrease shown in the quantity of fish cured in 1900 as compared with 1895, but the value of the lesser output was set down as £4,778 more than in the earlier year, The quantity cured in 1900 was 1,082,820 lb., against 1,719,512 lb. in 1895. The output of tinned fish increased from 113,304 lb. to 288,849 lb., and the total value of all products of the 28 establishments rose from £10,292 to £25,173.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Value of Materials used 1900 and 1895.
Census Year.	Number of Works.		F.	M.	F.	Value of Materials used 1900 and 1895.
				£	£	£
1901	28	135	2	7,445	73	7,714
1896	27	74	1	3,229	13	2,124
Increase	1	61	1	4,216	60	5,590

Census Year.	Fish cured.		Fish tinned.		Value of other Produce.	Total Value of Output.	Approximate value of
Census Year.	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity;	Value.	Value of other Produce.	Total Value of Output.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	lb	£	lb	£	£	£	£	£	£
1901	1,082,820	13,182	288,849	6,206	5,785	25,173	9,937	3,858	3,440
1896	1,719,512	8,404	113,304	1,888	..	10,292	3,902	3,782	2,045
Incr.	..	4,778	175,545	4,318	5,785	14,881	6,035	76	1,395
Decr.	636,692	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

Butter and Cheese Factories.

Here a most excellent result is shown by the comparison. Not only did the number of factories increase from 170 to 247 between 1896 and 1901, besides skimming stations and creameries in connection with them—202 against 105; but the number of persons employed was more than doubled (1,188 against 576), and the value of the output rose to three times the amount for 1895. The figures are, £1,535,150 for 1900, against £501,274 for 1895.

The produce of factory-made butter for 1900 was set down at 29,758,310 lb., and for 1895 at 11,336,776 lb., while cheese made similarly increased from 86,460 cwt. to 139,687 cwt. in the same period.

It is to be regretted that there is no estimate of butter and cheese made on farms, so that the total produce for the colony could be arrived at.

By far the greater number of factories for making butter are in the North Island, the number having been 174, out of a total of 247, which turned out 24,500,000 lb. of butter in the year 1900, leaving somewhat over 5,000,000 lb. as the output for the Middle Island. Taranaki is the provincial district in which the operations are by far the largest, 12,500,000 lb. of butter being the result of the factory operations, and nearly 32,000 cwt. of cheese. Wellington factories show for 1900 a total of over 7,500,000 lb. of butter and 32,000 cwt. of cheese. Otago makes more cheese (52,000 cwt.) in her factories than any other district. The butter was found to be a little short of 3,000,000 lb. for the year.

The money invested for purposes of this industry in land, buildings, machinery, and plant has largely increased. Full particulars are given in the subjoined table:—

Census Year.	No. of Factories.	Hands Employed.		Amount paid in Wages.		Machine-power used.					Amount of Horse power.
Census Year.	No. of Factories.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam	Water.	Gas and Oil.	Horse.	Hand.	Amount of Horse power.
				£	£						H.p.
1901	247	1,165	23	95,461	972	223	37	8	1	2	2,399
1896	170	548	28	39,716	441	234	33	1	3	7	1,531
Increase	77	617	..	55,745	531	..	4	7	..	..	868
Decrease	..	..	5	..		11	..	..	2	5	..

Census Year.	Produce for the Years 1900 and 1895.						Approximate Value of
	Cheese.		Butter.		Other Produce.	Total Value of all Produce.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Quan.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.	Value.	Total Value of all Produce.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Tons.	£	Lb.	£	£	£	£	£	£
1901	6,984	303,758	29,758,310	1,203,520	27,872	1,535,150	38,780	147,307	202,663
1896	4,323	146,158	11,336,776	355,116	..	501,274	27,335	91,601	115,070
Incr.	2,661	157,600	18,421,534	848,404	27,872	1,033,876	11,445	55,706	87,593

Grain-mills.

In 1896 it was remarked in the Census report that the result of a five year's comparison was to show a decrease in the number of grain-mills in operation, and decline of hands employed, also in grain operated upon. The result for 1900 is more satisfactory.

Although the number of mills working fell from 90 in 1896 to 78 in 1900, the hands employed increased from 419 to 515, and the wheat used from 3,815,433 bushels to 4,004,789 bushels, besides a slight increase in other kinds of grain. The total value of the output, however, declined from £874,656 to £682,884. A statement is given, to exhibit full details:—

Census Year.	Number of Mills.	Number of Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine-power used.				Amount of Horse Power.	Number of
Census Year.	Number of Mills.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Wind.	Gas.	Amount of Horse Power.	Pairs of Stones.	Sets of Rollers.
				£	£					H.p.
1901	78	513	2	49,254	110	45	35	..	3	2,422	83	429
1896	90	419	..	40,890	..	51	45	1	1	2,333	144	406
Increase	..	94	2	8,364	110	..	..	..	2	89	..	23
Decrease	12	..	..	..	..	6	10	1	..	..	61	..

Census Year.	Grain operated upon during the Years 1900 and 1895.			Produce for the Years 1900 and 1895.			Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Wheat.	Other Grain.	Value.	Flour.	Meal.	Value.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Bushels.	Bushels.	£	Tons.	Tons.	£	£	£	£
1901	4,004,789	762,340	545,642	83,017	7,418	682,884	44,688	132,817	181,151
1896	3,815,433	731,448	653,219	81,033	16,482	874,656	41,730	134,714	179,403
Incr.	189,356	30,892	..	1,984	..	..	2,958	..	1,748
Decr.	..	..	107,577	..	9,064	191,772	..	1,897	..

Biscuit Factories.

Twenty factories are shown as in operation in 1901 against 17 five years previously. But 109 more males and 133 more females were employed in the later year. The comparison shows that not much more was done in biscuit-making during the year 1900 than in 1895, the figures being 3,267 tons against 3,003 tons. But the returns for 1900 shows also confectionery made valued at £55,039, and other products to the value of £38,474. The total output came to £197,989, while in 1895 the sum was only £118,979.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands.		Wages.		Machine-power used.		Horse power.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water and Gas.	Horse power.
				£	£			H.p.
1901	20	454	213	34,231	4,545	11	5	291
1896	17	345	80	18,801	1,355	10	4	134
Increase	3	109	133	15,430	3,190	1	1	157

Census Year.	Biscuits made.	Total Value of Manufactures for 1900 and 1695.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Biscuits made.	Total Value of Manufactures for 1900 and 1695.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
* Including 1,286 tons confectionery, valued at £55,039. and other products valued at £38,474.
	Tons.	£	£	£	£
1901	3,267	197,989^*	14,940	35,567	39,736
1896	3,003	118,979	11,340	21,575	25,951
Increase	264	79,010	3,600	13,992	13,785

Fruit-Preserving and Jam-Making.

The weight of fruit bottled or preserved in New Zealand during 1900 was returned at 84,500 lb, against 72,790 lb. in 1895. The jam manufacture increased considerably, the figures being 3,303,395 lb., and 1,930,058 lb. for 1895. Other preserves were also made in 1900 to the extent of 179,532 lb. How it arises that the returns show fewer hands and factories at the time of last census than at the previous collection cannot be explained.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine-power used.		Amount of Horse power.	Value of Materials used, 1900 and 1695.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Gas.	Amount of Horse power.	Value of Materials used, 1900 and 1695.
				£	£			H.p.	£
1901	13	85	82	6,317	1,758	9	2	117	42,404
1896	22	103	90	5,101	1,450	6	..	77	20,542
Increase ..	..	..		1,216	308	3	o	40	21,862
Decrease	9	18	8	..	..	..	..	..	..

Census Year.	Manufactures, 1900 and 1895.				Other Preserves.		Value of all Manufactures, 1900 and 1895.	Approximate Value of
	Fruit, bottled or preserved.		Jam made.		Other Preserves.			Approximate Value of
	Quantity	Value.	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity	Value.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Lb.	£	Lb.	£	Lb.	£	£	£	£	£
1901	84,500	950	3,303,395	54,120	179,532	3,022	58,092	5,160	9,835	5,940
1896	72,790	1,676	1,930,058	33,355	52,118	1,077	36,108	4,504	9,865	4,498
Incr.	11,710	..	2,373,337	20,765	127,414	1,945	21,984	656	..	1,442
Decr.	..	726	..	..	..	..	..	..	30	..

Confectionery Works.

This industry is becoming an important one. The value of the manufactured articles for the year 1900 reached the sum of £88,580, which is £55,345 in excess of the value returned for 1895. The number of establishments was 26, and the hands employed show an increase from 69 to 305, of whom 147 were females.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Motive-power.		Horse-power.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1895
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Gas.	Horse-power.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1895
				£	£			H.p.	£
1901	26	158	147	11,128	3,600	1	2	19	47,150
1896	12	39	30	2,253	561	^*	^*	21	14,887
Incr.	14	119	117	8,875	3,039	..	..	..	32,263
Decr.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	2	..

Census Year.	Sugar used.		Other Materials used.	Total Value of Output for 1900 and 1895.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Quantity.	Value.	Value.	Total Value of Output for 1900 and 1895.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
		*Information not available.
	Tons.	£	£	£	£	£	£
1901	1,400	28,440	18,710	88,580	21,271	17,709	17,975
1896	^*	^*	^*	33,235	2,610	3,850	2,465
Increase	..	..	..	55,345	18,661	13,859	15,510

Breweries.

Although the number of breweries in the colony in 1901 was fewer than that for 1896, the hands employed were more numerous, and the quantity of beer manufactured considerably greater.

While in the year 1895 there were 5,249,278 gallons brewed, the output for 1900 amounted to 7,379,581 gallons, being over two millions of gallons of increase in a five-year period; and the value increased proportionately.

The quantities of beer on which excise duty was paid for consumption were, for 1895, 4,936,400 gallons, and 6,811,280 gallons for 1900, being in each case a somewhat lesser quantity than that returned as manufactured.

It was noticed in the report on the Census of 1896 that consumption of beer per head of population had fallen since 1891 from 1899 gallons in 1890 to 7.421 gallons in 1895, and the quantity manufactured showed very little increase. But from 1895 to 1900, as shown above, the brewing proceeded at a considerable rate, and the consumption per head has advanced from 7.421 gallons to 9.150 gallons. No doubt prosperous times have brought about this result.

The imported beer entered at the Customs for home consumption decreased in quantity from 201,770 gallons in 1895 to 175,620 gallons in 1900, proving that the colonial-made article is more and more taking the place of the beer brought from abroad. In the year 1892 261.394 gallons were brought into New Zealand.

Census Year.	No of Breweries	Hands.		Wages paid.		Motive-power employed.
Census Year.	No of Breweries	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.	Wind.	Horse.	Hand.
				£	£
1901	74	677	5	83,493	77	56	6	6	1	3	3
1896	85	465	..	57,327	..	56	6	4	2	5	14
Increase	..	212	5	26,16G	77	..	..	2	..	..	..
Decrease	11	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	1	2	11

Census Year.	Amount of Horse power.	Number of		Materials used during Years 1900 and 1895.
Census Year.	Amount of Horse power.	Horses employed.	Drays employed.	Sugar.	Malt.	Hops.	Value
				Lb.	Bush.	Lb.	£
1901	632	176	149	2,424,505	455,035	502,245	158,212
1896	441	180	149	1,607,144	328,059	424,839	125,706
Increase	191	..	..	817,361	126,976	137,406	32,506
Decrease	..	4	..	..	..	..	..

Census Year.	Beer made, 1900 and 1895.		Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Quantity.	Value.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant
	Gal.	£	£	£	£
1901	7,379,581	553,627	78,694	139,014	76,884
1890	5,249,278	336,734	51,533	115,033	63,850
Increase	2,130,303	216,893	27,161	23,981	13,034

Malthouses.

At 33 malthouses, which were in connection with the breweries before mentioned, 623,686 bushels of barley were malted, being in excess of the quantity for 1895 by 267,278 bushels, or nearly 75 per cent. The large additional quantity of beer made in 1900 required increased operations in malting.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands Employed.	Wages paid.	Machine-power used.					Amount of Horsepower.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands Employed.	Wages paid.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.	Horse.	Hand.	Amount of Horsepower.
			£						H.p.
1901	33	145	14,994	5	1	4	2	21	110
1896	31	95	9,398	3	1	1	1	25	59
Increase	2	50	5,590	2	..	3	1	..	51
Decrease	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	4	..

Census Year.	Value of Materials used.	Barley malted, 1900,1895.		Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Value of Materials used.	Quantity.	Value.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant
Note —In some cases the value of land, buildings, and plant has been included in the returns furnished by the proprietors of breweries to which the malthouses belong.
	£	Bushels.	£	£	£	£
1901	72,211	623,686	105,671	23,920	41,110	10,008
1896	52,881	356,408	82,096	6,685	27,910	2,909
Increase	19,330	267,278	23,575	17,235	13,200	7,099

Colonial-Wine Making.

Besides 26,513 gallons of colonial wine made in 1900, and also 400 gallons of brandy used to fortify the wine, 27,537 gallons of cider were manufactured. These results are satisfactory on comparison with those of 1895, when the wine amounted to 15,860 gallons. The quantity of cider increased from 19,178 gallons to 27,537 gallons. The value of produce increased from £8,963 in 1895 to £10,330 in 1900.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands.		Wages.		Machine Power used Steam.	Horse Power.	Wine made.	Cider.	Value of Products, 1900–1895.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Machine Power used Steam.	Horse Power.	Wine made.	Cider.	Value of Products, 1900–1895.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
				£	£		H.p.	Galls.	Galls.	£	£	£	£
1901	14	49	10	2,320	92	2	14	26,513	27,537	10330	10156	5,074	2,953
1896	19	41	12	1,925	95	2	6	15,860	19,178	8,963	8,224	2,929	1,679
Incr.	..	8	..	395	..	..	8	10,653	8,359	1,367	1,932	2,145	1,274
Decr.	5	..	2	..	3	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

Aerated-Water And Cordial Factories.

Although the number of factories under this head slightly decreased between the censuses of 1896 and 1901, the operations were very much greater in the year 1900 than in 1895, and with this is shown increase of value of manufactures, as well as quantity, to a considerable extent, besides a greater number of persons employed.

The money value of all manufacture for 1900 amounted to £151,811, against £98,609 in 1895; an increase of nearly 54 per cent. Over £10,000 of additional money was paid in wages during the later year, while an increase from 1,091,580 dozen of aerated-water bottled to 1,886,024 dozen, besides a greatly enlarged business in cordials, tonic beer, and other drinks is recorded. The full particulars are tabulated below:—

Census Year.	No. of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine-power used.					Horse power.
Census Year.	No. of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Horse.	Gas.	Hand, Oil, and Electrical.	Horse power.
				£	£						H.p.
1901	125	437	15	31,771	284	49	10	21	34	12	250
1896	132	330	17	21,184	261	46	17	11	24	35	216
Incr.	..	107	..	10,587	23	3	..	10	10	..	34
Decr.	7	..	2	..	..	..	..	..	..	23	..

Census Year.	Manufactures for the Years 1900 and l0-95.					Cider.	Total Value of Manufactures	Approximate Value of
	Aerated Waters.	Cordials.	Tonic Beer.	Miscellaneous.				Land	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Aerated Waters.	Cordials.	Tonic Beer.	Quan.	Value.			Land	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
*Including 6,000 gallons vinegar. † Casks.
	Doz.	Doz.	Doz.	Gals.	£	Gals	£	£	£	£
1901	1,886,024	25,478	89,821	13,356	5,356	9,950	151,811	33,037	34,875	37,266
1896	1,091,580	20,720	17,415	8,907^*	1,350	^†50	98,609	19,476	32,439	37,429
Inc.	794,444	4,758	72,406	4,449	4,006	..	53,202	13,561	2,436	..
Dec.	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	163

Coffee and Spice Works.

The number of these works was 18, the same as in 1896, but the hands fell from 119 to 78. The value of manufactured goods declined from £74,339 to 4245.628 in the five years.

Sauce- and Pickle-making.

This industry progresses steadily. It employed 77 males and 51 females in 1901. Sauces and pickles were manufactured to the value of £31,258 in the previous year, more than double the amount made five years ago.

Census Year.	Number of works.	Hands employed		Wages paid.		Machine-power used.	Amount of Horse power.	Value of Materials used.
Census Year.	Number of works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Amount of Horse power.	Value of Materials used.
				£	£		H.-p.	£
1901	23	77	51	4,628	1,760	4	71	20,505
1896	24	44	24	1,835	622	3	57	7,934
Increase	..	33	27	2,793	1,138	1	14	12,571
Decrease	1	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

Census Year.	Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.					Total Value of Manufactures.	Approximate Value of
	Sauces.		Pickles.		Other Condiments.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.	Other Condiments.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Doz. Pnts	£	Doz. Pnts	£	£	£	£	£	£
1901	44,604	11,128	31,110	10,378	9,752	31,258	17120	12,375	7,220
1896	20,539	6,229	9,949	3,793	3,395	13,417	5175	5,160	1,574
Increase	24,065	4,899	21,161	6,585	6,357	17,841	11945	7,215	5,646

Soap and Candle Works.

The development of these works was at a moderate rate only between 1896 and 19U1, the value of manufactures of all kinds reaching to £158,649 for the year 1900, and £152,298 for 1895. In 1900, 92,321 cwt. of soap were made, and 26,690 cwt. of candles, besides other manufactures to the value of £20,611.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine-power used.		Amount of Horse power.	Value of Materials used.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water, Gas, Hand.	Amount of Horse power.	Value of Materials used.
				£	£			H.p.	£
1901	24	224	8	19,009	239	20	4	346	112,623
1806	22	187	3	16,882	21	17	..	252	98,194
Increase	2	37	5	2,127	218	3	4	94	14,429

Census Year.	Manufactures for 1900 and 1895.				Total Value of Manufactures.	Approximate Value of
	Soap.		Candles.	Values of other Manufacturers.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant
	Quantity.	Value.	Value.	Values of other Manufacturers.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant
	Cwt.	£	£	£	£	£	£	£
1901	92,321	76,591	61,447	20,611	158,649	10,432	27,184	29,193
1896	85,637	71,382	58,512	22,404	152,298	9,884	20,110	28,832
Increase	6,684	5,209	2,935	..	6,351	548	7,074	361
Decrease	..	..	..	1,793	..	..	..	..

cooperages.

These numbered 23, according to the returns for 1901. 47,072 casks were made in 1900, against 33,418 in 1895, and the manufacture of kegs increased greatly. The 1901 returns show also the construction of butter-boxes to the number of 159,147, and of cheese-cases 33.165. against 78,378 and 3,660 respectively for 1896.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages.	Machine-power used.		Horse power.	Value of Materials used.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	Wages.	Steam.	Gas.	Horse power.	Value of Materials used.
				£			H.p.	£
1901	23	137	1	10,923	16	1	177	19,942
1896	21	76	..	4,250	10	..	110	10,281
Increase	2	61	1	6,673	6	1	67	9,661

Census Year.	Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.				Total Value of Output.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Kegs.	Casks.	Butter boxes.	Cheese-cases.	Total Value of Output.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	No.	No.	No.	No.	£	£	£	£
1901	12,585	47,072	159,147	33,105	37,521	5,669	7,815	8,303
1896	1,680	33,418	78,378	3,660	19,233	3,297	3,353	4,525
Increase	10,905	13,654	80,769	29,505	18,288	2,372	4,462	3,778

Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories.

There has been a very great development of this industry since 1896. Although only 35 additional mills were returned as working in 1901, the hands employed increased from 4,059 to 6,812, and the (first-cut) sawn timber from 191,053,466 ft. to 261,583,518 ft., an addition of 70,530,052 ft. The figures given for resawing, moulding. &c, show a retrograde movement, but the number of doors and sashes made increased from 61,550 to 91,376 in five years; and the total money value of all manufactures or produce of the sawmills reached the sum of £1,268,689 against £898,807 at the previous census. The value of the plant largely increased.

The quantity of first-cut sawn timber for the year 1900 was far greater in the Auckland Provincial District than in any other, the order being as follows:—

	Feet of Timber sawn (first cutting).
Auckland	109,124,543
Wellington	41,375,471
Otago	40,482,149
Hawke's Bay	22,382,990
Westland	13,971,951
Nelson	12,212,951
Taranaki	11,881,139
Marlborough	5,437,365
Canterbury	4,714,959

The increase at Auckland in five years is from 79,464,526 ft. to 109,124,543 ft. At Westland also the increase is noticeably great, considering the magnitude of the industry there.

Census Year.	No. of Mills.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Motive-power used.			Amount of Horse-power.
Census Year.	No. of Mills.	M	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.	Amount of Horse-power.
				£	£				H.-p.
1901	334	6,805	7	513,622	266	317	24	3	8,744
1896	299	4,055	4	323,223		274	29	1	6,409
Increase	35	2,750	3	190,665		43	..	2	2,335
Decrease	..	..	..	..		..	5	..	..

Census Year.	Output for the Years 1000 and 1895.
	Sawn Timber.		Value of Posts, Rails, &c.	Re-sawing, Planed. Flooring, Skirting, &c.		Mouldings.
	Quantity.	Value.	Value of Posts, Rails, &c.	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.
	Ft.	£	£	Ft.	£	Run. ft.	£
1901	261,583,518	971,048	19,277	34,824,246	172,127	9,152,598	42,970
1896	191,053,466	627,959	10,998	41,026,223	173,765	12,653,368	44,104
Inc.	70,530,052	343,089	8,279	..	..	..	..
Dec.	..	..	..	6,201,977	1,638	3,500,770	1,134

Census Year.	Output for 1900 and 1895—continued.		Total Value Of all Output.	Approximate Value of
	Doors and Sashes.			Land.	Buildings	Machinery and Plant.
	Quantity	Value.		Land.	Buildings	Machinery and Plant.
	No.	£	£	£	£	£
1901	91,370	63,267	1,268,689	187,398	108,015	408,207
1896	61,550	41,981	898,807	186,958	100,667	298,797
Inc.	29,826	21,286	369,882	440	7,348	109,410

GASWORKS.

The operations of the gasworks in the colony for the year 1900, contrasted with those for 1895 and 1890, show such expansion as must be considered highly satisfactory, and this notwithstanding the increased use of electricity in substitution for gas.

There were 30 gasworks at the time of the census of 1901, employing 572 hands, against 27, with 295, in 1896. The wages paid in 1900 amounted to over £70,000 sterling, against £38,000 in 1895, and the value of all produce was £290,567, against £199,025.

In quantity, 786 million cubic feet of gas are shown to have been manufactured in 1900, against 532 million feet for 1895, besides increased quantities of coke, tar, and other residuals.

Census Year.	No. of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine-power used.			Amount of horse power.	Produce for the Years 1000 and 1895.
		Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine-power used.				Gas made.
		M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.		Quantity.	Value.
				£	£				H.-p.	Cubic feet.	£
1901	30	568	4	70,388	185	24	1	12	242	786,531,150	245,000
1896	27	293	2	37,747	102	19	1	8	126	532,060,300	178,196
Increase	3	275	2	32,641	83	5	..	4	116	251,470,850	66,804

Census Year.	Produce for the Years 1900 end 1895— continued.					Total Value of all Produce.	Approximate Value of
	Coke.		Tar.		Other Residuals : Value.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery Value of.
	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.	Other Residuals : Value.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery Value of.
	Tons.	£	Gallons.	£	£	£	£	£	£
1901	38,830	32,968	693,181	11,665	934	290,567	65,555	88,874	817,130
1896	17,339	14,446	345,632	4,649	1,734	199,025	41,422	79,610	645,641
Incr.	21,491	18,522	347,549	7,016	..	91,542	24,133	9,264	171,489
Decr.	..	..	..	..	800	..	..	..	..

LIME AND CEMENT WORKS.

