THE NEW ZEALAND OFFICIAL YEAR-BOOK, 1914


Table of Contents

PREFACE.

THIS, the twenty-third issue of the “New Zealand Official Yearbook,” contains the latest statistics available on all matters dealt with, the figures for the calendar year 1913 or the financial year 1913–14 being given in all cases except for local governing bodies, valuation of land, life insurance, and those matters for which statistics are not obtained annually.

Besides the thorough revision of the whole book a considerable amount of new matter has been added, and several articles have been rewritten either wholly or in part.

Among the new matter included may be mentioned a special article on “The Rivers of New Zealand” by Mr. R. Speight, M.Sc., F.G.S., and official tables showing mortality rates in New Zealand. Several new graphs have also been added, as well as a geological map of New Zealand.

My thanks are due to those responsible Government officers who have supplied information, and to the statistical staff for their co-operation and valuable assistance.

Owing to the mass of material dealt with, it would be too much to hope that no errors have crept in notwithstanding the care taken in revising and checking. I shall be pleased if readers detecting any will supply particulars as to their nature and position.

MALCOLM FRASER,

Government Statistician.

Wellington, 2nd November, 1914.

Chapter 1. SECTION I.—HISTORIC AND OFFICIAL.

Table of Contents

BOUNDARIES AND AREA.

THE Dominion of New Zealand consists of three main islands, with several groups of smaller islands lying at some distance from the principal group. The main islands, known as the North, the South, and Stewart Islands, have a coast-line 4,330 miles in length: North Island, 2,200 miles; South Island, 2,000 miles; and Stewart Island, 130 miles. Other islands included within the Dominion are the Chatham, Auckland, Campbell, Snares, Antipodes, Bounty, and Kermadec Islands. The Cook Group of islands and certain neighbouring islands were included in the Dominion by proclamation of the 10th June, 1901.

The total area of the Dominion proper (i.e. excluding the islands annexed in 1901) is 66,292,232 acres or 103,581 square miles. The land area of the Cook Group is about 150 square miles, and of the other islands annexed in 1901 about 130 square miles. Full information as to boundaries and area, together with descriptive matter relating to the physical features of the various portions of the Dominion, will be found in the 1913 issue of this hook.

DISCOVERY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT.

The first authentic account of the discovery of New Zealand is that given by Abel Jansen Tasman, the Dutch navigator. He left Batavia on the 14th August, 1642, in the yacht “Heemskercq,” accompanied by the “Zeehaen” (or “Sea-hen”) fly-boat. After having visited Mauritius, and discovered Tasmania, named by him “Van Diemen's Land,” in honour of Anthony van Diemen, Governor of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, he steered eastward, and on the 13th December of the same year sighted the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand, described by him as “a high mountainous country.”

Tasman, under the belief that the land he saw belonged to a great polar continent, and was part of the country discovered some years before by Schouten and Le Maire, to which the name of Staten Land had been given, gave the same name of Staten Land to New Zealand; but within about three months afterwards Schouten's “Staten Land” was found to be merely an inconsiderable island. Upon this discovery being announced, the country that Tasman had called Staten Land received the name of “New Zealand,” by which it has ever since been known. Tasman sailed along the coast to a bay, where he anchored. To this he gave the name of Murderers (since termed Massacre or Golden) Bay, on account of an unprovoked attack on a boat's crew by the Natives, and the massacre of four white men. Thence he steered along the west coast of the North Island, and gave the name of Cape Maria van Diemen to the north-western extremity thereof. After sighting the islands of the Three Kings he finally departed, not having set foot in the country.

There is no record of any visit to New Zealand after Tasman's departure until the time of Captain Cook, who, after leaving the Society Islands, sailed in search of a southern continent then believed to exist. He sighted land on the 6th October, 1769, at Young Nick's Head, and on the 8th of that month cast anchor in Poverty Bay. After having coasted round the North Island and the South and Stewart Islands—which last he mistook for part of the South Island—he took his departure from Cape Farewell on the 31st March, 1770, for Australia. He visited New Zealand again in 1773, in 1774, and in 1777.

M. de Surville, a French officer in command of the vessel “Saint Jean Baptiste,” while on a voyage of discovery, sighted the northeast coast of New Zealand on the 12th December, 1769, and remained for a short time. A visit was soon after paid by another French officer, M. Marion du Fresne, who arrived on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand on the 24th March, 1772, but was, on the 12th June following, murdered at the Bay of Islands by the Natives.

Captain George Vancouver in the “Discovery,” accompanied by Captain Broughton in the “Chatham,” anchored in Dusky Bay, on the west coast of the South Island, on the 2nd November, 1791, and remained there until the 21st. After leaving Dusky Bay the two vessels parted company during a gale, not meeting again until their arrival at Otaheite. During the passage of the “Chatham” to this place, Captain Broughton discovered and named the Chatham Islands (on the 29th November, 1791).

On the 5th November, 1792, the “Britannia” (Captain Raven) anchored in Facile Harbour, on the west coast of the South Island. She had come from Sydney for the purpose of procuring seal-skins. A party of men was landed and accommodation for them built, and, on the 1st December the “Britannia” sailed for the Cape of Good Hope. On her return on the 27th December, 1793, the men were found to be in good health. So far as is known, this was the first instance of Europeans being left in New Zealand to their own resources.

The Spanish expedition in the vessels “Descubrierta” and “Atrevida,” the former commanded by Alejandro Malaspina and the latter by José de Bustamente y Guerra, sighted the west coast of the South Island on the 25th February, 1793. A boat's crew went into Doubtful Bay, whilst the vessels remained off the entrance. Next morning they unsuccessfully attempted to enter Dusky Bay, but the weather becoming stormy they left for Sydney, after giving Spanish names to several places in and around Dusky and Doubtful Bays.

In 1793 also the “Dædalus,” under the command of Lieutenant Hanson, was sent by the Government of New South Wales to New Zealand, and two chiefs were taken thence to Norfolk Island. There was after this an occasional intercourse between the islands of New Zealand and the English settlements in New South Wales.

On the 23rd May, 1820, Thaddeus Bellingshausen, in command of the two Russian ships “Wostok” and “Mirny,” sailed into Cook Strait, in the course of his voyage round the world. The vessels anchored in Queen Charlotte Sound on the 28th May, and remained there till the 3rd June.

In 1814 the first missionaries arrived in New Zealand—Messrs. Hall and Kendall—who had been sent as forerunners by Mr. Marsden, chaplain to the New South Wales Government. After a short stay they returned to New South Wales, and on the 19th November of that year again embarked in company with Mr. Marsden, who preached his first sermon in New Zealand on Christmas Day, 1814. He returned to Sydney on the 23rd March, 1815, leaving Messrs. Hall, Kendall, and King, who formed the first mission station at Rangihoua, Bay of Islands, under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society. Six years later, in 1821, the work of evangelization was put on a more durable basis; but the first station of the Wesleyan mission, established by Mr. Leigh and his wife, at the valley of the Kaeo, Whangaroa, was not taken possession of until the 10th June, 1823.

COLONIZATION.

Almost immediately after Cook returned to England on the completion of his first voyage round the world there was published in London, on the 29th August, 1771, a pamphlet by Alexander Dalrymple, entitled “Scheme of a Voyage to convey the Conveniences of Life, Domestic Animals, Corn, Iron, &c., to New Zeland [sic], with Dr. Benjamin Franklin's Sentiments upon the Subject.” The idea Dalrymple had in mind was to civilize the Maoris by furnishing them with useful commodities, taking in exchange whatever goods the Natives could supply by way of trade. Dalrymple being unsuccessful in raising money to carry out his plan the matter dropped, but he was the first to suggest the idea of opening up commerce with New Zealand, thus paving the way for its colonization.

The first attempt at colonization was made in 1825 by a company formed in London, and called the New Zealand Company. An expedition was sent out under the command of Captain Herd, who acquired tracts of land at Hokianga, at Manakau, and on the borders of the Thames. The company was prevented by adverse circumstances from forming a settlement.

In the same year two other persons, namely, Baron Charles de Thierry and Mr. William Stewart, were trying to form colonization companies in London. The former chose for his sphere the North Island and the latter Stewart Island, but neither scheme was successful.

In consequence of frequent visits of whaling-vessels to the Bay of Islands, a settlement grew up at Kororareka—now called Russell—and in 1833 Mr. Busby was appointed British Resident there. A number of Europeans gradually settled in different parts of the country, and married Native women.

In 1837 the New Zealand Association was formed, to apply to New Zealand the Wakefield system of colonization. A Royal Charter was applied for, but the terms offered by the British Government not being acceptable, the association dissolved. Some of the members of this association formed a plan for the prosecution of its leading objects by means of a joint-stock company. On the 29th August, 1838, a private copartnership was established under the name of “The New Zealand Colonization Company.” By the spring of 1839 it had raised sufficient funds to purchase an extensive territory (principally surrounding Hokianga and Kaipara Harbours), and to fit out a preliminary expedition for surveying the coasts, making further purchases, and preparing for the early arrival of settlers. On the 2nd May, 1839, the New Zealand Colonization Company ceased to exist, and the New Zealand Company (the second of that name) was formed with a capital of £100,000 in 4,000 shares of £25 each, to establish settlement in New Zealand on systematic principles.

On the 22nd January, 1810, the first body of immigrants arrived in Port Nicholson, and founded the town of Wellington. About the same time—namely, on the 29th January 1840—Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands, empowered, with the consent of the Natives, to proclaim the sovereignty of Queen Victoria over the Islands of New Zealand, and to assume the government thereof. A compact called the Treaty of Waitangi, to which in less than six months five hundred and twelve names were affixed, was entered into, whereby all rights and powers of sovereignty were ceded to the Queen, all territorial rights being secured to the chiefs and their tribes. The seat of Government was established at Waitemata (Auckland), and a settlement formed there.

The New Zealand Company having decided to form another settlement, to which the name of “Nelson” was to be given, despatched a preliminary expedition from England in April, 1841, for the purpose of selecting a site. The spot chosen was the head of Blind Bay, where a settlement was established. About the same time a number of pioneers arrived in Taranaki, despatched thither by the New Plymouth Company, a colonizing society which had been formed in England, and had bought 50,000 acres of land from the New Zealand Company.

The next important event in the progress of colonization was the arrival at Port Chalmers, on the 23rd March, 1848, of the first of two emigrant ships sent out by the Otago Association for the foundation of a settlement by persons belonging to or in sympathy with the Free Church of Scotland.

In 1849 the “Canterbury Association for founding a Settlement in New Zealand” was incorporated. On the 16th December, 1850, the first emigrant ship despatched by the association arrived at Port Cooper, and the work of opening up the adjoining country was set about in a systematic fashion, the intention of the promoters being to establish a settlement complete in itself, and composed entirely of members of the then United Church of England and Ireland.

EARLY PROGRESS.

The rich tussock plains of Canterbury yielded at once to the efforts of the settlers, and the province soon became the great pastoral and agricultural centre of the colony. Grain and wool were exported, and the volume of trade increased rapidly. The district grew prosperous, and many of the settlers became wealthy men. The foresight of the founders of the settlement provided for endowments for schools and churches, and for the construction of roads and bridges, and when the provinces were abolished in 1875 Canterbury not only handed over a well-equipped district but a large credit balance at its bankers.

Up to the early sixties Otago had made a slow but steady advance much of the province being adapted to agriculture, to which the energies of the majority of the early settlers were devoted. In 1861, however, gold was discovered in the Lindis Valley, and this, together with further rich finds in Gabriel's Gully and various other parts of Otago, attracted people from all parts of Australasia. The province rapidly increased in wealth and prosperity, and Dunedin soon became a thriving and populous commercial centre.

Southland advanced steadily, mainly on account of its rich agricultural and pastoral lands; and in the northern and western parts of the South Island good progress was also made. Marlborough and the eastern portion of Nelson, with their good soil and attractive climate, became the homes of farming communities, while Westland and the west coast of Nelson owed their progress to rich finds of gold and coal.

For many years the North Island lagged behind the South Island. Its progress was retarded by troubles with the Maoris, and in the early days many settlers, terrified by the warlike attitude of the aboriginals, abandoned their farms and left New Zealand. The unrest caused by the wars put a stop to settlement, and for years left the interior of the Island a terra incognita. After the initial conflicts with the Natives when the British flag was hoisted at the Bay of Islands, colonization proceeded quietly at Auckland, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Wellington, and Hawke's Bay.

In 1861, however, a serious misunderstanding arose at Waitara over the question of land, and almost without warning active hostilities were commenced by the Natives. The Taranaki settlers were driven from their homes, and the labour of years was destroyed in a few weeks. Blood was shed, and many men were killed on both sides. Soon the whole country from Auckland to Wellington was in arms. The settlers around Wanganui, Napier, and Wellington were forged to leave their farms and take refuge in the towns, and for a time all progress was stayed. Over ten thousand troops were brought from England to quell the disturbance, and after several years of fighting the Maoris at last sued for peace. The Waikato Natives lost their land, which was confiscated and handed over to military settlers, who soon converted the district into a thriving farming centre. Slowly the settlers restored their homes and farms, and gradually the North Island became settled by an ever-growing industrious community.

The discovery of rich gold at the Thames in 1867 attracted a large number of people from Australia and other parts of New Zealand, and since the termination of the Maori wars the North Island has made immense progress, overtaking and, in later years, rapidly outstripping the South Island.

BRITISH SOVEREIGNTY.

The record of formal Government of New Zealand under the British Crown begins with the following Proclamation issued by Captain William Hobson, R.N., on the 21st May, 1840:—

PROCLAMATION.

In the name of Her Majesty VICTORIA, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. By WILLIAM HOBSON, Esquire, a Captain in the Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand.

WHEREAS by a treaty bearing date the sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty, made and executed by me, William Hobson, a Captain in the Royal Navy, Consul and Lieutenant-Governor in New Zealand, vested for this purpose with full powers by Her Britannic Majesty of the one part, and the Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand, and the separate and independent Chiefs of New Zealand not members of the Confederation, of the other, and further ratified and confirmed by the adherence of the principal Chiefs of this Island of New Zealand (commonly called the “Northern Island”), all rights and powers of sovereignty over the said Northern Island were ceded to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland absolutely and without reservation:

Now, therefore, I, William Hobson, Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, in the name and on behalf of Her Majesty do hereby proclaim and declare to all men that from and after the date of the above-mentioned treaty the full sovereignty of the Northern Island of New Zealand vests in Her Majesty Queen Victoria, her heirs and successors for ever.

Given under my hand, at Government House, Russell, Bay of Islands, this twenty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty.

WILLIAM HOBSON,

Lieutenant-Governor.

By His Excellency's command.

WILLOUGHBY SHORTLAND,

Colonial Secretary.

From the date of the Proclamation until the 3rd May, 1841, New Zealand remained a dependency of New South Wales, and on the latter date it was created a separate colony by Royal Charter, dated the 16th November, 1840.

CONSTITUTION.

The Government of the colony was first vested in a Governor, who was responsible only to the Crown; there was an Executive Council and a Legislative Council with advisory powers only. On the 23rd December, 1847, a Charter was signed dividing the colony into two provinces—New Ulster and New Minister—and this was proclaimed in New Zealand on the 10th March, 1848. The Province of New Ulster consisted of the whole of the North Island with the exception of that portion adjacent to Cook Strait and lying to the south of a line commencing at the centre of the mouth of the Patea River and running thence due east until it reaches the sea on the east coast. The Province of New Minister consisted of the portion of the North Island excluded from New Ulster and the whole of the South and Stewart Islands. Each province had a Lieutenant-Governor, an Executive Council, and a Legislative Council, while the Governor-in-Chief for the whole colony was also Governor of each province. Provision had also been made for a House of Representatives in each province, but this portion of the Charter was suspended for five years, and before it came into operation a new Constitution was obtained.

On the 30th June, 1852, the Act granting representative institutions was passed by the Imperial Parliament, and published in New Zealand by Proclamation on the 17th January, 1853. Under it the constitution of a General Assembly for the whole colony was provided for, to consist of a Legislative Council and a House of Representatives.

By the same Act the Provinces of New Ulster and New Munster were abolished and the colony was divided into six new provinces—Auckland, New Plymouth, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago.

Each province was to be presided over by an elective Superintendent, and to have an elective Provincial Council empowered to legislate, except on certain specified subjects. The franchise amounted practically to household suffrage. In each case the election was for four years, but a dissolution of the Provincial Council by the Governor could take place at any time, necessitating a fresh election both of the Council and of the Superintendent. The Superintendent was chosen by the whole body of the electors of the province, and each member of the Provincial Council by the electors of a district. The boundaries of the new provinces were gazetted on the 2nd April, 1853, and the boundaries of the electoral districts on the 14th May following, the first general elections for the House of representatives and the Provincial Councils being held during 1853 and the beginning of 1854. The Provincial Governments, afterwards increased to nine, remained as integral parts of the Constitution of the colony until the 1st November, 1876, when they were abolished by an Act of the General Assembly, that body having been vested with the power of altering the Constitution Act. On the same day an Act of the General Assembly subdivided the colony (exclusive of the areas included within municipalities) into counties and established a system of local government.

The first Executive for the colony included the Governor and three gentlemen holding office as Colonial Secretary, Attorney-General, and Colonial Treasurer—namely, Messrs. Willoughby Shortland, Francis Fisher, and George Cooper—all appointed on the 3rd May, 1841. The successors of those gentlemen (Andrew Sinclair, appointed 6th January, 1844; William Swainson, appointed 10th August, 1841; and Alexander Shepherd, appointed 9th May, 1842) continued in office until the establishment of Responsible Government on the 7th May, 1856. Only one of them, the Hon. Mr. Swainson, without ceasing to be Attorney-General, sat as a member of the first General Assembly, being Speaker of the Legislative Council. The first session of the General Assembly was opened on the 27th May, 1854, but the members of the Executive were not responsible to Parliament. During the session of that year there were associated with the permanent members of the Executive Council certain members of the House of Representatives. These latter held no portfolios. The first Ministers under a system of responsible government were appointed in the year 1856.

On addresses from both Houses of the General Assembly, His Majesty the King, by Order in Council dated 9th September, 1907, and by Proclamation issued 10th September, 1907, was graciously pleased to change the style and designation of the Colony of New Zealand to “The Dominion of New Zealand”; the change taking effect from Thursday, the 26th September, 1907.

SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.

Until the year 1865 the seat of the Government of New Zealand was at Auckland, which was proclaimed the capital of the colony in 1842, but for at least two years during that time (1851 and 1852) the General Legislative Council for New Zealand sat in Wellington with the Legislative Council of New Munster. Several attempts were made by members of Parliament, by motions in the Legislative Council and House of Representatives, to have the seat of Government removed to some more central place; but it was not until November, 1863, that Mr. Domett (an ex-Premier) was successful in carrying resolutions in the House of Representatives that steps should be taken for appointing some place in Cook Strait as the permanent seat of Government. The resolutions adopted were: “(1.) That it has become necessary that the seat of Government in the colony should be transferred to some suitable locality in Cook Strait. (2.) That, in order to promote the accomplishment of this object, it is desirable that the selection of the particular site in Cook Strait should be left to the arbitrament of an impartial tribunal. (3.) That, with this view, a Bill should be introduced to give effect to the above resolutions.” On the 25th November an address was presented to the Governor, Sir George Grey, K.C.B., by the Commons of New Zealand, requesting that the Governors of the Colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania might each be asked to appoint one Commissioner for the purpose of determining the best site in Cook Strait. Accordingly, the Hon. Joseph Docker, M.L.C., New South Wales; the Hon. Sir Francis Murphy, Speaker of the Legislative Council, Victoria; and R. C. Gunn, Esq., Tasmania, were appointed Commissioners.

These gentlemen having made a personal inspection of all suitable places, arrived at the unanimous decision “that Wellington, in Port Nicholson, was the site upon the shores of Cook Strait which presented the greatest advantages for the administration of the government of the colony.”

The seat of Government was, therefore, in accordance with the recommendation of the Commissioners, removed to Wellington in February, 1865.

PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS.

Prior to the granting of Representative Institutions in 1853 there was no Parliament Building used exclusively for the meetings of the early Legislative Councils. In Auckland the later meetings of the Legislative Councils of New Zealand and New Ulster were held in the Courthouse, Official Bay, while in Wellington the Legislative Council of New Munster and also of New Zealand in 1851 and 1852, met in Barrett's Hotel (which then stood on a site in Lambton Quay, opposite the present Government Printing Office) in a room formerly used as a ball-room.

The first Parliament Building was erected in Auckland and completed in time for the meeting of the first General Assembly in May, 1854. On the transfer of the seat of Government to Wellington, the General Government purchased from the Wellington Provincial Council in January, 1865, the Provincial Council Buildings in Molesworth Street. This building was erected for the Provincial Council some six or seven years previously on a more comprehensive plan than the actual requirements of the province demanded, with a view to affording the requisite accommodation for the General Assembly on the anticipated transfer of the seat of Government to Wellington. The price paid for the building was £8,200, being one-third less than the original cost. These buildings, to which considerable additions and alterations were made later, were used for meetings of the General Assembly until 11th December, 1907, on which date they were, with the exception of the library wing, destroyed by fire. Since then Old Government House, occupying an adjoining site, has been utilized as temporary quarters for Parliament, a new residence for the Governor being erected at the southern end of the city.

The foundation stone of new Parliament Buildings to replace those destroyed by fire was laid on the 23rd March, 1912. The foundations were prepared by the Public Works Department, and the contractors are now proceeding with the construction of the first portion of the buildings. A sketch of these, as they will appear when completed, was published as a frontispiece to the 1913 issue of this book, a description of the buildings being also given.

SUCCESSIVE GOVERNORS.

The following are the names of successive Governors of New Zealand, with dates on which they assumed and retired from office:—

1840–1853.

Captain William Hobson, R.N. (Jan., 1840, to 10 Sept., 1842), Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand under Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales, from Jan., 1840, to 3 May, 1841, and Governor of New Zealand from 3 May, 1841, until date of death, 10 Sept. 1842.

Lieutenant Willoughby Shortland, Administrator from 10 Sept., 1842, to 26 Dec., 1843.

Captain Robert Fitzroy, R.N., Governor from 20 Dec., 1843, to 17 Nov., 1845.

Captain George Grey who became Sir George Grey, K.C.B., in 1848 (18 Nov., 1845, to 31 Dec., 1853), Governor from 18 Nov., 1845, to 1 Jan., 1848; Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster, from 1 Jan., 1848, to 7 Mar., 1853; Governor of New Zealand from 7 Mar., 1853, to 31 Dec., 1853.

Lieutenant-Governors of Provinces.

Edward John Eyre, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster, appointed Aug., 1847, and sworn in on 28 Jan., 1848, until duties of Lieutenant-Governor ceased on 7 Mar., 1853.

Major-General George Dean Pitt, Lieutenant-Governor of New Ulster, appointed 3 Jan., 1848, sworn in on 14 Feb., 1848, died 8 Jan., 1851.

Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Henry Wynyard, C.B., Lieutenant-Governor of New Ulster, appointed 14 April, 1851, sworn in 26 April, 1851, until duties of Lieutenant-Governor ceased on 7 Mar., 1853.

1854–1914.

Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Henry Wynyard, C.B., Administrator from 3 Jan., 1854, to 6 Sept., 1855.

Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, C.B., from 6 Sept., 1855, to 2 Oct., 1861.

Sir George Grey. K.C.B., Administrator from 3 Oct., 1861; Governor from 4 Dec., 1861, to 5 Feb., 1868.

Sir George Ferguson Bowen, G.C.M.G., from 5 Feb., 1868, to 19 Mar., 1873.

Sir George Alfred Arney, Chief Justice, Administrator from 21 Mar. to 14 June, 1873.

Sir James Fergusson, Baronet, P.C., from 14 June, 1873, to 3 Dec., 1874.

The Marquis of Normanby, P.C., G.C.M.G., Administrator from 3 Dec., 1874; Governor from 9 Jan., 1875, to 21 Feb., 1879.

James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator from 21 Feb. to 27 Mar., 1879.

Sir Hercules George Robert Robinson, G.C.M.G., Administrator from 27 Mar., 1879; Governor from 17 April, 1879, to 8 Sept., 1880.

James Prendergast, Esquire, Chief Justice, Administrator from 9 Sept. to 29 Nov., 1880.

The Honourable Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, G.C.M.G., from 29 Nov., 1880, to 23 June, 1882.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator from 24 June, 1882, to 20 Jan., 1883.

Lieutenant-General Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B., from 20 Jan., 1883, to 22 Mar., 1889.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator from 23 Mar, to 2 May, 1889.

The Earl of Onslow, G.C.M.G., from 2 May, 1889, to 24 Feb., 1892.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator from 25 Feb. to 6 June, 1892.

The Earl of Glasgow, G.C.M.G., from 7 June, 1892, to 6 Feb., 1897.

Sir James Prendergast, Chief Justice, Administrator from 8 Feb., 1897, to 9 Aug., 1897.

The Earl of Ranfurly, G.C.M.G., from 10 Aug., 1897, to 19 June, 194.

The Right Honourable William Lee, Baron Plunket, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O., from 20 June, 1904, to 8 June, 1910.

Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice, Administrator from 8 June to 22 June, 1910.

The Right Honourable John Poynder Dickson-Poynder, K.C.M.G., Baron Islington, D.S.O., from 22 June, 1910, to 2 Dec, 1912.

Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice, Administrator from 3 Dec. to 19 Dec., 1912.

The Earl of Liverpool, G.C.M.G., M.V.O., from 19 Dec., 1912.

EXECUTIVE COUNCILS PRIOR TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT, 1841–1856.

For New Zealand.

Prior to the establishment of responsible government there was an Executive Council for New Zealand consisting, in addition to the Governor, of the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, and the Colonial Treasurer, or the persons acting in that capacity, seniority being in the order named. The Governor, or in his absence the senior member present, was to preside, and two members exclusive of the Governor or member presiding were to form a quorum. The Governor was commanded to in all things consult and advise with the Executive Council, and not to exercise the powers and authorities vested in him except by and with the concurrence and advice of the Executive Council, except in cases of an urgent and pressing nature which would not admit of the delay incident to the deliberation of the Council. In such cases he was, with all convenient speed, to bring the measures so adopted by him before the Executive Council for their revision and sanction. Nothing in these instructions, however, was to prevent the Governor exercising any or all of the powers and authorities vested in him, without the advice and concurrence of the Executive Council in cases not considered of sufficient importance to require their assistance or advice, or in cases which were of such a nature that in his judgment material prejudice might be sustained by consulting the Executive Council thereupon. No questions were to be brought before the Council except those proposed by the Governor, who in any case in which he saw sufficient cause to dissent from the opinion of the major part or the whole of the Council was further empowered to exercise the powers vested in him in opposition to such opinion.

During the year 1854 there were associated with the permanent official members of the Executive Council above referred to certain members of the House of Representatives, but without portfolios. The following are the names of the various gentlemen who were members of the Executive Council of New Zealand prior to the establishment of responsible government on the 7th May, 1856:—

Willoughby Shortland, Colonial Secretary, from 3 May, 1841, to 31 Dec., 1843: succeeded by Mr. Sinclair.

Francis Fisher, Attorney-General, from 3 May to 10 Aug., 1841; succeeded by Mr. Swainson.

George Copper, Colonial Treasurer, from 3 May, 1841, to 9 May, 1842; succeeded by Mr. Shepherd.

William Swainson, Attorney-General, from 10 Aug., 1841, to 7 May, 1856.

Alexander Shepherd, Colonial Treasurer, from 9 May, 1842, to 7 May, 1856.

Andrew Sinclair, Colonial Secretary, from 6 Jan., 1844, to 7 May, 1856.

James Edward FitzGerald, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Henry Sewell, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Frederick Aloysius Weld, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 14 June to 2 Aug., 1854.

Francis Dillon Bell, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 30 June to 11 July, 1854.

Thomas Houghton Bartley, M.L.C., without portfolio, from 14 July to 2 Aug., 1854.

Thomas Spencer Forsaith, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

Edward Jerningham Wakefield, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

William Thomas Locke Travers, M.H.R., without portfolio, 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

James Macandrew, M.H.R., without portfolio, from 31 Aug. to 2 Sept., 1854.

For the Provinces of New Ulster and New Minister.

An Executive Council was established in each of the provinces of New Ulster and New Munster, for aiding with their advice the Officer Administering the Government thereof. The Executive Council consisted in each province of the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Colonial Treasurer, and the principal officer in command of the military forces within the province, being a field officer, and of such other persons not holding any public office therein as the Governor-in-Chief might see fit to summon, the number of such unofficial members, however, not to exceed the number of official members. In the execution of the powers vested in the Governors or Lieutenant-Governors of the respective provinces it was not obligatory on them to consult with or to adopt the advice of the Executive Council in any case in which they should deem it inexpedient so to do. The names of those gentlemen who were members of the Executive Councils of New Ulster and New Munster are given below:—

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL FOR PROVINCE OF NEW ULSTER.

Major-General George Dean Pitt,

Andrew Sinclair, Colonial Secretary,

William Swainson, Attorney-General, All appointed 1 Jan., 1848.

Alexander Shepherd, Colonial Treasurer,

Lieutenant-Colonel R. D. Bolton, appointed 21 June, 1851.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL FOR PROVINCE OF NEW MUNSTER.

Alfred Domett, Colonial Secretary, appointed 2 Feb., 1848.

Daniel Wakefield, Attorney-General, appointed 21 Dec, 1848.

Henry William Petre, Colonial Treasurer, appointed 28 Jan., 1848.

Lieutenant-Colonel William Anson McCleverty, appointed 28 Jan., 1848.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS PRIOR TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT.

For New Zealand.

Prior to the establishment of responsible government the Legislative Council of New Zealand consisted of the Colonial Secretary, the Attorney-General, the Colonial Treasurer, and the three senior Justices of the Peace, The Governor was to preside at all meetings of the Council, and, in his absence, the senior member present; four members in addition to the Governor or the member presiding to form a quorum. No law or Ordinance was to be enacted by the Legislative Council which was not first proposed by the Governor, and no question was to be debated unless submitted by him for that purpose. The laws and Ordinances of the Council were to be designated “Ordinances enacted by the Governor of New Zealand with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof.” No laws whatsoever were to be made to continue for less than two years except only in cases of unforeseen emergency requiring provision for temporary service, and the Governor was specially enjoined not to propose or assent to Ordinances or laws dealing with certain matters, some of which were:—

Restricting public worship, although not conducted according to the Church of England.

Reducing revenue or infringing prerogative or affecting the salaries or allowances of public officers without special leave.

Issuing bills of credit, or other negotiable securities in lieu of money on the credit of the colony, or paper currency, or any coin save the legal coin of the realm.

By which persons not of European birth or descent might be subjected or liable to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of European birth or descent would not also be subjected.

Raising money for public or private lotteries.

Naturalizing aliens without leave.

Divorcing persons joined together in holy matrimony.

Granting money, land, or other donation or gratuity to the Governor.

The following is a list of gentlemen who were members of the Legislative Council, with dates of their appointment and the office (if any) held. The dates on which they ceased to be members are known only in the cases shown—the others probably continued until the introduction of the new Constitution:—

NameOffice held.Date of Appointment.Date when ceased to be a Member.
Captain William Hobson, R.N.Governor3 May, 184110 Sept., 1842.
Lieutenant Willoughby ShortlandColonial Secretary and Administrator from 10 Sep., 1842, to 26 Dec., 18433 May, 18418 Jan., 1844.
Francis FisherAttorney-General3 May, 184128 Sept., 1841.
George CooperColonial Treasurer3 May, 18419 May, 1842.
William Wakefield..3 May. 1841Sept., 1841.
William Cornwallis Symonds..3 May, 1841Oct., 1841.
James Reddie Clendon..3 May, 18416 June, 1844.
George Butler Earp..9 Sept., 18416 June, 1844.
William SwainsonAttorney-General28 Sept., 1841..
William Field Porter 27 Oct., 18416 June, 1844.
Alexander ShepherdColonial Treasurer9 May, 1842 
Captain Robert Fitzroy, R.N.Governor26 Dec, 184317 Nov., 1845.
Andrew Sinclair, M.D., R.N.Colonial Secretary8 Jan., 1844..
Charles Clifford..6 June, 18443 Mar., 1845.
William Brown..6 June, 18443 Mar., 1845.
William Brown..16 July, 184716 Nov., 1848.
Samuel M. D. Martin, M.D...6 June. 18443 Mar., 1845.
Frederick Whitaker..3 Mar., 18451 Feb., 1846.
William Donnelly..3 Mar., 18451 Feb., 1846.
William Donnelly..30 Sept., 18469 Aug., 1847.
Theophilus Heale..3 Mar., 18451 Feb., 1846.
Sir George Grey, K.C.B.Governor, Governor-in-Chief, Governor of New Ulster and Governor of New Munster18 Nov., 184531 Dec., 1853.
Alfred DomettColonial Secretary of New Munster30 Sept., 1846..
Alexander Kennedy..30 Sept., 184616 July, 1847.
Alexander Kennedy..16 Nov., 1848..
Frederick Ward Merriman..9 Aug., 1847 
Edward John EyreLieut.-Governor of New Munster28 Jan., 18487 Mar., 1853.
Lieut. - Colonel William Anson McClevertyCommander of the Forces28 Jan., 1848..
Hon. Henry William PetreColonial Treasurer of New Munster28 Jan., 1848..
Charles Waybrow LigarSurveyor-General16 Nov., 1848..
Robert Clapham Barstow..16 Nov., 1848..
Hon. Francis Dillon Bell..20 Dec., 1848..
Hon. William Hickson..20 Dec., 1848..
Hon. Daniel WakefieldAttorney - General of New Munster21 Dec., 1848..
Lieut. - Colonel William Hulme..24 July, 1849..
Major Henry Matson..24 July, 1849..
Sampson Kempthorne..24 July, 1849..
Major - General George Dean PittLieut.-Govern or of New Ulster1 Aug., 18498 Jan., 1851.
Hon. Stephen CarkeekCollector of Customs19 May, 1851..
Hon. William Mein Smith..19 May, 1851..
Hon. Constantine Augustus Dillon..3 June, 1851..
Hon. William Oldfield Cautley..3 June, 1851..
Hon. George Cutfield..3 June, 1851..

For the Provinces of New Ulster and New Munster.

Under the Charter constituting the Provinces of New Ulster and New Munster, a Legislative Council was also established in each province, consisting of such persons as were for hat purpose appointed.

The following are the names, offices held, and dates of appointment of the members of the Provincial Legislative Councils:—

Name.Office held.Date of Appointment.
(a.) NEW ULSTER.
Sir George Grey, K.C.B.Governor1 Jan., 1848.
Andrew SinclairColonial Secretary1 Jan., 1848.
William Swain sonAttorney-General1 Jan., 1848.
Alexander ShepherdColonial Treasurer1 Jan., 1848.
Major-General George Dean PittLieutenant-Governor3 Jan., 1848.
Charles Waybrow LigarSurveyor-General16 Nov., 1848.
Alexander Kennedy..16 Nov., 1848.
Frederick Ward Merriman..16 Nov., 1848.
Robert Clapham Barstow..16 Nov., 1848.
Lieut.-Colonel William Hulme..24 July, 1849.
Major Henry Matson..24 July, 1849.
Sampson Kempthorne..24 July, 1849.
(b.) NEW MUNSTER.
Sir George Grey, K.C.B.Governor1 Jan., 1848.
Edward John EyreLieutenant-Governor28 Jan., 1848.
Henry William PetreColonial Treasurer28 Jan., 1848.
Lieut.-Colonel William Anson McClevertyCommander of the Forces28 Jan., 1848.
Alfred DomettColonial Secretary2 Feb., 1848.
William McLood Bannatyne..20 Dec., 1848.
Francis Dillon Bell..20 Dec., 1848.
William Hickson..20 Dec., 1848.
George Hunter..20 Dec., 1848.
Alfred Ludlam..20 Dec., 1848.
George Moore..20 Dec., 1848.
Daniel WakefieldAttorney-General21 Dec., 1848.
David Monro..18 Jan., 1849.
John Damforth Greenwood..18 Jan., 1849.
Henry Seymour..18 Jan., 1849.
William Oldfield Cautley..5 May, 1849.

Elected Members.

In 1852 Proclamations were made altering the constitution of the Legislative Councils so as to include a certain number of elected members. New Ulster was to have eighteen members, of whom six were to be appointed and twelve elected, while New Munster was to have thirty-three members, of whom eleven were to be appointed and twenty-two elected. The elections for the Province of New Ulster were actually held, and the members, whose names are given below, were declared elected. The preliminary Proclamations were made for New Munster, but before the elections were held tidings of a new constitution were received, and the proceedings stayed.

Name.Date gazetted.District.
William Brown21 September, 1852City of Auckland.
John Salmon21 September, 1852City of Auckland.
Frederick Whitaker21 September, 1852City of Auckland.
John Logan Campbell21 September, 1852Suburbs of Auckland.
Patrick Dignan21 September, 1852Pensioner Settlements.
Thomas Spencer Forsaith21 September, 1852Northern Division.
Allan O'Neill21 September, 1852Northern Division.
James Macky21 September, 1852Southern Division.
William Field Porter21 September, 1852Southern Division.
George Clarke21 September, 1852Bay of Islands.
Charles Brown2 October, 1852New Plymouth.
John Tylson Wicksteed2 October, 1852Taranaki.

SUCCESSIVE PARLIAMENTS.

SINCE THE PASSING OF THE CONSTITUTION ACT CONFERRING REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS UPON NEW ZEALAND, WITH THE DATES OF OPENING AND CLOSING OF SESSIONS AND DATES OF DISSOLUTION.
Parliament.Dates of Opening of Sessions.Dates of Prorogation.
First (dissolved 15th September, 1855)27 May, 18549 August, 1854.
31 August, 185416 September, 1854.
8 August, 185515 September, 1855.
Second (dissolved 5th November, 1860)15 April, 185616 August, 1856.
(No session in 1857)10 April, 185821 August, 1858.
(No session in 1859)30 July, 18605 November, 1860.
Third (dissolved 27th January, 1866)3 June, 18617 September, 1861.
7 July, 186215 September, 1862.
19 October, 186314 December, 1863.
24 November, 186413 December, 1864.
26 July, 186530 October, 1865.
Fourth (dissolved 30th December, 1870)30 June, 18668 October, 1866.
9 July, 186710 October, 1867.
9 July, 186820 October, 1868.
1 June, 18693 September, 1869.
14 June, 187013 September, 1870.
Fifth (dissolved 6th December, 1875)14 August, 187116 November, 1871.
16 July, 167225 October, 1872.
15 July, 18733 October, 1873.
3 July, 187431 August, 1874.
20 July, 187521 October, 1875.
Sixth (dissolved 15th August, 1879)15 June, 187631 October, 1876.
19 July, 187710 December, 1877.
26 July, 18782 November, 1878.
11 July, 187911 August, 1879.
Seventh (dissolved 8th November, 1881)24 September, 187919 December, 1879.
28 May, 18801 September, 1880.
9 June, 188124 September, 1881.
Eighth (dissolved 27th June, 1884)18 May, 188215 September, 1882.
14 June, 18838 September, 1883.
5 June, 188424 June, 1884.
Ninth (dissolved 15th July, 1887)7 August, 188410 November, 1884.
11 June, 188522 September, 1885.
13 May, 188618 August, 1886.
26 April, 188710 July, 1887.
Tenth (dissolved 3rd October, 1890)6 October, 188723 December, 1887.
10 May, 188831 August, 1888.
20 June, 188919 September, 1889.
19 June, 189018 September, 1890.
Eleventh (dissolved 8th November, 1893)23 January, 189131 January, 1891.
11 June, 189125 September, 1891.
23 June, 189212 October, 1892.
22 June, 18937 October, 1893.
Twelfth (dissolved 14th November, 1896)21 June, 189424 October, 1894.
20 June, 18952 November, 1895.
11 June, 189619 October. 1896.
Thirteenth (dissolved 15th November, 1899)7 April, 189712 April, 1897.
23 September, 189722 December, 1897.
24 June, 18985 November, 1898.
23 June, 189924 October, 1899.
Fourteenth (dissolved 5th November, 1902)22 June, 190022 October, 1900.
1 July, 19018 November, 1901.
1 July, 19024 October, 1902.
Fifteenth (dissolved 15th November, 1905)29 June, 190325 November, 1903.
28 June, 19048 November, 1904.
27 June, 190531 October, 1905.
Sixteenth (dissolved 29th October, 1908)27 June, 19063 July, 1906.
21 August, 190629 October, 1906.
27 June, 190725 November, 1907.
29 June, 190812 October, 1908.
Seventeenth (dissolved 20th November, 1912)10 June, 190917 June, 1909.
7 October, 190929 December, 1909.
28 June, 19105 December, 1910.
27 July, 191130 October, 1911.
Eighteenth15 February, 19121 March, 1912.
27 June, 19128 November, 1912.
26 June, 191315 December, 1913.
25 June, 1914..

SUPREME COURT JUDGES, PAST AND PRESENT, WITH DATES OF APPOINTMENT, AND OF RESIGNATION OR DEATH.

Sir W. Martin, appointed Chief Justice, 10 Jan., 1842. Resigned, 12 June, 1857.

H. S. Chapman, appointed, 26 Dec., 1843. Held office until Mar., 1852. Reappointed, 23 Mar., 1864. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

S. Stephen, appointed, 30 July, 1850. Appointed Acting Chief Justice, 20 Oct., 1855. Died, 13 Jan., 1858.

Daniel Wakefield, appointed, Oct., 1855. Died, Oct., 1857.

Hon. H. B. Gresson, appointed temporarily, 8 Dec., 1857. Permanently, 1 July, 1862. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

Sir George A. Arney, appointed Chief Justice, 1 Mar., 1858. Resigned, 31 Mar., 1875.

A. J. Johnston, appointed, 2 Nov., 1858. Died, 1 June, 1888.

C. W. Richmond, appointed, 20 Oct., 1862. Died, 3 Aug., 1895.

J. S. Moore, appointed temporarily, 15 May, 1866. Relieved, 30 June, 1868.

C. D. R. Ward, appointed temporarily. 1 Oct., 1868. Relieved, May, 1870. Appointed temporally, 21 Sept., 1880. Relieved, 12 Feb., 1889.

Hon. Sir James Prendergast, appointed Chief Justice, 1 April, 1875. Resigned, 25 May, 1899.

T. B. Gillies, appointed, 3 Mar., 1875. Died, 26 July, 1889.

Hon. Sir Joshua S. Williams, P.C., Kt., appointed, 3 Mar., 1875. Resigned, 31 January, 1914, on being called to the Privy Council.

Hon. J. E, Denniston, appointed, 11 Feb., 1889.

E. T. Conolly, appointed, 19 Aug., 1889. Resigned, 9 Sept., 1903.

Hon. Sir Patrick A. Buckley, K.C.M.G., appointed, 20 Dec., 1895. Died, 18 May, 1896.

Hon. W. B. Edwards, appointed, 11 July, 1896.

F. W. Pennefather, appointed temporarily, 25 April, 1898. Resigned, 24 April. 1899.

Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., appointed Chief Justice, 22 June, 1899.

J. C. Martin, Acting Judge, appointed, 12 April, 1900. Resigned, 4 Dec., 1900. Hon. Theophilus Cooper, appointed, 21 Feb., 1901.

Hon. F. R. Chapman, appointed, 11 Sept., 1903.

C. E. Button, appointed temporarily, 12 Mar., 1907. Resigned, 29 Feb., 1908.

Hon. William Alexander Sim, appointed, 16 Jan., 1911.

Hon. John Henry Hosking, K.C., appointed 11 Feb., 1914.

Hon. Thomas Walter Stringer, K.C., appointed 19 Feb., 1914.

GOVERNOR OF NEW ZEALAND.

1ST JUNE, 1914.

LIVERPOOL, His Excellency the Right Honourable Arthur William de Brito Savile, Fifth Earl of Liverpool. Born 27th May, 1870; succeeded 1907. Educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Formerly Major in the Rifle Brigade (the Prince Consort's Own) and subsequently Major of its 6th Battalion. Sometime an A.D.C. to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (Earl Cadogan, K.G.), and Staff Captain, Dublin District. Is a J.P. for Kesteven and Lindsey Divisions of Lincolnshire, and Lieut.-Colonel 8th Battalion London Regiment (the Post Office Rifles). Served in South Africa 1901–2 (Queen's Medal with three clasps). Was State Steward and Chamberlain to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T., G.C.M.G., 1906–8. Comptroller of His Majesty's Household, 1909–12. Appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of New Zealand 1912. M.V.O., 4th Class, 1900; K.C.M.G., 1912. G.C.M.G., 1914.

Seat: Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln.

Town residence: 41 Grosvenor Gardens, London, S.W.

Residences: Government House, Wellington; Government House, Auckland.

Private Secretary: Gavin M. Hamilton, Esq.

Assistant Private Secretary: A. Cecil Day, Esq.

Military Secretary: Captain Charles Shawe (Rifle Brigade).

Aides-de-Camp: Captain T. R. Eastwood (Rifle Brigade) and Captain G. F. Hutton (Royal Welsh Fusiliers).

Extra Aide-de-Camp: Colonel J. H. Boscawen.

Honorary Aides-de-Camp: Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O., V.D.; Colonel A. H. Russell; Colonel G. F. C. Campbell, V.D.; Colonel R. Logan.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 1914.

The Executive Council now consists of:—

His Excellency the GOVERNOR.

Right Hon. W. F. Massey, B.C., Prime Minister, Minister of Lands, Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Labour, Minister of Industries and Commerce, Commissioner of State Forests, Minister in Charge of Land for Settlements, Valuation, and Scenery Preservation Departments.

Hon. J. Allen, Minister of Finance, Minister of Defence, Minister of Education, Minister in Charge of Land and Income Tax Department and State-guaranteed Advances Office.

Hon. W. H. Herries, Minister of Railways and Native Minister.

Hon. W. Fraser, Minister of Public Works, Roads, and Bridges, Minister of Mines, and Minister in Charge of Public Buildings and Domains.

Hon. A. L. Herdman, Attorney-General, Minister of Justice, Minister of Stamp Duties, Minister in Charge of Police, Prisons, Crown Law (including Drafting), and Public Trust Departments.

Hon. F. H. D. Bell, K.C., Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Immigration, and Minister in Charge of Audit Office, Registrar-General's, High Commissioner's, Museum, Friendly Societies, and Laboratory Departments.

Hon. R. H. Rhodes, Postmaster-General and Minister of Telegraphs, Minister of Public Health, Minister in Charge of Hospitals and Charitable Aid, Mental Hospitals, and Tourist and Health Resorts Departments.

SUCCESSIVE MINISTRIES.

SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT IN NEW ZEALAND IN 1856.
Name of Ministry.Assumed Office.Retired.

* Owing to the death of the Premier, the Hon. J. Ballance, on 27th April, 1893.

† Owing to the death of the Premier, Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.O., on 10th June, 1906.

1. Bell-Sewell7 May, 185620 May, 1856.
2. Fox20 May, 18562 June, 1856.
3. Stafford2 June, 185612 July, 1861.
4. Fox12 July, 18616 August, 1802.
5. Domett6 August, 186230 October, 1863.
6. Whitaker-Fox30 October, 186321 November. 1864.
7. Weld24 November, 186416 October, 1865.
8. Stafford16 October, 186528 June. 1869.
9. Fox28 June, 186910 September, 1872.
10. Stafford10 September, 187211 October, 1872.
11. Waterhouse11 October, 18723 March, 1873.
12. Fox3 March. 18738 April, 1873.
13. Vogel8 April. 18736 July, 1875.
14. Pollen6 July, 187515 February, 1876.
15. Vogel15 February, 18761 September, 1876.
16. Atkinson1 September, 187613 September, 1876.
17. Atkinson (reconstituted)13 September, 187613 October, 1877.
18. Grey15 October, 18778 October, 1879.
19. Hall8 October. 187921 April. 1882.
20. Whitaker21 April, 188225 September, 1883.
21. Atkinson25 September, 188316 August, 1884.
22. Stout-Vogel16 August, 188428 August, 1884.
23. Atkinson28 August, 18843 September, 1884.
24. Stout-Vogel3 September, 18848 October, 1887.
25. Atkinson8 October, 188724 January, 1891.
26. Ballance24 January, 18911 May, 1893.*
27. Seddon1 May, 189321 June, 1906.
28. Hall-Jonesi 21 June, 19066 August, 1906.
29. Ward6 August, 190628 March, 1912.
30. Mackenzie28 March, 191210 July, 1912.
31. Massey10 July, 1912 

PREMIERS OF SUCCESSIVE MINISTRIES.

Name of Premier.

Henry Sewell.

William Fox.

Edward William Stafford.

William Fox.

Alfred Domett.

Frederick Whitaker.

Frederick Aloysius Weld.

Edward William Stafford.

William Fox.

Hon. Edward William Stafford.

George Marsden Waterhouse.

Hon. William Fox.

Hon. Julius Vogel, C.M.G.

Hon. Daniel Pollen, M.L.C.

Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G.

Harry Albert Atkinson.

Harry Albert Atkinson (Ministry reconstituted).

Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

Hon. John Hall.

Frederick Whitaker, M.L.C.

Harry Albert Atkinson.

Robert Stout.

Harry Albert Atkinson.

Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G.

Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G.

John Ballance.

Rt. Hon. Richard John Seddon, P.C.

William Hall-Jones.

Right Hon. Sir Joseph George Ward, Bart., P.O., K.C.M.G.

Thomas Mackenzie.

Right Hon. William Ferguson Massey, P.C.

SPEAKERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, WITH DATES OF APPOINTMENT AND DATES OF RETIREMENT OR DEATH.
Name of Speaker.Date of Appointment.Date of Retirement or Death.
Hon. William Swainson16 May, 18548 August, 1855.
Hon. Frederick Whitaker8 August, 185512 May, 1856.
Hon. Thoma Houghton Bartley12 May, 18561 July, 1868.
Hon. Sir John Larkins Cheese Richardson, Kt.1 July, 186814 June, 1879.
Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.14 June, 187922 April, 1887.
Hon. George Marsden Waterhouse22 April, 188721 September, 1887.
Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.21 September, 188723 January, 1891.
Hon. Sir Harry Albert Atkinson, K.C.M.G.23 January, 189128 June, 1892.
Hon. Sir Henry John Miller8 July, 1892.9 July, 1903.
Hon. W. C. Walker, C.M.G.9 July, 19035 January, 1904.
Hon. John Rigg (Acting)5 January, 19047 July, 1904.
Hon. Sir A. J. Cadman, K.C.M.G.7 July, 190423 March, 1905
Hon. R. H. J. Reeves (Acting)23 March, 19054 July, 1905.
Hon. Sir C. C. Bowen, K.C.M.G.4 July, 1905...
SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, WITH DATES OF ELECTION AND DATES OF RETIREMENT OR DEATH.
Name of Speaker.Date of Election.Date of Retirement or Death.
Sir Charles Clifford, Bart26 May, 1854...
15 April, 18563 June, 1861.
Sir David Monro, Kt. Bach.3 June, 1861...
30 June, 186613 Sept., 1870.
Sir Francis Dillon Bell, K.C.M.G., C.B.14 August, 187121 October, 1875.
Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G.15 June, 187613 June, 1879.
Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach.11 July, 1879...
24 September, 1879...
18 May, 1882...
7 August, 1884...
6 October, 18873 October, 1890.
Hon. Major Sir William Jukes Steward, Kt. Bach.23 January, 18918 November, 1893.
Hon. Sir George Maurice O'Rorke, Kt. Bach.21 June, 1894...
6 April, 1897...
22 June, 19005 November, 1902.
Hon. Sir Arthur Robert Guinness, Kt. Bach.29 June, 1903...
27 June, 1906...
10 June, 1909...
15 February, 1912.10 June, 1913.
Hon. Frederic William Lang26 June, 1913...

Hon. F. M. B. Fisher, Minister of Customs, Minister of Marine, Minister in Charge of Inspection of Machinery, Advertising, Printing and Stationery, Legislative, State Fire Insurance, Life and Accident Insurance, Electoral, National Provident Fund, and Pensions Departments.

Hon. Dr. Pomare, Member of the Executive Council representing the Native Race, and in Charge of Maori Councils, Cook and other Islands Administration.

Clerk of the Executive Council—James Frank Andrews, I.S.O.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

The Legislative Council assembled for its first session at Auckland on the 24th May, 1854, and comprised fourteen members.

The Councillors had been designated a year earlier by the Governor, and their names submitted to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria for the Royal approval; and they were gazetted in New Zealand in December, 1853. Until 1868 the rule was that the appointment of members should be made by an instrument under the Royal sign manual, but the rule was not strictly observed after 1861. An Act of the Imperial Parliament in 1868 validated any appointments of Councillors that might have been made irregularly in the past, and provided that future appointments should be made by the Governor (not by the Sovereign).

Until 1891 members were appointed for life, and the Speaker was appointed by the Governor; but since that year members are appointed for seven years only, though they are eligible for reappointment; and the Council elects its own Speaker, who holds office for five years. A Chairman of Committees is elected every session, and holds office till the election of his successor. Speaker and Chairman are both eligible for re-election. The number of members is not limited. The Imperial Act under which the earliest appointments were made did not fix a minimum, though it provided that the first hatch to be appointed should be not less than ten in number. The number actually summoned was sixteen, of whom only fourteen attended and were enrolled. The number increased irregularly for thirty years. In 1885 and 1886 it stood at fifty-three, but has not since reached that limit. The number on the roll at present (1st June, 1914) is thirty.

A Councillor must be a male person, of the full age of twenty-one years, and a British subject, either natural-born or naturalized; and he must not be in the receipt of pay out of the public purse, whether as a public servant or under a Government contract. The seat of a duly-appointed member is voided if he enters the service or places himself under the protection of any foreign Power; or if he becomes bankrupt or compounds with his creditors; or if he is a public defaulter; or if he is convicted of any crime punishable by death or by imprisonment with hard labour for three years or more; or if he resigns his seat; or if he absents himself without the leave of the Governor for more than one whole session.

Before the year 1892 the honorarium of Councillors was understood to be for the session not for the year, and formed the subject of a special vote every session, the amount varying in different sessions. By the Payment of Members Act. 1892, the honorarium was made animal, not sessional, and was fixed at £150 a year. The amount was raised in 1901 to £200 a year. Besides the honorarium, members are allowed travelling-expenses actually incurred in going to and from Parliament.

Subject to certain exemptions, members not attending the Council are liable to be fined.

ROLL OF MEMBERS OF THE HONOURABLE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF NEW ZEALAND (1ST JUNE, 1914).
Speaker—Hon. Sir C. C. BOWEN, K.C.M.G.
Chairman of Committees—Hon. W. C. F. CARNCROSS
Name.Provincial District.Date of Appointment.
* Life members.
Baillie, Hon. William Douglas HallMarlborough8 March, 1861.*
Baldey, Hon. AlfredOtago18 March, 1910.
Barr, Hon. JohnCanterbury22 January, 1914.
Beeban, Hon. WilliamAuckland22 June, 1910.
Bell, Hon. Francis Henry Dillon, K.C.Wellington10 July, 1912.
Bowen, Hon. Sir Charles Christopher, K.C.M.G.Canterbury20 January, 1891.*
Carncross, Hon. Walter Charles FrederickTaranaki18 March, 1910.
Duncan, Hon. Tomas YoungOtago13 June, 1912.
Dutbie, Hon. JohnWellington26 June, 1913.
Earnshaw, Hon. WilliamWellington26 June, 1913.
George, Hon. Seymour ThorneAuckland22 June, 1910.
Hall-Jones, Hon. Sir William, K.C.M.G.Wellington7 October, 1913.
Hardy, Hon. Charles Albert CreeryCanterbury26 June, 1913.
Harris, Hon. BenjaminAuckland3 February, 1911.
Jenkinson, Hon. John EdwardCanterbury1 July, 1907.
Johnston, Hon. Charles JohnWellington23 January, 1891.*
Jones, Hon. GeorgeOtago13 December, 1909.
Louisson, Hon. CharlesCanterbury14 January, 1908.
McLean, Hon. Sir George, Kt. Bach.Otago19 December, 1881.*
Miller, Hon. Sir Henry John, Kt. BachOtago8 July, 1865.*
Mills, Hon. Charles HoughtonWellington2 March, 1909.
Nikora, Hon. Wiremu KereiAuckland26 June, 1913.
Ormond, Hon. John DaviesHawke's Bay20 January, 1891.*
O'Rorke, Hon. Sir George Maurice, Kt.Auckland25 June, 1911.
Parata, Hon. ThomasOtago13 June, 1912.
Paul, Hon, John ThomasOtago22 January, 1914.
Rigg, Hon. JohnWellington1 July, 1907.
Stevens, Hon. Edward Cephas JohnCanterbury7 March, 1882.*
Thompson, Hon. ThomasAuckland18 March, 1910.
Wigram, Hon. Henry FrancisCanterbury22 June, 1910.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The number of members constituting the House of Representatives is eighty—seventy-six Europeans and four Maoris. They are now designated Members of Parliament. The number was originally fixed by the Constitution Act as not more than forty-two nor less than twenty-four, and the first Parliament called together in 1854 consisted of forty members. Legislation passed in 1858 fixed the number of European members at forty-one; in 1860, at fifty-three; in 1862, at fifty-seven; in 1865, at seventy; in 1867, at seventy-two; in 1870, at seventy-four; in 1875, at eighty-four; in 1881, at ninety-one; in 1887, at seventy; and in 1900, at seventy-six. By the Maori Representation Act, 1867, which is still in force, as embodied in the Legislature Act, 1908, four Maori members were added, three for the North Island and one for the South.

The North Island at present returns forty-two European members, and the South Island thirty-four. The elections are triennial, except in the case of a dissolution by the Governor. Quinquennial Parliaments, instituted under the Constitution Act, were abolished by the Triennial Parliaments Act, 1879.

Every registered elector, being of the male sex and free from any of the disqualifications mentioned in the Legislature Act, 1908, is eligible for membership.

All contractors to the public service of New Zealand to whom any public money above the sum of £50 is payable, directly or indirectly, in any one financial year, as well as the public servants of the Dominion, are incapable of being elected as, or of sitting or voting as members.

The payment made to members of the House of Representatives is £25 per month, amounting to £300 per annum, subject to certain deductions for absence during session not due to sickness or other unavoidable cause. Travelling-expenses to and from Wellington are also allowed. This scale of payment came into force on the 7th November, 1901, under the provisions of an Act passed in that year.

The election of a Speaker is the first business of a new House after the members have been sworn. A Chairman of Committees is elected as soon after as is convenient. Both Speaker and Chairman of Committees hold office until a dissolution, but receive payment until the first meeting of a new Parliament.

Twenty members, inclusive of the Speaker, constitute a quorum.

ROLL OF MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT (1ST JUNE, 1914) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

Speaker—Hon. FERIC WILLIAM LANG.

Chairman of Committees—ALEXANDER SCOTT MALCOLM.

Name.Electoral District.Date when Writs made returnable.
For European Electorates.
Allen, Hon. JamesBruce19 December, 1911.
Anderson, George JamesMataura19 December, 1911.
Atmore, HarryNelson19 December, 1911.
Bell, William Henry DillonWellington Suburbs and Country Districts19 December, 1911.
Bollard, JohnEden19 December, 1911.
Bollard, Richard FrancisRaglan19 December, 1911.
Bradney, James HenryAuckland West19 December, 1911.
Brown, John VictorNapier19 December, 1911.
Buchanan, Sir Walter Clarke, Kt.Wairarapa19 December, 1911.
Buddo, Hon. DavidKaiapoi19 December, 1911.
Buick, DavidPalmerston19 December, 1911.
Buxton, ThomasTemuka19 December, 1911.
Campbell, Hugh McLeanHawke's Bay19 December, 1911.
Carroll, Hon. Sir James, K.C.M.G.Gisborne19 December, 1911.
Clark, Edward HenryChalmers19 December, 1911.
Coates, Joseph GordonKaipara19 December, 1911.
Colvin, JamesBuller19 December, 1911.
Craigie, JamesTimaru19 December, 1911.
Davey, Thomas HenryChristchurch East19 December, 1911.
Dickie, William JamesSelwyn19 December, 1911.
Dickson, James SamuelParnell19 December, 1911.
Ell, Henry GeorgeChristchurch South19 December, 1911.
Escott, James HenryPahiatua19 December, 1911.
Fisher, Hon. Francis Marion BatesWellington Central19 December, 1911.
Forbes, George WilliamHurunui19 December, 1911.
Fraser, Hon. WilliamWakatipu19 December, 1911.
Glover, Albert EdwardAuckland Central19 December, 1911.
Guthrie, David HenryOroua19 December, 1911.
Hanan, Josiah AlfredInvercargill19 December, 1911.
Harris, AlexanderWaitemata19 December, 1911.
Herdman, Hon Alexander LawrenceWellington North19 December, 1911.
Herries, Hon. William HerbertTauranga19 December, 1911.
Hindmarsh, Alfred HumphreyWellington South19 December, 1911.
Hine, John BirdStratford19 December, 1911.
Hunter, GeorgeWaipawa19 December, 1911.
Isitt, Leonard MonkChristchurch North19 December, 1911.
Lang, Hon. Frederic WilliamManukau19 December, 1911.
Lee, Ernest PageOamaru19 December, 1911.
McCallum, RichardWairau19 December, 1911.
McCombs, JamesLyttelton26 December, 1913.
MacDonald, William Donald StuartBay of Plenty19 December, 1911.
McKenzie, Hon. RoderickMotueka19 December, 1911.
Malcolm, Alexander ScottClutha19 December, 1911.
Mander, FrancisMarsden19 December, 1911.
Massey, Right Hon. William Ferguson, P.C.Franklin19 December, 1911.
Millar, Hon. John AndrewDunedin West19 December, 1911.
Myers, Arthur MielzinerAuckland East19 December, 1911.
Newman, Alfred KingcomeWellington East19 December, 1911.
Newman, EdwardRangitikei19 December, 1911.
Nosworthy, WilliamAshburton19 December, 1911.
Okey, Henry James HobbsTaranaki19 December, 1911.
Payne, JohnGrey Lynn19 December, 1911.
Pearce, George VaterPatea19 December, 1911.
Poland, HughOhinemuri19 December, 1911.
Reed, Vernon HerbertBay of Islands19 December, 1911.
Rhodes, Hon. Robert HeatonEllesmere19 December, 1911.
Rhodes, Thomas WilliamThames19 December, 1911.
Robertson, JohnOtaki19 December, 1911.
Russell, George WarrenAvon19 December, 1911.
Scott, RobertOtago Central19 December, 1911.
Seddon, Thomas Edward YoudWestland19 December, 1911.
Sidey, Thomas KayDunedin South19 December, 1911.
Smith, Francis HenryWaitaki19 December, 1911.
Smith, Robert WilliamWaimarino19 December, 1911.
Statham, Charles ErnestDunedin Central19 December, 1911.
Sykes, George RobertMasterton19 December, 1911.
Thomson, George MalcolmDunedin North19 December, 1911.
Thomson, John CharlesWallace19 December, 1911.
Veitch, William AndrewWanganui19 December, 1911.
Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, Bart., P.C., K.C.M.G.Awarua19 December, 1911.
Webb, Patrick CharlesGrey2 August, 1913.
Wilford, Thomas MasonHutt19 December, 1911.
Wilkinson, Charles AndersonEgmont23 September, 1912.
Wilson, Charles KendallTaumarunui19 December, 1911.
Witty, GeorgeRiccarton19 December, 1911.
Young, James AlexanderWaikato19 December, 1911.
For Maori Electorates.
Te RangihiroaNorthern Maori10 January, 1912.
Pomare, Hon. MauiWestern Maori10 January, 1912.
Ngata, Hon. Apirana TurupaEastern Maori10 January, 1912.
Parata, TaareSouthern Maori10 January, 1912.

AGENTS-GENERAL AND HIGH COMMISSIONERS FOR NEW ZEALAND.

Isaac Earl Featherston, Esq., appointed Agent-General under the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870, by Warrant dated 5th April, 1871. Appointment to date from 25th March, 1871. (Gazette, 1871, page 155.)

(Note —Sir W. Tyrone Power was appointed on 20th June, 1876, by the Crown Agents as temporary Agent-General on the death o Dr. Featherston.)

Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., appointed Agent-General under the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870, by Warrant dated 19th September, 1876. Appointment to date from 9th September, 1876, vice I. E. Featherston, deceased. (Gazette, 1876, page 721.)

Sir Francis Dillon Bell appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1878, by Warrant dated 7th December, 1880, vice Sir Julius Vogel, resigned. (Gazette, 1881, page 311.)

Westby Brook Perceval, Esq., appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1891, by Warrant dated 25th September, 1891, vice Sir F. D. Bell. (Gazette, 1891, page 1071.)

The Hon. William Pember Reeves appointed Agent-General under the Public Revenues Act, 1891, by Warrant dated 23rd December, 1895, vice Sir W. B. Perceval. (Gazette, 1896, page 50.) Appointed High Commissioner under the High Commissioner Act, 1904, by Warrant dated 14th June, 1905. (Gazette, 1905, page 1509.) Reappointed High Commissioner as from 14th June, 1908. (Gazette, 1908, page 1921.)

The Hon. Sir William Hall-Jones, K.C.M.G., appointed High Commissioner from 1st December, 1908, vice Hon. W. P. Reeves. Assumed office 18th January, 1909. (Gazette, 1909, page 27.) Appointment extended to 31st December, 1911. (Gazette, 1911, page 2720.) Appointment further extended to 31st March, 1912. (Gazette, 1912, page 45.) Appointment further extended to 31st May, 1912. (Gazette, 1912, page 1227.)

Charles Frederick Wray Palliser appointed High Commissioner from 1st June, 1912, for one month. Reappointed from 1st July, 1912, and again reappointed from 1st August, 1912.

The Hon. Thomas Mackenzie appointed High Commissioner from 23rd August, 1912, for a term of three years. (Gazette, 1912, page 2612.) Assumed office 9th October, 1912.

THE COLONIAL OFFICE.

(DOWNING STREET, S.W., LONDON.)

Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies—Right Hon. Lewis Harcourt, M.P., 7th November, 1910.

Parliamentary Under-Secretary—Lord Emmott, P.C.

Permanent Under-Secretary—Sir John Anderson, G.C.M.G., K.C.B.

Assistant Under-Secretaries: Sir H. W. Just, K.C.M.G., C.B.; and Sir G. V. Fiddes, K.C.M.G., C.B.

CROWN AGENTS FOR THE COLONIES.

WHITEHALL GARDENS, S.W. CITY OFFICE (STOCK TRANSFER OFFICE, 1 TOKENHOUSE BUILDINGS, E.C., LONDON).

Crown Agents–Sir Reginald L. Antrobus, K.C.M.G., C.B.; Major Maurice Alexander Cameron, C.M.G., late R.E.; and William Hepworth Mercer, C.M.G.

TRADE COMMISSIONERS.

H.M. TRADE COMMISSIONERS.

New Zealand—W. G. Wickham, 11 Grey Street, Wellington. Australia—G. T. Milne, Equitable Buildings, Melbourne. (Telegraphic address: “Combrit.”) Canada—C. Hamilton Wickes, 3 Beaver Hall Square, Montreal. (Telegraphic address: “Britcom.”) South Africa—Sir R. Sothern Holland, Cape Town. Telegraphic address: “Austere.”)

IMPERIAL TRADE CORRESPONDENTS.

A. J. Denniston, Auckland; W. T. Monkman, Dunedin.

TRADE COMMISSIONER FOR THE DOMINION OF CANADA.

W. A. Beddoe, Auckland.

FOREIGN CONSULS.

CONSULS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES RESIDING IN, OR WITH JURISDICTION OVER, NEW ZEALAND, 1ST JUNE, 1914.

Argentine Republic.—Vice-Consuls: Hon. T. Fergus, Dunedin, and Henry Hampton Rayward, Wellington.

Austria-Hungary.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and South Sea Islands: Dr. Ferdinand Freyesleben, Sydney. Consul: E. Langguth, Auckland.

Belgium.—Consul-General for Australasia and Fiji: F. Huylebroeck, Melbourne. Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand): M. Matteeuw, Sydney. Consul-General (with jurisdiction over the Provincial Districts of Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, and Wellington): Hon. Charles John Johnston, Wellington. Vice-Consul: G. F. Johnston, Wellington. Consul (with jurisdiction over the Districts of Canterbury, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland): Joseph James Kinsey, Christchurch. Consuls; Alexander Manual Ferguson, Auckland; George Lyon Denniston, Dunedin.

Brazil.—Vice-Consul: A. H. Miles, Wellington.

Chile.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand: William Brown, Sydney. Consuls: Joseph James Craig, Auckland; J. Montgomery, Christchurch. Honorary Consuls: Albert Martin, M.D., Wellington; J. A. Roberts, Dunedin.

China.—Consul: Kwei Chih, Wellington.

Denmark.—Consul (for North Island): Hon. Francis Henry Dillon Bell, Wellington (Principal Consulate). Consul (for South Island): Henry Bylove Sorensen, Christchurch. Vice Consuls: Paul Maximilian Hansen, Auckland; William Edward Perry, Hokitika; Odin Henry Moller, Dunedin; Michael Myers, Wellington.

France.—Consul (for New Zealand): J. Rigoreau, Auckland. Vice-Consul: Percival Clay Neill, Dunedin. Consular Agents: George Humphreys, Christchurch; James Macintosh, Wellington.

German Empire.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, British New Guinea, and British Islands in the southern seas situated between Tonga and the French Possessions: Richard Kiliani, Sydney. Vice-Consul-General: Johannes Klewitz, Sydney. Consuls: Carl Seegner, Auckland; Willi Fels, Dunedin; Karl Joosten, Christchurch; Eberhard Focke, Wellington.

Greece.—Vice-Consul (for New Zealand): Joseph Frank Dyer, Wellington.

Honduras.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand: Frederic Walsh, Sydney.

Italy.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji: Cavaliere Emilio Eles, Melbourne. Vice-Consul: Cavaliere G. Forrando, Melbourne. Consular Agents: Thomas Wallace, Christchurch; Leonard Owen Howard Tripp, Wellington; John Roberts, C.M.G. (acting), Dunedin; Geraldo Perotti, Greymouth; Charles Rhodes, Auckland.

Japan.—Consul-General: S. Shimizu, Sydney. Consul: Thomas Young Wellington.

Liberia.—Consul: Hon. Charles Louisson, Christchurch. Acting-Consul: Trevor Noel Holmden, Wellington.

Mexico.—Consul: John William Hall, Auckland.

Netherlands.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji: W. L. Bosschart, Melbourne. Vice-Consul de Carriere, attached to Consulate-General, P. E. Teppema, Melbourne. Consul (with jurisdiction over New Zealand and the Islands belonging thereto): Hon. Charles John Johnston, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: George Ritchie, Dunedin; Ambrose Millar, Auckland; Walter Goring Johnston, Wellington; G. Van der Velden, Christchurch.

Norway.—Consul-General for Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the adjacent Islands: O. RÖmcke, Melbourne. Consul: Alex. W. Newton, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: Sigurd Bentzon, Melbourne; Leslie Robert Wilson, Dunedin; Robert Millar, Auckland; Albert Peter Gundersen, Christchurch; Mathias Ericksen Wiig, Invercargill; John Hayes Enright, Westport.

Paraguay.—Consul: A. E. Kernot, Wellington.

Peru.—Consul-General (with jurisdiction over the Commonwealth of Australia, and New Zealand): J. Maitland Paxton, Sydney. Consul: Ambrose Millar, Auckland.

Portugal.—Consul: John Duncan, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: David L. Nathan, Auckland; Arthur Donald Stuart Duncan, Wellington; Charles William Rattray, Dunedin.

Russia.—Consul-General for the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Dominion of New Zealand: A. N. d'Abaza, Melbourne. Vice-Consuls: Ultn Francis McCabe, Wellington; James Paterson, Auckland.

Spain.—Consul-in-Chief (with jurisdiction over Australia and New Zealand): Senor Don Mario Pines y Bayona, Melbourne. Vice-Consul (with jurisdiction throughout New Zealand): William Henry Dillon Bell, Wellington.

Sweden.—Consul: Arthur Edward Pearce, Wellington. Vice-Consuls: Sidney Jacob Nathan, Auckland; Albert Kave, Christchurch.

Switzerland.—Consul: Georges A. Streiff, Auckland.

United States of America.—Consul-General (for New Zealand and its dependencies): William A. Prickitt, Auckland. Vice-Consul-General: Leonard A. Bachelder, Auckland. Consular Agents: Frank Graham, Christchurch; Arthur Edward Whyte, Wellington; Frederick Orlando Bridgeman, Dunedin.

Uruguay.—Consul: Don Cesar Montero Bustamente, Wellington. Vice-Consul: William John Prouse, Wellington.

ECCLESIASTICAL.

There is no State Church in the Dominion, nor is State aid given to any form of religion. Government in the early days set aside certain lands as endowments for various religious bodies, but nothing of the kind has been done for many years past.

The principal churches, with the names, &c., of the present heads or officers, and the places and times of holding the annual or periodical assemblies or meetings, are as follows:—

Church of the Province, of New Zealand, commonly called the Church of England.

For church purposes, the Dominion is divided into six dioceses—viz., Auckland, Waiapu, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, and Dunedin. The General Synod meets every third year in each diocese in rotation. Representatives attend from each diocese, and also from the diocese of Melanesia. President, the Primate (Bishop of Dunedin). The Diocesan Synods meet once a year, under the presidency of the Bishop of the diocese.

The names, &c., of the Bishops of the Church of England are as follows:—

The Most Rev. Samuel Tarratt Nevill, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1871 Primate).

The Right Rev. Alfred Walter Averill, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1910; translated 1914.

The Right Rev. William Walmsley Sedgwick, B.A., Waiapu; consecrated 1914.

The Right Rev. Thomas Henry Sprott, D.D., Wellington; consecrated 1911.

The Right Rev. William Charles Sadlier, B.D., Nelson; consecrated 1912

The Right Rev. Churchill Julius, D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1890.

The Right Rev. Cecil John Wood, D.D., Melanesia; consecrated 1912.

Presbyterian Church of New Zealand.

The General Assembly will meet on the third Wednesday of November, 1914. in First Church, Dunedin. Moderator, the Rev. William McAra, Kaikoura; Emeritus Clerk, Rev. David Sidey, D.D., Napier; Clerk, Rev. J. H. Mackenzie-Nelson: Treasurer, Rev. W. J. Comrie, Presbyterian Church Offices, Wellington; Theological Professors, Rev. Michael Watt, M.A., D.D., Dunedin, Rev. W. Hewitson, B.A., Dunedin, and Rev. John Dickie, M.A., Dunedin.

Roman Catholic Church.

The Diocese of Wellington, established in 1848, was in 1887 created an archdiocese and the metropolitan see. There are three suffragan dioceses—Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin. A retreat is held annually in each of the four dioceses, at the end of which a synod is held, presided over by the bishop or archbishop, and at which all his clergy attend

In January, 1899, the first Provincial Council of New Zealand was held in Wellington, under the presidency of the metropolitan, and attended by all the suffragan bishops, and a number of priests elected specially in each diocese as representatives of the whole Catholic clergy in the Dominion. The decrees of this Council were approved by Home in April, 1900, were published on 1st January, 1901, and are now binding in every diocese in the Dominion.

The Most Rev. Francis Redwood, S.M., D.D., consecrated in 1874, is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Catholic Church in New Zealand, and the Most Rev. Thomas O'Shea has recently been appointed Coadjutor Archbishop. The following are the bishops:—

The Right Rev. Henry W. Cleary, D.D., Auckland; consecrated 1910.

The Right Rev. John Joseph Grimes. S.M., D.D., Christchurch; consecrated 1887.

The Right Rev. Michael Verdon, D.D., Dunedin; consecrated 1896.

Methodist Church of New Zealand.

The New Zealand branches of the Methodist Church of Australasia and the Primitive Methodist Connexion are now united under the designation of the Methodist Church of Now Zealand.

The Officers of the Church for 1914 are as follows:—President of the Conference, Rev. S. J. Serpell, Masterton; Vice-President, Mr. E. Rosevear, Dunedin; Secretary, Rev. C. H. Laws, B.A., Auckland; Connexional Secretary, Rev. Samuel Lawry, Christchurch; Secretary for Foreign Missions, Rev. L. Hudson, New Brighton; Secretary for Home Missions, Rev. T. G. Brooke, Mount Eden.

The affairs of the Church are administered by ten District Synods, which meet annually. The Chairmen arc appointed by the Conference.

The next Conference will be held in Christchurch, opening during the last week in February, 1915.

Baptist Union of New Zealand.

President, Rev. E. A. Kirwood, Grange Road, Mount Eden; Vice-President, Mr. C. Cathie, Wellington; Secretary, Rev. R. S. Gray, Dunedin; Treasurer. Mr. W. E. Lambourne, Ponsonby; Missionary Secretary, Rev. J. K. Archer, Invercargill; Missionary Treasurer, Mr. A. Hoby, Wellington. The Union comprises 53 churches, 46 preaching-stations, 5,763 members, and a constituency of 25,000. The denominational organ is the New Zealand Baptist; Editor, Mr. H. H. Driver, Dunedin. The Foreign Missionary Society, with an income last year of £2,800. has a thoroughly equipped hospital, employs a doctor, 2 missionaries, 4 zenana ladies, and 46 Native helpers. The sphere of operations is in North Tipperah, East Bengal.

Congregational Union of New Zealand.

The annual meetings are held during the month of February, at such place as may be decided on by vote of the Council. Chairman for the current year, Hon. Geo. Fowlds. Auckland; Chairman-elect, Rev. William Saunders, Dunedin; Secretary, Rev. J. H. Mackenzie, Onehunga; Assistant Secretary, Rev. E. A. Bridger, Green Lane; Treasurer, Mr. T. W. White, Auckland; Registrar, Mr. G. B. Gregory, Marton; Head Office, Auckland. In 1915 the meeting of the Council will be held at Dunedin. The Committee of the Union meets in Auckland on the second Tuesday of each month.

Hebrews.

Ministers: Rev. S. A. Goldstein and Rev. S. Katz, Auckland; Rev. H. van Staveren and Rev. C. Pitkowski, Wellington Rev. I. Bernstein, Christchurch; Rev. A. Diamond, Dunedin. Annual meetings of the general congregations are usually held at these places during the month of Elul (about the end of August).

Church of Christ.

The next Triennial Session of the Associated Churches of Christ will be held at Dunedin New Year. 1915. President, Mr. C. Fleming McDonald, Dunedin; Vice-president, Mr. Ralfe Gebbie, Christchurch; Secretary, Mr. J. L. Stewart Wright, Dunedin. District conferences are held annually in each of the three districts—Auckland. Middle, and Southern.

Salvation Army.

The Annual Congress of the Salvation Army is held in the month of June each year.

The principal officers of the Salvation Army in New Zealand are: Territorial Commander, Commissioner W. J. Richards; Chief Secretary. Lieut.-Col. A. E. Powley; Secretary for Field Affairs. Major H. B. Colledge; Property Secretary, Brigadier J, H. Bray; National Young People's Secretary, Brigadier W. J. Hoare; Divisional Commanders, Brigadier T. E. Vince, Auckland, Brigadier A. B. Carmichael, Wellington, Staff-Captain E. Newby, Christchurch, Major J. J. Toomer, Dunedin; Principal of Training College, Wellington, Brigadier W. Gist. Among the social institutions maintained by the Salvation Army are: Rescue Homes at St. Albans, Caversham, Parnell, and South Wellington; Maternity Homos at each of the four chief centres; Boys' Homes at Island Bay and Eltham; Girls' Homes at Middlemarch and South Wellington; Prison Gate Brigade Homes at Epsom and Addington; and inebriates' Homes at Pakatoa and Roto Roa.

HONOURS HELD IN CONNECTION WITH THE DOMINION.

BARONET.

Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1911.

PRIVY COUNCILLORS (P.C.).

Massey, Right Hon. William Ferguson, 1913.

Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1907.

Williams, Right Hon. Sir Joshua Strange, 1913.

KNIGHTS COMMANDERS OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE (K.C.M.G.).

Bowen, Hon. Sir Charles Christopher, 1913.

Carroll, Hon. Sir James, 1911.

Findlay, Hon. Sir John George, K.C., LL.D., 1911

Hall-Jones, Hon. Sir William, 1910.

Mills, Sir James, 1909.

Perceval, Sir Westby Brook, 1894.

Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, 1886.

Ward, Right Hon. Sir Joseph George, 1901.

KNIGHTS BACHELOR (KT. BACH.).

Bowen, Hon. Sir Charles Christopher, 1910.

Buchanan, Sir Walter, 1912.

Kennaway, Sir Walter, 1909.

Miller, Hon. Sir Henry John, 1901.

McLean, Hon. Sir George, 1909.

O'Rorke, Hon. Sir George Maurice, 1880.

Prendergast, Hon. Sir James, 1881.

Williams, Right Hon. Sir Joshua Strange, 1911.

COMPANIONS OF THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE BATH (C.B.).

Cradock, Major Montagu, 1900.

Davies, Colonel R. H., 1900.

Newall, Colonel Stuart, 1900.

Porter, Colonel T. W., 1902.

Robin, Colonel Alfred William, 1900.

COMPANIONS OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE (C.M.G.).

Bauchop, Lieut.-Colonel A., 1902.

Collins, Colonel Robert Joseph, V.D., I.S.O., 1911.

Fitchett, Frederick, M.A., L.L.D., 1911.

Gudgeon, Lieut.-Colonel Walter Edward, 1890.

Jowsey, Lieut.-Colonel Thomas, 1900.

Otterson, Henry, 1913.

Parr, C.J., 1914.

Richardson, Hon. Edward, 1879.

Roberts, John, 1891.

Robin, Colonel Alfred William, 1912.

Shand, John, M.A., LL.D., 1913.

Stowe, Leonard, 1912.

COMPANION, DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER (D.S.O.).

Bartlett, Major E., 1902.

Hickey, Captain D. A., 1902.

Hughes, Major J. G., 1900.

Major, Colonel C. T., 1900.

Poison, Major D., 1900.

Stevenson, Captain R., 1902.

Todd, Captain T. J. M., 1900.

Walker, Captain G. H., 1901.

COMPANION, IMPERIAL SERVICE ORDER (I.S.O.).

Andrews, James Frank, 1913.

Blow, Horatio John Hooper, 1911.

Collins, Colonel R. J., V.D., 1909.

Heywood, James B., 1905.

Kensington, W. C., 1909.

Robertson, Donald, 1912.

Ronayne, Thomas, 1914.

Strauchon, John, 1912.

Tregear, Edward, 1911.

ROYAL RED CROSS.

Williamson, Miss J. M. N., 1900.

VICTORIA CROSS.

Hardham, Lieut. W. J., 1901.

NEW ZEALAND CROSS.

Biddle, Benjamin, 1869.

Hill, George, 1869.

Lingard, William, 1869.

Mace, Francis Joseph, 1869.

Mair, Gilbert, 1870.

Maling, Christopher, 1869.

Northcroft, Henry William, 1910.*

Preece, George Augustus, 1869.

Roberts, John Mackintosh, 1869.

Wrigg, Harry Charles William, 1898.

* For service rendered in 1860.

For service rendered in 1867.

DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT MEDALS AWARDED TO MEMBERS OF NEW ZEALAND CONTINGENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA (1899–1902).

Baigent, Private Ivanhoe.

Black, Sergeant-major G. C.

Burr, Sergeant-major W. T.

Cassidy, Sergeant W.

Fletcher, Sergeant-major W. H.

Free, Private A.

Kent, Sergeant W.

Langham, Sergeant-major J.

Lockett, Sergeant-major E. B.

Pickett, Sergeant-major M.

Rouse, Farrier-Sergeant G.

Wade, Private H. B.

White, Sergeant-major H.

QUEEN'S SCARF.

(One of four knitted by Her late Majesty Queen Victoria for presentation to selected members of Colonial Contingents in South Africa.)

Coutts, Captain Henry Donald, 1900.

PERSONS ALLOWED TO RETAIN THE TITLE OF “HONOURABLEWITHIN HIS MAJESTY'S DOMINIONS.

By despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated 30th October, 1856, the Governor was apprised that the title of “Honourable” was conferred on Members of the Legislative Council and on the Speaker of the House of Representatives of New Zealand.

By despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, dated 15th June, 1893, it was announced that the title of “Honourable,” appertaining to Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils in colonies possessing Responsible Government, whether confined to duration of office or continued for life, was approved by Her late Majesty, Queen Victoria, for use and recognition throughout her dominions, either during office or for life, as the case might be.

By further despatch of 10th March, 1894, the Secretary of State announced that he was prepared in future to submit for the approval of the Sovereign the recommendation of the Governor of any colony having Responsible Government that the President of the Legislative Council or the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly may, on quitting office after three years' service in their respective offices, be permitted to retain the title of “Honourable.” This title is now held by Sir G. M. O'Rorke.

Besides the members of the Executive and Legislative Councils, the following ex-Ministers are allowed, as such, to retain the title of “Honourable”: Buddo, David, 1912; Carroll, Sir James, K.C.M.G., 1912; Duncan, Thomas Y., 1906; Fergus, Thomas, 1891; Findlay, Sir John George, K.C., LL.D., K.C.M.G., 1911; Fowlds, G., 1911; Hall-Jones, Sir William, K.C.M.G., 1908; Hislop, Thomas W., 1891; McKenzie, Roderick, 1912; Mackenzie, Thomas, 1912; Millar, John Andrew, 1912; Mills, Charles H., 1906; Mitchelson, Edwin, 1891; Ngata, Apirana Turupa, 1912; Oliver, Richard, 1884; Reeves, William P., 1896; Richardson, Edward, C.M.G., 1887; Stout, Hon. Sir Robert, K.C.M.G., 1887; Thompson, Thomas, 1900; Tole, Joseph A., 1888.

By another despatch of 14th November, 1896, the Secretary of State requested to be informed if the Government of New Zealand desired that members of the Legislative Council in this Dominion should on retirement or resignation, after a continuous service in such Council of not less than ten years, be eligible for recommendation by the Governor for Royal permission to retain the title of “Honourable.” Mr. William Montgomery has been allowed to retain the title as from 14th December, 1906, accordingly, on such retirement.

JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT.

By despatch of 29th August, 1877, it was announced that retired Judges of the Supreme Court may be allowed the privilege of bearing the title of “Honourable” for life, within the Dominion. This title is now held by Sir James Prendergast.

By despatch of 22nd December, 1911, it was announced that the title of “Honourable” was conferred on Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court of New Zealand.

THE PUBLIC SERVICE.

By an Act passed during the year 1912 and intituled the Public Service Act, 1912, the Public Service of New Zealand has been placed under the direct and sole control of a Commissioner and two Assistant Commissioners, who are appointed in the first place for a term of seven years, are responsible only to Parliament, and can be dismissed from office only for misbehaviour or incompetence.

The Act applies to all members of the Public Service with the exception of the Controller and Auditor-General, officers of the Railway Department, members of the Police and Defence Forces, Judges and Magistrates, officers of the House, certain officers of the Legislative Departments, and persons paid only by fees or commission, as well as any officer to whom the Governor in Council declares the Act shall not apply.

The powers vested in the Commissioner arc very wide. They include the inspection of offices, the appointment, promotion, transfer, and dismissal of officers, and the framing of regulations. An entrance examination and efficiency and educational tests for promotion are to be imposed by the Commissioner.

APPEAL BOARD.

An officer dissatisfied with any decision of the Commissioner with regard to (1) grade, (2) classification of the work performed by or assigned to him, or (3) salary or promotion, has the right of appeal, notice of which must be lodged with the Commissioner within thirty days. All appeals are dealt with by a Board consisting of three members, two of these appointed by the Governor, and the third elected by the officers of that branch of the service to which the appellant belongs. The decision of the Appeal Board on all matters brought before it is final, and must be given effect to.

CLASSIFICATION.

The Public Service Act came into operation on 1st April, 1913, and on that date the Commissioner assumed control of the Public Service. In accordance with the provisions of Section 17 of the Act, a classification of all officers to whom the Act applies was immediately proceeded with. The provisional classified list for Departments other than the Post and Telegraph Department was gazetted on 20th August, 1913, and included 4,895 officers.

The Post and Telegraph Department had been working under a classification system for some years, and the list for this Department for 1913–14 was published separately on 14th October, 1913.

CIVIL SERVICE GUARANTEE.

Officers of the Public Service (with certain exceptions specified by Statute or Regulations) are required to guarantee the fidelity of one another.

In case of defalcation by an assurer the amount of such defalcation must be made good from the salaries of insurers by a deduction in proportion to the total yearly salary to the extent of thirty-nine-fortieths of the ascertained liability, the balance being a charge on the Consolidated Fund.

A Board of five members, of whom at least three must be assurers, is appointed by the Governor for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Act regarding the system.

OFFICIAL LIST.

1ST JUNE, 1914.

PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE.

Public Service Commissioner—D. Robertson, I.S.O.

Assistant Commissioners—R. Triggs, A. D. Thomson.

Secretary—A. J. H. Benge, B.A.

Chief Clerk—G. F. Dixon.

PUBLIC SERVICE APPEAL BOARD.

Appointed Members — Peter Barr (Chairman), J. H. Richardson.

Elected Members — F. M. Scully (Postal), A. Mill, (Telegraph), A. Marryatt, and F. J. Mouat (other Departments under Public Service Act).

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENTS.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

Speaker—Hon. Sir C. C. Bowen, K.C.M.G.

Chairman of Committees—Hon. W. C. F. Carncross.

Clerk of Parliaments, Clerk of the Legislative Council, and Examiner of Standing Orders upon Private Bills—L. Stowe, C.M.G.

Clerk-Assistant and Acting Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod—A. T. Bothamley

Second Clerk - Assistant — B. E. S. Stocker, M.A.

Interpreter—F. H. Phillips.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

Speaker—Hon. F. W. Lang, M.P.

Chairman of Committees—A. S. Malcolm, M.P.

Clerk of the House—H. Otterson, C.M.G.

Clerk-Assistant—A. F. Lowe.

Second Clerk-Assistant—E. W. Kane.

Sergeant-at-Arms—Major T. V. Shepherd.

Reader and Clerk of Bills and Papers—W. E. Dasent.

Record Clerk—W. Collings.

Chief Hansard Reporter—S. Spragg.

Hansard Supervisor—M. F. Marks.

Clerk of Writs—J. Hislop.

Deputy Clerk of Writs—G. P. Newton.

Interpreter—D. F. G. Barclay.

PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY.

Chief Librarian—C. Wilson.

Assistant Librarian—H. L. James.

PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE.

Prime Minister—Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey, P.C.

Secretary to Cabinet and Clerk of the Executive Council—J. F. Andrews, I.S.O.

Private Secretary—F. D. Thomson, B.A.

Assistant Private Secretary — F. W. Furby.

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE.

Minister of Finance—Hon. J. Allen.

Private Secretary—F. G. Matthews.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

THE TREASURY.

Secretory, Receiver - General, Paymaster-General, and Registrar New Zealand Consols—G. F. C. Campbell.

Accountant, and Deputy Registrar New Zealand Consols—A. O. Gibbes.

Assistant Accountant and Inspector of Departmental Accounts—J. J. Esson.

Cashier—C. E. Chittey.

Head Ledger-keeper—A. J. Morgan.

Clerk in Charge Pay and Revenue Branches—H. J. Hawthorn.

Sectional Clerk—W. Wilson.

Correspondence and Record Clerk—M. S. Seddon.

Sectional Clerk—G. C. Rodda.

Ledger-keeper—R. Witheford.

Assistant Inspector Departmental Accounts—T. H. Jones.

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES OFFICE.

Registrar—R. E. Hayes.

Revising Barrister—E. Y. Redward.

Actuary and Deputy Registrar—A. T. Traversi.

NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND BOARD.

Members—Hon. the Minister of Finance (Chairman, ex officio), Dr. Hay, Messrs. W. R. Morris, G. F. C. Campbell, and R. E. Hayes.

Superintendent of Fund—R. E. Hayes.

Secretary to Board—A. T. Traversi.

Board meets third Thursday in February, May, August, and November, or as business requires.

LAND AND INCOME TAX DEPARTMENT.

Commissioner of Taxes — D. G. Clark.

Deputy Commissioner of Taxes and Clerk in Charge, Income-tax—A. E. Fowler.

First Clerk, Land-tax—E. W. Watson.

Receiver of Land and Income Tax—C. V. Kreeft.

VALUATION DEPARTMENT.

Minister—Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey, P.C. Private Secretary—F. D. Thomson, B.A.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

Valuer-General—F. W. Flanagan.

Officers in Charge—A. J. McGowan, Auckland; H. L. Wiggins, Christchurch; A. Clothier, Dunedin; T. L. Oswin, Invercargill.

Chief Clerk—C. J. Lovatt.

Accountant—F. W. Barnett.

STAMP DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Stamp Duties—Hon. A. L. Herdman.

Private Secretary—E. N. G. Poulton.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Commissioner of Stamps and Registrar of Companies—P. C. Corliss.

Chief Clerk and Accountant—J. Murray.

Custodian and Issuer of Stamps—W. H. Shore.

Inspecting Valuator—G. W. Jänisch.

DEPUTY COMMISSIONERS OF STAMPS.

Auckland—W. G. Fletcher.*

Gisborne—R. S. Florance.*

Taranaki—A. V. Sturtevant.*

Hawke's Bay—F. Aspinall.*

Wanganui—G. Sampson.

Wellington—C. H. W. Dixon.*

Marlborough—F. Broughton.*

Nelson—W. Johnston.*

Westland—W. P. Morgan.*

Canterbury—P. G. Withers.*

Timaru—H. Kissel.

Otago—J. Murphy.*

Southland—W. W. de Castro.*

POST AND TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT.

Postmaster - General and Minister of Telegraphs—Hon. R. H. Rhodes.

Private Secretary—W. Crow.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

GENERAL POST OFFICE.

Secretary—W. R. Morris.

Assistant Secretaries—F. V. Waters and G. B. Dall.

Chief Clerk—J. C. Williamson.

Chief Telegraph Engineer—J. Orchiston, M.I.E.E.

Chief Electrician—T. Buckley.

Controller of Money-orders and Savings banks—J. L. H. Ledger.

Chief Accountant—H. A. R. Huggins.

Chief Inspector—D. Miller.

Inspector of Telegraph Offices—H. W. Harrington.

Inspector of Savings-banks—W. Gee.

Controller of Stores—C. B. Mann.

CHIEF POSTMASTERS.

Auckland—F. D. Holdsworth.

Thames—P. P. White.

Gisborne—J. J. Pickett.

Napier—E. Northcroft.

New Plymouth—C. H. Burton.

* Also Registrars of Building Societies, Industrial and Provident Societies, and Assistant Registrars of Companies.

† Combined post and telegraph offices.

* Wanganui—G. W. Sampson.

Wellington—A. P. Dryden.

* Blenheim—C. Whelan.

* Nelson—W. T. Ward.

* Westport—A. W. Mann.

* Greymouth—D. St. George.

* Hokitika—G. A. Empson.

Christ-church—R. B. Morris.

* Timaru—H. Kissel.

* Oamaru—C. Hill.

Dunedin—W. McHutcheson.

* Invercargill—T. T. King.

TELEGRAPH ENGINEERS.

Auckland—R. M. Baird.

Wellington—E. A. Shrimpton, M.I.E.E.

Nelson—G. T. Kemp.

Christchurch and Dunedin—W. E. Chisholm.

ASSISTANT INSPECTORS OF POST-OFFICES.

P. Curtis (Northern District), A. T. Cavell (Central District), S. Inder (Wellington District), F. H. Dodd (West Coast District), G. F. Furby (Midland District), S. F. Haszard (Southern District).

SUPERINTENDENTS OF TELEGRAPH OFFICES.

Auckland—F. G. Gannaway.

Wellington—C. H. M. Hawk.

Christchurch—A. J. C. Talbot.

Dunedin—B. H. Keys.

PENSIONS DEPARTMENT.

Minister—Hon. F. M. B. Fisher.

Private Secretary—A. Hall.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

Commissioner—G. C. Fache.

Chief Clerk—L. Crow.

Registrar at Auckland—J. H. Boyes.

Registrar at Napier—C. J. Steevens.

Registrar at Wellington—B. E. Murphy.

Registrar at Christchurch—P. A. Keddell.

Registrar at Dunedin—R. S. Stokes.

Registrar at Invercargill — A. H. Parfitt.

RAILWAYS DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Railways — Hon. W. H. Herries.

Private Secretary—L. E. Johnson.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

General Manager—E. H. Hiley.

Chief Clerk—R. W. McVilly.

Chief Accountant—H. Davidson.

STORES BRANCH.

Comptroller of Stores—H. Baxter.

TRAFFIC BRANCH.

Chief Traffic Manager—H. Buxton.

Traffic Superintendents—North Island—C. A. Piper; South Island—S. F. Whitcombe.

District Managers — Whangarei, W. Sword; Auckland, W. Bowles; Ohakune, G. Brownlee; Wanganui, J. E. Armstrong; Wellington, A. Duncan; Westport, P. L. Payne; Westland,

J. Bevin; Christchurch, W. J. Stringleman: Dunedin, T. W. Waite; Invercargill, T. W. Brebner.

Stationmasters in Charge—Kaihu, R. H. Nicolson; Gisborne, L. P. Pepperell; Nelson, T. S. Edwards; Picton, A. M. Arthur.

MAINTENANCE BRANCH.

Chief Engineer for Working Railways—J. Burnett, M. Inst. C.E.

Inspecting Engineer—F. W. MacLean.

Signal Engineer—H. J. Wynne, A.M. Inst. C.E.

Office Engineer—G. A. Troup.

Railway Land Officer—J. Young.

District Engineers—Auckland, D. T. McIntosh; Ohakune, J. K. Lowe; Wanganui, F. J. Jones; Wellington, F. C. Widdop; Westport and Westland, C. M. Benzoni; Christchurch, C. H. Biss; Dunedin, H. Macandrew; Invercargill, A. J. McCredie.

LOCOMOTIVE BRANCH.

Chief Mechanical Engineer — H. H. Jackson.

Locomotive Engineers—Auckland, F. T. Murison; Wellington – Napier–New Plymouth, G. E. Richardson; Hurunui – Bluff, G. A. Pearson; Westport and Westland, E. L. W. Haskins; Relieving, S. P. Evans.

* Combined post and telegraph office.

BOARDS OF APPEAL.

North Island.

Members—Chairman, W. R. Haselden, S.M., appointed by the Governor; A. W. Hutchings, Assistant Station-master, Wellington, elected; D. Dwyer, Guard, Wanganui, elected; J. L. Churchouse, Ganger, Cross Creek, elected; D. McKenzie, Machinist, Potone, elected; A. Whisker, Engine-driver, Taumarunui, elected.

Meets irregularly when required and where most convenient.

South Island.

Members — Chairman, W. R. Haselden, S.M., appointed by the Governor; W. O. Ennis, Clerk, Dunedin, elected; P. Gaines, Guard, Christchurch, elected; G. F. Martin, Engine-driver, Invercargill, elected; J. H. Jones, Turner, Addington, elected; E. J. Dash, Ganger, Waikari, elected.

Meets irregularly when required and where most convenient.

GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS SUPERANNUATION BOARD.

Members—Chairman, Hon. the Minister of Railways; J. L. Salmond, LL.B., Solicitor-General; F. Fitchett, M.A., LL.D., Public Trustee; E. H. Hiley, General Manager, Railways: elected—R. M. Isaacs, E. P. Moir, M. Lee, W. T. Wilson, and P. Gaines.

Board meets quarterly at Wellington.

NATIVE DEPARTMENT.

Native Minister—Hon. W. H. Herries.

Private Secretary—H. R. H. Balneavis.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary—T. W. Fisher.

Senior Clerk—J. B. Hackworth.

Clerk to Land Purchase Board—F. O. V. Acheson.

Translator.—L. M. Grace.

NATIVE LAND COURT.

Chief Judge—Jackson Palmer.

Judges—R. N. Jones, W. E. Rawson, C. E. MacCormick, M. Gilfedder, T. W. Fisher, J. W. Browne, A. G. Holland, T. H. Wilson, J. B. Jack.

Commissioners—H. W. Bishop, W. H. Bowler, H. Carr, C. T. H. Brown.

NATIVE LAND COURT AND MAORI LAND BOARD DISTRICTS.

For places and dates of meetings of Boards see New Zealand Gazette of 30th April, 1914.

Tokerau District.

Headquarters—Auckland.

President—T. H. Wilson.

Registrar—

Waikato-Maniapoto District.

Headquarters—Auckland.

President—A. G. Holland.

Registrar—E. P. Earle.

Waiarihi District.

Headquarters—Rotorua.

Presidont—J. W. Browne.

Registrar—H. S. King.

Tairawhiti District.

Headquarters—Gisborne.

President—R. N. Jones.

Registrar—H. H. Carr.

Aotea District.

Headquarters—Wanganui.

President—J. B. Jack.

Registrar—A. H. Mackay.

Ikaroa District.

Headquarters—Wellington.

President—M. Gilfedder.

Registrar—L. A. Teutenberg.

South Island District.

President—M. Gilfedder.

Registrar—E. A. Welch.

MAORI COUNCILS.

Minister in Charge—Hon. Dr. Pomare.

Superintendent—J. B. Hackworth.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.

Minister of Justice and Attorney-General—Hon. A. L. Herdman.

Private Secretary—E. N. G. Poulton.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE

Under-Secretary—G. C. B. Jordan.

JUDICIAL.

Supreme Court Judges.

Chief Justice — Hon. Sir R. Stout, K.C.M.G., Wellington.

Judges—

Wellington—Hon. F. R. Chapman, Hon. J. H. Hosking.

Auckland—Hon. W. B. Edwards, Hon. T. Cooper.

Christchurch—Hon. J. E. Denniston, Hon. T. W. Stringer.

Dunedin—Hon. W. A. Sim.

Registrars of the Supreme Court.

Auckland—R. E. G. Thomas.

Hamilton—E. Rawson.

Gisborne—W. A. Barton.

New Plymouth—A. Crooke.

Napier—S. E. McCarthy.

Wanganui—W. Kerr.

Palmerston North—J. W. Poynton.

Masterton—L. G. Reid.

Wellington—W. A. Hawkins.

Nelson—J. S. Evans.

Blenheim—F. O'B. Loughnan.

Westport—W. Wilson.

Greymouth and Hokitika—J. G. L. Hewitt.

Christchurch—A. H. Holmes.

Timaru—V. G. Day.

Dunedin—A. Stubbs.

Invercargill—J. R. Colyer

Sheriffs

Auckland—R. E. G. Thomas.

Poverty Bay—W. A. Barton.

Taranaki—J. Terry.

Hawke's Bay—S. E. McCarthy.

Wanganui and Rangitikei—F. W. Hart.

Manawatu—C. J. Hewlett.

Wairarapa—M. Foley.

Wellington—W. A. Hawkins.

Marlborough—A. P. Bent.

Nelson—W. Heaps.

Westland—J. G. L. Hewitt.

Westland North—J. McIndoe.

Westland Central—

Canterbury—A. H. Holmes

Timaru—V. G. Day.

Otago—A. Stubbs.

Southland—J. R. Colyer.

Crown Solicitors.

Auckland—Hon. J. A. Tole.

Hamilton—H. T. Gillies.

Gisborne—F. W. Nolan.

Napier—H. A. Cornford.

New Plymouth—C. H. Weston.

Wanganui—G. Marshall.

Palmerston North—C. A. Loughnan.

Masterton—A. R. Bunny.

Wellington—H. H. Ostler.

Blenheim—C. H. Mills.

Nelson—C. Y. Fell.

Westport—A. A. Wilson.

Greymouth—M. Hannan.

Hokitika—J. Park.

Christchurch—S. G. Raymond.

Timaru—J. W. White.

Oamaru—A. G. Creagh.

Dunedin—J. F. M. Fraser.

Invercargill—W. Macalister.

Stipendiary Magistrates.

Auckland—C. C. Kettle and E. C. Cutten.

Whangarei, &c.—F. V. Frazer.

Hamilton, &c.—E. Rawson.

Russell, &c.—R. J. Acheson.

Rotorua, &c.—R. W. Dyer.

Thames, &c.—F. J. Burgess.

Gisborne, &c.—W. A. Barton and R. S. Florance.

New Plymouth, &c.—A. Crooke.

Hawera, &c.—W. G. K. Kenrick.

Napier, &c.—S. E. McCarthy.

Wanganui, &c.—W. Kerr.

Palmerston North, &c.—J. W. Poynton.

Wairarapa, &c.—L. G. Reid.

Wellington, &c.—W. G. Riddell and D. G. A. Cooper.

Blenheim, &c.—F. O'B. Loughnan.

Nelson &c.—J. S. Evans.

Westport, &c.—W. Wilson.*

Greymouth and Hokitika, &c.—J. G. L. Hewitt.*

Christchurch, &c.—H. W. Bishop.

Kaiapoi, &c.—T. A. B. Bailey.

Timaru, & —V. G. Day.

Oamaru, &c.—J. B. Bartholomew.*

Dunedin, &c.—H. Y. Widdowson.

Queenstown, &c.—H. A. Young.*

Naseby, &c.—E. W. Burton.*

Invercargill, &c.—T. Hutchison.*

Chatham Islands—Dr. G. H. Gibson.

* Also are Wardens of Goldfields.

Official Assignees in Bankruptcy.

Auckland—W. S. Fisher.

Wellington—A. Simpson, J.P.

Christchurch—G. A. Smyth.

Dunedin—T. D. Kendall.

Clerks of Magistrates' Courts.

Auckland—C. A. Barton.

Hamilton—H. J. Dixon.

Te Kuiti—F. W. Schramm.

Rotorua—C. V. Roberts.

Taumarunui—A. H. Cutler.

Gisborne—G. J. A. Johnstone.

Wairoa—J. L. Crowther.

Napier—J. Jordan.

Hastings—T. M. Lawlor.

Waipawa, &c.—W. Baker.

Dannevirke—H. Smith.

New Plymouth—J. Terry.

Hawera—D. W. Mason.

Stratford—W. J. Reeve.

Wanganui—F. W. Hart.

Taihape—F. Mitchell.

Marton, &c.—H. Morgan.

Feilding—C. E. Taylor.

Palmerston North—C. J Hewlett.

Otaki—T. O'Rourke.

Wellington—R. P. Ward.

Masterton—M. Foley.

Pahiatua—D. O'Rourke.

Christchurch—W. A. D. Banks.

Lyttelton—G. N. Morris.

Kaiapoi and Rangiora—A. G. Ashby.

Timaru—T. W. Tayler.

Temuka—W. S. Jones.

Waimate—W. Y. Purchase.

Oamaru—A. A. Mair.

Port Chalmers—S. R. McDonald.

Balclutha—W. Harte.

Invercargill—J. R. Colyer.

Clerks of Magistrates' and Wardens' Courts, and Receivers of Gold Revenue and Mining Registrars.

Whangarei—F. Bird, jun.

Thames—J. C. Malfroy.

Coromandel—G. H. Sherwood.

Paeroa and Te Aroha—H. R. Bush.

Waihi—D. P. Phillips.

Tauranga—T. R. W. Philpotts.

Nelson—J. Fitzgerald.

Blenheim—A. F. Bent.

Westport—J. McIndoe.

Reefton—(Vacant).

Greymouth—E. W. Cave.

Kumara—G. H. Harris.

Hokitika—J. N. Nalder.

Ashburton—G. G. Chisholm.

Dunedin (Hindon)—B. Harper.

Naseby, &c.—J. A. Norrie.

Cromwell, &c.—J. Reid.

Queenstown and Arrow town — A. J. Thompson.

Lawrence—J. M. Adam.

Gore—G. H. Lang.

Riverton and Orepuki—A. E. Dobbie.

Coroners.

Arrowtown, H. Graham; Carterton, J. T. M. Hornsby; Dannevirke, J. Drummond; Dunedin, C. C. Graham; Foilding, J. J. Bagnall, E. Goodbehere; Foxton, A. Fraser; Kawhia, T. D. Hamilton; Kinohaku, W. J. Shaw; Levin, W. C. Nation; Marton, J. J. McDonald; Now Plymouth, J. Mackay; Ohakune, E. G. Allsworth; One-hunga, D. A. Sutherland; Opotiki, P. A. Crawford; Otahuhu, A. R. Harris; Paeroa, J Nathan; Pahi, J. B. Ariell; Port Albert, L. P. Becroft; Queenstown, L. Hotop; Raglan, W. H. Wallis; Taihape, J. P. Aldridge; Takaka, A. Sinclair; Tapanui, W. Quin; Taumarunui, A. S. Laird; Te Awamutu, J. B. Teasdale; To Kopuru, T. Webb; Te Kuiti, J. Boddie; Te Puke, C. Lally; Thamos, W. H. Lucas; Waihi, W. M. Wallnutt; Waipawa, J. C. Taylor; Waiuku, W. J. King; Westport, G. B. Sinclair; Whangarei, J. M. Killen; Woodville, E. J. Gothard. All Stipendiary Magistrates are ex officio Coroners.

CROWN LAW OFFICE.

Solicitor - General — J. W. Salmond K.C., LL.B.

Assistant Law Officers—H. H. Ostler, LL.B., E. Y. Rodward, P. S. K. Macassey.

Law Draftsman—W. Joliffe.

Assistant Law Draftsman—J. Christie, LL.B.

PATENT OFFICE.

Registrar of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks, Fine Arts, and Dramatic Works Copyrights—J. C. Lewis.

PRISONS.

Inspector—C. E. Matthews.

Gaolers — Auckland, A. W. Ironside; Invercargill, M. Hawkins; Lyttelton, (vacant); Napier, A. Gideon; New Plymouth, H. McMurray; Wellington, J. C. Scanlon; Kaingaroa, W. Ayling; Waipa Valley, G. Anderson; Waikeria, Rev. J. L. A. Kayll.

PRISONS BOARD.

Members—Hon. Sir R. Stout. K.C.M.G., Dr. Hay, J. R. Blair, P. Waldegrave, G. Fenwick, W. Reece, and G. C. B. Jordan.

Board meets once a quarter at different gaols.

POLICE DEPARTMENT.

Minister—Hon. A. L. Herdman.

Private Secretary—E. N. G. Poulton.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

Commissioner of Police—J. Cullen.

Superintendents—J. W. Ellison, Wellington; N. Kiely, Auckland; A. J. Mitchell, Dunedin; J. Dwyer, Christchurch.

Inspectors—E. Wilson, Wanganui; J. O'Donovan, Napier; A. H. Wright, Hamilton; S. P. Norwood, Invercargill; W. J. Phair, Grevmouth; J. A. McGrath, Auckland; C. W. Hendrey, Wellington.

Sub - Inspectors — A. Cruickshank, Tiraaru; B. Sheehan, Wellington; R. Marsack, Palmerston North; W. Fouhy, Dunedin; J. Johnston, Auckland; W. H. Mackinnon, Christchurch.

COOK ISLANDS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT.

Minister—Hon. Dr. Pomare.

Private Secretary—A. N. Polson.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

Clerk in Charge—F. G. Twiss.

Resident Commissioner, Rarotonga—H. W. Northcroft, N.Z.C.

Resident Commissioner, Niue—H. G. Cornwall.

Resident Agents—Mangaia, J. C. Cameron; Aitutaki, T. Duncan; Atiu, J. T. Large; Mauke, W. S. Cooper; Penrhyn, E. F. Hawk; Manihiki and Rakahanga, H. Williams.

Chief Medical and Health Officer—Dr. G. P. Baldwin.

Assistant Medical Officer—Dr. A. R. Maclurkin.

Registrar of Courts—H. H. G. Ralfe.

Collector of Customs—W. J. Stevenson.

Clerk to Federal Council and Government Printer—S. Savage.

Fruit Inspector—G. Esam.

MINES DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Mines—Hon. W. Fraser.

Private Secretary—J. H. McAlister.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary—H. J. H. Blow, I.S.O.

Chief Clerk—H. E. Radcliffe.

INSPECTION OF MINES.

Inspecting Engineer and Inspector of Mines—F. Reed, M.I.M.E.

District Inspectors: — Thames and Auckland Districts—B. Bennie and M. Paul; Canterbury, Otago, and Southland Districts—E. R. Green and A. Whitley: West Coast Districts—J. Newton (Westport), T. O. Bishop (Reefton).

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH.

Director—P. G. Morgan, M.A.

Mining Geologist—J. Henderson. M.A. D.Sc.

SCHOOLS OF MINES.

Lecturers and Instructors:—Thames—W. H. Baker, B.Sc.; Coromandel—W. B. Inglis: Waihi—A. H. V. Morgan, M.A.: Karangahake—R. B. MacDuff: Reefton—J. McPadden: Westport—H. Lovell.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS UNDER THE COAL-MINES ACT, 1908.

Members — The Director, Geological Survey; the Surveyor-General; the Inspecting Engineer of Mines; the Chief Inspector of Machinery; J. Bishop; J. C. Brown; and H. A. Gordon, F.G.S.

BOARD OF EXAMINEES UNDER THE MINING ACT, 1908.

Same official members as preceding Board, excepting the Chief Inspector of Machinery, with the following private members: H. A. Gordon, F.G.S., Auckland; T. Gilmour, Waihi; H. S. Molineaux, Barewood; and H. P. Hornibrook, Coromandel.

The Director of Geological Survey is Chairman of both Boards, and H. E. Radcliffe is the Secretary.

Board meets once a year in Wellington.

STATE COAL-MINES.

General Manager—W. C. Gasquoine.

Accountant—L. H. Eilers.

Mine - manager, Point Elizabeth Colliery, Greymouth—J. Bishop.

Mine - manager, Seddonville Colliery, Westport—I. A. James.

Agent, Westport—A. W. Wilson.

Depot Agent, Wellington—F. J. Gunn.

Depot Agent, Christchurch — J. O. Butler.

Depot Agent, Wanganui—F. A. Nalder.

Depot Agent, Dunedin—T. Quinlivan.

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS.

Minister of Internal Affairs — Hon. F. H. D. Bell, K.C.

Private Secretary—J. W. Black.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary—J. Hislop.

Assistant Under-Secretary—G. P. Newton.

Chief Clerk—P. J. Kelleher.

Accountant—A. R. Kennedy.

Officer in Charge of Government Buildings—W. H. Hennah.

ADVERTISING OFFICE.

Clerk in Charge—J. E. Hull.

ELECTORAL.

Minister in Charge—Hon. F. M. B. Fisher.

Private Secretary—A. Hall.

Departmental Officers.

Chief Electoral Officer—J. Hislop.

Clerk in Charge and Deputy Electoral Officer—G. G. Hodgkins.

DOMINION MUSEUM.

Director—J. A. Thomson, M.A., D.Sc.

BOARD OF SCIENCE AND ART.

Members—The Minister of Internal Affairs (Chairman), the Director of the Dominion Museum, tho President of the New Zealand Institute, Professor A. P. W. Thomas, and Messrs H. F. Von Haast, G. M. Thomson, M.P., C. A. Ewen, and P. G. Morgan.

DOMINION OBSERVATORY.

Director and Government Astronomer—C. E. Adams, M.Sc., F.R.A.S.

NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE.

President—C. Chilton, M.A., D.Sc., M.B.C.M., F.L.S.

Hon. Treasurer—C. A. Ewen.

Secretary—B. C. Aston, F.I.C.

DOMINION LABORATORY.

Dominion Analyst and Chief Inspector of Explosives — J. S. Maclaurin, D.Sc., F.C.S.

Agricultural Chemist — B. C. Aston, F.I.C., F.C.S.

Mining Chemist—W. Donovan, M.Sc.

Explosives Chemist and Inspector of Explosives—R. Girling-Butcher.

HIGH COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE.

High Commissioner—Hon. T. Mackenzie.

Secretary—C. F. W. Palliser.

Trade and Immigration Representative—T. E. Donne.

Accountant—G. F. Copus.

Produce Commissioner—H. C. Cameron.

Veterinarian—A. Crabb, M.R.C.V.S.

Chief Clerk—A. S. Row.

PUBLIC SERVICE SUPERANNUATION OFFICE.

Secretary—W. M. Wright.

Public Service Superannuation Board.

Nominated by the Government—H. J. H. Blow, I.S.O., G. F. C. Campbell, F. W. Flanagan, J. H. Richardson.

Elected by Contributors in the Post and Telegraph Department—H. E. Combs, H. A. R. Huggins.

Elected by Contributors in the Police Department—Superintendent J. W. Ellison.

Elected by Contributors in other Departments—G. Allport, H. W. Bishop, J. W. Macdonald.

The Board holds its meetings in the Public Trust Building, Wellington, on the second Thursday in February, May, August, and November.

CIVIL SERVICE GUARANTEE BOARD.

Members—W. R. Morris, G. F. C. Campbell, W. B. Montgomery, G. C. B. Jordan. (One seat vacant.) Secretary, W. M. Wright.

AUDIT OFFICE.

Controller and Auditor - General—Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O.

Deputy Controller and Auditor and Chief Clerk—P. Purvis Webb.

Audit Officer, London—T. H. Hamer.

Audit Inspectors—

Auckland—B. A. Meek, H. Wylie, C. G. Collins.

Napier—O. R. Younghusband.

New Plymouth—J. H. Fowler.

Wanganui—J. P. Rutherford.

Wellington—H. A. Lamb, J. Ward.

Nelson—J. C. A. Dudley.

Christchurch—A. W. Eames, A. L. B. Jordan.

Dunedin — C. P. Johnson, C. A. Ralston.

Invercargill—H. T. Thompson.

The Commissioners of the Public Debt Sinking Funds.

(Under New Zealand Loans Act, 1908.)

Minister of Finance—Hon. J. Allen.

Controller and Auditor - General—Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O.

Public Trustee—Dr. Fitchett, LL.D., C.M.G.

Speaker, House of Representatives—Hon. F. W. Lang.

Secretary to Commissioners—P. Purvis Webb.

REGISTRAR-GENERAL'S OFFICE.

Registrar-General—F. W. Mansfield.

Government Statistician—M. Fraser.

Deputy Registrar-General and Chief Clerk—W. W. Cook.

Chief Compiler, Statistical Branch—F. H. Machattie.

Year-book Clerk—J. W. Butcher.

Registrars of Births, Deaths, and Marriages—Auckland, T. Culpan: Wellington, W. W. Cook; Christchurch, F. Evans; Dunedin, H. Maxwell.

IMMIGRATION.

Under-Secretary—J. Eman Smith.

Chief Clerk—H. D. Thomson

PRINTING AND STATIONERY.

Minister in Charge—Hon. F. M. B. Fisher.

Private Secretary—A. Hall.

Departmental Officers.

Government Printer, Stationery Office Manager, and Controller of Stamp Printing—J. Mackay.

Chief Clerk and Accountant—B. B. Allen.

Superintendent—W. A. G. Skinner.

MENTAL HOSPITALS.

Minister—Hon. R. H. Rhodes.

Private Secretary—W. Crow.

Departmental Officers.

Inspector-General—F. Hay, M.B., C.M.

Deputy Inspector-General—St. L. H. Gribben, M.D.

Assistant Inspector—Miss H. Maclean.

Chief Clerk—D. Souter.

Medical Superintendent, Auckland Mental Hospital—R. M. Beattie, M.B.

Medical Superintendent, Christchurch Mental Hospital—W. B. Gow, M.D.

Medical Superintendent, Porirua Mental Hospital—G. Hassell, M.D.

Medical Superintendent, Seacliff Mental Hospital—F. T. King, M.B.

Medical Superintendent, Tokanui Mental Hospital, Kihikihi—A. Crosby, M.R.C.S.

Medical Superintendent, Nelson Mental Hospital — H. E. Jeffreys, M.R.C.S.

Superintendent, Hokitika Mental Hospital—J. Downey; Medical Officer—H. Macandrew, M.B.

HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE AID AND PUBLIC HEALTH.

Minister—Hon. R. H. Rhodes.

Private Secretary—W. Crow.

Departmental Officers

Inspector-General of Hospitals, Chief Health Officer, and Registrar of Nurses and Midwives —T. H. A. Valintine, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H.

Deputy Chief Health Officer—J. P. Frengley, M.D., F.R.C.S., D.P.H.

Assistant Inspector of Hospitals and Deputy Registrar of Nurses and Midwives—Miss H. Maclean.

Chief Clerk—E. A. S. Killick.

District Health Officers—Auckland, Dr. R. H. Makgill; Napier, Dr. F. I. De Lisle; Wellington, Dr. H. E. Finch; Christchurch, Dr. H. Chesson; Dunedin (vacant).

Plumbers Board.

Chairman—Dr. J. P. Frengley.

Member— G. Hogben, M.A.; W. H. Morton, M. Inst. C.E., M.R. San. Inst.; A. Burt, jun.; and J. Clark.

Secretary—P. C. Pirani.

Board meets at irregular intervals, usually at Wellington.

BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

Government Pathologist—R. H. Makgill, M.D., Edin., D.P.H., Camb.

Bacteriologist—J. A. Hurley.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE.

Minister of Defence—Hon. J. Allen.

Private Secretary—F. G. Matthews.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEADQUARTERS NEW ZEALAND MILITARY FORCES.

General Officer Commanding N.Z. Forces — Major-General Sir A. J. Godley, K.C.M.G., C.B., p.s.c., Imperial General Staff.

Assistant Military Secretary — Lieutenant J. M. Richmond.

Chief Clerk—W. E. Butler.

Inspector of Rifle Clubs, Rifle Ranges, and Drill Halls—Colonel G. C. B. Wolfe, Reserve of Officers.

Judge Advocate-General—Colonel J. R. Reed, Reserve of Officers.

DOMINION SECTION OF THE IMPERIAL GENERAL STAFF.

Chief of General Staff and Director of Staff Duties and Military Training—Colonel E. S. Heard, Imperial General Staff.

Attached to General Staff — Major J. G. Hughes, D.S.O., N.Z. Staff Corps; Captain F. Hudson, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Director of Military Operations—Major C. M. Gibbon.

Representative at Headquarters, Imperial General Staff, War Office—Major G. S. Richardson, N.Z. Staff Corps.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Adjutant-General—Colonel Hon. R. H. Collins, D.S.O., Imperial General Staff.

Assistant Adjutant - General — Major H. E. Pilkington, R.N.Z.A.

DEPARTMENT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

Quartermaster-General—Colonel A. W. Robin, C.B., C.M.G. T.D., N.Z Staff Corps.

Assistant Quartermaster - General — Major H. H. Browne, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Director of Equipment and Stores—Hony. Major J. O'Sullivan.

DEPARTMENT OF THE DIRECTOR OF ORDNANCE.

Director of Ordnance and Artillery—Colonel G. N. Johnston, R.G.A.

Assistant Director and Instructor in Engineer Duties—Lieutenant (temp. Captain) H. M. Edwards, Royal Engineers.

FINANCE BRANCH.

Director of Accounts—F. B. Mabin.

Accountant—H. M. Griffen.

DISTRICT COMMANDS.

Auckland.

Officer Commanding District—Colonel R. Logan. A.D.C., N.Z. Staff Corps.

General Staff Officer — Lieut.-Colonel W. C. Braithwaite, D.S.O., Imperial General Staff.

Attached to General Staff — Captain H. C. Nutsford, N.Z. Staff Corps; Lieutenant (temp. Captain) W. W. Alderman, Commonwealth Military Forces; Lieutenant (temp. Captain) T. A. Wallingford, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General — Captain R. S. Matthews, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Wellington.

Officer Commanding District—Colonel E. W. C. Chaytor, p.s.c., N.Z. Staff Corps.

General Staff Officer — Major A. C. Temperley, Norfolk Regiment.

Attached to General Staff—Major H. R. Potter, Captain J. H. Whyte, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General—Captain J. T. Bosworth, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Canterbury.

Officer Commanding District—Colonel V. S. Smyth, N.Z. Staff Corps.

General Staff Officer —Major W. R. Pinwill, Imperial General Staff.

Attached to General Staff — Captain A. W. M. Onslow, 16th Lancers, and Captain A. C. B. Critchley-Salmonson, Royal Munster Fusiliers.

Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General—Captain W. H. Meddings, N.Z. Staff Corps.

Otago.

Officer Commanding District—Colonel A. Bauchop, C.M.G., N.Z. Staff Corps.

General Staff Officer—Major J. D. Grant, V.C., Imperial General Staff.

Attached to General Staff — Captain S. A. Grant, N.Z. Staff Corps, and Captain A. Moore, D.S.O., Royal Dublin Fusiliors.

Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General — Captain W. L. Robinson, N.Z. Staff Corps.

THE REGIMENT OF ROYAL NEW ZEALAND ARTILLERY.

Officer Commanding — Major J. E. Hume, R.N.Z.A.

NOTE.—For full particulars of rank and names of Officers of Permanent Staff and Territorial Force vide Army List of the New Zealand Forces, published quarterly.

DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND CUSTOMS.

Minister of Customs—Hon. F. M. B. Fisher.

Private Secretary—A. Hall.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Comptroller of Customs—W. B. Montgomery.

Assistant Comptroller—G. Craig, LL.B.

Chief Clerk—T. R. Herd.

DISTRICT OFFICES.

Mangonui — Officer in Charge, J. T. Williams.

Russell—Coastwaiter, H. Stephenson.

Whangaroa—Coastwaiter, A. G. Ratcliffe.

Whangarei—Coastwaiter, J. Munro.

Hokianga—Coastwaiter, F. A. Hardy.

Kaipara—Collector, D. Savident.

Auckland—Collector, J. P. Ridings; Sub-Collector, A. V. Penn; First Clerk, B. Anderson.

Thames—Coastwaiter, T. C. Bayldon.

Tauranga—Collector, F. J. Robertshaw.

Poverty Bay—Collector, J. Howie.

New Plymouth—Collector, J. H. Hempton.

Waitara—Coastwaiter, L. H. Sampson.

Patea—Collector, H. W. Williams.

Napier—Collector, W. F. Dickey.

Wanganui—Collector, F. J. Walker.

Wellington—Collector, E. R. Brabazon; Sub-Collector, E. T. W. Maclaurin; First Clerk, H. A. Jackman.

Wairau—Collector, C. O. Trownson.

Picton—Officer in Charge, J. W. Burgess.

Nelson—Collector, W. Devenish.

Westport—Collector, R. B. D. Eyre.

Greymouth—Collector, F. Davies.

Hokitika—Collector, G. A. Empson.

Christchurch and Lyttelton—Collector, W. J. Wratt; Sub-Collector, W. Howarth; First Clerk, S. E. Harrop.

Timaru—Collector, W. Rose.

Oamaru—Collector, C. Hill.

Dunedin and Port Chalmers—Collector. T. M. Cullen; Sub-Collector, P. Doull; First Clerk, H. W. S. Ruffell.

Invercargill and Bluff—Collector, W. J. Hawley.

Chatham Islands — Officer in Charge, H. Scott.

MARINE AND INSPECTION OF MACHINERY DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Marine — Hon. F. M. B. Fisher.

Private Secretary—A. Hall.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

Secretary—G. Allport.

Chief Clerk—A. P. Stone.

Marine Engineer for the Dominion—R. W. Holmes.

Nautical Adviser and Chief Examiner of Masters and Mates—H. S. Blackburne.

Director, Meteorological Branch—D. C. Bates.

Chief Inspector of Sea Fisheries—L. F. Ayson.

Superintendents of Mercantile Marine and Examiners of Masters and Mates—

Auckland—C. E. W. Fleming.

Wellington—G. G. Smith.

Lyttelton—J. A. H. Marciel.

Dunedin—N. Beaumont.

Master of s.s. “Hinemoa”—J. Bollons.

Commander Training-ship “Amokura”—G. S. Hooper (R.N.R.).

Chief Inspector of Machinery, Chief Surveyor of Ships, and Chief Examiner of Marine Engineers and Stationary-engine Drivers—R. Duncan.

Inspectors of Machinery Surveyors of Ships, and Examiners of Marine and Land Engineers and Stationary-engine Drivers,—

Auckland—S. Dalrymple, W. G. Bell, H. G. L. Noy, A. C. Reid, W. J. White.

Hamilton—J. Kydd.

Napier—W. R. Douglas.

Wanganui—C. W. R. Suisted.

Palmerston North—W. Cullen.

Wellington—A. Calvert, A. E. Macindoe, J. W. Townsend, P. J. Healy.

Nelson—N. D. Hood.

Greymouth—P. Mackenzie.

Christchurch — A. W. Bethune, J. H. Knowles.

Timaru—A. McKenzie.

Dunedin—J. Williamson, W. J. Crawford, T. A. Cooper.

Invercargill—P. Grant.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS OF STATIONARY, TRACTION, LOCOMOTIVE AND WINDING ENGINE, AND ELECTRIC-TRAM DRIVERS.

Members — R. Duncan, Chief Inspector of Machinery, M. Inst., Nav. A., Chairman; F. Reed, M.I.M.E., Inspecting Engineer of Mines; R. W. Holmes, M. Inst. C.E., Engineer-in-Chief, P.W.D.; E. Parry, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E., M.I.E.E., Electrical Engineer, P.W.D.: J. G. Macpherson, Secretary.

Board meets once a quarter, or when required, at Wellington.

DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR.

Minister of Labour—Rt. Hon. W. F.

Massey, P.C.

Private Secretary—F. D. Thomson, B.A.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS

HEAD OFFICE.

Secretary for Labour, Registrar of Industrial Unions, Chief Inspector of Factories, and Superintendent of Workers' Dwellings—F. W. Rowley.

Chief Clerk, and Deputy Registrar of Industrial Unions—J. W. Collins.

Deputy Chief Inspector of Factories—W. H. Hagger.

INSPECTORS OF FACTORIES AND AWARDS.

Auckland—W. Newton (in charge), J. Hollows.

Wellington—H. E. Moston, W. Slaughter, and W. Rapley.

Christchurch—H. B. Bower (in charge), R. T. Bailey, W. Wakelin.

Dunedin—L. D. Browett (in charge), J. Georgeson.

Whangarei—P. J. Norwood.

Hamilton—M. McCormack.

Rotorua—S. H. Sergeant.

Thames—R. Lloyd.

Waihi—T. H. Erwin.

Gisborne—W. H. Westbrooke.

Napier—A. Donald.

Hastings—R. Watters.

Dannevirke—F. R. Pearson.

New Plymouth—J. F. Arnold.

Hawera—F. W. Pettett.

Wanganui—E. W. F. GÖhns.

Feilding—T. Watson.

Palmerston North—W. J. Culver.

Masterton—J. C. Yorke.

Blenheim—J. H. Morrison.

Nelson—S. Tyson.

Westport—T. Fairhall.

Greymouth—H. J. Torbit.

Ashburton—R. Frizzelle.

Timaru—J. Jackson.

Oamaru—A. E. Waite.

Gore—R. Ross.

Invercargill—G. H. Lightfoot.

And 151 Inspectors and Agents (police officers) in small towns.

INSPECTORS OF SCAFFOLDING.

Auckland—H. Gresham.

Hawke's Bay—A. Donald.

Wellington—R. A. Bolland.

Nelson and Marlborough—S. Tyson.

Westland—H. J. Torbit.

North Canterbury—E. J. G. Stringer.

South Canterbury—J. Jackson.

Otago—F. Barton.

Southland—J. Brown.

OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT BRANCHES.

Auckland—Miss H. R. Morrison.

Wellington—Miss E. R. Bremner.

Christchurch—Mrs. A. Way.

Dunedin—Miss M. S. Hale.

COURT OF ARBITRATION.

Judge — His Honour Mr. Justice Stringer.

Employers' Member—W. Scott.

Workers' Member—J. A. McCullough.

CONCILIATION COMMISSIONERS.

Auckland and Taranaki Industrial Districts—T. H. Giles (Auckland).

Wellington, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland Industrial Districts — P. Hally (Wellington).

Canterbury and Otago and Southland Industrial Districts — J. R. Triggs (Christchurch).

WORKERS' DWELLINGS ACT.

Superintendent—F. W. Rowley.

Architect—W. Temple.

Workers' Dwellings Board.

Members — The Superintendent of Workers' Dwellings and the Commissioner of Crown Lands, and the Inspectors of Factories in each of the following cities and towns: Auckland, Gisborne, New Plymouth, Napier, Wellington,* Nelson, Greymouth, Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill.

Meetings irregular; sits when business is required to be transacted.

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY.

Minister of Lands—Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey, P.C.

Private Secretary—F. D. Thomson, B.A.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary for Crown Lands—J. Mackenzie.

Assistant Under - Secretary — F. T. O'Neill.

Surveyor-General—E. H. Wilmot.

Inspectors of Surveys—J. Langmuir, J. D. Climie.

Land Drainage Engineer — J. B. Thompson.

Chief Clerk—W. R. Jourdain.

Chief Accountant—A. C. Turnbull.

Chief Draughtsman—M. C. Smith.

Chief Computer—C. E. Adams, M.Sc., F.R.A.S. (also Government Astronomer).

Director of Magnetic Observatory (Christchurch)—H. F. Skey, B.Sc.

AUCKLAND DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—H. M. Skeet.

Inspecting Surveyors—W. J. Wheeler and R. P. Greville.

Chief Draughtsman—H. D. McKellar.

Chief Clerk—J. G. Bendely.

Receiver of Land Revenue—J. H. O'Donnell.

HAWKE'S BAY DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—W. H. Skinner.

Inspecting Surveyor and Local Land Officer, Gisborne—T. Brook.

Chief Draughtsman—H. Mackay.

* Deputy Chief Inspector.

Chief Clerk—J. Thomson.

Receivers of Land Revenue—Napier, H. R. Robinson; Gisborne, R. Sinel.

TARANAKI DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—G. H. Bullard.

Chief Draughtsman—H. J. Lowe.

Chief Clerk—

Receiver of Land Revenue—A. J. Rossiter.

WELLINGTON DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—T. N. Brodrick.

Chief Draughtsman—W. F. Marsh.

Chief Clerk—H. M. Bannister.

Receiver of Land Revenue — T. G. Waitt.

MARLBOROUGH DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—H. G. Price.

Chief Draughtsman—

Receiver of Land Revenue — H. L. Welch.

NELSON DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—F. A. Thompson.

Chief Draughtsman—A. D. Burns.

Receiver of Land Revenue—A. W. Duncan

WESTLAND DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—H. D. M. Haszard.

Chief Draughtsman—A. N. Harrop.

Chief Clerk—F. T. Sandford.

Receiver of Land Revenue — F. E. Duncan.

CANTERBURY DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands—C. R. Pollen.

Chief Draughtsman—F. E. Greenfield.

Chief Clerk—R. Leckie.

Receiver of Land Revenue — G. W. Palmer.

OTAGO DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—R. T. Sadd.

Chief Draughtsman—D. M. Calder.

Chief Clerk—C. E. Archibald.

Receiver of Land Revenue—F. A. Cullen.

SOUTHLAND DISTRICT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor—G. H. M. McClure.

Chief Draughtsman—R. S. Galbraith.

Chief Clerk—A. D. McGavock.

Receiver of Land Revenue and Accountant—A. D. A. Macfarlane.

MEMBERS OF LAND BOARDS.

The respective Commissioners of Crown Lands and—

Auckland — A. R. Harris, W. Johns, J. Trounson, J. Rountree.

Hawke's Bay — R. B. Ross, A. J. Cameron, T. Hyde, G. Wright.

Taranaki—J. Heslop, J. Rattenbury, C. J. Ryan.

Wellington—J. Dawson, H. T. Ellingham, J. Georgetti, W. McLennan.

Marlborough — J. S. Storey, A. McCallum, J. Fulton, J. Boyd.

Nelson—A. Sinclair, G. Walker, E. S. Hoult, R. Patterson.

Westland—J. S. Lang, A. Cumming, B. Ward, G. Mallinson.

Canterbury — J. Sealy, J. Stevenson, R. Macaulay, T. G. Gee.

Otago — G. Livingstone, J. A. Macpherson, C. Anderson, P. Kinney.

Southland—C. Robertson, J. McLean, J. King, J. Thomson.

SCENERY PRESERVATION.

Inspector of Scenic Reserves — E. P. Turner.

Scenery Preservation Board.

Members — The Surveyor - General (Chairman), the General Manager of Tourist and Health Resorts, the Under-Secretary Native Department, the Commissioner of Crown Lands for each Land District in which are lands dealt with under the Act.

Secretary—W. R. Jourdain.

Meets when directed by Minister, at Wellington, or elsewhere.

AFFORESTATION BRANCH.

Superintending Nurseryman, North Island (Rotorua)—H. A. Goudie.

Superintending Nurseryman, South Island (Tapanui)—R. G. Robinson.

SURVEYORS BOARD.

Members — E. H. Wilmot, Surveyor-General; T. N. Brodrick, Chief Surveyor at Wellington; H. Sladden, Hutt; and J. W. Harrison, Auckland.

Secretary — C. E. Adams, M. Sc., F.R.A.S.

Board meets March and September for examinations, and at other times as business requires, at Wellington.

BOARD OF LAND PURCHASE COMMISSIONERS UNDER THE LAND FOR SETTLEMENTS ACT, 1908.

J. D. Ritchie, Chairman and Land Purchase Inspector.

J. Mackenzie, Under - Secretary for Lands.

E. H. Wilmot; Surveyor-General.

Chief Clerk—O. Mewhinney.

Also for the various Land Districts:

The respective Commissioners of Crown Lands and—

Auckland—A. R. Harris.

Taranaki—J. Heslop.

Hawke's Bay—T. Hyde.

Wellington—(Vacant).

Marlborough—(Vacant).

Nelson—P. Best.

Westland—J. S. Lang.

Canterbury—A. C. Pringle.

Otago—A. McKerrow.

Southland—J. McLean.

LAND TRANSFER AND DEEDS REGISTRY.

Minister—Hon. A. L. Herdman.

Private Secretary—E. N. G. Poulton.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

Registrar-General of Land and Deeds—G. G. Bridges.

Secretary for Land and Deeds—P. C. Corliss.

Accountant—J. Murray.

DISTRICT OFFICERS.

Auckland—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles and Registrar of Deeds—T. Hall.

Assistant Land Registrars—R. H. Bourke and A. H. Fletcher.

Deputy Registrar of Deeds—C. R. Keeble.

Draughtsman—T. K. Thompson.

Poverty Bay—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles and Registrar of Deeds—-R. S. Florance.

Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—J. A. Fraser.

Hawke's Bay—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles and Registrar of Deeds—F. Aspinall.

Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—W. Hislop.

Draughtsman—E. H. Cane.

Taranaki—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles and Registrar of Deeds—A. V. Sturtevant.

Draughtsman—J. R. Vaile.

Wellington—District Land Registrar and Registrar of Deeds—G. G. Bridges.

Examiner of Titles and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—J. J. L. Burke.

Assistant Land Registrars—J. J. L. Burke and A. P. Gorman.

Draughtsman—J. Cook.

Marlborough—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—F. W. Broughton.

Nelson—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—W. Johnston.

Draughtsman—W. S. Curtis.

Westland — District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—W. P. Morgan.

Canterbury—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—W. Wyinks.

Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—J. A. Ambrose.

Draughtsman—W. C. Leversedge.

Otago—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—C. E. Nalder.

Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—P. Dalrymple.

Draughtsman—W. T. Morpeth.

Southland—District Land Registrar, Examiner of Titles, and Registrar of Deeds—W. W. de Castro.

Assistant Land Registrar and Deputy Registrar of Deeds—R. Sinclair.

Draughtsman—J. L. Dickie.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIES, AND COMMERCE.

Minister in Charge—Rt. Hon. W. F. Massey, P.C.

Private Secretary.—F. D. Thomson, B.A.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Secretary—F. S. Pope.

Chief Clerk—W. C. Robinson.

Accountant—J. W. Bell.

Editor—C. E. Cuming.

Biologist—A. H. Cockayne.

DISTRICT AGENTS.

Auckland—J. E. D. Spicer.

Napier—G. H. Absolum (Acting).

Wauganui—A. C. Philpott (Acting).

Wellington—W. T. Wynyard.

Christchurch—A. E. Rowden.

Dunedin—W. Miller.

Invercargill—J. R. F. Cameron (Acting).

LIVE-STOCK AND MEAT DIVISION.

Director — C. J. Reakes, D.V.Sc. M.R.C.V.S.

Assistant Director—J. L. Bruce.

Senior Veterinarian — J. G. Clayton, M.R.C.V.S.

Veterinary Officer in Charge of Laboratory, Wallacoville — H. A. Reid, F.R.C.V.S., D.V.S., F.R.S.E.

FIELDS AND EXPERIMENTAL FARMS DIVISION.

Acting-Director—J. Duncan.

ORCHARDS, GARDENS, AND APIARIES DIVISION.

Director—T. W. Kirk.

Assistant Director—W. A. Boucher.

DAIRY-PRODUCE DIVISION.

Director—D. Cuddie.

Assistant Director—W. M. Singleton.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

President—T. G. Wilson.

Vice-President—J. C. N. Grigg.

Members—A. P. Allport, E. Averill, W.F. M. Buckley, R, Dingle, E. Hall, W. D. Hunt. A. S. Orbell, W. Perry, and R. Reynolds.

DEPARTMENT OF TOURIST AND HEALTH RESORTS.

Minister—Hon. R. H. Rhodes.

Private Secretary—W. Crow.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

General Manager—B. M. Wilson.

Chief Clerk—W. H. Frethey.

Accountant—J. H. Barr.

Tourist Agents—Auckland, C. Wallnutt; Te Aroha, G. F. McGirr; Rotorua. Wm. Hill; Wellington, J. W. Hill; Christchurch, G. W. C. Moon; Dunedin, S. J. Collett; Invercargill, T. F. McLaughlin.

New Zealand Trade Commissioner for Australia, and New Zealand Government Agent, Melbourne—H. J. Manson.

New Zealand Government Agent—Sydney, N.S.W., W. R. Blew.

Rotorua Sanatorium and Baths — Balneologist, A. S. Wohlmann, M.D., M.R.C.S.; House Surgeon, W. G. Robertson, M.B., Ch.B.

Hanmer Springs — Resident Medical Officer, J. D. C. Duncan, M.B., Ch.B.

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Education—Hon. J. Allen.

Private Secretary—F. G. Matthews.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Inspector - General of Schools — G. Hogben, M.A., F.G.S.

Secretary for Education—Sir Edward O. Gibbes, Bart.

Assistant Inspector - General — W. J. Anderson, M.A., LL.D.

Chief Clerk and Accountant (also Secretary, Teachers' Superannuation Board)—F. K. de Castro.

Inspectors—W. E. Spencer, M.A., M.Sc. (also Editor School Journal), and T. H. Gill, M.A., LL.B.

NATIVE SCHOOLS BRANCH.

Inspector—W. W. Bird, M.A.

Assistant Inspector—J. Porteous, M.A.

Clork in Charge—F. L. Severne.

MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION BRANCH.

Inspectors—M. H. Browne (in charge of Branch), E. C. Isaac.

MEDICAL INSPECTION BRANCH.

Inspectors—Elizabeth Gunn, M.B., Ch.B., L.M.; Ada G. Paterson, M.B., Ch.B.; Elizabeth S. Baker, M.B., Ch.B.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION BRANCH.

Director—T. B. Garlick.

Inspectors and Instructors — F. R. Just, S. Moore, W. A. Johnson, A. P. Roydhouse, H. E. Longworth, and Misses D. K. Heritage, K. I. Larsen, E. M. Blackburne, B. Greenwood.

SPECIAL SCHOOLS BRANCH.

Inspector—R. H. Pope (in charge of Branch).

Assistant Inspector—T. A. Walker.

EDUCATION BOARDS, WITH NAMES OF SECRETARIES.

Auckland—R. Crowe.

Taranaki—P. S. Whitcombe.

Wanganui—W. H. Swanger.

Wellington—G. L. Stewart.

Hawke's Bay—G. Crawshaw.

Marlborough—E. S. Hylton.

Nelson—N. R. Williams.

Grey—P. F. Daniels.

Westland—A. J. Morton, B.A.

Canterbury North—H. C. Lane.

Canterbury South—J. A. Valentine.

Otago—S. M. Park.

Southland—A. Bell, M.A.

INSPECTORS OF SCHOOLS.

Auckland—E. K. Mulgan, M.A.; C. W. Garrard, B.A.; W. A. Burnside, M.A.; J. T. G. Cox; G. H. Plummer, LL.B.; M. Priestley; N. T. Lambourne, M.A.; J. W. McIlraith, M.A., LL B., Litt, D.; Norman R. McKenzie.

Taranaki—W. A. Ballantyne, B.A.; R. G. Whetter, M.A.

Wanganui — G. D. Braik, M.A.; J. Milne, M.A.; T. B. Strong, M.A., B.Sc.; D. Stewart.

Wellington — T. R. Fleming, M.A., LL.B.; F. H. Bakowell, M.A.; F. G. A. Stuckey, M.A.; A. B. Charters, M.A.

Hawke's Bay—A. Stradian, M.A.; H. T. Hill, B.A.

Marlborough—D. A. Sturrock.

Nelson—G. A. Harknoss, M.A.; A. Crawford, B.A.

Grey—W. S. Austin.

Westland—A. J. Morton, B.A.

North Canterbury—W. Brock, M.A.; C. D. Hardie, B.A.; S. G. Owen, M.A.; J. B. Mayne, B.A.

South Canterbury—J. G. Gow, M.A., J. A. Valentine, B.A.

Otago—C. R. D. Richardson, B.A.; C. R. Bossence; J. R. Don, M.A., D.Sc.; J. Robertson, B.A., B.Sc.

Southland—J. Hendry, B.A.,; A. L. Wyllie, M.A.

PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE.

Minister—Hon. A. L. Herdman.

Private Secretary—E. N. G. Poulton.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE

Public Trustee—F. Fitchett, C.M.G., M.A., LL.D.

Deputy Public Trustee—T. S. Ronaldson.

Inspector—M. C. Barnett.

Solicitor—J. W. Macdonald.

Secretary—A. Purdie.

Accountant—W. McL. Barr.

Chief Examiner—H. Turner.

DISTRICT MANAGERS.

Auckland—E. F. Warren.

Napier—E. B. Burdekin.

Hawera—E. Barns. (Also West Coast Settlement Reserves Agent).

Wanganui—T. R. Saywell.

Masterton—T. R. Allen.

Wellington—C. Zachariah.

Nelson—J. E. Allen.

Greymouth—C. W. Cooke.

Christchurch—G. A. Smyth.

Dunedin—T. D. Kendall.

Invercargill—S. W. Smith.

PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE BOARD.

Members — The Minister of Finance, the Public Trustee, the Government Insurance Commissioner, the Valuer-General, the Superintendent of the State-guaranteed Advances Office, G. E. Tolhurst, Esq., W. G. Foster, Esq.

Moots every Thursday, at Wellington.

NATIVE RESERVES BOARD.

Members—The members of the Board constituted under the Public Trust Office Act, together with Mr. Hoani Tainui and Mr. Teo Tipene.

Meets irregularly at the Public Trust Office, Wellington.

GOVERNMENT INSURANCE DEPARTMENT.

Minister—Hon. F. M. B. Fisher, Private Secretary—A. Hall.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

Commissioner — J. H. Richardson. F.F.A., F.A.S., F.I.A.V., F.I.A.N.Z.

Actuary—M. Fox.

Deputy Commissioner and Secretary—W. B. Hudson.

Supervisor of New Business—G. E. Robertson.

Accountant—G. W. Barltrop.

Assistant Actuary—P. Muter, F.I.A.

Chief Medical Officer—T. Cahill, M.D.

Chief Clerk—R. C. Niven.

DISTRICT MANAGERS.

Auckland—J. Findlay.

Wellington—G. E. Robertson.

Christchurch—J. C. Prudhoe.

Dunedin—F. B. Bolt.

Invercargill—H. S. Manning.

RESIDENT AGENTS.

Napier—G. A. Noble-Campbell.

Wanganui—A. E. Allison.

Nelson—G. J. Robertson.

Greymouth—R. S. Latta.

Timaru—T. P. Laurenson.

BOARD OF INVESTMENT.

Members—The Minister of Finance, the Solicitor-General, the Surveyor-General, the Public Trustee, the New-Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office Superintendent, and the Government Insurance Commissioner.

Meets weekly on Wednesdays at the Government Insurance Buildings, Wellington.

STATE FIRE INSURANCE OFFICE.

Minister—Hon. F. M. B. Fisher.

Private Secretary—A. Hall.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

HEAD OFFICE.

General Manager—C. R. C. Robieson.

Deputy General Manager — J. H. Jerram.

Accountant—C. B. Redward.

BRANCH MANAGERS.

Auckland—F. H. Pope.

New Plymouth—K. B. Bain.

Palmerston North—R. H. Pavitt.

Christchurch—H. C. Rogers.

Dunedin—L. H. Osborn.

STATE FIRE BOARD.

Members—The Minister in Charge, the General Manager, the Government Insurance Commissioner, and Messrs. J. W. A. Marchant and G. R. N. Wright.

Meets on third Monday of each month, at the State Fire Office, Wellington.

STATE ADVANCES DEPARTMENT.

Minister—Hon. J. Allen.

Private Secretary—F. G. Matthews.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.

Superintendent—G. F. C. Campbell.

Deputy-Superintendent—W. Waddel.

Solicitor—J. B. Christie.

Accountant—W. N. Hinchliffe.

Inspecting Valuer—A. C. Mason.

ADVANCES BOARD.

Members — The Superintendent, the Under-Secretary of Crown Lands, the Government Insurance Commissioner, the Valuer-General, and the Public Trustee.

Board meets at the State Advances Office, Government Buildings, each Monday.

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT.

Minister of Public Works—Hon. W. Fraser.

Private Secretary—J. H. McAlister.

DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS. HEAD OFFICE.

Under-Secretary—H. J. H. Blow, I.S.O.

Assistant Under - Secretary — W. S. Short (solicitor)

Engineer-in-Chief — R. W. Holmes, M.I.C.E.

Chief Electrical Engineer—E. Parry, B.Sc. A.M.I.C.E., A.M.I.E.E.

Inspecting Engineer—F. W. Furkert, A.M.I.C.E.

Staff Engineer — H. Vickerman, A.M.I.C.E., B.Sc.

Architect—J. Campbell, F.R.I.B.A.

Chief Clerk—G. C. Schmidt.

Accountant—C. E. Bennett.

Land-purchase Officers—E. Bold and A. H. Kimbell.

Inspecting Officer—P. S. Waldie.

Head Storekeeper—J. C. Fulton.

Fire Inspector—W. H. Hennah.

DISTRICT OFFICES.

District Engineers—Auckland, F. Bigg-Wither; Gisborne, C. E. Armstrong; Wellington, J. D. Louch, A.M.I.C.E.; Dunedin, J. E. W. McEnnis.

Electrical Engineer—Christchurch, L. Birks, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E. A.M.I.E.E.

Resident Engineers — Whangarei, J. Wood, A.M.I.C.E.; Tauranga, J. Hannah; Napier, S. J. Harding; Taumarunui, A. J. Baker; Stratford, G. T. Murray; Wanganui, R. H. Reany; Nelson, W. Widdowson; Blenheim, A. B. Wright; Greymouth, H. H. Sharp, A.M.I.C.E.; Otira, A. Dinnie; Christchurch, H. Dickson; Invercargill, J. H. Treseder; Winton, J. H. Lewis.

Resident Road Engineer—T. Burd, Tauranga.

PUBLIC WORKS TENDERS BOARD.

Members — Minister of Public Works (President), Under-Secretary for Public Works, Engineer-in-Chief of Public Works. General Manager of Railways, Chief Electrical Engineer of Public Works, and Government Architect.

Secretary to Board, W. McNamara.

SHORT SUMMARY OF LEGISLATION

PASSED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1913.

1918, No. 3.—The Old-age Pensions Reciprocity Act, 1913.

This Act ratifies an agreement entered into, on behalf of the Governments of Australia and New Zealand respectively, with reference to the payment of old-age pensions in either of the said countries to applicants who have been resident in the other.

Clauses 2 and 3 of the said agreement are in the following terms:—

“2. Residence for any period in the Dominion by an applicant for a Commonwealth pension who has been resident in the Commonwealth for a period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of his application shall for the purpose of qualifying him for a pension be taken as equivalent to residence in the Commonwealth.

“3. Residence for any period in the Commonwealth by an applicant for a Dominion pension who has been resident in the Dominion for the period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of his application shall for the purpose of qualifying him for a pension be taken as equivalent to residence in the Dominion.”

The agreement becomes operative in New Zealand on a date to be fixed by the Governor by notice in the Gazette, such date being not earlier than the date of the coming into operation of the agreement in the Commonwealth of Australia.

1913, No. 4.—The Copyright Act, 1913.

This Act enacts, with the necessary modifications, the provisions of the Copyright Act, 1911 (Imperial), and thus brings the law of copyright into line with that of the United Kingdom and also with that of most of the other countries of the world. The Act also makes provision for securing reciprocity with other countries.

Instead of being for variable periods, according to the class of work (as was formerly the case), the term of copyright (except in a few cases) is now for the life of the author and fifty years after his death, subject to the right of any one to reproduce the work during the last twenty-five years of the term on payment to the owner of the copyright of a royalty calculated at the rate of 10 per centum of the price at which the work is published on such reproduction.

Hitherto registration has been required before action could be taken for infringement of copyright, but this is not now necessary, though registration may still be effected and certain remedies thus rendered more readily obtainable.

In accordance with the Act copyright subsists not merely in literary musical, dramatic, and artistic works, as hitherto, but also in works of architecture, and in lectures, mechanical-instrument records and rolls, and cinematograph films. It secures to an author the sole right to reproduce the work in any form, whether by translation, conversion of a dramatic work into a novel or novel into a dramatic work, or, in the case of a literary, dramatic, or musical work, to make any record, roll, cinematograph film, or other contrivance by means of which the work may be mechanically performed.

Copyright under the present Act exists in unpublished as well as in published works.

1913, No. 6.—The Magistrates' Courts Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act improves materially the position of Magistrates by providing—

  1. That every Magistrate hereafter appointed shall be a barrister or solicitor of the Supreme Court of not less than five years' standing, or a person who has been employed as Clerk of a Magistrate's Court for not less than ten years and is a barrister or solicitor; and

  2. That the principal Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in each of the four centres shall receive an annual salary of £800, and that each of the other Magistrates shall receive an annual salary of £700.

The Act also abolishes the distinction between the ordinary, special, and extended jurisdictions of Magistrates, and every Magistrate may now exercise civil jurisdiction in respect of matters referred to in section 6.

1913, No. 8.—The Irrigation, and Water-supply Act, 1913.

This Act authorizes the raising of a loan, not exceeding £100,000, to be expended in the opening-up and development of land for settlement in arid country, and in constructing and maintaining irrigation and water-supply works in aid of the mining and agricultural industries.

1913, No. 9.—The Amendments Incorporation Act, 1913.

This Act provides for the incorporation of amendments in official reprints of amended Acts, and further provides that judicial notice of such reprint shall be taken by all Courts and persons acting judicially.

1913, No. 10.—The Pensions; Act, 1913.

This Act repeals and re-enacts with modifications the several Acts relating to the grant of pensions in New Zealand, viz.: (1) The Old-age Pensions Act and its amendments; (2) the Widows' Pensions Act and its amendments; (3) the Military Pensions Act.

Several amendments have been made with a view to removing certain hardships and anomalies that had been disclosed in the course of administration, particularly with reference to old-age pensions. For example, the definition of “income” is limited so as to exclude the following classes of payments:—

  1. Any pension payable under the Act;

  2. Any payment by way of sick-allowance or funeral benefit from any registered friendly society;

  3. Any money received by way of charitable relief not exceeding £52 in any year;

  4. Any money received from the Gold-miners' Relief Fund pursuant to section 16 of the Mining Amendment Act, 1910, or from the Coal-miners' Relief Fund or the Sick and Accident Fund pursuant to section 80 of the Coal-mines Act, 1908;

  5. Any money received on the sale or exchange of land or property;

  6. Any money received under an insurance policy on the destruction or damage by fire or otherwise of a building or other property;

  7. Any capital moneys expended for the benefit of the applicant or for the benefit of his or her wife or husband or dependent children;

  8. Any money or money's worth received by an applicant on the intestacy or under the will of the deceased husband or wife of the applicant; and

  9. Any payment by way of gift or allowance (not exceeding £52 in any year) from any relative of the applicant.

The exemptions provided for in paragraphs (b), (c), (d), (g), (h), and (i) above are new. The amended definition has the effect of increasing the number and amount of pensions that may be granted.

An important amendment (relating to pensions to elderly women) is made by section 7, which reduces the age at which a woman qualifies for a pension from sixty-five to sixty years, with a qualification that the amount of pension otherwise payable is diminished by £1 for each year by which the applicant's age is less than sixty-five years.

The conditions relating to continuous residence in New Zealand of applicants for old-age pensions have been somewhat relaxed by the inclusion of a provision in section 8 which, in certain cases, allows an applicant to have been absent from New Zealand for more than two years of the preceding twenty-five years if the total period of his actual residence in New Zealand is not less than twenty-five years.

A further amendment (section 10 (3) reads as follows:—

“(3.) The capital value of property on which an applicant for a pension or for the renewal of a pension permanently resides shall not be deemed to exceed the capital value of that property as appearing on the district valuation roll under the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, at the date of the establishment of the applicant's original claim.”

This amendment is designed to relieve those applicants for the renewal of a pension who, by an increase in the capital value of the site of their home, have formerly been debarred from obtaining such renewal although no change may have taken place in their actual income.

Section 13 confers a benefit on married applicants by providing that the separate yearly income of husband and wife respectively shall be half of the total yearly income of both of them, and also extends from £90 to £100 the possible joint total income (including pension) of husband and wife. The effect of the division of the income as aforesaid is to reduce the deductions made from the amount of pension payable, and consequently to increase the amount of pension.

Part II (relating to widows' pensions) extends the benefits to widows in respect of step-children and of children legally adopted during the lifetime of the deceased husband of the applicant. The other amendments are immaterial.

Part III provides for the grant of a pension of £36 per annum to any person who “served under the Crown in any of the Maori wars, and has been awarded a medal for active service in any such war. The only conditions to which the grant of such pension is subject are that the applicant shall have resided continuously in New Zealand for not less than ten years immediately preceding the date of his application, and that he has been of good behaviour during that period.

1913, No. 12.—The Land-tax and Income-tax Act, 1913.

This Act introduces a system of graduated income-tax by which the rate is increased for each additional pound of rateable income over £400. In former years the rate was increased only in respect of an increase of not less than £100 in the rateable income, and in some cases an increase of £200 or £250 was required before any increase was made in the rate of tax.

The new system results in a much more equitable distribution of the tax.

1913, No. 13.—The Land and Income Assessment Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 2 authorizes a deduction (by way of special exemption) from the yearly taxable income of a taxpayer of £25 in respect of each of his children who is under the age of sixteen years and is dependent upon him. A deduction cannot, however, be made from the income of both the father and mother of a child, nor in any case where the total income of the parents exceeds £425 per annum.

1913, No. 14.—The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act, 1913.

This Act authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise the sum of £1,750,000, to be applied as follows:—

     £
(1.) For the construction of railways600,000
(2.) For additional rolling-stock, &c.500,000
(3.) For the construction of roads, bridges, &c. with a view to promoting land settlement and the development of goldfields500,000
(4.) In respect of other public works150,000

1913, No. 15.—The New Zealand Institute of Architects Act, 1913.

This Act establishes and constitutes a body corporate to be called “the New Zealand Institute of Architects”; it also provides for the registration of persons qualified to practise as architects, and fixes a fine not exceeding £50 for any person who, not being a registered architect or a member of the Institute, describes himself as such. The Act provides for the examination of persons desirous or being registered under the Act, and also provides for the recognition (without further examination) of persons holding certificates or diplomas in architecture granted by any university, college, or other public institution in Great Britain or Ireland, or in any British possession or foreign country. The Act also permits the registration of persons who, not being the holders of such certificates or diplomas, have, in the opinion of the Registration Board, “attained great eminence in the profession of architecture.”

1913, No. 16.—The Local Elections and Polls Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act makes various amendments of the Local Elections and Polls Act, 1908, principally with a view to bringing the provisions of the last-mentioned Act relating to the conduct of elections and polls into line with the corresponding provisions in the Legislature Act, 1908. In particular provision is now made for a scrutiny by the Returning Officer after the close of the poll of the several rolls used in the conduct of the poll and for an official declaration of the result of the poll. Any candidate at an election who has reason to believe that the official declaration is incorrect may apply to a Magistrate for a recount of the votes recorded.

Sections 16 to 22 (relating to offences at ballots) correspond with the provisions as to offences contained in the Legislature Act.

1913, No. 17.—The Land Transfer Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act makes various amendments of a technical nature in the Land Transfer Act, 1908.

1913, No. 19.—The Public Trust Office Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act amends in various particulars the provisions of the Public Trust Office Act, 1908.

Section 3 alters the constitution of the Public Trust Office Board, and provides for the appointment of two additional members (not being persons holding office in the Public Service), who shall hold office for two years and receive a salary of not more than £250 per annum.

Section 4 authorizes the Public Trustee, in the administration of any trust estate, to act in conjunction with “advisory trustees” or “an advisory trustee,” who may be appointed by the testator or settlor, or by the Court, or by any person having power to appoint a new trustee. Where the Public Trustee acts in conjunction with an advisory trustee the trust property remains vested solely in the Public Trustee, who may, however, consult the advisory trustee in matters relating to the administration of the estate, and the advisory trustee may advise the Public Trustee on any such matter. In the event of a difference of opinion the matter may be referred to a Judge of the Supreme Court, whose decision shall be final.

Sections 5 to 9 refer to the appointment of the Public Trustee as “custodian trustee” in certain cases. In such cases the trust property is vested in and administered by a managing trustee or managing trustees, and the sole function of the custodian trustee is “to get in and hold the trust property and invest its funds, and dispose of the assets as the managing trustees in writing direct.”

Section 11 provides for the investigation and audit of the accounts of estates administered by any person other than the Public Trustee. Such investigation may be made on the application of the trustee or of a beneficiary, and shall be conducted by a solicitor of the Supreme Court or by a registered accountant.

Section 13 provides for the payment to the Public Trustee (unless otherwise ordered by the Court) of all moneys or damages received or awarded in any cause or matter on behalf of an infant or person of unsound mind. When moneys are so paid to the Public Trustee they form part of the common fund of the Public Trust Office, and bear interest accordingly, and the proceeds are applied by the Public Trustee towards the maintenance and education or otherwise for the benefit of the persons entitled thereto.

Sections 14 and 15 protect the interests of the Public Trustee as mortgagee in certain classes of mortgages of leasehold interests in Crown lands.

The remaining sections make various amendments of the principal Act, and extend the powers of the Public Trustee in the administration of trust estates.

1913, No. 20.—The Rangitaiki Land Drainage Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise, on the security of the public revenues of New Zealand, a sum not exceeding £50,000 for the purpose of carrying out drainage operations in the Whakatane County. Similar provisions were formerly contained in the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, and those provisions are accordingly repealed by the present Act.

1913, No: 22.—The Science and Art Act, 1913.

The Act provides for the establishment of a Dominion Museum, Dominion Art Gallery, and a Dominion Scientific, Art, and Historical Library, and for the constitution of a Board of Science and Art, to be charged with the management and direction of the said institution.

1913, No. 24.—The Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act makes several important amendments of and additions to the law relating to the administration of ordinary Crown lands and of settlement lands.

Part I deals principally with amendments of a general nature in the existing law.

Sections 28 to 31 relate to the acquisition of the fee-simple by the lessees of certain Crown lands. The fee-simple so acquired does not confer on the owner any right to any metals, minerals, precious stones, coal, or oil that may be on or under the land.

Section 39 extends from ten to twenty years the time during which lessees of certain Crown and settlement lands may pay off the unpaid purchase-money to respect of the purchase (pursuant to the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912) of the fee-simple of the lands comprised in their leases.

Part II relates to the constitution of special districts for reading purposes. The Minister of Lands is empowered to constitute such special districts, comprising Crown lands held under lease or license, and on the constitution of any such district the moneys derived from the sale, letting, or other disposal of any of the lands comprised therein (for a period not exceeding fifteen years) are to he utilized (under the supervision and direction of a committee appointed by the settlers within the district) for the purpose of affording access to lands situated within the district.

Part III relates exclusively to Crown lands held under pastoral licenses. Inter alia it provides for a right of renewal of pastoral runs, at a rent to be fixed by arbitration, in cases where the whole of the run is to be again let for pastoral purposes, and where a run is to be subdivided the original licensee is given the right to acquire one subdivision without competition.

Part IV confers on the owners of leases in perpetuity of settlement land the right to acquire the fee-simple of the lands comprised in their leases at any time within five years after the date of the passing of the Act. The provisions as to the computation of price and the payment of the purchase-money are similar to the corresponding provisions in the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912 (relating to the purchase of the fee-simple by lessees under renewable leases of settlement land).

Part V repeals and re-enacts the provisions of Part VI of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909 (relating to the raising of money for the purpose of providing funds for opening up lands for settlement).

Part VI relates to the acquisition of private lands required for purposes of closer settlement. On the service on the owner of a notice that the said land is so required he must either—

  1. Himself subdivide and offer the land for sale in suitable allotments: or

  2. Agree with the Minister for the subdivision and disposal of the land pursuant to the provisions of Part III of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912.

In the event of the failure of the owner either to subdivide or to agree to the subdivision and disposal of the land referred to in the notice as aforesaid, the land may be taken compulsorily under the provisions of the Land for Settlements Act, 1908.

Part VII relates to the aggregation of land in the hands of private owners, and provides that where such aggregation is deemed to be contrary to the public interest the Governor may by Proclamation take the land so acquired, as for the purposes of a public work, compensation being assessed in manner provided by the Public Works Act. All land acquired by the Governor under these provisions is to be disposed of under the Land for Settlements Act.

1913, No. 25.—The Public Revenues Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act makes various amendments of an administrative nature in the principal Act.

Section 27 applies to Borough Councils the provisions of the principal Act relating to the audit of the accounts of local authorities.

Section 28 extends the authority of Borough Councils with respect to unauthorized expenditure by permitting such expenditure not exceeding 1 per centum of the general rate in any year, or not exceeding £50 (in the case of boroughs having a population not exceeding 5,000); £100 (if the population exceeds 5,000 but does not exceed 10,000); or £250 (if the population exceeds 10,000).

Section 34 authorizes the issue of Treasury bills by the High Commissioner in London in anticipation of and repayable out of loan-moneys authorized to be raised.

Section 35 provides that the annual increments to the salaries of officers of the Public Service, payable pursuant to the scheme of classification, shall be paid immediately after the commencement of the year in which they become payable (i.e., after the 1st April in each year). Hitherto (except in the case of classified departments) increments have not been paid until after the passing of the Appropriation Act.

The other amendments are purely technical.

1913, No. 28.—The Hauraki Plains Amendment Act, 1973.

This Act authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise £145,000 for drainage-works in the Hauraki Plains. The corresponding provisions in the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, are repealed.

1913, No. 30.—The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913.

This Act repeals and re-enacts with amendments the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1908, and such of the provisions of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, as relate to loans granted by the Superintendent to local authorities.