Fifteen of these works, employing 184 hands, were in operation in 1901. In 1896, only 79 hands were returned. The value of manufacture for 1900 was three times as great as that for 1895, and that of machinery used more than doubled during the five years.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.	Wages paid.	Motive Power.		Horsepower.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	Males.	Males.	Steam.	Horse.	Horsepower.
			£			H.-p.
1901	15	184	16,577	3	2	466
1896	14	79	5,560	..	..	289
Increase	1	105	11,017	..	..	177

Census Year.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1895.	Total Value of Manufactures for 1900 and 1895.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1895.	Total Value of Manufactures for 1900 and 1895.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	£	£	£	£	£
1901	18,397	45,142	3,881	10,218	24,337
1896	4,631	15,881	3,181	7,270	11,968
Increase	13,766	29,261	700	2,948	12,369

BRICK, TILE, AND POTTERY WORKS.

These works employed in 1900 close on double the number of hands that were engaged in 1895, and the number of bricks rose from 18,800,000 to 40,900,000 for those years. The value of pottery made, including drain-pipes, rose from £31,503 to £34,810; and the total value of all the manufactures from £66,140 to £122,230. Otago shows first in the output of bricks made, Canterbury next, then Auckland, while Wellington takes the fourth place. The number of brick, stone, or concrete houses increased between the last two censuses from 6,490 to 7,517, a rate of 13.66 per cent., while those of cob, sod, huts, &c, decreased substantially in number. Houses built of wood or iron increased from 134,092 to 153,945, the rate, 14 per cent., being slightly higher than that which obtained for brick and stone dwellings.

Census Year	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine-power used.					Amount of Horse-power.	Number of Machines used.
Census Year	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Gas.	Horse.	Water.	Hand.	Amount of Horse-power.	For tempering Bricks or pottery	For making Bricks or Pottery.
				£	£						H.p.
1901	108	838	..	63,336	..	63	1	39	1	4	659	109	77
1896	108	454	1	28,179	50	38	1	70	..	1	519	108	92
Increase	..	384	..	35,157	..	25	..	..	1	3	140	1	..
Decrease	..	..	1	..	50	..	..	31	..	..	..	..	15

Census Year.	Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.
	Bricks made.			Pottery, &c., made.
	Common.	Firebricks.	Value.	Drain-pipes.	Tiles.	Flowerpots.
	No.	No.	£	No.	No.	Doz.
1901	40,976,765	313,551	86,578	1,226,296	310,076	3,111
1896	18,805,715	193,6OO	34,037	1,175,065	464,851	8,347
Increase	22,171,050	119,951	51,941	51,231	..	..
Decrease	..	..	..	..	154,775	5,236

Census Year.	Manufactures, 1900 and 1895—continued.		Total Value of Manufactures.	Approximate Value of
	Pottery, &C, made.			Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Miscellaneous: Value.	Total Value of Pottery, &c.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	£	£	£	£	£	£
1901	7,475	34,810	122,230	41,123	37,718	35,726
1896	4,249	31,503	66,140	24,074	24,917	27,594
Increase	3,226	3,307	56,090	17,049	12,801	8,132

Tinware Factories.

A large development is observed in respect of this industry. The value of the manufacture rose from £63,723 in 1895 to £98,587 in 1900. In 1890 the value of the goods was only £14,297. The number of hands increased from 2S9 to 337 in five years, and the establishments from 34 to 60, and the wages paid from £19,742 to £23,107. But the increase shown in this industry is largely due to the inclusion in the later year of small establishments of which no account was taken in 1896.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Motive Power.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.
* Information not available.
				£	£
1901	6O	336	1	23,107	36	1	1	7
1896	34	288	1	19,742	..	^*	^*	^*
Increase	20	48	..	3, 365	36	..	..	..

Census Year.	Horsepower.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1895.	Total Value of Manufactures and Repairs in l9OO and 1895.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Horsepower.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1895.	Total Value of Manufactures and Repairs in l9OO and 1895.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	H.-p.	£	£	£	£	£
1901	23	52,553	98,587	24,907	22,100	9,907
1896	27	32,835	63,723	10,660	7,475	7,714
Increase	..	19,718	34,864	14,247	14,625	2,193
Decrease	4	..	..	..	..	..

IRON AND BRASS FOUNDRIES; BOILER AND RANGE-MAKING; WITH NGINEERING.

The total value of the manufacture (including repairs) in connection with these industries was returned for the year 1900 at £924,171, or more than three times the amount for 1895, which was £302,815. This great increase is nearly all found in the figures for Otago, where the value of manufacture given at last census had reached £512,021, no doubt being swelled by the dredge-making work. There were 1,948 more hands employed in 1901 than five years previously, or an increase of 118 64 per cent., the actual number of persons being 3,590, against 1,642 for the earlier year. That a considerable development of the business would be exhibited was of course expected, on account of the stimulus given by the growing requirement for dredges in procuring gold from river-beds, &c.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Horsepower.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	Male	Female.	Male.	Female.	Horsepower.
				£	£	H.-p.
1901	111	3,580	10	306,778	431	1,577
1896	90	1,639	3	129,699	64	1,093
Increase	21	1,941	7	177,079	367	484

Census Year.	Value of Materials used or operated on.	Total Value of Manufactures (including Repairs).	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Value of Materials used or operated on.	Total Value of Manufactures (including Repairs).	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
Note.—The above table does not include fifteen Government Railway and Maintenance workshops (eight Railway workshops and seven Maintenance workshops): Hands employed in year 1900, 1,026; wages paid, £185,355; horse-power employed 760; materials used, £192,050; manufactures and repairs (3 locomotives,:34 bogie carriages, 20 bogie brake-vans, 111 wagons, 1,102 tarpaulins, and repairs to the value of ¡686,306); the total value of manufactures and repairs in the Railway workshops being £365,946, and the value of machinery and plant,. £97,659. The value of materials used and value of repairs are not stated in Maintenance workshops returns.
	£	£	£	£	£
1901	446,507	924,171	127,346	89,001	177,935
1896	100,273	302,815	70,811	55,152	126,172
Increase	346,234	621,356	56,535	33,849	51,763

AMMUNITION WORKS.

There is an ammunition factory in the Auckland District, where 105 hands are actively employed. To give more details might be considered a breach of confidence.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT FACTORIES.

Although the numbers of factories and hands employed as shown in the latest returns do not indicate development, the total value of all manufacture appears to have increased from £102,054 to £138,094, including repairs. The number of implements made during 1900 is greater under nearly all descriptions than for 1895.

From whatever cause it may arise that the hands are returned as only 584, against 581 in 1895, the fact remains that the operations in the factories were very much greater in 1900 than five years before. This is clearly shown, both as to money value for the total and as to number of implements, under a long series of descriptive headings:—

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Motive-power.		Horsepower.	Value of all Materials used.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Horsepower.	Value of all Materials used.
				£	£				£
1901	33	584	2	53,879	62	23	1	360	49,072
1896	34	581	..	44,581	..	23	..	217	20,904
Increase	..	..	2	9,298	62	..	1	143	22,168
Decrease	1	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

Census Year.	Manufactures for Years 1900 and 1895.
Census Year.	Ploughs.	Harrows.	Disc and Spade Harrows.	Horse-hose, Cultivators and Grubbers.	Sowers and Drills.	Rollers.	Frame Drays and Wagons.	Horse Hayrakers.	Chaff-cutters.
	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.
1901	869	864	344	292	219	242	358	22	196
1896	590	578	208	377	182	104	169	18	38
Increase	279	286	136	..	37	138	189	4	158
Decrease	..	..	..	85	..	..	..	..	..

Census Year.	Manufactures for Years 19OO and 1895—continued.
Census Year.	Turnip-cutter.	Seed Threshing and Machinery	Straw elevators.	Windmills.	Wool-presses.	Swingletrees and Yokes.	Sheep-racks.	Various Machines Unspecified(values).
	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	No.	£
1901	46	25	17	75	89	1,845	..	15,157
1896	18	6	4	65	95	69	31	12,743
Increase	28	19	13	6	..	1,776	..	2,414
Decrease	..	..	..	..	6	..	31	..

Census Year.	Total Value of Manufactures (including Repairs).	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Total Value of Manufactures (including Repairs).	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	£	£	£	£
1901	138,094	19,591	21,504	20,244
1896	102,054	19,900	21,336	30,031
Increase	36,040	..	168	..
Decrease	..	309	..	9,787

PRINTING AND BOOK BINDING ESTABLISHMENTS.

This industry ranks amongst the first in respect of employment of hands. 2,627 males and 007 females wore returned as engaged in it at last census, the males increasing from 2,123 in 1896 to 2,627 in 1901. Female hands have increased greatly. In 1891 there were only 196; in 1896 the number was ‘228, while in 1901 it had risen to 507, women and girls. As to the value of product it was set down for the year 1900 at £704,285, against £389,124 rive years earlier; but how far these last figures can be relied on is uncertain. There is difficulty in making them up.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Machine-power used.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	P.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.
				£	£
1901	188	2,627	507	268,041	16,564	19	14	93
1896	154	2,123	228	204,105	12,137	22	16	50
Increase	34	504	279	63,876	4,427	..	..	43
Decrease	..	..	..	..	..	3	2	..

Census Year.	Machine-power used—continued.			Horsepower	Value of all Products.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Electric.	Oil.	Hand.	Horsepower	Value of all Products.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
Note —The table does not include particulars for Government Printing Office.
				H.-p.	£	£	£	£
1901	5	8	73	956	704,285	109,130	160,787	289,621
1896	..	3	64	532	389,124	68,847	124,369	203,699
Increase	5	5	9	424	315,161	40,283	36,418	85,922

COACH-BUILDING AND PAINTING.

The value of the manufacture and repairs rose from £148,969 in 1895, to £216,077 in 1900, an increase of £67,108, or a rate of 45.05 per cent. The hands employed also increased from 807 to 1,185.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.	Wages paid.	Machine-power used.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	M.	Steam.	Gas.	Water.
			£
1901	160	1,185	83,356	17	9	2
1890	116	807	57,377	19	4	2
Increase	44	378	25,979	..	5	..
Decrease	..	..	..	2	..	..

Census Year.	Amount of Horsepower.	Total Value of Manufactures (including Repairs).	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Amount of Horsepower.	Total Value of Manufactures (including Repairs).	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
		H.-p.	£	£	£
1901	128	216,077	70,622	55,972	24,217
1896	119	148,969	41,376	40,076	24,350
Increase	9	67,108	29,246	15,896	..
Decrease	..	..	..	..	133

CYCLE WORKS.

A very great advance has been made since 1896, as the number of works was found to be 71 against 19, and 378 males besides 17 females were engaged, being an increase of 270 persons on the number previously shown. The value of the manufacture and repairs rose from £18,817 for the year 1985 to £65,047 for 1900, or at the rate of 245.7 per cent. Cycles being now used not only for pleasure and exercise, but also in business to a certain extent, the industry of making and repairing these articles is necessarily found expanding with time.

Among the establishments shown for 1901 there are indeed a considerable number of purely repairing-shops, and these were not taken into account at the previous census. But apart from this qualification the returns show a large genuine increase in the operations.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands.		Wages.		Machine-power used.			Amount of Horse-power.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Gas.	Water.	Amount of Horse-power.
				£	£				H.-p.
1901	71	378	17	20,873	570	4	15	1	95
1896	19	125	..	5,952	..	4	4	..	33
Increase	52	253	17	14,921	570	..	11	1	62

Census Year.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1896.	Number of Cycles manufactured in 1900 and 1895.	Total Value of Manufactures (including Repairs),1900 and 1895.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1896.	Number of Cycles manufactured in 1900 and 1895.		Land	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	£		£	£	£	£
1901	26,824	1,988	65,047	31,465	24,431	9,597
1896	7,696	734	18,817	7,925	12,240	4,666
Increase	19,125	1,254	46,230	23,540	12,191	4,841

SADDLERY AND HARNESS WORKS.

Of these, 115 were returned. In the total value of manufacture and repairs there is an increase, caused chiefly by the inclusion in 1901 of small saddlers' shops which were not reckoned as factories in 1896.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Value of Materials used, 1900.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Value of Materials used, 1900.
* Including a number of small saddlery and harness-making concerns, which were not dealt with as “factories ”at the previous census.
				£	£	£
1901^*	115	629	23	40,808	1,026	75,724

Census Year.	Total Value of Manufactures (including Repairs) 1900.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Total Value of Manufactures (including Repairs) 1900.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
* Including a number of small saddlery and harness-making concerns, which were not dealt with as “factories ”at the previous census.
	£	£	£	£
1901^*	147,626	54,380	37,035	5,144

BRUSH AND BROOM MAKING.

These works numbered 12 in 1901, against 15 in 1896. The hands employed numbered 128 at last census, and the value of manufactured articles for the year 1900 was returned at £21,131.

FELLMONGERING, TANNING, CURRYING, AND WOOLSCOURING.

Good progress was made in this industry between 1896 and 1901, not so much in the direction of increasing the number of establishments, but in hands employed, with quantity and value of manufacture. The hands increased from 1,629 to 1,963, and the wool scoured or sliped from 19,723,481 lb. to 25,793,239 lb. The value of all produce or manufacture for 1900 was £1,8S8,107, against £1,237,252 in 1895, or more than 50 per cent, in five years.

Census Year.	No of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Motive Power.				Horse-power.	Number of Tan-pits.	Values of Hides Skins,&c.,operation on.	Value of Bark, Coal, Soap,&c
Census Year.	No of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.	Oil.	Horse-power.	Number of Tan-pits.	Values of Hides Skins,&c.,operation on.	Value of Bark, Coal, Soap,&c
		No.	No.	£	£				H.-p.	No.	£	£
1901	119	1,957	6	159,18O	162	57	9	1	1,108	1,216	1,161,965	229,358
1896	117	1,623	6	116,715	208	49	8	..	1	686	1,252	..	134,176
Increase	2	334	..	42,465	..	8	1	1	..	422	..	..	95,182
Decrease	..	..	..	..	100	..	..	..	..	..	36	..	..

Census Year.	Tons of Bark used, and Kind.					Manufactures or Produce for the Years 1900 and 1895.
	Wattle.		New Zealand.	Other Kinds.	Total.	Wool Scoured and Slipped.	Skins stripped of Wool.	Hides tanned.
	Australia.	Tasmania.	New Zealand.	Other Kinds.	Total.	Wool Scoured and Slipped.	Skins stripped of Wool.	Hides tanned.
	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Lb.	No.	No.
1901	3,384	305	465	1,177	5,331	25,793,239	4,026,598	178,075
1896	3,419	1,423	359	24	5,225	19,723,481	3,879,560	154,505
Increase	..	..	100	1,153	106	6,069,758	147,038	23,570
Decrease	35	1,118	..	..	..	..	..	..

Census Year.	Manufactures or Produce for the Years 1900 and 1895—cont.			Total Value of Produce and Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Skins tanned.	Pelts Salted or Preserved.	Other Products.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	No.	No.	£	£	£	£	£
1901	272,775	4,031,974	54,296	1,888,107	52,319	102,855	80,778
1096	856,918	1,418,792	..	1,237,252	41,490	77,186	52,729
Increase	..	2,613,182	..	650,855	10,829	25,669	28,049
Decrease	584,143	..	..	..	..	..	..

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING.

The reports on the censuses of 1891 and 1S96 were to the effect that this industry was not shown as a thriving one by the returns. In the table now put forward the, results are better, as to number of hands employed, vessels built, and total value of all manufacture for the year 1900. But the number of establishments has fallen from 40 to 32, and boat-building is shown to have declined.

Census Year.	Number of Yards.	Hands employed.	Wages paid.	Total Value of all Manufactures (including Repairs), 1900 and 1895.
Census Year.	Number of Yards.	M.	M.
			£	£
1901	32	211	13,476	45,811
1896	40	108	6,724	25,233
Increase	..	103	6,752	20,578
Decrease	8	..	..	..

SAIL, TENT, AND OILSKIN FACTORIES.

As with the ship and boat-building yards, these industries show a decrease in the number of works, but a considerable increase in the number of hands employed and in the value of the output.

The total value of manufactures in 1900 was returned at £41,854, against £30,166, in 1895.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Value of Materials used.	Total Value of all Manufactures,1900 and 1895.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Value of Materials used.	Total Value of all Manufactures,1900 and 1895.	Land.	Building.	Machinery and Plant.
				£	£	£	£	£	£	£
1901	30	150	81	10,446	1,996	24,628	44,854	22,976	15,700	2,217
1896	39	92	51	5,660	1,361	..	30,166	13,105	9,825	693
Increase	..	58	30	4,780	635	..	14,688	9,871	5,875	1,524
Decrease	9	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

FURNITURE FACTORIES.

In this branch of industrial work fuller returns have been obtained for 1901 than were secured in 1896. It may be taken, however, as a fact that a substantial rise took place during the five years in the operations of these establishments.

Census Year.	No. of Factories.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Motive-power.
Census Year.	No. of Factories.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.	Oil.	Electric.
				£	£
1901	144	1,243	67	88,843	2,262	17	4	29	2	8

Census Year.	Horse-power.	Value of Material used.	Total Value of all Manufactures.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Horse-power.	Value of Material used.	Total Value of all Manufactures.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant
	H.-p.	£	£	£	£	£
1901	369	101,595	241,024	75,200	71,884	23,254

CHEMICAL WORKS.

There was up to 1896 a steady growth in the value of the manufacture, from £34,"283 in 1885 to 41.586 in 1890, and to £75,320 in 1895; but the value of output for 1900 was £64,834 only. Ninety-five hands were employed at last census in eight establishments.

WOOLLEN MILLS.

The woollen mills of the colony are now ten in number, and employed 1,693 persons in 1901, 769 being males, and 924 females. These factories, therefore, provide more occupation for women and girls than for the male sex. The increase in male hands employed is from 655 in. 1896 to 769 in 1901, and in females from 761 to 924. In 1891 there were only 373 women and 200 girls.

As to value of manufacture of all kinds, the increase is at the rate of 19 per cent, for five years; the figures being £302,423 for 1895 and £359,382 for 1900.

The increase in quantity of tweed made, from 1,297,012 yards in 1895 to 1,445,867 yards in 1900, or about 12 per cent,, is not so great as that in flannel, the production of which reached 1,191,234 yards for 1900. The production of blankets has also greatly developed, the figures being 28,576 pairs in 1895, and 49,523 pairs in 1900. Rugs, shawls, hosiery, and yarn also show high increases:—

Census Year.	Number of Workers.	Hands employed.		Wages.		Machine-power used.		Horsepower.
Census Year.	Number of Workers.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Horsepower.
				£	£			H.-p.
1901	10^*	769	924	71,454	40,547	9	2	1,554
1896	9	655	761	59,583	32,036	9	2	1,400
Increase	1	114	163	11,871	8,511	..	..	154

Census Year.	Wool used in 1900 and 1895.		Value of Other Materials used.	Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.
Census Year.	Quantity.	Value.	Value of Other Materials used.	Tweed.	Cloth.	Flannel.	Blankets.
	Lb.	£	£	Yds.	Yds.	Yds.	Pairs.
1901	3,257,319	162,920	33,161	1,445,867	..	1,191,234	49,523
1896	3,485,893	100,135	39,182	1,297,012	357,228	554,256	28,576
Increase	..	62,785	..	148,855	..	636,978	20,947
Decrease	228,574	..	6,021	..	357,228	..	..

Census Year.	Manufactures for Years 1900 and 1895—contd.			Total Value of Manufactures.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Shawls and Rugs.	Shirting.	Other Manufactures.	Total Value of Manufactures.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
* One mill not in operation. † “Other manufactures” in 1900 consisted of 234,843 lb. yarn and 53,920 dozen hosiery: and in 1R95, of 168,802 lb. and 5,122 spindles of yarn, 21.4–17 dozen and 28,000 lb. of hosiery. 2,592 kitted garments, and 13,000 mats.
	No.	Yds.		£	£	£	£
1901	26,806	..	^†	359,382	11,264	93,454	172,704
1896	20,020	15,384	^†	302,423	11,050	68,358	144,065
Increase	6,786	..	..	56,959	214	25,096	28,639
Decrease	..	15,384	..	..	..	..	..

CLOTHING AND WATERPROOF FACTORIES.

The number of hands increased from 307 males and 1,751 females to 431 males and 2,081 females in five years. Employing, as it now does, about 2,500 persons, this industry ranks high in regard to the absorption of labour, especially that of the female sex of whom over two thousand are required, as above shown.

The value of all manufacture for the year 1900 was returned at £329,026, against £258,352, in 1895.

The making of waterproof garments is also shown to have developed considerably, whether conducted in combination with clothing factory work of the ordinary kind, or as independent establishments.

CLOTHING FACTORIES.

Census Year.	Number of Factories.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Amount of Horse-power.	Total Value of Manufactures. 1900 and 1895.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Number of Factories.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Amount of Horse-power.	Total Value of Manufactures. 1900 and 1895.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
				£	£	H.-p.	£	£	£	£
1901	21	431	2,081	37,778	63,023	67	329,026	31,200	46,615	11,432
1896	27	307	1,751	26,450	46,789	62	258,352	18,550	29,900	8,254
Increase	..	124	330	11,328	16,234	5	70,674	12,650	16,715	3,178
Decrease	6	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

In addition to clothing factories, six establishments were in 1901 engaged in the manufacture of waterproof garments only. These in 1900 turned out 15,384 waterproofs, valued at £13,378: besides which 25,196 waterproof garments were made in the clothing factories.

WATERPROOF MAKING.

Census Year.	Number of Factories.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Amount of Horse-Power.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Number of Factories.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Amount of Horse-Power.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
				£	£	H.-p.	£	£	£
1901	6	22	92	1,807	2,822	3	3,020	3,655	1,170
1896	4	15	78	1,344	2,540	2	2,650	1,900	766
Increase	2	7	14	463	282	1	370	1,755	404

BOOT AND SHOE FACTORIES.

The total value of all manufactures, as brought out, is £529,254 for 1900. The output from the factories during 1900 was 1,161.873 pairs of boots and shoes, 104,583 pairs of slippers, and 166,027 pairs of uppers.

Excluding gum-boots, during 1900 boots and shoes to the value of £187,629 were imported into the colony, nearly the whole being subject to a duty of 22½ per cent. The United Kingdom supplied to the value of £126,705, and the United States of America £42,658. Besides these were imported boot and shoe vamps and uppers, valued at £8,100. The exports of leather, the produce of the colony, during the same period, were valued at £112,867, and of boots and shoes made in New Zealand, £534.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.		Power.				Horse-Power.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Water.	Gas.	Hand and Oil.	Horse-Power.
				£	£					H.-p.
1901	126^*	1,906	790	165,227	27,216	..	2	26	98	184

Census Year.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1895.	Manufactures for the Years 1900 and 1895.			Total Value of Manufactures.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Value of Materials used in 1900 and 1895.	Boots and Shoes.	Slippers.	Uppers.	Total Value of Manufactures.	Landing	Buildings	Machinery and Plant.
* Including a number of small bootmaking concern which were not dealt with as “factories” at the previous census.
	£	Pairs.	Pairs.	Pairs.	£	£	£	£
1901	273,325	1,161,873	104,583	166,027	529,254	57,415	70,189	49,388

HOSIERY FACTORIES.

At the census of 1896 returns were obtained from 7 stocking-weaving factories, employing 1 male and 132 females. The wages paid amounted to £2,541, and the value of the output to £9,357. The census of 1901 shows a very large increase on these figures, as will be seen in the statement given herewith.

Census Year.	Number of Factories.	Hands employed.		wages paid.		Motive Power.		Horsepower.	Value of Material used.
Census Year.	Number of Factories.	M.	F.	M.	F.	Steam.	Gas.	Horsepower.	Value of Material used.
				£	£			H.p.	£
1951	17^*	17	265	1,328	6,702	2	5	71	18,032

Census Year.	Manufactures for the Year 1900.				Total Value of Manufactures.	Approximate Value of
	Half-hose.	Hose.	Shirts and Pants.	Other Knitted Goods.		Approximate Value of
	Quantity.	Quantity.	Quantity.	Value.		Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
* One factory not in operation in 1900, and one factory in operation six months only.
	Dozen.	Dozen.	Dozen.	£	£	£	£	£
1901	39,001	9,529	1,053	480	31,205	4,005	6,790	8,002

Note.—The above table does not include 53,920 dozen hose, half-hose, under-shirts, pants, and other knitted garments which are given in “Woollen-factories” return.

ROPE AND TWINE WORKS.

Rope and twine making would appear to have advanced since 1895, to judge from the value of all manufactures given in the returns, which amounted to £87,863 for the year 1900, against £52,400 five years before. Nevertheless, the actual quantity of rope made represented in weight is shown as slightly less than at the earlier census year. As to materials used, phormium comes by far the first, 1,502 tons for 1900 being utilised, against 1,452 tons in 1895. Of manila only 291 tons were used, against 169 in 1S95.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.	Wages paid.	Motive Power.				Horse Power.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	M.	Steam	Water.	Gas.	Horse.	Horse Power.
			£					H.p.
1901	17	192	13,130	6	4	1	1	494
1896	24	150	6,840	5	6	..	..	280
Increase	..	42	6,290	1	..	1	1	214
Decrease	7	..	..	..	2	..	..	..

Census Year.	Materials used in 1900 and 1895.
Census Year.	Phormium.		Manila.		Other Materials.		Total Value.
	Tons.	£	Tons.	£	Tons.	£	£
1901	1,502	28,603	291	13,140	87	4,575	46,378
1896	1,452	19,251	169	4,604	85	4,335	28,250
Increase	50	9,412	122	8,476	i 2	240	18,128

Census Year.	Manufactures for 1900 and 1895.				Total Value of all Manufactures.	Approximate Value of.
Census Year.	Rope	Lines.	Twine.	Other Manufactures.	Total Value of all Manufactures.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	£	£	£	£
1901	274	85	1,727	295	87,803	6,546	9,313	39,450
1896	289	27	1,327	37	52,400	7,247	6,855	26,859
Increase	..	58	400	258	35,403	..	2,458	12,591
Decrease	15	..	..	..	..	701	..	..

PHORMIUM MILLS.

A complete collapse in this industry was shown by the returns of 1896. At that time only 52 mills were left in operation, and the hands employed had fallen in number to 484 men and 163 boys. The returns for 1901 show a revival in the mills to 101 in operation, with 1,519 men and 179 boys. In 1891 there were 177 mills with 2,169 men and 1,029 boys, so that the development obtained 10 years ago has not been recovered in full, though the position has improved greatly since 1896. The wages paid stood at £101,046 for the year 1900; nearly 100,000 tons of raw material were used, and 12,000 tons of fibre dressed, besides 1,000 tons of tow produced. The money value of the total output was £203,492, against £32,540 in 1S95, and £234,266 in 1890.

The export of phormium for twelve years has been as under:—

Year.	Exported.	Value.
Year.	Tons.	£
* This is greater than the quantity returned as dressed in 1900.
1890	21,158	381,789
1891	15,809	281,514
1892	12,793	214,542
1893	12,587	219,375
1894	4,677	66,250
1895	1,806	21,040
1896	2,968	32,985
1897	2,769	30,674
1898	4,850	74,556
1899	10,371	184,411
1900	15,900^*	332,182
1901	10,171	195,728

The uncertainty that has attended enterprise in the matter of flax-milling still remains, but an Act has been passed forbidding the shipping of phormium for exportation from New Zealand unless it has been previously inspected by a Government official, and graded under regulations which have been made for the purpose. This will have the effect of preventing badly-dressed flax of an inferior quality from being sent away, and thus injuring the reputation of the article generally by depreciation.

The most important particulars given in the returns are tabulated below:—

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.		Wages paid.	Machine-power used.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	Men.	Boys.	Wages paid.	Steam.	Water.
				£
1901	101	1,519	179	101,046	75	34
1896	52	484	163	17,544	23	30
Increase	49	1,035	16	83,502	52	4

Census Year.	Amount of Horsepower.	No. of Machines used.	Raw Material used, 1900 and 1895.		Fibre dressed, 1900 and 1895.
Census Year.	Amount of Horsepower.	No. of Machines used.	Quantity.	Value.	Quantity.	Value.
	H.-p.		Tons.	£	Tons.	£
1901	1,190	105	96,571	53,064	12,035	201,235
1896	553	65	21,770	7,775	2,999	31,771
Increase	637	40	74,801	45,289	9,036	109,464

Census Year.	Tow produced.		Total Value of Output, 1900 and 1895.	Approximate Value of
Census Year.	Quantity.	Value.	Total Value of Output, 1900 and 1895.	Land.	Buildings.	Machinery and Plant.
	Tons.	£	£	£	£	£
1901	1,062	2,257	203,492	24,644	11,212	28,590
1896	406	775	32,540	12,448	6,531	12,380
Increase	656	1,482	170,940	12,196	4,681	16,210

MINES AND QUARRIES.

GOLD-QUARTZ MINING AND CRUSHING.

Returns were received for 120 gold-quartz mining and crushing works in 1901. In 1896 there were 168 of these returned, and 135 in 1891. Of 120 quartz-crushing works in 1901, employing 4,333 hands, 78, with 3,370 persons employed, belonged to Auckland Provincial District, being located at the Thames, Waihi, and surrounding country.

The census tables show £796,871 as the total value of the gold obtained by quartz-crushing in the year 1900. Comparison with the two previous censuses shows the output in 1895 (£492,478) to have been higher than that of 1890, but considerably less than that for 1900, quoted above.

The value of the machinery and plant for quartz-crushing increased from £241,715 in 1890, and £335,474 in 1895, to £735,927 in 1900.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.	Wages paid.	Machine-power used.		Horsepower.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	M.	Steam.	Water.	Horsepower.
			£			H.-p.
1901	120	4,333	382,658	148	74	5,919
1896	168	2,814	226,791	49	70	3,688
Increase	..	1,519	155,867	99	4	2,231
Decrease	48	..	..	..	..	..

Census Year.	Quartz crushed.	Gold produced 1000 and 1895.	Silver produced 1900 and 1895.	Value of Gold and Silver produced 1900 and 1895.	Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant.
	Tons.	Oz.	Oz.	£	£
1901	356,058	214,789	326,457	790,871	735,927
1896	163,743	149,612	81,302	492,478	335,474
Increase	192,315	65,177	245,155	304,393	400,453

HYDRAULIC GOLD-MINING.

Returns for the purposes of the table showing results of hydraulic gold-mining were obtained from public companies and parties of miners operating on a large scale; but, so far as the numbers of persons employed are concerned, nothing like the actual facts are disclosed, and the quantity of gold shown to have been won must fall far short of the true total. The number of men engaged in all kinds of alluvial gold-mining during the year ended 31st March, 1901, was 7,659 Europeans and 1,576 Chinese. Of these nearly 1,000 were employed in dredging. The hands employed shown in the tables for the two classes of alluvial mining number 1,927, so that there must be some 7,300 Europeans and Chinese whose earnings are not included in the tables.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed	Machine-power used.		Amount of Horsepower.	Claims working Day and Night, or Day only.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	Water.	Electricity	Amount of Horsepower.	Claims working Day and Night, or Day only.
					H.-p.
1901	130^*	962	21	2	342	Day and night, 37
1901	130^*	962	21	2	342	Day only, 87
1896	105	744	28	2	156	Day and night, 32
1896	105	744	28	2	156	Day only, 73
Increase	25	218	..	..	186	..
Decrease	..	..	7	..	..	..

Census Year.	Expenditure during 1900 and 1895.					Yield of Gold.	Value of Cold.
Census Year.	Labour.	Water.	Plant and Repairs.	Management.	Total.	Yield of Gold.	Value of Cold.
* Six mines were not in operation during 1900.
	£	£	£	£	£	Oz.	£
1901	76,008	19,398	26,373	6,652	128,431	35,059	135,944
1896	48,904	17,414	40,183	7,208	113,769	31,161	122,871
Increase	27,044	1,984	..	..	14,662	3,898	13,073
Decrease	..	13,810	556	..	..	..

GOLD-DREDGING.

During the quinquennial period 1895–1900 this class of industry has become of great importance, not only as a gold-producer, but from the fact that all the works in connection with the building and repairing of dredges is done in the colony. The number of dredges increased from 35 in 1895 to 145 in 1900, and the hands employed from 258 to 965. The yield of gold during 1900 was 71,778 oz., valued at £287,061, against 18,124 oz. and £70,016 in 1895. The expenditure in 1900 was as follows:—

	£
Labour	78,238
Coal, plant, and repairs	188,046
Management	16,308
Total	282,592

The capital invested in dredging is £690,430, and the value of machinery and plant £528,600. Of the total number, 121 dredges belonged to the Otago Provincial District, 23 to Nelson and West-laud, and 1 to Marlborough.

Census Year.	Number of Works.	Hands employed.	Machine-power used.			Amount of Horse-power.
Census Year.	Number of Works.	M.	Steam.	Water.	Unspecified.	Amount of Horse-power.
* See note on next page.
						H-p.
1901	145^*	965	134	9	3,041
1896	35	258	30	3	..	963
Increase	130	707	104	..	9	2,078
Decrease	..	..	..	1	..	..

Census Year.	Expenditure during 1900 and 1895.				Yield of Gold.	Value of Gold.	Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant.
Census Year.	Labour.	Coal, Plant, and Repairs.	Management.	Total.	Yield of Gold.	Value of Gold.	Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant.
*Including 31 dredges not in operation during 1900, and 10 dredges for which no particulars of operations could be obtained, Three of the dredges were working a few months only.
	£	£	£	£	Oz.	£	£
1901	78,238	188,046	10,308	282,592	71,778	287,061	528,600
1896	27,124	25,159	4,264	56,547	18,124	70,016	86,003
Increase	51,114	162,887	12,044	226,045	53,654	217,045	442,597

It must be remembered that a great part of the gold yield in the colony is obtained from alluvial workings, of which no returns are required by the Census Act to be rendered, so that the figures given above must not be regarded as showing any approach to the total production, which amounted to £1,439,602, or, with silver, £1,478,481, for the year 1900.

The returns for quartz-mining and gold-dredging are believed to be fairly correct, but those for hydraulic mining fall far short of the total. No attempt has been made to obtain returns from individual miners or small parties, and these comprise the bulk of the alluvial miners.

COLLIERIES.

The table shows the full output of all the collieries in the colony during 1900. The quantity mined was 1,093,990 tons, against 726,654 in 1895, an increase of 367,336 tons or over 50 per cent. The quantity imported during 1900 was 124,033 tons, and the export amounted to 114,358 tons, 112,707 tons of which were New Zealand produce. The number of persons employed in coal-mining increased from 1,799 in 1895 to 2,460 in 1900, and the value of machinery and plant from £148,367 in 1896 to £372,093 in 1901.

Census year.	Number of Coal-Mines.	Hands Employed.	Wages Paid.	Motive Power.				Horsepower,	Quality of Coal mined during the Year 1900
Census year.	Number of Coal-Mines.	Males.	Males.	Stream.	Water.	Horse.	Wind.	Horsepower,	Brown.	Pitch.
			£					H.-p.	Tons.	Tons.
1901	145	2,460	212,089	32	9	23	2	2,852	339,786	37,804

Census Year.	Quality of Coal mined during the Year 1900 -contd,		Total Quantity of Coal won.	Total Cost of Production.	Total Value of Output.	Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant.
Census Year.	Lignite.	Bituminous and bituminous	Total Quantity of Coal won.	Total Cost of Production.	Total Value of Output.	Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant.
Note.—Several private mines worked by owners for their own requirements are not included in the above.
	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	£	£	£
1901	42,538	673,862	1,093,990	1 365,787	540,778	372,093

SUMMARISED RESULTS.

A summary of all the information obtained under the Census Act relating to mines and quarries is appended:—

——	Number of Works.			Number of Hands employed,
——	2901.	1896.	1891.	1900.	1895.	1890.
Gold-quartz mining and crushing works	120	168	135	4,333	2,814	1,971
Hydraulic geld mining	130	105	74	962	744	495
Gold-dredging	145	35	74	965	258	495
Collieries §	145	164	95	2,460	1,799	1,655
Stone (building) quarries	8	12	9	58	59	35
Stone (road-metal, &c.) quarries	8	12	9	58	59	35
Totals	548	484	313	8,778	5,674	4,156

——	Approximate Value of Output.			Approximate Value of Machinery and Plant
——	1900.	1805.	1890.	1000.	1895.	1890.
* value of machinery and plant used in hydraulic gold-mining not returned; capital invested, 505,674. † capital invested, information incomplete. ‡ capital invested, 1161,990. Figures for 1895–96 taken from Mines Report; census returns found incomplete, and results not reliable. Value output taken at 10s. per cent.

Gold-quartz raining and crushing works.	796,871	492,478	278,893	735,927	335,474	241,715
Hydraulic gold-mining	135,944	113,769	73,713	207,750	^*	154,270
Gold-dredging	287,061	70,016	73,713	528,600^†	^‡86,003	154,270
Collieries §	540,778	370,400	279,777	372,093	148,367	155,671
Stone (building) quarries	2,793	6,041	4,487	4,660	4,070	6,744
Stone (road-metal, &c.) quarries	8,3711	6,041	4,487	4,660	4,070	6,744
Totals	1,771,818	1,052,701	636,870	l,849,030	573,914^*	558,400

PUBLIC LIBRARIES, MECHANICS‧ INSTITUTES, AND OTHER LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS.

The total shown by the census of 1901 of these institutions was only 260 as against 304 at the enumeration of 1896, but the figures for 1901 do not show the full number of libraries, &c. Many of the returns were destroyed at a tire which occurred in the Census Office while the compilation was proceeding. Full details cannot therefore be given.

PLACES OF PUBLIC WORSHIP.

The total number of buildings returned as being used for public worship in 1901 was 1,701 against 1,987 in 1896, but the figures for 1901 are incomplete, many of the returns having been lost at the tire alluded to above. Of the 1,701 returns which were saved 1,209 represented churches or chapels used exclusively for public worship, 297 schoolhouses in which religious services were held, and 195 halls and other public buildings.

Appendix B. Appendix B.—Maori Census.

Table of Contents

MAORI POPULATION as ENUMERATED, 1874 to 1901.

Half-Castes.

Proportions At Different Age-Groups.

PROPORTIONS per 100 PERSONS LIVING.—MAORIS.

Tribes.

The census of the Maori population—that is, full-blooded Maoris, with all half-castes living as members of a Native tribe—was taken under the supervision of the officers of the Justice Department in the latter part of February, 1901. The enumeration of the Natives cannot be effected for one particular night, as is done with Europeans, but it is done as quickly and thoroughly as is possible under the circumstances existing.

The enumeration was made to state the names of the Natives in the Sub-Enumerator's books, besides information as to sex, age, principal tribe, sub-tribe, or hapu to which belonging, and particulars as to extent of cultivations owned individually or communally, with live stock.

Enumerators for the Maori census were directed to report on the health of the Natives, which is stated to have been generally good— that is, no epidemic disease was observed, though occasional outbreaks of influenza, fevers, &c., had happened since 1896.

The departmental report of 1st June, 1901, comments thus:—

As a knowledge of sanitary laws increases among the Maoris it may be expected that certain causes of disease will gradually disappear. But it is useless to expect the social habits of a people to conform to another standard all at once. While it is true that social conditions are susceptible of almost infinite modification, it is equally true that such modification can occur only after long periods of time.…

The diffusion of knowledge must tend to uplift the Maoris. The transforming powers of education and association are at work, and must in time have their effect. The village schools are steadily improving the general standard of knowledge among the Maori people as a whole, while the higher schools turn out a number of intelligent young fellows who want only the opportunity to show the value of the training they have received. Suitable openings in the public service are limited, but the Government has displayed a sympathetic regard for deserving Maori youths wherever possible. There are now two Native medical students attending the Otago University, and the recent appointment of Dr. Pomare as Native Health Officer is expected to do much good in the direction of sanitary and social reform. Much also is hoped from the Maori Councils Act of last session, which confers on the Natives a limited measure of local self-government, and enables them to regulate and control habits and customs which are harmful alike to the individual and the community. Many of the older chiefs, as well as the educated younger generation, are showing a very intelligent interest in the reform movement, but they want to be shown what to do and how to do it.…

The reports of the Enumerators and Sub-enumerators contain much of interest. Crime does not prevail in any marked degree. The Natives as a whole are becoming more and more temperate every year. The drunken orgies that were once common are in a great measure things of the past. In several of the reports reference is made to their adoption of the European style of living; some are sheep-farmers, others cultivate their land, while others again engage in various forms of remunerative labour. Every year the spread of settlement brings them into closer touch with their pakeha neighbours, and subjects them to the influence of European example. Their ultimate destiny must remain a matter of speculation.

The proportion of the Maori population to that of European descent was in the years 1896 and 1901 one Maori to every eighteen Europeans. It is in the North Island that the proportion of Maoris to Europeans is by far the highest, being one in every ten, against one in one hundred and eighty-nine for the South and Stewart Islands.

The percentage of each race to the population was:—

	European Per Cent.	Maori Per Cent.
North Island	90.56	9.44
Middle Island	99.50	0.50
Stewart Island	70.83	29.17
Chatham Islands	49.52	50.48

In February, 1901, the number of Maoris on the principal islands of New Zealand was as shown hereunder:—

	Maoris.			Half-castes living as Members of Maori Tribes (included in the preceding Numbers).
	Persons.	Males.	Females.	Persons.	Males.	Females.
North Island	40,715	21,919	13,790	2,517	1,379	1,138
Middle Island	1,009	1,022	887	551	288	263
Stewart Island	112	66	46	13	5	8
Chatham Islands—
Maoris	180	90	90	34	14	20
Morioris	31	15	16	18	8	10
Maori wives living with European husbands ..	196	..	196	..	..	..
Totals	43,143	23,112	20,031	3,133	1,694	1,439

Besides the half-castes included in the above table, there were 2,407 half-castes (males, 1,188; females, 1,219) living with and enumerated as Europeans at the time of the census.

The above total of 43,143 shows an increase on the population as enumerated in 1896 of 3,289 persons. But the figures for 1896 showed a large decrease, and the increase for the period 1896–1901 is too great to be taken as an absolute fact—at least to the full extent shown. That some degree of increase has recently taken place is highly probable, although averaging the results of the different enumerations of Maoris made since 1878 conveys the idea of a stationary population.

MAORI POPULATION as ENUMERATED, 1874 to 1901.

	Persons.	Increase.	Decrease.
1874 (first census)	45,470
1878 (first census)	43,595		1,875
1881 (first census)	44,097	502
1886 (first census)	41,969		2,128
1891 (first census)	41,993	24
1896 (first census)	39,854		2,139
1901 (first census)	43,143	3,289

Half-Castes.

The half-caste population consists of those who live as members of Maori tribes, and others living with and counted as Europeans in the census. Adding the numbers of the two kinds gives the following figures for three censuses:—

Census,	Half-castes living as Members of Maori Tribes. Persons.	Half-castes living as Europeans. Persons.	Total Half-caste Population. Persons.
1891	2,681	2,184	4,865
1896	3,503	2,259	5,762
1901	3,133	2,407	5,540

Here the half-castes who were living as members of tribes are shown as decreasing in number since 1896, while those living as Europeans increased at both periods under review.

Proportions At Different Age-Groups.

It has been stated that the increase shown by the census of 1901 in the Maori population can scarcely be considered a certainly to the full degree exhibited. The proportions of the people under and over fifteen years are now given for six successive census years, and the figures for 1896 and 1901 tend to show a growing proportion at the earlier ages.

PROPORTIONS per 100 PERSONS LIVING.—MAORIS.

	Males.		Females.
	Under 15 Years.	Over 15 Years.	Under 15 Years.	Over 15 Years.
1901	35.75	64.25	37.89	62.11
1896	35.28	64.72	36.82	63.18
1891	33.22	66.78	35.22	64.78
1886	31.04	68.36	33.56	66.44
1881	33.65	66.35	34.04	65.36
1878	32.00	63.00	31.63	68.37

The proportions per cent. under 15 years of the young people of either sex are somewhat different from those found in the European population, viz.: Males under 15, 32.24; over 15 years, 67.76; and females under 15, 34.66; and over 15 years, 65.34.

Tribes.

Of the principal tribes residing in the North Island, the Ngapuhi again shows the greatest number of persons, and the next in importance was Ngatikahungunu. Waikato and Ngatiporou had over four thousand persons living. The Arawa had over three thousand, Ngatiraukawa, Rarawa, and Wanganui between two and three thousand each. A complete statement is given:—

Principal Tribes in the North Island.
	Persons.
Ngapuhi	6,359
Ngatikahungunu	5,064
Waikato	4,457
Ngatiporou	4,152
Arawa	3,547
Rarawa	2,842
Whanganui	2,327
Ngatiraukawa	2,084
Ngatiawa	1,701
Ngatimaniapoto	1,570
Ngatimaru	1,350
Urewera	1,094
Ngaiterangi	913
Ngatiruanui	853
Whanau-a-Apanui	711
Taranaki	639
Whakatohea	598
Ngatiwhatua	356
Unspecified	98
	40,715

Principal Tribes in the South Island.
Ngatikahungunu	1,549
Ngatiawa	211
Waikato	85
Others	64
	1,909

Principal Tribe in Stewart Island.
	Persons.
Ngatikahungunu	112.

Principal Tribes in Chatham islands.
	Persons.
Ngatiawa	180
Moriori	31
	211

The total number of Maoris enumerated in each county is added, as showing the localisation of the Natives throughout the colony. Further particulars as to sex, age, &c., will be found in the complete tables belonging to Appendix B of the Census volume:—

Countries.	Persons.
Mongonui	2,093
Whangaroa	743
Hokianga	2,330
Bay of Islands	2,235
Hobson	984
Whangarei	739
Otamatea	186
Rodney	173
Waitemata	171
Eden	223
Great Barrier Island	37
Waiheke Island	70
Manukau	734
Coromandel	565
Thames	774
Ohinemuri	630
Piako	409
Waikato	983
Waipa	226
Raglan	1,499
Kawhia	1,649
West Taupo	1,130
East Taupo	651
Rotorua	971
Tauranga	1,301
Whakatane	3,170
Waiapu	2,474
Cook	1,803
Clifton	420
Taranaki	1,020
Stratford	43
Hawera	853
Patea	274
Waitotara and Wanganui	1,689
Kangitikei	459
Oroua	433
Pohangina	3
Manawatu	252
Horowhenua	1,035
Wairoa	1,991
Hawke's Bay	1,605
Waipawa	403
Patangata	181
Pahiatua	24
Wairarapa North	337
Wairarapa South	476
Hutt	264
Sounds	263
Marlborough	79
Kaikoura	78
Collingwood	22
Waimea	107
Buller	23
Westland	60
Ashley	188
Selwyn	56
Akaroa	293
Levels and Geraldine	134
Waimate	65
Waitaki	117
Waikouaiti	168
Peninsula	92
Taieri	42
Clutha	22
Southland	2
Wallace	98
Stewart Island	112
Chatham Islands	211

Appendix C. APPENDIX C.—OCCUPATION OF LAND, LIVESTOCK, &c.

Table of Contents

OCCUPATION OF LAND; AND LIVE-STOCK.

OCCUPIED LANDS: HOLDINGS.

OCCUPIED LANDS: ACREAGES.

OCCUPATION OF LAND: TENURE.

OCCUPATION OF LAND: NUMBER AND AREA OF HOLDINGS (INCLUDING CROWN PASTORAL LEASES).

LIVE-STOCK.

NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1900, AND 1901.

LAMBING RETURNS.—AVERAGES.

NUMBER OF PIGS IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT.

PRIOR to 1896 an account of the occupied holdings, cultivation, and live stock was taken by the Registrar-General with other census returns, but by legislation passed in 1895 he is now authorised to adopt and use for purposes of the census the figures published by the Department of Agriculture.

OCCUPATION OF LAND; AND LIVE-STOCK.