Parts II and IV are new, and provide respectively for—

  1. Joint special loans by two or more uniting local authorities; and

  2. Loans to be raised by local authorities and guaranteed by the State.

Part III (relating to loans to local bodies from the State Advances Office) empowers the Superintendent to grant loans for any of the following classes of public works, viz.:—

  1. The construction of a road or street, including the channelling thereof;

  2. The construction of a bridge;

  3. The construction of waterworks for the supply of water;

  4. The construction of drainage-works or irrigation-works; or

  5. The construction of sanitary works.

Under these provisions no local authority is to receive from the Superintendent more than a total of £60,000 within any period of three years. In dealing with applications for advances preference is to be given to applications for the renewal of public works that have been destroyed by flood, tempest, or accident.

The rate of interest payable on loans granted by the Superintendent is fixed by section 68 at 4œ per centum per annum, or at ⅛ per centum more than the rate at which the money was originally raised, whichever is the greater.

Section 70 (which re-enacts the provisions of section 9 of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act, 1912) makes special provision with respect to loans raised for the purpose of constructing roads and bridges in outlying districts, and for metalling such roads for the first time. It provides for the setting-aside in each of the ten years after the passing of the Act (out of the moneys available for advances to local authorities) the sum of £250,000, to be applied for the purposes mentioned. It further provides that for the first ten years of the term of any loan granted out of the moneys so set aside the Minister of Finance shall, towards the repayment of the loan, pay to the Superintendent an amount equal to 1 per cent. of the loan, and in each of the next five years shall pay an amount equal to œ per cent. thereof.

1913, No. 31.—The Land Drainage Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 3 of this Act provides that, unless otherwise authorized by the Minister of Internal Affairs, every rate and special rate hereafter made under the principal Act (i.e., the Land Drainage Act, 1908) shall be levied on a graduated scale according to a classification to be made by the Board of the rateable property within the drainage district. The basis of classification is the benefit likely to be derived by the lands from the drainage operations in respect of which the rate is made.

1913, No. 32.—The Board of Agriculture Act, 1913.

This Act provides for the establishment of a Board of Agriculture, consisting of not more than twelve members appointed by the Governor, of whom not more than four may be appointed on the recommendation of the agricultural and pastoral societies of the North Island, and an equal number on the recommendation of such societies in the South Island. The functions of the Board are to advise the Minister of Agriculture on matters relating to the development of agricultural and other rural industries in New Zealand. In particular, but without limiting the application of the term “agricultural and rural industries,” the functions of the Board extend to the following matters:—

  1. The aiding, improving, and developing of agriculture and all rural industries, including fruit-culture, horticulture, forestry, dairying, the breeding of stock and poultry, beekeeping, and the flax industry;

  2. The prevention and control of disease in stock and poultry, the control of rabbits and noxious weeds, and the dipping of sheep;

  3. The establishment of agricultural colleges and agricultural education generally; and

  4. The aiding or facilitating of the carriage and distribution of produce.

1913, No. 34.—The State Advances Act, 1913.

This Act repeals the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, and its amendments, and re-enacts (with amendments) so much of the same as relates to the administration of the Advances Office and its business of making advances to settlers and workers. Those provisions of the Act of 1909 that have not been re-enacted in this Act have been incorporated in other Acts to which they more properly belong. For example, some of the provisions have been incorporated in the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913; financial provisions relating to opening up lands for settlement have been included in the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913; provisions relating to the raising of loans for the acquisition and settlement of Native freehold land are re-enacted in the Native Land Amendment Act, 1913; and other provisions are re-enacted in the Mining Amendment Act, the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Amendment Act, and the Hauraki Plains Amendment Act respectively.

1913, No. 35.—The River Boards Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act amends in various particulars the provisions of the River Boards Act, 1908.

Section 4 provides for the inclusion within a river district of lands which have derived or may derive benefit from river-protection and other works. Section 9 provides for the compulsory classification for rating purposes of lands situated within a river district.

Section 12 authorizes the Governor to confer on River Boards such of the powers of a Drainage Board as he may think fit.

1913, No. 36.—The Legislature Amendment Act, 1913.

The main provision of general interest in this Act is the repeal of the Second Ballot Act, 1908.

1913, No. 37.—The Government Railways Amendment Act, 1913.

In addition to various amendments of an administrative nature this Act provides for increases in the scale of salaries and wages payable to the officers of the First Division and to certain of the officers of the Second Division.

Provision is also made in section 11 for the holding of inquiries with respect to accidents on trains resulting in injury to passengers.

1913, No. 39.—The Mutual Fire Insurance Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act extends the powers of mutual fire-insurance associations by authorizing them to indemnify their members against liability to pay compensation or damages in respect of accidents to their employees.

1913, No. 40.—The Fruit-preserving Industry Act, 1913.

This Act authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise not more than £25,000 in any year. The moneys so raised are to be available for the purpose of making advances (not exceeding in any case the sum of £3,000) for the establishment of cold stores for fruit and of fruit-canning works, and otherwise for the assistance of the fruitgrowing industry.

1913, No. 41.—The Judicature Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 2 provides for the appointment of one additional Judge of the Supreme Court at a salary of £1,800 per annum.

Section 4 makes better provision in respect of the superannuation allowances payable to Judges on their retirement.

Sections 5 to 10 relate to the constitution of the Court of Appeal. The said Court is to consist of two Divisions (each of five members), the members of each Division being Judges of the Supreme Court. A Judge may be a member of both Division at one and the same time. The Divisions are to sit separately, but the Governor in Council may authorize the two Divisions to sit together for the purpose of determining any appeal deemed to be of special difficulty or importance.

1913, No. 42.—The Stamp Duties Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 2 of this Act provides for payment of stamp duty on instruments of exchange at the same rate and in the same manner as if those instruments were conveyances on sale of the exchanged properties.

1913, No. 43—The Footwear Regulation Act, 1913.

This Act prohibits the manufacture or sale within New Zealand of boots or shoes unless the soles are made wholly of leather, or unless they are legibly stamped with a description of the materials of which the soles are made.

1913, No. 44.—The Post and Telegraph Amendment Act, 1913.

By section 2 of this Act the limit of interest-bearing deposits in the Post Office Savings-bank is increased from £600 to £1,000.

Section 8 prohibits the erection or maintenance for hire or profit by private persons of any electric line of communication by telephone except with the precedent consent of the Governor in Council.

Section 9 provides for the regulation of the use within New Zealand waters of wireless-telegraph apparatus on merchant ships not registered in New Zealand.

The remaining sections make merely administrative amendments of the principal Act.

1913, No. 45.—The Naval Defence Act, 1913.

This Act provides for the establishment in New Zealand of a Naval Force, and for that purpose authorizes the Governor to appoint officers and issue commissions. The Naval Force is to be raised and maintained by voluntary enlistment only, enlistment being for a prescribed period not less than two years. The Naval Force so raised is to be subject to the Imperial Naval Discipline Acts and the King's Regulations and Admiralty instructions for the time being in force.

In time of war the Naval Force (including the ships, vessels, or boats acquired for naval defence purposes) is to be at the disposal of the Government of Great Britain.

Section 15 provides that members of the Naval Force may be required to serve for training or on any naval service either within or beyond the limits of New Zealand.

Section 17 provides for the training of members of the New Zealand Naval Force on board any ship of the King's navy, or of the navy of any part of the British dominions, or any naval establishment or school connected with any such navy.

Section 20 provides for the transfer of ships, officers, and men from the New Zealand Naval Force to the Naval Forces of any other part of the British dominions

Section 21 provides for the establishment of a New Zealand Royal Naval Reserve.

The Naval Defence Act, 1908, and the Naval Subsidy Act, 1908, are repealed.

1913, No. 46.—The Distress and Replevin Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act increases from £25 to £50 the value of goods that cannot lawfully be distrained for rent, and includes the furniture of a tenant within the list of exempted articles.

1913, No. 47.—The Railways Construction and Land Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act extends to local authorities the provisions of the principal Act relating to the construction of railways by companies, and increases from £5,000 to £10,000 a mile the maximum expenditure permissible in respect of such construction

1913, No. 48.—The Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1913.

The main provision in this Act authorizes the Governor in Council to determine certain leases of education reserves or endowments in cases where the land comprised therein is required for subdivision. In any such case the lessee is entitled to compensation in the same manner as if the land had been taken for a public work under the Public Works Act, 1908.

1913, No. 49.—The Patents, Designs, and Trade-marks Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act provides for the sealing of patents after the prescribed time where, in consequence of the neglect or failure of the applicant to pay any fee, the patent has not been duly sealed. The machinery provisions are similar to those of the principal Act relating to applications for the restoration of lapsed patents.

1913, No. 50.—The Temporary Employees Act, 1913.

This Act provides for the continuance of the employment in the Public Service of certain officers who have hitherto been temporarily employed therein or in the service of either branch of the Legislature.

1913, No. 52.—The Police Offences Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 2 of this Act is designed to prevent unlawful intimidation. Section 3 makes punishable on summary conviction by a fine not exceeding £20, or by imprisonment for not more than three months, the offence of inciting others to the commission of offences.

1913, No. 53.—The Counties Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act amends in several particulars the provisions of the principal Act.

Section 3 provides for the alteration of the boundaries of contiguous counties.

Sections 6 to 11 provides for the preparation of the county electors' roll.

Section 23 provides that all drainage rates or special rates for drainage purposes are to be levied on a graduated scale according to a classification of the lands deriving benefit from the drainage operations.

Sections 31 and 32 authorize County Councils to erect workers' dwellings on land acquired or appropriated for the purpose, and to let or otherwise dispose of the same in manner provided in the said section.

1913, No. 54.—The Rating Amendment Act, 1913.

Sections 9 to 19 make better provision for the collection of rates payable in respect of Native lands. The other sections are amendments of the principal Act.

1913, No. 56.—The Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act amends in various particulars the provisions of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909.

Section 12 empowers Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards to establish building funds for the purpose of providing moneys for the erection of new buildings, or for the repair, enlargement, or reinstatement of existing buildings, and to set aside in each year out of revenue such sums as the Minister approves for the purposes of such funds.

Section 16 abolishes the Marsden-Kaipara Hospital District and the Board thereof, and in lieu thereof constitutes the Whangarei Hospital District and the Kaipara Hospital District, and provides for the apportionment of the property and liabilities of the Marsden-Kaipara Hospital and Charitable Aid Board between the Whangarei and the Kaipara Boards.

Section 18 provides for the imposition of a fine not exceeding £50 on the secretary, treasurer, or other officer of a Board who fails or neglects to perform any duties required of him by the principal Act.

Section 19 extends the powers of Boards with respect to the reception and detention in hospitals of persons found to be suffering from contagious or infectious diseases.

1913, No. 57.—The Water-supply Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 2 provides for the compulsory classification of land for the purposes of special rates levied pursuant to the principal Act, and further provides that the said rate shall be levied according to such classification.

Section 6 provides for the sale of certain Crown land situated in the County of Vincent (Otago) to any company having for its objects the irrigation of such land and its subsequent subdivision and sale for the purposes of closer settlement.

1913, No. 58.—The Native Land Amendment Act, 1913.

Sections 3 to 13 provide for the constitution of Native Land Court districts, and for the appointment of Judges, Registrars, and Commissioners of the Native Land Court to exercise jurisdiction within the districts for which they are respectively appointed.

Section 13 provides for the compilation of a register of the owners of all Native freehold land and of their respective interests.

Sections 15 to 52 relate to the constitution and functions of Maori Land Boards.

By section 23 it is provided that the Judge and the Registrar of each Native Land Court district are to constitute the Maori Land Board of the district. The Judge is the President of the Board, and may appoint any Native or European assessor or assessors to act in respect of any matter before the Board for its determination.

Sections 44 to 62 deal with the partition among the Native owners of their several interests in land held by them in common. By section 44 the Judge of the Native Land Court is required from time to time to report to the Native Minister as to the Native lands within his district that are suitable for settlement and are not used by their Native owners, and thereupon the Minister may apply to the Native Land Court to investigate the title and to partition the said land among the several owners. In making such partition the Court is required, so far as possible, having regard to the interests of the owners, to subdivide the said land into such allotments as may be conveniently disposed of by the Native owners to an individual purchaser or an individual lease. Sections 48 to 53 make provision for the adequate roading of lands heretofore or hereafter partitioned. Section 55 permits of two or more adjoining blocks being treated as one for the purpose of partition of interests and subsequent subdivision for settlement.

Sections 64 to 68 provide for succession to the interests of a deceased owner of Native land. If application for a succession order is not made within six months after the death of a Native owner, the Judge of the Native Land Court in the district in which the land is situated may proceed to inquire as to the successors of the deceased owner, and may thereupon make such orders as he thinks fit. Section 67 provides for the disposal by sale or lease (with the consent of a majority of the owners affected) of land held by Native owners in common in cases where the relative interests are so small that, in the opinion of the Court, partition is not justifiable.

Sections 70 to 80 make provision for the limitation of the area of Native land to be beneficially held by one person.

Sections 82 to 93 relate to the alienation of Native freehold land by the owners thereof and to the confirmation by the Maori Land Board or Native Land Court of instruments of alienation. Section 90 provides for the removal into the Supreme Court of applications for confirmation in cases involving questions of difficulty. Section 92 authorizes the payment to the Public Trustee or a Maori Land Board in trust for the Natives entitled thereto of any unpaid purchase-money payable in respect of the alienation of any Native land. By section 93 provision is made, in the case of land held under lease, for the protection of the tenant's interest in improvements where application is made for the confirmation of an instrument of alienation.

Section 94 authorizes Maori Land Boards to delegate to Land Boards under the Land Act, 1908, the powers conferred on the first-mentioned Boards by Part XIV of the Native Land Act, 1909 (relating to the administration of Native land vested in Maori Land Boards for the purposes of settlement by Europeans).

Section 96 authorizes the Governor in Council to revest in the Native owners any land held in trust for those owners by a Maori Land Board, on application in that behalf being made by a majority of the Native owners beneficially entitled thereto.

Section 97 protects the lessee's interest in Native land leased pursuant to the provisions of the Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905, or of the Native Land Act, 1909.

Section 99 empowers the Court, on the application of any person interested, to order an investigation and audit of the accounts kept by the committee of management appointed by the incorporated owners of any Native land under Part XVII of the Native Land Act, 1909.

Sections 100 to 106 deal with the powers of the assembled Native owners of Native land.

Sections 107 to 119 extend the powers of the Crown with respect to the acquisition by purchase or lease of Native land. When any Native land subject to a valid lease is so acquired by the Crown by way of purchase, the lessee is entitled to receive a renewable lease under Part III of the Land Act, 1908, in lieu of the existing lease, or to acquire the fee-simple of the land comprised in his lease subject to the terms and conditions specified in section 110 of the present Act.

Section 113 authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise £500,000 in any year for the acquisition by the Crown of Native lands. Similar provisions were formerly contained in Part VII of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, and those provisions are accordingly repealed by the present Act.

Section 115 provides for the lease of Native lands to the Crown, with an option to purchase the freehold on terms to be specified in the lease. Lands so leased may, subject to the conditions expressed in section 116, be subleased in the same manner as if they were Crown lands under the Land Apt.

The remaining provisions of the Act relate principally to matters of administration.

1913, No. 60.—The Education Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 14 of this Act provides for an increased rate of salary to be paid to teachers in public schools. The other amendments relate wholly to matters of administration.

1913, No. 61.—The Police Force Act, 1913.

This Act repeals the Police Force Act, 1908 (which was a re-enactment of the Act of 1886), and makes better provision for the establishment, maintenance, and discipline of the Police Force.

1913, No. 62.—The Municipal Corporations Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act amends in several important respects the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1908.

Section 6 provides for a biennial election of Mayors in lieu of an annual election, as at present. In the case of a casual vacancy within twelve months a fresh election is held; if at any other time the Council appoints a Mayor to hold office until the next general election.

Sections 13 and 14 make better provision for the constitution of new boroughs and the alteration of existing boroughs.

Section 27 authorizes Borough Councils to establish services for the conveyance of passengers and goods (otherwise than by railway or tramway).

Section 34 authorizes Borough Councils to supply electricity to persons residing beyond the limits of the borough.

Section 52 authorizes the erection and the sale or lease of workers' dwellings on land to be acquired or appropriated by a Borough Council for the purpose.

The other amendments relate principally to matters of administration.

1913, No. 63.—The Customs Act, 1913.

This Act repeals the Customs Law Act, 1908 (which was a consolidation of the Customs Act, 1882, and its amendments), and makes more adequate provision for the collection of duties of Customs. Few material alterations of the law are made except in matters pertaining to administration. In the provisions relating to ad valorem duties it is provided that such duties are to be based on the fair market cash value of the goods in respect of which the duty is payable instead of on the credit value as hitherto.

1913, No. 64.—The Tramways Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 2 of this Act provides for the construction or reconstruction of electric tramway-cars with a central passage-way in order to minimize the risk of accidents to conductors and others using the cars.

Section 6 provides for the suspension by the Governor in Council in certain circumstances of certain of the provisions of the Tramways Act, 1908, relating to the qualifications of motormen on electric tramways.

The other sections relate wholly to matters of administration.

1913, No. 65.—The Stock Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act increases the amount of compensation payable to the owners of diseased stock, and also provides for the registration of brands, indicating a standard of merit, to be used by Stock-breeders' Associations.

1913, No. 66.—The Mining Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 3 authorizes the making of advances by the Government for the purpose of promoting irrigation-works in arid localities.

Section 4 authorizes the Minister of Finance to raise £20,000 in each financial year for the purposes of Part X of the principal Act. The corresponding provisions contained in Part V of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, are repealed.

Sections 9 and 10 relate to claims by the owners of land for compensation in respect of its auriferous or argentiferous value, or in respect of minerals or precious stones on or under such land. In no such case is compensation payable unless the claim is first established by a judgment of the Supreme Court. The other sections relate to matters affecting administration.

1913, No. 69.—The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 3 empowers the respondent in divorce proceedings to apply for an order making absolute a decree nisi for the dissolution of a marriage, and jurisdiction is conferred on the Court to deal with such application as if the application had been made by the petitioner.

Section 4 provides that the evidence of parties in matrimonial proceedings may be taken by affidavit only with the leave of the Court.

Section 5 repeals the provisions of the principal Act allowing appeals to the Privy Council (in lieu of to the Court of Appeal of New Zealand) from decisions on petitions for dissolution or nullity of marriage.

Section 6 provides that a husband who (while separated from his wife by mutual consent or judicial decree) habitually and without cause leaves her without reasonable maintenance shall, for the purposes of the principal Act (relating to the grounds for divorce), be deemed to have deserted her wilfully and without just cause or reasonable excuse, and to have left her so deserted.

1913, No. 70.—The Workers' Compensation Amendment Act, 1913.

Sections 7 and 8 permit of compensation cases being heard and determined in a Magistrates' Court instead of in the Court of Arbitration where the parties so agree.

Section 9 provides for the payment of compensation-moneys to the Public Trustee in trust for the persons entitled thereto.

Section 10 provides that the right to recover compensation or damages in respect of an accident to a worker shall survive notwithstanding the death of either party.

Section 13 gives to the employees of the Crown the same right to recover compensation or damages in respect of accidents as is possessed by the employees of private persons.

The other sections relate principally to matters of administration.

1913, No. 72.—The Law Practitioners Amendment Act, 1913.

Section 2 extends the powers and functions of the New Zealand Law Society.

Section 3 imposes an additional annual fee of 10s. on practitioners to be paid to the New Zealand Law Society.

Section 11 incorporates the several District Law Societies, and empowers them to hold real and personal property.

Section 14 empowers the Governor by Order in Council to make regulations for the audit and inspection of the trust accounts of solicitors, and directs that such regulations shall be submitted to the Governor for approval before the 31st March, 1914.

1913, No. 73.—The Monopoly Prevention Amendment Act, 1913.

This Act extends the provisions of Part I of the Monopoly Prevention Act, 1908 (relating to the price of agricultural implements), until the 31st December, 1915.

1913, No. 74.—The Shops and Offices Amendment Act, 1913.

The most important amendment of the law effected by this Act is contained in section 8, which reads as follows:—

“Notwithstanding anything in the Shops and Offices Amendment Act, 1910, provision may be made in any award or industrial agreement under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1908, relating to assistants employed in hotels or restaurants for a whole holiday of twenty-four hours on any day in each week in lieu of the half-holiday or whole holiday provided for in the said Act:

“Provided that in the case of any such award such provision shall, on application in that behalf, be made unless the Court, in the case of any specified hotel or restaurant, or in the case of all hotels or restaurants in any specified locality, is satisfied that such provision would not be reasonably practicable, in which case the said provision may be modified in respect of such hotels or restaurants.”

The other amendments are principally of an administrative nature.

1913, No. 75.—The Labour Disputes Investigation Act, 1913.

This Act relates to disputes between employers and workers who are not for the time being bound by an award or industrial agreement.

It provides for conferences of parties with a view to securing an amicable settlement, or in the alternative for the investigation of disputes by Labour Dispute Committees consisting of representatives of both parties to the dispute. Before a strike may lawfully take place a secret ballot of the workers affected is taken by the Registrar of Industrial Unions, and the result of the ballot is publicly notified. On the lapse of seven days after the publication of such result the workers are free to strike whatever the result of the ballot may have been.

Similar provisions are made to apply in the case of lockouts.

Agreements entered into by employers and workers to whom the Act applies may be filed in the Court of Arbitration and enforced as if they were industrial agreements under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act.

Chapter 2. SECTION II.—CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.

[By D. C. BATES, Dominion Meteorologist.]

The climate of New Zealand is to be considered in relation to four main features—(1) Its position, stretching for nearly a thousand miles southward of latitude Ÿ S.; (2) its insular condition, situated as it is in the widest ocean of the world, from which no part of the country is distant more than seventy-five miles; (3) its physical features, mountain-chains running mostly north and south and affording different aspects; and (4) the weather-changes to which these parts of the earth are subject.

SUNSHINE.

The latitudes in which the chief cities of New Zealand lie in the Southern Hemisphere correspond with the cities in the North from which the possible amount of sunshine may be gauged. Auckland's latitude corresponds to that of Cape Passaro in the south of Sicily; Wellington to Naples; and Dunedin to Venice. The following table gives the period during which the sun is above the true horizon on the days of midsummer and midwinter:—

Possible Sunshine on theAt Auckland.At Wellington.At Dunedin.
Hr.min.Hr.min.Hr.min.
Longest day144015101546
Shortest day938913839

The actual hours of bright sunshine recorded in Wellington average nearly six hours per day throughout the year, and few indeed are the days when a brilliant sun does not at some time or other score a definite trace upon the recording-chart. Other districts much more protected from cloud-formation, as Nelson, in Tasman Bay; Napier, on the east coast of the North Island; and Lincoln, near Christchurch, on the east coast of the South Island, have higher records. Some of the west coast districts, on the other hand, record less bright sunshine; but Wellington, the capital city, is in the middle position, and affords a good mean both for the sunshine and the rainfall of the whole Dominion. Wellington is also in a critical position with regard to atmospheric disturbances, Cook Strait being usually the dividing-line between the cyclonic storms and westerly lows, generally partaking of the changes due to both. The actual results are as follows:—

Hours of Sunshine.
Year.Auckland.Gisborne.Napier.Moumahaki.Wellington.Lincoln.Nelson.
 Hr.min.Hr.min.Hr.min.Hr.nun.Hr.min.Hr.min.Hr.min.

* For four years.

† For seven years.

‡ For five years.

‡ Incomplete, 13 days no record kept.

|| Incomplete, 15 days no record kept.

1907....1,939202,610351,897341,853532,13353....
1908....2,259202,806422,001402,00932,18511....
1909....1,965402,203201,856172,223312,11292,56258
19101775452,29342,530471,869152,15732,083422,57134
19111,975302,147202,406561,692252,276372,32602,50656
19121,834211,75092,451251,906551,953171,7827222715
19131,945202,091352,62652,214201,973391,95025||210710
Average*188244206347251924191946206352208155;239510

These results bear comparison with some of the most favoured regions of the world, where, in order to produce the best results, sunshine and shower hold sway in turn. For instance, over the northern parts of the British Isles the annual average of bright sunshine is 1,200 hours, or 27 per cent. of the possible; and in the south it is 1,600 hours, or 36 per cent.; while Italy has averages from 2,000 to 2,400 hours, or from 45 to 54 per cent. of the possible.

TEMPERATURE.

Latitude, insolation, proximity of the ocean, and the height of a locality are the determining factors with regard to temperature. The oceanic influences are recognized as the dominant feature with regard to both summer heat and winter cold, upon both of which they exercise a moderating effect. The west coast of the South Island especially is open to the prevailing westerly winds, and is more humid and equable than the eastern coastal districts, which at times present an almost continental type with considerable range of temperature. In the cities of Auckland and Wellington frosts on the grass are of rare occurrence, though further south and inland they are often experienced. As showing the influence of the ocean in moderating temperature, we may contrast the records of a continental city with the capital city of Wellington.

Temperatures (Degrees Fahrenheit).
Mean.Wellington. Lat. 41° 16′ S.
January, maximum69.4
July, minimum42.1
Mean annual range27.3
August, maximum91.2
January, minimum10.2
Mean annual range81.0

The meteorological seasons are regarded as later than the solar or astronomical seasons. Thus, in the Southern Hemisphere July is usually the coldest and wettest month of the year, while January is the driest and warmest. The seasons are thus roughly divided:—

Winter—June, July, August.

Spring—September, October, November.

Summer—December, January, February.

Autumn—March, April, May.

The following table gives seasonal and annual means computed from several stations in the various provinces into which the Dominion was once politically as well as naturally divided:—

Mean Temperatures in Shade (Degrees Fahrenheit).
Auckland—Spring.Summer.Autumn.Winter.Annual.
     Mean56.965.759.851.058.4
     Maximum65.275.268.358.566.8
     Minimum48.656.351.343.649.9
Hawke's Bay—
     Mean57.365.659.050.058.0
     Maximum66.574.867.358.166.7
     Minimum48.356.550.742.049.4
Taranaki—
     Mean55.062.458.049.956.3
     Maximum63.071.066.057.364.3
     Minimum47.153.750.042.448.3
Wellington—
     Mean54.162.156.447.955.1
     Maximum61.771.064.855.463.3
     Minimum46.253.348.240.547.0
Nelson and Marlborough—
     Mean55.663.557.648.756.3
     Maximum63.772.265.655.964.3
     Minimum47.555.049.841.548.4
Westland—
     Mean49.758.151.441.250.1
     Maximum57.566.259.148.657.8
     Minimum42.049.943.733.742.3
Canterbury—
     Mean52.560.853.243.152.4
     Maximum61.970.962.351.261.6
     Minimum43.150.944.335.143.3
Otago—
     Mean50.457.951.041.550.2
     Maximum59.567.559.148.158.5
     Minimum41.548.243.035.041.9

Mean temperatures of definite places are usually employed in climatic comparisons, and the following annual means, as well as the means of the extreme months of the summer and winter, afford the reader useful data. The Australian temperatures are from the Official Year-book of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the others are chiefly from Hofraths, Dr. J. von Hann's great work upon the climatology of the world.

Mean Temperatures.
NEW ZEALAND.
 Auckland.Gisborne.Wellington.Christchurch.Hokitika. 
January66.767.162.461.760.9 
July51.849.547.542.444.8 
Annual59.358.355.252.653.4 
BRITISH ISLES.
 Greenwich.Liverpool.York.Dublin.Edinburgh. 
January38.539.437.841.739.0 
July62.659.759.759.758.5 
Annual49.648.747.749.647.7 
EUROPE.
 Vienna.Berlin.Paris.Home.Naples. 
January28.932.736.544.146.8 
July67.364.665.576.575.6 
Annual48.647.350.559.760.4 
CANADA.
  Halifax.Montreal.Toronto.Vancouver. 
January..42.012.322.437.9 
July 64.268.967.659.9 
Annual..43.242.044.248.7 
UNITED STATES.
  New York City.Washington, D.C.St. Louis.Los Angelos. 
January..30.231.130.953.0 
July 73.576.879.167.4 
Annual..51.654.655.760.2 
SOUTH AMERICA.
    Santiago.Buenos Ayres.Monte Video.
January..  67.473.571.7
July .. 45.850.150.7
Annual..  56.361.861.3
INDIA.
   Calcutta.Bombay.Madras.Colombo.
January.. 65.174.575.479.0
May ..85.684.488782.0
Annual.. 77.979.381.980.2
SOUTH AFRICA.
   Simonstown.Grahamstown.Kimberley.Durban.
January.. 70.768.075.075.7
July ..56.853.248.764.0
Annual.. 63.661.363.370.3
AUSTRALIA.
 SydneyMelbourne.Brisbane.Perth.Adelaide.Hobart.
January71.667.577.273.574.262.0
July52.348.558.054.951.545.8
Annual63.058.368.864.062.954.4

RAINFALL.

The rainfall map of New Zealand presents striking conformation to its physical configuration, and records gathered throughout the country during a period of more than sixty years present a certain regularity which brings out the dominating influence of the mountain ranges over the rainfall. The lofty Southern Alps, rising to heights of from ten to twelve thousand feet on the western side of the South Island, lie broadside to the prevailing westerly winds, and on their windward slopes are condensed the vapours which have been swept by the breezes over vast stretches of ocean-wave. On the plains at the margin near the foot of the ranges and on their rugged and precipitous slopes the rainfall averages from one to two hundred inches per annum, while on the lee side of this formidable chain the climate is comparatively very dry, and in parts the rainfall is only about one-tenth of what is recorded on the other side. The manner in which the sea-breezes are robbed of their moisture is occasionally manifested when a strong and steady westerly wind blows along parallel with the southern latitudes. Heavy and continuous then is the rain on the west coast, and the clouds and mist may rise to the summit, but no further. There the winds are forced onwards and rush downwards to the greatest plains in New Zealand which have been built up of the detritus of the mountains. Here, however, the characteristics of this westerly wind have been entirely changed, for it is now hot by compression, and dry because it gave off its moisture when it rose above sea-level away back among the hills. Instead of parting with superfluous humidity, it is now capable of sustaining the vapour of water, and nature seeks to restore the balance of its relative humidity by evaporating what moisture it can from stream and lake, vegetation or animal life in its path. These hot and dry “nor' westers” of the Canterbury Plains are similar in character to the well-known Foehn winds such as are experienced in Austria, Switzerland, and Italy, but they illustrate and account for much of the comparative shortage of rainfall on the eastern side of the South Island which is manifest in the map.

While the South Island isohyets or rain-bands of equal rainfall stretch north and south, the North Island tracings are more irregular in form, but show that the rainfall itself is more regular over the country and less extreme in comparison between different districts. Here, again, however, the control of the mountains and plains over precipitation is apparent. The contours of the rainfall areas are found to coincide more or less with the configuration of the country—dark-tinted spots showing heavier rainfalls are found in proximity to Mount Egmont, the Tongariro, Tararua, Raukumara, and other ranges.

The mean annual rainfall of New Zealand, derived from means of representative stations in various parts of the whole country, is about 50 in., but the seasonal falls are different in various districts. The season of greatest fall in the North Island, which is mostly under the influence of subtropical conditions, is winter, and the month of July shows not only the lowest mean temperature but the mean maximum rainfall, and is regarded as the midwinter month in the Southern Hemisphere. In the South Island late autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently dry, while the summer sometimes suffers from too frequent showers. This is the case on the east coast and southernmost portions of the South Island, but at this time the west coast occasionally is even in want of rain; in fact, the west and east coasts of the South Island are so different that if the east coast has more than the average rainfall the west coast has less, and vice versa. The average monthly rainfall of the year is remarkably even in the South Island, but the midwinter month's mean in the North Island is nearly double the mean of the mid summer month (February).

The averages from the climatological tables are—

Rainfall (in Inches).
 Winter.Spring.Summer.Autumn.Annual.
North Island14.7312.179.9313.7150.54
South Island12.2811.9410.2710.7945.28
(Rainy Days (0.005 in. or more).
 Winter.Spring.Summer.Autumn.Annual.
North Island47463040163
South Island41443436155
Annual Rainfalls (in Inches).
 Auckland (60 Years).New Plymouth (36 Years).Wellington (55 Years).Gisborne (35 Years).
Average43.3159.6049.7347.43
Maximum63.7282.9367.6864.33
Minimum26.3243.8330.0226.09
 Christchurch (36 Years).Hokitika (31 Years).Dunedin (54 Years).Invercargill (18 Years).
Average25.50116.2337.5345.98
Maximum35.30154.4454.5169.00
Minimum13.5488.2122.1533.24
Mean Number of Days with Rain (0.01 in. or more).
Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
Auckland10.39.411.013.218.119.120.719.317.616.211.411.4
New Plymouth12.510.512.214.018.017.219.519.217.518.515.714.2
Gisborne9.09.712.312.415.616.416.815.713.411.611.69.3
Wellington10.59.211.712.816.417.318.317.315.513.912.712.0
Christchurch9.07.49.39.110.812.113.011.09.98.99.89.1
Hokitika14.810.313.514.115.515.016.416.015.319.013.016.3
Dunedin14.711.513.213.214.113.013.613.013.014.514.114.8
Invercargill15.010.014.016.017.015.015.014.014.017.018.015.0

Annual mean totals.—Auckland, 180.4; New Plymouth, 189.7; Gisborne, 153.8; Wellington, 167.7; Christchurch, 119.4; Hokitika, 179.2; Dunedin, 163.3; Invercargill, 180.

The seasons usually differ considerably in several characteristics from year to year, and the annual rainfalls are found to range considerably above and below the means in all parts of the Dominion. From month to month also, and by comparing the records of months of the same name in different years are seen surprising contrasts and periodic changes which evade general laws, and the approximately true mean rainfalls are only ascertained through averages derived from returns extending over many years.

The abundance and frequency of the rainfall are, however, the leading features in the climate of New Zealand as a whole. The positions of the Islands, with vast oceans on every side, and the proximity of every part of the country to the sea, combined with frequent atmospheric changes, usually cause all parts of the Dominion to be favoured with beneficent rains, and very rarely indeed does the rainfall report from any station in the Dominion make the return of “nil.” Nine out of ten of the stations throughout the country have never recorded months of such absolute drought, and on the other hand very few are the records showing rainfall every day during any month of their registrations. Sunshine and rain alternate fairly well throughout the year, with much greater predominance of the former. The rain fall is usually more intense and frequent at night than in the hours when the sun exercises its influence over air and earth and sea, for then “Maui is drawing water”

Days with Rain (0.005 in. or over).

Averages derived from the Monthly Climatological Tables from August, 1904, to December, 1913 (inclusive). Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Rainfall in points: 100 = 1 in.

Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
North Island—
     Mean temp63.563.462.257.552.549.348.249.952.054.958.061.1
     Rainfall338294472393472433567423414434367362
     Days with rain10.08.311.713.014.415.517.214.416.015.613.912.0
South Island—
     Mean temp59.760.058.252.847.944.142.544.648.952.255.218.3
     Rainfall384253400341338439424345424421338408
     Days with rain12.78.112.512.211.913.913.913.115.215.114.113.9

Annual averages.—North Island—Mean temp., 56.0° F.; rainfall, 49.69 in.; days with rain, 162. South Island—Mean temp., 52.0° F.; rainfall, 45.15 in.; days with rain, 157.

SNOW.

Snow falls in the winter-time on the higher levels in the South Island and occasionally on the central plateau of the North Island, but, except on the mountain-tops, usually does not lie for long. Snow is seldom seen on the lowlands even in the southernmost districts of the South Island, and in many parts of New Zealand snow has never been known to fall; but, on the other hand, cyclonic areas in summer will bring some snow on the higher levels of the South Island.

THUNDERSTORMS.

Thunderstorms are also comparatively rare in the coastal districts, but are more frequent and prolonged in the mountainous parts. In summer the thunderstorms usually occur in the afternoon, and in the winter, with low-pressure systems, at night.

HAIL.

Hail occasionally accompanies coastal thunderstorms, but rarely causes much damage to property, fruit, or crops in New Zealand, and is more frequently experienced in winter.

WINDS.

The winds of the temperate zone are usually fairly constant and fresh, and the Dominion of New Zealand—set as it is in the widest ocean in the world—is open to all its influence. The sea-breezes sweep uninterruptedly over thousands of miles of ocean-wave, not only bringing freshness, ozone, and moisture, but at times, it must be confessed, causing annoyance on account of their force and persistency. This may be regarded as a defect of their qualities, for in those parts of the earth that experience little wind the people usually lack energy, and the same regions are mostly subject to occasional storms that are terribly destructive to life and property. No country in the world, however, presents greater diversity in respect to wind than New Zealand, chiefly on account of its length and mountain-chains. The uneven surface of the land, the proximity of the straits, &c., are seen to exercise the most marked influence not only upon the force, but also upon the direction of the winds—reducing or increasing their velocity, diverting, and even entirely changing their course. For example, westerly winds blowing across the ocean towards the west coast are partially inverted—while the upper part will cross the mountains to become occasionally a hot, dry westerly wind on the Canterbury Plains, the lower part curls round and is actually experienced as an easterly wind in the towns on the coast at the foot of the mountains.

The average velocity as given herewith is from records of the Robinson anemometer, in miles per day:—

Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
Auckland.
213181178145162159173174181197209188
Wellington.
306273285281259242232242283337331322
Hokitika.
144135132134124116109120143170152143
Lincoln.
197183175160133120116134168193197188
—-Auckland (11 Years).Wellington (16 Years).Hokitika (16 Years).Lincoln (13 Years).
Average per day180282135164
Max. velocity in one day9741,200693967
 (15/10/1897)(5/6/1911)(6/12/1911)(4/11/1904)

The velocity of the winds, it may be noted, is higher on the average in summer than in winter, and the winds are usually also stronger by day than by night.

The following “wind-roses” show the percentage of wind-directions from annual means for forty-eight years' unbroken records for each place.

The prevailing winds are thus seen to be planetary anti-trade winds—westerlies which go round the world and are used by mariners to take them eastward towards England as far as Cape Horn, and on their return they pick them up again off the Cape of Good Hope. In summer, however, to the north of Auckland the easterly trade winds often blow with much regularity for weeks together.

GENERAL EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATE.

The development of the Maori race is a striking testimony to the suitability of the climate to humanity, and European families under New Zealand skies have generally developed in physique. Imported stock has in most cases thriven marvellously in the fields, where throughout summer and winter they usually find all the nourishment needed, and hardly ever require more than natural protection.

The fertility of the soil gives remarkable testimony to the genial climate of New Zealand, for, though labour is not nearly plentiful enough to obtain the best results from agriculture, yet, as shown in the returns published annually, the actual average yields in bushels per acre for the Dominion compare more than favourably with the yields for other countries.

Lastly, the vital statistics show that for a long period New Zealand has had the lowest death-rate in the world, and this is undoubtedly owing very much to the salubrity of its climate. The vital statistics show to advantage not only in the earlier years of life, but it is after the age of thirty-two that the extraordinary longevity of New Zealand is apparent. The judgment of travellers and those best qualified to give an opinion is that the country is one of the healthiest in the world. The abundant vitality of the people is apparent not only in the homes and thoroughfares throughout the Dominion, but is manifested in thriving industries and the high place attained by New-Zealanders in the world of sport. New Zealand, in a word, is a country where from youth to old age man can keep in vigorous health and enjoy life to its fullest extent.

WEATHER.

The weather is full of vagaries in the temperate zones of both hemispheres, and New Zealand is not the only country which occasionally experiences a touch of winter in summer, but there is also very much summer-like weather in the winter-time. Occasionally winter storms account for temporary high winds and heavy rainfalls, but the monthly averages show that less wind is experienced in the season of winter, particularly in the south.

The chief atmospheric changes are associated with barometric pressures, above the normal being known as “high” pressure, and below it as “low.” For weather charts and forecast purposes the isobar, or line of equal pressure of 30 in., is regarded as normal in New Zealand, though the true normal lies between 29.90 in. and 30.00 in. The winds flow nearly parallel to the isobars in both high and low pressure systems, and all atmospheric systems in New Zealand move from west to east.

High-pressure systems or anti-cyclones are usually associated with fair weather by day and cold nights, when the earth radiates the heat of its surface into space. The central isobar will occasionally enclose an area in which all the barometers reduced to sea-level and to 32° Fahr. will read as high as 30.60. Around this centre the winds revolve or back contrary to the direction of the hands of a watch in the Southern Hemisphere; thus, if the barometer is 30.40 in. at Wellington, and the readings are 30.00 in. or thereabouts at both Russell and the Bluff, the winds will be easterly over the North Island and westerly over the South, southerly off the east coast and northerly off the west coast. The winds thus form vast circles hundreds of miles in diameter. These anticyclones often last for eight or nine days.

Low-pressure systems are mostly of two kinds, and around their centres of lowest pressure the winds are seen to revolve clockwise on the weather-chart; thus, if the centre of a cyclone should be in Cook Strait the winds will be westerly at Auckland, easterly at Christchurch, northerly off the east coast, and southerly off the west coast. If the lowest pressure on the chart were in Foveaux Strait the prevailing winds northward would be generally westerly, at least as far north as New Plymouth and Napier, and sometimes extend even to the North Cape, changing from north by the west to southwest.

Cyclones are circular or oval-shaped disturbances with closed isobars; they come from the tropics, and chiefly affect the North Island, bringing first warmth and humidity, then high winds and heavy rain. They usually last from two to five days, and are more frequent in winter than in summer, though they are often intense at the latter period.

The term “cyclone” does not always mean a storm of great intensity such as is experienced in tropical regions, for when the disturbance leaves the tropics it usually expands and covers a wider area, over which its forces are distributed. The frequency of cyclones during the past nine years shows the following average: Spring, 2; summer, 1.8; autumn, 3.3; winter, 5.3. These figures will be surprising to some who believe that ex-tropical cyclones are found only in spring or early in summer, while others assert that they come only in midwinter.

Westerly or antarctic lows of A-shaped isobars, with lowest pressure southward of New Zealand, chiefly affect the South Island, but, like the cyclones, frequently extend their influences over the whole Dominion. These lows usually move along the parallels of latitude known to sailors as the “roaring forties.” Their duration is from twelve hours to as many days, and in some seasons they are much more frequent and persistent than in others They come at all times of the year, but with greater frequency in springtime: Spring, 6.3; summer, 4.3; autumn, 5.2; winter, 4.7

NEW ZEALAND RAINFALL FOR THE YEAR 1913.

For the year 1913 the whole of the North Island, with the exception of the Wanganui district and along the west coast of the Wellington Province, had considerably less than the average rainfall. In the South Island that part of the country northward of Hokitika and Kaikoura had less, but in the remainder the aggregate was in excess of the average.

The following table shows the difference, above or below the mean, for each month in the year:—

North Island Rainfall, 1913.

Monthly Means compared with the Averages for Eight Previous Years.

Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
+ 3.75......5.22....4.79..4.405.635.07
Av. 3.333.144.914.144.664.655.914.174.394.333.453.46
1.383.202.27..1.713.76..1.87......

Mean Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Averages for Eight Years.

Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.

+ Above the average.

Below the average.

+......15.9....19.2....18.835.6
Av. 10.08.411.913.714.216.117.313.916.715.713.411.6
−9.98.19.77.6..10.916.8..9.614.7....

South Island Rainfall, 1913.

Monthly Means compared with the Averages for Eight Previous Years.

Jan.Feb.Mar.April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.
+ 4.173.30....4.25....4.18....4.454.58
Av. 3.802.444.033.493.274.644.273.374.404.283.264.03
..3.662.78..2.393.98..2.883.55....

Mean Number of Days with Rain, compared with the Averages for Eight Years.

Jan.Feb.Mar.AprilMay.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.

+ Above the average.

Below the average.

+ 14.011.315.3..15.6..14.013.5....18.016.0
Av. 12.57.712.112.411.414.013.913.115.515.313.713.7
....10.1..12.9....12.213.6....

Following is given a brief summary for each month of the weather and the types of such of the chief atmospheric pressures in evidence:—

January.—As a rule warm and fair weather was in the ascendant over the Dominion between the 6th and 21st, except in the west coast districts of the South Island, where showery and changeable conditions were experienced throughout the month. The rainfall was below the average in the Auckland and Hawke's Bay districts, but elsewhere, owing to several days of good soaking rain, principally on the 6th, 21st, and 27th, the total for the month exceeded the average. On the night of the 6th the centre of a cyclonic system passed through Cook Strait, and a disturbance of a similar nature but of greater intensity passed in the same vicinity on the 27th. Both of these atmospheric disturbances brought beneficial and general rains. Several westerly areas of low pressure passed in the south during the month, and one, on the 14th, was of unusual intensity; but although heavy northwest gales were experienced at this time, little rain accompanied it.

February.—The most remarkable feature of this month was the number of westerly disturbances which passed southward of New Zealand, and though the weather was in consequence very unsettled in the southern province, yet only one disturbance of this nature, between the 10th and 14th, enveloped the whole Dominion. Snow fell on the 13th and 14th on high levels in the south. A cyclonic movement which passed through Cook Strait on the 21st brought heavy rain in and southwards of Cook Strait, as well as snow in the Mackenzie country, and some beneficial rain also fell in the north. During the month conditions were unusually warm and sultry in the north, but also misty and foggy at times in all parts of the Dominion.

March.—Except for a depression which existed off East Cape between the 23rd and 26th, the atmospheric disturbances were of the westerly low-pressure type, passing to the southward of New Zealand. Of these the most notable one was that which influenced weather-conditions between the 26th and 30th. During this period extremely heavy rains occurred in the high levels of the South Island and in Otago generally, causing floods in many of the large rivers. Of the rainfall at this time it may be interesting to specially note that experienced at the Hermitage. On four days 21.93 in. fell, and of this amount 1910 in. fell on two days—viz., on the 27th and 28th. It may be easily understood what a marked effect on the rivel-level such an abnormal fall over a wide area would have. While Otago and the central portion of the South Island had an excessive rainfall, in some cases double the average, the east and west coasts of the South Island had less than the average. In the North Island the Taranaki and Wanganui districts experienced more than the average, but in the northern and east coast districts nothing more than a few occasional showers were experienced, and the total was considerably below the average for March. In these districts, and also in the east coast of the South Island as far south as Timaru, fair and dry conditions ruled, but elsewhere dull and misty weather prevailed during the month. High northerly winds occurred in and southward of Cook Strait on frequent occasions, particularly on the 17th, 28th, and 29th. The first frosts of the season were reported in the south on the 23rd.

April.—As a general rule there was a predominance of anticyclonic conditions, with fair weather; but three periods of unsettled weather occurred, the first between the 2nd and 8th, during the passage of an antarctic depression; the second between the 12th and 15th, on account of a depression of a similar type but of far greater intensity; and the third from the 26th to the end of the month, when two shallow depressions were in evidence. Of these, one apparently passed eastward of East Cape on the 26th, and the other was a “westerly low” which overspread the Dominion on the 29th. However, none of the above-mentioned disturbances was accountable for particularly heavy rains. The only districts with a total fall in excess of the average were Gisborne, South Canterbury, and Southland. All other parts of the Dominion recorded below the normal.

May.—The barometer was below the average during the greater part of the month, and the exceedingly low reading of 28.48 in. was recorded on the 19th at the Bluff, being only 0.01 in. above the record for New Zealand. The readings from Adelie Land and Macquarie Island were not so low, and the whole disturbance bore the character of a vast cyclone in high latitudes. Anticyclonic conditions with fair weather ruled at the close of the monthly Strong southerly winds were prevalent, with cold and boisterous weather, except in the Bay of Plenty and Nelson districts, which are somewhat sheltered from these winds. The total rainfall during the month was not excessive, except in the southern portion of the North Island and parts of the east coast and southern districts of the South Island.

June.—On the whole June, meteorologically the first month of winter, was favoured with fair, though during the first half somewhat changeable, weather; consequently the rainfall was nearly everywhere less than normal. In the North Island this deficiency averaged 57 per cent., while in the South the difference was about 41 per cent. Southland was the only district that approximated the mean to any extent, and a few stations there exceeded it slightly. During the month New Zealand was affected by four well-defined types of pressure-distribution, each accounting for different weather-conditions. A cyclonic system passed in the south on the night of the 2nd, bringing general rain about that date. Two moderate westerly low-pressure areas ruled, the first between the 4th and 10th, and the second from the 15th to the 19th. Squally and changeable conditions were experienced with passing showers, especially in western districts. The remaining types were anticyclones, two, between the 10th and 14th and the 22nd and 25th respectively, being centred to the southward and bringing cold easterly winds to the east coast districts. From the 25th to the close of the month normal anticyclonic conditions with fine and bright weather prevailed.

July.—Owing to the predominance of moderate westerly winds the east coast districts between East Cape and Oamaru were favoured with exceptionally fair weather, and a rainfall considerably below the average. The vicinity of Cook Strait also returned a remarkably low rainfall, and, beside, experienced very fair and mild conditions which were most favourable to early vegetable growth. The Wanganui district was the only portion of the North Island where an excessive rainfall occurred, but in the South Island the whole of the west coast and southern districts suffered in this respect and were subject to unsettled weather. There were no serious atmospheric disturbances during the month, the westerly low-pressure area ruling between the 19th and 23rd having the most effect on weather-conditions. At this time many parts of the country recorded moderately heavy rains.

August.—This month was notable for three extensive cyclonic systems. Two whole centres passed over the South Island—viz., on the 12th and 24th respectively; the third passed in the North on the night of the 15th. About these dates widespread rains were experienced, the heaviest occurring in the south-eastern portion of the South Island, where the total exceeded the average considerably. There was, however, a predominance of fair and mild weather during the month, except towards the close, when very cold southerly winds prevailed.

September.—Frequent westerly depressions passed in the South between the 1st and 13th of the month, on account of which very unsettled weather prevailed. Most of the rainfall occurred during this period, but except in the western districts of the South Island and in the high country no exceptionally heavy falls were recorded. On the 10th and 11th very boisterous conditions were experienced. Between the 11th and 13th barometric pressure increased, and on the 14th extremely high pressure ruled over the North Island, a condition of affairs which persisted until the close of the month. The passage of three slight disturbances to the southward was responsible for changeable and squally conditions in parts about the 17th, 21st, and 28th, but generally during the latter half of the month fair weather was the prevailing feature, although a considerable amount of haze and cloudiness was experienced. The west coast and portions of the southernmost districts of the South Island had an excessive rainfall, but in all other parts of the Dominion the total for the month was below normal. In the Hawke's Bay and Gisborne districts this deficiency was greatest, most stations here recording a little over half an inch, equal to only one-fifth of the average.

October.—The month was one of seasonable weather, for, although dull skies were frequent, both precipitation and temperature were about the normal. The greatest positive difference in the former was accounted for in the southern extreme of the South Island, this owing to the heavy rains on the 29th and 30th. None of the atmospheric disturbances were of remarkable intensity such as to cause storms of a severe character. Westerly areas of low pressure passed in the South on the 3rd, 8th, and 16th, and immediately following these dates cold southerly winds were experienced. The strongest southerly, however, in the east coast districts occurred on the night of the 18th in connection with a depression centred off East Cape, and between the 15th and the 19th of the month conditions were generally very unsettled.

November.—The weather in November was remarkably similar to that experienced in the same month of 1912. As in the previous November, so in this, there was an almost total absence of well-developed anticyclones, and the numerous depressions, which accounted for the lack of settled conditions, were not unlike those in November, 1912, as regards both type and intensity. Between the 19th and the 23rd fair weather generally prevailed, but during the remainder of the month dull and unsettled conditions were the rule. The most unfavourable conditions were experienced about the 6th, the 18th, and during the last week, the disturbing cause in each case being a westerly area of low pressure, those passing on the 6th and 18th being apparently of a cyclonic: nature. Precipitation was considerably above the average throughout the Dominion.

December.—The weather during the greater part of the month was warm and fine. A small cyclone passed through Cook Strait on the 3rd, and westerly low pressure ruled between the 15th and 21st. On the morning of the 19th a reading of 28.85 in. was recorded at the Bluff. Heavy westerly winds occurred on that date.

The following shows the rainfall-stations that recorded the extreme maximum and minimum falls during the year, in a single month, and the maximum fall during a single day:—

North Island.

Maximum total fall for the year at Upper Mangorei, Taranaki, 121.12 in.

Minimum total fall for the year at Patutahi, Gisborne, 22.83 in.

Maximum total monthly fall at Mount Egmont, 32.33 in.

Minimum total monthly fall at Patunamu. Wairoa, 0.09 in.

Maximum fall in twenty-four hours, on 1st May, 9.93 in., at Wainui-omata Reservoir.

South Island.

Maximum total fall for the year at Otira, Westland, 194.55 in.

Minimum total fall for the year at Galloway, Central Otago, 15.70 in.

Maximum total monthly fall at Hermitage, Mount Cook. 41.95 in.

Minimum total monthly fall at Mary Burn Station, Mackenzie country, 0.13 in.

Maximum fall in twenty-four hours on 13th January, 1325 in., at Hermitage, Mount Cook.

METEOROLOGY.

Temperature, Rainfall, Atmospheric Pressure, and Wind, throughout New Zealand, as observed at Fourteen Stations, for the Year 1913.

The Observations were taken at 9 a.m.

Stations.Months.Temperature in ShadeRainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Winds.
Highest.Lowest.Mean Max. Temp.Mean Min. Temp.Mean Temp. for Month.Wet Days.Fall.
 °Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
Auckland (lat. 36° 50′ S.; long. 174° 50′ 4′ E.; alt. 125 ft.)—January79.549.072.258.865.5122.64..SW, NW.
February79 052.072.158.865.491.38..SW, NW.
March78.049.572.158.165.192.34..SW, NW.
April71.041.565.251.058.191.48..S, S.E, SW.
May61.540.057.946.752.3224.37..W, SW.
June64.536.557.244.450.8141.47..SE, NW, S.
July62.038.556.746.851.7254.37..W, SW.
August62.040.057.748.353.0235.74..NE.
September64.042.060.249.154.6141.76..N, SW.
October72.043.563.052.057.5153.69..SW.
November72.047.066.154.060.0226.16..SW, NW, N.
December74.047.066.354.260.2162.80..NW, W.
Rotorua (lat. 38° 9′ S.; long. 176° 15′ E.; alt. 932 ft.)—January82.038.073.352.763.0115.28..SW.
February81.036.073.151.362.230.31..SW.
March80.035.072.550.561.583.19..SW.
April70.030.063.742.653.130.87..SW.
May62.027.055.535.745.6103.11..SW.
June62.026.054.536.345.451.64..SW.
July61.029.054.141.247.7145.47..SW.
August63.029.055.441.548.5135.85..SW.
September65.030.058.941.550.271.80..NE, SW.
October73.036.064.945.155.0113.85..SW.
November72.039.066.147.556.8216.80..NE, SW, NW.
December82.036.066.548.657.5144.07..W, SW.
Gisborne (lat. 38° 30′ S.; long. 178° 3′ E.; alt. 20 ft.)—January91.043.080.256.168.171.52..W.
February88.040.078.752.365.540.13..W.
March88.042.079.654.867.281.25..W.
April77.032.065.147.356.2166.79..W.
May68.029.057.540.348.9121.94..W.
June68.025.056.738.947.8121.74..W.
July70.026.059.541.950.7101.38..W.
August67.029.059.241.850.5203.35..W.
September70.029.063.340.551.991.01..W.
October79.035.067.546.957.2142.33..N, S, SW.
November80.039.069.749.159.4142.53..W; S.
December80.037.070.350.860.5122.33..W.
Greenmeadows (Napier) (lat. 39° 32′ S.; long. 176° 53′ E.; alt. 14 ft.)—January90.048.079.958.369.150.8929.841W.
February87.542.076.555.465.930.6529.954S, W.
March85.046.576.156.666.331.7329.958W.
April78.540.064.348.956.672.4430.152S, W.
May64.532.557.240.849.060.8729.723S.
June70.029.556.239.848.050.8630.093W.
July71.027.057.440.148.741.0529.972W, S.
August66.035.056.043.249.5142.8929.855S.
September70.034.663.345.754.540.5330.145W.
October78.540.567.249.658.484.0429.940W.
November80.040.068.851.360.583.9629.701W.
December82.042.570.752.361.593.5129.771W, S.
New Plymouth (lat. 39° 3′ 35′ S.; long. 174° 4′ 58′ E.; alt. 63 ft.)—January79.043.072.155.663.8156.68..W, SW.
February76.046.071.653.862.7172.48..W, SW, N.
March77.043.073.254.463.8195.74..SW, W, E.
April77.040.070.147.858.991.32..SE.
May75.034.066.042.854.4204.76..SW, SE, E.
June79.032.067.241.554.3122.56..SE.
July79.032.067.744.756.2234.96..SW, SE, E.
August72.033.065.345.155.2195.32..SE, NE.
September75.040.068.748.258.5113.24..SW, NW, E.
October75.038.069.549.059.2215.90..SW.
November82.043.072.250.861.5215.64..SW, W.
December76.045.070.652.161.4173.65..SW.
Wellington (lat. 41° 16′ S.; long. 174° 46′ E.; alt. 8 ft.)—January79.847.868.757.463.075.0329.830N.
February78.246.868.456.762.581.7129.948N.
March72.443.066.855.761.2162.8329.943N, NW, S.
April68.238.860.249.054.6112.9630.156NW, SE, S.
May61.234.054.642.648.62211.8029.779N, S.
June62.235.054.443.448.9172.0230.083N.
July61.634.455.044.449.7213.1529.945N, NW
August62.436.255.044.549.7254.3029.869S, N.
September68.640.658.749.554.1101.6930.112N.
October71.035.459.350.454.8224.8629.920N, S, NW.
November71.841.663.651.257.4184.1529.670N, S.
December78.844.065.452.759.0197.5129.768N, S.
Nelson (lat. 41° 16′ 17′S.; long. 173° 18′ 46′ E.; alt. 34 ft.)—January85.046.075.755.365.593.30..SW, N.
February81.041.073.954.364.142.42..N, SW.
March81.040.073.453.863.681.72..SW.
April75.036.065.244.754.931.60..SW.
May65.033.057.738.548.181.59..SE, S.
June59.030.054.836.545.7111.94..S.
July59.031.054.939.647.3122.92..SW.
August62.031.056.940.948.9105.27..NE.
September67.036.061.845.653.7112.32..N, S.
October77.041.066.947.557.2153.93..N, SW.
November74.042.067.549.358.4205.70..N, SW, NW.
December80.041.069.951.460.6174.56..N, SW.
Stations.Months.Temperature in ShadeRainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Winds.
Highest.Lowest.Mean Max. Temp.Mean Min. Temp.Mean Temp. for Month.Wet Days.Fall.
 °Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.°Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
Hokitika (lat. 42° 41′ 30′S.; long. 170° 49′ E.; alt. 12 ft.)—January74.041.063.650.757.2228.8529.872SW, NW.
February75.038.064.149.957.0174.7429.961SW.
March69.041.564.151.857.92510.6829.940SW, E, NW.
April63.033.059.44.852.2154.2930.138E.
May60.032.053.037.045.0177.6429.800E, SE.
June54.528.550.135.943.0179.1330.066E, SE.
July58.530.051.839.545.62612.7329.947E.
August60.031.054.638.646.6157.4929.872E, NE.
September63.532.056.845.451.12811.4930.081NW, E, NE.
October62.535.059.146.953.0199.6229.917SW, NW, E.
November66.040.061.447.554.42110.0429.635SW.
December78.038.563.650.256.9174.2729.758SW, NW.
Christchurch (lat. 43° 31′ 50′S.; long. 172° 38′ 9′ E.; alt. 25 ft.)—January88.639.972.552.162.393.9029.737NE.
February84.036.169.450.359.872.1929.874N.E., S.W.
March82.634.267.749.358.5110.6129.856SW, NE, E.
April75.630.259.641.550.581.1330.100NE, SW.
May68.424.551.335.343.3122.9829.794SW.
June65.123.750.931.241.0121.0630.025SW., NE.
July59.628.151.735.243.5122.5929.886SW, NE.
August63.725.850.736.743.7203.3729.845SW, NE.
September71.126.559.942.551.270.4829.997NE, SW.
October81.928.563.143.753.4121.6229.849NE, SW.
November79.337.463.746.855.2162.0229.618NE, SW.
December86.434.364.948.856.8145.5729.737SW, E, NE.
Hanmer Spa (lat. 42° 31′ S.; long. 172° 50′ E.; alt. 1,220 ft.)—January85.037.072.450.561.4103.10..NW.
February90.032.073.047.860.463.50..SW.
March85.035.071.448.059.791.43..NW.
April69.027.060.137.648.882.33..SW.
May64.025.051.035.443.2137.84..NE.
June60.020.050.529.940.292.00..NE.
July62.021.052.833.543.192.33..NW, SW.
August60.024.051.331.541.482.24..NW.
September67.027.059.741.350.572.30..NW.
October76.033.063.141.852.4153.73..SW, NW.
November75.033.064.542.953.7194.39..NW, SW.
December85.033.064.745.555.1144.61..NW, SW, NE.
Lincoln (lat. 43° 32′ 16′ S.; long. 172° 38′ 39′ E.; alt. 42 ft.)—January90.141.374.351.562.9104.7929.702NE.
February89.738.170.750.460.582.8329.857NE, SW.
March86.932.771.349.760.5100.4729.851NE, SW.
April76.231.962.341.351.871.5630.047NE, SW.
May68.427.853.037.845.4113.1529.764SW, NE.
June66.923.851.833.142.4120.9630.038NE.
July60.630.053.238.045.6122.7429.894NE, SW.
August65.026.552.238.045.1183.2129.875NE, SW.
September73.029.761.445.053.272.5930.000NE, SW.
October83.630.164.744.554.6111.5729.849NE, SW.
November80.138.064.646.655.6172.7029.617NE, SW.
December84.234.566.649.658.1164.9429.744NE, SW.
Dunedin (lat. 45° 52′ S.; long. 170° 31′ E.; alt. 250 ft.)—January89.039.067.349.358.3163.5429.676NE, SW, NW.
February88.539.065.248.456.8121.8029.830SW, NE.
March83.041.061.448.254.8203.8429.807SW, NE.
April67.536.056.342.549.4102.9030.063SW.
May67.033.051.338.845.0203.6329.733SW.
June61.031.050.638.244.480.9129.973SW.
July63.030.050.739.144.9194.4729.826SW, N.
August61.032.050.939.044.9147.7129.816N, NE.
September67.035.057.943.250.5132.5529.913N, NE, SW.
October76.537.060.443.852.1163.6129.804NE, SW.
November71.040.058.345.351.8194.9929.616NE, SW.
December78.040.061.448.755.0184.8229.727NE, SW.
Invercargill (lat. 46° 25′ S.; long. 168° 21′ E.; alt. 18 ft.)—January81.034.066.046.656.3184.50..SW, W, NW.
February81.028.064.043.053.8204.78..W, SW.
March78.530.563.046.354.6257.39..SW, W, E.
April63.028.556.340.448.3185.09..SW, W, NW.
May63.028.049.730.943.3277.86..SW, W.
June58.038.049.336.142.7253.91..NW, SW, W.
July59.026.549.037.043.0235.08..W, SW, NE.
August60.028.052.335.643.9153.36..E, NE.
September68.032.057.440.248.8183.91..NE, SW, E, NW
October73.033.559.042.550.7196.16..SW, W.
November74.033.062.543.352.9183.20..SW.
December78.033.063.246.254.7172.94..SW.
Chatham Islands (lat. 43° 52′ S.; long. 170° 42′ W.; alt. 340 ft.)—January75.045.067.153.560.3132.5429.882NW, SW, W.
February72.040.062.649.456.0183.9229.876SW.
March69.042.060.849.555.1196.6729.881SW.
April65.039.055.746.451.1213.7830.082SW, SE.
May60.034.051.742.547.12810.4929.583SW, SE, NW.
June54.037.048.740.744.7294.2729.953SW.
July54.033.048.440.044.2258.7829.819SW, NW.
August56.035.050.741.946.3305.1929.954SE, NE.
September59.035.052.642.347.1162.1530.186SW, NW.
October64.035.056.445.350.9192.5929.943SW, NW.
November67.036.059.548.554.0222.8129.727SW, NW, SE.
December67.043.061.248.754.9223.4529.794SW, NW, E.
Comparative Table: Year 1913.
Stations.Temperature in Shade.Rainfall.Mean Height of Barometer.Prevailing Winds.
Highest and Date.Lowest and Date.Mean Max. Temp. for Year.Mean Min. Temp. for Year.Mean Temp. for Year.Days on which Rain fell.Total Fall.
 Fahr.Fahr.Fahr.Fahr.Fahr.No.Inches.Inches. 
Auckland79.5 Jan. 2236.5 June 2663.951.957.919038.20..SW, NW, W.
Rotorua82.0 Jan. 16 Dec. 2626.0 June 1663.244.553.812042.24..SW, NE.
Gisborne91.0 Jan. 2125.0 June 167.346.757.013826.30..W, S.
Greenmeadows90.0 Jan. 20, 2127.0 July 1366.148.557.37623.4229.925W, S.
New Plymouth82.0 Nov. 17, 2632.0 June 30 July 1269.548.859.120452.25..SW, SE, W.
Wellington79.8 Jan. 1634.0 May 2260.849.855.318652.0129.918N, S, NW.
Nelson85.0 Jan. 15, 2130.0 June 1664.946.555.712837.27..SW, N.
Hokitika78.0 Dec. 1228.5 June 1558.444.851.6239100.9729.912E, SW.
Christchurch88.6 Jan. 2023.7 June 1460.442.851.614027.5229.860SW, NE.
Hanmer Spa90.0 Feb. 720.0 June 1461.240.550.812739.80..NW, SW.
Lincoln90.1 Jan. 15, 2023.8 June 1462.243.853.013931.5129.853NE, SW.
Dunedin89.0 Jan. 1430.0 July 1157.643.750.618544.7729.815SW, NE.
Invercargill81.0 Jan 5 Feb. 626.5 July 157.641.249.424358.18..SW, W.
Chatham Islands75.0 Jan. 27, 2833.0 July 2556.245.750.926250.6429.890SW, NW.

Chapter 3. SECTION III—POPULATION.

SUBSECTION A. —THE DOMINION.

ESTIMATES - 31ST DECEMBER, 1913.

THE population of New Zealand, as estimated on the 31st December, 1913, with the increase during the year, is shown below:—

     Males.Females.Totals.
Population estimated (exclusive of Maoris, also Cook and other Pacific islands) on 31st December, 1912.553,212499,4151,052,627
Increase during the year 1913—
     By excess of births over deaths8,5669,25017,816
     By excess of immigration over emigration7,3316,88814,219
          Estimated population (exclusive of Maoris and residents of Cook and other Pacific islands) on 31st December, 1913569,109515,5531,084,662
Maori population, census 191126,47523,36949,844
Population of Cook and other Pacific islands, census 19116,4496,14912,598
Total estimated population of the Dominion on 31st December, 1913602,033545,0711,147,104

Estimates of population are made from the records of births and deaths and the returns of migration. These estimates, especially of late years, are found to be remarkably near the truth, as will be seen from the following table, showing the estimated population as at 31st March in each of the last seven census years compared with the population as ascertained by the census in the same years:—

Year.Estimated Population, 31st March.Census Population.Difference.
1881488,649489,9331,284
1886585,844578,4827,362
1891631,898626,6585,240
1896701,383703,3601,977
1901775,123772,7192,404
1906889,971888,5781,393
19111,006,7611,008,4681,707

GROWTH OF POPULATION.

The following table shows the growth of the population during the last twenty-eight years:—

Year.Estimated Population on the 31st December.*Increase during the YearCentesimal Increase on Population of Previous Year
By Excess of Births over Deaths.By Excess of Arrivals over Departures.Net Increase.

* Corrected where necessary in accordance with census results.

† Loss. The amount of loss by departures in the period 1886–91, though correct in the aggregate, cannot be allocated with exactness to the respective years.

1886589,38613,16417,19458,88610.24
1887603,36112,998
1888607,38013,194
1889616,05212,685
1890625,50812,284
1891634,05811,755
1892650,43311,4174,95816,3752.58
1893672,26511,42010,41221,8323.36
1894686,12811,6102,25313,8632.06
1895698,70611,68389512,5781.83
1896714,16212,1801,47213,6521.95
1897729,05612,1422,75214,8942.09
1898743,46311,7112,69614,4071.98
1899756,50511,1551,88713,0421.75
1900768,27812,3461,83114,1771.87
1901787,65712,8576,52219,3792.52
1902807,92912,2807,99220,2722.57
1903832,50513,30111,27524,5763.04
1904857,53914,67910,35525,0343.01
1905882,46215,6219,30224,9232.91
1906908,72615,91312,84828,7613.26
1907929,48415,0285,73020,7582.28
1908960,64216,89714,26131,1583.35
1909982,92617,5654,71922,2842.32
19101,004,38616,3453,40819,7532.01
19111,025,40616,8204,20021,0202.09
19121,052,62718,2948,92727,2212.65
19131,084,66217,81614,21932,0353.04

The rate of increase during 1913 was higher than that of any of the four years immediately preceding, and also higher than the average for the decennium 1903–12 (2.69 per cent.). The increase of population (male, female, and total) since 1854 is illustrated by the annexed graphs.

EXPLANATION OF THE GRAPHS.—The base of each square represents an curve shows the increase in the total population, the middle the increase in interval of one year, and the vertical height 10,000 persons. The upper males, and the lower the increase in females.

An examination of the increase for each quarter of the past ten years discloses a considerable amount of irregularity, due to fluctuations in migration.

INCREASE OF POPULATION DURING EACH QUARTER, 1904–13.
Year.First Quarter.Second Quarter.Third Quarter.Fourth Quarter.Total Increase.
19046,4523,2745,6109,69825,034
19057,4342,3955,5189,57624,923
19067,5093,8095,79711,64628,761
19075,1417204,59510,30220,758
19088,1053,2326,96512,85631,158
19097,6901,0344,0259,53522,284
19104,5557924,08410,32219,753
19114,0821,0244,76911,14521,020
19126,0942,9365,84112,35027,221
19139,1183,9697,77911,16932,035

NATURAL INCREASE.

The natural increase of population is shown in the following table:—

NATURAL INCREASE OF POPULATION, 1904–13.
YearExcess of Births over Deaths.Natural Increase per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Males.Females.Persons.
19047,0097,67014,67917.37
19057,4208,20115,62117.95
19067,4628,45115,91317.77
19077,0807,94815,02816.35
19088,0458,85216,89717.88
19098,2569,30917,56518.07
19107,8388,50716,34516.46
19117,9378,88316,82016.58
19128,6229,67218,29417.61
19138,5669,25017,81616.67

The average rate of natural increase for the above period was 17.27 per 1,000.

EXTERNAL MIGRATION.

The number of persons arriving in and departing from New Zealand is compiled from the records of the Customs Department, and the departures from the Dominion by the Union Steamship Company's boats are checked by special returns kindly furnished by the pursers of the steamers, so that where persons who did not book their passages have been omitted; the necessary additions can be made. The pursers' returns also serve to prevent the occasional omission of the full number of persons leaving by any one vessel, which sometimes happened prior to the introduction of this check. Unless more passengers are at any time of great pressure taken away from New Zealand than can lawfully be carried, the returns of outgo of population should prove nearly correct.

Arrangements have now been made to obtain similar returns in respect of passengers carried by the Huddart-Parker line.

The total number of arrivals and departures during the past ten years, distinguishing the sexes and the number of those under or over twelve years of age, is given in the following table:—

ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES, 1904–13.
Year.Over 12 Years of Age.Under 12 Years of Age.Total.
Males.Females.Males.Females.
Arrivals.
190420,1189,0081,8621,64432,632
190519,5419,6061,8031,73532,685
190623,37411,6512,2331,97539,233
190721,26611,0801,9621,80036,108
190826,66413,2692,6782,35944,970
190921,76312,4802,3022,10538,650
191020,16111,8321,9741,80235,769
191122,88113,9532,4522,10341,389
191224,02615,4422,7492,44344,660
191322,87215,8013,0192,89644,588
Departures.
190413,7826,92888967822,277
190514,4687,16492282923,383
190616,0238,0821,1881,09226,385
190717,9689,8231,3421,24530,378
190818,3649,7791,3431,22330,709
190920,77210,3731,4721,31433,931
191019,03210,6291,4191,28132,361
191121,73012,1901,8091,46037,189
191220,15112,2781,7631,54135,733
191317,18810,5181,3721,29130,369

In the next table are shown the quarterly increases or decreases during the last ten years. The second quarter of each of the ten years shows an excess of departures over arrivals, due to the fact that visitors to New Zealand usually take their departure just before the winter season. Autumn is, moreover, the favourite season for residents of the Dominion to commence a journey abroad for pleasure, the return being usually made in spring or summer.

QUARTERLY INCREASE OF POPULATION BY MIGRATION, 1904–13.
Year.First Quarter.Second Quarter.Third Quarter.Fourth Quarter.Net Increase.
The minus sign (–) denotes decrease.
19042,8613072,0435,75810,355
19053,448−1,3841,7055,5339,302
19063,4261901,8977,71512,848
19071,513−3,1061,0926,2315,730
19083,548−7153,1178,31114,261
19093,435−3,517−1674,9684,719
1910577−3,4301846,0773,408
1911−157−3,1748506,6814,200
19121,535−1,6031,4237,5728,927
19134,565−3973,4926,55914,219

Nearly two-thirds of the oversea arrivals come from Australia, while five-sixths of the departures are booked for the Commonwealth. The numbers of departures for Australian ports are, however, inflated by the inclusion of many persons who sail from New Zealand for Australia to make that country a starting-point for further travel, and who may or may not return by the same route. The real destination and original place of departure when returning are not ascertained in these cases.

Countries.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Arrivals.
United Kingdom11,1849,36711,37912,91214,707
Commonwealth of Australia25,54824,50226,90928,52226,764
Other British possessions1,1419321,6202,0721,968
Foreign countries7779681,4811,1541,149
 38,65035,76941,38944,66044,588
Departures.
United Kingdom2,6762,5092,7552,6052,649
Commonwealth of Australia28,99527,10030,91830,14124,961
Other British possessions1,3261,3961,5401,4261,496
Foreign countries9341,3561,9761,5611,263
 33,93132,36137,18935,73330,369

ASSISTED IMMIGRATION.

Residents in the Dominion may, by application on the proper form, secure a passage at assisted rates for any person residing in the United Kingdom who is a near relative by blood or marriage to the person making such application.

Applications for assisted passages are also received from residents of the Dominion nominating domestic servants, farmers, or farm labourers, irrespective of the relationship existing between the domestic or agriculturist and the person making such application.

The payments required are—second class, £27; third class (two-berth cabin), £12; third class (four-berth cabin), £10. The passage-money, which must be paid in full before passages are booked, can be paid to the Immigration Department in Wellington or to the High Commissioner for New Zealand in London. The Department will cable any nomination, together with a remittance, if so desired, for the extra charge of £1.

Domestic servants and farm labourers granted assisted passages as such are required to follow in New Zealand their respective occupations of domestic and farm work for a period of one year after their arrival in the Dominion. If it is found that some occupation other than domestic or farm work is entered into by any such assisted immigrant before the expiration of one year after arrival in New Zealand, the nominator will be called upon to pay the Government the difference between the assisted rate and the full fare.

Children between three and twelve years of age travelling with their parents are charged half-rates. One child under three years of age in each family is taken free. A quarter-fare is charged for each additional child under three years of age.

Passages are granted on vessels belonging to the Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company, the New Zealand Shipping Company, and the Federal Steam Navigation Company.

Unhealthy persons should not be nominated, as passages at reduced rates will not be granted to them. When cases of lung, chest, or other like complaints are discovered in any member of a family by the Medical Officer at London or Liverpool, the whole family will be prevented from sailing.

Questions as to the suitability of any person nominated for a reduced passage are decided by the High Commissioner.

The foregoing applies to persons of not more than fifty years of age in the case of nominated persons and farmers or farm labourers, and not more than thirty-five years of age in the case of domestic servants.

In the case of immigrants under twenty-one years of age, special arrangements have to be entered into for their protection on the voyage where deemed necessary or advisable.

The High Commissioner is authorized to grant to suitable and healthy farmers, farm labourers, and domestic servants, who apply to him in London, a passage to New Zealand at the following rates:—

 Farmers and Farm Labourers.Domestic Servants.
£s.d.£s.d.
Third class: 6-berth cabin8002160
Third class: 4-berth cabin10004160
Third class: 2-berth cabin12006160

These sums, together with landing-money, to be fixed at what the High Commissioner considers requisite, can be paid in part or in full before embarkation, or they can be, where the High Commissioner so decides, wholly advanced by him in London, provided the immigrant undertakes to repay out of future earnings the sum so advanced.

The same authority extends for sanction being given to parties of boy emigrants to come to New Zealand, under the conditions that an officer of the Immigration Department be appointed guardian of each boy until his majority, and that each boy undertake to engage in farm work for a fixed number of years. During this time he must be kept by the farmer employing him in proper clothes, food, nourishment, and lodgings, and, in addition, be paid a weekly wage of not less than 7s. 6d., increasing each year, part of such wage to be given him for his pocket-money and part banked to repay the cost of his passage. When the amount of his passage-money has been repaid, then the whole of his wages are paid to him.

The total number of persons embarking from England for New Zealand at assisted rates during each of the last ten years, the total capital possessed by these, and the net expenditure by the Government on immigration, are shown below.

Year ended 31st March.Immigrants Assisted.Capital possessed by Assisted Immigrants.Net Government Expenditure on Immigration.
 ££
19051,75194,7116,482
19062,469110,2048,753
19073,712114,68914,352
19083,10470,0569,131
19094,95396,05515,077
19102,67234,68817,002
19112,62437,7359,441
19123,30024,08811,681
19133,92832,00614,694
19145,06439,70133,914

Under the immigration policy of years prior to the above the following persons were assisted:—

Year.Immigrants.
187431,774
187518,324
18768,242
18775,298
18786,580
187910,311
18802,689
1881103
1882726
18835,902
18843,888
18851,072
1886917
18871,286
1888485
188991
1890144
189144

During the years 1892 to 1903, inclusive, no assisted passages to immigrants were granted.

Reception of and Dealing with Assisted Immigrants.

On arrival in New Zealand the immigrants are met on board by officers of the Immigration Department, who accompany the Port Health Officer to the ship. Whilst the ship is in the stream it is the special duty of such officers to afford to the assisted immigrants all necessary information as regards transhipment, &c. Arrangements are made for safety and transhipment of luggage.

Each immigrant is seen as he passes towards the doctor for examination, and is handed an official letter containing information as to where his ticket will be arranged for, and the place and time of departure of his connecting train or boat (if any). The immigrant is also requested to see the Immigration Officer on board, or to come to the office, which is near the wharf in Wellington (Union Steamship Company's building), if he requires information or advice beyond what is given in the letter. The addresses of the district agencies of the Labour Department in the large centres of the Dominion are also supplied to male assisted immigrants. It is the practice of the Department to send out advices, by wire if necessary, to friends and relatives of immigrants about to arrive, and to get back information as to where the new-comers will be met. These messages, often together with private letters, &c., are given out on board to those to whom they are addressed. Information of this nature is much appreciated, especially by wives joining their husbands.

Assisted immigrants requiring work are referred to the office of the Immigration Department, and their cases are there dealt with.

As regards the female assisted domestic workers, who are chosen after application at Home to the High Commissioner, and who are sent to New Zealand under the supervision of one or more responsible matrons, the following applies:—

The Government advertises the fact that the books of the Department are open to record the names of those people in the Dominion desirous of securing the services of an assisted girl. Such advertisements bring into the office many applications, especially pending the arrival of a ship.

Each matron in charge on board is instructed by communications awaiting her at Hobart to classify the girls under two heads: (a) those with work already arranged or friends to go to; (b) those without either friends or work. On arrival they are met by the Girls' Superintendent of the Immigration Department. Arrangements are made for sending to their destinations those girls who are going to friends or to definite positions Those requiring accommodation are directed to homes or hostels approved by the Minister of Immigration for this purpose. The Superintendent then separately considers the case of each girl, and arranges to place her with an applicant for a Government assisted girl. In placing these girls at present, considerable reliance has necessarily to be placed on the statements made by them. The Department is, however, taking steps to get full and independent details of the work that the girl was actually engaged in before she left the Mother-country. After a girl has been placed, the Department endeavours to keep in touch with her by correspondence.

IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION.

The Immigration Restriction Act prohibits the landing of lunatics or idiots, persons suffering from a dangerous or loathsome contagious disease, certain convicted criminals, and any person other than of British birth who fails to write out and sign, in any European language, a prescribed form of application. Shipwrecked persons are excepted. The Act does not apply to officers and crews of any mercantile vessels, provided they are not discharged in New Zealand, and are on board the vessel when she clears outward. There are other exemptions under the Act, including His Majesty's land and sea forces, and the officers and crew of any ship of war of any Government, and certain persons may be specially exempted by the Minister of Internal Affairs. Heavy penalties may be incurred for breaches of this law. Regulations under the Act were published in the New Zealand Gazette of 26th November, 1908.

The law of the Commonwealth of Australia, with a view to the restriction of Asiatic immigration, prohibits the landing of any person who, when asked to do so by a public officer, fails to write out from dictation and sign a passage of fifty words in any prescribed language. An Act, having a similar purpose, was passed by the Parliament of New Zealand in 1907, requiring that any Chinese proposing to land in the Dominion shall be able to read a printed passage of not less than one hundred words of the English language. This measure became law on the 23rd October, 1908, and is now incorporated in the Immigration Restriction Act, 1908.

RACE ALIENS.

Persons of other than European descent are classified in the immigration returns as “race aliens.” Immigrants of this class have since 1908 been required to pass an education test before admission to the Dominion. In spite of this fact, there appears to be an increase in alien immigration, as the table following will show. The total for 1913 is, however, considerably lower than in the two preceding years.

Birthplace.Year.
1904.1905.1906.1907.1903.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
British Possessions
     India33445202415780190325133
     Pacific Islands113073111229245148
     Other1417..3130431434
Total, British Possessions28651252166209132215380215
Foreign Countries
     China235239260255538171209546348325
     Syria3630332231292019
     Asia Minor65 46124482
     Japan1011033714917
     Pacific Islands142428271018725244
     Other24111..221147
Total, foreign countries292276329293589233235589423374
Total, “Race Aliens”320341454314655442367804803589

Of the race aliens arriving in New Zealand, a large proportion are Chinese, most of whom, however, have been formerly resident in the Dominion. Hindus and other natives of India are also of late years arriving in considerable numbers, the total of these for the past five years being 885 as against 127 during the preceding quinquennium.

NATURALIZATION

When any alien residing in New Zealand desires to be naturalized, he may present to the Governor a memorial signed and verified by a statutory declaration setting forth—

His name, age, birthplace, residence, and occupation;

The length of his residence in New Zealand, and his desire to settle therein;

A request that letters of naturalization may be granted to him.

Every memorial must have written upon it or attached to it a certificate signed by some Magistrate or Justice to the effect that the applicant is known to the person certifying and is of good repute. On taking the oath of allegiance he shall enjoy within New Zealand all the rights and capacities that a natural-born subject of the United Kingdom can enjoy or transmit, excepting such rights (if any) as are specially excepted in the letters of naturalization granted to him.

Any person who has been previously naturalized in the United Kingdom, or any British possession, may obtain letters of naturalization in New Zealand upon presentation of his certificate or letters to the Governor, with satisfactory evidence of his bona fides.

An alien woman married to a natural-born or naturalized British subject shall be deemed to be herself naturalized. Where the father, or the mother, being a widow, has become naturalized in New Zealand, every child of such father or mother who during minority resides with such parent shall also be deemed to be naturalized.

Every alien resident in New Zealand may inherit or otherwise acquire, hold, and dispose of every description of property in the same manner as if he were a natural-born British subject, but may not become the owner of any ship, or of a share in any ship, registered in New Zealand. Any person born in foreign territory whose mother is a natural-born British subject shall be capable of acquiring property in New Zealand by purchase, or under a will or intestacy.

No fee is payable for naturalization except in the case of Chinese, who are charged £1.

During 1913 letters of naturalization wore granted to 392 males and 14 females belonging to the following nationalities:—

Natives of—M.F.
Austria-Hungary2311
Germany306
Denmark261
Russian26..
Sweden221
Switzerland14..
Norway113
United States of America10..
Italy8..
Syria3..
France21
Bulgaria2..
Other countries71
Total39214

The number of natives of each country naturalized during the last twenty years is next shown.

Natives of—Persons.
Austria-Hungary1,442
Germany1,186
Denmark693
Sweden677
Norway463
Russia349
China242
Italy225
Switzerland183
Syria175
France159
United States of America145
Netherlands63
Greece62
Portugal and Possessions60
Belgium40
Spain16
Japan11
Turkey10
Other countries52
          Total6,253

SUBSECTION B.—PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS.

PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

Estimates of population of the various provincial districts have been made for many years past, but have not been very reliable, on account of the lack of any record of internal migration. Since March, 1913, however, returns of inter-island migration have been obtained, and the population can now be allocated with a high degree of accuracy as between the two main islands. In addition a close watch is kept on the relative progress of the various divisions of the Dominion, thus enabling a more reliable estimate to be made as regards the populations of provincial districts. Estimates as at 31st December last are given in the following table.

Provincial District.Estimated Population 31st December, 1913.
Males.Females.Totals.
Auckland153,014134,775287,789
Taranaki30,17026,33056,500
Hawke's Bay27,86624,89052,756
Wellington112,169102,024214,193
Marlborough9,3397,89617,235
Nelson28,47723,05251,529
Westland9,1547,60016,754
Canterbury94,06190,411184,472
Otago—
     Otago portion70,66169,226139,887
     Southland portion34,02529,25163,276
     Chatham Islands17196267
     Kermadec Islands 224
          Totals for the Dominion569,109515,5531,084,662

COUNTIES.

The counties contain what is understood to be the rural population, but this is not strictly correct, as some of the towns not municipalized, and forming part of counties, have considerable populations. On the other hand the population of a few of the smaller boroughs might be classed as rural, as will be noticed further on. A list of counties and their populations (exclusive of interior boroughs and town districts not forming parts of counties) is given. The populations shown are as estimated to 1st April, 1914.

County.Estimated Population.
Akaroa2,402
Akitio1,524
Amuri1,865
Ashburton10,977
Ashley757
Awakino667
Awatere1,631
Bay of Islands3,384
Bruce5,074
Buller7,354
Castlepoint665
Chatham Islands267
Cheviot1,521
Clifton2,470
Clutha7,624
Collingwood1,326
Cook6,903
Coromandel2,937
Dannevirke5,084
East Taupo582
Eden22,071
Egmont3,668
Eketahuna2,053
Ellesmere4,025
Eltham3,752
Eyre1,998
Featherston2,780
Fiord45
Franklin8,344
Geraldine5,838
Great Barrier441
Grey6,205
Halswell2,025
Hawera4,113
Hawke's Bay8,546
Heathcote4,434
Hobson4,385
Hokianga3,270
Horowhenua6,189
Hutt4,790
Inangahua4,956
Kaikoura2,046
Kairanga4,486
Kaitieke1,598
Kawhia965
Kiwitea3,218
Kowai2,218
Lake2,055
Levels5,150
Mackenzie2,498
Makara3,127
Malvern3,691
Manawatu5,161
Mangonui3,339
Maniototo2,952
Manukau5,067
Marlborough6,928
Masterton4,314
Matamata3,250
Mauriceville1,019
Mount Herbert494
Murchison1,115
Ohinemuri6,499
Ohura1,584
Opotiki1,593
Oroua4,151
Otamatea3,815
Oxford1,993
Pahiatua3,646
Paparua4,366
Patangata2,101
Patea3,304
Peninsula1,988
Piako3,531
Pohangina2,079
Raglan3,207
Rangiora3,082
Rangitikei8,630
Rodney3,828
Rotorua1,272
Selwyn1,352
Sounds1,254
Southland27,794
Springs2,018
Stewart Island349
Stratford5,973
Taieri6,508
Takaka2,002
Taranaki8,152
Tauranga2,582
Tawera1,325
Thames4,717
Tuapeka6,015
Vincent3,919
Waiapu1,863
Waihemo1,728
Waikato5,836
Waikohu3,186
Waikouaiti4,530
Waimairi11,413
Waimarino2,763
Waimate7,182
Waimate West2,046
Waimea9,496
Waipa5,223
Waipara2,098
Waipawa3,300
Waipukurau584
Wairarapa South2,945
Wairewa953
Wairoa2,036
Waitaki10,215
Waitemata6,423
Waitomo3,966
Waitotara2,590
Wallace9,348
Wanganui4,157
Weber571
Westland4,490
West Taupo1.074
Whakatane1,828
Whangamomona1,914
Whangarei7,700
Whangaroa833
Woodville2,040

BOROUGHS.

Prior to the year 1900 there was no statutory limitation to the number of inhabitants necessary to constitute a borough, and consequently many small centres, the residents being mainly engaged in rural occupations, became municipalities. The Municipal Corporations Act now imposes a limit as to area, and provides that no new borough may be constituted unless the proposed area contains at least 1,000 inhabitants. The total number of persons resident in boroughs at the last five censuses was as follows:—

Census Year.Population in Boroughs. Persons.
1891270,343
1896307,294
1901350,202
1906424,614
1911505,598

The increase during the twenty years was 235,255 persons, or 87.02 per cent. Boroughs which in 1911 had a population of 1,000 or over contained an aggregate of 491,836 persons in that year, as against an aggregate of 252,722 persons for boroughs of 1,000 and over in 1891, an increase of 239,114 persons, or 9462 per cent. The name of each borough, with the number of inhabitants estimated as at 1st April, 1914, is given in the next table.

ESTIMATED POPULATION OF BOROUGHS ON THE 1ST APRIL, 1914.
Borough.Estimated Population.
Akaroa662
Alexandra809
Arrowtown425
Ashburton2,851
Auckland (City)50,482
Balclutha1,323
Birkenhead2,139
Blenheim4,010
Brunner1,108
Cambridge1,614
Campbelltown1,919
Carterton1,658
Christchurch (City)56,510
Cromwell615
Dannevirke3,656
Dargaville1,388
Devonport7,770
Dunedin (City)49,621
Eastbourne620
Eketahuna865
Eltham1,951
Feilding3,658
Foxton1,894
Frankton1,228
Geraldine1,008
Gisborne9,683
Gore3,510
Green Island2,115
Grey Lynn8,672
Greymouth5,729
Greytown1,117
Hamilton3,908
Hampden362
Hastings6,824
Hawera3,017
Hokitika2,363
Inglewood1,430
Invercargill14,526
Invercargill South1,654
Kaiapoi1,945
Kaitangata1,644
Karori1,626
Kumara820
Lawrence955
Levin1,860
Lower Hutt4,906
Lyttelton4,151
Maori Hill2,313
Marton1,663
Masterton5,781
Mataura1,291
Milton1,413
Miramar1,780
Mornington5,361
Mosgiel1,675
Motueka1,352
Mount Albert8,912
Mount Eden11,140
Napier11,083
Naseby325
Nelson (City)8,522
New Brighton2,106
Newmarket3,201
New Plymouth7,983
Northcote1,737
Oamaru5,499
Ohakune1,333
Onehunga5,002
Onslow2,019
Opotiki1,006
Otahuhu1,986
Pahiatua1,456
Palmerston830
Palmerston North12,042
Patea1,031
Petone7,263
Picton1,445
Port Chalmers2,204
Pukekohe1,324
Queenstown730
Rangiora1,957
Riccarton3,080
Richmond772
Riverton1,007
Ross672
Roxburgh462
Runanga1,722
Spreydon3,819
St. Kilda4,990
Stratford3,015
Sumner2,004
Taihape1,874
Takapuna1,544
Tapanui348
Taumarunui1,244
Tauranga1,448
Te Aroha1,431
Te Kuiti1,397
Temuka1,858
Thames3,732
Timaru12,702
Waihi5,475
Waikouaiti722
Waimate1,880
Waipawa1,174
Waipukurau1,132
Wairoa1,190
Waitara1,631
Wanganui13,751
Wellington (City)67,708
West Harbour2,083
Westport5,205
Whangarei2,865
Winton607
Woodville1,264
Woolston3,804

With the boroughs is also now included for some purposes th town of Rotorua, constituted under the Rotorua Town Act, 1907. The estimated population of Rotorua on 1st April last was 2,636.

CHIEF CITIES AND SUBURBS.

The principal cities of New Zealand are Auckland and Wellington in the North Island, Christchurch and Dunedin in the South Island. The population of each of these cities and their suburbs, as estimated at 1st April, 1914, is given below:—

 Estimated Population
AUCKLAND AND SUBURBS.
Auckland City50,482
Suburban boroughs—
     Birkenhead2,139
     Devonport7,770
     Newmarket3,201
     Grey Lynn8,672
     Mount Eden11,140
     Mount Albert8,912
     Northcote1,737
     Takapuna1,544
Other suburbs18,687
Total, Greater Auckland114,284
WELLINGTON AND SUBURBS.
Wellington City67,708
Suburban boroughs—
     Onslow2,019
     Karori1,626
     Miramar1,780
     Eastbourne620
Other suburbs1,390
Total, Greater Wellington75,143
Christchurch City50,510
Suburban boroughs—
     Woolston3,804
     New Brighton2,106
     Sumner2,004
     Spreydon3,819
     Riccarton3,080
Other suburbs15,087
Total, Greater Christchurch86,410
DUNEDIN AND SUBURBS.
Dunedin City49,621
Suburban boroughs—
     Maori Hill2,313
     Mornington5,361
     St. Kilda4,990
     West Harbour2,083
     Green Island2,115
Other suburbs2,574
Total, Greater Dunedin69,057

The only other city in New Zealand is Nelson. There are, however, six towns possessing, with suburbs, larger populations than Nelson, and information concerning these is shown below. The populations given are as estimated to 1st April last in the case of the boroughs and town districts, and as ascertained at the census of 1911 in the case of other suburbs.

North Island
 Estimated Population
GISBORNE9,683
     Suburbs —
          Mangapapa Town District1,072
          Kaiti, Te Hapara, Tamarau, and Whataupoko820
          Total, Gisborne and Suburbs11,575
NAPIER11,088
     Suburbs—
          Napier South Town District746
          West Shore527
          Awatoto272
          Total, Napier and Suburbs12,628
WANGANUI13,751
     Suburbs—
          Gonville Town District1,801
          Mosstown202
          Putiki172
          Marybank105
          Total, Wanganui and Suburbs16,031
PALMERSTON NORTH12,042
South Island
NELSON8,522
     Suburbs—
          Bishopdale39
          Tahunanui144
          Total, Nelson and Suburbs8,705
TIMARU12,702
INVERCARGILL14,526
     Suburbs—
          Invercargill South Borough1,654
          Otatara211
          Grassmere, Waikiwi, and Prestonville901
          Waverley40
          Lindisfarne, Richmond Grove, Inglewood, Adamsons, and Hawthorne536
          Total, Invercargill and Suburbs17,868

TOWN DISTRICTS.

The several stages in the growth of a New Zealand town may be marked thus: The village, taxed by the parent county, and dependent upon the latter for all public works; then the legally constituted town district, still subordinate to the county in some matters, its affairs administered by a Board presided over by a Chairman. When its population exceeds 500 the town district may become independent of the county, and control the whole of its revenues. When the population reaches 1,000, full municipal powers may be obtained, with the dignity of a Council presided over by a Mayor, and finally, if the number of inhabitants should reach 20,000 or over, the title of “city” may be assumed, although the constitution remains unaltered. The name of each town district and its population are as follows:—

(a.) TOWN DISTRICTS NOT FORMING PARTS OF COUNTIES.
Town District.Estimated Population.
Bay1,092
Bull's600
Castlecliff716
Ellerslie1,018
Featherston797
Gonville1,801
Hempstead1,590
Havelock North686
Helensville720
Hikurangi744
Hunterville760
Huntly1,455
Johnsonville1,075
Manaia603
Mangaweka591
Manunui570
Martinborough676
Napier South746
New Lynn636
Ngaruawahia527
Otaki827
Otautau801
Papakura678
Pleasant Point525
Rangataua957
Taradale970
Te Awamutu711
Te Puke570
Tinwald574
Upper Hutt1,216
Warkworth740
Waverley703
Wyndham713
(b.) TOWN DISTRICTS FORMING PARTS OF COUNTIES.
Town District.Estimated Population.
Amberley368
Clinton472
Edendale360
Havelock320
Kamo361
Kaponga431
Kawakawa339
Kawhia173
Kihikihi285
Kohukohu380
Leamington417
Lethbridge304
Mangapapa1,072
Morrinsville624
Normanby496
Norsewood228
Onerahi257
Opunake548
Ormondville391
Otane282
Outram449
Raetihi495
Raglan271
Rongotea362
Southbridge445

SMALL CENTRES.

Populations of small centres as at 2nd April, 1911, were extracted from the census results, and published in the Government Statistician's Report on the census. The list is too long to insert here.

ADJACENT ISLANDS.

Adjacent to the main Islands are many smaller islands, some of which are of considerable area, and are under cultivation; others are but islets used as sites for lighthouses, while others again are barren and unfitted for human habitation. The Chatham Islands and Great Barrier Island have been constituted counties, and their populations are shown in the list of counties already given. The name and population of each of the inhabited islands as at the census of 1911 are shown in the following table:—

Islands.Population.
Mokohinau Lighthouse7
Kawau60
Motuketekete3
Moturekareka7
Little Barrier2
Waiheke227
Pahiki Lighthouse4
Ponui43
Rakino8
Motutapu14
Motuihi5
Brown's4
Rotoroa110
Pakatoa22
Bean Rock Lighthouse1
Tiritiri Lighthouse7
Slipper2
Cuvier Lighthouse14
Motiti3
Somes and Lighthouse8
Kapiti2
The Brothers Lighthouse3
D'Urville77
Stephen Lighthouse7
Ripa2
Dog Island Lighthouse12
Centre Island Lighthouse9
Total663

Since 1901 the boundaries of New Zealand have been extended to include the Cook and certain other Pacific islands, the population of which is shown elsewhere in this section.

SUBSECTION C.—CENSUS NUMBERS AND CHARACTERISTICS,

The population of the Dominion (exclusive of Maoris and the population of the annexed Pacific islands) according to the census of 2nd April, 1911, was 1,008,468 persons, as shown by the following summaries :—

(a.) SUMMARY BY ISLANDS.
Total Population (exclusive of Maoris and Residents of Annexed Pacific Islands).Half-castes living as Europeans (included previously).Chinese (included previously.)
Persons.Males.Females.Males.Females.Males.Females.

*Including persons on shipboard, but excluding 133 persons, officers and crew of a British man-of-war, in Auckland Harbour on 2nd April, 1911.

† Including Stewart Island and Chatham Islands.

‡; These islands are not within the boundaries of the neighbouring counties, but their inhabitants are included in the population of the North and South Islands given in the previous table.

North Island*563,729300,199263,5301,2541,1941,32268
South Island*444,120231,323212,7972172071,12620
Stewart Island35722013741....
Chatham Islands*25816692..2....
Kermadec Islands422........
          Totals for Dominion1,008,468531,910476,5581,4751,4042,54288

(b.) SUMMARY BY COUNTIES AND BOROUGHS.

Total Population (exclusive of Maoris and Residents of Annexed Pacific Islands)Half-castes living as Europeans (included previously).Chinese (included previously).
Persons.Males.Females.Males.Females.MalesFemales.

*Including persons on shipboard, but excluding 133 persons, officers and crew of a British man-of-war, in Auckland Harbour on 2nd April, 1911.

† Including Stewart Island and Chatham Islands.

†; These islands are not within the boundaries of the neighbouring counties, but their inhabitants are included in the population of the North and South Islands given in the previous table.

Counties496,779276,495220,2841,1521,1201,09619
Boroughs505,598250,196255,4023132821,38269
Islands adjacent to New Zealand;1,07965242772....
Kermadec Islands422........
On shipboard4,8654,4564093..64..
Main Trunk Railway14310934........
Totals1,008,468531,910476,5581,4751,4042,54288

The next table shows the distribution of the population in counties and boroughs at each quinquennial census since 1881.

Census Year.Counties.Boroughs.Percentage.
Counties.Boroughs.Shipboard and islands.
1881291,238194,98159.4439.800.76
1886327,328245,61256.5842.460.96
1891352,097270,34356.1843.140.68
1896391,735307,29455.6943.690.62
1901417,596350,20254.0445.320.64
1906458,797424,61451.6347.790.58
1911496,779505,59849.2650.140.60

DENSITY OF POPULATION.

The increase in the density of population and dwellings at successive censuses is illustrated in the table following. The average number of persons to an inhabited dwelling is also shown.

Census YearNumber of Persons to a Square Mile.Number of Inhabited Dwellings to a Square MileNumber of Persons to an Inhabited Dwelling.

*Excluding Maoris.

18610.9440.2144.42
18712.4560.5484.48
18814.6930.9175.12
18916.0241.1915.06
19017.4271.5274.86
19068.5411.7734.82
19119.6902.0704.68

The density of population in various countries is shown in the next table. The figures relate in nearly every case to the year 1911, in which year a census was taken throughout the British Empire, and in several other countries. The Statesman's Year-book for 1913 has been referred to in all cases, but wherever possible the information extracted therefrom has been verified by reference to official publications of the countries concerned. In several cases the figures are only rough estimates, and in some instances various estimates are in existence in respect of the same country. For example, the population of the Chinese Empire ranges in various publications from 250 to 450 millions. In the table now given the usually accepted total, 400 millions, is shown. The figures for the Balkan states relate to the various states as they now stand—i.e., after the recent alterations of boundaries.

DENSITY OF POPULATION IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES.
Country.Population.
Total.Per Square Mile.

* Inclusive of Maoris, also Cook Islands and their inhabitants.

† Including aboriginals, estimated at 100,000.

Macao63,99115,997.75
Gibraltar25,30713,529.07
Monaco19,1212,390.12
Malta228,5341,953.28
Gambia Colony7,7001,925.00
French India282,3861,440.74
Singapore305,4391,407.55
Channel Islands96,9001,384.29
Hong Kong and Territory463,7151,144.98
Bermudas21,3261,104.97
Barbados171,9821,036.04
Kiau-Chau168,896844.48
England34,045,290669.00
Belgium7,423,784652.76
Java and Madura30,098,008595.36
Aden and Perim46,165577.06
Madeira169,777540.69
Mauritius377,083523.73
Wei-hai-wei147,177516.41
Grenada66,750501.88
Penang278,003480.14
Martinique184,004477.93
Netherlands6,022,452470.16
St. Pierre4,209420.90
St. Kitts26,283404.35
Kwantung488,089388.61
Bahrein Islands90,000360.00
Portuguese India531,798324.66
Italy34,671,377313.63
Germany04,925,993310.98
Porto Rico1,118,012310.04
Guadeloupe and Dependencies212,430308.76
Samos53,424296.80
Japan52,000,000296.23
San Marino10,791283.97
St. Vincent41,877279.18
Wales2,025,202272.42
Azores242,613263.14
Luxemburg259,891260.41
Nevis12,945258.90
Formosa3,443,679255.88
Austria28,571,934240.56
Switzerland3,741,971234.22
Labuan6,546229.68
Isle of Man52,034229.22
Antigua38,899228.82
British India244,267,542222.49
Ellice Islands3,089220.04
Pemba83,437219.57
St. Lucia48,637208.74
Haiti Republic2,029,700198.91
Jamaica831,383197.95
Danish West Indies27,086190.28
France39,001,509191.26
Zanzibar115,477180.43
Réunion173,822179.20
Denmark2,775,076178.09
Trinidad and Tobago330,074176.70
Montserrat5,502173.81
Turkey in Europe1,891,000173.77
Malacca124,081172.33
Balearic Islands325,703168.32
Hungary20,886,487166.57
Seychelles26,000162.50
Portugal5,545,595161.90
Gilbert Islands26,863161.83
Ceylon4,110,367161.31
Salvador1,161,420160.75
Scotland4,759,445156.53
Korea13,461,299156.58
Comoro Islands94,844152.97
Cochin China3,050,785152.54
Liechtenstein9,854151.60
Canary Islands419,809149.56
Sierra Leone Colony75,572146.74
Rumania7,516,418140.52
Ireland4,390,219137.67
Curacao54,469135.16
Servia4,547,992134.19
Tonking6,119,720131.89
Union Islands914130.57
Bali and Lombok523,535128.79
Principé & St. Thomas Islands42,103116.70
Anguilla4,075116.43
Dominica33,863116.37
Wallis Archipelago4,500112.50
Bulgaria4,752,997109.76
Annam5,554,822106.62
Greece4,363,000104.05
Indian Feudatory States70,864,995102.52
Crete342,151101.68
Marshall Islands15,179101.20
Spain, including Ceuta18,843,17099.15
Southern Nigeria7,857,39998.37
Norfolk Island90796.70
Cape Verde Islands142,55296.32
Bosnia & Herzegovina1,898,04496.02
Virgin Islands5,50295.90
Bismarck Archipelago188,87094.43
Caroline & Pelew Is'lds52,67494.06
Chinese Empire400,000,00093.52
Nepal5,000,00092.59
Montenegro516,00092.09
Cyprus274,10876.48
American Samoa7,24976.31
Albania825,00075.00
St. Helena3,52074.89
Pitcairn Island14572.50
Mayotte9,98971.35
Russia in Europe138,274,50069.23
Philippine Islands8,368,42765.45
Tonga23,73760.86
Guam12,51759.60
Portuguese Guinea820,00058.82
Sierra Leone Protectorate1,327,50054.41
Cuba2,220,27850.27
Turkey in Asia21,000,00048.92
Protected Malay States720,00046.15
Liberia1,800,00045.00
Slam8,117,95341.61
Guatemala1,992,00041.25
Portuguese Timor300,00040.93
Tunis1,923,21738.46
Federated Malay States1,036,99937.70
Santo Domingo708,00036.64
Cambodia1,634,25236.32
Northern Nigeria9,269,00036.25
French Somali Coast208,00035.92
Basutoland405,90334.65
German Samoa34,48034.48
Turks & Caicos Islands5,61533.93
Natal1,194,04333.84
Khiva800,00033.33
Sweden5,522,40331.94
United States91,972,26030.93
Gambia Protectorate138,40030.76
Andorra5,23129.89
Hawaii191,90929.76
Togo1,000,00029.67
Fernando Po, &c.23,84429.29
Egypt11,287,35928.22
German East Africa10,000,00026.04
Banca115,18925.91
Nyasaland Protectorate1,000,00025.12
Sumatra4,029,50324.93
Finland3,084,00024.54
Uganda Protectorate2,843,32524.16
Afghanistan5,900,00023.60
Morocco4,580,00020.91
French Oceania31,47720.71
Jarvis Island3020.00
Billiton36,85819.78
Mexico15,063,20719.64
Norway2,391,78219.27
Gold Coast1,504,59918.81
Fiji139,54118.77
Abyssinia8,000,00018.50
Dutch Timor308,60017.44
Costa Rica388,26616.88
Spanish Guinea200,00016.67
Belgian Congo15,000,00016.49
Uruguay1,177,56016.31
Algeria5,563,82816.20
British East Africa Protectorate4,038,00016.15
Swaziland99,95915.29
Transvaal1,686,21215.27
Persia9,500,00015.13
Bokhara1,250,00015.06
French Equatorial Africa10,000,00014.95
Kamerua2,720,00014.23
New Hebrides70,00013.73
Madagascar3,104,88113.62
Panama426,92813.18
Bahama Islands55,94412.71
Bhutan250,00012.50
Nicaragua600,00012.20
Ecuador1,400,00012.07
Honduras Republic553,44611.97
Celebes851,90511.92
Sarawak500,00011.90
Colombia5,475,90111.86
Chile3,415,06011.67
Mozambique3,120,00010.63
German Marianne Isld's2,64610.58
Orange Free State528,17410.48
Isle of Pines60010.34
* New Zealand 1,070,91010.31
British Solomon Islands150,00010.14
Fanning Island15010.00
Eritrea450,0009.83
Molucca Islands407,9069.30
Cape of Good Hope2,564,9659.26
Socotra12,0008.68
Angola4,119,0008.50
Kaiser Wilhelm's Land531,7237.60
Brunei30,0007.50
French West Africa11,100,0007.35
Brazil23,070,9697.01
Venezuela2,743,8416.96
Riau Lingga Archipel'o112,2166.88
British North Borneo208,1836.69
New Caledonia50,6086.62
Laos644,8776.58
Argentine Republic7,201,9106.25
Oman500,0006.10
Dutch Borneo1,233,6555.80
Peru4,000,0005.75
Newfoundland (proper)238,6705.59
Miquelon4435.34
Southern Rhodesia769,4715.18
Maiden Island1684.80
British Honduras40,4584.71
Paraguay800,0004.66
Somaliland Protector'te300,0004.41
Russia in Asia25,664,5004.08
Phoenix Islands593.69
Japanese Sakhalin43,2733.46
Northern Rhodesia1,000,0003.45
Bolivia2,267,9353.38
British Guiana299,0443.31
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan3,000,0003.05
Papua272,0573.00
Italian Somaliland400,0002.87
Iceland85,1882.14
Canada7,204,8382.00
Surinam86,2331.87
French Guiana49,0091.61
Australian Commonwealth4,668,7071.57
Dutch New Guinea200,0001.32
Tripoli and Cyrenaica530,0001.30
Falkland Islands3,2750.50
Bechuanaland Protectorate125,3500.46
German South - west Africa99,7440.31
Greenland (Danish)13,5170.29
Ascension340.18
Rio de Oro and Adrar12,0000.16
Alaska64,3560.11
Labrador3,9490.03

INCREASE OF POPULATION AT SUCCESSIVE CENSUSES.

The increase of population at successive census periods has been,—

Date of Enumeration.Population.Numerical Increase.Centesimal Increase.
December, 185859,41339,60866,367
December, 186199,02173,1377,386
December, 1864172,15846,51027.01
December, 1867218,66837,72517.25
February, 1871256,39343,12116.82
March, 1874299,514114,89838.36
March, 1878414,41275,52118.22
April, 1881489,93388,54918.07
March, 1886578,48248,1768.33
April, 1891626,65876,70212.24
April, 1896703,36069,3599.86
March, 1901772,719115,85914.99
April, 1906888,578119,89013.49
April, 19111,008,468  

The principal natural divisions in New Zealand are the North, South, and Stewart Islands. These contain nearly the whole population of European descent, the Cook and other annexed islands being inhabited almost solely by coloured Natives.

The population of the two main Islands, with that of Stewart Island and the Chatham Islands, the former being included in the South and the latter in the North Island, at each census period, is given in the next table, together with the proportion per cent. that the population of each division bears to the total population of the Dominion.

POPULATION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS, 1858–1911.
Census Year.Population (excluding Maoris).Proportions per Cent.
North Island and Chatham Islands.South and Stewart Islands.Total.North Island and Chatham Islands.South and Stewart Islands.
185834,17925,23459,41357.5342.47
186141,69157,33099,02142.1057.90
186465,349106,809172,15837.9662.04
186780,097138,571218,66836.6363.37
187197,008159,385256,39337.8462.16
1874112,063187,451299,51437.4162.59
1878158,404256,008414,41238.2261.78
1881193,289296,644489,93339.4560.55
1886250,681327,801578,48243.3356.67
1891281,745344,913626,65844.9655.04
1896340,872362,488703,36048.4651.54
1901390,786381,933772,71950.5749.43
1906476,934411,645888,57853.6746.33
1911563,991444,4771,008,46855.9344.07

It will be seen that in 1858 the North Island had the larger population, this position being reversed at the succeeding enumerations until 1901, in which year the North Island was found to have a slightly larger population than the South, a position which it has since considerably improved upon. The Maori war which broke out in 1860 retarded settlement in the North, while the large area of land reserved for the Maoris was until quite recently a serious hindrance to the development of this portion of the Dominion. The construction of railways, roads, and bridges is now giving access to larger areas of new lands, which are being offered for selection in blocks intended for close settlement, and are quickly occupied. The South Island was practically free from Maori troubles, and settlement was more rapid, though much of the land was disposed of in large areas. The discovery of gold in Otago in 1861 and in the West Coast in 1864 attracted to these localities considerable numbers of miners.

In 1870 a policy of vigorous construction of railways and other developmental public works and of assistance to immigrants was inaugurated, resulting in a large increase to the population, including nearly ninety thousand Government immigrants introduced between 1873 and 1879.

PROPORTIONS OF THE SEXES.

The following table is interesting as showing the gradual equalization of the sexes, the number of females to 100 males having risen from 6216 in 1861 to 90.33 in 1901. The proportion was slightly lower in 1906 and 1911, but has again risen to 90.59 in 1913.

Census Year. Males.Females.Females to 100 Males.
186161,06237,95962.16
1871150,356106,03770.52
1881269,605220,32881.72
1891332,877293,78188.26
1901405,992366,72790.33
1906471,008417,57088.65
1911531,910476,55889.59

AGES OF THE PEOPLE.

The number of persons at each year of age is ascertained from the census household schedules. In the following tables these numbers have been condensed in customary groups, and the information disclosed at the census of 1911 is compared with that for two previous censuses. Chinese are included, but not Maoris.

Age-groups.Number.
1891.1901.1911.
Males.Females.Males.Females.Males.Females.
Under 5 years42,25940,94544,32442,48259,97557,934
5 years and under 10 years43,49442,58643,31442,42253,84452,163
10 years and under 15 years40,75540,32943,10042,12546,42144,992
15 years and under 20 years32,57932,65842,45642,35844,79843,660
20 years and under 25 years28,33729,80541,19641,96049,69246,124
25 years and under 30 years23,70422,37635,30733,23354,69447,520
30 years and under 35 years22,02117,89029,69427,27249,41042,714
35 years and under 40 years20,51315,10624,30121,21739,45833,437
40 years and under 45 years17,75513,43621,58917,34731,19827,259
45 years and under 50 years17,02811,83219,13413,99724,21420,696
50 years and under 55 years16,7709,92215,41311,99120,29016,573
55 years and under 60 years10,9456,15013,7119,96316,68612,609
60 years and under 65 years7,6854,46812,8038,01712,81610,225
65 years and under 70 years3,9232,56410,1606,02810,9358,707
70 years and under 75 years2,5041,8775,3483,2368,6916,030
75 years and under 80 years1,1919362,2851,6795,2123,260
80 and over7186291,4251,1922,7352,130
Unspecified minors303624155942
Unspecified adults666236408193782483
          All ages332,877293,781405,992366,727531,910476,558

A calculation of the proportion per cent at each age-group to the total of males and females shows the effect of a declining birthrate on the ages under 15, the proportion of males at these ages being 30.19 per cent. in 1911 against 38.08 per cent. in 1891, and of females 32.58 per cent. against 42.20 per cent. respectively.

Of the males, those 15–24 years formed 18.35 per cent. of the total in 1891, and 17.79 per cent. in the later year. At the ages 15–64 the proportions were 59.42 per cent. and 64.62 per cent. in 1891 and 1911 respectively. From 65 years upwards the proportions increased from 2.50 per cent. to 5.19 per cent. during the period under review.

Females at ages 15–44 increased in proportion to the total from 44.73 per cent. in 1891 to 50.56 per cent. in 1911. At 45 years and over there was 13.07 per cent. in 1891 and 16.86 per cent. in 1911 of the number of this sex.

Age-groups.Proportion per Cent, of Males.Proportion per Cent. of Females.
1891.1901.19111891.1901.1911.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
Under 5 years12.7210.9311.2913.9511.5912.16
5 years and under 10 years13.0910.6810.1514.5111.5710.96
10 years and under 15 years12.2710.628.7513.7411.499.46
15 years and under 20 years9.8210.478.4311.1211.569.18
20 years and under 25 years8.5310.169.3610.1611.459.68
25 years and under 30 years7.148.7110.307.629.079.98
30 years and under 35 years6.637.329.306.107.448.97
35 years and under 40 years6.185.997.435.155.797.02
40 years and under 45 years5.345.325.874.584.735.73
45 years and under 50 years5.134.724.564.033.824.35
50 years and under 55 years5.053.803.823.383.273.48
55 years and under 60 years3.293.383.142.102.722.65
60 years and under 65 years2.313.162.411.522.192.15
65 years and under 70 years1.182.512.060.871.651.83
70 years and under 75 years0.751.321.640.640.881.27
75 years and under 80 years0.360.560.980.320.460.69
80 and over0.210.350.510.210.320.44
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

The declining proportions at the earlier ages 0–19 years may be ascribed to a falling birth-rate, while the increase at the higher ages is due to the advanced age of the then mostly adult immigrants introduced during the early stages of settlement. These form the greater portion of the groups 60 years and over, numbering 70,741 persons in 1911, only 3,862 of these being New-Zealand-born. The latter element in the population is assuming larger proportions each year, while the influence of the numbers recruited from abroad on the age-constitution is gradually waning.

The distribution of population (exclusive of Maoris) between the North and South Islands is shown according to age-groups in the following table:—

Island.Under 55 and under 2020 and under 3535 and under 5050 and under 6565 and over.Unspecified.Totals.
North66,888160,015165,117100,19048,18322,457879563,729
South50,997125,793124,95176,03040,98525,235486444,477
Totals117,885285,808290,068176,22089,16847,6921,3651,008,206

BIRTHPLACES OF THE PEOPLE.

The table following shows the birthplaces of the population, exclusive of Maoris, for five census years. The total number of British-born has increased during the period by 63 per cent., while the number of foreign-born has remained stationary. Persons born in New Zealand have increased 92 per cent. The Commonwealth of Australia is represented by 50,029 persons, a large increase since 1891. Against this there were 31,868 persons, natives of New Zealand, residing in the Commonwealth in 1911 as compared with 25,788 in 1901. Persons born in the United Kingdom numbered 218,834 in 1891, against 228,684 in 1911.

Birthplace.Number in each Census Year.
1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.
 Persons.Persons.Persons.Persons.Persons.
New Zealand 366,716441,661516,106606,247702,779
Commonwealth of Australia15,94321,63126,99147,25650,029
England117,070116,541111,964116,560133,811
Wales2,2142,1481,7652,1442,206
Scotland51,91650,43547,85847,76751,709
Ireland47,63446,03743,52442,46040,958
Other British possessions3,7033,9014,2734,5605,234
          Total British605,196682,354752,481866,994986,726
Austria-Hungary5648811,8742,2122,131
German Empire4,6634,5954,2174,1744,015
Denmark2,0532,1252,1202,2772,262
Chinese Empire4,4703,7192,9022,6022,611
Other foreign countries7,4007,7607,4808,6028,552
          Total foreign19,15019,08018,59319,86719,571
At sea1,2951,3221,2031,2451,392
Not stated1,017604442472779
          Totals626,658703,360772,719888,5781,008,468

The population of foreign origin shows a small increase since 1891, while the native-born portion becomes rapidly greater. The table given below shows the proportionate strength of the different nationalities represented in the Dominion.

Birthplace.Proportion of each Nationality in—
1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
New Zealand 58.6162.8566.8368.2669.74
Commonwealth of Australia2.553.083.495.324.97
England18.7116.5814.5013.3013.28
Wales0.350.310.220.240.22
Scotland8.307.186.205.385.13
Ireland7.616.555.644.784.06
Other British possessions0.590.550.550.510.52
          Total British96.7297.1097.4397.6297.92
Austria-Hungary0.090.130.240.250.21
German Empire0.750.650.550.470.40
Denmark0.330.300.270.260.22
Chinese Empire0.710.530.380.290.26
Other foreign countries1.191.100.970.970.85
          Total foreign3072.712.412.241.94
At sea0.210.190.160.140.14
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

Both m 1906 and 1911 the number of females returned as married was less than that of males. In many instances married men coming to New Zealand from abroad leave their families behind until steady work has been obtained and a home prepared. This is the usual practice among aliens, the expense of transport in some cases preventing the union of families for a considerable length of time.

The number of married persons in 1911 was slightly more than one-third of the total population, exclusive of Maoris. Widowed and divorced are included among the unmarried over 20 and 15 years of age for males and females respectively, the number of the widowed being 14,222 males and 25,725 females. Those returned as divorced at the last census—575 males and 411 females—are probably less than the actual fact, owing to the reluctance of some persons to state this condition. The following table shows the number of unmarried and married males and females for five successive census years:—

Census.Number of UnmarriedNumber of Married
Males.Females.Males.Females.
Under 20 Years of Age.Twenty Years of Age and over.Under 15 Years of Age.Fifteen Years of Age and over.
1891159,00077,955123,85278,77690,37190,765
1896169,32594,946126,087102,422102,621103,062
1901173,096110,485127,017121,297118,401117,746
1906186,270137,191137,621136,584143,838142,736
1911204,883150,484155,047149,274171,936170,989

The proportions per cent. exhibit a steady increase in the case of married persons of either sex since 1891. Widowed males increased relatively to the total population, but not to the same extent as widowed females, as the latter do not remarry so often as the former, and the liability to fatal accident among males is far greater than among the opposite sex.

CensusProportion of MalesProportion of Females
Unmarried.Married.Widowed.Unmarried.Married.Widowed.
 Per Cent.Per Cent,Per Cent.Per Cent,Per Cent,Per Cent.
189170.0227.612.3764.9530.944.11
189369.4827.972.5564.3731.104.53
190167.9029.452.6562.9432.174.89
190666.5230.782.7060.5734.245.19
191164.6932.612.7058.5935.995.42

The proportion of married women under 20 years of age is steadily diminishing, while between 35 and 45 years there is a tendency towards an increase. Women in New Zealand are not now marrying at such early ages as they did formerly, as will be seen from the figures given below.

Age-groups.Proportion of Married Women.
1891.1890.1901.1906.1911.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
Under 20 years1.191.120.980.940.81
20 and under 35 years6,01259.5759.9460.2959.98
35 and under 45 years38.6939.3139.0838.7739.21
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

Excluding the widowed, the number of unmarried males over 20 years of age was found at the census of 1911 to be 136,262, and the number of unmarried females was 123,549—110 bachelors to every 100 spinsters. The relative numbers at the last five census periods were,—

Census.Number of Bachelors to every 100 Spinsters.
1891105
189698
190197
1906108
1911110

Duration of Marriage and Number of Children.

Ac the census of 1911 information was collected for the first time as to duration of marriage, respective ages of husband and wife, and number of children, living and dead, born to the marriage. The first of the following tables shows the duration of marriage, number of married women, proportion per cent. of these without and with children, and the average number of children, counting (a) all married women and (b) married women with children only.

Duration of Marriage (in Years).Total Number of Married Women.Married Women without Children.Married Women with Children.Average Number of Children born to the Marriage, counting—
Number.Proportion per Cent.Number.Proportion per Cent.(a) All Married Women.(b) Married Women with Children.
Under 15,9025,11086.5879213.420.1371.021
1 and under 27,3623,67849.963,68450.040.5211.042
2 and under 38,3052,34928.285,95671.720.8761.250
3 and under 48,1391,81522.306,32477.701.2271.579
4 and under 57,9921,45618.226,53681.781.5441.888
5 and under 67,3681,18416.076,18483.931.8212.169
6 and under 77,0471,03314.666,01485.342.0782.435
7 and under 86,87898514.325,89385.682.3172.704
8 and under 96,42380812.585,61587.422.5562.923
9 and under 105,94070311.835,23788.172.8183.197
10 and under 116,47589313.795,58286.212.8743.334
11 and under 125,35458210.874,77289.133.2273.620
12 and under 135,01454710.914,46789.093.2853.687
13 and under 144,5714509.844,12190.163.5773.967
14 and under 154,52949410.914,03589.093.6354.080
15 and under 164,02044711.123,57388.883.8134.290
16 and under 173,72139610.643,32589.363.9634.435
17 and under 183,6553339.113,32290.894.1214.535
18 and under 193,4993199.123,18090.884.3054.737
19 and under 203,2032608.122,94391.884.4824.893
20 and under 213,69840310.903,20589.104.5895.150
21 and under 222,7322298.382,50391.624.7555.190
22 and under 232,8372237.862,61492.145.0125.439
23 and under 242,7432177.912,52692.095.2345.683
24 and under 252,5992218.502,37891.505.1745.655
25 and under 262,7212469.042,47590.965.2375.757
26 and under 272,4801837.382,29792.625.5936.038
27 and under 282,3192028.712,11791.25.5616.091
28 and under 292,3261717.352,15592.655.8166.277
29 and under 301,9511487.591,80392.416.0186.512
30 and under 312,4172199.062,19890.946.0126.610
31 and under 321,6241157.081,50992.926.4146.903
32 and under 331,9141377.161,77792.846.4846.983
33 and under 341,7421418.091,60191.916.6187.201
34 and under 351,603996.181,50493.826.8327.282
35 and under 361,7361377.891,59992.116.7547.333
36 and under 371,6851207.121,56592.886.9367.467
37 and under 381,4231117.801,31292.207.1557.760
38 and under 391,201886.981,17393.027.1747.712
39 and under 401,026575.5596994.457.3627.794
40 and under 411,4351309.061,30590.946.9317.621
41 and under 42840586.9078293.107.7378.310
42 and under 43823435.2278094.787.7258.151
43 and under 44755577.5569892.457.6738.299
44 and under 45672537.8961992.117.6048.255
45 and under 46816657.9675192.047.5838.239
46 and under 47586406.8354693.177.5688.122
47 and under 48599447.3555592.658.0678.706
48 and under 49496295.8546794.158.2528.764
49 and under 50399256.2737493.738.3218.877
50 and under 51437296.6440893.367.6598.203
51 and under 52221188.1420391.868.0728.788
52 and under 53232219.0521190.957.8668.649
53 and under 5416884.7616095.248.3458.762
54 and under 5514075.0013395.008.8509.315
55 and under 5610632.8310397.178.6518.903
56 and over323268.0529791.958.1118.821
Not stated4,0012,52663.131,47536.871.6834.565
          Totals171,28330,49117.80140,79282.203.4804.233

The next table shows for each year of duration of marriage the number of married women, and the number of children born to the existing marriage. Detailed tables showing similar information for married women at various ages are published in the census volume.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.—SUMMARY SHOWING DURATION OF MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN BORN.

NOTE.—In the column “Not stated” are entered all married women who apparently had had no children, but omitted to state so on the Schedule. In the column “None” are entered those who stated definitely they had had no children born to the marriage.

Married Women.Number of Married Women to whom the Number of Children stated at Head of Column were born.Total Children born.
Years married.Number.Not stated.None.1234567891011 and over.
Under 15,9023,3641,746778113................809
1 and under 27,3622,3711,3073,535146111............3,839
2 and under 38,3051,5228274,5461,3386651............7,445
3 and under 48,1391,1386773,1122,800380275............9,985
4 and under 57,9929065502,2622,9211,192145151..........12,341
5 and under 67,3687424421,6022,5191,55943953921......13,414
6 and under 77,0476553781,2922,0041,7797411563264......14,647
7 and under 86,8786233621,0471,6931,6701,04633682154......15,936
8 and under 96,4235013079001,4581,4551,07551314952922..16,414
9 and under 105,9404262776981,1901,2851,02166428270216....16,741
10 and under 116,4755683257401,2251,2301,08174435813643147418,611
11 and under 125,3543572255538941,009882702433193651913917,278
12 and under 135,01435119652582589080264345919986249516,470
13 and under 144,57128316743962378776258945426812056131016,350
14 and under 154,52931418041067369568157543428818253271716,465
15 and under 164,020269178363477641572523405269146102522315,330
16 and under 173,72124814831145854055247034926719487514614,748
17 and under 183,655217116294463545537417354286177129724815,084
18 and under 193,499203116230415476506458356274204122796015,063
19 and under 203,20316496261333419459384327253191147868314,356
20 and under 2514,6098494448871,3531,7251,8151,7211,4831,2581,01173157375971,982
25 and under 3011,7976043465467981,0991,2721,3321,2971,1439757456021,03866,283
30 and under 359,3004762353244426187759809169508697616261,32859,838
35 and under 407,1313251882302663324715676917307007316121,28850,195
40 and under 454,5252081331461301862263103973974664646199933,706
45 and under 502,8961356867798412018823326230628430476622,868
50 and over1,6276943394753677811512219617417245213,134
Not stated4,0012,137389309223182145121117976777351026,734
     Totals171,28320,02510,46626,44625,80420,90116,22512,5469,7337,5376,0374,7303,7967,037596,046

Members of Christian denominations formed 94.39 per cent. of those who made answer to the inquiry at the last census, non-Christian sects were 1.49 per cent., and those who described themselves as of no religion 0.55 per cent. The Census Act provides that those persons who are unwilling to state what denomination, if any, they belong to may enter the word “Object” in the census schedule. In 1911 there were 35,905 persons, or 3.57 per cent. of the total, who took advantage of this permission.

Denomination.Proportion of Adherents.
1891.1896.1901.1901.1911.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
Church of England40.5140.2740.8541.514,114
Presbyterian22.6222.7822.8722.9623.32
Methodist10.1410.4410.8610069.43
Roman Catholic13.9614.0714.2314.3213.97
Other Christian denominations.7.797.866.966.606.53
Non-Christian2.282.041.721.611.49
No religion0.250.270.140.190.55
Object to state2.452.272.372.753.57
          Totals100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

INFIRMITIES OF THE PEOPLE.

The tables following show the numbers and the proportions per 10,000 living at quinquennial age-periods of persons, males and females, stated to be deaf and dumb, lunatics, and feeble-minded at the census taken for the 2nd April, 1911. The total infirmities of the people numbered 5,301 or 52.56 in every 10,000 persons living. Of this total the deaf and dumb numbered 301 or 2.98 per 10,000; the blind contributed 482 or 4.78 per 10,000; the lunatics numbered 3,741 or 37.10 per 10,000; and the feebleminded 777 or 7.70 per 10,000.

RELIGION.

There is no State Church in New Zealand, nor is financial assistance given by the State to any religious denomination. Among the first colonists settlements were formed composed entirely of the adherents of certain religious bodies, but, as facilities for communication increased, this exclusiveness rapidly gave place to a spirit of tolerance, and no serious attempt was made to preserve the distinctive religious character of these communities. In Otago, where the Free Church of Scotland founded a settlement, adherents to the Presbyterian Church, mostly descendants of the original stock, form 46 per cent. of the population of that portion of the Dominion; while in Canterbury, which was originally settled by the United Church of England and Ireland, adherents to the Church of England constituted a similar proportion of the population of the Provincial District at the census of 1911.

The Church of England has the largest number of adherents, and, according to returns collected in 1911, had 554 churches, besides using 242 other buildings for Divine worship. The Presbyterian Church, the next in strength, had 426 churches, with the use of 283 buildings as temporary places of worship. Roman Catholics occupy third place in point of numbers, and possessed 296 churches and used 62 other buildings. Methodists had 405 churches, and used 178 other buildings wherein to hold service.

The total number of churches and chapels belonging to all denominations and sects was 1,976, besides which 491 schoolhouses and 392 dwellings or public buildings were made use of as places of worship or for meetings. These churches and buildings were sufficient for the accommodation of 429,059 persons, or 42 per cent. of the total number of adherents and members.

The number belonging to each of the principal denominations is shown, for five census periods, in the next table.

Denomination.Number of Adherents.
1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.
Church of England253,331282,809315,263368,065413,842
Presbyterian141,477159,952176,503203,597234,662
Methodist63,41573,36783,80289,03894,827
Roman Catholic87,27298,804109,822126,995140,523
Other Christian denominations48,63355,13753,73958,61965,735
Non-Christian14,34214,32713,30414,34615,029
No religion1,5581,8751,1091,7095,529
Object to state15,34215,96718,29524,32535,905
Unspecified1,2881,1228821,8842,416
          Totals626,658703,360772,719888,5781,008,468

Members of Christian denominations formed 94.39 per cent. of those who made answer to the inquiry at the last census, non-Christian sects were 149 per cent., and those who described themselves as of no religion 0.55 per cent. The Census Act provides that those persons who are unwilling to state what denomination, if any, they belong to may enter the word “Object” in the census schedule. In 1911 there were 35,905 persons, or 3.57 per cent. of the total, who took advantage of this permission.

Denomination.Proportion of Adherents.
1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
Church of England40.5140.2740.8541.514,114
Presbyterian22.6222.7822.8722.9623.32
Methodist10.1410.4410.8610.069.43
Roman Catholic13.9614.0714.2314.3213.97
Other Christian denominations7.797.866.966.606.53
Non-Christian2.282.041.721.611.49
No religion0.250.270.140.190.55
Object to state2.452.272.372.753.57
          Totals100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

INFIRMITIES OF THE PEOPLE.

The tables following show the numbers and the proportions per 10,000 living at quinquennial age-periods of persons, males and females, stated to be deaf and dumb, lunatics, and feeble-minded at the census taken for the 2nd April, 1911. The total infirmities of the people numbered 5,301 or 52.56 in every 10,000 persons living. Of this total the deaf and dumb numbered 301 or 2.98 per 10,000; the blind contributed 482 or 4.78 per 10,000; the lunatics numbered 3,741 or 37.10 per 10,000; and the feebleminded 777 or 7.70 per 10,000.

DEAF AND DUMB AND BLIND.
Ages.Total Population.Male Population.Males.Female Population.Females
Deaf and Dumb.Blind.Deaf and Dumb.Blind.
All ages1,008,468531,910154279476,558147203
Specified ages1,007,102531,069154278476,033147202
Under 5 years117,90959,9752257,93443
5 years to 10 years106,00753,84429352,163238
10 years to 15 years91,41346,42132544,992314
15 years to 20 years88,45844,798171543,660238
20 years to 25 years95,81649,69215946,124146
25 years to 30 years102,21454,694131447,520125
30 years to 35 years92,12449,4107942,714610
35 years to 40 years72,89539,45810833,43748
40 years to 45 years58,45731,19861227,25987
45 years to 50 years44,91024,21481320,69676
50 years to 55 years36,86320,29052216,573510
55 years to 60 years29,29516,68641612,609411
60 years to 65 years23,04112,81611110,225211
65 years to 70 years19,64210,9353358,707215
70 years to 75 years14,7218,691..326,030238
75 years to 80 years8,4725,2121423,260..22
80 and upwards4,8652,7351302,13030 
Unspecified1,366841..1525..1
LUNATICS AND FEEBLE-MINDED.
Ages.Total Population.Male Population.Males.Female Population.Females.
Lunatics.Feeble-mind'dLunatics.Feeble mind'd
All ages1,008,468531,9102,195423476,5581,546354
Specified ages1,007,102531,0692,148416476,0331,534352
Under 5 years117,90959,9753157,934..1
5 years to 10 years106,00753,844172152,1631511
10 years to 15 years91,41346,421184644,9921442
15 years to 20 years88,45844,798436143,6602230
20 years to 25 years95,81649,692775546,1247334
25 years to 30 years102,21454,6941493747,52010635
30 years to 35 years92,12449,4102172842,71414229
35 years to 40 years72,89539,4582262033,43715619
40 years to 45 years58,45731,198269927,25916626
45 years to 50 years44,91024,2142111320,69617815
50 years to 55 years36,86320,290209716,57316821
55 years to 60 years29,29516,686174812,6091437
60 years to 65 years23,04112,8161802010,22511014
65 years to 70 years19,64210,935117178,7079215
70 years to 75 years17,7218,691126206,0308115
75 years to 80 years8,4725,21268233,2604216
80 and upwards4,8652,73544302,1302622
Unspecified1,366841477525122
INFIRMITY: PROPORTION PER 10,000 AT QUINQUENNIAL AGE-PERIODS.
Ages, in Years.Totals.Deaf and Dumb.Blind.Lunatics.Feeble, minded.
 Persons.Males.Females.P'sonsMales.Fem'sPersons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.
All ages52.5657.3647.212.982.893.084.785.254.2637.1041.2732.447.707.957.43
Under 51.361.331.380.510.330.690.420.330.520.260.50..0.170.170.17
5 and under 1011.9813.0010.924.905.384.411.040.561.533.023.162.873.023.902.11
10 and under 1521.0021.7520.236.896.896.890.981.070.803.503.883.119.639.919.34
15 and under 2024.7630.3619.014.523.805.272.603.351.87.359.605.0410.2913.616.87
20 and under 2529.5431.3927.533.033.023.031.571.811.315.6515.4915.839.2911.077.37
25 and under 3036.3038.9433.252.452.332.521.862.561.0524.9527.2422.317.046.767.37
30 and under 3548.6352.8243.781.411.421.412.061.822.3438.9743.9233.246.195.666.79
35 and under 4061.8766.9155.931.922.531.202.192.032.3952.4157.2846.665.355.075.68
40 and under 4586.0494.8875.942.391.922.933.253.852.5774.4186.2260.905.992.899.54
45 and under 50100.42101.1899.543.343.303.384.235.372.906.6287.1486.016.235.377.25
50 and under 55121.26119.76123.092.712.463.028.6810.846.032.27103.01101.377.603.4512.67
55 and under 60125.27121.06130.862.732.403.179.219.598.7321104.28113.415.124.795.55
60 and under 65151.47165.41133.981.300.781.959.558.5810.76186140.45107.5814.7615.6113.69
65 and under 70150.70157.29142.412.552.742.2925.4632.0117.23140106.99105.6616.2915.5517.23
70 and under 75213.30204.81225.541.36..3.3247.5536.8263.02141144.98134.3323.7823.0124.87
75 and under 80252.59257.09245.391.181.91..75.5480.5867.48124130.47128.8346.0344.1349.08
80 and upwards376.16383.91366.202.063.65..123.33109.69140.841433160.88122.07106.89109.69103.29

OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE.

In the Government Statistician's report on the census of 1911 and in the census volume will be found full details of the occupations of the people. A short reference is all that can he introduced

The population, specified as to occupation, is to two divisions—viz., breadwinners and dependents. The latter consist chiefly of wives, relatives, and others employed in household duties but not receiving wages, children living with their parents, and persons supported by charity.

Breadwinners are divided into seven classes, as below, the numbers and proportions per cent, at the census of 1911 being as shown.

Primary Producers.—Males, 123,099; females, 7,482. This class includes persons engaged in agricultural and pastoral pursuits, fishing, and mining.

Males 23.15, females 1.57, per cent. of population of either sex.

Industrial.—Males, 113,684; females, 19,871; persons engaged in manufacture or other processes where materials are employed combined.

Males 21.38, females 4.17, per cent.

Commercial.—Males, 52,994; females, 12,768.

The commercial group forms 9.97 per cent. of the male and 2.68 per cent. of the female population.

Transport and Communication.—Males, 35,212; females, 1,221; persons engaged in the transport of passengers and goods and in effecting communication.

Males 6.62, females 0.26, per cent.

Professional.—Males, 19,796; females, 12,920. These are persons, not otherwise classed, engaged in Government, defence, law and order, or ministering to religion, charity, health, education, art, science, or amusement.

Males 3.72, females 2.71, per cent.

Domestic (but directly earning money).—Males, 10,891; females, 33,376; persons supplying board and lodging, or personal services for which payment is rendered.

Males 2.05, females 7.00, per cent.

Indefinite.—Males, 8,180; females, 2,623: persons living on incomes earned in the past, or indefinitely described.

Males 1.54, females 0.55, per cent.

The population of each class, and the proportion per cent. of the total population, are shown in the table following.

With regard to sub-classes A and B of Class VI, a fact noted in connection with the census is that there is a considerable decrease in the number of persons who returned themselves on the census schedules as engaged in agricultural pursuits (67,557 in 1906 and 54,738 in 1911), while the number returning themselves as engaged in pastoral pursuits has largely increased (55,287 in 1911 as against 27,400 in 1906). This would apparently point to the fact that less attention is now being paid to agricultural and more to pastoral farming, particularly dairying, than formerly. According to the agriculture statistics of the Dominion, the amount of cropping in New Zealand has not varied greatly during recent years, but the industrial statistics (see section of his book dealing with manufactories and works) show a great advance in the output of butter and cheese, particularly of the latter. Taking the two classes together, there appears to have been an increase in the number engaged in agricultural and pastoral pursuits of over 15,000 during the five years between the two censuses 1906 and 1911.

Occupation.Numbers.Proportion per Cent.
Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.
Total population1,008,468531,910476,558100.00100.00100.00
Section A.—Breadwinners.
Class I. Professional32,71619,79612,9203.253.722.71
Class II. Domestic44,26710,89133,3764.392.057.00
Class III. Commercial—
     Sub-class A. Property and Finance9,9408,6871,2530.991.640.26
     Sub-class B. Trade54,92643,41211,5145.458.162.42
     Sub-class C. Storage89689510.090.170.00
Class IV. Transport and Communication36,43335,2121,2213.616.620.26
Class V. industrial133,555113,68419,87113.2521.384.17
Class VI. Agricultural, Pastoral, and other Primary Producers—
     Sub-class A. Agricultural54,73852,4262,3125.439.860.48
     Sub-class B. Pastoral55,28750,1485,1395.489.431.08
     Sub-class C. Mineral14,77514,76781.172.780.00
     Sub-class D. Other Primary Producers5,7815,758230.571.080.01
Class VII. Indefinite10,8038,1802,6231.071.540.55
Section B.—Non-breadwinners (Dependents).
Class VIII. Dependents—
     Sub - class A. Dependent on natural guardians543,229161,720381,50953.8830.4280.07
     Sub - class B. Dependent upon the State, or upon public or private support10,8226,1034,7191.071.150.99
Occupations not stated30023169......

No less than 31.57 per cent. of the male population and 81.06 per cent. of the females are shown by the above table to be dependent. These consist of 161,720 males and 381,509 females dependent upon natural guardians; and 6,103 males and 4,719 females dependent upon the State or upon public or private support. The greater number of those dependent upon natural guardians are scholars and students. There are also a large number of dependent relatives who were not stated to be performing domestic duties, and, of females, many persons performing domestic duties for which remuneration is not paid.

In the next table the number of breadwinners of either sex in each class of occupation, and the proportions per cent. to the total of breadwinners, is given:—

Occupation.Numbers.Proportion per Cent.
Persons.Males.Females.Persons.Males.Females.
Total breadwinners454,117363,85090,261100.00100.00100.00
Class I. Professional32,71619,79612,9207.205.4414.31
Class II. Domestic44,26710,89133,3769.752.9936.98
Class III. Commercial—
     Sub-class A. Property and Finance9,9408,6871,2532.192.391.39
     Sub-class B. Trade54,92643,41211,51412.1011.9312.76
     Sub-class C. Storage89689510.200.250.00
Class IV. Transport and Communication36,43335,2121,2218.029.681.35
Class V. Industrial133,555113,68419,87129.4131.2422.01
Class VI. Agricultural, Pastoral, and other Primary Producers—
     Sub-class A. Agricultural54,73852,4262,31212.0514.412.56
     Sub-class B. Pastoral55,28750,1485,13912.1813.785.69
     Sub-class C. Mineral14,77514,76783.254.060.01
     Sub-class D. Other Primary Producers5,7815,758231.271.580.03
Class VII. Indefinite10,8038,1802,6232.382.252.91

Employers and Employed.

The breadwinners of the Dominion are also classified according to the grade of their occupations, by which means the entire population can be brought under six heads:—

     Males.Per Cent. of Breadwinners.Females.Per Cent. of Breadwinners.
Employers43,92712.072,7663.07
Independent workers56,70815.589,65910.70
Wage-earners231,65363.6764,26471.20
Unemployed7,1521.971,2031.33
Relatives assisting, and not specified24,4166.7112,36913.70
Breadwinners363,856100.0090,261100.00
Dependents167,823..386,228 
Not stated231..69 
          Totals531,910..476,558 

The proportion of the male breadwinners who are employers (12.07 per cent.) is slightly lower than it was in 1906 (12.81 per cent.). On the female side the proportion of employers was 3.07 per cent., as against 3.10 in 1906. Male wage-earners, employed or unemployed, were 65.64 per cent., against 65.52 per cent. in 1906. Female wage-earners, whether in work or not, were 72.53 per cent. in 1911, against 75.57 per cent. in 1906.

The Unemployed.

The unemployed male population in New Zealand in April, 1911, formed only 1.97 per cent. of the breadwinners, as against 2.53 per cent. returned at the census of 1906.

Of the unemployed (males), which totalled 7,152,—

1,607 are found in Order 24(741 agricultural, 293 pastoral, 473 mining, gold, coal, &c., 76 bushmen, and 24 fishermen and others).

950 in Order 23: Industrial workers imperfectly defined (chiefly general labourers).

869 in Order 21: House building, road and railway works labourers, &c.).

604 in Order 15: Manufacturers of books, tools, implements, furniture, building materials, &c.

535 in Order 14: Road, railway, tram, or sea and river traffic,

379 in Order 3: Engaged in board and lodging and rendering personal services.

298 in Order 2: Ministering to religion, charity, health, education, &c.

297 in Order 7: Dealing in food, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants.

209 in Order 17: Workers in animal food, drinks, narcotics, stimulants, &c.

194 in Order 16: Manufacturing textile fabrics, dress, &c.

152 in Order 19: Manufacturing earthenware, jewellery, and workers in metals.

The balance are fairly evenly distributed over the remaining orders of occupations.

Of the regular agricultural workers for wages, only thirty-five in every thousand were found to be unemployed.

It is a matter for congratulation that the total number of unemployed in 1911 was found to be only 8,355, against 9,561 in 1906, when the population of the Dominion was considerably smaller.

MAORI AND HALF-CASTE POPULATION.

Prior to the colonization of New Zealand by Europeans, the earliest navigators and explorers found a race of people already inhabiting both Islands. Papers written in 1874 by Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Fox and Sir Donald McLean (then Native Minister) state that at what time the discovery of these Islands was made by the Maoris, or from what place they came, are matters of tradition only, and that much has been lost in the obscurity enveloping the history of a people without letters. Nor is there anything on record respecting the origin of the Maori people themselves, beyond the general tradition of the Polynesian race, which seems to show a series of successive migrations from west to east, probably by way of Malaysia to the Pacific. Little more can now be gathered from their traditions than that they were immigrants and that they probably found inhabitants on the east coast of the North Island belonging to the same race as themselves—the descendants of a prior migration, whose history is lost. The tradition runs that, generations ago, the Maoris dwelt in a country named Hawaiki, and that one of their chiefs, after a long voyage, reached the northern island of New Zealand. Returning to his home with a flattering description of the country he had discovered, this chief, it is said, persuaded a number of his kinsfolk and friends, who were much harassed by war, to set out with a fleet of double canoes for the new land. The names of most of the canoes are still remembered, and each tribe agrees in its account of the doings of the people of the principal canoes after their arrival in New Zealand; and from these traditional accounts the descent of the numerous tribes has been traced. The position of the legendary Hawaiki is unknown, but many places in the South Seas have been thus named in memory of the motherland. The Maoris speak a very pure dialect of the Polynesian language, the common tongue, with more or less variation, in all the eastern Pacific islands. When Captain Cook first visited New Zealand he availed himself of the services of a Native from Tahiti, whose speech was easily understood by the Maoris. In this way much information respecting the early history of the country and its inhabitants was obtained which could not have otherwise been had.

A census of the Maori population is taken every five years, the information being obtained by the collectors either directly or through the chief or head of the tribe or hapu. The name, sex, and age, so far as it can be ascertained, of each Maori is entered; but, owing to the nomadic habits of the race and lack of definite knowledge in some particulars, it has been a difficult task in the past. The results of the past five enumerations are as follows:—

Census Year.Males.Females.Total.
189122,86119,13241,993
189621,67318,18139,854
190123,11220,03143,143
190625,53822,19347,731
191126,47523,36949,844

The number of half-castes living as members of Maori tribes, and the number living as and among Europeans, is given in the next table for five census periods. Those under the first heading are already included among Maoris in the preceding table, the others being classed among the European population. It is a matter of some difficulty to ascertain the number of half-castes living as Maoris. There has been no definite rule to guide collectors in deciding when a half-caste should be classified as living as a Maori—indeed, it might be said that all the half-castes and a large proportion of the Maoris in the South Island live in European fashion. They mostly have separate holdings of land and separate homes, and have adopted the habits of the whites.

HALF-CASTES.
Census Year.Half-castes.Total.
Living as Members of Maori Tribes.Living as and among Europeans.
18912,6812,1844,865
18963,5032,2595,762
19013,1332,4065,539
19063,9382,5786,516
19114,1812,8797,060

The number of Maoris (including half-castes living as Maoris) in each county and on adjacent islands, as ascertained at the census of 1911, was as follows:—

NUMBER OF MAORIS IN EACH COUNTY, CENSUS 1911.
Counties.Persons.
Mangonui2,330
Whangaroa626
Hokianga3,228
Bay of Islands2,623
Hobson818
Otamatea454
Whangarei941
Rodney155
Great Barrier Island72
Eden (including Waiheke and Chamberlin Islands)426
Waitemata186
Manukau776
Waikato603
Baglan1,720
Kawhia588
Awakino86
East Taupo1,046
Matarmata403
West Taupo1,299
Waitomo1,523
Waipa375
Piako231
Ohinemuri661
Thames770
Coromandel498
Ohura61
Tauranga1,718
Whakatane2,228
Opotiki1,427
Rotorua1,461
Waiapu2,952
Cook1,424
Waikohu549
Wairoa2,660
Hawke's Bay1,262
Waipawa324
Patangata134
Akitio56
Castlepoint26
Featherston348
Wairarapa South114
Pahiatua33
Masterton279
Waipukurau7
Dannevirke162
Weber3
Eketahuna9
Mauriceville15
Hutt and Makara311
Waitotara430
Manawatu248
Kairanga171
Rangitikei387
Wanganui656
Horowhenua1,295
Waimarino632
Oroua, Pohangina, Kiwitea221
Patea258
Hawera570
Eltham38
Whangamomona51
Taranaki474
Waimate West153
Clifton388
Egmont659
Sounds218
Marlborough162
Waimea133
Collingwood5
Takaka48
Buller36
Westland82
Kaikoura109
Ashley230
Malvern5
Selwyn83
Heathcote5
Akaroa25
Mount Herbert106
Wairewa107
Geraldine174
Levels41
Mackenzie4
Waimate71
Waitaki96
Waikouaiti138
Peninsula140
Waihemo7
Taieri59
Clutha39
Southland190
Wallace327
Stewart Island63
Chatham Islands219
Ruapuke Island41

POPULATION OF COOK AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDS INCLUDED WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE DOMINION.

During the year 1901, the boundaries of the Dominion were extended to include the Cook Group and certain other of the South Pacific islands. No record of the population of these islands was then obtainable, but at each subsequent census an account of the number and birthplaces of the inhabitants was taken. The results for the census of 1911 are shown in the following table:—

     Whites and Half-castes living as Whites.Natives and Half-castes living as Natives.Total.

* Not including 513 absentees.

† Labourers temporarily employed on these islands.

(a) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 52; New Zealand, 30; Australia, 4; Tasmania, 1; Rarotonga, 22; Mangaia, 2; Atiu, 1; Aitutaki, 1; France, 6; Germany, 3; Sweden, 1; United States of America, 9; Holland, 1; Pitcairn Island, 2; Tahiti, 2; not stated, 2.

(b) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 3; New Zealand, 1; Australia, 1.

(c) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 5; New Zealand, 1; Rarotonga, 1; Aitutaki, 4; France, 2; Germany, 1; Norway, 2.

(d) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 1; Society Islands, 1.

(e) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 2; Mauke, 6; Germany, 2.

(f) Birthplaces.—Denmark, 1.

(g) Birthplaces not stated.

(h) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 2; New Zealand, 1.

(i) Birthplaces.—United Kingdom, 1; New Zealand, 1; France, 2.

SUMMARY OF BIRTHPLACES.—United Kingdom, 66; New Zealand, 34; Australia, 5; Tasmania, 1; Rarotonga, 23; Mangaia, 2; Atiu, 1; Mauke, 6; Aitutaki, 5; France, 10; Germany, 6; Sweden, 1; United States of America, 9; Holland, 1; Pitcairn Island, 2; Norway, 2; Tahiti, 2; Society Islands, 1; Denmark, 1; not stated, 54 (52 of these on Niue Island).

Rarotonga139(a)2,6202,759
Mangaia5(b)1,4661,471
Aitutaki16(c)810826
Atiu2(d)1,2211,223
Mauke10(e)447457
Mitiaro1(f)198199
          Total Cook Group1736,7626,935
Niue (or Savage Island)52(g)3,8913,943*
Palmerston..107107
Penrhyn3(h)332335
Manibiki4(i)440444
Rakaanga..315315
Danger (or Pukapuka)..490490
Hervey Islands..2929
          Total other islands595,6045,663
Total population of Pacific islands23212,36612,598

THE CHINESE.

At the census of 1881, the year in which taxation was first imposed on Chinese landing in New Zealand, the Chinese population numbered 5,004 persons, which fell to 4,542 in 1884, and further to 3,711 in 1896. During the period 1881–96 the poll-tax was £10 per head, and this seemed sufficient for the purpose of preventing a large influx of the Chinese. During the years 1894 and 1895, however, the arrivals shown by the Customs returns were found to be somewhat greater than the departures, and in 1896 an Act was passed, raising the poll-tax on Chinese immigrants to £100 per head and limiting the number of Chinese passengers that may be carried by vessels to New Zealand to one for every 200 tons burthen. According to the census of 1901 the Chinese population was 2,857, and in 1906 it was 2,570, while at the census of 1911 the total was 2,630, of whom 88 were females. The decrease still continues, deaths exceeding births and the departures being more than the arrivals. Since the census of 1911, excess of deaths over births has reduced the Chinese by 48, while excess of departures over arrivals has caused a further reduction of 66. The estimated Chinese population of the Dominion on 31st December, 1913, was 2,516, of whom, however, 112 were females, an increase of 24 of that sex since the census.

Chapter 4. SECTION IV.—VITAL STATISTICS.

SUBSECTION A.—BIRTHS.

INTRODUCTORY

Registration.

REGISTRATION of births in New Zealand dates as far back as 1847, in which year was passed a Registration Ordinance which made provision for a record of births and deaths being kept by the State. Under this ordinance many registrations were effected, some of births as far back as 1840. Compulsory registration did not, however, come into force until 1855.

The earlier Registration Acts and their amendments provided for very little information being given in the case of births, the registers containing merely date and place of birth, name and sex of child, names of father and mother, and occupation of father. In 1875, however, a new Registration Act was passed, under which information was recorded as to ages and birthplaces of parents. A recent amendment to the Act provides for sexes and ages of previous issue of the marriage being given.

The law as to registration of births is now embodied in the Births and Deaths Registration Act, 1908, and the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912. The provisions generally as to registration are that a birth may be registered within sixty-two days without fee. After sixty-two days and within six months a birth is registrable only after solemn declaration made before the Registrar by the parent or some person present at birth, and on payment of a late fee of 5s., which may, however, be remitted at the discretion of the Registrar-General. When six months have elapsed a birth cannot be registered except within a month after conviction of one of the responsible parties for neglect. But an information for such neglect must be laid within two years of date of birth. Registration of still-births was not compulsory until the 1st March, 1913, on which date the Amendment Act referred to above came into force.

Notification.

The Infant Life Protection Act of 1907 provided for notification of births, in addition to registration, the time allowed for notification being seventy-two hours (since reduced to forty-eight hours) if in a city or borough, and twenty-one days in every other case. Further information concerning infant-life protection is given in the subsection dealing with deaths.

Registration of Maori Birth.

In the successive Registration Acts special provision was made for exemption from the necessity of registration in the case of births and deaths of Maoris, though registration could be effected if desired. Section 20 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912, however, empowered the Governor in Council to make regulations providing for the registration of births and deaths of Maoris either throughout the whole Dominion or in such districts as might be determined. Regulations were made accordingly, and were published in the New Zealand Gazette of the 27th March, 1913, page 946. Registrars of Maori births and deaths have been appointed in 170 districts, 159 of these being in the North Island, where the great majority of the Maori population is located. Every Native settlement of any size is within easy reach of one of these Registrars. Maori registrations are entered in a separate register, and the numbers of births given below do not include those of Maoris, which are dealt with towards the end of this subsection.

NUMBERS AND RATES

The number of births registered during 1913 was 27,935, or 26.14 in every 1,000 persons living. The number is 427 above that for the year 1912, an increase of 1.55 per cent., but the rate is lower by 0.34 per thousand. The births registered in a year numbered 19,846 in 1884, and, after falling to 17,876 in 1892, have risen to the number first stated above.

The number of male children born during 1913 was 14,433, and of female children 13,502.

The following table shows the number of births registered, the birth-rate calculated on the total population, and comparison with the average rate for 1882–86 taken as 100. It will be noticed that there was a steady decrease from 1886 until 1899 (in which year the lowest rate was recorded), and that since then there has been a slight improvement, the increase in 1913 over 1899 being 4.06 per cent. on the rate per 1,000 in that year, although the rates for the last four years are lower than those of the few previous years.

BIRTHS, NUMBER AND RATE.

Year.Total Number of Births registered.Birth-rate.
Per 1,000 of Population.Compared with Hate in 1882–86. taken as 100

* Average of 5 years.

1882–8619,410*35.40100
188719,13532.0991
188818,90231.2288
188918,45730.0785
189018,27829.4483
189118,27329.0182
189217,87627.8379
189318,18727.5078
189418,52827.2877
189518,54626.7876
189618,61226.3374
189718,73725.9673
189818,95525.7473
189918,83525.1271
190019,54625.6072
190120,49126.3474
190220,65525.8973
190321,82926.6175
190422,76626.9476
190523,68227.2277
190624,25227.0876
190725,09427.3077
190825,94027.4577
190926,52427.2977
191025,98426.1774
191126,35425.9773
191227,50826.4875
191327,93526.1474

A declining birth-rate is noticeable in many civilized countries, and attention has been drawn by statisticians and political economists to the serious consequences that may result.

The decline of the birth-rate in New Zealand has been partially compensated for by a decrease in the death-rate. Nevertheless, the rate of natural increase of population has fallen from 31.19 per 1,000 of mean population in 1870 to 16.67 per 1,000 in 1913. The following table will no doubt be of interest as showing the fall in all three rates:—

Period.Annual Hates per 1,000 living.
Births.Deaths.Natural Increase.
1871–187539.8812.6727.21
1876–188041.2111.8029.41
1881–188536.3610.9525.41
1886–180031.159.8521.30
1891–189527.6810.1517.53
1896–190025.759.5516.20
1901–190526.609.9116.69
1906–191027.069.7517.31
191125.979.3916.58
191226.488.8717.61
191326.149.4716.67

The diagram which follows shows the rates of births and deaths and of natural increase per 1,000 of mean population each year from 1855 to 1913. The marriage-rate is also shown.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents a year's interval, and the vertical height one per thousand of the mean population.

In spite of the fact that the birth-rate in New Zealand is low compared with other countries, yet so low is the Dominion's death-rate that New Zealand has actually the highest rate of natural increase among the principal countries of the world, the Australian Commonwealth, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany coming next in order. The rates for the various countries are as set out in the following table, the figures being for the last quinquennium ascertainable:—

Country.Rate of Natural Increase.
New Zealand (1909–13)17.08
Commonwealth of Australia (1909–13)16.82
Netherlands (1907–11)14.76
Denmark (1907–11)14.18
German Empire (1907–11)13.42
Norway (1907–11)12.40
Hungary (1907–11)11.24
England and Wales (1907–11)11.18
Scotland (1907–11)11.08
Italy (1907–11)11.20
Japan (1905–9)11.04
Sweden (1907–11)10.86
Austria (1907–11)10.78
Switzerland (1906–10)10.00
Spain (1907–11)9.34
Belgium (1906–10)8.72
Ireland (1907–11)6.12
France (1907–11)0.40

That fertility among women in New Zealand has decreased, from whatever causes, further facts will tend to show. Taking the number of married women in New Zealand at what may be considered the child-bearing ages (i.e., from 15 fro 45 years, inclusive) as shown by each census since 1878, and for the same years the number of legitimate births (excluding plural) registered, the birth-rate per 1,000 married women of the above-stated ages is easily found, and is shown to be steadily declining. In 1878 the rate was 337 per 1,000, in 1896 it had fallen to 252, in 1901 to 244, in 1906 to 228, and in 1911 to 209, or, in other words, in 1878 one in every three of the married women between the ages specified gave birth to a child, while in 1911 the rate was only one in nearly five. The figures for each census year are given below.

BIRTH-RATES (LEGITIMATE) PER 1,000 MARRIED WOMEN AT CHILD-BEARING AGES FOR EACH CENSUS YEAR, 1878 TO 1911.
Year (Census).Number of Married Women between 15 and 15 Years of Ape.Proportion per Cent. of Married Women in the Female Population aged 15 to 45 Years.Number of Legitimate Births (Confinements).Birth-rate per 1,000 Married Women of from 15 to 45 Years of Age.
187850,99563.5017,196337.2
188157,45859.7618,003313.3
188662,70453.1918,532295.5
189163,16548.1217,455276.3
189669,80744.1217,596252.1
190179,40643.3019,355243.8
190698,21146.1522,352227.6
1911119,35549.5924,972209.2

Another table is given, showing for a period of thirty years the numbers of married women at quinquennial groups of age belonging to the full term 15 to 45 years, with the proportions that those numbers bear to every 100 married women living at 15–45. These proportions are found to have diminished appreciably at the earlier ages, 15–20 and 20–25; but the effect of this lesser number of wives at the earlier ages in reducing the birth-rate would not be serious. It is, however, undoubtedly a fact that to have a growing proportion of wives at the earlier productive ages is the best position, but it is not the one which obtains at present in New Zealand.

MARRIED WOMEN UNDER 45 YEARS OF AGE, GIVEN ACCORDING TO AGE-GROUPS, AS AT THE CENSUSES OF 1881, 1891, 1901, AND 1911; WITH THE PROPORTION IN EACH GROUP FOR EVERY 100 OF THE WHOLE.
Age-groups.Married Women under 45, excluding Chinese.
Numbers at Census.Proportions per Cent.
1881.1891.1901.1911.1881.1891.1901.1911.
15–201,2337507779682.141.190.980.81
20–258,9968,86210,05312,82915.6614.0312.6610.75
25–3013,13314,54017,92327,76222.8623.0222.5723.26
30–3512,65614,57619,61730,99222.0323.0824.7025.96
35–4011,81112,95916,85425,46620.5520.5121.2321.34
40–459,62911,47814,18221,33816.7618.1717.8617.88
          Totals57,45863,16579,406119,355100.00100.00100.00100.00

In April, 1906, New Zealand had 102,745 children living under the age of five years, an increase of 15,939, or 18.36 per cent., on the figures for 1901; and in April, 1911, the number was 117,909, an increase of 15,164, or 14.76 per cent., on 1906; although the population at all ages increased in the quinquennium by only 13.49 per cent. Between 1891 and 1896 the increase was only 455, or 0.55 per cent., while between 1886 and 1891 the children living under five years actually decreased in number by 3,624, the increase of population of all ages (8.33 per cent.) being less than between 1891 and 1896 (12.24 per cent.), 1896 and 1901 (9.86 per cent.), or 1901 and 1906 (14.99 per cent.). The number of children under one year to the total population at all ages, and the proportion per 1,000, according to the results of six censuses, were,—

     Total Population (all Ages).Children under One Year.Children under One Year per 1,000 of Population.
Census 1886578,48218,35531.73
1891626,65816,44326.24
1896703,36017,07024.27
1901772,71918,38123.79
1906888,57822,28925.08
19111,008,46824,34024.14

Thus, in 1886, with a population of 578,482 persons, there were 8,355 children under one year, against 24,340 children of that age 1911, with a population of 1,008,468 persons.

The births registered in 1885 were 19,693, against 25,984 in 1910. The birth-rate fell from 34.35 per 1,000 of the population in 1885 to 26.17 in 1910.

Deducting 1,760, the number of deaths of children under one year registered in 1910, from 25,984, the number of births for that year, leaves 24,224, or within 116 of the living children under one year at the time of the last census.

BIRTHS AND BIRTH-RATES IN THE FOUR CHIEF CENTRES.

A little explanation is necessary in regard to the birth-rates of the four chief centres for 1913 as compared with previous years.

Up to and including 1912, all births occurring in the four centres were treated as belonging to the centres. Owing chiefly to the fact that many women living in country districts go to the cities to enter public or private maternity homes, it was found that the birth-rates for the centres were usually well above the rate for the whole Dominion. For 1913 information as to domicile of parents was obtained, and the births allocated accordingly, the result being that many births which in former years would have been included in the municipalized area were excluded, the rates being reduced accordingly No proper comparison is therefore possible as between 1913 and previous years, the apparent decrease in 1913 being due not to any actual falling-off in numbers but to the alteration in system explained above.

The total number of births registered as belonging to the four chief cities and their suburban boroughs in 1913 was 7,341, as against a total of 8,084 occurring in the municipalized areas for the previous year. The birth-rates last year were,—

     Birth-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population. 
Auckland City23.23 
     and seven suburban boroughs25.93 
Wellington City24.88 
     and four suburban boroughs..24.67 
Christchurch City23.56 
     and five suburban boroughs..24.31 
Dunedin City21.61 
     and five suburban boroughs..22.53 

By the inclusion of the suburbs the rate is lowered in the case of Wellington, but raised for the other three centres. Excluding the suburbs, it will be observed that Wellington has the highest rate, Christchurch next highest, Auckland and Dunedin following. The birth-rate for the Dominion last year was 26.14 per thousand, so that each of the four centres is below the average.

The rates for five years, 1909 to 1913, are given below. As stated above, however, no proper comparison can be made between 1913 and previous years.

 Births per 1,000 of Population
1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Auckland (including suburbs)27.4626.0127.2529.6625.93
Wellington26.4224.1926.0827.4924.67
Christchurch27.6525.8326.8428.2924.31
Dunedin26.2625.2926.5227.1322.53

BIRTH-RATES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

The birth-rate of New Zealand in 1909 was higher than the average of the Common wealth, 26.69 per 1,000 of population; but in 1913, while the Commonwealth rate increased to 28.25 per 1,000 of population, the rate in New Zealand decreased to 26.14.

The movement over tea years is calculated as follows:—

BIRTH-RATE PER 1,000 OF POPULATION.
State.1904.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Queensland26.9925.7626.1526.7926.7927.2927.3327.6529.6730.24
New South Wales26.8526.8527.2127.3426.9927.4027.8328.7529.8628.86
Victoria24.7424.9625.4125.5925.0725.0124.5124.8426.3925.82
South Australia25.4924.5424.5725.0525.8125.9126.5026.8928.6529.08
Western Australia30.6730.7430.6630.1830.0828.8727.9928.2128.8329.36
Tasmania28.9228.5028.9428.6329.9528.9129.2528.5730.5330.03
New Zealand 26.9427.2227.0827.3027.4527.2926.1725.9726.4826.14

The information contained in the following table is extracted from the Seventy-third Annual Report of the Registrar-General for England.