The occupation of land must not be confused with ownership,^* because there are large parcels of lands held which are unused and unoccupied. Neither can lands occupied be properly compared with the returns of Crown lands alienated or in process of alienation, for certain lands have passed into the hands of Europeans which were never made waste lands of the Crown.

The occupied lands of the colony for 1901–1902 have been returned by the Department of Agriculture at 35,507,889 acres, including Crown lands leased for pastoral purposes only, or 596,310 acres in excess of the quantity for the preceding year.

Tables are given showing the numbers and acreages of holdings, grouped according to size, for the last live years in which the Department of Agriculture has compiled the information.

In 1895 the holdings of over 1 acre in extent, as returned to the Registrar-General, numbered only 46,076. Holdings occupied by Maoris were excluded, besides holdings of exactly one acre, also gardens and orchards attached to residences.^†

OCCUPIED LANDS: HOLDINGS.

[This and the succeeding statement deal with the full extent of occupied land, including Crown pastoral leases.]

Sizes of Holdings.	No. of Holdings.
Sizes of Holdings.	1897–98.	1898–99.	1899–1900.	1900–1901.	1901–02.
1 acre to 10 acres, inclusive	17,133	17,230	17,454	17,468	17,817
10 acres to 50 acres, inclusive	11,182	11,426	11,505	11,399	11,531
50 acres to 100 acres inclusive	7,068	7,276	7,195	7,162	7,130
100 acres to 200 acres inclusive	9,192	9,164	9,177	9,080	9,332
200 acres to 320 acres inclusive	5,481	5,584	5,675	5,751	5,898
320 acres to 640 acres inclusive	5,436	5,555	5,830	6,023	6,201
640 acres to 1,000 acres inclusive	1,956	1,946	2,128	2,212	2,324
1,000 acres to 5,000 acres inclusive	2,454	2,589	2,667	2,802	2,854
5,000 acres to 10,000 acres inclusive	345	369	352	392	393
10,000 acres to 20,000 acres inclusive	246	220	233	233	234
20,000 acres to 50,000 acres inclusive	164	175	169	167	165
50,000 acres and over	102	105	100	97	103
	60,759	61,639	62,485	62,786	63,982

The holdings are shown to have increased by the number of 3,223 since 1897–98.

* The only information in reference to ownership of land, which is available, gives figures up to the year 1892. It is contained in Parliamentary Return B.-20 A of that year and states the total number of owners of land (town and country holdings of all sizes) to be 91,501 for the colony. But the Commissioner of Taxes pointed out in his remarks that the most important figures (showing ownership of productive land) are those of freeholders outside boroughs and town districts, and excluding holdings of under 5 acres. These figures are:—

NEW ZEALAND OWNERS (OVER 5 ACRES).
Year 1892	38,935
Year 1889	37,432
Year 1886	34,450
Year 1883	30,764

† At the census of April, 1896, the actual number of persons described in the census schedules as having occupations necessitating their occupying holdings of land was 36,643. This number includes 31,577 farmers, 2,115 runholders, 1,402 market-gardeners, 619 horticulturists, 430 dairy-farmers, 225 fruit-growers, 175 nurserymen, 33 vignerons, 32 poultry-farmers, 19 bee-farmers, and 16 others.

The total acreage of occupied land is given in table:—

OCCUPIED LANDS: ACREAGES.

Sizes of Holdings in Acres.	1897–98. Acres.	1898–99. Acres.	1899–1900. Acres.	1900–1901. Acres.	1901–02. Acres.
1 to 10 inclusive	68,929	68,671	70,290	71,387	73,954
10 to 50 inclusive	317,321	315,651	322,936	320,158	324,620
50 to 100 inclusive	558,798	570,503	568,718	556,868	560,888
100 to 200 inclusive	1,396,699	1,401,171	1,404,581	1,389,120	1,431,532
200 to 320 inclusive	1,431,406	1,469,859	1,475,195	1,493,761	1,543,749
320 to 640 inclusive	2,492,275	2,568,462	2,688,231	2,772,325	2,836,787
640 to 1,000 inclusive	1,611,267	1,649,580	1,731,636	1,843,235	1,924,982
1,000 to 5,000 inclusive	5,165,119	5,364,539	5,495,467	5,715,047	5,849,516
5,000 to 10,000 inclusive	2,416,149	2,579,773	2,451,073	2,591,497	2,525,849
10,000 to 20,000 inclusive	3,501,576	3,274,623	3,201,355	3,272,741	3,285,879
20,000 to 50,000 inclusive	5,251,819	5,448,033	5,535,541	5,417,990	5,578,887
50,000 and over	9,769,121	9,675,403	9,477,632	9,467,444	9,571,246
	33,980,479	34,386,268	34,422,653	34,911,573	35,507,889

In regard to holdings, out of a total of 63,982 in 1902, the large proportion of 36,478. or 57.01 per cent., were from 1 to 100 acres in extent; 45,810 or 71.60 per cent., were from 1 to 200 acres; and 51,708, or 80.82 per cent., were from 1 to 320 acres in size. The total number over 320 acres was only 12,274, or 19.18 per cent. of the whole, thus indicating a considerable degree of moderately close settlement, although the area of the holdings over the 320 acres limit necessarily shows as very large in a table which includes the Crown pastoral leases.

The plan of excluding these leases from the table showing the holdings in classes has its advantages, though not now adopted.

From the total extent of occupied land shown for the colony, such of the area of the Crown pastoral leases as has been distinguished by the enumerators can be deducted, and comparison then made for the census years 1886 and 1891, and the Agricultural Department returns for 1901–1902. The figures are:—

—	Census Results, March, 1886.	Census Results, April, 1891.	Figures returned by Department of Agriculture, 1901–1902.
	Acres.	Acres.	Acres.
Total area of occupied land (after deducting Crown pastoral leases)	17,077,074	19,951,925	27,333,808

The acreage shown in the returns as held on Crown pastoral lease would appear to have been understated in the returns rendered by occupiers, for the table (which is given hereunder) shows a little more than eight millions of acres. The figures in the previous column headed “Held from Crown under various tenures” seem greater than they should be, judging from the Lands Department returns. Possibly there may have been some misplacements, and caution is advised in using the numbers in the last two columns.

OCCUPATION OF LAND: TENURE.

Provincial Districts.	Total Area of Holdings.	Freehold.	Leased from Private Individual or Public Bodies.	Leased from Natives.	Held from Crown under Different Tenures.	Held under Pastoral Lease.
* For remarks as to the accuracy of the figures in the columns see above.
	Acres.	Acres.	Acres.	Acres.	Acres.	Acres.
Auckland	5,677,445	3,897,193	495,243	378,271	851,710	55,028
Taranaki	1,039,723	554,024	216,718	88,672	179,824	485
Hawke's Bay	3,336,744	1,789,457	333,621	895,194	243,012	75,460
Wellington	3,844,577	2,452,528	494,844	374,296	519,795	3,114
Marlborough	2,278,946	820,866	67,441	20,515	795,815	574,309
Nelson	2,025,307	1,007,017	312,941	20,468	216,945	467,936
Westland	498,498	62,984	23,516	2,191	242,255	167,552
Canterbury	6,493,592	2,723,309	1,047,958	11,929	479,893	2,230,443
Otago	10,313,057	2,929,473	1,161,030	10,899	1,611,901	4,599,754
Totals	35,507,889	16,236,911	4,153,312	1,802,435	5,141,150 ^*	8,174,081 ^*

It would appear that holders of their lands from the Crown do not return to collectors so much as the quantity on which they pay rent to Government. The acreages stated to be held under Crown pastoral lease do not agree with the tables of the Lands Department.

Arranged according to the number of holdings, the provincial districts stand in order as under:—

Auckland	15,994 holdings.
Otago	13,833 holdings.
Canterbury	10,853 holdings.
Wellington	10,537 holdings.
Taranaki	4,389 holdings.
Hawke's Bay	3,153 holdings.
Nelson	3,102 holdings.
Marlborough	1,438 holdings.
Westland	683 holdings.

The occupied holdings of the North Island now considerably outnumber those of the Middle Island, the numbers being: North Island, 34,073; Middle Island, 29,909. For the year 1896–97 the returns showed 29,535 holdings for the Middle Island, against 29,369 for the North, besides 36 holdings at the Chatham Islands, of which no account was taken for the last five years.

The full details of holdings and acreages, classified according to size, for the year 1901–1902 will be found in the table hereunder:—

OCCUPATION OF LAND: NUMBER AND AREA OF HOLDINGS (INCLUDING CROWN PASTORAL LEASES).

As compiled by the Department of Agriculture.

TABLE showing for the Year 1901–1902 the Occupied Holdings and the Acreages (including Crown Pastoral Leases) in Groups of Sizes, according to the Provincial Districts.

Provincial Districts	Total of Holdings.	1–10 Acres, inclusive.	Over 10–50 Acres, inclusive.	Over 50–100 Acres, inclusive.	Over 100–200 Acres, inclusive.	Over 200–320 Acres, inclusive.	Over 320–640 Acres, inclusive.	Over 640–1,000 Acres, inclusive.	Over 1,000–5,000 Acres, inclusive.	Over 5,000–10,000 Acres, inclusive.	Over 10,000–20,000 Acres, inclusive.	Over 20,000–50,000 Acres, inclusive.	Over 50,000 Acres.
Auckland: Area in acres	5,677,415	18,174	88,138	160,630	363,402	379,575	656,944	432,122	1,199,561	511,241	500,932	608,131	58,595
Number of holdings	15,994	4,627	2,881	2,911	2,336	1,442	1,438	511	611	76	35	17	9
Taranaki: Area in acres	1,039,723	2,830	16,786	56,847	172,730	150,386	221,905	111,818	278,375	14,046	14,000	…	…
Number of holdings	4,389	552	567	727	1,149	591	505	145	150	2	1	…	…
Hawke's Bay: Area in acres	3,336,744	4,964	17,451	18,635	38,785	47,893	111,347	81,962	486,417	389,276	572,982	1,057,420	500,612
Number of holdings	3,153	1,118	654	240	258	186	239	109	211	67	44	26	7
Wellington : Area in acres	3,844,577	12,250	48,552	91,199	268,111	247,634	490,737	391,640	988,416	420,753	460,363	235,503	189,419
Number of holdings	10,537	2,785	1,838	1,141	1,688	968	1,066	468	476	84	33	8	2
Marlborough : Area in acres	2,278,946	1,552	4,681	8,659	22,333	31,224	79,906	76,467	245,723	151,766	195,823	375,379	1,091,433
Number of holdings	1,438	468	170	108	154	113	165	90	116	19	15	11	9
Nelson: Area in acres	2,025,307	3,103	18,120	28,234	73,089	74,995	133,738	89,603	232,184	37,052	138,680	362,699	833,810
Number of holdings	3,102	765	647	359	507	272	291	114	115	6	8	11	7
Westland: Area in acres	498,498	758	4,098	6,408	16,925	14,356	23,531	18,289	76,341	83,166	102,220	152,406	…
Number of holdings	683	201	128	82	112	52	48	18	19	10	7	6	…
Canterbury: Area in acres	6,493,592	14,964	62,141	88,950	188,662	227,135	410,149	278,095	1,082,250	397,590	470,095	1,097,648	2,176,213
Number of holdings	10,853	3,359	2 243	1,161	1,272	887	906	326	546	60	33	35	25
Otago : Area in acres	10,313,057	15,559	64,653	101,326	288,095	370,551	708,230	450,986	1,260,249	520,959	830,784	1,689,701	4,012,164
Number of holdings	13,833	3,942	2,403	1,301	1,856	1,407	1,543	543	610	75	58	51	44
Totals Area in acres	35,507,889	73,954	324,620	560,888	1,431,532	1,543,749	2,836,787	1,924,982	5,849,516	2,525,849	3,285,879	5,578,887	9,571,246
Number of holdings	63,982	17,817	11,531	7,130	9,332	5,898	6,201	2,324	2,854	393	234	165	103

LIVE-STOCK.

A comparative table is presented showing the increase in livestock since the year 1858. The figures are taken from the census as far as 1891, but for 1895–96 and following years the results of the enumeration made annually by the Department of Agriculture under “The Agricultural and Pastoral Statistics Act, 1895,” have been made use of.

Year.	Horses.	Asses and Mules.	Cattle.	Sheep.	Goats.	Pigs.	Poultry.
* Not enumerated. † Numbers for April, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, and 1901.
1858	14,912	122	137,204	1,523,324	11,797	40,734	^*
1861	28,275	153	193,285	2,761,383	12,191	43,270	236,098
1864	49,409	339	249,760	4,937,273	12,005	61,276	378,414
1867	65,715	323	312,835	8,418,579	11,964	115,104	676,065
1871	81,028	397	436,592	9,700,629	12,434	151,460	872,174
1874	99,859	267	494,917	11,704,853	14,276	123,921	1,058,198
1878	137,768	241	578,430	13,069,338	14,243	207,337	1,323,542
1881	161,736	362	698,637	12,985,085	11,223	200,083	1,566,114
1886	187,382	297	853,358	16,564,595	10,220	277,901	1,679,021
1891	211,040	348	831,831	18,128,186	9,055	308,812	1,790,070
1895–96	237,418	426	1,047,901	19,826,604^†	^*	239,778	^*
1896–97	249,813	434	1,138,067	19,138,493^†	^*	209,834	^*
1897–98	252,834	393	1,209,165	19,687,954^†	^*	186,027	^*
1898–99	258,115	534	1,203,024	19,673,725^†	^*	193,512	^*
1899–1900	261,931	459	1,222,139	19,348,506^†	^*	249,751	^*
1900–1901	266,245	480	1,256,680	19,355,195^†	^*	250,975	^*
1901–1902	279,072	406	1,361,784	20,233,099^†	^*	224,024	^*

The stock owned by Maoris in the year 1901, which is included above, comprised 317,436 sheep, and 36,943 head of cattle. The number of horses is not specified, but is known to be large.

TABLE SHOWING FOR EACH COUNTRY IN NEW ZEALAND THE NUMBER OF HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, AND PIGS IN 1901.
County.	Horses, November, 1901.	Cattle, including Calves, November, 1901.	Dairy Cows, included in foregoing.	Sheep, including Lambs, April, 1901.	Pigs, November, 1901.
* Not including 39,001 heifers over two years old intended for dairying.
Mongonui	1,958	8,045	1,287	27,466	3,573
Whangaroa	790	1,687	107	7,425	1,293
Bay of Islands	2,436	10,523	1,814	36,493	1,757
Hokianga	2,102	4,949	1,190	9,698	1,866
Rodney	1,951	12,451	2,820	78,585	590
Whangarei	4,245	26,155	7,263	36,784	1,722
Otamatea	1,631	13,628	2,119	51,518	868
Hobson	3,023	20,694	3,263	18,455	3,613
Waitemata	2,345	11,517	3,651	38,412	1,249
Eden	5,997	6,561	3,683	2,882	2,483
Manukau	8,218	48,143	17,071	94,933	6,166
Coromandel	717	3,072	819	13,378	526
Thames	1,861	4,728	1,749	7,455	1,362
Ohinemuri	2,025	5,897	1,643	4,286	3,029
Waikato	3,190	21,409	5,417	72,822	3,104
Raglan	3,026	24,887	3,292	84,904	3,144
Waipa	2,159	12,124	3,714	37,397	1,860
Piako	2,976	31,764	4,276	170,519	2,058
West Taupo and Kawhia	4,868	18,144	1,334	34,870	8,196
East Taupo and Rotorua	2,067	2,413	241	29,241	1,959
Tauranga	2,400	14,604	2,211	3,565	1,705
Whakatane	1,307	4,381	1,080	22,664	877
Opotiki	1,455	6,437	1,522	18,737	875
Waiapu	3,913	16,049	381	327,039	5,410
Cook	6,993	40,007	3,489	887,066	2,570
Clifton	1,309	17,947	4,226	26,102	1,124
Taranaki	5,805	70,381	28,668	30,806	6,617
Stratford	2,553	35,759	14,743	97,513	3,060
Hawera	6,210	74,338	29,044	168,714	7,677
Patea	2,944	26,545	6,587	241,257	1,816
Wairoa	3,237	9,916	759	543,413	722
Hawke's Bay	8,043	33,913	4,135	1,293,333	4,457
Patangata	2,781	30,281	614	762,223	647
Waipawa	5,449	41,532	9,060	699,452	2,724
Waitotara	1,994	12,497	3,595	171,129	1,273
Wanganui	4,775	18,323	4,466	393,922	3,655
Rangitikei	5,546	31,610	6,981	560,566	2,728
Oroua	5,620	35,894	15,039	326,318	6,283
Kiwitea	2,183	18,119	5,732	273,028	2,479
Pohangina	999	8,340	2,697	120,171	1,451
Manawatu	2,457	19,411	5,840	192,169	2,588
Horowhenua	2,782	20,326	6,341	151,852	2,981
Hutt	4,877	14,150	7,791	207,574	3,272
South Wairarapa	5,142	43,684	8,043	628,414	4,757
Masterton	3,259	22,430	2,944	560,640	1,548
Castlepoint	478	6,095	395	149,788	71
Akitio	1,210	11,196	1,095	148,657	486
Pahiatua	1,890	20,714	7,298	219,832	2,879
Eketahuna	1,018	8,365	3,752	71,529	1,623
Mauriceville	363	3,285	1,479	63,949	487
Marlborough	3,495	4,687	2,248	515,022	2,019
Sounds	716	4,452	1,503	149,548	1,277
Kaikoura	1,052	2,726	909	157,242	404
Collingwood	1,173	6,673	2,270	45,321	1,997
Waimea	4,756	12,316	5,020	213,037	4,197
Buller	485	3,867	1,521	2,146	659
Inangahua	900	6,496	1,436	21,313	1,077
Amuri	1,383	3,877	403	391,718	181
Cheviot	856	1,322	537	195,273	705
Westland	1,439	10,783	2,417	16,306	710
Grey	824	6,184	1,813	10,330	953
Ashley	8,034	16,114	6,373	814,615	8,950
Selwyn	15,427	27,953	14,461	705,923	22,400
Akaroa	2,631	23,169	5,414	244,594	2,724
Ashburton	9,287	9,316	3,568	881,633	7,929
Geraldine	4,133	6,619	2,140	674,490	3,359
Levels	3,401	5,082	2,017	674,490	1,765
Waimate	5,235	8,319	2,152	602,705	3,409
Mackenzie	1,504	2,262	695	394,927	447
Waitaki	6,094	19,372	7,397	571,502	4,114
Waihemo	1,377	3,932	1,636	122,322	575
Waikouaiti	1,523	10,090	5,331	77,077	1,963
Peninsula	866	7,253	4,404	1,496	1,061
Taieri	7,141	24,485	9,427	220,390	4,735
Bruce	3,519	9,999	3,305	177,059	1,716
Clutha	4,690	17,968	5,361	314,144	2,321
Tuapeka	3,738	5,867	2,179	376,176	1,062
Maniototo	2,153	5,907	1,375	330,165	539
Vincent	2,281	4,820	1,322	302,628	903
Lake	1,448	3,795	900	150,851	462
Southland	16,709	60,653	20,235	890,942	8,725
Wallace and Fiord	4,816	19,774	4,846	442,406	1,410
Stewart Island	9	332	117	853	16
Totals	279,672	1,361,784	381,492	20,233,099	224,024

Live-Stock in Australasia.

The following gives the number of the principle kinds of live-stock in Australasia for the year 1900–1901:—

State or Colony.	Sheep.	Cattle.	Horses.	Pigs.
Queensland	10,339,185	4,078,191	456,788	122,187
New South Wales	10,326,506	1,983,116	481,417	356,577
Victoria	10,841,790	1,602,384	392,237	350,370
South Australia	5,283,247	396,486	179,352	91,184
Western Australia	2,431,861	338,665	68,231	61,696
Tasmania	1,683,956	124,118	31,607	68,291
	May, 1901	Nov., 1900	Nov., 1900	Nov., 1900
New Zealand	20,233,099	1,256,680	266,245	250,975

New Zealand thus takes second place in order for number of sheep, and fourth for the number of her cattle and horses.

Sheep.

The returns made to the Department of Agriculture show a smaller number of sheep for the years 1886 and 1891 than the census figures given previously, because the account was taken later in the year. The particulars are given for sixteen years, distinguishing the number for the North from that in the Middle Island.

According to these returns, the flocks of the North Island increased from 5,285,907 sheep in the year 1886 to 10,218,945 in 1901, or at the rate of over 93 per cent., while sheep in the Middle Island increased from 9,888,356 to 10,014,154, a gain of 1.27 per cent. in the same period. For the North Island the increase during the sixteen years was 4,933,038 sheep, while in the Middle Island there was an increase of 125,798.

Year.	North Island.	Middle Island.	Total.
1886	5,285,907	9,888,356	15,174,263
1887	5,506,485	9,649,141	15,155,626
1888	5,668,996	9,373,202	15,042,198
1889	5,990,244	9,433,084	15,423,328
1890	6,588,346	9,527,767	16,116,113
1891	7,159,927	9,593,825	16,753,752
1892	8,204,029	10,366,723	18,570,752
1893	8,685,361	10,695,008	19,380,369
1894	9,169,352	11,061,477	20,230,829
1895	8,994,640	10,831,958	19,826,604
1896	9,131,736	10,006,757	19,138,493
1897	9,540,717	10,147,237	19,687,954
1898	9,864,945	9,808,780	19,673,725
1899	9,953,399	9,395,107	19,348,506
1900	9,998,173	9,357,022	19,355,195
1901	10,218,945	10,014,154	20,233,099

There was an increase of 877,904 in the total number of sheep since April, 1900, by the above figures, and an increase between 1891 and 1901 amounting to 3,479,347, or at a rate of 20.77 per cent. The export and local consumption of wool developed from 111,537,546 lb. for the year ended September, 1891, to 147,694,713 lb. for the corresponding year of 1901. The export of sheepskins and pelts, which in 1890 was 2,292,521 in number, rose to 4,601,531 in 1901.

Over a series of years the number of sheep has been well maintained, although the slaughter needed for the export of frozen mutton increased to upwards of three millions and a quarter of sheep and lambs in 1901.

The proportion of small flocks of sheep, until 1901, increased very considerably, and with smaller flocks the rabbit difficulty is easier to master than with large ones.

NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1900, AND 1901.

Size of Flocks.

1886.

1891.

1896.

1900.

1901.

	1900	1901
From 1,000 to 2,500	1,971	2,189
From 2,500 to 5,000	650	688
	2,621	2,877

Under 500

6,024

8,272

12,028

12,239

11,700

500 and under 1,000

1,189

1,691

2,605

2,810

3,059

1,000 and under 2,000

747

969

1,460

2,621^*

2,877^*

2,000 and under 5,000

532

666

892

5,000 and under 10,000

263

287

340

352

397

10,000 and under 20,000

228

239

231

196

189

20,000 and upwards

168

169

147

139

138

9,149

12,293

17,703

18,357

18,360

The average size of the flocks is found to have been 1,659 sheep for 1886, 1,363 for 1891, 1,081 in 1896, 1,040 in 1899, 1,054 in 1900, and 1,102 in 1901.

Of the provincial districts, that of Canterbury had most sheep in 1901, Wellington came next, and Otago occupied the third place. The full particulars, with increases or decreases since 1900, are:—

Provincial Districts.	No. of Sheep in 1901	No. of Sheep in 1900	Increase.	Decrease.
Canterbury	4,318,887	3,951,008	367,879	..
Wellington	4,239,538	4,082,415	157,123	..
Otago	3,978,011	3,746,750	231,261	..
Hawke's Bay	3,298,421	3,327,364	..	28,943
Auckland	2,116,594	2,079,446	37,148	..
Nelson	868,808	841,513	27,295	..
Marlborough	821,812	789,218	32,594	..
Taranaki	564,392	508,948	55,444	..
Westland	26,636	28,533	..	1,897
	20,233,099	19,355,195	877,904	Net increase.