LEGITIMATE-BIRTH RATES.
CountryProportion of Legitimate Births per 1,000 Wives aged 15–45 Years.Increase (+) or Decrease (–) per Cent. in Fertility during 20 Years.
Approximate Periods.
1880–2.1890–2.1900–2.
Australasia
     New Zealand822.1277.5243.2–24.5
     Queensland329.0320.6252.8−23.2
     New South Wales337.8298.5234.3−30.6
     Victoria299.2297.8226.8−24.2
     South Australia326.5307.5235.0−28.0
     Western Australia323.9338.8246.4−23.9
     Tasmania..311.0256.4 
European Countries
     England and Wales286.0263.8235.5−17.7
     Scotland311.5296.4271.8−12.7
     Ireland282.9287.6289.4+2.3
     The Netherlands347.5338.8314.6−9.5
     Norway314.5306.8302.8−3.7
     German Empire310.2300.9284.2−8.4
     Prussia312.6307.6290.4−7.1
     Austria281.4292.4283.7+0.8
     Italy276.2..269.4−2.5
     Sweden293.0280.0269.0−8.2
     Switzerland284.1274.0265.9−6.4
     Denmark287.1278.1259.1−9.8
     Spain257.7263.9258.7+0.4
     Belgium312.7285.1250.7−19.8
     France196.2173.5157.5−19.7

A further table shows the declining birth-rate and the marriage-rate in the United Kingdom.

BIRTH AND MARRIAGE RATES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1906, AND 1911.
Year.Mean Population.Births.Marriages.
Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.
188636,313,5821,145,57731.5241,1806.6
189137,802,4401,148,25930.4275,9707.3
189639,599,0721,152,14429.0296,0897.5
190141,550,7731,162,97528.0313,3517.5
190643,353,0001,170,62227.0325,8427.5
191145,216,6651,104,98624.4329,9867.3

The birth-rates for ten years in Great Britain and Ireland, and certain countries of the European Continent are also given. The decline is steady and continuous, except in the case of Roumania, where the rate is very high, and Ireland, where the rate is low.

BIRTH-RATES IN EUROPEAN COUNTIRES, 1902 TO 1911.
Country.Number of Births per 1,000 of Mean Population.
1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Roumania39.040.040.138.639.941.740.841.739.843.0
Hungary38.836.737.035.736.036.036.337.035.634.8
Spain35.536.334.335.234.033.634.033.533.131.8
Italy33.431.732.832.531.931.533.432.432.931.5
Austria37.235.335.733.835.034.033.633.532.631.4
German Empire35.133.934.133.033.132.232.031.029.828.6
Netherlands31.831.631.430.830.430.029.729.128.627.8
Denmark29.028.728.528.428.528.228.628.227.526.7
Norway29.128.728.127.026.726.326.226.126.125.9
Scotland29.329.429.128.628.627.728.127.326.225.6
England and Wales28.528.528.027.327.226.526.725.825.124.4
Switzerland28.527.427.326.926.926.226.425.525.0..
Sweden26.525.725.825.725.725.525.725.624.723.8
Belgium28.427.527.126.225.725.324.923.723.7 
Ireland23.023.123.623.423.623.223.323.523.323.2
France21.621.120.920.620.519.720.119.519.618.7

SEXES OF CHILDREN BORN.

The figures show that during each year there has been a preponderance of births of male children. It would appear, however, that this excess of male births is not sufficient to compensate for the heavier mortality which occurs among that sex. Of the total population of New Zealand in 1871 there were 70.52 females to every 100 males, but at the census of 1911 the proportion of females to 100 males had risen to 89.59.

Year.Number of Births ofProportion of Births of Males to every 100 Females.
Males.Females.
18949,4729,056104.6
18959,4939,053104.9
18969,5119,101104.5
18979,6009,137105.1
18989,6159,340102.9
18999,7249,111106.7
190010,1079,439107.1
190110,47110,020104.5
190210,65310,002106.5
190311,21710,612105.7
190411,76211,004106.9
190512,10911,573104.6
190612,39711,855104.6
190712,83512,259104.7
190813,36912,571106.3
190913,50213,022103.7
191013,44212,542107.2
191113,53212,822105.5
191213,99613,512103.6
191314,43313,502106.9

PLURAL BIRTHS.

There were 314 cases of twin births (628 children) and 1 case of triplets registered in 1913. The number of children born was 27,935; the number of mothers was 27,619: thus, on an average, one mother in every 87 gave birth to twins, against 82 in 1912, 86 in 1911, 89 in 1910, and 99 in 1909.

The proportion of plural births per 1,000 of all births during the past five years was,—

Year.All Births.Cases of Twins.Cases of Triplets.Plural Births per 1,000 of all Births.
190926,524265110.03
191025,984288211.16
191126,354300211.46
191227,508329312.07
191327,935314111.28

Of the twin births registered in 1913, it is found that in 108 cases both children were males, and in 86 cases both females, while in the remaining 120 cases the children were of opposite sex. As regards the triplets all three children were females.

AGES OF PARENTS, DURATION OF MARRIAGE, AND PREVIOUS ISSUE.

Information as to the relative ages of parents of legitimate children whose births were registered in 1913 is shown in the following table:—

RELATIVE AGES OF PARENTS.
Age of Mother, in Years.Age of Father, in Years.
Under 21.21 and under 25.25 and under 30.30 and under 35.35 and under 40.40 and under 45.45 and under 50.50 and under 55.55 and under 65.65 and over.Totals.
(a.) Single Births.
15 and under 16..1..1............2
16 and under 17182..............11
17 and under 1811331875..........74
18 and under 192182612262........194
19 and under 201916912343641......365
20 and under 211620222975121211....548
21 and under 25289302,2191,14227679871..4,690
25 and under 3062932,9053,1911,24734811532538,145
30 and under 351376292,7472,084899239673446,741
35 and under 40..2754711,5381,15850112269103,946
40 and under 45....7371595263781415041,302
45 and under 46......1413261514174
46 and under 47......1121444127
47 and under 48........21632115
48 and under 49..............13..4
49 and under 50..............1....1
          Totals1031,7576,2687,7385,3403,0441,2893941822426,139
(b.) Plural Births.
19 and under 20..1................1
20 and under 21..21..............3
21 and under 2518131341........40
25 and under 30..434311933......94
30 and under 35....1333271641....94
35 and under 40....462581221..58
40 and under 45........185..2..16
45 and under 46............1......1
          Totals115658376362533..307
          Grand Totals1041,7726,3337,8215,4163,0801,3143971852426,446

In 1911 the guide form for registration of births was altered to provide for information being given as to previous issue of the existing marriage, and in last year's edition of the Year-book tables were published showing in respect of legitimate births registered at the four chief centres information as to number of previous issue in conjunction with age of mother and duration of marriage. The giving of the additional information referred to was not obligatory until the 1st March, 1913, on which date the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act came into force. This fact should be borne in mind in connection with the two following tables, which relate to the whole Dominion for the year 1913. The 11,720 cases where the previous issue is shown as “Nil” include all cases where no information on this point was given, as well as those where it was definitely stated that there was no previous issue. As only a very few Registrars outside of the four chief centres entered the information in the registers prior to the date the Act came into force, it is evident that in a good proportion of the 11,720 cases there was previous issue. For 1914 and future years the numbers in this column will no doubt be considerably reduced.

LEGITIMATE BIRTHS REGISTERED, 1913.(a) Age of Mother and Number of Previous Issue.
Age of Mother.Number of Previous Issue.Totals.
0*123456 and under 1010 and under 1515 and over.

* Includes cases where no information given.

15 and under 162................2
16 and under 1711................11
17 and under 18704..............74
18 and under 1917618..............194
19 and under 20318417............366
20 and under 21430105142..........551
21 and under 253,0541,0154861283683....4,730
25 and under 303,8121,8351,23676937814564....8,239
30 and under 352,2771,1521,04691362138043016..6,835
35 and under 401,2053604934624443666026934,004
40 and under 453266510412411912434011151,318
45 and under 4620223642512175
46 and under 4713..213..52127
47 and under 4832....1243..15
48 and under 492..........11..4
49 and under 501................1
          Totals11,7204,5993,39012,4021,6081,0291,4742141026,446
(b) Duration of Marriage and Number of Previous Issue.
Duration of Marriage, in Years.Number of Previous Issue.Totals.
0*123456 and under 1010 and under 1515 and over.

* Including cases where no information given.

Under 14,20211..............4,213
1 and under 22,2716287............2,906
2 and under 31,1481,4401832..........2,773
3 and under 46739175203721......2,150
4 and under 5590565683192143......2,047
5 and under 644836458236780113....1,855
6 and under 7363220403400147193....1,555
7 and under 83141402883702185416....1,400
8 and under 92779620526819310030....1,169
9 and under 1021855144211206140621..1,037
10 and under 1577414231445459549664721..3,443
15 and under 203331958901321675457611,421
20 and under 258922112035153995416
25 and over20..1..131517461
          Totals11,7204,5993,3902,4021,6081,0291,4742141026,446

In these two tables plural births are included, twins counting as only one birth. Another table is appended, giving in more detail the duration of the marriage in cases where less than one year had elapsed before the birth of the first child. Illegitimate births are also shown.

FIRST ISSUE AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS.
Age of Mother, in Years.Illegitimate Births.Duration of Marriage, in Months.Total Legitimate First Births within One Year after Marriage.
Under 3.3 and under 6.6 and under 7.7 and under 8.8 and under 9.9 and under 10.10 and under 11.11 and under 12.
Under 213961282861196224724838777
21 and under 253401363561631191452872441721,622
25 and under 302236614888971143232481641,248
30 and under 3513021402023331129772418
35 and under 40651013757332913117
40 and under 4518231..443320
45 and over1..................
     Totals1,1733638463983063278316694624,202

OCCUPATIONS OF FATHERS.

A table is added showing occupations of fathers in cases of legitimate births registered during 1913. In conjunction with the information as to occupations, numbers of previous issue have been extracted, and are shown in certain groups of numbers. A table giving full details is published in the Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand.

BIRTHS, 1913.—OCCUPATIONS OF FATHERS, WITH NUMBER OF PREVIOUS ISSUE.
Occupations of Fathers.Previous Issue.
0 or not stated.1 and under 5.5 and under 10.10 and under 16.15 and under 20.Totals.
Class I.—Professional.
General Government384852..93
Local Government17232....42
Defence31361....68
Law and order120109171..247
Religion53544....111
Health12110513....239
Literature24252....51
Science49......13
Civil, mechanical engineering, architecture, and surveying675751..130
Education89100161..206
Fine arts17221....40
Music19171....37
Amusements405062..98
     Total Professional640655737..1,375
Class II.—Domestic.
Hotelkeepers and assistants615516....132
Others engaged in providing board and lodging163261..55
Cooks32284....64
Coachmen and grooms1292....23
Hairdressers and barbers64618....133
Others engaged in domestic service271910....56
     Total Domestic212204461..463
Class III.—Commercial.
Banking and finance6249......111
Insurance and valuation5650112..119
Land and household property11368....55
Trade—
     Books, stationery, advertisements, &c.29347....70
     Musical instruments33......6
     Prints, pictures, and art materials34......7
     Ornaments, minor art products..21....3
     Machinery, tools, and implements342....9
     Carriages and vehicles8162....26
     Harness, saddlery, and leatherware1..1   
     Ships, boats, and marine stores12......3
     Building materials and house-fittings..2......2
     Furniture35......8
     Textile fabrics134152131..300
     Dress20284....52
     Animal food230255514..540
     Vegetable food486831..120
     Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants10711714....238
     Living animals39407....86
     Leather, raw materials, &c...4......4
     Wool, and other animal matter672....15
     Seeds, plants, flowers, &c.8112....21
     Timber8134....25
     Wood, coal, &c.143151..51
     Stone, clay, earthenware, &c.3..2....5
     Metals, other than gold or silver29472....78
     Merchants, shopkeepers, &c.145146242..317
     Dealers, hawkers61910....35
     Agents, brokers, &c.3235101..78
     Officers of public companies12304....46
     Accountants, clerks, &c.328303361..668
     Commercial travellers, salesmen151184241..360
     Storemen (so described), and others engaged in storage114140173..274
     Other mercantile persona8174....29
          Total, Commercial1,6221,85426917..3,762
Class IV.—Transport and Communication.
Railway traffic386366668..826
Tramways42784....124
Road44355497711,102
Sea and river traffic1592054631414
Postal service56478....111
Telegraph and telephone service85867....178
Delivery of parcels, &c., by hand(321....9
Total, Transport and Communication1,1771,3382291822,764
Class V.—Industrial.
Books and publications77104171..199
Musical instruments771....15
Prints, pictures, and art materials892....19
Ornaments and minor art products7112....20
Equipment for sports and games..1......1
Designs, medals, type, and dies96......15
Watches, clocks, and scientific instruments22162....40
Arms, ammunition, and explosives211....4
Engines, machines, tools, &c.7574101..160
Carriages and vehicles889012....190
Harness, saddlery, leatherware473691..93
Ships, boats, and equipments131431132
Furniture7599111..186
Building-material (wood)209171508..438
Chemicals and by-products32......5
Textile fabrics20125....37
Dress176244506..476
Fibrous material201651..42
Animal food9712117....235
Vegetable food142150335..330
Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants324051..78
Soap and candles, currier, &c.194371..70
Working in wood, n.o.e.531....9
Paper-manufacture11......2
Marble, clay, cement, glass, &c.30367....73
Precious metals19234....46
Metals, other than gold or silver245245522..544
Fuel, light, &c.667281..147
Building and construction—
     Builders and contractors131160281..320
     Stonemasons8143....25
     Bricklayers2982121..124
     Carpenters362404625..833
     Slaters, tilers57....12 
     Plasterers28423....73
     Painters and glaziers152199395..395
     Signwriters561....12
     Plumbers111120151..247
     Roads, railways, and earthworks8791311..210
Disposal of dead15......6
Disposal of refuse22......4
Other industrial workers—
     Mechanics, manufacturers43236....72
     Factory-worker manager, &c.4341111..96
     Engineers, engine-drivers338335805..758
     Machinists33442....79
     Contractors, managers, &c.125125313..284
     Labourers, undefined1,5131,5394094813,510
          Total, Industrial4,5304,8861,047101210,566
Class VI.—Agriculture, Pastoral, and Mining Pursuits, &c.
Bees and wild animals1261....19
Fisheries352491..69
Forestry8256142..154
Conservation of water382....13
Kauri-gum diggers4..1....5
Fruit-growers253152..63
Gardeners17097105..288
Other agricultural pursuits431....8
Sheep-farmers96167222..287
Dairy-farmers25207....52
Other pastoral pursuits8193171..192
Farming undefined2,6662,2300345765,599
Coal-mining11913445....298
Gold-mining14112046....313
Mining and quarrying, undefined (including others engaged in mining)585015....123
          Total, Agricultural, &c.3,5213,0518357067,483
Class VII.—Indefinite.
Independent means1882....28
Retired..32....15
          Total, Indefinite18114....33
          Total, all classes11,72011,9992,5032141026,446

ILLEGITIMACY.

The births of 1,181 children were illegitimate: thus 42 in every 1,000 children registered were born out of wedlock, against 43 in 1912 and 41 in 1911.

The ages of the mothers of the illegitimate children registered during the year are as shown below. It will be seen that of the 1,173 mothers, 396 or 33.76 per cent. were under 21 years of age.

ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN, 1913—AGES OF MOTHERS.
AgeSingle Cases.Plural Cases.
Years. 
144..
1514..
1632..
1754..
1887..
19114..
2091..
21100..
22981
23811
2459..
25591
26411
27451
2845..
29291
3028..
3121..
3231..
33282
3420..
3520..
3614..
3710..
3816..
395..
405..
414..
424..
431..
444..
45....
46....
471..
Totals1,1658

The proportion of illegitimate births per 1,000 unmarried women—i.e., spinsters and widows—at the reproductive ages, covering a period of twenty years, is shown:—

Year.Unmarried Women aged 15–45 Years.Illegitimate Births.Illegitimate-birth Rate per 1,000 Unmarried Women.
189168,9906389.25
189689,7228349.30
1901105,4209378.89
1906116,5061,1329.72
1911116,7261,0789.24

The rates of illegitimacy in Australasia are quoted. For 1911 and 1912 the rate was lower in New Zealand than in any of the Australian States.

PROPORTION OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN EVERY 100 BIRTHS.
Year.Queensland.New South Wales.Victoria.South Australia.Western Australia.Tasmania.New Zealand.
19036.796.715.734.184.705.614.55
19046.907.125.744.004.365.824.52
19056.977.375.614.364.195.524.57
19067.687.045.583.994.785.784.67
19077.686.925.624.103.865.784.61
19087.546.805.774.444.355.244.26
19097.056.445.944.183.955.454.61
19106.396.285.604.324.135.334.47
19116.226.145.964.214.475.334.09
19126.145.645.724.714.394.784.28

These figures show the proportion of illegitimate births to every 100 births for New Zealand to be fairly steady during the period, the rate for 1911 and 1912, however, being somewhat below the average.

The figures in the next table give, for a number of countries, the proportion of illegitimate births per 1,000 unmarried and widowed women aged 15–45 years.

Country.Approximate Periods.Increase (+) or Decrease (–) per Cent. in Illegitimacy during 20 Years.
1880–82.1890–92.1900–2.
New Zealand 13.49.08.9–33.6
Australian Commonwealth14.515.913.2−9.0
England and Wales14.110.58.5−39.7
Scotland21.417.113.4−37.4
Ireland4.43.93.8−13.6
The Netherlands9.79.06.8−29.9
Norway19.716.917.2−12.7
German Empire29.628.727.4−7.4
Prussia25.825.123.7−8.1
Austria43.442.740.1−7.6
Italy25.4..19.4−23.6
Sweden22.622.924.3+7.5
Switzerland10.810.09.8−9.3
Denmark26.924.524.2−10.0
Spain16.017.515.5−3.1
Belgium20.020.617.8−11.0
France17.617.719.1+8.5

The Legitimation Act.

An important Act was passed in 1894 and re-enacted in 1908, entitled the Legitimation Act, which makes provision for the legitimation of children born before marriage on the subsequent intermarriage of their parents. Under this Act any child born out of wedlock, whose parents afterwards intermarry, is deemed to be legitimized by such marriage on the birth being registered in the manner prescribed by the Act. For legitimation purposes Registrars must register a birth when called upon to do so by any person claiming to be the father of an illegitimate child; but such person is required to make a solemn declaration that he is the father, and that at the time of the birth there existed no legal impediment to his marriage with the mother of the child. He has also to produce the evidence of his marriage. It will thus be seen that registration becomes the test of legitimacy. The following is the number of legitimations in each year, and the total to 1913, since the Act came into force:—

Year.Number of Children legitimized.
Previously registeredNot Previously registered.Total
18949211
1895551368
1896451156
1897341448
1898322759
1899281341
1900303262
1901281947
1902554196
1903412465
1904444387
1905483684
19067352125
19077539114
19088435119
19096762129
19107546121
19117646122
19128651137
19138972161
Totals1,0746781,752

The Act came into operation only during the latter end of 1894, which fact accounts for the small number of legitimations shown for that year.

STILL BIRTHS.

The registration of still births has been made compulsory in New Zealand as from the 1st March, 1913. During the ten months ended the 31st December, 1913, 467 still births were registered. These are not included either as births or as deaths in the various numbers and rates shown in this and the following subsection. A table is given showing ages of parents in the 467 cases referred to.

STILL-BIRTHS, 1913.—AGES OF PARENTS.
Age of Mother, in Years.Age of Father, in Years.Illegitimate Cases.Totals.
Under 21.21 and under 25.25 and under 30.30 and under 35.35 and under 40.40 and under 45.45 and under 50.50 and under 65.65 and over.
15 and under 16..................11
18 and under 19..................11
19 and under 20..12..1........15
20 and under 21..25............18
21 and under 2511418132........856
25 and under 30..7423723721..7126
30 and under 35....1545441822..1127
35 and under 40....311362984..192
40 and under 45....114221431..46
45 and under 46....1......12..4 
47 and under 48............1....1 
     Totals12487107110762713121467

MAORI BIRTHS.

The number of births of Maoris registered between 1st March and 31st December, 1913, under the provisions of section 20 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912, was 586. In addition, 17 Maori births were registered under the main Act, but are not included in the numbers of births shown elsewhere in this subsection.

VACCINATION.

The procedure under the law as to vaccination is as follows: The Registrar issues a notice when a birth is registered, with forms for certificate as to the result of vaccination attached. Vaccination is compulsory, if exemption is not secured in four months from date of birth. But everything is subject to the provisions of the “exemption clause,” which is the main feature, and governs the rest. Any parent or custodian who has conscientious objections—believing that vaccination would be injurious to the child's health—can apply for a certificate of exemption to a Magistrate or to a Registrar of Births; and, when the child's parent or guardian is resident outside of a borough, the application may be made to and certificate granted by a Justice of the Peace.

When no exemption certificate is obtained, the law allows the parent twelve months from date of birth in which to vaccinate, and a similar period from date of taking charge of child in case of a custodian. There are penalties for not vaccinating, but one conviction for neglecting to vaccinate a child removes liability until the child is four years of age.

In 1899 the proportion of successful vaccinations of children under one year of age to the total births was 17.94 per cent. In 1901 the proportion fell to 9.68 per cent., but rose in 1903 to 25.50 on account of a slight outbreak of smallpox. The rate per 100 births then fell year by year until in 1912 it reached only 1.26, the vaccinations of children under one year of age numbering 347, and the total vaccinations for the year being 545, exclusive of Maoris.

An outbreak of smallpox occurred in the latter half of 1913, principally among the Maoris of the Auckland District, this resulting in an unprecedented number of vaccinations. The total successful vaccinations for the year were approximately 139,250, of which 132,800 were in the North Island. These figures include adults and children, Europeans and Maoris, it being impossible to obtain complete figures as to race and age of those vaccinated.

Forty-six thousand five hundred and nineteen exemption certificates were issued from the 13th October, 1900, to the end of the year 1913. Of these only 3,502 belong to the year 1913, as against 7,270 in the preceding year.

SUBSECTION B.—DEATHS.

COMPULSORY registration of deaths was instituted in New Zealand in 1855. As in the case of births, a system of non-compulsory registration had obtained since 1848.

Until the year 1876 the only information provided for in the death-registration entry was as to date, place, and cause of death, and name, sex, age, and occupation of deceased. The Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1875, required information to be recorded as regards parentage, conjugal condition, and issue of deceased. Particulars re burial had also to be entered, as well as more detailed information regarding cause of death. Subsequent amendments to the Act have made it requisite to give additional information concerning issue, and, in the case of married males, age of widow.

Every death occurring in New Zealand should be registered within three days after the day of the death if in a city or borough, or seven days in any other case. There is a penalty up to £10 for neglect, the undertaker in charge of the funeral being by the Amendment Act of 1912 made solely responsible for registration. Prior to 1913 the undertaker was primarily looked to for registration, but in addition the occupier of the house, and every person present at death were also responsible parties.

The law does not impose any limit of time after which a death may not be registered as it does in the case of a birth. It is not necessary to register the death of any still-born child.

Any person burying, or permitting, or taking part in the burial of the body of any deceased person without a certificate of cause of death signed by a duly registered medical practitioner, a Coroner's order to bury the body, or a Registrar's certificate of registration of the death, renders himself liable to a fine of £10.

NUMBERS AND RATES.

In last year's issue of the Year-book attention was drawn to the fact that the death-rate for 1912 (8.87 per 1,000 of mean population) was the lowest recorded in New Zealand since the institution of compulsory registration. The figures for 1913 constitute a record of another kind, in that the number registered (10,119) is the highest in the history of registration in New Zealand. The rate for 1913 (9.47 per 1,000) is, however, lower than the average of the ten years immediately preceding (9.63).

The following table shows the number of deaths, and the death-rate per 1,000 of the living population; also a comparison with the average rate for 1882–86:—

Year.Total Number of Deaths.Death-rate.
Per 1,000 of Population.Compared with Rate in 1882–86, taken as 100

* Average for five years.

1882–865,944*10.84100
18876,13710.2995
18885,7089.4387
18895,7729.4487
18905,9949.6689
18916,51810.3595
18926,45910.0693
18936,76710.2394
18946,91810.1994
18956,8639.9191
18966,4329.1084
18976,5959.1484
18987,2449.8491
18997,68010.2494
19007,2009.4387
19017,6349.8190
19028,37510.5097
19038,52810.4096
19048,0879.5788
19058,0619.2786
19068,3399.3186
190710,06610.95101
19089,0439.5788
19098,9599.2285
19109,6399.7189
19119,5349.3987
19129,2148.8782
191310,1199.4787

The death-rates of males and females for the last ten years are shown separately in the next table, and also the number of male deaths to every 100 female deaths:—

Year.Deaths per 1,000 of the Total Population.Male Deaths to every 100 Female Deaths.
Males.Females.Total.
190410.648.379.57143
190510.188.249.27139
190610.408.089.31145
190711.819.9810.95133
190810.628.389.57143
190910.188.149.22141
191010.678.639.71139
191110.468.219.39142
19129.837.798.87140
191310.468.389.47138

Males of tender years are more delicate than females, and, later in life, males are the more liable to accident. These disadvantages are partly compensated for by the preponderance of male births, but were it not for the fact that excess of immigration over emigration gives the country many more males than females, the tendency would be for the female population to exceed the male. During the ten years 1904–13 the net gain to the Dominion by migration was in the proportion of 149 males to every 100 females.

For the purpose of considering the mortality in New Zealand more closely than can be done by means of crude death-rates, it is desirable to ascertain the rates at different age-periods of the population.

DEATH-RATES PER 1,000 LIVING AT VARIOUS AGE-PERIODS.
Ages, in Years.Average, 1904–8.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.Decrease, 1904.8 to 1913.

* Increase.

 Per Cent.
Under 520.9518.7719.4816.6714.3916.7420.10
5 and under 101.831.961.851.891.621.4819.1.3
10 and under 151.711.351.211.481.331.3819.30
15 and under 202.562.232.062.192.112.1814.84
20 and under 253.553.082.822.952.772.8320.28
25 and under 354.244.434.544.093.483.92755
35 and under 455.776.716.065.645.766.27+ 8.67*
45 and under 5510.049.739.549.829.1310.25+ 2.09*
55 and under 6520.1417.9719.5319.5418.9619.821.59
65 and under 7545.0142.6245.6047.7646.0944.391.38
75 and upwards122.00125.91162.03126.53130.02136.00+ 11.48*
All ages9.739.229.719.398.879.472.67

Besides advantages of climate New Zealand possesses a population younger in age constitution than that of most other countries, conditions favourable to a low rate of mortality. Another table is given comparing death-rates at eighteen age-periods for 1911 with those of England and Wales. Here the extremely low rate of mortality in New Zealand among children under five years of age is remarkable, and the difference at some of the groups at the more advanced ages is considerable. The New Zealand rate for males is higher than that for females at all groups excepting 15–20, 20–25, and 25–30, while for England and Wales the male rate is lower than that for females at 10–15 years, and is higher in every other instance.

DEATH-RATE PER 1,000 PERSONS LIVING, ACCORDING TO SEX, FOR THE YEAR 1911, COMPARED WITH ENGLAND AND WALES.
Ages, in Years.New Zealand.England and Wales.
Males.Females.Males.Females.
Under 518.3014.8947.3240.14
5 and under 102.041.733.463.37
10 and under 151.751.192.042.07
15 and under 202.052.323.042.72
20 and under 252.733.183.853.21
25 and under 303.294.404.463.73
30 and under 354.524.275.534.56
35 and under 405.624.637.115.90
40 and under 457.135.279.277.41
45 and under 508.907.2812.499.86
50 and under 5513.719.7617.4113.24
55 and under 6017.0114.9424.5619.09
60 and under 6526.3921.5136.0727.73
65 and under 7046.1931.9952.0939.47
70 and under 7562.8652.4980.9066.72
75 and under 8099.0190.58119.6499.53
80 and under 85162.40137.50171.99151.58
85 and upwards282.01226.19270.69232.68
All ages10.468.2115.5813.67

AGES AT DEATH.

The deaths occurring during 1913 are tabulated below in single ages up to five years, and thereafter in groups, showing males and females separately:—

Ages.Males.Females.Total.
Months.
Under 1487343830
1–3153130283
3–615187238
6–12151151302
Years.
1–2116107223
2–35747104
3–4412465
4–5282654
5–109888186
10–156470134
15–2010699205
20 25136152288
25–30189173362
30–35246201447
35–40264189453
40–45218202420
45–50246188434
50–55271181452
55–60314201515
60–65364214578
65–70430295725
70–75534354888
75–80599305904
80–85386266652
85–90153114267
90–95573188
95–10051318
1001..1
101112
1021..1
     Totals5,8674,25210,119

The average age at death of persons of either sex, in each of the ten years 1904–13, was as follows:—

     Males.Females.
190441.47 years.38.44 years.
190543.03 years.39.13 years.
190644.39 years.39.35 years.
190740.43 years.36.66 years.
190842.50 years.39.14 years.
190942.76 years.38.78 years.
191044.47 years.42.25 years.
191146.17 years.42.37 years.
191247.19 years.44.91 years.
191346.26 years.43.04 years.

The latest information as to the average expectation of life in New Zealand is given for each age in a table on page 160 of the Yearbook for 1912. The preparation of tables from the results of the recent census is now being undertaken, and these will be issued shortly.

DEATH-RATES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

A table is given showing the death-rates of the Australian States and the Commonwealth in each of the past ten years. The New Zealand rates are also given.

DEATH-RATES OF AUSTRALASIA PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION, 1904–13.
Country.1904.1905.1900.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Queensland10.06|10.409.5010.3110.269.709.7110.6510.9610.39
New South Wales10.6710.189.9510.6310.209.899.8910.3710.8610.89
Victoria11.9712.1712.5511.8612.7111.4511.4911.4512.2311.11
South Australia (Proper)10.4210.4510.6610.1610.149.7410.099.8210.2810.82
Western Australia12.0410.9812.1211.4711.1710.2710.1110.1911.069.34
Tasmania10.7910.0010.9110.8111.369.6811.1010.1310.7310.87
Commonwealth11.0510.8810.9210.9911.0710.3310.4310.6611.2510.78
New Zealand 9.579.279.3110.959.579.229.719.398.879.47

New Zealand is conspicuous as showing the lowest death-rate of the Australasian States, the rates for which are considerably lower than those of other countries. The death-rates of certain of the principal European and other countries are shown:—

DEATH-RATES PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION.
Country.Average of Five Years, 1906–10.Year 1911.

* Registration Area.

† 1910 figures.

Ontario14.212.6
Norway13.813.2
Denmark13.713.6
Sweden14.313.8
United States*15.214.2
Netherlands14.314.5
England and Wales14.714.6
Scotland16.215.1
Switzerland16.015.1
Belgium15.915.2
Ireland17.216.5
Finland17.416.5
German Empire17.517.3
France19.219.6
Italy21.221.4
Servia24.421.8
Austria22.421.9
Jamaica24.322.1
Spain24.323.2
Hungary25.025.1
Roumania26.325.7
Chile33.231.1
Ceylon30.834.8

INDEX OF MORTALITY.

Perfect accuracy in comparing one country with another can be attained only by the use of what is termed an “index of mortality.” The proportions of the living vary in regard to the different age-groups, and the ordinary death-rate—which is calculated on the population as a whole—does not afford a true means of judging of the relative healthiness of the places compared. But by taking a population like that of Sweden, and applying the percentage at each age-group to the death-rates, a standard of health or index of mortality can be arrived at. This has been done for New Zealand, in accordance with a resolution of the Statistical Conference held at Hobart in 1902, and the result is expressed in tabular form.

INDEX OF MORTALITY IN NEW ZEALAND FOR 1913.
Ages, in Years.Estimated Mean Population.Number of Deaths.Death-rate per 1,000.Percentage of Population of Sweden, 1890 (Standard).Index of Mortality in New Zealand per 1,000.
Under 125,8271,65364.002.551.63
1 and under 20402,6349712.4139.800.96
20 and under 40385,2341,5504.0226.961.08
40 and under 60179,8851,82110.1219.231.95
60 and upwards75,0644,12454.9411.466.30
          Totals1,068,64410,1199.47100.0011.92

A similar calculation for the States of the Australian Commonwealth has been made for 1912. The results, when compared with the actual rates, exhibit to what degree the age-constitution of the population affects the death-rate. New Zealand figures are also given.

INDEX OF MORTALITY, 1912.
Queensland.New South Wales.VictoriaSouth Australia.Western Australia.Tasmania.Commonwealth.New Zealand.
Index13.9113.6314.9412.7614.5513.6914.0811.27
Actual10.9610.8612.2310.2811.0610.7311.238.87

An index of mortality worked by the same method has been obtained for England and Wales for the year 1911. The index is found to be 17.12 as against an actual rate of 14.59.

BIRTHPLACES OF DECEASED PERSONS.

TABLE SHOWING THE BIRTHPLACES AND AGES OF THE PERSONS WHOSE DEATHS WERE REGISTERED DURING THE YEAR 1913.
Birthplace.Ages, in Years.
Under 1010 and under 2030 and under 8030 and under 4040 and under 5050 and under 6060 and under 7070 and wards.Totals.
British.
Australasia—
     New Zealand2,260305499575418179152784,466
     Queensland22834......19
     New South Wales4691010671466
     Victoria2110192842167125
     South Australia......3345116
     Western Australia1......1......2
     Tasmania1167214161966
     Australia (State not named)..114345..18
United Kingdom—
     England and Wales515481301783434921,1632,374
     Scotland322351611212256651,151
     Ireland....1635691522235621,057
Other British possessions—
     India....1..124614
     North America........1351625
     South Africa2111241315
     Others1..12253923
Foreign.
Austria....31113413
Denmark....22..971737
Finland....2......1..3
France........2..51118
Germany........76275393
Italy........124613
Norway....21239926
Poland............134
Russia....1....1..24
Sweden....2....471430
Switzerland..1....11..14
United States of America..3155651136
China......12313827
Others......4..23716
At sea......5261519
Unspecified411438484463127339
          Totals2,2853396509008549671,3032,82110,119

OCCUPATIONS OF DECEASED MALES, 1913.

The occupations of males who died during 1913, arranged according to the census classification, are shown in the following table:—

Occupations.Number of Deaths of Males.Ages, in Years.
Under 15.15 and under 20.20 and under 25.25 and under 40.45 and under 65.65 and upwards.
CLASS I.—PROFESSIONAL.
General Government11......452
Local Government11......164
Defence5........23
LAW and order36....29916
Religion18....1179
Health24....34116
Literature18......468
Science2......11 
Civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, and surveying26......4616
Education37....191116
Fine arts9......315
Music2......11 
Amusements8......341
          Total Professional207....7447086
CLASS II.—DOMESTIC.
Hotelkeepers and assistants43......81817
Others engaged in providing board and lodging12..12..63
House servants40....1141213
Coachmen and grooms11..1..631
Laundrymen4........4 
Others engaged in domestic service26..2..5910
          Total Domestic136..43335244
CLASS III.—COMMERCIAL.
Banking and finance9........18
Insurance and valuation19..12367
Land and household property10......325
Trade—
     Books, publications, and advertising11......236
     Machinery, tools, and implements1........1 
     Ships, boats, and marine stores1..........1
     Textile fabrics39..3215811
     Dress3........3 
     Animal food51....1131918
     Vegetable food11......155
     Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants19..1..477
     Living animals16..1..933
     Wool and other animal matter4......112
     Seeds, Plants, &c.2......1..1
     Timber9..1....44
     Wood, coal, &c.1......1  
     Metals other than gold and silver8....1331
     Merchants, shopkeepers, &c.87..11242635
     Dealers and hawkers19..12349
     Agents, brokers, &c.12......156
     Accountants, clerks, &c.128..511313645
     Commercial travellers, salesmen38......17165
     Other mercantile persons5......221
          Total Commercial503..1420134155180
CLASS IV.—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.
Railway traffic47..32151710
Tramways14..14621
Road83..42243023
Sea and river traffic138113394252
Postal service11......92 
Telegraph and telephone service7..1..42 
Delivery of parcels, &c., by hand6........42
     Total Transport and Communication30611011979988
CLASS V.—INDUSTRIAL.
Books and publications27..11..1312
Musical instruments3....12  
Prints, pictures, and art materials2......2  
Ornaments, minor art products, &c.4......121
Equipment for sports and games1..........1
Watches, clocks, and scientific instruments4........13
Arms, ammunition, and explosives1..........1
Engines, machines, tools, &c.16......457
Carriages and vehicles18..11817
Harness, saddlery, and leatherware19....1486
Ships, boats, and equipments27......2223
Furniture28..4..4613
Building-material (wood)29..137711
Chemicals1......1  
Textile fabrics5......113
Dress76..12122338
Fibrous materials7......133
Animal food8......431
Vegetable food31..1..91011
Groceries, drinks, narcotics, and stimulants11......425
Wool-scouring, soap, end candles, &c.3......2..1
Wood-work2..........2
Paper-manufacture2..........2
Marble, clay, cement, glass, &c.9......216
Precious metals6......141
Metals, other than gold or silver65..22172024
Fuel, light, &c.9..11511
Building and construction—
     Builders and contractors33......3921
     Stonemasons9......2..7
     Bricklayers16......268
     Carpenters126..37183068
     Plasterers5......2..3
     Painters and glaziers44..1216169
     Plumbers16......646
     Roads, railways, and earthworks20......398
Disposal of the dead1..........1
Disposal of refuse1..........1
Other industrial workers—
     Mechanics, manufacturers1..1    
     Factory workers, managers, &c.7......223
     Contractors, managers, &c.24....14109
     Machinists, machine hands7....1132
     Engineers, engine-drivers79..14242723
     Labourers undefined738..828173207322
          Total industrial1,541..2656349436674
CLASS VI.–AGRICULTURAL, PASTORAL, AND MINING PURSUITS, ETC.
Agricultural (including farming undefined)921..2123131240506
Pastoral96....4223337
Bees, fisheries, and wild animals18..1..359
Forestry16......853
Kauri-gum digging23....11912
Mines and quarries243....13938165
     Total agricultural, pastoral, &c.1,317..2229204330732
CLASS VII.—INDEFINITE.
Independent means, &c.301....1824268
Dependent relatives (including persons under 20 years of age with no specified occupation)1,3781,3453012  
Dependent upon the State or upon public or private support1........1 
Undefined or unknown177....8462895
          Total indefinite1,8571,34530105653363
     Total deaths of Males (all occupations)5,8671,3461061309171,1952,167

DEATHS AND DEATH-RATES OF FOUR CHIEF CENTRES.

The total number of deaths registered for the four centres in 1913 was 3,062—viz., 2,364 in the cities, and 698 in the suburbs.

By including the suburbs the death-rate for last year is lowered at all of the four centres. The rates for the year are,—

     Death-rates per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Auckland City11.49
Auckland City and seven suburban boroughs10.61
Wellington City9.30
Wellington City and four suburban boroughs9.08
Christchurch City10.40
Christchurch City and five suburban boroughs10.15
Dunedin City11.98
Dunedin City and five suburban boroughs11.03

The death-rates for the cities, including suburban boroughs, for five years are as below:—

 Deaths per 1,000 of Population.
1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Auckland (including suburbs)9.309.7310.939.7310.61
Wellington (including suburbs)9.118.9510.089.139.08
Christchurch (including suburbs)9.3310.4110.3610.3410.15
Dunedin (including suburbs)9.9510.2410.4310.4311.03

If the number of deaths of infants under one year be excluded, the mortality among the rest of the population is found to have been for 1912 and 1913 in the following ratio to the 1,000 living:—

     1912.1913.
Auckland (including suburbs)8.048.74
Wellington (including suburbs)7.447.79
Christchurch (including suburbs)8.658.82
Dunedin (including suburbs)9.409.59

In the portion of the births subsection dealing with births and birth-rates of the chief centres it is explained that a new system of allocating births and of computing birth-rates for the centres has been adopted. The birth-rates obtained under the new system are lower than those that would be arrived at under the former system, and the new system is also responsible to a slight degree for a higher rate of infantile mortality as reckoned on per 100 births. The greater part of the increase in 1913 as compared with 1912 is, however, due to an actual excess in point of numbers of deaths of infants registered. The rates per 100 births in 1912 and 1913 are,—

     1912.1913.
Auckland (including suburbs)5.708.08
Wellington (including suburbs)6.136.02
Christchurch6.006.35
Dunedin3.817.34

Again, the percentage of deaths of children under 5 to the total number of deaths is—in Auckland, 24.79; in Wellington, 20.15; in Christchurch, 20.42; in Dunedin, 17.78.

Excluding suburbs, and dealing with the deaths at all ages in the four cities or central boroughs only, the rates at Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch for 1913 are found to be lower than those for the previous year. The figures for five years are given:—

 Deaths per 1,000 of Population
1900.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)11.2511.8813.6811.6511.49
Wellington (excluding suburbs)9.359.3110.329.439.30
Christchurch (excluding suburbs)9.4810.5410.9510.6310.40
Dunedin (excluding suburbs)11.5510.9911.7911.5711.98

Omitting the deaths of infants under one year, and calculating the rate on the population of one year of age and upwards, an increase in the rate is shown at two of the four centres. The mean rates for five years are also given:—

 Deaths per 1,000 of Population, excluding Infants under One Year of Age.
1912.1913.Mean of Five Years.
Auckland (excluding suburbs)9.959.4210.07
Wellington (excluding suburbs)7.958.037.84
Christchurch (excluding suburbs)9.039.068.87
Dunedin (excluding suburbs)10.7910.5410.35

Vital Statistics of Chief Cities, compared with Australian Capitals, 1913.

The death-rates of the four chief centres compare very favourably with those of the capital cities of the various Australian States. The following table shows the numbers and rates of births and deaths for the year 1913. Rates for Perth are not available.

Cities (including Suburbs).Estimated Mean Population.Births.Deaths.Excess of Birthday over Deaths
Total Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.Total Number.Rate per 1,000 of Population.

* Ten-mile radius.

Sydney710,10020,53528.927,93811.1812,597
Melbourne639,70017,39727.207,96012.449,437
Adelaide198,7426,34631.932,79414.063,552
Brisbane*148,1475,09234.371,94413.123,148
Hobart38,8451,32434.0862514.88699
Auckland91,6242,37625.9397210.611,404
Wellington72,6851,79324.676609.081,133
Christchurch69,9611,70124.3171010.15991
Dunedin65,2851,47122.5372011.03751

The low birth rates of the New Zealand cities as compared with the Australian capitals is largely due to the difference in system of allocation of births.

ORPHANHOOD OF CHILDREN.

The table following shows the number of living issue (male, female, and total) left by married men whose deaths were registered during the ten years 1904–13, the information being given according to age of father and of issue. It will be seen that during the period under review 20,605 fathers left issue to the number of 101,233, an average of 4.91. There were also 3,496 married men who died without issue.

NUMBER AND AGES OF ISSUE LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, 1904–13.
Age of Issue, in Years.Number of Issue left by Fathers dying within the Age-groups shown at Head of Column.
20 and under 30.30 and under 40.40 and under 50.50 and under 60.60 and under 65.65 and under 70.70 and under 80.80 and over.Totals.
Males.
0531225622631..268
1401348634842..308
2802201064611104..477
3391811457210831459
4351871757615981506
51121218187191611..537
6121911799121169..520
751752001182523161563
821492321343923151595
9..1082051504024202549
10..1162231724921281610
11..801991944336332587
12..592481997350263658
13..332062427760405663
14..372322718187546768
15..231772799777585716
16..1118828310689867776
17..81883401501311017925
18..7159334143118987866
19..312934717215514314963
20..212734218615314813971
21 and over....3093,6084,1916,28214,8437,12636,359
Unspecified1775183309177277553771,668
     Total male issue2942,1334,1337,7505,7397,67216,3007,28051,801
Females.
0611207521511..284
1661509942832..370
245199129571053..448
350212138731434..494
42018314164141311..446
5131871771001711123520
61815716599141392477
78154204127292113..556
81117191140312526..532
931321961583827141569
10..972181683529255577
11..832011995535252600
12..672252156354445673
13..461942358551443058
14..312082438873562701
15..241892749377634724
16..1919429413094853819
17..7172300144121908842
18..71783201581331205921
19..1146392176152135131,015
20..112534618114512614938
21 and over....3123,5164,0516,33714,2026,73935,157
Unspecified1280172286198251546661,611
     Total female issue2972,0744,0497,6695,6377,67415,6566,87649,932
Both Sexes.
0114242131431142..547
1106284185761674..678
212541923510321157..925
389393283145241171953
4553703161402922191952
52439935818736272331,057
6303483441903529183997
71332940424554442911,119
8326042327470484121,127
9324040130878513431,118
10..21344134084505361,187
11..16340039398715841,187
12..1264734141361047081,331
13..794004771621118481,321
14..6844051416916011081,469
15..4736655319015412191,440
16..30382577236183171101,589
17..15360640294252191151,767
18..14337654301251218121,787
19..4275739348307278271,978
20..3252688367298274271,909
21 and over....6217,1248,24212,61929,04513,86571,510
Unspecified291553555953755281,0991433,279
     Grand totals5914,2078,18215,41911,37615,34631,95614,156101,233
     Total male deaths3,5044,0164,0495,1613,2474,4879,6534,32738,504
Married men who died—
(a) Without issue1994164494822594018804103,496
(b) Leaving issue3421,5772,0983,0982,0692,7785,8792,76420,605

Several tables dealing with orphanhood are given in full in the annual volume of Statistics of the Dominion. Two of these showing respectively number of issue under 14 and 21 years of age left by married men whose deaths were registered during 1913 are summarized and given below.

ISSUE UNDER AGE 14 LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, YEAR 1913.
Age at Death, in Years.Married Men who died leaving Number of Children under 14 years of Age shown at Head of Column.Total Number of Married Men who died leaving Children under Age 14.
1234567 and over.
20 and under 25....1........1
25 and under 30161061......33
30 and under 35292722852..93
35 and under 4026332091275112
40 and under 45242418101322102
45 and under 5034282112442105
50 and under 553225101081288
55 and under 6034177511..65
60 and under 652694..2....41
65 and under 7015632......26
70 and under 757421......14
75 and under 804..4..1..110
80 and over14....1....6
     Totals24818711867471712696
ISSUE UNDER AGE 21 LEFT BY MARRIED MEN, YEAR 1913.
Age at Death, in Years.Married Men who died leaving Number of Children under 21 Years of Age shown at Head of Column.Total Number of Married Men who died leaving Children under Age 21.
1234567 and over.
20 and under 25....1........1
25 and under 30161061......33
30 and under 35292722762..93
35 and under 4029351891367117
40 and under 45222418171569111
45 and under 50223628229811136
50 and under 553735201591213141
55 and under 60542719161138138
60 and under 6549261712422112
65 and under 70322013615..77
70 and under 7531169..42..62
75 and under 802157112138
80 and over9411....116
     Totals3512651791077348521,075

INFANTILE MORTALITY.

Subjoined is a classified statement of the deaths of infants under one year during 1913, with the ratio of the deaths in each class to the 1,000 births during the year:—

Sex.Under 1 Month.1 and under 3 Months.3 and under 6 Months.6 and under 12 Months.Total under 12 Months.
NUMBER OF DEATHS.
Male487153151151942
Female34313087151711
DEATHS TO THE 1,000 BIRTHS.
Male33.7410,06010.4610.4665.26
Female25.409.636.4511.1852.66

Sixty-five out of every thousand male children born, and fifty-three of every thousand females, are found to have died before attaining the age of one year. The mortality was thus one in fifteen of male children and one in nineteen of females.

It will be seen from the figures that the chances of living during the first year of age are greater for female than for male infants. Thus, in proportion to the number of children of each sex born in 1913, there were during the year—

100 deaths of males to 70 deaths of females under 1 month of age;

100 deaths of males to 85 deaths of females from 1 to 3 months of age;

100 deaths of males to 58 deaths of females from 3 to 6 months of age;

100 deaths of males to 100 deaths of females from 6 to 12 months of age;

100 deaths of males to 75 deaths of females under 12 months of age.

Dealing with the results for ten years, the deaths of infants under one year are in the large proportion of three-fourths of the total deaths under five, as might be expected, the first year being the tenderest period.

DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS AND PROPORTION TO DEATHS AT ALL AGES.
Year.Deaths of Children under 5 Years of Age.Total Deaths at all Ages.Deaths under 5 Years: Per Cent. of Mortality at all Ages.
Under 1 Year.1 Year and under 2 Years.2 Year and under 3 Years.3 Year and under 4 Years.4 Year and under 5 Years.Total under 5 Years.
19041,6161698363431,9748,08724.41
19051,5991769761461,9798,06124.55
19061,5061778758371,8658,33922.36
19072,22835016594492,88610,06628.67
19081,76123110388452,2289,04324.64
19091,63424211575442,1108,95923.55
19101,7602539576542,2389,63923.22
19111,48420612299691,9809,53420.77
19121,4091579345461,7509,21418.99
19131,65322310465542,09910,11920.74
Average of ten yearsl,66521810673492,1119,10623.19

NOTE.—The total number of deaths of children under 5 years for the period included in this table is 21,109.

DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER ONE YEAR, AND PROPORTION TO BIRTHS.
Year.Deaths of Infants under 1 Year of Age.Total Births registered.Proportion of Deaths of Infants under 1 Year to every 1,000 Births.
Under 1 Month1 Month and under 3 Months.3 Months and under 6 Months.6 Months and under 12 Months.Total under 12 Months.
19046692603563311,61622,76670.98
19057142852903101,59923,68267.52
19067172472442981,50624,25262.10
19077634465005192,22825,09488.79
19088102423473621,76125,94067.89
19097942852582971,63426,52461.60
19107862983333431,76025,98467.73
19117512172342821,48426,35456.31
19128271881922021,40927,50851.22
19138302832383021,65327,93559.17
Average of ten years7662752993251,66525,60465.03

NOTE—The total number of deaths of infants under 1 year for the period included in the table is 16,650.

RATES OF INFANTILE MORTALITY IN NEW ZEALAND AND FOUR CHIEF CENTRES (NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1,000 BIRTHS) EACH YEAR 1904–13.
Year.New Zealand.Auckland and Suburban Boroughs.Wellington and Suburban Boroughs.Christchurch and Suburban Boroughs.Dunedin and Suburban Boroughs.
190470.9870.1295.33102.9693.02
190567.5291.5296.2188.9967.13
190662.1085.8071.8874.3772.60
190788.7997.19117.80126.1695.36
190867.8981.8781.6767.8274.54
190961.6061.8584.2162.7848.52
191067.7379.0284.5969.4079.08
191156.3163.0273.3662.9043.42
191251.2256.9561.3260.0338.11
191359.1780.8160.2363.4973.42

Although 16,650 infants under one year were lost to the Dominion by death during the ten years 1904–13, and, including these, 21,109 children under five, the next table shows more satisfactory results for New Zealand than for New South Wales, Victoria, or the Australian Commonwealth in the matter of the preservation of infant life. Dealing with averages of five years, in New Zealand only 6097 infants under one year are found to die out of every 1,000 born, against 72.85 in New South Wales, 75.49 in Victoria, and 72.88 in the Commonwealth as a whole.

DEATHS OF INFANTS UNDER 1 YEAR OF AGE TO EVERY 1,000 BIRTHS.
Year.New Zealand.New South Wales.Victoria.Australian Commonwealth
190867.8975.2086.0577.78
190961.6073.8771.3671.56
191067.7374.7176.8874.81
191156.3169.4668.7068.49
191251.2271.0074.4871.74
Means of five years60.9772.8575.4972.88

Graphs follow showing the rates of infantile mortality (male and female) since 1870. The male and female birth-rates are also shown. The tendency for variations in the rates of the two sexes to occur simultaneously is very noticeable.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height one per 1,000 of mean population in the case of the births, and one per 100 births in the case of infantile mortality. The mortality-rates of each sex are reckoned on the births of that sex.

The table following, giving the rates of infantile mortality in various countries and cities, shows that as regards the preservation of infant life far better conditions obtain in New Zealand than in most other countries:—

RATES OF INFANTILE MORTALITY.
Country or City.Year 1911.Latest Year obtainable.
Rate of Infantile Mortality.*Birthrate.Year.Rate of Infantile Mortality.Birthrate.

* Per 1,000 births.

† Per 1,000 of mean population.

New Zealand 5626.019135926.1
     Auckland6327 219138125.9
     Wellington7526119136024.7
     Christchurch6326.819136324.3
     Dunedin4326.519137322.5
Australian Commonwealth6827.219127228.7
     Sydney7228.419137928.9
     Melbourne7824.419137627.2
     Adelaide7827.419137831.9
     Brisbane8129.219137934.4
     Perth7930.5191384 
     Hobart7729.119138134.1
United Kingdom....191010525.0
England and Wales13024.4191113024.4
     London12924.819129124.5
Scotland....191010826.2
     Edinburgh11821.3191211320.9
     Glasgow13927.7191212428.1
Ireland9423.219119423.2
     Dublin15628.2191214027.4
     Belfast12828.4191212927.8
France....191011119.6
     Paris11817.2191210316.8
Belgium....191013423.7
The Netherlands13727.8191113727.8
     The Hague10724.619126623.6
     Amsterdam9122.719126423.3
     Rotterdam10328.919127929.0
Denmark10626.8191110626.8
     Copenhagen11324.6191210824.9
Norway....19106726.1
     Christiania11622.5191210722.7
Sweden....19107524.7
     Stockholm7722.019128221.0
Finland11429.1191111429.1
Russia (European)....190423248.5
     St. Petersburg23128.2191224926.5
     Moscow32135.2191233328.9
German Empire19228.6191119228.6
     Berlin17320.8191214220.4
     Hamburg15821.7191213021.8
     Dresden16620.1191211620.2
     Breslau20726.9191216326.3
     Munich17622.4191213421.9
Switzerland....191010525.0
Spain....190715833.6
Italy....191014233.3
     Milan....191210223.4
Austria20731.4191120731.4
     Vienna16620.0191214919.1
     Prague18616.9191213919.9
     Trieste21529.6191216429.7
Hungary20735.0191120735.0
     Budapest16125.3191214125.5
Servia....191013838.5
Bulgaria....190817040.4
Ceylon91837.9191121837.9
Japan....190916634.2
Ontario, Canada11721.7191111721.7
     Toronto11422.2191111422.2
Jamaica18739.0191118739.0
Chile33238.5191133238.5

The principal causes of mortality in children under one year for New Zealand are given, with the numbers of deaths for five years from such causes. Premature birth stands first in order of importance, congenital debility next, followed by diarrhoea and enteritis. Here it is seen how much mortality is attributed to these causes according to the medical certificates.

DEATHS OF CHILDREN UNDER ONE YEAR.—CAUSES, 1909–13.
Causes.Number of Deaths from each Cause.Percentage of Total.
1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Whooping-cough28101126871.715.740.810.435.26
Convulsions107808951716.554.546.003.624.29
Bronchitis and pneumonia16815716112615710.288.9210.858.949.50
Diarrhoea and enteritis24934324417821415.2419.4916.4412.6312.95
Malformations575851117893.493.303.438.305.38
Premature birth34740733739841821.2423.1222.7128.2525.29
Congenital De bility25628126325429615.6715.9717.7218.0317.91
Other causes42233332727932125.8218.9222.0419.8019.42
          Totals1,6341,7601,4841,4091,653100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

INFANT-LIFE PROTECTION.

It is unlawful for any person to take charge of an infant under the age of six years, for the purpose of nursing or maintaining it apart from its parents or guardians, for a longer period than seven consecutive days, unless such person is licensed as a foster-parent.

Provision is made by law for the granting and revocation of licenses, and for the method of payment of maintenance-money. No payment is to be made to or received by a foster-parent except in pursuance of an agreement approved by the Secretary for Education, and if default be made in payment under the agreement the amount due, or part thereof, may be paid by the Secretary, and shall be recoverable as a debt due to the Crown. When and so long as any money so recoverable remains unpaid, the Secretary shall have and may exercise the powers of a guardian until the child attains the age of fifteen years. Provision is also made for the inspection of foster-homes, and in case of the removal or death of foster-children. The Act applies to any adopted infant in the same manner and to the same extent as if no such adoption bad taken place. The Department of Education is the authority by whom the Act is administered.

The New Zealand Legislature in 1907 introduced provisions for early notification of birth, allowing seventy-two hours after birth if in a city or borough, or twenty-one days in any other case. The time allowed for notification in the case of a birth in a city or borough has now been reduced to forty-eight hours.

CAUSES OF DEATH.

The classification of causes of death was made in 1908 for the first time in New Zealand according to the Bertillon Index of Diseases. This system has been adopted by the Commonwealth of Australia and the principal European and American countries. It is highly desirable for comparative purposes that uniformity of statistical method should obtain when possible.

The Bertillon system differs materially from that formerly in use, and comparisons of certain causes of mortality prior to 1908 are impossible owing to changes in the classification. This applies more particularly to diseases of the digestive, nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. There are, however, certain principal causes of deaths which are unaffected and retain their comparative value, such as cancer, tubercular diseases, typhoid fever, whooping-cough, measles, influenza, scarlet fever, diabetes, appendicitis, liver and puerperal diseases, suicide, and old age.

A comparison of the causes of deaths in 1912 and 1913 arranged according to an abridged classification, the percentage of each group to the total deaths, and the proportion per 10,000 persons living, is given in the following table:—

Class.Number of Deaths.Proportion to Total Deaths.Proportion per 10,000 living.
1912.1913.1912.1913.1912.1913.
   Per Cent.Per Cent.  
I. General diseases2,2022,51123.9024.8121.1923.50
II. Diseases of the nervous system and of the organs of special sense9371,00810.179.969.029.43
III. Diseases of the circulatory system1,5801,55717.1515.3915.2114.57
IV. Diseases of the respiratory system8449499.169.388.138.88
V. Diseases of the digestive system7188367.798.266.917.82
VI. Diseases of the genito-urinary system and annexa4224654.584.604.064.35
VII. Puerperal condition1001001.090.990.960.94
VIII. Diseases of the skin and of the cellular tissue42400.460.390.410.37
IX. Diseases of the organs of locomotion28250.300.250.270.23
X. Malformations130971.410.961.250.91
XI. Infancy7407978.037.887.127.46
XII. Old-age7068097.667.996.797.57
XIII. Violence6387876.927.786.147.37
XIV. Ill-defined causes1271381.381.361.221.29
          Totals9,21410,119100.00100.0088.6894.69

The next table shows the number of deaths from certain principal causes for the five years 1909–13, and the proportion per 10,000 of the population.

Cause.Number of Deaths.Proportion per 10 000 of Mean Population.
1909.19101911.1912.1913.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Typhoid fever55626746600.570.620.660.440.56
Measles2614115260.270.010.410.140.24
Scarlet fever261397110.270.130.090.070.10
Whooping-cough4114817101280.421.490.170.101.20
Diphtheria64756246610.660.760.610.440.57
Influenza471416365560.481.420.620.630.52
Phthisis5885505365245786.055.545.285.045.41
Other forms of tuberculosis2121812021922342.181.821.991.852.19
Cancer7117428098128567.327.477.977.828.01
Diabetes1041231291471501.071.241.271.411.40
Exophthalmic goitre24222640190.250.220.260.390.18
Anæmia, Chlorosis53765653640.550.770.550.510.60
Simple meningitis1311421381361271.351.431.361.311.19
Apoplexy1451721411681731.491.731.391.621.62
Cerebral Hæmorrhage1612002072212391.662.022.042.132.24
Epilepsy44665469540.450.670.530.660.51
Convulsions of children under 5 years of age13110710957931.351.081.080.550.87
Organic heart-disease1,1701,1541,2051,2711,22712.0411.6211.8712.2311.48
Arteriosclerosis27445474890.280.440.530.710.83
Embolism; thrombosis45675680630.460.680.550.770.59
Bronchitis2062972952382812.122.992.912.292.63
Bronchopneumonia1341351531141541.381.361.511.101.44
Pneumonia2933003492973363.013.023.442.863.15
Gastritis65535348290.670.530.520.460.27
Diarrhoea and enteritis3515004042713443.615.043.982.613.22
Appendicitis and typhlitis669810372910.680.991.020.690.85
Intestinal obstruction45586355630.460.580.620.530.59
Cirrhosis of liver47384448470.480.380.430.460.44
Simple peritonitis54666265610.560.670.610.620.57
Acute nephritis52506835160.530.500.670.340.15
Bright's disease1901951931952301.951.971.901.882.15
Uræmia30263240710.310.260.320.380.66
Cystitis29385040310.300.380.490.380.29
Diseases and accidents of puerperal condition1351171141001001.391.181.120.960.94
Congenital debility2642832682563012.722.852.642.462.82
Premature birth3474073373984183.574.103.323.833.91
Senility5566606617068095.726.656.516.807.57
Violence (1) suicide1181001241241481.211.011.221.191.38
     (2) accident, &c.6605675905146396.795.715.814.955.98
Other causes1,5121,5651,5901,5651,64215.5615.7615.6715.0715.37
          Totals8,9599,6399,5319,21410,11992.1997.0993.9488.6894.69

Typhoid Fever.—Deaths from this cause numbered 60 in 1913, against 46 in 1912. The rate remained fairly steady throughout the quinquennium, except for a drop in 1912.

Measles.—Very few deaths occur from this cause. In 1911 the number was 41, but in 1910 there was only one, while in 1913, 26 deaths were attributed to measles.

Scarlet Fever.—The rate fell steadily during the first four years of the quinquennium, but rose a little in 1913. The number of deaths in the five years has been exceedingly low.

Whooping-cough.—Only 10 deaths were recorded in 1912, while the number for 1913 was 128, and for 1910, 148. The average for the five years was 69.

Diphtheria.—Fifteen more deaths were attributed to this cause in 1913 than in 1912, but 14 less than in 1910. The average for the past five years was 62.

Influenza.—As in the case of whooping-cough, the number of deaths in 1910 (141) was much above the average. Sixty-five deaths from influenza were registered in 1912, and 56 in 1913.

Tuberculosis.—Deaths from phthisis numbered 578 or 5.41 per 10,000 of the population, against 524 deaths or 504 per 10,000 in 1912, and 588 deaths or 6.05 per 10,000 in 1909. The average for the past ten years was 564 or 5.94 per 10,000.

Year.Deaths from Phthisis.Rate per 10,000.
19045987.08
19054965.70
19065566.21
19076126.66
19086076.42
19095886.05
19105505.54
19115365.28
19125245.04
19135785.41

Reference to the following table will show that 372 persons known to have been born in the Dominion died during 1913 from phthisis, a proportion of 4.99 per 10,000 of the estimated native-born white population, and 102 persons born elsewhere but resident in New Zealand for fifteen years or over succumbed to the disease.

DEATHS FROM PHTHISIS, 1913.
Length of Residence in the Dominion.Age at Death, in Years.
Under 5.5 and under 10.10 and under 15.15 and under 25.25 and under 35.35 and under 45.45 and under 55.55 and under 65.65 and under 75.75 and upwards.Total.
MALES.
Under 1 month22
1 month and under 611
6 months and under 121113
1 year and under 22125
2 years and under 3224
3 years and under 4213
4 years and under 54217
5 years and under 10661114
10 years and under 15351211
15 years and under 2011114
20 years and under 25134
25 years and upwards2913158350
Not known26537225
Born in Dominion23752371242146
          Totals24078743626176279
FEMALES.
Under 1 month
1 month and under 6
6 months and under 1211114
1 year and under 212126
2 years and under 311
3 years and under 411
4 years and under 5
5 years and under 101427
10 years and under 151113
16 years and under 20112
20 years and under 25112
25 years and upwards3611108240
Not known13217
Born in Dominion228717947125226
          Totals228779161301693299
          Totals of both sexes2481171691356642269578

Phthisis is now known to be and is treated as an infectious preventable disease caused by the Bacillus tuberculosus, which is communicable in many ways. Certain constitutions are far more predisposed than others to receive this bacillus, especially under conditions of life unfavourable to robust health, when a nidus is formed for the development of the bacillus. The Government has established a sanatorium for consumptives at Cambridge, in the Waikato, and further institutions are contemplated. There are sanatoria for the treatment of this disease in connection with some of the public hospitals.

The mortality from all forms of tuberculosis decreased from 9.46 per 10,000 of the population in 1904 to 689 in 1912, but rose to 7.60 in 1913. The percentage of total deaths from all causes decreased from 9.88 to 8.02 in the ten years.

DEATHS AND DEATH-RATES FROM TUBERCULOSIS AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEATHS, 1904–18.
Year.Mean Population.Number of Deaths from Tubercular Diseases.Rate per 10,000.Percentage of Total Deaths from all Causes.
1904845,0227999.469.88
1905870,0006787.798.41
1906895,5947208.048.63
1907919,1058569.318.50
1908945,0638398.879.28
1909971,7848008.238.93
1910992,8027317.367.58
19111,014,8967387.277.74
19121,039,0167166.897.77
19131,068,6448127.608.02
AGES OF PERSONS WHO DIED FROM TUBERCULAR DISEASES, 1913.
Ages.Male.Female.Total.
Under 5 years262046
5 years and under 1012820
10 years and under 1551621
15 years and under 20264773
20 years and under 25405393
25 years and under 305456110
30 years and under 355756113
35 years and under 40593998
40 years and under 45393372
45 years and under 50201535
50 years and under 55241741
55 years and under 6017825
60 years and under 65151025
65 years and under 7011718
70 years and under 759312
75 years and under 80628
80 and upwards112
          Total deaths421391812

The rate of deaths from tuberculosis per 1,000 of the population was lower in New Zealand in 1912 than in any of the Australian States with the exception of Queensland. The New Zealand rate, as well as those of the Australian States, compares very favourably with that of England and Wales, which has however also decreased considerably of late years, the rates for 1910 and 1911 being lower than in any previous year.

DEATH-RATES FROM TUBERCULOSIS AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL, DEATHS, 1912.
 Death-rates (per 1,000) from Tuberculosis.Percentage of Total Deaths.
England and Wales (1911)1.4710.07
Queensland0.625.69
New South Wales0.716.55
Victoria0.937.61
South Australia0.928.95
Western Australia0.857.65
Tasmania0.807.44
New Zealand 0.697.77

Cancer.—There were 856 deaths assigned to this cause in 1913, a proportion of 8.01 per 10,000 persons, both number and rate being higher than in 1912. The average number and rate for the five years 1909–13 were 786 and 7.72 respectively. Deaths of males during 1913 numbered 446 and of females 410. The death-rate from cancer is now greater than that from tubercular diseases, and its increasing tendency is a matter of grave concern.

The diagram following illustrates on the one hand the increase in the cancer death-rate and on the other the decrease in the rate of deaths from tuberculosis.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height one death per 10,000 of mean population. Continuous curve represents tuberculosis. Dotted curve represents cancer.

NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO DIED FROM CANCER, THE PROPORTION PER 10,000 PERSONS LIVING, AND THE PERCENTAGE OF ALL DEATHS, 1904–13.
Year.Deaths from Cancer.Total Deaths, all Causes.Deaths from Cancer per 10,000 of Living Persons.Percentage of Total Deaths due to Cancer.
19045718,0876.767.06
19055668,0616.517.02
19066238,3396.967.47
190767410,0667.336.70
19086579,0436.957.27
19097118,9597.327.94
19107429,6397.477.70
19118099,5347.978.49
19128129,2147.828.61
191385610,1198.018.46

The part of the body mostly affected is the stomach. Among females the generative and mammary organs are frequently the seat of the disease.

CANCER: SEAT OF DISEASE, 1913.
Seat of Disease.Males.Females.Total.
Mouth, lip, tongue, throat, neck9827125
Stomach13063193
Intestines, rectum8978167
Liver4456100
Kidneys, bladder, urethra, &c.30535
Female genital organs..7878
Breast16364
Other organs or organs not specified544094
          Totals446410856

Ninety-four per cent. of the deaths were at the ages 35 years and upwards, and 56 per cent. at the ages 60 years and upwards.

AGES OF PERSONS WHO DIED FROM CANCER, 1913.
Ages.M.F.Total.
Under 5 years628
5 years and under 102..2
10 years and under 152..2
15 years and under 20314
20 years and under 25213
25 years and under 30448
30 years and under 3581422
35 years and under 40161632
40 years and under 45192746
45 years and under 50254671
50 years and under 55393069
55 years and under 605158109
60 years and under 65563490
65 years and under 705966125
70 years and under 756851119
75 years and under 80534093
80 years and upwards332053
          Totals446410856

The proportion of deaths from cancer to the 1,000 persons living in some of the principal countries of the world as shown below leads to the conclusion that there is a general tendency to increase. The rate for England and Wales for 1911 (0.99 per 1,000) is the highest yet recorded in that country.

CANCER DEATH-RATES PER 1,000 LIVING IN CERTAIN COUNTRIES.
Country.Average of 5 Years, 1896–1900.Average of 5 Years, 1906.10.Increase Per Cent. during 10 Years.Rate for Last Year ascertainable.

* Decrease.

New Zealand 0.590.7222.030.80 (1913)
Commonwealth of Australia0.580.7020.690.76 (1912)
England and Wales0.800.9417.500.99 (1911)
Scotland0.771.0029.871.03 (1910)
Ireland0.580.7936.210.82 (1911)
German Empire0.660.8427.270.88 (1911)
Austria0.690.7813.040.82 (1911)
Italy0.510.6425.490.65 (1911)
Norway0.860.9712.790.93 (1910)
Netherlands0.921.0311.961.07 (1911)
Switzerland1.271.26*0.791.23 (1910)

Diabetes.—There were 150 deaths in 1913, a rate of 1.40 per 10,000, the averages for the last five years being 131 and 1.28 respectively. Deaths from this cause appear to be on the increase.

Exophthalmic Goitre.—Only 19 deaths from this cause were registered in 1913, as against 40 in 1912.

Anæmia and Chlorosis.—Seventy-six deaths were recorded in 1910, but in 1912 the number was only 53 and in 1913, 64, the average for the five years 1909–13 being 60, and the average rate per 10,000 being 0.60.

Simple Meningitis.—Very little fluctuation is shown as regards deaths from this cause. The number for 1913 was 127, while the rate per 10,000 was 1.19.

Apoplexy.—The number of deaths in 1913 (173) was an increase of 5 on that for 1912, and of 32 when compared with 1911. The rate (1.62 per 10,000) was the same in 1913 as in 1912.

Cerebral Hæmorrhage.—Deaths from this cause show a steady increase in number and rate from year to year. The averages for the five years 1909–13 work out at 206 and 2.02.

Epilepsy.—The number of deaths from this cause (54) was lower in 1913 than in 1912 or 1910.

Convulsions of Children.—As regards both number and rate, 1912 shows a great decrease on the years preceding. The rate fell from 1.35 per 10,000 in 1909 to 0.55 per 10,000 in 1912. The figures for 1913 are higher than those for 1912, but much below the average.

Organic Heart-disease.—More deaths occur from this cause than from any other. Under the Bertillon classification deaths occurring from heart-disease, combined with bronchitis, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, or Bright's disease, must be allocated to heart-disease, this being the reverse of the system formerly followed. Number and rate of deaths from heart-disease show a tendency to increase, though the number and rate in 1913 were lower than in 1912.

Arteriosclerosis.—A rapid increase of deaths from this cause is apparent, the number in 1913 being 89, as against only 27 in 1909.

Embolism and Thrombosis.—In common with other diseases of the circulatory system, numbers and rates show a general tendency to increase, the figures for 1913 however, being lower than the average of the quinquennium. The number of deaths in 1913 was 63, while the rate per 10,000 was 0.59.

Bronchitis.—The number (281) and rate (2.63 per 10,000) of deaths from this cause in 1913 were about equal to the averages of the five years. The year 1910 shows the highest number as well as the highest rate.

Bronchopneumonia.—In 1911, 153 deaths from this cause were recorded, in 1912 the number had fallen to 114, but in 1913 it rose again to 154.

Pneumonia.—The number and rate in 1913 were higher than in 1912, but lower than in 1911.

Gastritis.—There were only 29 deaths from this cause in 1913, as compared with 48 in 1912 and 65 in 1909.

Diarrhoea and Enteritis.—Considerable fluctuation is shown as regards deaths from diarrhoea and enteritis. The number fell from 555 in 1908 to 351 in 1909, rose to 500 in 1910, and fell to 404 in 1911, while in 1912 the number was only 271. Last year 344 deaths were attributed to this cause.

Appendicitis and Typhlitis.—Ninety-one deaths were registered in 1913, an increase of 19 on the figures for 1912. The average for the five years 1909–13 was 86, while the average rate per 10,000 was 0.85.

Intestinal Obstruction.—Sixty-three deaths (a rate of 0.59 per 10,000) were registered in 1913. Little movement is shown as regards deaths from this cause.

Cirrhosis of Liver.—The number of deaths in 1913 (47) was one less than in 1912. Here also very little fluctuation is shown.

Simple Peritonitis.—Still another cause deaths from which show little fluctuation, 61 deaths being registered in 1913, as against an average of 62 for the five years.

Acute Nephritis.—Only 16 deaths in 1913 were attributed to this cause, as against 68 in 1911 and 35 in 1912. The average rate for the five years 1909–13 was 0.44 per 10,000.

Bright's Disease.—In four years, 1909 to 1912, the number of deaths from this cause remained practically stationary between 190 and 195. The year 1913 shows an increase, 230 deaths being recorded.

Urœmia.—Seventy-one deaths from this cause were registered in 1913, as against 40 in 1912 and 32 in 1911.

Cystitis.—The number of deaths registered in 1913 (31) was 9 less than in 1912, and 19 less than in 1911.

Puerperal Accidents and Diseases.—In 1913 as in 1912 the deaths certified to these causes numbered 100 exactly. Included in the number in 1913 were: Accidents of pregnancy, 25; puerpera haemorrhage, 14; other accidents of labour. 17; puerperal septicæmia, 29; puerperal albuminuria and convulsions 10. The number of deaths to every 1,000 confinements (where children were born alive) for each of ten years is shown.

Year.Deaths of Mothers to every 1,000 Confinements.
19044.66
19054.22
19063.91
19074.62
19084.64
19095.14
19104.55
19114.38
19123.73
19133.62

Congenital Debility.—The number in 1913 was higher than in the four years preceding, being 301 as against 256 in 1912, and 268 in 1911.

Premature Birth.—The number of deaths from this cause in 1912 and 1913 was considerably higher than in 1911. The rate per 1,000 births registered in 1913 was 14.96.

Senility.—No fewer than 809 deaths were attributed to this cause in 1913. The number for 1912 was 706 and for 1909, 556.

Violence.—The deaths from external violence, apart from suicide, numbered 639 in 1913—males 520, females 119, the total being higher than the average of the quinquennium 1909–13, which was 591. The rate per 10,000 living was 6.79 in 1909, 571 in 1910, 5.81 in 1911, 4.95 in 1912, and 5.98 in 1913. The various forms of violent deaths (excluding suicides) in 1913 are shown in the following table:—

ACCIDENTAL DEATHS, 1913.
Cause of Death.M.F.Total.
Poisoning12719
Drowning14727174
Shooting27431
Falls34539
Starvation213
Exposure314
Homicide628
Fractures41849
Burns and scalds302252
Suffocation, gas, &c.91524
In mines and quarries26..26
By machinery7..7
By vehicles, railways, &c.10016116
Injuries by animals18..18
Electrocution1..1
Other external violence571168
          Totals520119639

Suicide.—The suicidal deaths in 1913 were 148—males 116 and females 32. The rate per 10,000 living was 1.38 in 1913, against an average of 1.20 for the past five years. The means most frequently resorted to by males was shooting and hanging, and by females, poison. The following table shows the means of self-destruction employed:—

SUICIDES, 1913.
Mode of Death.M.F.Total
Hanging or strangulation19827
Firearms37138
Cutting or piercing instruments23225
Asphyxia..11
Poison211334
Drowning7310
Other modes9413
Total suicides11632148

MAORI DEATHS.

Under the provisions of section 20 of the Births and Deaths Registration Amendment Act, 1912, the deaths of 412 persons of the Maori race were registered in 1913. In addition 61 Maori deaths were registered under the main Act. These numbers are not included in the numbers of deaths quoted elsewhere in this subsection.

SUBSECTION C.—MARRIAGES.

INTRODUCTORY.

MARRIAGE may be solemnized in New Zealand only on the authority of a Registrar's certificate, either by a person whose name is on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act, or before a Registrar or Deputy Registrar of Marriages duly appointed. No marriage can be legally solemnized before 8 o'clock in the forenoon or after 4 o'clock in the afternoon.

Notice of intended marriage must be given to the Registrar of the district within which the marriage is to be solemnized, and the party giving notice must have resided for three clear days in the district. If the parties dwell in different districts, notice must be given to and a certificate obtained from the Registrar of each district. In the case of a person under twenty-one not being a widow or widower, the consent of parent or guardian is necessary before the Registrar's certificate can be issued.

The system of notice and certificate has obtained in New Zealand since 1855. By this system it is ensured not only that marriages are in order, but that no legally solemnized marriage escapes registration. Officiating ministers and Registrars are required to send to the Registrar-General returns of all marriages solemnized; and as the returns come in they are checked off with the entries in the Registrars' lists of notices received and certificates issued. In case of the non-arrival of a marriage return corresponding to any entry in the list of notices, inquiries are made as to whether solemnization has been effected. Inquiries are made similarly in respect of any marriage for which return is received, but for which there is no corresponding return of notice and certificate.

The marriage of a man with his deceased wife's sister was legalized in New Zealand in the year 1881, and the marriage of a woman with her deceased husband's brother in 1901. Both Acts are retrospective, including in their provisions marriages solemnized before as well as those contracted after the statutes were passed, and declaring all such marriages to be valid, and the issue born thereof to be deemed born in lawful wedlock.

NUMBERS AND RATES.

The marriages for 1913 show a decrease of 336 on the figures for the previous year, the number solemnized in 1913 being 8,813, as against 9,149 in 1912. The rate per 1,000 of the mean population was 8.81 in 1912 and 8.25 in 1913. In the following table are shown the numbers and rates in each year since 1887. A column is added showing the index number for each year as compared with the average of the five years 1882–86, taken as 100.

MARRIAGES, NUMBER AND RATE.
Year.Total Number of Marriages registered.Marriage-rate.
Per 1,000 of Population.Compared with Rate in 1882–86, taken as 100.

* Average for five years.

1882–863,663*6.68100
18873,5635.9789
18883,6175.9789
18893,6325.9389
18903,7976.1292
18913,8056.0490
18924,0026.2393
18934,1156.2293
18944,1786.1592
18954,1105.9489
18964,8436.85103
18974,9286.83102
18985,0916.91103
18995,4617.28109
19005,8607.67115
19016,0957.83117
19026,3948.01120
19036,7488.23123
19046,9838.26124
19057,2008.28124
19067,5928.48127
19078,1928.91133
19088,3398.82132
19098,0948.33125
19108,2368.30124
19118,8258.70130
19129,1498.81132
19138,8138.25124

The marriage-rate for the period under review shows a general upward tendency, having been above 8 per 1,000 in each year since and including 1902. There is, however, a certain amount of fluctuation from year to year.

The decrease in number and rate in 1913 has been attributed to the industrial disturbances during the latter part of the year. In this connection it is found that the number of marriage notices received by Registrars was 209 less in the December quarter of 1913 than in the corresponding quarter of 1912, the figures being 2,380 and 2,589 respectively. More than one-third of the decrease was therefore distributed over the first nine months of the year.

The marriage-rate, measured by the total population, does not show the true position when, as in the case of New Zealand, the age constitution of the people fluctuates considerably. A more satisfactory standard is found in the number of persons of marriageable age, defined as meaning the unmarried and widowed of males aged 20 years and upwards and of females aged 15 years and upwards. The rates are given for six census years:—

Year of Census.Proportion of Unmarried per 1,000 of TotalProportion of Marriages per 1,000 of the
Males.Females.Marriageable Men.Marriageable Women.Marriageable Persons.Total Population
1886235.0238.247.3254.5625.365.99
1891238.2268.547.7847.9723.946.04
1896258.8308.950.1447.0024.266.85
1901275.5331.854.1149.7825.937.83
1906294.3328.254.3654.9327.728.48
1911286.5314.957.6058.3828.998.70

RATES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

A comparison of the marriage rate for each State of the Australian Commonwealth with New Zealand for the last ten years is given. For the Commonwealth the rate in 1913 was 8.67 per 1,000 of mean population; the rate for 1912 was 9.07, so that the Australian rate has declined almost equally with that of New Zealand.

MARRIAGES PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.
Year.Queensland.New South Wales.Victoria.South Australia (Proper).Western Australia.Tasmania.New Zealand.
19045.907.246.837.028.927.388.26
19056.007.467.287.148.617.408.28
19066.697.687.367.308.897.598.48
19077.567.897.818.298.277.638.91
19087.248.037.538.187.807.648.82
19097.978.157.488.387.597.858.33
19108.068.767.989.177.777.828.30
19118.419.248.349.818.447.768.70
19128.919.608.659.628.377.868.81
19138.679.028.139.408.198.278.25

The rate for New Zealand is higher than the rate for most of the European countries given in the table following.

MARRIAGES PER 1,000 OF MEAN POPULATION IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
Country.Year.Rate.
Roumania191110.5
Servia191110.3
Russia19069.6
Hungary19119.2
Bulgaria19099.1
Belgium19107.9
German Empire19117.8
France19117.8
Austria19117.6
Italy19117.5
England and Wales19117.6
Switzerland19107.3
Denmark19117.2
Netherlands19117.2
Spain19117.1
Scotland19116.7
Norway19116.2
Finland19116.0
Sweden19115.9
Ireland19115.3

CONDITION OF CONTRACTING PARTIES.

Of the marriages contracted in 1913, those between bachelors and spinsters comprised 91 per cent. The number under each heading for the ten years 1904–13 is stated below:—

Year.Marriages contracted betweenNumber of Divorced Persons married (included previously).Number of Minors married (included in previous columns).
Bachelors and Spinsters.Bachelors and Widows.Widowers and Spinsters.Widowers and Widows.
19046,365210307101871,351
19056,582196316106871,347
19066,925265286116981,329
19077,4992313351271281,427
19087,6222543441191291,515
19097,3752303571321521,452
19107,4403063421481501,454
19118,0362583651661651,498
19128,3502534131332041,633
19138,0312743701352181,553

Divorced men and women have been classified as bachelors or spinsters: 97 divorced men and 121 divorced women were married during last year.

Included amongst widows in 1913 are five married women, and amongst the widowers four men, who elected to go through the form of marriage with other persons under the protection of the provisions of section 224, subsection (5), of the Crimes Act, which reads, “No one commits bigamy by going through a form of marriage if he or she has been continually absent from his or her wife or husband for seven years then last past, and is not proved to have known that his wife or her husband was alive at any time during those seven years.”

BACHELORS AND SPINSTERS IN NEW ZEALAND.

The results of three censuses in respect of the number of bachelors of 20 years and upwards, and the number of spinsters of 15 years and upwards, show some interesting features. In 1896 there was an excess of spinsters over the bachelors amounting to 1,786, and the census of 1901 shows that this excess had increased to 3,572. But by 1906 not only had the preponderance of the female element been lost, but an excess of bachelors over spinsters was reported amounting to 9,633. This result, no doubt, is largely due to the arrival from abroad of numbers of young men who have settled in New Zealand. The census of 1911 again shows a further increase of the bachelors to 12,713.

It is noticeable how differently the numbers for the provincial districts have been affected by the process in operation. An excess of bachelors was preserved in Auckland, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Wellington, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland from 1896 to 1906. Auckland in 1906 showed an excess of bachelors of 3,383, and in 1911 this number had increased to 7,263. The number of bachelors in Wellington decreased from 4,389 in 1906 to 2,308 in 1911. In Canterbury, an excess of spinsters in 1896 of 3,997, which increased to 4,918 in 1901, decreased to 2,117 in 1906, and again increased in 1911 to 2,299; while in Otago an excess of 2,066 spinsters in 1896 diminished in 1901 when there were 1,899 more spinsters than bachelors, and again in 1906, when the number of spinsters was 954 greater than the number of bachelors. The census of 1911 shows an excess of spinsters over bachelors of 2,765 for the Otago portion of the province, while in the Southland portion there were 1,519 more bachelors than spinsters. Both Canterbury and Otago have lost large numbers of bachelors by departures to the North Island. The following table exhibits the particulars for each provincial district:—

Provincial District.Census 1896.Census 1901.Census 1906.Census 1911.
Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.Excess of Bachelors over Spinsters.Excess of Spinsters over Bachelors.
Excess for Dominion..1,786..3,5729,633..12,713 
Auckland703..521..3,383..7,263..
Taranaki524..805..754..1,370..
Hawke's Bay1,142..425..1,151..1,003..
Wellington637..32..4,389..2,308..
Marlborough183..158..532..610..
Nelson580..637..1,550..2,629..
Westland501..666..935..1,033..
Canterbury..3,997..4,918..2,117..2,299
Otago..2,066..1,899..954..2,765
Southland............1,519..
Chatham Islands7..1..10..14..
Kermadec Islands............1..

AGES OF PERSONS MARRIED.

Of the persons married in 1913, 159 bridegrooms and 1,394 brides were under 21 years of age. Of the bridegrooms, two were between 16 and 17, and one between 17 and 18, while eleven were between 18 and 19. Of the brides, seven were between 15 and 16, and forty between 16 and 17 years of age. The proportion of men married is greatest at the ages 25 to 30, and of women at from 21 to 25 years.

The following are the proportions of men and women married at each age-period to every 100 marriages in the years 1893, 1903, and 1913:—

Age, in Years.1893.1903.1913.
M.F.M.F.M.F.
Under 211.7519.731.6216.001.8015.82
21 and under 2527.3943.6924.4839.6722.0435.09
25 and under 3036.1323.2638.2228.1437.7527.86
30 and under 4025.359.5027.0012.5229.6316.94
40 and under 505.692.755.452.605.843.07
50 and under 602.820.881.940.681.840.82
60 and under 700.750.220.900.330.740.33
70 and upwards0.120.020.390.060.360.07
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00
MEAN AGE AT MARRIAGE.
Year.Mean Age of Bridegrooms.Mean Age of Brides.
189629.7425.28
189729.6225.21
189829.9525.30
189929.8625.48
190029.9125.29
190129.7225.54
190229.8925.63
190329.8925.84
190429.6025.44
190529.6525.75
190629.7625.97
190729.8326.07
190829.8626.11
190930.1126.40
191029.9126.32
191130.1226.48
191229.9526.39
191330.1526.42

The average age of bridegrooms has remained fairly constant during the period, but there is a gradual increase in the average age of the brides. In England the mean age of those whose ages were stated was (in the year 1911) 29.03 years for men, and 27.46 years for women. Thus the average age at marriage in New Zealand would appear to be higher for men, but lower for women, than in England.

The proportion of bridegrooms under 21 is much greater in England than in New Zealand, and the proportion of brides under 21 somewhat lower.

In England, in 1911, of every 1,000 bridegrooms whose ages were stated, 39 were under 21 years of age, and of every 1,000 brides 133 were under 21 years of age. In New Zealand, in 1913, the proportions of minors were 18 bridegrooms and 158 brides in every 1,000 marriages.

Year.Bridegrooms under 21 in every 100.Brides under 21 in every 100
18901.8922.75
18921.6220.14
18941.4419.53
18961.9619.51
18981.5718.13
19001.6717.34
19021.3916.59
19041.7317.61
19061.6515.86
19071.6015.82
19082.1216.05
19091.7616.17
19101.9515.70
19111.9515.02
19121.8815.97
19131.8015.82

Registrars of Marriages are prohibited by law from issuing certificates for the marriage of minors without the consent of the parents or lawful guardians, if there be any in New Zealand. If a declaration is made in any case that there is no such parent or lawful guardian resident in the Dominion, then a certificate may be issued after the expiration of fourteen days following the date on which the notice of intended marriage was given.

The ages at which persons may contract binding marriages are the same as in England—12 years for females and 14 for males. Marriage may be contracted at earlier ages than those stated, but would be voidable at the discretion of either of the parties upon reaching the age of 12 or 14, as the case may be, and without the necessity of proceedings in Court.

Although in New Zealand the age at which girls may legally marry is as above, nevertheless, by the criminal law, to unlawfully carnally know a girl under the age of 16 years is now a punishable offence. The age of consent was raised from 15 to 16 by statute passed in 1906.

OCCUPATIONS OF BRIDEGROOMS.

The bridegrooms married during 1913 are given below according to their occupations, arranged in the classification used at the census of 1911.

OCCUPATIONS AND AGES OF BRIDEGROOMS, 1913.
Occupation.Total Bride-grooms.Ages, in Years.
Under 20.20 and under 25.25 and under 45.45 and under 65.65 and upwards
Professional class540..83423295
Domestic class17823513272
Mercantile class1,54363741,094627
Engaged in transport and communication96111269654261
Engaged in manufacturing1,3049362892374
Engaged in building and construction7362185525195
Other industrial workers1,341123379206111
Agricultural and pastoral class1,91483481,41512815
Working in mines and quarries2021371559 
Other primary producers58..1939  
Independent means28....31411
Occupations not stated8..161 
          Totals8,813512,0506,25839361

MARRIAGE REGISTER SIGNED BY MARK.

Of the men married in 1913, 11 or 1.25 in every 1,000, and of the women 22 or 2.50 per 1,000, signed the register by mark.

The illiteracy of the people, as measured by the proportion of persons who affix marks instead of signatures to the marriage register, has greatly decreased of late, having fallen since 1881 from 3204 per 1,000 to 1.25 per 1,000 among men and from 57.98 per 1,000 to 2.50 per 1,000 among women. This is shown by the following table:—

PERSONS IN EVERY 1,000 MARRIED WHO SIGNED BY MARK.
1881.1891.1901.1906.1911.1912.1913.
Male32.0413.934.593.161.130.661.25
Female57.9316.826.233.422.382.302.50

The numbers upon which the above rates are worked are comparatively small, and they should not be used as a basis for any conclusion as to the education of the people as a whole.

MARRIAGES BY MINISTERS OF VARIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

The following table shows the proportions of marriages by ministers of the principal denominations in the past five years:—

Denomination.Percentage of Marriages.
1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Church of England24.2724.3825.6025.9925.02
Presbyterians25.7226.2026.5426.4826.88
Methodists14.8414.4913.8313.4312.57
Roman Catholics10.9311.8510.8610.9011.73
Other denominations7.976.316.546.226.24
Before Registrars16.2716.7716.6316.9817.56
 100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

The above figures must not be taken as a true indication of the religions of the parties married, as it does not necessarily follow that both parties are members of the church whose officiating minister performed the ceremony, and persons married before Registrars may belong, in greater or lesser proportion, to any of the denominations.

MAORI MARRIAGES

In cases where both parties to a marriage are of the Native race there is no necessity under the Marriage Act to comply with the provisions of that Act, though the parties are at liberty to take advantage thereof. Considerable inconvenience, however, has been found to exist on account of the non-registration of Maori marriages, and a section was inserted in the Native Land Act, 1909, whereby it was laid down that Maori marriages must be celebrated either under the provisions of the Marriage Act or in the presence of a registered officiating minister, but without complying with the other requirements of the Act. Ministers solemnizing the latter class of marriages must send returns to the Registrar-General.

Returns of 254 marriages in which both parties were of the Native race were received during the year 1913. Of these 34 were in accordance with the provisions of the Marriage Act. Maori marriages are not included in the numbers shown elsewhere in this sub-section, nor are they taken into account in the computation of marriage-rates.

NUMBER OF OFFICIATING MINISTERS.

The number of names on the list of officiating ministers under the Marriage Act is (July, 1914) 1,470, and the denominations to which they belong are shown hereunder:—

Denomination.No.
Specified in statute—
Church of England469
Presbyterian Church of New Zealand328
Roman Catholic Church222
Methodist Church of New Zealand250
Congregational Independents33
Baptists56
Lutheran Church8
Hebrew Congregations7
Not specified in statute—
Church of Christ27
Free Methodist Church of New Zealand3
Latter-day Saints3
Salvation Army32
Catholic Apostolic Church5
Unitarians3
Brethren4
Seventh Day Adventists4
Church of the Seven Rules of Jehovah5
Others11
          Total470

Chapter 5. SECTION V.—PUBLIC HEALTH, HOSPITALS, ETC.

SUBSECTION A.—PUBLIC HEALTH.

PUBLIC HEALTH ACT.

The Public Health Act, 1900, repealed eight amending and allied Acts dating from 1876 to 1900. The Public Health Act, 1900, with amendments in 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, and 1907. in the general consolidation of the New Zealand Statutes, now forms the Public Health Act, 1908. This consists of four parts.

Part I provides for the constitution of a Department of Public Health under the control of a Minister of the Crown, called the Minister of Public Health, and also enables the Dominion to be divided up into health districts, each health district being placed under a District Health Officer, who must possess special knowledge of sanitary and bacteriological science. These officers, and such inspectors and other officers who may be appointed by the Governor, are under the control of and responsible to the Chief Health Officer.

Part II deals with sanitation and the prevention of infectious diseases. The initial clauses under this part are more particularly designed to be made Use of in the case of the outbreak of any dangerous infectious disease. These diseases have been declared to be plague, smallpox, leprosy, and cholera. The subsequent sections of this part deal with the notification and prevention of the spread of infectious diseases. By the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Amendment Act, 1910, the thirty-seven' Hospital Boards throughout the Dominion are made the local authorities under this Act for all matters relating to infectious diseases. Notification of the latter is required to be made to the Hospital Board and the District Health Officer.

Under “Sanitation” the abatement of nuisances, the prevention of pollution of watercourses, the control of offensive trades, the removal or repairing of insanitary buildings, and other similar matters are dealt with; and the functions of the District Health Officer and the Inspectors in regard thereto are laid down. Generally speaking, in addition to his duties under the Public Health Act, the District Health Officer acts in the advisory capacity of a medical officer of health to the several municipalities and other local governing bodies in his district.

Part III deals with quarantine, which is referred to below. Part IV deals with vaccination, to which reference is made in the Vital-Statistics section of the Year-book.

DIPLOMAS IN PUBLIC HEALTH.

The New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1912, confers on the Senate of the New Zealand University the power to grant diplomas in public health, and to make regulations for the examination of candidates for such diplomas.

QUARANTINE.

The quarantine laws are administered by the officers of the Department of Public Health, under authority of the Public Health Act, 1908. The Act provides for the proclamation of infected places in or beyond the Dominion, and every ship arriving at a New Zealand port from or after having touched at an infected place is liable to quarantine, and this liability extends to every person on board such ship. No persons or goods are allowed to be landed from an infected ship, except at the appointed quarantine-ground, and any restrictions that may be deemed necessary to prevent the spread of infection may be enforced by the health officers. Heavy fines may be inflicted for any breach of these laws.

A medical practitioner may be appointed to take charge of passengers and crew of a ship liable to quarantine, and the owners or agents of the ship are liable for the cost of such attendance. It is the duty of the owners or agents of the ship to supply the passengers with such wholesome provisions and medicines as the medical man in charge directs or requires. All expenses incurred in connection with the disinfection or destruction of infected goods are a charge against the ship.

Regulations under the Act direct the manner in which the ship and the quarantine quarters must be disinfected, and the precautions to be taken by those on board the ship. Suspected ships are liable to the same precautions as those infected, and healthy ships—i.e., those on board which there has been no case of infectious disease though they have sailed from or touched at an infected port, or have communicated with an infected ship—are liable to fumigation if directed by the Health Officer, and the method of mooring is set out.

No vessel may be admitted to pratique between the hours of sunset and sunrise, unless under exceptional circumstances.

REGISTRATION OF MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS.

To be registered as a medical practitioner in New Zealand application should be made to the Registrar-General at Wellington or to the Registrar of Births and Deaths at Auckland, New Plymouth, Napier, Nelson, Hokitika, Picton, Christchurch, Dunedin, or Invercargill.

An applicant must be a graduate in medicine and surgery of the New Zealand University, or registered or eligible for registration as a medical practitioner in the United Kingdom, or the holder of a diploma granted, after a course of not less than five years' study of the subjects pertaining to a medical and surgical degree or license, by a university in any British possession, or any other university which, in the opinion of the Governor in Council, is equal in status to the University of New Zealand.

One month's notice of intended application must be given, and such notice advertised once in the New Zealand Gazette and also in a newspaper circulating near the residence of the applicant. Residence in New Zealand is therefore essential before notice can be given.

The fee for registration is one pound, payable on deposit of evidence of qualification.

REGISTRATION OF DENTISTS.

Application for registration as a dentist should be made to the Registrar-General, Wellington, accompanied by a fee of £1.

Every adult person is entitled to be registered as a dentist in New Zealand who is the holder of a degree in dental surgery of the University of New Zealand, or a certificate of proficiency in dentistry obtained from the Senate of the University, or is registered or entitled to be registered as a dentist in the United Kingdom, or is the holder of such degree in dentistry granted in a British possession or a foreign country, as may be recognized by the Senate of the New Zealand University.

Evidence of good character is required in every case.

SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS.

In order to make better provision for the sale of food and drugs in a pure state, the Sale of Food and Drugs Act was passed by the Legislature, and came into operation on the 1st January, 1908. This Act forms part of and is to be read together with the Public Health Act, 1908.

The Act is administered by the officers of the Public Health Department, and provides for the analysis, by public analysts, of any article of food or drink, or of any drug, which may be sold, offered for sale, or exposed for sale, and for the inspection of any place where there is any food or drug intended for sale. If any such article be proved to be unfit for human consumption, or likely to cause injury to health if consumed, heavy penalties may be inflicted on the person or persons responsible.

Stringent measures are provided for the prevention of adulteration of food, drink, or drugs, and for the inspection of places where such things are manufactured or packed. The selling of light-weight bread is an offence under the Act, as is also the taking back of bread after it has been in the possession of the purchaser for more than an hour.

Any person may, on payment of the prescribed fee, together with the cost of the sample, require any authorized officer to purchase a sample of any food or drug and submit the same for analysis.

Regulations under the Act were published in the New Zealand Gazettes of the 20th February, 1908, 17th September, 1908, 13th January, 1910, 17th February, 1910, and 6th October, 1910. Standards for the control of the purity of food stuffs and of drugs, on the lines recommended by the Australian Inter-State Conference, have been prepared and gazetted as a complete set of regulations (on 6th March, 1913). All former regulations are revoked thereby.

PLUMBERS REGISTRATION ACT.

This Act, passed during the session of 1912, provides for the setting up of a Board, to be called the Plumbers' Board of New Zealand. This Board consists of five members—viz., the Chief Health Officer or his Deputy, who shall be chairman; the Inspector-General of Schools; a city or borough engineer nominated by the cities and boroughs which have a population of over 5,000 inhabitants, and appointed by the Governor; a master plumber, and a journeyman plumber elected by their respective associations.

The functions of the Board are to decide what persons may be registered under the Act, in what districts sanitary plumbing shall be performed only by registered plumbers, and what shall be the scope of the examinations to be held in the future as a part of the process of securing registration.

The large principle underlying the Act is that of securing trained and certificated sanitary plumbers, and that such registered plumbers shall not be required to pay any license fee or pass any examination under any local authorities controlling sanitary plumbing-works.

SUBSECTION B.—HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

Prior to the abolition of provinces the hospitals of the Dominion were supported mainly out of provincial revenues. After that event the expenditure for hospitals was for the most part charged against the revenue of counties and municipal corporations, until October, 1885, when the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1885 (re-enacted in 1908), came into force.

Under this Act that portion of New Zealand included within the three principal islands—the North. South, and Stewart Islands—was divided into thirty-six hospital districts, each consisting of one or more counties with the interior boroughs and certain town districts having a population of five hundred or more, presided over by thirteen Hospital Boards, twenty-three combined Hospital and Charitable-aid Boards, and six Charitable-aid Boards.

The Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909, is described in the preamble as “An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to public hospitals and charitable institutions, the distribution of charitable aid, and the establishment of private hospitals.” All previous enactments relating to these matters are repealed.

The main provisions of the Act are thus briefly described: The distinction between Hospital Boards and Charitable-aid Boards has been abolished, and every Board now possesses the double function of maintaining hospitals and administering charitable relief. The Board consists of representatives of the various contributory local districts, counties, boroughs, town districts, and in some instances road districts, as the case may be, lying within the hospital district.

Representation on the Board is proportionate to the population and the value of the rateable property in the contributory district, the total number of members of any Board not to be less than eight nor more than twenty. The representatives are elected by the electors of the local authority of the contributory district, casual vacancies being filled by nomination by the local authority itself. Small contributory districts may be combined, and return a representative in common. The representatives of each contributory district retire at every general election of the local authority of that district, and their places are filled by an election held at the same time as that general election. This arrangement preserves the continuity of the Boards by securing the retirement of groups of members at different times, and also avoids the expense of a separate and special election. All property in connection with the purposes of the Act, including hospitals for infectious diseases, is vested in the Boards, excepting that belonging to certain hospitals, four in number, and six charitable institutions, which are specifically exempted on the ground that they are self-supporting so far as the local authorities are concerned.

The revenues of the Boards accrue from the following sources :—

  1. Rents and profits of land and endowments.

  2. Voluntary contributions and bequests.

  3. Contributions from local authorities.

  4. Subsidies from the Consolidated Fund as follows :—

    1. Ten shillings in the pound on all devises or bequests, provided the subsidy shall not exceed £500 in respect of the estate of any single testator.

    2. Twenty-four shillings in the pound on voluntary contributions other than bequests.

    3. Pound for pound on contributions by local authorities in respect of capital expenditure, and in respect of other expenditure on a sliding scale, the amounts ranging from 12s. 3d. in the pound when the capital rateable value of property in the district exceeds £450 per head of the population, and the rate of levy per head is not under 4s., to 24s. 3d. when the value per head is less than £100 and the levy per head less than 2s.

The amount to be contributed by the local authorities is determined by estimating the expenditure for the ensuing year, including any deficiency brought forward, and deducting from the amount so ascertained the probable revenue from all sources excepting contributions from local authorities; the balance must be provided by the contributory bodies either out of their ordinary revenues or by special rates. Should any body fail to pay the required contribution, the amount due may be deducted from any subsidy or grant payable by the Government to the said local authority. The revenues of the Boards are thus secured absolutely.

When funds are required for the purpose of acquiring land as a site for any building, or for erecting, adding to, or altering any building, the contributory authority may raise the amount required by way of loan from the State Advances Board, repaying the loan by instalments. Provision is made by which the contributory authorities may demand an inquiry if they consider the proposed expenditure, is unnecessary or extravagant, and if such contention is upheld an amended estimate and fresh apportionment must be made.

The Inspector-General of Hospitals has the general administration of the Act under the direction of the Minister of Public Health, and is intrusted with authority to inspect institutions within the meaning of the Act at any time he may think fit. If a Board fails or refuses to perform any duty imposed by the Act, the Inspector-General may by direction of the Minister take the matter in hand and remedy it, charging the Board with any expense incurred in so doing.

The Dominion is divided into thirty-eight hospital and charitable-aid districts, each of which is under the control of a Board elected as mentioned above.

Besides the administration of hospitals and charitable aid, these Boards are the responsible authorities as regards certain public health matters, being especially responsible for the control of infectious diseases. This duty was placed upon the Boards by the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Amendment Act, 1910.

Information relating to the public general hospitals in the Dominion for the year ended 31st March, 1914, compared with the previous corresponding period is given in the following table :—

     1912–13.1913–14.Increase.
Number of institutions6363 
Stipendiary medical staff86882
Nursing staff—
     Trained nurses25230048
     Probationers5705788
Domestic staff55057626
Number of beds3,1763,292116

The following shows the receipts and expenditure upon hospitals and charitable aid for the years ended the 31st March, 1913 and 1914:—

 Year ended 31st March,
1913.1914.
££
Receipts.
From Government200,256219,520
From local authorities166,281175,120
Voluntary contributions25,93049,856
Payments on account of persons relieved77,36984,026
From other sources39,33256,881
 £509,168£585,403
Expenditure.
Hospital maintenance242,116265,267
Charitable aid—
     Indoor relief66,37868,510
     Outdoor relief31,09234,451
Administration23,32322,720
New buildings and additions108,162143,529
Other expenses29,37345,129
 £500,444£579,606
GENERAL HOSPITALS.
 Year ended 31st March, 1914.
Average number of patients per diem2,233
Number of patients under treatment28,885
Deaths2,179
Individual average day's stay28
Average number of occupied beds to each of nursing staff2.5
Average annual cost of maintenance per occupied bed£109.3
Average annual payment by patient per occupied bed£23.5
Number of out-patients attended during year16,986

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

As previously remarked, State charitable institutions are administered by combined Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards, who also distribute outdoor relief. Most of the aged needy are provided with old-age pensions of £26 per annum, but many of these old people prefer to enter a public home, where they are better cared for and at less cost than could be possible with individuals. In these cases the pension is received by the officers of the Board, as payment for the maintenance of the pensioner, but a proportion is handed over to the latter to be expended as he or she may choose.

Where public and private charitable organizations operate side by side independently of each other there is sure to be an overlapping in the collection of funds and the distribution of relief. The Inspector-General of Charitable Institutions has taken steps to endeavour to secure co-operation between public and private charities, in order to avoid any duplication in future. The average cost of maintenance per occupied bed of the old peoples' homes under the control of Hospital Boards for the year 1913–14 was £35 2s.; the average number of inmates daily 1.147; the number of beds available being 1,508.

COMPARISON OF HOSPITAL AND CHARITABLE-AID EXPENDITURE SINCE 1894–95′ AND THE COST PER HEAD OF THE POPULATION.
Year ended 31st March.Mean Population.Hospital and Charitable-aid and other* Expenditure.Proportion of Cost per Head of the Population.
£s.d.
1895683,111177,7245
1896696,331199,4635
1897710,418186,04752Ÿ;
1898724,681181,77350
1899739,193198,8235
1900752,644185,860411Œ
1901765,668197,40851Ÿ;
1902781,356212,21555
1903802,419231,18559
1904826,902243,000510œ
1905851,964259,61661
1906877,469270,71062
1907901,920288,8086
1908925,727315,197610
1909945,063359,9417
1910977,906375,07578
1911997,974416,3848
19121,019,984482,6459
19131,046,624500,44296Ÿ;
19141,075,788579,60610

Capital expenditure is included, and this being variable would cause some slight fluctuation in the rate per head of the population.

PRIVATE HOSPITALS.

The Private Hospitals Act, which came into force on the 1st January, 1907, is now superseded by the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, 1909, which provides for the licensing, management, and inspection of private hospitals. All such institutions must be licensed, and every application for a license must be accompanied by a statement giving full description of the house proposed to be used, number of patients, and class of cases proposed to be received. The licensee shall state whether it is in respect of a lying-in private hospital or a surgical and medical private hospital, or if for both classes of cases, and no private hospital shall be used for any purpose other than that in respect of which the license is granted and purposes reasonably incidental thereto.

For every private hospital there must be a resident manager, either the licensee or some person appointed by the licensee, and in every case the manager must be a legally qualified medical practitioner or a registered nurse in the case of a surgical and medical hospital, or a registered midwife in the case of a lying-in hospital, or a registered nurse and midwife, or a registered nurse having as resident assistant a registered midwife in the case of a hospital licensed for both purposes. No license shall be granted in respect of a house not previously licensed until such house and annexed buildings have been approved by the Inspector-General of Hospitals, and no addition shall be made to any private hospital until it has been so approved. No license shall be granted until the character and fitness of the applicant have been proved satisfactory, and the license must be renewed on the 1st January of each year.

In every private hospital there must be kept a register of patients showing particulars as to name, age, abode, and date of reception of each patient, date when such patient left, or in the event of death the date thereof, name of medical practitioner attending, and such other details as may be prescribed. Inquiry may be made at any time as to the management and conduct of any such private hospital, and if such inquiry prove unsatisfactory the license may be revoked, and no new license shall be granted to the person whose license is so revoked, for a period of five years.

Provision is made for the visitation and inspection of private hospitals in the same manner as for public institutions of the like nature.

The Governor may from time to time make such regulations as are necessary for carrying the Act into effect, and substantial penalties are provided for breaches of its provisions.

MATERNITY HOSPITALS.

There are four State maternity hospitals now open for the use of the public, one at each of the principal centres. The St. Helens Hospital at Wellington was opened in June, 1905, and a new and up-to-date building in July, 1912; that at Dunedin in October, 1905; that at Auckland in June, 1906; and that at Christchurch in April, 1907. During the year ended 31st March, 1914, a total of 803 confinements took place in the four hospitals, and 495 confinements were attended by the institution nurses outside the hospitals, as compared with 909 and 452 confinements respectively during the previous twelve months. These institutions are a development of the policy begun by legislation in 1901, when the Nurses Registration Act was passed, followed in 1904 by the Midwives Act, the latter providing that after a certain date only those midwives who were duly registered would be qualified to practise on their own account.

Tables are given showing information as to births and deaths in each institution during the year ended 31st March, 1914, and the totals for each of the past five years. Births in cases dealt with outside St. Helens Hospitals by the nurses attached to the institutions are also shown.

ST. HELENS HOSPITALS, 1913–14.
City.Confinements in Institution.Confinements attended outside
Births.Deaths of Mothers.Deaths of Infants.
 Births.
Auckland176....241
Wellington21233113
Christchurch2521382
Dunedin1631559
          Totals803511495
ST. HELENS HOSPITALS, 1909–10 TO 1913–14.
Year ended 31st March.Confinements in Institution.Confinements attended outside.
Births.Deaths of Mothers.Deaths of Infants.
 Births.
1910865511320
191182749355
1912886217460
1913920417454
1914803511495

The expenditure of the four St. Helens Maternity Hospitals for the year ended 31st March, 1914, was as follows :—

Head of Expenditure.Auckland.Wellington.Christchurch.Dunedin.
 ££££
Maintenance1,4711,8991,5891,316
Buildings, &c...22647101
Administration81757575
          Totals1,5521,9962,3111,492

The maternity hospitals are not intended in any sense to be charitable institutions, and it is expected that they will be self-supporting.

There is a maternity hospital attached to the Medical School at Dunedin, which also serves as a training-school for medical students and midwives. During the year ended 31st December, 1913, 172 patients were admitted to this institution.

There is a maternity hospital established at Gisborne by the Cook County Women's Guild on the same lines as the St. Helens Hospitals and recognized as a training school for midwives. There are ten beds.

Charitable Maternity Homes are established at Auckland, Otahuhu, Napier, Wellington, Christchurch, and Invercargill for the reception of unfortunate girls. The Salvation Army have similar institutions at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin.

REGISTRATION OF NURSES AND MIDWIVES.

The Nurses Registration Act provides that every person who has attained the age of twenty-three years and is certified as having had three years' training as a nurse in a recognized general hospital, together with systematic instruction in theoretical and practical nursing from the medical officer and the matron of that hospital, and who passes the prescribed examination, is entitled to registration. During the year ended 31st March, 1914, there were 175 candidates for the final examination in medical and surgical nursing, and 155 passed.

On 31st March, 1914, the number of registered midwives was 1,278. Of these 595 are trained and certificated, the remainder having satisfied the Registrar that at the date of the passing of the Act they had been for at least three years in bona fide practice as midwives, and that they bear a good character.

ORPHANAGES AND OTHER CHILDREN'S HOMES.

Exclusive of industrial schools there are so far as is known some thirty-five institutions that may be described as orphanages or children's homes. The majority of these are under official inspection, as they receive for payment children who are under six years of age. By an amendment of the Education Act passed in 1910 provision is made for the inspection of all orphanages and cognate institutions by Inspectors of the Education Department, with a view to securing that as regards education of the children and general management these organizations are acting consistently with the laws governing the education, care, and upbringing of children who are maintained in kindred institutions.

Under the control of the Education Department come also the various institutions for deaf and dumb, blind, or mentally defective children. These are dealt with in the section of this book dealing with Education.

SUBSECTION C.—MENTAL HOSPITALS.

There are seven public mental hospitals in the Dominion, maintained wholly or in part out of the public revenue. There is also one private hospital, licensed by the Governor for the reception of the mentally afflicted.

THE MENTAL DEFECTIVES ACT, 1911.

In 1911 an Act was passed intituled the Mental Defectives Act, 1911. This Act which came into operation on 1st March, 1912, marks an important legislative advance with respect to the care, treatment, and classification of mentally defective persons.

The following matters are worthy of special reference :—

The definition of “mentally defective person,” in section 2, classifies such persons into six divisions, dependent upon the nature and severity of the complaint to which the patient is subject. These divisions are: Class I, persons of unsound mind; Class II, persons mentally infirm; Class III, idiots; Class IV, imbeciles; Class V, feeble-minded; Class VI, epileptics. This classification is that recommended by the recent Imperial Royal Commission on the care and control of the feeble-minded. Persons coming within any of the above classes are not necessarily to be confined in institutions under the Act, but only in cases where their detention is required for their own welfare and in the public interest.

Much more efficient provision is made in the machinery provisions of the Act for the committal of mentally defective persons to institutions, and special provisions are made for the ready admission of such persons in cases of sudden attack or other cases demanding speedy attention.

Part II deals with “single patients”—that is to say, persons who are, on the authority of a Magistrate and after examination, permitted to remain in the custody and under the control of a private person.

Part III relates exclusively to the special procedure to be adopted in the case of the committal of minors to an institution. Such persons may be received on the declaration of a parent or guardian, supported by medical certificates, to the effect that detention is necessary, and may be discharged on a similar application, unless further detention is deemed necessary.

Part V relates to “voluntary boarders,” and is an important departure from the earlier law. It permits of the detention of a person in an institution on his personal application to be placed under control and treatment. Such a patient may be again discharged on his own application in that behalf, the only restriction being that he may be detained for seven days after the receipt of such an application. This provision is extremely valuable in cases where a person is aware of an impending attack of insanity and wishes to effectively place himself beyond the risk of inflicting harm on himself or others.

The remaining provisions of the Act deal principally with the effective administration of public and licensed institutions for mentally defective persons, and for the treatment and control of the persons detained therein.

PATIENTS UNDER TREATMENT.

The number of patients under treatment at the end of 1913 was 3,964, consisting of 2,332 males and 1,632 females. These numbers include Maoris, of whom there were 31 male and 8 female patients.

The number of patients remaining at the close of each of the past Live years, and the proportion per 10,000 of the population, excluding Maoris, are shown in the following table :—

NUMBER REMAINING, 1909–13.
Year.Number remaining at Close of Year.Proportion per 10,000 of Population.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.
19092,0591,4523,51139.5631.3935.72
19102,1321,4963,62840.6031.9936.54
19112,1931,5253,71840.6131.4036.26
19122,2431,6283,87140.5532.6036.77
19132,3011,6243,92538.4131.5036.19
Means of five years2,1861,5453,73139.9531.7836.30

ADMISSIONS.

The total admissions to mental hospitals during the year 1913 were 784 (466 males and 318 females), this number not including 108 transfers from one institution to another The principal causes of insanity as assigned on admission are as follows : —

Heredity140
Senility116
Alcohol92
Previous attacks60
Congenital mental deficiency49
Mental stress49
Puberty and adolescence45
Climacteric45
Syphilis43
Epilepsy24
Puerperal state25
Other causes or cause unknown96
 784

With regard to hereditary insanity, the following interesting comment appears in a recent report of the Inspector-General of Mental Hospitals :—

“The returns with respect to heredity do not, and never do, represent its total incidence. One may hold that the stress alleged as the cause was of itself insufficient to disorder a stable brain, but can enter only what is acknowledged, and one may observe nervous peculiarities among visiting relatives, pointing to common inheritance; but the knowledge cannot always be used in compiling statistics, either because these persons have shared the same faulty environment, or the characteristics may have descended from a branch unrelated to the patient. We have, however, examples of heredity being denied in cases where there are other members of the family already in one or other of the mental hospitals.”

First Admissions.

Of the 784 persons admitted to mental hospitals during 1913, those admitted for the first time to any mental hospital in New Zealand numbered 660 (males, 394; females, 266), and those not admitted for the first time, 124 (males, 72; females, 52). Of the first admissions 20 were immigrants, who became insane within a year of landing in the Dominion. Of this number, 5 men and 6 women came from the United Kingdom, 3 men came from the Commonwealth, and 6 from foreign countries. In addition, 3 New-Zealanders (men) were admitted shortly after their return from residence abroad.

Excluding the Native race the number of first admissions and rate per 10,000 of population for each of the past five years were as follows:—

FIRST ADMISSIONS AND RATE PER 10,000 OF MEAN POPULATION, 1909–13.
Year.Number of First Admissions.Proportion per 10,000 of Population.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.
19093432235666.664.805.82
19103972426397.565.176.44
19113622496116.775.196.02
19123902876777.145.836.52
19133872616486.905.146.06
Means of five years3762526287.015.236.17

The figures for 1913 represent one first admission for every 1,649 persons in the Dominion.

MAORIS ADMITTED AND REMAINING.

The number of Maoris admitted as patients to the mental hospitals is small. These and the number remaining at the close of each of the past five years are shown below :—

MAORIS ADMITTED AND REMAINING, 1909–13.
Year.Admitted.Remaining at Close of Year.
Males.Females.Males.Females.
1909942414
19101332814
19111242711
19121253012
191395318

DISCHARGES AND DEATHS.

Dealing with patients of all races, the next table gives the average number resident, those who were discharged as recovered, and those who died, during the period 1909–13 :—

YearAverage Number Resident.Discharged as recovered.Died.
Number.Per Cent. of Average Number Resident.Number.Per Cent. of Average Number Resident.
19093,37434910.342046.05
19103,4733279.422838.15
19113,6013319.193038.41
19123,6973258.792807.57
19133,8493378.763077.98
Means of five years3,5993359.302757.63

With regard to the deaths in 1913, 106 were due to senile decay, representing 34.53 per cent. of the total deaths for the year, as against 2286 per cent. for 1912. It is also noted that in a considerable number of the deaths from other causes advancing years was a factor, 52.81 per cent. of the patients who died in 1913 at specified ages being over sixty years of age. Deaths from general paralysis numbered 27, while various forms of tuberculosis accounted for 27 of the total deaths.

PRIVATE MENTAL HOSPITAL.

A license may be granted to enable a private mental hospital to receive patients for treatment. Stringent conditions are attached to the issue of such licenses, which may be revoked at any time. The Inspector-General has wide powers in the regulation and control of private institutions, which are placed practically on the same footing as public mental hospitals in regard to inspection and other matters. There is only one licensed private institution in the Dominion, that at Wakari, near Dunedin, established in 1882. Particulars of admissions, discharges, deaths, and patients remaining, for the last five years, are as follows. These figures are included in the tables given above.

PRIVATE MENTAL HOSPITAL (included in previous figures).
Year.Admissions.Discharges.Deaths.Patients remaining at End of Year.
19091821..44
19101112142
19111513143
19121916145
19132216744

SLEEPING ACCOMMODATION.

The amount of sleeping-accommodation provided in each of the public mental hospitals is shown in tabular form, giving separately the number and cubic contents of the sleeping-rooms intended for one person only, and of the dormitories occupied by several inmates conjointly, together with the number of patients actually in the hospitals on the 31st December, 1913 :—

Sleeping-rooms for One Person only.Dormitories for more than One Person.
Number.Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet.Inmates (Patients) on 31st December. 1913.Number.Aggregate Number of Cubic Feet.Inmates (Patients) on 31st December 1913.
Auckland117105,53711737362,831779
Tokanui31,9603351,46786
Porirua159155,88515929444,945733
Nelson2722,8232716105,081170
Hokitika5747,7595714131,718213
Christchurch10369,65110340288,520549
Seacliff255195,41625564356,758669
          Totals721599,0317212031,741,3203,199

At Ashburn Hall, Wakari, there are seventy-seven rooms, each for one person only, with an aggregate cubic content of 77,461 ft.

EXPENDITURE, ETC.

The total expenditure on maintenance of mental hospitals (not including the cost of new buildings and additions), receipts from patients and for sale of produce,©, and the average net cost per annum for each patient during the past five years, were as follows:—

Year.Total Expenditure.Receipts from Patients, Sale of Produce, &c.Net Expenditure.Average Not Expenditure per Patient.
££££s.d.
1909118,37735,08983,2882504
1910118,26832,13386,1352521
1911125,22740,84084,38723144
1912143,00641,865101,14126101
1913150,11147,228102,8832706

The total net expenditure out of the Public Works Fund for buildings and equipment from 1st July, 1877, to 31st March, 1914, was £678,625.

Farms are conducted in connection with the various mental hospitals, the inmates themselves doing most of the labour. During 1913, sales of produce brought in £5,837, while the value of produce grown on the farms and consumed in the institutions was estimated at £14,629. Expenses amounted to £11,247, so that the year's working shows a credit balance of £9,219.

Chapter 6. SECTION VI.—EDUCATION.

CENSUS FIGURES.

OF every 100 persons in New Zealand 83.78 could read and write, 0.86 could read only, and 15.36 could neither read nor write at the time of the census; of 1911. The proportion able to read and write has increased, and that of persons who cannot read has decreased, steadily since 1874. The figures are given for five censuses :—

     Read and write.Read only.Cannot read.
Census 187468.158.0923.76
Census 188674.014.8021.19
Census 189680.602.8916.51
Census 190683.501.6014.90
Census 191183.780.8615.36

To ascertain, however, how completely education is carried out, accepting as a test the knowledge of reading and writing, it is necessary to show the position at present in respect of age periods, which is accordingly given.

At the period under five years only 0.01 in every hundred were able to read and write, and 0.02 to read; 9997 being unable to do either on account of extreme youth. At five to ten years 6805 could read and write, and 4.31 read only, leaving 27.64 who could not read. But this last includes only three years of the compulsory school-going period.

With the subsequent periods up to forty years figures under “Head only” and “Cannot” are reduced to small fractions as under :—

     Read and write.Read only.Cannot read.
10 to 15 years99.510.150.34
15 to 20 years99.690.050.26
20 to 25 years99.680.070.25
25 to 30 years99.670.060.27
30 to 35 years99.530.120.35
35 to 40 years99.330.170.50
40 to 45 years99.110.230.66

At forty-five to fifty years those who “cannot read” are over 1 per cent., and the proportion goes on increasing regularly, thus :—

     Read and write.Read only.Cannot read.
50 to 55 years97.480.881.64
60 to 6594.922.192.89
70 to 7591.034.074.90
80 and upwards85.226.658.13

The improved conditions of the young people are clearly shown above. At the last two periods given, which belong to advanced life, 4.73 per cent. and 5.74 per cent. are found to be either “reading only” or quite illiterate.

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION.

In the following tables an attempt has been made to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education. The first table shows the total amount expended both from the public account and out of income from endowments during the years ended 31st March, 1913 and 1914. The figures are given to the nearest £1,000.

ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION IN NEW ZEALAND FOR THE YEARS 1912–13 AND 1913–14.(Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000.)
Branch of Education.1912–13.1913–14.
Out of Public Funds.Out of Income from Reserves.Total for all Items from all Public Sources.Out of Public Funds.Out of Income from Reserves.Total for all Items from all Public Sources.
 ££££££
Primary (including Native schools and training colleges)954,00081,0001,035,0001,003,00092,0001,095,000
Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools)90,00044,000134,000108,00054,000162,000
Continuation and technical70,0006,00076,00055,0008,00063,000
Higher (including university and higher technical)33,00022,00055,00047,00026,00073,000
 1,147,000153,0001,300,0001,213,000180,0001,393,000
Industrial schools52,0002.00054,00047,0002,00049,000
Other special schools (deaf and blind, and home for backward children)9,0001,00010,0008,0001,0009,000
Superannuation and miscellaneous29,000..29,00033,000..33,000
          Totals1,237,000156,000l,393,0001,301,000183,0001,484,000

In 1912–13 teachers' salaries and allowances amounted to £700,000; repairs and rebuilding, £83,000; new buildings, £62,000; all other expenses, £190,000. In 1913–14 the corresponding expenditure was £732,000, £87,000, £82,000, and £194,000 respectively. The amount expended per head of population, including Maoris, but excluding residents of the Cook and other Pacific Islands, was as follows :—

Branch of Education.1912–13.1913–14.
Out of Public Funds.Out of Income from Endowments.Total.Out of Public Funds.Out of Income from Reserves.Total.
s.d.s.d.s.d.s.d.s.d.s.d.
Primary (including Native schools and training colleges)17416181017817193
Secondary (including secondary departments of district high schools)180925111011210
Continuation and technical130114100212
Higher (including university and higher technical)070510010..614
 20102923721532247
Industrial schools0110110010....010
Special schools (deaf, blind, &c.)02....0202....02
Superannuation and miscellaneous06....0607....07
          Totals22521025323032262

The following figures show the approximate cost of primary education per head, excluding new schools and additions, contributed out of public funds (general and local) in some other countries :—

     s.d.
England132
Wales1611
Scotland167
United States187

The following table shows the total amount expended on education out of the public funds only, and the amount per head of population for 1898–99 and 1903–4, and for the last six years:—

Year.Amount expended out of Public Funds.Expenditure per Head of Population out of Public Funds.
£s.d.
1898–99519,000134
1903–4679,000156
1908–9987,000196
1909–10998,000195
1910–111,083,000208
1911–121,133,000215
1912–131,237,000225
1913–141,301,000230

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.

The Dominion is divided into thirteen education districts, over each of which an Education Board presides, and into smaller districts, in each of which a School Committee elected by the householders has authority, subject to the general control of the Board, which is elected by the Committees of the district. The Board of an education district receives and disburses the money voted by the General Assembly for purposes of instruction, and, subject to the condition of consultation with the Committee of the school district, appoints the teachers. The Board also appoints the Inspectors. The Governor in Council makes general regulations for the inspection and examination of the schools, and also makes the regulations under which certificates are granted to teachers after examination and adequate experience.

Education at the public schools is free and purely secular. The attendance of all children between the ages of seven and fourteen is compulsory, except when special exemptions are granted, or a child is being otherwise sufficiently educated.

The subjects taught at the primary schools are required by the Education Act to be the following: Reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar and composition, geography, history (including civic instruction), elementary science and drawing, object-lessons, vocal music, physical instruction, moral instruction, nature-study, health, and (in the case of girls) sewing and needlework, the principles of domestic economy, also handwork for both sexes.

PHYSICAL INSTRUCTION.

The system of physical education, based with some slight modifications on the syllabus of physical exercises for schools issued by the English Board of Education in 1909, which was established in 1912, made good progress during the year 1913; The number of teachers who have received instruction in the system up to July, 1914, is 2,200, the system has been introduced into 1,172 schools, and 531 of these schools have been inspected. The course of instruction specially prepared for teachers attending classes included (1) the theory and practice of exercise; (2) a definite series of progressive daily exercises in physical drill and correct methods of breathing; (3) personal hygiene; (4) a course of organized games; (5) swimming, life-saving, and resuscitation drill. The total expenditure on physical education for the year ended 31st March, 1914, was £7,890.

MEDICAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN.

The medical inspection of schools and school children was carried on in 1913 by four medical inspectors working from the four chief centres. During the year 1913 333 primary schools were visited, and 12,357 children medically examined; of these, 7,661 were pupils in Standard II taken at the routine examination, and 4,696 were special cases thought by the teachers to be suffering from some defects.

The Medical Inspectors do not treat cases, but, where necessary, recommend the parents to obtain medical attention for their children. Generally this advice appears to be followed; but there is a proportion of cases in which the expense of treatment is an obstacle. It is clear, however, that a great amount of good is being done by the Medical Inspectors in cases where other medical assistance is unnecessary. Remedies that cost little or nothing are recommended, and wrong and harmful methods of rearing the children corrected. Often dullness and incapacity have been found to be due to some physical defect, such as defective eyesight or hearing, or throat or nose troubles.

Instruction in the medical inspection of children is given to the students of the training colleges, and, as opportunity occurs, to teachers already in the schools so that in course of time the detection of certain physical defects in the scholars will not be left to the experts.

From figures compiled from the weights and heights of some fifteen thousand children returned by school-teachers last year, it appears that the average New Zealand child is heavier and taller than the average English child of the same age.

The Medical Inspectors also report on the schools in respect of the lighting, heating, ventilation, cleanliness, &c., and there are many instances in which suggested improvements involving no expenditure have been effected. Emphasis is placed on the value of fresh air, and teachers are encouraged to teach out of doors or in open shelters whenever it is possible.

The total expenditure on medical inspection for the financial year ended the 31st March, 1914, was £4,183.

CONVEYANCE OF CHILDREN TO SCHOOL.

Since the year 1895 children out of the reach of a primary school, but living near to a convenient line of railway, have been granted free passes to the nearest public school or private school; in 1902 this privilege was extended to holders of scholarships and free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools; and at the beginning of the year 1909, the same concession was granted to other secondary pupils who were compelled to travel by rail in order to attend school. The amount paid in railway fares on this account in 1913–14 was £13,119.

Where conveyance by rail is not possible, grants are made to Education Boards to provide children with conveyance by road or water. In addition, when through the impracticability of conveyance a child has to live away from home to attend a public school, an amount is allowed for its board and lodging. The rates of payment are 6d. per return trip for a child travelling to school, and 2s. 6d. per week for a child living away from home, plus half the amount paid by Education Boards on conveyance and board in excess of the grants named. The total amount paid in 1913–14 for conveyance by road and water and for board of children was £5,718.

SCHOOL LIBRARIES.

During the year 1913, grants were made for establishing and maintaining school and class libraries. The grants come under two heads :—

  1. A capitation grant at the rate of 3d. per head on the average attendance is paid annually to Education Boards for the purpose of supplying schools with supplementary continuous readers in sufficient numbers for class-reading in P to S6 inclusive, and also for the free supply of class-books in necessitous cases or in cases where a newly entered pupil has already purchased elsewhere class-books different from those in use in the school. After provision has been made for the supply of such books, the balance of the grant, if any, is to be spent on approved books suitable for individual reading in school or at home.

  2. Further to encourage school libraries provision has been made for the payment of subsidies of £1 for £1 on moneys raised by voluntary contributions for the purpose of establishing, maintaining, or increasing the utility of school libraries that contain books suitable for individual reading in school or at home. For the year ended 31st December, 1913, the subsidies on moneys so raised for any school library during that year could not exceed 9d. per head on the average attendance at the school for the year 1912, and in no case could the subsidy for any one school exceed £10. Similarly, for the year 1914, the subsidy cannot exceed 6d. per head on the average attendance for the preceding year, and in no case can the subsidy for any one school exceed £7 10s. In subsequent years the amounts are 3d. and £5 respectively.

The books purchased are to be suitable for individual reading in school or at home, and are to be approved by the Board or its Inspector. Due attention is to be paid to providing books suitable for the individual reading of pupils in the lower classes.

It is felt that the establishment of school libraries should not only do much to encourage reading among pupils, but should also prove a great boon to parents and others—more particularly in sparsely settled rural districts—and consequently the conditions attached to the payment of subsidies on voluntary contributions provide that, under such conditions as a School Committee may impose, persons other than children attending school may receive on loan such books as are not for the time required by the pupils.

When notifying Boards that provision had been made for the payment of grants under the heads (a) and (b), the Department suggested that, to give wider utility to school libraries and to afford pupils greater variety of reading-matter, adjacent schools or schools between which communication is easy might purchase different books, and that these should be passed on from one school to another at suitable intervals. Up to May, 1914, claims for subsidies on voluntary contributions had been received in respect of 321 schools.

“SCHOOL JOURNAL.

An illustrated paper, called the School Journal, is published monthly by the Education Department, for free circulation among pupils attending public primary schools, and for sale to private schools. The Journal is issued in three parts, each part being adapted to the educational attainments of pupils in two of the classes S1 to S6. It is claimed that although the Journal aims primarily at being instructive rather than recreative there is ample evidence that its appearance each month is welcomed by the children, and that its influence tends to the very desirable end of fostering the habit and the love of reading. It differs from most of the miscellaneous Readers in that, being composed largely of articles belonging to well-defined series of courses, it preserves a continuity absent from ordinary Readers. These courses deal with the history and geography of New Zealand, of the rest of the British Empire, and foreign countries, from the point of view of the human interests involved, so far as these appeal to a child's mind; with nature-knowledge of various kinds—the object being to extend what the pupils have learnt by their own observation, not to give information as a substitute for actual observation; with practical matters of hygiene; with civics and moral instruction; and with current topics, such as Antarctic exploration, Empire Day, Arbor Day, &c. Of the November issue of 1913 the number of copies printed was, Part I, 50,300; Part II, 48,000; Part III, 37,900.

In addition to the illustrations appearing in the pages of the School Journal, pictures and prints illustrating geography, history and nature-study are issued separately on cards as aids to oral instruction on modern lines in these subjects.

SCHOOL STATISTICS TO 31ST DECEMBER, 1913.

The number of scholars and students as in 1913 is shown in the following summary:—

NUMBER OF SCHOLARS AND STUDENTS IN ATTENDANCE DURING 1913.
Primary education—
     Public schools167,457
     Native village schools4,835
     Chatham Island schools98
     Private primary schools15,350
     Lower departments of secondary schools351
Special schools809
 188,900
Secondary education—
     Secondary schools5,803
     Secondary departments of district high schools2,073
     Day technical schools1,664
     Maori secondary schools419
     Private secondary schools545
 10,504
Technical and continuation (excluding day technical schools)15,206
Higher education—
     University colleges (including training-college students)2,318
     Lincoln Agricultural College53
 17,577
          Total under instruction216,981

This is an increase of 3,329 on the number under instruction during the previous year.

The public primary schools numbered 2,255 in 1913, against 2,214 in 1912. The number of aided or endowed colleges, grammar, and high schools was 33. The number of private schools from which returns were received by the Government Statistician was 304, a decrease of 6. There were also 12 industrial schools, Government and private, at which education was given, as well as a school for the deaf, a school for backward children, and a school for the blind, subsidized by Government.

The number of schools established for the education of the Native or Maori race was 120.

Public (Government) Schools.

Compared with 1912, there was in 1913 an increase of 5,904 in the number of pupils belonging to the public schools at the end of the year, and the average attendance shows an increase of 4,960 for the whole year.

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND YEARLY INCREASE FROM 1877 TO 1913.
Year.School Attendance.Yearly Increase on
Number belonging at Beginning of Year.Number belonging at End of Year.Average Attendance.*Average Attendance expressed as Percentage of Roll-number.Number belonging at Beginning of Year.Number belonging at End of Year.Average Attendance.

* From 1877 to 1893 (inclusive) the “strict” average is given, and for subsequent year the “working” average.

† From 1877 to 1894 (inclusive) the increase on the “strict” average is given, and for subsequent years that on the “working” average.

‡ Figures at end of previous year.

Whole Year.
1877..55,688     
187850,84965,04045,521....9,352 
187959,70775,56653,06773.88,85810,5267,546
188068,12482,40160,62574.68,4176,8357,558
188174,35983,56061,82274.26,2351,1591,197
188276,30987,17963,70973.61,9503,6191,887
188379,41692,47667,37374.03,1075,2973,664
188484,88397,23872,65775.15,4674,7625,284
188590,670102,40778,32776.65,7875,1695,670
188695,377106,32880,73776.14,7073,9212,410
188799,206110,91985,63777.03,8294,5914,900
1888103,534112,68590,10879.34,3281,7664,471
1889104,919115,45693,37480.31,3852,7713,266
1890108,158117,91294,63279.93,2392,4561,258
1891110,665119,52397,05880.32,5071,6112,426
1892112,279122,62099,07080.61,6143,0972,012
1893114,305124,68698,61578.52,0262,066[–455]
1894116,819127,300104,99681.82,5142,6144,875
1895119,900129,856108,39482.83,0812,5563,398
1896122,425131,037110,51783.32,5251,1812,123
1897123,533132,197112,32883.91,1081,1601,811
1898123,892131,621111,63683.4359[–576][–692]
1899123,207131,315110,31682.6[–685][–306][–1,320]
1900123,416130,724111,74784.1209[–591]1,431
1901122,725131,351111,79784.1[–691]62750
1902123,456132,262113,71184.97319111,914
1903124,095133,568113,04783.96391,306[–664]
1904125,150135,475116,50685.51,0551,9073,459
1905126,653137,623120,26586.91,5032,1483,759
1906128,328139,302121,95886.91,6761,6791,693
1907129,536141,071120,02684.61,2081,769[–1,932
1908130,866147,428127,16087.11,3306,3577,134
1909134,943152,416132,77387.84,0774,9885,613
1910136,692156,324135,73887.73,7493,9082,965
1911141,103161,648142,18689.32,4115,3246,448
1912146,166166,264146,28288.95,0634,6164,096
1913166,264172,168151,24289.24,6165,9044,960

For each quarter of the year 1913 the average of the weekly roll-numbers showed an increase over that for the corresponding quarter of 1912. The mean of the average weekly roll for the four quarters was 169,530 in 1913, against 164,492 for 1912, an increase of 5,038, making the total roll greater than in any previous year. Although the additions to the roll were most marked in the North Island, every district showed at least some increase. The increase was most noticeable in the December quarter of the year. The number on the roll at the end of the year was 172,168, as against 166,264 for the previous year, an increase of 5,904.

AGE AND SEX OF PUPILS.

The following table shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools of the Dominion at the end of 1913, and the percentage of the roll for each age:—

AGE AND SEX OF PUPILS, DECEMBER. 1913.
Ages.Boys.Girls.Total.Percentages for Five Years.
1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
5–6 years7,3186,51513,8338.78.48.47.98.0
6–7 years9,4998,83518,33410.811.211.110.910.6
7–8 years10,4769,81920,29511.611.512.011.911.8
8–9 years10,5739,69620,26911.411.411.511.911.8
9–10 years10,4869,58520,07111.211.311.111.211.7
10–11 years9,6229,17418,79610.710.910.910.810.9
11–12 years9,4498,68318,13210.610.210.510.710.5
12–13 years9,0358,44217,47710.210.09.610.210.2
13–14 years7,5936,82514,4188.58.58.48.28.4
14–15 years4,0803,2797,3594.34.54.54.34.3
 88,13180,853168,98498.097.998.098.093.2
15 and over1,7301,4543,1842.02.12.02.01.8
     Totals89,86182,307172,168100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0

Of the children in the public schools, 54 per cent. are under ten, and 46 per cent. are over that age. The proportion remains stationary.

The proportion of boys to girls remains about the same as for the previous eight years—that is, 91 girls to every 100 boys on the roll.

PUBLIC-SCHOOL TEACHERS.

The number of teachers in the public schools, exclusive of those employed in the secondary departments of district high schools, in December, 1912, and December, 1913, respectively, was as follows:—

1912.1913.
Men.Women.Total.Men.Women.Total.

* Exclusive of 36 male and 186 female probationers.

† Exclusive of 41 male and 224 female probationers.

Adult teachers1,5552,5504,1051,6032,6594,262
Pupil-teachers162476638*142474616
     Total1,7173,0264,743*1,7453,1334,878

For the schools above Grade I having only one teacher—that is, schools with 16 to 35 children in average attendance—the average number of children per teacher was 23. Taking all schools with two or more teachers, it is found that the average number of pupils per adult teacher, reckoning two pupil-teachers as equivalent to one adult, was 38.8; and with the same assumption the average for all schools of Grade II and upwards was 35.7.

Omitting teachers of schools below Grade II, the ratio of adult men teachers to adult women teachers in 1912 was 100 to 151; and in 1913, 100 to 152. The proportion of men to women in charge of schools of Grade I and Grade 0 was 100 to 356 in 1912, and 100 to 349 in 1913. If all public schools and all adult teachers are included, it is found that the ratio of adult men teachers to adult women teachers was 100 to 164 in 1912, and 100 to 166 in 1913.

The ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers was 100 to 293 in 1912, and 100 to 334 in 1913.

It may be interesting to note the corresponding proportions for primary-school teachers, secondary teachers in district high schools, and secondary schools (exclusive of visiting teachers), and for students in training colleges, respectively. Schools where the average attendance is fifteen or fewer pupils are not included.

TEACHERS OR STUDENTS—NUMBER OF WOMEN PER 100 MEN.
 1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Adult primary teachers140141142151152
Pupil-teachers319302295293334
Secondary teachers8285848283
Training-college students280219197252251
All teachers and students158156155161164

Out of a total of 5,190 persons engaged in the above-named branches of the teaching profession there were in 1913 1,963 men and 3,227 women.

Remembering that a much larger numb' of women than of men leave the profession after a few years of service, some idea may be formed of the extent to which New Zealand has been affected by the general tendency all over the world towards the increase of women in the teaching profession.

So far as can be gathered from the reports received from England, Scotland, and the United States, the following statement shows the number of women teachers per hundred men teachers :—

     England.Scotland.United States.New Zealand.
Adult primary teachers299281426152
Pupil-teachers235583..334
Secondary teachers99..12183
Training-college students429358392251

Information as to the Teachers' Superannuation Fund will be found in the section of this book dealing with Pensions, Superannuation, &c.

Training of Teachers.

Four training colleges for teachers have now for some time been in active operation. At the close of the year the students in attendance numbered 439, of whom 125 were men and 314 were women. The corresponding total for the close of 1912 was 398, of whom 113 were male students. Among those attending during the year have also to be reckoned a few students who left before the close of the period either to go into active service under the Boards or for some other reason. The total provision in contemplation is for 125 students in each of the centres. Towards this number, out of the total reported, Auckland contributes 108; Wellington 105; Christchurch 108; and Dunedin 118.

The management of the training colleges is entrusted to the local Education Boards, subject to general regulations which include certain reservations for the approval of the Minister of Education. The standard of admission generally is that of the University Matriculation Examination, and the course pursued is brought into as intimate a relation as possible with the courses of lectures in the University college adjoining. All students are required to attend lectures at the University college, to which the principal of the training college is in each case also attached as the University college lecturer on education. Of the number in attendance at the training colleges about 90 per cent. had already completed their course as pupil-teachers or probationers before entering the college, the remaining 10 per cent. being made up mainly of students who had qualified for admission by passing the Matriculation or a higher University examination, but were without previous teaching experience.

The ordinary course of training is for two years, so that approximately 200 students annually complete their training and pass into the schools. Most of these are very quickly absorbed, and later in the year new vacancies still continue to exceed the supply. To meet immediate needs permission was given by regulation at the beginning of 1913 to the Education Boards to admit at their discretion a certain proportion of students for a course of training for one year only.

For students in training allowances are provided. A student who has completed a pupil-teacher course receives an allowance of £30 a year, with a further allowance of £30 if he or she is obliged to live away from home to attend a training college. Those who have not been pupil-teachers receive an allowance of £10 a year, together with a boarding-allowance of £30 where necessary. In all cases free instruction at the University college classes approved by the principal is also given.

The Training College Regulations make provision for the granting of training-college certificates without further examination on the production of evidence of a satisfactory completion of the training-college course, and set out the essential requirements of that course. Provision is also made for some increase to the staff, for the addition of a second “model school” of one or other of a variety of types with a view to improving the students' opportunities of observation and teaching, and for the admission on special terms of a certain number of graduate students who are prepared during one year of attendance to devote their whole attention to subjects of professional study and practice.

The amount paid during 1913 for the training of teachers was £16,029, made up as follows:—

Training college—£
     Salaries of staff6,975
     Students' allowances21,640
     University fees of students3,370
     Special instruction1,398
     Buildings2,897
          Total£36,280
Other training—
     Grants for special instruction in handwork, including agriculture, of teachers other than training-college students3,460
     Railway fares of teachers and instructors6,289
          Total£9,749

It must be remembered, however, that this total provides not only for the efficient training of 439 teachers, but for the instruction of almost eighteen hundred children in attendance at the practising schools.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF EDUCATION BOARDS.

The total income of the various Education Boards for the year 1913 was £1,120,679, including £23,509 of refunds, fines, fees, donations, interest, &c. The grants by Government amounted to £1,097,170. These grants include education reserves revenue and payments to the Board of every district of a sum sufficient to pay the salaries of teachers and pupil-teachers in the district, and further payments of a sum of £250 per annum, together with a sum of 12s. per annum for each child in daily average attendance at a public school. Sums granted for the maintenance of training colleges and for manual and technical instruction are also included.

The receipts and expenditure of the Education Boards, numbering thirteen altogether, are tabulated below, with further particulars :—

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF EDUCATION BOARDS, 1913.
Receipts.
 £s.d.
Salaries of teachers (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total cost of the training-college staff,—
     Revenue from reserves63,4871610
     Revenue from other sources643411
     Balance paid from Consolidated Fund604,92841
 669,059510
Teachers' house allowances17,22937
Salaries of relieving-teachers3,757164
Free school-books1,957115
General administration99,893138
     (a.) Incidental expenses of schools (cleaning, fuel, &c., in terms of the Board's regulations, but exclusive of cost of works paid for out of Government grant for maintenance of school buildings and included below under that heading)6198
     (b.) Conveyance of school-children2116
     (c.) Office contingencies15611
     (d.) Refunds and sundries1,274178
 1,4581911
Training colleges.—
     Salaries of staff (half of the total cost, see item No. 1 above)7,08731
     Allowances for students25,0241711
     Incidental expenses1,01660
     Training of teachers (other than at training colleges)4,6831510
 37,812210
Secondary education,—
     Scholarships—
          Board9,678129
          National3,36043
          Special25720
 13,295190
District high schools—
     Salaries of staffs of secondary departments16,21015
     Other receipts—
          (a.) Voluntary contributions and subsidies2,38550
          (b.) Fees from pupils11646
          (c.) High School Boards' grants44234
 2,9431210
 32,449133
Manual and technical,—
     School classes—
          Capitation32,049113
          Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies1,380124
 33,43037
     Special and associated classes—
          Capitation29,54028
          Material2,029119
          Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies7,350117
          Fees from pupils at special classes3,928148
          Free-place holders6,948106
 49,797112
          Direction and administration (schools and special classes)62172
 83,2901111
Buildings : Maintenance, rebuilding, rent,—
     Maintenance and small additions and ordinary rebuilding75,417153
     Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire62878
     Rents of buildings and sites for school purposes2,87161
New buildings, furniture, additions, sites,—78,91790
     Public schools61,379198
     Manual instruction11,92119
     Technical instruction6,85853
     Rent of buildings for manual instruction purposes28105
     Rent of buildings for technical instruction purposes628150
 80,816121
     Sites sales8,6651111
     Other separate accounts,—
          Contractors' deposits3,05018
          Wanganui School site991186
          Rees Bequest Fund5000
          Sundry accounts12132
          Superannuation1,26108
          Jane E. McLeod bequest489
 5,37029
Totals1,120,678146
Expenditure.   
 £s.d.   
Salaries of teachers (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total cost of the training-college staff668,093182   
Teachers house allowances17,15892   
Salaries of relieving-teachers4,88601   
Free school-books2,48400   
General administration,—   
     (a.) Incidental expenses of schools (cleaning, fuel, &c., in terms of Board's regulations, but exclusive of cost of works paid for out of Government grant for maintenance of school buildings and included below under that heading)46,4111311   
     (b.) Conveyance of school-children5,180135   
     (c.) Board of school-children50490   
     (d.) Office staff (including Secretary, Inspectors, &c.), salaries, and clerical assistance30,84239   
     (e.) Office contingencies16,699102   
     (f.) Refunds and sundries526130   
     (g.) Board's offices (new buildings)2,78500   
 102,95033   
Training colleges,—   
     Salaries of staff (half of the total cost, see item No. 1, above)7,06007   
     Allowances for students24,99765   
     Incidental expenses1,159129   
     Training of teachers (other than at training college)4,64726   
 37,86423   
Secondary education,—   
     Scholarships—   
          Board9,923138   
          National3,457155   
          Special282710   
 13,6631611   
     District high schools—   
          Salaries of staffs of secondary departments16,24842   
     General Purposes—   
          (a.) Voluntary contributions and subsidies2,95304   
          (b.) Fees from pupils3455   
          (c.) High School Boards' grants172179   
 19,40878   
Manual and technical,—33,07247   
     School classes30,75493   
     Special and associated classes45,96906   
     Direction and administration (school and special classes)5,306170   
 82,03069   
Buildings: Maintenance, rebuilding, rent,—   
     (a) Maintenance and small additions, and64,831141   
     (b) Ordinary rebuilding13,241610   
     Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire2,0311910   
Rents of buildings and sites for school purposes3,240162   
 83,3451611   
New buildings, furniture, additions, sites,—   
     Public schools62,66624   
     Manual instruction11,86488   
     Technical instruction19,791134   
     Rent of buildings for manual-instruction purposes28105   
     Rent of buildings for technical-instruction purposes673120   
 95,02469   
Purchase of sites8,30550   
Other separate accounts,—£s.d.
     Superannuation1,261141
     Contractors' deposits2,816127
     Jane E. McLeod bequest62146
     Rees Bequest Fund97100
     Wanganui School sites1,375196
     Sundry accounts39148
 5,65454
          Totals1,140,868183
     Net bank balance at beginning of year 191351,807159
     Net bank balance at the end of year 191331,617120

Excluding the expenditure on buildings and on scholarships and secondary education, the chief items of expenditure in 1912 and 1913 were as follows :—

 19121913.
 ££
Boards' administration47,77248,004
Incidental expenses of schools44,72346,412
Teachers' salaries643,921668,094
Training colleges29,75437,864
Scholarships and district high schools33,36133,072
Manual and technical instruction77,13182,030

The increase in teachers' salaries is due to the increase in the number of children receiving instruction, the yearly increment in salaries as provided by section 7 (3) of the Education Amendment Act, 1908, and the process of substitution of adult teachers for pupil-teachers, which has been hastened by the fact that regulations passed during the year provided for further substitutions. The increase in the manual and technical expenditure must be attributed to the increased number of classes for manual instruction (especially woodwork, agriculture, and cookery) in connection with public schools, and to an increase both in the number of and in the attendance at day technical schools.

The proportion of the expenditure by Boards for administration to their whole expenditure and the corresponding proportion of the incidental expenses of schools (through School Committees) for the last five years have been as follows : —

     Boards. Per Cent.Committees. Per Cent.Total. Per Cent.
19094.64.49.0
19104.54.08.5
19114.34.28.5
19124.34.18.4
19134.24.18.3

On the whole, there is a slight tendency for the proportion of expenditure upon administration by the Education Boards and School Committees to decrease, and this is as it should be, for the cost of administration should not increase proportionately with the number of schools.

PRIVATE AND DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS.

There were 304 private schools at the end of 1913, a decrease of 6 on the number in 1912 : 28 were for boys, 53 for girls, and 223 for children of both sexes. The number of pupils attending them was 21,115—namely, 9,146 boys and 11,969 girls, not counting 136 Maoris, 69 boys and 67 girls. The number of European pupils at these schools was greater than in 1912 by 877. Of the private schools, 155 were Roman Catholic, with an attendance of 14,837 pupils, a decrease of 1 school and an increase of 361 pupils as compared with 1912.

The following gives, for the past ten years, the number of private schools and of Europeans attending them, the number of Roman Catholic schools and pupils being also shown separately :—

Year.Number of Private Schools.Pupils.Included in Previous Numbers.
Boys.Girls.Totals.Roman Catholic Schools.Pupils at Roman Catholic Schools.
19042956,7859,59316,37814911,373
19052916,8379,80216,63914611,738
19063087,02610,10517,13115411,948
19073027,51010,57818,08815212,650
19083077,65310,71418,36714912,538
19093067,59710,33317,93015012,611
19103188,03610,94518,98115613,161
19113268,31011,55819,86815813,941
19123108,80111,43720,23815614,476
19133049,14611,96921,11515514,837

The distribution of the private schools in the various provincial districts is shown on the next page.

Any private primary school may apply to have the school inspected, and the school thereupon becomes “subject to inspection.” Such schools are inspected by officers of Education Boards. At the end of 1913 the number of private primary schools subject to inspection was 166. The total roll number was 15,350, and the average attendance 13,513.

The roll number of the private secondary schools subject to inspection was 545.

PRIVATE SCHOOLS, 1913.—SUMMARY BY PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Provincial Districts.Number of Schools.Number of Teachers.Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris).Daily Average Attendance.
Boys.Girls.Mixed.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.

* Exclusive of 136 Maoris (69 boys, 67 girls).

Auckland6104359332122452,2503,0085,2581,9732,7344,707
Taranaki121417138394575661,023423529952
Hawke's Bay251421864724937011,1944546591,113
Wellington8145173521812332,2072,5694,7761,9432,3194,262
Marlborough..167..14146815722557141198
Nelson157131639555045831,0874735341,007
Westland12101333235390465855352438790
Canterbury694156141631771,5422,0263,5681,3401,7513,091
Otago portion252734121071198981,5112,4098061,3762,182
Otago Southland portion1..1011..2727337383720301338639
     Totals28532233041398771,0169,14611,96921,115*8,12210,81918,941

Denominational schools, such as Roman Catholic and Anglican, are included in the above as private schools. Particulars for the Roman Catholic schools in December, 1913, are as under:—

SUMMARY OF ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS.
Provincial Districts.Number of Schools.Number of Teachers.Number of Scholars (exclusive of Maoris).Daily Average Attendance.
Boys.Girls.Mixed.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.Male.Female.Total.
Auckland332430131131261,6132,0803,6931,4271,8953,322
Taranaki..2810..2929381502883355473828
Hawke's Bay1271032831389458847358422780
Wellington45223123901131,4531,7773,2301,3181,6532,971
Marlborough....33..10106014720749132181
Nelson..34722224256345601239318557
Westland1291233033387457844349430779
Canterbury322025972811,0341,1242,1589169731,889
Otago portion2..17191051617589421,7006988641,562
Otago Southland portion1..78..2323317357674283317600
     Totals1519121155634685316,6488,18914,8375,9927,47713,469

SCHOOLS FOR NATIVES.

The number of Native village schools in operation at the end of 1913 was 107. In addition, there were thirteen private schools at which education for Maori boys and girls is provided. Of these ten are maintained from the incomes arising out of lands held in trust for educational purposes by various denominational bodies; the others are supported by private resources.

As required by law, instruction in all Native schools is given through the medium of the English language only. The subjects of the school course are English, arithmetic, handwork, nature study, morals, singing, and physical drill.

Instruction in woodwork is given in thirteen schools, and the girls are taught practical dressmaking and plain cookery in an increasing number of schools. Elementary agriculture is taught in about twelve schools. In the majority of schools some form or other of elementary handwork is taken with success.

At one or other of the ten boarding-schools—Otaki. St. Stephen's, Te Aute, Waerenga-a-hika, and Hikurangi for boys, and Hukarere, St. Joseph's, Queen Victoria, Turakina, and Te Waipounamu Schools for girls—the Government provides a number of free places, tenable for two years, for children of predominantly Maori race who pass the higher standards at the Maori village schools. At the end of the year the number of pupils on the rolls of these schools was 410. Free places were also held by Maori pupils at the Sacred Heart College, Auckland (5), and the Boys' and Girls' Grammar Schools, Auckland (4).

The number of scholarships or free places open to Maori children was 150, of which 108 were current at the end of 1913, 98 being held by pupils from Native village schools and 10 by scholars from public schools. Senior free places in Native schools take the form of industrial scholarships by which a boy may receive a sum not exceeding £40 in the course of the first three years, during which he is learning a suitable trade. As a result of the prominence now given to industrial training in the schools, there has been a material increase in the number of industrial scholarships. Ten boys are now apprenticed to various trades—blacksmithing, engineering, building, bootmaking, and farming—and the scheme appears to be giving every satisfaction.

Four Maori girls were attached to various hospitals during the year as probationers, and all appear to be making very satisfactory progress. Two nurses have qualified for registration, and one has been appointed assistant Native health nurse at Otaki.

On the rolls of the 107 schools at the 31st December, 1913, there were 4,647 children (including 515 Europeans), as against 4,694 at the end of 1912. The average attendance for the year was 4,142, the percentage of regularity being 85.7. The average weekly roll number shows an increase of 191, being 4,835 as against 4,644. The total number of pupils on the rolls of the Native mission schools was 116, and on those of the secondary schools 419. At the end of the year, therefore, the total roll number of all the Native schools inspected by officers of the Department was 5,182, the average weekly roll being 5,362, and the gross average attendance 4,621.

The total net expenditure on Native schools during the year ended 31st March, 1914, including £2,534 paid from reserves funds, was £44,723. Included in this is the sum of £27,086 expended on teachers' salaries, £8,358 expended on new buildings and additions, and £2,359 on secondary education, including boarding-school fees for holders of scholarships from village schools, apprenticeship charges, and nursing scholarships.

The staffs of the village schools included eighty-six masters, twenty-one mistresses in charge, 122 assistants, and four sewing-teachers. The total amount paid in salaries for 1913 was £27,086, the average salary of the head teachers being £171 17s. 7d.

Besides the children of Maori race who are receiving instruction in the Native schools at the end of 1913, there is a still larger number attending public schools; so that the total number of primary pupils of Maori race (including those in the Mission schools) is 8,923, made up as follows :—

Attending Native schools4,132
Attending public schools4,791
 8,923

The number of Maori children in the public schools continues to show an increase, owing principally to the fact that the policy has been steadily followed of handing over Native schools to the Education Boards as soon as the pupils have become, educationally at least, so far European in character that they can be conveniently taught with European children. This point is reached when the Maori can use English fluently in his ordinary conversation. It is part of the same policy to assimilate the programme of work in Native schools as nearly as possible to that in public schools. The smallpox epidemic materially affected the attendance of Maori children during the year 1913.

Of the children on the rolls of the Native schools in December, 1913, 87.0 per cent. were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, 1.9 per cent. were Maoris speaking English, and 11.1 per cent. were Europeans. In connection with this classification, it is to be noted that the term “Maori” as now defined applies only to children who are by birth full Maori, three-quarter Maori, or half-caste, and excludes children who are three-quarter European.

In various public schools in the Dominion there were at the end of 1913 4,791 children of Maori or mixed race. Twenty-six certificates of proficiency and seven of competency were gained by Maori children in public schools.

So far as can be ascertained from the statistics obtainable the number of children of Maori or mixed race on the rolls of primary schools, secondary schools, Native mission schools, and secondary Native schools, together with such pupils as were receiving special technical training, at the end of 1913 was as follows :—

Actual Number.Number per 10,000 of Maori Population at Census of 1911 (49,844).
I. Primary schools—
     (a.) Government Native schools4,132829
     (b.) Mission schools11623
     (c.) Public schools4,791961
II. Secondary schools41984
III. Special technical training133
          Totals9,4711,900

SPECIAL SCHOOLS.

The special schools of the Dominion provide for the instruction of children who are deaf, blind, feeble-minded, epileptic, delinquent, neglected, or indigent. The function of such schools in the educational system of a country is to endeavour to overcome as far as practicable the disabilities under which these young people suffer, and ultimately to give them an equipment for their work in life that will enable them to maintain themselves without assistance from the public funds or from their friends.

By the Education Amendment Act which became law in 1910, extended provision is made for the education and training of young persons who are deaf, blind, feeble-minded, or epileptic. They must now come under efficient and suitable instruction at the age of six years, and remain so until they reach twenty-one years, unless previous to that time the Education Department is satisfied that their educational attainments or their proficiency in some art or handicraft or other calling enable them to provide for their future needs without further instruction.

If the near relative of a child so affected does not provide the education required, the Minister of Education may direct that the child be sent to a school where he will have the special instruction suited to his needs, the cost of maintenance and training to be borne by the relatives according to their means and as agreed upon between them and the Minister. In the event of the Minister's direction not being complied with, a Magistrate may order the child's admission to a special school and fix the rate of the maintenance payment. The question whether or not a child is sufficiently affected to warrant his being regarded as coming under these provisions of the Act is determined by his ability to receive proper benefit from ordinary school instruction. If maintenance payments are not duly observed they may be recovered as a debt, or the defaulter may be dealt with under the provisions of the Destitute Persons Act for disobedience of the Court order. Charitable Aid Boards are made responsible in necessitous cases for payment to a limited extent for the maintenance of children in these schools.

Parents, school-teachers (either public or private), constables, or officers of charitable or kindred institutions who are aware of the place of residence of blind, deaf, epileptic, or feeble-minded children, and the occupier of the house in which such a child lives, must, under a penalty, send notification to the Education Department.

On the average the total number belonging to special schools during 1913, was 3,113, an increase of 129 over the number for the previous year, and the net charge on the public funds for the year was £54.134. The figures for each class of school were as follows :—

     Number under Government Control.Net Cost.
 ..£
School for the Deaf1034,755
Jubilee Institute for the Blind2936
Special School for Boys of Feeble Mind733,886
Under control of Industrial Schools2,90845,457

Of the total cost, £6,128 represents the amount expended in the purchase of land, erection of new buildings, and equipment of institutions. The total amount collected from parents and guardians by way of payment towards the cost of education and maintenance was £10,371.

The establishment of a special school for the training of boys of feeble mind has now been accomplished, and, though still in its infancy, there is good ground for anticipating that its effect in training boys of this class to make a living for themselves will fully justify ts existence. It is, however, at least equally important that there should be a similar school for girls, and the matter is engaging the attention of the Government.

In 1909 important amendments were made by the Legislature in the Industrial Schools Act. Attention may be drawn to two of these, especially that which gives power to a Magistrate to extend from time to time the period of control over a young man or woman who is adjudged by him to be morally degenerate or otherwise not (in the public interest) a fit person to be free from control. The other far-reaching provision is that giving power to the police to bring before a Magistrate on warrant, with a view to admission to an industrial school, any boy or girl under sixteen years of age who “is not under proper control.”

Industrial Schools.

In December, 1913, the total number on the books of industrial schools was 2,908, or 124 more than at the close of 1912; on the books of the Government schools there were 2,492, an increase of 105 over the corresponding number for 1912; on the books of the private schools there were 416, or 19 more than at the end of the previous year. The number in residence at Government schools was 635 and at private schools 281, so that 916 was the total number of inmates actually in residence. The number boarded out was 996.

The numbers of children on the books at the end of the years 1912 and 1913 respectively whose maintenance was a charge against the public funds were as follows:—

     1912.1913.
In the schools882916
Boarded out951996
With friends274297
At service487500
At other institutions, under guardianship, &c.190199
          Totals2,7842,908
 1912.1913.
£s.d.£s.d.
Amount of parental contributions7,8281588,09200
Rate per head for children maintained4311455

There were eight Government schools in existence in 1913, and the numbers of inmates on their books at the end of the year were as follows : Auckland (Mount Albert), 209; Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa, 374; Receiving Home, Wellington, 566; Boys' Industrial School, Stoke, 215; Receiving Home, Christchurch, 405; Burnham, Boys' Reformatory, 260; Te Oranga Home, Girls' Reformatory, 106; Caversham, 357 : total, 2,492. Those belonging to private schools were distributed as follows: St. Mary's, Auckland, 211; St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt, 62; St. Mary's, Nelson, 75; St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin, 68: total, 416.

NUMBERS UNDER CONTROL, 31ST DECEMBER, 1913.
Location.Government Industrial Schools.Private Industrial Schools.All Industrial Schools.
Auckland.Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa.Receiving Home, Wellington.Boys' Industrial School, Stoke.Te Oranga Home.Receiving Home, Christchurch.Burnham.Caversham.St. Mary's, Auckland.St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt.St. Mary's, Nelson.St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin.Boys.Girls.Total.Protestant.Catholic.
B.G.B.B.G.B.G.B.G.B.B.G.B.G.G.B.G.G.
In the schools..392018611474..11142..40635745293453557359916507409
Boarded out5242..24216420..147131..10988..........1570426996864132
With friends5113032342131574724182311615419899297194103
At service92810734215521253927293021319..59307193500342158
Under guardianship4....871..1051142............381452493
In hospitals, convalescent homes, &c...11..111..21..1....1..1..381183
In mental hospitals..12......22....................4377 
At School for the Deaf........11........................11211
At Special School, Otekaike2..23......5..22..............16..16151
Under control of refuges and cognate institutions..13....1..4..1........41........2424186
Under control of orphanage, cottage homes, &c.1......2....1..................123532
In gaol..................6................6..642
Absent without leave1..312..214..34....1..........751766511
          Totals74135374329237215106209196260178179108103623045681,7771,1312,9082,077831
EXPENDITURE ON GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, 1913–14.
Government Schools.Number of Inmates belonging at 31st December, 1913.Cost of School, including Buildings and other Works.Boarding out. (Included in second column.)Salaries. (Including in second column.)New Building and other Works. (Included in second column.)Recoveries from Parents and others, and Sales from Farms, &c.Net Cost.
  £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.

* Exclusive of cost of administration, inspection, &c.

† Including £1,925 paid from National-endowment revenue.

Auckland2093,885001,8140075800......1,520002,36500
Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa3749,66800......2,64800168002,617007,05100
Receiving Home, Wellington56611,134008,1030098400242006,419004,71500
Boys' Industrial School, Stoke2158,64700737002,123001,579001,650006,99700
Receiving Home, Christchurch4058,016006,0120084700......3,743004,27300
Te Oranga Home1064,76900......1,189001,50200218004,55100
Burnham26010,15800......3,23600963001,336008,82200
Caversham3576,763004,104001,02100......3,806002,95700
          Totals2,49263,04000*20,7700012,806004,4540021,3090041,73100
Salaries, travelling allowances and expenses of certain departmental officers (Inspectors, visiting officers, &c.)2,50800
Amount paid to Postal Department for payment of boarding-out orders10000
Sundries6400
               Total net cost44,40300

The next table shows payments made by the Government on account of inmates in private special schools, the recoveries, and the net expenditure by the Government. The contributions from Charitable Aid Boards to these schools, being made directly to the managers, are not included in the recoveries shown.

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON PRIVATE SPECIAL SCHOOLS, 1913–14.
Name of School.Gross Cost.Recoveries.Net Cost.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
St. Mary's, Auckland964003460061800
St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt18200380014400
St. Mary's, Nelson322001880013400
St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin830055002800
               Totals1,551006270092400

Jubilee Institute for the Blind.

This institution is governed by a Board of Trustees, four of whom are appointed by the Government, and the remaining five elected by the subscribers to the funds of the institute. As the institute comes within the scope of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, subsidy at the rate of 24s. in the pound is payable by the Government on voluntary subscriptions received by the Board, and 10s. in the pound on the value of bequests. The amount of such subsidy paid to the Board during its last financial year was £2,164.

The Government contributed £767 towards the cost of training 29 pupils. The amount recovered from parents and Charitable Aid Boards was £731, so that the net cost to the Government was £36. The amount of contributions by parents and guardians for 1913 was £329; for 1912 it was £352 14s. 5d.

School for the Deaf.

The Education Department maintains a school for deaf children at Sumner, the numbers belonging to the institution at the end of 1912 and 1913 being 93 and 103 respectively.

The method of instruction used is the oral method, in favour of which there is a vast predominance of expert opinion.

The following classes of deaf children are admitted to the institution, mental soundness being in all cases a necessity :—

  1. Children born deaf, or who have lost their hearing before learning to speak.

  2. Children who can hear a little, but are too deaf to be taught in an ordinary school.

  3. Children who have lost their hearing after having learned to speak.

The cost of the school for the years 1912–13 and 1913–14 respectively was as follows :—

 1912–13.1913–14.
£s.d.£s.d.
Salaries3,486003,57400
Maintenance of pupils and sundries1,832001,79600
Maintenance of buildings, and water charges4600021600
Additional buildings2,797001,55300
     Less—Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions1,034001,17300
     Amounts collected from Charitable Aid Boards1,197001,21000
     Sundry other recoveries500100
Net expenditure on the institution6,339004,75500

Special School for Feeble-minded.

This school is situated at Otekaike, in North Otago, near the Oamaru–Hakataramea Railway. It is not yet fully organized; but additional buildings that are now contemplated will provide accommodation for a considerably increased number of pupils. It is to be borne in mind that Otekaike deals with only those who are capable of being trained in some degree; those more severely afflicted are dealt with by the Mental Hospitals Department.