Seven of the provincial districts show an increase in the number of sheep in 1901 when compared with the previous year's returns, aggregating 908,744, to which gain Canterbury contributed 367,879, Otago 231,261, Wellington 157,123, Taranaki 55,444, Auckland 37,148, Marlborough 32,594, and Nelson 27,295. The other two provincial districts show decreases (Hawke's Bay 28,943, and Westland 1,897), and thus reduce the gain for the whole colony to 877,904, as shown above.

It has been estimated that the annual consumption of mutton in New Zealand is equivalent to 2.25 sheep per inhabitant, and that the number of sheep required in the present year (1902) for food will be about 1,904,000. (Maoris, for the purposes of this calculation, have been included.)

Two important advantages that sheep-farming has in New Zealand are mentioned by Mr. J. A. Johnstone in the Year-book for 1894. They are: (1) the low cost of the production of mutton, (2) the high percentage of natural increase. Respecting the first point, it has been proved beyond all doubt that, under ordinary conditions, the very choicest of mutton can be so produced as to pay the grower handsomely when sold at 2d. per pound for the carcase at the nearest shipping-port. To the British sheep-farmer this statement, of course, is valueless by itself; but, when told that this mutton would cost the London butcher, delivered ex steamer at the dock, only 3½d. per pound, he will be able to realise in some measure what a wonderful grazing-country New Zealand is, and to understand how it is that settlers of the right stamp have done so well. Then, with regard to the high percentage of increase, there need only be cited a few average returns from well-known flocks to show what excellent lambings New Zealand farmers obtain under good management.

LAMBING RETURNS.—AVERAGES.

Locality.	Breed of Flock.	Breed of Rams.	Breed of Ewes.	No. of Ewes.	Percentage of Lambs.	Remarks.
North Island	Lincoln	Lincoln	Lincoln	7,517	81.04	Land merely surface-sown in English-grass pasture.
North Island	Lincoln	Lincoln	5,301	85.05
North Island	Lincoln	Lincoln	⅞Lincoln	12,177	100.00
North Island	Romney	Romney	Romney	1,141	96.17
North Island	Lincoln	Southd'n	Lincoln	2,033	94.71
Middle Island	Merino	Merino	Merino	14,765	75.36	Mountainous country in n'tive past're, unimproved.
Middle Island	Merino	B.Leic'str	Merino	4,235	88.94	Mountainous country in n'tive past're, unimproved.
Middle Island	Cross-bred	B.Leic'str	Cross-bred	8,624	80.82	In English-grass pasture.
Middle Island	Half-bred	B.Leic'str	Half-bred	2,747	82.79
Middle Island	B.Leic'str	B.Leic'str	B.Leic'str	778	90.77
Middle Island	Lincoln	Lincoln	Lincoln	452	88.08
Middle Island	R. Marsii	R. Marsh	R. Marsh	253	111.46
Middle Island	E.Leic'str	E.Leic'str	E.Leic'str	464	93.34
Middle Island	Shropshire	Shropshire	Shropshire	168	97.41
Middle Island	Southd'n	Southd'n	Southd'n	114	96.87

The above returns are fair average ones, but much higher might have been shown if exceptional cases had been selected.

As showing the actual cost of managing two large estates in New Zealand (Middle Island). No. 1 carrying 20,000 cross-bred sheep, and No. 2 carrying 40,000, the subjoined table may prove interesting:—

	No. 1. Per Head.		No. 2. Per Head.
	s.	d.	s.	d.
Cost of shearing, including scouring and putting wool f.o.b.	0	6.5	0	6.3
Management, shepherding, dipping, &c.	0	10	0	9.6
Cost of providing special feed (turnips, green feed, chaff, &c.)	1	1	1	6.3
Cost of renewing English grass	2	0	1	5
Total per head	4	5.5	4	3.2

Cattle.

The increase of cattle between 1891 and 1896 was 216,070, or at the rate of 25.98 per cent. The rapid development of the butter and cheese industry, represented in great part by the export figures given in the comparative table on page 187. created a requirement for milch cows, which increased in number from 206,906 in 1891 to 276,217 in 1896, or at the rate of 33.50 per cent.

The cattle as enumerated in 1901–1902 for each provincial district are given in the next table. Here is shown the substantial increase of 105,104 head of all classes over the number returned in 1900.1901, and of no less than 13,887 in the number of cows and heifers for dairy purposes.

Provincial District.	Bulls for Stud Purposes.	Steers over Two Years Old.	Cows and Heifers for Dairy Purposes.	Cows and Heifers for Breeding Purposes.	Cows and Heifers for Fattening.	Steers and Heifers under Two Years not otherwise enumerated.	Totals.
Auckland	5,474	67,619	85,328	55,632	13,594	142,602	370,249
Taranaki	3,471	27,543	91,656	9,582	7,359	85,359	224,970
Hawke's Bay	1,734	22,593	15,812	34,937	3,613	36,973	115,662
Wellington	4,838	42,548	92,612	44,441	8,486	101,514	294,439
Marlborough	249	859	4,939	377	517	4,924	11,865
Nelson	578	4,422	12,589	1,689	2,306	12,967	34,551
Westland	268	4,060	4,707	2,112	920	4,900	16,967
Canterbury	1,473	10,226	39,596	2,257	5,267	40,015	98,834
Otago	3,143	22,940	73,254	15,099	8,205	71,606	194,247
Totals, 1901–1902	21,228	202,810	420,493^*	166,126	50,267	500,860	1,361,784
Totals 1900–1901	20,196	198,884	406,606^*	150,630	52,403	427,961	1,256,680
Increase, 1901–1902	1,032	3,926	13,887	15,496:	..	72,899	105,104
Decrease, 1901–1902	..	..	..	..	2,136	..	..

Classified according to breed, the numbers for the two years under review are:—

Pure-bred—	1901–1902.	1900–1901.
*Including heifers over two years old intended for dairying: 34,190 in 1900–1901, and 39,001 in 1901–1902. For actual number of dairy cows in each county see table on pages 135 and 136.
Shorthorn	63,476	65,117
Hereford	6,598	5,618
Polled Angus	8,836	8,885
Ayrshire	4,705	4,609
Jersey	4,586	3,341
Other pure-breds	9,101	4,130
Crosses	1,264,482	1,164,980
Totals	1,361,784	1,256,680

Out of a total of 1,361,784 cattle in the colony, the North Island is shown to have had 1,005,320, or 74 per cent., while the Middle Island had 356,464, or 26 per cent. Similarly, the dairy cows and heifers intended for dairying in the North Island numbered 285,408, and in the Middle Island 135,085.

Thus, the North Island, which now leads as regards number of sheep, contains more than twice as many dairy cows and other cattle as the Middle Island.

Of the total number of cattle (1,361,784) given above, 381,492 were dairy cows. It is found impossible to give a statement of the actual amount of butter and cheese made, even at the factories only. All that can be said is that there were in October, 1901, 254 cheese and butter factories and creameries, with 255 skimming-stations, reported to the Department of Agriculture. But very few of these factories made any return to the department of their output for the previous year, and it is therefore impossible to arrive at the total quantity of cheese and butter made. The census returns for March, 1901 show there were then 247 factories and 202 creameries, the annual output during the year 1900 amounting to 29,758,310 lb. of butter and 139,687 cwt. of cheese.

Horses.

The increase in horses is shown for three census years:—

Census Years.	Number of Horses.	Numerical Increase.	Increase per Cent.
1886	187,382	23,658	12.63
1891	211,040	23,658	12.63
1896	237,418	26,378	12.50

At the enumeration made in 1901–1902 (November to January), the number of horses was found to have increased to 280,078 (including 406 mules and asses), for which particulars are given. It will be seen that the Provincial District of Auckland had by far the most horses, Otago and Canterbury following, Wellington taking fourth place.

Provincial District.	Entires.	Geldings.	Mares over Two Years old.	Mares with Foal at Foot, or to foal this Season.	Colts and Fillies under Two Years old.	Totals.
Auckland	780	33,411	22,298	7,456	9,938	73,883
Taranaki	145	8,096	6,455	1,990	2,138	18,824
Hawke's July	211	9,206	6,529	1,809	1,781	19,536
Wellington	467	19,979	15,122	4,530	4,529	44,627
Marlborough	42	2,349	1,812	484	578	5,265
Nelson	99	4,140	3,368	957	991	9,555
Westland	38	1,098	701	203	226	2,266
Canterbury	420	22,169	17,371	4,644	5,127	49,731
Otago	394	24,421	19,532	5,176	6,868	56,391
Totals, 1901–1902	2,596	124,869	93,188	27,249	32,176	280,078^*
Totals 1900–1901	2,465	120,932	93,487	22,017	27,824	266,725^*
Increase	131	3,937	..	5,232	4,352	13,353
Decrease	..	..	299	..	..	..

Classified according to breed, the numbers for the two years under review are:—

	1901–1902.	1900–1901.
* Including 106 mules and asses in 1902, and 480 in 1901.
Thoroughbred	6,545	6,118
Hunter and hackney	26,736	26,917
Carriage and trotting	19,899	18,999
Light ordinary	114,321	106,067
Draught	99,604	97,469
Ponies under 14 hands	12,567	10,675
Mules and asses	406	480
Totals	280,078	266,725

It has long been expected that the export of New Zealand horses to Australia and India would assume large proportions. So far. however, the trade has not developed to the extent anticipated. The opinion has been often expressed that more might be done than has been in the past. The following figures will show the position for the years. 1885, 1890. 1895, 1896, and 1898 to 1901:—

Exported to	1885.	1890.	1895.	1896.	1898.	1899.	1900.	1901.
Victoria	133	92	10	22	41	12	29	38
New South Wales	2,687	197	53	53	39	70	19	55
Queensland	..	..	..	..	..	..	2	..
Tasmania	113	27	1	1	1	16	9	5
Fiji	32	57	12	2	3	4	16	50
Bengal	34	235	94	151	116	105	69	106
Brazil	..	2	..	..	..	..	..	..
South Sea Islands	13	18	15	14	9	6	8	8
United Kingdom	..	..	5	6	1	2	3	1
United States of America (W. Coast)	10	..	3	..	..	1	1	..
Cape Colony	..	..	..	..	..	..	600	2
Natal	..	..	..	..	..	2	..	..
Singapore	..	..	..	..	..	1	..	..
	3,022	628	193	249	210	219	756	265

The military requirements for the Cape Colony caused an increase for the year 1900.

Pigs.

Pigs have decreased since 1891, when the number was 308,812, against 224,024 in 1901–1902. The figures given in the accompanying table are those compiled by the Agricultural Department, and for 1901–1902 show a decrease of 26,951 in the total number of pigs kept in the previous year. The Auckland Provincial District has far more pigs than any other

NUMBER OF PIGS IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT.

Provincial District.	Boars for Stud Purposes.	Barrows and Sows over Ono Year old, for Fattening.	Sows kept solely for Breeding Purposes.	Barrows and Sows under One Year old.	Totals.
Auckland	1,483	9,787	8,985	41,600	61,855
Taranaki	457	2,363	2,769	14,705	20,294
Hawke's Bay	219	1,119	1,363	5,849	8,550
Wellington	1,001	2,440	5,688	29,432	38,561
Marlborough	96	517	504	2,583	3,700
Nelson	169	1,023	1,004	6,620	8,816
Westland	46	402	187	1,028	1,663
Canterbury	886	1,735	6,318	42,044	50,983
Otago	626	2,569	3,332	23,075	29,602
Totals, 1901–1902	4,983	21,955	30,150	166,936	224,024
Totals 1900–1901	5,608	27,423	34,876	183,068	250,975
Decrease	625	5,468	4,726	16,132	26,951

The approximate numbers of the different breeds were:—

	1901–1902.	1900–1901.
Pure Berkshire	34,891	37,882
Pure Yorkshire	3,549	5,635
Other pure-breds	2,194	1,272
Crosses	183,390	206,186
Totals	224,024	250,975

Chapter 47. CONCLUSION.

Full details of the census in regard to the various divisions of the colony, such as counties, boroughs, provincial districts, &c., have not been given in this report for fear of overloading it; for these, reference must be made to the Census volume, which contains complete tables dealing with the various heads of information in minute detail.

I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
E.J. von DADELSZEN.

Registrar-General.

Chapter 48. Supplements.

Table of Contents

Five Years’ Progress Of The Colony Of New Zealand, 1901 And 1896.

Summary.

Auckland Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Taranaki Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Hawke'S Bay Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Wellington Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Marlborough, Nelson, And Westland Provincial Districts, 1896–1901.

Canterbury Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Otago Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Five Years’ Progress Of The Colony Of New Zealand, 1901 And 1896.

Summary.

		1901.	1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Population (exclusive of Maoris), (Census)		772,719	703,360	69,359
Land in cultivation—
Holdings (in cultivation)	No.	63,786	46,676	16,110
Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)	Acres	12,636,035	10,698,809	1,937,226
In crops	Acres	1,486,376	1,355,600	130,776
In sown grasses	Acres	11,081,912	9,285,170	1,796,742
In fallow	Acres	67,747	58,039	9,708
Live-stock—
Horses	No.	266,245	237,418	28,827
Cattle	No.	1,256,680	1,047,901	208,779
Dairy cows (included above)	No.	406,606	276,217	130,389
Sheep	No.	19,355,195	19,138,498	216,702

Auckland Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Population (exclusive of Maoris)—		1901.	1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Auckland Provincial District		175,938	153,564	22,374
City of Auckland and Suburbs		67,226	57,616	9,610
Land in cultivation—
Holdings	No.	14,879	11,237	3,642
Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)	Acres	2,013,962	1,506,528	507,434
In crops	Acres	111,637	100,611	11,026
In sown grasses	Acres	1,885,068	1,400,531	484,537
In fallow	Acres	17,257	5,386	11,871
Live-stock—
Horses	No.	68,449	58,098	10,356
Cattle	No.	338,370	286,406	51,964
Dairy cows (included above)	No.	84,566	59,625	24,941
Sheep	No.	2,079,446	1,741,379	338,067

Taranaki Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Population (exclusive of Maoris)—		1901.	1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Taranaki Provincial District		37,855	31,175	6,680
New Plymouth Borough		4,405	3,825	580
Land in cultivation—
Holdings	No.	4,335	3,385	950
Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)	Acres	736,264	517,137	219,127
In crops	Acres	22,386	18,402	3,984
In sown grasses	Acres	713,718	498,423	215,295
In fallow	Acres	160	312	−152
Live-stock—
Horses	No.	17,812	14,407	3,405
Cattle	No.	211,459	164,694	16,765
Dairy cows (included above)	No.	91,127	56,479	34,648
Sheep	No.	508,948	402,258	106,690

Note.—The minus sign (-) denotes decrease.

Hawke'S Bay Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Population (exclusive of Maoris)—		1901.	1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Hawke's Bay Provincial District		35,424	34,398	1,386
Napier Borough		8,774	9,231	−457
Laud in cultivation—
Holdings	No.	3,189	2,187	1,001
Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)	Acres	1,741,703	1,256,879	484,824
In crops	Acres	32,621	37,168	−4,547
In sown grasses	Acres	1,705,691	1,217,888	487,803
In fallow	Acres	3,391	1,823	1,568
Live-stock—
Horses	No.	18,477	13,742	4,735
Cattle	No.	105,725	74,646	31,079
Dairy cows (included above)	No.	14,778	10,224	4,554
Sheep	No.	3,327,364	3,241,477	85,887

Wellington Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Population (exclusive of Maoris)—		1901.	1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Wellington Provincial District		141,354	121,854	19,500
City of Wellington and Suburbs		49,344	41,758	7,586
Land in cultivation—
Holdings	No.	10,297	7,055	3,242
Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)	Acres	2,581,891	2,159,402	422,489
In crops	Acres	91,839	75,426	16,413
In sown grasses	Acres	2,488,265	2,079,034	409,231
In fallow	Acres	1,787	4,942	-3,155
Live-stock—
Horses	No.	42,361	39,386	2,978
Cattle	No.	264,571	206,857	57,714
Dairy Cows (included above)	No.	81,021	45,361	35,663
Sheep	No.	4,082,415	3,746,622	335,793

Marlborough, Nelson, And Westland Provincial Districts, 1896–1901.

Population (exclusive of Maoris)—		1901.	1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Marlborough Provincial Districts		13,326	12,483	843
Nelson Provincial Districts		37,915	35,734	2,181
Westland Provincial Districts		14,506	14,469	37
Land in cultivation—
Holdings	No.	5,203	4,030	1,173
Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)	Acres	923,196	567,313	355,988
In crops	Acres	73,195	50,678	22,517
In sown grasses	Acres	848,857	515,226	333,631
In fallow	Acres	1,244	1,409	−165
Live-stock—
Horses	No.	16,658	14,556	2,102
Cattle	No.	61,787	55,641	56,146
Dairy Cows (included above)	No.	22,092	16,502	5,590
Sheep	No.	1,659,264	1,709,961	−50,697

Canterbury Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Population (exclusive of Maoris)—		1901.	1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Canterbury Provincial District		143,041	135,858	7,183
City of Christchurch and Suburbs		57,041	51,330	5,711
Land in cultivation—
Holdings	No.	11,086	8,624	2,462
Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)	Acres	2,404,786	2,397,370	7,416
In crops	Acres	612,319	554,497	57,822
In sown grasses	Acres	1,781,952	1,832,148	−50,196
In fallow	Acres	10,515	10,725	-210
Live-stock—
Horses	No.	47,797	44,439	3,358
Cattle	No.	88,665	90,067	−1,402
Dairy Cows (included above)	No.	38,406	33,108	5,298
Sheep	No.	3,951,008	4,301,300	−350,292

Otago Provincial District, 1896–1901.

Population (exclusive of Maoris)—		1901.	1896.	Increase or Decrease.
Otago Provincial District	173,145	163,944	9,201
City of Dunedin and Suburbs	52,390	47,280	5,110
Invercargill Borough and Suburbs	10,637	9,996	641
Land in cultivation—
Holdings	No.	13,797	10,158	3,639
Total area (including sown grasses and land in fallow)	Acres	2,234,133	2,294,180	−60,047
In crops	Acres	542,379	518,818	23,561
In sown grasses	Acres	1,658,361	1,741,920	−83,559
In fallow	Acres	33,393	33,442	−49
Live-stock—
Horses	No.	54,688	52,795	1,893
Cattle	No.	186,108	169,590	16,513
Dairy Cows (included above)	No.	74,613	54,918	19,695
Sheep	No.	3,746,750	3,995,496	−248,746

NOTE:’The minus sign (-) denotes decrease.

Chapter 49. OCCUPATIONS.—ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.

Table of Contents

TABLE SHOWING THE OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF MARCH,901, ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER.

—	Males.	Females.
Abattoir-worker and slaughterman	196	..
Accountant, auctioneer	193	9
Accountant, insurance company	36	..
Accountant, law	6	..
Accountant, loan company	18	..
Accountant, public.	170	..
Accountant, public company	20	1
Accountant, shipping	111	1
Accountant, clerk (undefined)	2,145	493
Acid-works, employee	9	..
Actor, actress, circus performer	121	87
Actuary, average-stater	4	..
Advertising agent, bill poster, distributor	42	..
Aerated-water manufacturer	201	7
Aerated-water seller	6	..
Agent, advertising	42	2
Agent, asbestos	2	..
Agent, coal	15	..
Agent, coffee, &c.	28	..
Agent, commission	649	4
Agent, Customhouse and labour	38	..
Agent, financial	15	1
Agent, flour merchant	12	..
Agent, forwarding	84	..
Agent, hotel	1	..
Agent, house	54	1
Agent, manufacturer's \|	59	..
Agent, Native land	12	..
Agent, patent	6	..
Agent, public company-	9	..
Agent, rabbit	83	..
Agent, sewing-machine	42	1
Agent, shipping, owner, clerk	384	5
Agent, sheep-dip	2	..
Agent, soft goods	13	..
Agent, stock (live, &c.)	52	..
Agent, stock and station	19	..
Agent, tea	33	1
Agent, timber company	6	..
Agent, tourist	3	..
Agent, tract society	1	..
Agent, turf commission	18	..
Agent, undefined	132	2
Agricultural association secretary	2	..
Agricultural implement owner, worker	1,524	2
Agricultural labourer, farm servant, &c.	19,672	77
Agricultural machinery and implement
maker, and assistant	82	..
Agricultural machinery and implement
dealer	54	..
Amalgamator (gold-mine)	35	..
Analytical chemist	11	2
Animal-food refrigerator, and assistant	1,063	..
Animal-trainer, horse-breaker	464	..
Annuitant	341	237
Antimony, lead merchant	1	..
Antimony, miner	5	..
Apprentice, architect	16	..
Apprentice, baker	87	..
Apprentice, basket-maker	5	..
Apprentice, bicycle-maker	43	..
Apprentice, blacksmith	261	..

—	Males.	Females.
Apprentice, bookbinder	26	11
Apprentice, bookseller	14	1
Apprentice, bootmaker	123	22
Apprentice, brassfounder	17	..
Apprentice, brewer	2	..
Apprentice, bricklayer	25	..
Apprentice, brickmaker	6	..
Apprentice, builder	24	..
Apprentice, butcher	35	..
Apprentice, cabinetmaker	122	..
Apprentice, carpenter	327	..
Apprentice, chemist	111	8
Apprentice, coach and carriage builder	45	..
Apprentice, coach painter	17	..
Apprentice, coachsmith	12	..
Apprentice, confectioner	4	5
Apprentice, cooper	6	..
Apprentice, coppersmith	9	..
Apprentice, dentist	183	11
Apprenticed, raper	63	69
Apprentice, dressmaker	..	298
Apprentice, engineer (undefined)	261	..
Apprentice, engine-litter	37	..
Apprentice, fellmonger	4	..
Apprentice, gardener	10	..
Apprentice, ironfounder	115	..
Apprentice, ironmonger	49	..
Apprentice, jeweller	42	2
Apprentice, lithographic printer	12	..
Apprentice, mechanical engineer	193	..
Apprentice, merchant	5	..
Apprentice, miller	15	..
Apprentice, milliner	..	47
Apprentice, outfitter	3	..
Apprentice, painter	108	..
Apprentice, plasterer	12	..
Apprentice, plumber	132	..
pottery-maker	1	..
Apprentice, printer	95	2
Apprentice, rope and cord maker	2	..
Apprentice, saddler	120	3
Apprentice, seed merchant	5	..
Apprentice, shale-mine	1	..
Apprentice, shipbuilder	15	..
Apprentice, shirtmaker	..	2
Apprentice, soap-works	2	..
Apprentice, soft-goods	14	..
Apprentice, stationer	2	..
Apprentice, stonemason	7	..
Apprentice, storekeeper	4	3
Apprentice, tailor	122	119
Apprentice, tanner	18	..
Apprentice, tinsmith	35	..
Apprentice, upholsterer	20	1
Apprentice, watch and clock maker	46	..
Apprentice, wheelwright	23	..
Apprentice,(undefined)	106	18
Architect	185	..
Architect assistant	59	1
Arms, explosives dealer .	2	..
Army non-commissioned, warrant;
officer, private	515	..
Army officer in actual service	29	..
Artificial-flower dealer	1	..
Artificial-flower maker, art needle-
worker	..	13
Art, photographic requisites importer,
dealer	9	1
Artist, lithographic	23	2
Artist, painter, art student	196	311
Artists material manufacturer, colour-
man	4	..
Asbestos agent	2	..
Asbestos manufacturer	2	..
Asphalt-maker	30	..
Assayer, gold	39	..
Assayer, metallurgist	27	..
Assignee (official or trade)	10	..
Assistant, aerated waters	84	1
Assistant, agricultural-machinery-maker	9	..
Assistant, architect	59	1
Assistant, auctioneer	29	2
Assistant, baker	416	23
Assistant, basket-maker	28	2
Assistant, bicycle-maker	9	..
Assistant, biscuit-factory	65	51
Assistant, blacksmith	490	..
Assistant, bonded or free store	73	3
Assistant, bonedust-manufacturer	18	3
Assistant, bookbinder	89	170
Assistant, bookseller	90	19
Assistant, bootmaker	549	135
Assistant, brewer	91	..
Assistant, bricklayer	129	..
Assistant, brickmaker	48	..
Assistant, builder	27	..
Assistant, business (not specified)	18	5
Assistant, butcher	50	..
Assistant, cabinetmaker	234	..
Assistant, carpenter	395	..
Assistant, cheese-factory	39	7
Assistant, chemist	218	24
Assistant, china merchant	5	6
Assistant, civil engineer	21	..
Assistant, clothing-manufacturer	268	1,038
Assistant, coach and carriage builder	60	1
Assistant, coach-painter	2	..
Assistant, coal merchant	41	2
Assistant, coal-miner	7	..
Assistant, commission agent	35	1
Assistant, confectionery-maker	68	59
Assistant, cooper	39	..
Assistant, creamery	37	..
Assistant, airy factory	195	13
Assistant, dairy, milker	1,010	63
Assistant, dealer	4	4
Assistant, dentist	45	25
Assistant, draper	1,289	784
Assistant, druggist (wholesale)	28	..
Assistant, engineer (undefined)	69	..
Assistant, explosives-manufacturer	2	21
Assistant, fancy-goods dealer	19	35
Assistant, farm	1,620	51
Assistant, fence and hurdle maker	46	..
Assistant, fiddle-string maker	1	..
Assistant, fire brigade	27	..
Assistant, fisherman	21	..
Assistant, fishmonger	42	8
Assistant, flax-mill	6	..
Assistant, flour-mill	22	..
Assistant, freezing-works	20	..
Assistant, fruit-grower	61	..
Assistant, fuse and cartridge maker	..	13
Assistant, gardener	209	1
Assistant, greengrocer and fruiterer	59	40
Assistant, grocer	1,022	50
Assistant, hat and bonnet maker	17	27
Assistant, herbalist	12	6
Assistant, hop-grower	9	3
Assistant, ironfounder	170	..
Assistant, ironmonger	355	6
Assistant, jam-factory	21	34
Assistant, jeweller	94	1
Assistant, kauri-gum merchant	9	1
Assistant, leather-dresser	23	..
Assistant, leather and grindery dealer	9	..
Assistant, market-gardener	465	1
Assistant, meat-preserver	20	6
Assistant, mechanical engineer	101	..
Assistant, mercer	21	3
merchant (includes clerks)	669	32
Assistant, milk-seller	92	12
Assistant, milliner	..	131
Assistant, miller	63	..
Assistant, museum	11	..
Assistant, musical-instrument seller	22	12
Assistant, outfitter	43	5
Assistant, painter	179	1
Assistant, photographer	33	111
Assistant, plasterer	31	..
Assistant, plumber	1 78
Assistant, pottery-maker	33	..
Assistant, printer	217	24
Assistant, produce merchant	49	..
Assistant, railway-carriage builder	11	..
Assistant, road and bridge contractor	122	..
Assistant, rope and cord maker	50	1
Assistant, saddler	99	19
Assistant, sailmaker	22	7
Assistant, sewing-machine shop	5	7
Assistant, shipbuilder	101	..
Assistant, shop	406	517
Assistant, stationer	96	40
Assistant, stonemason	15	..
Assistant, storekeeper	288	43
Assistant, surveyor	417	1
Assistant, tanner	49	..
Assistant, tea broker	6	..
Assistant, threshing-machine	22	..
Assistant, timber merchant	96	..
Assistant, tinsmith	127	..
Assistant, upholsterer	61	24
Assistant, warehouse	98	2
Assistant, watch and clock maker	46	3
Assistant, wheelwright	28	..
wine and spirit merchant	l0	1
Assistant, woollen-factory	12	21
Assistant (wool merchant)	25	.
Athletic(Professional)	13	1
Attendants, hospital or asylum (not
otherwise described)	19	15
Attendant (personal)	5	226
Auctioneer, appraiser, valuer	278	..
Auctioneer, clerk, manager, and assist-
ant	285	11
Author, editor, journalist	417	17
Average-stater, actuary	4	..
Axeman, woodman, timber-getter	2,290	..
Bacon, meat, and ham curer, pre-
server	85	..
Bag and sack maker	6	12
Bailiff, sheriff's officer	29	..
Baker, biscuit and pastry maker	1,612	20
Baker, assistant	940	120
Baker, butcher (station)	8	..
Baking-powder worker	5	..
Baler (flax)	1	..
Bank director	3	..
Bank, manager, officer, clerk	1,181	1
Banksman, screener (coal-yard)	8	..
Barber, hairdresser, and assistant	707	18
Bargemaster, lighterman	21	..
Bark-stripper	11	..
Barmaid, barman	178	349
Barrister, solicitor	635	1
Basket - maker, wicker - worker, and
assistant	138	2
Basket-maker, wickerware dealer	1	1
Bath proprietor, attendant	22	6
Battery boy (gold quartz)	5	..
Battery engine-driver (quartz)	121	..
Battery feeder (quartz-mine)	11	..
Battery labourer	323	..
Beamsman, tanner	13	..
Bed and mattress maker	337	51
Bee-keeper	32	3
Beggar, pauper	7	9
Bellman	3	..
Bellows-maker	1	..
Benchman (sawmill)	54	..
Benevolent-institute inmate	808	681
Bicycle importer, dealer	127	10
Bicycle maker and assistant	394	1
Billiard-, bagatelle-table maker	3	..
Billiard - table proprietor, keeper.
marker	182	..
Biologist, naturalist, botanist	9	..
Bird-fancier	5	. .
Biscuit, bread dealer, and assistant	6	5
Blacksmith, farrier	3,125	1
Blacksmith, assistant	1,128	1
Blacksmith,(coal-mine)	3	..
Blacksmith,(sawmill)	9	..
Bleacher (Flax-mill)	1	..
Blind, teacher of the	4	..
Blind-maker	53	2
Block, oar, and mast maker	4	..
Blue, starch, soda, maker, &c.	21	..
Board and lodging-house keeper	288	1,116
Board and lodging-house servant	172	1,146
Boarder, lodger performing domestic
duties	16	989
Boatbuilder, shipbuilder. &c.	477	..
Boat proprietor, boatman, waterman	75	..
Boat and ship dealer	3	…
tackle and equipment
dealer	11	..
Boiler-cleaner (marine)	1	..
Boilermaker	624	..
Bonded-, free-store manager, clerk	22	. .
Bonded-, free-store worker, storeman,
and assistant	818	5
Bonedust dealer	2	..
Bonedust manure manufacturer	5	..
Bone, horn, hoof, hair merchant	1	..
Boner (meat-works)	11	..
Bonnet, hat dealer, milliner	2	17
Bookbinder, manufacturing stationer	201	152
Bookbinder, manufacturing stationer's .
assistant	89	170
Book-keeper, land and estate agent	87	8
Bookmaker	19	..
Bookseller and assistant)	310	39
Boot and shoe dealer, and assistant	278	82
Bootmaker, shoemaker, and assistant	3,756	745
Botanist, biologist, naturalist	9	..
Bottle merchant	1	..
Bottler (aerated-water factory)	30	..
Bottle-washer	16	..
Boundary-rider on station	4	..
Box-maker	39	IO
Box and paper bag maker	32	83
Boy, baker's	24	..
Boy, butcher's	131	..
Boy, draper's	53	..
Boy, fisherman's	1	..
Brass founder, moulder, brazier, and
worker	179	2
Bread, biscuit dealer	1	..
Brewer, bottler, and others engaged in
brewing	614	5
Bricklayer, hodman, labourer, and
assistant	1,174	..
Bricklayer (shale-mine)	1	..
Brickmaker, tile-manufacturer, and
assistant	740	2
Bridge carpenter	126	..
Broker, agent (undefined)	132	2
Broker, stock and share	476	3
Broker, tea	33	1
Brush and broom maker	108	42
Builder, contractor, clerk, and assistant	1328	2

Building - society, savings - institute
director, manager, officer, clerk	18	1
Bullock-driver	164	..
Bullock-drivebush	35	..
Bullock-drivefarm	19	..
Bullock-drive sawmill	35	..
Bullock-drive station	59	..
Burler (woollen-factory)	1	16
Bushman, axeman, timber-getter	2,290	..
Bushman, sawmill	150	. .
Butcher, and assistant	3,314	4'
Butcher,,boy	131	..
Butcher, freezing-works	155	. .
Butcher, on station	9	. .
Butcher, pork	48	9
Butter, cheese maker, factory-worker,
and assistants	798	28
Butter expert	8	..
Butter, packer	21	1
Cabinetmaker, furniture-manufacturer	953	1
Cadet, Education Department	1	..
Cadet, farm	59	. .
Cadet, insurance	6	4
Cadet, station	60	..
Candle maker	13	..
Candle packer	2	1
Candle and soap manufacturer	40	1
Cane-worker	1	..
Canvas, sailcloth maker	2	..>
Canvasser, traveller (insurance)	26	1
Canvasser, traveller salesman, sales-
woman (undefined)	848	318
Cap and bonnet maker	27	26
Cap-hand (woollen-factory)	..	1
Carder (woollen-factory)	35	.,
Caretaker, church	14	1
Caretaker, cleaner school)	46	''3
Caretaker, cricket-ground, bowling-
green	52	..
Caretaker, drill-shed	3	..
Caretaker, mine	1	..
saleyards	1	. .
shale-mine	1	. .
waterworks	11	..
water-race	38	..
Carpenter, bridge	126	..
Carpenter, coal-mine	13	..
Carpenter, flax-mill	1	..
Carpenter, joiner (sawmill)	18	..
Carpenter, labourer and assistant	8,188	1
Carpenter, shale-mine	1	..
Carpenter, station	54	..
Carpet-maker	3	..
Carriage-lamp maker	3	..
Carriage, wagon, cart dealer	2	..
Carrier, carter, teamster, horse-driver,
&c.	3,286	5
Carrier (flour)	28	..
Cart, carriage, wagon, coach builder,
and assistant	1,118	2
Carter, brewer	72	..
Carter, brickmaker	21	..
Carter, bush	24	..
Carter, butcher	43	..
Carter, coal merchant	186	..
Carter, coal-mine	45	..
Carter, dealer	1	..
Carter, draper	11	..
Carter, druggist	1	..
Carter, farm	26	..
Carter, firewood merchant	33	..
Carter, flax-mill	32	..
Carter, flour-mill	39	..
Carter, freezing-works	11	..
Carter, grocer	284	..
Carter, horse-driver, truckman (saw-
mill)	127	..
Carter, ironmonger	29	..
Carter, kauri-gum merchant	3	..
Carter, leather dealer	1	..
Carter, merchant	19	..
Carter, quartz-mine	18	..
Carter, rabbit-trapper	6	..
Carter, railway	8	..
Carter, station	98	..
Carter, storekeeper	51	..
Carter, tanner	17	..
Carter, teamster (road-works)	234	..
Carter, timber merchant	108	..
Cartridge, fuse maker, and assist-
ant	1	13
Carver, gilder (all branches)	73	8
Caterer	14	6
Cattle dealer	66	..
Cellarman (brewery)	43	..
Cement-manufacturer	39	..
Cemetery-keeper, grave-digger	19	..
Chaff-cutter, and assistant	140	..
Chairmaker	54	1
Charcoal-burner	5	..
Charitable-aid recipient	5	19
Charitable or benevolent institution
officer	15	41
Charitable or benevolent institution
subordinate officer, servant	18	139
Charitable Department officer	4	5
Charwoman, cleaner	6	199
Cheese, butter maker, worker	167	5
Cheesemonger, dairy-produce dealer	20	3
Chemical by-products dealer	1	..
Chemical-manure maker, and assist-
ant	14	..
Chemical-materials (not drugs) dealer	7	3
Chemist (analytical)	11	2
Chemist, druggist (pharmaceutical),
and assistant	755	56
Chemist, manufacturing	51	5
Chemist, shale-mine	1	..
Chimney-sweep	54	..
China, crockery ware dealer, and assistant	56	18

Chinese doctor	1	..
Church caretaker	14	1
Church officer, verger	76	6
Church trustee, clerk	3	..
Cider-maker	3	..
Cinnabar-miner	3	..
Circulating-library proprietor and assistant	11	12