By order of a Magistrate a young person who is epileptic or feebleminded may be kept under the guidance and control of a special school beyond the age of twenty-one years if it is considered that he is not fit to guide his own life, or that it is otherwise in the public interest that he should be under institutional oversight. In connection with proceedings of this kind the Magistrate appoints counsel to represent the inmate at the hearing. The period of extended guidance is not to exceed four years in the first instance, but on its expiry it may be renewed from time to time by similar procedure, and thus, where necessary, lifelong control is retained. In such cases orders for maintenance against the near relatives may be made.

At present there are sixty-nine boys in residence at the Otekaike School. There are also four girls under control, who are boarded out.

The cost of the school for 1912–13 was £3,536, and for 1913–14 £3,886, made up as follows :—

 1912–131913–14
 ££
Salaries2,1272,471
Maintenance of pupils2,1192,42
Maintenance of buildings524315
Farm and stock485270
Additional buildings, furniture, &c.160121
     Less—Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions862777
     Amount collected from Charitable Aid Boards810857
     Sundry other recoveries20783
Net expenditure on the institution3,5363,886

INFANT-LIFE PROTECTION.

The infant-life protection system deals with children under six years of age who are placed privately by their parents or guardians in foster-homes for payment. To a large extent they are the illegitimate children of young girls. They are not, as industrial-school children are, under State guardianship, but the homes of the foster-parents are licensed to receive children, the number that may be retained in the home being limited strictly by the license according to the capacity of the home.

The number of homes thus licensed was 950 at the end of 1913, and the number of children in them under oversight during the year was 1,330, an increase of 102 over the previous year. Of this total the number of infants under one year was 534.

Thirteen children died, being 0.98 per cent. of those in the homes. The death-rate of children under the infant-life protection system has steadily decreased from 2.56 in 1908 to 0.98 for the two past years. Of the thirteen children who died in 1913, eight were in foster-homes and five in hospitals or nursing-homes to which they had been removed for treatment, so that the deaths in foster-homes represented 0.60 per cent. of the total number dealt with.

The expenditure for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, was £1,352, as follows :—

     £
Salaries of visiting nurses and local representatives986
Travelling-expenses of district agents, visiting nurses, and local representatives221
Payment to foster-parents for board of infants147
Medical attendance15
Office expenses (including rent) and sundries74
 1,443
          Less recoveries91
               Total1,352

MANUAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION.

The Education Act provides for public instruction in such subjects of manual training and of art, science, and technology as are set forth in regulations. The Act provides also for manual instruction in primary and secondary schools. Classes recognized under the Act are eligible for grants in aid of necessary buildings, equipment, and material, for capitation, and for subsidies of £1 for £1 on voluntary contributions.

Special annual grants are made to Education Boards for the maintenance of training-classes for teachers in subjects of manual instruction prescribed for school classes.

The Act also provides for free technical education. Persons complying with the conditions prescribed by the regulations are entitled to hold Junior Free Places at technical schools or classes. These free places are tenable for two years, and may be continued under certain conditions for three years more as Senior Free Places. In order that the substratum on which technical education is based may be sound, it is made a condition of the tenure of Junior Free Places that the holders shall receive instruction in one or more subjects of general instruction, such as English and arithmetic or some other branch of mathematics, in addition to instruction in technical subjects. Holders of Senior Free Places are required to take up definite courses of technical instruction. The Act also empowers a School Committee to request an Education Board to frame, with the concurrence of the Minister, regulations requiring the attendance at continuation or technical classes of boys or girls within the school district between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education or who are not specially exempted by the regulations. Regulations under this section have been put into operation in ten school districts in Auckland, Wanganui, and Hawke's Bay.

The controlling authorities of classes for manual and technical instruction are Education Boards, governing bodies of secondary schools and University colleges, and, in the case of certain classes in existence prior to 1904, the managers of those classes. School classes, or classes held in connection with primary or secondary schools, are under the control of the Education Boards or of the governing bodies respectively. “Special classes”—that is, continuation classes, and classes for technical instruction—are established and controlled by the same bodies. “College classes” are classes for higher technical instruction established and controlled by the governing body of a University college. Continuation classes and classes for technical instruction may also be established by Borough Councils, County Councils, and other local authorities acting jointly with an Education Board or the governing body of a University college or secondary school; these are called “associated classes,” and all bodies contributing thereto may have a voice, according to the share of the cost of maintenance borne by them, in the election of managers for the classes.

In connection with the annual grants made by the Government to university colleges for specialization, the Auckland University College and the Otago University have each established a School of Mines, providing for courses for the University degree of B.Sc. or for the associateship in mining and metallurgy. The Canterbury College has an endowed School of Engineering and Technical Science, providing for courses for the University degree of B.Sc. in mechanical, electrical, or civil engineering, or for the associateship in engineering.

There also are several Schools of Mines located in districts in which mining is actively carried on, and particulars relating to these will be found in the Mining Section of this book.

The Otago University has established a home-science department, at which there were in 1913 nine degree students, seventeen diploma students, and twenty-one other students taking single subjects or group courses, making a total of forty-seven students.

The Canterbury Agricultural College has an endowment of about 77,800 acres of land, of the rental value of about £2,500 per annum, and possesses extensive buildings, and an experimental farm of a very complete character. The institution offers an opportunity to acquire a thorough knowledge of the science and practice of agriculture. Two years' residence at the college is accepted by the University of New Zealand as part of the curriculum qualifying for the degree of B.Sc. in agriculture. The college accommodated fifty-three students in 1913.

With the view of encouraging attendance, arrangements have been made with the Railway Department by which students attending classes registered with the Minister of Education may obtain railway tickets at special rates. Free railway tickets are issued to holders of free places at technical schools, to public-school teachers attending approved training-classes, and to public-school pupils attending manual-training centres.

Manual Instruction in Public and Secondary Schools.

During the year 1913 manual instruction, in accordance with the regulations, was given in 70 per cent. of the public schools, as against 68 per cent. in 1912.

SUBJECTS OF AND NUMBER OF CLASSES FOR MANUAL INSTRUCTION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
Subjects of Instruction.Number of Classes.
1912.1913.
Elementary handwork3,6073,614
Woodwork and ironwork390419
Agriculture and dairy-work1,0051,087
Elementary science6350
Physical measurements121105
Cookery and domestic economy390403
Laundry-work85117
Dressmaking9995
Swimming and life-saving222233
Physiology and first aid7668
Needlework239250
          Totals6,2976,441

The number of public schools in which manual instruction was given in 1913 was 1,572; the payments by way of capitation and subsidies on voluntary contributions were £30,691; the average rate of payment per class was £4.7; special grants for buildings and equipment totalled £4,538.

The various forms of elementary handwork in which pupils in classes up to Standard IV receive instruction, affording as they do valuable opportunities for concrete illustrations, are being largely taught in conjunction with other subjects of the syllabus, such as arithmetic, instrumental drawing, nature-study, and geography. Of the subjects of manual instruction taken in the higher standards, woodwork, cookery, and laundry-work are taught on the central system, and by special instructors. There are now about eighty well-equipped rooms for instruction in these subjects. In the larger centres special manual-training schools have been provided. In the smaller centres the rooms form part of the local district high school, secondary school, or technical school, as the case may be. During the past year 419 classes for woodwork, 403 for cookery, and 117 for laundry-work were in operation. There were also 95 classes for dressmaking. Compared with the previous year, the number of classes for domestic subjects shows an increase of 7 per cent

Elementary instruction on subjects bearing on rural occupations was given in 1,009 schools, as compared with 917 in the previous year. The instruction in ten of the thirteen education districts is supervised by itinerant instructors having a special knowledge of agriculture. There are now eighteen of these instructors stationed in various parts of the Dominion. The course of instruction includes both experimental and observational work (indoor and outdoor), and in some districts, chiefly in the North Island, elementary dairy-work.

The interest taken in the classes by School Committees, agricultural and pastoral associations, and members of the farming community generally is distinctly encouraging. In addition to special prizes offered for competition, contributions in money and kind to the value of nearly £500 have been received by Education Boards during the year. These contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1.

Full courses of instruction bearing on rural pursuits (having a domestic trend in the case of girls) occupying not less than twenty hours a week throughout the year, were carried on during the year in connection with the secondary departments in 56 per cent. of the district high schools (fifty-nine in number) as follows :—

District.Number of Schools.Number of Pupils.Capitation earned.
 £
Auckland4117675
Taranaki163450
Wanganui81701,070
Wellington52071,287
Hawke's Bay3111754
North Canterbury4106667
South Canterbury257355
Otago61851,176
          Totals 1913331,016£6,434
          Totals 191228890£5,795

The special capitation paid to Education Boards on account of these rural courses amounted in 1913 to £6.3 per pupil. The practical subjects included in the course continue for the most part to be taught by itinerant instructors. About 70 per cent. of the district high schools are now well equipped for laboratory-work in physics or chemistry. In the primary schools where laboratories are not available useful courses in physical measurements have in a few cases been taken up. The number of recognized classes in operation during the year was 105, mostly in connection with urban schools.

Recognized classes were carried on in connection with twenty-seven of the secondary schools (thirty in number) in receipt of Government grants. The subjects most generally taken up and the number of classes were as follows:—

Subjects of Instruction.Number of Classes.
1912.1913.
Free and instrumental drawing3325
Cookery and laundry3532
Dressmaking2829
Woodwork and ironwork2426
Experimental and natural science173184
Swimming and life-saving1928
Elementary agriculture and dairy-work1218
Elementary physical measurements3331
 357373

Capitation payments amounted to £1,518, being at the rate of £4 per class. Special grants in aid of buildings and equipment totalled £3,672.

Technical Instruction.

About sixty buildings, for the most part well and fully equipped, are now available for purposes of technical instruction. In the smaller and more remote centres, where special buildings have not yet been provided, classes are held in suitable rented buildings or in the local schools. During the year classes were held at nineteen such centres in the Wanganui District, at fifteen in the Otago District, at twelve in the Hawke's Bay District, and at six in each of the Auckland, North Canterbury, and Southland Districts.

Technical Classes other than Classes at Day Technical Schools.

Classes were held at 132 centres during 1913. The status of the classes, their number, and the number of individual students in attendance were as follows :—

Status.Number of Classes.Number of Students.
 1912.1913.1912.1913.
“Special” classes8699037,3578,523
“Associated” classes5295405,5685,951
“College” classes156183602732
     Totals1,5521,62613,52715,206
NUMBER OF CLASSES HELD DURING 1913 IN CERTAIN SUBJECTS OF TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION.
Subjects of Instruction.Number of Centres.Number of Classes.
Commercial subjects47268
Mathematics and science28118
Mathematics and science applied to trades and industries98408
Domestic science81299
Art and art-crafts51314
Continuation classes46219
          Total..1.626

In addition to classes for higher commercial work at each of the four University colleges full courses of instruction, both elementary and advanced, are provided at most of the larger technical schools.

Classes for subjects relating to the various branches of engineering—civil, mechanical, and electrical—are well attended. The classes as a whole are well equipped for practical work, and fairly full courses are provided. The attendance at classes for subjects relating to the building trades is also good.

Classes for subjects bearing on the home are well supported, the subjects most generally taken up being cookery (including invalid and high-class cookery), home nursing, dressmaking, and millinery.' A number of these classes have been carried on in country districts, the instruction being given in most cases by itinerant instructors sent out from central schools. The special courses in home science and domestic arts provided recently at the Otago University appear to be meeting a need. Of the forty-seven students in attendance during the year nine were working for the degree in home science and seventeen for the diploma, while twenty-one were taking various shorter courses.

During the year 1913 home-science bursaries tenable at the University college were awarded to thirteen of the students, who had signified their intention to qualify as teachers of domestic subjects. These bursaries are of the value of £20 per annum together with the fees for the courses. A boarding-allowance of £30 a year is also made where necessary. The number of bursars for the current year is nineteen. It is expected that the provision of these bursaries will produce trained teachers sufficient in number to meet the requirements of the schools.

Increased attention, with special reference to the application of art to industries, is being given to the courses in pure and applied art in the schools that make a special feature of these branches of technical education.

The number of continuation classes providing instruction in elementary commercial and general education in 1913 was slightly larger than in 1912. These classes are attended by students taking one subject only or two or more unrelated subjects. The fact that students are now encouraged to take group courses in lieu of unrelated subjects accounts for the comparatively small number of these classes.

The efforts that have been made by controlling authorities to provide some facilities for instruction in subjects relating to rural pursuits are receiving recognition and support at the hands of the farming community. During the year classes attended by some 1,700 students were held at about seventy centres. The subjects in which instruction was given included wool sorting and classing, shearing, dairying, veterinary science, agriculture, and horticulture. In addition to these classes a good deal of useful work has been done in certain districts in the way of lectures to farmers and visits to farms by the Education Boards' special instructors in agriculture. The Government has referred the question of the establishment of a practicable scheme of technical instruction for farmers to the recently constituted Board of Agriculture for its consideration and report. In the meantime not a little in the way of foundation-work is being done in schools of primary and secondary grade. Thus during the year instruction in elementary agriculture was given in over a thousand primary schools, while about a thousand pupils attending secondary schools, day technical schools, and the secondary departments of district high schools took more or less full courses of agricultural instruction.

During 1913 capitation in respect of group courses as above was earned by thirty-nine schools, as compared with twenty-seven in 1912. About 28 per cent, of the students took such courses, the total number doing so being about a thousand more than in the previous year.

During the year 1913 regulations requiring the attendance of young persons between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education or who are not specially exempted from attendance were put into operation in seven school districts in Wanganui, in two in Auckland, and in one in Hawke's Bay. The classes established under these regulations were attended by 451 students, of whom 262 were males.

In the following table are given the number and sex of pupils holding free places at technical schools :—

1912.1913.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.
Junior free pupils—
     First year6553329878405061,346
     Second year371227598471264735
Senior free pupils—
     First year311179490341276617
     Second year154109263190131321
     Third year89501397379152
          Totals1,5808972,4771,9151,2563,171

The number of students holding Junior Free Places (tenable for two years) was 2,081, and the number holding Senior Free Places (tenable for three years) was 1,090. The figures for the previous year were 1,585 and 892 respectively. About 44 per cent of the students who entered on Junior Free Places at evening classes in 1912 continued to attend in 1913. Of the total number of senior free pupils in their first year over 21 per cent. had completed two years at evening classes as junior free pupils. The remainder were admitted from day technical schools, secondary schools, or district high schools. Of the total number (3,11) of students admitted to free places (junior and senior) 88 per cent. qualified for capitation. Capitation payments made during the year on account of free places amounted to £5,507.

The following technical schools had roll numbers of 500 and over (exclusive of the day technical schools carried on in connection with some of them) :—

School.Roll Number.
1912.1913.
Auckland Technical College1,0061,345
Wanganui Technical College675666
Wellington Technical College1,1551,180
Christchurch Technical College9881,063
Dunedin Technical School9661,055
Dunedin School of Art479685

Day Technical Schools.

These schools (eight in number) provide courses, of secondary grade, in science and technology, domestic science, agriculture, and commercial instruction. They form part of the technical schools at Auckland (343 pupils), Wanganui (180 pupils), Wellington (251 pupils), Napier (84 pupils), Westport (10 pupils), Christchurch (416 pupils), Dunedin (218 pupils), and Invercargill (162 pupils). The total roll number was 1,664, including 739 males. The schools appear to meet the needs of a number of young people who would not otherwise proceed to secondary schools. The courses of instruction taken up by pupils were as follows :—

     Males.Females.Totals.
Industrial409..409
Commercial217587804
Domestic..307307
Agricultural77..77
Art..77
General362460
     Totals7399251,664

Capitation payments on account of day technical schools during 1913 totalled £18,147, being at the rate of £10.9 per pupil.

Following are some particulars regarding free pupils at day technical schools :—

1912.1913.
Males.Females.Total.MalesFemales.Total.
Junior free pupils —
     First year401440841404464868
     Second year162239401207265472
Senior free pupils—
     First year37651025086136
     Second year111829121426
     Third year2..2325
          Totals6137621,3756768311,507

The number of pupils holding Junior Free Places (tenable for two years) was 1,340, the number holding Senior Free Places (tenable for three years) was 167. Fifty per cent. of the pupils who entered a day technical school in 1912 continued to attend during 1913, while about 62 per cent. of the pupils who completed the second year of their Junior Free Places at the end of 1912 qualified for and were admitted to Senior Free Places in 1913.

Expenditure on Manual and Technical Education.

The following is a summary of the expenditure by the Government on manual and technical instruction during the year ended 31st March, 1914 :—

Manual instruction—£
     Capitation on classes30,679
     Subsidies on voluntary contributions714
     Grants for buildings, equipment, rent, &c.3,897
 35,290
Technical instruction—
     Capitation—
          Day technical schools15,280
          Other classes (including free places)22,526
     Subsidies on voluntary contributions6,600
     Grants for buildings, equipment, material, rent, &c.19,792
 64,198
Manual and technical instruction—
     Railway fares, &c., of instructors and students7,706
     Bursaries720
     Examinations409
     Inspection and other expenses1,043
 £109,366

This total includes £7,602 from national-endowment revenue.

SECONDARY EDUCATION.

There were 33 subsidized or endowed schools of higher education in December, 1913. The names of these secondary schools, with the numbers of pupils on the rolls in the last term or quarter of the year, and the fees charged, are stated further on. These schools must not be confused with the district high schools, although they nearly all admit to free places holders of Education Board Scholarships and of National Scholarships, besides all who gain certificates of proficiency within prescribed limits of age, &c.

The total number of pupils attending the thirty-three secondary schools in the last terms of 1912 and 1913 respectively were as follows :—

 19121913
Boys.Girls.Total.Boys.Girls.Total.
Roll (exclusive of lower departments)3,2022,3405,5423,4132,3905,803
Number in lower departments167122289222129351
     Total3,3692,4625,8313,6352,5196,151
Number of boarders (included above)701152853765169934

In the same years these schools were staffed as follows :—

 19121913
M.F.Total.M.F.Total.
Regular staff163118281168120288
Part-time teachers463884463379

The average number of pupils per teacher (excluding part-time teachers) is thus seen to have been 20.8 in 1912, and 21.4 in 1913.

The average number of pupils on the roll of the secondary departments of district high schools in the year 1913 was 2,073. In 1912 it was 2,048.

Both in the secondary schools and in the secondary departments of district high schools there is a falling-off in the roll towards the end of the year; but the decrease is less marked in the secondary schools than in the secondary departments of the district high schools: in the latter the total roll at the end of the year was 1,815 in 1912 and 1,837 in 1913. The falling-off in the course of the year is more marked in the case of the boys than of the girls: this is due, no doubt, to the fact that more boys leave school to enter employment.

Besides the head teachers, who generally take some part in the secondary instruction, there were employed in 1912 in the secondary departments of district high schools 87 special assistants—38 men and 49 women; in 1913, there were 37 men and 51 women. The average number of pupils per teacher on the roll number at the end of the year 1913 was 20.9; on the average attendance for the year, 21.4.

In addition to those in secondary schools and in the secondary departments of district high schools there should properly be included in the number of pupils under secondary instruction in the Dominion (a) the pupils attending day technical schools, which in this regard may be called technical high schools; (b) the pupils in various institutions for the secondary education of Maori boys and girls; and (c) pupils attending private secondary schools.

ROLL AND FEES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS, AS IN DECEMBER, 1913.
Schools.Total Roll for Last Term of 1913.Lower Departments included in Total Roll.Boarders included in Total Roll.Annual Rates of Fees.Average Attendance (Lower Departments excluded).
Boys.Girls.
Under 12 Years.12 to 15.15 to 18.Over 18.Total.Under 12 Years.12 to 15.15 to 18.Over 18.Total.Boys.Girls.Boys.Girls.For Tuition.For Board. exclusive of Tutition.

* Approximate.

NOTE.—The classification of secondary schools, as shown in the above tables, may be interpreted thus :—

A. Schools established under special Acts of the Legislature, with endowments derived from grants of money from the public revenue, or from grants of land. It is optional with these schools to admit free pupils or offer scholarships equal in value to one-fifth of the net annual income derived from endowments.

B. High schools established in places where there are no secondary or district high schools. These schools must admit free pupils, for which they receive grants according to scale.

C. Schools which, though endowed, do not admit, nor are they empowered to admit, free pupils.

A. Endowed Schools included in the Eighth Schedule to the Education Act, 1908.
 £s.d.£s.d. 
Whangarei High School..1941464..1337252....12..8803560120
Auckland Boys' Grammar School..28331328624..................10100..654
Auckland Girls' Grammar School............15023824412........10100..399
Thames High School..1937258..1137149........880..109
New Plymouth Boys' High School1542657129..........29..33..660390096
New Plymouth Girls' High School..........12644677........660..76
Wanganui Girls' College..........76210111181..27..8911004000166
Wellington Boys' College115424415414..............58..111794200394
Wellington Girls' College..........33931927325..31....11179..283
Napier Boys' High School1048657130..........48..20..990400084
Napier Girls' High School..........1146732132..49..33990433065
Gisborne High School724302631142023713110..900420085
Marlborough High School..2229354..1429447........8110..106
Nelson Boys' College35913612210..........21..100..1212046100203
880
Nelson Girls' College..........5681026181..13..471212046100161
880
Christchurch Boys' High School5107883203..........17......10100..175
7100
Chirstchurch Girls' High School..........27814910239..8....12120..243
990
Rangiora High School..1324239..643..49....7..990300096
2000
Ashburton High School..2231154..1230446........660..99
Timaru Boys' High School..3555797..............30..900400093
Timaru Girls' High School............1649166........900..62
Waitaki Boys' High School58411922230..........33..164..710104600211
Waitaki Girls' High School............1951272........7100..66
Otago Boys' High School..8320619308..............24..100043100327
Otago Girls' High School............531259187........1000..183
Southland Boys' High School..53814138..................1000..148
Southland Girls' High School............448711142........1000..140
          Total4610671,5641382,8156072514071022,294161129458169....4,844
B. Secondary Schools established under Section 94 of the Education Act.
Hamilton High School..5519..74..5012..62........1000..139
Palmerston North High School..42817130..2041566....34..10004000198
Dannevirke High School..1527143..1326443........1000..83
Gore High School..28451285..1732554........1000..141
          Total..14017220332..10011114225....34......561
C. Endowed Secondary Schools not coming within the Definition of Section 89 of the Education Act.
Wanganui Collegiate School..461437196..............162..12006300198
Christ's College Grammar School5311011613292..........61..111 161004500*232
101004200
          Total5315625920488..........61..273......430
          Grand total for 19139913631,9951783,6356982515181162,519222129765169....5,835
          Grand total for 19129110972,0171643,3694883914431322,462167122701152....5,591
               Difference8266−221426612−1475−16575576417....244
STAFF AND SALARIES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS, AS IN DECEMBER, 1913.
Schools.Staff.Salaries at Rate paid at End of Year.Notes.
Regular.Part-time.Regular Staff.Part-time Teachers.
Men.Women.Men.Women.Men.Women.Men.Women.
A. Endowed Schools included in the Eighth Schedule to the Education Act. 1908.
 ££££ 
Whangarei High School3311650415....Paid on capitation basis.
Auckland Boys' Grammar School21......5,713...... 
Auckland Girls' Grammar School..1711..3,21590.. 
Thames High School3111785175..20Principal has residence.
New Plymouth Boys' High School6..2..1,405..110..Principal has residence, and one assistant has house allowance.
New Plymouth Girls' High School..4......745.... 
Wanganui Girls' College..1326..2,805234115Principal has board and residence.
Wellington Boys' College19..2..5,145..100.. 
Wellington Girls' College..1555..2,840165120 
Napier Boys' High School7......1,687......Principal has residence, second master has house allowance, and two others have board allowance.
Napier Girls' High School..7..4..1,215..100 
Gisborne High School52121,3652653040One teacher has board, three others allowance.
Marlborough High School31....990175....Principal has residence.
Nelson Boys' College9..2..2,440..85..Principal has board and residence, one assistant has residence, four assistants have board, three assistants have house allowance.
Nelson Girls' College..8..1..1,233..50Principal and four assistants have board and residence.
Christchurch Boys' High School10..6..3,181..575.. 
Christchurch Girls' High School..1324..2,32065208 
Rangiora High School22116502501520Principal has residence, one assistant has board.
Ashburton High School32....880335.... 
Timaru Boys' High School5..1..1,425..20..Two assistants have board.
Timaru Girls' High School..4..1..845..15 
Waitaki Boys' High School8..112,275..3236Principal has residence, and four assistants have board.
Waitaki Girls' High School..4..1..700..50 
Otago Boys' High School12..2..3,670..160..Including £120 house allowance for principal.
Otago Girls' High School..822..1,600125135 
Southland Boys' High School6..2..1,720..280..Principal has residence.
Southland Girls' High School..721..1,265280150 
          Total122111363233,98120,3982,3661,059 
B. Secondary Schools established under Section 94 of the Education Act.
Hamilton High School42....1,075305....Principal has house allowance.
Palmerston North High School83211,9204758013Including £120 house allowance for principal.
Dannevirke High School32....830355.... 
Gore High School421..1,2103505.. 
          Total199315,0351,4858513 
C. Endowed Secondary Schools not coming within the Definition of Section 89 of the Education Act.
Wanganui Collegiate School14..1..4,722..85..Principal has board.
Christ's College Grammar School13..6..4,235..678..Principal and four assistants have residences.
          Total27..7..8,957..763.. 
          Grand total168120463347,97321,8833,2141,072 

The total numbers on the roll of day technical schools at any time during the years 1912 and 1913 were as follows:—

     1912.1913.
Boys684739
Girls842925
          Totals1,5261,664

The following was the average roll of pupils in secondary schools for Maoris (all of whom were boarders) for the respective years:—

     1912.1913.
Boys163202
Girls206217
          Totals369419

Summarizing all these figures, and excluding pupils in the lower departments of secondary schools, we obtain the following statement of the numbers receiving some form or other of secondary instruction during the years 1912 and 1913 (as nearly as can be estimated):—

     1912.1913.

* Includes a number of primary pupils (estimated 40 per cent.).

Secondary schools5,5425,803
District high schools2,0482,073
Day technical schools1,5261,664
Maori secondary schools369419
Private secondary schools883*545
          Totals10,36810,504

It will thus be seen that the number receiving secondary education during 1913 shows a slight increase over that for the previous year. Based on the estimated population of New Zealand at the 31st December, 1913, the proportion of persons receiving some form of secondary instruction in publicly recognized institutions during 1913 was 93 per 10,000 of the population. In 1906 the corresponding proportion was 72.7 per 10,000, so that even after allowing for private secondary schools, of which no return was available in 1906, there has been a considerable development of secondary education in the Dominion during the last five years.

FREE SECONDARY EDUCATION.

Under the regulations free places are divided into two classes— junior and senior—both being tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, or under somewhat different conditions at technical schools.

Boys and girls who qualify for Junior Education Board Scholarships, whether they obtain scholarships or not, are entitled to Junior Free Places, and those who pass the special examinations for free places are also participants in the privilege. Junior Free Places may, again, be obtained by those who qualify for a certificate of proficiency—that is, essentially, pupils who pass with credit the Sixth Standard of the public-school syllabus; but on this qualification the age of the candidate must not exceed fifteen years. Generally speaking, Junior Free Places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension in certain cases to three years without examination. In the case of district high schools they are tenable to the age of seventeen. A Senior Free Place is tenable by any pupil who has passed the Intermediate Examination, which, in its non-competitive form is regarded as the special examination for Senior Free Places. This examination is held in various centres at the same time and places as the Public Service Entrance Examination, and in its competitive form is used for scholarship candidates. For noncompetitive candidates different papers are set in certain subjects to meet the somewhat less exacting requirements of a purely pass qualification. Senior Free Places may also, however, be obtained without external examination after a two years' course on the recommendations of the principals of schools subject to the concurrence of the Inspector-General of Schools, and this form of qualification is becoming increasingly applicable.

Senior Free Places in secondary schools, district high schools, and day technical schools are tenable up to the age of nineteen. To technical schools of a different character this age-limit does not apply.

The following are some of the figures for 1912 and 1913 in regard to free places in secondary schools:—

     1912.1913.

* The total roll of all secondary schools is taken, including Wanganui Girls' and Boys' Colleges and Christ's College, but these three schools are not included in the number of secondary schools giving free tuition.

Number of secondary schools giving free tuition2930
* Total roll number, excluding lower departments5,5425,803
Number of free-place holders4,4504,592
Free-place holders as a percentage of roll number80 per cent.79 per cent.
Total annual payment by Government for free places£50,199£51,917
Cost to Government per free pupil£10 15s. 5d.£10 15s. 11d.

It will thus be seen that there are now very few pupils—only 21 in every 100—who pay fees for admission into secondary schools. That the free-place system has undoubtedly been fully taken advantage of by the people of New Zealand is evidenced by the enormous increase in free places in the last few years. In 1903 there were 1,600 free pupils at secondary schools; now the number has increased by nearly 190 per cent.

In order to arrive at the total number of pupils in New Zealand receiving free secondary instruction it will be necessary to include also 155 other holders of scholarships or exhibitions granted by the secondary schools included above or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, 1,837 pupils in attendance at district high schools, almost all of whom were free pupils, 108 Maori pupils receiving free education in Maori secondary schools, and 1,507 holders of free places in technical schools. Consequently, there are approximately 8,200 pupils receiving free secondary education in the Dominion, exclusive of those holders of free places in technical schools who are art students or evening students, or who are taking courses which may be more appropriately described as technical than as secondary.

The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places at the end of the years 1912 and 1913 for which payment was made by Government:—

FREE PLACES IN DECEMBER, 1912 AND 1913.
 1912.1913.
Boys.Girls.Total.Boys.Girls.Total.
(i.) Secondary schools—
     (a.) Junior free pupils1,7701,4403,2101,8151,4663,281
     (b.) Senior free pupils6645761,2407595521,311
          Totals2,4342,0164,4502,5742,0184,592
(ii.) District high schools8639521,8159009371,837
(iii.) Maori secondary schools50531035355108
(iv.) Day technical schools6137621,3756768311,507
          Grand totals3,9603,7837,7434,2033,8418,044

In the above table (in the case of the secondary schools and district high schools) the roll at the end of the year has been taken; a fairer estimate of the number of persons receiving free secondary education in public institutions would be obtained by taking the average roll throughout the year and including in the total the holders of foundation and private scholarships or exhibitions who received free tuition not paid for by Government. We obtain thus the following approximate figures:—

NUMBER RECEIVING FREE SECONDARY EDUCATION.
 1912.1913.
Secondary schools4,8154,963
District high schools2,0482,073
Day technical schools1,3751,507
Maori secondary schools103108
          Totals8,3418,651

FINANCES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources:—

  1. Rents from the special reserves allocated to them by statute:

  2. Statutory grants, given in lieu of special reserves:

  3. Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves, and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act:

  4. Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the Land Boards, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance, lower departments excluded:

  5. Government payments—(a) Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions for the general purposes of the school:

  6. Government payments—(a) Capitation for manual-instruction classes; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions for manual-instruction purposes:

  7. Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus:

  8. Tuition fees of pupils:

  9. Boarding fees of pupils:

  10. Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys (other than those obtained by the sale of reserves), donations, and special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c.), rent of premises, loans raised, &c.

The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived from endowments, and the “net annual income derived from endowments” is the average of this revenue, for the three preceding years less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments and upon buildings, and less mortgage and other charges.

The following table gives a summary of the receipts under the several heads named above, and of the various items of expenditure for the year:—

SUMMARY OF THE ACCOUNTS OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FOR 1913 FURNISHED BY THE GOVERNING BODIES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
 £s.d.
Receipts.
Credit balances on 1st January, 191330,507195
Endowment reserves sold, mortgage moneys repaid, and insurance1,95475
Rents, &c., of reserves37,21213
Interest on moneys invested1,812810
Reserves revenue9,467127
Government payments—
     For manual instruction, capitation, and subsidies2,21020
     For free places, capitation, and subsidies52,237188
     Grants for buildings, sites, furniture, &c.4,963133
     Statutory grant (Marlborough High School)40000
School fees (tuition)18,783127
Boarding-school fees, &c.25,869104
For technical instruction from Government and other sources2,56786
Transfers from Capital Account, loans and sundries not classified16.614164
Debit balances, 31st December, 191323,855181
 £228,45793
Expenditure.
 £s.d.
Debit balances on 1st January, 191317,322168
Expenses of management4,90094
School salaries74,522138
Boarding-school accounts17,899152
Scholarships and prizes2,520115
Printing, stationery, fuel, light, &c.6,280911
Buildings, furniture, insurance, rent, and rates44,9671811
On endowments4,133196
On manual instruction, exclusive of buildings1,94746
On technical instruction2,83259
Interest and repayments of mortgages6,551126
Temporary advances to pupils, and sundries not classified9,854109
Credit balances, 31st December, 191334,72312
 £228,45793

The following table gives a comparison of the chief items of income and expenditure with those for 1912 and 1913:—

INCOME.1912. £1913. £
Income from reserves and endowments42,15648,492
Grants from Government (exclusive of building grants)53,54854,848
Building grants5,2544,964
Tuition fees17,97318,784
EXPENDITURE.
Salaries of staff69,80674,523
Expenses of management4,3364,900
Buildings, &c.37,98244,982

Fifteen of the secondary schools show a credit balance at the end of the year, and thirteen a debit balance. The net credit balance of all schools taken together is £17,008. The total payments for salaries increased by over £4,700 during the year.

For the whole Dominion, if there are taken into account only the secondary schools that admit free pupils under the Act, we find the following position:—

     1912.1913.

* Management expenses only.

Total number of pupils, excluding lower departments5,5155,693
Total net income from endowments (average of three years ended 31st December)£12,373£11,533
Net income from endowments per head£2.24£2.02
Approximate annual rate of capitation£10.77£10.79
Total available net income per free pupil for salaries and management£13.01£12.82
Total expenditure on salaries of staff£56,682£60,297
Total expenditure on management£3,152£9,909
Total expenditure on staff salaries, and management£59,834£70,206
Expenditure per head on staff salaries£10.29£10.59
Expenditure per head on management*£0.57£1.74
Total expenditure per head on staff salaries, and management£10.84£12.38

The last figure given shows as nearly as may be the actual cost per annum for each pupil, exclusive of those in the lower departments.

Lower Departments.

The Education Act provides that pupils who have not obtained a certificate of competency in the subjects of Standard V or a higher standard of the public school syllabus may be admitted to a lower department of a secondary school if they are taught in a separate building or class-room, and if no part of the actual cost of their instruction is met out of the endowments of the secondary school. There were lower departments in twelve secondary schools during 1913; the total number of pupils in those departments was 351; the total cost of their instruction was £2,147; and the total amount of fees received on their account was £2,700.

DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOLS.

The number of district high schools in operation at the end of 1913 was 59. In the secondary departments of these schools the teachers employed, apart from the principals, who may or may not have taken part in the secondary instruction, but whose added responsibility is in all cases recognized by some increment of salary, numbered 88, and the number of pupils in attendance in December was 1,837. There is only a small increase in the numbers in attendance as compared with 1912. Increased facilities for higher education in other directions and somewhat stricter tests of admission have doubtless much to do with this.

The course of instruction usually followed in the secondary departments of the district high schools of the Dominion has hitherto been drawn up largely with a view to preparing pupils for the Public Service Entrance, Matriculation, and Education Board Scholarship Examinations. In too many cases the curriculum itself and the methods of teaching have been dominated by examination results. It is, however, gratifying to note that in several education districts an earnest endeavour is being made to bring the course of instruction more into harmony with local conditions by providing suitable rural courses, based generally on a suggestive programme some time ago issued by the Department. Rural courses were in 1913 in operation at 33 district high schools, and were taken by 1,016 pupils. The course for boys is not intended to fit them for carrying on agricultural and pastoral pursuits, but is intended to give them a knowledge of the scientific principles upon which the successful practice of these pursuits depends. Similarly, the course for girls is intended to fit them for the work which they, as members of families engaged in such pursuits, may have to perform or superintend. It is worthy of remark that in most instances it has been found possible, not only to provide reasonably full courses with a distinct bias towards rural and domestic pursuits, but also to secure adequate opportunities for pupils preparing for the various public examinations. The special payment of £5 10s. per annum provided by the Government for each pupil in the secondary department of a district high school taking an approved rural course has enabled Education Boards to augment the available teaching staff by the addition thereto of specially qualified itinerant instructors to teach the significant subjects included in the course.

A table is given showing the number of qualified pupils attending the district high schools on the 31st December, 1913.

DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOLS.—ATTENDANCE, STAFFS, SALARIES, ETC., IN SECONDARY DEPARTMENTS, 1913.
Education District.Number of Schools.Average Attendance, 1913.Number of Teachers.Average Number of Pupils per Teacher.Statutory Annual Rate at End of Year.
M.F.Total.£s.d.
Auckland9206381118.72,14350
Taranaki112122430.3649150
Wanganui8199641019.91,85400
Wellington93234101423.12,77700
Hawke's Bay311432522.81,02000
Nelson47514515.01,01000
Grey13811219.040000
Westland15911229.537500
North Canterbury10350881621.93,28394
South Canterbury310632521.2962134
Otago9278491321.42,64000
Southland1111..111.018000
     Totals for 1913591,88037518821.417,29528
     Totals for 1912601,86438498721.417,43178

SCHOLARSHIPS.

Education Board Scholarships.

Under the Education Board scholarship scheme the Education Boards, under local regulations approved by the Minister of Education, award annually a large number of scholarships of varying value out of an allowance of old standing, amounting to 1s. 6d. per head of the average attendance. The regulations adopted in the different districts commonly provide for two classes of scholarships, junior and senior—the former limited to children under fourteen or in some cases under thirteen years of age resident in the district, and tenable usually for two years; the latter, more restricted in number, continuing the secondary education of the holders for two or three years longer. For the award of the Junior Scholarships all Boards use the Junior National Scholarship Examination, and for their Senior Scholarships all use the Intermediate Examination as arranged for scholarship candidates.

During the year 1913 Education Board scholarships—junior and senior—were current to the number of 576, as against a total of 566 for 1912. The actual monetary value of these scholarships in most instances is small, the object in view being generally to spread the benefits as widely as possible rather than to provide attractive prizes for a few. Each scholarship, however, through the operation of the provisions for free places, which give a preference to scholarship-holders, carries with it in all but certain exceptional circumstances the substantial benefit of free tuition, and a lodging or travelling allowance is added where necessary. The total expenditure of Education Boards on scholarships of this class during the year 1913 was £9,924.

In extension of the provisions for scholarships, the arrangements now in force, by which pupils of fair promise are admitted to free tuition in secondary and other schools, are very comprehensive and far-reaching in their effects. For all who deserve it there is now a free course from the initiatory stages of the primary school to the doors of the University, and by means of further scholarships and bursaries, making classes at the colleges free to all duly qualified students, a further step of progress to the distinction of a University degree is also possible in terms of similar advantage.

University Entrance Scholarships and Bursaries.

Beyond the limits of the secondary school the opportunities given to promising students are considerable. University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, and are as follows: Junior University, Senior National and Taranaki Scholarships, in addition to some thirty or forty local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. In addition to the above, all those who gained “credit” at the same examinations are entitled to hold bursaries which meet the cost of college fees up to £20 per annum for three years, and an order in Council in 1912 extended the system of bursaries to include persons having slightly different or less qualifications. Further regulations have recently been gazetted for the award of special bursaries to students who wish to take up a course in home science and domestic arts at the Otago University. With these provisions there can be few indeed entitled to special consideration who are deterred from a University course by the question of the cost of classes.

National Scholarships.

An Act to encourage higher education in New Zealand by the granting of National Scholarships was passed in 1903, and has since been incorporated in the Education Act, 1908. Provision is made for the establishment of Junior and Senior Scholarships, the necessary funds being furnished by the Minister of Finance.

A Junior Scholarship is offered in each education district for every four thousand or part of four thousand children in average yearly attendance, tenable for three years, with the possibility of extension for one or more years up to the age of eighteen years. Candidates must not exceed the age of fourteen years. The value of a Junior Scholarship is £10 per annum, in addition to tuition fees.

Senior National Scholarships, not exceeding twenty in number, are awarded annually to persons of either sex under nineteen years of age on the result of the Junior Scholarship Examination of the University. The value of a Senior Scholarship is £20 per annum in addition to tuition fees, and it is tenable for three years.

Where the holder of a Junior or Senior National Scholarship is obliged to live away from home in order to prosecute his or her studies an additional sum of £30 per annum is paid, or actual travelling-expenses not exceeding £10 per annum are allowed if the holder of a scholarship is obliged to travel more than four miles daily in order to prosecute his or her studies.

At the end of 1913 the number of Junior National Scholarships current was 130, and of these 114 were held at secondary schools and sixteen at district high schools. Apart from fees otherwise accounted for under the heading of free-place expenditure, the cost of Junior National Scholarships for the year was £3,460. The number of Senior National Scholarships current was fifty-eight, for which the New Zealand University received a grant from the Treasury of £3,402.

Foundation and Private Scholarships.

Foundation scholarships are offered by the Governors of secondary schools not granting free places under the Act, and are also offered as additional scholarships by the Governors of schools providing free places. Private scholarships are derived from funds provided by private donors by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1913 was 194.

NEW ZEALAND UNIVERSITY.

The introduction of university education into New Zealand was effected by the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Otago, who in 1869 passed an Ordinance under which the University of Otago was established. Following closely on the founding of this institution was the establishment of the University of New Zealand under an Act of the General Assembly—the New Zealand University Act, 1870. This University subsequently received a Royal charter, whereby certain specified degrees are declared entitled to “rank, precedence, and consideration” throughout the British Empire “as fully as if the said degrees had been conferred by any university of the United Kingdom.” It was apparently contemplated by Parliament (vide section 19 of the Act last quoted) that the New Zealand University and the Otago University should be amalgamated; but the negotiations for this purpose having failed, the two institutions remained for some time distinct bodies. In the year 1874, however, the University of Otago surrendered or put in abeyance its power of conferring degrees, and became affiliated to the University of New Zealand, and at the same time it was stipulated that the University of New Zealand should not directly exercise functions of teaching.

The New Zealand University Act, 1874, which repealed the statute of 1870, gave power to the Senate to confer, after examination, the several degrees of Bachelor and Master in Arts, Bachelor and Doctor in Law, Science, Medicine, Music, and also in such other departments of knowledge, except theology, as might be determined by the said Senate in the future.

By statute passed in 1904 further powers were given to confer the degrees of Doctor of Literature; Master of Laws; Master of Surgery; Master of Science; and Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of (a) Veterinary Science, (b) Dental Surgery, (c) Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, Metallurgical, Naval Architecture); (d) Agriculture, (e) Public Health, (f) Commerce. For these latter no further charter has been given.

Powers are granted to confer also ad eundem degrees.

In 1902 an Amendment Act was passed reconstituting the Senate, which now consists of twenty-four members or Fellows, five to be elected by each of the four University college districts—that is to say, two by each governing body, two by each District Court of Convocation, and one by each Professorial Board. The remaining four members are nominated by the Governor in Council.

The statutes relating to the New Zealand University have been consolidated under the New Zealand University Act, 1908.

In the year 1873 the Superintendent and Provincial Council of Canterbury passed an Ordinance for founding “The Canterbury College,” and the college was accordingly established with the same standard of university education as that of the University of Otago, but without the power of conferring degrees. It was affiliated to the University of New Zealand.

In December, 1878, a Royal Commission on University and Secondary Education was appointed by the Governor, which met in July, 1879, and reported that two colleges, with an income of £4,000 each, ought to be established in Auckland and Wellington, and that suitable buildings, at a cost of £12,500 each, should be erected in those cities. In the following year the Royal Commission repeated these recommendations.

The Auckland University College Act, 1882, which became law on the 13th September of that year, definitely established the college, and endowed it with a statutory grant of £4,000 per annum. By the Auckland University College Reserves Act, 1885, three blocks of land, containing about 10,000 acres each, and a block containing about 354 acres, which had been devoted to the purpose of promoting higher education in the Province of Auckland, became vested in the Council of the University college.

The Auckland University College was affiliated to the University of New Zealand by the Senate of the University on the 6th March, 1883, and on the 21st May in the same year the college was opened by the Governor.

Nothing was done for Wellington until the year 1894, when an Act was passed entitled the Middle District of New Zealand University College Act, 1894, which said, “There shall be established in the City of Wellington a college to be connected with the University of New Zealand,” and provision was made for a governing body to be called the Council, but no provision was made for any pecuniary grant nor any endowment, and, though certain members of the Council were appointed, nothing could be done for want of funds.

Not until 1897 were the needs of Wellington actually attended to. In the session of Parliament of that year the late Right Hon. Mr. Seddon, P.C., then Premier, introduced the Victoria College Act—an Act, as stated in the preamble, “to promote higher education by the establishment of a college at Wellington in commemoration of the sixtieth year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria,” the college being intended to embrace in its work the Provincial Districts of Wellington, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, and Westland. The Act was passed on the 22nd December, 1897, and the Council was formed as provided in the Act, and the work of organization was begun. The Act provides for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of a grant of £4,000 a year, and also requires the Council to give six scholarships each year, called “Queen's Scholarships,” to persons of either sex under the age of fourteen years, upon the results of an examination under such conditions as the Council may provide. The Act further sets apart a parcel of land 4,000 acres in extent in the Nukumaru Survey District (Wellington Provincial District) as an endowment for the college. The Queen's Scholarships have since been done away with, and the term of the last has now expired.

In addition to their annual statutory grants of £4,000, Auckland University College and Victoria College received in 1913 £2,700 and £3,000 respectively for the general purposes of the institutions. Each of the four affiliated institutions—the Auckland University College, the Victoria College, the Canterbury College, and the University of Otago—specializes in certain directions, and to further this purpose the Government makes to each an additional annual grant to provide for the special studies pursued. This annual grant normally amounts to £2,000 in each case, but in the case of Otago University has been during the past year increased to £3,500 to meet the special expenses attached to the medical school. Otago University has both medical and dental schools, and a school of mining and metallurgical engineering; Canterbury College has a school of engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil); at Auckland University College the grant is allocated for mining and commerce; and at Victoria College it is in consideration especially of law subjects and science.

The New Zealand University is not a teaching body, as above explained, undergraduates hitherto for the most part keeping their terms at one or other of the affiliated institutions. The total number of graduates who have so far obtained direct degrees is 1,755.

There were, in 1913, 2,218 students actually in attendance at the four University colleges, an increase of 104 on the number for the previous year. Of these, 104 were graduates, 1,316 were undergraduates, and 798 were unmatriculated students. In addition to the matriculated students mentioned above, there were 100 students attached to the various University colleges, but exempt from lectures—that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms, except in certain science and professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination. The numbers of students at the affiliated institutions during 1913 were as follows: At the Auckland University College, 271 matriculated, 382 non-matriculated, and 12 exempt; at Victoria College, 384 matriculated, 79 non-matriculated, and 49 exempt; at Canterbury College, 315 matriculated, 213 non-matriculated, and 9 exempt; at Otago University, 450 matriculated, 124 non-matriculated, and 30 exempt.

SCHOLARSHIPS, BURSARIES, EXHIBITIONS, AND STUDENTSHIPS HELD AT AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS IN 1913.*
Scholarships, &c.Auckland University College.Victoria College.Canterbury College.Otago University.Total.

* Exclusive of Rhodes Scholarships and International Exhibition Scholarships (which are tenable out of New Zealand), and exclusive also of Research Scholarships given by the Government

† Includes eight who are also holders of bursaries: total bursaries, 191.

Junior University Scholarships6541227
Senior National Scholarships812162258
Taranaki Scholarships..2..35
Senior University Scholarships24..28
Bursaries28362693183
Sir George Grey Scholarships11114
Other Scholarships and Exhibitions1212722
Training-college Studentships108108109120445
     Totals154170168260752

SUBSIDIES TO PUBLIC LIBRARIES.

With a view to subsidizing libraries, especially small and struggling institutions in sparsely populated districts, Parliament has frequently voted sums of money for distribution on a fixed basis. In 1913 Parliament voted the sum of £4,000 for payment of subsidies to public libraries. The method of distribution of the vote was the same as that adopted in previous years—viz., a nominal addition of £25 was made to the amount of the income of each library derived from subscriptions, donations, and rates, provided that the receipts for the year were not less than £2, and the vote was distributed according to the amount thus augmented; but no library received credit for a larger income than £75—that is, in no case did the augmented amount on which distribution was based exceed £100. In accordance with the Gazette notice, the day appointed for the distribution of the subsidy was the 9th February, 1914, and the amount of the vote was divided among the 401 libraries from which applications, each accompanied by a statutory declaration on the proper form, had been received at that date. The vote, as thus dealt with, afforded a subsidy of 4s. 8.55d. in the pound on the nominal income, and the subsidies ranged from £6 7s. 2d. to £23 11s. 3d. The number of libraries participating in the vote shows a decrease of seven as compared with the number aided in February, 1913.

In order that the purpose intended to be served by the vote may be attained, it is made a condition for participation that the whole of the subsidy granted to each library in the previous year shall have been expended in the purchase of books.

An analysis of the books added to the public libraries during the year 1913 indicates that 83.01 per cent. of the books purchased during the last year were novels. If the additions made by the large libraries were not taken into consideration, the proportion of novels would increase to 87.4 per cent. Ninety-five public libraries purchased no books other than fiction.

Chapter 7. SECTION VII.—DEFENCE.

THE DEFENCE ACT.

Liability for Service.

THE liability of all male inhabitants of the Dominion for service in the Military Forces is laid down in the Defence Act and Regulations as under:—

The Act provides for the gradual military training of every male New-Zealander from the age of fourteen to the age of twenty-five after which he will serve in the Reserve up to the age of thirty. There are no distinctions and no exceptions. The principle is that every one, unless physically unfit, will have to take his share in the defence of the Dominion. Those who, in consequence of the doctrines of their religion, have a conscientious objection to bearing arms in the service of their country will be trained as far as possible in the non-combatant branches, of which ambulance work is made a special feature, or under very exceptional conditions such persons may apply to a Magistrate for exemption from military training on the certificate of a minister of religion. Subject to the full establishment of Territorials required being maintained, the regulations admit of a man of good character, who has proved himself to be thoroughly efficient, being transferred to the Reserve after four years' service—viz., at the age of twenty-two.

Those liable for service are required to be registered as such. Any person who fails to take any step necessary to secure his registration is liable to a fine of £5, and may be deprived of civil rights for any period not exceeding ten years. Any person so deprived of civil rights shall during the period of deprivation be incapable of being appointed to any office or employment, whether permanent or temporary, in the public service, and shall not be entitled to be or remain registered on any electoral roll under the Legislature Act, 1908. No such deprivation of civil rights shall affect the obligation of the offender to render personal service under the Defence Act, and the Act shall continue to apply to him in all respects as if no such order of deprivation had been made.

Under section 27 (i), Defence Act, 1909, all male inhabitants of New Zealand between the ages of seventeen and fifty-five, not exempted, are liable to serve in the Militia. Under section 28 (1), Defence Act, 1909, the whole or any part of the Militia may be called out in time of war by Proclamation, and, when so called out, becomes a part of the Defence Forces.

Nature of Service.

From the age of twelve to the age of fourteen a boy at a primary school performs a certain amount of physical elementary training, under the direction of the Education Department. This is not considered military training under the Defence Act.

On reaching the age of fourteen, or on leaving a primary school, the boy is transferred to the Senior Cadets, and then becomes a member of the Military Forces, though not liable to be called out to fight.

He remains a Senior Cadet till he is eighteen, on reaching which age he is, if found, on being medically examined, to be physically fit, drafted into the Territorial Force. As a Territorial soldier he is liable to be called out at any time for service within the Dominion.

On reaching the age of twenty-five, if still serving, he is transferred to the Reserve. He remains in the Reserve till he reaches the age of thirty, when he will be discharged. As a Reservist he will be liable to be called back to his regiment in case of war or other national emergency.

If he belongs to a Rifle Club he will, as long as he remains a member, be liable up to the age of fifty-five to be called up as part of a secondary Reserve to fill the ranks of the Territorial Force after its own Reserve has been used up. A male of an age rendering him liable to undergo military training may in certain circumstances be allowed to undergo training as a member of a Defence Rifle Club under approved conditions where the nearest drill centre of a Territorial unit is too far distant for him to attend parades.

Provision exists under which Rifle Clubs absorb and train about 35 per cent. of enrolled strength of those liable to serve in the Territorial Force.

As far as possible arrangements are made to post the incoming recruits to the branch of the service and the drill centre they desire to be trained in, and care is taken not to post to the same unit more persons out of any business concern than the employer can spare at the same time.

All exemptions and temporary exemptions on medical grounds are to be granted and issued, and all transfers and discharges from the Territorial Force of those qualified are made, in June each year.

THE MILITARY INSTITUTIONS OF NEW ZEALAND.

Headquarters Organization.

The Minister of Defence is responsible to Parliament both for the Navy and the Army of New Zealand.

The General Officer Commanding the New Zealand Forces is the responsible adviser of the Minister, and, under him, controls the Military Forces. He is assisted by the following heads of departments:—

The Chief of the General Staff;

The Adjutant-General to the Forces;

The Quartermaster-General to the Forces;

The Director of Ordnance;

The Director of Accounts.

The General Officer Commanding is responsible for the organization, discipline, and efficiency of the Forces and for their inspection; advice on local military policy; plans for local defence; supervision of training; education of officers and selection of officers for study at Imperial Staff Colleges; appointments, promotions, resignations, and retirements of officers.

The Chief of the General Staff and Director of Staff Duties and Military Training is responsible for Staff organization; Staff tours; record of officers suitable for Staff employ; instruction and training for war; education and examination of officers; training manuals; arrangements for examination of candidates for British Army and Royal Australian Military College; manœuvres; estimates for and allocation of training and manœuvre grants; military libraries; leave and exemptions from training; intelligence; plans for local defence and strategical distribution of the Forces; mapping and reconnaissance; war establishments and war organization; plans for mobilization.

The Adjutant-General is responsible for peace organization; discipline; martial, military, and international law; Courts-martial; administrative arrangements in connection with training and education; ceremonial; personnel (excepting R.N.Z.A.); editing and issuing orders (other than operation orders); Army List and Regulations; leave of absence (except exemption from training); registration, enrolment and posting; appointments to and distribution of Permanent Staff; returns of strength and prosecutions; casualties (excepting R.N.Z.A.); mobilization and other regulations dealing with above services; mobilization of personnel; medals; chaplains; war claims and military pensions; Honorary Territorials, National Reserve; medical services.

The Quartermaster-General is responsible for mobilization stores; clothing equipment and general stores (excepting for Artillery and Engineers); Dress Regulations, quartering, supplies, and transport; inspection and care of Maxim guns and small-arms; store buildings, drill-halls; mobilization arrangements in connection with above services; administration of corps dealing with above services; veterinary services and remounts.

The Director of Ordnance is responsible for armaments and all accessories; coast defences; Defence Department's vessels; reserve of arms and ammunition; technical equipment and vehicles of Artillery and Engineer units; guns; ordnance and field gun ammunition; permanent fortifications and works; Artillery and rifle ranges; control and distribution of Permanent Force; inspection of Artillery and Engineer duties.

The Director of Accounts is responsible for audit and examination of accounts; consideration and compilation of parliamentary estimates; payments; financial advice; contracts; control of accountants in districts; compiling and editing of “Financial Instructions and Allowance Regulations,” in consultation with the Quartermaster-General.

Territorial Organization.

The Dominion of New Zealand is divided into four military districts (two in each Island) each under a Permanent District Commander assisted by a Staff, as follows:—

Officer Commanding—

General Staff:—

Attached to General Staff:—

Instructor in Mounted Duties.

Instructor in Infantry Duties.

Instructor in Musketry.

Intelligence Officer (unpaid Territorial officer).

Administrative Staff:—

Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General.

Assistant Director of Supplies and Transport.

Principal Medical Officer (partially paid Territorial officer).

District Sanitary Officer (unpaid Territorial officer).

Principal Veterinary Officer (partially paid Territorial officer).

District Accountant.

District Storekeeper.

Each district is divided into four or five “area groups” or “areas,” each commanded by a Permanent officer. An area as a rule furnishes a complete Infantry regiment (of one battalion) as well as other units, or portions of units, and Cadets.

An area is divided into two or, as a rule, more sub-areas, each in charge of a Permanent non-commissioned officer.

Unit Organization.

The organization and establishments of units are, speaking generally, the same in peace as in war. They are composed of Territorial officers and men. There are no units composed wholly of Permanent men. Territorial units include members of the Permanent Forces as follows:—

  1. Each battalion of Infantry and regiment of Mounted Rifles has a Permanent Adjutant, sergeant-major, and quartermaster-sergeant.

  2. Each Field Artillery brigade has an Adjutant, a battery sergeant-major, a battery quartermaster-sergeant, a farrier-sergeant, and a saddler-quartermaster-sergeant. In addition, each battery has a Permanent cadre of two non-commissioned officers and eight men (gunners and drivers) and twelve horses. This personnel belongs to the Royal New Zealand Artillery.

  3. Each fort has a small cadre of Permanent Garrison Artillery. These cadres supply the assistant instructors, specialists, district gunners, &c., necessary when the forts are manned for service practice or instruction. These also belong to the Royal New Zealand Artillery.

War Organization.

The military forces of New Zealand are organized for war into a field army and its reserves, coast-defence troops, and lines-of-communication troops. The field army is organized into two Mounted Rifle brigades (one in each Island) and two divisions (one in each Island). Composition and detail are as follows:—

  1. A division consists of—

    • Headquarters;

    • 1 Mounted Rifle brigade;

    • 2 Infantry brigades;

    • and the following divisional troops:—

    • 2 Field Artillery brigades (4 gun batteries);

    • Divisional ammunition column;

    • 2 Field companies Engineers;

    • Divisional signal services;

    • 4 companies Army Service Corps;

    • 2 Field Ambulances;

    • 1 Mounted Field Ambulance.

  2. An independent Mounted Rifle brigade consists of—

    • Headquarters;

    • 3 Mounted Rifle regiments;

    • 1 Mounted Signal troop;

    • 1 company Army Service Corps;

    • 1 Mounted Field Ambulance.

  3. Coast defence troops consist of—

    • Detachment Permanent Force (the Regiment of Royal New Zealand Artillery);

    • 2 divisions Garrison Artillery (each 3 companies) and 3 independent companies;

    • 1 Infantry regiment and 7 companies;

    • 1 Mountain battery.

  4. Lines-of-communication troop consist of—

    • 2 Railway battalions;

    • 2 battalions Post and Telegraph Corps;

    • Army Service Corps and other services as required.

THE TERRITORIAL FORCE.

The New Zealand Territorial Force (including the Territorial Reserve) is the first line of defence of the Dominion after the Imperial Navy. Its position cannot be fairly compared with that of the Territorial Force in the United Kingdom, which has the Regular Army and Special Reserve in front of it. The New Zealand Territorial Force must be able to take the field at once on the outbreak of war. It is the New Zealand Army; and the permanent officers of the Staff Corps, the Permanent Regiment of the Royal New Zealand Artillery, and the warrant and non-commissioned officers of the Permanent Staff are its auxiliaries to control, guide, and instruct it.

The Territorial Force is maintained at a strength of about thirty thousand, and is organized in field and coast-defence units with practically the same establishment for peace as for war. In each of the four military districts into which the Dominion is divided there is a brigade of Infantry, a brigade of Mounted Rifles, and a brigade of Field Artillery, as well as the necessary number of Garrison Artillery for coast-defence (three companies each in Wellington and Auckland, and one company each at Dunedin, Lyttelton, and Westport), a field company of Engineers, Medical units, and other departmental troops. An Infantry brigade includes four battalions and a Signal company; a Mounted brigade, three regiments of Mounted Rifles and a Signal company; and a brigade of Artillery, two four-gun batteries.

The Force is fully armed and equipped according to the most modern standard; the men are uniformed by the State, and are paid and rationed during the annual camp.

The units of the force are commanded and trained by their own officers, assisted by the Staff Corps, the Permanent Force, and the Permanent Staff. Each Regimental Commander has a certain number of professional soldiers to help him and to relieve him of administrative duties, but no one to interfere between him and his regiment. The officers are drawn from the ranks on the recommendation of the Commanding Officers, and are appointed, promoted, and retired in accordance with definite regulations calculated to ensure their efficiency and their status.

The following are the rates of pay per diem for officers, warrant officers, non-commissioned officers, and men:—

     £s.d.
Colonels110
Lieut.-Colonels0150
Majors0120
Captains0100
Lieutenants and 2nd Lieutenants080
Sergeants-major, staff sergeants, and colour-sergeants056
Sergeants050
Corporals046
Other ranks040

Honorary Territorials.

Civilian committees have been formed in several of the leading centres of population for the purpose of enrolling citizens over the age of liability for service as honorary Territorials, whose object it is to encourage and assist in various ways the regiments of which they are honorary members.

The Territorial Reserve.

Men of the Territorial Force Reserve are borne on the reserve lists of their late unit or corps, and perform their annual parades with some part of that unit or corps.

THE SENIOR CADETS.

On the 31st March, 1914, there were 25,659 Senior Cadets, organized into 348 companies.

The unit of organization and training in the Senior Cadets is the company of Infantry. Companies composed of Cadets belonging to any school or other recognized organization (such as the Boy Scouts) form part of that school or organization, and are subject to its discipline, supplemented by the regulations. In dealing with such companies and in the appointment of their officers the military authorities co-operate with headmasters and with the heads of other recognized organizations. The Senior Cadets are officered by officers holding Territorial commissions on the Unattached List, with the same qualifications and liabilities as other Territorial officers.

In order to simplify the control of Cadets, it was decided by the Ministers of Education and Defence that for training purposes (not registration—all over fourteen must register) all pupils attending primary schools will be considered Junior Cadets, and all pupils attending secondary schools will be considered Senior Cadets, irrespective of their ages.

Excluding expenses connected with instruction, the cost of the Senior Cadets is approximately £21,000 per annum.

THE RIFLE CLUBS.

The Rifle Clubs, being part of the New Zealand Military Forces in virtue of the liability of their members to serve as a second line of defence, are governed by the Military Regulations, and are required to carry out each year a prescribed course of musketry. Members of Rifle Clubs liable to undergo military training are required to attend at least eighteen afternoon or evening drills at convenient drill centres. The drill centres are as far as possible arranged so as not to entail more than one hour's walk or one hour's ride from the men's homes, as in the case of Territorials and Senior Cadets.

It is found that only about 5 per cent, of those liable for service are totally unfit; about 60 per cent, are posted to the Territorial Force and about 35 per cent. to the Rifle Clubs.

The Defence Forces of New Zealand, in view of this accession of strength to Rifle Clubs, are placed in two categories in their relation to training and defence:—

First line—The Territorial Force and the Territorial Reserve.

Second line—The Rifle Clubs and the training sections affiliated to Rifle Clubs.

On the 31st March last there were 204 Defence Rifle Clubs in the Dominion. The strength of a Rifle Club varies according to population and situation. Membership of a club is limited to fifteen as a minimum, and one hundred as a maximum, consisting of (1) ordinary members, (2) honorary members, and (3) General Training Section attached. Each Rifle Club receives a yearly allowance of 150 rounds of ammunition per member, and a further 200 rounds per member may be obtained at reduced rates. The number of Rifle Clubs in an area depends on the personnel available, as in the case of Senior Cadets. The instruction in Rifle Clubs is undertaken by permanent officers and N.C.O.s.

The cost of existing Rifle Clubs is approximately £20,000 per annum.

NATIONAL RESERVE.

It has been decided to institute a National Reserve which will embrace practically all those men up to a reasonable age-limit who wish to enrol themselves for service but who are not in the Territorial Force or its Reserve, or in the Rifle Clubs. The National Reserve is in course of formation.

THE TRAINING.

The training of the Cadet and soldier throughout his service is strictly territorial—that is to say, it will, except for the period annually spent by the Territorial soldier in camp, be carried out within reach of his own home, and at convenient times. The whole of the training is arranged with every possible consideration for the interests both of the employer and of those who are being trained. The annual training-camps are held by brigades and coast-defence commands, the aim being to properly train in organized bodies an efficient field force of the best material available.

The minimum amount of training which must be performed each year by every member of the Territorial Force, Reserve, Senior Cadets, and Rifle Clubs is as follows:—

Territorial Force.

  1. Thirty drills, twenty of these to be out-of-door parades.

  2. Twelve half-day or six whole-day parades, all of which are to be exercises in the field, except in the case of Garrison Artillery units, which are exercised at the works of defence to which they are allotted on mobilization.

  3. Seven days annual training in camp (exclusive of the days of arrival and departure).

    Mounted Rifles and country companies of Infantry spend eleven days in camp, four days being in lieu of a proportionate number of parades and drills held; forage and rations but not pay are granted for the extra four days in camp.

  4. Prescribed course of musketry.

Territorial Reserve.

Two half-day parades or their equivalent with a Territorial unit or company.

Senior Cadets.

  1. Fifty drills.

  2. Six half-day parades.

  3. Prescribed course of musketry.

Rifle Clubs.

Prescribed course of musketry and eighteen afternoon or evening drills.

A drill in the Territorial Force is one hour and a half continuous instruction. A drill in the Senior Cadets is one hour continuous instruction. A half-day parade is three hours continuous instruction. A whole-day parade is six hours continuous instruction.

An out-of-door parade may be carried out in the evening, and will not be devoted entirely to drill, but will include route marching, outposts by day and by night, entrenching, signalling, driving, &c., and such work as cannot conveniently be carried out indoors. In the case of Artillery and Technical corps the proportion of outdoor parades may be reduced at the discretion of the Commanding Officer. The principle is that the drill-shed should be avoided as far as possible.

NUMBERS TRAINED.

The following figures show the strength of the military forces during the past ten years. Prior to 1911 there was no compulsory training.

Year.Strength of Permanent Forces (including N.Z. Staff Corps, R.N.Z.A, and Permanent Staff).Strength of Volunteer or Territorial Force.

* Transition period—no record.

1904–539513,492
1905–638613,306
1906–737912,704
1907–836112,474
1908–932514,058
1909–1031414,249
1910–11427*
1911–1250022,614
1912–1355723,804
1913–1457825,902

ARMAMENT.

The Field Artillery is completely equipped with modern 18-pr. field guns and 4.5 in. howitzers. The latest type of gun has been ordered for the mountain battery.

The Infantry is armed with the Lee-Enfield rifle. Sufficient rifles and carbines exist to arm the Territorial Force and its reserves. With few exceptions the Cadets are armed with the same rifle as the Citizen Forces.

Mounted Rifle regiments and Infantry battalions are equipped with machine guns and pack transport for the same.

CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT.

The Territorial Force is clothed throughout in khaki serge of service pattern, manufactured in the Dominion. Each Territorial soldier receives, on joining, one complete suit, a great coat, a hat, and a cap; no boots are issued. A reserve of clothing to meet the yearly quota of recruits is kept in store. The clothing contractors are prepared to increase their output tenfold in emergency. The Territorial Infantry are equipped with the web field service equipment; Mounted units use the bandolier leather equipment. Each individual in the Mounted Rifles supplies his own saddlery.

The Cadets' uniform consists of blouse and shorts of khaki serge with khaki hat and puttee stockings. They have a waist-belt and pouch.

NAVAL DEFENCE.

By the Australian Defence Act, 1887, provision was made for the payment by New Zealand of a proportional part of the cost of establishment and maintenance of a British Naval Force to be employed for the protection of trade in Australasian waters. Under this Act a sum of approximately £20,000 per annum was paid by New Zealand to the Imperial Government.

In 1903, consequent on the passing of the Australian and New Zealand Naval Defence Act, the annual contribution payable by New Zealand was raised to “a sum not exceeding £40,000.”

By the Naval Subsidy Act, 1908, the contribution of the Dominion was again increased, this time to a sum of £100,000 payable annually for ten years from the 12th May, 1909.

The year 1909 was an important one in the history of the Dominion. At what was generally regarded as a critical period for the whole Empire. New Zealand presented a battle-cruiser to the Home Government. Full information concerning this vessel and her visit to New Zealand in 1913 appears in last year's issue of this book (pages 932–941).

In the same year an Imperial Defence Conference met at London, and an agreement was arrived at for the establishing of a Pacific Fleet, to consist of three units, in the East Indies, Australia, and the China seas. Under this agreement it was arranged that the Dominion's gift ship should be the flagship of the China unit, and that seven vessels of this unit were to be stationed in peace-time in New Zealand waters, the ships to be manned as far as possible by New Zealand officers and men.

Subsequent events made it necessary to revise the arrangement entered into, and the “New Zealand” was stationed by consent in English waters. Instead of the seven vessels of the China unit of the Pacific Fleet which it had been intended to place in New Zealand waters, only a few small vessels of the former Australasian Squadron had their headquarters transferred to the Dominion.

The Naval Defence Act, 1913, provides for the establishment of a New Zealand Naval Force, to be raised and maintained by voluntary enlistment only, enlistment being for a prescribed period not less than two years. In time of war the Naval Force (including vessels acquired for defence purposes) is to be at the disposal of the British Government. The establishment of a New Zealand Royal Naval Reserve is also provided for under the Act. The third-class cruiser “Philomel” has been lent by the English Admiralty to the New Zealand Government to serve as a training-ship for the forming of a nucleus of the Naval Force.

Captain Hall-Thompson, of the Imperial Navy, has been appointed Naval Adviser to the New Zealand Government, and took over the command of the “Philomel” on the 15th July, 1914.

EXPENDITURE ON DEFENCE.

The amount expended by the New Zealand Government on naval and military defence for each of the last ten financial years is as follows:—

Year.Naval.Military.Total Defence Expenditure.
Contribution to the Admiralty.Battle-cruiser.Total.Paid out of Consolidated Fund.Paid out of Public Works Fund.Total.
Contribution paid out of Loan.Interest and Sinking Fund paid out of Consolidated Fund.

* The balance of the £100,000 due for the year 1913–14 was, at the request of the Admiralty, not paid until after the 31st March, 1914.

 ££££££££
1904–540,000....40,000188,25449,103237,357277,357
1905–640,000....40,000159,45936,869196,328236,228
1906–740,000....40,000152,76516,415169,180209,180
1907–840,000....40,000176,42621,153197,579237,579
1908–940,000....40,000195,68518,063213,748253,748
1909–10100,000....100,000190,34610,349200,695300,695
1910–11100,000489,2898,904598,193205,2698,936214,205812,398
1911–12100,000605,71191,687797,398401,87011,581413,4511,210,849
1912–13100,000525,000103,102728,102505,26724,129529,3961,257,498
1913–1450,000*69,035126,995246,030488,56930,725519,294765,324

DOMINION RIFLE ASSOCIATION.

The Dominion Rifle Association was formed to encourage the members of the New Zealand Defence Forces to become efficient in the use of the rifle and to promote rifle shooting generally as a necessary element for the defence of the Empire. It was established in 1879, the annual rifle meetings prior to that date having been conducted and controlled by the military authorities. For some years after its formation its movements from year to year were peripatetic, but it is now definitely fixed at Trentham, near Wellington, where a range accommodation of seventy-five targets with all necessary equipment and suitable buildings have been made available for the rifle championship meetings, which are conducted annually under the control of the Dominion Rifle Association, of which Colonel R. J. Collins, C.M.G., I.S.O., is the Chief Executive Officer. The following is a statement of entries and prize-money (exclusive of trophies) for the past five years:—

     Number of Competitors.Entry Fees.Prize-money.
19105681,7041,702
19115831,9271,931
19123101,1541,524
19133511,2691,609
19143471,2201,520

The Association receives an annual grant from the Government.

Railway passes are granted to Territorials and members of Rifle Clubs up to a distance of 100 miles to attend rifle shooting competitions.

Chapter 8. SECTION VIII.—LAW AND CRIME.

CIVIL CASES.

THE ordinary civil jurisdiction of Magistrates' Courts is limited generally to claims not exceeding £100, but extended jurisdiction is exercised by some Magistrates, the limit being £200. Justices of the Peace may hear and decide civil cases when the sum in dispute does not exceed £20. The number of plaints issued, cases tried, amount sued for, and amount for which judgment was recorded in the lower Courts during the ten years 1904–13 is shown in the following table:—

Year.Cases entered.Cases tried.
Number.Total Amount claimed.Number.Total Amount sued for.Total Amount for which Judgment entered.

* No information.

  £ ££
190434,230335,14719,569*179,829
190537,157379,94120,161*202,923
190640,540419,19823,381*236,643
190742,561429,37924,435*232,306
190842,877529,27127,578*282,932
190952,456597,83129,782*326,040
191055,225562,11529,698*293,326
191153,394557,15834,627*296,629
191257,079592,94336,815420,073331,020
191361,759670,92539,086427,184366,981

These figures show a marked increase in recent years in both the number of litigants and the amount sued for. It would appear that the practice of using the Courts as media for the collection of small debts is growing not only in New Zealand, but in other countries. In 1912 the civil cases brought before County Courts and Courts of Petty Sessions in Victoria numbered 36,588, the total amount sued for being £453,036. The figures for 1900 were 18,366 cases, the amount sued for in that year being £256,566. The limit of jurisdiction in Victoria is £500 in County Courts and £50 in the Courts of Petty Sessions.

The numbers of actions commenced, cases tried, and judgments entered, together with the total amount for which judgments were recorded in the Supreme and District Courts of New Zealand during each of the ten years 1904–13 were as follows:—

SUPREME AND DISTRICT COURTS: CIVIL JURISDICTION.
Year.Number of Actions commenced.Cases tried.Judgments recorded.
With Jury.Without Jury.Number.Amount

* Supreme Courts only, District Courts abolished.

19046346318514948,771
19056546222115550,031
19065997324018944,955
19077035719717747,872
19088497024322573,687
19098706722226791,638
1910*5695221119383,427
1911*7297617021184,822
1912*75564233235102,657
1913*7887524328379,610

It would appear that the greater number of cases are settled out of Court, the actions tried in the Supreme Court in 1913 representing only 40.36 per cent. of those commenced.

BANKRUPTCY.

Under the Bankruptcy Act, 1908—a consolidation of the then existing laws—a person may seek the protection of the Bankruptcy Court by filing a petition with a declaration of insolvency, or one or more creditors may petition the Court to have a debtor declared insolvent. The Dominion is divided into four districts for administrative purposes, each district being in charge of a Government officer styled the Official Assignee, who is assisted by deputies stationed at the principal business centres. The number of transactions in bankruptcy during the past ten years was as follows:—

Year.Petitions by Debtors.Adjudications on Petitions by Creditors.Cases in which Composition accepted.Orders of Immediate Discharge granted.Cases in which Orders of Discharge were suspended.
19042174037712
19052673756824
190630542..10320
190730248110731
190835452410534
190941259112224
191032964413514
191128163112314
19122783428813
191329647110812

Private assignments and compositions are not registered, and particulars respecting this class of insolvency are not procurable.

The following table shows the total number of petitions, the amount of the unsecured assets, the amount of debts proved, and the amount paid in dividends and preferential claims for the years 1904–13:—

Year.Number of Petitions in Bankruptcy.Debtors' Statements of Assets, excluding Amounts secured to Creditors.Amounts realized by Official Assignees.Amount of Debts proved.Amounts paid in Dividends and Preferential Claims.
  ££££
190425786,09443,514125,39228,103
1905304100,81347,798146,33228,150
1906347106,37650,761192,92735,448
190735077,69859,849158,66342,459
1908406200,44767,018199,06947,800
1909471204,18771,351259,01744,110
1910393127,63479,100176,00147,796
191134488,59240,009133,51728,757
191231264,39839,965120,32526,825
1913343155,58242,735228,82925,812

Of the bankruptcies in 1913: in 10 cases the liabilities were under £50; in 41, from £50 to £100; in 109, from £100 to £250; in 80, from £250 to £500; in 55, from £500 to £1,000; in 30, from £1,000 to £2,000; in 11, from £2,000 to £5,000; in 3, £5,000 and upwards.

A table showing the occupations of the bankrupts in 1913 is published in full in the volume of Statistics of the Dominion of New Zealand, and is summarized here:—

OCCUPATIONS OF BANKRUPTS, 1913.
Class.Employers.Working on Own Account.Working for Wages.Totals.
Professional1326
Domestic145221
Commercial48261387
Transport and communication65415
Industrial542564143
Agricultural, pastoral, and mining10341761
Indefinite..9110
          Totals133107103343

COURT OF APPEAL.

Under the provisions of the Judicature Amendment Act, 1913, the Court of Appeal now consists of two divisions, each composed of five Judges of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice and the two senior Judges being members of both divisions. The two divisions sit separately, but the Governor in Council may authorize them to sit together for the purpose of determining any appeal deemed to be of special difficulty or importance.

The Chief Justice or, in his absence, the senior Judge presides. The decision of the Court must be in accordance with the opinion of a majority of the Judges present. Certain proceedings may by order of the Supreme Court be removed to the Court of Appeal. The decision of the Court of Appeal is final as regards the tribunals of New Zealand, but the Court may, in civil proceedings, give leave to either party to appeal to the Privy Council. In criminal cases any party aggrieved by the judgment of the Supreme Court or any conviction or order removed into such Court, or on appeal against any such order, may appeal to the Court of Appeal. The number of cases brought before this Court and the judgments thereon for the past ten years will be seen in the following table:—

Year.Crown Criminal Cases.Civil.
Number.Convictions affirmed.Appeals.Cases removed.
Number.Allowed.Number.Judgments for Plaintiffs.Judgments for Defendants.
19045532932..
1905521331072
1906422610651
190766167752
1908951561384
1909741671596
19108817101165
191111524817115
19126420420118
19138518420136

DIVORCE.

In 1898 the Legislature of New Zealand passed a Divorce Act, and the signification of the Royal assent thereto was duly notified in a Proclamation dated the 1st April, 1899, bringing the Act into operation from the 1st June of that year.

This Act placed persons of either sex practically on an equality as regards petitions for dissolution of marriage; the same grounds in substance, for a decree of divorce applying to man or woman.

Besides this important alteration of the law, the grounds for divorce were extended as under:—

Adultery, on either side.

Wilful desertion continuously during five years or more.

Habitual drunkenness during four years and upwards on the part of husband, along with failing to support wife, or habitual cruelty; or habitual drunkenness for a like period and neglect, with unfitness to discharge her household duties, on the part of the wife.

Conviction, with sentence of imprisonment or penal servitude for seven years or upwards, for attempting to take life of petitioner.

Every decree for dissolution of marriage is in the first instance to be a decree msi, not to be made absolute till after the expiration of such time, being not less than three months from the pronouncing thereof, as the Court shall by order from time to time direct. The petitioner need not necessarily move to make absolute any decree nisi that may be pronounced.

An amendment to the Act of 1904 was passed by the Legislature in 1907, and after having been reserved for the Royal assent became law on the 9th May, 1908. By this Act failure to comply with a decree for restitution of conjugal rights ceased to be a ground for divorce proceedings. On the other hand the following grounds were added, viz.:—

That the respondent has been convicted of the murder of a child of the petitioner or respondent.

That the respondent is a lunatic or person of unsound mind, and has been confined as such in any asylum or other institution or house in accordance with the provisions of the Lunatics Act for a period or periods not less in the aggregate than ten years within twelve years immediately preceding the filing of the petition, and that the respondent is unlikely to recover from such lunacy or unsoundness of mind. The period has since been reduced to seven years.

It is provided that where the ground of the petition is lunacy or unsoundness of mind, the Solicitor-General shall take such steps as he may consider necessary in the interests of the respondent.

A decree for a judicial separation may be obtained by either husband or wife on the ground of adultery, or of cruelty, or of desertion without cause for a period of two years.

All enactments of the General Assembly of New Zealand relating to divorce, judicial separation, restitution of conjugal rights, and summary separation, prior to 1908, were consolidated in that year, and re-enacted under the title of the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, 1908.

The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Amendment Act, 1912, amended the main Act in various respects. In particular, section 2 reduced to seven years the period of detention in an institution for a mentally defective person necessary to constitute a ground of divorce.

Section 3 laid down that divorced persons may remarry at any time after the making of a decree absolute for the dissolution of a prior marriage, and section 4 declared that no appeal shall lie from such a decree absolute. Section 5 made valid any marriage already celebrated after the making of a decree absolute but before the expiration of the time limited for an appeal therefrom.

By an amendment to the Act passed in 1913, the respondent is empowered to apply for the order making the decree absolute. Section 6 of this Amendment Act provides that a husband who, while separated from his wife by mutual consent or judicial decree, habitually and without cause leaves her without reasonable maintenance shall for the purposes of the main Act (relating to grounds of divorce) be deemed to have deserted her wilfully and without just cause or reasonable excuse, and to have left her so deserted.

The petitions for divorce in 1913 under the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act were 260 in number, being 14 less than those for 1912: 223 decrees for dissolution of marriage were granted. The proceedings under the Act for the years 1904–13 were as follows:—

Year.Divorce.Judicial Separation granted.Nullity of Marriage.Restitution of Conjugal Rights.
Petitions.Decrees.Petitions.Decrees.Petitions.Decrees.
190413499242189
1905163114..211711
19061711251663020
19071921471323021
1908207171321119
1909219163..3221
1910200154276....
1911226161..21....
1912274222244....
1913260223..53....

In the year 1897 there was one application for restitution of conjugal rights, but it was not till some years later that this means of establishing a ground for divorce was resorted to with frequency. As before stated, disobedience of an order for restitution is no longer a ground of petition for dissolution of marriage.

The Act of 1898 has evidently operated in the direction of increasing largely the number of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage or judicial separation.

The proportion of petitions and decrees for dissolution of marriage to the number of marriages was up till 1898 higher in New Zealand than in England and Wales, but lower than in New South Wales or Victoria. The full effect of the operation of the law of 1898 in New Zealand is now, however, being experienced.

As early as 1889 an Act was passed in Victoria to allow of divorces being granted for wilful desertion, habitual drunkenness with cruelty or neglect, imprisonment under certain circumstances of either party, and adultery on the part of the husband. This multiplication of the causes for divorce largely increased the proportion of decrees in that State.

An Act of a similar tenor was passed in New South Wales in 1892, and brought into working in August of that year, under which, and an amending Act of 1893, in addition to adultery since marriage on the part of the wife, and adultery and cruelty on the part of the husband, petitions for divorce can now be granted in that State on any of the following grounds:—

Husband v. wife: Desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness for a similar period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned under a sentence of three years or upwards; attempt to murder or inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults on him within one year previously.

Wife v. husband: Adultery, provided that at the time of the institution of the suit the husband is domiciled in New South Wales; desertion for not less than three years; habitual drunkenness with cruelty or neglect to support for the same period; refusing to obey an order for restitution of conjugal rights; being imprisoned for three years or upwards, or having within five years undergone various sentences amounting in all to not less than three years; attempt to murder, or assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults within one year previously.

To entitle either party to seek relief on these grounds, he or she must have been domiciled in the State at the time of instituting the suit for three years or upwards, and should not have resorted to the State for the purpose of the suit. When a wife seeks for a decree on the ground of three years' desertion, if she was domiciled in New South Wales when the desertion commenced, she shall not be deemed to have lost her domicile by reason of her husband having thereafter acquired a foreign domicile.

The divorces in New South Wales and Victoria since the divorce law has been altered in the direction of increasing the grounds for decrees are as under. With these are given the figures for New Zealand under the old law up to 1898, and according to the Act of 1898 up to 1912. The figures for New South Wales and Victoria appearing in the table are taken from official publications of those States.

Year.New South Wales. Divorces.Victoria. Divorces.New Zealand. Divorces.
18933068525
18943138120
18953018518
189623410636
189724611733
18982298731
189920510546
19002179385
190120883101
190223910990
1903183101124
190421614099
1905182136114
1906157123125
1907148134147
1908206151171
1909287138163
1910257140154
1911206211161
1912343247222

POLICE.

On the 31st March last the strength of the Police Force in New Zealand was 870 of all ranks, being an increase of 24 during the year. The total is made up as follows: 4 superintendents, 7 inspectors, 6 sub-inspectors, 20 senior sergeants, 74 sergeants, 707 constables, 5 chief detectives, 16 detective sergeants, 19 detectives, 12 acting-detectives. There were also 4 police surgeons, 4 matrons, 15 district constables, and 8 Native constables.

The following table shows the number of stations and of police in each Police District:—

Police District.No. of Stations.No. of Police.
Auckland51178
Hamilton3660
Napier2953
Wanganui3981
Wellington40166
Greymouth2444
Christchurch45138
Dunedin39105
Invercargill2139
Unattached..6

The proportion of police to population is 1 to every 1,304 persons, and the expenditure (exclusive of the cost of buildings) on the whole Police Force for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, was 3s. 9d. per head of population.

The following table shows the growth of the Police Force since 1878, prior to which each province had its own Police Force, and reliable data are not available:—

Year ended 31st March.Officers.Non-commission e Officers.DetectivesConstables.Total.Police to Population (including Maoris).Cost per Inhabitant.
18782590143294581 to 944 
18852065173724741 to 1,2933/0Ÿ;
18901266134034941 to 1,3462/10Ÿ;
1895751134164871 to 1,4952/6Ÿ;
19001156204995861 to 1,3592/10Ÿ;
19051265255536551 to 1,3752/10Œ
19101686346397751 to 1,3303/3œ
19111587386487881 to 1,3333/4œ
19121589396928351 to 1,2873/5
19131793416958461 to 1,3033/8
19141794407198701 to 1,3043/9

The proportion of police to population is much lower in New Zealand than in any of the Australian states, and the cost of police per inhabitant is as might be expected also lower in New Zealand than in the Commonwealth. If, however, the proportion of police to population were the same in each of the Australian States as in New Zealand, the cost per inhabitant would be higher in the Dominion than in any of the States with the exception of Queensland and Western Australia. Figures are given in the following table:—

POLICE, NEW ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA, 1913–14.

State.Number of Police.Proportion of Police to Population.Cost of Police per InhabitantIndex Number.*

* Showing relative cost per inhabitant were proportions of police to population the same in each State. (New Zealand=100.)

 s.d. 
New Zealand8701 to 1,30439100
Queensland1,0891 to 6068106
New South Wales2,5191 to 7276292
Victoria1,7361 to 8135083
South Australia5471 to 804699
Western Australia4901 to 6548108
Tasmania2371 to 850477

CRIMINAL CASES BEFORE MAGISTRATES.

Charges.

The total number of charges brought before Magistrates in 1913, and number of convictions obtained, are shown in the following table:—

How brought before Magistrate.Arrested or summoned.Convicted.
Total Offences, including Multiple Charges.Distinct Arrests or Summonses, excluding Multiple Charges.Total Summary Convictions, including Multiple Charges.Distinct Summary Convictions, excluding Multiple Charges.
By Arrest19,26816,17316,14114,813
By Summons28,69225,66821,13820,128
          Totals47,96041,84137,27934,941

If the Maoris be excluded, the number of charges (exclusive of lunacy) in 1913 is found to have been 46,847, an increase of 4,453 upon the number for 1912; and the proportion per 1,000 of population 43.84 as against 40.80.

Persons charged with lunacy and committed to mental hospitals have been excluded from the calculations for this and previous years shown.

The figures, both numerical and proportional, covering a period of twenty-eight years, are subjoined:—

CHARGES BEFORE MAGISTRATES.
Year.Number.Proportion per 1,000 of Mean Population.
188522,29738.89
188818,37030.35
189116,71426.54
189416,82024.76
189719,39026.87
190024,08431.54
190125,82533.20
190228,07635.19
190330,75337.50
190430,93436.60
190530,74135.33
190632,86636.70
190736,85240.09
190836,28638.40
190936,90237.97
191038,20738.48
191138,09537.54
191242,39440.80
191346,84743.84

Summary Convictions.

The summary convictions in 1913 numbered 39,685, including 937 Maoris. In addition 351 persons, 46 of whom were Maoris, were committed for sentence, and 603, 9 of whom were Maoris, were committed for trial at the Supreme Courts, the commitments representing a net decrease of 32 on the number for 1912.

Dealing with the summary convictions for all offences, the figures for 1904 and onward (excluding the Maoris) are,—

SUMMARY CONVICTIONS.
Year.Offences against the Person.Offences against Property.Other Offences.Totals.
Total Number.Per 1,000 Mean Population.Total Number.Per 1,000 Mean PopulationTotal Number.Per 1,000 Mean Population.Number.Per 1,000 Mean Population.
19046660.781,8012.1322,77026.9525,23729.86
19056480.741,8992.1822,44725.8024,99428.72
19066400.712,0502.2924,43827.2927,12830.29
19077520.822,1742.3727,53029.9530,45633.14
19087330.782,5252.6727,04228.6130,30032.06
19097720.792,2232.2927,70228.5130,69731.59
19106550.662,0782.0929,24729.4631,98032.21
19116540.642,1442.1129,24128.8132,03931.56
19125950.572,4062.3231,98530.7834,98633.67
19136460.602,8482.6735,25432.9938,74836.26

In dealing with the summary convictions in the Magistrates' Courts in the above table each offence is reckoned as a distinct person. The total number is from time to time swelled by the inclusion of breaches of statutes, the provisions of which give rise to fresh offences against the public welfare not strictly criminal, so that comparisons with past years are adversely affected. As a case in point may be mentioned the fact that the convictions in 1913 include 4,819 for breaches of the Defence Act, as against 1,924 in 1912, and only 12 in 1911. The number of prosecutions under this Act was 28 in 1911, 3,187 in 1912, and 7,030 in 1913.

The total of summary convictions for offences against the person (excluding Maoris) was 646 for the year 1913, which is 51 more than that for 1912 (595). Of the 646 summary convictions in 1913, the greater number (561) were on account of common and aggravated assaults, and there were 74 for attempt to commit suicide.

Of offences against property, theft (not otherwise described) is the most common, showing 2,115 summary convictions during 1913. There were besides 30 for specific kinds of theft, and 93 for housebreaking. Obtaining money and goods under false pretences caused 134 summary convictions, and wilful damage to property 438. These are the principal items only.

Under the heading “Other Offences” (those relating to good order included), drunkenness comes first with 11,598 summary convictions, of which 783 were in respect of females. Prohibition orders numbered 2,495, including 174 made against women. The subject of drunkenness is specially dealt with under a separate heading.

Further offences against good order include 5,132 summary convictions simply defined as for “breach of by-laws” 925 for obscene, threatening or abusive language, 1,093 for indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct, and 256 for assaulting or resisting police. Under “Vagrancy,” there were 740 summary convictions, including 164 against women. The chief items only are referred to above.

Convictions of Persons arrested.

Information in connection with charges brought before Magistrates is now obtained on cards, and it is possible to give particulars in regard to the ages and birthplaces of persons arrested. Ages and birthplaces in summons cases are not obtainable.

From the following table it will be seen that of the total convictions of persons arrested (17,180) the distinct arrests amounted to 14,531, the difference being accounted for by multiple charges against the same person. If distinct persons only are taken this total is further reduced to 10,687, representing 10.00 for every 1,000 of the mean population. Convictions of Maoris are not included.

ARRESTS ONLY.
Offences againstTotal Convictions, including Multiple Charges.Distinct Convictions, excluding Multiple Charges.Distinct Persons convicted, most Serious Offence recorded.Proportion of Distinct Persons convicted, per 1,000 of Mean Population.
The person3163032840.27
Property1,9031,1621,1031.03
Good order13,72412,4248,7958.23
Other offences1,2376425050.47
          Total17,18014,53110,68710.00

Of the 10,687 distinct persons arrested and convicted during 1913 no fewer than 8,795 were for offences against good order, and of these 7,564 were for drunkenness (including 14 habituals and 34 prohibition orders), 334 for indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct, 224 for using obscene, threatening, or abusive language, 521 for vagrancy, 61 for assaulting, resisting, or obstructing the police, 40 for soliciting prostitution, 18 for offences relating to gambling, and 33 for other offences against good order.

Of the 284 distinct persons arrested and convicted during 1913 of offences against the person 212 were for common assault, and of the 1,103 distinct persons arrested and convicted of offences against property 850 were for theft, not otherwise described.

Offences, Birthplaces and Ages.

The next three tables give the offences and ages, offences and birthplaces, and birthplaces and ages of the distinct persons (excluding Maoris) arrested and convicted during 1913.

OFFENCES AND AGES (ARRESTS ONLY).
Offences againstUnder 20.20 and under 25.25 and under 30.30 and under 40.40 and over.*Totals.

* Including unspecified.

The person1244699465284
Property2161551923122281,103
Good order695791,1082,7504,2898,795
Other offences888391128115505
          Totals3858611,4603,2844,69710,687
OFFENCES AND BIRTHPLACES (ARRESTS ONLY).
Offences againstNew Zealand.England and Wales.Scotland.Ireland.AustraliaElsewhereTotals.
The person1315820291729284
Property582231628085631,103
Good order2,9622,1981,0951,3735236448,795
Other offences17015730322393505
          Totals3,8452,6441,2071,51464882910,687
BIRTHPLACES AND AGES (ARRESTS ONLY).
Birthplace.Under 20.20 and under 25.25 and under 30.30 and under 40.40 and over.Totals.

* Including unspecified.

New Zealand 3284267141,4429353,845
England and Wales261923097511,3662,644
Scotland5691243486611,207
Ireland3301113041,0661,514
Australia1478117225214648
Elsewhere96685214455829
          Totals3858611,4603,2844,69710,687

The offences and ages of the distinct New-Zealand-born (excluding Maoris), arrested and convicted during 1913, are shown in the following table:—

OFFENCES AND AGES.—NEW-ZEALAND-BORN (ARRESTS ONLY).
Offences againstUnder 20.20 and under 25.25 and under 30.30 and under 4040 and over.Totals.
The person937283423131
Property18411311410467582
Good order542675511,2708202,962
Other offences819213425170
          Totals3284267141,4429353,845

The offences and sentences for convictions in arrest and summons cases (including multiple charges) are shown below.

Offences againstConvicted and discharged or ordered to come up for SentenceFined.Imprisoned.Other.Total Convictions

* Including 65 released under the First Offenders' Probation Act, 302 committed to industrial schools, 47 whipped, 82 bound over, and 4,145 against whom an order was made.

The person14036810236646
Property1,2314988053142,848
Good order4,84412,0802,9262,88022,730
Other offences1,8588,1901,0651,41112,524
Totals8,07321,1364,8984,641*38,748

CRIMINAL CASES IN SUPERIOR COURTS.

Convictions.

Of 100 persons (excluding Maoris) convicted in the superior Courts during the year 1913 for offences against the person there were 3 females. Assault, with or without robbery, caused 32 convictions, while robbery with violence was the offence in 1 case. There were also 22 convictions for indecent assault on females, and 16 for rape and carnal knowledge of young girls (including attempt). For murder, attempted murder, and manslaughter 6 persons were convicted.

The convictions for offences against property were two less than those against the person, amounting to 98, of which 2 were of females. Theft was the principal cause, showing 45 convictions, exclusive of breaking and entering with theft, for which 18 convictions were recorded.

Besides the above, there were 8 convictions for forgery and uttering, and 17 for obtaining goods on false pretences and for receiving stolen goods.

Outside of convictions for offences against person and property, 13 of a miscellaneous nature remain, making (exclusive of Maoris) a total of 211 convictions in the higher Courts, not counting 171 persons sent for sentence by Magistrates.

During the ten years 1904–13 the number of persons convicted and sentenced in the Supreme and District Courts, and of those who, on pleading guilty in the lower Courts, were committed to the Supreme Court for sentence was as follows:—

SUPERIOR COURTS—CONVICTIONS, ETC., 1904–13.
Year.Offences against the Person.Offences against Property.Other Offences.Total Convictions.Number committed for Sentence included in previous Columns.

* Supreme Courts only, District Courts abolished.

19049836153512248
19058930237428156
190610427033407167
190710431234450148
190812133842501232
190911735245514256
1910*8935534478243
1911*8827936403185
1912*10526921395185
1913*12323821382171

Where a Magistrate, after the preliminary hearing of an information, proposes to commit any accused person for trial for an indictable offence not punishable by death, the accused may plead guilty and be then sent to the Supreme Court for sentence without further trial. The offences committed by the 171 persons who elected to be so dealt with during the year 1913 included 23 against the person, made up as follows: Assault, 5; abortion, 1; bigamy, 1; carnally knowing girl under sixteen, 1; rape, 1; indecent assault, 10; incest, 1; wounding with intent, 1; robbery with violence, 2. Of 139 charges for offences against property the most numerous were: For theft, 50; breaking and entering, with or without theft, 36; forgery and uttering, 35.

Punishments.

The distinct persons convicted in the Supreme Court in 1913 numbered 222, including 11 Maoris. To this number should be added the 187 persons (including 16 Maoris) sent from Magistrates' Courts for sentence, thus bringing the total to 409. Particulars of sentences for higher Courts, and of the punishments consequent on summary convictions in the lower Courts, are appended.

SENTENCES OF CRIMINALS TRIED AND CONVICTED IN SUPERIOR COURTS, 1909–13.
Sentences.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.

* Including 30 Maoris.

† Including 16 Maoris.

‡ Including 24 Maoris.

§ Including 33 Maoris.

||Including 27 Maoris.

Death1..2..1
Imprisonment with or without hard labour455363270277217
Imprisoned for Reformative Treatment....564055
Fined101011217
Released on probation4583595276
Held to bail, or awaiting pleasure of Court3235263149
Sent to industrial school13374
          Total*544494427§428||409

DRUNKENNESS.

The Licensing Act, 1908, is a consolidation of the laws regulating the sale of intoxicating liquor previously in force. For administrative purposes the Dominion is divided into districts, for each of which a committee, elected by the popular vote, is charged with the duty of granting or refusing the issue of licenses for the sale of drink, and the inspection (through the police) of licensed houses. The sale of drink is prohibited absolutely on Sundays, and also upon the day of a parliamentary election between the hours of noon and 7 p.m. Application for renewal of licenses must be made annually, and the committee may refuse such renewal on the grounds of misconduct of the licensee or that the premises occupied are unfit for the purpose. For certain breaches of the law a license may be cancelled or a licensee may be disqualified from again holding a license in the Dominion.

The number of convictions for breaches of the licensing laws by publicans and for selling liquor without a license during the past five years was as follows:—

Year.Convictions for
Breaches of Licensing Laws by Publicans.Selling Liquor without a License.
1909179156
1910177135
1911130162
1912164108
191317478

The charges against publicans include selling liquor after hours or on Sundays, failing to admit the police promptly, allowing drunkenness on premises, supplying prohibited or intoxicated persons, failing to keep light burning in front of premises, &c.

The number of convictions (exclusive of Maoris, 294 of whom were convicted of drunkenness during the year—287 males and 7 females) for drunkenness and drunkenness with disorderly conduct recorded during 1913 was 10,815 against males and 783 against females. The following table shows the number of convictions for drunkenness recorded and the proportion per 1,000 of the mean population of each sex, excluding Maoris, during the past ten years:—

CONVICTIONS FOR DRUNKENNESS (EXCLUSIVE OF MAORIS), 1904–13.
Year.Convictions recorded against.Per 1,000 of Mean Population.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.
19048,6489279,57519.342.3311.32
19057,8758508,72517.092.0810.03
19068,5618599,42018.042.0410.52
19079,37481210,18619.241.8811.08
19089,89271710,60919.731.6211.23
19099,94275510,69719.291.6811.01
191010,80880511,61320.581.7211.70
191110,55984111,40019.741.7511.23
191210,68884311,53119.561.7111.10
191310,81578311,59819.271.5410.85

If the Maoris are included, the total convictions for drunkenness during 1913 will amount to 11,892 (11,102 males and 790 females). Of these, 11,390 (10,618 males and 772 females) were arrested, while 502 (484 males and 18 females) were brought before the Magistrate by summons. The following table shows the birthplaces and ages of all persons (including Maoris) arrested and convicted for drunkenness during the year. Birthplaces and ages in summons cases are not obtainable.

BIRTHPLACES AND AGES OF PERSONS CONVICTED FOR DRUNKENNESS (ARRESTS ONLY), 1913.
Birthplace.Under 20.20 and under 25.25 and under 30.30 and under 40.40 and under 60.60 and over, and unspecified.Totals.
New Zealand—
Maoris 24440477921233
Others 222716201,4181,016753,422
Australia2529623223131644
England and Wales61392498181,2274082,847
Scotland1591144276362391,476
Ireland3261033651,0364291,962
Other European..355515426275581
Asia....3512323
Africa11..611423
America..67276517122
Other..2214172257
          Totals376351,2893,5134,5921,32411,390

Among the New-Zealand-born population of European descent there is evidence of less drunkenness than among persons who have come from abroad. At the census of 1911, out of the total population of New Zealand of 20 years of age or over, 53.96 per cent. were found to have been born in the Dominion; while the proportion of the convictions for drunkenness of New- Zealand-born Europeans to the total convictions of persons over 20 years of age (excluding Maoris) in the year 1913 was only 30.57 per cent.

Excluding persons under 20 years of age and taking each age-group to be in the same proportions as found at the census, the rates per 1,000 of New-Zealand-born and others arrested and convicted of drunkenness appear to be as follows:—

NUMBERS AND PROPORTIONS PER 1,000 OF CONVICTIONS FOR DRUNKENNESS DURING 1913 AT EACH AGE-GROUP OF NEW-ZEALAND-BORN (EXCLUDING MAORIS) AND OTHERS—ARRESTS ONLY.
20 and under 25.25 and under 30.30 and under 40.40 and under 60.60 and over and unspecified.Total (over age 20.)
New-Zealand-born—
     Estimated mean population83,23080,025113,04863,7674,609344,679
     Number of convictions2716201,4181,016753,400
     Proportion per 1,0003.267.7512.5415.9316.279.86
Born elsewhere—
     Estimated mean population18,30428,28861,818115,87471,693295,977
     Number of convictions3206292,0483,4971,2287,722
     Proportion per 1,00017.4822 2433.1330.1817.1326.09

Repeated charges against the same person are included in the totals shown above, and dealing with arrests only (males, 10,391; females, 766; total, 11,157), but excluding Maoris, it is found that the number of distinct persons convicted of this offence was 7,530 (7,126 males and 404 females), or 67.49 per cent. of the total “arrest” convictions (excluding Maoris) for drunkenness.

The total convictions (exclusive of those of Maoris) for all offences (arrests only) in 1913 were 17,180, but the distinct convictions amounted to only 14,531, the former total including 2,649 offences for multiple charges against the same person. Of the latter 1,430 were in conjunction with arrests for drunkenness, and details of the offences are given in the following table:—

OFFENCES FOR WHICH CONVICTIONS WERE ENTERED AGAINST PERSONS ARRESTED (AND CONVICTED) AT THE SAME TIME FOR DRUNKENNESS.
Convicted of Drunkenness andNumber of Maoris.Number, excluding Maoris.Total.
M.F.M.F.
I. Offences against the person—
     Assault1..46..47
     Attempt to commit suicide1..2..3
II. Offences against property—
     Theft and attempt at....41445
     Fraud and false pretences....1..1
     Wilful damage....1088116
III. Offences against good order—
     Assaulting, resisting, or obstructing police9..131..140
     Indecent, riotous, or offensive conduct5..146..151
     Obscene, threatening, or abusive language5..29025320
     Vagrancy....7328101
     Breaches of by-laws....18119
     Other offences against good order1..8413
IV. Offences not included above—
     Breach of Licensing Act5..41762484
     Other offences....17..17
Total convictions for other offences against persons arrested (and convicted) at the same time for drunkenness27..1,2981321,457
Number of Prohibition Orders against persons convicted at the same time of drunkenness7118622216
          Total3411,4841541,673
Number of convictions for drunkenness of persons arrested227610,39176611,390
Total convictions entered against persons arrested for drunkenness261711,87592013,063
Number of distinct persons arrested (and convicted) for drunkenness21767,1264047,753
Number of convictions for drunkenness in summons cases (not included above)61142417503

Any person who has been three times convicted for drunkenness within the nine months immediately preceding any conviction for drunkenness may be declared an habitual drunkard. A Magistrate may, in addition to or in lieu of a penalty, commit an habitual drunkard to any institution authorized by the Governor to receive and detain such persons for any period not being less than twelve months. The law makes provision in respect of the discharge of inmates, their good conduct, discipline, and punishment for offences during detention, and for the proper inspection of such institutions.

A calculation of the amount of alcoholic liquor consumed per head of mean population during the past five years is given below.

CONSUMPTION OF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITS PER HEAD OF MEAN POPULATION.
 Including Maoris.Excluding Maoris.
Beer.Wine.Spirits.Beer.Wine.Spirits.
     Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.Gal.
19099.2560.1360.7059.7100.1430.740
19109.2940.1470.7379.7410.1540.773
19119.2050.1340.7459.6570.1410.781
19129.2610.1410.7939.7050.1480.831
19139.2090.1320.7779.6390.1380.813

The quantity of each kind of alcoholic liquor used in the Dominion during the same period was as follows:—

 Beer for Consumption.Wine for Consumption.Spirits for Consumption.
     Gals.Gals.Gals.
19099,435,240138,704719,137
19109,671,030153,430767,620
19119,800,610143,138792,794
191210,083,482153,611863,797
191310,300,416147,137869,124

The annual consumption per head of population for the years 1907–11 is given in the following table for New Zealand (excluding Maoris) and certain other countries. The figures for the other countries are from returns prepared by the British Board of Trade.

TABLE SHOWING CONSUMPION OF BEER, WINE, AND SPIRITS IN CERTAIN COUNTRIES, 1907–11. (GALLONS PER HEAD OF POPULATION.)
Country.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.
Beer.
New Zealand 10.110.29.79.79.7
Australia11.211.311.111.812.4
United Kingdom27.926.926.226.427.3
Canada6.35.95.96.26.8
United States17.116.915.916.517.2
Germany24.423.121.721.723.4
France7.98.17.98.69.9
Wine.
New Zealand 0.160.160.140.150.14
Australia1.230.921.090.841.09
United Kingdom0.280.260.260.280.25
Canada0.100.090.110.120.12
United States0.540.480.560.540.56
Germany1.171.410.970.681.39
France38.7036.5032.8019.1029.30
Spirits.
New Zealand 0.810.800.740.770.78
Australia0.880.710.790.800.85
United Kingdom0.910.860.700.650.68
Canada0.960.880.910.981.06
United States1.151.010.961.041.07
Germany1.541.471.611.081.17
France1.281.331.331.381.56

CRIME AMONGST MAORIS.

The number of convictions of Maoris brought before Magistrates' Courts for the past 10 years is shown in the following table:—

SUMMARY CONVICTIONS OF MAORIS (MAGISTRATES' COURTS), 1904–13.

Year.Offences.
Against the Person.Against Property.Against Good Order.Other Offences.Total.Convictions for Drunkenness, included previously.
1904275325699435137
1905224624861377134
19062658358100542181
1907218027173445167
19082810234775552200
1909348125881454140
1910286730357455167
191142123636189990322
1912441266713641,205320
19134523626243937294

These numbers apply only to the Maoris residing in the main Islands of the Dominion. Prior to 1911 statistics of crime were compiled from returns of criminal business brought before Magistrates furnished by Clerks of Courts, on which the numbers of offences by Maoris included in the return were to be marked, but since 1911 a card for each offence has been obtained. The figures for the past three years can be relied on as correct, and from the number of convictions in those years it would appear that the figures for previous years are under-stated. Clerks of Courts would probably have omitted to mark on the returns the Maori cases in some instances. There has also been an increase in the police stationed in Maori districts.

The number of convictions in the higher Courts exhibits the extent of serious crime amongst the Native race. Persons who pleaded guilty in the lower Court and were remanded to the Supreme Court for sentence have been included.

Year.Maoris convicted or sentenced in Supreme Court forTotal.
Offences against the Person.Offences against Property.Miscellaneous Offences.
1909621330
1910410216
1911221124
1912528..33
1913519327

Sixteen of the number for 1913 had been sent up from the Magistrate's Court for sentence.

PRISONS AND PRISONERS.

The following table gives for the year 1913 the prison accommodation, the number of prisoners received, the number in prison at end of year, and the daily average in confinement:—

Name of Prison.Number for whom there is Accommodation.Number received during Year.Number in Confinement at End of Year.Daily Average in Confinement.

* This prison was closed during the year.

Auckland3591,827275274.62
Waipa Valley33342420.63
Kaingaroa58272429.96
Waikeria40473925.23
New Plymouth59994456.02
Napier742772627.70
Wellington2441,670196168.08
Hanmer*401..15.59
Addington37781921.68
Lyttelton192572123132.05
Dunedin723701722.80
Invercargill991739680.09
Minor Prisons1749263622.48
     Totals1,4816,101919896.93

The total number of prisoners received in the different gaols during the year 1913 was 6,101 (males 5,553, females 549) as compared with 5,722 (males 5,232, females 490) in 1912, counting each admission as a distinct person.

Omitting those received by transfer from another prison, 420 (males 391, females 29), the debtors and lunatics received, 134 (males 127, females 7), and the duplicate receptions of the same prisoner on the same charge, 178 (males 176, females 2), it is found that the total receptions for criminal offences during 1913 were 5,413 (males 4,900, females 513). In this total are included 44 persons (42 males and 2 females) on remand or awaiting sentence from the previous year. The following table shows how the prisoners received were disposed of, classified according to ages; the number of distinct convicted prisoners being 3,308, including 79 Maoris:—

Age, in Years.Total Receptions (excluding Duplicates) for Criminal Offences.Handed to Police for Trial elsewhere, and not returned to Prison.Acquitted or discharged.On remand or awaiting trial or sentence at end of yearNumber of Prisoners convicted and sentenced for Criminal OffencesNumber of Distinct Convicted Prisoners received during the Year 1913.
Summary.Indictments.Excluding Maoris.Maoris.

* Includes 44 on remand or awaiting trial from previous year.

Under 21237114841165814722
21 and under 25491883133186932116
25 and under 308071893136176650517
30 and under 359182210319717575565
35 and under 40844148612692405151
40 and under 4560756811510133517
45 and under 504903486412212802
50 and under 553515372291131924
55 and under 60280425124191521
60 and under 6516722531298951
65 and over221537116991153
     Totals5,413*97653854 2153633,22979

The number of persons in gaol (including Maoris) at the end of each of the past ten years and the proportion per 10,000 of population as at 31st December is given in the next table:—

PRISONERS IN GAOL (31ST DECEMBER).
Year.Number of Prisoners.Proportion per 10,000 of Population.
Undergoing Sentence.On Remand and awaiting Trial.Total.Undergoing Sentence.Total in Confinement.
1904701497507.788.33
1905760508108.218.75
1906833588918.719.32
1907791568478.098.67
1908815648798.088.72
1909877729498.519.21
1910843388818.018.38
1911802718737.468.12
1912821458667.457.86
1913834859197.358.10

Besides the returns from the Prisons Department, a separate card for each admission is furnished for every gaol. Such cards as show convictions are arranged alphabetically according to name of prisoner, and where several are found referring to the same person, all but one are thrown out; then the number of cards retained equals the actual number of distinct convicted prisoners received in the various gaols during the year. In 1913 this number (excluding Maoris) was 3,229, an increase of 206 on the number in 1912. These figures do not include children committed to the industrial schools simply on the ground that they are neglected or destitute.

In classifying the offences a prisoner convicted of more than one offence during the year is reckoned once only, under the heading of the principal offence—e.g., a prisoner convicted three times of drunkenness, twice of vagrancy, and once of theft is counted only once, under the heading “Offences against Property.” Debtors and lunatics received into gaol are omitted. The figures under the heading “Drunkenness” do not represent the full number of persons punished for that offence, the punishment usually being by fine.

The following tables show the number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) received into prison after conviction during 1913, classified according to birthplaces and offences, ages and offences, and ages and previous convictions:—

BIRTHPLACES AND OFFENCES OF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS (EXCLUDING MAORIS) RECEIVED INTO GAOL DURING 1913.
Birthplace.Nature of Offence.Totals.
Against the Person.Against Property.Drunkenness.Other Offences.
New Zealand 883392294981,154
Australian States24506683223
England and Wales56180340335911
Scotland1933134136322
Ireland2149173140383
Other British possessions13122036
China......33
Other countries11316887197
          Totals2206851,0221,3023,229
AGES AND OFFENCES OF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS (EXCLUDING MAORIS) RECEIVED INTO PRISON DURING 1913.
Age, in Years.Offences against the Person.Theft and other Offences against Property.Offences not included previously.Totals.
Sexual Offences.Assaults.Other.Vagrancy.Drunkenness.Other.
Under 21812687160147
21 and under 258251931744133321
25 and under 301528512351105178505
30 and under 35634312862162161556
35 and under 4052058362189151515
40 and under 454151564115282351
45 and under 50751433311180280
50 and under 5532..21229351192
55 and under 6051113227436152
60 and under 6543..913412595
65 and over2....15225026115
          Totals67134196523521,0229833,229
AGES AND PREVIOUS CONVICTIONS OF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS (EXCLUDING MAORIS) RECEIVED INTO PRISON DURING 1913.
Age, in Years.Not previously convicted.Previous Convictions.Total Distinct Convicted Prisoners.
Once.Twice.Three Times.Four Times.Over Four Times.Total.
Under 2112116342126147
21 and under 25213421616727108321
25 and under 303105533251963195505
30 and under 3526056453821136296556
35 and under 4023167382718134284515
40 and under 451624123251090189351
45 and under 501054617171085175280
50 and under 5560171712680132192
55 and under 6041191161164111152
60 and under 653112654376495
65 and over361010744879115
          Totals1,5703812191821127651,6593,229

The next table gives the offences and gravest previous offences of the distinct persons received into prison after conviction during 1913:—

OFFENCES AND GRAVEST PREVIOUS OFFENCES OF DISTINCT CONVICTED PRISONERS, 1913.
Offences.Gravest Previous Offences.
Against the Person.Theft and other Offences against Property.Offences not included previouslyTotal.
Sexual Offences.Assaults.OtherVagrancy.Drunkenness.Other.
Against the person—
     Sexual Offences15..11..21029
     Assaults..15122341661
     Other....1..1..46
     Against Property1132257202562380
Offences not included above—
     Vagrancy1103831162627266
     Drunkenness21517754241130520
     Other42211052882155397
               Totals98095552223804041,659

The number of distinct persons (exclusive of Maoris) imprisoned after conviction, in each of the past twenty years, counting one offence only when the same person was imprisoned more than once, with the proportion per 10,000 persons living, is added.

DISTINCT PERSONS IMPRISONED AFTER CONVICTION.
Year.Prisoners.Proportion per 10,000 of Mean Population.
18941,95528.78
18951,93027.87
18961,93627.11
18971,88425.84
18981,98226.92
18992,12528.33
19002,11627.71
19012,34530.14
19022,39630.03
19032,84234.65
19042,89634.27
19052,79632.14
19062,96633.12
19073,09133.63
19083,00931.84
19093,15932.51
19103,24232.66
19112,87728.35
19123,02329.09
19133,22930.22

It must be understood that the actual number of imprisonments was much in excess of the figures given, as many persons were several times imprisoned, either for offences differing in kind or for repetitions of the same offence. Thus, persons returned as imprisoned for larceny underwent other imprisonments for drunkenness, &c. Some returned as convicted of drunkenness were several times in gaol during the year for the same offence, or for another, such as assault, riotous or indecent conduct, &c. Often there were several charges preferred against the same person at the one time, of which the most serious followed by conviction has been selected.

NEW-ZEALAND-BORN PRISONERS.

While the New-Zealand-born formed at the last census 70 per cent. of the whole population, excluding Maoris, they contributed in 1913 only 35œ per cent. of the prisoners received in gaol. Of the New-Zealand-born population, however, a large number are under fifteen years of age, a period of life at which there are very few prisoners; and therefore another comparison is necessary. It is found that the New-Zealand-born over fifteen years formed 47 per cent. of the total population above that age; but, as before stated, New-Zealanders constituted only 35œ per cent. of the total number received in gaols.

The number of New-Zealand-born distinct prisoners (excluding Maoris) received for the year 1913–1,154 persons—is 20 more than the number for 1912. Of the number received in 1913, 90 were under twenty years of age. As before stated, the plan adopted in preparing the foregoing tables is to count each prisoner only once, and to exclude all who are not convicted prisoners, besides dealing only with the number received during the year, instead of with the full number in gaol, which would, of course, include those brought forward from the previous year. The comparative results for a series of years given by this method are held to be more valuable than those brought out by one which includes prisoners merely awaiting trial, and continual repetitions of the same individuals.

The ages of New-Zealand-born distinct convicted prisoners (excluding Maoris) are given in the following table for the past ten years:—

TABLE SHOWING AGES OF DISTINCT NEW-ZEALAND-BORN CONVICTED PRISONERS RECEIVED INTO PRISON, 1904–13.
Year.Under 15.15 and under 20.20 and under 25.25 and under 30.30 and under 40.40 and over.Totals.
190469219723822190844
1905184197223233116854
1906291209245288138973
1907384204246300132969
1908675207227330140985
19092701892643512201,096
19102782082843822101,164
19114621712063772031,023
19122962042224022081,134
19132881822034492301,154

FIRST OFFENDERS' PROBATION ACT.

One hundred and thirty-six persons were placed on probation in the year 1913, as against 79 in 1912. Of these 22 were discharged after satisfactorily carrying out the conditions of their licenses, 4 were rearrested, 4 absconded, and 106 remained under the supervision of Probation Officers.

The following table gives the ages and terms of probation of offenders placed under the Act during the year 1913:—

Age.Term of Probation.Totals.
Under One Year.One Year and under Two Years.Two Years and under Three Years.Three Years and over.
Under 1521....3
15 and under 2010216441
20 and under 2510193537
25 and under 307161..24
30 and under 404121219
40 and under 50261..9
50 and under 60..1....1
60 and over..2....2
     Totals35781211136

The amounts ordered by the various Courts to be paid towards the cost of prosecution during the year 1913 was £495 13s. 10d., of which £287 11s. 9d. was actually paid.

HABITUAL CRIMINALS AND REFORMATIVE DETENTION.

In 1906 provision was made by law for the detention and control of habitual criminals and offenders. Habitual criminals comprise those persons previously convicted on indictment of the following offences: (Class I) sexual offences, abortion; (Class II) wounding, robbery, burglary and housebreaking, theft, false pretences, extortion, forgery, and mischief. On two previous convictions for any offence in Class I or four previous convictions in Classes I and II, the Court may order as part of the sentence that the person is an habitual criminal, whether such previous convictions took place within or out of New Zealand, and either before or after the coming into operation of the Act. Habitual offenders comprise all persons previously convicted on at least six occasions as idle and disorderly persons, rogues and vagabonds, or incorrigible rogues, and persons previously convicted as above under Classes I and II and convicted summarily of any offence punishable by not less than three months' imprisonment, provided such persons have been previously summarily convicted at least six times of any offence punishable by not less than three months' imprisonment.

Reformative Detention.

By the Crimes Amendment Act, 1910, which came into force in 1911, every person who before the coming into force of that Act had been declared, in pursuance of the Crimes Act, 1908, or the Habitual Criminals and Offenders Act, 1906, to be an habitual criminal or habitual offender remained subject to the provisions of section thirty-two of the Crimes Act of 1908 in the same manner as if that section had not been repealed, save that after the commencement of the amending Act of 1910 no habitual criminal or habitual offender can be discharged under the provisions of that section, and save also that every prison is deemed to be a reformatory prison within the meaning and purposes of that section.

A Judge before whom any person is convicted or committed for sentence may, if he thinks fit, “having regard to the conduct, character, associations, or mental condition of such person, the nature of the offence, or any special circumstances of the case,” in addition to or in lieu of an ordinary term of imprisonment, sentence him to prison for reformatory purposes for a period not exceeding ten years. In like manner and after a like weighing of the circumstances a Magistrate may impose a similar sentence upon any person brought before him and summarily convicted of an offence punishable by imprisonment for more than three months, save that the maximum of reformative detention in that case is limited to three years.

The jurisdiction conferred upon a Magistrate is not exercised by any Justice of the Peace other than a Magistrate.

Every person sentenced by a Magistrate to a term of reformative detention may, within fourteen days, apply to a Judge of the Supreme Court to review that sentence on the ground that the same is excessive, or ought not to have been passed, and such Judge may uphold or reverse the sentence or reduce the term.

The length of the reformative part of the sentence actually served in prison in any particular case (including habitual criminals or offenders) is determined by His Excellency the Governor upon recommendation as to probation, &c., made by the Prisons Board set up under the Act.

Persons undergoing any sentence, whether of imprisonment or reformative detention are to be employed in such labour as is prescribed by regulations (gazetted on 10th July, 1913) or directed by the Minister of Justice. Wages according to scale for the class of labour in which any such person is employed may be credited to him, and the amount from time to time standing to his credit is to be applied wholly or in part towards maintaining the wife and children (if any) of the prisoner, and any balance standing to his credit on his release shall thereupon be paid to him, either in a lump sum or in such instalments as the Minister directs.

The following table shows the distinct convicted prisoners (excluding Maoris) received in prison during 1913 after being sentenced to reformative treatment or having been declared habitual criminals, classified according to sentences:—

Original Sentence.Sentenced to Reformative Treatment for a Period ofDeclare Habitual Criminals.Totals.
Under 2 Years.2 and under 5 Years.5 Years and over.
Reformative treatment only26388274
Under 1 year282921
1 year and under 21631222
2 years and under 3..42713
3 years and under 4..11..2
4 years and under 5......11
5 years and under 7..1..12
7 years and under 10......11
10 years and under 12....112
          Totals29581734138

TREE-PLANTING BY PRISONERS.

There are two tree-planting prison-camps established — viz., Kaingaroa and Waipa Valley, both in the North Island. There were 48 prisoners at these camps at the end of 1913, and a considerable amount of planting, clearing, fencing, and other work was carried out during the year. The value of the work of tree-planting done during the nine months from 1st April to 31st December, 1913, was assessed at £1,998 3s. 11d.

PRISONS BOARD.

For the purposes of the Crimes Amendment Act of 1910 there is constituted a Prisons Board (for Board see Official List) of not less than three nor more than seven members, one of whom must be a Judge of the Supreme Court, who is ex officio President; the members of the Board are appointed by the Governor in Council for a period of three years, but may be reappointed. The Board meets at such times as the President determines, and subject to the provisions of the Act and regulations may determine its own procedure.

It is the duty of the Board to make inquiry from time to time whether there is reasonable cause for belief that any habitual criminal undergoing sentence or reformative detention is sufficiently reformed to be released on probation or discharged, or for granting discharge to any person who has been released on probation; and to make recommendations to the Governor as to the release or discharge of any habitual criminal, habitual offender, or person under sentence of reformative detention, and as to the conditions which may be imposed on any such release or probation. The Board is required to take into consideration the case of every habitual criminal, &c., at least once a year, and to make a report to the Minister of Justice annually as to the operations of the Board, members dealt with, and the operation and effect of the Act.

During the year ended 31st December last the Board considered a total of 560 cases, representing 300 individuals, 71 of whom were habitual criminals and offenders, the remaining 229 being prisoners undergoing reformative detention. The Board recommended 35 habitual criminals and offenders for release on probation, and 10, including 5 who were already on probation, for absolute discharge. Fifteen of those released on probation broke the conditions of their license, and 12 were returned to prison. Satisfactory reports of the conduct of 20 released during the year were received. Of those released in 1911 and 1912 20 broke the terms of their probation, and were thus dealt with: Returned to prison, 13; whereabouts unknown, 7. The total number released on probation during the years 1911, 1912, and 1913 was 74, and of these 15 were convicted of fresh offences, viz.: In 1911, 5; in 1912, 6; in 1913, 4.

The number of persons under reformative treatment who were recommended for release or discharge by the Board was 99. The Board endeavours to provide for a part of the term of reformative treatment being served out of prison on license, and so far the results of this method have been sufficiently satisfactory to be encouraging. In 26 cases the probationary license has been cancelled, 5 having been found guilty of a specific offence, and 21 having committed breaches of the terms of their license.

In the second report of the Prisons Board, covering its operations for the year 1912, appears the following paragraph, which indicates the various types of prisoner with which the Board has to deal:—

“The Board is of opinion that many of the habituals coming before it are not of a confirmed criminal character, and that a fair proportion of the prisoners sentenced to reformative detention are not in any way distinguishable from the ordinary criminal, while some appear to have approached qualification if not to have already qualified to be classed as habituals. The Board views this with concern, especially with regard to the unpromising type being sentenced to reformative detention. It has before expressed its sense of the impediments—almost inevitable impediments—to be met with in introducing a new system and bringing it into working-order, and finds itself in a position to appreciate the difficulty in which the Department must be, under the above conditions, in classifying prisoners under reformative detention, and framing regulations applicable to their class as a whole.”

EXPENDITURE ON PRISONS AND PRISONERS.

The gross expenditure on the prisons (exclusive of the cost of buildings) for the year ended the 31st December, 1913, was £51,578, made up of the following items:—

     £
Salaries and allowances26,920
Uniforms402
Bedding and clothing, furniture, &c.3,057
Fuel, light, water, sanitation, &c.3,122
Gratuities848
Medicines and medical comforts686
Rations and tobacco9,754
Incidental expenses3,528
Travelling-expenses and conveyance of prisoners3,261
          Total51,578

INQUESTS.

It is the duty of a Coroner or Deputy Coroner, or, in their absence, a Justice of the Peace, to inquire into the manner of death of any person who is killed or drowned, or dies suddenly, or in prison, or while detained in a mental hospital, and an inquest must be held on the body of every person executed to certify that the sentence was duly carried out.

The jurisdiction of a Coroner extends throughout the Dominion, but he is not compelled to hold any inquest at a greater distance than twenty miles from his residence; but the duties of a Deputy Coroner or Justice of the Peace are in each case strictly limited to the above radius. A Coroner may, if he thinks fit, take an inquest either by himself or by a jury of not less than four nor more than six, unless specially directed by the Attorney-General to summon a jury. A post-mortem examination of a body may be ordered by a Coroner, and, if considered advisable, an analysis. Jurors need not view the body, but the Coroner is exempt from this duty only when it is certified by a medical man that the deceased died of an infectious disease.

Any person interested may, by permission of the Coroner, attend an inquest personally or by counsel, and may examine and cross-examine witnesses. When a verdict of murder or manslaughter is returned against a particular person the Coroner may issue a warrant to apprehend and take the accused before a Justice. It shall also be the duty of the Coroner, in case of such a verdict, whether charging any person or not, to send a copy of the verdict and all depositions to the Attorney-General, who may take such steps as he deems desirable.

Jurors are entitled to payment at the rate of 8s. per day of more than four hours, or 4s. for less than four hours. Witnesses are allowed 6s. for each day and 4s. for each night of absence from home.

The number of bodies on which inquests were held in 1913 was 1,405, including 40 Maoris. In 1,065 cases the bodies were of males, and in 340 of females.

The verdicts given at the inquests held in 1913 may be classified as under:—

Nature of Verdict.Inquests on Persons.
Males.Females.Totals.
Accident47898576
Disease and natural causes462206668
Homicide7310
Suicide11833151
 1,0653401,405

Of the accidental deaths, drowning is the most fatal form. The verdicts show that 171 deaths were due to this cause, giving a percentage of 29.69 on the accidental deaths from all causes.

The inquests on suicidal deaths in 1913 show an increase on the number for the previous year. The figures for each of the last ten years were,—

Year.Inquests on Suicides.
Males.Females.Totals.
19048916105
1905732396
19068515100
1907947101
19088715102
19099422116
19109016106
191110925134
191211115126
191311833151

Fire Inquests.

In case of fire, causing the destruction of any building, ship, or merchandise, or any stack of grain, pulse, or hay, or any growing crop, a Coroner may hold an inquiry into the cause of such fire, the procedure being similar to that of inquests into cause of death.

The inquests on fires held during 1913 numbered 21. In 5 cases the verdict was incendiarism; in 1 case accidental; in 1 case an open verdict was returned; and in 14 cases no evidence was forthcoming.

GAMING AND LOTTERIES.

The Gaming Act is designed to suppress gambling by confining all betting to totalizators on racecourses. It contains provisions for the closing of “tote” shops and for the declaration by the Supreme Court of “common gaming-houses” on the affidavit of a Superintendent or Inspector of Police showing reasonable grounds for suspecting that any premises are used as a common gaming-house or as a means of access thereto or exit therefrom. Notice of such declaration is advertised and gazetted, served on the owner or occupier, and posted up on the premises.

There are also provisions for determining any such declaration on proof that the premises are not used as a common gaming-house or in conjunction therewith. The Act provides penalties for carrying on business in, the continued use of, and being found on the premises during the currency of the declaration, and includes a club, in certain cases, in the term “common gaming-house.”

Constables have power of entry over the premises, and may use such force as may be necessary. To obstruct or give warning of the approach of a constable in the performance of his duty is an offence. Any game of chance is unlawful, and the definition of “occupier” has been extended. The Gaming Act applies to lotteries whether promoted in New Zealand or elsewhere.

Street betting is punishable by a fine of not less than £20 or more than £100 for the first offence, and by imprisonment not exceeding three months for a second or any subsequent offence. The terms “betting” and “bet” in the Act of 1910 include the act of any person in betting, wagering, offering, or agreeing to bet or wager, paying, receiving, or settling any bet or wager, whether on his own behalf or on behalf of any other person.

A constable on duty, or person acting under instructions from any Superintendent or Inspector of Police, is not deemed an offender or accomplice in the commission of any offence against the Gaming Act.

The number of charges laid in the Magistrates' Courts for breaches of the gaming laws, and the manner in which such charges were disposed of, are shown for five years in the following table:—

Year.Number of Charges.Discharged or Dismissed.Committed for Trial.Convictions recorded.
190927547..228
191033269..263
191119451..143
191240385..318
191321867..151

THE TOTALIZATOR.

The Minister of Internal Affairs may on the application of any racing club grant to such racing club a license to use the totalizator or wagering-machine at horse-race meetings held under the control or management of such club, subject to the following conditions:—

The license shall be revocable at any time the Minister thinks fit to determine the same. No more than three totalizators shall be used by the club at any one time, and none outside the race-grounds within the control of the club. The machine must be under the care and management of some competent person appointed by the club, and under the direct supervision of the stewards.

Every license shall be issued in respect of a single race meeting, and shall specify the number of days on which the totalizator may be used at that meeting. The aggregate number of days on which the totalizator may be used throughout the Dominion in any one year shall not exceed 250, and the number of days for any one race meeting shall not exceed four.

A race meeting at which the totalizator is authorized to be used on four days shall not extend over a longer period than eight consecutive days; meetings at which the totalizator is authorized to be used on three days shall not extend over a period of six consecutive days, and a race meeting at which the totalizator is authorized to be used for two days shall not extend over a longer period than four consecutive days; and on expiry of any such maximum period the license to use the totalizator shall lapse: provided that when at any race meeting a racing club is compelled by inclement weather or any extraordinary circumstances to postpone any racing to a later day, it is lawful for the club to extend that race meeting over such longer period as is rendered necessary.

Racing clubs must not accept any totalizator investment by telegram or telephone, and no investment may be received otherwise than in money, bank-notes, or cheque before or at the time of investment. No investment shall be received from any person under the age of twenty-one years, and any member, agent, or servant of a racing club who permits or authorizes to be received an investment on the totalizator made by any person under twenty-one years is guilty of an offence and is liable to a fine not exceeding £100; and any person who falsely represents himself as being of the age of twenty-one or upwards is liable to a fine not exceeding £50. The publication of dividends (except on the racecourse) is prohibited, and racing tips and the “double” totalizator are abolished. The totalizator must be closed not later than the time advertised for the starting of a race.

Information as to totalizator licenses issued, amount of investments by the public, and amount paid to the Treasury as percentage of investments is given in the portion of this book dealing with Taxation.

Chapter 9. SECTION IX.—REPRESENTATION AND ELECTORAL.

REPRESENTATION.

FOR purposes of the representation of the people in the House of Representatives New Zealand is at present divided into seventy-six districts, with one member for each. The boundaries of the districts are adjusted every five years upon a population basis, each having, as nearly as possible, the same number of inhabitants.

In computing the population for electoral purposes an addition of 28 per cent. is made to the country population — i.e., all persons living outside towns of 2,000 inhabitants and over. The total population (other than Maoris), with the addition aforesaid having been ascertained, is then divided by the number of European members to be elected, and the quotient thus obtained forms the quota. Inasmuch as it would be difficult to divide the country into a given number of districts all having exactly the precise quota of population, the law permits the Commissioners to make an allowance of 550 persons by way of addition to or deduction from the population of rural districts, and of 100 in case of city electorates, and a proportionate number for districts where the population is partly city and partly rural, so that more consideration can be given to community of interest, facilities of communication, and topographical features when defining the boundaries of the districts.

The proposed boundaries of the new districts are then notified in the gazette, and objections to such proposals may be lodged with the Commissioners, who consider and decide any objections before coming to a final determination.

The census is the only means of ascertaining correctly the distribution of the people, and for this reason is essential to the work of dividing the Dominion anew into electorates of even population. The internal movement of the people cannot be ascertained correctly except by a census, though, when a country is insular, the natural increase (excess of births over deaths) added to the excess of arrivals over departures gives a fairly correct estimate of increase of population for the whole area.

An instance of the effect of the census in adjusting the representation of the people for Parliament is afforded by the figures relating to the North and South Islands for successive census years,—

     North Island.South Island.
At the census of 189130 members40 members.
At the census of 189631 members39 members.
At the census of 190134 members36 members.
At the census of 190638 members38 members.
At the census of 191141 members35 members.

The districts have been again defined on the basis of the population as shown by the census taken in April, 1911, with the result that the South Island now returns only 34 members as against 42 for the North Island.

These districts are, as before stated, for purposes of European representation. But the Dominion is again divided into four districts for purposes of Maori representation under the electoral law, each district having one Native member elected by the Maoris; making the House of Representatives consist of 80 members altogether—76 Europeans and 4 Maoris.

THE ELECTORAL LAW.

General Provisions.

Every male, registered as an elector, is qualified to be a member of Parliament for any electoral district, provided he is not an undischarged bankrupt, a member of the Legislative Council, or a Civil servant, or is not directly interested in any contract with the Government exceeding the value of £50. Except in case of a dissolution in the meantime, a general election of members of the House of Representatives is held every three years.

All male and female adults who are British subjects either by birth or naturalization in New Zealand, and who are not debarred by law, may be registered as electors, provided they have resided twelve months in New Zealand, and three months immediately preceding registration in the district wherein they desire to be enrolled, and no person may be registered for more than one district.

In every year in which a general election is held, the general (or main) roll in each district is closed for printing on a date fixed by the Governor in Council, after which date no names may be entered on such general roll. All claims for enrolment received by the Registrar of Electors for any district between the date of closing of the general roll and 6 p.m. on the day of issue of the writ for the election are entered on a supplementary roll. Electors' rights for seamen, and absent-voters' permits for persons who expect to be absent from their districts at the time of an election, may be issued from the district wherein they are enrolled, to enable them to record their votes for such district in any part of the Dominion. Such rights or permits are available for twelve months from date of issue.

The Minister may from time to time direct that an electoral census be taken of every or any electoral district for the purpose of enrolling all persons qualified to be enrolled and who are not already enrolled. Every master or mistress of any licensed public house, lodging house, or private dwellinghouse shall, on the application of an enrolment officer, give all information as to names, occupations, and qualifications for enrolments of all persons residing in that house. Persons failing to give faithful information on request are liable to a fine of £5.

Not later than seven days after the dissolution or expiry of the last Parliament, writs for a general election are issued under warrant from the Governor. In the writs the date of polling-day is appointed.

A Returning Officer is appointed for each district to conduct the poll in such district, the polling-places being appointed by the Governor.

Candidates for election must be nominated by not less than two electors of the district, and each nomination-paper must reach the Returning Officer of the district not later than noon on the tenth day before polling-day. No elector may nominate more than one candidate. Each candidate must signify his consent to nomination, such consent to reach the Returning Officer before the time fixed for close of nominations; and with his consent each candidate must deposit with the Returning Officer £10. If the total number of votes received by any unsuccessful candidate is less than one-fourth of the total number of votes recorded by the successful candidate, such deposit shall be forfeited and paid into the Consolidated Fund. Any candidate may withdraw not later than noon on the day of closing of nominations, by giving notice in writing to the Returning Officer, and his deposit in such case is returned.

The Returning Officer appoints a deputy for each polling-booth, and each candidate may appoint a scrutineer for each booth. In thirty-five districts the poll closes at 7 p.m., and in forty-one districts at 6 p.m. The elector records his or her vote by striking out on the ballot-paper the names of the candidates for whom he or she does not wish to vote. As soon as he ascertains from the various booths the result of the poll, the Returning Officer declares the candidate who has received an absolute majority of votes to be elected; if two or more candidates receive an equal number of votes, the Returning Officer is required to give a casting-vote. In no other instance is the Returning Officer allowed to vote.

Provision is made to secure the secrecy of the ballot and the maintenance of law and order, and every precaution taken to guard against undue influence or interference with electors on polling-day. Every person who commits the offence of personation is liable to two years' imprisonment with hard labour. Persons guilty of corrupt or illegal practices are liable to heavy penalties.

A candidate requiring a recount of the votes may apply to a Magistrate for same, at the same time depositing £20. The recount is made in the presence of the Magistrate. Petitions against the return of candidates must be delivered to the Returning Officer, and security given to the amount of £200. Such petitions are tried before two Judges of the Supreme Court, and their decision is final.

Maori Representation.

For the election of the four Maori members, every adult Maori is entitled to vote in the district where he or she resides, without registration; and every male elector is qualified to become a member of Parliament for any Maori electoral district. Half-castes registered on any European roll are not entitled to vote for the election of Maori representatives. Similar provisions apply as in the case of European elections in regard to the issue of writs, appointment of Returning Officers and deputies, polling places, nomination of candidates, deposit of £10 by candidates, and withdrawal from candidature. The hours of polling are from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Each Deputy Returning Officer has associated with him a Maori or a half-caste. Candidates may appoint a scrutineer for each booth to act at the count of the votes after the poll. The elector on entering a booth states his or her full name, tribe, hapu, and abode, such information being entered by the deputy or his associate on the counterfoil of the ballot-paper. The elector is then asked the name of the candidate for whom he or she desires to vote, and the deputy writes such candidate's name on the ballot-paper. Arrangements are made to secure the secrecy of the ballot and maintenance of order. Any person guilty of the offence of personation is liable to imprisonment for two years with hard labour. As soon as he has ascertained the result of the poll from the various booths, the Returning Officer declares the candidate with the highest number of votes to be elected.

Repeal of Second Ballot Act.

The Second Ballot Act, which was in operation at the general elections of 1908 and 1911 and for a number of by-elections, and which has been fully described in previous issues of the Year-book, has been repealed by a short amendment of the Legislature Act passed in 1913.

THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1911.

For European Representatives.

[Polling-day, 7th December, 1911; number of polling-places, 2,651.]

Dealing with the population of both sexes, it is found that the total number of persons on the rolls was 590,042. The number of persons who voted, or who went to the poll, was 486,100; or 83.67 per cent. of the number on the rolls, a larger proportion than obtained in 1908—viz., 79.82 per cent.

Year of General Election.Estimated Total Adult Persons.Number on Rolls.Proportion per Cent. of Adult Persons registered as Electors.Number of Persons who voted.Proportion per Cent. of Persons on Rolls who voted.

* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there was no contest.

† Including 4,974 informal votes.

‡ Including 5,468 informal votes.

§ Including 4,596 informal votes.

|| Including 4,143 informal votes, and excluding 6,812 votes recorded at licensing poll in Gisborne Electorate, where there was no parliamentary contest.

1893319,010302,99794.98220,08275.25*
1896356,658339,23095.11258,25476.13
1899386,146373,74496.79279,33077.59*
1902429,385415,78996.83318,85976.69
1905500,108476,47395.28396,65783.25
1908538,950537,00399.64428,648§79.82
1911594,532590,04299.24486,100||83.67

Dealing with men only, the number on the rolls was 321,033. The males who voted in 1911 were 266,986, or 84.58 per cent. of those on the rolls, against 81.11 per cent. in 1908.

Year of General Election.Estimated Total Adult Males.Number of Males on Rolls.Proportion per Cent. of Adult Males registered as Electors.Number who voted.Proportion per Cent. of Males on Rolls who voted.

* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there were no contests.

† The number on the rolls was in excess of the estimated adult male population at the date of the election.

‡ Including informal.

§ Does not include 4,068 votes recorded at licensing poll in Gisborne Electorate, where there was no parliamentary contest.

1893179,539193,536129,79269.61*
1896197,002196,92599.96149,47175.90
1899214,773210,52998.02159,78079.06*
1902233,602229,84598.39180,29478.44
1905273,175263,59796.49221,61184.07
1908295,446294,07399.54238,53481.11
1911321,324321,03399.91266,986§84.58

The number of women who voted, 219,114, is 82.57 per cent. of the females on the rolls, while in 1908 there were 190,114 who voted, giving the smaller proportion of 78.26 per cent.; so that there is evidence of a greater willingness on the part of the females to go to the poll.

Year of General Election.Estimated Total Adult Females.Number of Females on Rolls.Proportion per Cent. of Adult Females registered as Electors.Number who voted.Proportion per Cent. of Females on Rolls who voted.

* Excluding figures for three electorates in which there were no contests.

† Including informal.

‡ Does not include 2,744 votes recorded at licensing poll in Gisborne Electorate, where there was no parliamentary contest.

1893139,471109,46178.4890,29085.18*
1896159,656142,30589.13108,78376.44
1899171,373163,21595.24119,55075.70*
1902195,783185,94494.97138,56574.52
1905226,933212,87693.80175,04682.23
1908243,504242,93099.76190,11478.26
1911273,208269,00998.46219,11482.57
RESULTS OF GENERAL ELECTION, 1911.
Electoral District and Names of Candidates.Number of Votes recorded.Number of Electors on Roll.Population at Census, 1911.
First Ballot.Second Ballot.
Bay of Islands,—
     Reed, V. H.2,671   
     Wilkinson, G.2,488   
          Total5,159..6,52212,080
Marsden,—
     Mander, F.3,120   
     Purdie, E. C.2,576   
          Total5,696..7,06412,555
Kaipara,—
     Coates, J. G.1,8432,744  
     Field, E. T.848   
     Stallworthy, J.2,3012,172  
          Total4,9924,9166,30011,588
Waitemata,—
     Alison, E. W., jun.1,375   
     Harris, A.2,7873,823  
     Napier, W. J.3,0643,416  
          Total7,2267,2398,80914,687
Auckland East,—
     Myers, A. M.4,485   
     Withy, A.2,490   
          Total6,975..9,04615,195
Auckland Central,—
     Gleeson, F. C.1,171   
     Glover, A. E.4,061   
     Richardson, W.601   
     Savage, M. G.1,800   
          Total7,633..10,71215,153
Auckland West,—
     Bradney, J. H.4,273   
     Poole, C. H.3,146   
          Total7,419..8,78715,214
Grey Lynn,—
     Fowlds, G.3,1173,432  
     Murray, W. H.1,568   
     Payne, J.2,1913,470  
          Total6,8766,9028,53615,182
Eden,—
     Bollard, J.3,629   
     Speight, W. J.2,966   
          Total6,595..8,15014,220
Parnell,—
     Dickson, J. S.3,5854,264  
     Findlay, Sir J. G.2,9713,826  
     Mack, M. J.1,557   
          Total8,1138,09010,01115,163
Manukau,—
     Lang, F. W.3,965   
     Morton, J. B.1,435   
     Stewart, R. D.1,658   
          Total7,058..8,92414,668
Franklin,—
     McLarin, J. W.1,816   
     Massey, W. F.3,779   
          Total5,595..7,01012,277
Thames,—
     Rhodes, T. W.2,783   
     Taylor, E. H.2,717   
          Total5,500..6,70212,528
Raglan,—
     Bell, A.8941,863  
     Bollard, R. F.2,4352,782  
     Dromgool, J. C.750   
     Duncan, W.742   
     Hewett, R. B. D.470   
          Total5,2914,6456,57211,813
Ohinemuri,—
     Fletcher, C. A. G.48   
     Hickey, P. H.1,6742,134  
     McRobie, W.1,547   
     Poland, H.2,7913,341  
          Total6,0605,4757,41313,319
Waikato,—
     Greenslade, H. G.2,718   
     Young, J. A.3,846   
          Total6,564..7,82113,013
Tauranga,—
     Herries, W.3,790   
     King, R.1,849   
          Total5,639..7,23612,234
Bay of Plenty,—
     De Lautour, H. D.2,642   
     MacDonald, W. D. S.3,177   
          Total5,819..7,82212,249
Gisborne,—
     Carroll, Sir J.......14,023
Taumarunui,—
     Jennings, W. T.2,621   
     Wilson, C. K.2,746   
          Total5,367..6,78812,246
Hawke's Bay,—
     Campbell, H. M.2,7693,980  
     Clapham, G. S.940   
     Fraser, A. L. D.925   
     Lane, E.401   
     Simson, H. I.1,8072,873  
          Total6,8426,8538,81813,387
Napier,—
     Brown, J. V.3,920   
     Hill, H. T.2,856   
          Total6,776..8,41614,556
Electoral District and Names of Candidates.Number of Votes recorded.Number of Electors on Roll.Population at Census, 1911.
First Ballot.Second Ballot.
Waipawa,—
     Hunter, G.3,389   
     Jull, A. E.2,820   
          Total6,209..7,72512,967
Pahiatua,—
     Escott, J. H.2,2812,882  
     Hawkins, W. J.862   
     Ross, R. B.2,0932,309  
          Total5,2365,1916,32312,168
Masterton,—
     Herbert, A. H.1,327   
     Hogg, A. W.2,3662,664  
     Sykes, G. R.2,2933,245  
          Total5,9865,9097,29212,904
Wairarapa,—
     Buchanan, W. C.2,950   
     Hornsby, J. T. M.2,825   
     Tanner, C. W.88   
          Total5,863..6,83111,563
Egmont,—
     Dive, B.2,682   
     Mackenzie, T.3,009   
          Total5,691..6,67211,718
Stratford,—
     Hine, J. B.3,006   
     McCluggage, J.2,576   
          Total5,582..6,55712,334
Taranaki,—
     Bellringer, C. E.2,561   
     Forbes, W.343   
     Okey, H. J. H.3,315   
          Total6,219..7,16313,090
Patea,—
     O'Dea, P.2,286   
     Pearce, G. V.3,246   
     Train, F.536   
          Total6,068..7,48312,724
Wanganui,—
     Hogan, J. T.2,2202,959  
     Hutchison, G.1,690   
     Mackay, C. E.1,117   
     Veitch, W. A.2,2954,115  
          Total7,3227,0748,87114,185
Waimarino,—
     Hockly, F. F.2,4402,591  
     Ivess, J.449   
     Smith, R. W.2,8053,071  
          Total5,6945,6628,10412,255
Oroua,—
     Guthrie, D. H.3,176   
     Hornblow, R. E.2,084   
          Total5,260..7,00612,929
Rangitikei,—
     Collins, C. B.295   
     Meldrum, W.2,037   
     Newman, E.3,065   
          Total5,397..6,97711,524
Palmerston,—
     Buick, D.3,374   
     McNab, R.2,542   
     Milverton, W.68   
     Thomson, W.748   
          Total6,732..7,95114,194
Otaki,—
     Brown, B. P.1,028   
     Field, W. H.1,7432,496  
     Monckton, C. A. W.1,155   
     Robertson, J.1,2802,517  
          Total5,2065,0136,48512,157
Hutt,—
     McEwan, J. W.911   
     Reardon, M. J.1,540   
     Short, R. W.881   
     Wilford, T. M.3,471   
          Total6,803..3,24814,502
Wellington North,—
     Carey, E. G.1,185   
     Herdman, A. L.4,193   
     Izard, A. W.2,386   
          Total7,764..10,65415,268
Wellington Central,—
     Fisher, F. M. B.2,9873,813  
     Fletcher, R.2,9833,682  
     Freeman, F.180   
     Young, W. T.1,372   
          Total7,5227,49510,78115,248
Wellington East,—
     Bolton, F. G.1,242   
     Brodie, J.132   
     McLaren. D.2,9693,715  
     Newman, A. K.3,3713,780  
          Total7,7147,49510,21915,275
Wellington South,—
     Barber, W. H. P.1,264   
     Couzens, A. E.185   
     Hindmarsh, A. H.2,6703,598  
     Wright, R. A.2,9743,344  
          Total7,0936,9429,06715,238
Electoral District and Names of Candidates.Number of Votes recorded.Number of Electors on Roll.Population at Census, 1911.
First Ballot.Second Ballot.
Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts,—
     Bell, W. H. D.2,4313,060  
     Fitzgerald, J. E.1,214   
     Luke, J. P.1,032   
     Moore, F. T.1,2732,661  
          Total5,9505,7217,43214,136
Nelson,—
     Atmore, H.2,3653,655  
     Bishop, G.379   
     Hampson, W. S.570   
     MacMahon, G.800   
     Moffatt, W. G.1,3712,139  
          Total5,9855,7947,43613,287
Wairau,—
     Duncan, J.2,7253,086  
     McCallum, R.2,4673,228  
     Wiffen, A.1,069   
          Total6,2616,3147,50912,926
Motueka,—
     McKenzie, R.2,710   
     Smith, F. W. O.1,606   
          Total4,316..5,91711,503
Buller,—
     Colvin, J.3,143   
     Munro, F. F.2,993   
          Total6,136..7,40912,618
Grey,—
     Guinness, Sir A. R.3,677   
     Webb, P. C.2,539   
          Total6,216..7,62312,658
Westland,—
     Michel, H. L.3,172   
     Seddon, T. E. Y.3,443   
          Total6,615..7,21312,166
Hurunui,—
     Forbes, G. W.2,940   
     Macfarlane, D. D.2,001   
          Total4,941..6,30611,441
Kaiapoi,—
     Blackwell, J. H.1,453   
     Buddo, D.2,2193,000  
     Moore, R.2,3142,791  
          Total5,9865,7916,91511,927
Christchurch North,—
     Hall, J. D.3,6123,878  
     Isitt, L. M.4,1344,627  
     Petherick, J. E.727   
          Total8,4738,5059,90715,225
Christchurch East,—
     Cooke, F. R.418   
     Davey, T. H.2,3604,042  
     Hunter, H.2,356   
     Thacker, H. T. J.2,4922,861  
          Total7,6266,9039,15515,189
Christchurch South,—
     Ell, H. G.3,690   
     Howard, E. T.540   
     Whiting, G. R.3,059   
          Total7,289..8,70115,172
Lyttelton,—
     Cook, C.2,081   
     Laurenson, G.4,160   
          Total6,241..7,53714,189
Riccarton,—
     Drummond, T. L.162   
     Ensor, C. H.2,0592,603  
     Sullivan, D. G.1,518   
     Witty, G.3,0623,976  
          Total6,8016,5798,09514,126
Avon,—
     Jameson, J. O.1,062   
     McCombs, J.2,8173,583  
     Russell, G. W.3,0403,854  
     Smith, W. R.798   
          Total7,7177,4378,78415,155
Ellesmere,—
     Armstrong, G.1,519   
     Rhodes, R. H.3,100   
     Rowell, F.691   
          Total5,310..6,55611,822
Selwyn,—
     Dickie, W. J.2,734   
     Hardy, C. A. C.2,463   
          Total5,197..6,28311,474
Ashburton.—
     Kennedy, J.1,5342,319  
     Maslin, W. S.1,153   
     McLachlan, J.418   
     Nosworthy, W.2,8643,232  
          Total5,9695,5517,08412,025
Temuka,—
     Armitage, G. W.910   
     Buxton, T.2,902   
     Jeffries, W.1,530   
          Total5,342..6,48211,575
Electoral District and Names of Candidates.Number of Votes recorded.Number of Electors on Roll.Population at Census, 1911.
First Ballot.Second Ballot.
Timaru,—
     Angland, W.497   
     Craigie, J.3,1523,906  
     Moore, J. H.1,9232,680  
     Reader, J.1,636   
          Total7,2086,5868,59214,298
Waitaki,—
     Macpherson, J. A.1,7362,525  
     Paul, W. G.1,572   
     Smith, F. H.2,0472,609  
          Total5,3555,1346,19811,573
Oamaru,—
     Duncan, T. Y.1,805   
     Lee, E. P.3,169   
     Milligan, R.1,318   
          Total6,292..7,19413,392
Otago Central,—
     Bennetts, J.790   
     Mason, W. D.1,544   
     Scott, R.3,354   
          Total5,688..6,88112,137
     Dunedin North,—
     Douglas, R. R.2,4203,423  
     London, J.1,751   
     Thomson, G. M.3,7974,182  
          Total7,9687,6059,23315,141
Dunedin West,—
     Bedford, H. D.3,6353,822  
     Millar, J. A.3,9584,461  
     Munro, J. W.778   
          Total8,3718,28310,82915,106
Dunedin Central,—
     Arnold, J. F.2,498   
     Macpherson, D.1,452   
     Statham, C. E.4,042   
          Total7,992..9,15315,092
Dunedin South,—
     McManus, J. E.3,426   
     Sidey, T. K.4,171   
          Total7,597..8,85315,110
Chalmers,—
     Clark, E. H.2,8503,029  
     Dickson, J. M.1,376   
     Johnson, J. T.1,4762,703  
     McCarthy, A. P.578   
          Total6,2805,7327,37213,226
Bruce,—
     Allen, J.3,138   
     McKinlay, P.2,463   
          Total5,601..6,63311,433
Clutha,—
     Livingstone, G.2,246   
     Malcolm, A. S.2,621   
          Total4,867..6,23611,712
Wakatipu,—
     Fraser, W.2,753   
     Horn, J.2,482   
          Total5,235..6,03611,647
Mataura,—
     Anderson, G. J.3,096   
     MacGibbon, J.2,239   
          Total5,335..6,62712,304
Wallace,—
     Carmichael, A.1,190   
     King, J.682   
     Thomson, J. C.3,152   
          Total5,024..6,03711,468
Invercargill,—
     Farrant, H.2,043   
     Fleming, T.2,1043,069  
     Hanan, J. A.3,1153,736  
          Total7,2626,8058,64514,645
Awarua,—
     Hamilton, J. R.2,265   
     Morris, W. A.152   
     Ward, Sir J. G.2,893   
          Total5,310..6,21811,715

For Maori Representatives.

(Polling-day, 19th December, 1911; number of polling-places, 377.

Of a Maori population amounting to 49,844 persons at the census of 1911, 11,768 voted at the general election held in December, 1911, a decrease of 4,708 on the number who voted at the election of 1908. This large decrease is due to the fact that contests were held in only three of the four electorates. In 1893 the voters numbered 11,269, or 1,739 persons fewer than in 1896, when 13,008 Maoris recorded their votes, while at the general election held in December, 1899, the number of Maoris who voted was 13,628; in 1902 it was 14,271; in 1905, 16,045; in 1908, 16,365; while in 1911 the number decreased to 11,768.

The number of votes recorded in the several districts for each candidate was:—

Electoral Districts and Names of Candidates.Number of Votes recorded for each Candidate.
Northern Maori:
     Te Rangihiroa1,032
     Riapo Timoti Puhipi627
     Jehu Moetara500
     Wiri Nehua455
     Hemi te Paa414
     Herepete Rapihana295
     Eru Ihaka287
     Kaka Porowini261
     Wiremu Tuauru Kowhai43
     Rehana Netana26
     Hiurua Tito25
          Total3,965
Eastern Maori:
     Apirana Turupa Ngata (unopposed)
          Total
Western Maori:
     Maui Pomare2,464
     Henare Kaihau1,899
     Pepene Eketone1,470
     Tarapipipi Taingakawa581
     Ngarangi Katitia560
     Pomare Heteraka19
          Total6,993
Southern Maori:
     Taare Parata264
     John Hopere Wharewiti Uru233
     Tahuaroa Karira Watson131
     Teone Matapura Erihana84
     James Apes80
     Haimona Patete18
          Total810
     Total number of votes recorded in all Maori Electorates11,768

BY-ELECTIONS SINCE 1911.

Egmont By-election, 1912.

A by-election was held in the Egmont Electorate on 17th September, 1912, to fill the seat in the House of Representatives rendered vacant by the resignation of the Hon. T. Mackenzie. Two candidates presented themselves for election, David Lyon Abbott Astbury and Charles Anderson Wilkinson, the latter being returned by a majority of 582 votes. Following are details of the voting:—

Candidate.Votes polled.
Wilkinson, C. A.2,721
Astbury, D. L. A.2,139
          Informal11
          Total votes recorded4,871

The roll prepared for the election contained 6,127 names; the percentage of voters to total number of electors on the roll was thus 79.50.

Grey By-election, 1913.

In consequence of the death of Sir Arthur Guinness on 10th June, 1913, a by-election to fill the vacancy for the Grey seat was rendered necessary. Three candidates were nominated, and the voting resulted as follows:—

Candidate.Votes polled.
First Ballot.Second Ballot.
Hannan, Michael2,039 
Michel, Henry Leslie2,1892,811
Webb, Patrick Charles2,0913,477
          Total valid votes6,3196,288

There were, in addition, 21 informal votes at the first ballot and 45 at the second.

The number of electors who recorded their votes at either first or second ballot (or both) was 6,504, or 84.38 per cent. of the total number on the roll (7,708.)

Lyttelton By-election, 1913.

Mr. George Laurenson, member for Lyttelton, died on 19th November, 1913, and a by-election for that seat was held on 9th December. Five candidates were nominated, and Messrs. J. McCombs and M. J. Miller were left to contest the second ballot, Mr. McCombs being elected. The names of the candidates, with the numbers of votes polled, are as follows:—

Candidate.Votes polled.
First Ballot.Second Ballot.
Laurenson, James Bain922 
McCombs, James2,0752,628
Miller, Malcolm James1,5602,402
Radcliffe, William97 
Thacker, Henry Thomas Joynt.263 
          Total valid votes4,9175,030

The number of electors on the roll on the occasion of the Lyttelton by-election was 6,652 (3,542 men and 3,110 women.) Of these, 5,052 (2,704 men and 2,348 women) recorded votes at either first or second ballot or at both.

OCCUPATIONS OF MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The occupations of European members show that farmers or run-holders furnish more members than any other class. There were twenty-seven of these returned in 1911. There were eleven barristers or solicitors, and four journalists. The number of members returned in 1902, 1905, 1908, and 1911 was seventy-six, against seventy in 1896 and 1899:—

Occupations.1896.1899.1902.1905.1908.1911.
Professional—
     Scientist11
     Minister of religion1
     Law student11
     Secretary, Y.M.C.A.11
     Barrister, solicitor59109811
     Journalist985564
     Mining advocate, interpreter, lecturer, teacher34131
     Chemist111
     Dentist1
     Doctor of medicine1
     Master mariner1
     Instructor technical school1
Domestic—
     Hotelkeeper1
     Commercial—
     Insurance manager11
     Land-broker, estate agent2321
     Auctioneer112
     Director of financial company1111
     Native agent111
     Stationer, bookseller, draper, grocer, butcher365323
     Merchant, iron-merchant, timber-merchant324356
     Storekeeper12221
     Commission agent, clerk, accountant, commercial traveller323323
Transport and Communication—
     Coach-proprietor1
Occupation.1896.1899.1901905.1908.1911.
Industrial—
     Tailor, shoemaker, dyer22331
     Millowner, ship-rigger, builder, metallurgical engineer, mine-manager422212
     Railway employee11
     Blacksmith11
     Mechanical engineer, engine-driver11
     Painter, sign-writer12
     Builder and contractor1
     Secretary, Workers' Union11
     Printer, newspaper-proprietor2121
     Farmer111312161621
     Sheep-farmer, runholder, grazier, stock-owner1479596
     Brewer1
     Contractor333311
Others—
     Settler, gentleman, &c.875876

VOTING AT SUCCESSIVE GENERAL ELECTIONS.

A summary of the population, number of electors on the rolls, and the total number of votes recorded at each of the last seven general elections is next given:—

Year.Total Population at Last Census.Total Number of Electors on Rolls.Number of Votes recorded.Total Number of Electors who recorded their Votes.
For Members elected.For Candidates defeated.Total.

* The difference between these totals is owing to the fact that 23,201 persons who voted at the first ballot refrained from doing so on the second occasion, and 4,143 votes were rejected as informal.

1893626,359302,997153,663149,413303,076220,082
1896703,119339,230184,929174,475359,404258,254
1899703,119373,744202,324185,305387,629279,330
1902772,504415,789235,083181,879416,962318,859
1905772,504476,473216,378173,811390,189396,657
1908888,376537,003233,328177,178410,506428,648
19111,008,206590,042257,349208,219465,568*492,912*

Previous to the general election of 1905 the cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin each formed a single electorate returning three members, consequently every elector on the rolls of these places could exercise one vote for each of three candidates. The total of votes recorded was therefore greatly in excess of the number of persons who voted. In 1903 these cities were divided into single electorates, each returning one member, so that now in no case may any elector vote for more than one candidate.

In the succeeding table will be found a statement giving the results of each general election since the year 1853 for purposes of European representation.

GENERAL ELECTIONS FOR EUROPEAN REPRESENTATIVES HELD SINCE THE YEAR 1853.
Parliament.Year of General Election.Number of Names on Roll of Electors.Number of Members returned.Number of Members returned unopposed.Numbers of Votes recorded (or of Voters recording Votes).Population at End of Year.Average Number of
Persons to each Member.Persons to each Elector.Electors to each Member.

* Information not obtainable.

1 Including 100, the estimated number in Akazoa district, for which there is no return.

2 Including 800, the estimated number in the electorates of Town of New Plymouth, Grey and Bell, and Omata, for which districts there are no returns.

3 Electors for the Electoral District of “The Otago Goldfields” not included.

4 Men and women.

5 Voters recording votes.

First18531 5,93437**30,0008115.1160
Second18552 10,32437**37,1921,0053.6279
Third186113,46653**79,7111,5045.9254
Fourth18663 33,33872**190,6072,6475.7463
Fifth187147,27574**248,4003,3575.3639
Sixth187561,75584**375,8564,4746.1735
Seventh187982,271841443,776463,7295,5215.6979
Eighth1881120,972911169,985500,9105,5054.11,329
Ninth1884137,686911174,672564,3046,2014.11,513
Tenth1887175,410915111,911603,3616,6303.41,928
Eleventh1890183,171706136,337625,5088,9363.42,617
Twelfth18934302,9977034 5220,082672,2659,6042.24,328
Thirteenth18964339,23070..4 5258,254714,16210,2022.14,853
Fourteenth18994373,7447034 5279,330756,50510,8072.05,339
Fifteenth19024415,78976..4 5318,859807,92910,6311.95,471
Sixteenth19054476,47376..4 5396,657882,46211,6111.96,269
Seventeenth19084537,00376..4 5428,648960,64212,6401.87,066
Eighteenth19114590,0427614 5492,9121,025,40613,4921.77,764

Chapter 10. SECTION X.—LICENSES, LOCAL OPTION, ETC.

CENSUS RETURNS.

THE total number of persons engaged in or connected with the sale or manufacture of wine, spirits, beer, cordials, &c., was returned at the census of 1911 as under:—

Occupation.Males.Females.Persons.
Hotelkeeper1,2071661,373
     Relative assisting641,1311,195
     Manager, clerk12450174
Hotel servant2,0362,6434,679
Manager, secretary, steward, servant of club-house25934293
Barman, barmaid5005431,043
Wine, spirits, ale, merchant64165
Assistant23..23
     Clerk, book-keeper, accountant, traveller, storeman, carter137..137
     Cordial, &c., merchant, salesman2..2
Brewer, bottler1191120
     Manager, clerk, traveller1356141
     Relative assisting, apprentice1..1
     Cellarman, assistant, carter, &c.5811582
Maltster and assistant121..121
Winemaker, bottler8..8
Cordial, &c., maker2604264
     Clerk, book-keeper, traveller, assistant37210382
     Relative assisting12113
          Totals6,0254,59110,616

LICENSES AND LICENSED HOUSES.

During the year ended the 31st March, 1913, 1,869 licenses for the sale of intoxicating liquors were granted. Of these, 1,218 were publicans' and accommodation licenses, 5 New Zealand wine, 61 packet, 158 wholesale, and 427 conditional licenses. The fees paid amounted to £42,456, and formed part of the revenue of the local governing bodies of the districts in which the licenses were issued. Particulars are given in the following table:—

NUMBER OF LICENSES GRANTED DURING THE YEAR 1912–13, AND THE AMOUNT OF FEES PAID TO LOCAL BODIES THEREFOR.
Licenses.In Counties.In Boroughs.In Town Districts.Total.
Publicans' licenses404592321,028
Accommodation licenses190....190
          Total licensed houses594592321,218
New Zealand wine licenses..5..5
Packet licenses655..61
Wholesale licenses71492158
Conditional licenses331933427
          Total licenses granted938894371,869
Amount of license fees paid to local bodies£13,495£27,670£1,291£42,456

The average number of persons to each licensed house in counties, boroughs, and town districts respectively for 1912–13 is next shown:—

     Number of Licensed Houses.*Estimated Population.Number of Persons to each Licensed House.

* I.e., houses holding publicans' or accommodation licenses.

† Including only such districts as do not form part of counties.

Counties594469,000790
Boroughs592549,000927
Town districts3220,000626
          Totals1,2181,038,000852

In 1911–12 the number of licensed houses in counties was 617, those in boroughs 590, and those in town districts 28, giving a total of 1,235 houses, 17 more than in 1912–13. The average number of persons to a licensed house increased from 824 in 1911–12 to 852 in 1912–13.

The annual fees paid for licenses are—

(1.) For a publican's license—£

* Between the hours of six in the morning and ten at night. For an eleven-o'clock license an additional £5 must be paid.

     (a.) Within the limits of a borough or town district40*
     (b.) Outside the aforesaid limits25
(2) For a New Zealand wine license1
(3) For an accommodation license, a sum to be determined by the Licensing Committee, not exceeding20
(4.) For a packet license—
     (a.) For a vessel exceeding 50 tons register10
     (b.) For a vessel not exceeding 50 tons register5
(5.) For a wholesale license20
(6.) For a conditional license, according to duration of license, a sum not exceeding30

The approximate capital value of the licensed houses in the counties was stated at £686,838, in certain of the boroughs at £1,337,624, and in the town districts at £75,290. There was, besides, an annual value of £120,706 for other licensed houses in the boroughs, which, capitalized at 6 per cent., would represent £2,011,767. The capital value of all licensed houses would therefore be about £4,111,519.

BREACHES OF LICENSING LAWS.

During 1913 there were 158 convictions (all of males) against publicans and 2,291 convictions (2,104 of males and 187 of females) against others for breaches of the licensing laws.

SLY-GROG SELLING.

There were 207 charges of selling liquor without a license (including storing liquor for sale) investigated in 1913 in the Magistrates' Courts with the following results: 29 were discharged for want of prosecution or want of evidence, 57 dismissed on the merits, and 121 convicted.

The fines imposed on sly-grog sellers during 1913 amounted to £1,714, as against £1,440 in 1912.

LOCAL OPTION.