Circus performer, actor, actress	121	87
Civil and mining engineer, assistant.
student	356	..
Clairvoyante	..	1
Classer (woollen-factory)	15	..
Cleaner, charwoman	6	199
Clergyman	891	..
Clerk—
Aerated-water maker	7	1
Agricultural-machinery maker	18	..
Architect	16	1
Auctioneer	285	11
Bank	1,181	1
Biscuit dealer	..	1
Biscuit-factory	20	..
Bonded, free store	7	2
Bookseller	12	3
Boot dealer	11	3
Bootmaker	33	10
Brassfounder	2	..
Brewer	53	2
Building society	18	1
Butcher	86	11
Carrier	28	3
Chemist	10	1
China merchant	5	2
Church trustee	3	..
Clothing-manufacturer	18	5
Coal merchant	69	6
Coal-mine	15	1
Commission agent	64	8
Cooper	..	1
Draper	131	106
Druggist	26	1
Education Department	24	3
Electric works	9	..
Fancy-goods dealer	16	2
Fellmonger	6	..
Firewood merchant	2	1
Fishmonger	3	3
Flax-mill	1	..
Flour-mill	114	1
Freezing-works	100	..
Furniture dealer	16	4
Gasworks	56	3
Gold-mine (and book-keeper)	16	..
Grazier, &c.	32	3
Grocer	149	39
Hospital	6	6
Hotel	35	10
Insurance	442	7
Ironfounder	54	2
Ironmonger	185	7
Jeweller	5	..
Kauri-gum merchant	6	..
Law (not articled)	672	28
Law (articled)	94	1
Law-court	116	2
Livery stables	16	2
Lunatic asylum	7	1
Malleable-iron works	1	..
Meat-works	23	2
Miller	35	2
Musical-instrument seller	18	1
Newspaper proprietor	78	14
Newsvendor	11	2
Oil and colour dealer	13	2
Outfitter	..	1
Painter	11	3
Plumber	21	3
Postal Department	611	209
Produce merchant	28	1
Public company (and accountant)	20	1
Road-works	32	..
Saddler	16	..
Saddler dealer	2	..
Sawmill	113	1
Seed merchant	23	3
Sewing-machine	7	1
Shale-mine	1	..
Shipbuilder	1	..
Shopkeeper	133	20
Skin and leather dealer	8	1
Soap-works	9	..
Soft-goods	12	..
Stationer	21	2
Stock agent	22	..
Sugar-mills	10	. .
Tanner	11	..
Tally (wharf)	66	..
Telegraph Department	629	7
Timber merchant	127	3
Wine and spirit merchant	38	1
Woollen-factory	24	..
Wool merchant	32	..
Clerk, cashier, accountant (commercial
or undefined)	2,145	493
Clicker (bootmaker)	159	..
Clothes dealer (second-hand)	5	10
Clothier, outfitter, slop - seller, and
assistant	139	23
Clothing-manufacturer, tailor, dress-
maker, and assistant	2,348	10,714
Cloth-maker (woollen-factory)	17	6
Club-house manager, secretary, steward,
and servant	115	27
Coach, cab, omnibus proprietor, and
relative assisting	402	5
Coach, carriage, wagon, cart builder,
and assistant	1,118	0
Coachman, groom	633	..
Coach, omnibus, cab driver, conductor	544
		..
Coach painter	288	..
Coach smith	134	..
Coach trimmer	48	..
Coal, coke merchant, and assist-
ant	679	9
Coal-miner, and assistant	2,212	3
Cocoa, coffee, chicory agent, dealer	28	..
Cocoa-worker	1	..
Coffee-palace, restaurant, tea-rooms,
eating-house—
Keeper	66	60
Relative assisting	12	17
Servant	53	88
Coffee-roaster	11	..
Coke manufacturer, burner	3	..
Commercial traveller, canvasser, sales-
man, saleswoman (undefined).	848	318
Commission agent, assistant, clerk-	748	13
Companion	..	251
Compiler	..	4
Composer of music	. .	1
Compositor	691	120
Concrete mason, and assistant	12	..
Condiment-maker (all brandies)	53	23
Confectionery-maker, and assistant	226	79
Confectionery, pastry dealer	134	187
Conservation of Water Department
officer	11	..
Contractor, bush	242	..
Contractor, fencing (station)	3	..
Contractor, fencing	21	..
Contractor, flax-mill	1	..
Contractor, flour mill	3	..
Contractor, freezing-works	1	..
Contractor, mail	55	..
Contractor, road-metal	242	..
Contractor, sanitary	46	..
Contractor, sawmill	49	..
Contractor, station	24	..
Contractor, water-supply	1	..
manager, apprentice, lore-
man (undefined)	1,298	31
Cook, bush	120	2
Cook, chaff cutter	2	..
Cook, farm	75	7
Cook, flax-mill	27	..
Cook, hospital	8	21
Cook, hotel	195	308
Cook, lunatic asylum	3	2
Cook, sawmill	20	3
Cook, station	295	50
Cook, threshing-machine	65	..
Cooper, and assistant	204	1
Cooper, brewer	7	..
Cooper, freezing-works	1	..
Copper-miner	3	..
Coppersmith, lead-worker	56	..
Cordial, aerated - water maker, and
assistant	375	9
Cordial, aerated-water bottler	30	..
seller	6	..
Cordwainer	10	..
Cork-cutter	9	..
Correspondent (newspaper)	1	..
Cowherd, cowboy (farm)	114	..
Cowherd, cow-keeper (station)	130	3
Crane-driver	23	..
Creamery assistant	87	..
Cricket-ground, bowling-green care-
taker, professional player	52	..
Cricket, lawn-tennis equipment maker	2	..
Crockery, earthenware maker, repairer	3	..
Cropper	3	..
Customhouse and labour agent	38	..
Cutler, tool-maker, sawmiller	29	..
Cutter, bootmaker	12	..
Cutter, clothing-manufacturer	161	2
Cyanide-process worker	27	..
Dairy-farmer	4,363	339
Dairy-farmer relative assisting, and
others	3,093	1,286
Dairyman, and assistant (station)	31	1
Dairy-produce dealer, cheesemonger	20	3
Darner (woollen-factory)	..	32
Daughter, relative	..	44,861
Daughter, relative, performing domestic
duties	..	49,713
Daughter, relative, receiving tuition at
home	..	2,611
Daughter, relative, at school	..	75,222
Daughter, relative, at university	..	67
Dealer, trader (undefined), and assistant	230	35
Dealing in land	13	2
Debt-collector	19	..
Decorator	38	..
Defence Department officer	21	..
Delivery-boy (grocer)	36	..
Demonstrator, university profess
lecturer, &c.	35	1
Dentist, assistant, apprentice	512	59
Designer (woollen-factory)	12	..
Designs, patterns, medal, type, and dies
dealer	1	..
Detective, policeman (subordinate
officer)	558	5
Detective (private)	3	..
Directing or consulting engineer	24	..
Director, Agricultural College	7	..
Director, bank	3	..
Director, School of Mines	2	..
Dispenser, chemist	1	1
Dispenser, hospital	5	1
Ditcher, drainer	4	..
Diver (marine)	3	..
Dock engine-driver, labourer	9	..
Doctor (medicine)	432	6
Doctor's boy	2	..
Dogmonger	1	..
Domestic nurse	..	298
Domestic servant	833	19,189
Drainer, pavior	74	..
Drain labourer	39	..
Draper, and assistant	2,455	1,193
Draughtsman (lithographic printer)	1	..
Draughtsman (not elsewhere classified)	176	2
Drayman, carrier, carter, teamster		..
horse driver (not elsewhere classified)
clerk, relative assisting	3,286	5
Dredgemaster (gold)	134	..
Dredge-pontoon builder	6	..
Dredge worker, diver	44	..
Dresser, flax-mill	43	..
Dresser, leather	30	..
Dresser, hospital	2	..
Dressmaker, tailor, clothing - manu-
facturer, and assistant	1,622	8,844
Driller, engine-fitter	5	..
Drill-instructor	19	..
Drill-shed caretaker	3	..
Driver, aerated-water manufacturer	37	..
Driver, baker	166	..
Driver, bread and biscuit dealer	3	..
Driver, coach, cab, omnibus	544	..
Driver, crane	23	..
Driver,(undefined)	152	..
Drover, stockrider, shearer, shepherd,
labourer on station	3,041	..
Druggist (wholesale), and assistant	81	2
Dyer and scourer	66	3
Dyer (woollen-factory)	13	..
Editor, author, journalist	417	17
Education Department cadet, clerk,
Inspector of Schools, officer, secre-
tary, truant officer	91	6
Electrician (not connected with tele-
graph or telephone service)	84	..
Electrician, electric light	33	..
Electrician, lineman	157	..
Electric-light worker, and assistant	164	..
Electro-plater	18	..
Electro-plate wares importer, dealer	..	4
Elevator-boy	2	..
Embosser, stationer	..	1
Employee, cigar, cigarette factory	8	5
Employee, labourer (railway)	785	..
Employee, sugar-mill	27	..
Engine-driver, biscuit-factory	2	..
Engine-driver, brewery	10	..
Engine-driver, brickmaker	11	..
Engine-driver, butter-factory	2	..
Engine-driver, cement-works	12	..
Engine-driver, chaff-cutter	24	..
Engine-driver, coalmine	62	..
Engine-driver, dock	9	..
Engine-driver, fellmonger	3	..
Engine-driver, fireman (railway)	834	..
Engine-driver, fireman (road-works)	91	..
Engine-driver, flax-mill	56	..
Engine-driver, flour-mill	38	..
Engine-driver, gold-dredge	246	..
Engine-driver, ironfounder	34	..
Engine-driver, malleable-iron works	2	..
Engine-driver, meat-works	5	..
Engine-driver, newspaper	1	..
Engine-driver, pottery-maker	3	..
Engine-driver, sawmill	308	..
Engine-driver, station	1	..
Engine-driver, tanner	15	..
Engine-driver, threshing-machine	129	..
Engine-driver, traction-engine	103	..
Engine-driver, turner	26	..
Engine-driver, waterworks	15	..
Engine-driver, woollen - factory (and
fireman)	23	..
Engineer, agricultural- machinery
maker	15	..
Engineer, civil	248	..
Engineer, directing or consulting, and
assistant	24	..
Engineer, dredge	17	..
Engineer, electric light	88	..
Engineer, engine-driver, stoker (so defined)
	1,175	..
Engineer, fireman, freezing-works	120	..
Engineer, fireman gasworks	41	..
Engineer, fireman lime-burner	7	..
Engineer, fireman mining	69	..
Engineer, fireman shale-mine	7	..
Engineer, fireman stoker, coal-trim-
mer (merchant
service)	1,149	..
Engineer, fireman Torpedo Corps	3	..
Engine maker, fitter, mechanical engi-
neer. and assistant	2,128	..
Engine-smith	19	..
Engraver (art only)	6	3
Engraver (not art), pattern-designer	53	2
Equestrian	3	..
Errand-boy, boot trade	16	..
Errand-boy bootmaker	19	..
Errand-boy clothing-manufacturer	14	..
Errand-boy outfitter	7	..
Errand-boy errand-girl	362	1
Evangelist	30	2
Expert foreman (freezing-works)	20	..
Explosives, arms dealer	2	..
manufacturer, and assistant	2	21
Exporter of meat	1	..
Factory hand (woollen-factory)	259	277
Factory worker, manager (undefined)	237	163
Faith-healer	3	..
Fancier, bird	5	..
Fancy-goods dealer, and assistant	133	104
Farm assistant	1,620	51
Farm boy	40	..
Farm contractor	41	..
Farmer	27,284	1,053
Farmer assistant	32,276	907
Farmer bee	32	3
Farmer dairy	4,363	339
Farmer manager, overseer	501	..
Farmer ostrich	5	..
Farmer pig	3	..
Farmer poultry	130	29
Farm servant, agricultural labourer	16,987	15
Farm servant, station	129	..
Farm, visitor assisting on	l7	1
Fat-collector (meat-works)	1	..
Father, mother, dependent upon children	67	110
Feather-dresser, glove-cleaner	1	13
Feeder, flax-mill	9	..
Feeder, planing-machine, sawmill	6	..
Fellmonger, and assistant	961	..
Fellmonger (freezing-works)	24	..
Fence keeper (rabbit)	22	..
Fencer, farm	18	..
Fencer, hurdle-maker, and assistant	95	..
Fencer, station	152	..
Fencing contractor	21	..
Fencing station	3	..
Ferry-punt lessee, worker	47	..
Fettler, ganger (railway)	1,337	..
Fiddle-string maker, and assistant	1	..
Financial agent	15	1
Finisher (boot)	26	2
Finisher, polisher (brass)	68	1
Fire-brigade assistant	27	..
Fireman, engine-driver (railway)	834	..
Fireman, flour-mill	2	..
Fireman, sawmill	22	..
Fireman, sugar-mill	10	..
Firewood cutter, chopper	154	..
Firewood, fuel merchant, dealer, and assistant	65	2
Fireworks-maker	4	..
Fish-curer	69	1
Fisherman	611	..
Fishery Department officer	20	..
Fishing-tackle maker	2	3
Fishmonger, oyster dealer, and assistant	305	22
Fitter, boot	..	57
Fitter, bridge	4	..
Fitter, gasworks	21	..
railway carriage	12	..
Flax contractor	11	..
Flax-cutter	121	..
Flax merchant	1	..
Flax-mill owner, and assistant	915	..
Flesher (meat-works)	5	..
Flesher, skinner, tanner	29	..
Flock-maker (woollen-factory)	1	..
Flock-manufacturer	11	..
Florist, flower and plant seller	24	34
Flour, grain merchant, dealer, agent, and assistant	563	..
Flyman (flax-mill)	5	..
Folder, bookbinder	4	18
Foreign stamp dealer	2	..
Foreman, manager (bush)	25	..
Foreman, ganger (railway and roadworks)	50	..
Foreman (sawmill)	16	..
Foreman, apprentice, manager (undefined)	1,298	31
Forest Department ranger, officer	51	..
Forwarding agent, parcel-delivery agent	84	..
Freezer (freezing-works)	34	..
French-polisher	140	2
Friendly benefit society officer	1	..
Fruit-grower, orchardist	324	31
Fruit - preserver, jam o maker, and assistant	41	49
Fruiterer, greengrocer	378	182
Fuller (woollen-factory)	9	..
Furnace-man, ironfounder	89	..
Furnace-man, malleable-ironworks	5	..
Furniture dealer, clerk, and assistant	160	22
Furniture dealer, second-hand	4	..
Furniture-manufacturer, cabinetmaker, bedstead-maker, and assistant	1,503	4
Furrier, rug-maker	7	10
Fuse, cartridge maker, and assistant	1	13
Galvanised-iron importer	19	..
Galvanised-iron worker	11	..
Galvaniser of iron	5	..
Galvanist (medical), and assistant	11	1
Game and poultry dealer	33	..
Ganger, fettler (railway)	1,337	..
Gaol inmate	265	24
Gardener	42	..
Gardener farm	37	..
Gardener horticulturist	2,382	6
Gardener market	885	10
Gardener station	138	..
Gaslitter, plumber, &c.	1,144	1
Gas manufacturer, officer, worker	408	3
Gas-, water-meter maker	2	..
Gatekeeper, porter	15	3
General grower	4	..
Geologist, mineralogist	5	..
Gilder, carver (all branches)	73	8
Glass-beveller	14	..
Glass, colourman (oil), paperhangings dealer, and assistants	61	6
Glass manufacturer, worker	9	..
Glassware dealer	3	..
Glove-cleaner, feather-dresser	1	13
Glue-maker	13	..
Gold-miner (undefined)	406	2
Goldsmith and jeweller, and assistant	355	3
Gorse-cutter	2	..
Governess, tutor	11	326
Governor (the)	1	..
Grader (flax)	1	..
Grass-seed sower	9	..
Grass-seed station	20	..
Grave-digger, cemetery-keeper	19	..
Gravel, sand, and stone dealer	1	..
Graving-dock, patent-slip proprietor, manager	2	..
Grazier, runholder, stock-breeder	3,139	81
Grazier, runholder, stock-breeder's assistant	8,774	75
Greaser (freezing-works)	18	..
Greengrocer, fruiterer, potato dealer, and assistant	521	258
Grocer, tea dealer, and assistant	2,783	273
Groom, coachman	633	..
Groom, farm	29	..
Groom, horse-keeper	484	..
Groom, livery stable	114	..
Groom, station	128	..
Guard, porter, servant (railways)	900	2
Guide (tourist)	15	1
Gunsmith	45	1
Gutter and runner (meat-works)	3	..
Gymnastic instructor	2	..
Haberdasher, &c.	71	6
Hackler (flax)	6	..
Hairdresser, barber	707	18
Ham and bacon curer	46	1
Hammerman, blacksmith	16	..
Hammerman, to engine-smith	12	..
Handy-man	12	..
Harbour and River Department, Marine Board, ferry-service officer..	173	1
Harness and saddlery dealer, and assistant	17	..
Harness and saddlery maker, and assistant	1,122	..
Harvest contractor..	32	..
Harvester (farm)	12	..
Hat and bonnet dealer, milliner	2	17
Hat, cap, bonnet maker, and assistant	47	72
Hatter, mercer, &c.	71	6
Hawker, pedlar	234	20
Hawker (vegetable)	54	..
Heath Department officer	9	1
Hemp-grader	1	..
Herbalist	33	3
Herbalist assistant	12	6
Hide and skin dealer	15	..
Hodman (stonemason)	292	..
Homoeopathist	..	1
Hop dealer, storeman	3	..
Hop-grower	20	..
Hop-picker	24	77
Horn, hair, hoof, and bone merchant..	1	..
Horse dealer	46	..
Horse-driver, bush	8	..
Horse-driver, carrier, carter, &c.	3,286	5
Horse-driver, coal-mine	14	..
Horse-shoer	104	..
Horticulturist, gardener, and assistant	2,601	7
Hosier, &c.	71	6
Hospital inmate	182	133
Hospital or asylum nurse	3	443
Hospital or asylum officer and attendant, assistant, &c.	292	215
Hostler (livery stables)	36	..
Hotel agent	1	..
Hotel barman, barmaid	178	349
Hotel clerk	35	10
Hotel cook	195	308
Hotel keeper	1,341	215
Hotel manager	69	12
Hotel relative assisting	133	63
Hotel servant	1,181	2,249
House agent, rent-collector .	54	1
House-painter, paperhanger, glazier, and assistant	2,766	6
House proprietor	724	427
House servant	833	19,189
Hulk-keeper	23	..
Huntsman	12	..
Hypnotist	1	..
Ice-cream dealer	3	..
Ice-cream maker	1	..
Image-maker, modeller	6	1
Implement (agricultural) dealer	54	..
Importer, merchant (undefined)	415	1
Independent means	864	1,062
Indiarubber-wares dealer	1	..
Industrial-school, reformatory inmate	241	187
Infirm	63	30
Ink, blacking manufacturer	5	1
Inmate of benevolent institution	808	681
Inmate of gaol, penal establishment	265	24
Inmate of hospital	182	133
Inmate of industrial school	241	187
Inmate of lock-up	2	..
lunatic asylum	1,573	1,078
Inmate of orphanage	165	127
Inspector of buildings	12	..
Inspector of dairy factory	1	..
Inspector of nuisances and sanitary inspector	65	1
Inspector of road-works	56	..
Inspector of schools	35	2
waterworks	10	..
Instructor, drill	19	..
Instructor, gymnastic	2	..
Insurance - company agent, director, accountant, manager, canvasser, traveller, clerk, messenger, secretary	950	18
Interpreter	39	2
Invalid	35	90
Inventor	2	..
Iron founder, moulder, and assistant	1,382	2
Iron (galvanised) wire importer	19	..
Iron-mine worker	1
Ironmonger, hardware dealer, and assistant	1,226	15
Ironmongery (saddler's) dealer	5	..
Iron-ore, pig-iron, scrap-iron dealer	1	..
Iron worker (malleable)	17	2
Irregular clergy, Salvation Army officer	246	187
Irregular medical practitioner	80	52
Jam-maker, fruit-preserver	20	15
Jeweller, goldsmith	210	..
Jockey	302	..
Joiner, and sash and door worker	635	..
Joiner, shipbuilder	25	..
Journalist, editor, author	417	17
Judge (Chief Justice, and Judges, Supreme, District, and Native Land Courts)	23	..
Justice of Peace	4	..
Kauri-gum buyer and assistant	202	3
Kauri-gum digger	3,145	2
Kauri-gum packer	1	..
Kauri-gum prospector	3	..
Kauri-gum scraper	1	..
Kauri-gum sorter	20	..
Keeper, board and lodging-house	288	1,116
Keeper, coffee palace, restaurant, tea-rooms, eating-house	66	60
Keeper, hotel	1,341	215
Keeper, lighthouse	83	..
Keeper, livery stables	178	4
Keeper, magazine	2	..
Keeper, rifle-saloon	4	..
Keeper, weighbridge	3	..
Keeper, zoological gardens, menagerie	10	..
Knife-polish maker	2	..
Knitter (woollen-factory)	8	56
Labour and Customhouse agent	38	..
Labourer, abattoir	30	..
Labourer, baker	99	..
Labourer, blacksmith	36	..
Labourer, brewer	91	..
Labourer, brickmaker	191	..
Labourer, builder	1O3	..
Labourer, butcher	65	..
Labourer, chaff-cutter	60	..
Labourer, cheese-factory	45	..
Labourer, chemical-manure works	7	..
Labourer, clothing-factory	3	8
Labourer, coal merchant	56
Labourer, drain	39	..
Labourer, fellmonger	18S	..
Labourer, fencing	28	..
Labourer, flour merchant	104	..
Labourer, flour-mill	82	..
Labourer, freezing-works	518	..
Labourer, gold-dredge	459	..
Labourer, stockrider, drover, shearer, shepherd on station (grazier)	3,041	..
Labourer, ironfounder	248	..
Labourer, kauri-gum merchant	11	..
Labourer, lime-burner	37	..
Labourer, maltster	13	..
Labourer, market gardener	21	..
Labourer, meat-works	48	..
Labourer, mill	261	..
Labourer, plasterer	39	..
Labourer, rabbit-factory	24	..
Labourer, railway (and employee)	785	..
Labourer, river-bank	3	..
Labourer, rope and cord maker	28	..
Labourer, sawmill	2,053	..
Labourer, shale-mine	9	..
Labourer, soap works	59	..
Labourer, station (and assistant)	2,252	..
Labourer, sugar-mills	50	..
Labourer, tallow-works	7	..
Labourer, tanner	192	..
Labourer, threshing machine	180	..
Labourer, timber merchant	168	..
Labourer, waterworks	60	..
Labourer, wool merchant	12	..
Labourer (undefined)	12,849	..
Lace-maker	2	2
Lamplighter	22	..
Land and estate agent, boot-keeper, and Native-land agent	400	12
Land proprietor, speculator	26	20
Lapidary, precious-stones worker	19	..
Laundryman. mangier, and washerwoman	169	864
Law accountant	6	..
Law clerk (not articled)	672	28
Law Department officer	9	..
Law-court officer, clerk	116	2
Law student, articled clerk	94	1
Law typist	..	1
Lawn tennis, cricket equipment maker	2	..
Lead-worker, coppersmith	55	..
Leather belting maker	7	..
Leather cutter, designer	10	1
Leather dresser	30	..
Leather and grindery merchant, dealer, and assistant	38	..
Leather manufacturer's assistant	23	..
Lecturer, teacher, professor (grammar or high school)	52	37
showman	18	2
university professor, demonstrator	35	1
Lemon-peel curer	4	..
Lessee (market)	1	..
Letter-carrier	227	1
Librarian and assistant	24	21
Lifter (railway-carriage builder)	22	..
Lighthouse-keeper	83	..
Lignite, shale, peat, charcoal dealer	1	..
Lime-burner, and assistant	105	..
Lime merchant	5	..
Lineman, electrician (Telegraph Department)	157	..
Linen-draper and assistant, draper	2,455	1,193
Literary amanuensis, shorthand-writer	26	65
Lithographer, lithographic, z in co-graphic printer, apprentice, artist, draughtsman	144	5
Livery - stable keeper, clerks, and assistant	432	6
Live-stock dealer	137	..
Loan-office keeper, pawnbroker	24	1
Locksmith	11	..
Log-getter (sawmill)	23	..
Lumper, stevedore, &c.	2,148	..
Lunatic-asylum clerk, ck, messenger, matron, warder	176	29
Lunatic-asylum inmate	1,573	1,078
Lynotype operator	107	..
Machine-cleaner	2	..
Machinery-agent	26	..
Machinery, agricultural - implements dealer	54	..
Machinery, agricultural - implements maker	39	..
Machines, tools, implements dealer, agent	36	..
Machinist, boot	55	416
Machinist, clothing-factory	7	233
Machinist, engineer	62	..
Machinist, sawmill	92	..
Machinist, stereotyper, others engaged in printing, linotype operator	275	25
Machinist, to stereotyper	168	25
Machinist, woollen-factory	1	83
Machinist, (undefined)	161	499
Magazine-keeper	2	..
Magistrate (not otherwise described)	27	..
Mail contractor	55	..
Mailman, mail guard	44	1
Maker, pottery	53	..
Maker, watch and clock	454	2
Malleable-iron worker, and assistant	155	2
Maltster	134	..
Manager, auctioneer	1	..
Manager, battery (quartz)	69	..
Manager, boot dealer	13	..
Manager, brewery	6	..
Manager, butcher	..	1
Manager, chemical-manure works	1	..
Manager, china merchant	1	..
Manager, clothing-factory	13	2
Manager, club-house (including secretary, &c.)	115	27
Manager, coal merchant	10	..
Manager, coal-mine	27	..
Manager, dairy factory	209	2
Manager, draper	31	2
Manager, farm	501	..
Manager, financial company (and secretary)	17	..
Manager, flax-mill	12	..
Manager, freezing-works	19	..
Manager, graving-dock, patent slip	2	..
Manager, grocer	15	..
Manager, hotel	69	12
Manager, agent, insurance company	416	6
Manager, ironmonger	15	..
Manager, merchant	44	..
Manager, mill	9	..
Manager, musical-instrument seller	1	..
Manager, newspaper	18	2
Manager, public company	37	..
Manager, quartz-mine	17	..
Manager, sanatorium	3	..
Manager, sawmill	62	..
Manager, school	3	9
Manager, sewing-machines	4	..
Manager, shale-mine	4	..
Manager, soft-goods	30	..
Manager, storekeeper	62	1
Manager, tanner	11	..
Manager, timber merchant	22	..
Manager, water-race	7	..
Manager, woollen-factory	19	..
wool merchant	8	..
Manchester warehouseman, assistant, &c.	1,216	45
Manganese-miner	6	..
Mangier, laundry - keeper, washerwoman	169	864
Manicurist	..	3
Mantle-maker	..	107
Manufacturer's agent	59	..
Manufacturer of artists' materials	4	..
Manufacturing chemist	51	5
Manufacturer (paper)	12	..
Manufacturer and mechanic (so defined)	110	9
Manure (chemical) maker	6	..
Manure, guano dealer	1	..
Manure, salesman	2	..
Marine diver	3	..
Marine Department, Harbour and River Board officer	173	1
Marine store dealer	6	..
Marine surveyor	5	..
Marine underwriter	18	..
Market gardener	885	10
Market lessee	1	..
Mason (concrete), and assistant	12	..
Mason (monumental, marble)	106	..
Masseur, masseuse	20	38
Match-factory employee	16	84
Match-seller	1	..
Mat-maker	4	2
Matron, servant, hospital	25	141
Matron, lunatic asylum	..	1
Matron, penal service	..	26
Matron, school	.	7
Measurer (timber merchant)	9	..
Meat, bacon, ham curer, and assistant	380	9
Meat-exporter	1	..
Meat-grader	8	..
Meat packer	2	..
Meat-preserver	37	..
Mechanical engineer (freezing-works)	21	..
Mechanical engineer, maker and fitter	2,128	..
Mechanic, manufacturer (so defined)	110	9
Medical galvanist, and assistant	11	1
Medical galvanist, practitioner	432	6
Medical galvanist, student	49	12
Member of religious community teaching	2	147
Member of religious order not classified as ministering to charity or education	2	72
Mercer, hatter, hosier, haberdasher and assistant	71	6
Mercer, silk dealer	7	..
Merchant, antimony, lead	1	..
Merchant, bottle	1	..
Merchant, china, crockeryware	18	2
Merchant, coal	280	1
Merchant, firewood	30	1
Merchant, flax	1	..
Merchant, flour	130	..
Merchant, hop	1	..
Merchant, kauri-gum	42	2
Merchant, lime	5	..
Merchant, produce	89	5
Merchant, provision	35	2
Merchant, seed	42	3
Merchant, tallow	3	..
Merchant, timber	128	1
Merchant, tin, zinc	1	..
Merchant, wine and spirit	50	3
Merchant, wool	45	..
Merchant, importer (undefined), apprentice, clerk, carter, manager, message - boy, storeman, traveller	1,312	41
Message-boy, merchant	1	..
Messenger, chemist	14	..
Messenger, dairy factory	17	..
Messenger, grocer	11	..
Messenger, insurance	10	..
Messenger, lunatic asylum	8	..
Messenger, and porter	118	..
Messenger, post-office	27	..
Messenger, telegraph	376	..
Metallurgist, assayer	27	..
Midwife, monthly nurse	..	1,076
Milk-preserver	13	..
Milk-seller, and assistant	511	63
Milker (farm)	47	4
Mill assistant	83	15
Miller, maizena-manufacturer, and assistant	557	4
Mill-hand (flax-mill)	544	..
Mill labourer	261	..
Mill manager	9	..
Mill owner	30	..
Milliner, bonnet, hat dealer.,	2	17
stay and glove maker, and assistant	..	811
Millwright	48	..
Mines Department officer	11	..
Mine (quartz, gold) owner, worker	4,306	..
Mine-manager (gold, alluvial)	10	..
Mineralogist, geologist	5	..
Miner, gold (alluvial)	5,617	1
Miner, shale	11	..
Miner, (undefined)	701	..
Mining engineer (coal-mine)	23	..
Mining, student	18	..
Ministerial or political office holder	20	..
Missionary	61	21
Missionary Mormon	12	1
Modeller, image-maker	6	1
Modeller, plasterer	286	..
Moneybroker, financier and capitalist accountant, manager, and secretary	373	88
Monthly nurse, midwife	..	1,076
Monumental dealer	..	1