Each electoral district constituted in New Zealand for the election of a member of the House of Representatives is a licensing district, and electors for the House of Representatives are also electors under the licensing laws. Three of the electorates in the four chief centres, Auckland (East, Central, and West), Wellington (North, Central, and East), Christchurch (North, East, and South), and Dunedin (North, Central, and West) in each case form one electorate for the purpose of taking a local-option poll.

The local no-license and national prohibition polls are taken on the same day as the general election of members of the House of Representatives.

At every licensing poll there is submitted for the determination of the electors of every licensing district (other than a no-license district) the question whether licenses shall continue in that district.

The method of determining the result of the poll in each district by the Returning Officer is as follows:—

  1. If the number of votes recorded in favour of the continuance of existing licenses is an absolute majority of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is deemed to be carried, and the licenses continue until the next poll, subject to certain provisions in special cases.

  2. If the number of votes recorded in favour of the proposal that no license shall be granted is not less than three-fifths of all the voters whose votes were recorded, the proposal is declared to be carried.

  3. If neither of the proposals respecting licenses is carried by the prescribed majority, the licenses continue as they are until next poll, subject to certain provisions in special cases.

If, as the result of a previous decision, there be no licenses existing in a district, the questions submitted to the electors of such district shall be whether licenses be restored or not restored, but a three-fifths majority in favour of restoration is needed in order to carry that issue.

When the population of any riding or county in which the Counties Act, 1908, is in force, or any road district outside of any such county, has suddenly increased in a large degree, and a petition signed by not less than 100 residents thereof, has been presented to the Governor praying that power be granted to the Licensing Committee to issue publicans' licenses, the Governor may, unless the determination of the electors has been previously made that no licenses shall be granted, by Order in Council grant such authority, and thereupon publicans' licenses may be granted in the said riding or road district, at the ratio of one licensed house to every 700 persons residing within a radius of two miles from such licensed house.

NATIONAL PROHIBITION.

The Licensing Act now in force provides for a poll to be taken on the question of national prohibition, in addition to the local option poll. If the total number of votes recorded in favour of national prohibition is not less than three-fifths of the total number of the votes so recorded throughout New Zealand, the determination of the electors shall be deemed to be in favour of national prohibition; and this determination shall, when it comes into force, supersede the determination of the electors of any licensing district. Any such determination in favour of national prohibition shall come into force on the expiration of four years after the date of the general election on which the licensing polls were taken, and shall remain in force until superseded by a determination of the electors in favour of restoration.

The first poll on national prohibition was taken in 1911, when nearly 56 per cent. of the valid votes recorded were in favour of the proposal. Detailed results are given further on in this section.

NATIONAL RESTORATION.

The Act further provides that at the first general election of members of Parliament held after the expiration of three years from the day of the coming into force of the determination of the electors in favour of national prohibition, and at every general election thereafter so long as that determination remains in force, a licensing poll shall be taken, and at that poll there shall be submitted to the electors of each licensing district the question whether licenses shall be restored in the Dominion. If the result of the polls is that the total number of votes recorded in favour of the proposal that licenses be restored is not less than three-fifths of all the votes recorded, then that proposal shall be deemed to be carried. Any determination in favour of restoration shall come into force on the expiration of three months after the poll has been taken.

EMPLOYMENT OF BARMAIDS.

Under the Licensing Amendment Act of 1910 no female is permitted to serve in any capacity in the bar of any licensed premises while the bar is open for the sale of liquor, with the exception of (a) the wife, sister, or daughter of the licensee; (b) the licensee, being a woman; (c) any person registered as a barmaid. The Barmaids Registration Act, 1912, prohibits the employment of unregistered barmaids in private as well as in public bars. Under the latter Act registration of barmaids cannot be effected after 1st June, 1913.

RESULT OF LOCAL OPTION POLL, 1911.

The local option poll taken on 7th December, 1911, did not result in any alteration of the position in licensing districts. No-license was not carried in any license district, nor was restoration carried in any no-license district. The details of the voting were as follows:—

District.Number of Electors on Roll.Number of Voters who recorded Votes (including Informal).For Continuance.For No-license.Number of Valid Votes recorded.
Men.Women.Total.
License Districts.
Bay of Islands6,5223,7901,4265,2162,4382,6185,056
Marsden7,0643,4192,3455,7642,4603,1565,616
Kaipara6,3003,3561,9575,3132,3042,6184,922
Waitemata8,8093,8463,7437,5893,2663,8567,122
Auckland28,54512,12710,26922,39611,40910,48121,890
Parnell10,0114,1144,4828,5963,9614,0377,998
Manukau8,9243,5973,5617,1583,0383,8996,937
Franklin7,0103,1652,4765,6412,4593,0475,506
Raglan6,5723,3382,2275,5652,1923,0655,257
Thames6,7023,2922,3425,6342,7672,7175,484
Tauranga7,2363,4262,3325,7582,7692,8105,579
Waikato7,8213,7062,9856,6912,9393,5716,510
Bay of Plenty7,8224,1431,7415,8843,0682,6225,690
Taumarunui6,7883,6871,7095,3962,9722,2475,219
Gisborne9,0504,0682,7446,8123,4223,2606,682
Hawke's Bay8,8184,7642,5787,3423,7382,8746,612
Napier8,4163,7483,1676,9153,7352,9586,693
Waipawa7,7253,5522,7516,3033,0433,0676,110
Pahiatua6,3233,2262,3165,5422,5422,5725,114
Wairarapa6,8313,5332,4215,9543,3212,5115,832
Stratford6,5573,4122,2165,6282,5782,8255,403
Taranaki7,1633,2383,0566,2942,8493,1616,010
Egmont6,6723,3572,3975,7542,5102,9595,469
Patea7,4833,4962,6546,1502,7543,1635,917
Wanganui8,8713,9623,7567,7183,5743,6257,199
Waimarino8,1044,0182,0496,0673,5202,0555,575
Oroua7,0062,9982,3515,3492,5412,6745,216
Rangitikei6,9773,1702,2925,4622,8192,4175,236
Palmerston7,9513,4833,3326,8153,4793,1136,592
Otaki6,4853,3352,1915,5262,6522,4475,099
Hutt8,2483,6433,2536,8963,6163,1466,762
Wellington31,65412,28311,72024,00312,56510,11122,676
Nelson7,4368,1423,1746,3163,0992,7425,841
Motueka5,9172,7361,6054,3412,4571,7944,251
Buller7,4093,8242,3476,1712,8843,1426,026
Grey7,6233,6502,6376,2873,5462,5476,093
Westland7,2134,1102,5646,6564,0662,2916,357
Wairau7,5093,7272,9266,6533,4802,6256,105
Hurunui6,3063,0771,9154,9922,9401,9114,851
Kaiapoi6,9153,3202,9506,2702,8213,0265,847
Christchurch27,76311,54312,79424,33712,07311,07323,146
Riccarton8,0953,5883,4717,0593,5093,1406,649
Avon8,7843,8134,2028,0153,8413,7367,577
Lyttelton7,5373,3502,9706,3203,2162,9616,177
Ellesmere6,5563,0012,3935,3942,7302,4615,191
Selwyn6,2833,1012,1345,2352,8592,2665,125
Timaru8,5923,7693,6707,4393,4023,7557,157
Temuka6,4823,0672,3215,3882,6832,5485,231
Waitaki6,1983,2242,3705,5942,6592,6165,275
Otago Central6,8813,4042,3245,7282,8582,7255,583
Dunedin29,25811,64713,33224,97911,75012,36624,116
Dunedin South8,8534,0033,7707,7733,8093,8337,642
Chalmers7,3723,3363,1866,5222,7433,4576,200
Wakatipu6,0363,2592,0005,2593,0602,0255,085
Wallace6,0373,1791,9165,0952,6502,2834,933
Awarua6,2183,1472,2455,3922,5882,6335,221
          Total499,733230,309186,037416,346205,023193,638398,661
No-license Districts.
 ..........For Restoration.For Non-restoration.
Eden8,1503,4093,2776,6862,0124,5116,523
Grey Lynn8,5363,6183,8007,4182,0314,7686,799
Ohinemuri7,4133,6572,6156,2723,0732,9586,031
Masterton7,2923,2973,0876,3843,0442,8755,919
Wellington South9,0673,6563,8017,4573,0353,9797,014
Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts7,4323,2443,0296,2732,5483,3055,853
Ashburton7,0843,4432,7486,1913,1752,7095,884
Oamaru7,1943,2233,1256,3482,8903,2956,185
Bruce6,6333,0802,5855,6652,3813,1795,560
Clutha6,2362,9371,9514,8882,0672,7234,790
Mataura6,6273,3042,0675,3712,4022,8285,230
Invercargill8,6453,8773,7367,6133,3443,8887,232
          Total90,30940,74535,82176,56632,00241,01873,020
          Grand totals590,042271,054221,858492,912237,025234,656471,681

From the foregoing table it will be seen that 205,023 votes were recorded in favour of continuing existing licenses—not including twelve districts, Eden, Grey Lynn, Ohinemuri, Masterton, Wellington South, Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts, Ashburton, Oamaru, Bruce, Clutha, Mataura, and Invercargill, where 32,002 votes were recorded for the restoration of the licenses cancelled at the polls taken in previous years. The number of votes cast for no-license was 234,656 (including 41,018 votes cast for non-restoration in no-license districts).

No-license was not carried in any of the fifty-six license districts, and in the twelve districts where no-license was in force non-restoration was carried. In twenty-five (thirty-eight in 1908) districts —Bay of Islands, Marsden, Kaipara, Waitemata, Parnell, Manukau, Franklin, Raglan, Waikato, Tauranga, Waipawa, Pahiatua, Stratford, Taranaki, Egmont, Patea, Wanganui, Oroua, Buller, Kaiapoi, Timaru, Dunedin, Dunedin South, Chalmers, and Awarua —a majority of the votes polled was for no-license, but not in sufficient numbers to make up the three-fifths required to carry that issue. Of the total number who voted (492,912, including those whose votes were informal), 271,054, or 54.99 per cent. were men and 221,858, or 45.01 per cent., were women. Compared with the polling in the year 1908, this shows a numerical increase of 35,500, or 15.07 per cent., on the part of the men, and 35,459, or 19.02 per cent., on the part of the women.

VOTING AT SUCCESSIVE POLLS.

A comparison for the years 1896, 1899, 1902, 1905, 1908, and 1911 of the votes recorded and the number of persons who went to the poll is shown in the next table:—

Year.Number of Persons on Rolls.Number of Persons who recorded Votes (including informal).Votes recorded for
Males.Females.Totals.ContinuanceReductionNo License.

* NOTE.—Reduction issue was not submitted to electors in 1911.

1896339,230151,235108,663259,898139,58094,55598,312
1899373,744163,006122,419285,425143,961109,450120,542
1902415,789180,294138,565318,859148,449132,240151,524
1905476,473221,674174,743396,417182,884151,057198,768
1908537,003235,554186,399421,953188,140162,562221,471
1911590,042271,054221,858492,912237,025*234,656

The increases in the number of votes recorded for no-license or reduction up to the year 1908 are prominent features in the above table, while the figures for the 1911 poll shows a majority for continuance of 2,369.

The table following shows the districts in which no-license has been carried, with particulars of votes for no-license and continuance (omitting votes for reduction), and of votes for and against the restoration of licenses at subsequent polls.

District.No-license carried.Voting on Restoration Issue at subsequent Polls.
Year.Votes for.Votes against.1905.1908.1911.
For.Against.For.Against.For.Against.

NOTE.

—The voting for restoration in Clutha in 1896 was 1,618 for and 1,989 against; in 1899, 1,393 for and 2,170 against; in 1902, 1,368 for and 2,245 against.

Clutha18931,6424871,4952,5369811,8392,0672,723
Ashburton19022,8701,7342,6632,4583,0852,6363,1752,709
Mataura19022,9391,8772,0482,9952,0132,5442,4022,828
Grey Lynn19053,4261,941....2,0505,0762,0314,768
Oamaru19053,1421,818....1,9462,8492,8903,295
Invercargill19053,4092,573....2,3943,0463,3443,888
Eden19084,0572,249........2,0124,511
Ohinemuri19083,3332,035........3,0732,958
Masterton19083,2872,111........3,0442,875
Wellington South19084,0542,241........3,0353,979
Wellington Suburbs and Country Districts19084,3342,448........2,5483,305
Bruce19082,9881,872........2,3813,179

In addition to the above districts which declared for no-license at the periods stated, the following districts carried the no-license issue in 1902, but the polls were subsequently declared void: Newtown (Wellington South)—For continuance, 1,869; for no-license, 2,995. Chalmers—For continuance, 1,676; for no-license, 2,773. Bruce—For continuance, 1,525; for no-license, 2,372.

RESULT OF NATIONAL PROHIBITION POLL, 1911.

In addition to “local no-license,” the question was submitted to the determination of the electors in 1911 whether “national prohibition” should come into force throughout the Dominion, and the following table shows the detailed result:—

District.Number of Electors on Roll.Number of Voters who recorded Votes (including Informal).Against National Prohibition.For National Prohibition.Number. of Valid Votes recorded.
Men.Women.Total.
License Districts.
Bay of Islands6,5223,7901,4265,2162,0742,9675,041
Marsden7,0643,4192,3455,7642,1583,4385,596
Kaipara6,3003,3561,9575,3131,9952,8594,854
Waitemata8,8093,8463,7437,5892,9704,0657,035
Auckland28,54512,12710,26922,39610,29711,28321,580
Parneil10,0114,1144,4828,5963,7014,1627,863
Manukau8,9243,5973,5617,1582,8454,0026,847
Franklin7,0103,1652,4765,6412,3363,0955,431
Raglan6,5723,3382,2275,5651,9183,2725,190
Thames6,7023,2922,3425,6342,3533,0705,423
Tauranga7,2363,4262,3325,7582,3023,2015,503
Waikato7,8213,7062,9866,6912,4883,9776,465
Bay of Plenty7,8224,1431,7415,8842,3533,2595,612
Taumarunui6,7883,6871,7095,3962,5962,6235,219
Gisborne9,0504,0682,7446,8122,8503,7536,603
Hawke's Bay8,8184,7642,5787,3422,9083,6426,550
Napier8,4163,7483,1676,9153,0233,6186,641
Waipawa7,7253,5522,7516,3032,4573,5956,052
Pahiatua6,3233,2262,3165,5422,0762,9695,045
Wairarapa6,8313,5332,4215,9542,9022,7945,696
Stratford6,5573,4122,2165,6282,1143,2825,396
Taranaki7,1633,2383,0566,2942,3473,6395,986
Egmont6,6723,3572,3975,7541,9373,5135,450
Patea7,4833,4962,6546,1502,2093,6595,868
Wanganui8,8713,9623,7567,7182,9454,2087,153
Waimarino8,1044,0182,0496,0672,7772,6845,461
Oroua7,0062,9982,3515,3492,0423,1155,157
Rangitikei6,9773,1702,2925,4622,3242,8505,174
Palmerston7,9513,4833,3326,8152,8483,7166,564
Otaki6,4853,3352,1915,5262,1972,8125,009
Hutt8,2483,6433,2536,8963,0143,6616,675
Wellington31,65412,28311,72024,00311,08611,24322,329
Nelson7,4363,1423,1746,3162,7762,8775,653
Motueka5,9172,7361,6054,3412,1042,0404,144
Buller7,4093,8242,3476,1712,2963,6095,905
Grey7,6233,6502,6376,2872,8013,2376,038
Westland7,2134,1102,5466,6563,1863,0376,223
Wairau7,5093,7272,9266,6533,0272,9395,966
Hurunui6,3063,0771,9154,9922,5062,2114,717
Kaiapoi6,9153,3202,9506,2702,5123,2435,755
Christchurch27,76311,54312,79424,33710,66812,26822,936
Riccarton8,0953,5883,4717,0593,0613,4776,538
Avon8,7843,8134,2028,0153,2884,2147,502
Lyttelton7,5373,3502,9706,3202,8863,2036,089
Ellesmere6,5563,0012,3935,3942,4802,5975,077
Selwyn6,2833,1012,1345,2352,5402,5035,043
Timaru8,5923,7693,6707,4392,8674,1477,014
Temuka6,4823,0672,3215,3882,2512,8475,098
Waitaki6,1983,2242,3705,5942,3212,8935,214
Otago Central6,8813,4042,3245,7282,4533,0385,491
Dunedin29,25811,64713,33224,97910,17013,62123,791
Dunedin South8,8534,0033,7707,7733,3144,2207,534
Chalmers7,3723,3363,1866,5222,3453,7676,112
Wakatipu6,0363,2592,0005,2592,5692,4495,018
Wallace6,0373,1791,9165,0952,1682,6734,841
Awarua6,2183,1472,2455,3922,1672,9505,117
          Totals499,733230,309185,764416,346175,198218,086393,284
No-license Districts.
Eden8,1503,4093,2776,6862,0744,3846,458
Grey Lynn8,5363,6183,8007,4181,9784,7826,760
Ohinemuri7,4133,6572,6156,2722,6873,2665,953
Masterton7,2923,2973,0876,3842,7643,0625,826
Wellington South9,0673,6563,8017,4572,7744,1896,963
Wellington Suburbs and Country District7,4323,2443,0296,2732,4603,3745,834
Ashburton7,0843,4432,7486,1912,9862,7955,781
Oamaru7,1943,2233,1256,3482,7603,3656,125
Bruce6,6333,0802,8585,6652,4213,0695,490
Clutha6,2362,9371,9514,8882,0192,7424,761
Mataura6,6273,3042,0675,3712,3202,8885,208
Invercargill8,6453,8773,7367,6133,2203,9417,161
          Totals90,30940,74536,09476,56630,46341,85772,320
          Grand totals590,042271,054221,858492,912205,661259,943465,604

Of the 465,604 valid votes recorded, 259,943, or 55.83 per cent., were cast for, and 205,661, or 44.17 per cent., against national prohibition.

A comparison with the local option poll shows that 31,364 more votes were cast for continuance than against national prohibition, and 25,287 more votes were recorded for national prohibition than for local no-license.

Chapter 11. SECTION XI.—COMMERCE:

SUBSECTION A.—TOTAL TRADE.

THE total trade of New Zealand grew steadily in volume until 1905, in which year it amounted to £28,484,804. In 1906 there was a rise of nearly five million pounds, and in 1907 a further rise of three million pounds. The following year saw a big decline, but in 1910 the value rose to £39,231,792, falling however in 1911 to £38,574,369. There was another considerable increase in 1912, in which year the value of the total trade amounted to £42,747,155. A further increase of more than £3,500,000 in 1913 made the total for that year £45,275,024, the highest yet recorded, the total for 1912 being the second highest on record. The value of imports in 1913 was more than that for 1912 by £1,311,728, or 6.25 per cent. Exports increased by £1,216,141, equal to 5.59 per cent.

The balance of trade (excluding specie) for the year 1913 stands as follows:—

     £
Exports (excluding specie)22,810,363
Imports21,653,632
          Excess of exports1,156,731

The movement of specie during the same period resulted in a considerable balance on the import side.

     £
Specie imported, 1913634,670
Specie exported 1913176,359
          Balance of imports458,311

The period for which New Zealand trade statistics are compiled embraces part of two seasons' wool clips, and therefore the figures do not exhibit the full effect of fluctuations in prices of this staple for one season as compared with another. Although the year ending 31st March does not cover the whole season's export, it nevertheless includes the greater portion. Excluding specie (£650,140 in 1912–13 and £474,540 in 1913–14) the imports for the year ended 31st March, 1913, amounted to £21,311,998, and for the year ended 31st March, 1914, to £21,835,139, an increase of £523,141. Exports for the same periods amounted to £22,643,594 and £23,442,438 respectively, 1913–14 showing an increase of £798,844 as compared with 1912–13. Specie exported in 1912–13 amounted to £403,555, and in 1913–14 to £32,611.

Reference to the graph which follows will show the great expansion of trade of the Dominion, especially of late years. The value of the total trade has risen from £14,950,353 in 1895 to £45,275,024 in 1913.

GRAPHS SHOWING THE VALUES OF IMPORTS, EXPORTS, AND TOTAL TRADE OF NEW ZEALAND, 1853–1913.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height one million pounds sterling. The total trade is shown in the upper thick curve, the lower curve shows the exports, and the thin curve the imports.

The figures for the last ten years are as shown in the table following. Each of the ten years, except 1908, shows a balance in favour of exports.

Year.Total Trade.Imports.Exports.Imports (excluding Specie).Exports (excluding Specie).Excess of Exports over Imports (excluding Specie).

* Excess of imports.

 ££££££
190428,040,04213,291,69414,748,34812,900,03014,738,7501,838,720
190528,484,80412,828,85715,655,94712,481,17815,642,0693,160,891
190633,306,54015,211,40318,095,13714,303,17017,992,4803,689,310
190737,371,81817,302,86120,068,95716,539,70720,061,6413,521,934
190833,788,77817,471,28416,317,49417,247,16216,075,2051,171,957*
190935,336,71515,674,71919,661,99614,817,46219,636,1514,818,689
191039,231,79217,051,58322,180,20916,748,22322,152,4735,404,250
191138,574,36919,545,87919,028,49018,782,60818,980,185197,577
191242,747,15520,976,57421,770,58120,576,57921,511,626935,047
191345,275,02422,288,30222,986,72221,653,63222,810,3631,156,731

In the table given below the external trade per head of population is shown for each of the past ten years, the calculations being made exclusive as well as inclusive of specie for the purpose of arriving at exact conclusions as regards trade in goods.

Year.Including Specie.Excluding Specie.
Total Trade per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Imports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Exports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Total Trade per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Imports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).Exports per Head of Mean Population (excluding Maoris).
£ s.d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.
1904333815 14 717 9 132 14 215 5 417 8 10
190532141014 14 117 191132 6 614 6 1117 19 7
190637 3916 19 820 4 1361 215 19 520 1 9
190740 13318 16 621 16 939 16 617 19 1121 16 7
190835 15 118 9 917 5 435 5 218 5 017 0 2
190936 7 3162 720 4 835 9 115 4 1120 4 2
191039 10 417 3 622 6 1039 3 816 17 522 6 3
191138 0 219 5 218 15 037 4 218 10 218 14 0
191241 2 1020 3 920 19 140 10 219 16 120 14 1
191342 7 320 17 121 10 241 12 220 5 321 6 11

The average trade per head in 1913 is the highest yet recorded. The year 1874, when the rate per head was £41 4s. 5d. (excluding specie) held the record until last year, and is still in the lead as regards imports (£24 17s. per head).

It has been customary to leave out the Maoris in estimating the sum per head, for their industries and necessities swell the volume of trade in comparatively so slight a measure that the amount per head of European population can be more truly ascertained by omitting them altogether.

The trade per head of mean population is also shown in graphical representation. The decline in total trade and in imports between 1875 and 1895 is remarkable.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height one pound sterling. The trade (excluding specie) per head of mean population is shown in thick (upper) curve, the exports in the medium curve, and the imports in the thin curve.

TRADE WITH VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

The following table shows the value of imports from and exports to each of the principal countries for the years 1909 to 1913. The countries mentioned are those from or to which the goods were shipped, not necessarily those of origin or final destination:—

TRADE WITH VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 1909–13.
Countries.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Imports.
From—£££££
     United Kingdom9,287,78610,498,77111,787,30012,499,78713,312,193
     New South Wales1,275,0031,463,9861,831,2231,547,6641,697,376
     Victoria1,295,194699,229873,649854,033902,965
     Other Australian States194,013196,178240,119182,190314,507
     South Africa6,2247,4439,93613,7337,796
     Canada198,384261,402283,410394,249452,519
     India and Ceylon615,050659,352623,647696,098696,559
     Other British possessions683,308670,888848,056885,518964,334
     United States of America1,166,0631,399,7371,682,1292,049,6182,107,990
     Germany327,847391,795480,617653,230687,935
     France88,766127,230137,157150,024150,777
     Belgium76,708100,749129,320153,766203,526
     Other foreign countries460,373574,823619,316896,664789,825
          Totals15,674,71917,051,58319,545,87920,976,57422,288,302
Exports.
To -£££££
     United Kingdom16,193,18818,633,11815,134,74316,861,25618,130,160
     New South Wales1,052,3711,067,7941,495,3751,814,2051,527,445
     Victoria783,277874,471925,520903,290697,106
     Other Australian States82,46768,48694,273131,16991,196
     South Africa121,96245,66543,77183,32061,696
     Canada180,975160,842199,587542,271606,662
     India and Ceylon138,163132,628100,14843,42344,404
     Other British possessions90,476118,233108,278123,598107,448
     United States of America684,810553,603434,586620,988912,051
     Germany77,969205,931170,493254,703337,448
     France47,45446,52840,20494,382178,336
     Belgium10,95025,39830,87624,21818,522
     Other foreign countries197,934247,512250,636273,758274,248
          Totals19,661,99622,180,20919,028,49021,770,58122,986,722
TRADE WITH VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 1909–13: PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL.
Countries.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Imports.
From—Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
     United Kingdom59.2561.5760.3059.5959.73
     New South Wales8.138.599.377.387.62
     Victoria8.264.104.474.074.05
     Other Australian States1.241.151.230.871.41
     South Africa0.040.040.050.070.03
     Canada1.271.531.451.882.03
     India and Ceylon3.923.873.193.323.12
     Other British possessions4.363.934.344.224.33
     United States of America7.448.218.619.779.46
     Germany2.092.302.463.113.09
     France0.570.750.700.720.68
     Belgium0.490.590.660.730.91
     Other foreign countries2.943.373.174.273.54
          Totals100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00
Exports.
To—Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
     United Kingdom82.3684.0179.5477.4578.87
     New South Wales5.354.807.868.336.64
     Victoria3.983.944.864.153.03
     Other Australian States0.420.310.490.600.40
     South Africa0.620.210.230.380.27
     Canada0.920.731.052.492.64
     India and Ceylon0.700.600.530.200.19
     Other British possessions0.460.530.570.570.47
     United States of America3.482.502.282.853.97
     Germany0.400.930.901.171.47
     France0.240.210.210.440.78
     Belgium0.060.110.160.110.08
     Other foreign countries1.011.121.321.261.19
          Totals100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00

According to statistics published by the British Board of Trade the value of goods received in the United Kingdom from New Zealand during 1912 was £20,302,062, of which goods valued at £4,208,291 were again exported. The f.o.b. value of shipments from the United Kingdom to New Zealand during the same year was £10,390,334, excluding goods other than the produce of the United Kingdom, valued at £796,218. If to the former amount be added 10 per cent. to cover cost of freight and other charges it would appear that the c.i.f. value of goods the produce or manufacture of the United Kingdom sent to New Zealand was £11,429,367, against which produce of this country was imported, and retained for home consumption in the United Kingdom to the value of £16,093,771.

The United Kingdom supplied during the past five years 60.07 per cent. of the value of goods imported into and received 80.43 per cent. of the shipments from this country. Imports and exports from and to the Commonwealth of Australia amounted to 14.20 and 10.99 per cent. respectively. The United States of America provided 8.80 per cent. of the imports and received 3.04 per cent. of the exports, while Germany supplied 2.66 per cent. of the imports, and took 0.99 per cent. of the exports.

A feature of the statistics of Commerce for the year 1912, remarked on in last year's issue of the Year-book, was the falling off in the value of imports from Australia, together with an increase in the value of exports to the Commonwealth. The value of imports from Australia in 1912 was £2,583,887, or £361,104 less than in 1911, while the value of exports to Australia in 1912 was £2,848,664, or £333,496 more than in 1911. In 1913, however, imports and exports from and to the Commonwealth returned to their normal position—i.e., as in 1911 and preceding years—imports being valued at £2,914,848 and exports at £2,315,747.

New Zealand's trade with Canada almost doubled during 1912, and another substantial increase took place in 1913, when imports were valued at £452,519 and exports at £606,662.

EXTERNAL TRADE OF AUSTRALASIA.

The external trade of the Commonwealth of Australia amounted in 1912 to £157,254,690, and that of New Zealand to £42,747,155, a grand total of £200,001,845. If we eliminate all trade between the Commonwealth and the Dominion we find that the external trade of Australasia amounted to £188,988,299, of which exports contributed £95,789,456 and imports £93,198,843, the balance in favour of exports being £2,590,613. Prior to 1891 the balance was in favour of imports, but in that year the scale turned and exports exceeded the imports, a condition which has obtained ever since. The excess in 1912, however, was much less than in 1911, in which year it amounted to £12,745,950.

The following table sets forth the amount of the trade of each of the Australian States and New Zealand with the United Kingdom during the last year for which information is obtainable:—

Country.Year.Imports from the United Kingdom.Exports to the United Kingdom.Total Trade with the United Kingdom.
  £££
New Zealand 191313,312,19318,130,16031,442,353
Queensland19134,533,7397,208,62111,742,360
New South Wales191318,107,13811,904,42430,011,562
Victoria191214,631,9589,023,34323,655,301
South Australia19134,326,9343,313,6057,640,539
Western Australia19123,302,3802,233,6665,536,046
Tasmania1912745,989386,1761,132,165

The next table shows the relative importance of Australasia as a market for the productions of the United Kingdom.

EXPORTS OF HOME PRODUCTIONS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 1912, TO
 £
British India and Ceylon60,487,289
Australasia45,231,035
Germany40,362,767
United States of America30,065,806
France25,585,681
Canada23,531,311
Union of South Africa21,420,912
Argentine Republic20,549,853
Netherlands14,281,668
Italy14,007,790
Russia13,737,990
Brazil12,657,830
Japan12,229,115
Belgium12,193,306
China10,780,042
Egypt9,448,370
Turkey8,040,331
Sweden7,137,432
Spain6,887,164
Chile6,159,159
Denmark5,588,892
Norway5,566,269
Java5,151,423
Straits Settlements5,038,746
Austria-Hungary4,943,355
Switzerland4,035,405
Nigeria3,578,889
Hong Kong3,530,762
Portugal3,031,812
Roumania2,933,159
Uruguay2,917,021
British West Indies2,584,683
Greece2,569,327
Cuba2,552,913
Mexico2,507,800

The exports to other countries did not amount to £2,000,000 in any one case.

Australasia as a whole, with a population of less than six millions, thus takes the second place in importance for consumption of British produce, the exports thereto being almost three-fourths the value of those to British India and Ceylon, the population of which countries was 319,000,000 at the census of 1911.

DOMINIONS ROYAL COMMISSION.

Pursuant to a resolution of the Imperial Conference, held at London in 1911, a Royal Commission was set up to make inquiries, inter alia, into the natural resources of the self-governing dominions (their present and possible development) and into the facilities for the production, manufacture, and distribution of all articles of commerce therein; into the food and raw material requirements of those dominions and the United Kingdom, and the available sources of supply thereof; and into the trade of the self-governing dominions and the United Kingdom, each part with the others, and with the rest of the world, with the object of showing the natural resources and trade of the Empire, and of offering suggestions for the development of those resources and the extension of that trade.

The Commission, which includes representatives of the United Kingdom, the Australian Commonwealth, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and Newfoundland, sat for some time in the United Kingdom, and then came to New Zealand, this country being the first of the self-governing dominions visited. The Commission arrived in New Zealand towards the end of February, 1913, and sittings were held at Dunedin, Christchurch, Wellington, and Auckland. In addition to dealing with trade, particular attention was directed to ascertaining the potential resources of the Dominion in regard to its coal, iron, and oil supplies, and the further development of its agricultural and pastoral production. A considerable amount of evidence was also taken as to the need for increased immigration. Since leaving New Zealand in March, 1913, the Commission has visited Australia and South Africa, and will deal with Canada and Newfoundland next year. Two reports dealing with New Zealand (Cd. 6517, issued in 1912, and Cd. 7170, issued in 1913) have been published by the British Government.

RECIPROCAL TRADE.

The following are the reciprocal provisions of the Customs Duties Act, 1908, sections 9 and 10:—

Where any country, being part of the British dominions, reduces or abolishes, or proposes to do so, the duty on any product or manufacture of New Zealand, the Governor is authorized to enter into an agreement to reduce or abolish the duty on any articles the produce or manufacture of such country to an extent that the estimated revenue so remitted shall equal as nearly as possible the remission by that country. Such agreements, however, require ratification by Parliament.

Similarly, where any country not being part of the British dominions, reduces or abolishes, or proposes to do so, the duty on any product or manufacture of New Zealand, the Governor is authorized, subject to or by virtue of a treaty with His Majesty, to negotiate for an agreement to reduce or abolish the duty on any articles the produce or manufacture of such country to an extent that the estimated revenue so remitted in New Zealand shall equal as nearly as possible what is remitted by that country, subject to Parliamentary ratification.

A treaty is at present in force between New Zealand on the one hand and the British South African Colonies composing the Union and Southern Rhodesia on the other, by which certain concessions as to tariff rates are made on both sides. A schedule of the goods affected will be found in Subsection D of this Section.

SUBSECTION B.—EXPORTS.

THE quantities and values of exports used in making up the figures given in this portion of the statistical information are obtained from Customs entries. In estimating the value of goods exported the “free on board in New Zealand” value is given, and, as regards the main items, the Collector of Customs carefully examines the amounts stated, and compares them with current price-lists, to prevent any over-estimate. As a further safeguard, the values of wool, frozen meat, oats, wheat, tallow, phormium fibre, butter, and cheese are submitted to the various Chambers of Commerce for their approval prior to the publication of the figures. Goods transhipped are regarded as destined for the country where it is intended to land them.

The value of all the exports in 1913, inclusive of specie (£176,359), was £22,986,722. The value of New Zealand produce exported, £22,577,890, gives an average of £21 2s. 7d. per head of population, against £20 9s. 6d. in 1912 and £18 10s. 1d. in 1911.

The average annual value of New Zealand products exported during each quinquennial period since 1853, and the average value per head of population is shown below.

Quinquennial Period.Exports of New Zealand Produce.
Average Total Value.Average Value per Head.
££ s. d. 
1853–57335,5718 11 11
1858–621,040,33011 18 10
1863–673,754,50019 15 5
1868–724,636,37418 8 4
1873–775,530,71515 3 8
1878–825,893,19512 5 7
1883–876,665,48111 12 0
1888–928,898,37214 4 0
1893–978,961,26912 16 0
1898–190212,273,80715 17 8
1903–0716,513,39918 14 5
1908–1219,471,34619 11 9
191322,577,89021 2 7

EXPORTS FROM THE NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS.

The exports from the North and South Islands respectively, excluding “Parcels-post,” during the last five years were as under:—

Year.North Island.South Island.Proportion to Total Export.
North Island.South Island.
 ££Per cent.Per cent.
190911,943,8107,685,11560.8539.15
191013,651,6598,493,36061.6538.35
191111,352,8657,636,10459.7940.21
191213,479,9178,251,23262.0337.97
191314,758,8148,176,34664.3535.65

EXPORTS FROM DIFFERENT PORTS.

The following table shows the average yearly value of exports from each port in the Dominion during each quinquennial period from 1893 to 1912, and for the year 1913. The ports are arranged in order of magnitude for the latter year.

Ports.Yearly Average of Quinquennial Periods.Year.
1893–97.1898–1902.1903–07.1908–12.1913.

* Included in New Plymouth.

 £££££
Wellington1,363,1572,128,1983,176,0523,928,3075,322,808
Auckland1,275,4131,923,7852,859,8743,379,0864,024,740
Lyttelton1,773,1312,328,1482,592,1052,700,6152,983,266
Napier937,662903,3771,253,5381,651,6291,949,288
Dunedin1,064,0161,352,5351,501,7501,460,4871,582,020
Invercargill and Bluff662,826813,436931,7761,283,3721,302,776
Poverty Bay234,793371,745732,1231,059,1671,216,354
Timaru519,388741,5101,033,2171,136,3921,205,241
Patea41,86985,349347,886603,338692,336
New Plymouth161,902365,789452,388552,810631,258
Wanganui284,126333,842402,263449,135532,285
Greymouth229,764324,512403,821384,331375,451
Waitara*85,847162,984314,299310,462
Wairau and Picton137,452139,700252,434294,668303,686
Oamaru266,259230,497258,530198,648209,298
Nelson64,78566,98587,065127,755160,216
Kaipara80,008140,734143,979139,48479,283
Westport37,50756,37165,13559,80640,345
Hokitika80,20740,54636,61231,56114,047

The grouping of Invercargill with Bluff, and Wairau with Picton, is unavoidable as the returns furnished by the Customs do not, in those cases, distinguish each port separately.

EXPORTS TO DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.

The values of exports for the years 1903 and 1913 to the United Kingdom, the Australian States, Canada, and other British possessions, and to United States, Germany, and other foreign countries, show the extent and development of outward trade in regard to its distribution, considered for such period:—

Countries.1903.1913.
 ££
United Kingdom11,345,07518,130,160
Queensland37,28911,327
New South Wales974,4601,527,445
Victoria1,068,751697,106
South Australia29,23928,089
Western Australia100,75932,570
Tasmania23,49819,210
Canada2,421606,662
Other British possessions585,191213,548
United States669,649912,051
Germany17,584337,448
Other foreign countries156,462471,106
 £15,010,37822,986,722

Comparing the second five years with the first half of the period shown below, it is found that there has been an increase of 25.50 per cent. in the value of exports to the United Kingdom, of 14.58 per cent. to British possessions, and of 36.63 per cent. to foreign countries.

Year.Exports to
United Kingdom.British Colonies and Possessions.Foreign States.
 £££
190411,876,2732,088,691783,384
190512,087,8182,591,802976,327
190614,047,1763,141,327906,634
190716,533,4932,559,631975,833
190813,143,7802,414,521759,193
190916,193,1882,449,6911,019,117
191018,633,1182,468,1191,078,972
191115,134,7432,966,952926,795
191216,861,2563,641,2761,268,049
191318,130,1603,135,9571,720,605

The following are the values of exports to different countries or places in 1912 and 1913, arranged in order of magnitude of increase or decrease:—

Country.1912.1913.Increase in 1913.
 £££
United Kingdom16,861,25618,130,1601,268,904
United States of America620,988912,051291,063
France94,382178,33683,954
Germany254,703337,44882,745
Canada542,271606,66264,391
Norway1125,29525,284
Society Islands68,14580,48712,342
Uruguay9,74719,5549,807
Western Australia25,82032,5706,750
Sandwich Islands2,4845,9113,427
Foreign New Guinea..3,1083,108
Argentina Republic4,9517,5322,581
Holland1,6753,9862,311
Ceylon41,75443,6751,921
Japan1,4602,9011,441
Caroline Islands2731,6261,353
Natal49,81751,1131,296
Russia1,1022,3491,247
Chile6371,554917
Fanning Island3531,215862
Bismarck Archipelago1,9402,762822
Solomon Islands1,6602,372712
New Caledonia2,2462,621375
Portuguese East Africa144483339
Malden Island99419320
Marshall Islands347654307
Switzerland214509295
Java36546196
Bombay9016575
Papua5411864
Guam..6161
Gilbert and Ellice Islands69771114
Indian Native States163014
Philippine Islands82113
British Baluchistan21513
Wei-Hai-Wei..88
Nyassaland Protectorate..66
Arabia165
Korea154
Eastern Bengal and Assam25283
Singapore40433
Peru143
Hungary..33
Mexico132
Belgian Congo132
Madagascar..22
Southern Nigeria..22
Luxemburg..22
Malta..22
Mauritius561
Penang121
Ecuador121
Siam..11
Sumatra..11
Persia..11
Alaska..11
Columbia..11
Panama..11
British West Indies22..
Northern Rhodesia11..
Gold Coast Colony11..
British Guiana11..
Foreign West Indies11..
Country.1912.1913.Decrease in 1913.
 £££
New South Wales1,814,2051,527,445286,760
Victoria903,290697,106206,184
Friendly Islands98,68241,74656,936
South Australia53,79728,08925,708
Cape of Good Hope33,14710,38622,761
Queensland26,23311,32714,906
Gibraltar19,16510,9078,258
Fiji95,13488,7896,345
Tasmania25,31919,2106,109
Belgium24,21818,5225,696
Navigators Islands64,53461,1583,376
Hong Kong7,9215,5452,376
Austria4,6472,8091,838
Whale Fisheries1,752..1,752
Bengal1,320321999
China768124644
Brazil1,8071,236571
Norfolk Island759363396
New Hebrides1,213911302
Antarctica250..250
Sweden978733245
Denmark374168206
Italy514322192
Transvaal24214399
Southern Rhodesia904446
Siberia40238
Madras12510223
British East Africa Protectorate281018
Federated Malay States342014
Orange Free State23914
British North Borneo14113
Bolivia25169
Agra and Oudh28208
Uganda7..7
Burmah1266
Portugal5..5
Syria954
Aden4..4
Egypt532
Falkland Islands312
Indian Central Provinces312
Turkey2..2
Zanzibar2..2
Punjab32311
Indian North-west Frontier Province17161
Newfoundland211
Roumania1..1
Paraguay1..1
Northern Nigeria1..1
Andaman Islands1..1
Malacca1..1
Celebes1..1
Timor1..1
Lord Howe Island1..1

PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED TO VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

A list of the principal articles of export to various countries is given below. The list includes all items of a value of £2,000 or over.

UNITED KINGDOM.£
Ambergris4,400
Arms, &c.—
     Ordnance stores3,500
Books, papers, and music, printed2,047
Butter1,576,912
Carriages, &c.—
     Motor vehicles, and materials and parts4,967
Cheese1,760,814
Coals143,413
Copra20,497
Foods, farinaceous—
     Infants' and invalids'4,188
Glycerine, crude2,789
Gold344,547
     Concentrates, &c.12,244
Grain and Pulse—
     Beans and peas79,696
     Wheat10,965
Gum, kauri187,547
Hair4,847
Hides14,577
Honey3,471
Hops7,845
Indiarubber, old5,072
Lard2,328
Leather30,869
Machinery and machines4,270
Meats—
     Beef, frozen283,199
     Kidneys, frozen12,848
     Lamb (whole carcases), frozen2,332,369
     Mutton (whole carcases), frozen1,624,275
     Mutton (joints), frozen31,728
     Pork, frozen5,843
     Rabbis, frozen in skins74,514
     Other frozen7,337
     Potted and preserved38,499
     Meat-extract6,438
Metal, manufactured articles of4,250
Metal, old4,303
Minerals—
     Scheelite ore3,046
Phormium538,324
     Tow55,059
Rags3,680
Sausage-skins85,624
Seeds—
     Grass and clover28,622
Silver55,450
Skins—
     Calf and other kinds10,185
     Rabbit85,580
     Sheep, with wool182,228
     Sheep, without wool410,853
Tallow580,973
     Mutton stock and oleomargarine81,543
Timber8,657
Wool—
     Greasy5,706,024
     Scoured772,819
     Slipe770,257
     Washed21,966
Parcels-post33,350
VICTORIA.
Animals, living—
     Horses21,066
     Sheep3,767
Books, papers, and music, printed2,656
Coals6,547
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares3,373
Fish—
     Frozen8,737
Gold239,254
     Concentrates, slimes, &c.2,568
Grain and pulse—
     Oats5,678
Hides63,981
Hops4,592
Indiarubber, old2,240
Machinery and machines4,561
Meats—
     Potted and preserved3,176
Oysters2,399
Phormium56,293
     Tow6,670
Rugs2,485
Seeds—
     Grass and clover11,965
Specie100,000
Stone—
     Sand, pumice3,458
Timber102,719
Wool—
     Greasy4,291
Parcels post4,380
NEW SOUTH WALES.
Animals, living—
     Horses14,200
     Sheep20,515
Bags and sacks3,844
Carriages, &c.—
Motorvehicles, chassis for2,310
Cement2,050
Coals21,431
Fancy goods and toys2,008
Fancy goods—
     Cinematographic films, &c.11,655
Fish—
     Frozen10,004
     Potted and preserved2,898
Food, farinaceous—
     Infants' and invalids'8,683
Gold846,168
     Concentrates, &c.18,759
Grain and pulse—
     Beans and peas3,694
Oats15,702
Gum, kauri2,362
Hair2,515
Hides72,267
Hops10,017
Linseed4,270
Machinery and machines6,748
Meats—
     Potted and preserved3,311
Metal, manufactured articles of9,236
Minerals—
     Scheelite ore3,748
Phormium38,274
     Tow3,105
Potatoes2,818
Rugs3,703
Seeds—
     Grass and clover4,566
Skins—
     Calf and other kinds8,538
     Sheep, without wool8,105
Specie67,159
Spirits—
     Whisky2,053
Stone—
     Sand, pumice3,564
Timber179,389
Tobacco2,301
Wool—
     Greasy39,444
Parcels-post7,093
QUEENSLAND.
Cement2,400
Timber2,328
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
Machinery and machines2,297
Phormium4,649
Timber11,527
Twine—
     Binder4,927
WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
Meats—
Potted and preserved2,917
Oils—
     Whale12,620
Phormium2,994
Timber4,263
TASMANIA.
Coals2,362
Hides2,472
Seeds—
     Grass and clover4,582
Timber2,511
FIJI.
Animals, living—
     Sheep1,973
Bacon and hams2,218
Bran2,517
Butter4,992
Cement5,939
Coals13,116
Meats—
     Potted and preserved12,825
Potatoes2,457
Specie8,600
Timber2,994
Woodenware4,265
GIBRALTAR.
Meat—
     Beef, frozen6,836
     Mutton (whole carcases), frozen4,071
HONG KONG.
Fungus5,151
CEYLON.£
Grain and pulse—
     Oats2,252
Silver40,951
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
Butter7,082
NATAL.
Butter41,559
Cheese4,731
CANADA.
Butter320,136
Gum, kauri4,618
Hides93,452
Meats—
     Beef, frozen53,807
     Veal, frozen6,565
Skins—
     Calf and other kinds29,081
     Sheep, with wool33,294
     Sheep, without wool4,022
Wool—
     Greasy2,299
     Scoured19,140
     Slipe24,322
GERMANY.
Casein6,452
Gum, kauri27,880
Minerals—
     Scheelite ore16,139
Sausage-skins2,640
Wool—
     Greasy277,938
FRANCE.
Gum, kauri3,995
Wool—
     Greasy173,961
NORWAY.
Ambergris22,400
Oils—
Whale2,871
BELGIUM.
Gum, kauri5,120
Wool—
     Greasy11,735
HOLLAND.£
Gum, kauri2,495
AUSTRIA.
Gum, kauri2,617
JAPAN.
Wool—
Greasy2,645
UNITED STATES.
Butter95,857
Coals2,972
Gum, kauri308,456
Hides14,988
Phormium79,057
Seeds—
     Grass and clover7,742
Skins—
     Calf and other kinds2,141
     Sheep, with wool6,834
     Sheep, without wool153,753
Wool—
     Greasy228,693
ARGENTINE.
Fruits, fresh—
     Apples and Pears6,463
URUGUAY.
Animals, living—
     Sheep8,287
Fruits, fresh—
     Apples and Pears3,941
Plants, shrubs, and trees3,432
BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO.
Coals2,751
FRIENDLY ISLANDS.
Biscuits—
     Ships', plain3,224
Meats—
     Potted and preserved7,885
Oils—
     Mineral2,422
Sugar2,588
Timber2,002
NAVIGATORS ISLANDS.
Butter2,672
Coals2,144
Cotton piece-goods1,961
Iron and steel—
     Sheet, galvanized2,311
Meats—
     Beef, salted8,286
     Potted and preserved11,724
Oils—
     Mineral4,318
Sugar4,329
Timber2,207
NEW GUINEA (other than British).
Coals3,090
SOCIETY ISLANDS.
Animals, living—
     Cattle, horned2,265
Butter8,308
Coals2,724
Fancy goods—
     Cinematograph films, &c.7,274
Iron and steel—
     Sheet, galvanized3,642
Meats—
     Potted and preserved16,403
Milk, preserved2,982
Oils—
     Mineral5,290
Soap6,422
Sugar5,039
SANDWICH ISLANDS.
Butter2,588
Meats—
     Beef, frozen2,643

RE-EXPORTS.

Owing to the geographical position of New Zealand its re-export trade is insignificant, and has varied but slightly in amount year by year. The figures for 1913 are above the average, being exceeded however by those for 1907 and 1912. The re-exports of merchandise in 1907 were valued at £278,503, or less than 1œ per cent. of the total exports, excluding specie.

EXPORTS OF BRITISH, FOREIGN, AND OTHER COLONIAL PRODUCE (EXCLUDING SPECIE).
 £
1894136,402
1895127,966
1896122,571
1897144,955
1898124,850
1899123,682
1900168,009
1901179,350
1902136,860
1903133,734
1904136,963
1905138,539
1906152,134
1907278,503
1908180,675
1909173,215
1910208,310
1911198,287
1912239,221
1913232,473

NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE EXPORTED: VALUE FOR TWENTY YEARS.

The value of the export during twenty years, 1894–1913, is shown in a table giving the principal items of domestic produce exported each year. In “Manufactures” is included phormium fibre, the value of the export of which in 1913 was £721,924. The most important commodities included under the heading “Other New Zealand Produce” are coal, silver, minerals, fish, fungus, kaurigum, timber, bacon and hams, salted and preserved meats, tallow, sheep-skins, rabbit-skins, pelts, hides, sausage-skins, and live-stock.

EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE.
Calendar Year.Wool.Gold.Frozen Meat.Butter and Cheese.Agricultural Produce.ManufacturesOther N.Z. Produce.Total.
 ££££££££
18944,827,016887,8651,194,545366,483317,655224,9581,266,6269,085,148
18953,662,1311,162,1811,262,711378,510326,029188,7021,409,8898,390,156
18964,391,8481,041,4281,251,993411,882572,355198,0811,309,7499,177,333
18974,443,144980,2041,566,286553,122495,175197,6011,360,7359,596,267
18984,645,8041,080,6911,698,750539,466410,677253,8051,695,79510,324,088
18994,324,6271,513,1802,088,856713,617913,678378,0661,867,71611,799,740
19004,749,1961,439,6022,123,881969,7311,230,565549,3421,992,93213,055,249
19013,699,1031,753,7842,253,2621,121,0911,532,386425,1421,905,69212,690,460
19023,354,5631,951,4262,718,7631,369,3411,045,986755,2322,303,28813,498,599
19034,041,2742,037,8323,197,0131,513,065744,845823,3582,480,77514,838,192
19044,673,8261,987,5012,793,5991,565,946559,243896,3622,125,31014,601,787
19055,381,3332,093,9362,694,4321,613,728428,280882,9602,408,86115,503,530
19066,765,6552,270,9042,877,0311,901,237270,542988,2642,766,71317,840,346
19077,657,2782,027,4903,420,6642,277,700162,9671,073,7023,163,33719,783,138
19085,332,7812,004,7993,188,5151,954,601265,730572,3272,575,77715,894,530
19096,305,8882,006,9003,601,0932,744,770976,170504,9523,323,16319,462,936
19108,308,4101,896,3183,850,7773,007,348481,522649,8283,749,96021,944,163
19116,491,7071,815,2513,503,4012,768,974412,815537,9953,251,75018,781,898
19127,105,4831,345,1313,909,5693,769,2021,060,605636,7953,445,62021,272,405
19138,057,6201,459,4994,449,9333,831,948279,976987,0723,511,84222,577,890

The preceding table shows that the value of the exports of New Zealand produce increased steadily until 1908, when a slump in prices occurred. The following two years show increases, but another heavydrop is recorded for 1911, followed by a large increase in 1912, and a further increase in 1913.

The diagrams on the two preceding pages give a comparison of the proportions of certain principal articles, the produce of the Dominion, exported in 1893 and 1913.

It is seen that in 1893 wool constituted over 44 per cent. of the total exports of New Zealand products, while meats constituted 13.37 per cent., agricultural products 8.37 per cent., and gold 10.70 per cent. Butter and cheese represented only 4.14 per cent., the dairy industry being at that time still in its infancy.

The relative importance of certain items has altered greatly during the twenty years. Looking at the diagram for 1913 it will be seen that wool still maintains its position as the principal article of export, but its proportion to the total is much lower than in 1893, being 35.69 per cent. as against 44.11 per cent. As in 1893, meats are second in point of value, but the proportion to the total has increased to 20.26 per cent. Butter and cheese come third with 16.97 per cent., showing the remarkable growth of the industry since 1893 when these items formed only 4.14 per cent. of the total. Agricultural produce, gold, and kauri-gum all show considerable decreases as regards proportion of total exports.

Taking the various classes into which the exports are divided, it is seen that pastoral products as a whole, which in 1893 formed 68.28 per cent. of the total exports of New Zealand produce, represented in 1913 no less than 82.02 per cent. Agricultural produce fell from 8.37 per cent. to 1.24 per cent. during the twenty years, minerals from 11.74 per cent. to 7.94 per cent. and forest products from 7.31 per cent. to 3.87 per cent. Manufacturers show a slight increase.

EFFECT OF PRICES ON TOTAL VALUE OF EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE.

It is of interest to ascertain what effect changes in prices have had on the values of exports of New Zealand produce. By ascertaining the average price per unit in any base year of as many commodities as possible, consistent with accuracy, it is an easy matter to compute what would have been the total value of the exports of those commodities in any other given year, had the prices ruling in the base year not changed. Items not included in the computation (comprising those where no unit of quantity is given and those where there is no standard unit, such as “agricultural implements”) are dealt with on a proportionate basis. Gold, which is not subject to price-fluctuations, is excluded both from the direct computation and from the pro rata estimate.

As already indicated in this subsection, New Zealand has little re-export trade. Excluding gold and specie, New Zealand produce constitutes about 98œ per cent. of the Dominion's exports, reckoned according to value. Of the total exports of New Zealand produce (other than gold), 99 per cent. can, for the purpose of the present inquiry, be computed directly, leaving only 1 per cent. to be calculated p.o rata. The actual totals for the thirteen years ended 1913 are £202,108,402 and £1,930,701 respectively. In similar calculations made for the United Kingdom and the Australian Commonwealth, direct computations were made in respect of 86 and 83 per cent. of the total exports of the respective countries.

Working on the method above referred to, which is essentially the same as that introduced and elaborated by the British Board of Trade and used in a system of tables prepared by it annually, a table has been prepared showing for each year of the twentieth century the values that would have been represented by exports of New Zealand produce had the average prices ruling in 1900 been the same throughout the period. The values as actually declared are also given.

EXPORTS OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE 1900 TO 1913, SHOWING EFFECT OF PRICES ON TOTAL VALUES.
Year.Total, excluding Gold.Gold.Total, including Gold.
As actually declared.As computed on 1900 Prices.As actually declared.As computed on 1900 Prices.
 £££££
190011,615,64711,615,6471,439,60213,055,24913,055,249
190110,936,67612,130,3971,753,78412,690,46013,884,181
190211,547,17312,920,7961,951,42613,498,59914,872,222
190312,800,36013,094,4012,037,83214,838,19215,132,233
190412,614,28611,975,8271,987,50114,601,78713,963,328
190513,409,59411,614,0402,093,93615,503,53013,707,976
190615,569,44212,626,6682,270,90417,840,34614,897,572
190717,755,64813,874,2902,027,49019,783,13815,901,780
190813,889,73112,606,6942,004,79915,894,53014,611,493
190917,456,03615,923,4882,006,90019,462,93617,930,388
191020,047,84516,685,3271,896,31821,944,16318,581,645
191116,966,64714,384,0001,815,25118,781,89816,199,251
191219,927,27416,439,7951,345,13121,272,40517,784,926
191321,118,39116,064,0311,459,49922,577,89017,523,530

The information given in the above table is also set out graphically.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents a year's interval, and the vertical height £1,000,000 sterling. The dotted curve shows the actual values as declared, and the continuous curve the values as computed on the basis of the 1900 prices.

It will be seen from the table and the diagram that in 1901, 1902, and 1903 the values as computed on the prices ruling in the base year were in excess of the declared values, while the reverse has held since 1903.

Wool, meats, and butter and cheese together comprise 70 per cent. of the Dominion's domestic exports (see diagram on page 347), and consequently these commodities exercise a dominating influence on the total value of the exports. The price of wool was comparatively low in the earlier years of the century, and has since shown a general tendency to increase from year to year. Meats have risen in price almost continually since the base year, and the same may be said of butter and cheese. The figures for these commodities are shown. The values of butter and cheese, also of the various classes of wool and the various kinds of meats, have been assessed separately and added together.

Year.Wool.Meats.Butter and Cheese.
As actually declared.As computed on 1900 Prices.As actually declared.As computed on 1900 Prices.As actually declared.As computed on 1900 Prices.
 ££££££
19004,749,1964,749,1962,222,9022,222,902969,731969,731
19013,699,1034,950,7892,349,7172,236,9541,121,0911,097,434
19023,354,5635,491,6942,853,6662,616,3671,369,3411,256,510
19034,041,2744,515,6413,295,8062,859,8741,513,0651,390,082
19044,673,8264,801,8212,864,7032,289,3601,565,9461,537,333
19055,381,3334,606,6662,782,3232,095,4641,613,7281,509,255
19066,765,6555,088,6072,970,7622,518,2631,901,2371,666,488
19077,657,2785,625,8733,521,6612,927,0512,277,7001,937,046
19085,332,7815,390,7983,268,6702,629,3091,954,6011,612,412
19096,305,8886,280,2433,754,8123,269,8322,744,7702,270,408
19108,308,4106,714,7524,013,3273,373,5933,007,3482,536,735
19116,491,7075,631,2243,656,2552,891,5252,768,9742,258,161
19127,105,4836,224,9414,041,5533,188,4883,769,2022,908,152
19138,057,6206,139,4124,564,1873,212,6703,831,9482,960,069

Taking the average prices ruling in 1900 as representing 1,000, index numbers have been prepared showing relative prices in each of the years shown above in respect of the total exports of New Zealand produce, also wool, meats, and butter and cheese.

INDEX NUMBERS OF EXPORT PRICES (1900 = 1,000).
Year.Total New Zealand Produce.Wool.Meats.Butter and Cheese.
19001,0001,0001,0001,000
19019147471,0501,022
19029086111,0911,090
19039658951,1521,088
19041,0469731,2511,019
19051,1311,1681,3281,069
19061,1981,3301,1801,141
19071,2441,3611,2031,176
19081,0889891,2431,212
19091,0851,0041,1481,209
19101,1811,2371,1901,186
19111,1591,1531,2641,226
19121,1961,1411,2681,296
19131,2881,3121,4211,295

These figures indicate considerable increase in 1913 as compared with 1912, in the case of wool, meats, and total. Had average prices in 1913 remained the same as in 1912 the exports of wool, meats, and butter and cheese in the two years would have been,—

 Wool.Meats.Butter and Cheese.
     £££
1912—Values as declared7,105,4834,041,5533,769,202
1913—Values as declared8,057,6204,564,1873,831,948
1913—Values as computed on 1912 prices7,023,1834,091,0313,837,568

The values of the commodities referred to are shown graphically for each year since 1900, values as actually declared and as computed on the basis of the prices ruling in 1900 being given.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents a year's interval, and the vertical height £1,000,000 sterling. The dotted curves show the actual values as declared, and the continuous curves the values as computed on the basis of the 1900 prices.

VALUE OF ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1912 AND 1913.

A comparative statement of exports for the last two years is given below, showing the value of principal articles, being the produce or manufacture of the Dominion, classified according to their nature:—

VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1912 AND 1913.
Articles.Year 1912.Year 1913.Increase in 1913.Decrease in 1913.
THE MINE.££££
Coal216,170205,010..11,160
Gold1,345,1311,459,499114,368 
Silver and other minerals98,979127,26828,289 
          Total1,660,2801,791,777131,497 
THE FISHERIES.
Fish33,74623,721..10,025
Oysters2,9842,813..171
Whalebone3,1961,537..1,659
Whale-oil2,05218,48116,429 
Other22226,95926,737 
          Total42,20073,51131,311 
THE FOREST.
Fungus8,4335,655..2,778
Kauri-gum401,305549,106147,801 
Timber, sawn and hewn490,508319,055..171,453
Other425294..131
          Total900,671874,110..26,561
ANIMALS AND PRODUCE.
Bacon and hams11,2824,991..6,291
Beef and pork (salted)13,73011,220..2,510
Butter2,088,8092,061,651..27,158
Cheese1,680,3931,770,29789,904 
Hides221,594261,74440,150 
Live-stock114,61180,220..34,391
Preserved meats119,178108,995..10,183
Frozen meat3,909,5694,449,933540,364 
Sausage-skins91,68893,2511,563 
Rabbit-skins118,23486,756..31,478
Sheep-skins and pelts707,203800,35493,151 
Tallow684,739663,088..21,651
Wool7,105,4838,057,620952,137 
Other64,29668,6664,370 
          Total16,930,80918,518,7861,587,977 
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
Bran and sharps19,6488,097..11,551
Chaff3,9241,153..2,771
Flour2,8611,685..1,176
Grain—
     Barley48,621959..47,662
     Beans and peas112,13589,124..23,011
     Maize80847..761
     Malt127..5
     Oats483,75629,252..454,504
     Wheat95,70211,816..83,886
Hops21,34822,6801,332 
Oatmeal2,632184..2,448
Potatoes150,3037,443..142,860
Seeds (grass and clover)69,69460,492..9,202
Other49,16147,037..2,124
          Total1,060,605279,976..780,629
MANUFACTURES.
Apparel2,1221,397..725
Leather38,45431,945..6,509
Phormium fibre376,264721,924345,660 
Woollen manufactures14,59911,213..3,386
Other manufactures205,356220,59315,237 
          Total636,795987,072350,277 
Miscellaneous41,04552,65811,613 
Total exports (domestic produce and manufactures)21,272,40522,577,8901,305,485 
Specie258,955176,359..82,596
Re-exports239,221232,473..6,748
          Total exports21,770,58122,986,7221,216,141 

QUANTITIES OF ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1912 AND 1913.

The exports of New Zealand produce or manufacture for the last two years have also to be considered in relation to quantity, and the articles are again grouped in the next table according to the same classification as that used for purposes of comparing the values.

QUANTITIES OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE EXPORTED, 1912 and 1913.
Articles.Year 1912.Year 1913.Increase in 1913.Decrease in 1913.

* At 20 lb. to the bushel.

The Mine:—
     Coal Tons229,012211,749..17,263
     Gold Oz.343,163376,16132,998 
     Silver Oz.801,165975,616174,451 
     Other minerals Tons13722790 
The Fisheries:—
     Fish Cwt.14,28412,038..2,246
     Oysters Doz.378,896361,225..17,671
     Whalebone lb.11,9926,272..5,720
     Whale-oil Gal.28,295247,831219,536 
The Forest:—
     Fungus Cwt.3,7902,304..1,486
     Gum (kauri) Tons7,9088,780872 
     Timber (sawn and hewn) S.ft.94,454,49163,469,105..30,985,386
Animals and Produce:—
     Bacon and hams Cwt.2,7361,020..1,716
     Beef and pork (salted) Cwt.8,8226,883..1,939
     Butter Cwt.378,117372,258..5,859
     Cheese Cwt.577,070611,66334,593 
     Hides No.146,796169,33322,537 
     Meats (preserved) Cwt.43,49336,885..6,608
     Meats (frozen) Cwt.2,573,2382,578,9635,725 
     Sausage-skins Cwt.31,57630,801..775
     Skins (rabbit) No.8,937,0356,267,608..2,669,427
     Skins (sheep) and pelts No.7,920,9728,171,275250,303 
     Tallow Cwt.470,900454,860..16,040
     Wool lb.188,361,790186,533,036..1,828,754
Agricultural Products:—
     Bran and sharps Tons4,2031,944..2,259
     Chaff Tons844198..646
     Flour Tons307206..101
     Grain, barley Bush.225,8414,747..221,094
     Grain beans and peas Bush.464,609339,998..124,611
     Grain maize Bush.4,081197..3,884
     Grain malt Bush.2514..11
     Grain oats Bush.4,123,920239,268..3,884,652
     Grain wheat Bush.505,20562,338..442,867
     Hops Cwt.2,4734,4471,974 
     Potatoes Tons19,9641,556..18,408
     Seeds (grass and clover) Bush*203,526199,298..4,228
Manufactures:—
     Ale and beer Gal.17,49014,189..3,301
     Cordage Cwt.8811,282401 
     Leather Cwt.6,5934,450..2,143
     Phormium fibre Tons18,64128,0929,451 
     Soap Cwt.6,1937,3501,157 

DIRECTION OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF EXPORT.

A number of tables follow, showing the country of destination of certain principal articles, the produce of the Dominion, exported during the past five years. As indicated above the greater portion of the Dominion's raw products is sent to the United Kingdom.

WOOL.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 lb.lb.lb.lb.lb.
United Kingdom180,908,005194,455,535161,110,735172,512,073168,153,780
Germany1,263,8693,870,1163,298,1395,786,8376,907,786
United States4,259,8803,047,9132,346,1835,104,6894,681,967
France1,523,7191,190,8101,039,1092,899,1144,254,506
New South Wales314,360572,810194,594497,9361,172,595
Canada809,646420,610551,398908,772872,260
Belgium246,470585,194720,641551,891308,551
Victoria351,977103,912164,01269,540119,953
Japan..9,611..20,41361,638
Other countries5,777112,446..10,525 
          Total189,683,703204,368,957169,424,811188,361,790186,533,036
FROZEN MEAT.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.
United Kingdom2,555,1422,645,4892,246,2912,557,9182,525,761
Canada....12292943,447
Gibraltar5,5807,3153,67613,1477,371
Pacific Islands29832282271,833
United States9,92422432..268
Australian States1,2959838670313
Other countries634102130314 
          Total2,572,6042,654,1962,250,5652,573,2382,578,693
TALLOW.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
United Kingdom23,86725,90320,62423,49722,723
Pacific Islands874..19
Australian States707728421
Other countries26322..6 
          Total24,20826,00920,65623,54522,743
SHEEP-SKINS.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Number.Number.Number.Number.Number.
United Kingdom5,724,9436,112,6375,945,7626,010,3516,213,562
United States1,236,5691,267,9021,408,7661,492,0051,667,252
Canada314,685144,239121,741256,016179,940
New South Wales191,321236,959128,944155,476107,094
Victoria40,60043,70913,6976,9402,088
Other countries7,2965,1401,0051841,339
          Total7,515,4147,810,5867,619,9157,920,9728,171,275
RABBIT-SKINS.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Number.Number.Number.Number.Number.
United Kingdom7,390,1178,995,5597,346,6608,850,5846,196,639
New South Wales135,47881,83585,84471,67462,491
Victoria7,54226,41622,78414,1276,378
Other countries..144..6502,100
          Total7,533,1379,103,9547,455,2888,937,0356,267,608
HIDES.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Number.Number.Number.Number.Number.
Canada49,31564,54458,94693,41060,196
New South Wales51,06640,17323,55719,97851,372
Victoria79,05163,80345,38629,24238,176
United States341..171,5089,318
United Kingdom7,8414,6103026008,962
Tasmania..1,5901,2141,6201,305
Other countries1,5016274194384
          Total189,115175,347129,841146,796169,333
BUTTER.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.
United Kingdom301,693345,400283,505316,857288,224
Canada501869,22442,46156,149
United States..1,1561,7573,01516,616
Natal10,3262,2253,7106,5577,107
Pacific Islands2,1662,3342,4813,0522,939
Cape of Good Hope6,2284,6111,6454,3341,211
Australian States645516391,83911
Other countries..1072621
          Total321,108356,535302,387378,117372,258
CHEESE.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.
United Kingdom398,619449,167435,616572,562608,933
Natal7819251,6941,6501,507
Cape of Good Hope2861,118878995564
Australian States6553896101,521391
Pacific Islands235209168253189
Other countries311072088979
          Total400,607451,915439,174577,070611,663
WHEAT.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Bushels.Bushels.Bushels.Bushels.Bushels.
United Kingdom1,307,6221,285,0641,240,891501,65458,486
Pacific Islands1,4251,7422,4653,3993,795
Australian States2,5267,5227,51615257
Other countries107,644..3,685.. 
          Total1,419,2171,294,3281,254,557505,20562,338
OATS.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Bushels.Bushels.Bushels.Bushels.Bushels.
New South Wales441,12743,7162,6431,499,748133,846
Victoria95,356108,55134,2301,281,32847,239
Ceylon13,63715,96522,91122,42917,724
Uruguay..2,501654,26612,545
Pacific Islands, other than Fiji16,5262,9464,6165,3526,273
Queensland23,8424,9202,59283,1415,637
Fiji6,9565,0362,7409,3123,175
United Kingdom4,510,779254,617881,156,0912,661
Brazil....1,9459242,265
Natal4,6442,230....2,183
South Australia6544747893,9631,770
Cape of Good Hope19....2,7861,535
Tasmania334306..1,629506
Western Australia6,20635620744,80724
Other countries13,3932,968..8,1441,885
          Total5,133,473444,58672,8264,123,920239,268
BEANS AND PEAS.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Bushels.Bushels.Bushels.Bushels.Bushels.
United Kingdom167,491183,201319,334426,567310,846
New South Wales4,6675,1434,98113,4619,970
Victoria5,7655,9795,28411,1474,763
United States..1,23924,7934,057
Ceylon........2,789
Canada....372,2072,128
South Australia1,4309091,0452,8321,695
Holland........1,026
Western Australia549294318876687
Tasmania651602452619507
Cape of Good Hope..495338787468
Queensland357288362379389
France......500200
Natal58733911108144
Fiji..2417166117
Other countries201446167212
          Total181,517198,527332,227464,609339,998
PHORMIUM FIBRE.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
United Kingdom9,52515,73114,15214,49520,992
United States4004241,0911,6173,056
Victoria2,5072,4899491,3802,149
New South Wales1,4801,8529368901,513
South Australia257144144156170
Western Australia......51108
Canada135....5151
Other countries14594153
          Total14,31820,64517,36618,64128,092
TIMBER, SAWN AND HEWN.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Sup. ft.Sup. ft.Sup. ft.Sup. ft.Sup. ft.
New South Wales40,322,48342,743,48947,450,40653,252,04137,096,443
Victoria22,119,39226,317,58025,753,00629,781,96520,940,834
South Australia5,269,1783,448,0027,347,0456,334,6022,800,961
United Kingdom1,624,4297,777,1292,761,7992,120,340877,438
Western Australia195,634..810,439499,610535,854
Tasmania773,047306,039385,064358,260418,924
Pacific Islands, excluding Fiji709,386628,8711,002,116807,176332,122
Queensland221,990359,554356,538963,653259,390
Fiji345,522359,398443,157336,844192,240
Other countries18,257......14,899
          Total71,599,31881,940,06286,309,57094,454,49163,469,105
KAURI-GUM.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
United States5,1274,1493,5143,8943,995
United Kingdom2,2903,2532,3782,4683,390
Germany6399131,1421,053833
Belgium172978123126
Austria-Hungary1124131159112
Canada246694062
Netherlands..6554260
New South Wales11128181855
Russia..1580253
France119753745
Victoria3837572125
Sweden230353515
Italy..2315159
Other countries..1..1 
          Total8,2508,6937,5877,9088,780
GOLD.
Country.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 Oz.Oz.Oz.Oz.Oz.
New South Wales122,060121,144216,741156,742215,565
United Kingdom284,296252,567103,840106,62099,460
Victoria100,015104,575134,21979,80161,131
Other countries....37..5
          Total506,371478,286454,837343,163376,161

DETAILS OF EXPORTS, 1913.

Details of all exports during 1913 are given in the pages following.

EXPORTS, 1913.
Articles exported.Quantities.Value in Sterling.Total.
Produce and Manufactures of the Dominion.British, Foreign, and other Colonial Produce and Manufactures.Produce and Manufactures of the Dominion.British, Foreign, and other Colonial Produce and Manufactures.
Acid—....£££
     Acetic lb...373..44
     Carbolic lb...30..11
     Unenumerated lb.106,0621501502
Alkali—
     Soda Ash cwt...40..1818
     Soda carbonate and bicarbonate cwt...19..1414
     Soda Crystals cwt...2..11
     Ambergris oz.14,516..26,800..26,800
Animals, living—
     Asses No.2..20..20
     Cattle, horned No.273..3,515..3,515
     Dogs No.7313378177555
     Horses No.738..38,049..38,049
     Monkeys No...4..2020
     Pigs No.198..535..535
     Sheep No.11,803..37,071..37,071
     Poultry No.2,152..565..565
     Pigeons No.8..30..30
     Other Birds No.160..57..57
     Apparel and slops....1,3973,8265,223
Arms, ammunition, and explosives—
     Caps, percussion No...512,500..5151
     Cartridges (shot), 10–24 bore No.4,50077,15023295318
     Cartridges, n.o.e. No...25,700..1515
     Detonators for dynamite, &c.......1111
     Dynamite lb...400..2424
     Firearms No...112..122122
     Fuse coils..2,262..6060
     Ordnance Stores......3,5103,510
     Powder, blasting lb...350..1414
     Powder, sporting lb...475..3636
     Other explosives lb...50..33
Bacon and hams—
     Bacon cwt.502..2,431..2,431
     Hams cwt.518..2,560..2,560
Bags and sacks—
     Cornsacks doz...39,976..6,7306,730
     Unenumerated doz.128195254166
     Basketware and wickerware....11920
     Beche-de-Mer cwt.6..12..12
     Beer gal.14,1892,6321,3836051 988
Belting—
     Leather lb...411..5151
     Other than leather....39255294
Beverages, non-alcoholic—....£££
     Aerated and mineral waters....71222734
     Coffee-essence......99
     Fruit-juices, sweetened....383169
     Fruit-juices, unsweetened gal...27..55
     Unenumerated....224
     Bicycles and tricycles No.33223178201
     Materials for....41,8341,838
     Motor bicycles and tricycles No...24..508508
     Materials for......223223
Biscuits—
     Fancy and other kinds lb.18,39734536711378
     Ships', plain cwt.5,047315,886715,957
Blacking....23335
Blacklead......359359
Blue lb.482,77425860
Boats No.15..2,754..2,754
Bones tons21..249..249
Books, papers, and music, printed....4,9163,5748,490
Boots and shoes doz. prs.38225175741916
Gum-boots doz. prs...10..4444
Bran tons1,856..7,534..7,534
Brass—
     Pig, bar, or sheet cwt...15..164164
     Scrap1,228..3,014..3,014
     Tubing and stamped work in the rough cwt...58..245245
Bricks—
     Building No.21,86010,000692089
     Fire18,6034,0031749183
Brushes, brushware, and brooms....48198246
     Materials for......1414
Butter cwt.372,258..2,061,651..2,061,651
Candles lb.2255,586796103
Canes and rattans....50..50
Canvas......7676
Cards, playing packs..1,152..1919
Carpeting and druggeting......2,4052,405
Carriages, &c.—
     Carriages No.11226053313
     Carta, drays, and wagons No.3..55..55
          Motor vehicles—
          Bodies for No...20..1,8521,852
          Chassis for No...20..5,5455,545
          Materials for......2,4332,433
     Perambulators and go-carts No.246410
          Materials for....47141188
Casein tons214..6,452..6,452
Cement barrels29,9881,22210,48374011,223
Chains and chain cables cwt...31..4747
Cheese cwt.611,663..1,770,29711,770,298
China, porcelain, and parianware......413413
Clocks No.112255560
Coals—
     Cargo tons26,8492322,0994322,142
     Bunkers tons184,9004,818182,9115,040187,951
Cocoa and chocolate lb...9,960..864864
Cocoa beans lb...1,960..4747
Cocoa-butter lb...2,280..125125
Coffee—
     Raw lb.2,3744,71797177274
     Roasted lb.3,2692,758161133294
Coke tons28..50..50
Combs......227227
Confectionery—
     Chocolate in plain trade packages lb.1501,7921194105
     Chocolate in fancy packages......129129
     Unenumerated lb.7,5215,004184162346
Copper—
     Nails cwt...5..2626
     Pig, bar, and sheet cwt...8..4343
     Scrap cwt.295..1,110..1,110
Copra tons59619416,6035,02221,625
Cordage cwt.1,2825862,5651,4013,966
     Iron and steel cwt...90..242242
Cork, out......7878
Cotton piece-goods—
     Butter and cheese cloth......11
     Leather-cloth......1414
     Tubular-woven cotton cloth......428428
     Waterproof material......4747
     Unenumerated......4,3024,302
Cotton—
     Waste cwt...8..2525
Drapery....1455,5435,688
     Lace and laces, n.o.e.......235235
     Ribbons and crape......389389
     Tailors' trimmings......2828
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—
     Baking-powder, yeast preparations, &c.....28735
     Chemicals, n.o.e.....245579
     Cream of tartar lb...1,458..6161
     Medicinal preparations, drugs, druggists' sundries, &c.....5041,3011,805
     Glycerine, refined....1762178
     Medicinal preparations, containing over 50 per cent. proof spirit lb...236..119119
     Washing-powder....11314
     Anhydrous ammonia....11011
     Arsenic cwt...20..1818
     Carbide of calcium tons..3..4444
     Disinfectants....24042
     Insecticides and tree-washes, denatured red oils gall...16,482..1,5301,530
     Insecticides and tree-washes unenumerated....4105109
     Sheep-dip....226551777
     Vanilla-beans lb...9,374..3,9523,952
     Unenumerated....1,5622811,843
Dyes......137137
Earthenware....1,3771,6773,054
Engine-packing....17279296
Essences, flavouring—
     Over 33 per cent. proof spirit gal...11..4949
     n.o.e.....84250
Essential oils......367367
Fancy goods and toys....2233,1443,367
Fancy goods—
Cinematograph films, &c.....5720,27920,336
Feathers lb.3,221..26..26
Felt sheathing......1818
Fire hose and other appliances for fire brigades......3434
Fish—
     Dried, pickled, or salted cwt.6956163111274
     Frozen11,295..18,828..18,828
     Ova No.170,000..147..147
     Potted and preserved lb.75,512172,0884,7304,7779,507
Fishing-tackle—
     Fish-hooks......22
     Unenumerated......1515
Floorcloth and oilcloth......5959
Flour tons206541,6855152,200
Foods, animal—....£££
     Chaff tons19841,153231,176
     Prepared calf meal......22
     Unenumerated....61113624
Foods, farinaceous—
     Arrowroot lb.11283011314
     Infants' and invalids'....15,30110315,404
     Maizena and cornflour lb...4,697..7777
     Sago and tapioca cwt...21..2626
     Unenumerated....1552157
Fruits—
     Bottled and preserved doz.1301,34559441500
Fruits, dried—
     Currants lb...3,550..5454
     Raisins lb...1,893..3939
     Figs, dates, and prunes lb...10,343..139139
     Unenumerated lb...7,032..182182
Fruits, fresh—
     Apples and pears lb.1,505,4431,35112,1601912,179
     Other kinds4,144648511566
Fruits, orange and lemon peel, in brine lb...10,192..3636
Fungus cwt.2,304..5,655..5,655
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery....549221770
Kapok cwt...17..6161
Furniture, knife and plate powder and polish....221135356
Furs......333333
Glass—
     Bottles, empty......5050
     Broken cwt.8,337..642..642
     Mirrors and looking-glasses....58792
     Plate, bevelled, and silvered....111021
     Plate, other kinds sup. ft...135..88
     Window sup. ft...18,350..258258
Glassware....3369372
Glue and size lb.2,24024519726
Glycerine (crude) cwt.1,584..2,789..2,789
Gold oz.366,162..1,429,969..1,429,969
     Concentrates, slimes, tailings, and similar substances tons1,362..33,587..33,587
     Jewellers' sweepings, precious metal scrap and similar substances cwt.96..1,965..1,965
Grain and pulse—....£££
     Barley bush.4,747..959..959
     Beans and peas bush.330,99832889,12417389,297
     Maize bush.197..47..47
     Oats bush.239,268..29,252..29,252
     Rye bush.4,229..728..728
     Wheat bush.62,338..11,816..11,816
     Unenumerated bush.1320259398
     Ground, unenumerated centals36612731274
Grease cwt.1721517
Grindery....14144158
Gum—
     Kauri tons8,780..549,106..549,106
     New Caledonian tons..2..107107
Haberdashery......326326
     Buttons, tapes, wadding, pins, and needles......6060
     Sewing cottons, silks, and threads......499499
Hair cwt.1,834..8,030..8,030
Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery....1,0993,8124,911
Hats and caps doz.2893224616640
Hatters' materials......158158
Hay and straw tons18..100..100
Hides No.169,333..261,744..261,744
Honey lb.204,669..3,536..3,536
Hops cwt.4,4471322,6808022,760
Horns and hoofs tons123..1,722..1,722
Hose—canvas, indiarubber, and other......9898
Hosiery....6075701,177
Indiarubber and guttapercha goods....2524526
Indiarubber, old cwt.4,637..8,051..8,051
Ink—
     Printing lb...20..44
     Writing gal...2..11
Instruments, musical—
     Harmoniums and organs No...1..4040
     Pianos No...34..1,4961,496
     Unenumerated....13146159
     Materials for....150124274
Instruments—
     Scientific......256256
     Surgical and dental....101,4361,446
     Surveying......120120
Iron and steel—....£££
     Bar, bolt, and rod cwt...84..1,5561,556
     Bolts and nuts cwt.41853035
     Castings for ships....5..5
     Galvanized manufactures....1,153781,231
     Hoop......11
     Pig tons..2..1717
     Pipes and fittings, cast tons1524163187
     Pipes and fitting, wrought tons12015512527
     Rails1252732
     Sheet and plate tons..4..5353
     Galvanized, corrugated cwt...7,059..6,5986,598
     Galvanized, plain cwt...282..268268
     Staples, fencing..22..1919
     Tanks No.18448451,3441,389
     Wire, fencing, barbed tons..14..212212
     Wire, fencing, plain tons..3..3838
     Wire netting......495195
Jams, jellies, and preserves lb.106,11011,3511,8472482,095
Jellies, concentrated lb.361,32626365
Jewellery....250109359
Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick....1635636
Lard cwt.1,848..3,173..3,173
Lead—
     Pigs and bars tons...2..5555
     Pipe, including composition cwt...6..1212
     Sheet..69..106106
Leather4,4504731,9451,31233,257
Leather manufactures—
     Boot and shoe vamps, uppers, and laces....213
     Unenumerated....143953
Lime bush.1,967..131..131
Linen piece-goods....4232236
     Hessians and scrim......3939
Linseed centals10,575..5,087..5,087
Machinery and machines, agricultural—
     Cleaners (grain and seed) No.2..101..101
     Cultivators, spring tine No...2..55
     Cutters (chaff, turnip, and other), oat-bruisers, pulpers, turnip slicers and strippers No.4912,662642,726
     Drills and sowers No...1..1313
     Harrows, disc No.13232447
     Harrows, other kinds No...2..99
     Ploughs No.9422926255
     Presses (wool, hay, and straw)
     No.9..381..381
     Reapers and binders No...25..1,0001,000
     Rollers, field No.1..32..32
     Other kinds....6431,0631,706
Machinery and machines—
     Cash-registering No...1..66
     Dairying....2,8751,7154,590
     Dredging....595..595
     Electric....622,0332,005
     Engines, steam No...2..146146
     Gas and oil No...34..1,0611,061
     Boilers for No.244256501,075
     Flour-milling......5050
     Horticultural....284270
     Knitting No...2..100100
     Mining....86564929
     Printing......1,1701,170
     Refrigerating......386386
     Sewing No...852..794794
     Unenumerated....1,7526,2958,047
     Materials for, and parts of....1181,1051,223
Malt bush.14..7..7
Manures—
     Bonedust tons15211416130
     Unenumerated74532679
Marble—
     Dressed, polished, and manufactures....8619105
Matches and vestas—
     Wax gross boxes..27..88
Wooden gross boxes..8,858..731731
Mats and matting....16419183
Meal, oaten centals243..184..184
Meats—
     Beef, frozen cwt.269,257..347,383..347,383
     Beef, salted cwt.6,856..11,144..11,144
     Kidneys, frozen cwt.6,618..12,848..12,848
     Lamb (whole carcases) frozen
          carcases3,538,488..2,332,372..2,332,372
          = cwt.1,088,457    
     Mutton (whole carcases), frozen
          carcases2,201,365..1,630,332..1,630,332
          = cwt.1,089,352    
     Mutton (joints), frozen cwt.21,860..31,792..31,792
     Pork, frozen cwt.2,517..5,843..5,843
     Pork, salted cwt.27..76..76
     Veal, frozen cwt.4,280..7,317..7,317
     Rabbits, frozen in skins carcases3,370,925..75,160..75,160
          = cwt.90,947    
     Rabbits, frozen, other kinds
          carcases14,904..155..155
          = cwt.253    
     Hares, frozen in skins carcases14,251..925..925
          = cwt.983    
     Other kinds, frozen cwt.4,169..5,806..5,806
     Potted and preserved36,5542101,39813101,411
     Meat-extract lb.37,034..7,597..7,597
     Unenumerated cwt.18..56..56
Metal, manufactured articles of—
     Anchors No...37..4242
     Meters, gas, water, and electricity......210210
     Pumps....183654
     Railway and tramway plant......1212
     Rivets and washers cwt...2..33
     Typewriters No...215..951951
     Unenumerated....2,68716,80119,488
Metal, old cwt.18,806..6,685..6,685
Milk, preserved lb.17,184177,5553593,2623,621
Millinery....15455470
Minerals—
     Scheelite ore tons221..22,933..22,933
     Unenumerated6..206..206
Mouldings and panels....264182446
Mustard lb...78..88
Nails cwt...349..318318
     Roofing, lead-headed cwt.1404115858216
Nuts—
     Almonds, shelled and un-shelled lb...370..1212
     Walnuts lb.2624,069105464
     Unenumerated lb.22,40025,536140182322
Oakum cwt...23..3535
Oars No...116..6767
Oils—
     Castor gal...55..1111
     Coconut gal.25..7..7
     Cod-liver gal...17..55
     Colza gal...2..11
     Fish, penguin, mutton-bird, and seal gal.36..2..2
     Linseed gal...2,894..542542
     Mineral, kerosene gal...201,136..8,8488,848
     Mineral, other kinds gal.9453,51534,4714,474
     Neatsfoot gal.5,792108262828
     Whale gal.247,831..18,481..18,481
     Unenumerated, bulk gal.424,3902322324
     Unenumerated, in vessels under 1 gallon......128128
Oilmen's stores....18139157
Onions cwt.12,1461,0244,1104494,559
Oysters doz.361,225..2,813..2,813
Paints and colours—
     Ground in oil cwt.46237843850
     Mixed, ready for use cwt.1295003011,9652,266
     Unenumerated96484068108
Paper—
     Bags, coarse cwt.45169271
     Bags, other kinds cwt.21619928
     Hangings......345345
     Printing cwt...29..4848
     Wrapping cwt.142709482176
     Writing cwt.12256873
Peel, candied and drained lb.56..2..2
Perfumery—
     Perfumed spirits gal...21..3737
     Toilet preparations....14142
     Unenumerated......1010
Phormium tons28,092..721,924..721,924
     Tow tons6,299..65,138..65,138
Photographic goods....25473498
     Cameras and lenses......169169
     Sensitized surfaces......134134
Pickles gal.4029141226
Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs....4529161,368
Family portraits....18..18
Picture frames and mounts......1111
Pitch cwt...11..1111
Plants, shrubs, and trees....4,292634,355
Plaster-of-paris..149..4444
Plate and platedware......2,0912,091
Pollard and sharps tons88..563..563
Portmanteaux and travelling-bags....176885
Potatoes tons1,556..7,443..7,443
Printing materials—
     Stereotypes, matrices, half-tone, and line blocks......1919
     Type and materials, n.o.e.......251251
Provisions—....£££
     Eggs doz.11,460..652..652
     Unenumerated....1,2717702,041
Putty cwt.747512
Rags cwt.2,990..3,773..3,773
Rice cwt...1,360..1,1211,121
Rugs, all kinds....9,6951519,846
Saddlery and harness (including whips)....419158577
     Harness oil, composition, and leather dressing......2929
     Saddlers' ironmongery and materials....38644
Salt tons..18..180180
Sauces, catsup and chutney gal.3638812231243
Sausage-skins cwt.30,8011793,25116693,417
Seeds—
     Grass and clover cwt.35,58051060,4922,13362,625
     Unenumerated....3,7127884,500
Ship-chandlery, n.o.e.....19115134
Silks......968968
Silver oz.920,4541,00098,10710098,207
Skins—
     Calf and other kinds No.179,461..50,521..50,521
     Rabbit No.6,267,608..86,756..86,756
          =lb.1,015,685    
     Seal No.490..529..529
     Sheep, with wool No.933,152..223,362..223,362
          =lb.6,805,449    
     Sheep, without wool No.7,238,123..576,992..576,992
          =lb.20,670,937    
     Slates, roofing No...1,400..2020
Soap—
     Common cwt.7,350..8,832..8,832
     Powder and extract....1387388
     N.o.e.....49122171
Specie—
     Copper......5050
     Gold......167,659167,659
     Silver......8,6508,650
Specimens illustrative of natural science....63..63
Spices—
     Ground lb.361082810
     Unground..582..2121
Spirits—
 ....£££
     Bitters, cordials, and liqueurs gal...80..6161
     Brandy gal...619..421421
     Geneva and gin, un-sweetened gal...997..392392
     Methylated gal.5266111526
     Rum gal...61..2020
     Sweetened, n.o.e. gal...12..44
     Whisky gal...6,511..3,0163,016
     Unenumerated......11
Spirits of Wine gal...10..22
Stags' Heads No.24..172..172
Starch lb...4,526..8282
Stationery—
     Handbills, circulars, &c. lb.2,99810,181262645907
     Manufactured....1,3405411,881
     Unenumerated....251710961
     Apparatus, appliances, &c., for educational purposes....106070
     Bookbinders' materials......1212
     Cardboard boxes, materials for......11
Stone—
     Building tons11..6..6
     Greenstone cwt.134..880..880
     Grind, mill, oil, and whet......1616
     Pumice....1..1
     Sand, pumice tons.2,685..7,486..7,486
Sugar—
     Raw cwt...1,295..962962
     Refined cwt.13,106..11,123..11,123
     Golden syrup cwt.21..21..21
     Molasses cwt.5..1..1
     Treacle cwt.6..6..6
Sulphur cwt...1..22
Tallow tons20,306..581,545..581,545
     Mutton stock, oleomargarine cwt.2,437..81,543..81,543
Tanning materials, crude—
     Bark cwt...162329
     Other kinds......22
Tar....201131
Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick and wagon covers....334073
Tea lb...54,790..3,6793,679
Textile piece-goods—
     Other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen....649761,040
     Articles made up from, other than apparel....6662128
Timber—....£££
     Logs, round, beech No.9..29..29
          =sup. ft.5,850    
     Logs, round, white-pine No.158..259..259
          = sup. ft.75,287    
     Flitches (dutiable), kauri No.903..12..12
     Flitches (free), kauri No.1,510,049..16,920..16,920
     Flitches (free), white-pine No.1,254..7..7
     Other, sawn, undressed:
          Beech No.515,110..3,639..3,639
          Birch No.3,01542718523
          Blue-gum No...415..66
          Ironbark No...974..1717
          Jarrah No...7,305..107107
          Kauri No.8,367,990..68,198..68,198
          Matai No.20,936..104..104
          Oregon pine No...8,339..8888
          Red-pine No.8,515,229..35,440..35,440
          Sugar-pine No...144..44
          Totara No.3,347..45..45
          White-pine No.44,129,376..188,203..198,203
          Willow No.2,613..40..40
     Other, sawn, dressed:
          Baltic pine No...2,200..1515
          Kauri No.386,528..6,291..6,291
          Oregon pine No...4,623..6565
          Red-pine No.6,422..76..76
          White-pine No.6,333..62..62
Tin—
     Block cwt...3..2424
     Scrap cwt.4,429..438..438
     Sheet cwt...372..341341
Tinware....145136281
Tobacco—
     Unmanufactured lb...4,501..196196
     Manufactured lb...31,860..3,6673,667
     Cigars lb...1,414..790790
     Cigarettes lb...4,808..1,5911,591
Tobacco pipes and cases......251251
Tools and implements—
     Axes and hatchets......391391
     Engineers', metal-, wood-, and stone-workers' machine and hand tools....3881119
     Spades, shovels, and forks....14142
     Unenumerated....45425470
Turpentine and terebene gal...284..5151
Twine....8193201
Binder cwt.2,669206,098386,136
Umbrellas and parasols....23427
Varnish, lacquers, and gold-size gal.194227187194
Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved....204426630
Vinegar gal.134127233659
Watches No...1,264..848848
Wax, paraffin lb...364..1111
Whalebone cwt.56..1,537..1,537
Whiting and chalk cwt...18..66
Wine—
     Australian gal...78..4343
     British South African gal...6..33
     Sparkling gal...1,070..2,0742,074
     Other kinds gal.2270613435448
Woodenware....3,7413,8047,545
Shooks and empty casks....5,011495,060
Wool—
     Greasy bales422,324..6,447,030..6,447,030
          = lb.155,342,727    
     Scoured bales46,784    
          = lb.13,900,152..792,445..792,445
     Slipe bales51,480..795,493..795,493
          = lb.16,750,013    
     Washed bales1,481..22,652..22,652
          = lb.540,144    
Woolpacks doz...63..101101
Woollen piece-goods....7805641,341
Woollen blankets pairs538..738..738
Zinc—
     Perforated sheet cwt...621820
     Plain sheet cwt...27..6262
     Spelter cwt.2071992101
Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the Dominion......370370
Miscellaneous—
     Goods, manufactured....5454761,021
     Goods, unmanufactured....1,0961771,273
Parcels-post....51,562..51,562

GOODS FORWARDED TO COOK ISLANDS.

A table is appended giving details of goods forwarded in the year 1913 to the Cook and other Pacific Islands annexed to New Zealand. These do not appear as exports from the Dominion, being merely part of the internal trade or transactions between one portion of the country and another.

Articles.Quantity.Value.
  £
Animals, living280 number444
Apparel and slope..2,360
Arms, ammunition, &c.—
     Cartridges23,750 number120
     Firearms27 number38
     Powder, shot, fuse, &c...98
Bacon and hams39 cwt.201
Bags and sacks3,606 doz.1,565
Beer95 gal.21
Beverages, non-alcoholic..60
Bicycles and tricycles, and materials for..402
Biscuits—
     Fancy and other kinds16,311 lb.390
     Ships', plain3,410 cwt.4,159
Books and papers, printed..52
Boots and shoos190 doz. pairs1,081
Bran8 tons55
Brushes, brushware, and brooms..51
Butter245 cwt.1,621
Canvas..42
Cards, playing1,412 packs43
Carriages, &c...573
Cement1,031 barrels424
Cheese30 cwt.95
China, porcelain, and parianware..165
Coals3,196 tons3,030
Coffee, roasted3,260 lb.153
Combs..40
Confectionery..152
Cordage180 cwt.440
Cotton piece-goods..2,486
Drapery..3,032
Drugs and druggists' sundries..742
Earthenware..82
Essences, flavouring..32
Fancy goods and toys..933
Fish, potted or preserved, &c.33,277 lb.1,222
Fishing-tackle..36
Floorcloth and oilcloth..51
Flour274 tons2,807
Foods, animal..263
Foods, farinaceous..65
Fruits..95
Furniture..434
Glass and glassware..194
Grain and pulse1,877 centals378
Haberdashery..57
Hardware..1,750
Hats and caps177 doz.153
Hosiery..140
Instruments, musical..126
Instruments, surgical and dental..56
Iron and steel..2,626
Jams, jellies, and preserves10,038 lb.184
Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick..124
Leather8 cwt.81
Machinery and machines..137
Marble and manufactures thereof..43
Matches and vestas2,529 gross boxes402
Meats3,515 cwt.9,610
Metal manufactures..195
Metal sheathing12 cwt.61
Milk, preserved23,364 lb.485
Millinery..153
Mouldings and panels..163
Nails572 cwt.530
Oars162 number68
Oils..1,341
Onions123 cwt.80
Paints131 cwt.269
Paper..320
Perfumery..102
Photographic goods..135
Portmanteaux, &c...64
Potatoes14 tons116
Provisions, n.o.e...1,178
Rice963 cwt.806
Rugs..581
Saddlery and harness..215
Salt4 tons41
Ship-chandlery, n.o.e...101
Silks, satins, &c...95
Soap..1,836
Specie, gold..855
Specie, silver..525
Spirits308 gal.156
Stationery..226
Sugar3,098 cwt.2,689
Tea4,230 lb.254
Timber123,490 sup. ft.1,373
Tobacco7,089 lb.1,217
Tobacco pipes and cases..97
Tools..165
Umbrellas and parasols..62
Varnish, &c.75 gal.40
Woodenware..8,338
Miscellaneous..898
     Total value of goods shipped to the Islands
 £72,046 

SUBSECTION C.—IMPORTS.

THE quantities and values of imports used in making up the figures given in this subsection are obtained from Customs entries, verified where necessary, as with goods subject to an ad valorem duty, by examination. In the case of ad valorem goods the value for Customs purposes is taken to be the fair market value of the goods when sold for home consumption in the principal markets of the country whence exported and at the time when exported, with 10 per cent. added. By section 114 of the Customs Act, 1013, it is provided that from the 1st April, 1914, the value so taken is to be the cash and not the credit value as hitherto. The Act referred to makes no stipulation that the value of the case, cask, or covering is to be included, as was the case under former Acts. As regards goods not subject to ad valorem duties, the value includes freight and charges to time of arrival at port of discharge.

The total declared values of the imports in 1913 amounted to £22,288,302, being an increase on the corresponding total in 1912 of £1,311,728. These figures, however, include specie. The value of coin brought into the Dominion in 1913 was £634,670, against £399,995 in the previous year, and if these amounts are excluded the increase on the value of merchandise is £1,077,053.

The value of imports for the year 1900, and for each of the ten latest years was,—

Year.Imports, inclusive of Specie.Imports, exclusive of Specie.
 ££
190010,646,09610,207,326
190413,291,69412,900,030
190512,828,85712,481,178
190615,211,40314,303,170
190717,302,86116,539,707
190817,471,28417,247,162
190915,674,71914,817,462
191017,051,58316,748,223
191119,545,87918,782,608
191220,976,57420,576,579
191322,288,30221,653,632

The value of imports, exclusive of specie, fell, with fluctuations, from £8,422,523 in 1878 to £5,990,177 in 1894, after which there ensued a steady advance to £17,247,162 in 1908. In 1909 there was a considerable falling off, but the returns for each of the past four years show substantial increases in the value of the imports.

The expansion of imports is still further to be considered in connection with the condition of the manufactures of the Dominion, for an increase of imports arising from a decline of internal manufactures would scarcely be regarded as a satisfactory position. That there has been great development of the manufactures of New Zealand since 1895, not only in the great primary industries, but throughout, is exhibited in the section giving the results of an inquiry made at the census of 1911 relative to manufactories and works.

It is desirable to consider not only the total value of the import trade for different years by comparing totals, but to ascertain the rates per head of population, to judge whether the imports are relatively greater or less than formerly. The fairest comparisons are from calculations made after deducting specie imported, as the amount of this commodity fluctuates widely. The figures for 1900 and each year from 1904 onwards stand thus:—

Years.Imports per Head of Mean Population, excluding Maoris.
Including Specie.Excluding Specie.
£s.d.£s.d. 
19001318101374
1904151471554
190514141114611
19061619815195
190718166171911
190818991850
1909162715411
1910173616175
1911195218102
1912203919161
1913201712053

On looking at the figures for the last ten years it will be seen that the value of imports per head (inclusive and exclusive of specie) was lowest in 1905. Each of the next three years showed a considerable increase in the rate per head, but in 1909 an appreciable decrease occurred, followed, however, by increases in each of the past four years, the rate for 1913 being the highest recorded since 1875.

IMPORTS, NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS.

Separating the imports entered at the ports of the North Island from those of the South Island, it is found that while in 1903 the former imported goods to the value of £7,732,796 against £4,904,643 for the South Island, in the year 1913 the North Island imports exceeded those of the other to a far greater extent, the values being respectively £14,259,300 and £7,555,859.

IMPORTS, BY PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

The value of imports recorded for each provincial district is the value of the goods entered at the port or ports situate within the district, but information is not available to enable the whole of the imported goods to be traced to their actual destination, so that the figures must not be taken to represent the value of imports consumed within the several districts.

The values of imports in each provincial district during 1903 and 1913 were as under:—

     1903.1913.
 ££
Auckland3,243,7856,843,925
Taranaki120,257218,514
Hawke's Bay234,994584,901
Wellington4,133,7606,611,960
Marlborough23,71556,267
Nelson189,457213,794
Westland103,249122,096
Canterbury2,194,5443,657,607
Otago2,393,6783,506,095

The value of imports by parcel-post (£151,236 in 1903 and £473,143 in 1913) must be added to the above figures in order to make up the totals (including specie) of £12,788,675 and £22,288,302 for the respective years.

IMPORTS, BY PORTS.

The following table gives the value of the imports for each port in New Zealand for the years 1913, 1912, 1910, 1900, and 1890, arranged in order of magnitude for 1913:—

     1913.1912.1910.1900.1890.
 £££££
Auckland6,610,7456,398,5334,741,3262,617,3291,385,959
Wellington6,354,7465,390,4234,625,7112,767,0661,233,184
Lyttelton and Christchurch3,256,0753,174,5712,718,3551,770,7091,174,370
Dunedin2,817,2442,817,0472,465,2732,158,1771,662,629
Invercargill & Bluff595,199676,087506,905288,170120,050
Napier584,901539,141384,595209,418162,097
Timaru401,532393,012309,931143,09095,202
Wanganui257,214283,310211,387145,26749,637
Poverty Bay220,890199,950150,33049,27817,731
New Plymouth188,691167,160158,78267,33812,971
Nelson160,509152,538126,774140,514141,980
Greymouth111,194111,442113,33359,46079,877
Oamaru93,65278,85477,86447,55954,075
Wairau and Picton56,26753,14639,66717,53319,547
Westport53,28545,45260,06837,7509,442
Patea29,82333,31628,52915,56111,604
Hokitika10,90212,63814,45612,69313,549
Kaipara7,2509,1199,2697,8831,294
Tauranga5,0405,2411,7293,6391,493

IMPORTS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.

In dealing with the imports from the different countries it must be pointed out that the trade returns of New Zealand up to and including 1913 do not disclose the country of origin, goods being credited in every case to the country of shipment. This has been found to be a serious defect in the statistics, especially in the case of shipments from the United Kingdom to New Zealand. Of the goods exported from the United Kingdom to New Zealand in 1912, valued at £11,186,552, 92.88 per cent. was the produce or manufacture of Britain and Ireland, the balance being re-exports. The defect referred to has now been remedied, the recently revised Customs Regulations making it obligatory on importers to declare the country of origin in the case of all imports. For 1914 and future years this information will be shown, in addition to information as to country of shipment.

The figures given below show for ten years the imports from the United Kingdom, with those from the British colonies and possessions, and from foreign States,—

....Imports from
United Kingdom.British Colonies and Possessions.Foreign States.
 £££
19047,982,3403,047,3542,262,000
19057,795,2842,914,3582,119,215
19069,003,2293,886,7872,321,387
190710,278,0194,664,1642,360,678
190810,441,8374,338,4392,691,008
19099,287,7864,267,1762,119,757
191010,498,7713,967,0532,585,759
191111,787,3004,710,0403,048,539
191212,499,7874,573,4853,903,302
191313,312,1935,036,0563,940,053

The proportions represented by the above figures in every one hundred pounds' value of total imports are,—

     United Kingdom.British Colonies and Possessions.Foreign States.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
190460.0522.9317.02
190560.7622.7216.52
190659.1925.5515.26
190759.4026.9613.64
190859.7724.8315.40
190959.2527.2213.53
191061.5723.2715.16
191160.3024.1015.60
191259.5921.8118.60
191359.7322.5917.68

The exports from the United Kingdom to New Zealand, as given in the United Kingdom trade returns, for the period 1903–12, distinguishing between the value of goods of British and Irish produce and those the produce of other countries re-exported, are next shown. These values are f.o.b., while those recorded in the New Zealand returns are c.i.f.,—

Year.British and Irish Produce exported from the United Kingdom to New Zealand.Produce of other Countries re-exported to New Zealand.Total Exports from the United Kingdom to New Zealand.
 £££
19036,361,390593,4306,954,820
19046,315,090582,3306,897,420
19056,425,793569,0136,994,806
19067,400,188652,2888,052,476
19078,700,941740,9679,441,908
19088,767,003746,1719,513,174
19097,351,619729,8038,081,422
19108,652,716749,8369,402,552
19119,809,497790,20310,599,700
191210,390,334796,21811,186,552

Imports from the Commonwealth of Australia include considerable quantities of goods, the produce of the United Kingdom and foreign countries transhipped at Australian ports for New Zealand. The values credited to foreign countries would be still further disturbed if Canadian goods shipped at ports in the United States to New Zealand were assigned to the country of origin.

The following is the value of imports from different countries or places in 1912 and 1913, given in the order of the increase or decrease:—

Country.1912.1913.Increase in 1913.
 £££
United Kingdom12,499,78713,312,193812,406
New South Wales1,547,6641,697,376149,712
Western Australia75,257213,373138,116
Fiji764,790846,49381,703
United States of America2,049,6182,107,99058,372
Canada394,249452,51958,270
Belgium153,766203,52649,760
Victoria854,033902,96548,932
Germany653,230687,93534,705
Sumatra..30,28930,289
Bengal393,270417,61924,349
Italy49,92065,42515,505
Norway41,68653,85012,164
Russia6,45413,1316,677
Tasmania53,27359,2996,026
Burmah11,79117,5695,778
Denmark11,41115,1693,758
Sweden90,03493,0933,059
Austria15,35717,8632,506
Friendly Islands.14,51415,7081,194
Madras1,3232,4981,175
British West Indies1,1452,2111,066
New Caledonia7,0498,023974
France150,024150,777753
Persia447976529
Foreign West Indies2,6233,082459
Bombay7051,092387
Egypt1,8812,234353
Aden484779295
Gilbert and Ellice Islands..284284
Natal570802232
Newfoundland and Labrador..149149
Flores Island369508139
Penang74193119
Portugal5,4405,551111
Queensland3,4893,596107
Malta18528398
Timor..9898
Norfolk Island16619731
Alaska336027
Syria63125
Cochin China244622
New Hebrides..2020
Uruguay..1111
Canary Islands27314
Gold Coast Colony..44
Dutch Borneo..22
Gibraltar..22
Federated Malay States231
Servia..11
Tripoli..11
Mauritius1051050
Java136,90550,49086,415
Greece37,32610,90726,419
Asia Minor41,51217,21524,297
Ceylon289,008275,35013,658
South Australia50,17138,23911,932
Switzerland76,35667,6238,733
Seychelles8,120..8,120
Turkey15,8167,9277,889
Holland91,23384,0157,218
Cape of Good Hope13,0936,9646,129
Madagascar4,6621244,538
Maiden Island17,83613,3114,525
Singapore49,71645,3004,416
Arabia6,6632,7133,950
Society Islands18,14614,3053,841
Japan154,587151,1063,481
Philippine Islands19,48616,0403,446
Hong Kong18,07214,7473,325
Christmas Island24,82022,9911,829
Spain16,58814,9281,660
China25,39624,448948
Whale Fisheries720..720
Brazil655124531
Navigators Islands2,2491,823426
Sandwich Islands26255207
Hungary591489102
Peru48..48
Transvaal703040
Argentine Republic43340
Venezuela40..40
Portuguese East Africa33..33
Ecuador26..26
Morocco24..24
Bosnia-Herzegovina11..11
Papua5..5
Solomon Islands5..5
Mexico4..4
Punjab1..1

ARTICLES OF IMPORT.

Imports for the five years 1909 to 1913, classified according to the nature of the goods, were as follows:—

IMPORTS FOR FIVE YEARS.
Group of Principal Articles imported.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.

* Includes methylated and perfumed spirits and spirits of wine.

 £££££
Apparel, including hats and caps930,5901,053,0741,201,0651,331,8411,554,361
Boots and shoes258,738271,984312,049347,104411,955
Drapery, haberdashery, linens, woollens, and other textiles2,105,4902,283,6682,489,8372,378,4682,403,178
Hosiery155,002163,861171,469187,725209,846
Silks41,70659,43776,059103,93697,591
     Totals3,491,5263,832,0244,250,4794,349,0744,676,931
Iron and steel (pig, wrought, wire, &c., and galvanized)976,1981,173,7161,401,4421,387,7581,510,681
Railway and tramway plant191,057200,653209,222205,593269,412
Machinery583,448640,189725,578989,7141,039,307
Sewing and knitting machines58,82157,06852,11864,24554,971
Hardware and iron-mongery328,745417,402474,822485,266472,137
Tools and implements (including agricultural)265,830299,560342,464397,816397,846
Nails45,62570,23269,93170,56058,272
Other metals and metal manufactures450,648494,747606,841720,730726,933
     Totals2,900,3723,353,5673,882,4184,321,6824,529,559
Sugar613,950623,538676,395814,202812,528
Tea279,900293,955331,461320,289296,933
     Totals893,850917,4931,007,8561,134,4911,109,461
Beer46,54453,08651,97862,71157,854
Spirits*291,515332,734327,983382,396398,225
Tobacco353,612447,407434,461488,392466,159
Wine70,49377,82678,22086,47677,034
     Totals762,164911,053892,6421,019,975999,272
Paper263,044305,584351,717381,024377,494
Printed books187,690213,328235,017265,985248,668
Stationery179,279192,483209,162223,584232,960
     Totals630,013711,395795,896870,593859,122
Miscellaneous (specified articles)—
     Arms, ammunition, and explosives145,837136,982181,156236,098225,268
     Automobiles, motorcars, and motorcycles, and materials for182,257293,015567,452776,6501,021,613
     Bags and sacks180,705211,763132,519213,466233,799
     Bicycles and tricycles22,88131,13927,17027,88617,843
     Bicycle and tricycle fittings128,881176,899181,432148,065116,020
     Candles44,09037,96034,25330,82130,665
     Canvas59,06759,80664,43887,402103,065
     Carpeting and druggeting61,65373,47387,06393,709100,984
Group of Principal Articles imported.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
 £££££
     Carts, carriages, and materials for60,10978,27791,64094,05881,161
     Cement46,95652,49647,81641,75618,649
     China, porcelain, earthenware, and parianware119,097143,168169,700166,320193,799
     Coal253,081230,765186,263365,414466,286
     Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares373,696415,904402,573450,547442,614
     Fancy goods and toys210,259234,118276,265290,564294,005
     Fish (potted and preserved)63,20363,63589,703108,18590,545
     Floorcloth and oil-cloth98,607125,255147,057143,540145,172
     Fruits (including fresh, preserved, bottled, and dried)318,477340,281422,059433,508322,101
     Furniture, cabinet-ware, and upholstery62,08674,47198,030104,781110,493
     Glass and glassware162,038184,627188,717202,950250,976
     Leather and leather-manufactures178,348169,141167,114212,698226,865
     Manures269,453273,383320,034382,296377,422
     Musical instruments and materials for106,278133,414148,295172,013164,021
     Seeds124,148100,110160,401167,342148,277
     Oil329,289414,742471,965556,919570,062
     Timber311,472258,076364,092278,036504,931
     Woolpacks and wool-pockets48,52257,62871,40663,05374,449
     Total miscellaneous (specified articles)3,960,4904,375,8285,098,6135,848,0776,331,085
Other imports (excluding specie)2,179,0472,646,8632,854,7043,032,6873,148,202
     Total imports (excluding specie)14,817,46216,748,22318,782,60820,576,57921,653,632
Specie imported857,257303,360763,271399,995634,670
     Total imports15,674,71917,051,58319,545,87920,976,57422,288,302

Adopting the same classification as in the foregoing table the total value for each group is shown for the years 1903 and 1913, distinguishing imports from the United Kingdom, British possessions, United States of America, Germany, and other foreign countries

Years.Annual Imports from
United Kingdom.British Possessions.Foreign Countries.
United States.Germany.Others.Totals.
  ££££££
Textiles, boots and shoes, drapery and clothing19032,624,730183,512142,60329,38150,1493,030,375
 19134,288,973112,04397,90136,549141,4654,676,931
Iron and steel, machinery, hardware, tools, and other manufactures of iron and steel19031,848,749235,085408,45033,24289,1082,614,634
 19133,367,939345,041581,698109,695125,1864,529,559
Sugar and tea19031,750639,1454,436145603646,079
 19135241,097,7808,901..2,2561,109,461
Beer, wine, spirits, and tobacco1903314,48982,775172,04910,23223,376602,921
 1913658,149173,63991,22813,25063,006999,272
Paper, books, and stationery1903352,59665,90971,49122,49710,919523,112
 1913569,441201,30633,82425,94028,611859,122
Miscellaneous articles19032,296,7611,290,268642,329178,800250,3804,658,538
 19134,341,0972,564,6471,294,438502,501776,6049,479,287
Specie190373,593638,780....343712,716
 191386,070541,600....7,000634,670
     Total imports19037,512,6683,135,4741,441,358274,297424,87812,788,675
 191313,312,1935,036,0562,107,990687,9351,144,12822,288,302

PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF IMPORT FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES.

The goods enumerated below, although shipped from ports in the countries indicated, are not necessarily all the produce or manufacture of those countries. As already stated, only 92.88 per cent. of the goods exported to New Zealand from the United Kingdom is the produce of that country, the balance being reshipments.

UNITED KINGDOM.£
Acids14,831
Alkali32,481
Animals, living—
     Cattle, horned6,081
     Horses10,713
     Sheep3,577
Apparel and slops1,186,024
Arms, ammunition, and explosives196,229
Bags and sacks8,795
Beer54,348
Bolting—
     Leather3,415
     Other than leather35,006
Beverages, non-alcoholic—
Coffee-essence18,399
Bicycles and tricycles17,354
     Materials for77,222
     Motor bicycles and tricycles49,280
Materials for27,520
Biscuits6,907
Blacking4,767
Blacklead6,520
Blue6,217
Books, papers, and music, printed170,792
Boots and shoes366,733
Borax4,170
Brass8,044
Brushes, brushware, and brooms50,323
Candles18,953
Canvas94,091
Carpeting and druggeting95,981
Carriages, carts, &c.3,383
     Motor vehicles—
          Bodies for69,307
          Chassis for270,857
          Materials for92,249
     Steam-motor lorries—
          Materials, &c., for5,562
          Axles, &c.19,343
Carriage and cart makers' materials22,437
Cement18,429
Chains and chain cables16,955
China, porcelain, and parianware39,015
Clocks7,792
Cocoa and chocolate29,335
Cocoa-beans5,175
Cocoa-butter12,169
Combs3,588
Confectionery86,643
Copper28,082
Cordage15,280
Iron and steel hawsers, &c.42,700
Cork, cut4,532
Cotton piece-goods—
     Butter and cheese cloth8,278
     Leather-cloth8,354
     Tubular - woven cotton cloth43,177
     Waterproof material6,326
     Unenumerated831,504
Cotton—
     Waste10,887
     Wick7,984
Drapery309,885
     Lace and laces, n.o.e.42,287
     Ribbons and crape42,508
     Tailors' trimmings80,971
Drugs, chemicals, &c.—
     Chemicals, n.o.e.6,023
     Glycerine, refined2,740
     Medicinal preparations99,164
     Containing over 50% proof spirit2,120
     Anhydrous ammonia2,408
     Disinfectants15,177
     Insecticides and tree-washes2,339
     Potassium and sodium cyanide25,474
     Sheep-dip51,994
     Unenumerated23,566
Dyes5,241
Earthenware110,551
Engine-packing13,437
Essences, flavouring11,640
Essential oils5,951
Fancy goods and toys181,425
Felt sheathing6,314
Fire engines and extinguishers3,139
Fish—
     Dried, pickled, or salted3,818
     Potted and preserved25,966
Fishing-tackle4,063
Floorcloth and oilcloth143,759
Foods—
     Animal6,543
     Farinaceous—
          Infants' and invalids'9,812
          Maizena and cornflour16,743
Fruits, dried9,505
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery25,802
Furniture, knife, and plate powder and polish5,664
Furs13,835
Gelatine and isinglass3,931
Glass—
     Bottles, empty32,421
     Mirrors and looking-glasses8,192
     Plate, bevelled, and silvered3,951
     Plate, other kinds22,297
     Window glass22,856
Glassware15,966
Grain and pulse—
     Beans and peas3,901
     Ground, unenumerated6,507
Grindery31,975
Haberdashery20,905
     Buttons, &c.49,437
     Sewing cottons, silks, and threads67,115
Hair3,093
Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery361,730
Hats and caps114,632
Hatters' materials22,589
Hides2,902
Hops2,040
Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other11,288
Hosiery206,264
Indiarubber and guttapercha goods3,191
Ink—
     Printing5,574
     Writing2,804
Instruments, musical—
     Pianos79,926
     Other13,623
     Materials for3,451
Instruments—
     Optical4,028
     Scientific6,756
     Surgical and dental21,085
     Surveying3,168
Iron and steel—
     Angle16,749
     Bar, bolt, and rod248,087
     Bolts and nuts40,929
     Galvanized manufactures2,180
     Hoop30,104
     Pig42,587
     Pipes and fittings252,831
     Rails191,005
     Sheet and plate87,460
     Sheet, galvanized—
          Corrugated329,293
          Plain71,691
     Tanks17,875
     Wire—
          Fencing—
               Barbed22,643
               Plain57,278
          Telegraphic and telephonic10,678
          Netting53,245
          Unenumerated4,013
          Other7,717
Tains, jellies, and preserves7,183
Tellies, concentrated3,510
Jewellery6,085
Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick37,092
Lead4,869
Leather99,452
Leather-manufactures—
     Boot and shoe vamps, uppers, and laces10,711
     Unenumerated10,068
Linen piece-goods56,073
     Hessians and scrim42,115
Machinery and machines—
     Agricultural50,259
     Dairying machinery11,493
     Dredging machinery7,007
     Electric machinery308,131
     Engines—
          Steam8,106
          Gas and oil160,243
          Boilers for9,380
     Knitting-machines5,880
     Mining machinery11,701
     Portable and traction engines20,673
     Printing machinery18,693
     Refrigerating machinery5,016
     Sewing-machines14,882
     Woollen-mill machinery9,811
     Other103,362
Manures101,227
Matches and vestas24,496
Mats and matting8,738
Meats, potted and preserved2,103
Metal, manufactured articles of—
     Gas-making plant3,295
     Water, gas, and electricity meters32,517
     Railway and tramway plant66,445
     Rivets and washers11,655
     Tacks3,003
     Typewriters5,764
     Unenumerated263,091
Milk, preserved6,556
Millinery—
     Feathers, ornamental13,713
     Other kinds92,344
Mouldings and panels3,716
Mustard14,070
Nails20,015
Nuts—
     Almonds, shelled and un-shelled3,455
     Other3,695
Oils—
     Colza2,203
     Linseed77,211
     Mineral16,188
     Unenumerated, bulk3,599
     Unenumerated, in vessels under 1 gallon6,692
     Other6,330
Oilmen's stores16,054
Paints and colours—
     Ground in oil91,653
     Mixed ready for use33,749
     Unenumerated14,802
Paper—
     Bags9,065
     Butter-paper2,707
     Hangings40,171
     Printing114,446
     Wrapping6,030
     Writing54,497
Perfumery—
     Perfumed spirits5,336
     Toilet preparations18,365
Photographic goods3,717
     Cameras and lenses6,303
     Sensitized surfaces19,006
Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, &c.8,773
Plaster-of-paris2,024
Plate and platedware92,868
Portmanteaux and travelling-bags13,590
Printing materials—
     Type and materials, n.o.e.11,461
Provisions—£
     Unenumerated17,129
Putty3,198
Rugs25,047
Saddlery and harness (including whips)24,797
     Saddlers' ironmongery and materials25,076
     Collar-check9,652
Salt (including rock salt)47,170
Sauces, catsup, and chutney11,793
Seeds—
     Grass and clover32,665
     Unenumerated38,933
Ship-chandlery, n.o.e.4,881
Silks, satins, velvets, plushes, &c.36,135
Slates, roofing6,683
Soap—
     Powder, extract of soap13,079
     Other20,372
Specie—
     Copper5,415
     Silver80,655
Spices, ground and unground2,213
Spirits—
     Brandy24,735
     Geneva and gin, unsweetened11,708
     Rum3,666
     Sweetened, n.o e.2,271
     Whisky284,248
Starch9,179
Stationery—
     Handbills, circulars, &c.10,954
     Manufactured61,021
     Apparatus, &c., for educational purposes8,251
     Bookbinders' materials7,355
     Cardboard boxes, materials for13,944
     Unenumerated66,090
Stone—
     Granite and other stone, dressed, &c.7,307
Tarpaulins, tents, &c.6,905
Textile piece-goods—
     Other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen157,515
     Articles made up from, other than apparel30,599
Timber, sawn, undressed4,045
Tin—
     Block13,735
     Sheet77,859
Tinware15,382
Tinsmiths' furniture and fittings7,120
Tobacco—
     Manufactured66,872
     Cigars7,461
     Cigarettes169,909
Tobacco pipes and cases, &c.23,519
Tools and implements—
     Engineers' metal-, wood-, and stone-workers' machine or hand tools45,327
     Spades, shovels, and forks11,495
     Other73,231
Turpentine and terebene4,430
Twine29,514
     Nets and netting2,125
     Binder3,797
Umbrellas and parasols6,204
Materials for10,068
Varnish, lacquers, and gold-size18,198
Vinegar7,662
Watches12,156
Wax4,632
Wine—
     Sparkling10,827
     Other kinds12,742
Woodenware14,205
Woollen piece-goods385,145
Yarns19,226
     Coir, flax, jute, and hemp3,996
Zinc3,463
Minor articles required in the making up of apparel, &c.9,924
Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the
Dominion28,814
Miscellaneous—
     Goods, manufactured25,129
     Goods, unmanufactured4,493
Parcels-post364,191
VICTORIA.
Acids2,150
Animals, living—
     Horses9,370
Apparel and slops, n.o.e.5,463
Arms, ammunition, and explosives2,486
Bicycles and tricycles—
Materials for24,510
Books, papers, and music, printed37,451
Carriages, &c.—
     Motor vehicles—
     Materials for47,385
Coffee2,774
Cotton piece-goods6,116
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares12,364
Dyes2,461
Essential oils3,043
Fancy goods and toys2,227
Flour11,699
Foods, animal—
     Chaff6,207
Foods, farinaceous2,288
Fruits, dried—
     Raisins5,893
Fruits, fresh12,134
Grindery7,007
Haberdashery2,288
Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery2,372
Hides7,368
Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other3,854
Indiarubber and guttapercha goods5,499
Iron and steel—
     Bar, bolt, and rod2,746
     Rails2,836
Leather21,283
Linen piece-goods3,222
Machinery and machines—
     Agricultural3,152
     Dairying9,631
     Electric4,651
     Engines, gas and oil2,421
     Mining5,084
     Other7,852
Manures33,651
Metal, manufactured articles of—
     Typewriters3,220
     Other7,839
Oils6,093
Onions10,689
Photographic goods2,492
Plants, trees, and shrubs6,596
Rice13,444
Rice-meal refuse2,918
Seeds2,553
Soap3,748
Specie—
     Gold250,000
Stationery9,894
Sugar—
     Raw9,238
     Refined2,282
Tanning materials, crude12,339
Tea12,203
Timber, sawn, undressed2,965
Tin, block8,605
Tobacco—
Manufactured105,999
Tools and implements4,142
Wine6,805
Wool4,882
Miscellaneous—
     Goods, manufactured2,113
Parcels-post20,786
NEW SOUTH WALES.
Acids2,308
Alkali2,556
Animals, living—
     Horses7,153
Apparel and slops, n.o.e.7,764
Bags and sacks4,060
Books, papers, and music, printed28,250
Carriages, &c.—
     Motor vehicles—
          Chassis for2,552
          Materials for3,856
     Steam-motor lorries—
          Materials for3,076
Materials for6,605
Coals466,280
Coffee2,465
Coke2,719
Copper—
     Pig, bar, or sheet12,921
Cordage—
     Iron and steel3,992
Cotton piece-goods9,646
Drapery5,191
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares.69,868
Earthenware3,638
Fancy goods and toys28,846
Flour14,707
Foods, farinaceous—
Infants' and invalids'7,148
Fruits, fresh40,634
Glass—
     Bottles, empty4,382
Grain and pulse7,290
Haberdashery3,784
Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery7,244
Hats and caps and hatters' materials3,379
Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other5,879
Indiarubber and guttapercha goods2,168
Instruments—
Surgical and dental3,497
Iron and steel—£
     Bar, bolt, and rod3,448
     Pipes and fittings4,417
Lead—
     Pig and bar19,888
     Sheet14,672
Leather17,289
Machinery and machines—
     Agricultural2,550
     Dairying4,761
     Electric24,874
     Printing2,767
     Other10,406
Materials for, and parts of3,922
Manures56,009
Metal, manufactured articles of—
     Typewriters4,297
     Other18,239
Oils—
     Mineral7,272
Paper3,358
Perfumery5,785
Photographic goods5,580
Plants, trees, and shrubs2,631
Pollard and sharps2,294
Printing materials—
Type and materials, n.o.e.2,874
Rice16,319
Seeds7,868
Silks, satins, velvets, plushes, &c.2,994
Soap30,730
Specie—
     Gold290,000
Spirits—
     Whisky2,312
Spirits of wine7,978
Stationery9,503
Sugar, refined8,840
Tanning materials, crude4,479
Tea4,836
Textile piece-goods2,343
Timber—
     Logs16,933
     Logs, hewn93,473
     Sawn, undressed34,809
Tin, block14,473
Tobacco—
     Manufactured13,022
     Cigars2,206
Tools and implements6,929
Wine8,927
Woodenware2,757
Woollen piece-goods7,217
Miscellaneous—
     Goods, manufactured3,957
Parcels-post30,478
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.£
Fruits2,175
Manures4,865
Salt13,564
Tanning materials—
     Bark6,329
Wine9,684
WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
Timber—
     Logs, hewn68,476
     Sawn, undressed144,424
TASMANIA.
Fruits, fresh6,253
Manures4,063
Tanning materials—
     Bark8,412
Timber—
     Palings3,840
     Sawn, undressed26,290
Tin, block4,729
FIJI.
Fruits, fresh.60,905
Sugar—
     Raw778,066
     Molasses3,431
MALDEN ISLAND.
Guano13,311
CHRISTMAS ISLAND.
Manures22,991
HONG KONG.
Jams, jellies, and preserves3,763
BENGAL.
Bags and sacks220,033
Bagging and sacking32,285
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery—
     Kapok2,048
Iron and Steel—
     Pig5,289
Linen piece-goods—
Hessians and scrim12,964
Manures13,110
Mats and matting3,810
Oils—
     Castor17,808
     Linseed4,157
Tea18,981
Woolpacks74,213
BURMAH.
Candles11,465
Rice2,304
Wax3,551
CEYLON.£
Cocoa-beans6,276
Coconut, dessicated4,575
Tea258,738
SINGAPORE.
Foods, farinaceous—
     Sago and tapioca17,164
Fruits—
     Bottled and preserved11,311
Rice3,470
Spices9,412
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
Wine5,437
CANADA.
Animals, living—
     Cattle, horned2,700
Apparel and slops11,289
Boots and shoes9,285
Carriages, &c.—
Motor vehicles—
          Bodies for27,999
          Chassis for81,548
          Materials for4,915
     Steam motor-lorries—
          Materials for2,146
Fish—
     Potted and preserved34,173
Fruits, fresh—
     Apples and pears15,022
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery9,509
Glassware4,883
Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery4,188
Iron and steel—
     Pipes and fittings23,949
     Wire, fencing, plain3,035
Leather7,869
Machinery and machines—
     Agricultural44,554
     Sewing-machines2,032
     Other2,115
Metal, manufactured articles of5,352
Paper—
     Hangings5,307
     Printing103,606
Seeds—
     Grass and clover8,021
Timber—
     Laths and shingles3,598
Tools and implements2,349
Woodenware3,386
BRITISH WEST INDIES.
Cocoa-beans1,924
GERMANY.£
Acids3,171
Apparel and slops5,650
Arms, ammunition, and explosives7,009
Beer2,906
Bicycles and tricycles12,055
Brushes, brushware, and brooms2,698
Carpeting and druggeting2,595
Carriages, &c.—
          Motor vehicles—
     Chassis for3,098
     Materials for67,362
China, porcelain, and parianware12,055
Clocks5,628
Confectionery2,538
Cotton piece-goods6,162
Drapery7,287
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—
     Cream of tartar20,136
     Medicinal preparations, drugs and druggists' sundries5,085
Dyes5,645
Earthenware7,146
Fancy goods and toys52,404
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery2,628
Furs2,614
Glass—
     Bottles, empty30,079
     Window2,612
Glassware19,108
Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery28,923
Instruments—
     Musical57,068
     Other2,597
Iron and steel—
     Hoop2,139
     Wire, fencing, plain5,822
Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick11,485
Leather7,356
Machinery and machines—
     Dairying5,183
     Electric23,685
     Engine-boilers2,285
     Sewing-machines5,234
     Other9,002
Manures45,869
Metal, manufactured articles of9,038
Paper—
     Butter-paper3,347
     Hangings2,045
     Wrapping2,663
     Writing2,207
Perfumery2,859
Plate and platedware4,012
Salt5,724
Seeds—
     Grass and clover31,163
Slates, roofing4,742
Spirits—
     Geneva and gin, unsweetened4,761
Stationery13,683
Textile piece-goods3,204
Tools, &c.4,555
Woodenware2,042
Woollen piece-goods8,255
Zinc2,012
Miscellaneous—
     Goods, manufactured7,101
Parcels-post11,566
FRANCE.
Carriages, &c.—
     Motor vehicles—
          Bodies for3,209
          Chassis for13,295
          Materials for10,092
Cocoa-butter2,952
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—
     Cream of tartar17,358
Earthenware14,440
Fancy goods and toys4,387
Gelatine and isinglass2,432
Leather3,829
Perfumery2,963
Resin4,534
Silks, satins, velvets, &c.8,216
Spirits—
     Brandy12,933
Stearine6,352
Tobacco pipes and cases, &c.6,763
Turpentine and terebene2,524
Wine10,999
Parcels-post2,980
ITALY.
Carriages, &c.—
     Motor vehicles, parts and material11,375
Fruits, fresh—
     Lemons3,800
Fruits, lemon and orange peel in brine3,156
Hats and caps12,230
Hatters' materials2,769
Hides2,199
Marble6,096
Nuts—
     Almonds11,058
SWITZERLAND.
Asphalt10,202
Confectionery38,057
Parcels-post7,522
SPAIN.
Cork, cut10,315
PORTUGAL.
Wine2,724
NORWAY.
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—
     Carbide of calcium24,362
Fish, potted and preserved17,978
Miscellaneous—
     Goods, manufactured6,359
SWEDEN.
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—
     Carbide of calcium5,680
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery2,087
Machinery and machines—
     Dairying28,580
     Electric25,478
Paper8,381
Timber—
     Sawn, undressed2,257
Woodenware2,165
Miscellaneous—
     Goods, manufactured6,185
DENMARK.
Machinery and machines—
Dairying6,912
Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the Dominion3,733
BELGIUM.
Apparel and slops9,004
Arms, ammunition, and explosives2,121
Confectionery3,743
Cotton piece-goods5,532
Glass—
     Plate24,140
     Window29,610
Glassware5,758
Machinery and machines12,119
Manures47,519
Matches and vestas4,542
Metal, manufactured articles of7,175
Paper6,996
Zinc12,975
Miscellaneous—
Goods, manufactured5,627
Parcels-post1,233
HOLLAND.
Cocoa and chocolate28,292
Cocoa-butter5,247
Cotton piece-goods—
     Unenumerated2,995
Machinery and machines—
     Electric2,686
Manures4,043
Seeds6,067
Spirits—
     Geneva and gin, unsweetened17,330
Stationery5,232
AUSTRIA.
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery5,201
Tinware2,932
RUSSIA.
Salt1,959
Woodenware9,077
GREECE.
Fruits, dried—
     Currants8,335
TURKEY.
Foods, animal—
Unenumerated2,226
Fruits, dried5,035
ASIA MINOR.
Fruits, dried—
     Raisins9,816
     Figs, dates, and prunes4,348
ARABIA.
Figs, dates, and prunes2,713
CHINA.
Rice2,659
Silks, satins, &c.12,233
JAPAN.
Apparel and slops12,003
Basketware and wickerware4,138
Brushes, brushware, and brooms2,905
Cotton piece-goods14,683
Drapery9,143
Fancy goods and toys8,373
Hats, caps, and hatters' material2,171
Manures21,742
Mats and matting2,064
Onions4,799
Rice1,907
Silks, satins, &c.35,417
Sulphur9,905
Textile piece-goods2,123
JAVA.
Kapok47,993
SUMATRA.
Mineral oils30,289
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
Hemp9,549
Tobacco, &c.—
Cigars3,937
Yarns—
Coir, flax, jute, and hemp2,541
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Animals, living—
Cattle, horned3,800
Apparel and slops42,172
Arms, ammunition, and explosives13,231
Belting, other than leather3,090
Bicycles and tricycles2,106
Motor bicycles and tricycles2,348
Books, papers, and music, printed9,969
Boots and shoes20,428
Brushes, brushware, and brooms5,087
Canvas4,997
Carriages, &c.—
     Motor vehicles—
     Bodies for57,051
     Chassis for146,237
     Materials for24,635
     Perambulators and gocarts4,461
     Steam motor lorries, materials for2,030
     Materials for—viz., carriage and cart makers' materials2,671
Clocks16,153
Confectionery5,845
Cotton piece-goods24,483
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares32,318
Engine-packing3,640
Fancy goods and toys11,652
Fish—
     Potted and preserved4,382
Foods, farinaceous—
Maizena and cornflour5,950
Fruits, bottled and preserved25,492
Fruits, dried—
     Raisins24,582
     Figs, dates, and prunes9,177
     Unenumerated10,309
Fruits, fresh30,296
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery8,660
Furniture, knife, and plate powder and polish4,403
Glass—
     Bottles, empty4,645
Glassware8,811
Grease3,854
Grindery10,198
Haberdashery6,798
Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery63,919
Hops3,160
Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other3,668
Ink2,573
Instruments—
     Musical5,852
     Surgical and dental7,477
Iron and steel—
     Pipes and fittings4,595
     Rails2,902
     Sheet, galvanized—
          Corrugated3,646
          Plain4,377
     Staples, fencing6,808
     Wire, fencing—
          Barbed15,141
          Plain37,100
Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick14,257
Leather24,249
Machinery and machines—£
     Agricultural60,306
     Cash-registering12,001
     Dairying3,381
     Electric71,364
     Engines, gas and oil23,725
     Mining4,044
     Portable and traction engines2,943
     Printing10,097
     Sewing24,831
     Other25,010
Materials for, and parts of7,609
Metal, manufactured articles of—
     Meters2,340
     Typewriters10,495
     Railway and Tramway plant2,338
     Other50,599
Mouldings and panels7,230
Nails20,579
Oils—
     Mineral—
          Kerosene105,851
          Other kinds265,988
     Other than mineral11,714
Onions6,804
Paints and colours13,844
Paper —
     Hangings2,128
Perfumery—
     Toilet preparations11,566
Photographic goods0,038
Pictures, paintings, &c.3,048
Plaster-of-paris3,578
Resin10,793
Saddlery and harness (including whips)3,088
Salt3,707
Sausage-skins23,016
Seeds—
     Grass and clover16,295
Soap16,832
Stationery18,636
Stone—
     Grind, mill, oil, and whet2,178
Sugar—
     Glucose8,767
Timber—
     Laths and shingles7,403
     Sawn, undressed83,270
Tobacco—
     Manufactured74,799
     Cigars4,063
     Cigarettes6,307
Tools and implements87,091
Turpentine and terebene14,726
Varnishes, lacquers, and gold-size4,195
Watches2,715
Wax, paraffin15,546
Wine3,511
Woodenware17,484
Articles and materials suited for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the Dominion2,950
Miscellaneous—
Goods, manufactured14,659
Parcels-post22,666
FOREIGN WEST INDIES.
Tobacco, &c.—
     Cigars3,079
FRIENDLY ISLANDS.
Copra3,206
Fruits, fresh3,422
Specie—
     Gold4,000
     Silver3,000
SOCIETY ISLANDS.
Copra.2,479
Fruits, fresh5,086
NEW CALEDONIA AND DEPENDENCIES.
Manures7,811

IMPORT AND CONSUMPTION OF CERTAIN ARTICLES OF FOOD AND DRINK.

Information as to amount of certain principal articles of food and drink entered for home consumption on importation and ex warehouse is given in the tables which follow. The figures shown for beer include also beer manufactured in the Dominion on which excise duty was paid. In all other cases the articles shown are not produced (in the raw) in the Dominion, or, if so, only in very small quantities, so that the figures shown in the second of the tables practically represent the per capita consumption of the various commodities. Coffee-essence, of which £18,036 worth was entered for home consumption in 1913, is not included in the figures given for coffee.

TOTAL AMOUNTS ENTERED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION.
Article.Unit of Quantity.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.

* Not including chocolate confectioner

Tealb.7,300,2267,582,5308,066,1517,682,5727,070,429
Coffee, raw and roastedlb.240,848282,837277,560311,942320,064
Cocoa and chocolate*lb.453,544562,522556,255610,982597,656
Cocoa-beanslb.250,006375,444404,771363,173504,215
Ricelb.8,333,6968,528,2409,519,1047,745,2486,619,648
Sago and tapiocalb.2,560,9922,391,8722,770,5442,695,7282,800,560
Currants, driedlb.2,744,2762,856,7533,153,9363,429,779944,053
Raisinslb.4,201,6644,622,0784,338,0417,051,0443,132,827
Figs, dates, and pruneslb.3,756,0503,983,9354,270,6043,411,6292,976,075
SugarCwt.1,066,2501,055,3421,153,1681,256,5191,290,752
SaltCwt.368,180441,060395,340398,060477,720
Spiceslb.510,348485,808662,194610,429608,367
Mustardlb.238,220245,432276,039253,866254,053
Tobaccolb.2,346,8202,801,8932,851,8403,029,0763,024,506
BeerGal.9,436,2409,671,0309,800,61010,083,48210,300,416
WineGal.138,704153,430143,138153,611147,137
SpiritsGal.719,137767,620792,794863,797869,124
AMOUNTS PER HEAD ENTERED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION.
Article.Unit of Quantity.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.Average of 5 Years.

* Not including chocolate confectionery.

(a) Including Maoris.
Tealb.7.167.297.587.066.327.08
Coffee, raw and roastedlb.0.240.270.260.290.290.27
Cocoa and chocolate*lb.0.440.540.520.560.530.52
Cocoa-beanslb.0.250.360.380.330.450.35
Ricelb.8.178.208.947.115.927.67
Sago and tapiocalb.2.512.302.602.482.502.48
Currants, driedlb.2.692.752.963.150.842.48
Raisinslb.4.124.414.076.482.804.38
Figs, dates, and pruneslb.3.683.834.013.132.663.46
Sugarlb.117.13113.59121.31129.24129.25122.10
Saltlb.40.4547.4741.5940.9447.8443.66
Spiceslb.0.500.470.620.560.540.54
Mustardlb.0.230.240.260.230.230.24
Tobaccolb.2.302.692.682.782.702.63
BeerGal.9.269.299.209.269.219.24
WineGal.0.140.150.130.140.130.14
SpiritsGal.0.700.740.740.790.780.75
(b) Excluding Maoris.
Tealb.7.517.647.957.396.627.42
Coffee, raw and roastedlb.0.250.280.270.300.300.28
Cocoa and chocolate*lb.0.470.570.550.590.560.53
Cocoa-beanslb.0.260.380.400.350.470.37
Ricelb.8.588.599.387.456.198.04
Sago and tapiocalb.2.642.412.732.592.622.60
Currants, driedlb.2.822.883.113.300.882.60
Raisinslb.4.324.664.276.792.934.59
Figs, dates, and pruneslb.3.874.014.213.282.783.63
Sugarlb.112.89119.06127.26135.44135.28125.99
Saltlb.42.4349.7643.6342.9150.0745.76
Spiceslb.0.530.490.650.590.570.57
Mustardlb.0.250.250.270.240.240.25
Tobaccolb.2.412.822.812.922.832.76
BeerGal.9.719.749.669.709.649.69
WineGal.0.140.150.140.150.140.14
SpiritsGal.0.740.770.780.830.810.79

The late arrival of Christmas supplies of dried fruits last year is largely responsible for the decrease in imports of currants and raisins in 1913.

DETAILS OF ALL ARTICLES OF IMPORT.

Details of all imports for 1913, giving quantities and values of articles imported, with the amounts entered for home consumption, and the amount of duty received, are next shown.

The amounts shown in the column “Entered for Home Consumption on Importation and ex Warehouse” include all articles admitted free of duty, as well as dutiable articles specially entered for home consumption. Non-dutiable articles become technically entered for home consumption on the import entry being passed at the Customs.

GENERAL IMPORTS INTO NEW ZEALAND DURING 1913.(For rates of duty, see Tariff.)
Articles.Total Quantities Imported.Value of Total Imports.Entered for Home Consumption on Importation and ex Warehouse.Amount of Duty received, including Preferential.
Acid— £ £s.d.
     Acetic367,187 lb.3,816462,202 lb.2,888153
     Carbolic41,693 lb.507£507   
     Salicylic3,637 lb.249£249   
     Sulphuric517,676 lb.3,284£3,284   
     Tartaric152,888 lb.8,081£8,081   
     Unenumerated545,040 lb.9,618£9,618   
Alkali-
     Potash and caustic potash1,168 cwt.1,664£1,664   
     Soda ash21,861 lb.6,597£6,597   
     Soda carbonate and bicarbonate18,119 cwt.7,223£7,223   
     Soda, caustic19,302 lb.13,972£13,972   
     Soda crystals107 lb.59107 cwt.101410
     Soda, silicate8,684 lb.3,427£3,427   
     Unenumerated6,231 lb.4,480£4,480   
Alum4,015 lb.1,334£1,334   
Animals, living—
     Cattle, horned137 No.15,239137 No.64100
     Horses167 No.28,966167 No.12500
     Other kinds, viz.—
          Bandicoots6 No.16 No.   
          Bears4 No.1504 No.   
          Cats8 No.108 No.   
          Crocodile1 No.251 No.   
          Deer7 No.287 No.   
          Dogs166 No.1,323166 No.   
          Donkeys2 No.152 No.   
          Goats1 No.101 No.   
          Guinea-pigs12 No.112 No.   
          Jackal1 No.201 No.   
          Kangaroos3 No.323 No.   
          Monkeys4 No.134 No.   
          Sheep220 No.4,603220 No.   
          Squirrels2 No.42 No.   
          Wallabies8 No.228 No.   
          Canaries721 No.215721 No.   
          Cranes2 No.32 No.   
          Emu1 No.251 No.   
          Flamingo1 No.51 No.   
          Parrots793 No.117793 No.   
          Pheasants2 No.42 No.   
          Pigeons100 No.194100 No.   
          Poultry217 No.367217 No.   
          Other birds1,249 No.2581,249 No.   
          Bees..1    
          Fish284 No.250284 No.   
          Frogs280 No.2280 No.   
          Lizard1 No.11 No.   
          Tortoises90 No.790 No.   
          Turtles3 No.103 No.   
Apparel and slops, n.o.e...1,279,722£1,274,692318,39660
Apparel made to order of residents in the Dominion..1,244£1,234479156
Arms, ammunition, and explosives—
     Accoutrements..1,848£1,848   
     Gaps, percussion6,443,500 No.851£8518000
     Cartridges (shot), 10 to 24 bore5,483,560 No.19,1985,421,700 No.6,78677
     Cartridges, n.o.e.14,478,250 No.8,524£8,5102,43396
     Cartridge-cases73,103 No.12973,103 No.46130
     Detonators for dynamite and other explosives..4,956£4,956   
     Dynamite19,550 lb.85019,550 lb.   
     Firearms29,697 No.41,651£41,5774,1051711
     Fuse274,784 coils6,289274,784 coils   
     Lithofracteur, cordite, and similar explosives294,382 lb.14,158294,382 lb.   
     Ordnance stores..62,692£62,692   
     Powder, blasting630,125 lb.15,872030,125 lb.   
     Powder, sporting6,205 lb.8940,205 lb.   
     Shot387 cwt.516387 cwt.10779
     Other explosives1,001,050 lb.44,5771,001,050 lb.   
     Unenumerated..2,263£2,263   
Asphalt107,763 cwt.12,316107,763 cwt.   
Bacon and hams9,059 lb.3049,059 lb.75911
Bags and sacks—
Cornsacks590,222 doz.203,826590,222 doz.   
Unenumerated153,819 doz.29,920£29,88011060
Bags of textile or felt, printed141 doz.53£531350
Bagging and sacking..32,832£32,822240
Basketware and wickerware..0,348£6,3331,75040
Beekeepers' tools, implements, and apparatus..2,560£2,560   
Beer293,012 gal.57,854299,216 gal.29,921′114
Belting, leather29,887 lb.4,86729,510 lb.47673
Belting, other than leather..40,123£40,09537010
Beverages, non-alcoholic—
     Aerated and mineral waters..2,569£2,81156248
     Coffee-essence..18,403£18,0363,60741
     Fruit-juices, sweetened..1,354£1,364293160
     Fruit-juices, unsweetened20,863 gal.2,788£2,80147160
     Unenumerated..394£3947960
Bicycles and tricycles8,125 No.17,843£18,3463,70458
Materials for..116,020£115,8165,098199
Motor bicycles and tricycles2,691 No.50,265£50,2659,29970
Materials for..30,199£30,2841,239711
Biscuits—
     Fancy, and other kinds146,150 lb.6,893145,443 lb.1,220166
     Ships', plain545 cwt.751502 cwt.7556
Blacking..6,632£6,5781,344171
Blacklead..7,120£6,6021,36870
Blue245,178 lb.6,313241,187 lb.1,005111
Boats37 No.978£97820620
     Fittings for..45£45900
Books, papers, and music, printed..248,668£248,668   
Boots and shoes115,226 doz. prs.357,964£354,465 also 1,013,769 prs.105,06278
     Nos. 0 to 623,326 doz. prs.24,111£24,10319100
     Gum-boots2,070 doz. prs.17,6722,070 doz. prs.   
Borax3,613 cwt.4,2003,613 cwt.   
Bran........  
Brass—
     Pig, bar, or sheet1,300 cwt.5,5771,300 cwt.   
     Tubing and stamped work in the rough1,080 cwt.4,2811,080 cwt.   
Bricks —
     Building61,000 No.36461,000 No.   
     Fire314,717 No.1,786£1,77832272
     Other kinds67,320 No.30567,320 No.   
Brushes, brushware, and brooms..51,724£51,52014,790134
     Materials for..13,059£13,059   
Butter17 cwt.77£771580
Candles1,944,846 lb.30,6651,993,692 lb.12,464137
Canes and rattans..2,484£2,484   
Canvas..103,065£103,065   
Caramel58,525 lb.79258,549 lb.243191
Cards, playing147,576 packs2,637116,950 packs2,923150
Carpeting and druggeting..100,984£95,80919,161175
Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, perambulators, and the like vehicles—
     Carriages350 No.3,342£3,169710100
     Carts, drays, and wagons76 No.1,748£1,748285160
     Motor vehicles—bodies for2,731 No.159,352£159,12331,69571
     Motor vehicles—chassis for2,913 No.519,1482,913 No.   
     Motor vehicles — materials for..261,455£261,45885940
     Perambulators and gocarts6,676 No.7,483£7,5382,080113
     Steam motor lorries —
     Materials for..13,282£13,1582,13711
     Materials for—viz., axles, axle arms and boxes..21,426£21,426   
     Materials for—-viz., carriage and cart shafts, spokes and felloes, in the rough..9,095£9,095   
     Materials for—viz., carriage and cart makers' materials..25,493£25,493   
Cement40,844 barrels18,64939,839 barrels3,811133
Chains and chain cables13,304 cwt.18,038£18,03892140
Cheese63 cwt.304£29578180
Chicory160 lb.3160 lb.200
China, porcelain, and parianware..53,949£53,01212,17756
Clocks111,280 No.29,945£28,8298,12159
Coals468,940 tons166,286468,940 tons   
Cocoa and chocolate615,965 lb.60,589597,656 lb.8,16932
Cocoa-beans504,215 lb.16,999504,215 lb.   
Cocoa-butter646,929 lb.23,992646,929 lb.   
Coconut, desiccated244,565 lb.5,152244,565 lb.   
Coffee —
     Raw318,248 lb.12,199318,248 lb.   
     Roasted1,806 lb.1041,816 lb.25179
Coke1,702 tons3,4091,702 tons   
Combs..4,290£4,205997310
Confectionery—
     Chocolate confectionery, plain trade packages249,179 lb.11,659243,896 lb.3,073165
     Chocolate confectionery, fancy packages..83,404£85,84019,14757
     Unenumerated1,304,633 lb.46,5071,294,071 lb.11,15480
Copper—
     Nails371 cwt.2,090371 cwt.   
     Pig, bar, and sheet7,875 cwt.35,4327,875 cwt.   
     Rod and bolt340 cwt.1,684340 cwt.   
     Sheathing746 cwt.3,562746 cwt.   
Copra218 tons5,685218 tons   
Cordage5,201 cwt.18,768£17,3943,570193
     Hawsers of 12 in. and over622 cwt.737622 cwt.   
     Iron and steel23,560 cwt.47,115£47,10946811
Cork, cut..18,027£18,2831,506162
Cotton piece-goods—
     Butter and cheese cloth..12,703£12,703880120
     Leather cloth..9,588£9,588   
     Tubular - woven cotton cloth..43,730£43,730   
     Waterproof material..6,665£6,665   
     Unenumerated..895,444£895,444   
Cotton —
     Waste7,194 cwt.11,100£11,100   
     Wick160,782 lb.8,065£8,065   
Drapery..333,551£325,12164,926011
     Lace and laces, n.o.e...43,758£43,4288,685120
     Ribbons and crape..44,669£44,3708,87403
     Tailors' trimmings..82,279£82,279   
Drugs, chemicals, and druggists' wares—
     Baking-powder, yeast preparations, other ferments, and yeast foods..1,405£1,33327520
     Chemicals, n.o.e...8,678£8,6671,78277
     Cream of tartar1,044,831 lb.41,091£41,091   
     Medicinal preparations, drugs, and druggists' sundries, &c...183,571£182,48841,3031611
     Glycerine, refined..4,288£4,24284880
     Medicinal preparations containing over 50 per cent. proof spirit34,542 lb.7,18535,793 lb.1,789136
     Washing-powder..2,357£2,296459510
     Anhydrous Ammonia..5,374£5,374   
     Arsenic641 cwt.664£664   
     Carbide of calcium2,316 tons32,698£32,698   
     Disinfectants..17,316£17,316   
     Gums..3,776£3,776   
     Insecticides and tree-washes—
     Denatured red oils58,390 gal.3,867£3,867   
     Unenumerated..4,156£4,156   
     Medicinal barks, leaves, &c....1,025£1,025   
     Phosphorus..572£572   
     Potassium and sodium cyanide295 tons25,482£25,482   
     Sheep-dip..52,227£52,227   
     Sheep and horse drenches and sheep-licks..1,097£1,097   
     Vanilla-beans9,525 lb3,687£3,687   
     Unenumerated..42,098£42,098   
Dyes..15,735£15,735   
Earthenware..139,850£137,25423,66629
Eggs for setting14 doz.18£18   
Engine-packing..20,446£20,440   
Essences, flavouring—
     Over 33 per cent. proof spirit4,977 gal.12,9634,948 gal.3,95852
     N.o.e...375£3748160
Essential oils—
     Eucalyptus10,953 lb.2,293£2,344468148
     Other kinds..9,685£9,685   
Fancy goods and toys..274,343£270,92767,21702
Fancy goods..19,662£19,662   
Felt sheathing..7,030£7,03068160
Fire engines and extinguishers1,413 No.3,581£3,5811260
Fire-hose and other appliances for fires brigades..415£415   
Fireworks..2,402£2,38958128
Fish—
     Anchovies, salted12 cwt.35£35   
     Dried, pickled, or salted2,737 cwt.5,3572,540 cwt.1,429111
     Potted and preserved3,167,829 lb.85,1532,962,253 lb.25,499131
Fishing-tackle—
     Artificial flies..155£1553926
     Fish-hooks..775£775   
     Unenumerated..3,299£3,288668139
Flock16£161120 
Floorcloth and oilcloth145,172£145,57028,72222 
Flour59,544 centals26,55458,692 centals2,936610
Foods animal—
     Chaff1,473 tons6,3811,469 tons1,468191
     Prepared calf-meal348 tons4,151349 tons436110
     Unenumerated..8,525£8,6682,234190
Foods, farinaceous—
     Arrowroot35,991 lb.556£556   
     Infants' and invalids'..17,909£17,909   
     Macaroni and vermicelli317,098 lb.4,282£4,282   
     Maizena and cornflour1,905,04822,693£22,693   
     Sago and tapioca25,005 cwt.18,298£18,298   
     Unenumerated..2,213£2,213   
Fruits, bottled and preserved184,874 doz.39,027£38,34212,754126
Fruits, dried—
     Currants944,053 lb.10,978£10,978   
     Raisins3,132,827 lb.43,827£43,827   
     Figs, dates, and prunes2,976,075 lb.31,777£31,777   
     Unenumerated534,294 lb.10,477539,655 lb.4,49727
Fruits, fresh—
     Apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, medlars, apricots, quinces, and tomatoes324,015 lb.4,995323,533 lb.1,34811
     Apples and pears3,061,534 lb.43,6533,060,300 lb.6,375126
     Currants, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, and strawberries200 lb.4200 lb.084
     Grapes43,841 lb.1,06743,841 lb.182135
     Lemons733,099 lb.11,309732,672 lb.1,52680
     Other kinds17,608,501 lb.120,635£120,635   
     Fruits, lemon and orange peel557,4973,731£3,731   
Fruit-pulp, and partially preserved fruit36,943 lb.62136,742 lb.229129
Fungus140 cwt.268£268   
Furniture, cabinetware, and upholstery..49,668£49,02614,50676
     Kapok13,927 cwt.50,210£50,210   
     Unenumerated..9,615£9,615   
Furniture, knife and plate powder and polish11,524£11,1532,717184 
Furs17,490£16,0464,011125 
Gelatine and isinglass247,042 lb.11,793258,989 lb.1,87747
Glass—
     Bottles, empty77,169£77,169    
     Mirrors and looking-glasses10,123£10,2422,790149 
     Plato, bevelled and silvered8,076£8,0532,563126 
     Plate, other kinds1,216,899 sup. ft.43,695£43,695   
     Window5,482,531 sup. ft.55,288£55,288   
Glassware..56,625£56,23111,352104
Gle and size85,981 lb.2,44685,266 lb.54337
Gold-leaf..381£381   
Grain and pulse—
     Barley97 centals9194 centals965
     Beans and peas5,452 centals6,0215,260 centals19567
     Oats806 centals425806 centals25175
     Wheat91 centals8592 centals2117
     Unenumerated28,672 centals14,78128,544 centals1,0551910
     Ground, unenumerated6,556 centals9,1236,742 centals34600
Grease7,459 cwt.6,786£6,8591,74440
Grindery—
     Heel-plates, toe-stiffeners, and toe-plates..1,041£1,041236119
     Unenumerated..50,995£50,99519160
Gum, kauri2 tons258£258   
Haberdashery..21,549£21,4994,299157
     Buttons, tapes, pins, needles, and wadding..57,852£57,852   
     Sewing cottons, silks, and threads..74,891£74,891   
     Unenumerated..927£927   
Hair..3,581£3,581   
Hardware, hollow-ware, and ironmongery..467,163£463,546103,062141
Hardware..4,974£4,974   
Hats and caps86,455 doz.134,799£134,50433,6161811
Hatters' materials..29,346£29,346   
Hemp283 tons10,369£10,369   
Hides10,278 No.17,027£17,027   
Honey240 lb.8240 lb.200
Hops87,3535,79082,5492,693163
Hose, canvas, indiarubber, and other..25,222£25,34084465
Hosiery..269,846£208,49852,106911
Indiarubber and guttapercha goods..12,564£12,5647880
Ink—
     Printing334,632 lb.9,700£9,700360140
     Writing6,678 gal.3,0056,677 gal.64093
Instruments, musical—
     Harmoniums and organs364 No.4,353£4,3471,143120
     Pianos5,204 No.136,149£134,17732,6151511
     Unenumerated19,834£19,5744,61474 
     Materials for3,685£3,68514700 
Instruments—
     Optical5,499£5,499    
     Scientific10,987£10,987    
     Surgical and dental33,431£33,431    
     Surveying3,549£3,54948160 
     Unenumerated87£87    
Iron and steel—..£..£s.d.
     Angle2,000 tons17,552£17,5522000
     Bar, bolt, and rod26,608 tons258,913£258,31869237
     Bolts and nuts36,663 cwt.43,036£43,036   
     Castings for ships1,873£1,8697080 
     Galvanized manufactures2,673£2,677448150 
     Hoop2,822 tons30,178£30,17811640
     Hoop, galvanized5,364 cwt.3,7745,346 cwt.456153
     Pig9,619 tons49,175£49,175   
     Pipes and fittings, cast8,904 tons73,014£73,0143,407160
     Pipes and fittings, wrought10,724 tons197,933£197,9442,57061
     Rails25,864 tons197,910£197,9017591310
     Sheet and plate3,768 tons90,560£90,56016240
     Sheet, galvanized, corrugated400,284 cwt.333,009393,838 cwt.39,47890
     Sheet, galvanized, plain00,576 cwt.76,12089,685 cwt.6,80958
     Staples, fencing15,039 cwt.8,930£8,930   
     Tanks5,752 No.20,215{1,942,510 gal. 1 + 1 tank}2,43820
     Wire, fencing, barbed3,289 tons39,022£39,022   
     Wire, fencing, plain10,045 tons104,695£104,695   
     Wire, telegraphic and telephonic819 tons10,678£10,678   
     Wire netting.54,440£54,44055100
     Wire, unenumerated328 tons5,181£5,181   
     Unenumerated1,440 tons7,715£7,7151120
Jams, jellies, and preserves546,115 lb.11,924544,995 lb.4,60317
Jellies, concentrated87,206 lb.3,54089,5011,49419
Jewellery..6,981£7,2351,60390
Lamps, lanterns, and lamp-wick..66,356£65,81015,700109
Lard1,393 cwt.4,193£4,20591000
Lead—
     Pig and bar1,114 tons22,183£22,183   
     Pipe (including composition)144 cwt.252144 cwt.2556
     Sheet15,084 cwt.17,600£17,600   
Leather1,293,998 lb.180,3531,289,269 lb.7,30986
     Chamois..1,811£1,76838084
Leather manufactures—
     Boot and shoe vamps, uppers, and laces..11,167£11,1582,586120
     Unenumerated13,056£13,0243,08789 
Linen piece-goods59,760£59,760    
     Hessians and scrim56,046£56,046    
Machinery and machines, agricultural—
     Cleaners, grain and seed52 No.1,399£1,399   
     Cultivators, Spring tine4443,079£3,079   
     Cutters, chaff, turnip and other; oat bruisers, pulpers, turnip slicers and strippers264 No.1,245£1,245   
     Drills and sowers1,536 No.16,514£16,514   
     Harrows, disc1,205 No.6,601£6,601   
     other kinds1,640 No.3,482£3,482   
     Hay rakes, mowers and tedders, horse2,149 No.12,569£12,569   
     Horse grubbers, horse hoes, scarifiers, scufflers765 No.1,398£1,398   
     Ploughs3,306 No.11,134£11,134   
     Presses, wool, hay, and straw1 No.50£50   
     Reapers and binders1,419 No.25,811£25,811   
     Rollers, field2 No.23£23   
     Shearing4,021 No.6,388£6,388   
     Threshing-machines26 No.1,575£1,575   
     Other kinds..70,458£70,468   
Machinery and machines—
     Cash-registering619 No.12,007£10,3232,064111
     Dairying..70,472£70,47249680
     engines for..802£1,662129140
     boilers for....£244160
     Dredging..7,007£7,007209110
     Electric..474,812£473,68831,15903
     Engines, steam47 No.8,563£8,1191,293160
     Engines, gas and oil5,106 No.189,976£189,1925,13420
     Engines, oil, for motorcars10 No.232£232   
     Engines, boilers for79 No.12,105£11,3851,851186
     Flour-milling..2,515£2,515125156
     Horticultural..630£630   
     Knitting65 No.0,111£6,111   
     Locomotives3 No.2,703£2,703550180
     Mining21,505£21,497467138 
     Mining, engines for4,244£4,32032020 
     Mining, boilers for..138£13827120
     Paper-milling..358£3587170
     Portable and traction engines52 No.23,616£23,61629460
     Printing..34,189£33,6031,79357
     Refrigerating..6,567£6,13533470
     Sewing12,919 No.48,880£48,880   
     Viticultural..20£20   
     Woollen-mill10,269£10,269474160 
     Unenumerated118,640£115,78220,11281 
     Materials for, and parts of37,937£37,8562,038110 
Maize, flaked901 bush.231901 bush.4516
Malt2,705 bush.9642,705 bush.2701010
Manures—
     Bonedust5,817 tons36,713£36,713   
     Guano8,792 tons23,589£23,589   
     Unenumerated89,316 tons317,120£317,120   
Marble—
     Dressed or polished, and manufactures..6,808£6,9191,729160
     Hewn or rough-sawn281 tons2,469£2,469   
Matches and vestas (boxes)
     Wax100,654 gross21,876100,458 gross6,039165
     Wooden108,299 gross8,77997,0675,29961
Mats and matting..15,971£15,9193,182171
Meal, oaten45 centals5145 centals2119
Meats—
     Mutton, frozen1 cwt.1£1   
     Potted and preserved..2,243£2,00540613
Metal, manufactured articles of—
     Anchors2,079 No.1,641£1,6413240
     Gas-making plant..4,026£4,02027300
     Japanned and lacquered metalware..808£85623066
     Meters—gas, water, or electricity..37,288£37,288   
     Pumps..2,511£2,27142040
     Railway and tramway plant..71,502£71,502572140
     Rivets and washers11,373 cwt.12,927£12,927   
     Tacks2,360 cwt.3,831£3,831   
     Typewriters1,858 No.24,714£24,714   
     Unenumerated..360,889£356,59849,5051710
Metal-sheathing, other than copper227 cwt.999£999   
Milk, preserved273,990 lb.6,756£3,636936154
Millinery—
     Feathers, ornamental14,154£14,1223,51700 
     Other kinds95,090£94,67923,669144 
Minerals—
     Antimony2 tons30£30   
Mouldings and panel..15,210£15,0282,955137
Mustard254,053 lb.14,075£14,075   
Nails90,091 cwt.55,10590,554 cwt.10,78540
     Roofing, lead-headed215 cwt.373£3466931
     Nails2,305 cwt.2,794£2,794   
Naphtha (wood)10,985 gal.1,946£1,946   
Nuts—
     Almonds, shelled and unshelled300,714 lb.16,810£16,810   
     Coconuts1,140 No.9£9   
     Walnuts83,217 lb.2,56080,169 lb.66816
     Unenumerated280,492 lb.4,448£4,448   
Oakum439 cwt.515£515   
Oars716 No.157£157   
Oils—
     Castor139,848 gal.18,464£18,464   
     Cod-liver13,223 gal.2,257£2,257   
     Colza32,367 gal.3,132£3,132   
     Fish, penguin, mutton-bird, and seal35,509 gal.3,320£3,320   
     Linseed551,352 gal.81,730£81,730   
     Mineral, kerosene3,269,583 gal.105,856£105,856   
     Mineral, other kinds5,325,136 gal.325,4325,506,893 gal.20,520105
     Olive6,218 gal.2,159£2,159   
     Whale78 gal.8£8   
     Unenumerated, bulk55,408 gal.6,31356,579 gal.1,49470
     Unenumerated, in vessels under 1 gallon..11,140£11,1732,234111
     Unenumerated82,352 gal.10,251£10,251   
Oilmen's stores..16,883£16,6633,332127
Onions53,764 cwt.23,9282,639 tons2,638111
Opium135 lb.13328 lb.5616
Paints and colours—
     Ground in oil64,900 cwt.94,45365,088 cwt.7,95070
     Mixed ready for use17,958 cwt.46,53917,085 cwt.4,41373
     Unenumerated14,667 cwt.16,474£16,476274110
     Driers, liquid3,673 gal.687£687   
     n.o.e.1,082 cwt.1,1381,081 cwt.13534
Paper—
     Bags, coarse22 cwt.2822 cwt.8111
     , other kinds8,336 cwt.9,935£9,9072,61644
     Butter-paper8,251 cwt.11,413£11,413   
     Hangings..51,544£51,544   
     Printing290,247 cwt.222,389£222,40447000
     Wrapping20,004 cwt.18,74119,932 cwt.6,60088
     Writing40,919 cwt.61,788£61,788   
     Unenumerated577 cwt.1,656£1,656   
Pearl barley1,534 cwt.1,1171,534 cwt.76138
Peas, split1,436 cwt.8941,437 cwt.143139
Peel, candied and drained10,721 lb.25910,721 lb.143121
Perfumery—
     Perfumed spirits2,118 gal.9,8202,098 gal.3,14729
     Toilet preparations..38,446£38,12111,82364
     Unenumerated..767£76721589
Photographic goods..7,091£7,0181,66639
     Copper, glass, and zinc plates for photo-lithographic work..1,023£1,023   
     Cameras and lenses..10,088£10,0933941710
     Sensitized surfaces..26,085£26,028260113
Pickles4,806 gal.1,4944,671 gal.700139
Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs..13,976£13,8272,4481310
Picture frames and mounts..3,013£3,00970606
Pitch1,659 cwt.768£768   
Plants, trees, and shrubs..11,486£11,486   
Plaster-of-paris44,647 cwt.7,338£7,338   
Plate and platedware..100,222£97,84220,25208
Pollard and sharps17,034 centals3,76717,033 centals851131
Portmanteaux and travelling-bags..16,806£16,5104,640189
     Leather bags and leather-cloth bags..3,007£2,925833199
Potatoes28 tons26729 tons2959
Printing materials—
     Stereotypes, matrices, half-tone, and line blocks..548£54513664
     Type and materials, n.o.e...16,929£16,92930680
Provisions—
     Eggs8,090 doz.460£460137120
     Unenumerated..25,230£24,8965,55206
Putty6,094 cwt.3,2966,094 cwt.767110
Quicksilver3,528 lb.399£399   
Resin23,096 cwt.17,300£17,300   
Rice59,104 cwt.42,396£42,396   
Rice-meal refuse20,711 cwt.4,808£4,808   
Rugs, all kinds..27,543£26,9655,363103
Saccharine20,166 oz.33720,639 oz.1,5471810
Saddlery and harness (including whips)..26,778£26,6915,4561711
     Harness oil, composition and leather-dressing..1,677£1,65839623
     Saddlers' ironmongery and materials..26,782£26,782   
     Collar-check..9,652£9,652   
Salt23,886 tons70,602£70,602   
Rock-salt1,389 tons3,796£3,796   
Saltpetre1,634 cwt.1,973£1,973   
Sauces, catsup, and chutney17,563 gal.12,53716,947 gal.3,38986
Soy3,298 gal.260£260   
Sausage-skins305,341 lb.25,530300,486 lb.3,716176
Seeds—
     Grass and clover29,875 cwt.99,067£99,067   
     Unenumerated..49,210£49,210   
Shale276 tons747£747   
Ship-chandlery, n.o.e...6,205£6,205   
Silks, satins, velvets, and plushes of pure and mixed silks..97,513£96,91019,38209
For flour-dressing..78£78   
Silver7,681 oz.1,009£1,009   
Skins and pelts2,689 No.234£234   
Slates, roofing876,68 No.13,842£13,842   
Soap—
     Common16 cwt.1416 cwt.410
     Powder, extract of soap, &c.19,126£18,6283,724148 
     Soap, n.o.e.68,006£67,57718,959151 
Specie—
     Copper..5,415£5,415   
     Gold544,000£544,000    
     Silver85,255£85,255    
Specimens illustrative of natural science..239£239   
Spices—
     Ground22,533 lb.82522,036 lb.186142
     Unground586,331 lb.15,305£15,305   
Spirits—
     Bitters, cordials, and liqueurs5,062 gal.4,6834,414 gal.3,53123
     Brandy73,623 gal.39,88172,626 gal.58,10122
     Geneva and gin, unsweetened128,201 gal.35,712102,375 gal.81,90043
     Methylated264 gal.50264 gal.1356
     Rum17,754 gal.4,39318,465 gal.14,7711410
     Sweetened, n.o.e.9,2312,5838,484 gal.6,78794
     Whisky739,190 gal.289,259656,930 gal.527,14417
     Unenumerated3,762 gal.3,5653,830 gal.3,06457
Spirits of wine110,036 gal.8,2792,679 gal.2,142178
     Methylated, in bond....96,049 gal.2,40145
Starch875,757 lb.9,450888,148 lb.7,443139
     Confectioners' moulding30,939 lb.234£234.  
Stationery—
     Handbills, circulars, &c.418,119 lb.17,979417,467 lb.5,3881710
     Manufactured..78,843£78,15120,246111
     Unenumerated..68,284£67,81612,816163
     Apparatus and appliances, articles and materials for educational purposes..10,819£10,819   
     Bookbinders' materials..11,266£11,266   
     Cardboard boxes, materials for..31,414£31,41481120
     Unenumerated..11,350£11,33615120
Stearine378,171 lb.8,083378,171 lb.1,399119
Stone—
     Building71 tons171£171... 
     Granite and other stone, dressed or polished, and manufactures..7,590£7,8941,999176
     Granite and other stone, hewn or rough-sawn216 tons658£658   
     Grind, mill, oil, and whet..4,537£4,537   
Sugar—
     Raw1,215,477 cwt.787,304£787,304   
     Refined14,265 cwt.12,412£12,412   
     Glucose14,174 cwt.9,1861,545,853 lb.6,44111
     Golden syrup5 cwt.6    
     Molasses47,455 cwt.3,588£3,588   
     Treacle16 cwt.32£32   
Sulphur38,494 cwt.10,517£10,517   
Tallow..1£1   
Tanning materials, crude—
     Bark3,118 tons31,017£31,017   
     Other kinds..6,559£6,559   
Tar..1,385£1,385   
Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick and wagon covers..7,104£7,1056440
Tea7,068,566 lb.296,9337,070,429 lb47214
Textile piece-goods other than silk, cotton, linen, or woollen..163,733£150,57130,087182
     Articles made up from, other apparel..34,138£33,7876,673610
Timber—
     Laths and shingles8,860,224 No.11,3298,860,750 No.88616
     Logs5,248 No.17,613£17,613   
     Logs, hewn13,220,132 sup. ft.163,090£163,090   
     Palings483,726 No.3,854483,662 No.483134
     Posts17,777 No.72817,777 No.69187
     Rails3,847 No.1813,847 No.7140
     Sawn, undressed33,484,952 sup. ft.303,01233,481,251 sup. ft.27,60091
     Sawn, dressed203,1933,660203,203 sup. ft.4011410
     Unenumerated..1,464£1,464   
Tin—
     Block3,787 cwt.41,570£41,570   
     Foil22,199 lb.2,594£2,594   
     Sheet85,795 cwt.80,139£80,139   
Tinware..22,428£22,4246,319150
Tinsmiths' furniture and fittings..7,219£7,219   
Tobacco,©—
     Unmanufactured20,883 lb.1,43216,120 lb.1,61200
     Manufactured2,177,715 lb.261,0112,352,182 lb.411,522178
     Cigars61,385 lb.26,24761,613 lb.21,56497
     Cigarettes586,721 lb.177,307{229 753,290 No. +17,945 lb.}207,3141911
     Snuff1,360 lb.1621,140 lb.39900
Tobacco pipes and cases, &c.32,314£32,4978,305186 
Tools and implements—
     Axes and hatchets5,922£3,922    
     Engineers', metal-, wood-, and stone-workers' machine or hand tools71,809£71,809    
     Scythes£1,190£1,190    
     Sheep-shears1,361£1,361    
     Spades, shovels, and forks13,901£13,901    
     Unenumerated141,927£141,927    
Turpentine and terebene166,746 gal.21,783£21,783   
Twine..30,155£29,2225,552187
     Nets and netting..2,265£2,23546068
     Binder1,472 cwt.3,797£3,797   
     Unenumerated..1,048£1,048   
Umbrellas and parasols..6,336£6,2701,25400
Materials for..10,739£10,739   
Varnish, lacquers and gold-size50,683 gal.24,42449,801 gal.5,020116
Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved..3,095£2,35763961
Vinegar52,952 gal.7,69050,427 gal.1,261113
Watches86,076 No.18,061£16,8333,366120
Watchmakers' materials..499£499   
Wax—
     Beeswax3,940 lb.2413,940 lb.1684
     Paraffin2,184,271 lb.20,9372,203,851 lb.9,182143
     Unenumerated51,930 lb.4,43454,125 lb.225105
Whiting and chalk13,810 cwt.1,84913,878 cwt.691110
Wine—
     Australian46,594 gal.19,67749,609 gal.12,40256
     Sparkling12,820 gal.24,45212,141 gal.5,46348
     Other kinds85,684 gal.32,90585,387 gal.21,33362
Woodenware..54,04453,82810,713111
Wool—
     Greasy105,603 lb.4,693£4,693   
     Scoured10,051 lb.666£666   
     Washed597 lb.40£40   
Woollen piece-goods..402,528£399,64579,803160
Woollen blankets5,311 pairs1,831£1,83134440
Wool packs53,131 doz.74,317£74,317   
Woolpockets150 doz.132£132   
Yarns..20,341£20,2424,04870
     Coir, flax, jute, and hemp..10,229£10,229   
Zinc—
     Perforated sheet723 cwt.1,753£1,75332180
     Plain sheet5,554 cwt.8,184£8,184   
     Spelter6,724 cwt.9,025£9,025   
Minor articles required in the making-up of apparel, &c...10,480£10,480   
Articles and materials suited only for and to be used solely in the fabrication or repair of goods within the Dominion..40,085£40,085   
Miscellaneous goods—
     Manufactured73,745£73,745    
     Unmanufactured8,150£8,150    
Parcels-post473,143£473,14380,546193 
EXCISE DUTIES, NOT INCLUDING BEER.
Tobacco, manufactured....13,658 lb.682186
Cigars..3,585 lb.268174 
Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit..71,168 lb.2,66161 
Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or less..16,548 lb.    
Culinary and flavouring essences, spirituous....4,088 gal.2,452140
Perfumed spirits945 gal.945S0  
Toilet preparations, spirituous, subject to 16s. per gallon on importation....311 gal.186126

GOODS RECEIVED FROM COOK AND OTHER ISLANDS.

Goods received from the Cook Islands and Niue, or Savage Island, are treated as produce of New Zealand and not as forming part of the external trade of the Dominion. The following were the principal articles received at New Zealand ports from these Islands during 1913:—

Article.Quantity.Value.
 £ 
Coffee, raw20,250 lb.638
Copra868 tons19,673
Fruits, fresh14,651,341 lb.82,223
Hats and caps2,334 doz.1,277
Coconuts73,724 No.570
Nuts, unenumerated36,680 lb.326
Potatoes79 tons819
Fungus157 cwt.216
Fancy goods and toys..2,152
Specie..370
Other articles..831
     109,095

SUBSECTION D.—CUSTOMS REVENUE AND TARIFF.

CUSTOMS REVENUE.

THE Customs and excise duties received during the last five years are shown in detail, also the rate of revenue per head of mean population, inclusive and exclusive of Maoris, for each year:—

1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.

* Minus quantity.

CUSTOMS DUTIES.£££££
Spirits577,233616,835637,326693,366704,548
Wine38,74940,88838,60641,25139,198
Ale, beer, &c.25,23227,15927,36529,63629,922
Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff162,940176,347190,588216,594229,278
Tobacco397,000400,418401,936420,080413,135
Coffee, cocoa, &c.6,3707,8327,7848,4628,171
Opium3964324256
Other goods by weight182,695214,772236,747217,785219,402
Other goods ad valorem1,088,7671,226,0721,402,8111,503,0001,559,647
Other duties113,573122,066139,874131,303141,526
Parcels-post52,54160,17765,96874,17580,547
Primage1,969    
Surtax6,50962,35916,62025*4
     Totals, Customs duties2,653,6172,954,9893,165,6573,335,7193,425,426
EXCISE DUTIES.
Tinctures—New Zealand3,7664,0965,3515,5006,253
Cigars, cigarettes, and snuff—New-Zealand-manufactured170170289310269
Tobacco—New-Zealand-manufactured1,086854844746683
Beer—New Zealand114,799117,493119,087122,339125,015
     Totals, excise duties119,821122,613125,571128,895132,220
 £ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.£ s. d.
Revenue from Customs duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris)2 14 72 19 63 2 53 4 33 4 1
Ditto (including Maoris)2 12 12 16 92 19 73 1 33 1 3
Revenue from excise duties per head of mean population (excluding Maoris)0 2 5.60 2 5.60 2 5.70 2 5.80 2 5.7
Ditto (including Maoris)0 2 4.20 2 4.30 2 4.30 2 4.40 2 4.4

Amount of Customs revenue per head for twenty years is given in the table following. It will be seen that after rising fairly steadily until 1907, the rate fell in the two following years, this being due principally to the alterations in the tariff, consequent on the revision of 1907. From 1909 to 1912, however, each year witnessed an increase, the figures for 1909 being £2 14s. 7d., and for 1912 £3 4s. 3d. The figures for 1913 show a decrease of 2d. per head on those for 1912. It must be pointed out that the increased rate of Customs revenue per head of late years is entirely due to increase in the total value of imports.

CUSTOMS REVENUE PER HEAD OF EUROPEAN POPULATION.

     £s.d.
1894264
1895269
18962911
18972130
18982133
18992145
190021610
19012164
19022173
1903310
1904329
1905310
1906349
1907370
1908315
19092147
19102196
1911325
1912343
1913341

ALTERATION IN TARIFF.

Besides an alteration of tariff in 1895, certain duties were lowered and exemptions granted in the year 1900. The duty on tea was brought to 2d. per pound, instead of 4d.; currants and raisins were lowered to 1d. per pound; candles to 1d.; cocoa and roasted coffee to 3d. There was also reduction on stearine for match-making, on paraffin wax, and wax matches. The duty on patent and proprietary medicines was made 15 per cent., also that on certain drugs and chemicals, while the charge on steam-engines, or parts thereof, became 5 per cent. Various exemptions came into force.

In 1907 the Customs tariff was completely revised and some important alterations made. Among articles placed upon the free list are: Sugar, molasses and treacle, currants, raisins, figs, dates, prunes, unground spices, mustard, maizena, cornflour, almonds and nuts (excepting walnuts), carbonate and bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, infants' foods, forfar, dowlas, and flax-sheeting, vegetable oils, fencing staples and standards, sheet lead; gas, electricity, and water meters; rubber and pneumatic tires for carriages. Children's boots Nos. 0-6 and tea in bulk are admitted free if of British manufacture or growth.

Increased rates of ordinary duty were imposed on certain articles, among which are found: Flavouring essences, n.o.e., medicinal preparations, drugs and druggists' sundries, candles, paraffin wax, hosiery, cash-registers, cartridges (shot), 10-24 bore, cartridge-cases, certain sizes of iron and fibre pipes, mouldings and panels.

Tea, the produce of British dominions, if in packages of 5 lb. in weight or over is admitted free, in packages under 5 lb. 2d. per pound. The preferential duty on tea of foreign growth is 2d. per pound if in packages of 5 lb. in weight or over, and 1d. per pound if in packages of a lesser weight than 5 lb.

The Customs Duties Amendment Act, 1909, imposed a surtax of 1 per cent. on the amount of duty payable on tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, and of 2œ per cent. on the amount of duty payable on all other dutiable goods. This surtax remained in operation until 31st March, 1911.

The Customs revenue for 1913 was increased by the sum o £129,365 in consequence of the preferential tariff, but the exemption in favour of British-grown tea has resulted in a considerable loss of revenue. The duty collected on all tea imported in 1903 was £43,606, while in 1913 only £472 was received. Sugar and molasses, from which the duty has been removed, yielded an average annual revenue of £194,000 during the years 1903-7.

The tariff (general and preferential) is given in full in this subsection. The rates of duty levied are divided into two classes, specific and ad valorem. The specific class includes 16s. per gallon on spirits; 30s. per gallon on perfumed spirits; 7s. per pound on cigars and snuff; 17s. 6d. per 1,000, of 2œ lb. and under, on cigarettes; also 3s. 6d. per pound on manufactured and 2s. on unmanufactured tobacco. Sparkling wine is charged 9s. a gallon; Australian, 5s.; other kinds, 6s.; ale and beer, 2s. The duty on cocoa, chocolate, and chicory is 3d. per pound; roasted coffee, 3d. Opium is charged 40s. per pound, but this article, in a form suitable for smoking, cannot now be legally imported. Ad valorem duties range from 5 to 40 per cent. on the value of the goods, 20 per cent. being the commonest rate.

There is also an excise duty of 1s. per pound on tobacco; 1s. 6d. per pound on cigars and snuff; 3d. per gallon on beer; 9d. per pound on medicinal preparations (with exceptions) containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit, which, if less than 50 per cent., would be free. Toilet preparations subject to 16s. per liquid gallon on importation are charged 12s. the liquid gallon, or when subject to 25 per cent. duty, 6s. per gallon. Other excise duties are 12s. per gallon on culinary and flavouring essences, and 20s. on perfumed spirits. The excise duty on cigarettes made in New Zealand is now (from the 31st December, 1896) 2s. 6d. per pound on machine-made and 1s. per pound on hand-made cigarettes. All packages of manufactured tobacco must be labelled before leaving the manufactory, and it is necessary to obtain warrants to use cutting-machines for cutting duty-paid manufactured tobacco for sale (or to be used in the manufacture of cigarettes by hand), and to manufacture cigarettes by hand, under certain conditions.

The duties authorized by the Timber Export Act, 1908, will be found following the full tariff.

PREFERENTIAL TARIFF.

In 1903 the Legislature of New Zealand, with the object of encouraging trade between this country and other parts of the British Empire, imposed a surtax upon certain goods not being the produce or manufacture of some part of the British dominions. This may be regarded as the small beginning of what under the tariff of 1907 came to be a substantial protection to the British producer.

In 1907, while the tariff was under revision, some changes were made in the preferential duties of 1903, and the number of articles subject to the surtax greatly increased, until at present 193 of the total of 488 items on the tariff come under this head. The articles upon which differential duty is charged are specified in the tariff given further on in this subsection.

The value of imports into New Zealand from foreign countries has never assumed large proportions, ranging from 13.53 to 18.60 per cent. of the total during the past ten years. From 1899 to 1904 there was a steady increase, but after the latter year the proportion fell, a result, no doubt, in a large measure due to the preferential treatment of British goods. The years 1912 and 1913 are, however, somewhat above the average of recent years.

During the three years 1905-7, when the preferential tariff of 1903 was in full operation, the proportion of the value of goods imported upon which the surtax was charged, to the total value of goods imported, excluding specie, was,—

Year.Value of Imports subject to Surtax.Proportion to Total Value of Imports (excluding Specie)
 £per Cent.
1905599,7644.81
1906620,6004.34
1907658,0273.98

The greater number of articles included in the differential list in the tariff revision of 1907 has increased the total value of imported articles subject to the surtax, and also the proportion to total imports A decrease is, however, apparent in 1913.

Year.Value of Imports subject to Surtax.Proportion to Total Value of Imports (excluding Specie).
 £per Cent.
1908895,0075.19
1909842,4075.69
19101,000,2675.97
19111,159,3426.17
19121,337,1826.50
19131,325,0575.95

In connection with the subject of preferential duties, tables are annexed to illustrate the position in regard to two specially selected important foreign States at the time the additional duties were authorized. The tables also exhibit the fact that the value of free goods introduced increased at a greater rate since the year 1903 than of those which paid duty.

IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Year.On the East Coast.On the West Coast.Total Imports.
Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.Admitted Free of DutyOn which Duty Payable.
 ££££££
1903522,581716,95457,430144,393580,011861,347
1905541,685668,93354,415173,468596,100842,401
1907562,805708,74725,324128,720588,129837,467
1908816,176685,00552,56490,192868,740775,197
1909563,972460,92639,912101,253603,884562,179
1910696,087538,87369,05595,722765,142634,595
1911799,762589,046106,517186,804906,279775,850
19121,008,287700,361149,868191,1021,158,155891,463
1913993,313722,029125,398267,2501,118,711989,279
IMPORTS FROM GERMANY.
Year.Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.Proportions per Cent.
Admitted Free of Duty.On which Duty Payable.
 ££  
190370,191204,10625.5974.41
190564,920212,54723.4076.60
1907102,677248,95729.2070.80
1908144,824244,70737.1862.82
1909129,574198,27339.5260.48
1910146,830244,96537.4862.52
1911208,163272,45443.3156.69
1912283,122370,10843.3456.66
1913338,574349,36149.2250.78

VALUE OF FREE AND DUTIABLE IMPORTS.

The values of the imports into New Zealand during the years 1912 and 1913 are given in the next table, classified according to the duties to which they were liable, and arranged so as to show the declared value of goods on which specific or ad valorem duties at various rates are payable, and of those admitted free of duty.

Duties to which Imports liable.Value of Imports, 1912.Value of Imports, 1913.  
 ££  
Specific duties2,636,3282,808,248  
Ad valorem duties—
5 per cent.71,88864,450  
10 per cent.148,786145,682  
15 per cent.55,56644,603  
19⅖ per cent.15118  
20 per cent.3,578,8823,518,697  
22œ per cent.32,45638,590  
24 per cent.65,03446,122  
24Œ per cent...1  
25 per cent.1,765,4562,030,150  
30 per cent.734,509738,153  
33Ÿ; per cent.4,5874,843  
37œ per cent.116,082131,661  
40 per cent.1,2351,209  
Various280,224333,560  
 6,854,8567,097,739  
Parcels-post (various)435,594473,143  
Duty-free (excluding specie) 10,649,801  
 11,274,502   
Specie imported
 399,995   
 634,670   
     Totals
 20,976,574   
 22,288,302   

As already stated, general tariff revisions were made in 1895 and 1907. The table following shows for the years immediately preceding and following these changes and for 1913, the value of free and dutiable imports, the percentage admitted free of duty, and the duty per cent. on dutiable imports and on all merchandise imported.

1894.1896.1906.1908.1913.

* Including excise duties levied on certain imports manufactured in bond.

Merchandise—£££££
Free1,871,7722,263,0915,476,9498,658,11111,274,502
Dutiable4,118,4054,772,2888,826,2218,589,05110,379,130
Imports (less specie)5,990,1777,035,37914,303,17017,247,16221,653,632
Percentage of free merchandisePer Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per cent.Per Cent.
 31.2532.1738.2950.2052.07
 ££ ££
Total net duty received*1,572,4671,767,8522,903,1312,907,1513,432,631
Duty, per cent. of imports—Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
(a.) On dutiable imports38.1837.0432.8933.8533.07
(b.) On all merchandise26.2525.1320.3016.8615.85

The average rate levied on dutiable goods in 1913 was slightly higher than before the tariff revision of 1907, the increase being due to the surtax on foreign goods, but the average on all merchandise shows a decrease. The proportion of imported merchandise free of duty increased considerably since 1906, showing the effect of remissions under the new tariff.

CUSTOMS TARIFF.

A complete schedule of all tariff duties in force is subjoined:—

THE CUSTOMS TARIFF OF NEW ZEALAND.—TABLE OF DUTIES.

NOTE.—The headings of the respective classes in Schedules A and B are solely used for convenience of classification, and shall not in any way affect the interpretation of the Tariff.

The word “iron” includes steel, or steel and iron combined.

Neither steam-engines, nor parts of steam-engines, nor boilers (land or marine), nor feed-water heaters, fuel-economizers, steam-superheaters, or mechanical stokers are included in the expression “machines” or “machinery” as used in the Tariff.

The abbreviation “n.o.e.” means “not otherwise enumerated.”

SCHEDULE A.
Tariff Item No.Goods.Rate of Duty
Ordinary Tariff.Preferential Surtax on Foreign Goods (Schedules C, D, and E).
CLASS I.—FOODS AND ARTICLES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.
Goods subject to fixed rates, except as specified:—
1Bacon, and hams2d. the lb. 
2Biscuits, ships', plain and unsweetened; also dog-biscuits3s. the cwt.7⅕d. the cwt.
4Biscuits, other kinds2d. the lb.⅖d. the lb.
4Candied peel, and drained peel3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
5Confectionery n.o.e.: including medicated lozenges, medicated confectionery, boiled sugars, liquorice n.o.e., sugared or crystallized fruits2d. the lb., including internal containing packages (other than plain bottles and plain trade packages)⅖d. the lb., including internal containing packages (other than plain bottles and plain trade packages).
6Chocolate confectionery and confectionery containing chocolate:—
(1.) In plain trade packages3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
(2) In fancy packages, or in small packages for retail sale20% ad val.4% ad val.
7Fish, dried, pickled, or salted, n.o.e.10s. the cwt.5s. the cwt.
8Fish, potted, and preserved2d. the lb., including any liquor, oil, or sauce1d. the lb., including any liquor, oil, or sauce. (NOTE.—Sardines are not subject to preferential duty.)
(NOTE.—The terra “fish” is used in the Tarilf in its widest sense, and includes shellfish, crustaceans, and other foods obtained from the fisheries.)
9Fruits, dried, n.o.e.2d. the lb. 
10Fruits, fresh—viz., apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, medlars, apricots, quinces, tomatoes, and grapes1d. the lb. 
(No duty exceeding œd. the lb. to be levied on apples and pears on and from the 14th July to and including 31st December.)
11Fruits, fresh—viz., currants, raspberries, gooseberries, blackberries, strawberries, and lemonsœd. the lb. 
12Fruit-pulp, partially preserved fruit, fruit preserved by sulphurous acid, unsweetened and n.o.e.Lœd. the lb. 
13Glucose, and caramel1d. the lb. 
14Honey2d. the lb. 
15Jams, jellies, marmalade, and preserves2d. the lb., or package of that reputed weight, whichever rate is higher, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight⅖d. the lb., or package of that reputed weight, whichever rate is higher, and so in proportion for packages of greater or less reputed weight.
16Jellies, concentrated4d. the lb.⅘d. the lb.
17Pearl barley1s. the cwt. 
18Peas, split2s. the cwt. 
19Pickles3s. the gallon. 
20Sauces, catsup, and chutney4s. the gallon. 
21Soy, in vessels of 10 gallons capacity or under4s. the gallon. 
22Spices, ground, n.o.e., including pepper, pimento, and olive-stones, ground2d. the lb.⅖d. per lb.
23Vinegar, not exceeding 6.5 per cent. of acidity, calculated as acetic acid6d. the gallon1⅕d. per gallon.
24Walnuts, shelled or unshelled2d. the lb. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
25Capers, caraway-seeds, caviare, cayenne pepper, curry powder and paste, fish-paste, olives20% ad val. 
26Lard, and refined animal fats, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
27Meats, potted or preserved20% ad val.10% ad val.
28Provisions n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
29Vegetables, fresh, dried, or preserved20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
30Fruits, preserved in juice, or syrup25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
(Fruits, preserved in juice, or syrup, fortified with alcohol to any extent exceeding 33 per cent. of proof spirit, shall be charged 16s. per proof gallon on such juice or syrup, in addition to 25 per cent. ad val. on the total value of the goods.)
31Milk or cream, preserved, evaporated, or dried25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
CLASS II.—TOBACCO.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
32Cigarettes, not exceeding in weight 2œ lb. per 1,00017s. 6d. the 1,000. 
33Cigarettes, n.o.e.7s. the lb. 
34Cigars, including the weight of every band, wrapper, or attachment, to any cigar7s. the lb. 
35Snuff7s. the lb. 
36Tobacco, including the weight of every label, tag, or other attachment3s. 6d. the lb. 
37Tobacco, unmanufactured, entered to be manufactured in New Zealand in any licensed tobacco-manufactory, for manufacturing purposes only, into tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, or snuff2s. the lb. 
CLASS III.—ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND MATERIAL FOR MAKING THE SAME.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
38Ale, beer of all sorts, porter, cider, and perry, when containing more than 2 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity2s. the gallon. 
39Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of 33 per cent. of proof spirit, but not exceeding the strength of proof16s. the liquid gallon. 
40Cordials, bitters, and liqueurs, when exceeding the strength of proof16s. the proof gallon. 
41Hops6d. the lb.3d. the lb.
42Maize, flaked1s. the bushel. 
43Malt, whole or ground2s. the bushel. 
44Rice malt1d. the lb. 
45Solid wort6d. the lb. 
46Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, the strength of which can be ascertained by Sykes's hydrometer or other instrument16s. the proof gallon. 
(No allowance beyond 16.5 under proof shall be made for spirits or spirituous mixtures of a less strength than 16.5 under proof.)
47Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, n.o.e., when not exceeding the strength of proof16s. the liquid gallon. 
48Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, sweetened, n.o.e., when exceeding the strength of proof16s. the proof gallon. 
(Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, in bottles or jars in cases, shall be charged as follows—viz.: Two gallons and under as two gallons, over two gallons and not exceeding three as three gallons, over three gallons and not exceeding four as four gallons, and so on for any greater quantity contained in any case.)
49Spirits, and spirituous mixtures, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, in combination with other ingredients, and although thereby coming under any other designation excepting medicinal preparations otherwise enumerated16s. the liquid gallon. 
Wine.—The term “wine” as applied to the Tariff includes medicated wine, or wine mixed with food; also such spirituous beverages, and fluid foods, containing less than 33 per cent. of proof spirit, as may be so decided by the Minister.
50Wine, Australian, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity5s. the gallon. 
51Wine, other than sparkling, and Australian, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity6s. the gallon. 
52Wine, sparkling, containing not more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit; the gallon, or for six reputed quart bottles, or the equivalent in bottles of a larger or smaller reputed quantity9s. the gallon. 
53Wine of any kind containing more than 40 per cent. of proof spirit16s. the liquid gallon. 
CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, AND MATERIALS FOR MAKING THE SAME.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
54Chicory3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
55Cocoa, and chocolate, including cocoa-beans roasted and crushed; also cocoa or chocolate mixed with milk or any other food substance what-so ever3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
56Coffee, roasted3d. the lb.⅗d. the lb.
57Tea n.o.e.2d. the lb.⅖d. the lb.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
58Aerated, and mineral waters; effervescing beverages; and beverages n.o.e.20% ad val. 
59Coffee, essence of; and essence of coffee with milk or any other food substance20% ad val.10% ad val.
60Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, unsweetened, in containers of less than 10 gallons capacity20% ad val.10% ad val.
61Fruit juices or imitation fruit juices, sweetened; syrups; raspberry vinegar, sweetened20% ad val.10% ad val.
CLASS V.—DRUGS, MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, AND DRUGGISTS' SUNDRIES.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
62Acid, acetic, containing not more than 30 per cent. of acidity1œd. the lb. 
63Acid, acetic, containing more than 30 per cent. of acidity, for every 10 per cent. of acidity or fraction thereofœd. the lb. 
64Essences flavouring, containing more than 33 per cent. of proof spirit16s. the liquid gallon. 
65Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wines or wines mixed with food), containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit1s. the lb. 
6.6Opium£2 the lb. 
67Saccharin n.o.e., including substances of a like nature or use1s. 6d. the ounce. 
68Soda-crystals2s. the cwt.4⅘d. the cwt.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
69Baking powder; yeast preparations, and other ferments; also yeast foods20% ad val.10% ad val.
70Chemicals, and chemical preparations, n.o.e., including photographic chemicals n.o.e.; also anti-incrustation, boiler, and other compounds20% ad val.10% ad val.
71Essences, flavouring, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
72Eucalyptus oil in bulk or bottle20% ad val. 
73Glycerine, refined20% ad val.10% ad val.
74Medicinal preparations, drugs, and druggists' sundries, and apothecaries' wares, n.o.e.; also aerated water makers', and cordial manufacturers', and brewers' drugs, chemicals, and other sundries, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
75Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wines or wines mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or less20% ad val.10% ad val.
76Saccharin, in the form of tablets, pilules, granules, or cachets, each containing not more than œ grain of saccharin in combination with at least 10 per cent. of alkali20% ad val.10% ad val.
CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILE GOODS.
Goods subject to fixed rates of duty:—
77Cotton, raw4d. the lb. 
Goods subject to 20 per cont. ad val.:—
78All articles n.o.e., made of textile, felt, or other piece-goods, or of any combination of the same, wholly or partly made up or manufactured, and not being apparel or clothing either wholly or partly made up20% ad val. 
79Drapery n.o.e.20% ad val. 
80Flags20% ad val. 
81Haberdashery n.o.e.20% ad val. 
82Lace, and laces, n.o.e.20% ad val. 
83Ribbons, and crepe, all kinds20% ad val. 
84Rugs, woollen, cotton, opossum, or other20% ad val. 
85Textile piece-goods n.o.e., including silks, satins, velvets, plushes, n.o.e., composed of pure silk, or of silk mixed with any other material, in the piece, and including also imitation silks, composed of any material or substance whatsoever.20% ad val. 
86Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades20% ad val. 
87Yarns n.o.e.20% ad val. 
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
88Apparel, and ready-made clothing, n.o.e.25% ad val. 
89Feathers, ornamental (including ostrich); artificial flowers, leaves, and sprays25% ad val. 
90Furs, and fur trimmings25% ad val. 
91Hats of all kinds (including straw hats), also caps25% ad val. 
92Hosiery n.o.e.25% ad val. 
93Millinery of all kinds, including trimmed hats, caps, and bonnets25% ad val. 
Goods subject to 40 per cent. ad val.:—
94Apparel made to the order, or measurement, of residents in New Zealand and intended for the individual use of such residents, whether imported by the residents themselves or otherwise40% ad val. 
95Apparel—viz., Volunteer clothing made to measurement sent from New Zealand40% ad val. 
CLASS VII.—LEATHER AND MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER.
Goods subject to mixed rates:—
Boots, shoes, clogs, and pattens, n.o.e., viz.—
96Men's, above size No. 61s. 6d. the pair, and 15% ad val.Ad. the pair, and 7œ% ad val.
 Youths', above size No. 11s. the pair, and 15% ad val.6d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val.
 Boys', Noe. 7 to 1 both inclusive6d. the pair, and 15% ad val.3d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val.
 Women's above size No. 11s. the pair, and 15% ad val.6d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val.
 Girls', Nos. 7 to 1, both inclusive6d. the pair, and 15% ad val.3d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val.
 Other kinds1s. the pair, and 15% ad val.6d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val.
 Slippers (not including lawn tennis, and gymnasium shoes soled with india-rubber or felt)6d. the pair, and 15% ad val.3d. the pair, and 7œ% ad val.
 Slippers of felt, with carpet, twine, or felt soles22œ% ad val.11Œ% ad val.
 Shoes or goloshes known as Plimsolls with moulded indiarubber soles22œ% ad val.11Œ% ad val.
 Champion, gymnasium, yachting, and lawn tennis boots, and shoes, with moulded indiarubber soles22œ% ad val.11Œ% ad val.
 Goloshes or overshoes of all kinds, of rubber22œ% ad val.11Œ% ad val.
 Shoottes, and sandals, n.o.e.22œ% ad val.11Œ% ad val.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
Leather—
97Leather belting, belt leather, harness, welting, bridle, strap, legging, bag, and kip other than East India1d. the lb. 
 All hide leathers dressed n.o.e.3d. the lb. 
(NOTE.—Any leathers n.o.e. (1) either dressed in sides, or pieces of whatever size, or (2) if in whole skins over 16 ft., are to be classed as hide leather.)
 Calf skins, being whole skins, however dressed, and 16 ft. spread and under1d. the lb. 
 Sheepskins, and lambskins, however dressed, n.o.e.3d. the lb. 
 East India kip, dressed1d. the lb. 
 Solo, pump, and skirt leather2d. the lb. 
 Leather dressed n.o.e., including kangaroo and wallaby1d. the lb. 
98Leather board or compo4d. the lb. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
99Leather bags, and leather cloth bags, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
100Leather, chamois20% ad val.10% ad val.
101Leather manufactures n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
102Saddlery, and harness; whips and whip thongs20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 22£ per cent. ad val.:—
103Heel plates, and toe stiffeners, and too plates22œ% ad val.11Œ% ad val.
104Laces, vamps, and uppers; also clog or patten soles22œ% ad val.11Œ% ad val.
105Leather cut into shapes22œ% ad val.11Œ%.ad val.
106Leather leggings22œ% ad val.11Œ% ad val.
 Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—  
107Portmanteaux; trunks; travelling bags, and brief bags, of leather or leather cloth, 10 in. in length and upwards; and carpet bags25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE AND HOUSEHOLD FURNISHING.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
108Basketware, and wickerware, n.o.e., not being furniture20% ad val.10% ad val.
109Carpets; druggets; floorcloth; mats; matting; plain, and fancy stair oil baize; wood, and fancy oil baize; and oil, and other dado cloths20% ad val. 
110Furniture, knife, and plate powder, and polish; also floor and linoleum polishes, not being varnishes.20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
111Furniture, and cabinetware, n.o.e., and other than iron, or other metal25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
112Mantelpieces, other than stone25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
113Upholstery n.o.e.25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHEN GOODS.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
114Bricks, known as firebricks20% ad val.10% ad val.
115China, porcelain, and parianware20% ad val.10% ad val.
116Drainage pipes, and drainage tiles20% ad val.10% ad val.
117Earthenware, stoneware, and brownware20% ad val.10% ad val.
118Filters20% ad val.10% ad val.
119Fireclay, ground; and fireclay goods20% ad val.10% ad val.
120Flooring, wall, hearth, and garden tiles20% ad val.10% ad val.
121Glassware; globes, and chimneys, for lamps20% ad val.10% ad val.
122Lamps, lanterns, and lampwick, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
123Plate glass bevelled or silvered; mirrors, and looking-glasses, framed or unframed25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
124Cards, playing6d. the pack. 
125Perfumed spirits, and Cologne water£1 10s. the liquid gallon. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
126Clocks, time registers, and time detectors20% ad val.10% ad val.
127Fancy goods, and toys; also sporting, gaming, and athletic requisites, n.o.e., including billiard tables, and billiard requisites; hair, and toilet combs20% ad val.10% ad val.
128Fishing tackle, including artificially baited hooks, other than flies20% ad val.10% ad val.
129Jewellery; plate, gold, or silver; plated-ware; greenstone, cut or polished20% ad val.10% ad val. (except greenstone, cut or polished).
130Lay figures, busts, and dress stands20% ad val.10% ad val.
131Magic lanterns, bioscopes, cinematographs, kinetoscopes, phonographs, gramophones, graphophones, and the like instruments, including accessories peculiar thereto n.o.e.; also limelight, and the like apparatus, including accessories peculiar thereto, except magic-lantern slides20% ad val.10% ad val.
132Mouldings, and panels, in the piece, of either wood, plaster pulp, metal, or other material, for picture frames, cornices, walls, or ceilings20% ad val. 
133Musical instruments20% ad val.10% ad val.
134Photographic goods n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
135Pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs, framed or unframed; picture or photograph frames or mounts20% ad val.10% ad val. (except pictures, paintings, drawings, engravings, and photographs, framed or unframed.
(NOTE.—Any painting, drawing, or photograph, in any medium, having a value for duty exceeding £5 shall be assessed for duty at £5, plus the value of the frame and mounting, if any, and plus the value of the canvas or other material upon which such painting, drawing, or photograph is made.)
136Statues, statuettes, casts, and bronzes20% ad val.10% ad val.
137Tobacco pipes and cases, cigar and cigarette holders and cases, cigarette papers and cases20% ad val.10% ad val.
138Watches20% ad val. 
139Walking-sticks20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. Ad val.:—
140Artificial flies25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
141Oil, perfumed; also toilet preparations, and perfumery, n.o.e.25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
CLASS XI.—PAPER MANUFACTURES AND STATIONERY.
Goods subject to fixed rates:—
142Handbills, circulars, programmes, playbills, printed posters, trade catalogues, price-lists, and fashion-plates; printed advertising matter n.o.e.; also paper bags, and wrapping-paper, or wrappers, of all kinds, printed or lithographed; printed or lithographed envelopes or labels3d. the lb.Ÿ;d. the lb.
(NOTE.—This shall not apply to trade catalogues or price-lists of the goods of firms or persons having no established business in New Zealand.)
143Ink, writing2s. the gallon1s. the gallon.
144Paper bags, coarse (including sugar bags)7s. 6d. the cwt.3s. 9d. the cwt.
145Paper wrapping all kinds, not printed including blue candle, glazed cap, glazed casings, small hand, lumber hand, tissue, brown, cartridge, and sugar papers5s. the cwt.2s. 6d. the cwt.
Goods subject to 20 per cent. Ad val.:—
146Cardboard, pasteboard, strawboard, wood-pulp board, corrugated board, and cloth-lined board, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
147Cloth-lined, enamelled, gelatine, and metallic papers, n.o.e.: also “ivorite” n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val.
148Stationery, and writing paper, n.o.e., also printers' menu, wedding, programme, and mourning cards of cardboard, celluloid, or other material. edged, or embossed, but otherwise unprinted20% ad val.10% ad val.
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:—
149Calendars, and showcards, all kinds25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
150Cardboard- or paper-boxes complete; or cardboard or paper, cut, or shaped, for boxes, wrappers, or other receptacles (including match-boxes)25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
151Directories of New Zealand, or of any part thereof; also covers for directories25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
152Paper bags n.o.e.25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
153Stationery, manufactured, viz.:—
 Account-books, manuscript-books, scribbling, and letter blocks, and books, plain, or ruled; bill-head, invoice, and statement forms; printed or ruled paper, counter-books, cheque, and draft forms; tags, labels not printed or lithographed, blotting-pads, sketch-books, book-covers, copying letter-books, manifold-writers, albums (other than for photographs), diaries, birthday-books, plain or faint lined ruled books, printed window-tickets, printed, lithographed, or embossed stationery n.o.e., and Christmas, New Year, birthday, Easter, and other cards, and booklet25% ad val.12œ% ad val.
154Stereotypes, matrices, half-tone, and line blocks25% ad val. 
CLASS XII.—MANUFACTURES OF METAL.
Goods subject to fixed rates;—
155Cartridges (shot) 10- to 24-bore2s. 6d. the 1001s. 3d. the 100.
156Cartridge-cases1s. 3d. the 1007œd. the 100.
157Composition-piping3s. 6d. the cwt.8⅖d. the cwt.
158Iron, galvanized corrugated sheets2s. the cwt.4⅘d. the cwt.
159Iron, and other nails, n.o.e., including dog-spikes2s. the cwt.1s. the cwt.
160Iron, plain galvanized sheet or hoop1s. 6d. the cwt.3⅗d. the cwt.
161Iron tanks, for every 100 gallons, or fraction of 100 gallons, in holding capacity2s. 6d.6d.
162Lead piping3s. 6d. the cwt.8⅖d. the cwt.
163Shot10s. the cwt.2s. the cwt.
 Goods subject to 5 per cent. ad val.:—
164Engines and machines for mining purposes—namely, capstan engines for mining shafts; winding engines, steam, air, or electrically driven, including bed plates, foundation bolts, and friction clutches, when imported with the engines; drums for winding engines5% ad val.10% ad val. 
165Machinery—viz., flour milling, refrigerating, dredging, woollen mill, paper mill, rope and twine making, oil refining, boring, meat preserving, leather splitting5% ad val.10% ad val. (except flour milling, oil refining, and boring machinery). 
166Printing machines or presses; embossing, bronzing, type easting, and type setting machines; ruling machines, cardboard box making machines, and tools for same5% ad val.10% ad val. (except type casting and type setting machines). 
167Soda-water machines; also machines for aerating liquids5% ad val.10% ad val. 
168Steam engines, and parts thereof, for mining (including gold-dredging), or gold saving purposes and processes, or for dairying purposes5% ad val.10% ad val. 
Goods subject to 10 per cent. ad val.:— 
169Machinery, electric, and appliances—namely, electric generators, and electric motors, including slide rails therefor, electric lamps including globes for arc lamps, electric transformers10% ad val.5% ad val. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— 
170Bicycles, tricycles, and the like vehicles, also finished, or partly finished or machined parts of the same, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
171Bill-hooks, bush-hooks, slashers, and hedge knives20% ad val.10% ad val. 
172Boilers, land, and marine, including feed-water heaters, fuel economizers, steam superheaters, and mechanical stokers20% ad val.10% ad val. 
173Cartridges, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
174Cash registering machines20% ad val.  
175Crab winches, cranes, capstans, and windlasses20% ad val.10% ad val. 
176Electric batteries, and cells; furniture, fittings, instruments, and appliances, n.o.e., for the generation, transmission, application, or utilization of electricity, or of electric power of any description whatsoever20% ad val.10% ad val. 
177Firearms, all kinds20% ad val.10% ad val. 
178Hardware, ironmongery, and hollow-ware, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
179Iron pipes wrought n.o.e., and wood or fibre pipes, exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes exceeding 9 in. in internal diameter, and knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same20% ad val.10% ad val. 
180Lawn mowers20% ad val.10% ad val. 
181Lead-headed nails and galvanized cup-headed roofing nails20% ad val.  
182Machinery, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
183Manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal, or manufactured or partly manufactured articles of metal in combination with any other material whatsoever, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
184Steam-engines, and parts of steam-engines, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— 
185Galvanized iron manufactures, n.o.e., made up from galvanized iron, or from plain sheet iron, and then galvanized25% ad val.12œ% ad val. 
186Japanned, and lacquered metalware25% ad val.12œ% ad val. 
187Tinware, and tin manufactures, n.o.e.25% ad val.12œ% ad val. 
CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, AND ARTICLES MADE FROM TIMBER. 
Goods subject to fixed rates:— 
188Timber, palings, split2s. the 100.  
189Timber, posts, split8s. the 100.  
190Timber, rails, split4s. the 100.  
191Timber, sawn, dressed4s. the 100 sup. ft.  
192Timber, sawn, rough2s. the 100 sup. ft.  
193Timber, shingles, and laths2s. the 1000.  
 Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:—
194Bellows, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
195Blocks, wooden tackle20% ad val.  
196Broom, mop, hoe, rake, and similar handles20% ad val.  
197Carriages, carts, drays, wagons, perambulators, and the like vehicles, and wheels for the same20% ad val.10% ad val. 
198Carriage shafts, spokes, and felloes, dressed; bent carriage timber, n.o.e.20% ad val.  
199Cars, wagons, and trucks, railway, and tramway; and wheels for the same, n.o.e. Motor vehicles. Motor car bodies, or bodies for motor busses, whether attached or unattached20% ad val.10% ad val. (except motor vehicles, motor car bodies, or bodies for motor busses, whet her attached or unattached). 
200Doors, and sashes, either plain, or glazed with ornamental glass20% ad val.10% ad val. 
201Woodenware, and turnery, n.o.e., and veneers20% ad val.10% ad val. 
CLASS XIV.—OILS, PAINTS, ETC. 
Goods subject to fixed rates:— 
202Oil—namely, crude petroleum, crude residual oil, once-run shale oil, once-run petroleum oilœd. the gallon  
203Oil, n.o.e., including mineral lubricating-oil, in vessels capable of containing one gallon or more6d. the gallon1⅕d. the gallon. 
204Paints, and colours, ground in oil or turpentine; also putty; and driers, n.o.e.2s. 6d. the cwt.6d. the cwt. 
205Paints, and colours, mixed ready for use: also enamel paints, n.o.e.5s. the cwt.1s. the cwt. 
206StearineŸ;d. the lb.3/20 the lb. 
207Varnish and lacquers, including lithographic varnish, gold size, liquid gold, and other metallic paints; also liquid medium for mixing with metallic paints2s. the gallon4⅘d. the gallon. 
208Whiting, and chalk1s. the cwt.2⅖d. the cwt. 
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— 
209Axle grease, and other solid lubricants; petroleum greases, and mixture of the same with other substances, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
210Harness oil, and composition, leather dressing, and belt dressing; also leather revivers and polishes n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
211Oils in vessels having a lesser capacity than one gallon20% ad val.  
CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL AND FARM PRODUCTS, ETC. 
Goods subject to fixed rates: 
212Cattle (horned)10s. each.  
213Chaff£1 the ton.  
214Grain—namely barley2s. the 100 lb.  
215Grain, and pulse, of every kind, n.o.e.9d. the 100 lb.  
216Grain, and pulse, of every kind, when around or in any way manufactured, n.o.e., including wheat flour1s. the 100 lb.2⅖d. the 100 lb. 
217Horses£1 each.  
218Onions£1 the ton.  
219Potatoes£1 the ton.  
220Prepared calf-meal£1 5s. the ton.  
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— 
221Animals, food for. of all kinds, n.o.e., including horse, and cattle spices, and condiments, proprietary or otherwise; also hempseed, maw-seed, millet-seed, canary seed, and mixed bird seed20% ad val.10% ad val. 
CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS. 
Goods subject to fixed rates:— 
222Blue1d. the lb.⅕d. the lb. 
223Candles1œd. the lb.Ÿ;d. the lb. 
224Cement, Portland, and other structural, and building cement2s. the barrel2s. the barrel. 
225Gelatine, isinglass, glue, and size1œd. the lb.3/10d. the lb. 
226Matches:— 
 Wooden, in boxes containing not more than 60 matches1s. the gross of boxes6d. the gross of boxes. 
 In boxes containing over 60 and not more than 100 matches2s. the gross of boxes1s. the gross of boxes. 
 In boxes containing more than 100 matches; for every 100 matches, or fraction thereof, contained in one box2s. the gross of boxes1s. the gross of boxes. 
 Wax, “plaid vestas” in cardboard boxes containing under 100 matches1s. the gross of boxes6d. the gross of boxes. 
 “Pocket vestas,” in tin or other boxes, containing under 100 matches1s. 4d. the gross of boxes8d. the gross of boxes. 
 Wax, other kinds, for every 100 matches or fraction thereof contained in one box2s. 3d. the gross of boxes1s. 1œd. the gross of boxes. 
 Matches of any material other than wood or wax, a duty corresponding to the duty payable on wooden matches.   
(NOTE.—Boxes made of gold, silver, metal, wood, or composition, of permanent value when empty, shall, in addition to the duty payable on any matches contained therein, be charged as jewellery or fancy goods.) 
227Paraffin wax1d. the lb.  
228Sausage skins, and casings (including brine or salt)3d. the lb.  
229Soap, common yellow, and blue mottled5s. the cwt.1s. the cwt. 
230Spirits, methylated to the satisfaction of the Minister1s. the liquid gallon2⅖d. the liquid gallon. 
231Spirits cleared from warehouse, methylated under prescribed conditions6d. the liquid gallon, not including the added naphtha or other methylating material.  
232Starch2d. the lb.⅖d. the lb. 
233Wax, mineral, vegetable, Japanese, and beeswax1d. the lb.  
Goods subject to 10 per cent. ad val.:— 
234Flock10% ad val.  
Goods subject to 20 per cent. ad val.:— 
235Bags, calico, forfar, linen, flour; bagging, bags, and sacks, n.o.e., including filter bags, and sheaths20% ad val.10% ad val. 
236Blacking, and boot-gloss and -polish20% ad val.10% ad val. 
237Blacklead20% ad val.10% ad val. 
238Boats, launches, yachts, also all vessels propelled by means other than oars (when imported in any vessel), including all fittings therefor n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
239Cordage, rope, and twine, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
240Fireworks, n.o.e.20% ad val.10% ad val. 
241Nets, and netting20% ad val.10% ad val. 
242Soap powder, extract of soap, dry soap, soft soap, liquid soap, soap solutions, and washing, or cleansing powders, crystals, pastes, and liquids20% ad val.  
243Tarpaulins, tents, sails, rick, and wagon covers20% ad val.10% ad val. 
Goods subject to 25 per cent. ad val.:— 
244Bags of textile or felt, all kinds, if printed25% ad val.12œ% ad val. 
245Brooms, brushes, and brushware25% ad val.12œ% ad val. 
246Marble, granite, and other stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom; also imitation stone, dressed, or polished, and articles made therefrom, or from cement25% ad val.12œ% ad val. (except marble, dressed or polished, and articles made therefrom.) 
247Soap, n.o.e.25% ad val.12œ% ad val. 
In addition to any duty chargeable by law on any goods imported into New Zealand, a further duty of 20 per cent. ad val. shall be charged when the goods are prison made. 
(Importation of prison-made goods prohibited) 
Tariff Item No.Goods.Preferential Surtax on Foreign Goods (Schedules C, D, and E).
CLASS I.—FOODS, ETC.
248Almonds, and nuts, except walnuts. 
249Anchovies, salted, in casks, or other containers, capable of holding 28 lb. net or over. 
250Arrowroot, sago, tapioca, macaroni, vermicelli, rice-flour, prepared barley-flour, potato-flour, infants' and invalids' farinaceous foods. 
251Cocoa or cacao butter, cocoanut butter, nut butter, and other refined vegetable butters or fats. 
252Fruits, dried—viz., currants and raisins. 
253Fruits, dried—viz., figs, dates, and prunes. 
254Maizena and Cornflower. 
255Mustard. 
256Rico, dressed or undressed, also rice meal refuse and rice meal. 
257Salt. 
258Soy, in vessels exceeding 10 gallons capacity. 
259Spices, unground—including chillies, pepper, and pimento, unground. 
260Sugar. 
261Treacle and molasses. 
CLASS IV.—NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, ETC.
262Cocoa-beans, uncrushed. 
263Coffee, raw. 
264Fruit-juices, or imitation fruit-juices, unsweetened, in containers of 10 gallons capacity or over. 
265Tea, in bulk—viz., in packages of 5 lb. or over net weight of tea2d. the lb
CLASS V.—DRUGS, ETC.
266Acids—viz., boracic; carbolic; chromic; citric; fluoric; formic; lactic; muriatic; nitric; oleic; oxalic; pieric; pyrogallic; salicylic; sulphuric; tartaric 
267Concentrated extracts, or essences, in liquid form, or preserved in fat, for the purpose of manufacturing perfumery, when entered to be warehoused in a manufacturing warehouse for the purpose of making perfumery or other articles therein. 
268Cream of tartar. 
269Dextrine n.o.e. 
270Disinfectants. 
271Drugs and chemicals, viz.:—
 Carnauba wax. 
 Catechu. 
 Cochineal. 
 Creosote, crude or commercial. 
 Crude distillates of coal-tar or wood, in vessels containing 10 gallons or over, for the manufacture of disinfectants in New Zealand. 
 Formic aldehyde, and solution thereof. 
 Fusel oil. 
 Gall nuts. 
 Glycerine, crude. 
 Gums—viz., arabic, benzoin, damar, tragacanth, artificial gum-arabic. 
 Liquefied gases, and compressed gases. 
 Liquorice in blocks of 7 lb. net and over, or soft liquorice-extract in bulk, in tins or other vessels capable of holding 7 lb. net or over. 
 Naphthalene, crude or refined. 
 Saffron. 
 Strychnine, and salts of strychnine. 
 Sugar of milk. 
 Sulphur. 
 Turmeric. 
 Alum, alum sulphate. 
 Ammonium chloride, or sal ammoniac, ammonium sulphate. 
 Arsenic, and arsenates. 
 Borax. 
 Calcium carbide, chloride, sulphate, sulphite, and bisulphite; chlorinated lime. 
 Carbon bisulphide. 
 Copper sulphate, or bluestone, oxide of copper. 
 Iron sulphates. 
 Magnesium sulphite, and bisulphite. 
 Manganese oxides. 
 Phosphorus. 
 Potash; pearlash; potash, caustic, chlorate, cyanide nitrate (or saltpetre), permanganate prussiates, sulphite, and bisulphite; metallic potassium. 
 Salts of thorium, zirconium, or other rare metals, and solutions thereof, including mixtures of same, suited for the manufacture of incandescent mantles. 
 Silver nitrate in crystals. 
 Soda, bicarbonate; acetate, crude; soda ash; soda, arseniate, anhydrous carbonate, caustic, cyanide, bisulphite, hyposulphite, silicate, sulphate, sulphide, sulphite, nitrate, permanganate. 
 Metallic sodium, sodium peroxide. 
 Zinc chloride. 
(NOTE.—Mixtures of any of the articles enumerated under this Schedule as drugs and chemicals, with each other, or with chemicals, or substances not enumerated, shall, if not provided for else-where in the Tariff, be charged as medicinal preparations n.o.e., or chemicals n.o.e. under Schedule A, Class V.)
272Drugs crude, not powdered, and unsuited for use as foods, or in the manufacture thereof—viz., barks, woods, twigs, leaves, herbs, flowers (except hops), roots, corms, gums, balsams, inspissated juices (except opium), seeds, fruits, fruit rinds, pitch, cantharides, ergot; also powdered pyrethrum flowers or Dalmatian powder, and powdered hellebore in bulk. 
273Essential oils, except eucalyptus; cod liver oil; oil of rhodium. 
274Horse, and cattle drenches. 
275Insecticides for agricultural uses, also tree washes. 
276Opium when entered to be warehoused in a manufacturing warehouse, for the purpose of making therein approved medicinal preparations. 
277Scrub exterminators. 
278Sheep dip; sheep drenches; sheep licks. 
279Surgical and dental instruments; also the following surgeons', physicians', dentists', and opticians' materials—viz., antiseptic dressings, gauzes, lint, tow, cotton wool, poroplastic felt, adhesive plaster, oiled silk or other fabric, spongio piline, bandages, catgut, and sterilized and other sewings, thermometers; also appliances including splints for wear, peculiarly adapted to correct a deformity of the human body, to afford support to an abnormal condition of the human body, or to reduce or alleviate such condition, or to substitute any part of such body; crutches; car trumpets, ear tubes, and audiphones, for the partially deaf. Opticians' trial cases, lenses, and frames, spectacles, and magnifying glasses, ophthalmoscopes, optometers and other measuring instruments, test cards, and diagrams, artificial eyes (demonstration and other). Dentists' materials—viz., artificial teeth, tooth crowns, celluloid blanks, base plates, denture strengtheners, guttapercha stick, points, pellets, and sheets, rubber dam, amadou absorbent, absorbent paper, rubber in sheets, metal-plate, -wire, -foil, sticks; solder; fusible metal, porcelain powder, and enamel, inlays, modelling composition and wax, investment compound, amalgam, and cement; also such other appliances and materials peculiar to surgical or dental use as may from time to time be enumerated in any order of the Minister. 
280Scientific and philosophical instruments and apparatus—namely, assay-balances; laboratory retorts, and laboratory flasks, and other instruments, and apparatus for chemical analysis, and assay works; assay furnaces, including dentists', and jewellers' furnaces; also such instruments, and apparatus, suited strictly for scientific and philosophical purposes, as may from time to time be approved by the Minister. 
CLASS VI.—CLOTHING AND TEXTILES.
281Brace-elastic, and brace-mountings. 
282Brattice cloth made of jute or hessian. 
283Bunting, in the piece. 
284Butter cloth; also cheese cloth, and cheese bandages or caps20% ad val.
285Buttons, tapes, wadding, pins, needles. 
286Cotton or linen piece-goods, and unions of the same, n.o.e., except imitation silks composed of any material or substance whatsoever. 
287Fur skins, green or sun-dried. 
288Gold or silver lace or braid for military clothing, feather-stitch braid. 
289Hatmakers' materials—viz., felt hoods; shellac; galloons; calicoes; spale boards for hat boxes; leathers; silk plush in the piece; linings, when cut up or otherwise, under such conditions as the Minister may proscribe; blocks; moulds; frames; ventilators; tassels. 
290Hessians, plain or striped, and scrim. 
291Leather cloth, plain colours. 
292Minor articles (required in the making-up of apparel, boots, shoes, hats, caps, saddlery, umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades), enumerated in any order of the Minister, and published in the Gazette. 
293Ostrich feathers grown in New Zealand, when returned from abroad dressed, or dyed, upon evidence being produced to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs as to their previous exportation. 
294Sailcloth, canvas, and unbleached double-warped duck, in the piece. 
295Sewing cottons, silks, and threads; angola mendings not exceeding 45 yards in length; crewel, flourishing, embroidery, darning, knitting, and crochet threads, of silk, linen or cotton, or unions of the same, plain or fancy; macrame thread or macrame twine. 
296Silk for flour dressing, in the piece. 
297Silk twist (shoemakers', and saddlers'). 
298Staymakers' binding, eyelets, corset-fasteners, jean, ticks, lasting, sateen, and cotell; also corset shields, and busk protectors. 
299Tailors' trimmings—viz., haircloth; plain or coloured imitation haircloth; canvas; buckram; wadding, and padding; silk, worsted, and cotton bindings, and braids; stay bindings; Russia braids; shoulder-pads; buckles; silesias; drab, slate, and brown jeans; pocketings; slate, black, and brown dyed unions and linens; Verona, and Italian cloth, of cotton or wool, or unions of the same; also such other lining materials as may be approved by the Minister. 
300Tubular woven cotton cloth in the piece for meat-wraps20 % ad val.
301Umbrella-makers' materials—viz., reversible, and levantine silk mixtures, gloria, and satin de chene, of not less than 44 in. in width; alpaca cloth, with border; zanella cloth, with border; also other piece-goods on such conditions as the Minister may approve; sticks, runners, notches, caps, ferrules, cups, ribs, stretchers, tips, and rings. 
302Union textiles n.o.e., in the piece, the invoice value of which does not exceed 6d. the yard, when cut up, and made into shirts or pyjamas, under such conditions and regulations as the Minister may prescribe. 
303Waterproof material in the piece, having within, or upon it, a coating of indiarubber. 
CLASS VII.—LEATHER, AND ARTICLES USED IN LEATHER MANUFACTURES.
304Boot elastic. 
305bootmakers' linings, canvas, plain, or coloured, bag and portmanteau linings, of such materials, qualities, and patterns, as may be approved by the Minister. 
306Boots, shoes, shoettes, sandals, clogs, and pattens, slippers, and goloshes—namely, children's Nos. 0 to 610 % ad val.
307Cork soles, and sock-soles; moulded shoe and slipper soles of rubber10 % ad. val.
308East India kip, also hides, crust or rough tanned, but undressed. 
309Goat-skins, and kid-skins, however dressed. 
310Grindery—namely, button fasteners, and staples; eyelets, and hook eyelets, and eyelet rings; tingles; spikes for running or cricketing shoes; boot-protectors; wood or rubber heels or knobs; leather toe-tips, “Wells” patent or a similar make, stiffeners or toes moulded ready for use, copper toes, boot stretchers and trees, hollow-fillers, japanned toe-tips; legging springs and stiffeners; lasting tacks, pegs, brass rivets, iron rivets; brass, iron, and copper cut-bills; steel points, sparrow bills; wrought, cut, and malleable hob-nails; Hungarian nails; wrought, and cut tip-nails; iron or wooden lasts; stands for lasts; sole, heel, stiffening, and cap knives; shoemakers' wax; heel-balls; bristles, hemp, and flax; rubber solution or cement; welting cut into strips or in coils ready for use; shoemakers' binding or beading; welting leather cut into strips not exceeding 1 in. in width; webbing; tanners', curriers', and bootmakers' inks or stains; bootmakers' sectional cutting-boards; glass or emery paper, or cloth, on sheets, in rolls, or cut into shapes. 
311Hog-skins. 
312Kangaroo, and wallaby skins, undressed. 
313Leather, japanned or enamelled. 
314Saddle-trees. 
315Saddlers' ironmongery (except bits and stirrup-irons), hames, and mounts for harness; straining, surcingle, brace, girth, and roller webs; collar check, and the same article plain, of such quality as may be approved by the Minister; logging-buckles, also metal articles required to repair or complete riding or driving harness, or saddlery, to be repaired or made in New Zealand. 
316Tanning materials, crude. 
CLASS VIII.—FURNITURE, ETC.
317Blind webbing, and tape. Worsted covered cord, and solid glace cord, for Venetian, and other blinds. 
318Upholsterers' materials—viz., webbing, hair-seating, imitation hair-seating; curled hair; gimp, and cord, of wool, cotton, or silk; tufts, and studs; chair canvas. 
CLASS IX.—CHINA, GLASS, ETC.
319Bottles, empty, plain stone; also empty plain glass bottles, not being cut or ground; jars, plain glass; and plain earthen jars, up to 3 in. in diameter at the mouth. 
320Earthen, or glass roofing tiles, ridging, or finials; also roofing slates. 
321Glass, crown, sheet, and common window. 
322Glass, plate, polished, coloured, and other kinds, n.o.e. 
323Glass plates (engraved) for photo-lithographic work. 
324Jars, or other dutiable vessels, containing free goods, or goods subject to a fixed rate of duty, and being ordinary trade packages for the goods contained in them. 
325Lamps, miners' safety, and glasses therefor; lamps peculiarly adapted for use on harbour beacons and lighthouses, also appliances peculiar to such lamps; side lights, and head lights, especially suited for the use of ships. 
CLASS X.—FANCY GOODS, ETC.
326Action work, and keys, in frames, or otherwise, iron, or metal piano frames, for manufacture of organs, harmoniums, and pianos; organ pipes, and stop-knobs 
327Articles, being exhibits for public display only in public museums, whether purchased under bond or directly imported by, or for presentation to such museums, upon declaration that such goods will not be sold or otherwise disposed of in New Zealand without payment of any duty which may be payable. 
328Artists' materials—viz., canvas in the piece or on stretchers, oiled paper or drawing paper in sheets or blocks, colours, brushes, palettes, and palette knives10% ad val.
329Cigarette papers entered to be warehoused in any licensed tobacco manufactory for the manufacture therein of cigarettes 
330Films for bioscopes, cinematographs, and kinetoscopes. 
331Microscopes, and telescopes, and slides, and lenses, for same. 
332Paintings, statuary, and works of art, whether purchased under bond or directly imported by, or for presentation to any public institution or art association registered as a body corporate, for display in the buildings of such institution or association, and not to be sold or otherwise disposed of; statuary or works of art, whether purchased under bond, or directly imported, for display in any public park or place, on conditions prescribed by the Minister. 
333Paintings or pictures painted or drawn by New Zealand students, within five years of the time of their departure from New Zealand for the purpose of undergoing a period of tuition abroad for the first time, upon evidence being produced to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs 
334Photographic cameras, and lenses, including focussing cloths, and camera covers10% ad val.
335Photographs of personal friends in letters or packets. 
336Precious stones, cut or uncut, if unmounted. 
337Sensitized surfaces, and albumenized paper, plain, not being post-cards or other stationery10% ad val.
338Slides for magic lanterns. 
CLASS XI.—PAPER, ETC.
(NOTE.—In every case where exemption from duty is governed by a size, the equivalent area shall be exempt under like condition.)
339Bookbinders' materials—viz., cloth, leather, thread, headbands, webbing, end-papers, tacketing-gut, marbling-colours, marble-paper, blue or red paste for ruling-ink, staple-presses, wire staples, staple-sticks. 
340Butter paper (known as vegetable parchment paper), and waxed paper imprinted. 
(NOTE.—Butter paper or waxed paper, printed, shall be charged as wrapping paper, or wrappers, of all kinds, printed or lithographed. Schedule A, Class XI.)
341Cardboard, pasteboard, wood-pulp board, and corrugated board, of size not less than that known as “royal” and weighing not less than 2 oz. per sheet of “royal” size; also strawboard of size not less than that known as “royal,” and weighing not less than 3 oz. per sheet of “royal” size. 
342Cardboard boxes, material for—viz., gold, and silver paper, plain or embossed; embossed paper in strips; gelatine or coloured papers; known as “box papers”20% ad val.
343Cartridge drawing paper. 
344Celluloid, plain, in sheets, n.o.e. 
345Cloth-lined boards, not less than “royal” size. 
340Cloth-lined paper, and enamelled, gelatine, and metallic paper, of size not less than “demy”; also “ivorite” of size not less than “demy.” 
347Copy-books, having printed headlines on each page; also drawing-books10% ad val.
348Copying-paper, medium and larger sizes, in original mill wrappers and labels. 
349Ink, printing10% ad val.
350Masticated para. 
351Millboard, and bookbinders' leather board. 
352Paper, hand-made or machine-made, book, or writing, when in original wrappers, of sizes not less than the size known as “demy,” and not being a wrapping paper, or of the same quality as wrapping paper. 
353Paperhangings. 
354Paper, printing20% ad val.
355Printed books, papers, and music, n.o.e., excepting advertising matter. 
356Sunday school tickets, and reward cards, being Scriptural or religious motto cards, not exceeding 5d. per dozen invoice value, and not exceeding 6 in. by 4 in. in size, and having no reference upon them to Christmas, New Year, Easter, or birthdays. 
CLASS XII.—METALS.
357Agricultural machines, and agricultural implements, n.o.e.; also parts peculiar to the manufacture or repair of agricultural machines, and implements—including: chaff cutting knives, fittings for threshing mills, forgings or castings for ploughs, discs for harrows, plough-shares, mould-board plates, and steel-share plates cut to pattern, skeith-plates, tilt-rakes, reaper-knife sections or ringers, finished brass, and steel springs. 
(NOTE.—Agriculture as applied to the Tariff includes horticulture and viticulture.)
358Anchors10% ad val.
359Artificers' tools, n.o.e., not including brushes or brushware; also the following tools—namely, axes, and hatchets, spades, shovels, forks, picks, mattocks, quartz, and knapping hammers, scythes, sheep-shears, reaping hooks, soldering irons, paperhangers' scissors, butchers' saws or cleavers; measuring bands or tapes; coal cutters, and air picks. 
360Axles, axle-arms, and axle boxes 
361Bellows nails. 
362Bicycles and tricycles, fittings for—namely, rubber tires, pneumatic rubber tires, outside covers of rubber, and inner tubes, handle grips, pedal rubbers; also the following articles when not plated, japanned, enamelled, or varnished—namely, drop forgings, stampings, steel halls, weldless steel tubes with or without butted ends, wood or metal rims (not bored), spokes, forks, stays, handle bars, and seat pillars, unbuilt, bracket shells, fork, and stay ends, fork tips, bridges, crowns, and lugs; also ball heads complete when not brazed, including all plated parts. Hubs complete plated or otherwise, sprockets, chains, and chain-wheels, whether plated or not. Bottom brackets complete, including axles, cups, cranks, and pedals, plated or otherwise20% ad val. (except rubber tires, pnuematic rubber tires, outside covers of rubber, and inner tubes).
363Beekeepers' tools, implements, and apparatus—namely, metal fittings for bee hives, bee smokers, wax extractors, rubber gloves, gloves of textile soaked in oil, queen cages, comb foundation, foundation machines, honey knives, honey extractors, queen rearing outfits, wax presses, tools peculiar to the use of beekeepers. 
364Blacksmiths' anvils, forges, and fans10% ad val.
365Bolts, and bolt ends, up to 24 in. in length; nuts, blank or screwed nuts, black or finished nuts. 
366Brass, copper, and tin, in pigs, bars, or sheets; also tinned hoops. 
367Brass or metal tubing, and stamped work, in the rough. 
368Caps, percussion10% ad val.
369Card clothing, for woollen-mills, and for paper-mills. 
370Castings for ships; also propeller-screws, including only bosses and blades20% ad val.
371Chains, iron, plain, or with hook, swivel, or ring, attached10% ad val.
372Copper, brass, an 1 composition rod, bolt, sheathing, and nails. 
373Couch-roll jackets, machine wires, beater-bars, and strainer-plates, for paper-mills. 
374Crucibles. 
375Electrical materials—namely, insulated cable and wire, carbon in block, sheet, or rod, are lamp carbons; mica, vulcanite, and other insulating material, rubber or guttapercha solutions, insulating tape. 
376Electricians' portable testing sets. 
377Emery grinding machines, and emery wheels. 
378Empty iron drums, not exceeding 10 gallons capacity. 
379Engineers', and all metal- or wood- or stone-workers' machine tools or hand tools, not including brushes or brushware. 
380Engine-governors10% ad val.
381Eyelets. 
382Fire-engine, chemical fire-engines, and chemical fire-extinguishers; also fire-hose and couplings therefor, portable fire-escapes, fire ladders, fire-reels, and firemen's helmets, if declared, to the satisfaction of the Collector, for the use of a fire brigade10% ad val.
383Fish-hooks, unmounted, and without attachments. 
384Galvanizing baths, welded. 
385Gas engines, and hammers, and oil engines20% ad val.
386Glassmakers' moulds. 
387Hydraulic wheel presses. 
388Iron boiler-plates and unflanged end-plates for boilers; boiler-tubes not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter and unflanged; expansion-rings; furnace-flues20% ad val.
389Iron pipes wrought, and wood or fibre pipes, not exceeding 6 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Cast iron pipes not exceeding 9 in. in internal diameter, also knees, bends, elbows, and other fittings for the same. Wrought iron boring, casing, and lining tubes, for oil boring, mining, or well sinking purposes20% ad val.
390Iron, plain black—viz., sheet, plate, hoop, rod, bolt, bar, angle, tee channel; pig iron; plain iron rolled girders, rolled chequered plates; shafting, plain rolled or plain turned, but otherwise unwrought20% ad val. (except hoop 6 in. in width or over, and pig iron).
391Iron and steel cordage20% ad val.
392Lead, in pigs and bars. 
393Lead, in sheets 
394Locomotive wheels and tires, including wheels and tires for railway or tramway passenger cars; coil, spiral, and volute springs, suited for the manufacture of locomotives; automatic air-pressure brakes specially suited for use on railway carriages and wagons. 
395Machine saw-blades. 
396Machinery—viz., dairying machinery (including cream-separating machines, also coolers); also vacuum pumps for milking machines when imported along with the machines to which they belong10% ad val. (excluding cream-separating machines, coolers, and vacuum pumps when imported along with the machines to which they belong).
397Machinery, mining, and gold saving; also, briquette making, and coal washing machines, rock-breaking machines, trommels, stamper batteries, ore feeders, grizzly bars, steel shoes and dies, ore crushing rolls, ball mills, grinding pans, tube mills, concentrators and rubber endless belts for same, battery screening woven or punched; also, the following machines, materials, and appliances, when imported for mining purposes, namely:— 
 Air compressors, not including the motive power for charging the same 
 Chain links and rollers for conveyors, and conveyor belts of rubber or fibre 
 Electric exploders 
 Fans for mine ventilation10% ad val. (except concentrators and rubber endless belts for same).
 Filter presses 
 Fuel-economizers 
 Sand pumps 
 Sinking pumps 
 Solution pumps made wholly of metal 
 Steam pumps having a capacity exceeding 5,000 gallons per hour 
 Turbine pumps 
 Shaft signalling gear 
 Steel or iron head frames for mining shafts 
 Battery blanket not exceeding 3 ft. wide 
 Material for filter cloths and plush or other cloth for gold saving 
398Medals, including only old or second-hand war medals, humane societies', and other similar medals; also old coins. 
399Metal fittings, for trunks, portmanteaux, travelling bags, leggings, bags, and satchels. 
400Metal sheaves, grooved metal pulleys10% ad val.
401Metal tubes in the rough, having a slit through their whole length, suited for the manufacture of fenders, bedsteads, gates, and the like articles. 
402Metal wire of all kinds, plain; metal cordage n.o.e., not being gold or silver; also barbed fencing-wire, and fencing-staples. 
403Metal wove-wire, and metal gauze; also wire netting, and expanded metal lathing or fencing, in the piece10% ad val.
404Metallic capsules10% ad val.
405Meters, gas, or electricity, being household supply meters. 
406Meters, water. 
407Motor engines for bicycles20% ad val.
408Moulders' chaplets and dowels. 
409Perambulators, and the like vehicles, fittings for, n.o.e. 
410Perforated or cellular sheet zinc or iron10% ad val.
411Portable engines on four or any greater number of wheels, with boiler of locomotive type; also traction engines10% ad val.
412Printing type, and printing materials, n.o.e., suited only for the use of printers10% ad val.
413Rails for railways and tramways, including lay-outs, and points, and crossings, for the same; also fish plates20% ad val.
414Rivets, and washers. 
415Rock drills, diamond drills, and drill sharpeners. 
416Set screws, engineers' studs, and split pins. 
417Sewing, knitting, and kilting machines. 
418Spray pumps, not being syringes. 
419Steam or hydraulic pressure, and vacuum gauges; pressure indicators or pressure gauges for gas or oil engines; speed indicators, engineers', for testing machinery10% ad val.
420Surveyors' instruments—viz., steel bands, chains, measuring tapes, field instruments, and drawing instruments; draughtsmen's drawing instruments10% ad val.
421Tacks, and nails, 1 in. and under. 
422Tea packing load. 
423Tinsmiths' fittings, and furniture, including stamped or blocked tin or copper, planished or unplanished. 
424Welded and flanged boiler furnaces, plain or corrugated10% ad val.
425Zinc, plain sheet. 
426Zinc plates or copper plates for photo-lithographic work. 
CLASS XIII.—TIMBER, ETC.
427Ash, hickory, lancewood, and beechwood timber, unwrought. 
428Blacksmiths', braziers', assay, and treadle power bellows. 
429Carriage or cart makers' materials—viz., shafts, spokes, and felloes, in the rough; hubs, all kinds; poles if unbent and unplaned, all kinds; bent wheel rims. 
430Chassis for motor vehicles, whether attached or unattached to such vehicles, including wheels therefor. 
431Churns. 
432Lignum-vitæ. 
433Material for the manufacture of carriages, carts, drays, and wagons, motor vehicles, and railway cars or wagons—viz., springs, truck pedestals, mountings, trimmings, hinges, tire bolts, shackle holders, step treads, rubber cloth, rubber tires, pneumatic rubber tires, outer covers of rubber, inner tubes; also, iron or metal fittings (except steps, lamp irons, dash irons, seat rails, and fifth wheels) for the manufacture of carriages, carts, drays, wagons, and motor vehicles (other than motor bicycles or railway or tramway care or wagons). 
434Sieves, hair. 
435Wooden handles for tools. 
 CLASS XIV.—OILS, ETC. 
436Oils in vessels capable of containing one gallon of oil or more—viz., refined mineral oils not exceeding in specific gravity 0.870 at 60° F.; fish, penguin, mutton bird, seal, and whale oils; vegetable oils. (NOTE.—Mixtures of mineral or vegetable oils, with each other, or with fish, penguin, mutton bird, seal, whale, or other oils, shall be charged with duty (1) if imported in vessels capable of containing one gallon of oil or more, as oil n.o.e., including mineral lubricating oil, Class XIV, Schedule A; (2) if imported in vessels having a lesser capacity than one gallon, 20 per cent. ad val.) 
437Paints, and colours, n.o.e.10% ad val.
438Turpentine; turpentine substitute composed of volatile mineral oils, or of volatile mineral oils in combination with turpentine, or other volatile vegetable oils; liquid driers; terebene. 
439Wood naphtha. 
CLASS XV.—AGRICULTURAL FARM PRODUCTS, ETC.
440Linseed. 
CLASS XVI.—MISCELLANEOUS.
441Apparatus, appliances, articles, and materials, for educational purposes, as may be approved by the Minister, and under conditions prescribed by him. 
442Bagging, bags, or sacks, of jute or hessian; also cornsacks; bags made of New Zealand tow or flax. 
443Belting, for driving machinery, other than leather belting and not being cordage or rope10% ad val.
444Binder-twine10% ad val.
445Bricks other than firebricks. 
446Candle-nuts, and candle-nut kernels. 
447Candle-wick. 
448Canvas aprons and elevators, for reapers and binders. 
449Canvas, indiarubber, or other hose, tubing, or piping, armoured or otherwise; flexible metal hose, tubing, or piping20% ad val.
450Charts and maps. 
451Confectioners' moulding starch. 
452Cork, cut; bungs; fishermen's cork floats; also plain unornamental stoppers of every description for bottles, jars, and casks10% ad val.
453Cotton and other waste, engineers. 
454Diving dresses, and dresses suited solely for use in poisonous gases or smoke, with apparatus peculiar thereto. 
455Dyes; dye stuffs; and dyeing materials, crude. 
456Engine packing. 
457Felt sheathing10% ad val.
458Gum boots, half-knee, knee, or thigh, the soles of which may be of either leather or rubber. 
459Hawsers of 12 in. or over. 
460Honey and brown Windsor soap composition. 
461Indiarubber gloves. 
462Manures. 
463Marble, granite, and other stone, hewn or rough sawn, not dressed or polished. 
464Netmakers' cotton twine; nets, seine fishing. 
465Official supplies for consular officers of countries where a similar exemption exists in favour of British consuls. 
466Paper-makers' felts. 
467Passengers' baggage and effects, including only wearing apparel and other personal effects that have been worn or are in use by persons arriving in New Zealand; also implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupation, or employment, of such persons, not exceeding £50 in value, and household or other effects not exceeding £100 in value, which have been in use for twelve months prior to embarkation by the persons or families bringing them to New Zealand, and which are not intended for any other person or persons, or for sale; also cabin furnishings belonging to such persons not exceeding in value £10: 
 Provided that goods falling within the above exemption may be admitted free, only, if imported within two years of the arrival in New Zealand of the persons or families by whom they have been used. 
468Plaster of Paris. 
469Powder, sporting 
470Powder—viz., blasting powder, and blasting meal. 
471Returned empties which are identified as such to the satisfaction of a Collector of Customs. 
472Shipbuilders' models of vessels suited only for exhibition. 
473Ship chandlery, n.o.e. 
474Ships' rockets, blue-lights, and danger-signals, and rocket life-saving apparatus. 
475Stones, mill, grind, oil, and whet. 
476Tobacco for sheep-wash, or for insecticide, after being rendered unfit for human consumption to the satisfaction of the Minister. 
477Treacle or molasses, mixed with bone-black in proportions to the satisfaction of the Minister. 
478Typewriters. 
479Wax, bottling. 
480Wool packs and wool pockets. 
481Yarn—viz., coir, flax, jute, and hemp. 
482Articles and materials (as may from time to time be specified by the Minister) which are suited only for, and are to be used solely in, the fabrication or repair of goods within New Zealand. All decisions of the Minister in reference to articles so admitted free to be published from time to time in the Gazette. 
483All articles n.o.e. 
 Provided that all goods falling under this Schedule, which are prison made, shall be charged an ad val. duty of 20 per cent. 
 (Importation of prison-made goods prohibited.) 
TABLE OF DUTIES, UNDER THE NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH AFRICAN CUSTOMS DUTIES RECIPROCITY ACTS, CHARGEABLE ON GOODS BEING THE PRODUCE OR MANUFACTURE OF AND BEING IMPORTED FROM THE COLONY OF THE CAFE OF GOOD HOPE, THE COLONY OF NATAL, THE ORANGE RIVER COLONY, THE TRANSVAAL, AND SOUTHERN RHODESIA.*
Tariff Item No.Goods.Rate of Duty.

* No higher duty shall be levied on any goods the produce or manufacture of the said colonies than that which would be levied under the Customs Duties Act, 1908, on the same goods if they wire the produce or manufacture of some other part of the British Dominions (See the Customs Duties Act, 1908, section 8.)

484Feathers15% ad val.
485Fish1œd. the lb.
486Fruits, driedFree.
487Fruits, greenFree.
488Maize6d. per cental.
489SugarFree.
490Tobacco (manufactured)2s. 6d. per lb.
491Tea (not otherwise exempt)1d. per lb.
492Wines (other than sparkling)2s. per gallon.
493Wines (sparkling)5s. per gallon.
494All other goods (except spirits), 3 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable. 
TABLE OF EXCISE DUTIES.
495Tobacco1s. per lb.
496Cigars and snuff1s. 6d. per lb.
497Cigarettes—
 If manufactured by machinery2s. 6d. per lb.
 If made by hand1s. the lb.
498Beer3d. the gallon.
499Articles in which spirit is a necessary ingredient, manufactured in a warehouse appointed under section 26 of the Customs Law Act, 1908, namely—
 Perfumed spirit20s. the liquid gallon.
 Toilet preparations which are subject to 16s. the liquid gallon on importation12s. the liquid gallon.
 Toilet preparations which are subject; to 25 per cent. duty on importation6s. the liquid gallon.
 Culinary and flavouring essences12s. the liquid gallon.
 Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing more than 50 per cent. of proof spirit9d. the lb.
 Medicinal preparations (excepting medicated wine or wine mixed with food) containing 50 per cent. of proof spirit or lessFree.
Tariff Item No.EXTRACT FROM THE CUSTOMS DUTIES ACT, 1908.
500“7. Where any dispute arises as to the true meaning and application of any terms used in the Tariff, and therein printed in italics, the Minister of Customs may determine such dispute in such manner as appears to him just, and his decision thereon shall be final.”
EXEMPTIONS UNDER THE FRIENDLY SOCIETIES ACT, 1909.
501Registered societies shall be entitled to the following privileges:—
 98. (2.) Customs duties shall not be chargeable on regalia, emblems, certificates, almanacs, and banners, being the property of any registered society or branch.
EXEMPTIONS FROM DUTIES CREATED AND DUTIES IMPOSED BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR UNDER SECTION 66 OF THE CUSTOMS LAW ACT, 1908.
Tariff Item No.Goods.Preferential Surtax on Foreign Goods (Schedules C, D and E).
 Allenbury's Foods Nos. 1, 2, and 3 
 Allenbury's Pancreatized Milk and Cereal Diet 
 Allinson's Food 
 Benger's Food 
 Burroughs Wellcome and Co.'s Peptogenic Milk Powder 
 Carnrick's Soluble Food 
 Chapman's Food 
 Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica 
 Frame Food Diet 
 Gluten Flour 
 Hewlett's Food 
 Horlick's Malted Milk 
 Maltico Food 
 Mellin's Food 
 Moseley's Food 
 Neave's Food 
 Nestle's Milk Food 
 Nestle's Milo Food 
 Ridge's Food 
 Savory and Moore's Food 
 Food composed of pasteurized milk or casein of milk in combination with malted or unmalted ground grain (See New Zealand Gazette, 17th October, 1907.) 
503Dextro loevulose or invert sugar, grape sugar, saccharum, sacchosoline, glucose obtained from other sources than starch. (See New Zealand Gazette, 13th February, 1908.) 
504Item revoked. 
505Winding engines for mining purposes, driven by hydraulic power (including bed-plates, foundation-bolts, and friction clutches, when imported with the engines). (See New Zealand Gazette, 24th April, 1908.)10 % ad va
506Creep-clips, tie irons, bearing brackets, and bed-plates (being rail-fastenings). (See New Zealand Gazette, 11th June, 1908.)20 % ad val
507Sanitas malted nuts, an infants' and invalids' food. (See New Zealand Gazette, 25th June, 1908.) 
508Machines for bevelling and cutting glass. (See New Zealand Gazette, 12th November, 1908.) 
509Bevelled or silvered glass, other than plate glass. (See New Zealand Gazette, 14th January, 1909.)12œ % ad val.
510Compo-board, being timber with a backing of paper-pulp cemented to the timber. (See New Zealand Gazette, 6th May, 1909.) 
511Straight air-pressure brakes specially suited for use of railway or tramway carriages. (See New Zealand Gazette, 1st July, 1909.) 
512Belting composed of cotton, jute, or woven fibre, with a backing or edging of leather, provided the weight of the leather included therein does not exceed one-half. (See New Zealand Gazette, 3rd March, 1910.) 
513Foods composed of milk-albumen, or milk-albumen in combination with casein or with malted or unmalted ground grain, being infants' and invalids' foods. (See New Zealand Gazette, 25th August, 1910.) 

EXPORT DUTY ON TIMBER.

THE TIMBER EXPORT ACT.

White-pine and kahikatea timber—

Logs, round .. 5s. per 100 ft. superficial.

Logs, cut in half

Logs, squared with axe or saw, 10 in. by 10 in. or its equivalent, or over

Flitches, exceeding 12 in. in width and 4 in. in thickness or its equivalent, and less than the equivalent of 10 in. in width and 10 in. in thickness .. 3s. per 100 ft. superficial.

(Provided that no duty shall be levied on flitches unless they exceed 4 in. in thickness.)

Kauri timber—

Logs, round .. 5. per 100 ft. superficial.

Logs, cut in half

Logs, squared with axe or saw

Flitches, exceeding 30 in. in width and 9 in. in thickness or its equivalent .. 3s. per 100 ft. superficial.

EXPORT DUTY ON GOLD

EXTRACTS FROM THE GOLD DUTY ACT, 1908.

“Upon every ounce troy weight of gold of the fineness of twenty carats and upwards, and so in proportion for any less quantity than an ounce, of such, fineness as aforesaid—two shillings; and so in proportion upon every ounce or part of an ounce of a less degree of fineness than twenty carats.” (Section 3.)

“Gold” in this Act means and includes gold in its natural state, or any substance containing gold, gold dust, and all other gold whether wrought or unwrought (except coined gold issued from the mint at London, or from any branch thereof in Australia, or coined gold of any foreign State, and articles of plate, jewellery, or ornament actually worn upon the person, or made elsewhere than in New Zealand).” (Section 2.)

This duty to be levied only in the North Island of New Zealand.—Section 1 (3 of the Gold duty Act, 1908.

EXTRACT FROM THE MINING AMENDMENT ACT, 1910.

” 16. (1.) In addition to the duty payable under the Gold Duty Act, 1908, on the export of gold, there shall be payable on the export of all gold (whether produced in the North or South Island) a duty of threepence per ounce troy weight of gold of the fineness of twenty carats and upwards, and so in proportion for any less quantity than an ounce of the fineness aforesaid, and so in proportion on every ounce of a less degree of fineness than twenty carats.

” (2.) The duty payable under this section shall be collected and paid in the manner prescribed by the Gold Duty Act, 1908; and the provisions of that Act shall, where applicable, extend and apply to the collection and payment of such duty, irrespective of the locality from which the gold was produced.

” (3.) The duty collected under this section shall be paid into the Public Trustee's Account, and shall be placed to the credit of an account to be called the Gold-miners' Relief Fund.”

IMPORT DUTIES OP NEW ZEALAND PRODUCE ENTERING BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA.

THE NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH AFRICAN CUSTOMS DUTIES RECIPROCITY ACT, 1906.

Rates of duty upon goods the produce or manufacture of New Zealand, when imported into the South African Colonies hereafter enumerated—viz., the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, the Colony of Natal, the Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and Southern Rhodesia (see New Zealand Gazette, 15th April, 1909):—

Bran1s. per cental.
Flour2s. 3d. per cental.
Oats1s. 10d. per cental.
Wheat1s. per cental.
Butter2d. per lb.
Cheese12 per cent. ad valorem.
Meats1d per lb.
All other goods (except spirits)3 per cent. less than the duty which would otherwise be payable

For rates of duty on goods the produce or manufacture of the South African Colonies when imported into New Zealand, see Tariff items 484 to 494.

OPIUM PROHIBITION.

The Opium Act, 1908, makes it unlawful for any person to import opium into New Zealand in any form suitable for smoking. Permits may be issued by the Minister of Customs for the importation of the drug in certain forms.

No permits shall be issued to any person of the Chinese race. Heavy penalties are prescribed for breaches of the above law.

The Act makes it illegal to have opium in possession, except the kinds which can be held under permit, and requires that every person who purchases opium from the holder of a permit shall enter or caused to be entered in a book kept for such purpose the particulars of all purchases in the same manner as the holder of a permit is required to enter particulars of all sales.

An Order in Council dated 2nd February, 1909, issued under authority of section 93 of the Customs Law Act, 1908, prohibits the importation into New Zealand of any fluid preparation of opium containing a greater quantity of extractive matter than tincture of opium prepared according to the Pharmacopœia of the United States of America.

Chapter 12. SECTION XII.—SHIPPING.

OVERSEA SHIPPING.

During the year 1913 a total of 645 vessels from oversea ports were entered inwards in the Dominion, the number being 32 less than in the previous year. The tonnage represented, however, increased from 1,672,092 in 1912 to 1,738,985 in 1913, the average tonnage per vessel being 2,470 and 2,696 in the respective years.

From the tables given below showing oversea vessels entered and cleared during the past ten years, it is apparent that while the number of vessels has not greatly increased, the aggregate tonnage has increased by 50 per cent. Comparing 1903 with 1913 we find that the average tonnage of the 617 vessels arriving in the former year was 1,786 tons, or only 66 per cent. of the average for 1913. Dealing with steamships only (402 in 1903 and 563 in 1913), the average tonnage is found to be 2,463 and 3,007 tons respectively. The number of sailing-vessels arriving decreased from 215 in 1903 to 82 in 1913, the aggregate tonnage falling in the same time from 111,725 to 46,056 tons.

VESSELS ENTERED, 1904–13.
Year.British.Colonial.Foreign.Total.
Vessels.Tons.Vessels.Tons.Vessels.Tons.Vessels.Tons.
1904149495,667410496,42770162,4756291,154,569
1905130462,851423500,46774176,0926271,139,410
1906152548,142408542,27169153,2396291,243,652
1907194636,456400548,9165168,8946451,254,266
1908193684,144419629,4284647,4756581,361,047
1909155587,235407633,8134342,8876051,263,935
1910186703,244385643,1283842,6596091,389,031
1911169707,573409727,9694346,8866211,482,378
1912153672,289462931,8116267,9926771,672,093
1913171765,943430905,0344468,0086451,738,985

VESSELS CLEARED, 1904–13.

Year.British.Colonial.Foreign.Total.
Vessels.Tons.Vessels.Tons.Vessels.Tons.Vessels.Tons.
NOTE.—Coasting-vessels are not included in the above table.
1904146487,961403493,27071163,5336201,144,764
1905130465,171421500,37176176,0106271,141,552
1906149538,494413545,02669154,6946311,238,214
1907185625,006383537,2344763,1426151,225,382
1908194682,357408594,8425454,1066561,331,305
1909152572,384406641,0553840,4395961,253,878
1910181688,143371637,5133641,5515881,367,207
1911169693,665412726,6554347,0826241,467,402
1912152680,774459930,6275557,2296661,668,630
1913171748,769420886,4404464,5986351,699,807

A noticeable feature of the returns is the large falling off in number and tonnage of foreign-owned vessels between 1905 and 1910.

Shipping entered from and cleared to Various Countries.

Particulars of the number and net tonnage of vessels entered and cleared between New Zealand and various countries during the years 1903 and 1913 are given below:—

ENTERED.
Country.1903.1913.
Steam.Sailing.Steam.Sailing.
No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.
United Kingdom68272,4972124,10292488,525  
Queensland13,114      
New South Wales181397,04912649,083262633,4634217,774
Victoria55116,502128,13352151,21803,504
South Australia....147,90023,75131,767
Western Australia25,664....1023,85011,199
Tasmania....184,98889,50541,837
Fiji3139,02014932959,791  
Maiden Island....1778....32,139
Norfolk Island140312051403  
Canada........24107,668  
Cape of Good Hope....53,659    
Natal....21,293    
Bengal412,180....413,775  
Hongkong515,383      
France............22,997
United States of America—
     East Coast1134,39889,1742065,664  
     West Coast1869,768....1545,606139,074
Pacific islands (foreign)1315,42147163155,48363,898
Other countries48,94021,2011334,22721,867
     Totals402990,339215111,7255631,692,9298246,056

CLEARED.

Country.1903.1913.
Steam.Sailing.Steam.Sailing.
NoTonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.No.Tonnage.
United Kingdom71313,2722525,492102508,144  
Queensland13,1141159713,6831299
New South Wales176351,21911647,073278706,6863716,588
Victoria63128,8352411,27768159,832126,584
South Australia.. 104,118611,22821,268
Western Australia.. 156912,20511,753
Tasmania22,87682,188415,1702518
Fiji2431,47017972654,280  
Maiden Island.. 1778.. 42,827
Norfolk Island140312051403  
Canada.. .. 1366,645  
Cape of Good Hope620,30332,309    
Natal725,57432,511    
Hong Kong1231,979      
United States of America—
East Coast.. 53,414    
West Coast1869,76811,5751340,680106,818
Pacific islands (foreign)1315,53072,5513564,11274,695
Other countries25,74108,065515,389  
     Totals3961,000,084212113,0815591,568,4577641,350

Oversea Shipping.—Tonnage at Various Ports, 1903 and 1913.

The net tonnage of oversea shipping entered and cleared at the various ports during the years 1903 and 1913 is given in the next table. Vessels arriving from abroad are recorded at the first port of call, and those departing oversea are cleared at the port from which they finally sail:—

Port.1903.1913.
Entered.Cleared.Entered.Cleared.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
Auckland471,403333,937856,317554,815
Kaipara13,79341,3654,21215,841
Poverty Bay2,5764,0255,183 
New Plymouth79..7,049570
Wanganui1,651..3,0996,438
Wellington293,725421,392504,974671,595
Napier14,5379,33618,1206,785
Wairau.. ..5,885
Picton2,6723,6849031,564
Nelson2,702941,638 
Westport25,75211,6193,86123,021
Greymouth2,7071,85177619,740
Lyttelton45,74870,65469,88154,606
Timaru23,47426,27110,05543,099
Oamaru2872,830..7,267
Dunedin69,27543,26684,695120,560
Bluff131,683142,841168,222168,021
     Totals1,102,0641,113,1651,738,9851,699,807

COASTWISE SHIPPING.

The extensive coast-line and numerous harbours of New Zealand facilitate travelling and the distribution of goods by sea. The total tonnage of coastwise shipping, as shown below, includes that of oversea vessels which, after entry at the first port of arrival, proceed to other ports within the Dominion for the purpose of delivering and loading cargo, each movement, until the final sailing, being recorded as coastwise shipping.

COASTWISE SHIPPING, 1904–13.

Year.Entered.Cleared.
Vessels.Tonnage.Vessels.Tonnage.
Steam.Sailing.Steam.Sailing.Steam.Sailing.Steam.Sailing.
190418,8095,0029,343,873343,930,18,7064,9679,376,869357,100
190520,3825,00710,016,337313,07220,4024,97810,103,864308,425
190620,4754,65011,024,818306,943;20,3794,62511,026,354295,468
190720,7944,47910,981,579260,02820,6954,40210,913,497255,532
190821,2594,44811,825,857251,98321,1704,37911,795,607256,133
190920,9244,46711,706,700241,97420,9564,42511,730,052244,554
191022,2724,50011,839,244242,65222,2174,47811,848,680241,302
191123,0924,02412,060,227206,42723,0644,03312,020,951208,820
191223,6543,84312,451,499180,69823,6223,87012,457,316181,718
191321,9373,76411,332,143173,49421,9223,73311,330,078172,715

The decrease in 1913 as compared with 1912 is largely, probably wholly, accounted for by the strike during the latter part of the year. Many coastal vessels were laid up for several weeks during the strike period. In the next table is given information showing tonnage of vessels entered and cleared coastwise at each port in the years 1903 and 1913.

TONNAGE ENTERED AND CLEARED AT VARIOUS PORTS, 1903 AND 1913.

Ports.1903.1913.
Tonnage entered.Tonnage cleared.Tonnage entered.Tonnage cleared.
Auckland721,556842,6761,008,7201,324,875
Onehunga141,956141,860118,659118,146
Thames138,096136,897115,317113,773
Coromandel37,33237,35822,78422,645
Whangaparapara  13,39713,397
Whangarei122/325122,598194,715189,616
Russell38,29238,24464,68562,400
Whangaroa39,85539,85550,01249,395
Mangonui19,07819,07827,19827,198
Hokianga12,02612,00325,27213,935
Herekino  1,1681,168
Whangape  5,0214,697
Kaipara38,16412,30126,78216,580
Tauranga46,18846,18850,97950,880
Poverty Bay525,424522,235626,984632,082
New Plymouth202,176202,176161,044167,829
Waitara47,94147,96660,48255,199
Patea14,23214,23216,80616,746
Wanganui160,662161,323172,041172,671
Foxton  25,25024,713
Wellington1,862,4221,729,6392,501,4652,289,645
Napier646,112655,247797,552805,577
Wairau18,44318,44317,19117,171
Picton336,700335,366392,781392,120
Nelson301,148302,338358,574359,505
Westport478,706494,804519,607498,580
Greymouth215,515215,601299,249279,121
Hokitika4,5194,5822,8572,635
Lyttelton1,622,2131,613,6151,998,1572,020,371
Timaru358,576355,827409,145375,993
Oamaru159,721157,178161,231153,852
Dunedin606,079701,290897,485862,610
Bluff297,206283,102363,027367,468
     Totals9,213,2639,264,02211,505,63711,502,793

REGISTERED VESSELS.

The number and tonnage of the registered vessels belonging to the several ports of registry in the Dominion on the 31st December, 1913 (distinguishing sailing-vessels and steamers), were as under:—

REGISTERED VESSELS, 31ST DECEMBER, 1913.

Ports.Sailing-vessels.Steam-vessels.
Vessels.Gross Tonnage.Net Tonnage.Vessels.Gross Tonnage.Net Tonnage.
Auckland14311,1219,75717821,81611,551
Napier5325312273,4181,934
Wellington132,1151,9354512,5306,263
Nelson8208187132,7021,261
Lyttelton153,9573,847175,2822,343
Timaru17336901942488
Dunedin3815,10014,54799172,316103,299
Invercargill2372344111,174552
     Totals22533,93131,619391220,186127,691

GRAVING-DOCKS AND PATENT SLIPS.

Auckland Docks.

The Auckland docks are the property of the Auckland Harbour Board. The dimensions of the docks at Auckland are as follows:—

     Calliope Dock.Auckland Dock.
Length over all566 feet.312 feet.
Length on floor500 feet.300 feet.
Breadth over all110 feet.65 feet.
Breadth on floor65œ feet.42 feet.
Breadth at entrance80 feet.43 feet.
Depth of water on sill (at high water, ordinary spring tides)33 feet.13œ feet.

Alterations have been made to the lower altars of Calliope Dock which will enable vessels of 63 ft. beam to be docked without any difficulty.

The following is the scale of charges for the use of the Auckland and Calliope Graving-docks and appliances:—

AUCKLAND DOCK DUES.
 £s.d.
(a.) For every entrance fee110
For First Day or Fart of First Day.For each succeeding Day or Part of a Day.
Vessels of—£s.d£s.d.
100 tons and under71005100
101 tons to 200 tons9006100
201 tons to 300 tons101007100
301 tons to 400 tons111508100
401 tons to 500 tons13009100
501 tons to 600 tons145010100
601 tons to 700 tons1510011100
701 tons to 800 tons1615012100
801 tons to 900 tons180013100
901 tons to 1,000 tons195014100
1,001 tons to 1,100 tons2010015100
1,101 tons to 1,200 tons2115016100
1,201 tons to 1,300 tons230017100
1,301 tons to 1,400 tons245018100
1,401 tons to 1,500 tons2510019100
1,501 tons to 1,600 tons2615020100
1,601 tons to 1,700 tons280021100
1,701 tons to 1,800 tons295022100
1,801 tons to 1,900 tons3010023100
1,901 tons to 2,000 tons3115024100
     Over 2,000 tons330025100

Fifteen per cent. reduction on the above rates will be allowed when two or three vessels dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours, but such reduction will not be allowed if any of the Auckland Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel.

For use of steam-kiln, 10s. per day.

Any master or person whose vessel occupies a dock or slip for more than fourteen days, including the day of entrance, if other vessels require the use of the dock, shall pay double-rates for every working day during which such vessel shall remain in the dock or upon such slip after the fourteen days.

CALLIOPE DOCK DUES.
 £sd.
(b.) For every entrance fee550
For First Day or Part of First Day.For each succeeding Day of Part of a Day.
Vessels of—£s.d.£s.d.
1,000 tons and under30002000
1,001 tons to 1,500 tons340022100
1,501 tons to 2,000 tons38002500
2,001 tons to 2,500 tons420027100
2,501 tons to 3,000 tons46003000
3,001 tons to 4,000 tons521003500
4,001 tons to 5,000 tons59004000
5,001 tons to 6,000 tons651004500
6,001 tons to 7,000 tons72005000
7,001 tons to 8,000 tons781005500
8,001 tons to 9,000 tons85006000
9,001 tons to 10,000 tons911006500
     Over 10,000 tons100007000

Fifteen per cent. reduction on the above rates will be Allowed when two or three vessels dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours, but such reduction will not be allowed if any of the Auckland Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel.

(c.) The dock dues shall be levied upon the gross registered tonnage, and shall include and cover the cost of pumping, shoring, wedges, and blocking, and the cost of all labour connected with opening and closing the dock, and all incidental labour connected with the actual operation of docking a vessel. The entrance fee will be remitted upon payment of the dock dues levied.

During the year 1913, 121 vessels of various descriptions, with a total of 40,744 tons, made use of the Auckland Graving-dock, occupying it in all 168 days, for repairs or painting.

In the Calliope Dock 6 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 8,090, were docked, and occupied the dock for 79 days. This dock was closed from 1st January to 22nd June, and from 18th September to the end of December, whilst repairs were being carried out to the cai.....on and new pumps were being installed, which accounts for the small number of vessels docked.

Under arrangement with the Admiralty, a complete plant of the most efficient and modern machinery has been provided at Calliope Dockyard. Workshops are erected, and the plant includes 80-ton sheer-legs; trolly to carry 80 tons, and rails; 10-ton steam-crane at side of dock, engines, boilers, overhead travellers; planing, shaping, and slotting machines; radial drills, vertical drills, band saws for iron, punching and shearing machines, plate-bending rolls; 24 in. centre gantry lathe, 70 ft. bed; 9 in. and 12 in. gantry lathes, milling - machines, emery grinders, screwing - machines, ditto for pipes, horizontal boring - machines, Root's blower, smiths' forges (six), coppersmith's forge, levelling-slabs, steam-hammers, lead-furnace, wall-cranes, zinc-bath, plate-furnace, jib crane for foundry, circular-saw bench, band saw for wood, lathe for wood, general joiners' and carpenters' benches.(four), kiln for steaming boards, Fox's trimmer, cupola to melt 5 tons of metal, countersinking - machine, pipe-bending machine, tools of various descriptions, moulders' bins, force-pumps for testing pipes, vice-benches, electric-light engines, dynamos (two), steam capstans, &c., and all other appliances and machinery required to render the plant adequate to repair any of His Majesty's ships upon the station or any merchant vessel visiting the port. The dock and machinery will be available for use, when not required for His Majesty's vessels, in effecting repairs to any merchant vessel requiring same. Electric lights have been provided for workshops, dock, and dockyard. The dockyard is connected by telephone with the central exchange. An abundant supply of the purest fresh water is available at Calliope Dock and Calliope Wharf

New pumps have been installed at Calliope Dock, the effect of which has been to reduce the time engaged in pumping out by about one-half.

A floating crane (self-propelling), capable of lifting up to 80 tons, has been provided for use in the harbour.

Wellington Patent Slip.

The Port of Wellington has a well-equipped patent slip at Evans Bay, on which vessels of 2,000 tons can be safely hauled up. This slip is the property of a private company, and is in no way connected with the Harbour Board. It is 1,070 ft. long, with a cradle 260 ft. in length. There is a depth of 32 ft. at high water at the outer end of the slip. A dolphin and buoys are laid down for swinging ships in Evans Bay.

The company has convenient workshops, which contain machinery necessary for effecting all ordinary repairs to vessels using the slip.

During the year ended 31st March, 1914, 122 vessels of various sizes were taken up on the slip for repairs, cleaning, painting, &c. The charges for taking vessels on the slip and launching them are 1s. per ton on the gross tonnage for the first full twenty-four hours, and 6d. per ton per day afterwards, unless by special agreement.

Lyttelton Dock and Patent Slip.

The Graving-dock at Lyttelton, which is the property of the Harbour Board, is capable of docking many of the large ocean steamers now running to the Dominion. Its general dimensions are: Length over all, 503 ft.; length on floor, 450 ft.; length inside caisson at a height of 4 ft. above the floor, 462 ft.; breadth over all, 82 ft.; breadth on floor, 46 ft.; breadth at entrance, 62 ft.; breadth where ship's bilge would be, on 6 ft. blocks, 55 ft.; available docking depth at this breadth, 17 ft.; depth of water on sill at high water, springs, 23 ft.

The scale of charges for the use of the dock and pumping machinery is as follows:—

     £s.d.
For all vessels up to 300 tons, for four days or less2000
For all vessels 301 to 400 tons, for four days or less22100
For all vessels 401 to 500 tons, for four days or less2500
For all vessels 501 to 600 tons, for four days or less27100
For all vessels 601 to 700 tons, for four days or less3000
For all vessels 701 to 800 tons, for four days or less32100
For all vessels 801 to 900 cons, for four days or less3500
For all vessels 901 to 1,000 tons, for four days or less37100
For all vessels 1,001 to 1,100 tons, for four days or less4000
For all vessels 1,101 to 1,200 tons, for four days or less4500
For all vessels 1,201 tons and upwards, for four days or less5000

After the fourth day in dock, the following rates are charged:—

For all vessels up to 500 tons .. 4d. per ton per day.

For all vessels of 501 tons to 1,000 tons .. 3d. per ton per day.

For all vessels over 1,001 tons up to 2,000 tons 2Ÿ;d. per ton per day.

2,001 tons up to 3,000 tons 2œd. per ton per day.

3,001 tons up to 4,000 tons 2Œd. per ton per day.

4,001 tons up to 5,000 tons 2d. per ton per day.

Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates is allowed when two or three vessels can arrange to dock on the same tide and remain in dock the same number of hours. Two vessels of 1,000 tons each can be docked at the same time. The 20-per-cent, rebate is not allowed if any of the Lyttelton Harbour Board's vessels are docked at the same time as another vessel. The twenty-four hours constituting the first day of docking commences from the time of the dock being pumped out.

Any vessel belonging to H.M. Navy or any colonial Government, or any commissioned ship belonging to any foreign nation, is admitted into the graving-dock without payment of the usual dock dues, but is charged only such sum as is necessary for the reimbursement of actual expenditure of stores, wages, and materials.

There are electric lights, one on each side of the graving-dock; and there are engineering-works within a short distance of it, where repairs and heavy foundry-work can be undertaken.

Alongside the graving-dock is a. patent slip, with a cradle 150 ft. in length, suitable for vessels of 300 tons. It belongs to the Harbour Board. The following is the scale of charges:—

Up to 75 tons gross register, £4 for five days, and 10s. per day after the fifth day. Over 75 tons and up to 150 tons gross register, £6 for five days, and 15s. per day after fifth day.

Over 150 tons and up to 250 tons gross register, £8 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifth day.

Over 250 tons gross register, £10 for five days, and 20s. per day after fifth day. A “day” to mean between sunrise and sunset.

The above rates cover the cost of all labour connected with hauling up and launching (the crew of the vessel to give their assistance as may be required), and the cost of blocking a vessel and shifting the blocks after hauling up.

Otago Graving-docks.

The docks at Port Chalmers are now vested in the Otago Harbour Board. Vessels of large size (up to 512 ft. in length) can be taken in the Otago Dock, as the following measurements will show:—

Length over all533 feet.
Length on the floor500 feet.
Breadth where ship's bilge would be72 feet.
Breadth at dock-gates70 feet.
Depth on sill, H.W.O.S.21 feet.
Dimensions of Port Chalmers Dock
Length over all348 feet.
Length on floor300 feet.
Width, bottom of dock41 feet.
Width, top of dock68 feet.
Width at ship's bilge43 feet.
Width at dock-gates50 feet.
Depth on sill, H.W.O.S.19 ft. 6 in.
Depth on sill, H.W.O.T.17 ft. 6 in.

Vessels up to 335 feet long can dock in the Port Chalmers Disk.

Connected with the Otago Dock are a large machine-shop, steam-hammer, and forge, with all the appliances necessary for performing any work that may be required by vessels visiting the port. An 80-ton shear-legs has been erected for heavy lifts, and there is an electric travelling-crane capable of lifting 15 tons.

There is also a patent slip, used for taking up small vessels.

The following are the charges for the docking of vessels, including docking, shoring, and undocking:—

     For Four Days.For each Day or Part of a Day thereafter.
For vessels of—£s.d. 
300 tons gross and under2600£10.
301 tons to 400 tons28100£10.
401 tons to 500 tons3100£10.
501 tons to 600 tons33100£10.
601 tons to 700 tons3700£10.
701 tons to 800 tons39100£10.
801 tons to 900 tons42003d. per ton.
901 tons to 1,000 tons441003d. per ton.
1,001 tons to 1,100 tons48002Ÿ;d. per ton; with minimum £12 10s. per day.
1,101 tons to 1,200 tons5300Ditto.
1,201 tons to 2,000 tons5800Ditto.
2,001 tons to 3,000 tons63002œd. per ton; with minimum, £23 per day.
3,001 tons to 4,000 tons68002Œd. per ton; with minimum, £31 5s. per day.
4,001 tons to 5,000 tons74002d. per ton; with minimum, £37 10s. per day.
5,001 tons to 6,000 tons7900Ditto.
6,001 tons to 7,000 tons8400Ditto.
7,001 tons to 8,000 tons8900Ditto.
8,001 tons to 9,000 tons9400Ditto.
9,001 tons to 10,000 tons9900Ditto.

Twenty per cent. reduction on the above rates will be allowed when two or three vessels dock at the same time and remain in dock the same number of hours. Harbour Board vessels excepted.

Vessels up to 500 tons gross register will be allowed 20 per cent. off the above rates until such time as slipway accommodation has been provided by the Board for such vessels.

HARBOURS.

Information as to pilotage, port charges, wharfage rates, &c., at twenty-one of the principal ports of the Dominion is published in the following pages.

WHANGAREI.

Pilotage: When necessary, by arrangement with the pilot.

Port charges: 1œd. per ton on registered tonnage.

Wharfage dues: 1d. per ton on registered tonnage.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—1s. 6d. per ton imports; 1s. per ton exports.

Transhipments within the harbour from vessel to vessel and on wharves: Free.

Cattle.—6d. per head.

Sheep, Pigs, and Goats.—1d. per head.

Butter, Eggs, and Fruit.—Free.

AUCKLAND.

Pilotage (compulsory). Sailing vessels, inwards and outwards, 3d. per ton each way, if not employing a tug; 2d. per ton each way if employing a tug. Steamers, inwards and outwards, 2d. per ton each way. Maximum charge in each case, inwards and outwards, £45 each way. Vessels calling at Auckland a second time on the same trip to Dominion pay only half-rates in respect of such second call. No extra fee is charged against any vessel for being piloted to or from the powder-anchorage.

Port charges: 3d. per ton half-yearly (on all vessels over 15 tons) in one payment. For exemption from pilotage and harbour fees, see sections 116, 117, and 118 of the Harbours Act, 1908. In the case of any vessel the registered tonnage of which exceeds 8,000 tons, no port charges shall be payable in respect of such excess.

Harbourmaster's fees: For every vessel of 120 tons and under, 10s.; for every vessel over 120 tons and up to 8,000 tons, 1d. per ton; vessels over 8,000 tons, œd. per ton for every ton in excess of 8,000 tons. Vessels paying pilotage are exempt.

Berthage (shipping wharfage): (1.) For every licensed ferry steamer using the wharves on the south shore of the harbour within a mile of Queen Street Wharf, £2 per month; St. Helier's Wharf, £1 10s. per month; Victoria Wharf, £1 10s. per month; Bayswater, £1 10s. per month; Kohimarama, £1 10s. per month; Orakei, £1 10s. per month; for each of the other wharves on the north shore of the harbour, including Birkenhead and Chelsea wharves, £1 per month; Takapuna and Rangitoto wharves, 10s. per month each; any vehicular staging on the south shore of the harbour, £5 per month; any vehicular staging on the north shore of the harbour, £2 10s. per month, payable in advance on the first day of every month. (2.) For every vessel not included in subsection 1, under 20 tons, a sum of 1s. per day for each day or part of a day such vessel shall lie alongside any wharf, and 6d. per day for each day or part of a day the vessel shall occupy a berth alongside a vessel lying at a wharf; or shall lie at any wharf undergoing repairs, or fitting-out only, or shall lie off any wharf with a line attached thereto, provided that such payment shall not exceed 10s. in any one quarter, or such vessel may pay 10s. for every quarter, which shall be payable, and be paid in advance, on the quarter days commencing as from the first days of January, April, July, and October in each year, at the offices of the Board. (3.) For every vessel not included in subsections 1 and 2, −14;1. per ton per day or part of a day on the tonnage of such vessel. (4.) For every vessel occupying a berth outside another vessel, or lying off a wharf with a line attached to such wharf, or lying at a wharf undergoing repairs or fitting-out only, ⅛d. per ton per day part of a day on the tonnage of such vessel. (5.) In addition to the fees payable under the preceding sub-sections (1 to 4) for every vessel carrying passengers or goods for hire, using any wharf westward of Sentinel Rook, the sum of 1s. per day for each such wharf so used, and in the event of such vessel using more than one of such wharves in any one day the sum of 2s. per day for all such wharves so used: Provided that by payment of the sum of 10s. per month any such vessel may use all such wharves without further payment.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton imports; 1s. per ton exports.

Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped.

Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton landed; 1s. per ton shipped.

Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).

Wool.—6d. per bale, shipped or landed.

Transhipments: If landed, dumped, and reshipped, 3d. per bale.

Coal.—1s. 3d. per ton landed; 6d. per ton shipped.

Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).

Shipped or discharged over side for steamer's use, free.

Timber.—Sawn, 2s. per 1,000 ft. landed; 1s. per 1,000 ft. shipped. Baulk or round (less 12œ per cent.), 1s. per 1,000 ft. landed, 6d. per 1,000 ft. shipped.

Transhipments: Half-rates (subject to Board's transhipment by-law).

Passengers' personal luggage under half a ton, goods carried by hand by passengers and single packages under 5 ft. measurement, free.

MANUKAU.

Pilotage (not compulsory): In and out—Sailing-vessels of and under 100 tons, 6d. per ton; sailing-vessels over 100 tons (first 100 tons), 6d. per ton; sailing-vessels, every ton over 100 tons, 3d. per ton; steamers of and under 100 tons, 4d. per ton; steamers over 100 tons (first 100 tons), 4d. per ton; steamers, every ton over 100 tons, 2d. per ton. In or out of any anchorage below Puponga, half-rate only.

Port charges: For every vessel over 15 tons net register plying within the port or employed in coasting only, 3d. per ton per quarter; for every vessel not plying within the port, or not employed in coasting only, 2d. per ton on arrival, but not exceeding 6d. per ton in any half-year.

Harbourmaster's fees: For each removal by the harbourmaster to or from a wharf, or to or from one anchorage to another, 1d. per ton net register, unless such removal is done for the convenience of the Board.

Berthage: For every vessel under 20 tons gross register, per quarter, payable in advance, 10s.; for every vessel 20 tons register or over, per ton per working day or part thereof, 1s. 4d. Minimum charge per working day, 1s.

Wharfage Rates

General Merchandise.—Inwards, 2s. per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Inwards, 1s. per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Inwards, 1s per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton.

Wool.—Inwards, 3d. per bale; outwards, 3d. per bale.

Coal.—Inwards, 1s. per ton; outwards, 6d. per ton.

Timber.—Inwards, 2d. per 100 ft. super.; outwards, 2d. per 100 ft. super.

All transhipments: Half-rates.

Note.—In all cases where goods are shipped to places within the Provincial District of Auckland: Free.

THAMES.

Pilotage (compulsory): In and out—Sailing-vessels up to 100 tons, 6d. per ton, and 2d. for each ton over 100 tons; steamers up to 100 tons, 6d. per ton, and 4d. per ton for each additional ton.

Port charges: Regular traders, 2d. per ton per quarter; other vessels, 2d. per ton each trip, not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton in half-year.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: 20 tons and under, 10s. per ton per quarter; over 20 tons, 6d. per ton per quarter, or 2s. 6d. first 20 tons per day and Œd. each additional ton.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports or exports, without labour.

Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half-rates otherwise.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton, imports or exports, without labour.

Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half-rates otherwise.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—None shipped.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Wool.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Coal.—2s. per ton, without labour.

Transhipments: Free, if inward wharfage has been paid; half-rates otherwise.

Timber.—1s. per 1,000 ft. sawn timber; 6d. per 1,000 shingles; 2s. per 100 props; 1s. 6d. per 100 slabs; 4s. per 100 sleepers; 2s. 6d. per 100 posts or rails; 2s. 6d. per 1,000 palings; 6d. per ton firewood.

GISBORNE

Pilotage (not compulsory): To roadstead— Sailing-vessels, first 100 tons, 6d. per ton; every ton over 100 tons, 2d. per ton; steamers, first 100 tens, 3d. per ton; every ton over 100 tons, 1d. per ton. Into Turanganui River: Sailing-vessels, 4d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Outward pilotage, half-rates.

Port charges: Vessels plying within port only, 3d. per ton quarterly in advance. Vessels not plying within the port only, 2d. per ton on arrival, but not to exceed 1s. per ton in any half-year.

Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial trading” or coasting vessels) returning to port within one month from date of first arrival are exempt from port charges for second or subsequent arrivals within calendar month.

Harbourmaster's fees: 5s. per vessel of less than 60 tons. Vessels licensed as lighters are exempt. 1d. per ton, sailing-vessels 60 tons and upwards; 10s. per vessel, steamers of 60 and under 120 tons.

To roadstead only: 1d. per ton, ocean-going steamers, (not being “colonial trading” vessels or coastal vessels), but not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year; all other steamers 120 tons and upwards, œd. per ton on arrival, but not to exceed 3d. in any half-year.

Into Turanganui River: 1d. per ton on arrival, steamers of 120 tons and upwards.

Berthage rate: Lighters carrying cargo, 2s. 6d. per trip. Lighters also charged license 1s. per ton register per annum.

River-improvement rate: Vessels entering Turanganui River, 1d. per ton per day, occupying berth.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise. — Imports: General, 5s. per ton; kerosene, sugar, and wire, 5s. per ton; wine and spirits. 7s. 6d. per ton. Exports: General, 2s. 6d. per ton. If paid inward, free.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce. — Imports: Grain, 5s. per ton; grass-seed, 5s. per ton; maize, 5s. per ton; potatoes (12 sacks), 5s. per ton; oats (12 sacks), 5s. per ton; chaff (20 sacks), 5s. per ton; flour, 5s. per ton; bran and pollard, 2s. 6d. per ton. Exports: Grain, 1s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per ton; maize, 1s. per ton; potatoes (12 sacks), 1s. per ton; chaff (20 sacks), 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Exports: Carcases mutton, 1œd. each; carcases iamb, not exceeding 36 lb, Ÿ;d.; beef, tallow, and other meat products, 2s. 6d. per ton; butter, 2s. 6d. per ton; hides, every 40 or 10 sacks, 2s. 6d. per ton; sheep-skins, per bale or every 60, 1s. per ton.

Wool.—1s. per bale.

Transhipments: 3d. per bale; 1s. per bale if landed at all.

Coal.—2s. per ton; bunker coal not landed, 6d. per ton; coke (20 sacks), 2s. per ton.

Timber.—4s. per 1,000 ft. super., imports; 1s. per 1,000 ft. super., exports.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

WAIROA.

Pilotage (compulsory): 6d. per ton register.

Port charges: 3d. per ton per quarter.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage, 2d. per ton register. Vessels when bar bound charged for two days only.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports and exports. Transhipments: Half-rates

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton, imports and exports (10 sacks grain, 20 sacks grass-seed, or 30 sacks chaff, reckoned as a ton).

Butter.—2s. per ton.

Dressed Flax and Tow.—9d. per bale.

Wool.—9d. per bale, imports and exports.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Timber.—2œd. per 100 ft.

NAPIER.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Into Inner Harbour—Sailing-vessels, 4d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Into breakwater, harbour, or roadstead—First 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; steamers, 3d. per ton. Every ton over 100 tons: Sailing-vessels, 2d. per ton; steamers, 1d. per ton. Outward pilotage, half-rates.

Port charges: 6d. per ton quarterly in advance, vessels plying within port only; 2d. per ton on arrival of vessels not plying within port, but not to exceed 1s. per ton in any half-year. Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial trading” or coasting vessels) returning to port within twenty-eight days from date of first arrival are exempt from port charges for second or subsequent arrivals within twenty-eight days.

Harbourmaster's fees: 5s. per vessel of less than 60 tons. 1d. per ton, sailing-vessels 60 tons and upwards; 10s. per vessel, steamers of 60 tons and under 120 tons; 1d. per ton, steamers of 120 tons and upwards. Vessels paying for pilotage services inwards do not pay Harbourmaster's fees.

Harbour-improvement rate: 3d. per ton on cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped (weight or measurement at option of Board); 1s. each horse or large cattle shipped or transhipped; œd. each sheep or small animal shipped or transhipped.

Hawsers and moorings: Vessels at wharves in harbour, Œd. per ton per day, or part of a day, on registered tonnage. Vessels moored to buoys within harbour, ⅛d. per ton per day, or part of a day.

Fenders: Vessels at wharves in Breakwater Harbour—5s. per day, vessels under 500 tons; 7s. per day, vessels of 500 tons and under 1,000 tons; 10s. per day, vessels of 1,000 tons and under 1,500 tons; 15s. per day, vessels of 1,500 tons and under 2,000 tons; £1 per day, vessels of 2,000 tons and under 3,000 tons; 5s. for every 1,500 tons over 3,000 tons.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—2s. 6d. per ton imports, 1s. 3d. per ton exports, according to measurement or weight. If labour supplied, add on 9d. imports, and 9d. exports. Ballast, inwards, 1s. per ton; outwards, 1s. per ton. Empties, 9d. per ton imports; 9d. per ton exports. Agricultural machinery set up for use, 2s. in; 1s. out.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. 6d. imports, 1s. 3d. exports, according to measurement or weight. If labour supplied, add on 9d. imports, and 9d. exports.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

Frozen or Chilled Meat, &c.—Imports free; exports 2s. 6d. per ton. Tallow, pelts, and hides, imports free; exports 3s. per ton.

Transhipments: Quarter import rates, Outer Harbour; half import rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

Wool.—Exports, 1s. per bale. Imports, free.

Transhipments: Wool, flax, skins, or tow, 3d. over side; 3d. per bale if landed for transhipment or dumping.

Coal.—2s. per ton imports; 1s. per ton exports, Haulage on coal, 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Quarter-rates, Outer Harbour; half-rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours. Coal for engines and freezing-ships, Outer Harbour, free, if declared so.

Timber.—3s. 4d. per 1,000 ft., imports; 1s. 3d. per 1,000 ft. exports.

Transhipments: Quarter-rates, Outer Harbour; half-rates, Inner or Breakwater Harbours.

NOTE.—Goods other than wool, skins, hides, tow, flax, and meats landed on a wharf for transhipment to a vessel lying at another berth charged inward wharfage only when declared at time of entry.

WAITARA.

Pilotage: From signal-staff, œd. per ton register each way, in and out. Oceangoing vessels Œd. per ton register (one way only).

Port charges: Steamers and sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton quarterly, payable first trip in each quarter; ocean-going vessels, œd. per ton register, payable each trip.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Steamers 2d. per ton and sailing-vessels 3d. per ton every trip.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—Inwards, 2s. per ton, including 48 hours' storage outwards, 2s. per ton, including 10 days' storage. Labour provided by the Board.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce. — Imports, 2s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per 20 sacks. Labour provided. Exports, in not less than 3-ton lots, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. per ton weight, without labour.

Transhipments: Half-rates, without labour.

Wool.—Dumped, 4œd. per bale; undumped, 6d. per bale.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Coal.—Imports, 1s. 6d. per ton, without labour; brown coal, 1s. per ton, without labour.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Timber.—Under 5,000 ft., 3d. per 100 ft.; over 5,000ft., 2d. per 100 ft.: without labour. Exported white-pine, if over 5,000 ft., 1œd. per 100 ft.: without labour.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

NEW PLYMOUTH.

Pilotage (compulsory), charged both inwards and outwards: Intercolonial or coasting—Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton; steamers, 1œd. per ton: foreign sailing-vessels or steamers, œd. per ton.

Port charges: Intercolonial, 4d. per ton, payable half-yearly; foreign, œd. per ton on arrival in roadstead.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage rate: 3œd. per ton on all cargo landed, shipped, or transhipped outwards; on registered tonnage also œd. per ton.

Warps: 1d. per ton register for first 100 tons; œd. per ton for excess.

Fenders: 1s. per day or part of day.

Water (minimum 3s.): 5s. per 1,000 gallons.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton; grass-seed, 2s. per 20 sacks.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton.

Wool.—6d. per bale; five bales of 4 cwt., 2s. par ton; three bales of over 4 cwt., 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.

Coal.—2s. per ton; brown coal, 1s. 9d.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.

Timber.—480 ft. per ton, 2s.; hardwood, 320 ft. per ton (rough or sawn), 2s.

Transhipments: Three-quarter rates.

PATEA.

Pilotage (in and out): 1d. per ton register.

Port charges: 3d. per ton every three months. Light dues, Œd. per ton.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: 6d. per ton on cargo, as per manifest.

Warps and fenders: Nil.

Water: 2s. 6d. per 1,000 gallons.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports or exports (produce shipped direct from South ports, 1s. 6d.).

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton of 10 sacks grain, 20 sacks cocksfoot grass-seed, 20 sacks bran, 40 sacks chaff, 16 sacks pollard or ryegrass. Potatoes, export, 1s. per ton; import, 2s. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Butter and cheese 1s. 6d. per ton, without labour, from grading-wharf; otherwise, 2s., with labour. Frozen meat, 2s. per ton; cased meats, 2s. per ton, without labour.

Wool.—6d. per bale, including storage.

Hides—3d. per bag.

Coal.—1s. per ton, without labour.

Timber.—4d. per 100 ft.; labour extra.

WANGANUI.

Pilotage: All vessels when piloted by signals from the staff only, 1d. per ton register. River pilotage, to be charged for any assistance rendered by the pilot or any of his crew inside the bar, 2d. per ton. When a pilot boards and conducts a vessel outside the bar, 3d. per ton. Steamers engaged in tendering ocean steamers at anchor in the roadstead charged half pilotage rates.

Port charges: Vessels of 500 tons and up to 8,000 tons register, œd. per ton. Not to exceed 3d. per ton in any half-year. Vessels paying pilotage exempt. Ocean-going vessels (not being “colonial-trading” or “coastal”) returning to the port within one month of first arrival exempt as regards second or subsequent arrivals.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: For every steamer using any wharf, being berthed alongside, and whether discharging or loading cargo or not, 2d. per ton on net register for first day of eight working-hours, and 1d. for every succeeding day of eight working-hours. For every sailing-vessel the charge to be 2d. for first day of eight working-hours, and œd. for every succeeding day of eight working-hours, not exceeding five days. For every vessel occupying a berth outside another vessel, and loading or discharging cargo, Œd. per ton on net register per day of eight working-hours whilst loading or discharging. Ships' dues on vessels detained in port by stress of weather will not be charged after the third day.

Wharfage Races.

General Merchandise.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 1s. 6d. per ton. Potatoes, export, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Frozen Meat.—Sheep, œd. per carcase; lambs, œd. per carcase; legs, shoulders and loins calculated at so-many to a carcase, according to freight.

Wool.—3d. per bale.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Coal.—1s. 3d. per ton. Coal for ship's use, outward, 3d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Timber.—6d. per 100 ft.; for shipment, 2d.; white-pine, 1d.

Transhipments: Half-rates,

WELLINGTON.

Pilotage (optional): Sailing-vessels inwards, 4d. per ton; sailing-vessels outwards, 3d. per ton; steamers inwards, 3d. per ton; steamers outwards, 2d. per ton. Pilotage includes the removal fee to and from the berth.

Port charges: 2d. per ton on arrival; not exceeding 6d. in any half-year. Steamers arriving for bunker coal, stores, water for ship's use only, or for receiving or landing mails or passengers and their luggage which do not come to any wharf or receive or discharge cargo within the port, are exempt from port charges.

Harbourmaster's or berthing fee on vessels of 120 tons and upwards, 1d. per ton; under 120 tons, 10s. Vessels paying pilotage are exempt. Exemption berthage certificates are given to competent masters in the coastal and intercolonial trades, but not to those in foreign trade.

Berthage: Vessels over 100 tons net register, Œd. per ton net register per day or part of a day (day counted from midnight to midnight). Vessels berthing after working-hours, and only landing passengers and luggage, not charged for that day. Vessels leaving wharf after midnight and prior to working-hours, and only on such day taking on board passengers and luggage, not charged for such day. Vessels under 100 tons net register, 2s. per day or part of a day. Vessels not working cargo after noon on Saturdays pay half-rates for such Saturday. No charge for Sundays or holidays.

Harbour-improvement rate: The charge of 6d. per ton shall be made to and be payable by ships to the Board, as a harbour-improvement rate, on all goods except on ballast and coal, and except on such goods as are the products of the Dominion of New Zealand and are landed for the purpose of transhipment to vessels to be carried out of the Dominion: Provided that for the purposes of this by-law the following measurements shall be taken: Empties, half-tonnage; wool, five bales to the ton; great cattle, each one ton; small cattle, twelve to the ton; timber, 500 ft. superficial measurement to the ton; bricks, slates, and tiles, 500 to the ton; carts and carriages, each two tons; loose hides, twenty-five to the ton.

Harbour-improvement rate on coal: If landed on wharves, 1d. per ton; if transhipped over side at wharves, 1d. per ton, but so that no one shipment of coal pays the 1d. more than once; if transhipped over side in stream, free.

Ballast: Free.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—Inwards, 2s. 8d. per ton, including labour and 1 night's storage. Glass, acids, and special goods, 5s. per ton. Inward cargo landed after noon on Friday is stored free till 5 p.m. on following Monday; landed on Saturday is stored free till 5 p.m. on the following Tuesday. If after 4 p.m. on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday, 2 nights' free storage. Outwards, 1s. 4d. per ton, including labour. Glass, acids, and special goods, 2s. 6d. per ton. Railway wharfage – 1s. 4d. inwards, 8d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: 3s. per ton, including labour and 7 nights' storage. Glass, acids, and special goods, 5s. per ton. Over side of vessel lying at wharf, 6d. per ton; in harbour, 2d. per ton. If shifted more than Œ mile and less than œ mile, 6d. per ton extra; if shifted £ mile or over. 1s. per ton extra.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—Artificial manures and guano, 2s. per ton outwards, 1s. inwards. Other goods 2s. 8d. per ton inwards, including labour and 1 night's storage; 1s. 4d. per ton outwards, including labour. Railway wharfage — 1s. 4d. inwards, 8d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: Artificial manures and guano, 2s. 3d. per ton. Other goods 3s. per ton, including labour and 7 nights' storage. Over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton; in harbour, 2d. per ton. If shifted more than Œ mile and less than œ mile, 6d. per ton extra; if shifted œ mile or over, 1s. per ton extra.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Frozen or chilled meat, 1s. inwards, 1s. outwards, per ton without labour. Railway wharfage—1s. 4d. inwards, 8d. outwards, per ton, without labour. Daily-produce treated as general merchandise.

Transhipments: Meat and dairy produce, if transhipped direct, 1s. 6d. per ton, without labour; butter, for cool storage, 3s. per ton, including inward and outward wharfage and 1 night's storage. Meat, butter &c., over side of vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted over Œ mile and under œ mile, 6d. per ton extra; if shifted œ mile or over, 1s. per ton extra.

Wool.—4d. per bale at Railway Wharf, without labour; 6d. per bale at other wharves, including labour.

Transhipments: 6d. per bale, including labour and inward and outward wharfage, and 3d. additional if stored. If shifted over Œ mile, 3d. per bale extra; if shifted œ mile or over, 6d. per bale extra. Over side of vessel to vessel at wharf, 3d. per bale.

Coal.—1s. per ton imports, 6d. per ton exports, without labour. Railway wharfage—1s. per ton inwards, 6d. per ton outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: Across wharf for steamer's use, and from vessel or hulk to vessel at wharf, 4d.; to vessel in stream, 2d. per ton. But so that no one shipment of coal pays wharfage more than once.

Timber.—3d. per 100 ft. inwards; 2d. per 100 ft. outwards, without labour. If labour supplied, 3d. per 100 ft. added inwards, and 2d. outwards on timber other than Australian or American hardwoods. Hardwood, 6d. inwards, 4d. outwards. Railway wharfage—3d. inwards, 2d. outwards, without labour.

Transhipments: Other than Australian and American hardwoods 3s. per ton, including 7 nights' storage. Hardwoods, 4s. 2d. per ton. Over vessel's side into another vessel at wharf, 6d. per ton. If shifted over Œ mile and under œ mile, 6d. per ton extra; if half a mile or over 1s. per ton extra.

Cheese Store “Z” Charges.—The following charges shall be payable to the Board for labour and storage on goods placed in the Board's Cheese Store “Z,” Waterloo Quay, such charges to be payable in addition to wharfage and cartage, and to be paid by the consignee, consignor, agent, or vessel on whose written orders such goods are so stored: (a.) Cheese, &c., received from rail or town for grading prior to shipment—Labour receiving and delivering at store door, labour involved in grading under direction of Government Grader, and storage not exceeding fourteen nights, 3s. per ton; additional storage, per week or fractional part of a week, 1s. per ton. (b.) Cheese, &c., landed ex vessels for grading prior to transhipment — Labour receiving and delivering at store door, labour involved in grading under direction of Government Grader, and seven nights' storage in addition to the seven allowed for in transhipment charge, 2s. per ton; additional storage, per week or fractional part of a week, 1s. per ton. (c.) Graded cheese, &c., landed ex vessel for transhipment—Labour receiving and delivering at score door, including seven nights' storage in addition to the seven allowed for in transhipment charge, 1s. 6d. per ton; additional storage, per week or fractional part of a week, 1s. per ton. (d.) Graded cheese, &c., from rail or town for shipment or storage—Labour receiving and delivering at store door, 1s. per ton; storage, per week or fractional part of a week, 1s. per ton.

PICTON.

Pilotage: Steamers, inward, 1d. per ton register; outward, œd. per ton register; sailing-vessels, inward, 2d. per ton register; outward, 1d. per ton register. The rates are payable when the services of a pilot are taken.

Harbourmaster's fees: For removing vessels from one place to another within the harbour when a pilot is not taken—steamers, œd. per ton register; sailing-vessels, 1d. per ton register.

Port charges: On every vessel over 20 tons register for the first visit in any half-year the sum of œd. per ton register: Provided that, in the case of any vessel the registered tonnage of which exceeds 5,000 tons, no port charges shall be payable in respect of such excess.

Charges for use of wharf: On every vessel, not otherwise specified, lying within the limits of the railway, for the first month, per working-day or part thereof, per ton net register up to 150 tons, œd.; for each additional working-day or part thereof after the first month, ⅙d.; for each additional ton above 150 tons, for the first month, per working-day or part thereof, Œd.; for each additional working-day or part thereof after the first month, 1œd.; minimum charge per day or fraction thereof, 2s. 6d. Vessels occupying berths outside other vessels lying alongside the wharf will be charged half-dues. For every vessel (sailing, steam, or motor) not over 36 tons net register, trading between Picton and the Sounds, per quarter, payable in advance, £1 for every vessel (sailing, steam, or motor) over 36 tons, but not exceeding 60 tons net register, trading between Picton and the Sounds, per quarter, payable in advance, £2; for vessels trading within the Sounds using the wharf, per quarter, 10s.

Labour: On all goods, with the exception of timber and live-stock, and except on packages exceeding one half-ton weight, 1s.; when packages exceed one half-ton weight the wharfinger shall be at liberty to make an additional charge for labour of 1s. per ton; labour loading carts, not compulsory, 6d. per ton.

Wharfage Rates.

Grain or flour, not otherwise specified, 1s. 6d. per ton; Class E (Railway Department) goods for shipment at Picton previously carried to Picton by ra 1, 1s. per ton; posts and rails per 100 and firewood per cord, 6d.; sawn timber, 3d. per 100 superficial feet; single bag or parcel, not exceeding 2 ft. measurement, 3d.; horses, not otherwise specified, 2s. 6d. for the first head; horses, not otherwise specified, each additional, 1s. 6d. per head; cattle, not otherwise specified, 2s. 6d. for the first head; cattle, not otherwise specified, each additional, 6d. per head: sheep or pigs, not otherwise specified, not exceeding 50, 2d. each; sheep or pigs, not otherwise specified, all over 50, 1d. each; bricks, 2s. 6d. per 1,000; coals, 1s. per ton; wool, 3d. per bale; flax and tow, 2d. per bale; hides (40 to the ton), 2s. per ton; sheepskins, 3d. per bale; tallow, 3d. per cask; all other goods not enumerated, either weight or measurement, at the option of the wharfinger, 2s. per ton; wagons, 5s. each; carts, drags, and carriages, 3s. each; handcarts or trucks, 6d. each; passengers' luggage, carried in hand, free; ships' stores, carried in hand, free. Empties at per ton measurement, including labour, half-rates. All goods and live-stock landed on the Government lands adjacent to the wharves shall be subject to the same dues as if landed on wharf. Goods and live-stock loaded or unloaded from or into lighters into or from ships lying alongside the wharf, half-rates. Except where otherwise specified, minimum charges on any goods, 6d.

NELSON.

Pilotage (compulsory): Steamer, inwards and outwards, 1œd. par ton register sailing-vessels, inwards and outwards, 6d. per ton register. Minimum pilotage each way (in all cases), £1 10s.

British and foreign-going vessels to pay (in addition to pilotage) the following, on first arrival: Half-yearly—viz., between January and June, and July and December—per ton register, 3œd. (this payment to include the services of a tug when necessary).

Port charges: Vessels not paying pilotage, 1s. per ton, half-yearly.

Harbour light dues: Vessels not paying pilotage, over 60 tons register, 2d. per ton; under 60 tons register, 1d. per ton, on each arrival.

Harbourmaster's fees: 120 tons and upwards, 1d. per ton register; less than 120 tons, 10s. for each removal of any steamer or sailing-vessel within the harbour.

Berthage charges: Every vessel not over 36 tons register trading between the Port, Nelson, and ports in the Tasman and Golden Bays and Sounds, per quarter, payable in advance, £1. Over 36 tons and not exceeding 60 tons net register, £2. For every vessel not otherwise specified, per working day, or part thereof, Œd. per ton net register; minimum charge, 2s. 6d.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, imports and exports, with labour.

Transhipments: Half-rates when not landed on wharf; 3s. if landed.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton, imports and exports, with labour; fruit, 1s. 6d.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; 2s. 6d. if landed.

Frozen Meat—1s. 6d. per ton; butter, 2s.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Wool.—Exports and imports 1s. per bale.

Transhipments: Half-rates when not landed on wharf.

Coal.—1s. per ton imports; 2s. with labour.

Timber.—1d. per 100 ft. super., imports or exports; 2s. per ton by measurement: with labour.

Transhipments: 3s. if landed on wharf.

WESTPORT.

Pilotage (compulsory): All vessels up to 100 tons, free. Any vessel (steamer or sailer) above 100 tons register, 1d. per ton each way, in and out. One way only, half-rates.

Port charges: Receiving and discharging ships' ballast, 1s. per ton; minimum charge, 20s.; 1d. per ton for use of shoot.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Use of wharf, for every vessel up to 1,400 tons lying at wharf, 1d. per ton net register per trip; and for every registered ton above 1,400 tons, 2d. per ton net register per trip; minimum charge, 5s.

Towage (both ways, in and out): Sailing-vessels, minimum charge, £7 10s.; maximum charge, £37 10s. Vessels 200 tons and upwards, 9d. per ton register. Steamers minimum charge, £12 10s. maximum charge, £40. Vessels 1,000 tons and upwards, 3d. per ton register. Any vessel using the tug one way only, either in or out, half-rates, and vessels arriving for “bunker” coal—i.e., coal to be used in the ship on her voyage and for no other purpose, declaration to this effect to be made by the master to be given to the Secretary of the Harbour Board—half-rates.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton, and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering. Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton., and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c. — 2s. per ton, and 1s. per ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Coal.—Landed ex ship, 1s. per ton. Coal for export, free.

Timber.—2d. per 100 ft. If for export and carried by rail, free.

GREYMOUTH.

Pilotage (not compulsory): Signal-station. For sailing-vessels, 6d. per ton; for steamers, 4d. per ton, each way.

Port charges: Discharging ships' ballast, 6d. per ton.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: 1d. per ton net register for the first four days. For each additional day or part thereof on which a vessel actually works cargo continuously (weather permitting), per ton net register, Œd.; for each additional day or part thereof that any vessel lies at a wharf and does not actually take in or put out cargo (weather permitting), per ton net register, 2d.; vessels bar-bound to be free of berthage if no cargo landed or shipped. Day counted from midnight to midnight. No charge for Sundays or statutory holidays, provided no cargo is landed or shipped.

Warps: £1 per trip.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—3s. 6d. per ton. This charge includes 1s. 6d. per ton for receiving and delivering. Coke, bricks, and fireclay carried by rail for export, free.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and one week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter

Grain and Agricultural Produce—3s. 6d. per ton. This charge includes 1s. 6d. a ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s. per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—3s. 6d. per ton. This charge includes 1s. 6d. a ton for receiving and delivering.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: 2s. 6d. per ton, including labour and 1 week's storage; 1s, per ton if transhipped to vessel or lighter.

Coal.—6d. per ton inwards; outwards, free, if carried by rail.

Timber.—Inwards, 2d. per 100 ft.; outwards, 1d., if carried by rail for export.

Transhipment: Over side, 1d. per 100 ft.

LYTTELTON.

Pilotage (compulsory): Inwards and outwards—Sailing-vessels 3œd. per ton; steamers 2œd. per ton on vessels of 100 tons and upwards. Foreign-going steamers and sailing-vessels free on second call on same voyage.

Port charges: 2d. per ton quarterly, in advance, for vessels of 100 tons and upwards plying within the port or employed in coasting only, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year; 2d. per ton for vessels of 100 tons and upwards not plying within the port or not solely employed in coasting, not to exceed 6d. per ton in any half-year. For exemption from pilotage and harbour fees, see sections 116, 117, and 118 of the Harbours Act, 1908, and Fourth Schedule of Harbours Amendment Act, 1910.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthing charges: On all vessels of 25 tons register and upwards Œd. per ton per day, with a maximum charge as for three days.

Warps (21 in. coir hawsers): £1 per warp for use during a vessel's stay in port, not exceeding six months.

Fenders (soft wood): 10s. for first day, and 5s. per day after. 10s. for use of each hardwood fender.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—1s. 9d. pet ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise; if landed, subject to declaration as for transport within twenty-eight days.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—7œd. per ton; chaff, hay, &c., 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise; if landed, subject to declaration as for transport within twenty-eight days.

Wool.—10œd. per bale.

Transhipments: Free.

Coal.—9d. per ton.

Transhipments: Free, whether landed on wharf or otherwise; if landed, subject to declaration as for transport within twenty-eight days.

Timber.—3œd. per 100 ft. super.

Transhipments: Free.

Live-stock.—Large animals, 2s. per head; small animals, 2s. per score.

N.B.—All reshipments of goods from Lyttelton within three calendar months under declaration, free.

TIMARU.

Pilotage (compulsory): Sailing-vessels, 3d. per ton inwards and outwards; when tug used, 2d. per ton: steamers, 2d. per ton inwards and outwards. Foreign and intercolonial steamers under 3,500 cargo tons, working 800 tons cargo of less, only one pilotage fee; 3,500 tons or over, working 1,000 tons cargo or less, one pilotage fee only. Foreign-going steamer or sailing-vessel calling more than once during same voyage before leaving New Zealand, one inward and outward rate only (subject to above exemptions).

Port charges: Coasters, 1œ. per ton each trip; sailing-vessels, not coasters, 3d. per ton each trip; steam-vessels, not coasters, 6d. per ton on cargo worked. Intercolonial steamers coming direct or coastwise 1œd. per ton register, or 6d. per ton on cargo landed and shipped, whichever rate may be the lesser. In all cases not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton in any half-year, dating from the 1st days of January and July in each year.

Harbourmaster's fees: 1d. per ton each service; vessels less than 120 tons, 10s.; steamers of 1,000 tons or over, which have loaded wholly in New Zealand or Australian ports, working 500 tons of cargo or less, only one Harbourmaster's fee. This fee is charged to all vessels or steamers not paying pilotage.

Berthage: 3d. per ton on all cargo landed or shipped. Transhipments, half-rates.

Hawsers and moorings: Vessels at wharves, œd. per ton register per day for first three days; subsequent days, Œd. per ton. Vessels at buoys, under 800 tons register, ⅛d. per ton per day; over 800 tons, 1⅙d. per ton per day.

Fenders: Sailing-vessels under 500 tons register, 2s. per day; under 1,000 tons, 3s. per day; over 1,000 tons, 4s. per day. Steamers under 1,000 tons register, 4s. per day; under 1,500 tons, 10s. per day; under 2,000 tons, 15s. per day; over 2,000 tons, £1 per day; after three days, half-charges. Foreign-going vessels detained in the port sixty days, half-rates thereafter. A day is calculated as twenty-four hours from the time of berthing or mooring. Maximum charge for hawsers and fenders, per visit, £15.

Towage: Vessels under 100 tons register, £1 10s.; every 50 tons or fraction of 50 tons up to 500 tons, 10s.; over 500 tons, 5s. Distances beyond three miles, 1d. per ton register per mile.

Removals: Vessels under 150 tons, £1; every additional 50 tons or fraction of 50 tons, half sea-towage rates. Coal-hulk, £1 each way. When tug used for other services, but not in nature of salvage, £5 per hour. For foreign-going vessels detained in port 60 days, half-rates thereafter. When tug's hawser used, 1d. per ton register charged for each occasion.

Use of Board's oil-launch: Passengers—Special trip, £2; when Harbourmaster is going off to vessel, 2s. 6d. per passenger. Agents and masters—Special trip, £1; when agent or master directly connected with particular vessel to which the Harbourmaster is going off, free. Health Officer—Special trip, £2; when the Harbourmaster is going off to vessel, £1. Other trips subject to special arrangement with the Secretary to the Board.

Wharfage Rates.

Bricks, Pipes, Roofing-slates, Ores, Minerals, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates. Ship stores, free.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—1s. 6d. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

Wool.—1s. per bale.

Transhipments: Half-rates

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Half-rates. For bunkering purposes, free.

Timber.—4d. per 100 ft.

Transhipments: Half-rates.

OAMARU.

Tonnage rate: On cargo, inwards or outwards—Coal, merchandise, stone, produce, and timber, 8d. per ton; wool, 2s. per ton; frozen sheep, 1d. per carcase; frozen lamb, 1d. per carcase; rabbits and hares, 3s. per ton, gross weight; all other frozen goods, 3s. per ton, gross dead-weight; live-stock, 1s. 8d. per ton. These charges are in lieu of the usual port dues, pilotage, and berthage dues. Cargo is computed as follows for tonnage rates and cranage: Timber (native), 480 ft., super., to the ton; timber (ironbark), 320 ft., super., to the ton; other hard wood, 380 ft., super., to the ton; posts and rails, 50 to the ton; palings, 320 to the ton; Oamaru stone, 22 cubic feet to the ton, or as per railway weight; wool, 4 bales to the ton; live sheep, 20 to the ton; horses, 2 tons each; cattle, 2 tons each; yearlings, half-rates; pigs, 10 to the ton; light carriages, two-wheeled, 1 ton each; light carriages, four-wheeled, 2 tons each. In computing the tonnage-rate all goods may be charged upon the dead weight or measurement, at the option of the Board.

Warps: œd. per ton per day for seven days; Œd. per ton per day thereafter. In the event of any vessel remaining at any wharf for a period exceeding six weeks, the charge for warps will thereafter be reduced to ⅛d. per ton register of such vessel for each day or part of a day that she may occupy a berth at the wharf.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—œd. per sheep. Butter, as merchandise, 2s. per ton. Other frozen goods, 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Wool.—6d. per bale.

Transhipments: Free.

Coal.—2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free.

Timber.—5d. and 7d. per 100 ft. Fencing posts and rails, 4s. per 100. Palings, 7d. per 100.

Transhipments: Free.

Stone.—œd. per foot.

Live Cattle and Horses.—2s. 6d. each; yearlings, half-rates. Sheep, 2d. each; pigs, 4d. each.

OTAGO.

Pilotage (compulsory): Inwards and outwards—Sailing-vessels without tug, 6d. per ton; with tug, 4d. per ton: colonial trading and Home trade, 4d. in and 4d. out. Foreign steamers 3d. in and 3d. out, and when calling twice on one voyage only charged once. All vessels holding exemption certificates, one annual pilotage. For every vessel under steam carrying an exempt pilot and employing a Board's pilot the charge shall be 1d. per ton for the Upper Harbour.

Port charges: 2d. per ton per trip, and 6d. per ton on cargo discharged other than coal or timber, but not to exceed 1s. 3d. per ton on tonnage of vessel in any one half-year.

Harbourmaster's fees: Vessels less than 120 tons, 10s.; over 120 tons, 1d. per ton.

Berthage: Every steam or sailing vessel occupying a berth at the Board's wharves shall, subject to the following exemption, pay the following berth-age rate: One farthing per ton net register per day or part of a day, provided that the minimum amount shall be 1s. per day or part of a day. Any small boat or yacht using or berthing at any of the Board's wharves, jetties, or landing stages, and not holding a license under the by-laws, shall pay the sum of 1s. per day or part of a day, or in lieu thereof the Board will accept a yearly berthage fee of 5s., paid in advance, provided that nothing contained herein shall render any dingey or small boat belonging to licensed vessels, or vessels berthed at the Board's wharves and paying a berthage rate, subject to any berthage charge.

Towage: For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from sea to the stream at Port Chalmers, or vice versa, £5; in ballast only, £3 15s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 5d.; in ballast only, 3Ÿ;d. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from stream to wharf at Port Chalmers, or vice versa, £1; in ballast only, 15s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 1d.; in ballast only, per ton, Ÿ;d. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from sea to wharf at Port Chalmers, or vice versa, £6; in ballast only, £4 10s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 6d.; in ballast only, per ton, 4œd. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from Port Chalmers to Dunedin, or vice versa, £3; in ballast only, £2 5s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 3d.; in ballast only, per ton, 2Œd. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, for removals at Dunedin Bay, £1; in ballast only, 15s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 1d.; in ballast only, per ton, Ÿ;d. For every vessel of 100 tons and under, from sea to Dunedin, or rice versa, £7; in-ballast only. £5 5s.; vessels of 101 tons and upwards, per ton (additional), 6d.; in ballast only, for each ton, 4œd. For any service rendered to any vessel outside of an are of three miles from Taiaroa Heads, at the rate per hour of £5. When assistance is given to steam-vessels under steam, one-fourth usual towage, not exceeding £5 for Upper Harbour and £7 for Lower Harbour.

Extracts from by-laws: Minimum charge: On application of the master or agent of any foreign-going steamer visiting the port, the ordinary charges for pilotage and port charges shall be suspended, and a charge of 5s. per ton on cargo as per ship's manifest discharged, and 10s. per ton on cargo loaded, shall be substituted therefor, but there shall be a minimum charge of £50. Any payments made under this by-law shall not be deemed to be an inward and outward pilotage under section (d) of By-law No. 79.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—1s., 2s., 3s., 4s., and 5s. per ton, imports. (Classified.) Exports: Beer 2s. per ton. A rate of 2s. per ton by weight upon all flour, malt, meal, tallow, hides, wool, ores, and quartz. Cattle, 1s. 6d.; calves, 1s.; pigs, 6d.; horses, 2s. 6d.; foals, 1s. 6d. each. All other goods 1s. per ton export.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. per ton, imports; 1s. per ton by weight, exports; bran and pollard, exports, 1s. per ton; flour and oatmeal, 2s. A rate of 1s. per ton by weight upon all barley, wheat, oats, rye, beans, whole peas, maize, potatoes, turnips, carrots, onions, straw, hay, and building-stone.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Frozen Meat, Butter, &c.—Flax, fungus, rabbits, live-stock, and beef, 1s. per ton measurement, exports; butter, imports, 4s. per ton; butter and cheese, exports, 1s. per ton weight; frozen meat, imports, 5s. per ton, exports 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Wool.—Exports, 2s. per ton, wool, skins, and hides (3 bales to ton); as. per ton, imports (3 bales to ton).

Transhipments: 1s. per ton by measurement.

Coal.—Imports, 3s. per ton; exports, 1s. per ton.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton.

Timber.—Imports, 6d. and 3d. per 100 superficial feet; exports, 1s. per ton 500 superficial feet.

Transhipments: 1s. per ton by measurement. Notice of transhipment must be given within 24 hours after ship's arrival.

BLUFF.

Pilotage (compulsory): Steamers, intercolonial or coastwise, inwards and outwards, 2œd. per ton register; ocean-going, 2d. per ton net register inwards and outwards; sailing-vessels, 4œd. inwards and outwards if tug not employed; 2œd. per ton register inwards and outwards if tug employed. Sailing-vessels in ballast, 2œd. per ton register inwards and outwards. Steamers under pilotage exemption, in and out, 5d. per ton register, payable yearly; sailing-vessels, in and out, 9d. per ton register, payable yearly. On application by master or agent of foreign-going steamer ordinary charges for pilotage, port charges, and berthage may be suspended, and a charge of 5s. per ton for inward cargo and 10s. per ton for outward cargo may be substituted therefor, with a minimum charge of £50.

Port charges: On all vessels, per trip, 2d. per ton register, but no vessel shall be required to pay more than 6d. per ton register in any six months from date of entry.

Harbourmaster's fees: Nil.

Berthage: Steamers, 1d. per ton net register for the first day, and 1d. per ton for second day, and Œd. per ton per day thereafter. Sailing-vessels and hulks of over 50 tons register, 1d. per ton net register per week for the first four weeks, and Œd. per ton per week thereafter.

Towage assistance to steamers using their own motive power: Over 3,000 tons, £5; over 2,000 tons, £4, under 2,000 tons, £3.

Steamers calling more than once on same voyage only charged one inward and outward pilotage.

Wharfage Rates.

General Merchandise.—1s. to 4s. per ton, imports and exports, as specified.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Grain and Agricultural Produce.—1s. per ton, imports and exports.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Frozen Meat, &c.—1s. 3d. per ton, exports; cheese, 2s. per ton.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Wool.—1s. per bale, imports and exports.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed.

Coal.—1s. 6d. per ton, imports and exports.

Transhipments: 1s. 6d. per ton when landed ex hulk; free when not landed on wharf.

Timber.—Imports and exports: New-Zealand-grown timber, 2d per 100 ft. super.; other timber, (3d. per 100 ft. super.

Transhipments: Free when not landed on wharf; half-rates if landed on wharf.

LIGHTHOUSES.

The coast-line and harbours of New Zealand are fairly well provided with lighthouses, and more are being added from time to time. A list of the various lighthouses, with particulars as to the lights at each, is given.

LIGHTHOUSES.

Number of LightName of Lighthouse.Order of Apparatus.Fixed, Flashing, or Revolving.Interval of Revolution or Flash.Height, in Feet, above High Water.Colour of Light.Distance visible in Nautical Miles.Colour of Lighthouse.

The lighthouses marked thus

†), under the control of the Marine Department, have been equipped with flags and lamps for day and night signalling by the Morse code, and light-keepers and signalmen at those places are now competent to receive and transmit messages. Those places marked thus (*) are connected with the telegraph system of the Dominion by telephone.

The following-mentioned signal-stations may also be communicated with by the Morse code: Pouto (Kaipara), Manukau Heads, Hokianga Heads, and Picton Harbour.

NOTE.—The distance visible of lights of greater power than 5th order dioptric is calculated in nautical miles as seen from a height of 15 ft. above the sea. In very clear weather the lower-order lights may be seen at a greater distance than is given in this table.

1* Cape Maria van Diemen1st order dioptricRevolving1 minute330White25White.
* Cape Maria van Diemen Fixed  Red, to show over Columbia Reef  
2* Cape Brett1st order dioptricGroup, 2 fl.30 seconds510White30œWhite.
3Maro Tiri (Chickens)Acetone acetylene gas (unwatched)FlashingŒ sec. fl., 31œ sec. ecl.480White20 
4 Moko Hinou1st order dioptricFlashing10 seconds385White27 
5* Whangaparapara (Great Barrier)6th order port lightFixed 100White8White.
6 Cuvier Island1st order dioptricRevolving30 seconds390White27White.
7* Tiritiri2nd order dioptricFixed 300White, with red are over Flat Rock24Red.
8Bean RockUnwatchedFlashing1 sec. fl., 4 sec. ecl.50White, red, green10White.
9Rangitoto BeaconPintsch's patent gaslight (unwatched)Occulting5 seconds68White, showing 5 sec. flash and 5 sec. obscured12Red and white, vertical.
10Ponui Passage5th order dioptricFixed 50White and red10White.
11* East Cape2ndFlashing10 seconds362White flash26White.
12Tuahine PointAcetone acetylene gas (unwatched)Occultingfl., 2 sec., ecl. 6 sec.53White13White.
13Gisborne Leading-lightsDioptric side-lightsFixed 60, 40White and Red5White.
14 Portland Island2nd order dioptricRevolving30 seconds300White24 
Portland Island  Fixed Red, over Bull Rock  
15Napier4th order dioptricFixed 160White19White.
16Napier Leading-lights Fixed 70,50White and red7White.
17Castlepoint2nd order incand'ntGroup fl., 3 fl.45 seconds170White19œWhite.
18* Cape Palliser2nd order dioptricGroup. 2 fl.30 seconds258White; interval of 3 sec. between flashes23White.
19* Peacarrow Hd.2nd order dioptricFixed 322White25White.
20* Peacarrow Hd.Wigham ben. lamp (unwatched)Fixed 32White and red10White.
21* Somes Island2nd order dioptricFixed 95White, red and green15œWhite.
22* Manawatu RiverOrdinary lampFixed 44White5Flagstaff white.
23Wanganui River6th order port lightFixed 65White8Flagstaff white.
24Patea5th order port lightFixed 130Red10Flagstaff white.
25* Cape Egmont2nd order dioptricFixed 103White16White.
26New Plymouth Leading-lights4th and 5th order port lightFixed 100, 45Red16,10White.
27Waitara6th order port lightFixed 70White8Flagstaff white.
28* Manukau3rd order dioptricFixed 385White27Brown.
 * Manukau5th order port lightFixed 70White and green10White.
29* Kaipara2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds278White23œRed.

The lighthouses marked thus (†), under the control of the Marine Department, have been equipped with flags and lamps for day and night signalling by the Morse code, and light-keepers and signalmen at those places are now competent to receive and transmit messages.

Those places marked thus (*) are connected with the telegraph system of the Dominion by telephone.

30* Hokianga6th order port light  152White8White.
31* Nelson4th order port lightFixed 60White, with red arc13White.
32* French Pass6th order port lightFixed 12White and red, with white light on beacon8White.
33* Stephens Island1st order dioptricGroup fl., 2 fl.30 seconds600White32œWhite.
34Jackson HeadPintsch's patent gaslight (unwatched)Occultingfl. 3 secs., ecl. 3 sec.55White10Concrete bcn.
35Diffenbach Point (Queen Charlotte Sound)Acetone acetylene gas (unwatched)Flashing0.3 sec., ecl. 2.7 sec.39White5White.
36 The Brothers2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds258White23White.
The Brothers Fixed  Red, over Cook Rock  
36aKarori Rock (building)Acetone acetylene gas (unwatched)Flashingœ sec. fl., ecl. 3œ secs.65White, with red arcs13œ 
37Tory Channel Leading-lights5th order port lightFixed 86, 22White10White.
38* Wairau River6th order port lightFixed 38White8Flagstaff.
39* Cape Campbell2nd order dioptricRevolving1 minute155White18œWhite.
40* Godley Head2nd order dioptricFixed 450White29White.
41* Akaroa Head2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds270White23White.
42Timaru5th order port lightFixed 85Red and green10White.
43Jack's Point4th order dioptricOcculting10 seconds94White15œWhite.
44Oamaru5th order dioptricFlashiug14 seconds120White10Light stone
45 Moeraki3rd order dioptricFixed 170White19œWhite.
46* Taiaroa Head3rd order dioptricFixed 196Red20œWhite.
47Otago Harbour Entrance, N. Mole LightWigham ben. lightFixed 29Green5White.
48* Cape Saunders2nd order dioptricRevolving1 minute210White21White.
49* Nugget Point1st order dioptricFixed 250White22œWhite.
50 Waipapapa Point2nd order dioptricFlashing10 seconds70White14White.
51* Dog Island1st order catadioptricRevolving30 seconds150White18œWhite & black bands.
52* Centre Island1st order dioptricFixed 265White, with red arcs23White.
53* Puysegur Point1st order dioptricFlashing10 seconds180White20 
54Hokitika5th order dioptricFixed 122White10 
55Greymouth6th order port lightFixed 62White8Flagstaff.
56* Cape Foulwind2nd order dioptricRevolving30 seconds238White22White.
57WestportDioptric masthead-It.Fixed 50White8Flagstaff.
58* Karamea6th order port lightFixed 50White8Flagstaff.
59 Ka hurangi Point2nd order dioptricFixed 110White, with red sector16White.
60* Farewell Spit2ndRevolving1 minute97White, with red arc over Spit end16Upper part white & lower part red.

The following-mentioned signal-stations may also be communicated with by the Morse code: Pouto (Kaipara), Manukau Heads, Hokianga Heads, and Picton Harbour.

NOTE.—The distance visible of lights of greater power than 5th order dioptric is calculated in nautical miles as seen from a height of 15 ft. above the sea. In very clear weather the lower-order lights may be seen at a greater distance than is given in this table.

DEPOTS FOR SHIPWRECKED MARINERS.

Outlying Islands of New Zealand.

Mariners are informed that depots of provisions and clothing for castaways are established on the following islands:—

Kermadec Islands.—There are two depots, each a small iron shed, fitted with spouting and a lank to catch water, and containing a supply of clothing, biscuits, medicines, tools, &c. One is in 30° 15′ S., 178° 31′ W., at Lava Cascade, about 1œ cables south-eastward of the northern point of Macaulay Island; the other is in 30° 35′ S., 178° 36′ W., on the southern side of Macdonald Cove (crater), on the N.W. side of Curtis Island.

Three Kings.—A provision depot has been established on the largest island. It is situated on the narrow neck at the head of N.W. and S.B. bays, in latitude Ÿ 9′ 11′ S., longitude 172° 9′ 1′ E., 31 miles N. 52° W. of Cape Maria van Diemen Lighthouse. The house is painted white, and is plainly visible from S.E. bay. A finger-post is erected on the ridge overlooking the two bays, and is visible from the anchorage in each bay. A notice is nailed up inside the house giving instructions where to find water, and also how to attract the attention of the light-keepers at Cape Maria—namely, by making a fire on the hill to the west of the house—and that the light-keepers have been instructed to keep a constant look-out in that direction.

Snares Islands.—A depot is established in 48° 0Ÿ;' S., 166° 35Ÿ;' E., in Boat Harbour, at the eastern end of N.E. Island, 120 miles by sea in a S.W. direction from Bluff Harbour.

Bounty Islands.—The depot is a hut at an elevation of 120 ft., visible from the northward, and situated in 47° 42′ S., 179° 3′ E., southward of she western inlet of the principal island—the northeastern—of the western group. It is 360 miles S. 72° E. from Port Chalmers.

Antipodes Islands.—The depot is a hut at an elevation of 100 ft., visible from some distance north-eastward, and situated in 49° 40′ 3., 178° 50′ E., 300 ft. from the landing-place, on the N.E. side of the large island, and half a mile westward of its east point. It is 460 miles S. 66° E. from Bluff Harbour.

Auckland Islands.—There are three depots on the principal island: one, a square wooden house, in 50° 33Œ' S., 166° 12′ E., and a boat near the depot, on the S. side of Erebus Cove, Port Boss, on the E. side and at the northern end of the island; the second is in 50° 44œ' S., 166° 8′ E., at the head of Norman Inlet (wrongly named “Musgrave Inlet” on charts), and not at the inlet named Norman Inlet, two miles and a half northward; the third, and a boat for shipwrecked people, is in 50° 50œ' S., 166° 1′ E., in the western arm of Camp Cove, Carnley Harbour, at the S. end of the island. A lifeboat has been placed on Enderby Island, the northeastern of the group; another at the N.W. end of Adams Island, the southern of the group; one on Rose Island, immediately S.W. of Enderby Island; and one on Disappointment Island. Port Ross is 256 miles by sea in a S.S.W. direction from Bluff Harbour.

Campbell Island.—The depot, indicated by a white staff and a boat, is in 52° 33œ' S., 169° 6œ' E., in Tucker Cove, at the head of S. or Perseverance Harbour, on the east side of the island. Perseverance Harbour is 354 miles by sea southward of Bluff Harbour.

Finger-posts to indicate the positions of the depots are erected on all these islands. The Government steamer visits the Kermadec and Three Kings Islands once a year; and the Snares, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland, and Campbell Islands twice a year.

Chapter 13. SECTION XIII.—RAILWAYS.

THE history and progress of railways in New Zealand was specially described in the Year-book of 1894, as was also the line partly built by the New Zealand Midland Railway Company. An account of the line lately belonging to the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company was published in the Year-book for 1895.

In the year 1860 a contract was let for the construction of the first New Zealand railway. Up to the year 1870 there were only 46 miles of railway in operation. In that year the construction of railways came to be part of the public-works policy just then initiated, and the Railways Act of 1870 authorized certain lines to be made and surveys of others. In 1876 the abolition of the provinces placed the earlier-constructed railways in the hands of the General Government. At that time there were 718 miles open for traffic.

In December, 1908, the Government acquired by purchase the railway between Wellington and Longburn, eighty-four miles in length, completed in 1886 by the Wellington-Manawatu Railway Company. The entire railway system, with the exception of a few miles of private lines used for specific purposes, such as the carriage of coal, timber, or stone, is now owned and controlled by the State.

The State railway system of New Zealand comprised at 31st March last 2,854 miles of line open for traffic, divided into nine distinct sections as follows:—

Section.Length. Miles.
North Island Main line1,092
Whangarei-Kawakawa58
Kaihu17
Gisborne-Waikohu32
South Island Main line1,366
Westland144
Westport36
Nelson61
Picton48
     Total2,854

The gauge is 3 ft. 6 in., and all lines have been uniformly constructed to that standard. For main lines the standard rail is 70 lb. per lineral yard; for branch lines 52 lb. and 56 lb. per lineal yard. Sleepers are of Australian hardwood (ironbark or jarrah) or of New Zealand totara or silver-pine.