Monumental marble mason, stone cutter and dresser	106	..
Mormon missionary	12	1
Morocco-finisher	1	..
Motor-driver	4	..
Moulder (brass)	39	..
Municipal Council or local body officer	392	11
Museum clerk, curator, and assistant	11	..
Musical-instrument importer, and assist ant	114	22
Musical-instrument maker	28	..
Musical-instrument tuner, repairer	85	3
Musician, vocalist, student of music	170	110
Music professor, teacher, &c.	233	1,163
Music-hall proprietor, manager	1	2
Music-string maker	2	..
Musterer (station)	27	..
Mutton-birder	2	..
Native-land agent	12	..
Naturalist, biologist, botanist	9	..
Naval officer (actual service)	5	..
Naval petty, warrant officer, sailor, marine	4	..
Navvy, labourer, platelayer	5,493	..
Needlewoman	..	263
Netmaker	1	..
News agent, paper vendor, clerk, and assistant	273	7
Newspaper proprietor, publisher	65	7
Nightman, sanitary contractor	46	..
Night-watchman (woollen-factory)	1	..
No occupation	1,199	278
Normal-school student	2	8
Normal-school teacher	1	2
Nurse, domestic	..	298
Nurse, hospital or asylum	3	443
Nurse, monthly, midwife	..	1,076
Nurse, sick	5	450
Oculist	2	..
Occupation not stated	269	71
Office keeper, attendant	S2	14
Officer, army (actual service)	29	..
Officer, charitable or benevolent institution	15	41
Officer, subordinate, or servant, charitable or benevolent asylum	18	139
Officer, Charity Department	4	5
Officer, Conservation of Water Department	11	..
Officer, Defence Department	21	..
Officer, Education Department	12	1
Officer, Fishery Department	20	..
Officer, Forest Department	51	..
Officer, friendly and benefit society	1	..
Officer, gasworks	109	..
Officer, Government Department	1,022	47
Officer, Harbour, River, and Marine Department	173	1
Officer, Health Department	9	1
Officer, law-court	116	2
Officer, Law Department	9	..
Officer, local body or Municipal Council	392	11
Officer, Mines Department	11	..
Officer, navy (actual service)	5	..
Officer, Patent and Trade-mark	2	..
Officer, penal : principal	11	..
Officer, penal service (prisons)	144	33
Officer, police : principal	10	..
Officer, Postal Department	611	209
Officer, public company or society, agent, clerk, accountant manager	83	..
Officer, railway	1,188	3
Officer, Salvation Army	129	160
Officer, Science Department	6	..
Officer, Stock and Brands Department	66	..
Officer, operator, clerk (Telegraph Department)	629	7
Officer, telephone	56	161
Officer, owner, clerk (tramway)	21	..
Officer, truant	5	..
Official or trade assignee	10	..
Oil and colour man, glass, paperhangings dealer, and assistant	61	6
Oil-refiner	1	..
Oilskin-maker	13	7
Oleo-worker	2	..
Optician	15	1
Orchardist, fruit-grower	324	31
Order-man (timber merchant)	25	..
Orphanage (inmate of)	165	127
Ostrich-farmer	5	..
Others connected with various property rights and transfers	1	..
Others connected with dealings in land	13	2
Others (including Mayors or members of local bodies)	4	..
Outfitter, clothier, slop-seller	139	23
Out of business	93	1
Oven-maker	7	..
Overseer, worker	73	..
Owner, agricultural-implement, threshing-machine	107	..
Owner, flax-mill	90	..
Owner, mill	30	..
Owner, totalisator	2	..
Oyster-bed lessee, worker	44	..
Oyster dealer, fishmonger	305	22
Packer, biscuit-factory	9	13
Packer, bonded or free store	24	..
Packer, kauri-gum merchant	l3	..
Packer, kauri-gum field	1	..
Packer, on roads	29	..
Packer, soft-goods	26	..
Packer, station	22	..
Packer, storekeeper	18	..
Packer, (undefined)	..	4
Packing-case maker	9	..
Paddocker (flax-mill)	17	..
Painter, artist, art student	196	311
Painter, paperhanger	2,398	..
Painter, polisher to railway - carriage builder	24	..
Painter, to shipbuilder	3	..
Paint-manufacturer	7	..
Palmist	..	2
Paper-bag, box maker	32	83
Paperhanger, oil and colour man, glass dealer, and assistant	61	6
Paper-manufacturer, and assistant	61	11
Paper merchant, importer	20	..
Parcel - delivery agent, forwarding agent, clerk, and driver	84	..
Pastry dealer, confectioner	134	187
Past work	476	65
Patentee, owner of trade-mark	1	..
Patent, trade-mark agent	6	..
Pattern cutter (clothing-factory)	..	9
Pattern cutter designer, engraver	35	2
maker (engineer)	71	..
Pauper, beggar	7	9
Pavior, drainer	74	..
Pawnbroker, loan-office keeper	24	1
Pedlar, hawker	234	20
Penal officer: subordinate	137	5
Penal officer: principal	11	..
Penal service: matron	..	26
Penal service : prisons officer	7	2
Pensioner	747	319
Perambulator, wheel-chair importer, dealer	..	1
Perambulator, wheel-chair maker	19	1
Permanent Militia	20	..
Personal attendant	5	226
Persons holding Ministerial or political office	20	..
Petroleum-borer	9	..
Petty, warrant officer, sailor, marine (navy)	4	..
Photographer, retoucher, and assistant	414	253
Photographic, art requisites importer, dealer	9	1
Phrenologist	9	2
Picture dealer	20	1
Picture-frame dealer	1	1
Picture-frame maker, restorer, and cleaner	79	1
Piecer (woollen-factory)	3	..
Pig-farmer	3	..
Pilot	20	..
Pipe-maker, pottery-works	35	..
Pipe-maker, tobacco	3	2
Plant and flower seller	24	34
Plasterer, modeller, and assistant	370	..
Plaster-maker, cement-manufacturer, and assistant	51	..
Platelayer, navvy, labourer	5,493	..
Ploughman	516	..
Ploughman (station)	264	..
Plumber, gasfitter, and assistant	1,487	4
Police: principal officer	10	..
Police: subordinate officer, policeman, detective	558	5
Pork butcher	48	9
Porter to draper	19	..
Porter and gatekeeper	15	3
Porter hospital	20	..
Porter and messenger	118	..
packer, ironmonger	19	..
Porter guard, servant (railway)	900	2
Portmanteau-maker	33	1
Post Office: postmaster, clerk, sorter	611	209
Post Office: messenger	27	..
Potato grower, digger, picker	2	..
Pottery-maker, and assistant	127	..
Pottery ware, earthenware dealer	2	1
Poultry-farmer	130	29
Poultry and game dealer	33	..
Preacher	14	3
Precious-stones dealer	1	..
Precious-stones miner	4	..
Precious-stones worker, lapidary	19	..
Prepared-skin and leather dealer, and assistant	24	1
Preserver (fruit), jam-maker	20	15
Presser, boot	6	..
Presser, clothing-factory	86	18
Presser, flax	14	..
Presser, woollen-factory	25	2
Printer, lithographer, &c.	108	3
Printer, manager, clerk, assistant, &c.	1,064	41
Prioress (religious community) teaching	..	7
Prison, gaol inmate	265	24
Prisons officer, penal service	7	2
Private detective	3	..
Private means	91	26
Private, non-commissioned, warrant officer	515	..
Probationer (public schools)	2	11
Produce, hay and corn merchant, and assistant	168	6
Professor, lecturer, teacher (college, grammar, high school)	52	37
Professor (university), demonstrator, lecturer	35	1
Professional athlete	13	1
Proprietor, attendant, baths	22	6
Proprietor, billiard-tables	182	..
Proprietor, boats, waterman, &c.	75	..
Proprietor, bonded or free store	22	..
Proprietor, clerk, quarry	20	..
coach, cab, or omnibus	382	3
Proprietor, gold (alluvial), (and worker)	6,615	1
Proprietor, gold (quartz), (and miner)	3,641	..
Proprietor, houses	724	427
Proprietor, manager, music-hall	1	2
Proprietor, miner, worker (coal-mine)	1,921	2
Proprietor, sawmill (and worker)	523	..
Prospector, kauri-gum	3	..
Prospector, metal	33	..
Provision merchant, dealer	35	2
Public accountant, auditor	170	..
Public company or society officer	17	1
Publisher, newspaper proprietor, and assistant	215	28
Puddler, roller (iron)	4	..
Pumice-worker	3	..
Pump maker	1	..
Pupil-teacher (public school)	74	223
Quarryman	227	..
Quarry proprietor, manager, clerk	20	..
Rabbiter	846	..
Rabbiter farm	51	..
Rabbiter station	342	..
Rabbit agent	62	..
Rabbiter carter	6	..
Rabbiter dealer	33	..
Rabbiter fence keeper	22	..
Racecourse ranger, caretaker, secretary	52	..
Rag and bottle gatherer	12	..
Railway carriage, wagon, tram-car builder, and assistant	126	..
Railway carter	8	..
Railway employee, labourer	785	..
Railway engine-driver, fireman	834	..
Railway ganger fettler	1,337	..
guard, porter, servant	900	2
officer, stationmaster, clerk	1,188	3
Range fitter	49	..
Range maker	33	..
Ranger (racecourse)	52	..
Reader (newspaper)	26	5
Receipt of charitable aid	5	19
Refiner, shale-mine	1	..
Refiner, sugar	9	..
Reformatory, industrial school (inmate of)	241	187
Registry-office keeper	3	34
Relative assisting aerated-water maker	14	..
Relative assisting alluvial gold miner	23	..
Relative assisting biscuit and pastry maker	50	33
Relative assisting blacksmith	113	1
Relative assisting boardinghouse	39	513
Relative assisting boot dealer	6	15
Relative assisting boot maker	32	2
Relative assisting bread and biscuit dealer	..	1
Relative assisting brewer	8	1
Relative assisting bricklayer	16	..
Relative assisting brickmaker	34	..
Relative assisting builder	35	..
Relative assisting butcher	82	14
Relative assisting carpenter	84	1
Relative assisting carrier	70	..
chaff-cutter	4	..
Relative assisting clothing-factory	28	86
Relative assisting coach, cab, or omnibus proprietor	20	2
Relative assisting coal-miner	12	..
coffee-palace, restaurant keeper, &c.	12	17
Relative assisting cooper	7	..
Relative assisting dairy-farmer	2,083	1,223
Relative assisting dealer	9	12
Relative assisting draper	18	52
Relative assisting farmer	12,078	830
Relative assisting fellmonger	13	..
Relative assisting fisherman	19	2
Relative assisting flax-miller	2	..
Relative assisting fruiterer, greengrocer	12	34
Relative assisting fruit-grower	35	4
Relative assisting grocer	37	44
Relative assisting hotelkeeper	133	631
Relative assisting ironmonger	1	..
Relative assisting jeweller	4	..
Relative assisting kauri-gum digger	20	..
Relative assisting lime-burner	1	..
Relative assisting machinist (clothing-factory)	1	15
Relative assisting market-gardener . .	39	3
Relative assisting merchant	8	1
Relative assisting milk-seller	33	10
Relative assisting miller	8	..
Relative assisting newsvendor	5	..
Relative assisting painter	32	2
Relative assisting, paper-worker	1	2
Relative assisting plasterer	2	..
Relative assisting plumber	12	..
Relative assisting pottery-maker	2	..
Relative assisting produce merchant. .	2	..
Relative assisting road, bridge contractor	6	..
Relative assisting runholder, grazier, &c.	654	17
Relative assisting sailmaker	2	..
Relative assisting sawyer	21	..
Relative assisting shepherd	21	..
Relative assisting storekeeper	195	282
Relative assisting tinsmith	S	..
Relative assisting tobacconist	5	5
Relative assisting occupation not stated	103	43
Relative, son, daughter, not performing specified occupation. .	47,734	44, 861
son, daughter, performing domestic duties	28	49,713
son, daughter, being taught at home	1,929	2,611
son, daughter, being taught at school	76,523	75,222
son, daughter, and others supported at university	79	67
Religious community engaged in teaching	2	147
Rent-collector, house agent	54	1
Repairer (boot)	6	..
Reporter	17	..
Retired	388	37
Rider-out (butcher)	11	..
Rifle-saloon keeper	4	..
River-bank protection labourer	3	..
Riveter to engineer	33	..
Road, railway, bridge, telegraph, wharf contractor	386	..
Rope-boys (coal-mine)	9	..
Rope and cord maker, and assistant	151	1
Rouseabout	4	..
Rouseabout (station)	19	..
Rubber-stamp maker	8	..
Runholder, grazier, stock-breeder	3,139	81
Runholder, grazier, stock-breeder's assistant	8,774	75
Sack and bag maker	6	12
Saddlers' ironmonger	5	..
Saddlery, harness dealer, and assistant	17
Saddlery, harness maker, and assistant	1,357	22
Sailcloth, canvas, maker	2
Sailmaker, and assistant	199	10
Sailors' home servant	2	2
Salesman, saleswoman, auctioneer	6
Salesman, saleswoman, boot-dealer	145	59
Salesman, saleswoman, butcher	245
Salesman, saleswoman, chemist	1	11
Salesman, saleswoman, china merchant	24	8
Salesman, saleswoman, coal merchant	1	..
Salesman, saleswoman, fancy-goods dealer	30	24
Salesman, saleswoman, flour	23	..
Salesman, saleswoman, furniture dealer	88	14
Salesman, saleswoman, ironmonger	132	2
Salesman, saleswoman, leather and grindery dealer	9	..
Salesman, saleswoman, manure dealer	2	..
Salesman, saleswoman, musical-instrument dealer	24	6
Salesman, saleswoman, oil and colour dealer	27	3
Salesman, saleswoman, outfitter	17	2
Salesman, saleswoman, saddlery dealer	7	1
Salesman, saleswoman, skin and leather dealer	9	..
Salesman, saleswoman, soft-goods	301	31
Salesman, saleswoman, stock agent	8	..
Salesman, saleswoman, storekeeper	30	7
Salesman, saleswoman, timber merchant	29	..
Salesman, saleswoman, tobacconist	16	4
Salesman, saleswoman, traveller, canvasser (undefined)	848	318
Saleyards caretaker	1	..
Salt, soda, alkali, starch, blue maker	21	..
Salvation Army officer	129	160
Sampler (flour)	7	..
Sanatorium manager	3	..
Sanitary contractor, nightman	46	..
Sanitary inspector, inspector of nuisances	65	1
Sausage-skin manufacturer	55	..
Sawmill proprietor, workers, hands,&c.	4,364	4
Saw-setter, tool-maker, &c.	29	..
Saw-sharpener (sawmill)	35	..
Sawyer (sawmill)	426	..
Scavenger, street-cleaner	2	..
School caretaker, cleaner	46	13
School inspector	35	2
manager	3	9
School of Mines director	2	..
Schoolmaster, schoolmistress, teacher, denominational school	27	143
Schoolmaster, schoolmistress, teacher, private school	35	217
Schoolmaster, schoolmistress, teacher, public school	924	1,270
Schoolmaster, schoolmistress, teacher (undefined)	784	1,643
School matron	1	7
Scientific Department officer	6
Scourer and dyer	66	3
washer, station 23
Scourer woollen-factory	4	1
Scraper (kauri-gum)	1	..
Sculptor	11	..
Scutcher (flax)	29	..
Seaman, shipmaster (merchant service)	2,824	..
Seamer (woollen-factory)	..	3
Seamstress	..	35
Second-hand clothes dealer	5	10
Second-hand furniture dealer	4	..
Secretary, agricultural association	2	..
Secretary, Children's Aid Society	4	1
Secretary, Education Board	14	..
Secretary, financial company	17	..
Secretary, clerk, gasworks	56	3
Secretary, hospital	4	..
Secretary, insurance	14	..
Secretary, racecourse	52	..
Seed-dresser	11	..
Seed-merchant, and assistant	130	10
Servant, boarding and lodging house	172	1,146
Servant, charitable or benevolent institution, &c.(subordinate officer)	18	139
Servant, club-house	115	27
Servant, coffice-palace, &c.	53	88
Servant, or matron, hospital	25	141
Servant, hotel	1,181	2,249
Servant, house	833	19,189
Servant, registry-office keeper	3	34
Servant, sailors' home	2	2
Sewer, bookbinder	2	16
Sewing-machine maker, repairer	7	..
Sewing-machine dealer, and assistant	84	9
Sewing-machinist, boot	4	77
Sewing-machinist, shirt-factory	1	149
Sexton, and assistant	33	..
Shale-worker	33	..
Share and stock broker, dealer, jobber, speculator	476	3
Shearer, shepherd, labourer, stockrider, drover on station	3,041	..
Sheep dealer	32	..
Sheep-dip agent	2	..
Sheep-dip manufacturer	4	..
Shepherd, stockrider, drover, shearer, labourer on station	3,041	..
Sheriff's officer, bailiff	29	..
Ship and boats dealer	3	..
Ship and boats tackle, equipment dealer	11	..
Shipbuilder, shipwright, boatbuilder, and assistant	622	..
Ship chandler	18	..
Shipmaster, sea non (merchant service)	2,824	..
Shipowner, shipping agent, manager, clerk, book-keeper, accountant, store-man	512	6
Ship-rigger	15	..
Shirt-cutter	15	3
Shirt-factory hand	8	97
Shirt-maker, and assistant	57	840
Shoeblack	1	..
Shoe and boot dealer.'c.	278	82
Shoemaker, bootmaker,	2,721	24
Shop assistant, storekeeper	406	517
Shop-boy, bookseller	4	..
Shop-boy, shop-girl, fruiterer, green grocer	10	2
Shop-boy, ironmonger	12	..
Shop-boy, shop-girl, storekeeper	73	3
Shopman, shopwoman, bread and biscuit dealer	1	3
Shopman, shopwoman, Shop-boy, grocer	314	4
Shopman, shopwoman, seed merchant	60	4
Shopwalker, draper	3	2
Shorthand-writer, literary amanuensis	26	65
Showman, lecturer..	18	2
Sick-nurse	5	450
Signwriter	81	..
Signalman, signal-woman	22	2
Silk manufacturer, spinner, and worker	3	..
Silk mercer, dealer	7	..
Silver-mine prospector	2	..
Silver-miner	2	..
Sister of charity	..	31
Skilled assistant, foreman, inspector, manager, assistant, road and bridge contractor	469	..
Skin dresser, splitter	12	..
Skin and hide dealer	15	..
Skin and leather dealer	7	..
Skinner, flesher (fellmongery)	14	..
Slater, shingler	27	..
Slaughterman and abbatoir-worker	226	..
Slop-seller	139	23
Soap and candle manufacturer, assistant	144	3
Sock-maker, knitter	7	41
Soft-goods warehouseman, assistant, &c.	1,216	45
Solicitor, barrister	635	1
Son, relative (including persons under twenty years of age not performing specified occupation)	47,734	..
Son, relative performing domestic duties	28	..
Son, relative being taught at home	1,929	..
Son, relative at school	76,523	..
Son, relative and others supported at ; university	79	..
Sorter, kauri-gum	77	..
Sorter, woollen-factory	15	1
Speculator, land proprietor	26	20
Speculator, in stocks and shares	476	3
Spice-manufacturer	5	..
Spinner (woollen-factory)	74	10
Stable-boy (livery stables)	88	..
Stableman	18	..
Stableman storekeeper	2	..
Stair-builder	3	..
Stapler (woollen-factory)	3	..
Starch, blue, soda maker, &c.	21	..
Stationer, apprentice, and assistant, &c.	243	65
Station manager, overseer, clerk. &c, to runholder	515	1
Stationmaster, officer, clerk (railway)	1,188	3
Stay and glove maker, milliner	..	526
Steward (hospital)	4	..
Steward stewardess, ship's servant	792	75
Stevedore, lumper, wharf labourer	2,148	..
Stock agent	52	..
Stock and Brands Department officer	66	..
Stock-breeder, runholder, grazier	3,139	81
Stock-breeder, runholder, grazier's assistant	8,774	75
Stock and station agent	19	..
Stockman (station)	120	..
Stockrider, drover, shearer, shepherd, labourer to station	3,041	..
Stoker, coal-trimmer, and engineer (marine service)	1,149	..
Stoker (shale-mine)	1	..
Stone-breaker, contractor (road-metal)	242	..
Stone-cutter and monumental mason	106	..
Stone, gravel, and sand dealer	1	..
Stonemason, hodman, and labourer assistant	326	..
Store assistant	288	43
Storekeeper, shopkeeper, and all assistants	3,076	1,304
Storekeeper (station)	2	..
Store manager (flour)	4	..
Storeman, auctioneer	56	..
bacon-factory	3	..
Storeman, fancy-goods dealer	9	..
Storeman, flour-mill	109	..
Storeman, caretaker, freezing-works	12	..
Storeman, fruiterer, greengrocer	8	..
Storeman, hop merchant	2	..
Storeman, kauri-gum merchant	40	..
Storeman, merchant	104	..
Storeman, musical-instrument seller	1	..
shipping agent	17	..
Storeman, soft-goods	54	..
storekeeper	190	..
Storeman, wine and spirit merchant	17	..
Storeman, wool merchant	15	..
Straw-hat maker	3	19
Street musician	2	..
Striker, blacksmith	108	..
Striker, engineer	14	..
Striker, ironfounder	81	..
Stripper, keeper (flax-mill)	9	..
Student, agricultural college	25	..
Student, medical	49	12
Student, mining	18	..
Student, normal school	2	8
Student, theological	44	3
Stuffed birds, animal dealer	1	2
Subordinate officer or servant, charitable or benevolent institution	18	139
Sugar-boiler, coffice-maker	22	12
Sugar-mill owner, refiner, and assistant	106	..
Sugar-planter	3	..
Surgeon (veterinary)	72	1
Surgical appliances, truss, bandage maker	3	2
Surgical instruments and appliances dealer	1	..
Surgical-instrument maker	4	..
Surveyor, and assistant, cadet, &c,	725	1
Surveyor (marine)	5	..
Swagger	1	..
Tailor, dressmaker, and assistant	1,622	8,844
Tally-clerk (wharf)	66	..
Tallow-melter(boiling-downworks), and assistant	57	..
Tallow-melter merchant, dealer	3	..
Tanner, currier, and assistant	770	1
Tarpaulin, tent maker	30	13
Taxidermist	11	1
Teacher of blind	4	..
Teacher professor, lecturer, college, grammar, high school	52	37
Teacher denominational school	27	143
Teacher of languages or other accomplishments (not art or music)	40	86
Teacher of music	233	1,163
Teacher normal school	1	2
Teacher private school	35	217
Teacher public school	924	1,270
Teacher (undefined)	784	1,643
Tea agent, broker	33	1
Tea agent, mixer, taster	15	..
Tea agent, packer, sorter	56	11
Tea agent, wrapper	1	..
Teamster	203	..
Telegraph constructor	4	..
Telegraph messenger	376	..
Telegraph officer, operator, clerk	629	7
Telephone officer	56	161
Tent, tarpaulin maker	30	13
Theatre, hall proprietor, lessee, manager, book-keeper, ticket-taker..	40	2
Theological student	44	3
Ticket-writer	2	..
Timber merchant, and assistant, &c	658	4
Timber rafter	9	..
Timber stacker (sawmill)	8	..
Timekeeper (road-works)	6	.
Tin-miner, alluvial	2	..
Tin-miner, lode	11	..
Tinsmith, and assistant	609	..
meat-factory	12	..
Tin, zinc merchant, dealer	1	..
Tobacco, cigar manufacturer	6	5
Tobacco-grower	2	..
Tobacconist, and assistant, &c.	104	18
Tobacco-pipe maker	3	2
Tools, machines, implements dealer, agent	36	..
Tool-maker, &c.	29	..
Torpedo Corps engineer	3	..
Torpedoman	8	..
Totalisator agent, worker .,	4	..
Tourist	37	32
Tourist agent	3	..
Tourist guide	15	1
Toy-maker	7	..
Toy and minor art products dealer	1	4
Tract Society agent	1	..
Traction-engine driver	103	..
Trade-mark (owner of)	1	..
Trainer (animal)	464	..
Tramway layer (sawmill)	46	..
owner, officer, clerk, conductor, driver, &c.	381	..
Traveller, aerated-water maker	2	..
Traveller, agricultural - machinery maker	1	..
Traveller, biscuit-factory	2	..
Traveller, bookseller	5	..
Traveller, boot dealer	16	1
Traveller, bread and biscuit dealer	1	..
Traveller, brewer	37	..
Traveller, chemist	2	..
Traveller, china merchant	3	..
Traveller, confectionery	6	..
Traveller, draper	50	1
Traveller, druggist	19	1
Traveller, fancy-goods dealer	21	1
Traveller, flour merchant	7	..
Traveller, flour-mill	5	..
Traveller, grocer	42	..
Traveller, ironmonger	09	..
Traveller, merchant	47	7
Traveller, newspaper	26	..
Traveller, saddlery dealer	4	..
Traveller, and collector, sewing-machine	21	..
Traveller, soap-works	2	..
Traveller, soft-goods	86	..
Traveller, stationer..	1	..
Traveller, tea agent	17	2
Traveller, tobacconist	1	..
Traveller, wine and spirit	31	..
Traveller, woollen-factory	31	..
Traveller, (undefined)	69	20
Trimmer, clothing-factory	5	..
Trimmer, railway-carriage builder	13	..
Trollyman (sawmill)	41	..
Truant officer	5	..
Trucker (coal-mine)	53	..
Truss, bandage, and surgical-appliance	..	..
maker	3	..
Tuner, loom (woollen-factory)	31	1
Tuner, musical instruments	85	3
Turf commission agent, sweep-promoter	18	..
Turncock	7	..
Turner to engine-fitter	77	..
Turner, fitter (shale-mine)	2	..
Tutor, governess	11	326
Tweed-finisher (woollen-factory)	8	2
Typist (law)	..	1
Umbrella, parasol maker	43	19
Undertaker, and assistant	48	2
Underwriter, marine surveyor	18	..
Unemployed	58	..
University professor, demonstrator, lecturer, &c.	35	1
Upholsterer, bed, mattress maker	256	26
Varnish-manufacturer	9	..
Vegetable-hawker	54	..
Verger, church officer	29	5
Veterinary surgeon	72	1
Visitor assisting, station	1	..
Visitor lodger assisting on farm	17	1
Visitor lodger boarder not performing domestic duties (under 20)	1,519	1,735
Visitor lodger not performing domestic duties (over 20)..	27	376
Visitor lodger performing domestic duties	21	4,838
Vocalist, musician, student of music	170	110
Volunteers	4O4	..
Wage-earner	14	4
Wagon, carriage, cart dealer	2	..
Wagon, coach, and cart builder	512	1
Warehouseman (ironmonger)	55	..
Warehouseman (Manchester), assistant, &c.	1,216	45
Warehouseman (woollen-factory)	2	..
Warehouseman (undefined)	306	..
Warder, hospital	23	2
Warder, lunatic asylum	158	25
Warper (woollen factory)	16	1
Washer (flax-mill)	7	..
Washer (woollen-factory)	4	..
Washerwoman, laundryman, mangier	169	864
Watch, clock, chronometer maker, and assistant	546	5
Watch, clock, jewellery dealer	34	15
Watchman	116	..
Watchman sawmill	18	..
Water-, gas-meter maker	2	..
Waterman, boat proprietor, &c.	75	..
Waterproof-maker	17	78
Water-supply(private) worker, well-sinker	87	..
Weaver (woollen-factory)	24	298
Weed-destroyer	1	..
Weighbridge-keeper	3	..
Well-sinker	87	..
Wharf labourer, lumper, stevedore	2,148	..
Wharf owner, lessee, wharfinger	36	..
Whale and seal fishery	2	..
Wheel-chair dealer	..	1
Wheelwright, apprentice, and assistant	382	..
Wickerware, basketware, dealer	1	1
Wicker-worker, basket-maker	105	..
Wife, mother, widow	..	118,581
Winchman (gold-dredge)	110	..
Winder (woollen-factory)	..	35
Wine grower	29	..
Wine manufacturer (not grower)	16	..
Wine and spirit merchant, and assistant	146	5
Wire and cable manufacturer, worker	44	..
Woodcutter (station)	7	..
Wood machinist	31	..
Wood moulder	10	..
Wood ware labourer	6	..
Wood Ware manufacturer	7	..
Wool broker, merchant, and assistant	165	..
Wool classer	17	..
Wool classer picker, dresser (station)	125	..
Wool classer sorter (fellmonger)	124	..
Wool merchant	45	..
Wool and skin cleaner	97	..
Wool-sorter	11	..
Wool-washer, fellmonger, &c.	500	..
Woollen manufacturer, worker, spinner, and all other hands	684	854
Worker, bonded, free store	714	..
Worker, labourer (gold-dredge)	459	..
Worker, malleable iron	32	..
Worker, paper-mills	48	9
Workman, gas company	159	..
Workman, tallow-works	19	..
Yardman, coal merchant	21	..
Yardman, sawmills	80	..
Yarn-scourer (woollen-factory)	1	1
Yarn-twister	6	6
Zincographic. lithograpic printer, &c.	108	3
Zoological garden, menagerie keeper, attendant. &c,	10	..