ROLLING-STOCK.

Since 1901 all carriages and wagons required for use on the State railways have been manufactured in the railway workshops of the Dominion. The locomotives also are now all built in the Dominion, mostly in the railway workshops. The standard passenger locomotive now in use weighs 72 tons, and has a tractive power of 19,000 lb. The standard goods locomotive weighs 94 tons, and has a tractive power of 29,840 lb. Both types are of the four-cylinder balanced compound type. Standard carriages are 50 ft. in length, fitted with chair seats to accommodate forty-four passengers, and lighted by the Pintsch gas system. All rolling-stock is fitted with the Westinghouse brake.

Information as to rolling-stock in use on the State railways of Australia and New Zealand is given in the following table:—

ROLLING-STOCK, STATE RAILWAYS OF AUSTRALASIA.
State.Year endedLocomotives.Passenger Vehicles.Trucks and Vans.
 No.No.No.
Queensland30th June, 191358862911,819
New South Wales30th June, 19139981,33819,590
Victoria30th June, 19136681,39116,541
South Australia30th June, 19133694458,288
Western Australia30th June, 19133863699,078
Tasmania30th June, 1913831731,734
Northern Territory30th June, 191364142
New Zealand31st March, 19145341,36320,251

PASSENGERS AND GOODS.

The following statement shows the number of miles of Government railways open in the Dominion, the number of train-miles travelled and of passengers carried, and the tonnage of goods traffic, for the past twenty years:—

Year ended 31st March.Length open (Miles).Train-mileage.Passengers.Season Tickets issued.Goods and Live-stock

* The equivalent tonnage for live-stock has been given

 Tons.
18951,9933,221,6203,905,57828,6232,123,343
18962,0143,307,2264,162,42636,2332,175,943
18972,0183,409,2184,439,38743,0692,461,127
18982,0553,666,4834,672,26448,6602,628,746
18992,0903,968,7084,955,55355,0272,744,441
19002,1044,187,8935,468,28463,3353,251,716
19012,2124,620,9716,243,59382,9213,461,331
19022,2355,066,3607,356,136100,7783,667,039
19032,2915,443,3337,575,390118,4313,918,261
19042,3285,685,3998,306,383129,9194,259,217
19052,3746,107,0798,514,112140,4534,185,468
19062,4076,413,5738,826,382147,9894,415,166
19072,4586,755,4549,600,786165,5044,824,563
19082,4747,051,2749,756,716185,1745,070,176
19092,6747,458,23610,457,144192,5475,135,408
19102,7177,889,16611,141,142199,3715,490,018
19112,7538,141,07511,200,613222,1045,863,674
19122,7988,371,68711,891,134236,9575,887,908
19132,8519,016,22413,123,879265,2596,246,128
19142,8549,319,26813,355,893287,0376,019,633

The traffic in local products for the past twenty years was,—

Year ended 31st March.Wool.Timber.Grain.Minerals.Horses and Cattle.Sheep and Pigs.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Number.Number.
1895103,328198,578388,556857,91752,0751,563,213
189699,363213,132374,699878,65950,7661,893,058
189798,958257,825423,8881,032,25247,2562,016,437
1898103,055313,073427,4481,048,86854,8712,399,379
189997,396310,266420,0711,147,35366,2262,552,745
1900104,621334,677764,0331,218,69876,5372,559,836
190196,519380,803772,5711,366,24184,2892,463,250
1902101,878427,153813,3451,443,79295,3842,780,019
1903116,309436,008718,3761,604,426115,1983,883,177
1904101,316509,712820,4531,744,323122,0643,826,646
1905107,625493,327732,4801,806,360126,5753,490,752
1906116,086534,533772,2581,938,548136,3193,441,387
1907128,161567,835770,7062,135,446150,8014,776,223
1908120,593616,892739,5682,319,913169,1744,719,087
1909137,916582,860793,7932,342,048179,0085,329,115
1910151,051523,8451,044,4682,486,121196,9835,253,692
1911143,247627,1071,013,2982,655,250230,9856,071,670
1912141,607718,414949,5562,676,783228,0565,601,711
1913147,735695,0601,181,8992,760,983243,5665,524,935
1914155,709676,8581,050,3952,551,614276,0697,006,268

COST OF CONSTRUCTION.

The total cost of construction of open lines up to 31st March, 1914, was £32,355,037. The amount spent on lines in course of construction and not handed over to the Working Railways Department for traffic purposes was £2,625,489, making the total capital invested in State railways £34,980,576. The figures for each of the past five years are given.

CAPITAL INVESTED IN STATE RAILWAYS, 1909–10 TO 1913–14.
1909–10.1910–11.1911–12.1912–13.1913–14.
 £££££
Lines open for traffic28,513,47629,606,54630,506,08931,611,22032,355,087
Lines under construction1,807,7151,903,4142,183,0902,220,5632,625,489
     Totals30,321,19131,509,96032,689,17933,831,78334,980,576

REVENUE.

The railways of New Zealand have been looked upon more as adjuncts to the settlement of the country and the development of its natural resources than as an investment from which large profits should directly accrue. For many years a profit of 3 per cent. was regarded as sufficient, and any excess over this rate was followed by reductions in passenger-charges or in freights. Consequent on the extension of settlement and the soundness of the Dominion's industries, a higher rate than 3 per cent. has been aimed at in recent years. The rate looked for in 1909–10 was 3Ÿ per cent., in 1910–11 4 per cent., followed in 1911–12 by a return to 3Ÿ; per cent. These rates were obtained, as will be seen from the table following. The rate for 1913–14, however, fell below expectations, a result entirely due to the extended strike which obtained during nearly three months of the year and to the outbreak of smallpox in the North Island.

The gross revenue from lines open for traffic during the financial year ended 31st March last was £4,043,328, an increase of £72,623 on the amount realized for the previous year. The net revenue amounted to £1,163,005, equivalent to a return of 3.61 per cent. on the capital invested in lines open for traffic.

Information as to the revenue of the railways during each of the past 20 years is given in the following table:—

RAILWAY REVENUE, 1894–95 TO 1913–14.
Year ended 31st March.Gross Revenue fromTotal Gross Revenue.Net Revenue.Percentages of Net Revenue to Capital Cost.
Passenger-fares.Parcels, Luggage, and Mails.Goods and Livestock.Rents and Miscellaneous
£££££££s.d.
1895385,14943,270683,72638,7061,150,851418,6912146
1896389,23454,736698,11540,9561,183,041431,6732160
1897410,16058,084774,16343,7511,286,158497,1043310
1898433,43060,872837,58944,1171,376,008518,8173410
1899475,55366,418882,07745,6171,469,665539,9283510
1900515,02068,488985,72354,6601,533,891571,533385
1901544,97672,7121,051,69457,8541,727,236599,389398
1902621,01979,5611,110,57563,4311,874,586622,349386
1903625,69887,2731,189,10171,9661,974,038630,623361
1904704,660110,1511,293,16972,6612,180,641741,9173118
1905738,158115,0511,277,97678,0462,209,231716,331360
1906786,873142,6421,346,03874,1512,349,704728,465349
1907892,053151,9131,498,68681,9482,624,600812,118391
1908912,978176,8761,582,32889,7562,761,938812,179368
19091,011,658187,0401,630,704100,1242,929,526814,711327
19101,171,040192,5851,772,547113,6183,249,7901,080,3163160
19111,223,412193,7891,961,078115,9033,494,1821,190,910413
19121,319,114203,3342,032,785121,2763,676,5091,210,6133197
19131,461,873215,2092,157,686136,2343,971,0021,265,393409
19141,450,480236,7612,209,398146,6894,043,3281,163,0053123

For 1895–96 and subsequent years the railways have been credited with the value of services performed for other Government Departments, and debited with the value of work done for the Railway Department by other Departments.

The revenue from passenger-fares during the year 1913–14 represented an expenditure on railway travel of £1 5s. 9d. per head of mean population, including Maoris. The total revenue was equal to £3 11s. 10d. per capita.

A table is added showing information as to railway revenue in each of the Australian States for the year ended 30th June, 1913. Figures for New Zealand for the year 1913–14 are also given.

REVENUE OF STATE RAILWAYS IN AUSTRALASIA, 1912–13.
State.Average Miles of Line worked.Train-miles run (,000 omitted).Gross Revenue.Net Revenue.
Amount.Per Train-mile.Per Cent. of Capital.

* Loss.

† Year ended 31st March, 1914.

 ££s.d. 
Queensland4,35011,4643,321,6721,170,681213.63
New South Wales3,87219,1846,748,9852,104,104233.76
Victoria.3,63914,2355,205,4421,616,249233.40
South Australia2,0126,6252,298,305826,604265.12
Western Australia2,7835,6232,037,853531,2531113.56
Tasmania5081,007327,113109,756222.49
Northern Territory1453115,933−733*−05*−0.06*
New Zealand2,8549,3194,043,3281,163,005263.61

EXPENDITURE.

Expenditure on State Railways open for traffic during the year ended 31st March, 1914, amounted to £2,880,323, or 71.24 per cent. of the gross revenue. The figures for each of the past twenty years are as follows:—

Year ended 31st March.Expenditure.
Amount.Per Cent. of Revenue.
1895732,16063.62
1896751,36863.51
1897789,05461.35
1898857,19162.30
1899929,73763.26
19001,052,35864.80
19011,127,84765.30
19021,252,23766.80
19031,343,41568.05
19041,438,72465.98
19051,492,90067.58
19061,621,23969.00
19071,812,48269.06
19081,949,75970.59
19092,114,81572.19
19102,169,47466.76
19112,303,27265.92
19122,465,89667.07
19132,705,60968.13
19142,880,32371.24

RAILWAY EMPLOYEES.

The number of men employed in operating the State railways at 31st March last was 14,176. The staff is divided into two divisions—namely, first or clerical division and second or out-of-door division, and is further classed in four branches, as shown in the following table, which gives the number of employees in March of each of the past ten years:—

RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, 1904–5 TO 1913–14.
As at 81st March.General.Traffic.Maintenance.Locomotive.Totals.
19052312,9123,1673,0519,361
19062403,0763,2383,2419,795
19072853,3503,6923,53110,858
19083073,7254,1924,11412,338
19094603,8994,5443,60212,505
19106483,7583,8473,97112,224
19116713,8484,2284,13412,881
19126734,0644,3084,47813,523
19137184,4694,2404,78614,213
19146004,6763,9524,94814,176

Railway employees are under a system of classification, first introduced in 1896, and revised at various times since then. In 1896 the minimum rate of pay for adult employees was 6s. per diem. The minimum has been raised from time to time, until at present no married man receives less than 9s. per diem.

Appeal Boards (one in each Island) have been constituted to hear and redress grievances of men dissatisfied with decisions respecting the withholding of annual increments, promotion, loss of status, or breaches of discipline involving fines in excess of £2. Each Board consists of a Magistrate and two members of the railway service elected by the members thereof. The Minister of Railways has the power of veto in respect of any decision of the Board.

A superannuation fund in connection with the railway service was established in 1903. Full information concerning this is given in the section dealing with Pensions and Superannuation Funds.

RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.

The history of railways in New Zealand has been one of comparative freedom from accidents of a serious nature. The most serious was the Rakaia accident of 1899, wherein four persons were killed and several injured. The Whangamarino accident of 27th May, 1914, resulted in three persons being killed and others injured. A table is given dealing with railway accidents during each of the past ten years:—

RAILWAY ACCIDENTS, 1904–5 TO 1913–14.
Year ended 31st March.To Passengers.To Employees.To others.Fatal.Serious.Minor.Totals.
190519441334110442493
190625475292010499529
19072654222278555590
190820622272812629669
19092467325295688722
191014708192511705741
19112872236353748786
19121880622236817846
1913886839225888915
1914181,008252741,0201,051

Of the persons meeting with fatal accidents in 1913–14 1 was a passenger, 12 were employees, and 14 neither passengers nor employees. Of the non-fatal accidents 44 were classified as train accidents, 267 as accidents on line (other than train-running), 129 as shunting accidents, 323 as accidents on wharves and in sheds, and 261 as accidents in railway workshops.

Chapter 14. SECTION XIV.—POSTAL AND TELEGRAPHIC.

INTRODUCTORY.

The Post and Telegraph Department is really a “Service” rather than a “Department.” By reason of its ramifications, it has probably greater potentialities for usefulness to the public than any other organization, and in New Zealand very full use is made of it.

Around the money-order and savings-bank accounts as a nucleus there has been built up a system of accounting which receives from all the departments of the Post and Telegraph Service various revenues which are due to the Treasury, and, in addition to this, includes a vast amount of work for other departments of the State.

In connection with the Post Office Savings-bank, information concerning which is given in the portion of this book dealing with banking, the Department receives interest-bearing deposits from the public and invests the money received in liquid securities, not dealing in any way with land or actively participating in commercial ventures. In its money-order and postal-note business it issues drafts on places both within and beyond New Zealand, and pays drafts drawn on New Zealand, either by its own agencies or by the agencies of foreign countries with which it has relations.

It receives amounts for credit of almost every Department in the Government service, and clears them from its central office in Wellington. In fact it performs for the general public and the Government various duties which, in quite another sphere of activity, are usually performed by a commercial bank. On account of the smallness of the majority of its transactions, the business, which bulks very large even from the £ s. d. point of view, is very much larger from the standpoint of the number of transactions involved, which run into millions in each of the main divisions of the business.

A very large business is done both for the Public Trust Office and the State Advances Office in connection with the receipt and payment of moneys throughout the Dominion, amounting in the case of the former office to about £1,000,000, and in that of the latter to about £2,000,000, on each side of the account. Payments of all kinds, including advances on mortgages, are made upon vouchers prepared and certified in the Head Offices of these Departments and transmitted to the Accountant's Office, General Post Office, for payment. On the other hand, lodgments are received at any money-order office in the Dominion of any moneys whatever that may be due to the Public Trustee or to the State Advances Office. A very large number of vouchers are paid on behalf of the Treasury. Last year these amounted in value to over £1,800,000.

This system has now been extended by making provision for the prompt payment through the Post Office of all claims against the General Government of sums of £5 and under, without pre-audit, and without reference to the central authority. This will no doubt be very much appreciated by small creditors, who should be able to receive payment immediately after completion of the service.

In addition to the items mentioned where the Post Office acts as the agent or intermediary, there is a very considerable number of others, including such diverse matters as the collection of fees under the Arms Act, sale of fishing and game licenses, collection of Customs duty on parcels received from abroad, collection of gold-fields revenue, collection of premiums for the Government Insurance Department, the payment of old-age, widows' and military pensions, Imperial pensions, and Civil Servants' superannuation allowances, the collection of Machinery fees, of amounts for the National Provident Fund, of fees in connection with the registration of births, deaths, and marriages, of valuation revenue, of land and income tax, and of beer duty. All these entail special knowledge on the part of the officers dealing with them, and special classes of accounts. This is particularly the case in connection with the payment of both Imperial and old-age pensions, where the rules governing the payments are very elaborate and intricate. There is probably no country in the world where the machinery of the Post Office is put to a greater or more varied use. Its system and methods are so flexible that there are practically no limits to the extension of its functions.

Apart from the advantages which are enjoyed by the public under the Post Office system of the collection and disbursement of public moneys, there is a very distinct benefit to the State, as the work is performed at a fractional part of the cost which would be incurred under other conditions.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE.

The receipts and payments of the Post and Telegraph Department for the financial year 1913–14 are shown in the following table:—

Item.Postal.Telegraph.Total.
Receipts.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Stamps for postage639,903102 639,903102
Money-order and postal-note commission27,7408 27,7408
Money-order commission received from foreign offices81980 81980
Private box and bag fees14,29240 14,29240
Paid telegrams 334,2201211œ334,2201211œ
Telephone exchanges 232,190138232,190138
Miscellaneous receipts12,3791910œ8,3741620,754167
     Totals695,135103574,786341,269,921137
Item.Postal.Telegraph.Total.
Payments.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Salaries (classified officers)270,42092377,905156648,32648
Salaries (country Postmasters and telephonists, and contributions to Railway Department)20,0270031,0550051,08200
Conveyance of mails by sea82,610116 82,610116
Conveyance of inland mails84,377172 84,377172
Conveyance of mails by railway77,0471111 77,0471111
Money-order commission credited to foreign offices2,43165 2,43165
Maintenance of telegraph and telephone lines 86,09719586,097195
Miscellaneous73,29111168,050110141,34139
 610,205181563,1081691,173,3141410
Balance of receipts over payments84,92912211,6776796,606189
     Totals695,135103574,786341,269,921137

POSTAL.

There were 2,383 post-offices in New Zealand at the end of 1913, an increase of 33 during the year.

The table following gives information covering the past five years as to number of post-offices and numbers of articles posted and delivered. Letters and letter-cards show a steady increase, while the number of parcels handled in 1913 was almost double that for 1909.

POSTAL BUSINESS, 1909–13.
Year.Post-offices open at End of Year.Articles posted and delivered.
Letters and Letter-cards.Post-cards.Books and Pattern-packets.Parcels.Newspapers.
19092,194186,926,33714,188,64250,047,9282,161,63442,561,641
19102,257196,768,96813,681,66855,008,3622,471,964142,305,554
19112,312205,450,62712,255,47758,828,4363,327,379143,801,719
19122,350214,184,11911,252,52761,364,9173,359,39743,460,016
19132,383223,961,20010,462,89456,127,6844,275,83443,572,759

The average number of letters, &c., posted in the Dominion per head of the mean population in each of the past ten years is as shown in the next table. The figures for 1913 are slightly lower than those for 1912.

ARTICLES POSTED PER HEAD OF MEAN POPULATION. 1904–13.
Year.Letters and Letter-cards.Post-cards.Books and Parcels.Newspapers.Totals.
190473.402.4321.6218.23115.68
190576.093.3824.9019.87124.24
190682.135.7123.9719.04130.85
190786.466.6323.8219.56136.47
190891.376.5826.4620.14144.55
190995.986.3226.2920.48149.07
191097.145.8330.0418.51151.52
191197.855.3531.2818.66153.14
1912102.065.0031.5218.89157.47
1913101.914.3628.1417.81152.22

During recent years the Post Office has made very substantial extensions in the establishment of rural mail deliveries. Many of these are performed by officers mounted on motor-cycles. By means of such deliveries it has been possible to give settlers living in the back country an efficient service.

Parcels-post.

The facilities afforded for the transmission of parcels through the Post Office to places within and without the Dominion have proved of much convenience to the public. The regulations admit of parcels up to 11 lb. in weight being sent to almost all the important countries of the world.

The following table shows the number of parcels exchanged with the United Kingdom, the Australian States, &c., in 1912 and 1913:—

Country.Number of Parcels.
Received.Despatched.
1912.1913.1912.1913.
United Kingdom and foreign countries via London101,630111,68613,71915,256
Queensland830776865992
New South Wales14,62515,7925,5616,149
Victoria8,7039,3823,2313,464
South Australia496531488587
Western Australia455333496470
Tasmania527501788816
Fiji101170682780
Samoa2618187244
Tonga1118266305
Canada8301,066463720
United States of America9,50611,5241,1961,803
Uruguay    
 120142  
Cape of Good Hope4215296655
Natal  314322
India1,3701,491318325
Ceylon6435125557
Straits Settlements1311494067
Hong Kong391453112147
     Totals140,704154,93128,96732,701

The declared value of the parcels received from places outside the Dominion during 1913 was £475,143, on which the Customs duty amounted to £80,546 19s. 3d.

The number and weight of parcels * dealt with from 1904 to 1913 are given below:—

1904.1905.1906.1907.1908.

* “Dealt with” means the total posted plus the foreign received.

Parcels. No.357,504392,017448,171801,937970,153
Weight, lb.1,279,7071,386,7231,638,2312,863,9093,367,116
1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Parcels, No.1,148,4711,306,9321,741,7361,764,5342,231,733
Weight, lb.3,903,2274,533,7706,037,0505,998,6027,783,252

Special house-to-house deliveries of parcels are in force in many of the principal towns.

Newspapers.

There are (January. 1914) 233 publications on the register of newspapers for New Zealand. Of these, 63 are published daily, 36 three times a week, 25 twice a week, 64 once a week, 4 fortnightly, 1 three-weekly, 1 four-weekly, and 39 monthly.

MONEY-ORDERS AND POSTAL NOTES.

The number of offices open for the transaction of money-order business at the end of 1913 was 764.

During 1913, 690,715 money-orders, for a total sum of £3,357,774 1s. 4d., were issued at the various post-offices. The money-orders from places beyond New Zealand and payable in the Dominion numbered 44,143, for the amount of £180,570 11s. 3d.

The number of offices open for the sale of postal notes at the end of 1913 was 939: 2,163,581 postal notes were sold, value £697,627 12s. 5œd.

The notes paid numbered 2,148,877, value £684,315 4s.

MAIL-SERVICES.

The estimated cost on account of the Peninsular and Oriental and Orient Mail-service for the year 1913–14 is as shown below:—

     £
Payment to P. and O. and Orient lines10,784
Transit charges across Australia and Europe7,178
Mail-services to Australia (including £4,000 for New Zealand-Australian mails)15,289
 £33,251

The average number of days in 1913 within which the mails from London were delivered at each of the undermentioned ports in New Zealand was,—

     P. and O.OrientViaVia San
London to—Line.Line.Vancouver.Francisco.
Auckland37373336
Wellington38383435
Christchurch39383536
Dunedin39393537

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.

The first Government telegraph-lines in New Zealand were constructed by the provincial authorities.

The Canterbury Provincial Government opened a line between Christchurch and Lyttelton in the beginning of the year 1863. On the 12th February, 1864, the Southland Provincial Government opened a line between Invercargill and the Bluff. The General Government subsequently acquired both the above-named lines, and further established communication by wire between Dunedin and Invercargill, also Dunedin and Christchurch, on the 25th May, 1865.

Messrs. Driver and McLean, merchants, of Dunedin, erected a private line between Dunedin and Port Chalmers, which was opened to the public in 1861, and acquired by the General Government some time after the opening of through communication between Lyttelton, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Bluff, referred to above.

There were 13,044 miles of telegraph-line open at the end of March, 1914, carrying 44,642 miles of wire. There were 10,694,032 telegrams transmitted during the year; of these, the private and Press messages numbered 10,594,556, which, together with telephone exchange and other telegraph receipts, yielded a revenue of £574,786 3s. 4d.

TELEPHONES.

There were 61 central telephone exchanges and 177 sub-exchanges on the 31st March, 1914. The number of connections including extensions increased from 42,933 in March, 1913, to 49,415 in March. 1914. The subscriptions to these exchanges during the financial year amounted to £232,190 13s. 8d.

The capital expended on the equipment, &c., of the several telephone exchanges up to the 31st March, 1914, was £1,241,628 11s. 2d.

At the 31st March, 1882, there were 116 direct connections to exchanges, the gross revenue from which was £613 5s. 2d.; in 1892 the connections numbered 3,083, with a gross revenue of £18,571 7s. 8d; in 1902 the connections were 9,260, gross revenue £62,151 8s. 11d.; in 1912 the connections were 31,475, gross revenue £179,123 18s. 8d.; while at March 31st, 1914, the connections had reached 41,982, with a gross revenue of £232,190 13s. 8d.

The foregoing, which refers more particularly to telephone-exchange connections, indicates the extent to which public telephonic demands have increased, especially during the last twelve years.

The telephone, moreover, has been largely availed of in extending rapid communication to outlying places which could not economically have been served by telegraph.

With the growth of the system there arose a demand for telephone facilities between centres of population; and that class of business in this Dominion, as in other countries, has necessitated the provision of a large number of circuits at considerable expenditure to meet requirements. For the year ended 31st March, 1900, the number of bureau communications (i.e., public conversations by telephone paid for by fees) was 197,292, of a value of £5,482 17s. 7d. These had reached 1,423,093 in number, of a value of £32,112 5s. 9d., for the year ended 31st March, 1909; and at the 31st March, 1914, the number had risen to 3,538,377 for the year then ended, and were of a value of £91,409 1s. 8d. This class of business, it will be seen, nearly trebled itself in value in the short period of five years.

The number of telephone exchanges in the Dominion in 1900, including central and sub-exchanges, was 40. In 1907 the number was 105, and last year 238.

The total miles of wire connected with exchanges in the Dominion in 1900 were 6,343, in 1907, 15,076, and in 1914, 79,154.

Originally the system was worked by single aerial wires, but these were replaced some years ago at the more important exchanges by aerial and subterranean lead-covered cables. The system of subterranean cables and metallic telephone circuits is being largely extended.

The telephone-exchange system in use is generally of the magneto type, branching multiple switchboards being installed in the principal exchanges. In some cases the common-battery system is in operation. Automatic telephones have been introduced recently, and a contract has been let for the installation of automatic exchanges at two of the principal cities, and at four less important places.

The “party” line system of telephone-exchange service was extended and improved three years ago, and the tariff was materially reduced. By this system several persons may share a common line. This has, on account of the considerable reduction in rental charges, been largely availed of, particularly by those whose premises are situated at a distance from the exchange.

The first coin-in-slot telephones erected in the Dominion were installed at Wellington on 17th August, 1910. There are now 93 such instruments in use in the Dominion, 57 of these having been installed during the past year.

Legal provision was made in 1912, by which County Councils may borrow for the purpose of extending telephone lines in rural districts, and power has been given to levy taxation to cover interest and the redemption of such loans.

RADIO-TELEGRAPH.

The first installation was placed in the tower of the General Post Office, at Wellington, in June, 1910, and experiments were carried out with different wireless systems. Later on a “Telefunken” 2œ k.w. set was installed, and a wireless telegraph office opened for commercial work on the 26th July, 1911. At that time there were not more than half a dozen boats fitted with wireless apparatus trading to the Dominion; now there are twenty-two New Zealand registered ships carrying wireless apparatus, as well as a large number of boats registered in other countries and trading to New Zealand ports.

On the 14th October, 1912, the G.P.O. Station was replaced by one of 2œ k.w. upon Mt. Wakefield, immediately behind the City of Wellington. The station is situated about 1,000 ft. above sea-level. Primary power is supplied from an extension of the city electric-light mains. Telephone and telegraph wires have been extended to the station so that every facility may exist for the prompt despatch of messages. The two masts are of Oregon pine, 150 ft. high, about 300 ft. apart. The aerial is of the flat-top type, and is composed of four phosphor-bronze wires 4 ft. apart, from the middle of which four wires extend downward to the building. The earth connection consists of 300 copper wires radiating each about 300 ft. from the building which is situated about midway between the masts. The surface of the ground is irregular and of rocky formation. The results obtained have exceeded expectations. At Mt. Wakefield Station, known as “Radio-Wellington,” a continuous service is maintained.

On the 24th October, 1912, a 2œ k.w. station was established on the roof of the post-office at Auckland. The masts of this station are of tubular steel, and have been erected on the two domes of the building. The height of the masts above the instrument room is about 75 ft. The spread of the aerial is 130 ft. There are six wires about 3 ft. 3 in. apart. The “earth” is attached to the metal framework of the building. Excellent results have also been got from this station, which is open only between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m., being now required only for daylight work.

The installation of a wireless set of 2œ k.w power on the Government cable steamer “Tutanekai” was completed on the 20th June, 1912. The equipment has been found to be of much service in aiding in the work of the repair of submarine cables, as it has been possible to exchange communications of an important nature between ship and shore which otherwise could not have been effected.

A wireless station was opened at Chatham Islands on the 18th September, 1913, connecting this group of islands with the mainland of New Zealand, and extending the range of communication eastward. Position: 47° 57′ S., 176° 31′ W. Hours: 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., 3 p.m. to 5 p.m., and 7 p.m. to midnight. The apparatus is Telefunken, 2œ k.w. primary power, with storage battery. The prime mover is an oil-engine. The aerial is of the T type, suspended at a height of 150 ft. from two tubular steel structures 300 ft. apart. An earthed counterpoise completes the aerial equipment.

The normal range of the above-mentioned 2œ k.w. stations is 300 miles by day and 600 miles by night.

The high-power stations at Awanui and Awarua have been completed, and were opened for public business on the 18th December, 1913. These stations are of 30 k.w. primary power, and were undertaken primarily for defence purposes. They are required to communicate with Sydney during the day as well as at night. The aerials are suspended from towers 394 ft. in height, and the wires are spread from the summit and base of the towers over an area of about ninety acres. Position of Awanui: Ÿ 54′ S., 173° 18′ E.; position of Awarua: 46° 30′ S., 168° 23′ E. Both stations observe the same hours—viz., 6.30 p.m. to midnight, but a continuous listening service is kept for distress-signals.

Statement of radio-telegraphic business for the year 1913:—

1913.Number of Messages.Words.Total Value.
£s.d.
Forwarded1,40516,818564153
Received2,77627,8671,04872
     Totals4,18144,6851,61325

The above table does not include free messages.

The wireless branch of the service has filled a long-felt want by keeping the mainland in touch with vessels at sea, receiving and forwarding weather reports, and advising delays to and probable time of arrival of steamers.

Radio-telegrams from ships at sea announcing their time of arrival are accepted without charge. The information is supplied to the Press and to the shipping companies, and is announced to the public by being posted on the shipping board. It is also useful to the Department in facilitating arrangements for the receipt and despatch of mails. Weather reports to the Meteorological Office from warships and from vessels trading around the Dominion are also transmitted free of charge.

The New Zealand coast stations are all reliably connected with the land-line systems. Complete arrangements exist for the prompt transmission of wireless telegrams over them, and for ensuring that distress signals shall be immediately communicated to the proper authorities.

PACIFIC CABLE.

The cable, opened for traffic between New Zealand and Australia and Fiji on the 9th April, 1902, was completed to Bamfield, Vancouver Island, on the 31st October following, and opened for international business on the 8th December, 1902.

The route is from Auckland to Vancouver, via Norfolk Island, Fiji, and Fanning Island. The Australian connection is at Norfolk-Island. The deep-sea portion of the Vancouver-Fanning Island cable is stated to be the longest in the world. Following the opening of the cable a much faster service with America and Europe has resulted.

Direct communication between Auckland and Sydney was established on the 3lst December, 1912, thus giving the Pacific Cable Board an alternative route to Australia.

Chapter 15. SECTION XV.—LAND TENURE, SETTLEMENT, ETC.

SUBSECTION A.—CROWN LANDS.

INTRODUCTORY.

THE Crown lands of New Zealand are administered under the Land Act, 1908, the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, and the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913, together with the regulations made thereunder.

The distinguishing features of the present system involve the principle of a tenant right to recurrent terms of lease by the occupier, and in most cases the right to acquire the freehold. Between 1892 and 1907 a very large proportion of the Crown lands were disposed of on lease for 999 years. The rentals were based on the assessed value of the land at the time of disposal, without increase or recurring valuations, and this system, like freehold, necessarily carried with it the power of sale, sublease, mortgage, or disposition by will. At the same time the improvements made in the soil by cultivation, &c., were secured to the tenant should he from any cause be obliged to forfeit or surrender his lease. This tenure was abolished by the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1907, which substituted a lease for sixty-six years (in the case of ordinary Crown lands) and thirty-three years (in the case of settlement lands), with a perpetual right of renewal for further successive terms. The Acts of 1892, 1893, 1895, and 1907 are now consolidated in the Land Act, 1908.

The values placed on the Crown lands are, as a rule, low, for the State does not so much seek to raise a revenue directly therefrom as to encourage the occupation of the lands by the people; this occupation secures an indirect increased revenue, besides the other advantages resulting from a numerous rural population.

Again, underlying the whole of the New Zealand land system is a further application of the principle of “the land for the people “—viz., the restriction in area which any person may hold. This subject has been forced upon the attention of the Legislature by defects in former systems, under which one individual with means at his command could appropriate large areas, to the exclusion of his less wealthy fellow-settler. Under existing conditions, where the price at which land is offered is definitely fixed, and where choice of selection is by ballot, every would-be settler has the same chance, and may hold under the Crown an equal area of land, except that by the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, preference is given to landless, married, or previously unsuccessful applicants. The quantity that a selector may hold is so fixed as to encourage the class of moderate farmers, for up to the statutory limit the amount he may select is left almost entirely to himself. The Act defines the amount of land any one may hold at 666⅔ acres of first-class land, 2,000 acres of second-class land, or 5,000 acres of third-class land. These limits apply to lands which are thrown open for optional selection, but in some cases, where the quality of the land is very good and the selectors many, the limit may by regulation be made smaller.

Part XIII of the Land Act, 1908, deals with the limitation of area to be held by private persons, and tends to prevent the aggregation of estates of lands which may hereafter be acquired from the Crown. It distinctly limits such holdings to 5,000 acres, and gives power to inflict penalties for any evasion of the Act.

In addition to the many advantages offered by the renewable-lease tenure, the Land Act provides others, to meet the wants of different classes. The general rule is that ordinary Crown land thrown open for optional selection is offered to the public under three different tenures, the choice of which is left to the would-be settler.

The three tenures are:—

  1. Cash, in which one-fifth of the purchase-money is paid down at once, and the remainder within thirty days. The final title is not given until certain improvements have been made on the land.

  2. Lease with a purchasing clause, at a 5-per-cent. rental on the value of the land; the lease being for twenty-five years, with the right to purchase at the original upset price at any time after the first six years and within twenty-five years, or to convert into a renewable lease.

“Settlement” lands are opened only on renewable lease, the term being for thirty-three years instead of sixty-six years, and the rental 4œ per cent. on capital value. The lessee has the right to acquire the freehold.

The Land Act, 1892, now embodied in the Land Act, 1908, provided for a special class of settlement called small-farm associations, which found favour with the public to a very considerable extent during the first three years after the Act came into force, but is now superseded to a large extent by the improved-farm-settlement system. The small-farm-association system provides that, where not less than twelve individuals have associated themselves together for mutual help, such an association can, with the approval of the Minister of Lands, select a block of land for subdivision and settlement, but not more than 250,000 acres may be set aside in any one year. The extreme limit that one person may hold is fixed at 500 acres. Settlements of this class were formerly held on lease in perpetuity, in a similar way to lands under the same tenure when thrown open for optional selection, but this is now superseded by the renewable-lease tenure.

The conditions of residence and improvement are the same. The system offers many advantages to the settler, so long as the blocks of land are judiciously chosen, having regard to quality of land, access, markets, and the probability of employment being obtained in the neighbourhood. In the eagerness to obtain lands on such easy terms these points have, in the past, not received sufficient attention by some of the associations, and in consequence they are not all successful. At present only a very small proportion of the remaining Crown lands is suitable for selection in this manner.

The village-settlement system of New Zealand provides for the setting apart and offering for optional selection of allotments of one acre in area or under, and for the opening under the renewable-lease tenure (formerly lease in perpetuity) of small farms between 1 and 100 acres in area. These settlements were designed to enable labourers to obtain homes for themselves and their families in the immediate vicinity of their work, and gave bushmen, workers on the roads and railways, &c., an excellent chance of securing a holding upon which they could live, and which they could improve in their spare time. There has not been any great extension of this system in recent years.

The improved-farm-settlement system was first begun in order to find work for the unemployed. Considerable areas of forest-clad Crown lands were set aside, and small contracts for the clearing, burning, and sowing of these were let to the men to whom it was intended to allot them. In most cases the farms are selected or balloted for in their primitive state, and the settler is for a time paid for the improvements he makes, or, in other words, the cost of converting forest lands into grass lands is advanced from time to time by the Government. In other cases a piece of forest land is taken in hand, and men are employed at fixed rates in felling, burning, and grassing. When so much grass is laid down as will give a good start, the land is opened for selection in sections of 50 to 200 acres and balloted for among the applicants. The farms are let on lease with a purchasing clause or on renewable lease (formerly lease in perpetuity) at a rental sufficient to cover the cost of clearing, &c., together with a fair rental of the land.

The size of holdings averages about 120 acres.

Full details as to the various tenures now in force, and the conditions to be complied with by selectors of Crown land, are given in the following pages.

DIGEST OF THE LAND LAWS.

Administration.

The Crown lands are administered, under the authority of the Land Act, 1908, and its amendments, by the Minister of Lands at Wellington, his executive officer being the Under-Secretary of Lands, who is the permanent head of the Department of Lands and Survey. For convenience New Zealand is divided into ten land districts, each being under the local direction of a Commissioner of Crown Lands and a Land Board. The Commissioner's office is known as the principal land office, and in some of the larger districts there are one or more local land offices. It is with these land offices that the selector has to transact all business, from the first consultation of the maps to the final receipt of the Crown title.

Land Board.

A Land Board consists of five members, of whom the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the district is ex officio chairman. Three of the members are nominated by the Governor, the remaining one being elected by the Crown tenants of the district.

Land Districts and Principal Land Offices.

The names of the land districts and of the towns where each principal office is situated are, beginning with the most northerly and taking them geographically, as under:—

Land District.Town where Principal Land Office is situated.
HEAD OFFICEGovernment Buildings, Wellington.
AucklandAuckland.
TaranakiNew Plymouth.
Hawke's BayNapier.
WellingtonWellington.
NelsonNelson.
MarlboroughBlenheim.
WestlandHokitika.
CanterburyChristchurch.
OtagoDunedin.
SouthlandInvercargill.

Classification of Lands, &c.

Crown lands are divided into three classes:—

  1. Town and village lands, the upset prices of which are, respectively, not less than £20 and £3 per acre; such lands are sold by auction, or leased for ten or thirty-three years at a rental of 5 per cent. on the value of the land:

  2. Suburban lands, the upset price of which may not be less than £2 an acre; these lands are also sold by auction, or leased as aforesaid:

No rural section may be larger than 666 acres in extent if first-class land, 2,000 acres if second-class land, or 5,000 acres if third-class land, whether offered by auction or granted on application.

Applicants.

Every applicant must be of the age of seventeen years or upwards, and must apply for Crown land solely for his own use and benefit, and not directly or indirectly for the use or benefit of any other person, whilst, including the land he applies for, he is not to be the owner, holder, or occupier under any tenure of more than one year's duration, either severally or jointly or in common with any other person or persons,' of any land anywhere in New Zealand exceeding in the whole 5,000 acres of land computed as follows:—

  1. Every acre of first-class land is reckoned as 7œ acres;

  2. Every acre of second-class land is reckoned as 2œ acres;

  3. Every acre of third-class land is reckoned as 1 acre.

In cases where a ballot is required preference is given to applicants who are landless and with children dependent on them or who have within the two years immediately preceding the ballot, being duly qualified, applied at least twice unsuccessfully, whether under the Land Act or the Land for Settlements Act. An applicant is deemed landless if he does not hold under any tenure such area of land, whether Crown land or not, as is in the opinion of the Board sufficient for the maintenance of himself and his family. In the case of a husband and wife (except when they are judicially separated), if either of them is not landless, neither of them shall be deemed to be landless.

The decision of the Board as to the rejection or preference of any applicant shall be final and conclusive.

Before taking a ballot or otherwise disposing of applications for land the Board may, in such manner as it thinks fit, inquire into all matters affecting an applicant's suitability or his right of preference, and may reject any applicant who refuses or fails to answer any inquiries as to such matters to the satisfaction of the Board.

Every person who acquires an allotment, and subsequently transfers or subleases his land, shall (except under special circumstances) be disqualified for the period of ten years after the date of such disposition from acquiring an interest in any Crown or settlement land.

Mode of acquiring Crown Lands.

Crown lands may be acquired as follows:—

  1. By auction, after survey, in which case one-fifth of the price is paid down at the time of sale, the balance within thirty days:

  2. By application, after the lands have been notified as open for selection, in which case the applicant fills up a form (to be obtained at any of the Land Offices) and makes the declaration and undertaking required by the particular system he wishes to select under.

  3. Under special conditions, e.g., the Land Board, with the Minister's consent, may sell small areas of Crown lands under 5 acres in extent to religious bodies, or as sites for dairy-factories, cheese-factories, creameries, or fruit-preserving works, without the land having to go to public competition, but no land can be so sold at a less price than £1 per acre.

All applications, whether for surveyed or unsurveyed lands, are deemed to be simultaneous if made on the same day, and, if there be more than one applicant for the same land, the right of selection is determined by ballot.

Lands thrown open for application may be either surveyed or unsurveyed, and those not selected the first day remain open.

The Optional System of Selection.

Lands for selection are notified as open for application on and after a stated day, and, at the option of the applicant, may be obtained on any of the three following tenures: (a) Freehold; (b) occupation with the right of purchase; (c) renewable lease.

(a.) Freehold.

If the land is surveyed, one-fifth of the price is to be paid down when the application is granted, and the balance within thirty days; or, if the land is not completely surveyed, the survey fee is deposited when the application is agreed to, and goes towards the purchase of the land; the balance must be paid within thirty days of notice that the survey is completed.

A certificate of occupation will issue to the purchaser on final payment, and this will be exchanged for a Crown title so soon as the Board is satisfied that the following improvements have been completed, viz.—on first-class lands, up to £1 per acre; on second-class lands, 10s. per acre; and on third-class lands, 5s. per acre. These improvements must be effected within seven years from the date of purchase.

(b.) Occupation with Right of Purchase.

Lands selected on this tenure are held under a license for twenty-five years. At any time after the expiration of not less than six years of the term of the license, after having resided and made the improvements hereinafter described, the licensee can, on payment of the upset price of the land, acquire the freehold. If the land be not purchased, the license may be exchanged for a renewable lease.

The rent is 5 per cent. on the cash price of the land; if surveyed, a half-year's rent has to be paid at the time the application is approved, which represents the half-year's rent due in advance on the 1st day of January or July following the selection. If the land is unsurveyed, the cost of survey has to be paid, and is credited to the selector as so much rent paid in advance.

Residence on and improvement of the land are compulsory, as hereinafter described.

(c.) Renewable Lease.

Lands selected on this tenure are leased for sixty-six years, with a perpetual right of renewal for further terms of sixty-six years, subject to revaluation at the end of each term, and to the conditions of residence and improvements described below. The rental is 4 per cent. on the cash price of the land, and applications are dealt with in the same way as under the previous tenure (b), but there is at no time a right to purchase the freehold.

Two or more persons may make a joint application to hold as tenants in common under either of the two last-named tenures.

The same concession as to rebate of rent for prompt payment applies as in the previous tenure—viz., a rebate up to 10 per cent., as also does the power to postpone payment of rent in certain cases.

A lessee may pay up to 90 per cent. of the capital value of his land at any time, when the rent shall be proportionately reduced. When he has paid up to 33 per cent. he is freed from all covenants and conditions of his lease, except the covenant to pay rent and to reside.

If in any land district the Land Board deems any Crown land (from its inferior soil or inaccessibility) not likely to be immediately productive, they may, with the consent of the Minister, open it on terms that will allow the tenants to occupy the land rent-free for a term not exceeding the first ten years of the sixty-six years' lease.

Residence and Improvements.

Under the two last-mentioned tenures, the conditions as to residence and improvements are,—

Residence

  1. Must commence on bush or swamp lands within four years, and in open or partly open land within one year, from the date of selection:

  2. Must be continuous for six years on bush or swamp land, and for seven years on open or partly open land, on lands occupied with a right of purchase:

  3. Must be continuous for a term of ten years on renewable-lease lands.

The Board has power to dispense with residence in certain cases, such as where the selector is residing on adjacent lands, or is a youth or unmarried woman living with parents, and in a few other cases.

Residence implies the erection of a habitable house to be approved of by the Board.

The Governor has power to set apart certain areas of land which may be selected by persons who for a certain number of years may be represented by registered substitutes such as a near relation who shall reside upon it, in their place, and make the requisite improvements, subject to special regulations which the Governor shall lay down. It is especially enacted that these regulations shall not come into force until approved by both branches of the Legislature.

Improvements which must be made are as follows:—

The holdings must be improved to an amount equal to 10 per cent. of the value of the land within one year from the date of the license or lease; within two years must be improved to the amount of another 10 per cent.; within six years must be improved to the value of another 10 per cent., making 30 per cent. in all within the six years. In addition to the above, the land must be further improved to the value of £1 for every acre of first-class lands, 10s. for every acre of second-class lands, and 2s. 6d. for every acre of third-class lands.

Improvements may consist of reclamation from swamps, clearing of bush, planting with trees or hedges, cultivation of gardens, fencing, draining, making roads, wells, water-tanks, water-races, sheep-dips, embankments or protective works, or in any way improving the character or fertility of the soil; or the erection of any building, &c.; and cultivation includes the clearing of land for cropping, or clearing and ploughing for laying down with artificial grasses, &c.

Rebate and Postponement of Rent.

By the Land Act, 1908 (section 116), the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Receiver of Land Revenue may, in their discretion, grant to any Crown tenant who is not in arrears with his rent a rebate not exceeding one-tenth of the instalment of rent paid within one month after the day appointed for its payment.

By section 13 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, the Minister may postpone payment of rent by Crown tenants when they are unable to pay the same by reason of any natural disaster or other sufficient cause.

Transfers of and Dealings with Leases.

No lessee or licensee of Crown lands is entitled to transfer his interest therein, or to sublease his land, until he has resided continuously thereon for at least two years, and then only with the consent of the Minister and recommendation of the Land Board. But when by reason of special or unforeseen circumstance such disposition becomes, in the opinion of the Minister and Board, desirable, it may be permitted, although no such residence has taken place. This restriction does not apply to lessees of pastoral runs, nor to Crown tenants who selected land prior to the 20th November, 1907.

A Crown tenant may, however, mortgage his holding without the above consent (in the case of ordinary Crown lands), but must obtain consent during the first five years of his tenancy in the case of settlement lands.

Special conditions apply in the case of a Crown tenant mortgaging under the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909 (vide section 50).

Every transferee or sublessee must make the same declaration as the original selector of the holding.

Lease-in-perpetuity.

This tenure was created by the Land Act, 1892, and repealed by the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1907. It provided for a lease of 999 years, with no right of renewal, whilst the rental was fixed at 4 per cent. on the prairie value of the land. No new leases under this tenure can now be granted, but existing leases are unaffected, save by the following amendments:—

A lessee can pay off up to 90 per cent. of the capital value of his land in sums of £10 at a time. By this means a settler may gradually reduce the rent he has to pay by saving his earnings in the prosperous seasons, and thus be better able to meet the losses which bad seasons may entail. So soon as he has paid up 33 per cent. of the capital value he is freed from all other covenants of his lease except the payment of rent and residence. The Land for Settlements Fund will benefit by all these payments (to be used for the purchase of further estates). In order that the territorial revenue shall not suffer to any appreciable amount by the payments made to Capital Account, it is to be credited with 4 per cent. on the total accounts so paid off.

Any holder of a lease in perpetuity may exchange his present lease for a renewable lease, and the lessee has the choice of electing whether the new rental shall be based upon the original capital value at time of selection or the present-day value (excluding the value of the improvements, which belong to the selector).

A lessee-in-perpetuity may also purchase the fee-simple of the land comprised within the lease by paying the original capital value and also the difference between a rental at 5 per cent. and 4 per cent. on the original capital value, computed as from the date of the lease to date of purchase, and allowing compound interest thereon. Such a purchase can be made for cash or by deferred payments extending over twenty years. The purchase money is paid into the Land for Settlements Account to enable new areas to be acquired for settlement.

Special-settlement Associations.

Under special regulations, to be made by the Governor, persons may form themselves into an association, and may select and apply for a block of land to be held and occupied under prescribed conditions. No one may hold more than 500 acres, and not more than 250,000 acres can be set aside in any one year.

The capital value of lands within a special settlement is fixed after survey by special valuation, but may not be less than 10s. an acre; the rental is not less than 4 per cent. on the capital value, and the tenure is a renewable lease.

Residence, occupation, and improvements are generally the same as already described, and applications have to be made in manner prescribed by regulations.

Exchange of Tenure.

The holders of mining district land-occupation leases for twenty-one years have the right of exchanging them for renewable sixty-six years' leases, and such an exchange will enable the lessees to apply for an increased area. The holders of pastoral lands in mining districts, under special regulations, have also the right, under certain conditions, to exchange their leases for renewable sixty-six years' leases with all their privileges, and, in the case of the Hauraki Mining District, to acquire the freehold.

Village Settlements.

Village settlements are disposed of under regulations made from time to time by the Governor, but the main features are as follow:—

Such settlements may be divided into:—

  1. Village allotments not exceeding 1 acre each, which are disposed of either by auction among the applicants or by application, as already described, with option of tenure, the cash price being not less than £3 per allotment:

  2. Homestead allotments not exceeding 100 acres each, which are available on renewable lease at a 4-per-cent. rental on a capital value of not less than 10s. per acre.

Residence, improvements, and applications are the same as already described for rural land. The leases are exempt from liability to be seized or sold for debt or bankruptcy.

The Minister of Finance is empowered in certain cases to advance small sums for the purpose of enabling selectors to profitably occupy their allotments.

Small Grazing-runs.

Small grazing-runs may not exceed 20,000 acres in area. The rental is to be fixed by the Land Board and approved by the Governor. Small grazing-runs are leased for terms of twenty-one years, with right of renewal for other twenty-one years, at a rent of not less than 2œ per cent. on the then value of the land. The runs are declared open for selection, and applications and declarations on the forms provided have to be filled in and left at the Land Office, together with the deposit of one half-year's rent, which represents that due on the 1st day of March or September following the selection.

No holder of a pastoral run, and no holder of freehold or lease-bold land of any kind whatever, over 1,000 acres in area, exclusive of the small grazing-run applied for, may be a selector under this system; and only one small grazing-run can be, held by any one person, except on the recommendation of the Land Board and with the approval of the Minister.

The lease entitles the holder to the grazing rights, and to the cultivation of any part of the run, and to the reservation of 150 acres round his homestead through which no road may be taken; but the runs are subject to the mining laws. On the expiry of a lease of a small grazing-run the area may be disposed of in two or more allotments on lease for twenty-one years with right of renewal for similar terms, but, in such a case, the outgoing lessee is entitled to receive a lease of one of the new allotments as he may choose and is compensated for the improvements he has effected on the remainder of the run together with the value, if any, of the right of renewal (which he would have had if the run had not been resumed and subdivided) with respect to the allotments over which he has not been granted a new lease (section 28 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912). In disposing of the other allotments preference is given to applications by sons of the late lessee over twenty-one years of age who have resided on the run for not less than seven years of the ten years immediately preceding the expiry of the lease.

Residence is compulsory, if the run comprises bush or swamp land, within three years; if it is open land, within one year; and must be continuous to the end of the term, but may be dispensed with by the Board after the expiration of ten years from the date of the lease, in which case the lessee is required to provide a satisfactory substitute, who must remain in continuous residence on the land during the remainder of the term of the lease.

Improvements necessary are as follows: Within the first year, to the amount of one year's rent; within the second year, to another year's rent; and within six years, to the value of two other years' rent: making in all a sum equal to four years' rental which must be expended within six years. In addition to these improvements, bush-covered first-class runs must be improved to an amount of 10s. an acre, and second-class bush-clad runs to an amount of 5s. an acre.

After three years' compliance with the conditions, a run may be divided amongst the members of the selector's family.

The fee-simple of the land comprised in any small grazing-run of ordinary Crown land or settlement land may be purchased by the lessee, provided that the area of such run does not exceed the limit of 5,000 acres in the case of ordinary Crown land, and 3,000 acres in the case of settlement land, computed as follows: (a) Every acre of first-class land is reckoned as 7œ acres; and (b), every acre of second-class land is reckoned as 2œ acres.

Pastoral Runs.

Pastoral country is let either on application or by auction for varying terms not exceeding twenty-one years, with conditional right of renewal; and, excepting in extraordinary circumstances, runs must not be of a greater extent than will carry twenty thousand sheep or four thousand head of cattle. Buns are classified from time to time by special Commissioners into: (1) Pastoral lands, which are suitable only for depasturing more than five thousand sheep; (2) pastoral-agricultural lands, suitable for subdivision into areas of under 5,000 acres, which may be either let as pastoral runs, generally for short terms, or cut up for settlement in some other form. Leases of pastoral lands may not be resumed; leases of pastoral-agricultural lands may be resumed at any time after twelve months' notice without compensation.

Except on the recommendation of the Land Board, and with the approval of the Minister of Lands, no one can hold more than one run.

Buns are offered at auction or by application from time to time, and half a year's rent has to be paid down at the time of sale, being the amount due in advance on the 1st day of March or September following the sale, and the purchaser has to make the declaration required by the Act. All leases begin on the 1st day of March, and they entitle the holder to the grazing rights, but not to the soil, timber, or minerals; and the lease terminates over any part of the run which may be leased for some other purpose, purchased, or reserved. The tenant has to prevent the burning of timber or bush, except when it is intended to grass the land; in open country to prevent the growth of gorse, broom, or sweetbriar; and to destroy the rabbits on his run. With the consent of the Land Board, the interest in a run may be transferred or mortgaged, but power of sale under a mortgage must be exercised within two years. A pastoral license may be extended for a term not exceeding seven years, when the holder thereof has suffered exceptional loss of live-stock by snow falls or an inclement winter, and such loss has crippled his resources.

The Land Act, 1908 (section 237), provides that, with the consent of the Minister, the Land Board may permit the holder of any pasturage lease or license to do any one or more of the following:—

  1. To cultivate any portion of his run for the purpose of growing winter feed for the stock depastured on the run;

  2. To plough and sow in grass any portion of his run not exceeding 3,000 acres;

  3. To clear by felling and burning bush or scrub any portion of his run, and sow the same in grass;

  4. To surface-sow in grass any portion of his run.

The holder of any such pasturage lease or license may, with the permission of the Land Board, bring such area of his run under crop as is sufficient for the use and maintenance of himself and family and his employees, subject to conditions to be prescribed by the Board as to cultivation thereof by means of a proper rotation of crops.

The powers so conferred on the lessee or licensee are exercisable only on the condition that he shall, on the termination of such lease or license, leave the whole of the area ploughed or cultivated properly laid down in good permanent grasses and clovers to the satisfaction of the Board. Unoccupied pastoral areas may be set aside, and areas may be resumed from pastoral runs held on license, for grassing experiments.

In case it is decided again to lease any run on expiry of the lease, a new lease at a rental to be determined is offered to the outgoing lessee, and if such lease be not accepted the run is again offered to public competition at least twelve months before the expiry of the old lease. If such new lease be purchased by some one other than the previous lessee, valuation for improvements, to be made by an appraiser, shall be paid by the incoming tenant, excepting in the case of a rabbit-proof fence, which is to be valued separately, together with the value of the improvements authorized as above. There is, however, power for Parliament to appropriate the value of improvements to be paid to the outgoing licensee, and this value can be paid for by the incoming tenant either in one cash payment or by instalments, or the Governor may add the value of improvements to the capital value of the run (section 91 of the Reserves and Other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies' Empowering Act, 1910).

In the event of the then lessee or licensee not having become the purchaser, the Board shall, at least three months before the expiry of any such lease or license, proceed to have valued by arbitration all improvements consisting of necessary buildings, plantations, fences (other than rabbit-proof fences), and ditches for draining and all other substantial improvements of a permanent character made on the run with the approval of the Board and the Minister. Such valuation shall be based on the worth of the said improvements to the incoming tenant, or, in the case of a subdivision of the run, to the incoming tenants of the divided portions thereof.

The outgoing tenant may, however, where the run is not again offered for lease or license, remove fences, buildings, &c. Runs may also be divided with the approval of the Board.

In cases where on the expiry of a pastoral license the land is subdivided into two or more runs the outgoing tenant has a right to a new license over one subdivision at a rent fixed by the Board for a similar term to that of the original license. He also has the right to receive the value of the improvements on the portion or portions of the original run over which he has not been granted a new license.

Residence on pastoral runs may at the discretion of the Board be made a condition of the license.

Settlement of Kauri-gum Lands.

Land within a kauri-gum district may be set aside for settlement in areas not exceeding 25 acres. It may be disposed of either under occupation-with-right-of-purchase tenure or on deferred payments extending over fifteen years. Special regulations govern the disposal of the land.

Wood-pulp Industry.

In order to aid in the establishment of the wood-pulp industry for paper-making, the Governor has been authorized to set apart land not suitable for close settlement or for leasing under the small-grazing-run system, of a total area not exceeding 50,000 acres, and this land may be disposed of by way of lease, in such areas and on such terms and conditions as have been fixed by special regulations; but no person shall be granted a lease over a greater area than 30,000 acres of such land, and no lease shall be for a longer term than twenty-one years or shall include any right of renewal. The full area of 50,000 acres was set apart by notice in the New Zealand Gazette of the 13th February, 1908.

The right to utilize the water-power of any stream on the land so disposed of, and the right to cut, fell, remove, or in any way utilize any timber growing thereon, are provided for in the regulations published in the Gazette of the 8th April, 1909.

Any land so set apart, if situated within the boundaries of a mining district under the Mining Act, 1908, shall remain subject to the provisions of that Act.

Flax Leases.

The Land Board may, with the approval of the Minister, lease by auction, for growing, cutting, or removing flax, any area not exceeding 2,000 acres, for a term not exceeding fourteen years, at such upset yearly rental as may be determined by the Board.

On the expiration of this lease a renewal may be granted to the former lessee, without auction, for a further term not exceeding fourteen years, at a rental to be determined by the Board not sooner than twelve months nor later than six months before the expiration of the first term

These provisions apply both to land under the Land Act, 1908, and to land under the Land for Settlements Act, 1908.

Regulations giving full particulars of these leases were published in the New Zealand Gazette of the 1st April, 1909.

Settlement of Bush and Swamp Lands.

Section 127 of the Land Act provides liberal conditions for the selection and settlement of bush and swamp lands. Its provisions are: Land so opened is divided into three classes — (a) heavy-bush lands, (b) light-bush or swamp lands, and (c) scrub lands according to the nature of the vegetation existing on the lands opened for sale or lease. On heavy-bush lands the selector, after payment of his first half-year's rent, is exempt from further rent for a period of four years, whilst no rate can be levied or collected by any local authority on the land for the same period; on light-bush lands or swamp lands three years' exemption from rent and rates is allowed, whilst residence for the first five years may be dispensed with on swamp lands; on scrub lands two years' exemption from rent and rates is given.

As before mentioned, section 194 provides that land not likely to be immediately productive may be opened for selection on renewable lease, and no rent shall be payable thereunder for such period (not exceeding ten years) as the Land Board and Minister of Lands shall determine. This provision may be used instead of those embodied in section 127.

Agreements with Owners for Subdivision.

Part III of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, makes provision for agreements between the Minister of Lands and the owner in fee-simple of any land, for the subdivision of that land and for the disposal, by public tender, of the allotments, by way of sale or by way of lease with right of purchase. On the execution of any such agreement the Minister may advance the moneys required for rendering the land available for settlement, including the cost of subdivision and survey and the cost of the construction of roads and bridges. In the case of a sale, the agreement may provide for the payment of the purchase-money by annual instalments extending over a period of from ten to twenty years, with interest on the amount for the time being unpaid not exceeding 5 per cent. per annum. In the case of a lease the term shall be for twenty-one years, and the lessee shall have the right at any time during the currency of the lease to purchase the allotment at a price to be named in the tender. The rent payable under the lease must not exceed 5 per cent. per annum of the price so named in the tender.

Section 49 provides for similar agreements between the Minister and the owners of Native freehold land, in respect of the disposition by sale or lease of that land. In pursuance of such agreement a proportion (not exceeding one-third) of the proceeds may be paid over to the Native owners, and the balance is payable into a Native Land Trust Account to be invested upon trust for such Native owners.

PRIVATE LAND REQUIRED FOR SETTLEMENT.

In Part VI of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913, provision is made whereby the Minister of Lands may at any time in writing notify an owner that the land of such owner or a portion thereof is required for purposes of settlement. The owner is thereupon required, within six months after such notice has been gazetted, to notify the Minister whether he elects (a) to himself subdivide and offer the land for sale in subdivisions, or (b) to enter into an agreement with the Minister under the provisions of Part III of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912 (as described under the preceding heading), or (c) that the land shall be taken compulsorily under the Land for Settlements Act.

If the owner elects to himself subdivide the land, he is required within three years to subdivide, road, and offer the land for sale by public auction or private contract at reasonable upset prices and upon reasonable terms and conditions.

If, on the other hand, he elects to enter into an agreement with the Minister, he must do so within six months of such election.

If the owner does not elect to do either of the above things, the land may at any time within five years be taken compulsorily on payment of compensation.

AGGREGATION OF PRIVATE LAND.

In Part VI of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913, provision is made for compulsorily taking private land (not within a borough or town district) in cases where in the opinion of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners such land has been acquired by way of aggregation and where such aggregation is contrary to the public interest. Compensation for all land so taken is payable in the manner provided by the Public Works Act in respect of land taken by the Crown for a public work

The land taken in this manner is offered to the public under renewable lease (thirty-three years) at reasonable rentals and in suitable areas.

LAND FOE SETTLEMENT ESTATES.

In the earlier years of the settlement of New Zealand there were opportunities for men of capital and judgment to acquire large estates at reasonable prices, especially when money was needed for administration and roads and bridges. As the best lands in the course of years passed from the Crown, the country became a series of agricultural communities interspersed with large properties, and as time went on those in search of land urged that they should be allowed to occupy these large estates instead of being compelled to go into inaccessible back country without roads or railways. To meet this the late Sir John McKenzie, then Minister of Lands, introduced into the Legislature in the session of 1892 a Bill intituled the Land for Settlements Act, which authorized the purchase from private individuals of suitable properties for subdivision into farms, which was extended and embodied in the Land for Settlements Consolidation Act, 1900.

Under the provisions of this Act and the amending Acts, which are now consolidated into the Act of 1908 and amending Act of 1909, properties have been acquired, and divided into small farms, which were originally leased in perpetuity at a 5-per-cent. rental, on a capital value fixed at a rate sufficient to cover first cost, together with survey, administration, and roads (if required). But by section 45 of the Act of 1908 a renewable lease for thirty-three years is substituted and the rent reduced to 4œ per cent. per annum, whilst each lease contains a perpetual right of renewal for further successive terms of thirty-three years on a rent to be determined by revaluation. Under the provisions of section 59 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, holders of renewable leases may now acquire the freehold of their holdings.

Lessees may pay off portions of the capital value of their land in sums of £10 up to 90 per cent. of the total capital value, whilst so soon as the lessee has paid up to 33 per cent. of the capital value he is freed from all other covenants of his lease except those providing for payment of rent and for residence.

Lessees-in-perpetuity under the former Acts have the right of exchanging their leases for renewable leases under the present Act, the new rental being 4œ per cent. upon the original capital value at the time of selection or the present-day value (excluding the value of improvements).

The usual process of acquisition is as follows: When a property is offered to the Government, the Chairman of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners has inquiries made as to the suitability for subdivision, and if found suitable a report (with a valuation) is obtained and is submitted for the consideration of the Land Purchase Board. The Board is composed of the Chairman, three other Government officers (at present the Under-Secretary of Lands, the Surveyor-General, and the local Commissioner of Crown Lands), besides a local lay member, whose training and duties qualify them to advise the Government as to whether the purchase is a suitable one, and as to the price which should be given for the property. It is only on the advice of this Board that the Government acts. The amount which may be expended per annum under the Act is £500,000. The Act also provides for the exchange of high-lying pastoral Crown lands for low-lying agricultural lands suitable for small holdings.

Lands may also be taken compulsorily in cases where the Board cannot agree with the owner as to price, &c., and where the Governor in Council decides to acquire the land for closer settlement. The amount payable to the owner is fixed by section 31 of the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, as follows: The unimproved value is that given in the valuation roll upon which the owner has been paying rates, plus 10 per cent. of the total value up to £50,000, and 5 per cent. on all amounts above that sum. The improvements are to be specially assessed under the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, as at the time when the requisition for the taking of the land is gazetted. To the total amount so ascertained as above is added another 2 per cent. by way of compensation for the compulsory taking. The owner of any estate acquired in this manner has the option of obtaining a lease of 400 acres of first-class land, or 1,000 acres of mixed classes (first, second, and third), from the Government without competition, prior to the opening of the estate for public application.

The acquisition of lands under the Land for Settlements Acts has proved beneficial in providing homes for a large class of men of moderate capital. Sons of farmers begin life hear the old home, and help from there is given in many ways. The system also affords to the small-farmer class of the Old Country an opening for building up homes for themselves where their previous experience will be of use, instead of having to learn the methods adapted to a new and wild country.

Preference is given to landless and married people, and applicants who have been unsuccessful at former ballots, whilst all applicants have to satisfy the Land Board as to their means to stock and cultivate the property applied for and erect suitable buildings thereon. The Board, in fact, has a discretion as to who may become tenants.

When land acquired under this Act contains a homestead in the bona fide occupation of a tenant, the occupant may be granted, without competition, a lease of such homestead and land around it, but not exceeding 400 acres in area.

Portions of purchased estates not suitable for close settlement may be opened as pastoral areas, while, to enable such pastoral areas to be properly worked, detached areas of low-lying lands may be added to the pastoral areas although they may not be contiguous.

Regulations giving full directions to applicants under the Land for Settlements Act, 1908, were issued in the Gazette of 25th March, 1909, and should be in the hands of every one before applying for lands thereunder.

The report of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners on transactions for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, states:—

“The number of properties considered was 199, of an area of 652,883 acres. Many of these were found to be quite unsuitable for settlement, or were offered at such a price as to preclude business.

“The area purchased and taken possession of was 141,327 acres, costing £560,498. In addition the leases of 108,786 acres of Crown land were surrendered, and a portion has been utilized as additions to settlement lands. The total expenditure to 31st March, 1914, is £6,936,613 for 1,490,367 acres.

“There was an active demand for the whole of the estates purchased, with the exception of those in Southland. These are, however, being gradually taken up, and it is expected that the whole will be occupied within a month or so.

“The successful applicants are reported as being of a good type and likely to do justice to their holdings.

“The purchase of further areas is being steadily pursued, and already 25,793 acres, valued at £181,582, have been completed. There appears to be a disposition on the part of landowners to quit their holdings, and considerable areas are being offered, but in many instances at prices which are considered to be much beyond the value. With the present returns for all produce there is, however, some justification for owners looking for extreme prices.”

The Land for Settlements Account at 31st March, 1914, stands as under:—

 £
Dr.
Loans current7,222,375
Rents, &c., received3,174,587
Receipts under Land Act, section 1917,181
Receipts under Land Act, section 17759,700
Sale of Grown lands135,664
Interest on investments1,973
 £10,601,480
Cr.
Purchase-money6,936,613
Incidental expenses600,760
Interest2,506,267
Sinking fund459,372
Land Laws Amendment Act, section 6334,171
Balance64,297
 £10,601,480
SUMMARY OF ESTATES ACQUIRED UP TO 31ST MARCH, 1914
Land District.Number.Area.Purchase-money.Incidental Expenses, Improvements, Roads, &c.
Acres.££
Auckland30285,737488,40290,207
Hawke's Bay34226,1971,414,681100,245
Taranaki55,35690,1966,749
Wellington3070,861533,80767,841
Marlborough11201,394563,63850,982
Nelson327,29234,3753,183
Westland25,1258,3432,921
Canterbury99369,3042,385,867100,980
Otago33219,5031,095,88696,550
Southland1279,598321,41822,174
     Totals2641,490,3676,936,613541,832
AREAS OCCUPIED AND UNLET, ALSO RENTAL VALUES, 31ST MARCH, 1914.
Land DistrictArea occupied.Annual Rent payable.Area unlet.Annual Rental Value of Unlet Lands.
A.R.P.£s.d.A.R.P.£s.d.
Auckland185,49803924,23614771,3683362,79200
Hawke's Bay223,1020773,605169887010255120
Taranaki5,0752134,142167901823170
Wellington64,3832922,1740114,9931181,71665
Nelson22,738092,180111187200381010
Marlborough209,83421130,4768970036138180
Westland5,0223155401010      
Canterbury490,361221128,1986842722545500
Otago216,0700856,658198743138556159
Southland68,16803514,9588916,3631341,81611
     Totals1,490,25437357,17215596,3653257,29371

The number of selectors, houses, persons resident, value of improvements, and total amount advanced to settlers for buildings, &c., under the Land for Settlements Acts, as on 31st March, 1914, are next shown.

Land District.Number of Selectors.Number of Houses on Holdings.Number of Persons resident on Holdings.Value of Improvements.Total Amount advanced to Selectors for Buildings, &c.
 £s.d.£s.d.
Auckland9598653,496397,592432,208150
Hawke's Bay7046182,731531,56100   
Taranaki766427217,6726G337100
Wellington4233761,690236,956002,51000
Nelson353312424,20200   
Marlborough4362571,145213,67110   
Westland312110017,05000   
Canterbury1,7021,4796,061748,1071442,785100
Otago8656622,613345,48501   
Southland2982621,166123,29479   
     Totals5,5294,63719,3982,655,59113117,841150

LAND SETTLEMENT FINANCE ASSOCIATIONS.

The Land Settlement Finance Act was passed by the General Assembly on 24th December, 1909, and came into force on the 1st January, 1910. Regulations prescribing the mode of procedure and the forms to be used were published in the New Zealand Gazette of 3rd March, 1910.

The intention of the Act is to promote closer settlement of land by enabling groups of purchasers to buy private freehold property for subdivision among them, and to raise the purchase-money by means of a loan guaranteed by the Government. For this purpose any five or more persons may by agreement form an incorporated land settlement association, and may purchase in the name of that association any estate consisting of not less than 250 acres. The agreement of purchase must comprise a scheme for the subdivision of the estate into allotments not less than 25 acres and not more than 200 acres in extent, irrespective of value, or up to 500 acres, provided the unimproved value of such larger allotment (ioes not exceed £2,500. The agreement becomes operative only if it is confirmed by Order in Council in pursuance of a recommendation of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners. On the confirmation of the agreement the incorporated association, acting through the Public Trustee as its agent, is empowered to raise the total purchase-money of the estate by the issue of debentures under the guarantee of the Government. On the completion of the purchase the estate is transferred to the association, and the several allotments are then transferred by the association to the individual purchasers. Each purchaser gives a mortgage to the association to secure the purchase-money of his allotment, together with interest at such rate as is sufficient to meet the interest on the debentures and the incidental expenses of the association. The purchase-money of each allotment so secured by mortgage is payable by such instalments as the mortgagor chooses, not less than a specified amount in each year, and the balance must be paid in twenty years. All capital and interest moneys so paid to the association by the purchasers are expended in meeting the interest accruing due on the debentures, and the balance is accumulated in the hands of the Public Trustee as a sinking fund for the redemption of the debentures.

Each member of an association, in addition to paying the purchase-money of his allotment, will also have to pay a sum equal to one-half of 1 per cent. of the purchase-money of his allotment for the purpose of providing a fund out of which the expenses of managing an association can be paid, and possible future losses through default may be met.

By an amending Act, passed on the 3rd December, 1910, it is made unlawful for any person to acquire an interest in land acquired under the Act of 1909, if the unimproved value of such land, together with the unimproved value of all other land held by him in New Zealand, exceeds the sum of £2,500.

Special commissioners may be appointed, their duties being to assist in the formation of associations by helping to secure suitable land, and to afford information to intending settlers.

The title to any allotment is subject to the following restrictive provisions:—

  1. Every purchaser must possess the qualifications required by applicants for Crown land under Part III of the Land Act, 1908.

  2. Until at least one-third of the purchase-money has been paid off, a purchaser must reside on his allotment, and has no power to alienate or charge it.

  3. Transfers of any allotment are subject to the provisions of Part XIII of the Land Act, 1908, in the same manner as in the case of land now alienated in fee-simple by the Crown.

The annual report for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, states:—

“The operations during the period have been somewhat restricted, principally owing to the tightness of the money-market in the earlier part of the year.

“There were four associations incorporated, with an area of 4,182 acres, valued at £58,830, and a membership of 27. The total number of associations incorporated to date is 38, with an area of 39,232 acres, valued at £520,924, and 266 members.

“There are several others now under consideration. With few exceptions the success of the several associations is assured.”

The following table shows the Land-settlement Finance Associations incorporated from 1st April, 1913, to 31st March, 1914, also the total number to date:—

Association.Locality.Area.Purchase-money.Number of Members.Area of Allotment.
 Acres.£ Acres.
HAWKE'S BAY.
BlairgowrieNear Dannevirke1,48323,6819155, 153, 153, 149, 107, 167, 195, 176, 138.
CANTERBURY.
KelmanLoweliffe86313,2836186, 115, 112, 100, 250, 100.
TrenthamFairlie1,63115,4987260, 260, 217, 264, 226, 300, 104.
  2,49428,78113 
OTAGO.
BruceKakanui2056,368539, 40, 70, 25, 25.
     Totals 4,18258,83027 
     Previously incorporated35,050462,094239  
     Totals39,232520,924266  

WORKERS' DWELLINGS.

For the purposes of the Workers' Dwellings Act (see section dealing with State assistance to settlers and workers in another portion of this book) Grown land may be set apart, or if recommended by the Workers' Dwellings Board, private land may be purchased.

EDUCATIONAL ENDOWMENTS.

Crown lands may from time to time be reserved as endowments for educational purposes. They are then subject to the Education Reserves Act, 1908, and its amendments, and were formerly disposed of by the School Commissioners for each district under the provisions of that Act, or under Part XI. of the Land Act, 1908, by the Land Board of the district. By the provisions of the Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1910, the School Commissioners were abolished, and all educational endowments vested in the Crown for educational purposes. They are now administered solely by the Land Board in a similar manner to Crown lands, but subject to the special provisions of the Education Reserves Acts. They may be leased either under the Land Act on renewable lease for thirty-three years, or under the Public Bodies' Leases Act, 1908, under eight different kinds of tenancy. The leases are, however, subject to determination by the Governor in Council on payment of compensation. The revenue derived from the endowments is, after deducting the expenses of administration, paid over to the Education Board of the district in the case of primary education reserves, or to the governing bodies of secondary schools in the district in the case of secondary education reserves.

In addition, a portion of the revenue derived from national endowment lands is devoted to the purposes of education.

NATIONAL ENDOWMENTS.

Part VII of the Land Act provided for the setting apart of 7,000,000 acres of Crown land in New Zealand as a permanent endowment for the purposes of education and old-age pensions. In addition to this, it added to such endowment any lands which, after the passing of the National Endowment Act, 1907, might be taken up under renewable lease, or were or might afterwards be selected under lease as small grazing-runs under the provisions of Part V of the Land Act, 1908; but it enacted that so soon as the endowment should reach a total area of 9,000,000 acres, no more Crown lands would thereafter become national endowment by virtue of the Act. It also expressly provided that in regard to all the lands so set apart the fee-simple thereof should not be parted with by way of cash sale, nor must any such land be disposed of under occupation-with-right-of-purchase tenure.

A separate account (known as the National Endowment Account) has been created, into which the revenue from the national endowment area, after deducting sums payable to any local or private authority, is paid. From this revenue is deducted the cost of administration. This enables the continuation of the payment of “thirds,” “fourths,” and “halves” to local bodies, and the payment of interest on loans raised for roading purposes.

Of the balance of the revenue 70 per cent. is applied for the purpose of education, and 30 per cent. for the purpose of old-age pensions. The moneys payable for educational purposes are to be applied, without any further appropriation than the Land Act, towards payment of all amounts which, by any Act, are chargeable on the Consolidated Fund for educational purposes, whether higher, secondary, or primary, and whether general or technical. If there is any residue after these payments are made, it must be devoted towards payment of general authorities for education.

Out of the national-endowment land areas may still be set apart for all necessary public purposes, whilst power is also taken in section 267 of the Land Act, 1908, to enable the Land Board to sell, with the Minister's consent, any portion of national-endowment land (not exceeding 5 acres in any one case) as a site for any building to be erected for any educational, religious, charitable, or public purpose, or for any other purpose which, in the opinion of the Land Board and the Minister, renders such a sale expedient in the public interest. The purchase-money of land so sold is payable into the National Endowment Account.

Section 268 provides for the raising of any sum not exceeding £50,000 in any one year (in addition to sums which may be borrowed under Part V of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1913) for the construction of roads and bridges through the national endowment lands, to render them suitable for settlement.

Section 16 of the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912, empowers national endowment land to be exchanged for other land.

SUMMARY OF CROWN LANDS TRANSACTIONS.

A summary of the transactions in connection with Crown Lands during the year ended 31st March, 1914, will be found in the following table, which shows under all descriptions of tenure the number of selectors and the area selected:—

Mature and Tenure of Lands selected during the Year ended the 31st March, 1914Number of Purchasers or Selectors.Area.
Ordinary Crown Lands— A.R.P.
Cash lands2965,937121
Occupation with right of purchase488117,26819
Renewable lease162,41815
Mining districts land-occupation leases612,397330
Village settlement, cash2114
Improved-farm special settlement19809
Pastoral runs64,381123
Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations7614,420037
Miscellaneous leases43194,615024
Totals1,380241,52802
Cheviot Estate—
Miscellaneous leases25930
Laud for Settlements–
Cash lands1419115
Renewable lease279148,273114
Miscellaneous leases19826138
Totals312149,119027
National Endowment Lands—
Renewable lease23762,640325
Village renewable lease768228
Small grazing-runs414,69100
Pastoral runs211,57800
Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations6913,616335
Miscellaneous leases387,094015
Totals3$7109,689223
Grand totals2,01500,896212
Primary education endowments503,11103
Secondary education endowments822908
Other endowment lands1916,475113

Particulars of the number of selectors at present holding lands under the several tenures, together with the yearly rental payable, are given in the next table.

TOTAL NUMBER OF SELECTORS, WITH AREA OF CROWN LAND SELECTED OR HELD, THE YEARLY RENT PAYABLE, AND RENT IN ARREAR, ON 31ST MARCH. 1914.
Tenure.Total Number of Selectors.Total Area held.Total Yearly Rental or Instalment payable.Total of such Rents or Payments in Arrear.
Number of Selectors.Amount.
Ordinary Crown Lands A.R.P.£s.d. £s.d.
Deferred payment (Land Acts, 1877 and 1885)111,9701822152    
Deferred payment (Land Laws Amendment Acts, 1912 and 1913)12127,4981281,499121    
Perpetual lease37563,0982272,079194153299
Occupation with right of purchase5,4681,773,244121113,0151082224,3881310
Lease in perpetuity4,5671,326,84123842,53017712278418
Renewable lease337,5548362,27880357160
Agricultural lease17550102379    
Mining districts land-occupation leases69024,946341,4191183812163
Village settlements—
Deferred payment (Land Acts, 1877 and 1885).71131616176    
Perpetual lease781,1771251582011150
Occupation with right of purchase2013314813620123
Lease in perpetuity86419,8013254,2121612216716
Village-homestead special settlements–
Perpetual lease2484,1600225455101430126
Lease in perpetuity3388,7192391,00596133022
Special-settlement associations—
Perpetual lease10669084840    
Lease in perpetuity608107,2341315,8161681613799
Improved-farm special settlements—
Occupation with right of purchase41958,1682386,6401376198392
Lease in perpetuity31839,935203,37414485036
Small grazing-runs231443,93132420,49514101536811
Pastoral runs4326,782,90511139,96317117101176
Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations460103,8451132,111027753626
Miscellaneous leases4,440709,82013420,0851923089207
     Totals19,75411,506,262012267,4539218668,6891510
Cheviot Estate
Lease in perpetuity11824,3852256,423156    
Renewable lease13644336496141150
Village-homestead special settlement922,4801087010453388
Grazing-farms3445,0211326,4243281,04738
Pastoral runs11,61902219096    
Miscellaneous531,18323429561056055
     Totals31175,33502914,70068191,14229
Land for Settlements Acts
Deterred payment (Land Laws Amendment Acts, 1912 and 1913)1004,9682191,4401711    
Lease in perpetuity3,541658,12510191,3945111032,233121
Renewable lease1,450609,19628135,215104854,431159
Lease in perpetuity (village settlement)464381283427820120
Renewable lease (village settlement)393169180    
Special-settlement associations112,1141916278    
Small grazing-runs115203,32221526,7091305261135
Pastoral runs41,739313174160    
Miscellaneous26210,5511192,12481122239187
     Totals5,5321,490,46637357,574552177,1671110
National-endowment Lands
Renewable lease—
Ordinary1,937527,23213823,589951372,37404
Village settlement2842,5851261,050641738166
Village-homestead special settlement1313523816170    
Improved-farm special settlement335,500120586171046792
Mining districts land-occupation leases1120010010100
Small grazing-runs5341,742,61122933,53011231,07711
Pastoral runs1983,924,16102136,54010645658
Pastoral licenses in mining districts under special regulations33863,603381,51715442363109
Miscellaneous leases544269,1912302,7680839151117
     Totals3,8826,525,03411099,600882694,52981
Thermal springs (Rotorua)3114,0520332,0755634165107
Grand totals29,79019,601,151011741,4031621,40521,69491
Education Endowments
Primary3,130761,31003467,738781231,400133
Secondary37138,300158,4481972512331
Other endowment lands821382,22612915,216527735854

Tables I and II, which follow, exhibit the acreage of land taken up for settlement, and the number of holdings under each description of tenure. The lands held under pastoral license and miscellaneous leases, such as for timber and flax-cutting, coal-mining, &c., are not included in these tables. Tables III and IV show the total acreage taken up year by year since 1st April, 1904, in each land district, and the number of holdings grouped according to size, the areas varying from less than one acre in extent to 1,000 acres and over.

The forfeitures and surrenders in respect of the Crown lands taken up under settlement conditions (excluding, as already remarked, pastoral runs, miscellaneous leases and licenses, endowment, and Thermal Springs District leases) for the last ten years were,—

Year.Number of Holdings.Acres.
1904–518089,451
1905–615236,697
1906–732474,841
1907–826950,810
1908–918554,089
1909–10315118,142
1910–1127455,964
1911–1224755,312
1912–1323155,380
1913–1420852,259

Forfeited and surrendered lands are again thrown open for selection as soon as possible, and in the majority of cases are taken up again by fresh selectors within a short time.

I.—COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING ACREAGE OF LANDS SELECTED UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES) DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1914.
1904–5.1905–6.1906–7.1907–8.1908–9.1909–10.1910–11.1911–12.1912–13.1913–14.

NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1904–5, 89,451 acres; 1905–6, 36,697 acres; 1906–7, 74,841 acres; 1907–8, 50,810 acres; 1908–9, 54,089 acres; 1909–10, 118,142 acres; 1910–11, 55,964 acres; 1911–12, 55,312 acres; 1912–13, 55,380 acres; and for 1913–14, 52,259 acres.

But it must not be supposed that those relate to the acreages taken up during the same years; on the contrary, forfeitures may have their origin in selections of long standing and various dates.

 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Cash lands18,99111,13220,35728,51942,1778,8749,5446,095.34,6245,947
Perpetual lease and small areas
 127         
Occupation with right of purchase138,206157,432215,530187,799123,116108,152131,001131,483104,767117,268
Lease in perpetuity173,811158,019154,23798,367106,1841,0111,877   
Renewable lease
 70,535218,005178,036123,718186,482207,503213,333   
Agricultural lease218         
 84         
Mining Districts Land-occupation leases1,9141,1941,0443,0471,4902,0682,6871,4267732,398
Village settlement—
Cash14020317124œ11
Occupation with right of purchase 41 3  2œ  
Lease in perpetuity2081,9341,0122,302      
Renewable lease
 1081,16746839060010369   
Village-homestead special settlement111287173       
Special-settlement associations (lease in perpetuity)223 4       
Improved-farm special settlement1,4595475,622410 40,0055,1641,385œ16898
Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms67,27168,587114,854226,75728,989298,494128,763144,61737,74914,691
     Totals402,413399,340512,853617,934521,145637,120403,150472,090355,688353,805
II.—COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF SELECTORS OF LAND UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS (EXCLUDING PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES. ENDOWMENTS AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES) DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1914.
1904–5.1905–6.1900–7.1907–8.1908–9.1909–10.1910–11.1911–12.1912–13.1913–14.

NOTE.—The forfeitures and surrenders for the years dealt with in the table were—for the year 1904–5, 180 holdings; 1905–6, 152 holdings; 1906–7, 324 holdings; 1907–8, 269 holdings; 1908–9, 185 holdings; 1909–10, 815 holdings; 1910–11, 274 holding; 1911–12, 247 holdings 1912–13, 231 holdings; and 1913–14, 208 holdings.

See note to previous table as to the origin of these failures.

 No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.No.
For cash371229447404371373270408351310
Perpetual lease and small areas 1        
Occupation with right of purchase330388412354382307473379359488
Lease in perpetuity751706597427193415   
Renewable lease
 168692611589569566532   
Agricultural lease3         
 3         
Mining districts land-occupation leases40302673366073553661
Village settlement—
Cash2391531184112
Occupation with right of purchase12 3      
 131       
Lease in perpetuity14553272      
Renewable lease
 15168442259197   
Village-homestead special settlement84917       
Special-settlement associations2         
 1         
Improved-farm special settlement143463 25923831
Small grazing-runs and grazing-farms4534516410452223104
     Totals1,5811,5361,6441,5891,8631,7121,4941,5031,3451,405

III.—LANDS TAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1914 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS, AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES).*

Land District.1904–5.1905–6.1906–7.1907–8.1908–9.1909–10.1910–11.1911–12.1912–13.1913–14.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland120,350102,810166,314124,13986,34991,019102,348139,183103,02578,716
Hawke's Bay40,94955,21519,69730,03848,00240,36935,9263,83434,91034,425
Taranaki63,00535,50590,45345,43130,19252,83116,6399,49623,47446,112
Wellington53,13543,06264,58274,64625,55855,32923,36130,30511,64725,145
Nelson10,34122,17225,00945,203203,80935,56942,64431,23215,59717,504
Marlborough20,79554,03110,7115,2445,29310,8593,72721,297723102,079
Canterbury4,48713,41822,20817,56035,60029,9048,609158,174108,81211,440
Westland20,20215,81314,63312,3057,3136,5266,6005,7147,4393,351
Otago38,48729,98882,175250,84770,342298,341139,51758,66432,31311,708
Southland30,66227,32617,08112,5218,68716,37323,77814,19117,74823,325
Totals402,413399,340512,853617,934521,145637,120403,149472,090355,688353,805

IV.—HOLDINGS TAKEN UP UNDER SETTLEMENT CONDITIONS DURING TEN YEARS ENDED 31ST MARCH, 1914 (EXCLUSIVE OF PASTORAL RUNS, MISCELLANEOUS LEASES AND LICENSES, ENDOWMENTS, AND THERMAL SPRINGS DISTRICT LEASES), CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE.

Size.1904–5.1905–6.1906–7.1907–8.1908–9.1909–10.1910–11.1911–12.1912–13.1913–4.
 No.No.NoNo.No.No.No.No.No.No.
Under 1 acre246221262290381267204297228142
1 to 50 acres397383400404462421396406328411
51 to 250 acres450444432382114585549406401446
251 to 500 acres280256222227276221196200211246
501 to 1,000 acres13115820115723713790125133116
1,001 acres and upwards7774127129938159694444
Totals1,5811,5361,6441,5891,8631,7121,4941,5031,3451,405

* See notes as to forfeitures and surrenders on previous tables I and II.

THE LAND DISTRICTS OF NEW ZEALAND.

In issues of this book prior to 1912 full descriptions of the various land districts of the Dominion were given, but considerations of space now preclude their being continued to the same extent as formerly. Brief references are, however, here given.

AUCKLAND LAND DISTRICT.

The Auckland Land District, which practically forms the northern half of the North Island, covers a gross area of 13,517,440 acres, its greatest length being about 365 miles, and its greatest width about 180 miles. The district may be said to have no real mountains, few of even the most prominent peaks of the several scattered ranges exceeding 3,000 ft. above sea-level. The coast-line is much indented with harbours, and, in addition, the Wairoa and Waikato Rivers are navigable to a considerable distance inland, the latter for river steamers only. Many of the numerous lakes scattered throughout the district, which are frequented by wild ducks and swans, also in some instances form convenient water-ways for the transport of goods to settlers living round the shores. Much of the native bush has now disappeared, the country generally being transformed into pasture land. A large portion of the Crown lands is, however, still covered with virgin forest, the area of forest land in the district being about 3,500,000 acres. The State has several extensive reserves for scenic purposes, and also for the preservation of the kauri-tree, which is indigenous to the district, and is greatly valued for its timber. Forest trees are also being planted in the Rotorua District. The principal areas of flat country are the Kaingaroa Plain, extending from Lake Taupo towards the Bay of Plenty; the Valley of the Thames and the Hauraki Plains, which extend down to the Hauraki Gulf; and the Rangitaiki Plains, near Whakatane. Drainage-works of considerable magnitude are in progress, making fit for settlement 90,000 acres comprising the Hauraki Plains, of which 33,116 acres have already been reclaimed and settled. Generally speaking, the district has an abundant water-supply, and is remarkably free from droughts. The average annual rainfall is about 39 in., and the mean summer temperature less than 70° degrees in the shade.

There is great diversity in the nature and quality of the soils. In the north, clays predominate, with here and there large volcanic areas intervening. In the southern part of the district there is a good deal of limestone country, both agricultural and pastoral. In the south-east, especially near Lake Taupo, there are large areas of light-pumice country. In parts of the district, notably at Tokatoka, and on the Hauraki and Rangitaiki Plains, there are rich alluvial reclaimed swamp areas. Much of the soil of the district may be described as “light and sandy.”

Very little grain or green crops are grown, but sheep-farming is largely carried on in the district, and considerable quantities of wool and frozen meat are exported. A good deal of wool is also used locally.

The dairying industry is a very prosperous one, and is yearly increasing in importance. There are a considerable number of butter and cheese factories and creameries, and the Home separator is also a large factor in the development of the industry.

The soil and climate are in most parts well adapted for fruit-growing, an industry which is rapidly increasing in importance in the district. Several fruit-canning factories are already in operation, and the prospects of the industry are good.

In many parts of the district large crops of flax (Phormium tenax) are obtained, and much of the swamp land is well suited for its cultivation.

Several hundred persons are engaged in the fishing industry, there being several good fishing-grounds off the coast. Canning and smoking fish for the local market and for export gives employment to a large number of persons. Good trout-fishing may be had in various parts of the district, especially in Lakes Rotorua and Taupo, and the streams running into them. These waters swarm with rainbow trout, and to many of the tourists who come to the Thermal Springs District from all parts of the world the magnificent fishing is the chief attraction.

For many years past large quantities of gold, together with a certain amount of silver, have been obtained in the district. Quartz reefs are located in the Thames, Coromandel, Piako, and Ohinemuri Counties, and auriferous reefs are known to exist in other-parts of the district. Schools of mines, subsidized by the State, are established at Auckland, Waihi, Thames, Commandel, and Karangahake.

Coal deposits exist, and mining is carried on at various places, notably at Hikurangi. Huntly, and Taupiri. The mines at Huntly and Taupiri supply a household coal of fine quality.

An industry peculiar to the Auckland District is the kauri-gum industry, which affords employment for several thousand men. The gum is manufactured into varnish of the finest quality.

TARANAKI LAND DISTRICT.

The Taranaki Land District, situated on the western side of the North Island, and covering a gross area of 2,412,600 acres, may be said to be the most fertile district of the Dominion, nearly the whole area being suitable for settlement, and quite two-thirds of it being good land. The district is well watered, numerous small streams having their source near Mount Egmont (8,260 ft.), from which they radiate in all directions to the sea. The climate, generally, is moist.

Nearly the whole of the district was originally covered with forest, but the greater portion of it has now been cleared, and the rich pasture lands made use of. The soil is of volcanic origin around Mount Egmont. Beyond that, from about Urenui on the north and Hawera on the south, the country varies from easy to broken hills, and the formation is papa, a calcareous blue clay, capped and intersected in many places by shelly limestone. The papa country is much richer and more lasting as pasture land than that covered by tufaceous and other volcanic soils. The western part of Taranaki and the flatter portions of the rest are well adapted for dairying, and support about 125 dairy factories and their creameries, &c. The rougher country is more suited for sheep-farming, and to a smaller degree for cattle-raising. The principal products of Taranaki are cheese, butter, meat, and wool.

The western part of the district is fairly well provided with good roads, but in the eastern half the roads are not so good, on account of the scarcity of metal and the liability of the country to slips in wet seasons. The construction of the Stratford – Te Koura Railway, now made for 40 miles (from Stratford to Whangamomona), will afford relief to a large area by lessening the distance to railway communication. New Plymouth, the principal town of the district, is connected with Wellington by a railway which traverses the more settled portion of Taranaki.

The following blocks of Crown land are being prepared for settlement:—

Part of Mokau–Mohakatino Block (about 7,000 acres), in Mimi and Waro Survey Districts. This is fair pastoral land.

Part of Rangitoto–Tuhua Block (about 2,000 acres), in Mapara Survey District. Good grazing country.

The Aukopae Block (8,000 acres), right bank Wanganui River, in the Ohura and Piopiotea West Survey Districts. Good grazing land.

The Waitaanga Block (5,000 acres), in the Waro Survey District, Mixed grazing land.

Also miscellaneous sections in various parts of the land district, mostly grazing country.

The total area for future disposal, including the above blocks, is about 193,000 acres.

A Guide, giving particulars of any Crown lands open for selection, will be supplied free to anyone applying personally or by letter to the Lands and Survey Office, New Plymouth.

HAWKE'S BAY LAND DISTRICT.

The Land District of Hawke's Bay comprises that part of the east coast of the North Island from Waimata Stream near Cape Turnagain to about 35 miles beyond the East Cape. It has a seaboard of 300 miles with an average depth of 45 miles, and covers an area of 5,508,900 acres. Its western limits are defined by the Ruahine, Kaweka, Ahimanawa, and other ranges forming an almost continuous line from the Manawatu Gorge to the East Cape.

The area of land held by tenants of the Crown, of whom there are 1,953 in the district, amounts to 1,025,251 acres, on which the annual rental is £132,317. There still remains for future disposal an area of about 182,536 acres, of which only a small proportion is fit for agricultural purposes, or suitable for subdivision into small areas. The most of this land is fit for pastoral purposes only, being mostly broken forest country, better suited for sheep than for cattle.

The following is a description of some of the principal areas of Crown Sand to be dealt with in the future:—

Waiapu County (4,007 acres).—Hikurangi Survey District: (1) 2,357 acres, altitude 4,000 ft. above sea-level, 300 acres lower portion covered with totara, the remainder with tawa and black-birch; (2) 150 acres, high birch country; (3) 457 acres, high birch country with no road access. Mata Survey District: 223 acres, undulating hilly pastoral land of medium quality. Raukumara East Survey District: 820 acres, very broken country with no road access.

Opotiki County (1,862 acres).—Motu Survey District: 330 acres, covered with milling-timber, on account of which land is at present withheld from sale. Moanui Survey District: 1,532 acres, very broken, red-birch country, mixed bush, soil light; elevation 1,000 ft. to 3,000 ft.

Waikohu County (6,616 acres).—Motu and Ngatapa Survey Districts: 6,616 acres, good aspect, slopes generally easy, soil light, covered with milling-timber, on which account land is withheld from sale at present.

Opotiki, Waikohu, and Whakatane Counties (48,851 acres).—Moanui, Koranga, and Tuahu Survey Districts: 48,851 acres, part of Tahora Block, heavy bush and broken country with red-birch on ridges.

Wairoa County (37,561 acres).—Tuahu and Waikaremoana Survey Districts: 22,785 acres, mixed bush with thick underscrub, well watered, soil inferior to fair. Waikaremoana and Waiau Survey Districts: 4,756 acres, rough and undulating country, well watered, 1,500 ft. to 3,500 ft. above sea-level, soil fair to medium. Mahanga Survey District: 140 acres, mostly sandhills. Mangaharuru Survey District: 9,880 acres, part of Kaiwaka Block, undulating broken country, covered with manuka and light scrub, now open for selection in three areas.

Hawke's Bay County (68,758 acres).—Kidnappers Survey District: 300 acres, narrow strip of sandhills and sandy beach along Pohui Survey District: (1) 50 acres, the soil varies from fair river-silt to poor or sideling ground, mostly covered with manuka scrub; (2) 117 acres, steep broken country with dense underscrub, soil fair, on limestone formation; (3) 160 acres, steep bush country running from banks of Makahu River to a height of 2,450 ft., soil light pumice. Pohui and Kaweka Survey Districts: 11,000 acres, Pastoral Run 11, about 700 acres bush, balance undulating broken country, soil light pumice, well watered, 2,000 ft. to 3,000 ft. above sea-level. Kaweka and Kuripapanga Survey Districts: 32,569 acres, Pastoral Runs 13 and 14, open rugged broken country, 2,500 ft. to 5,400 ft. above sea-level, soil light pumice, well watered. Patoka Survey District: (1) 1,280 acres, high forest country; (2) 1,042 acres, mostly shingle-bed, Tutaekuri River; (3) 1,240 acres, high forest country, soil light pumice resting on slate rock: elevation up to 3,000 ft. above sea-level. Ngamroro and Kuripapanga Survey Districts: 21,000 acres, Timahanga and Omahaki Blocks, rough and broken country only suitable for pastoral purposes.

Waipawa County (2,377 acres).—Takapau Survey District: Otawhao Block, 2,377 acres, subdivided into twenty-two sections, ranging in area from 76 acres to 153 acres, was originally covered with more or less heavy milling-timber, which has been cut out, and the land in now carrying native and exotic grasses; a considerable area recently swept by bush fires, which destroyed the grass, has been resown in English grasses; to be offered for selection at an early date.

Patangata County (12,042 acres).—Mangamaire, near Porangahau, 5,886 acres, excellent sheep-country, well grassed, with some manuka scrub in places; low undulating hills. Porangahau, 4,064 acres, mostly in native and English grasses, undulating and broken country, excellent sheep-country. Manawaangiangi, 2,092 acres, for the most part open country, partly in native and exotic grasses with patches of mingi and manuka distributed over the whole area, with mixed bush and scrub in the gullies. To be opened for selection on the 13th August, 1914.

Dannevirke County (462 acres).—Part Kaitoki Block, mostly in English grasses, undulating and good dairying country.

WELLINGTON LAND DISTRICT.

The Wellington Land District, comprising the southern portion of the North Island, contains a gross area of 7,051,000 acres, most of which was originally covered with forest.

From the Patea River, the north-western boundary of the district, to within 30 miles of Wellington City, there is a strip of comparatively level and undulating country on the west coast, of an average width of about 15 miles, which is one of the finest parts of the Dominion, and is celebrated for its stock-raising capabilities. This tract of country is traversed by the Wellington – New Plymouth Railway, and is well served by numerous good roads. Inland of this coastal plain is broken papa country, which takes grass excellently, and, being well watered, is largely made use of for sheep-farming. This papa country extends northward to within 15 or 20 miles south of the peaks of Ruapehu, where it gives place to more level and undulating country, with soil of volcanic matters.

To the eastward of the main dividing range is the Wairarapa Plain, bounded on the north by somewhat broken country, from where the country falls again slightly to the Upper Manawatu River; the soil in this latter portion being rich papa, though much of the Wairarapa Plain is light and stony. Generally, the district is a pastoral one, though agriculture is also pursued successfully. The valley of the Hutt River, which flows into Port Nicholson, contains some very fine land, generally held in small holdings, and utilized for cropping, dairying, fruit-growing, &c.

Crown Lands open and being opened for Selection.

The area of the remaining Crown lands in this district is about 284,740 acres, a large portion of which, however, is inferior country at a high altitude, and suitable only for pastoral purposes or climatic reservation.

Crown lands open for selection at present comprise town lots on renewable lease in Horopito West, Raetihi, Ohakune, Rangataua, Ninia, Waitangi, Owkango, Pohonui; village homesteads on renewable lease in Horopito West, Mataroa; rural lands on renewable lease in Normandale, Hawtrey, Pitt, Paparangi, and Poroporo Settlements, and Te Parapara Block; and on optional system in Whakaihiwaka Block, &c.

The Crown lands likely to be offered shortly comprise the Hurupi Block, 3,555 acres; Haurangi Block, 11,407 acres; Tupapanui Block, 450 acres; lots in Hikawera and Tablelands Settlements, 1,433 acres; South Waimarino Block, about 30,000 acres; and lots in various districts comprising about 4,570 acres.

In order to meet the demand for timber, steps are now being taken to offer by public auction nine lots comprising about 89,366,000 superficial feet of milling-timber.

MARLBOROUGH LAND DISTRICT.

The Land District of Marlborough, which contains 2,708,000 acres of land, occupies the north-east corner of the South Island. The district is about 120 miles in extreme length, and its greatest width is 67 miles. The climate is an excellent one, but there is considerable variation in the rainfall, which is over 65 in. per annum in the Pelorus Valley, while at Cape Campbell it is only 24 in. or 25 in.

The land may be divided into three classes—viz., open land which has been taken up for pastoral purposes; forest land, where the timer industry has developed; and intermediate land, originally partly forest and partly covered with fern or scrub, used mainly for agriculture, which, however, is also now extending into the pastoral and forest country.

The Wairau Plain, containing about 65,000 acres, is the principal block of agricultural land in the district. The soil is good, and in places extremely fertile, and yields heavy crops of wheat, oats, barley, peas, and potatoes. Fruit-growing on commercial lines is being taken up, and this year several hundred acres are being laid down in orchard, the climate being admirably adapted for apple-growing.

The area of Crown land at present available for settlement is very limited, and consists of bush country in North Marlborough. About 5,000 acres of the Opouri and Tunakino Valleys will be available for settlement as soon as the milling-timber is removed, and, judging from the number of applicants for the block of 4,000 acres recently ballotted for, should be readily taken up. Two pastoral licenses containing about 88,000 acres, and being the Hillersden leasehold, will be offered by public auction in the spring of 1914.

NELSON LAND DISTRICT.

The Nelson Land District comprises chiefly the north-western corner of the South Island, and contains an area of 4,715,000 acres. Mountain-ranges predominate, there being, however, some excellent plains and valleys between the ranges and along the rivers.

Cattle and sheep farming prevail over the greater portion of the district. There are ten butter-factories and one cheese-factory, supplied altogether by some 7,700 cows, the value of produce being about £05,000.

There are also freezing-works at Stoke, at which large numbers of sheep are annually frozen for export.

The districts fronting Tasman Bay are well adapted for fruit-growing, an industry which is every year becoming more prosperous. There are three canning and preserving factories in this portion of the district, and, in addition to these being kept well supplied, large quantities of fruit are shipped to Wellington and South America.

Of the total area in the Nelson Land District on the 31st March, 1914, there had been sold, leased, or otherwise disposed of, an area of some 1,725,000 acres, leaving an area of 2,990,000 acres, which may be classified as follows:—

     Acres.
Lands suitable for mixed farming140,000
Lands suitable for pastoral purposes1,216,000
Lands suitable for reservation for forest, climatic, or scenic purposes1,574,000
Barren mountain-tops, and roads, lakes, and rivers60,000

The Crown lands still available for settlement may be described as chiefly pastoral and mixed-farming lands with light to heavy bush, requiring felling, draining, and loading as well as industry and farming skill for their development.

The blocks remaining for settlement are as follows:—

Howard Block, now scheduled for offering, beginning about 4 or 5 miles from the junction of the Hope River with the Buller, containing 16,000 acres.

The Lamb Valley and Station Creek Blocks, about 10,000 acres, close to the Glenhope Railway-station.

The Rotoiti Run of some 15,000 acres, at the head of that Lake.

The Lake Run purchased under the Land for Settlements Act, some 10 miles distant from Glenhope, and comprising an area of about 10,000 acres.

In the neighbourhood of Nelson is the Waimea Block, containing about 13,000 acres, in Aniseed Valley.

In the Buller Valley, between Glenhope and Murchison, is the Gowan Block, of some 11,000 acres, and the Owen North Block, of about 3,000 acres.

There is also an extension of the Gowan Block of about 5,000 acres.

Southward of Murchison is the Matakitaki East Block, some 10 miles distant, area about 6,000 acres.

Further south still, at a distance of about 30 miles, some 4,000 acres in the Upper Maruia and Alfred Rivers.

Near Charleston an area of 6,000 acres, the Waitakere Block, is under survey.

In the Karamea surveys are also in progress of 10,000 acres, and near the Inangahua Junction the Orikaka Block, containing about 10,000 acres, is awaiting survey.

There is also the Maruia South Block, some 30 miles distant from Murchison, and some 7,000 acres in the Glenroy Block.

THE WESTLAND LAND DISTRICT.

The Westland Land District occupies the central portion of the western watershed of the South Island, joining Nelson on the north, Canterbury on the east, and Otago on the south. The mean length is 250 miles, average width 27 miles, and area 3,863,878 acres. The rainfall in Westland is very heavy, averaging about 117 in. per annum, but more sunshine is enjoyed than these figures would seem to indicate. A sunshine-recorder which has been established at Hokitika for two years proves that the total amount of sunshine during the year compares very favourably with other districts which have only one-third of the rainfall. This is accounted for in two ways—first, that when it does rain it generally comes down very heavily, and, secondly, that a great deal of the rain falls at night, when the moisture-laden clouds drift in from the sea and come in contact with cold strata of air along the snow-clad chain of the Alps.

The district comprises for the most part hilly and undulating bush-clad country, the flat land being confined generally to the river-valleys and open swamps. An area estimated at 70,000 acres has been cleared and grassed with very satisfactory results; the draining of the swamp land has not been undertaken to any considerable extent, but with the increasing demand for land the development of this class of land is being seriously considered, and experiments are being made with a view to discovering the best means of bringing it into profitable use. The bush-clad land generally carries timber of commercial value, and is therefore not available for settlement until the bush has been cut over for sawmilling purposes. However, as there are some forty-live timber-mills in active operation, a considerable area of bush is cleared each year, and these areas are mostly taken up under the special regulations dealing with pastoral land in Westland, which leases may later on, with the consent of the Warden, be converted to the renewable lease.

On account of the moistness of the climate very little agricultural farming is at present attempted, as it is difficult to save grain-crops or hay. For dairying purposes, however, a very considerable area of the land is undoubtedly well adapted, and produces rich grasses and root crops in abundance, which if supplemented with ensilage for winter feeding would produce excellent returns. The values ruling for dairy land in this district are considerably less than those demanded for similar classes of land in other parts of the Dominion. Seven butter and cheese factories have already been established, the returns from which for the past season on a close estimate amounts to £30,775, which must be considered very satisfactory when it is taken into account that several of them are still in the early stages. Other factories are in contemplation at the present time, as the settlers are beginning to recognize that it is only by devoting their attention to dairying that they can make their properties produce to their fullest extent. Until the advent of dairy factories, practically the whole of the lands were utilized for rearing and fattening cattle, but this class of farming is now confined to the larger holdings, mainly in the south partern of the district, where the difficulties at present to be overcome in getting the products to the market militate against dairying being carried on with certainty of reasonable profit.

CANTERBURY LAND DISTRICT.

The Canterbury Land District, forming the central portion of the eastern watershed of the South Island, contains a total area of 9,604,045 acres.

The arable plains and downs containing some 2,405,360 acres of arable land are rich in the quality of the soil and suitable for high-class cultivation and profitable production of cereals, dairy-farming, and fattening of stock, and are situate for the most part parallel with the coast line, excluding Banks Peninsula and small strips of sandy coast. These lands extend from the Conway River in the north to the Waitaki River in the south, a large portion being reclaimed swamp, having a rich loamy soil on a stiff clay subsoil, with occasional beds of peat and gravel. This strip of first-class land varies in width from 10 to 15 miles, length about 194 miles, and contains approximately one and a half million acres. Further inland, the soil becomes lighter in character, with a gravelly subsoil, deposited at different periods by the action of snow-fed rivers, and the alteration of their channels during their passage to the sea. This class of plain land is more subject to drought and wind storms. It extends from the Hurunui River in the north to the Orari River in the south, the distance being in length 100 miles by a width averaging 11 miles, or an area of about 640,000 acres, exclusive of waste river-beds. It is all arable, and differs in quality. Generally speaking, the soil is of too light a character for more than an occasional crop of oats or barley, but when stimulated with manures and lime will give satisfactory crops of roots, and is excellent country for rearing flocks of sheep of all breeds. All the central plain is well watered, for where the rivers are not accessible a network of water-races provides the necessary supply of water for stock during all the year. The remainder of the plain and downs improves in quality as it nears the foot of the mountains and enters the valleys for short distances. This land receives the benefit of the wash of detritus from the limestone which crops out in many places along the front hills. The loam here is deeper, and although the altitude is from 700 ft. to 1,000 ft. cereal crops can be grown to advantage. The average annual rainfall, which is 27 in. on the lower parts of the plain, increases here to 35 in., owing to the close proximity of the mountains and occasional showers from the north-west, which do not reach far from the hills.

The mountain country extends the whole length of the district, varying in width from 35 miles to 55 miles, and includes the main range of the island and its offshoots. The area of this high country, including the subalpine plains and valleys, is 7,102,000 acres, of which 5,146,500 acres are utilized as pastoral country, the remainder being high land unfitted for occupation, lakes, forests, and riverbeds. Of the 5,146,500 acres of native-grassed lands, 3,500,000 is Crown land let to pastoral tenants, the rest being educational reserves and freeholds.

The pastoral runs, with the exception of some in the northern portion of the district, on which herds of cattle are depastured, are almost exclusively devoted to grazing sheep. The climate in the high country is very variable, being subject to sudden changes of wind and temperature. The prevailing wind is from the north-west, alternating with storms from the north-east and south-west. Snow is of frequent occurrence during both summer and winter, and is permanent on the mountains above 6,000 ft. The mean annual rainfall is 60 in.

Banks Peninsula contains an area of 262,000 acres, 40,000 of which are level and ploughable slopes, and 196,000 acres hills, the higher parts pastoral and the lower hills grass seed and dairy farms. The remainder of the area consists of lakes, forests, and scenic reserves. The volcanic soil gives excellent crops of cereals, clover, grass, roots, and fruit. Cocksfoot is extensively grown for seed: dairy-farming, cattle and sheep raising and fattening are all profitable to the settlers. On the coast there are two of the best harbours in the Dominion, Akaroa and Lyttelton, and numerous inlets of the sea afford opportunities for small vessels to enter and trade. Access to all the settlements can also be had by rail from Christchurch to Little River, from which terminus good roads radiate in all directions.

Access to the western high pastoral country is by branch railways from the Main Trunk line, and from all the termini there exist roads more or less good up the valleys of the chief rivers. All the plain country is well provided with access, partly by the Main Trunk Railway and partly by the branch lines, the stations (homesteads) not being more than one day's travel by farm teams. The roads are well gravelled, and the rivers bridged.

The present market-prices now prevailing for the rich agricultural and dairy lands range from £25 to £60 per acre. This estimate does not include suburban land near Christchurch or other towns of size, as the price of that class is regulated by fancy and demand for building-sites, and may be any price up to £1,000 per acre.

The lighter lands of the central portion of the plain having an altitude of 400 ft, to 1,000 ft. vary in price from £3 to £30 per acre.

The pastoral country is regulated in value on its stock-carrying capacity, its accessibility, and its safety from snow. For lands carrying only merino sheep, an annual rental per head would be between 9d. and 1s. 6d. For country fit for depasturing mixed sex flocks and cross-breds 1s. 6d. to 3s. per head, and for mixed cattle up to £1 per head.

It has been the practice of the Land Board during recent years, when the leases of the pastoral runs of large area expire, to further subdivide the runs before reoffering, provided the quality, stock-carrying capacity, contour of the country, and accessibility permit of this being done.

The lands in North Canterbury shortly to be available for settlement are 30,300 acres of pastoral country in the Upper Ashley district, to which will be added 4,054 acres of lower country recently purchased. These lands will be subdivided into suitable areas as small grazing-runs when the draining of some of the flats has been completed.

As the present leases of several of the larger grazing-farms and a pastoral run on the Cheviot Estate expire in 1916, these will have to be dealt with this year.

Several small areas of educational endowment and Crown lands in different counties will also be submitted for public competition during the coming year.

In South Canterbury four freeholds of arable land containing 7,074 acres have recently been purchased, and are now being surveyed into small holdings for mixed farming, and when this work is completed the new sections will be offered to the public under settlement conditions.

The pastoral runs, Ben Moore, of 83,000 acres, situated in the Waitaki County, and the Ben McLeod Run, of 33,600 acres, situated in the Upper Rangitata, will be dealt with during the year, and made available for reletting.

On the heavy coast lands, wheat yields 30 to 50 bushels per acre; oats 45 to 90 bushels; barley, 30 to 50 bushels; rye, 35 to 50 bushels. On the lighter lands, the yields are: wheat, 15 to 20 bushels per acre; oats, 20 to 35 bushels; barley, 15 to 30 bushels; rye, 20 to 30 bushels.

On the heavy coast lands, potatoes yield 6 to 12 tons per acre; mangolds, 30 to 50 tons; turnips, 15 to 25 tons.

Yields of leguminous crops on heavy land are: beans, 30 to 45 bushels; peas, 30 to 45 bushels per acre. On the fighter lands, peas, 15 to 25 bushels; and beans (which are seldom grown), 15 to 20 bushels.

OTAGO LAND DISTRICT.

The Otago Land District embraces 8,969,000 acres. It extends on the west coast from Big Bay to Stripe Point (about 1œ miles south of the mouth of John o' Groat's River), and on the east coast from the mouth of the Waitaki river to the mouth of Longbeach Creek. The district is closely settled, there being no less than 5,493,938 acres occupied by Crown tenants, while only 111,467 acres are available for future disposal. Further, 1,986,382 acres are held in fee-simple. A fairly large portion of the district consists of country eminently adapted for the grazing of sheep, and, as a consequence, the principal exports of the province are wool and frozen mutton. The climate is a salubrious one and fairly equable except in the interior, where it is colder in winter and hotter in summer than near the coast-line. Production of gold, mostly by river-dredging, is next in importance to the wool and frozen-meat industries as a revenue-raising factor, and at the present time there are forty-five dredges winning gold. The culture of fruit in Central Otago is another industry growing in importance. To aid its expansion the Government is rapidly pushing on irrigation-works with a view to the watering of arid country and so rendering it suitable for plantation of orchards. Land already irrigated in Central Otago has been found to be exceedingly well adapted for fruit-growing, and the yield of fruit from this province promises to largely increase every year as the irrigation-works are extended. Agriculture and dairying also flourish, but suffer somewhat at present from a scarcity of labour. There is a keen demand for competent farm labourers, dairy hands, and domestic servants.

SOUTHLAND LAND DISTRICT.

The Southland Land District, which occupies the extreme southern portion of the South Island, contains an area of 7,882,369 acres, of which 1,579,394 acres are hold on freehold, 1,725,174 acres are leased under Crown tenures, 140,402 acres are occupied by roads, rivers, lakes, &c., 3,551,113 acres have been reserved for various purposes, and the balance of 886,286 acres are unalienated Crown lands.

Generally speaking, the settlers are engaged in mixed agricultural farming, dairying, and the raising of cattle, sheep, horses, &c. The progress of settlement in this district during the past decade has been of a very marked and substantial character. There was a time when the climatic conditions were looked upon as a drawback to closer and successful settlement, but during recent years a marked improvement has taken place this respect. The climate is bracing in the winter and warm and genial in the spring and summer. The temperature varies from 40° in winter to 70° in summer. The district is eminently suitable for the growing of various crops common to temperate climates, such as oats, wheat, barley, mangolds, rape, beet, turnips, &c. Oats frequently give 70 to 80 bushels, and wheat 40 to 60 bushels to the acre.

The scheme initiated by the Crown for closer settlement under the Land for Settlements Act by the acquisition of private lands for subdivision has proved of immense benefit in Southland and has been the means of settling a large number of people on the land. The success of this system has led to the subdivision of numerous large private estates representing some hundreds of thousands of acres, and the whole aspect of the district is being transformed from large stretches of virgin country into nicely cultivated and smiling farms. There is still room for a very much larger population to develop the agricultural, pastoral, and varied resources which at present are only in their infancy. The dairying industry is increasing in a surprising fashion, and has now developed to very important dimensions. It has proved of great benefit to all classes of settlers, more particularly those who are in occupation of bush sections by providing them with an assured income during the process of clearing their holdings. At the present time there are 64 cheese-factories and 4 butter and condensing factories in actual operation throughout the district. The intake of milk at these factories ranges from 800 to 12,000 gallons per day, the proceeds for which represent the respectable sum of £280,000 for circulation among the dairy-farmers. All classes of stock raised in this portion of the Dominion hold a high place in the estimation of stock-owners both in the Commonwealth of Australia and the northern parts of New Zealand. Northern buyers are frequently purchasing numbers of Southland horses, cattle, and sheep for stud and other purposes, while large numbers of draught horses are shipped to the Commonwealth of Australia. Sheep-breeding is very extensively carried on, and as the country is well adapted for this purpose the small farmer is enabled to buy stores at a price that pays him to fatten. Southland has long been noted for the high quality of its frozen meat, which forms an important and increasing factor in its exports. Southland has made great strides during the past few years, and it is anticipated that the output of its products will steadily increase in the future.

The Crown lands remaining comprise mostly bush-clad areas. The settlement of these lands follows the removal of the marketable timber by the saw-millers. Under ordinary circumstances from fifteen to eighteen months is the period between the axe and the first grass fit for stock. The felling costs £1 to £1 10s. per acre; logging-up 15s., and burning 5s. to 7s. 6d. Bush-felling generally commences about May and ends about November. Burning and sowing last from the end of January to the end of April. Most of the bush land will grow good grass, which holds well by the sowing of a judicious mixture of grasses, when the land is first laid down. For surface sowing ordinary bush lands of a fairly dry and free nature, the following mixture is recommended: 20 lb. cocksfoot and 4 lb. white clover. Where the land is wet or peaty the mixture should be 15 lb. cocksfoot and 15 lb. timothy.

SUBSECTION B.—NATIVE LANDS.

INTRODUCTORY.

NATIVE lands and Native affairs generally are administered by the Native Department, with several subsidiary branches, the duties of each being as indicated below.

The Head Office conducts the general administration of the Department, deals with all matters to be brought before Cabinet, and prepares Orders in Council, parliamentary returns, and reports on petitions referred to the Government by the Native Affairs Committee. The purchase of lands by the Native Land Purchase Board is also controlled by the Head Office.

The Native Land Court is the Court of Record of Titles, and deals with the partition and exchange of Native lands, succession, probate and letters of administration, consolidation of interests, incorporation of owners, and alienation; the latter only as regards Native lands in the South Island.

The work of the Native Land Court is divided into seven Court districts, as follows:—

District.Location.
TokerauNorth Auckland.
Waikato-ManiapotoSouth Auckland.
WaiarikiBay of Plenty.
TairawhitiGisborne.
IkaroaWellington and Hawke's Bay.
AoteaWanganui and Taranaki.
SouthlandSouth Island.

Maori Land Boards, of which there are six, all located in the North Island, are concerned with the confirmation and approval of alienations, the administration of Native lands by way of sale or lease, and the administration of estates as farms. The Boards also act as agents for beneficial owners, and receive and pay out rents and purchase-moneys.

The Registrars of the Native Land Courts are also the administrative officers of the Maori Land Boards of the district.

The boundaries of the Court and Maori Land Board Districts in the North Island are coterminous.

Maori Councils elected for defined districts and composed of Natives supervise matters generally affecting the Maori settlements and kaingas, more particularly as regards sanitary arrangements.

The terms “partition” and “individualization” as applied to Native Land Court dealings are often confused. To individualize is to partition in severalty and not merely to define relative interests, which may be done without further partition. To partition is to cut out certain interests in a block of land, and may not necessarily be for an individual. The term “customary land” which is also sometimes misunderstood is applied to land not yet clothed with a Native Land Court title. Customary land was formerly known as papatupu land.

ANCIENT SYSTEM OF MAORI LAND TENURE.

Reference to an early map of the North Island of New Zealand shows with striking fidelity the boundaries of the landed possessions of the main tribes (some twenty). The map shows that practically every acre of the Island and of the principal adjoining islets was accounted for and claimed by one or the other of these tribes. It thus shows in a nutshell the main system of tribal tenure. Of this main system it is sufficient in passing along to observe that any attempt to interfere with the main boundaries was promptly resented, and was considered equivalent to a declaration of tribal war. It is also to be observed that where natural features existed, such as coast-line, river, lake, mountain, mountain-ranges and ridges, rock-clusters, caves, and so on, these served the purposes of defining the trend of the tribal main boundaries. Where such did not exist or were inadequate artificial substitutes were set up, such as fighting forts (pa), carved and painted posts and pillars, carved rocks and trees, burial-places, and so on. All of these marks and their respective names, on being duly announced, became known as part of the tribal lore. A regular verbal tracing of these boundaries was the duty of the elders (kaumatua), and a grandfather took a peculiar pride in reciting and teaching his grandsons of the locations and existence. Whilst still active and vigorous he would traverse the boundaries with his grandsons, and point out to them the various forts, burial-places, eel-weirs, fishing-grounds, bird and rat trapping preserves, old cultivations of the tribe, and so on, giving at the same time their accompanying histories and incidental stories. In this way a thorough knowledge of these matters was imparted to the young people, who took great pains to commit the same to memory and treasure the particulars as something valuable and precious. The most treasured tribal songs, too, were those which contained references to these and kindred themes, including recitals of genealogical descent and of successful affairs of love and war. Pride of territorial possessions was strongly ingrained in the Maori, and he pays a fine tribute to his women in the aphorism: He wahine, he oneone; i ngaro ai te tangata (or, Woman and land largely account for the decimation of man). In other words, these largely account for wars and the accompanying slaughter of man. It need scarcely be added that of all his possessions the Maori prized the land the most. Thus far, then, as to the main scheme of Maori or tribal tenure.

Within this main system there was a group of internal systems which controlled and regulated the occupation and working of the lands by the sub-tribes, families, and individuals, and which recognized the several boundaries peculiar to each as being the bounds of their independent possessions. Here, again, as in the case of the main boundaries, any attempt to interfere with the sub-tribal or family holdings would lead to acrimonious dispute and intertribal strife. The same obtained as to individual possessions. For, although in the main the whole scheme was part and parcel of a system of communism, where families and individuals occupied and cultivated their separate portions, any interference with such at once gave rise to bitter dispute and strife. The Maori was himself a great stickler for what was right (tika), and what was wrong (he). Finally, lands were vested in and entirely controlled by the males.

Broadly speaking, original rights of ownership (take) to the land were acquired as follows:—

  1. Ancestral rights (or take-tupuna). Where ancestral rights are acknowledged, and descendants have continued to occupy and to maintain lands within well defined boundaries, the right is perfectly good.

  2. The right of original discovery and constant occupation (or whenua-kite-hou). This requires no particular comment or explanation.

  3. The right of superior moral force (or mana). A kind of sovereign right.

  4. The right of physical force, conquest, and occupation (or raupatu).

  5. The right of long-continued use and occupation, and of its successful maintenance against opposition and attack (or na te ringa toa).

  6. The right of long-continued use and occupation, free and undisturbed (or te ahi-ka-roa).

  7. The right under cession (or tuku). Many typical cases of this are recorded. For instance, a useful and vigorous ally has been ceded a substantial and properly defined strip of tribal territory in return for important services. Use and occupation must follow and be permanent to maintain such a title.

  8. The right by gift (or koha). Where such gift is made in the presence of the tribal and sub-tribal representatives, and where occupation and use follows, a first-class right is established and recognized. The boundaries must be clearly set out.

  9. The right by marriage dowry (or pa-kuwha). As already stated, land vested in the males. In the case of a marriage alliance between persons of high rank and non-kindred tribes, the bridegroom has been presented—by the bride's people—with a considerable piece of well-defined land to settle upon and use. This custom prevented the bridegroom from being referred to as somewhat of a landless interloper. Where use and occupation followed, and where children of this union were born and continued their use and occupation, and their descendants after them, their rights remained perfectly valid. Conversely, where no children were born of this union, the land—on the death of the person in whose favour the dowry was given—automatically reverted to the donors.

In cases of adultery land has been taken as satisfaction.

Adopted children—invariably relatives—were provided with special lands; the fight so acquired was held to be good.

It is sometimes urged that no such thing as individual rights was recognized. As an answer to this there remains the indisputable fact that one individual has been known to put up a land-taking pillar within the boundaries of his neighbour. That was called a “pou-tango-whenua,” and if it did not lead to active strife, it was at least a matter to be decided by a council of the elders, whose decision held good. An individual was entitled to undisturbed possession of his home, and to as much land as he could reasonably use and cultivate.

Although the law of mere might may have been regarded as supreme, there still obtained a very fine and honourable law of moral right. An aggressive sub-tribe which constantly got its neighbours into trouble would, if it paid no heed to moral restraint, be wiped out by force. For a similar reason a junior chief who proved troublesome would be ordered to quit for fresh fields and pastures new. No pronounced cause of internal trouble and dissension would be permanently tolerated by the body corporate, because it would become notorious and interfere with good tribal policy.

Marriages were arranged on grounds of good tribal policy. No youth would be easily allowed to contract a marriage with a non-kindred tribe, because by joining the tribe of his wife he would to that extent weaken his home tribe, and raise up children who might eventually fight against his own people. The same objection ruled in the case of a maiden, who was not allowed to marry as she pleased, and in the direction of weakening her own tribe, while contributing to the strength of another. These facts indicate that the questions of the ownership of land and that of marriages were regarded as being associated, which they really were. In all probability the very earliest forms of recognized titles to land have given rise to, if not actually dictated, the system of marriages.

PURCHASE OF NATIVE LANDS BY GOVERNMENT.

From about the year 1823 (which is the date of the first recorded deed) until the 6th February, 1840, the date of the Treaty of Waitangi, lands in New Zealand were acquired by direct purchase from the Maoris by individual members of the white races. During the years 1837 to 1839, or about the time it became probable that the sovereignty of the islands would be assumed by the United Kingdom, the greater number of these purchases were made, and they extended to most parts of the country. These purchases are technically known as “the old land claims,” and their total number (including pre-emptive claims), as estimated by Commissioner F. Dillon Bell in 1862, was 1,376, covering an area of about 10,322,453 acres, out of which large area grants were recommended for 292,475 acres. These figures have been slightly added to since, but not to any very large extent. The large area shown above was reduced on survey to about 474,000 acres, situated principally to the north of Auckland. The difference in area between the amount granted to the purchasers and the total area surveyed became what are termed “surplus lands of the Crown.” It was held that the Native title had been fully extinguished through such purchases over the whole area surveyed; but, as by Ordinance No. 2 of 9th June, 1841, the claimants could not be granted more than 2,560 acres each, the balance became vested in the Crown on the assumption of the sovereignty, the Native title having been fully extinguished.

In many cases the titles did not issue to those to whom the land was awarded, as they were compensated by scrip issued by the Government, with the understanding that such scrip was to be exercised in the purchase of Crown lands in the neighbourhood of Auckland, to which place it was desirable—so soon as the capital was founded—to draw a population. The lands thus paid for in scrip became Crown lands, and these, together with the surplus lands, have from time to time been disposed of by the Crown and settled on. The amount of scrip, &c., issued up to 1862 was over £109,000.

On the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on the 6th February, 1840, the pre-emptive right was ceded to the Government, and consequently private purchase ceased. This remained the law until the passing of the Native Land Act, 1862, when the Crown relinquished its right of pre-emption, whilst at the same time the purchase of Native lands for the Crown did not abate, but continued side by side with the private purchases up to the passing of the Native Land Court Act, 1894.

The Maori Lands Administration Act, 1900, was a measure intended to restrain Natives from pauperizing themselves in the future by parting with the freehold of the balance of their lands (about five millions of acres). Its main provisions were—

  1. Prohibition of further alienation of the freehold of Native lands, either to the Crown or to private purchasers, except as to inchoate transactions at the date of the passing of the Act and certain limited areas which were then comprised in separate titles and held by not more than two owners.

  2. Leasing of Native lands through partly elected and partly nominated Councils possessing all the powers and, where authorized, exercising all or any of the functions of the Native Land Court.

  3. Advances to Natives to road and otherwise improve their surplus lands for their own use and occupation.

The Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905, amended the above. Whilst placing the power of dealing with their lands in the hands of the Maori owners, through special Boards called “Maori Land Boards,” it restored to the Crown the right of purchasing Maori lands in certain districts, provided that the price to be paid was not less than that fixed by the Valuer-General as its value.

All dealings with Native land are now determined by the provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, which consolidated and repealed most of the numerous previous Acts, and came into force on the 31st March, 1910.

From time to time since 1840 various sums were appropriated by Government or by Parliament for the acquisition of a Crown estate. Up to the date of passing of the Native Land Act, 1862, these operations were conducted by officers of the Government specially appointed, who, from a knowledge of the Maoris, their customs and disposition, were successful in securing large areas of land for settlement. It must be conceded that their operations as a whole were successful, and that the number of disputed cases arising out of their labours was exceedingly small. The Waitara purchase is, however, here excluded, for there were reasons of general policy affecting that sale which did not prevail in other cases. This purchase was the ostensible cause of the Native rebellion of 1860 and following years, but the motives which led to t were far deeper than the mere purchase of a few acres—there was a great principle at stake.

The difference effected in the mode of purchase by the Native Land Act, 1862, was this: Previously, the title of the Maoris who were to receive payment for the land was decided by the Land Purchase officers; but the Act quoted set up a Court, presided over by able Judges, who determined the titles, which were afterwards registered in a special Court. Purchases have since been effected with the registered owners.

It is difficult to obtain figures showing the actual area acquired by the Crown from the Maoris up to 1870, but in round numbers it was 6,000,000 acres in the North Island; whilst the whole of the South Island, with the exception of reserves for the original Native owners, was acquired prior to the passing of the Native Land Act, 1862. Stewart Island was purchased from the Native owners by deed dated 29th June, 1864.

The Native rebellion of 1860–69 brought Native-land purchases, for the time being, practically to a standstill.

The Immigration and Public Works Acts of 1870 and 1873 appropriated £200,000 and £500,000 respectively for the purchase of lands in the North Island; and these amounts had, up to the 31st of March, 1910, been augmented by further annual appropriations from the public funds and other loan-moneys, covering altogether a total expenditure since 1870 of £2,072,322, with the following result: Area finally acquired in the North Island from Natives, from 1870 to 31st March, 1910, 8,004,851 acres.

The purchase of Native lands by the Crown was continued under the provisions of the Maori Land Settlement Act, 1905, but is now carried out by the Native Land Purchase Board under the provisions of Part XIX of the Native Land Act, 1909.

NATIVE LAND ACT, 1909.

The Native Land Act, 1909, repeals some 71 statutes or parts of statutes. The main feature of the Act is the widening of the avenue for the alienation and settlement of Native lands. Formerly the disposal of Native lands was more or less restricted, and in some cases absolutely prohibited. The Act of 1909 removes all restrictions and prohibitions on the alienation of land by a Native or on the alienation of Native land, with certain exceptions.

Under the Act the alienation of Native land may be effected in four different ways:—

  1. Private alienation by the owners themselves.

  2. Alienation by a Maori Land Board as the statutory trustee or agent of the owners.

  3. Alienation by a committee of management by the incorporated owners.

  4. Alienation in pursuance of a resolution of a majority of the owners assembled in a meeting called for that purpose by a Board.

The first of these methods is prohibited in cases where the land is owned by more than ten owners in common. All private alienation requires confirmation by the Maori Land Board in the North Island, or by the Native Land Court in the South Island. Confirmation must be refused if the Native alienating would be left without sufficient land for his support. In the case of leases special provisions are made for securing compensation to the tenant for his improvements. Mortgages are not permitted (except in favour of the Public Trustee or Government) unless approved by the Governor in Council.

By the second method alienation is effected by a Maori Land Board, either as a statutory trustee or as the agent of the Native owners. In respect of the former the land is vested in the Board, and is to be disposed of by public auction or tender by way of lease or sale in equal proportions. In respect of the latter, the land is not vested in the Board, but is administered by it as agent for the owners. It may be leased by the Board to Natives only, and is inalienable by the owners themselves.

The third mode of alienation is that effected by elective committees of management of the Native owners incorporated by order of the Native Land Court in substantial accordance with the practice existing before the coming into operation of the Act of 1909.

The fourth mode of alienation is in pursuance of a resolution of the assembled owners. A Maori Land Board may summon a meeting of the owners of any Native land to consider proposals for its alienation. A resolution proposed at any such meeting is carried if the owners voting for it own a larger area of the land affected than those who vote against it. The resolution is then submitted to the Board for confirmation, and, if confirmed, will be carried into effect either by Order in Council, instrument of alienation executed by the Board on behalf of the owners, or by such other means as is appropriate to the nature of the resolution.

Any such meeting of assembled owners may in this manner do any of the following things:—

  1. Vest the land in the Board for sale or lease.

  2. Agree to incorporation by the Native Land Court.

  3. Carry into effect any proposed alienation—e.g., a sale or lease to a particular individual.

  4. Sell the land to the Crown.

To prevent the aggregation of large areas of Native lands a purchaser or lessee of Native land must make a declaration that the land applied for, together with all other land already held by him, does not exceed 5,000 acres of third-class land calculated as follows: First-class land as 7œ acres, and second-class land as 2œ acres, of third-class land. The class to which any lands belong shall be determined in accordance with the Act.

The Crown has power under Part XIX of the Act to acquire Native lands through the Native Land, Purchase Board, which consists of the Native Minister, the Under-Secretary for Crown Lands, the Under-Secretary of the Native Department, and the Valuer-General.

Any area, negotiations for which are in contemplation for purchase by the Crown may, under section 363 of the Act, be prohibited from private alienation for the period of one year (subject to a further extension of twelve months from date of Gazette notice).

All offers to the Crown should be addressed to the Native Land Purchase Board, Native Department, Wellington.

All surveys are undertaken by the Land and Survey Department, under authorities issued by the Judge of the Native Land Court or President of the Maori Land Board, and funds are provided (if necessary) as under:—

For the purpose of the purchase and settlement of Native land by the Crown, the Minister of Finance is empowered to raise loans not to exceed in all £500,000 in any one financial year, and if the full amount authorized is not raised within the year, the balance may be borrowed within the next year, in addition to the amount otherwise authorized for that year. The moneys so obtained may, under the Native Land Settlement Account, be applied to the following uses:—

  1. The purchase or acquisition of Native land.

  2. The survey of Native land.

  3. The making of advances to Maori Land Boards for the construction of roads and bridges and otherwise opening up and preparing for settlement any Native lands under the control of the Boards, or for the purpose of discharging any mortgage or charge to which such land is subject. The advances to any one Board are limited to £50,000 in any one financial year, and are to be a charge on the land for the benefit of which the expenditure was incurred.

The revenue derived from the lands, together with interest and payments received, will be applied in the first place to the payment of interest and sinking fund on the advances, together with administrative and other necessary expenses; the balance to be paid to the Native owners, or invested for their benefit, as the Board decides.

Regulations as to procedure for alienations through the Maori Land Boards or Native Land Courts are notified on page 1717, New Zealand Gazette No. 50 of 1910.

As to alienation of the lands in the South Island, these are dealt with by the Native Land Court, and any communication in connection therewith should be made to the Registrar, Native Land Court. South Island District, Wellington.

A Native owning Native land in severalty may upon application have his land declared European land by the Native Appellate Court if that body thinks fit.

The Native Land Amendment Act, 1912, provides that any Native may apply to be declared a European for the purpose of the Act.

The Native Land Amendment Act, 1913, provides for amendments in administrative control and power for the Crown to acquire any Native land, no matter how held, except as provided for.

No Native land can be willed to a European other than the wife or husband of the testator, or a European who would have been entitled had the deceased died intestate, or to a relative not more remote than the fourth degree.

FURTHER ACTS AFFECTING NATIVE LANDS.

The Native Townships Act, 1910, makes better provision with respect to the ownership and disposition of land subject thereto. Under the Act land situated in a Native township may be sold to the Crown or to private persons. It is provided that the Maori Land Board administering a Native township shall be a leasing authority within the meaning of the Public Bodies' Leasing-powers Act, 1908, and may grant what are known as “Glasgow leases,” vide section 4 of the last-named Act. The provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, apply, with certain exceptions, to a Native township. This Act repeals seven statutes or parts of statutes.

The Rating Amendment Act, 1910, provides, with certain modifications, that Native freehold land shall be liable to rating and subject to the provisions of the Rating Act, 1908, in the same manner as European land. Customary land (land, title to which has not been investigated and determined) is exempt from rating.

The Thermal Springs Districts Act, 1910, repeals the Act (similar title) of 1908, and thereby releases from restriction some 300,000 acres of Native land. This large area of land may now be dealt with under the provisions of the Native Land Act, 1909, subject to certain restrictions with respect to lands having thermal or mineral waters thereon.

It may be worthy of note that the legislation, commencing with 1909, affecting Native lands all tends towards the betterment of titles and disposition and settlement thereof.

SUBSECTION C—LAND TRANSFER AND DEEDS REGISTRATION.

PRIOR to 1870 conveyancing in New Zealand was based upon the English laws of real property as existing at the date of the constitution of the colony, varied in some important particulars by the Conveyancing Ordinance of 1842, and other colonial legislation, now embodied in the Property Law Consolidation Act, 1908. Considerable areas of land in all parts of the Dominion are still held and dealt with under this system. Although provision is made for the registration of deeds affecting such land, registration is no guarantee of their validity, and a purchaser has to rely for the security of his title upon the skill and care of his legal adviser.

By the Land Transfer Act, 1870, the system of title by registration was introduced. This principle had long been in vogue in parts of central Europe, but was unknown in the British Dominions until its introduction into the Australasian Colonies in 1856 by Sir Robert Torrens, after whom it is popularly known as the Torrens system. It was first introduced by him into South Australia, and was afterwards adopted by the other colonies. The title to land under this system is not affected by the execution of documents. Registration is the fundamental principle, and it is only on registration that any interest passes. The Land Transfer Department assumes all responsibility for the registration, and any person named in the Register as taking an interest under a registered instrument acquires a practically indefeasible title.

For the purposes of administration the Dominion is divided into eleven districts. The two systems are worked side by side in the same offices under the combined title of the “Land and Deeds Registry.” In each district one officer acts as both Registrar of Deeds and District Land Registrar. The Registrar at Wellington is also Registrar-General of Land.

LAND TRANSFER.

The Land Transfer system in New Zealand originated with the Land Transfer Act, 1870. This was re-enacted with amendments as the Land Transfer Act, 1885, and this again gave place to the present consolidated Land Transfer Act, 1908. Some amendments of the present Act have been effected by the Land Transfer Amendment Act, 1913.

Land subject to Act.

The land subject to the Land Transfer Act comprises all land alienated from the Crown since 1870, all land included in any order under the Native Land Acts vesting such land in any person in freehold tenure, and all land vested in any person in fee-simple by virtue of any Act of the General Assembly, besides land which has been brought under the Act on the application of the proprietors after investigation and acceptance of the title by the Department

Certificate of Title.

Every registered proprietor of a freehold estate in possession in land under the Act is entitled to a certificate of title for the same. Duplicates of all certificates of title are retained in the office and bound up to form the Register-book. The certificate of title may be described as the backbone of the whole system. Upon it are entered memorials of all registered dealings affecting the particular land, and it is received as conclusive evidence of the title of any person named as proprietor of any estate or interest.

Method of Dealing.

Forms of transfer, mortgage, lease, &c., are prescribed by the Act. When any dealing is effected the appropriate form is filled up and signed by the necessary parties and stamped, and is then presented at the Registry Office with the certificate of title for registration. No interest passes on the execution of the instrument, but only on registration. The instrument itself is retained in the office, a memorial of it being noted on the certificate, which is then handed to the transferee or other person entitled. Mortgages and leases are executed in duplicate, or in triplicate if so desired, one copy being retained in the office and the other, or others, returned to the parties.

Implied Covenants.

All usual covenants are implied in the various instruments by the Act, and provision is also made for the introduction of special covenants by the use of abbreviated forms, so that a dealing which under the old system would have necessitated a lengthy deed may be effected under the Act by a very short one.

Mortgages.

One of the most notable differences between the present system and the former is in the form of a mortgage. Under the old system the mortgagor conveyed the land to the mortgagee subject to a right to a reconveyance or “equity of redemption” on repayment of the money. Under the Act no transfer of the property takes place, but a charge only is created, the mortgagee being specially empowered to sell the land in the event of default being made in payment. A simple receipt by the mortgagee for the amount secured releases the land from the encumbrance. Provision is made, similar to that contained in the Property Law Consolidation Act, for sale through the Registrar of the Supreme Court in the event of the mortgagee desiring to buy in the mortgaged land.

Transmission.

Persons becoming entitled to any estate by transmission, such as administrators or trustees, may be registered as proprietors on application in writing made to the Registrar.

Trusts.

It is a cardinal principle of the land-transfer system that no notice of trusts may be entered on the Register, and no instrument declaring any trust may be registered.

Caveat.

Any person claiming to be beneficially interested in any land by virtue of any trust or under any unregistered instrument may enter a caveat, and so long as such caveat remains in force no entry can be made on the Register affecting the estate or interest protected by such caveat. In the event of a dealing being presented for registration, notice is sent to the caveator, who is allowed fourteen days within which to take steps to enforce his rights. Failing action being taken within that time the caveat lapses.

Execution of Instruments.

Every instrument for registration under the Act is required to be signed by the registered proprietor and attested by at least one witness, whose occupation and address must be added. For the protection of the parties as well as of the Department the attesting witness is required to be a solicitor, licensed land-broker, Justice of the Peace, Postmaster, or other official or well-known person. Instruments executed in other parts of the British Dominions may be verified in accordance with the Imperial Statutory Declarations Act, 1835, or any local enactment respecting the verification of instruments for use abroad; if executed in any foreign country, by declaration made according to the law of such country and certified by the British Consul; or if there be no such law the instrument must be attested by the British Consul, who shall certify that no provision is made by the laws of such country. Every instrument must also have indorsed upon it a certificate that it is correct for the purposes of the Act, signed by the party claiming under it or by a solicitor or licensed land-broker employed by him.

Assurance Fund.

Any person sustaining loss or damage through any omission or mistake of the Department may bring an action against the Registrar-General of Lands for recovery of damages. Certain classes of cases are excepted, such as loss occasioned by breach of trust, or by the improper use of the seal of any corporation, or the improper exercise of any power of sale or re-entry, and action can only be brought within six years after right of action accrued. To meet claims an Assurance Fund is maintained by a payment of a halfpenny in the pound on the value of all land when first brought under the Act.

Surveys.

In order to ensure accuracy in the certificate of title a declared survey plan by a licensed surveyor is usually required when bringing land under the Act on application and also on subsequent subdivisions. The examination of survey plans, preparation of diagrams, &c., is performed by the Land Transfer Survey Branch, which is drawn from the Survey Department for this special work. All survey plans are approved by the Chief Surveyor of the district before being accepted for deposit.

Licensed Land-brokers.

The Act provides that the Registrar-General of Lands, with the sanction of the Governor, may license fit and proper persons to be land-brokers for transacting business under the Act. A bond is required from them in the sum of £1,000, with two sureties in the sum of £500 each, and a license fee of £5 is paid annually.

Appeal.

If the District Land Registrar refuses to perform any act which he is required to perform, or if any person is dissatisfied with his decision in any matter, the person deeming himself aggrieved may summon him to appear before the Supreme Court to substantiate the grounds of his refusal or decision. An appeal may also be made in the first instance to the Registrar-General of Lands whose decision will be binding upon the District Land Registrar, but will be subject to appeal to the Supreme Court in like manner as the decision of a District Land Registrar.

Searches.

The register and other books and registered and deposited instruments and plans are open to search during business hours. Assistance is given to persons searching, but the Department does not undertake to make searches.

Regulations, Fees, &c.

The general regulations and schedule of fees payable under the Act are contained in an Order in Council of 22nd January, 1914. The fees are as follows:—

Fees payable to District Land Registrars under the Land Transfer Act, 1908.

For bringing land under the provisions of the Act (over and above the cost of advertisement),—£s.d.
When the title consists of a Crown grant and none of the land included therein has been dealt with020
When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £300100
When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £200 and does not exceed £3000150
When the title is of any other description and the value exceeds £100 and does not exceed £2000100
When the title is of any other description and the value does not exceed £100050
Contribution to Assurance Fund, upon first bringing land under this Act, in the pound sterling00
Other fees,—
For every application to bring land under the Act050
For every certificate of title on transfer for a monetary consideration not exceeding £1000100
For every other certificate of title100
Registering memorandum of transfer, mortgage, encumbrance, or lease0100
Registering transfer or discharge of mortgage or of encumbrance, or increase or reduction of principal or of interest, or extension or shortening of term050
Registering transfer or surrender of lease050
Registering transmission0100
Registering any vesting affected by Act of Parliament unless otherwise provided by such Act0100
Entering notice of marriage0100
Registering re-entry by lessor0100
Registering vesting of lease in mortgagee consequent on refusal of official assignee to accept same0100
Registering of any order of the Native Land Court0100
Entering notice of writ or order of Supreme Court0100
Noting caveat0100
Cancelling or withdrawal of caveat, and for every notice relating to any caveat050
Registering any instrument not otherwise provided for0100
When any instrument purports to deal with land included in more than one folium of the register-book, for each folium after the first020
For every outstanding interest noted on certificate of title050
Depositing power of attorney, declaration of trust, or any other instrument0100
Depositing any map or plan050
Noting revocation of power of attorney0100
Issuing registration abstract100
Cancelling registration abstract050
For every notice to produce deeds or instruments050
For every search020
For every general search050
For certified copy of any instrument not exceeding five folios050
Plan (if any) for every section or part of a section010
For every folio or part folio after first five006
Application for provisional certificate of title and issuing same100
For issuing provisional lease The same fees as for a certified copy.   
For approving any form010
Taking affidavit or statutory declaration050
For exhibiting deeds surrendered by applicant050
Attending at Court to produce documents or to give evidence, for each day or part of a day110

DEEDS REGISTRATION.

Provision has existed since 1841, and is now contained in the Deeds Registration Act, 1908, for the Registration of Deeds and Instruments affecting land which is not subject to the provisions of the Land Transfer Act. Registration is not essential to the validity of the instrument, but it is highly important as a record and to secure priority. The Act provides that every deed shall be void as against any person claiming for valuable consideration under any subsequent deed duly registered unless the earlier deed was registered before the subsequent one.

The Department is not responsible for the form or matter of the instruments registered beyond seeing that they are duly stamped and contain a sufficient description of the land to identify it.

Instruments are registered by being first entered in the “Book of Primary Entry,” from which the registration number is taken. Particulars are then inserted in the “Index Book” under the heading of the land affected, and they are then copied in extenso into the “Record Books.”

Provision is also made for the deposit of instruments in the Deeds Registry office for safe custody and reference, and such deposit operates as a release from any covenant for production.

The Deeds Index and all recorded and deposited instruments are open to public inspection, and certified copies may be obtained, on payment of the prescribed fees.

Fees Payable under the heeds Registration Act, 1908.£s.d.
For the registration of any instrument0100
For the recording and comparing thereof, for every folio of seventy-two words006
For every section or part of section, allotment or part of allotment contained in any map or plan delineated on or annexed to any instrument presented for registration (exclusive of sections or allotments unaffected by the instrument but necessarily delineated to show the boundaries of the land dealt with by the instrument)010
For every copy of or extract from any recorded or deposited instrument or memorial, for every folio of seventy-two words therein006
For every section or allotment, or part of a section or allotment, delineated thereon010
For every copy of or extract from the general index, for every line006
For every search or inspection of indexes or recorded or deposited instrument, for each individual property, section, or allotment in respect of which search or inspection is made010
For every certificate under seal verifying a copy of or extract from any recorded or deposited instrument, in addition to the fee per folio for copying050
On the deposit of any instrument for safe custody0100
For every attendance to produce any instrument under section 48 of this Act, for each day or part of a day's attendance110
For the registration of any map or plan accompanied by a statutory declaration0100
For recording, per folio of seventy-two words006
For every section or part of a section delineated010
For recording any instrument in the Maori language, and for any copy of the recorded copy thereof, per folio of seventy-two words010
For recording the translation of any instrument in the Maori language, per folio of seventy-two words006

TRANSACTIONS RECORDED.

The first of the tables which follow shows for the year 1913–14 the applications to bring land under the Land Transfer Act and the certificates of title issued in each of the eleven districts into which the Dominion is divided.

LAND TRANSFER ACT APPLICATIONS AND CERTIFICATES, 1913–14.

District.Applications.Certificates issued.
No.Area.Value.
Town and Suburban.Country.
          Acres.Acres.£No.
Auckland1999021,023550,7764,276
Taranaki2381,07640,130549
Wellington52629,863149,3222,301
Hawke's Bay1332,95936,937768
Poverty Bay1 1,48412,800430
Nelson1521,07021,544227
Marlborough14418,167120,463187
Canterbury1953447,145403,6992,278
Otago31579019,001944
Southland2041356,370848
Westland    59
     Totals563156123,712,361,04212,867

Of the certificates issued, 1,661 were in lieu of Crown grants. Similar information to that given in the above table is also given for each of the past ten years.

LAND TRANSFER ACT.—APPLICATIONS AND CERTIFICATES, 1904–5 TO 1913–14.

Year ended 31st March.Applications.Certificates issued.
No.Area.Value.
Town and Suburban.Country.
          Acres.Acres.£No.
1905699465112,9571,049,6338,400
1906657379161,8721,405,7669,472
190769030887,7191,200,94210,137
1908797389124,0281,693,27111,208
190961752679,1571,061,53710,570
191056587664,697821,3069,525
191170532473,0541,229,99011,645
191257133065,0281,078,12412,907
1913656398108,9451,561,58913,075
1914563156123,7121,361,04212,867

Tables next follow showing transfers registered under the Land Transfer Act in each district during the year ended 31st March last and in the whole Dominion for each of the past ten years.

TRANSFERS REGISTERED, 1913–14.

District.No.Area.Consideration Money.
Town and Suburban.Country.
          Acres.Acres.£
Auckland6,8763,098669,7344,113,834
Taranaki1,145310120,740957,318
Wellington4,0711,682308,5583,528,055
Hawke's Bay1,416234244,0971,574,999
Poverty Bay62524396,496564,189
Nelson5247864,864255,233
Marlborough26889131,597349,038
Canterbury4,390739289,5492,912,709
Otago2,405376140,1651,240,436
Southland1,518464130,31371,467
Westland1452010,15540,359
     Totals23,9837,3332,206,26816,307,637
TRANSFERS REGISTERED, 1904–5 TO 1913–4.
Year ended 31st March.No.Area.Consideration Money.
Town and Suburban.Country.
          Acres.Acres.£
190515,4235,5881,449,5498,944,630
190617,0456,3402,056,48511,102,481
190718,3886,6832,709,53913,695,013
190821,7916,6782,939,49117,220,142
190919,0966,0001,925,21812,209,843
191017,2775,6231,457,3959,820,261
191122,1577,3941,958,70914,285,759
191224,2977,2982,391,00417,405,278
191324,4957,4712,516,82117,325,730
191423,9837,3332,206,26816,307,637

Similar tables are given in respect of mortgages registered under the Land Transfer Act.

MORTGAGES REGISTERED UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1913–4.

District.No.Area.Amount secured.
Town and Suburban.Country.
          Acres.Acres.£
Auckland6,0721,646976,9483,651,799
Taranaki2,033368347,2361,341,201
Wellington4,7241,400796,5794,169,733
Hawke's Bay1,399190447,9061,894,420
Poverty Bay866258398,065734,322
Nelson583222124,536259,447
Marlborough28598256,413395,454
Canterbury4,186644777,7743,324,817
Otago2,154392463,5111,212,453
Southland1,527362254,2421,041,252
Westland1596218,95355,803
     Totals23,9885,6424,862,16318,080,701
MORTGAGES REGISTERED UNDER LAND TRANSFER ACT, 1904–5 TO 1913–14.
Year ended 31st March.No.Area.Amount secured.
Town and Suburban.Country.
          Acres.Acres.£
190513,6184,1502,749,1139,190,523
190615,7464,7602,903,88210,944,149
190717,1055,7133,650,56212,708,772
190819,7955,3525,090,68215,337,486
190920,7155,9044,174,03614,650,466
191019,9555,3793,734,96213,611,123
191123,3976,0694,485,40216,896,484
191225,1278,0334,784,88319,128,732
191323,88310,9655,549,38518,643,708
191423,9885,6424,862,16318,080,701

In regard to mortgages under the Land Transfer Act, a table is added showing the total amount remaining secured by such mortgages on the 31st March, 1914.

LAND TRANSFER ACT.—MORTGAGES REMAINING ON 31ST MARCH, 1914.
District.Amount.
 £
Auckland16,084,614
Taranaki8,521,464
Wellington27,860,816
Hawke's Bay10,761,900
Poverty Bay3,356,187
Nelson1,921,724
Marlborough1,588,136
Canterbury21,644,220
Otago6,412,956
Southland7,153,329
Westland386,655
     Total105,692,021

The total, £105,692,021, represents a net increase of £7,875,646 during the year, the amount of mortgages paid off since 1st April 1913, being £10,205,055 as against mortgages registered amounting to £18,080,701, shown above.

A table is also given containing information concerning the registration of deeds during the year ended 31st March, 1914.

DEEDS REGISTRATION, 1913–14.
District.Deeds.Fees.
Unrecorded on 31st March, 1913.Received for Registration during the Year ended 31st March, 1914.Registered during the same Period.Unrecorded on 31st March. 1914.

* Includes Crown-grant fees, £88; and district-agency fees, £6.

 No.No.No.No.£
Auckland2217,7337,7252297,548
Taranaki373276520720
Wellington1972,2082,3011042,161
Hawke's Bay691,4151,3601241,523
Poverty Bay 6363 65
Nelson1009661,00858827
Marlborough343242314429
Canterbury281,4551,2092741,362
Otago2022,3342,3871492,181
Southland36336297599
Westland 7269355
     Totals62618,09317,93998217,470*

SUBSECTION D.—OCCUPATION AND OWNERSHIP OF LAND

OCCUPATION OF LAND.

THE figures in the following tables relating to occupation of land are those for the season 1910–11. No statistics were collected for the past three seasons, nor for 1909–10.

The area of land in occupation during 1910–11 has been returned at 40,238,126 acres, including Crown lands leased for pastoral purposes only, or 2,033,777 acres in excess of the area for the year 1903–9.

Tables are given showing the numbers and acreages of holdings, grouped according to size, 1905–6 to 1910–11. The holdings are shown to have increased by the number of 3,934 since 1905–6.

OCCUPIED LANDS: HOLDINGS.

[This and the succeeding statement deal with the full extent of occupied and, including Crown pastoral leases.]

Sizes of Holdings, in Acres.Number of Holdings.
1905–61906–7.1907–8.1908–9.1910–1.
1 to 10 inclusive19,78720,45521,18621,92718,075
11 to 50 inclusive11,74512,01212,14712,36012,151
51 to 100 inclusive7,5627,7677,7607,7807,948
101 to 200 inclusive9,95010,25110,09810,20610,746
201 to 320 inclusive6,5316,8206,8276,8317,083
321 to 640 inclusive7,2197,4977,6027,8288,466
641 to 1,000 inclusive2,7502,9363,0113,2023,611
1,001 to 5,000 inclusive3,4973,6823,8164,0904,780
5,001 to 10,000 inclusive408415436458526
10,001 to 20,000 inclusive237248247235264
20,001 to 50,000 inclusive166167153151136
Over 50,000 acres9088848490
 69,94272,33873,36775,15273,876

The total acreage of occupied land for each of the five years, 1905–6 to 1910–11, is shown:—

OCCUPIED LANDS: ACREAGES.
Sizes of Holdings, in Acres.1905–6.1900–7.1907–8.1908–9.1910–11.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
1 to 10 inclusive79,92681,33986,87088,74981,397
11 to 50 inclusive324,375328,657340,498346,453335,056
51 to 100 inclusive591,209599,236604,567611,622618,980
101 to 200 inclusive1,514,0841,544,2421,533,0481,544,9631,628,608
201 to 820 inclusive1,692,8241,742,1231,764,9031,769,8751,818,087
321 to 640 inclusive3,306,4753,390,7623,491,7283,582,8223,872,809
641 to 1,000 inclusive2,220,1492,354,8912,425,0282,618,0082,931,721
1,001 to 5,000 inclusive6,955,3107,212,5877,677,6248,088,9319,388,126
5,001 to 10,000 inclusive2,874,5622,822,0302,994,6203,193,5713,525,514
10,001 to 20,000 inclusive3,278,4983,536,3343,365,1323,234,4803,751,346
20,001 to 50,000 inclusive5,273,4724,911,9774,870,7724,781,8014,157,740
Over 50,000 acres9,056,5768,884,2958,409,2988,343,0748,128,742
 37,167,46037,408,47337,564,28838,204,34940,238,126

Of a total of 73,876 holdings in 1910–11, 38,174, or 51.67 per cent., were from 1 to 100 acres in extent; 48,920, or 66.22 per cent., were from 1 to 200 acres; and 56,003, or 75.81 per cent., were from 1 to 320 acres in size. The total number over 320 acres was only 17,873, or 24.19 per cent. of the whole, thus indicating a considerable degree of moderately close settlement, although the area of the holdings over the 320-acres limit necessarily shows as very large in a table which includes the Crown pastoral leases.

The extent of land occupied as shown in the returns according to tenure is tabulated for each provincial district. The acreage in the last column of the statement is apparently short of the actual facts, judging from the figures shown in the table of “Crown Tenants,” as given in the report of the Surveyor-General. The difference lies in what has been returned for Crown pastoral leases to the agricultural-statistics collectors and the areas on which rent is paid given by the Lands Department.

OCCUPATION OF LAND: TENURE 1910–11.
Provincial Districts.Total of Holdings.Freehold.Leased from Individuals or Public Bodies.Leased from Natives.Held from Crown under Different Tenures.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland7,769,0484,382,289610,095787,5151,989,149
Taranaki1,358,271618,246257,973117,565364,487
Hawke's Bay3,211,0801,757,830278,959654,021520,276
Wellington4,434,7552,518,309673,605462,106780,735
Marlborough2,440,109804,021105,56141,9751,488,552
Nelson2,314,1161,002,256139,47621,4901,150,894
Westland961,06876,96634,2376,963842,902
Canterbury6,587,5872,581,682926,47119,3223,060,112
Otago—
Otago portion7,997,9521,493,718509,80730,9955,963,372
Southland portion3,164,1341,316,380462,6425,4761,379,636
     Totals40,238,12616,551,6973,998,8862,147,42817,540,115

Arranged according to the number of holdings, the provincial districts stand in order as under:—

Auckland21,180 holdings.
Otago13,484 holdings.
Canterbury11,576 holdings.
Wellington11,252 holdings.
Taranaki5,423 holdings.
Hawke's Bay4,648 holdings.
Nelson3,650 holdings.
Marlborough1,718 holdings.
Westland945 holdings.

The occupied holdings of the North Island now considerably outnumber those of the South Island, the numbers being—North Island, 42,503; South Island, 31,373. For the year 1900–1 the returns showed 30,086 holdings for the South Island, against 32,700 for the North.

The full details of holdings and acreages, classified according to size, for the year 1910–11 will be found in the following table:—

OCCUPATION OF LAND: PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS. CLASSIFIED HOLDINGS.

TABLE showing for the Year 1911 the Occupied Holdings and the Acreages (including Crown Pastoral Leases) in Groups of Sizes, according to the Provincial Districts.
Provincial Districts.Total of Holdings.1–10 Acres, inclusive.11–50 Acres, inclusive.51–100 Acres, inclusive.101–200 Acres, inclusive.201–320 Acres, inclusive.321–640 Acres, inclusive.641–1,000 Acres, inclusive.1,001–5,000 Acres, inclusive.5,001–10,000 Acres, inclusive.10,001–20,000 Acres, inclusive.20,001–50,000 Acres inclusive.Over 50,000 Acres.
Auckland: Area in acres7,769,04820,500102,821195,792509,383533,7071,151,137834,1262,457,800735,717539,919371,657316,489
Number of holdings 21,1804,6383,6182,4783,3612,0742,5121,0381,28411644125
Taranaki: Area in acres1,358,2714,84517,44765,544205,928178,111242,835173,088438,21532,258   
Number of holdings 5,4339546388221,3057005332162514   
Hawke's Bay: Area in acres3,211,066,97321,02534,78277,23579,780180,228190,780872,251567,103475,686277,080428,168
Number of holdings 4,6481,4087884725113223862334068032115
Wellington: Area in acres4,434,75514,81348,46586,664230,651228,896573,232459,5871,542,537496,209436,87292,337224,492
Number of holdings 11,2523,2541,7701,0941,5288961,24060799733134
Marlborough: Area in acres2,440,1091,9465,47810,46626,75831,044107,70784,23385,980194,694407,263506,544677,506
Number of holdings 1,7184752091391791192261051923124154
Nelson: Area in acres2,314,1163,39017,81131,89764,92582,599207,741196,282529,000159,171152,122279,162590,016
Number of holdings 3,65080665407444317448250282211084
Westland: Area in acres961,0687004,668,09818,37029,78256,85742,85359,820127,099129,856340,535142,437
Number of holdings 9452001631051201151254629209118
Canterbury: Area in acres6,587,58714,50260,890460194,829250,770553,054408,4501,381,40936,680386,271788,0052,126,267
Number of holdings 11,5763,3812,1921,1371,3179761,23150969855272726
Otago—
Otago portion: Area in acres7,997,9528,95535,91362,724161,144197,984401,721314,7831,247,213673,802935,8941,093,7002,864,119
Number of holdings 8,0201,9401,3208331,09477288536558495673431
Southland portion: Area, acres3,164,1844,77320,54536,553139,385205,414398,302227,049473,901202,781287,463408,720759,248
Number of holdings 5,4641,0198004618817928802892613120159
     Totals Area in acres40,238,12681,397335,056618,9801,628,601,818,0873,872,8092,931,7219,388,1263,525,5143,751,3464,157,7408,128,742
Number of holdings 73,87618,07512,1517,94810,7467,0838,4663,6114,78052626413690

Lands occupied cannot be properly compared with the returns of Crown lands alienated or in process of alienation, for certain lands have passed into the hands of Europeans which were never made waste lands of the Crown. Similarly, occupation of land must not be confused with ownership, a good deal of land being held which is unused and unoccupied.

OWNERSHIP OF LAND.

From the tables following it will be seen that of the total area of New Zealand (66 million acres) there was held as freehold on 31st March, 1910, more than nineteen and a half millions of acres of rural lands. The balance is in the hands of owners of urban lands, the Crown, Native owners, local bodies, church, education, friendly societies, and other public bodies. The number of freeholders of country lands (i.e., exclusive of those in boroughs and townships), with the area held, and the capital and unimproved values of same on 31st March, 1910, was as follows:—

Size of Holdings, in Acres.Number of Owners.Total Area.Capital Value.Unimproved Value.
 Acres.££
5 and under 32036,2343,457,55139,426,89026,224,383
320 and under 6405,3942,422,80318,177,89613,049,185
640 and under 1,0002,0631,618,60911,179,7938,087,573
1,000 and under 2,0001,7482,487,57114,967,92911,034,208
2,000 and under 5,0001,0063,966,19516,733,30712,612,376
5,000 and under 10,0003062,113,0819,214,7686,934,896
10,000 and under 20,0001211,661,3816,044,0684,665,446
20,000 and under 30,00028683,3681,984,9901,508,004
30,000 and under 40,0005175,001313,003232,999
40,000 and under 50,0006262,565331,727196,091
50,000 and under 100,00011727,156723,084565,858
100,000 and under 150,000
150,000 and over
     Totals46,92219,575,281119,097,45585,111,019
NUMBER OF FREEHOLDERS (EXCLUSIVE OF THOSE IN BOROUGHS on TOWNSHIPS) WITH SIZES OF HOLDINGS.
Sizes of Holdings, in Acres.Number of Freeholders in
1883.1886.1889.1892.1902.1906.1910.
5 and under 32025,40728,52131,32432,21134,80035,20036,234
320 and under 6402,6952,9823,1893,5534,7355,1075,394
040 and under 1,0009311,0431,0351,1431,5801,8622,063
1,000 and under 2,0008169169069921,3691,5531,748
2,000 and under 5,0004655095075667758641,006
5,000 and under 10,000203220221208260278306
10,000 and under 20,000141151134148123129121
20,000 and under 30,00049435045404028
30,000 and under 40,0002331263021145
40,000 and under 50,000115139986
50,000 and under 100,00019251820181211
100,000 and under 150,00022242  
150,000 and over227631 
     Totals30,76434,45037,43238,93543,73545,06846,922

Prior to the year 1906 the areas of freehold lands under 10,000 acres were not classified, but it is possible to compare the areas above that quantity as held in 1889, 1906, and 1910. Still excluding lands in the hands of Native owners, local bodies, church, education, friendly societies, and other public bodies, the figures are,—

Area, in Acres.1889.1906.1910.
 Acres.AcresAcres.
10,000 and under 20,0001,911,1541,817,5621,661,381
20,000 and under 30,0001,221,8291,002,816683,368
30,000 and under 40,000921,435474,822175,001
40,000 and under 50,000570,646353,100262,565
50,000 and under 75,000723,459490,507560,250
75,000 and under 100,000522,590342,493166,906
100,000 and under 150,000241,423....
150,000 and over1,389,664223,242..

It would appear from the above that there has been a reduction in the total held in areas of 10,000 acres and over of 2,797,658 acres during the period 1889–1906, and a further reduction of 1,195,071 acres during the period 1906 to 1910, or a total reduction of 3,992,729 acres between 1889 and 1910. The average area held by owners of 10,000 acres and upwards shows a steady decrease since 1889, as follows:—

     Average Area held.
Year.Acres.
188930,009
189229,924
190228,312
190623,061
191020,523

Chapter 16. SECTION XVI.—AGRICULTURE AND LIVE-STOCK.

SUBSECTION A.—GENERAL.

THE Dominion of New Zealand is a country specially favoured for primary production. The soil covering is varied in character, a considerable portion of it being of exceptional fertility, but even the poorer soils are often capable of profitable utilization by reason of the comparatively mild and equable weather-conditions. The best grasses and fodder plants flourish in the congenial environment, and the country has already gained a world-wide reputation for the quality of its pastures. Numerous streams intersect the country and present to the farmer a great potential source of cheap power which is already being used in individual cases for shearing sheep, separating milk, crushing grain, cutting firewood, and lighting the home.

A conspicuous feature of New Zealand farming is that the stock do not require to be stalled in the winter, though necessarily the pastures have to be supplemented by fodder crops in the colder months of the year. This fact, combined with rare fertility of the soil, enables the New Zealand farmer to produce stock at a much smaller cost than the farmer in countries where artificial feeding has to be employed and where droughts periodically occur.

New Zealand is primarily a grazing-country, and, while more of the land is every year being given up to the cultivation of fodder crops, its future will, no doubt, be inseparably associated with stock-raising, principally of dairy cattle and sheep. Though not a century old, over sixteen million acres of land in the Dominion have been sown down in English grasses, and when it is considered that the area under pasture in Great Britain is only twenty million acres, the splendid progress made by the farmers of New Zealand will be realized. A great proportion of the crops grown in the Dominion are for the production of secondary commodities, such as meat, wool, and dairy-produce. Only a minor proportion are exported direct, and in these may be included the native Phormium tenax fibre. The production of this, at the present time conducted on a highly payable basis, may be regarded as a fairly permanent industry, as the larger areas of the Phormium tenax plant are in swampy locations which, under present conditions at least, are incapable of being effectively drained for agricultural purposes.

Grain crops, principally oats and wheat, are grown on a fairly large scale in the eastern and southern districts of the South Island for export purposes. Barley is also grown, but to a very much smaller extent. Much of the crop of oats produced, however, is chaffed for stock-feeding purposes within the country. Root crops, principally turnips, have been grown on a large scale for winter feed and for stock-fattening purposes, more particularly in the South Island. Owing to the difficulty of growing large areas of turnips free from disease, other stock-foods are coming into prominence. Mangolds are being cultivated to a larger extent; farmers are just beginning to realize the great value of lucerne; and silver-beet for feeding to dairy stock is proving successful. Ensilage-making, particularly in the stack form, is increasing in use in dairying districts. Quite a feature of milk-producing operations is the growing of green fodder crops to maintain the milk-supply during the drier months of the year, and for this purpose maize is specially favoured, though such crops as barley and tares are increasing in use. It will be seen that live-stock in New Zealand are entirely maintained on food produced on the farm itself, there being no such thing as the use of concentrated foodstuffs, except in the case of calf and pig meals, much of which is locally manufactured, principally from imported ingredients.

THE NORTH ISLAND.

The North Island of the Dominion is remarkable for the congenial environment it furnishes for many phases of primary production. In no part is the winter really severe, and the question of stalling stock during the colder months of the year has not to be considered. It is more a grazing than an agricultural country, and practically all the grain crops raised are used for feeding to farm stock. The dominant industries are dairying and sheep-farming. There is probably no finer sheep-country in the world than the limestone downs of the fertile province of Hawke's Bay, while on the west coast the Waimate Plains provide an ideal environment for dairy cattle. It may be said with every confidence that there is more butter-fat produced to the acre on many farms in this part of the Dominion than on any equal area in the world when it is considered that all the food provided for the stock is produced on the farm itself. Within a radius of twenty miles of the township of Eltham the value of the dairy-produce manufactured in the year is just on £2,000,000. One of the chief factories, that of Kaupokonui, said to be the largest cheese-manufacturing plant in the world, turned out last season 2,395 tons of cheese and 102 tons of butter manufactured from the butter-fat saved from the residual whey. Some idea of the expansion of the dairying industry, for which the North Island is mainly responsible, may be gauged from the fact that the value of the export of butter and cheese in 1890 was £207,687; in 1900, £969,731; and in 1910, £3,007,348, while for the year 1913 it was £3,831,948. In the year 1891 the number of cattle in the Dominion was 831,831. In 1911 the herds had increased to 2,020,171 head—an increase of 143 per cent.

Sheep-farming in the North Island has also made great headway, and with the steady increase in the area of land being taken up for this purpose, particularly in the back country, the gain being made in the number of the flocks more than compensates for the sheep-breeding areas on the better lands being taken up for dairy-farming.

In the northern portions of the island fruit-growing is being placed on a sound commercial basis. In this part of the Dominion citrus fruits can be successfully produced, and, with the adoption of better methods in the production of these, such fruits as oranges, lemons, and grapes will be cultivated on a large scale.

The remarkable demonstration provided by the Department of Agriculture. Industries, and Commerce at the Waerenga Experimental Farm in the utilization of poor “gum” land, considered useless for ordinary agricultural purposes, for the production of fruit, has provided a key to the unlocking of a vast area of land in the North Island. That fruit of the best quality can be successfully produced on such country is now an accomplished fact. In connection with the demonstration work at Waerenga a number of fruit-farms were laid out and, as they reached the profit-making stage, were disposed of. It has also been demonstrated at this farm that wattle-trees thrive in some northern lands, and the Department has established large plantations that are periodically harvested for wattle-bark, which is ground on the property and sold at remunerative prices for tanning purposes. The industry of fruitgrowing should in the future provide an important addition in these parts of the Dominion to individual and national wealth.

During recent years it has been discovered that the Waikato district and the Auckland Province in general are admirably adapted for the industry of milk-production, and dairying in this part of the Dominion has made remarkable headway. Exports during the last ten years are conclusive evidence of this. In the year 1902 the exports of dairy-produce from the Auckland Province were—Butter, 55,510 packages; cheese. 3,778 packages; whereas last year they were—Butter, 390,230 packages; cheese, 14,813 packages.

With the adoption of improved methods in the treatment of the land and the demonstration, particularly at the Ruakura Farm of Instruction, of the correct manurial treatment, farming in the Auckland Province has been placed on a much more stable basis. Assisted by a most favourable climate, of which a very mild winter is a conspicuous feature, stock-raising of all descriptions is being carried on with conspicuous success. The country is eminently adapted for the production of root and fodder crops, and stock can be brought to maturity and fattened for the market at a minimum of cost.

While the greater part of the North Island of New Zealand has been settled and is carrying a prosperous community of farmers, a large area still remains to be settled. Much of this is in the interior and at rather high altitudes, but a considerable amount of land now in the hands of the Natives is of a fertile nature, and when settled will carry a large community of small fanners. The rare productivity of the soil in the best sections of the Island has led to the values of these advancing to a very high level, with the result that closer settlement of them is inevitable. While this is so, the standard of dairy-farming is steadily improving, not only by reason of special fodder being provided for the drier parts of the summer and the colder months of the year, but on account of the fact that the farmer is coming to realize the vast difference in the productive character of individual cows.

THE SOUTH ISLAND.

The South Island was the portion of the Dominion where agriculture was first established, the settlement of the land being greatly facilitated by the fact that on the eastern, southern, and northern portions large fertile plains, rolling downs, and hills were available, devoid of the forests which in the North Island have had to be cleared before the land could be utilized by the farmer. Agricultural operations in the south have been maintained at a high standard for many years, principally in Otago and Canterbury, many of the pioneers of which districts were British yeomen farmers who brought with them the best methods of the Old Land. So in the breeding of live-stock, many of the original holders of land in the south and the shepherds and herdsmen they employed were well trained in stock-management by live-stock breeders of the Mother-country. The South Island may fairly be termed the nursery of the live-stock of the Dominion, and the high quality of the stock bred in the country is in a large measure due to the capacity of the men who founded and developed the flocks and herds in the eastern and southern districts of the South Island.

While the climate in the southern districts of the South Island is not so congenial as that in the northern, there are only a few portions where the winter is at all vigorous. The Nelson Province, in the north-west corner of the Island, is noted for the rare quality of its climate. This is never of an extreme nature, and is remarkably equable in character. Nelson has a sunshine-record which is equalled in but few parts of the Temperate Zone. The district is specially suitable for fruit-growing, which is being developed on a rapidly expanding commercial scale, local growers having already established an export trade in apples. At the other end of the Island, in Central Otago, a peculiar configuration of the country enables fruit-growing to be prosecuted with unique success. The winter is severe, but the warm summer suns and the absence of wind make it an ideal environment for fruit-growing.

Generally, however, stock-raising is the main industry in the southern half of the Dominion, while in some sections, particularly in Canterbury, Otago, and Marlborough, grain-growing is prosecuted on a considerable scale, and wheat and oats are staple articles of export. The Canterbury Plains, extending one hundred and fifty miles north and south and running inland for forty miles from the sea, represent an area of over 3,000,000 acres. This forms the principal grain-growing area. Wheat, oats, and barley are cultivated to a large extent. In Otago and the lower portions of that province—Southland—oats are the grain principally produced. The average grain-yields in New Zealand for the season 1913–14 were—Wheat, 31.37 bushels per acre; oats, 40.75 bushels per acre; and barley, 37.65 bushels per acre. In some of the richer lands the yield of wheat has reached very high figures, even up to 80 or 90 bushels per acre, while over 100 bushels to the acre have been recorded for crops of oats. In root crops up to 70 tons per acre of turnips have been secured, while the yield of mangolds has frequently reached 90 tons.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIES, AND COMMERCE.

Under the direct control of the Minister of Agriculture, who at the present time is also Prime Minister of the Dominion, the Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce is a service which is mainly concerned in advancing the interests of agriculture. It has special branches dealing with the leading phases of primary production. Under a Secretary of Agriculture there are Directors of Divisions of Live-stock and Meat; Dairy-produce; Fields and Experimental Farms; and Orchards, Gardens, and Apiaries. Attached to the Department there is also a biological and botanical section, while a special agricultural chemist is on the staff of the Dominion Analyst. Over four hundred officers are engaged.

While the service is mainly educative, it also carries out important inspection work, such as—

Live-stock and meat inspection: All meat exported is inspected by qualified officers. Cattle are inspected for tuberculosis and other bovine troubles, sheep are inspected for disease, slaughterhouses are licensed and controlled, and all stock exported and imported are examined by veterinary surgeons, of whom there are twenty-eight in the employment of the Department.

Dairy-produce is inspected and graded prior to shipment, a close supervision being also exercised over the moisture in butter and cheese, as well as over the weights of such produce, dairy-farm premises are inspected, and herd-testing and semi-official testing-work is controlled, and milk-samples are tested for dairy companies and farmers. Altogether twenty-five dairy experts are employed.

Officers of the Fields and Experimental Farms Divisions conduct a close supervision over the control of noxious weeds, and the suppression of rabbits, and a special staff is employed to grade New Zealand phormium-fibre prior to export.

The Orchards, Gardens, and Apiaries Division is charged with the inspection of fruit and trees imported and offered for sale, inspects orchards and apiaries, and generally controls diseases of plants and bees.

There are six experimental farms, which carry out experiments and demonstrations of national as well as local import. Plant-breeding work is being conducted at two of the farms, and at three of them purebred herds of dairy cattle are being bred according to pedigree of performance. Several of the farms were established to solve local problems, and the objective in each case has been attained. Attached to three of the farms are a number of learners, mainly farmers' sons, who are being trained in up-to-date methods of agriculture.

The instructional work covers a comprehensive field, all classes of farmers being assisted by advice. Over five thousand farmers visited the experimental farms last year, while nearly ten thousand letters of advice were written by the managers. Large educational displays are made at the several winter shows, chiefly illustrative of the experiments conducted at the farms of the Department. This year 900 farmers are co-operating with the Department in conducting experiments on their farms. Leaflets are periodically issued, and a monthly journal is published at a nominal subscription. Any farmer can have his soil analysed, his seed examined for germination-capacity and purity, his milk tested for butter-fat content or for the presence of disease, plants identified, and diseases of either animals or plants described, and a remedy suggested—all these services being rendered free of charge.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

By an Act of the General Assembly passed in 1913 provision was made for the establishment of a Board of Agriculture, consisting of not more than twelve members appointed by the Governor, of whom not more than four were to be appointed on the recommendation of the agricultural and pastoral societies of the North Island, and an equal number on the recommendation of such societies in the South Island. The functions of the Board (which has now been set up) are to advise the Minister of Agriculture on matters relating to the development of agricultural and other rural industries in New Zealand. In particular, but without limiting the application of the term “agricultural and rural industries,” the functions of the Board extend to the following matters:—

  1. The aiding, improving, and developing of agriculture and all rural industries, including fruit-culture, horticulture, forestry, dairying, the breeding of stock and poultry, beekeeping, and the flax industry;

  2. The prevention and control of disease in stock and poultry, the control of rabbits and noxious weeds, and the dipping of sheep; (c.) The establishment of agricultural colleges and agricultural education generally; and

  3. The aiding or facilitating of the carriage and distribution of produce.

NOTES ON NEW ZEALAND SOILS.

The following notes on the New Zealand soils have been furnished by Mr. B. C. Aston. F.I.C., Agricultural Chemist to the New Zealand Government:—

New Zealand is a country remarkable for containing within a comparatively small land-area such a number of differing types of soil that a continent would require to be ransacked to discover elsewhere a similar variety.

Starting from the far south, the Subantarctic Islands (Campbell Island, Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands, Snares Island) are covered with a peaty cap similar to that on the Orkneys of Britain. Campbell Island the Dominion's southernmost possession, which is in occupation as a sheep-run and whaling-station, approximates in general conditions to the Falkland Islands. The other Subantarctic Islands are uninhabited. The Chatham Islands are also covered with a peaty soil many feet in depth.

Otago (including Southland), the most southerly portion of the South Island of New Zealand, presents great topographical and climatic contrasts—the eastern coastal lands with an annual rainfall of from 30 in. to 50 in being in sharp contrast to the contiguous dry or even arid central area, consisting of mountain and plain (rainfall from 6 in. to 15 in.). This, again, is separated, by high mountains from the wet west coast (rainfall up to 250 in.). There is thus an island climate at the coasts with a continental climate island. The arid district of Central Otago contains the richest soils of the Dominion in the rare typo derived from the mica-schist rocks; but somewhat paradoxically this is one of the most sparsely settled areas in New Zealand, owing to the want of available water. The fact that some of the densest civilizations known to history have developed by preference in arid territory* finds no counterpart in New Zealand. When engineering science shall have overcome the difficulties attending the irrigation of the arid lands of Otago, these may some day prove the brightest gem of Now Zealand's diadem.

The fertile Canterbury Plains supply excellent examples, derived from the Southern Alps (Maitai series—Triassic), of gravel-fans covered with soils of varying depths and fineness. Sometimes the soil may have had a water-borne origin (clay sand), sometimes air-borne (loess). The climate of this area is drier than the southern coastal districts. Canterbury lacking the damp coastal climate which is such a prominent feature of Otago. Excepting the Banks Peninsula area, the climate of this portion of the Island (Canterbury) becomes increasingly wetter as the cast, coast is left and the west is approached.

In Westland the mica-schist soils are found under humid conditions, and when properly tilled and treated with lime yield abundant crops, as their composition would lead one to expect. Further north, in Westland and west Nelson, occur large areas of poor, sour moorland, sometimes underlain by a refractory iron pan or iron conglomorate, and known generally as “pakihi” lands. In Collingwood occur silty soils, composed of what the miner would call “hungry quartz.” These provide the best examples of the efficacy of manuring with phosphates, which are almost entirely wanting in the soil. Certain parts of Nelson Province are largely composed of serpentine rocks, which on weathering give rise to soils containing a large excess of magnesia.

Coming to the North Island, the soils of the Wellington and Hawke's Bay Provinces are derived from the greywakes, slates, mudstones (Triassic), or on the central volcanic plateau are of recent igneous origin. These soils have either been distributed aerially from the volcanoes, or have resulted from the weathering of the acid lavas and breccias which form the chief country rock of that district.

North Taranaki owes its fertility largely to the basic lavas and showers of apilli ejected from Mount Egmont (8,260 ft.), coupled with a very humid climate, thus providing ideal dairying country. The soils generally are light in texture and very intolerant of drought.

The lands of the northern province (Auckland) are derived from a variety of rocks, ranging from the basaltic lavas yielding rich loams to the sedimentaries giving the poor Waitomata clays. There are huge areas of unimproved country under swamp, the reclamation of which presents interesting problems not altogether of an engineering type. These extreme northern soils are much warmer and more responsive to artificial fertilizers, especially phosphates, than are those of the south. The southern farmer stands astonished at the amounts of fertilizer which his northern cousin finds it payable to use. Correlated with this is the chemical fact that, broadly speaking, the further one advances north the poorer are the soils in plant-food. The tabular statement appended shows this in a striking manner.

The coral soil of the Cook Islands, growing coconuts, bananas, oranges, and other fruits requiring tropical humid conditions is the last variety one may quote as worthy of mention.

Thus the possessions of New Zealand, stretching, as they do, from latitude 20° to 52° south (corresponding approximately to that of Cape Verd Islands and England respectively in the North) will be found to exhibit every variety of climate, aspect, altitude, and chemical and physical characters that one can imagine.

* Egypt, Cartilage, Mexico, Arabia, Assyria, Mesopotamia, Persia parts of the Indian Peninsula—Punjab, Sindh, Rajputana.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS ANALYSED.

District. (Number of Samples analysed, in Brackets.)Rating.Available Plant-food, determined by B. Dyer's Method, modified by A. D. Hall.Total NitrogenNumber of Soils analysed.Rating (Maereker).Total Phosphoric Acid (P2O5).
Potash (K2O).Phosphoric Acid (P2O5).
 No. of SamplesNo. of SamplesNo. of Samples No. of Samples
Southland and Otago (95)Deficient13370Poor 
Normal182114 Medium13
Good767178 Normal17
 Good29
 Rich11
Percentage deficient133 19
Canterbury (41)Deficient 3331Poor 
Normal485 Medium2
Good373033 Normal19
 Good10
 Rich 
Percentage deficientNil 77 6
Westland (32)Deficient312410Poor3
Normal1126 Medium3
Good181822 Normal4
 Good 
 Rich 
Percentage deficient104013 60
Nelson and Marlborough (37)Deficient 11120Poor 
Normal564 Medium6
Good322032 Normal7
 Good6
 Rich1
Percentage deficientNil 303 30
Wellington (123)Deficient340590Poor7
Normal363610 Medium32
Good8447108 Normal28
 Good11
 Rich12
Percentage deficient334 43
Taranaki (12)Deficient 1 7Poor 
Normal23  Medium 
Good10812 Normal1
 Good4
 Rich2
Percentage deficientNil 8Nil  Nil
Hawke's Bay (27)Deficient 16 16Poor 
Normal341 Medium7
Good24726 Normal3
 Good5
 Rich1
Percentage deficientNil 59Nil  44
Auckland (121)Deficient4791080Poor26
Normal241714 Medium20
Good932597 Normal18
     Good12
     Rich4
Percentage deficient3658 57
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS BY PLANT-FOOD PERCENTAGES.
Maereker's Rating.
Grade of Soil.Phosphoric Acid.Nitrogen.
PoorBelow 0.05Below 0.05
Medium0.05–0.100.05–0.10
Normal0.10–0.150.10–0.15
Good0.15–0.250.15–0.25
RichAbove 0.25Above 0.25

Rating adopted for Available Plant-food, as determined by B. Dyer's Method.

Grade of Soil.Potash.Phosphoric Acid.

* Very few soils from Taranaki have been analysed. Further data may alter considerably the position of this province in the table.

DeficientBelow 0.005Below 0.01
Normal0.005–0.010.01–0.015
GoodAbove 0.01Above 0.015

SUBSECTION B.—AGRICULTURE.

UP to and including the 1908–9 season, complete agricultural statistics were collected annually, the plan adopted being similar to that used in the United Kingdom, the account of land laid down in crop being ascertained at an early date, while statistics of produce were made up after the results of threshing were known.

For the 1909–10 season full statistics were not collected, but the area under the principal grain and root crops was ascertained and an estimate made of the yields.

In conjunction with the census of 1911, complete statistics were collected by the Government Statistician, covering the 1910–11 season, and these are the latest statistics available in regard to any but the principal grain, grass-seed, and root crops. In each of the past three seasons returns have been collected by post regarding the acreage and yield of the principal crops, and the results obtained should be taken as fairly reliable estimates only. The total area actually sown would probably be slightly in excess of that obtained under the system of collection by post.

The table following shows the acreage and yield of certain corn and pulse crops, grass-seed and potatoes for the last ten years.

It will be seen that of the eight crops shown for 1913–14 in only two cases (maize and potatoes) was the area sown greater than in the previous year. As against this, however, the average yield per acre appears to have been more in most cases in 1913–14 than in 1912–13, the exceptions been grass-seed and potatoes.

ACREAGE AND ACTUAL YIELD OF CORN AND PULSE CROPS, GRASSES, ETC., FOR THE YEARS 1904–5 TO 1913–14.
Year.Wheat.*Oats.*Barley.*Rye.*Maize.*
Acres.Yield Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield Acre, in Bushels.Total Bushels.

* For threshing only.

1904–5258,01535.369,123,673342,18942.5314,553,61129,48438.261,128,1641,1292831,61210,08448.63490,405
1905–6222,18330.606,798,934354,29135.3612,707,98229,64434.541,024,0451,3973863,08610,48560.39633,212
1906–7206,18527.185,605,252351,92931.8311,201,78933,30531.081,035,3461,2983241.5368,86945.83406,491
1907–8193,03128.845,567,139386,88538.8215,021,86136,17732.151,163,4062,95823.970,7028,86956.74503,301
1908–9252,39134.758,772,790406,90846.4618,906,78848,85339.671,938,4523,5062691,15611,52261.95713,838
1909–10311,000288,661,100377,0003713,804,00041,500311,304,000      
1910–11322,16725.738,290,221302,82733.4110,118,91733,49127.68927,1124,39524.18106,27113,05743.64569,807
1911–12215,52833.697,261,138403,66848.7119,662,66831,64439.651,254,684   6,09445.66278,252
1912–13189,86927.285,179,626386,78635.1213,583,92437,48636.751,377,610   4,68347.43222,115
1913–14166,77431.375,231,700361,74140.7514,740,94632,02237.651,205,628   5,94251.79307,736
Year.Peas.*Beans.*Rye-grass.Cocksfoot.Potatoes.
Acres.Yield per Acres, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acres, in Bushels.Total Bushels.Acres.Yield per Acres, in B'ls of 20 lb.Total BushelsAcres.Yield per Acres, in Pounds.Total Pounds.Acres.Yield per Acres, in Tons.Total Tons.

* For threshing only.

1904–511,42633.09378,1952,54535.3489,96431,66223.95758,38739,707223.908,890,77526,3315.11134,608
1905–613,21129.89394,9032,05433.2168,22230,62632.23987,24337,039237.148,783,57126,8344.59123,402
1906–711,51929.21336,4521,96037.3973,29925,89322.37579,39931,633183.195,795,91531,2895.42169,875
1907–88,41628.78242,2451,16837.643,92340,43528.691,160,41328,731144.374,147,90227,0355.28142,990
1908–96,99342.77299,1621,25141.6552,11650,12632.531,630,61532,705144.354,721,15929,9196.52195,206
1909–10      56,550331,894,65029,5001514,451,00030,5006180,509
1910–1114,82934.50511,6001,79840.1372,15046,706251,167,65041,9181405,868,52029,0234.87141,510
1911–1219,94632.38645,851   77,53528.362,198,89338,297182.126,974,65028,2485.13144,912
1912–1319,64925.83507,534   63,03123.151,458,94734,007238.378,106,24923,4806.29147,689
1913–1413,87131.64438,878   55,93619.641,098,83525,935191.114,956.43829,1645.39157,194
AREA IN CULTIVATION AND IN OCCUPATION, 1910–11.
Provincial District.In Grain and Pulse Crops.In Green and Root Crops.In Fallow Land.In Sown Grasses: Land ploughed (For all purposes.)In Sown Grasses: Land not ploughed. (For all purposes.)In Hay: Area included in two Previous Columns.In Orchard and Vineyard.In Garden. (Market and Private.)In Plantation. (Not Native Bush.)Total Area in Cultivation.In Tussock or Native Grass, and Unimproved Land.Total Area in Occupation.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Auckland52,81157,50256,201802,2622,541,99916,89012,0353,43520,4013,546,6464,222,4027,769,048
Taranaki11,98423,9823,274211,189793,38512,3979536101,3321,046,709311,5621,358,271
Hawke's Bay22,81935,5737,281356,9251,405,5433,8742,4211,0983,8101,835,4701,375,6163,211,086
Wellington49,32758,7997,183357,9802,699,66410,1493,6462,7455,4633,184,8071,249,9434,434,755
Marlborough36,34411,6143,189100,255421,8981,2435922721,927576,0911,864,0182,440,109
Nelson32,07118,4755,445139,318418,0632,5944,8946624,544623,4721,690,6442,314,116
Westland6681,5247789,90373,768470208851486,948874,120961,068
Canterbury474,503228,93664,7081,455,519507,4466,3443,9433,71518,1122,756,8823,830,7056,587,587
Otago—
Otago portion193,994136,99540,220818,416227,3465,9273,08.11,6856,8511,428,5886,569,3647,997,952
Southland portion141,301140,28221,694748,459125,4032,7129608521,3261,180,2771,983,8573,164,134
     Totals1,015,822713,682209,9735,000,2269,214,51562,60032,73315,15963,78016,265,89023,972,23640,238,126
LAND IN CULTIVATION.—ACREAGE UNDBR CROP, FALLOW LAND, SOWN GRASSES, ETC., FOR EACH COUNTY AS AT THE 1ST JANUARY, 1911.
County.Total under Crop.Fallow Land.In Sown Grasses, Land ploughed.In Surface Sown Grasses, Land not ploughed.In Orchard and Vineyard.In Garden.Plantation.Total Area under Cultivation.
North Island.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Mangonui8593329,59031,94615157442,939
Whangaroa2441867949,1797142910,525
Hokianga1,3194813,34881,4183891745487,183
Bay of Islands1,4658718,02350,456216781661,125
Whangarei1,8991,91430,461139,9971,12410776175,578
Hobson9351,3144,99690,17116210014597,823
Otamatea1,0581,1818,753103,3192828537114,715
Rodney1,3232,09517,776102,8841,427125149125,779
Waitemata2,2335,29329,93043,3102,94535136784,429
Edon51744214,25314,24646068012730,725
Manukau13,81411,365138,96573,6331,024301951240,053
Coromandel271773,34323,4439073827,305
Thames8554357,22511,098310801720,020
Waikato8,5845,92675,01248,2697281645,427144,110
Raglan3,2442,78128,510147,21921365113182,145
Waipa10,0813,94178,65021,687384112466115,321
Kawhia2261351,04148,8494922650,328
Waitomo3,0832,83321,73487,0191486991114,977
Awakino364869959,3281813160,431
Ohinemuri2,1611,06315,23315,6791191078434,446
Piako7,7493,41370,31428,76523258408110,939
Matamata9,8945,26291,18619,80711661651126,977
Tauranga9,5971,59654,40332,6375498634399,211
Rotorua1,0924067,24024,79181579,93743,604
East Taupo715461,8972,47513125185,676
West Taupo3,38789613,90721,79114173540,047
Ohura5263019762,8335428363,671
Whakatane2,16281111,67225,58283181440,342
Opotiki3,42731915,66958,092118322877,685
Waiapu5,05769654273,575303131279,447
Cook9,87252931,699467,904378194199510,775
Waikohu2,3001515,088320,597573686328,315
Clifton2,77231517,60195,3101094224116,173
Taranaki9,3021,12253,259101,095341245462165,826
Egmont4,17021218,57973,363843313496,575
Stratford5,68029514,226141,2868479105161,755
Whangamomona129141,16373,7963617575,160
Eltham3,12941211,27073,152745610088,193
Waimate West2,62924618,09324,60840256945,710
Hawera2,62119030,72759,921715819393,781
Patea5,53446846,271150,85411455240203,536
Wairoa6,62634214,655393,58110357144415,508
Hawke's Bay19,9493,173169,151290,2991,7786411,783486,774
Waipawa16,7261,67357,644152,00711683706228,955
Waipukurau3,18928626,86212,873435926743,579
Patangata3,91449468,273247,2757160655320,742
Dannevirke4,79673513,958161,874123135138181,759
Weber27118559961,48323115162,623
Woodville2,9213935,78386,151164526695,530
Pahiatua2,0252194,663149,539208111116156,881
Akitio54222719137,488502668138,915
Eketahuna1,311591,49971,88170357174,926
Waimarino1,1974266171,36329289973,419
Kaitieke4471433632,1383922232,998
Waitotara3,04029124,429103,5841848290131,700
Wanganui3,82841517,772207,759219304332230,629
Rangitikei23,6801,14174,352324,036470289975424,943
Kiwitea4,4002699,402160,47113760157174,896
Pohangina1,5231471,98994,32997196398,167
Oroua7,86061317,82984,05824894164110,866
Manawatu13,45385046,74152,596186186545114,557
Kairanga4,36147721,48566,50142217931193,732
Horowhenua4,95746112,090105,251342256224123,584
Masterton12,49882236,939317,06620927449368,259
Mauriceville520301,59545,1183382747,331
Castlepoint479103,640114,6563020154118,989
Wairarapa South7,85329124,930149,52514461255183,059
Featherston12,19679049,993246,9183051511,130311,483
Hutt1,2881124,931104,507191446127111,602
Makara6681081,98560,880339310463,871
     Totals for North Island312,79773,9391,728,3567,440,59119,0557,88831,0069,613,632
County.Total under Crop.Fallow Land.In Sown Grasses, Land ploughed.In Surface Sown Grasses, Land not ploughed.In Orchard and Vineyard.In Garden.Plantation.Total Area under Cultivation.
South Island.
 Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.Acres.
Sounds3602150391,58064173592,580
Marlborough43,6462,63172,616266,9144722201,805388,304
Kaikoura3,95253727,13663,40456358795,207
Collingwood175401,92119,8997619422,134
Takaka1,1003525,17633,56118716740,399
Waimea23,4622,40632,876185,7104,215409532249,610
Buller192952,00615,72015550318,221
Inangahua4412564,5278,2307241113,568
Murchison51316477628,0944512329,609
Amuri15,1351,81353,32980,58157703,298154,283
Cheviot9,52831938,70546,268874569695,648
Grey8633216,47124,51412847 32,344
Westland1,3294573,43249,25480381454,604
Waipara23,5091,943101,688102,9636774902231,146
Tawera5,44094910,22415,337171714032,124
Ashley74,5676,041174,28775,6993923101,099332,395
Selwyn21,3482,03865,0533,86939511,55293,950
Waimairi4,93153112,0821,35461265522020,385
Malvern51,4624,02994,0352,1141151382,190154,083
Paparua15,49094717,19375811411219034,804
Heathcote4222633,8852,3332773921467,718
Halswell3,2631529,3553,6786911319316,823
Springs13,0551,49724,5502,675454818642,056
Ellesmere32,9822,52850,9051,3352157879788,840
Mount Herbert310458,59920,348901210929,513
Akaroa62 8,37988,8001445816497,607
Wairewa2,4041228,76452,545563315464,078
Ashburton203,66114,542408,83022,1824275865,716655,944
Geraldine67,7055,654133,78447,8423013111,769257,366
Levels52,7605,72274,0336,989323290922141,039
Mackenzie24,0221,60961,54619,63815052572107,589
Waimate106,04616,096188,32736,9874903851,091349,422
Waitaki85,5299,707179,41253,251390313986329,588
Waihemo12,64855433,5619,880544910756,853
Waikouaiti6,66946519,06442,37814613216469,018
Taieri25,5512,11981,37816,300302368401126,419
Peninsula1,3751082,83913,129501697017,740
Bruce42,9683,21598,1779,241131135447154,314
Clutha62,7286,038168,88541,947191151519280,459
Tuapeka44,9473,308113,03326,1539981413,377191,957
Vincent13,0656,58033,1224,177664755957,742
Lake12,2563,99217,1647,670918421641,473
Maniototo23,2534,13471,7813,2206468505103,025
Southland218,26014,776574,68667,454778705977877,636
Wallace and Fiord63,3186,918173,77256,276179143346300,952
Stewart Island5 11,6733431,689
     Totals for South Island1,416,707136,0343,271,8701,773,92413,6787,27132,7746,652,258
     Totals for Dominion1,729,504209,9735,000,2269,214,51532,73315,15963,78016,265,890

WHEAT.

The wheat harvest of 1914 showed an average yield of 31.37 bushels per acre, the crop realized being 5,231,700 bushels, against 5,179,626 bushels in 1913, and 7,261,138 bushels in 1912. The estimated area under wheat for threshing decreased from 322,167 acres in 1910–11. to 215,528 acres in 1911–12, 189,869 acres in 1912–13, and 166,774 acres in 1913–14.

Export of Wheat.

The figures given below show that there is no regular export of wheat from New Zealand. Unless there is a rise in price, consequent on a general shortage, it is found more profitable to consume any surplus grain on the farm and export other products.

Year.Wheat Exported. Bushels.
18922,460,774
1894228,904
1896453,123
189810,090
19002,867,069
1902194,671
190371,700
1904813,535
1905967,151
190661,199
19071,374
19081,385
19091,419,217
19101,294,328
19111,254,557
1912505,205
191362,338

The imports of wheat during 1898 exceeded the exports by upwards of 50,000 bushels, but from 1899 to 1906 the imports were practically nil, the small quantity introduced being for seeding purposes only. In 1913 the import was 91 centals, of which 53 centals came from the United Kingdom, and 37 from Victoria.

Wheat-crop of Australasia, 1913–14.

The following shows the area in wheat, and the estimated produce, in each State of the Commonwealth of Australia and in New Zealand for the season 1913–14:—

State.Wheat-crop.
 Acres.Bushels.Bushels per Acre.
Queensland132,3452,053,78315.52
New South Wales3,206,60038,043,36011.86
Victoria2,565,86132,936,24512.84
South Australia2,267,85116,936,9887.47
Western Australia1,104,75313,496,24212.22
Tasmania18,054421,38023.34
     Totals for Commonwealth9,295,464103,887,99811.18
     New Zealand166,7745,231,70031.37
     Grand totals9,462,238109,119,69811.53

World's Wheat-crop.

According to information collected by the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, the wheat-crop of the Northern Hemisphere in 1913 and the Southern Hemisphere in 1913–14 aggregated 1,066,527,734 quintals (of 220.46 lb.). The produce of a few countries are not included in this total, so that the world's wheat production for the season may be set down at approximately eleven hundred millions of quintals. The principal countries contributing to his total are as follows:—

Country.Quintals (of 22040 lb.).

* 19152 figures.

Russia265,567,503
United States207,761,501
India97,537,464
France87,833,200
Canada63,064,099
Austria-Hungary62,020,019
Italy58,352,000
Germany46,559,560
Argentine Republic35,800,000
Australasia32,313,670
Spain30,590,794
Roumania22,913,340
Bulgaria16,500,000
United Kingdom15,428,645
Egypt*8,409,639
Algeria7,500,000
Japan6,860,339
Belgium4,093,884
Chile3,262,000
Sweden2,539,180

OATS.

The estimated extent of land in oats sown for grain in 1913–14 was 361,741 acres, as against 386,786 acres in the preceding year. The breadth of land in oats for chaffing, ensilage, or feeding down in 1910–11 (the latest year available) was 290,569 acres.

The yield per acre was, in 1913, 35.12 bushels, and in 1914 40.75 bushels, and the quantity of grain produced was 13,583,924 bushels and 14,740,946 bushels for the respective years.

Export of Oats.

The quantity of oats exported in 1891 and succeeding years was as follows:—

Year.Export of Oats. Bushels.
18914,052,414
18923,830,444
18941,963,288
18962,247,053
1898816,210
19005,818,648
190110,514,924
19034,956,330
19042,693,417
19051,076,916
1906734,997
190736,693
1908972,896
19095,133,473
1910444,586
191172,826
19124,123,920
1913239,268

Of the oats exported in 1913, New South Wales received 133,846 bushels, Victoria 47,239 bushels, Ceylon 17,724 bushels, and Uruguay 12,545 bushels.

Oat-crop of Australasia, 1912–13.

The oat-crop for 1912–13 in the States of the Commonwealth of Australia and in New Zealand was as follows:—

     Acres.Bushels.Average per Acre
Queensland4,23282,42019.48
New South Wales84,9791,669,25919.64
Federal Capital Territory1964,81624.57
Victoria439,2428,323,63918.95
South Australia155,5451,673,50810.76
Western Australia127,6452,105,81216.50
Tasmania62,4452,257,25836.15
     Totals for Commonwealth874,28416,116,71218.43
     New Zealand386,78613,583,92435.12
     Grand totals1,261,07029,700,63623.55

Of the total acreage under oats in Australasia, 30.67 per cent. was in New Zealand, while 4574 per cent. of the total output belonged to the Dominion. The New Zealand average yield per acre was somewhat below the mean of recent years, but was nevertheless nearly double that of the Commonwealth as a whole.

BARLEY.

The estimated area under barley (for threshing) for the season 1913–14 was 32,022 acres, the crop being estimated at 1,205,628 bushels, an average yield per acre of 37.65 bushels. In 1912–13 the area under barley was 37,486 acres, and the yield 1,377,610 bushels, or 36.75 bushels per acre.

MAIZE.

The returns for 1913–14 show that there were 5,942 acres sown for grain, an area considerably in excess of that for the previous season (4,683 acres). The yield in 1913 was 222,115 bushels of corn, an average of 47.43 bushels per acre, and in 1914, 307,736 bushels, an average of 51.79 bushels per acre. Maize is grown only in the North Island, with the exception of a few acres. In 1913–14, the Provincial District of Auckland had 5,293 acres; Hawke's Bay, 308 acres; Taranaki, 93 acres; Wellington, 183 acres; Marlborough, 3 acres; Nelson, 35 acres; Canterbury, 26 acres; and Otago, 1 acre.

EYE.

There were 4,395 acres in rye, yielding 106,271 bushels, or at the rate of 24.18 bushels per acre, in 1910–11. No figures are available for the past three years.

PEAS AND BEANS.

The area under peas for threshing in the season 1912–13 was 19,649 acres, yielding 507,534 bushels, or an average of 25.83 bushels per acre. The area in 1913–14 was 13,871 acres, the average yield per acre 31.64 bushels, and the total yield 438,878 bushels.

There were 1,798 acres under beans in 1910–11, giving a return of 72,150 bushels, the average being 40.13 bushels per acre. No returns have been collected since 1910–11.

New Zealand has a considerable export of peas and beans, the figures for the past ten years being:—

EXPORT OF PEAS AND BEANS.
Year.Bushels.
1904193,017
1005187,829
1906128,098
1907120,905
190890,751
1909181,517
1910198,527
1911332,227
1912464,609
1913339,998

POTATOES.

The area under potatoes in 1913–14 was 29,164 acres, yielding a return of 157,194 tons, or at a rate of 5.39 tons per acre, against 23,480 acres in 1912–13 and 147,689 tons (or 6.29 tons per acre).

The following table shows the average yield per acre of potatoes in each of the Australian States and New Zealand during the past five years:—

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF POTATOES. 1908–9 to 1912–13.

State.1908–9.1909–10.1910–11.1911–12.1912–13.
 Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.Tons.
Queensland1.851.761.881.701.86
New South Wales2.732.802.721.742.69
Victoria3.192.802.602.504.02
South Australia2.672.283.063.063.85
Western Australia3.303.423.273.442.62
Tasmania3.463.462.672.852.95
Commonwealth3.072.822.642.313.25
New Zealand 6.526.004.875.135.39

TURNIPS, MANGOLDS, AND RAPE.

Turnips and rape form a most important crop in a sheep-breeding country such as New Zealand, and in 1892 the area of land under this crop amounted to 422,359 acres. The returns for 1898 gave only 470,582 acres, but for the 1913–14 season 714,479 acres (493,568 acres in turnips and 220,911 acres in rape) were set down as under these crops. The average yield of turnips per acre in 1913–14 was 13.03 tons.

The area under mangolds in 1913–14 was 10,182 acres, and the total yield 305,358 tons, equal to an average of 29.99 tons per acre.

HOPS.

Information re hops has not been obtained since 1910–11.

There were 653 acres under hops in 1910–11, as against 688 acres at the previous collection (in 1908–9). No account of the produce has been taken for some years, but in 1895 the yield was 7,556 cwt.

Of the land under hops in 1910–11, 605 acres were in the Waimea County and 14 in Takaka, both in the Provincial District of Nelson. The import of hops in 1913 amounted to 780 cwt., and the exports to 4,460 cwt., of which 13 cwt. were re-exports.

TOBACCO.

Official statistics of the growing of tobacco have not been collected since 1895. In 1889, 34 acres were being cultivated; in 1890, 25 acres; in 1891, 16 acres; in 1892, 6 acres; in 1893, 4 acres; in 1894, 4 acres; and in 1895, 5 acres, the production in 1895 being 1,599 lb. of dried leaf. Experiments carried out at various times have proved conclusively that parts of New Zealand are well adapted to the growing of tobacco, the Hawke's Bay District being specially suited by soil and climatic conditions to the growth of pipe and cigarette tobaccos. The New Zealand Tobacco Company some few years ago took up land at Clive for the purpose of tobacco-growing, and in 1913–14 had an area under crop amounting to 60 acres, the yield of leaf being more than 50,000 lb. The operations having so far been very successful, the company, it is stated, intends next season to increase the acreage to 120 acres

PHORMIUM TENAX.

Large areas in various parts of New Zealand are covered with phormium tenax, the fibre of which is largely used for rope-making, &c. At the census of 1911 there were 81 mills in operation, employing 1,244 hands. The export of fibre and tow during each of the past ten years was as follows:—

PHORMIUM EXPORTED, 1904–13.
Year.Fibre. Tons.Tow. Tons.
190426,9361,201
190527,8773,283
190627,7795,520
190728,5476,885
190817,4033,846
190914,3182,974
191020,6454,501
191117,3663,283
191218,6413,388
191328,0926,299

GARDENS AND PLANTATIONS.

The extent of land in garden in 1910–11 was 15,159 acres, of which 10,400 acres were private gardens and 4,759 acres market gardens. In plantations of forest-trees there were 63,780 acres.

ORCHARDS AND THE FRUIT INDUSTRY.

Each succeeding year sees a marked increase in the area planted in commercial orchards in the Dominion. The area being planted this year (1914) is 3,179 acres, making a total of 42,000 acres for the whole of New Zealand, as compared with 28,558 acres in 1908, an increase of 13,442 acres in six years.

Remarkable progress is being made in the Nelson District, 1,300 acres being planted in that district alone during this season (1914). The industry is also making rapid development in the Auckland, Hawke's Bay, Canterbury, and Otago Districts.

A good market exists locally for choice clean fruit, but as the large areas recently planted come into bearing growers will have to look to outside markets to take the surplus, and it is hoped that the export of fruit will become in time one of the largest of the Dominion.

Already a good start has been made in the export trade in apples, 67,964 cases having been shipped this year to South America, which market will be able to absorb all the Dominion can supply for several years to come, at satisfactory prices to the growers.

The Agricultural Department assists orchardists by supplying information on fruit-growing generally, and as to the most up-to-date methods to adopt for the control of diseases and insect pests, pruning, &c. Practical demonstrations of pruning, spraying, and the grading and packing of fruit are given regularly by the Orchard Instructors attached to the Department.

Co-operative fruit-testing plots are established in various parts of the Dominion. These plots are for the purpose of—

  1. Ascertaining which varieties of fruit are best adapted to particular districts.

  2. Demonstrating various methods of priming.

  3. Conducting modified manurial experiments.

Two or more trees of each variety are selected and planted.

The importance of these plots can hardly be overestimated, and growers exhibit great eagerness to co-operate in establishing them.

Extensive experiments have recently been carried out by the Department in the growing of tomatoes and the control of diseases affecting them, many thousands of pounds having been lost through failure of the tomato crops grown under glass during the last two or three years. The results of these experiments have proved of great value, and have enabled growers to adopt successful methods for the production of large and profitable crops.

Growers are beginning to realize the advantages of cool storage, and copies of full plans and specifications of a cool store capable of holding 4,000 cases of fruit have been prepared by the Department, and are supplied free on application.

The canning of fruit is also another important feature of the fruit industry. Plans and specifications for the building and equipment of a factory capable of turning out 4,000 cans per day are also available, free of charge, by those contemplating the erection of a factory.

The total acreage in vineyards is 779 acres, and there are about 715 vine-houses.

The growing of outdoor grapes is chiefly confined to the districts situated between the North Cape and Hawke's Bay.

It is estimated that 90,350 gallons of wine were produced last season, which, at 2s. 6d. per gallon, represents a total of £11,294. A large quantity of outdoor-grown grapes are sold for table use. The yield of fruit from grapes grown under glass for last season is estimated at 463,243 lb., representing a value of £23,162.

SOWN GRASSES AND SEEDS.

New Zealand is essentially suited for grazing purposes. Wherever there is light and moisture English grasses thrive when the natural bush and fern are cleared off—in fact, the white clover gradually overcomes the fern; and, from the mildness of the winter season, there are few places where there is not some growth, even in the coldest months of the year. In all parts of the Dominion stock live, although in varying condition, without other food than such as they can pick up. Sown-grass land, as might be expected, heads the list of cultivations.

At the beginning of the year 1911 there were 14,214,741 acres under artificial grasses. Of these, 5,000,226 acres had been previously ploughed, while 9,214,515 acres had not been ploughed. Much of the latter area was bush or forest land, sown down in grass after the timber had been wholly or partially burnt off.

The area under rye-grass for seed in the season 1913–14 was 55,936 acres, yielding 1,098,835 bushels of 20 lb., or a rate of 19.64 bushels per acre.

In cocksfoot there were 25,935 acres, which yielded 4,956,438 lb., or an average of 191–11 lb. per acre. The area in the previous season was 34,007 acres, and the total yield 8,106,249 lb., the average yield per acre being 238.37 lb.

Seeds for sowing pasture lands are used much as in Great Britain, the following being a common mixture: Perennial rye-grass, 25 lb. to 30 lb. per acre; cocksfoot, 2 lb.; alsike, 2 lb.; timothy, 3 lb.; cowgrass, 2 lb.; red clover, 2 lb.; white clover, 2 lb.; rape, 1 lb.: total, 39 lb. to 44 lb. per acre. Pastures are renewed at intervals of from four to eight years, according to the nature of the land.

The following shows the acreage in sown grasses in each State of Australia and in New Zealand for the 1910–11 season:—

     Acres.
Queensland140,196
New South Wales1,055,303
Victoria991,195
South Australia26,416
Western Australia8,348
Tasmania493,233
New Zealand14,214,741

It will be observed that the acreage of land under sown grasses is far greater in New Zealand than in the whole of Australia and Tasmania. When compared in size with the States of Australia, New Zealand is not large—about one-thirtieth of their total area—but in respect of grazing capabilities the relative importance of this country is much greater. Australia is generally unsuitable, owing to conditions of climate, for the growth of English grasses, and the amount of feed produced by the natural grasses throughout the year is very much less per acre than is obtained from the sown-grass lands in New Zealand; indeed, it may be said that the average productiveness of grass land is about nine times as great here as in Australia, or, in other words, that land in New Zealand covered with English grasses may be considered equal for grazing purposes to an area of Australian land about nine times as great.

In addition to the artificially sown pastures, the returns for 1910–11 show that 23,972,236 acres of unimproved land, including that in tussock or native grass, belonged to the occupied holdings, and were available for stock-feeding by the sheep-farmers and cattle-farmers.

SUBSECTION C.—LIVE-STOCK.

A COMPARATIVE table is presented showing the increase in livestock since the year 1858. The figures are taken from the census as far as 1891 and for 1911, but for 1895–96 and following years up to 1910 the results of the enumeration made annually by the Department of Agriculture have been made use of. No enumeration has been taken since 1911 except as regards sheep.

Year.Horses.Asses and Mules.Cattle.Sheep.Goats.Pigs.Poultry.

* Not enumerated

185814,912122137,2041,523,32411,79740,734*
186128,275153193,2852,761,38312,19143,270236,098
186449,409339249,7604,937,27312,00561,276378,414
186765,715323312,8358,418,57911,964115,104676,065
187181,028397436,5929,700,62912,434151,460872,174
187499,859267494,91711,704,85314,276123,9211,058,198
1878137,768241578,43013,069,33814,243207,3371,323,542
1881161,736362698,63712,985,08511,223200,0831,566,114
1886187,382297853,35816,564,59510,220277,9011,679,021
1891211,040348831,83118,128,1869,055308,8121,790,070
1895237,4184261,047,90119,826,604*239,778*
1896–97249,8134341,138,06719,138,493*209,834*
1897–98252,8343931,209,16519,687,954*186,027*
1898–99258,1155341,203,02419,673,725*193,512*
1899–00261,9314591,222,13919,348,506*249,751*
1900–1266,2454801,256,68019,355,195*250,975*
1901–2279,6724061,361,78420,233,099*224,024*
1902–3286,9554641,460,66320,342,727*193,740*
1903–4298,7144681,593,54718,954,553*226,591*
1904–5314,3224481,736,85018,280,806*255,320*
1905–6326,5374291,810,93619,130,875*249,727*
1906–7342,6084511,851,75020,108,471*242,2733,191,604
1907–8352,8324251,816,29920,983,772*241,128*
1908–9363,2595191,773,32622,449,053*245,092*
1909 **23,480,707***
1910 **24,269,620***
1911404,2844042,020,17123,996,126*348,7543,693,137
1912 **23,750,153***
1913 **24,191,810***
1914***24,595,405***

The stock owned by Maoris in April, 1911, which are included in the above figures, comprised: Horses, 48,222; cattle, 61,300; sheep, 486,922; pigs, 33,290.

The graphs contained in the following diagram will give an idea of the large increase in the number of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs since 1858.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height the number of animals, as follows: Sheep, one million; cattle, one hundred thousand; horses and pigs, each fifty thousand.

Live-stock in Australasia.

The following gives the number of the principal kinds of livestock in Australasia for the year 1913:—

State.Sheep.Cattle.Horses.Pigs.

* 1911 figures.

Queensland21,786,6005,322,033707,265140,045
New South Wales39,842,5182,836,801746,377288,162
Victoria12,113,6821,528,553562,331221,277
South Australia5,073,057352,905283,64164,119
Northern Territory67,109417,64322,7921,018
Western Australia4,418,402829,489155,83147,756
Tasmania1,745,356205,74343,94137,990
     Totals for Commonwealth85,046,72411,493,1672,522,178800,367
     New Zealand24,191,8102,020,171*404,284*348,754*

LIVE-STOCK IN EACH COUNTY.

Details of the live-stock in each county of New Zealand are appended:—

NUMBER OF HORSES, CATTLE, PIGS, AND ANGORA GOATS IN EACH COUNTY IN THE DOMINION IN APRIL, 1911, AND OF SHEEP IN APRIL, 1913.
County.Horses.Asses and Mules.Cattle (including Dairy Cows).Dairy Cows (in Milk and Dry).Sheep.Angora Goats.Pigs.
Provincial District of Auckland.
Mangonui3,164113,6783,39831,4351122,819
Whangaroa1,100 3,2646079,112132938
Hokianga4,443 18,4094,66925,973292,619
Bay of Islands2,741614,9333,49144,8082641,899
Whangarei5,415645,58114,58345,1882604,475
Hobson2,109 22,0554,80361,810341,793
Otamatea2,716424,3766,60862,3281342,757
Rodney2,972520,3915,80780,1521162,125
Waitemata3,5941415,5536,08446,3271753,242
Eden6,124159,0474,1453,190602,939
Manukau10,9101060,76628,49246,17340611,360
Franklin      52,761
Coromandel99716,1141,53129,13574750
Thames1,558 8,5073,3984,63061,983
Waikato5,791136,09114,37144,5022768,002
Raglan3,951131,6595,617179,2061372,793
Waipa5,383332,50013,54124,677447,319
Kawhia1,091 5,8321,30447,8033773
Waitomo4,508 19,9524,45195,502133,828
Awakino657 7,51449678,100 318
Ohinemuri2,504311,4054,3195,798122,871
Piako2,910 22,1278,86645,93673,825
Matamata3,525128,4029,99329,43534,365
Tauranga5,335227,9268,2645,90344,802
East Taupo and Rotorua3,10415,9791,87636,957 1,735
West Taupo and Ohura4,085820,3253,43076,13014,574
Whakatane1,970411,6843,90937,17911,259
Opotiki2,301 9,1213,152106,04411,9566
Waiapu5,7139436,682560622,445132,681
Cook10,1591569,3326,625946,349324,625
Waikohu4,191 45,1821,596489,862 1,113
     Totals115,021195684,387180,3863,414,8502,34996,538
Provincial District of Taranaki.
Clifton2,040 21,9946,28786,8581042,782
Taranaki5,268 53,11325,02738,51482810,019
Egmont3,369439,98317,7709,13485,055
Stratford3,489 44,40522,184122,8833157,859
Whangamomona73927,4491,406102,13519403
Eltham2,573 32,94417,99554,711657,590
Waimate West1,909 24,69015,6881,181 6,155
Hawera3,255 35,93316,38585,990117,153
Patea3,763 37,64911,499267,343 3,644
     Totals26,4056298,160134,241768,7491,35050,660
Provincial District of Hawke's Bay.
Wairoa6,711 29,4553,245692,75171,901
Hawke's Bay9,705950,1967,2851,128,654953,964
Waipawa3,152 16,3833,029430,384 1,137
Waipukurau869 4,298765104,224 221
Patangata2,752 37,7901,506658,185116360
Weber490 5,036725107,56015081
Dannevirke3,652 24,6369,135276,45873,657
Woodville1,577 15,4045,71192,264 2,379
     Totals28,9089183,19831,4013,488,48037513,700
Provincial District of Wellington.
Pahiatua2,455 26,0959,959217,189 4,758
Akitio1,397 16,4211,528281,466 267
Eketahuna1,346 12,9745,82187,511102,432
Waimarino1,496 6,2321,386170,389 609
Kaitieke73321,91451048,412 299
Waitotara2,2561118,5384,330211,537312,550
Wanganui4,208227,5444,577577,565351,361
Rangitikei8,608748,52910,1981,027,146193,832
Kiwitea3,010 19,5514,429340,753 2,395
Pohangina1,567 13,8983,805167,835131,995
Oroua3,147618,3968,772155,439 4,269
Manawatu4,108328,12111,971151,289176,963
Kairanga4,045128,02511,216106,58785,804
Horowhenua3,729124,7618,447144,019405,405
Masterton4,306134,0213,855609,82171,574
Mauriceville506 5,3061,44777,699 585
Castlepoint855 14,712441174,462 128
Wairarapa South2,637425,4427,598199,551393,857
Featherston4,163440,0346,874492,67494,087
Hutt2,8673011,0264,876155,0801391,493
Makara3,01924,7042,70176,942261,912
     Totals60,45874426,244114,7415,473,36639356,575
Provincial District of Marlborough.
Sounds314 2,780974186,859291,475
Marlborough6,421 12,7634,624345,6645693,991
Awatere287,633      
Kaikoura1,663 5,1591,859205,274151,267
     Totals8,398 20,7027,4571,025,4306136,733
Provincial District of Nelson.
Collingwood467 5,3591,68514,48714953
Takaka1,032 5,2172,43249,837881,907
Waimea5,964 13,5175,214305,9985484,349
Buller1,148 6,0092,2683,4656969
Inangahua59713,2931,05012,25949705
Murchison662 4,8241,26537,483 707
Amuri2,233 3,605607410,228 519
Cheviot1,544 3,215627196,9044454
     Totals13,647145,03915,1481,030,66170910,563
Provincial District of Westland.
Grey1,43517,5292,22326,444141,510
Westland2,343 17,0854,42728,15851,096
     Totals3,778124,6146,65054,602192,606
Provincial District of Canterbury.
Waipara2,530 2,997767371,900 622
Ashley8,792217,2338,012444,2512311,032
Kowai
Oxford
Rangiora
Eyre
Tawera844 99239675,950 488
Selwyn1,482 1,289527605,194 709
Waimairi2,46125,5073,637104,613
Malvern3,450 2,7691,323 2,645
Paparua2,28113,3752,199193,875
Heathcote2,73212,2471,471431,473
Halswell1,04213,6652,061 1,173
Springs1,573 4,3262,335 2,955
Ellesmere3,480 7,4283,869448,823
Mount Herbert467 1,79438750,84252281
Akaroa1,596216,8294,51094,063121,412
Wairewa95615,7081,85397,234 855
Ashburton14,0181415,2266,438936,7681611,058
Geraldine6,218189,3604,083391,365245,452
Levels5,15066,2422,905226,812 3,261
Mackenzie2,56453,3921,009420,4851976
Waimate8,31539,8114,047598,041256,506
     Totals69,95156120,19051,8294,312,90526968,209
Provincial District of Otago.
OTAGO PORTION.
Waitaki9,0801919,0519,529618,906155,811
Waihemo1,71213,6101,814146,719 1,020
Waikouaiti2,11319,3765,47771,76662,267
Taieri7,481320,0428,749227,373 5,277
Peninsula939 4,7673,4497,626 831
Bruce4,996111,2694,867214,339 2,928
Clutha6,519716,5876,646364,617 3,644
Tuapeka5,07327,2602,367436,661 1,831
Vincent2,542 3,7251,243311,5143811
Lake1,720 4,013797227,8268697
Maniototo3,14585,0551,392317,254 382
Totals45,32042104,75546,3302,944,6013225,499
SOUTHLAND PORTION.
Southland24,8362088,98136,8451,132,4551014,328
Wallace and Fiord7,515 23,7128,618474,397 3,329
Stewart Island47 189872,934 14
     Totals32,39820112,88245,5501,609,7861017,671
     Totals for Otago77,71862217,63791,8804,554,3874243,170
     Chatham Islands68,380      
     Totals for Dominion404,2844042,020,171633,73324,191,8106,119348,754

SHEEP.

The Dominion is eminently suited for sheep - breeding, practically every description of sheep finding a favourable local habitat. In the hilly and down country of the South Island the merino has been bred for very many years, and was the original sheep depastured. In fact, the merino ewe furnished the foundation of the crossbred stock which has made Canterbury mutton famous on British meat-markets. In the early days of the Canterbury meat trade the English Leicester of the original type was the favourite ram for putting to the merino ewe. Of later years the Lincoln has been largely employed to cross with the merino, and black-faced rams have been further employed to put to the crossbred ewes. In the North Island the Romney sheep, which suits the rather moist climate of this portion of the Dominion, has become the most popular sheep; it is also increasing in numbers in the South Island. The Lincoln and Border-Leicester are also favoured in both Islands, while the Southdown is displacing other breeds for fat-lamb production right throughout the Dominion. The Leicesters, mainly the English variety, are still the most popular British breed in the South.

From the table following it will be seen that the flocks of the North Island increased from 5,285,907 sheep in the year 1886 to 9,203,963 in 1904 and 13,145,445 in 1913, or at the rate of 74.12 per cent. in the first eighteen years of the period and of 4282 per cent. between 1904 and 1913. Sheep in the South Island decreased from 9,888,356 in 1886 to 9,076,843 in 1904, a decrease of 8.21 per cent. in the eighteen years. Between 1904 and 1913, however, the South Island shows an increase of 1,969,522, or at the rate of 21.70 per cent.

Year.North Island.South Island.Total.
18865,285,9079,888,35615,174,263
19049,203,9639,076,84318,280,806
19059,388,6059,742,27019,130,875
190610,009,73110,098,74020,108,471
190710,854,01810,129,75420,983,772
190811,632,20110,816,85222,449,053
190912,193,21111,287,49623,480,707
191012,917,66211,351,95824,269,620
191112,814,35311,181,77323,996,126
191212,618,08911,132,06423,750,153
191313,145,44511,046,36524,191,810

There was an increase of 5,237,257 in the total number of sheep between 1903 and 1913, representing a rate of 27.63 per cent. in the ten years.

Of the provincial districts, Wellington had most sheep in 1913, Otago came next, and Canterbury occupied the third place. The particulars given below show that in five of the nine provinces the figures for 1913 show increases on those for 1912 amounting in the aggregate to 588,947, decreases in Otago, Marlborough, Nelson, and Westland, however, reducing the net increase to 441,657.

Provincial District.No. of Sheep in 1912.No. of Sheep in 1913.Increase in 1913.Decrease in 1913.

* Including Chatham Islands.

Wellington5,255,1665,473,366218,200 
Otago4,655,9394,554,387 101,552
Canterbury*4,319,6944,381,285†61,591 
Hawke's Bay3,343,6723,488,480144,808 
Auckland3,299,5633,414,850115,287 
Nelson1,041,9031,030,661 11,242
Marlborough1,056,0721,025,430 30,642
Taranaki719,688768,74949,061 
Westland58,45654,602 3,854
     Totals23,750,15324,191,810441,657 
NUMBER OF FLOCKS, 1891, 1896, 1901, 1906, 1911, AND 1913.
Size of Flocks.1891.1896.1901.1906.1911.1913.
Under 5008,27212,02811,70011,79311,46311,053
500 and under 1,0001,6912,6053,0593,4314,3664,459
1,000 and under 2,0009691,460    
2,000 and under 5,0006668922,877*3,340*4,833*5,232*
5,000 and under 10,000287340397394540536
10,000 and under 20,000239231189213216188
20,000 and upwards169147138947559
     Totals12,29317,70318,36019,26521,49321,527

The average size of the flocks is found to have been 1,081 sheep in 1896, 1,116 in 1911, and 1,124 in 1913.

Crossbreds and other longwools comprise 93 per cent. of the New Zealand flocks, the merino being less suited for freezing. The number of the different classes composing the flocks in April, 1912, and April, 1913, was as follows:—

     1901.1906.1911.1913.
* From 1,000 to 2,5002,1892,5583,7033,946
* From 2,500 to 5,0006887821,1301,286
 2,8773,3404,8335,232
Stud—1912.1913.  
     Merino50,53352,620  
     Lincoln95,34896,203  
     Romney286,349301,612  
     Border Leicester87,33684,415  
     English Leicester87,74484,124  
     Shropshire19,81719,592  
     Southdown33,16738,104  
     Other breeds46,13745,672  
     Totals706,431722,342  
Flock—
     Crossbreds and other longwools21,449,22622,007,415  
     Merino1,594,4961,462,053  
     Totals23,043,72223,469,468  
     Grand totals23,750,15324,191,810  

An interim return gives the number of sheep in New Zealand on the 30th April, 1914, as 24,595,405, an increase of 403,595 during the year. In the North Island the number was 12,970,131, and in the South Island 11,625,274, a decrease of 175,314 in the North Island, and an increase of 578,909 in the South Island.

Breeding-ewes.

The number of breeding-ewes in April, 1912, was 12,277,029, and in April, 1913, 12,521,036, an increase of 244,007 for the year. Figures for ten years are given:—

BREEDING-EWES.
19049,222,448
190510,079,184
190610,479,187
190710,736,846
190811,244,041
190912,370,346
191012,515,380
191112,324,463
191212,277,029
191312,521,036

The estimated lambing percentage for the 1913 lambing season works out at 96œ per cent. in the case of stud ewes, and at 89œ per cent. for flock ewes.

Consumption and Export of Mutton and Lamb.

Figures showing sheep and lambs slaughtered for food purposes each year since 1904–5, together with the exports of frozen mutton and lamb, are given in the tables following.

SHEEP.
Year ended 31st March.Sheep slaughtered for Food Purposes.Frozen Mutton exported.
Number.Weight.Number of Carcases, including Pieces at 60 lb. to a Sheep.Weight.
  Cwt. Cwt.
19052,226,5931,192,8171,926,748965,503
19061,897,1181,016,3131,546,722776,116
19072,730,4481,462,7402,058,7701,033,055
19082,381,2641,275,6771,841,332906,425
19092,830,4531,516,3141,866,531927,429
19102,793,8781,496,7201,775,090.883,361
19113,372,1501,806,5092,193,6651,068,881
19123,189,5271,708,6751,867,828912,926
19133,306,5881,771,3862,208,3301,092,692
19144,019,8312,153,5702,557,6391,271,935
     Totals for 10 years28,747,85015,400,72119,842,6559,838,323
LAMBS.
Year ended 31st March.Lambs slaughtered for Food Purposes.Frozen Lamb exported.
Number.Weight.Number of Carcases.Weight.
  Cwt. Cwt.
19052,042,105656,4441,894,361603,612
19062,544,999808,0351,932,214616,823
19072,944,271946,3642,666,564818,556
19082,862,067919,9502,732,792837,141
19093,332,2181,071,0702,629,817873,061
19103,675,6761,181,4673,356,7021,049,113
19114,044,9531,301,0563,839,9221,167,980
19123,192,1081,026,0343,093,091932,835
19133,505,9861,126,9242,956,249901,146
19144,338,1801,394,4153,854,3481,186,638
     Totals for 10 years32,482,56310,431,75928,956,0608,986,905

In addition to the figures given above, it is estimated that 4,000,000 sheep, representing a weight of 270,000,000 lb., and about 550,000 lambs, of a weight of 20,000,000 lb., were killed by farmers for local consumption. It would therefore appear that about 1,075,000,000 lb. of mutton and lamb were consumed in the Dominion during the ten years shown. The average annual consumption per head of population, including Maoris, is thus over 100 lb.

The following table, extracted from the last annual report of the Colonial Consignment and Distributing Company (Limited), shows that New Zealand supplies larger quantities of frozen mutton and lamb to the United Kingdom than do either Australia or South America.

Year.Imports of Frozen Mutton and Lamb into United Kingdom from
New Zealand.Australia.South America.
19043,883,588450,8482,938,227
19053,707,7731,368,4723,201,486
19064,147,8341,732,3282,919,240
19074,796,7552,337,9613,015,229
19084,234,5121,831,2453,585,786
19095,035,0942,678,7393,352,898
19105,407,4704,219,0123,353,726
19115,233,7833,611,0514,125,350
19125,495,2512,883,5053,630,378
19135,672,3434,442,2012,820,011

Sheep in Australasia.

The number of sheep in the several States of the Commonwealth of Australia and in New Zealand for the years 1900, 1905, 1910, and 1913 was as follows:—

     1900.1905.1910.1913.

* Including Northern Territory.

† Figures for April following.

Queensland10,339,18512,535,23120,331,83821,786,600
New South Wales40,020,50639,506,76445,560,96939,842,518
Victoria10,841,79011,455,11512,882,66512,113,682
South Australia*5,283,2476,339,5426,324,7175,140,166
Western Australia2,434,3113,120,7035,158,5164,418,402
Tasmania1,683,9561,583,5611,788,3101,745,356
New Zealand19,355,19519,130,87523,996,12624,595,405
     Total for Australasia89,958,19093,671,791116,043,141109,642,129

Sheep Flocks of the World.

The following figures show that the sheep flocks of the world have increased since 1895, but not quite so rapidly as the population. It is not possible in every case to obtain information for uniform years to compare with 1895, therefore the latest figures available have been used.

Country.Sheep.Population.
Latest Figures available.1695.Latest Figures available.1895.
 Number.Number.Persons.Persons.
Europe175,831,136198,194,214461,494,000419,623,000
Australasia109,612,129110,561,3315,984,0003,810,000
South America112,713,521102,847,13450,500,00028,746,000
North America57,583,34557,158,600115,041,00088,895,000
Africa51,663,32931,890,05245,476,0008,210,000
Asia110,707,84221,957,752374,115,000339,500,000
     Total618,146,302522,609,0831,052,610,000888,784,000

Wool.

Wool is the most important product of New Zealand. The annual value of the export is about a third of the value of the total exports of the Dominion, the figures for 1912 and 1913 being—

     1912.1913.
 ££
Wool7,105,4838,057,620
Total exports of New Zealand produce21,272,40522,577,890

The quantity of wool exported in 1913 was 186,533,036 lb., a decrease of 1,828,754 lb., on the quantity exported in the previous year. The annual production of wool for the last twenty years, taking the exports for the twelve months immediately preceding the commencement of shearing, and adding thereto the quantity used in the Dominion for manufacturing purposes, is shown in the next table, but no addition has been made for wool on sheep-skins exported, nor for loss in scouring and washing.

Year ended 30th September.Quantity exported.Quantity purchased by Local Mills.Total.
 lb.lb.lb.
1894128,480,4572,476,155130,956,612
1895129,333,7693,299,132132,632,901
1896128,309,6733,989,934132,299,607
1897134,410,9553,298,469137,709,424
1898150,401,3993,763,831154,165,230
1899143,644,2034,258,505147,902,708
1900144,829,5153,223,392148,052,907
1901143,064,7894,629,924147,694,713
1902155,652,5634,203,312159,855,875
1903160,919,6935,294,652166,214,345
1904141,031,6995,191,451146,223,150
1905146,889,7673,651,343150,541,110
1906152,765,2324,372,472157,137,704
1907164,006,5794,116,722168,123,301
1908163,930,7224,779,198168,709,920
1909187,619,1815,202,821192,822,002
1910194,472,9345,642,113200,115,047
1911184,854,1496,048,164190,902,313
1912189,553,7236,284,114195,837,837
1913195,353,5336,823,545202,177,078

From this table it will be seen that the total for the year ended 30th September, 1913, is the highest yet recorded, being 2,062,031 lb. in excess of that for 1909–10, the next highest.

The percentages of greasy, scoured, and washed wool to the total quantities exported during the last ten years are,—

Year.Greasy. Per Cent.Scoured and Sliped. Per Cent.Washed. Per Cent.
190479.8718.931.20
190582.0916.821.09
190682.2516.910.84
190783.5915.870.54
190881.6017.351.05
190982.4017.090.51
191083.4816.270.25
191180.6319.160.21
191280.9618.770.27
191383.2816.430.29

The following diagram shows the increase in the weight of wool exported since 1882, also the great expansion of the frozen-meat trade in the same period.

EXPORTS OF WOOL AND FROZEN MEAT, 1882–1913.

EXPLANATION OP GRAPHS.—The base of each small rectangle represents an interval of one year and the vertical height twenty millions of pounds (weight).

Continuous curve represents wool.

Dotted curve represents frozen meat.

According to information contained in Dalgety's “Annual Wool Review,” the oversea shipments of wool from Australasia for the year ended 30th June, 1914, total 2,527,463 bales, or 826,924,667 lb., as compared with 2,247,265 bales or 721,821,516 lb. in the previous year, an increase of 280,198 bales or 105,103,151 lb.

The shipment figures from each State compare as under with the previous season:—

1912–13.1913–14.
States—Bales.lb.Bales.lb.
     Queensland254,49581,743,794387,277127,414,133
     New South Wales773,010248,290,812853,104281,259,858
     Victoria435,795139,977,354486,976152,301,744
     South Australia164,25952,759,990152,93046,031,930
     Western Australia68,65622,052,30764,92119,541,221
     Tasmania22,2717,153,44521,3685,747,992
Commonwealth1,718,486551,977,7021,966,576632,296,878
New Zealand 528,779169,843,814560,887194,627,789
Australasia2,247,265721,821,5162,527,463826,924,667

The average value per bale of all the wool sold in Australasia during the past twelve months was £13 4s. 11d., as compared with £13 13s. 1d. for the previous year. The average weight of wool to the bale was 321.2 lb in 1912–13, and 327.2 lb in 1913–14.

The following table gives the latest information as to quantity of wool used annually for manufacturing purposes in certain principal countries.

AMOUNT OF WOOL USED FOR MANUFACTURING PURPOSES.
United Kingdom515,000,000 pounds.
United States505,000,000 pounds.
France480,000,000 pounds.
Germany400,000,000 pounds.
Austria-Hungary140,000,000 pounds.
Italy60,000,000 pounds.

The following interesting information with reference to the wool-clip, the local sales, &c., is also extracted from “Dalgety's Annual Wool Review” for the season ended 30th June, 1914. Referring to New Zealand, the Review reports as follows:—

From a buyer's point of view the North Island clip was not so attractive as that of the previous year. The Hawke's Bay wools were well grown and in light condition, but from other districts the staple was shorter and heavier in condition (to the extent, perhaps, of 3 per cent.) than the clip of 1912–13. A good deal of the hogget wool was somewhat tender.

Owing to the delayed shearing on account of strikes and wet weather there was more seed in the wool that usual, and the clip generally lacked brightness. The South Island wools were well grown and well up to the average of excellence, in fact the Otago and Southland clip was above the average in every way.

The clip, so far as the Wellington District was concerned, was not up to the standard of the previous year. Immediately the early consignments became available, it was noticed that for growth of staple, brightness, and soundness it did not compare favourably with the wool of the previous season; but it must be remembered that in 1912–13 there was an exceptionally fine clip in all respects. Generally the wool was heavier in the grease, and “bidi-bidi,” which seeded early last season, was very prevalent in some of the wool. There was less cotted wool than customary, but wool from hoggets showed traces of tenderness in the staple, and was often tick-stained. It was noticeable that classing and preparation had been carefully attended to by the majority of growers.

Each year an improvement in quality can be looked for, as considerable attention is being paid to the breeding of flocks, and on many farms high-class rams and ewes are being used with a view to the growing of the best wool possible.

Owing to the exceedingly dry season a, large portion of the Auckland wools was earthy and tender, and the clip was much heavier in condition that the previous year's growth.

The Gisborne district of late years has produced a useful class of wool, but last season the condition of portion of the clip was rather disappointing. Although fairly heavy in grease, the wool lacked lustre and was wanting in body. The chief cross used in the district is a strong-woolled Romney with the Lincoln, producing a wool of great length and strength, and generally of a bright, lustrous character. In a few cases the English Leicester has been tried, but the climate has proved too wet for that class of sheep.

The clip marketed in Christchurch, mainly comprised, as customary, crossbred wools of from 40's to 56's qualities. Owing to a mild winter the wool was generally well grown and sound in staple. The early clips from the plains were on the whole bright and attractive, but carried rather more condition than the previous year. The latter clips from the hill country opened up attractively, and were light and dry in condition, though in some cases yolk-stained and slightly off in colour. On the whole, while there were perhaps fewer super clips than usual, the average of quality and condition compared very favourably with that of the previous season, and a continued improvement was noticeable in the way the wool was got up for the market.

The South Canterbury wools marketed in Timaru were above the average as regards length of staple and soundness, but owing to the mild winter and abundance of feed carried more condition than usual.

The quality of the Otago clip marketed in Dunedin during the past season was fully up to the average, and in the best known brands of merino, half-bred, and crossbred was better than customary. The wool was well grown, fairly free from seed (except the late-shorn lines), and in point of yield would be from 2 per cent. to 4 per cent. better than the 1912–13 clip.

The Southland clip was exceptionally light in condition and of better quality than usual.

The following table setting out the prices ruling at the different auctions held at Dunedin is a good indication as to how values ruled at the New Zealand sales, as, naturally, with the same buyers attending in each centre and sales following one another at very short intervals, the position of the market was reflected at the various selling centres. With the figures for the first two sales of the 1913–14 season are g by way of comparison the figures for the first sale of the previous season.

PRICES CURRENT AT THE DUNEDIN SALES, SEASONS 1912–13 AND 1913–14.
Description.December, 1912.December, 1913.January, 1914.
 Per lb.Per lb.Per lb.
Merino—d. d.d. d.d. d.
     Super12 to 13 12 to 13Ÿ;
     Medium to good10 to 11œ10 to 10Ÿ;10 to 11œ
     Inferior8œ to 9œ7œ to 98 to 9œ
Half-bred—
     Super13 to 14Ÿ;11œ to 12Œ12 to 14
     Medium to good10œ to 12œ10 to 1110œ to 11Ÿ;
     Inferior9 to 108 to 9œ9 to 10
Crossbred—
     Super12 to 13Ÿ;10 to 10Ÿ;10œ to 12œ
     Medium to good9œ to 11œ8Ÿ; to 9Ÿ;9 to 10
     Inferior8œ to 97œ to 87Ÿ; to 8œ
Pieces—
     Super10œ to 12Œ9Œ to 1110 to 11Ÿ;
     Medium to good8œ to 107œ to 8œ7œ to 9œ
     Inferior6œ to 85 to 66 to 7Œ
Locks4 to 73 to 4Ÿ;3œ to 6

The third sale at Dunedin in 1913–14 was held on the 18th February, when prices were quoted at œd. to 1d. per lb. above rates current at the January sale.

CATTLE.

All the leading breeds of the cattle of Great Britain are represented in the Dominion by herds bred on sound lines, though the beef breeds of later years are not making such headway owing to the advance taking place in dairying operations. There are still very many fine Shorthorn herds of the beef type, while Aberdeen, Angus, and Hereford cattle are also bred. There are herd-books for each of these breeds.

The breeding of dairy cattle has made considerable progress in recent years. A special Jersey herd-book has been in existence for some time, and herd-book societies are now well established for the Holstein and Ayrshire breeds as well. During the past season the Dairy-produce Division of the Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce proposed a scheme for establishing registers of merit in connection with purebred dairy cattle. This was at once accepted by the Holstein and Jersey Herd-book Societies, and during the coming season the Ayrshire Herd-book Society will also co-operate in this movement. It is confidently expected that this will give a great fillip to the breeding of purebred dairy stock as it will place this work on a greatly improved plane. Its chief value will no doubt be found in the fact that the ordinary dairy farmer will be able in future to secure a bull of undoubted milking quality. He will be thus encouraged to use purebred bulls and thereby to assist materially in raising the standard of the dairy stock of the country. The farmer will be further encouraged to support the breeding of purebred stock, by reason of the fact that he is now coming to appreciate the value of herd-testing work, and thus knowing the really profitable cows in his herd, will be anxious to secure a bull which will enable them to perpetuate their good qualities.

An important factor responsible for the improved position of dairy cattle in New Zealand is the advent of the milking-machine, which is making the farmer more independent of hired labour. A feature of dairying operations in the country is that the farms generally are on a fairly large scale, but with the increasing price of land there is a gradual tendency towards smaller farms and the keeping of fewer but better cows. Also, there is a growing realization of the necessity of a more liberal system of feeding, particularly in the direction of growing special fodder crops to maintain the milk flow at all seasons of the year. Generally, dairy-farming in New Zealand is being conducted on a sound and profitable basis, and the outlook for the industry is most encouraging.

A policy which has been partly responsible for placing the breeding of dairy cattle on up-to-date principles has been the establishment of purebred herds at three of the experimental farms of the Department of Agriculture, and there breeding them according to an exact record of performance. High-priced stock have been imported by the Department in order that the foundation herds at the farms may be of the best quality. The milk of all the cattle is daily weighed and periodically tested, official check tests being conducted by experts of the Dairy-produce Division of the Department. The yearling bulls from these State milk-record herds command high values. Sensational figures have been recorded at the sales of the Holstein bull calves from the Weraroa Experimental Farm, as much as 295 guineas having been given at auction for a bull calf from the best cow of the herd. The appreciation of the farming community for this officially-tested stock has been chiefly responsible for the gratifying manner in which private breeders of pedigree stock have participated in the official register of merit scheme of the Department and the herd-book societies. In the season of 1910–11 the Department established a model herd-testing association in the Wairarapa district, carrying out the work of testing and of recording results free of all charge to the farmers taking part. This had the effect of creating at once wide interest in the important herd-testing movement, and the following season model associations were established in several leading dairying districts. This was intended not only to demonstrate the Value of herd-testing when properly conducted and with full comparative records published at the end of the season, but also to encourage farmers to establish co-operative testing associations on their own account. The object was achieved, and many associations are now in operation throughout the Dominion. The cattle as enumerated in 1911 for each provincial district are given in the following table, and show an increase over the figures for 1908–9 of 246,845.

SUMMARY OF PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Provincial District.Bulls (all Ages).Dairy Cows (in Milk and Dry).Heifers to calve next Season intended for Dairying.All other Kinds.Totals.
No comparison is possible with the 1908 figures, as the classification is not the same.
Auckland13,114180,38659,411431,476684,387
Taranaki6,358134,24131,616125,945298,160
Hawke's Bay2,97631,4018,781140,040183,198
Wellington8,255114,74131,212272,036426,244
Marlborough5437,4571,98110,72120,702
Nelson1,14215,1484,08024,66945,039
Westland4186,6502,08815,45824,614
Canterbury2,83751,82911,50654,018120,190
Otago: Otago portion.2,53646,3308,62047,269104,755
Otago: Southland portion2,69145,55011,05053,591112,882
     Totals40,870633,733170,3451,175,2232,020,171

The large increase in cattle is fairly evenly distributed, the only district showing a decrease being the Otago portion of the Otago Provincial District. The following table shows the respective increases, &c., of the provincial districts:—

Provincial District.Increase.Decrease.
Auckland93,531 
Taranaki40,767 
Hawke's Bay15,907 
Wellington47,040 
Marlborough2,958 
Nelson7,827 
Westland2,954 
Canterbury19,273 
Otago: Otago portion 6,367
Southland portion22,955 
     Totals253,2126,367
     Net increase246,845 

Out of a total of 2,020,171 cattle, the North Island is shown to have had 1,591,989, or 79 per cent., while the South Island had 428,182, or 21 per cent. The dairy cows and heifers intended for dairying in the North Island numbered 591,789, or 74 per cent., and in the South Island 212,289, or 26 per cent.

Consumption of Beef.

The following table shows the number and weight of cattle slaughtered for food purposes in each of the past ten years, together with the weight of beef exported :—

Year ended 31st March.Cattle slaughtered for Food Purposes.Weight of Beef exported.
Number.Weight.
  Cwt.Cwt.
1905109,297780,693159,133
1906117,186837,043155,086
1907173,3361,238,114320,815
1908202,4731,446,236354,147
1909273,2691,951,921373,390
1910300,8002,148,571478,930
1911286,2562,044,686500,022
1912237,6961,697,829210,629
1913259,9351,856,679260,880
1914299,4092,139,529325,593
     Totals for 10 years2,259,65716,141,3013,138,625

In addition, it is estimated that 33,600 cattle, weighing 240,000 cwt. of beef, were killed by farmers for local consumption between the 1st April, 1904, and the 31st March, 1914. The weight of beef consumed within the Dominion during the ten years may thus be reckoned at 13,242,676 cwt., or an average of 154 lb. per person per annum, or, including Maoris, 146 lb. per annum.

Dairy-produce.

The Dairy Industry Act, 1908, is a consolidation of all previous legislation in force in New Zealand on the subject. The Act provides for the appointment of inspectors of dairy stock and factories or other places used for the manufacture of dairy-produce, and power is given to condemn or forbid their use, if necessary. The sale of unwholesome milk or other dairy-produce is prohibited, and provision is made for the inspection, grading, and shipping of all such produce exported. Provision is made for the framing of regulations for the registration of dairies, licensing of persons carrying on the manufacture or sale of the produce, registration of trade marks or brands, and for inspection and grading. A fine not exceeding £50 may be inflicted for any offence under this part of the Act.

Authority is given under Part II of the Act for Government advances to dairy companies, on the security of their assets, for the purposes of acquiring land, erecting buildings and machinery for carrying on the manufacture of dairy-produce. Loans are repayable by equal half-yearly instalments within fifteen years, and bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum.

Part III provides for the registration of co-operative dairy companies, and shareholders are protected in the event of certain contingencies.

The total quantity of butter exported during the year 1913 was 372,258 cwt. The estimated consumption in New Zealand at 20 lb. per head of population (including Maoris) per annum equals 199,730 cwt. Adding the quantity consumed locally to the quantity exported, the estimated total production of butter for the year would equal 571,988 cwt.

The estimated consumption of cheese for the year 1913, allowing 3 lb. per inhabitant, was 29,960 cwt., and the total quantity exported was 611,663 cwt., making an estimated total production of 641,623 cwt. for the year. An appreciable quantity of cheese is made at private factories and dairies of which no record has been obtained.

The number of butter and cheese factories in each district as in April, 1914, with the output for the previous year, is next shown. The districts shown do not in all cases correspond exactly with the provincial districts of the same name.

Provincial District.Number of Factories.Skimming-stations.Output.
Butter.Cheese.Butter.Cheese.
    Tons.Tons.
Auckland532312113,2091,509
Taranaki5082875,66419,566
Hawke's Bay1119221,2421,808
Wellington3154555,4776,155
Marlborough37 89730
Nelson743975312
Westland73429872
Canterbury914352,2851,035
Otago and Southland1087472,2367,477
     Totals, 191418129337431,47538,664
     Totals, 191317427640928,85434,105
     Totals, 191217222442726,17426,663
     Totals, 191118521843126,588œ23,966
     Totals, 191018919441724,601œ24,037
     Totals, 190919315241921,155œ17,685
     Totals, 190819614743819,78215,514œ
     Totals, 190721210946323,98910,312
     Totals, 19062118246022,466Œ7,671
     Totals, 190529844822,108Œ5,121

In addition to the above, in April, 1914, there were 102 private dairies for butter and 23 for cheese, also 31 packing-houses.

The total export of butter and cheese in the past twenty years, and the quantity of each commodity sent to the United Kingdom, are tabulated:—

Year.Total Export of Butter.Butter exported to the United Kingdom.Total Export of Cheese.Cheese exported to the United Kingdom.
 Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.Cwt.
189460,77158,84555,65554,540
189557,96455,19476,74373,369
189671,35360,09271,37258,692
189799,00279,84977,68367,681
189896,80180,81468,71141,412
1899136,086121,50269,44040,901
1900172,583165,871102,84981,908
1901201,591170,903104,29474,510
1902253,998170,20774,74650,325
1903285,106249,01674,78064,661
1904314,360299,17184,52682,046
1905305,722282,27588,56285,653
1906320,225306,739131,206129,321
1907328,441314,081236,833234,517
1908229,971211,242280,798276,212
1909321,108301,693400,607398,619
1910356,535345,400451,915449,167
1911302,387283,505439,174435,616
1912378,117316,857577,070572,562
1913372,258288,224611,663608,933

Exports of butter to countries other than the United Kingdom in 1913 include 56,149 cwt. to Canada, 16,616 cwt. to United States, 7,107 cwt. to Natal, 1,211 cwt. to Cape of Good Hope, and 1,169 cwt. to the Society Islands.

Natal took 1,507 cwt. of cheese; Cape of Good Hope, 564 cwt.; New South Wales, 227 cwt.; Fiji, 149 cwt.; and Victoria, 127 cwt.

Exports of butter and cheese (weight and value) since 1880 are shown in the next diagram. Up to 1896 the quantities of both products exported were about equal, but from 1896 to 1907 there was a considerable excess of butter. The position has, however, now changed, and cheese has assumed the lead.

Light dotted curve represents weight of butter.

Light continuous curve value butter.

Heavy continuous curve represents weight of cheese.

Heavy dotted curve represents value cheese.

HORSES.

The increase in horses is shown for six census years :—

Census Years.Number of Horses.Numerical Increase.Increase per Cent.
1886187,382  
1893211,01023,65812.63
1896237,41826,37812.50
1901266,24528,82712.14
1906326,53760,29222.65
1911404,28477,74723.81

At the enumeration made in April, 1911, the number of horses was found to have increased to 404,688 (including 404 mules and asses), for which particulars are given. It will be seen that the Provincial District of Auckland had by far the most horses, Otago and Canterbury following, Wellington taking fourth place.

SUMMARY OF TOTALS.
Provincial District.(Entires all Ages).Geldings over Two Years Old.Mares over Two Years Old.Colts and Fillies under Two Years Old.Total Horses (including Asses and Mules).

* The totals include 404 asses and mules for 1911, and 519 for 1908.

Increase for horses

41,025.

Decrease for asses and mules

115.

Auckland1,24548,55045,84319,578115,216
Taranaki18210,31911,9313,97926,411
Hawke's Bay28012,06312,0504,52428,917
Wellington59725,33126,5148,09060,532
Marlborough713,5263,7171,0848,398
Nelson1325,8045,9361,77613,648
Westland591,5441,5076693,779
Canterbury67829,52329,9669,84070,007
Otago : Otago portion37318,59119,5596,83945,362
Otago : Southland portion20113,13214,0815,00432,418
19113,818168,383171,10461,383404,688*
     Totals 19083,407155,586153,29851,487363,778*
     Increase41112,79717,8069,89640,910

PIGS AND ANGORA GOATS.

The following table shows the number of pigs and angora goats in the Dominion in 1911 compared with 1908. The angora goats, of which however there is not a large number, have more than doubled during the three years. Pigs have increased from 245,092 to 348,754, the rate of increase being 42 per cent for the period.

Provincial District.Pigs.Goats.
1911.1908Increase.1911.1908.Increase
Auckland96,53871,89524,6432,3498821,467
Taranaki50,66050,2653951,350368982
Hawke's Bay13,7008,7464,95437533639
Wellington56,57544,47212,10339345348
Marlborough6,7333,1463,587613265348
Nelson10,5636,8653,698709527182
Westland2,6061,78282419514
Canterbury68,20932,07336,13626964205
Otago: Otago portion25,49915,7739,72632 32
Otago: Southland portion17,67110,0757,5961028
     Totals348,754245,092103,6626,1192,4943,625

During the ten years ended 31st March, 1914, 1,381,730 pigs were slaughtered in New Zealand for food purposes, the weight of pork, bacon, and hams being. 1,603,795 cwt. Very little of this was exported, and it is estimated that 93 per cent was consumed in the Dominion. Figures showing the slaughter for each of the ten years are given :—

Year ended 31st March.Number of Pigs.Weight of Pork, Bacon, and Hams.
  Cwt.
190567,02577,797
190672,57384,237
1907100,731116,920
1908108,498125,935
1909139,810162,279
1910113,491131,731
1911163,307189,553
1912232,091269,391
1913192,407223,330
1914191,797222,622

POULTRY.

While poultry-keeping may never come to be regarded as an independent industry in New Zealand, there are specialists who are making a living at it, but these men have exceptional qualifications and manage the business on most up-to-date principles. Poultry-keeping, however, is rapidly extending and is being recognized as a very profitable sideline to the small farmer. New Zealand is favoured in this industry. The White Leghorn breed bred in the Dominion is of a very high standard from an egg-producing point of view. At the egg-laying competitions conducted in Christchurch in 1912 the winning pen of six White Leghorns laid 1,632 eggs, an average of 272 eggs each. The winning pen of six Indian Runner ducks at the same competition laid 1,493 eggs in the 51 weeks, an average of 248 eggs each. The 360 fowls taking part in the egg-laying competition averaged 200.8 eggs for the 51 weeks, the estimated profit per bird over cost of feeding being 12s. 8œ. Some idea of the advance which has taken place in the egg-yielding capacity of the New Zealand poultry may be gained from the figures giving the average yield per bird in the nine annual egg-laying competitions which have been held.

     Number of Birds.Egg-yield per Bird.
1st competition, 12 months228132.3
2nd competition, 12 months528100.0
3rd competition, 10 months288150.0
4th competition, 11œ months264180.0
5th competition, 12 months288169.0
6th competition, 11 months336198.0
7th competition, 12 months360197.0
8th competition, 51 weeks months360200.8
9th competition, 51 months324198.4

Birds of almost equal quality are scattered throughout the Dominion. The Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce has two up-to-date poultry-breeding stations where birds are bred according to egg performance, and sold to fanners and others at a moderate cost. Stock from the Department's plants have occupied prominent positions in the egg-laying competitions. Sittings of eggs of the Mediterranean breeds are sold at 6s. 6d., and of the general-purpose breeds at 4s. 6d. These latter—Black Orpingtons, White Rocks, and White Wyandottes—are also bred according to egg-laying capacity. The offering of sittings of the latter breeds at reduced prices is with the object of encouraging farmers to produce stock which will be profitable as egg-producers while at the same time providing good table carcases. It has been proved by an experiment conducted by the Department that eggs can be shipped to British and American markets under cool temperatures in a highly satisfactory manner. Indeed, the trial shipment sent to London by the Department was declared by Home authorities to be equal to anything reaching that market from abroad, and that the eggs could fairly be classed as new laid. It is not expected that the export of eggs will, for a considerable time at least, develop into a permanent business, but rather that the shipments will occasionally be made when outside markets favour or to relieve any glut in the Dominion, and thereby maintain values on a payable level on the local markets.

The Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce has a highly qualified Poultry Instructor, who is introducing the most up-to-date methods of poultry-keeping throughout the Dominion, giving, besides individual instruction on the farm and poultry plant, lectures to meetings of farmers. Instructional notes on utility poultry-keeping are also published every month in the Journal of the Department.

The number of poultry in New Zealand at the time of the census was ascertained to be 3,693,137, which is an increase of 501,533 on the number for the year 1906, this last being 3,191,604.

The figures for 1906 and 1911 in respect of each class of poultry were as under:—

     1906.1911.
Fowls2,784,2693,215,031
Ducks281,999329,230
Turkeys77,10197,933
Geese44,30045,389
Other poultry3,9355,554

Fifty-two ostriches have been included in the number of “Other Poultry” in 1906 and 29 in 1911.

The poultry owned in the North Island numbered 1,926,283 and in the South Island 1,765,674, the remaining 1,180 belonging to the Chatham Islands.

BEE-FARMING.

When consideration is given to the fact that previous to the year 1839 there were no honey-bees in New Zealand, and that at the taking of the last census in April, 1911, it was found that there were 11,011 persons keeping bees who had a total of 71,605 colonies, it can be readily seen what a remarkable growth bee-keeping has made in the Dominion and that it is destined to become an important industry.

It was on the 13th March, 1839, that the first black bees were landed in New Zealand, and Miss Burnby, a sister of one of the early missionaries, was the happy possessor of these. She brought them with her from England in two straw skeps. They were landed at Mungunga, Hokianga, and were placed in the mission churchyard, this place being considered the most free from possible disturbance through the curiosity of the Natives, who had never previously seen the bee.

In the year 1840, Lady Hobson, wife of the first Governor of New Zealand, also brought bees with her from New South Wales, and two years later the Rev. W: Cotton brought some with him from England to Russell, Bay of Islands. Some were also in the same year landed at Nelson for Mr. Allom. The first Italian bees were brought to the Auckland District in 1880.

The climate of New Zealand seems to have been especially adapted for bees, as they rapidly increased until about the year 1880, when the foul-brood (Bacillus larvæ) began to deplete the apiaries, and as its deadly infectious nature was not at first recognized, it speedily spread from district to district until the year 1900, when there was scarcely a part of the Dominion free from disease. Beekeeping had at this time begun to attract the attention of many persons who had hitherto no experience in the work. Many of these, when they found their colonies dying out, simply left them to their fate without trying to combat the disease. This, of course, only encouraged the spread of the infection, as when a colony became weakened other bees attacked it, carrying off the stores of honey containing the germs of foul-brood, thus disseminating them far and wide.

From then on, commercial beekeeping in New Zealand seemed doomed to failure, and it was not until the year 1905 that the Government (in response to representations made to them) decided to encourage the industry by the, appointment of experts. The services of one of the foremost beekeepers in the country were secured, and two years later the Apiaries Act of 1907 was placed on the statute-book. This Act made the keeping of what is known as the “box” hive (a hive containing no frames) illegal, at the same time making it compulsory for owners to rid their apiaries of diseases.

Through the co-operation of the Department of Agriculture with the agricultural section of the community, four apiary instructors and inspectors supervise the main beekeeping sections of the two Islands, on the lookout for any breach of the Act. These give practical instruction on the best methods in management, the producing of honey under the best conditions, and the preparation of the products of the apiaries for the markets. They inspect districts for the purpose of eradicating disease, giving lectures and demonstrations where favourable opportunity occurs.

Bach month an advisory column is published in the Journal of Agriculture outlining the particular branches of apiary management that should receive attention during the following month. In this way much assistance is rendered to beginners and those desiring instruction.

The census returns show that there are over eleven thousand persons keeping bees in the Dominion. With some, beekeeping is a living, with others it is a side line, and with others again it may be merely a hobby and a means of recreation. These apiarists, principally the first-named class, have organized themselves into a number of associations, of which there are eight in New Zealand, while others are in process of formation. To consolidate the whole a National Association has been established comprising delegates from district branches. This body meets annually and discusses matters pertaining to improved methods of apiculture and the advancement of the industry.

The important question of marketing products of the apiary to better advantage is now receiving attention, beekeepers combining to this end. It is proposed to establish a depot for the purpose of regulating the market supplies of the honey and therefore its value. This will relieve the beekeepers from attending to the commercial side of their business. The returns of the apiaries are increasing, and bee-farmers are turning their attention to exportation as the means of relieving the congested state of the local markets

The Department has undertaken at the voluntary request of shippers to carefully grade free of charge all honey for export, as it is desirable to gain the full confidence of buyers in the Home market. It is hoped to make Government grading compulsory when the exportation of honey is well under way. At the present time shippers are taking advantage of the opportunity to have their produce officially graded before exportation. New Zealand honey goes principally to England, and will be therefore graded to suit the requirements of that market.

In general quality, New Zealand honey is amongst the finest the world produces, and compares favourably with French and Italian, which are considered to be the best. These latter bring in open competition 45s. to 57s. 6d. per hundredweight. The New Zealand article has brought up to 56s., the average price being about 42s. 6d.

The industry in New Zealand has certainly a bright future before it. The number of hives has probably increased since the last census, and beekeepers are adopting improved methods, leading to an increased production. An export trade is developing, and the Customs returns show that the honey sent out of the country for the year ended 31st March, 1913, was 65,578 lb., valued at £1,182. The figures for 1914 show a considerable increase. 211,120 lb. having been exported, valued at £3,716.

In order to encourage the industry, a model apiary has been established at the Ruakura Farm of Instruction in the Auckland Province. This apiary is for the purpose of demonstrating the latest methods connected with honey-production. A limited number of cadets and others desirous of obtaining a knowledge of beekeeping are received each season at the apiary, which is under the supervision of an expert. No fees are charged for instruction, but applicants must find and bear the cost of accommodation, which can be obtained at a reasonable charge close to the farm. The initial experience gained at the apiary forms a good foundation for practical apiculture.

Like every other country, New Zealand has, of course, its good seasons—when the honey crops are often phenomenal—and its comparatively poor ones, although a really bad season is exceptional.

Chapter 17. SECTION XVII.—FISHERIES.

IN 1899 an officer who had visited Europe and America on the instructions of the New Zealand Government for the purpose of making inquiries re fisheries, presented a report in which the following remarks appeared :—

“In her fisheries (both sea and fresh water) New Zealand has a most valuable asset, as her natural advantages in this connection are undoubtedly superior to those possessed by any other country in the Southern Hemisphere.

“In countries fortunate enough to possess a large supply of food-fishes the harvest of the sea is recognized as a great and extremely reproductive one for the employment of labour and capital, and it seems to me unwise to allow this great wealth to lie comparatively ungarnered at our doors.

“With its great extent of coast-line and abundance of fish the Colony of New Zealand ought to become in time a large fishing centre in the Southern Pacific.”

Various recommendations were embodied in the report referred to, one of these being that arrangements be made for testing the fishing-grounds round the coast of New Zealand, and that a small steam-trawler he subsidized for that purpose.

In accordance with this recommendation the steam-trawler “Doto” was chartered in March, 1900, for the purpose of carrying out trawling experiments in order to ascertain the best fishing-grounds off the coast. Two cruises were made, and the reports submitted showed conclusively that the waters round the coast of the Dominion were well stocked with fish.

In 1907 further experimental trawling was done, the trawler “Nora Niven” being chartered by the Government for two periods of three months each. During the first three months the fishing-grounds were tested from Stewart Island up the East Coast to Mercury Islands, in the Bay of Plenty, also round the Chatham Islands. During the second charter of the vessel, grounds were worked to the westward of Cook Strait, in Tasman and Golden Bays, and down the west coast of the South Island as far as the Hokitika River; also from Auckland northward round North Cape and down the West Coast to Farewell Spit. Large areas of splendid trawling-ground were found to exist off different parts of the coast of both islands, and the Chatham Islands locality was proved to be a rich fishing-ground.

Arrangements were recently made with the Government of Canada for Professor Prince, the Canadian Commissioner of Fisheries, who has a world-wide reputation in connection with fish and fisheries, to visit New Zealand for the purpose of examining and reporting on the fisheries of this country. Professor Prince arrived in New Zealand in April, 1914, and spent some three months in examining into both sea and inland fisheries. One of the Government steamers was placed at his disposal while conducting his inquiries regarding the sea-fisheries. He has made a preliminary report to the Government, but it has not yet (September, 1914) been presented to Parliament.

FISHING-GROUNDS.

Up to the present time New Zealand's fisheries can scarcely be said to have attained to national importance. With a few exceptions, the fishing-grounds so far worked have been those within easy reach of the principal centres. Beyond them is an immense extent of grounds, a few sections of which have been partly prospected, but of the greater part practically nothing is known regarding the value and extent of its fish-supply.

The fishing-grounds which have been principally worked up to the present time are the Bay of Islands, Hauraki Gulf and Great Barrier, Thames, Kaipara and Manukau, Bay of Plenty, Hawke Bay, Wellington and Cook Strait, Marlborough Sounds, Tasman and Golden Bays, Pegasus Bay and round Banks Peninsula, Timaru, Oamaru and Moeraki, from Waikouaiti to Nugget Point, and Stewart Island and Foveaux Straits to Preservation Inlet.

At the Bay of Islands the principal fish taken are mullet, schnapper, flounders, hapuku, and crayfish, and the markets for fish are Whangarei and Auckland and the towns and settlements inland. Considerable quantities of mullet are canned at Porerua.

The Auckland boats fish principally in the Hauraki Gulf and out as far as the Mercury and Great Barrier Islands. A steam-trawler working the Gulf has considerably increased the quantity of fish marketed, and on the whole a very fair supply is brought in. The principal fish marketed are schnapper, mullet, hapuku, tarakihi, flounders, and crayfish.

At the Thames, flounders, schnapper, and mullet are the fish principally caught, and the fish is marketed at Auckland and the inland towns south of Auckland and as far south as Palmerston North and Wellington.

Mullet, flounders, and schnapper are the fish principally caught in the Kaipara and Manukau Inlets. After supplying local requirements the balance of the fish is sent to the Auckland market. There are two mullet canneries in the Kaipara—one at Batley and the other at Helensville.

The prospecting cruise of the “Nora Niven” in 1907 proved that extensive and prolific fishing-grounds exist in the Bay of Plenty. The best trawling-grounds were found between Whale Island and Cape Runaway, where very large and consistent hauls of fish were made with the trawl net. The most plentiful fish taken were schnapper, tarakihi, gurnard, hapuku, and kingfish. The western side of the Bay is worked by launches and small sailing-boats from Tauranga.

The Hawke Bay fishing-grounds have for a number of years supplied most of the fish required for the towns from Napier to Wellington. The fishing is principally done by steam-trawlers, two of which—the “Nora Niven” and “Countess”—being large vessels with cool-storage for their fish, are able to stay out for a week at a time, if necessary, and frequently work the grounds to the north of the Mahia, and make occasional trips to the Bay of Plenty. During recent years the supply of flat fish from the old trawling-grounds in Hawke Bay has been rather poor, but last year improved considerably, the catches generally showing an improvement. The Hawke Bay fishing-grounds have always yielded a good variety of fish, including soles, flounders, brill, schnapper, kingfish, hapuku, trevalli, tarakihi, and moki.

The fishing-grounds of Wellington and Cook Strait are almost entirely worked by oil-launches and small sailing-boats. Good trawling-grounds exist in Cloudy Bay and off Kapiti Island and Palliser Bay, and they are occasionally worked by some of the Napier trawlers. The fish taken on the Wellington and Cook Strait grounds include blue cod, red cod, moki, trevalli, schnapper, tarakihi, flounders, ware-hou, butterfish, hapuku, hake, and kahawai.

The principal fish caught in the Marlborough Sounds are blue-cod, butterfish, hapuku, and herrings. The boats used are almost all oil-launches.

Extensive fishing-grounds exist in Tasman and Golden Bays. Trawling was successfully carried on there some years ago by the “Doto,” “Nora Niven,” and other vessels, but owing to the expense of getting their fish to the Wellington market it was discontinued, and the fishing is now being done by oil-launches. These grounds yield a splendid variety of fish, consisting of soles, flounders, brill, schnapper, tarakihi, moki, hapuku, gurnard, hake, and kingfish. These are the only fishing-grounds where the real hake (Lotella rhacinus) has yet been taken in large quantities.

The principal fishing-grounds worked off the Canterbury coast are Pegasus Bay, round Banks Peninsula, and off Timaru. At present there are four steam-trawlers working from Lyttelton, the other vessels being oil-launches and sailing-boats. From Timaru there are five trawlers working, the other fishing-vessels being large well equipped auxiliary oil-launches. The principal fish caught are flounders, soles, brill, kingfish, moki, hapuku, tarakihi, and crayfish.

Most of the fishing-boats licensed at Oamaru are oil-launches. These work the grounds off Oamaru and Moeraki, as far south as Shag Point. The principal fish taken are blue cod, red cod, hapuku, moki, tarakihi, and kingfish.

Among the vessels licensed at Dunedin are four steam-trawlers. The trawling-grounds off the Otago coast have been successfully worked for a number of years, and give satisfactory results. Tie principal fish taken by all classes of boats working from Port Chalmers and Nugget Bay are flounders, soles, hapuku, red cod, tarakihi, moki, kingfish, and barracouta.

Two of the fishing-vessels licensed at Invercargill and Bluff are steamers carrying trawling-gear and a lining outfit, the others being cutters used in blue cod fishing and oystering, and oil-launches and sailing-boats. The fishing in Foveaux Straits, round Stewart Island, and in Preservation Inlet is principally for blue-cod, the bulk of which is exported to Melbourne and Hobart. A good variety of the other best kinds of market fish is also plentiful on these grounds. A large extent of good trawling bottom well stocked with flat fishes was found in Te Waewae Bay during the prospecting cruise of the “Doto” in 1900. Since that time these grounds have occasionally been fished by trawlers from the Bluff with very satisfactory results.

MARINE FISH HATCHERY.

A site for a marine fish hatchery was selected at Purakanui, Otago, in 1900, but this being found unsuitable for its intended purpose, another site was chosen at Portobello, in Otago Harbour. The erection of the hatchery was carried out by a Board set up to superintend the work of the hatchery, funds being provided by the Government, and grants being made by the Otago Institute, the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and a number of Acclimatization Societies. The Government makes an annual grant towards the maintenance of the hatchery, the buildings and equipment of which have also been added to from time to time.

Experiments have been carried out with a view to introducing English food-fishes to New Zealand waters, and these have been very successful as regards the three species dealt with so far—viz., lobsters, edible crabs, and turbot. Much valuable work has also been done in the direction of hatching the spawn of various indigenous fishes and in making a study of their life habits.

OYSTER-PICKING.

The principal oyster-beds round the coast of New Zealand are those situated in Foveaux Strait, between South and Stewart Islands, and the rock-oyster beds on the east and west coasts of the Auckland peninsula. The Foveaux Strait beds are very extensive, and are considered to be inexhaustible. An official prospecting cruise was carried out in respect of these beds in 1904, resulting in a number of new beds being discovered, and reliable information being ascertained concerning the areas and qualities of the various beds.

The rock-oyster beds of Auckland were worked for many years under a variety of systems, including the leasing of the beds to individuals and the licensing of pickers to take oysters on payment of a fee, but owing to stripping of the beds, close seasons had frequently to be proclaimed. For some years an export duty of 6d. per hundredweight was payable on all North Island oysters exported, and in 1899 the export of rock-oysters was absolutely prohibited. A further step towards conserving the beds was taken in 1908, when the picking of rock-oysters from the North Island beds was undertaken by the Government, private picking being prohibited. A table is given showing the quantity and value of oysters picked and sold by the State each year since the inception of the new system; also the cost of picking and selling, this item including interest and depreciation on the cost of the oil-launches used by the Inspectors. It will be seen that a profit accrues to the State, and the scheme has, moreover, resulted in the conservation of the beds.

Season.Oysters sold.Prices realized.cost of picking and selling.

* Beds kept closed.

 Sacks.££
190811,0056,9395,705
19097,9344,7764,205
1910*   
19114,7823,0132,447
19127,7285,2124,065
19139,0696,1684,798

Various attempts were made about fifteen years ago to form artificial oyster-beds, but none of these met with success.

WHALING.

In the earlier part of the nineteenth century New Zealand was the centre of an important whale fishery, many whaling-stations being established in the North of Auckland and in Cook and Foveaux Straits. The industry gradually declined in importance until at present only two or three stations remain. At Whangamumu, North Auckland, a whaling-steamer, fitted with the most modern appliances for killing and handling whales, has been placed in commission, and a very serviceable whaling plant has been established. The whales caught in this locality are mostly of the hump-back variety, fifty-six of these being taken last season. These yielded 270 tons of oil and 60 tons of bonedust. Whaling operations are also carried on from Kaikoura and Tory Channel, in Marlborough.

A serious attempt to revive the whaling industry was made some two or three years ago, and a fleet of vessels was sent out from Norway, but their operations did not meet with the success anticipated.

SEALS.

A close season for seals existed in New Zealand from the end of August, 1894, until 1913, but owing to poaching, which it was found impossible to stop, the seals did not increase to any great extent. It was proposed a few years ago to grant licenses for the right to take seals, one of the conditions of which was that a royalty should be paid on each skin. Tenders were invited for the licenses, but none were received. It has not been possible to ascertain the number of skins taken during the season, but 490, valued at £529, were exported from the Dominion. It is proposed that there shall be an open season this year.

INLAND FISHERIES.

As early as 1867 attempts were made to introduce English brown trout into New Zealand. The first attempt was not successful, but from ova imported in the two following years and hatched at Opoho, the bulk of the trout now inhabiting the streams and lakes of the Dominion have descended. In later years Loch Leven and Scottish brown trout were introduced, as also rainbow trout, perch, carp, and tench.

Beginning in 1874, various attempts were made to introduce salmon into New Zealand. Up to 1889 ova of Atlantic salmon to the number of 474,000 had been imported and the fry liberated in the Aparima River, but no salmon have been caught in that river. Similarly, quinnat-salmon fry were liberated in the Waitaki River about 1878 and in various subsequent years, but up to 1900 none of the fish had been caught. Beginning with 1901 several more shipments of quinnat ova were imported, and at length, in 1905, several specimens of this fish were taken in the Waitaki River, as well as in Oamaru Bay. Every season since 1905 the quinnat salmon have returned to the Waitaki in increasing numbers, and they seem to be now firmly established as an adjunct to the Dominion's freshwater fisheries. Last season 251,000 quinnat ova were collected in the tributaries of the Waitaki River, of which 150,000 were hatched at the Department's salmon-hatchery at Kokatahi and liberated in the tributaries of the Hokitika River, 25,000 were sent to Tasmania, 45,000 were liberated at Hakataramea, and the fry from 20,000 were kept in the ponds at Hakataramea. Several thousand were hatched out at Taupapa for the fresh-water aquarium at the Auckland Exhibition.

Ova of the sock-eye or blue-back salmon were imported in 1902, and specimens of this fish were caught in 1907. Further efforts to introduce the Atlantic salmon have also been made in recent years, but at present it is impossible to say whether these have met with success.

Several shipments of whitefish ova have been made since 1898, the fry being liberated in Lakes Kanieri and Tekapo. Reports as to the fish having been seen are received from time to time, but so far as is known none have yet been caught.

WELLINGTON FISH-MARKET.

One of the recommendations made in 1899 by the officer sent to England and America was that an attempt should be made to induce local bodies to provide suitable fish-markets. In 1908 the Marine Department approached the City Councils of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin to ascertain their views on the question of providing municipal fish-markets, where the fishermen and the public would be brought into closer contact.

On the 4th October, 1912, a fish-market established by the Wellington City Council near the waterfront was opened for business, and has already met with considerable success. The market is open daily from 6 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. in the summer months and from 7 a.m. to 1.30 p.m. in the winter months. Small fish are sold by the bundle if so made up, or at per pound if loose, large fish at per pound; rabbits are also sold (6d. each). All sales are for cash.

Fish is sold either at a price fixed by the consignor, or to the best advantage, the latter system being that usually followed by fishermen. The market is in charge of a salesman, the charge for selling being 10 per cent. A smokehouse has been erected, and any surplus fish may be smoked, the charge for smoking being 6d. per dozen.

The general average of prices realized is as follows:—

Fish.Price.
Kahawai, horse-mackerel1d. to 1œd. per lb.
Barracouta1œd. to 2d. per lb.
Warehou, trevalli, john-dory, conger eels, gurnard2d. per lb.
Tarakihi, mullet2d. to 2œd. per lb.
Schnapper, hake, kingfish, moki2œd. per lb.
Butterfish, blue cod, hapuku (sliced)3d. per lb.
Trumpeter (sliced)4d. per lb.
Flat fish, fresh trout (in season), smoked fish other than trout6d. per lb.
Trout (smoked)10d. per lb.
Garfish6d. to 1s. per dozen.
Oysters4d. per lb.

During the year ended 31st March, 1914, fish of an approximate weight of 105 tons was sold at the market, the total amount realized being £2,718, of which £2,192 was handed to the consignors, the balance representing commission and freight charges. The total number of purchases made was 41,331, the average amount per sale being 1s. 3Ÿ;d. A small amount of wholesale trade is done, but no reduction in price is made.

FISHING-BOATS LICENSED.

The registration and licensing of fishing-boats and of boats engaged in taking oysters was made compulsory in July, 1904. A table is appended showing the number licensed at the various ports of the Dominion in each of the past five years.

FISHING-BOATS LICENSED, 1909–13.

Port.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Auckland218244249270341
Blenheim98694
Bluff8591868786
Chatham Islands  13  
Dunedin10695928088
Greymouth27699
Hokianga1414111418
Hokitika4343 
Invercargill3036383634
Kaipara2531404343
Lyttelton207199210204221
Mangonui14 15 13
Napier7862656857
Nelson6351575470
New Plymouth2324292018
Oamaru3230323231
Picton3832362136
Poverty Bay1711111415
Russell4859595555
Tauranga2132392420
Thames4541334141
Timaru2628302623
Wanganui311697
Wellington8161574651
Westport2717161416
     Totals1,2161,1871,2311,1791,297

FURTHER STATISTICS OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY.

Provision exists (in the Fisheries Act, 1908) whereby owners of boats and fish-curers may be required to make returns to the Marine Department in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed by the Governor in Council, but advantage of this provision has not vet been taken to enable information to be collected as to quantity of fish caught.

At the census of 1906 an attempt was made to collect information of this nature, and the results obtained are tabulated below. These cannot be taken as complete and reliable, but merely as indicative of the true facts and as demonstrating the existence of the basis of a substantial industry.

FISHERIES. 1905.
Provincial District.Persons engaged.Boats employed.Nets.Fish caught.
No.Tonnage.Quantity.Value.
 No.  No. £
Auckland24913135436520,216 cwt.15,042
70,627 doz.
Taranaki67714200 cwt.344
263 cwt.
Hawke's Bay40141861110,272 cwt.9,505
Wellington1055910040310,761 cwt.9,330
Marlborough9059701716,669 cwt.4,242
2,708 doz.
Nelson121220401,883 cwt.779
Westland61 3675 cwt.68
614 doz.
Canterbury82661294567,381 cwt.7,141
603 doz.
Otago1921165016937,607 cwt.24,790
     Totals7824651,3671,56595,064 cwt.71,241
74,815 doz.

An attempt was also made to obtain some account of oyster-gathering, but only 16 returns were received, 14 boats and 33 dredges being covered. The weight of oysters gathered was returned as 38,803 cwt., valued at £6,122.

At the census of 1911 further efforts were made to obtain statistics of the fishing industry, but the information obtained was so unreliable and incomplete that no tabulation of the results was carried out. According to the occupations returned on household schedules the number of fishermen and others employed in connection with the industry was 1,442, made up as follows :—

Fishermen and oystermen899
Fish and oyster salesmen456
Fish-curers87
     Total1,442

The industrial returns collected at the same census showed that 20 fish-curing and preserving works were in operation, 59 hands being employed. These works turned put in the year 1910 cured fish to the value of £22,599, tinned fish valued at £5,929. and other products valued at £474.

Included in New Zealand produce exported during the past five years were,—

Item.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913
 £££££
Fish23,59820,60027,60833,74623,721
Oysters2,9392,6172,1782,9842,813
Whalebone1,9301,0104,5523,1961,537
Whale-oil2401,6092,7322,05218,481
Ambergris46   26,800
Other products of fisheries395285233222159
     Totals29,14826,12137,30342,20073,511

The value of fish imported in 1913 was £90,545.

Chapter 18. SECTION XVIII.—MINING.

INTRODUCTORY.

THE natural mineral resources of New Zealand are considerable, and have exercised in the past a most important influence on the development and progress of the Dominion. Gold to the value of £82,058,543 was obtained up to the 31st December, 1913; the value of the output for the year 1913 having been £1,459,499. In the earliest years the gold was obtained from alluvial diggings, but at the present time the greatest quantity is taken from gold-bearing quartz, which is distributed widely through several parts of the country.

The yield of silver to the end of 1913 amounted to £1,938,714 in value, the quantity mined in 1913 having been 975,616 oz., valued at £103,866.

Of other minerals, the value of the output to the same date amounts to £37,319,355, of which kauri-gum has yielded £16,759,563, and coal, with coke, £20,094,490.

The quantities and values of precious metals and minerals obtained during the year 1913, and the total value of all mining produce since 1853, are,—

     1913.Total Value since 1853.
 Oz.££
Gold376,1611,459,49982,058,543
Silver975,616103,8661,938,714
 1,351,7771,563,36583,997,257
 Tons.  
Copper-ore
  19,198 
Chrome-ore  38,002
Antimony-ore  54,941
Manganese-ore  61,905
Scheelite-concentrate22122,933103,198
Mixed minerals2,7068,599210,843
Coal1,888,0051,043,13820,069,515
Coke (exported)285024,975
Kauri-gum8,780549,10616,759,563
Shale  7,215
  £3,187,191£121,346,612

The total value of mineral production for Australasia to the end of the year 1912 is shown in the following table :—

State.Gold.Silver and Lead.Copper.Tin.Coal.Other Minerals.Totals.

* Inclusive of kauri-gum, £16,210,457.

 £££££££
Queensland75,217,8302/245,05610,948,3998,110,7045,377,2352,001,649103,901,473
New S'th Wales59,462,97560,221,90011,784,1029,327,60969,087,68817,488,353227,372,627
Victoria291,703,453213,935215,761782,6802,462,390409,147295,793,366
South Australia920,810338,85427,746,552  1,420,41330,426,629
N'th'n Territory2,065,68874,819329,406328,898 43,9622,842,773
W'st'n Australia109,298,871708,9811,113,0651,054,1251,069,43585,005113,329,482
Tasmania7,407,2826,258,74810,256,98111,972,602572,963201,20336,669,779
New Zealand 80,599,0441,834,84819,198 19,051,30216,655,029118,159,421
     Totals626,675,95371,903,74162,413,46431,576,61897,621,01338,304,761*928,495,550

GOLD-MINING.

Gold-mining operations in New Zealand are divided into three branches, viz.: (1) Quartz-mining, (2) alluvial mining, and (3) dredge mining.

The statement following shows for the year 1913 the value of the bullion production and dividends declared by gold-mines, also the number of persons ordinarily employed, and the number of mines and dredges working :—

Production of Bullion (including Silver).Dividends paid. (By Registered Companies only.)Number of Persons ordinarily employed.Number of Working Mines, Dredges, and Claims.
 ££  
Quartz-mining1,071,818287,0883,03163
Dredge mining195,84818,75062174
Alluvial mining295,70411,6431,097223
     Totals, 19131,563,365317,4814,749360

As regards dredging, the bullion-production is from 74 dredges, but the dividends given are from only 11 of these, the property of registered companies. The profits of privately owned dredges and mines are unobtainable.

The number of alluvial claims is 223, but the dividends are ascertainable only from those few that are the property of registered companies.

Quartz-mining.

The most important gold-mining operations in New Zealand consist in the working of quartz lodes and the extraction of the precious metals therefrom by means of stamp and tube mills and by cyanidation. Quartz-mining is conducted in the North Island in the Ohinemuri, Thames, and Coromandel Counties. The mountain-ranges and hills of andesite and dacite which form the Hauraki Goldfields are intersected by lodes impregnated with gold and silver. In the South Island the most important quartz-mining operations are carried out in the Reefton and Blackwater districts, also in the Wakamarina Valley (Marlborough). In Otago, where formerly gold-quartz mining was profitably carried on, the only operations are in connection with the working of quartz-mines in which scheelite is associated with gold. The following is a statement showing the tons of ore treated, the value of bullion produced, and the amount of dividends paid by quartz-mining companies in each of the inspection districts during the years 1912 and 1913 :—

Inspection District.Tons of Ore treated. (2,240 lb.)Value of Bullion.Dividends paid. (By Registered Companies only.)
1913.1912.1913.1912.1913.1912.
   ££££
Northern (North Island)327,590264,831865,619781,716260,188299,303
West Coast (of South Island)126,26055,098201,987116,40826,90015,600
Southern (Otago and Southland)10,65815,7224,2078,065  
     Totals404,508335,6511,071,813906,189287,088314,903

Alluvial-gold Mining.

Alluvial gold is found chiefly on the west coast of the South Island and in Otago, where mining operations have been conducted over an area of 17,000 square miles. On the West Coast the auriferous alluvium originated from the weathering and denudation of the gold-bearing lodes during countless ages. The rich leads or defined placers of auriferous wash are the result of concentration. The first transportation of auriferous gravel from the mountains was by streams, and following this the glaciers carried much material from the interior seawards. On the retreat of these glaciers immense masses of drift were deposited all over the lowlands and even high up on the lower hills. Since glacial times the rivers have continued the movement of auriferous gravel from the interior to the sea. In Otago the conditions are different—the alluvial gold rests in the hollows of the denuded surface of the schistose rocks from which it has most probably been derived.

The method of working these deposits depends on the depth of the superincumbent strata and the elevation at which they occur; for if there is ample fall and a good supply of water hydraulic sluicing has been generally adopted; but where the material is mainly or partly below water-level and is comparatively free from hard boulders or hard matrix hydraulic sluicing and elevating or dredging is employed. Although no developments of importance occurred in this branch of the gold-mining industry during 1913, yet with the addition of new sluicing plants being laid down to deal with low-grade gravel on a large scale, the future prospects are favourable to at least the maintenance of the present output. The production in 1913 was valued at £295,704, as against £266,322 in 1912. The approximate value of gold won by alluvial mining in New Zealand up to the 31st December last is set down at £46,000,000.

Gold-dredging.

This system of gold-mining, which originated in New Zealand, is generally employed upon rivers and streams and at places where the sluicing method may not be advantageously applied owing to absence of water-supply or to excessive water in the deposits. Gold-dredging is rapidly declining in importance, the number of productive dredges having decreased from 201 during 1902, when dredge-mining was at its zenith, to seventy-four during 1913. On the west coast of the South Island ten dredges were in commission in 1913, while in Otago and Southland the fleet consisted of sixty-four dredges.

The greatest weekly output by a New Zealand gold-dredge was attained by the “Lady Ranfurly” during six days ended the 4th November, 1904, when operating on the River Molyneux (Clutha), 1,273 oz. of gold being obtained. This dredge was owned by the Electric Gold-dredging Company, which at the end of 1913 had produced by dredging gold to the value of £222,155, of which £129,992 was distributed as dividends. During 1913 the most productive dredge was the “Worksop” operating at Antonio's Flat, near Reefton, which obtained gold to the value of £18,244, of which £11,400 was distributed as dividends. During the past three years this dredge has obtained gold valued at £49,687.

The following table shows the result of dredge mining operations in New Zealand during the past eight years :—

Year.Total Number of Dredges working.Value of Production.Average Production per Dredge.Dividend-paying Dredges owned by Registered Companies.Number of Persons employed.
Number.Dividends.
  ££ £ 
1906167505,1993,02566103,722 
1907128419,6343,2786589,7071,150
1908123373,8183,0394775,8001,013
1909111327,6762,9523756,788893
1910104315,2373,0313551,918838
191193297,9003,2033145,318775
191287257,3332,9582838,841694
191374195,8482,6461118,750621

Gold-production of Australia and New Zealand.

The gold-yield of Australia and New Zealand (in fine ounces) during the years 1900, 1905, 1910, and 1912 was as follows :—

     1900.1905.1910.1912.

* Including Northern Territory.

 Fine Ounces.Fine Ounces.Fine Ounces.Fine Ounces.
Queensland676,026592,622441,402347,946
New South Wales252,116274,267188,857165,295
Victoria760,319747,163570,363480,131
South Australia*19,41818,08611,70311,929
Western Australia1,414,3121,955,3171,470,6331,282,659
Tasmania74,44573,54037,04837,973
New Zealand 338,912492,954446,431316,671
     Totals3,535,5484,153,9493,166,4372,642,604

The value is as follows: 1900, £15,018,040 : 1905, £17,644,846; 1910, £13,450,158; 1912, £11,225,059.

Gold-production of the World.

The following figures showing the world's gold - production are taken from the Statistical Abstract of the United States :—

WORLD'S GOLD-PRODUCTION, 1902–11.
Year.Fine Ounces.
190214,354,680
190315,852,620
190416,804,372
190518,396,451
190619,471,080
190719,977,260
190821,422,244
190921,965,111
191022,023,178
191122,327,088

SILVER.

Nearly the whole of the silver-production of New Zealand, amounting in value at the end of 1913 to £1,938,714, was obtained from the refinement of bullion from the quartz-mines, principally from those of the Hauraki Goldfield, where the two precious metals are found alloyed as an electrum, the ratio of the two metals in the alloy varying greatly. No other silver-mining operations have been carried out profitably in this country. Recently, however, the Silverstream Mines (Limited) have developed lodes near Maratoto, which contain hessite or telluride of silver. A trial shipment to Australia of 5 tons of ore produced bullion valued at £103.

Near Wangapeka, in the Nelson Provincial District, there has been a slight revival in prospecting for silver-lead ore. Levels have been driven upon outcrops of fairly strong but lenticular quartz lodes exposed in the gullies of Nuggety, Blue, and Connor's Creeks, all tributaries of the Rolling River. The lodes occur at altitudes varying between 1,300 ft. and 1,850 ft. above sea-level, in greywacke country near its intersection with the overlying crystalline limestone. Small shoots of variable ore, containing silver, lead, and zinc, have been intersected; but hitherto these have been too small for profitable working, the contents by assay of picked samples being from 2 oz. to 26 oz. of silver per ton, and lead up to 33 per cent., which warrants further drifting. More substantial lenses of ore may exist.

SCHEELITE.

Scheelite, one of the principal ores of tungsten, is mined at the gold-scheelite-quartz mines at Macrae's Flat, Mount Judah, Glenorchy, and Lake Wakatipu, Otago; also at Wakamarina Valley, Marlborough; at which places milling and concentrating plants have been installed.

The product finds a ready market, principally in Germany. The uses of tungstic acid are various—viz., as a mordant in calico-printing, as a constituent in some finer grades of paint, for the manufacture of electric-light filaments, and for rendering fabric non-inflammable. Its greatest use, however, is in the manufacture of steel of the highest grade, such as that required for lathes and for inner tubes of big guns. It imparts to the steel great density, toughness, and hardness. Scheelite occurs commonly in Otago in mica-schist and altered sedimentary rocks. At Macrae's it is found in bunches and stringers, through well-defined quartz lodes, the scheelite being generally associated with gold, but where the finest deposits occur gold is scarce. In Marlborough, at the new Dominion Consolidated Mine, the scheelite occurs associated with gold in a strong quartz lode.

The ore, after crushing and concentration to about 60 per cent. tungsten trioxide, is shipped to Europe. Owing to the great fluctuations in price, the scheelite-mining industry has remained somewhat stationary. Seventeen scheelite – mines were in operation during 1913.

The following statement shows the quantity and value of scheelite exported since the year 1899 :—

Year.Quantity exported.Value.
 Tons.£
1899322,788
1900542,635
1901283
1902391,200
1903421,439
190417791
1905281,848
1906553,407
190713715,486
1908686,055
1909584,263
191014315,070
191113811,853
191213513,347
191322122,933
     Totals1,169103,198

IRONSANDS AND ORES.

Almost every known variety of iron-ore has been discovered in New Zealand. At Parapara, near Nelson, immense quantities of limonite ore occur on the surface of the ground. When converted, the product is of the variety called white iron. Another deposit, about 60 ft. thick, is that on the west side of Mount Peel. This ore contains 56 per cent. of metallic iron, and has been traced a distance of three miles, beyond which point it is reported to swell out to as much as a mile in width. An extensive and valuable deposit (limonite and glauconite) occurs on the western slope of Mount Royal, Otago. It contains about 37 per cent. of the metal, and as regards both quality and position this deposit is of importance.

Samples of outcrop ore taken from the Parapara deposit some years ago were found to contain 51.38 per cent. of metallic iron. By means of prospecting-drives during 1913, more definite information concerning the ore has been obtained, and the samples analysed showed the percentage of metallic iron to be 45.02. A comparison of the surface ore and ore taken from the drives is given :—

     Outcrop Ore: Average of 28 SamplesOre from Drives: Average of 15 Samples.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.
Silica9.5616.42
Alumina3.365.39
Ferric oxide71.2564.32
Ferrous oxide1.94 
Manganous oxide0.650.71
Lime0.51 
Magnesia0.100.16
Titanium-oxide0.630.49
Phosphoric anhydride0.350.31
Sulphuric anhydride0.210.18
Carbon-dioxide0.100.46
Alkalies0.08 
Water, and loss on ignition11.8411.56
 100.58100.00
Equivalents.
Metallic iron51.3845.02
Phosphorus0.150.13
Sulphur0.080.075

The Parapara deposit occurs about a mile south-west of the Parapara River. It is estimated that the main deposit contains nearly 64 millions of tons of ore, but in the absence of any system of prospecting this estimate must not be regarded as in any way conclusive. There is a large deposit of nearly pure crystalline limestone on the banks of the Parapara River which would be valuable as a flux for use in blast furnaces.

In the form of sand, the chief deposits are on the sea-shore of the west coast of both islands, the best known being that near New Plymouth. The Taranaki ironsand has been the subject of many experiments to determine the best method of smelting it. A variety of articles have been manufactured from the product of the sand and submitted to experts, who have expressed a favourable opinion as to quality.

As the result of successful experiments in the treatment of Taranaki ironsand at the metallurgical works of the Waihi Gold-mining Company at Waikino, it is proposed to erect an experimental blast furnace near New Plymouth. The process to be adopted consists in the briquetting of 60 per cent. ironsand with 40 per cent. small coal from the Liverpool State Colliery, the coke from which contains only 0.25 per cent. sulphur. The briquettes will then be coked before introduction into the furnace. It is claimed by the patentees that by this process the titanic anhydride in the ironsand amounting to from 8 to 9.2 per cent., will be eliminated in the furnace. If this process proves successful the iron industry may be established on the shores of Taranaki.

COPPER.

Ores of copper are found in New Zealand in no fewer than thirty-two localities, but hitherto attempts at their successful exploitation have been unprofitable, the total recorded copper-production at the end of 1913 amounting in value to only £19,198.

Copper-mines have been worked on Kawau and Great Barrier Islands in the Hauraki Gulf, and on the Dun Mountain, near Nelson. Underground prospecting has been carried on near Kaeo, Whangaroa; at Maharahara, near Woodville; and at Mount Radiant, near Karamea; but operations at all the last-named places were discontinued, presumably owing to shortage of capital, before any conclusive results were obtained.

At Maharahara a strong siliceous hæmatite lode in the Ruahine Range carries small but rich bunches of chalcopyrite. At Mount Radiant strong quartz lodes in porphyritic granite country carry small bunches of chalcopyrite moderately high in copper, but very low in gold and silver contents; molybdenite is also present.

On the Dun Mountain, near Nelson, several copper-bearing minerals occur in much-shattered serpentine rocks, and in small and scattered lenses, which are inconsiderable in both horizontal and vertical extension.

MANGANESE-ORE.

Manganese-ore has been found at Otau, Wairoa, Bay of Islands, Purua Bay, Mangapai, Otonga, Waiheke Island, and Taieri Mouth. The principal operations have been carried on at Waiheke Island, distant about twelve miles from Auckland. On that island manganese-ore may be traced for several miles, where it occurs in massive but bunchy form and of excellent quality, bulk analyses returning 56.5 per cent. metallic manganese. Some thousands of tons have been exported, but it is supposed that fluctuating prices prevented expansion of this industry. The total quantity of manganeseore exported amounted at the end of 1913 to 19,3644 tons, value £61,905.

Manganese-ore is used for the generation of chlorine, for bleaching purposes, also for calico-printing. The value of the common ore varies between £3 and £4 per ton f.o.b.

CINNABAR.

This, the only valuable ore of quicksilver, occurs at Ohaeawai, near Lake Omapere, Bay of Islands, associated with large masses of pyrite, and is now being deposited from hot solutions brought up by thermal springs. An attempt was made some years ago by an English syndicate to work these deposits, but the large volume of sulphuretted hydrogen gas and intense heat of the ground led to the abandonment of operations.

At Mackaytown, near Karangahake, a lode of flint and quartz traversing andesite rocks carries small bunches of cinnabar containing about 10 per cent. of quicksilver, with occasional very rich specimens. The lode bas been traced for about 15 chains on the face of the hill above the township. A few years ago an Auckland syndicate erected a Novak furnace and roasted about 50 tons of ore, but very little quicksilver was recovered.

In Otago samples of cinnabar were found in the early alluvial diggings at Nevis, Nokomai, Waipori, and Waitahuna. Some prospecting was done, and some rich ore was taken out at a shallow depth, but until 1899 there was no underground development. During that year a low-level crosscut was commenced near Waitahuna, in Tuapeka County; this intersected a lode at a distance of 231 ft., and a level 300 ft. in length was subsequently driven upon the lode, but as no ore was found in the level operations ceased.

TIN.

Cassiterite in the form of “stream-tin” occurs near Port Pegasus, Stewart Island, where it has been worked to some extent. “Lodetin” has been found in the same locality, and is now being prospected. Small quantities of cassiterite have also been detected in the stream-gravels of the Reefton, Greymouth, and Westport districts. Among other localities in which traces of tin occur are Wet Jacket Arm (Otago), and Campbell Island.

COAL.

Coal, varying in grade from anthracite to lignite, occurs in many parts of New Zealand. In proportion to the present yearly consumption of somewhat under 2,500,000 tons (about 10 per cent. of which is imported) the supply may be considered relatively large, but in comparison with probable future needs it is decidedly small. It is likely, indeed, that the proved coal resources of the Dominion will be practically exhausted within a hundred years.

The following is an approximate estimate of the proved and probable coal in New Zealand :—

Class of Coal.Proved.Probable.Possible.
 Imperial Tons.Imperial Tons. 
AnthraciteVery littleVery littleSmall.
Bituminous374,000,000477,000,000Moderate.
Semi-bituminous114,000,000341,000,000Moderate.
Brown234,500,000728,000,000Large.
Lignite278,500,000839,000,000Large.
     Totals1,001,000,0002,385,000,000Large.

No individual coal-seam has yet been traced for more than a few miles in any direction. The variations in thickness are extraordinary. There are many instances of seams of 10 ft. to 20 ft. thick thinning to 1 ft. or 2 ft. in distances of a quarter of a mile or less. The following instances of think seams may be mentioned : In the Waikato district (Auckland), 50 ft. to 60 ft. of brown coal; in the Buller-Mokihinui district (Nelson), 53 ft. of bituminous coal; in the Kaitangata district (Otago), 30 ft. or more of brown coal; at Coal Creek, near Roxburgh, Central Otago, 80 ft. (or, according to Professor Park, 100 ft.) of lignite; at Nightcaps (Southland), 36 ft. of brown coal in three bands.

In New Zealand the difficulties in settling the relative ages of the principal coalfields are such that for many years the subject has been a controversial one. The known facts may be summarized as follows: In south-east Otago (Waikawa, Catlin's River) and in Southland (Hokonui Hills) small seams of coal occur in Jurassic rocks, but in no case is a workable seam known to be present. The chief coal-bearing rocks are probably of early Tertiary age, but late Cretaceous coal-seams almost certainly occur. There are also considerable quantities of lignite of Miocene, Pliocene, and possibly even Pleistocene age.

The following is a table showing the output of coal from each coalfield :—

Coalfield.Class of Coal.Output during 1913.Total Output to End of 1913.
  Imperial Tons.Imperial Tons.
North AucklandSemi-bituminous102,7103,127,113
WaikatoBrown243,3163,474,084
MokauBrown3,56085,120
NelsonBituminous14,717239,321
BullerBituminous679,28312,157,911
InangahuaBituminous13,708229,594
GreyBituminous349,8567,132,072
CanterburyLignite14,430671,471
OtagoBrown and lignite306,6477,965,296
SouthlandBrown and lignite159,7782,266,837
     Totals 1,888,00537,348,819

The following statement shows the tons of coal and shale raised, persons employed, lives lost, &c., from 1894 to 1913 :—

Year.Output of Mineral.Persons employed.Tons of Mineral raised per Person employed Underground.Tons of Mineral raised per Life lost.Persons employed per Life lost.Lives lost per Thousand Persons employed.Number of Lives lost.

* Year of Brunner explosion.

† All the principal collieries were rendered idle by the strike during November and December.

1894719,5461,899516119,9243163.166
1895726,6541,799618145,3313003.335
1896*792,8511,93758812,0132934.0766
1897810,7131,912609210,1784782.094
1898907,0332,003627907,0332,0030.491
1899975,2342,153609325,0787171.393
19001,093,9902,400593273,4976151.624
19011,239,6862,754600413,2289181.093
19021,305,0402,885655682,5201,4430.692
19031,420,2292,852665355,0577131.404
19041,537,8383,288609384,4598221.214
19051,585,7563,269651264,2935461.836
19061,729,5363,692687288,2566151.626
19071,831,0093,910662152,5843263.0712
19081,860,9753,894641372,1957781.285
19091,911,2474,191633273,0355991.797
19102,197,3624,599634137,3352833.5516
19112,066,0734,290706147,5773063.2614
19122,177,6154,328681241,9753552.089
19181,888,0054,250590314,6677081.386

State Coal-mines.

The State Coal-mines Act of 1901 provided for the acquisition and working of State coal-mines in New Zealand, under the direct control of the Minister of Mines.

In pursuance of such authority two mines were acquired—viz., the Point Elizabeth Mine, situated on the Grey Coalfield, and distant about five miles from Greymouth, and the Westport-Cardiff Mine (subsequently renamed the Seddonville Mine), situated on the Buller Coalfield, and distant by Government railway about twenty-nine miles from Westport. The coal produced from the coalfields in which these two mines are situated is of bituminous class, and is recognized as a superior coal for general purposes. In 1902 the Point Elizabeth Mine, included within a lease of about 4,840 acres, was taken over by the State from the Greymouth – Point Elizabeth Railway and Coal Company. The sum of £21,000 was paid by the Government to this company for the partly constructed line of railway from the mine to Greymouth, and the line was subsequently completed with funds set apart for State coal-mine purposes; but it was transferred to the Railway Department subsequently on payment of £65,543 (including the above sum of £21,000). being the total cost of purchase and completion, in addition to which interest thereon, amounting to £1,363, was also refunded.

During the construction of this branch line of railway a new mine the Point Elizabeth No. 1 State Colliery) was laid down near Runanga, the output stage being reached in 1904. and coal of uniformly superior quality has been produced ever since; but owing to the frequency of faults and the thinning of the seam to the dip it is believed that the profitable life of this mine will probably not exceed three years, unless further developments occur. As a State colliery this mine had produced up to the end of March, 1913, 1,737,574 tons of coal.

In 1900 the Westport-Cardiff lease was also determined by the Government. Acting upon a favourable report in 1901 by the Government mining experts the property was prospected and subsequently developed as the Seddonville State Colliery, the output stage being reached in November, 1903, since when the colliery has been worked continuously; but the quality of the coal has been found to be extremely variable and unsatisfactory, owing to the large proportion of crushed and soft coal, for which the demand is irregular.

Owing to the exhaustion of marketable coal the Seddonville colliery was finally closed during May, 1914. The total output under State control at the end of 1913 amounted to 524,691 tons, mostly small and unprofitable coal.

In addition to the mines mentioned, as the result of a favourable expert report, dated 1907, a new mine, known as the Point Elizabeth Liverpool State Colliery was laid down towards the head of Seven-mile Creek, to the north-east of the No. 1 State Colliery, and connected therewith by an extension of the Government railway about three miles in length. The line has been carried through extremely rough and broken country. The equipment of this mine is of considerable magnitude; the coal-storage bin (capacity, 4,000 tons) and screening arrangements are constructed upon the most modern design. The self-acting endless - rope system of haulage installed upon the incline connecting the mines with the new branch railway to Greymouth has been designed to transport an output of 2,000 tons per day. Three separate sections of board-and-pillar workings are now being developed. No. 1 mine is situated at the upper terminus of the surface haulage incline, a distance of two miles from the coal-storage bin and branch railway, and 1,735 ft. above sea-level; No. 2 mine is situated about a quarter of a mile down the incline from its terminus; and No. 3 mine immediately above the coal-storage bin and branch railway terminus, the latter being about 800 ft. above sea-level. The coal-seams, of which there are several, are of exceptional quality for steam, gas-production, and for coke-manufacture, but the prevalence of faulting and the friable nature of the coal are unfavourable characteristics.

During 1913 the output stage was reached, and 9,714 tons of coal were produced.

World's Coal-production.

The total coal produced by the principal countries of the world, so ar as can be ascertained, for the years 1907–11 was as follows:—

1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.

* Metric tons of 2,204 lb.

 1,000 Tons.1,000 Tons.1,000 Tons.1,000 Tons.1,000 Tons
British Empire :—
     United Kingdom267,831261,529263,774264,433271,892
     British India11,14712,77011,87012,04712,716
     Australian Commonwealth9,68110,1948,1869,73710,550
     Canada9,3859,7209,37611,52610,082
     South Africa4,6794,9385,5356,3506,781
New Zealand 1,8311,8611,9112,1972,066
     Other colonies and possessions169213250279240
Foreign Countries :—
     United States of America428,896371,288411,432477,854 
     Germany*143,186147,671148,788152,828160,748
     France*35,98936,63337,11637,63538,644
     Belgium*23,70523,55823,51823,91723,054
     Austria*13,85013,87513,71313,77414,380
     Japan13,87514,82115,04415,531 

PETROLEUM.

Indications of the existence of petroleum have been found in the Tertiary rocks of the Taranaki, Dannevirke, Gisborne, and Grey districts, and during recent years a considerable number of boreholes have been drilled in search of petroleum, ten companies having been so engaged in the North Island.

The most successful of these operations are those being carried out at Moturoa by the Taranaki Oil-wells (Limited) (formerly the Taranaki Petroleum Company), who at that place have drilled in Miocene rocks several productive wells, and, having produced therefrom by August, 1912, half a million gallons of crude oil of specified quality, obtained the Government bonus of £5,000 offered for such production. This company has recently laid down a refinery of modern design with a capacity of 10,000 gallons per day, and is now engaged refining the crude oil, the quality of which is very high, containing on an average 97 per cent. of oil capable of distillation.

The following analyses are from crude oil from this company's wells, Nos. 2 and 3, at Moturoa :—

     No. 2 Well.No. 3 Well.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.
Water0.15 
Benzene (distilling below 150° C.)0.855.6
Burning oil (distilling between 150° and 200° C.)30.0037.2
Lubricating-oil (distilling between 300° and 400° C.)48.0035.2
Paraffin (distilling between 300° and 400° C.)21.0022.0
Pitch or coke  
Loss  
 100.00100.0

Drilling operations were vigorously carried out during 1913 in the North Island, especially in the Provincial District of Taranaki, but the result of such operations has not materially added to the known supply of petroleum. The most interesting development has been the tapping by the Taranaki Oil Lands Company of a productive well near Moturoa, at a distance of about 12 or 13 chains east of the No. 5 or most productive well of the Taranaki Oil-wells (Limited). In the new well, at a depth of 2,170 ft., the flow of oil commenced, and during January and February of the current year over 1,000 barrels are reported to have been produced. At 2,232 ft. the well-drilling was temporarily suspended, owing to influx of water. This well is lined with 10 in. casing to the bottom.

The Taranaki Oil-wells (Limited) commenced operations at their new refinery during the year, but have experienced some difficulty in eliminating an aromatic substance from the kerosene. The two prospecting boreholes drilled by this company at Waitara failed to find oil, and were discontinued at depths of 2,970 ft. and 3,821 ft. respectively. This company is now drilling by rotary plant a new hole at Moturoa; a depth of 2,200 ft. has already been attained.

Drilling is also being carried on by the Bonithon Freehold Oil Company near New Plymouth, the United Oil Company at Waitara, the Phœnix Oil Company at Moturoa, the Consolidated Oilfields of Taranaki at Huiroa, and the Mangaone Oilfields (Limited) near Eketahuna.

KAURI-GUM.

This product is the solidified turpentine of the kauri, and is a true resin, the name “kauri-gum” being a misnomer.

Kauri-resin has, next to gold, contributed more to the revenue of New Zealand than any of the minerals.

Kauri-resin formerly occurred in great abundance, and now is found in considerable quantity in the northern parts of the Auckland Provincial District from the North Cape to middle Waikato, over an approximate area of 814,000 acres. It is dug up alike on the driest fernhills and in the deepest swamps. A large quantity is also obtained from the forks of living trees, but this is considered of inferior quality, and fetches a lower price. In the fossil state kauri-resin occurs in larger or smaller lumps, from the size of a walnut to that of a man's head. Pieces have been found weighing upwards of 100 lb. When scraped the best specimens are of light colour; transparent or semi-transparent specimens fetch very high prices from collectors; occasionally specimens are found with leaves, seeds, or small insects enclosed. When obtained from swamps the resin is very dark-coloured, or even almost black, and fetches a low price. Waikato resin is the darkest of all. The great bulk of this resin is used in the manufacture of oil varnishes, and in all countries where varnish of high quality is used it holds the chief place in the market. It is also used considerably in linoleum-manufacture, but for this purpose of recent years it has been replaced to some extent in American manufactories by a cheaper substitute, china-wood oil, the high price ruling for turpentine and other oils used with kauri-resin in linoleum-manufacture being to a certain extent the cause of such competition.

The following are the grades on the London market, arranged in the order of value : Pale amber; ordinary three-quarter-scraped; brown fair half and three-quarter scraped : half-scraped : fair half-scraped; and pickings.

The gum-diggers equipment is of a simple character: a light pointed iron rod fixed in a convenient handle is used to test the ground; the gum is dug out with a spade. Many diggers, notably Austrians, who are the most numerous on the fields, do not use a spear, but dig the ground over completely, sometimes to a depth of 10 ft.

During recent years it has been found that in places the remains of buried kauri forests exist above one another, and this has added considerably to the life of the kauri-gum industry.

At present owing to an improvement in prices, there is a revival in gum-digging. In various parts of the Hobson County diggers are making good earnings, in some cases as much as £1 per day. Owners of farms whereon kauri-trees originally flourished are constantly being importuned to grant digging-rights over their properties, and in many instances receive handsome royalties. Occasionally the diggers strike rich patches, and their good luck serves as an incentive to further toil on the part of their fellow-workers. During 1913 some Austrians took £150 worth of gum from a small gully, and dining one week in September some Maoris digging on the Kohuroa Estate, unearthed a patch of half a ton.

Gum-digging has always been a standing resource for the industrious unemployed, and has enabled Auckland in years past to tide over periods of commercial depression with comparatively little difficulty. It has also been of vast benefit to hundreds of settlers with but small capital.

During 1913 there was a considerable increase in the quantity and value of kauri-gum exported, which amounted to 8,780 tons, valued at £519,106, the highest in both quantity and value during the past six years. The total production for the year actually amounted to 9,596 tons, the highest since 1904. The average value of the gum marketed during that year was, however, considerably greater than for 1913, this being due to the fact that of recent years there has been a steady sale, for the grades known in the trade as “chips” and “dust,” which are now sent forward in large quantities, and are understood to go mostly to Germany to be used in the manufacture of linoleums. The market price of gum varies greatly according to quality; the best-grade gum, which is very scarce, sells as high as £300 per ton. For single pieces of specimen gum but little larger than a man's list, transparent, in colour varying from that of brandy to a light amber, collectors have paid as much as £25. A collection of transparent and highly polished specimen gum of varied shades of brown and yellow makes a very beautiful and valuable exhibit. The Mitchelson collection, recently presented to the Auckland Museum is valued at over £2,000.

A good market being available for the low-grade gum, mechanical methods are now employed in obtaining it from swamps. In the Piako district gum is obtained by the ground-sluicing method of pioneer-alluvial gold-mining.

A company with a capital of £30,000 has recently been formed for the purpose of dredging for gum on a swamp at Awanui, in the north of the Auckland peninsula. A gold-dredge altered to adapt it to gum-dredging will be used.

SULPHUR.

Since 1902 there has been no sulphur exported from New Zealand, but during the five years preceding 4,927 tons, valued at £13,239, were exported from White Island. White Island consists of the summit of a volcano whereon thermal activity is unusually pronounced. From one large vent known as the “Blowhole” there is a remarkable display of solfataric and fumarolic action unrivalled in New Zealand, so-called smoke and steam being ejected to a height of about 300 ft. Around the fumaroles there are conical mounds of almost pure sulphur, varying from 4 ft. to 6 ft. high, and the floors and sides of the crater are covered to an unknown depth with alternating layers of siliceous mud, ash-beds, flour of sulphur (averaging 7 ft. in thickness), and gypsum. By systematic prospecting a reserve of sulphur has been exposed, and a considerable quantity has been obtained and stacked for treatment.

During 1913 the White Island property was acquired by the New Zealand Sulphur Company, which laid down a steaming plant consisting of a steam-boiler and four retorts. A dam was also constructed for the storage of surface rain-water for the production of steam. During the early part of 1914, owing to corrosion of one of the cast-iron retorts by hydrochloric acid introduced in the sulphurus charge, an explosion occurred with fatal results to a workman, upon which operations ceased pending the installation of non-corrodible retorts.

Shortly after the further resumption of operations—viz., in September, 1914—an eruption or landslide resulted in the camp being buried to a depth of several feet. No trace of the workmen has yet (6th October, 1914) been found.

PHOSPHATE ROCK.

At Clarendon and Milburn, Otago, considerable deposits of phosphate rock were discovered in 1902, and have since been actively worked. The present annual production is roughly 10,000 tons per annum. Phosphatic nodules are found in the Kaikorai Valley (near Dunedin), at Weka Pass (North Canterbury), and elsewhere. A limestone containing 10.60 per cent. of tricalcic phosphate occurs in the neighbourhood of Onewhero, Waikato district. Other districts where phosphate rock of good quality, though, so far as known, not in commercial quantities, is found, are Amberley (North Canterbury), Tutira Block (Mangaharuru Survey District, Hawke's Bay), and Whangarei.

Phosphatic minerals, the most common of which is the hydrous iron phosphate, vivianite, have been discovered in numerous other localities besides those mentioned above, but commercially these occurrences are of little importance.

GREENSTONE.

The mineral nephrite, the “pounamu” of the Maori, more popularly known as one of the varieties of “greenstone,” whenever observed in situ occurs as rounded segregations in talc or talc serpentine rocks. These segregations vary up to 2 ft. or even more in lateral dimension. As a rule they average less than 1 ft. in width. So far as known, the mineral has only been found in its original locus in the Griffin Range, Turiwhate Survey District, North Westland.

Pounamu is a deep-green semi-transparent mineral with dark opaque patches. With the wearing-away of the enclosing matrix the segregations are freed as rounded masses, and were once transported by the Arahura, Taramakau, and other glaciers, and are now found as boulders in the glacial debris along the lower streams of the Arahura and Taramakau Valleys. From boulders all greenstone ornaments have hitherto been manufactured. The largest boulder found, weighing approximately 5 tons, was exported to Germany, where the cutting and polishing of this extremely hard stone is done by special appliances, consisting of a revolving band of iron upon which emery powder is used.

The mineral known to the Maori as “tangiwai” is sometimes considered as a variety of pounamu. It is in reality bowenite, a hard variety of serpentine, but is much softer than nephrite. It is found in the form of boulders at Big Bay and Martin's Bay, Milford Sound, and in situ at Anita Bay, Milford Sound.

Prices in New Zealand for rough greenstone range between 9d. and 2s. 6d. per pound, varying with the quality. The purchase of rough blocks is speculative, as when the block is cut up the quality may be found to be entirely different to anticipation.

During the past ten years the average quantity of greenstone exported per annum amounts to 8 tons 4 cwt., the average price obtained in New Zealand being 1s. 4d. per pound.

BUILDING AND ORNAMENTAL STONES.

New Zealand possesses a great variety of handsome and durable building-stones scattered throughout both Islands. In Auckland there is basalt, andesite, porphyrite, and quartz-biotite-diorite, known in the building trade as Coromandel “granite.” a hard, coarsely crystalline rock capable of taking a fine polish. Besides these rocks are the Whaugarei limestone and Raglan stone, the former an excellent building-stone, the latter a good freestone. Taranaki has the hornblende andesites of New Plymouth and Mount Egmont, and Wellington the andesites of Ruapehu.

In Nelson there is the granite of Tata Island and Tonga Bay, and the marble and crystalline limestones of the Pikikiruna (Riwaka) Range. West Nelson and Westland are well provided with granites and limestones of good quality, well adapted for building purposes; and in the Griffin Range, North Westland, there is found an abundance of finely coloured serpentine, unsurpassed as a decorative stone. Building-stone is scarce in Marlborough, but Canterbury is well supplied, having an abundance of Lyttelton bluestone (andesite) and Mount Somers stone, a limestone of exceptional quality. In Otago there is an abundance of excellent building-stone, ranging from the well-known Oamaru stone to the granite, gneiss, and limestones of Fiordland, all close to deep water. In Southland there is the so-called Ruapuke “granite,” the norite of the Bluff, and the granites of Stewart Island.

The principal buildings in New Zealand have been constructed in stone from local quarries.

The following is a list of building-stone which attracted a considerable amount of attention when exhibited in the Mines Department Court of the Auckland Exhibition, 1913–14.

Class of Stone.Locality.Owners of Quarry or LandPrincipal Buildings erected thereof.
Quartz biotite-dioriteCoromandelNew Zealand Granite Company, AucklandParliament House, Wellington; Post-office, Auckland.
GraniteTonga BayJ. and A. Wilson, WellingtonPost-office, Wellington.
GraniteRuatunaJ. G. Coates, Esq., MatakoheNot yet developed.
TrachyteDruryW. Parkinson, AucklandNot yet developed.
TrachytePukekaroroTrachyte Stone Company, AucklandNot yet developed.
AndesiteSumner  
BasaltMount EdenGovernment of New ZealandHis Majesty's Prison, Auckland; Churches, &c.
AndesiteChristchurchCashmere Estate, ChristchurchAnglican Cathedral, Christchurch: Bank of New Zealand.
Basalt AndesiteTimaru New PlymouthGovernment of New ZealandHis Majesty's Prison, New Plymouth.
Basalt AndesiteRuapaki  
Fossil limestoneWhangarei Heads  
Limestone Limestone, pinkMt. SomersMessrs. Blackburn and Smith, ChristchurchBanks of Australia and Australasia, Christchurch.
Limestone Limestone, pink “T”OamaruTeschmaker Estate, OamaruMany important buildings, including town halls, churches, and hanks in New Zealand and Australia.
Limestone Limestone, pink “K”OamaruH. S. Bingham and Co., Dune in 
MarbleSandy Bay, NelsonNew Zealand Marble and Cement Company, Palmerston NorthQuarries newly developed. In the interior of the New Zealand Houses of Parliament this marble will be used.
SerpentineGriffin Range, WetlandNew Zealand Greenstone (Limited), GreymouthNow being developed, and a large plant installed.
Porphyritic graniteKumara, WestlandGovernment of New ZealandUndeveloped.

MIXING ACCIDENTS.

At Metal Mines.

The following is a summary of persons killed or seriously injured in metalliferous mines during the seven years 1907–13 :—

TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF DEATHS FROM ACCIDENTS AT METAL-MINES DURING THE YEARS 1907–13.
Cause of Accident.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Explosion 3221  
Fall of ground2011215
In shafts 135 13
Miscellaneous: Underground 21  2 
Miscellaneous On surface26532 2
About dredges3124 1 
Total killed71514155510
Number of employees9,3898,8807,6518,1217,4005,2394,941
Number persons killed per 1,000 employed0.841.691.831.840.670.952.02

At Coal-mines.

The following is a summary of coal-mining accidents during 1913, with their causes :—

Fatal Accidents.Non-fatal Accidents.
Number of Separate Fatal Accidents.Number of Deaths.Number of Separate Non-fatal Accidents.Number of Persons injured.
Explosions of firedamp    
Falls in mine4477
Miscellaneous—Underground2255
In shafts  11
     Totals661313

The number of deaths was in the proportion of 1.38 per 1,000 persons employed, as against 2.08 during 1912.

In September, 1914, forty-three lives were lost in a coal-mining accident at Taupiri, Huntly. At the inquest held it was found that the accident was due to an explosion of fire-damp. A Royal Commission is now (October, 1914) pursuing further investigations.

STATE AID TO MINING.

Loans for the Development of Mines.

Since 1905, when statutory provision was made for advances by way of loans for mining development, five companies have been assisted by grants of loans aggregating £32,725, of which £20,600 has been paid by the State as the mining operations have proceeded and in accordance with the conditions upon which such loans were granted. It cannot be stated that there is any evidence that the mining industry has yet benefited by these loans, and no company so assisted has paid a dividend; in two cases, however, the developments for which the loan was granted are not yet completed, and it is premature to pronounce thereon. The provision regarding mining loans is taken advantage of by mining promoters who are unable to obtain subscribers for their shares, to make up shortage of capital on the extremely favourable terms which the State offers—4œ per cent.

Subsidized Roads on Goldfields.

The opening-up by roads of remote or inaccessible mining fields still continues; and when the rugged character of many of these fields is taken into consideration it will be found that the mining industry is now well served as regards roads and bridges. Mining being generally the pioneer for agriculture, the roads constructed in some of the older mining fields are more used by farmers than by miners. During 1913–14 the sum of £1,748 in the form of subsidies, and £22,395 as direct grants out of the Public Works Fund was expended on roads on goldfields. In addition, the goldfields local bodies were credited with goldfields revenue amounting to £17,139 7s. 7d., and gold duty amounting to £22,039 11s. 5d. The total amount of State aid thus given to local bodies on behalf of the mining industry during the past financial year was therefore £63,322.

Government Water-races.

The Waimea-Kumara and Mount Ida Water-races, which render possible hydraulic mining in the Kumara district, Westland, and the Naseby district, Central Otago, have supplied 100 miners with water for sluicing during 1913, the value of gold obtained being approximately £23,226.

For the year ended the 31st March, 1914, the receipts for sales of water from the races amounted to £3,305 6s. 9d., the expenditure in upkeep and supervision during the same period being £3,214 19s. 9d., as compared with £2,588 0s. 8d. and £3,273 11s. 3d. respectively during the previous year.

New branch races have been constructed to serve miners in the Waimea-Stafford districts, and a race deviation is now being constructed from the Erin-go-bragh Water-race, recently purchased by the Government, to Argus Terrace, near Maori Point, Westland, where alluvial gold has been intermittently mined for many years.

The Kumara Water-race extension, which carries by inverted siphon a large supply of water across the valley of the River Taramakau to the northern terraces at Westbrook, has not received much support from the miners of the district. Independently of mining this siphon is of considerable value for hydro-electric power, the water-supply being considerable and the pressure adequate.

In Central Otago the Mount Ida Race has been extended for nearly a mile towards its terminus to enable new ground to be worked.

Government Prospecting-drills.

Three diamond drills of Schram-Harker type, with a boring-capacity of 2.500 ft., 1,500 ft., and 500 ft. respectively, one diamond drill of Sullivan CN type, capacity 800 ft., also three Keystone traction placer drills of 350 ft. capacity, are lent out by the Government to mining companies and local bodies free of charge. The borrowers have, however, to keep the machines in good order, and pay all expenses and wages in connection therewith, including those of the Government Superintendent of the drill.

During the year 112 holes, of an aggregate depth of 2,949 ft., were drilled by two Keystone drills in alluvial gravel, and seven holes, of an aggregate depth of 3,144 ft., were drilled in search of coal.

SCHOOLS OF MINES.

There are Government subsidized schools of mines at Coromandel, Thames, Waihi, Karangahake, Westport, and Reefton, Seventy-eight senior students presented themselves at the annual Government examinations held at the schools during December, 1913. The following is a summary of the results :—

Position.Locality of School of Mines.Average Number of Marks awarded per Paper submitted.Number of Students examined.Number of Papers submitted.Total Marks awarded.
1Thames60.8316241,459
2Waihi57.2018341,945
3Karangahake56.4711301,694
4Reefton49.6614271,341
5Coromandel39.23713510
6Westport38.431223884
     Totals, 191351.87781517,833
     Totals, 191262.00661237,629

In comparison with the results obtained at the examination for the previous year, the average number of marks per paper has decreased, but the number of students submitting themselves for examination has increased.

The expenditure by the Government on schools of mines since their inception, exclusive of subsidies paid to the University of Otago towards the School of Mines in connection with that institution is as follows: Subsidies towards erection and maintenance, £31,405; chemicals and apparatus, also mineralogical specimens supplied, £3,044: scholarships, £1,896; salaries of teachers, and travelling-expenses, &c. £22,269; total sum paid by the Department towards the schools of mines, £58,614.

BOARDS OF EXAMINERS.

Examinations are held by the Boards of Examiners annually of candidates for certificates as first and second-class mine-managers, battery superintendents, and dredge-masters under the Mining Act, 1908, and for certificates as first- and second-class mine-managers, underviewers, and firemen and deputies under the Coal Mines Act, 1908. No candidate is permitted to present himself for examination unless he holds an authority from the Secretary to the Board of Examiners stating that his certificates of service comply with the Acts and regulations, and have been accepted by the Board.

Chapter 19. SECTION XIX.—WATER-POWER.

ALTHOUGH abundant water-power is available throughout New Zealand, comparatively little use had been made of it before 1900, but during the last decade the development has been very extensive, and promises to be still more extensive in the early future. The Public Works Act of 1908 vests the sole right to use the water-power of the Dominion in His Majesty, subject to any existing rights, and gives the Government the right to develop such power, or to delegate such power to any local authority, or, outside a mining district, to any person or company, subject to conditions. Advantage has been taken of this in several cases, the right in the case of local authorities being issued free of royalty, and in the case of private individuals developing water-power for electrical distribution subject to a royalty of 1/20d. per unit generated.

POWER IN USE.

The following table shows the actual horse-power in use in the various districts in 1903, 1910, 1912, and 1913:—

     1903.1910.1912.1913.
Auckland4,8685,7526,55113,640
Hawke's Bay308296 
Taranaki1,1811,8921,8912,782
Wellington658694270389
Marlborough315282245202
Nelson9129221,151680
Westland2909421,7943,662
Canterbury4005361,2821,167
Otago1,3015,2587,61210,617
Southland1291,9932,0211,817
     Total9,91118,35322,91334,956

The following table gives the analysis of the purposes for which this water-power was employed as on 31st July, 1914 :—

District.MiningElectric supply.Flax-mills.Saw-mills.Flour-mills.Dairying.Construction-work.Freezing-works.Paper-mills.Miscellaneous.Total.
Auckland1,46415510   116  8322,577
Auckland South.11,01053       11,063
Hawke's Bay           
Taranaki 1,904403014707   872,782
Wellington North 23550  3    288
Wellington 10 25 19   47101
Marlborough16 118 462   20202
Nelson North 8 7612    16112
Nelson South299163556 4   41568
Westland1,2231,7553746 600   13,662
Canterbury 69162 19115   941,053
Canterbury South 2730 54    3114
Otago15710,02551 5029   30510,617
Southland 6552945451,20046581,817
     Totals3,15925,9805112624127837211,2004651,45434,956

Of the 34,956 h.p. of water-power now in use, 11,963 h.p. is distributed electrically for public supply from thirteen power-stations, eight operated by the local authorities, one (Rotorua) by the Government Tourist Department, three (Stratford, Hawera, and Reefton) by private companies, and one by a private individual. The following table gives details of these thirteen installations :—

Locality.Supply Authority.Population served.Power installed.Distance transmitted: Miles.Voltage of Transmission.
H.P.K.W.
DunedinCity Council64,2379,0006,0003235,000
RotoruaTourist Department2,360380200136,600
HaweraElectric Light Company2,685400250125,000
StratfordElectric Supply Company2,6391509022,000
New PlymouthBorough Council5,2381,02068056,600
Inglewood 1,273200120  
Patea 91920012043,000
Te Aroha 1,29825515033,000
Akaroa 62245201220
Taihape 1,5771331002460
MangawekaTown Board1,800473532,400
BrightwaterPrivate individual800534042,500
ReeftonElectric Supply Company1,50080601230

Waipori Power-supply.

Of these the only one of any size is the power-station of the Dunedin City Council on the Waipori River, thirty-two miles from the city This plant was started in 1907 with two units of 1,000 kilowatts (1,500 h.p.) each. Two more similar units were added in 1910, and two more were installed in 1913, which brings the total capacity up to 6,000 kilowatts (9,000 h.p.). The retail rates charged range from 5d. to 1d. per unit for lighting and from 2d. to œd. per unit for power purposes, the average revenue obtained during the year ended 31st March, 1913, being 3.2d. from lighting, 0.606d. from power-consumption, and 0.842d. from tramway supply. The total outlay to that date was £404,337, including distribution; the total revenue for the year ended 31st March, 1913, £43,721; and the total expenditure, including interest, sinking fund, depreciation, and renewal funds, £42,640, leaving a net profit of £1,081. The number of consumers supplied was 2,986, and the capacity of the motors connected to the mains 5,133 h.p. in addition to the tramway and lighting loads.

STATE AID TO WATER-POWER.

Lake Coleridge Works.

The Aid to Water-power Act of 1910 empowered the Government to establish hydro-electric supply installations, and the first is now in course of construction at Lake Coleridge, in the Southern Alps, seventy miles east of Christchurch. This plant is being designed for a total capacity of 9,000 kilowatts (12,000 h.p.). Of this one-half is included in the first installation, which it is expected to put into operation by October, 1914. The natural features of the lake and adjacent rivers allow of a very large extension of the supply up to 58,000 h.p. The transmission-line is being laid in duplicate by separate routes to Christchurch, thus ensuring continuity of supply, each line having a capacity of 5,000 k.w. The population to be served is over 110,000, and a large demand is anticipated immediately supply commences, including the bulk supply to the Christchurch City Council and some fifteen other local bodies for retail distribution, the Christchurch Tramway Board, Christchurch Drainage Board, the electrification of the Christchurch-Lyttelton suburban railway-line and ultimately of the main lines, and the power-supply to the large meat-freezing works, flour-mills, woollen-mills, and other factories and industries of the Canterbury Plains. The contract already entered into with the Christchurch City Council, which will form the basis of other supply contracts, provides for a charge for the first 300 kilowatts (400 h.p.) of £8 13s. 4d. per annum per kilowatt of maximum load (equivalent to £6 10s. per horsepower) and all over 300 kilowatts at £5 per annum per kilowatt of maximum load (equivalent to £3 15s. per h.p.). This will enable the Council to retail it to the public at an average of about 3d. per unit for light and 1œd. per unit for power in small units and £10 per annum per kilowatt of maximum load for power to larger consumers. It is estimated that a capital expenditure of about £375,000 will be required to complete the 12,000 h.p. development at Lake Coleridge, completing the present design.

Other Works.

A large and comprehensive scheme is now under consideration for the supply of electrical energy in the North Island, with the object of making it generally available, as far as possible, to all the towns and districts throughout the Island, and it is anticipated that advantage will be taken of the facilities offered to work the railways by electricity and to promote a system of light railways throughout the country districts now suffering from lack of communication because of the difficulty of obtaining stone for surfacing the roads.

WATER-POWER FOR MINING PURPOSES.

There are two fair-sized hydro-electric mining transmissions in service—namely, a 700 h.p. on the Fraser River, Otago, supplying the Earnscleugh Gold-mining Company's dredge, and a 1,000 h.p. installation at Lake Kanieri, supplying the Ross Gold-mining Company's underground alluvial working at Ross; the latter involves a transmission-line of twenty-three miles at a pressure of 24,000 volts.

In addition to these two mining installations in service the Waihi Gold-mining Company have installed a 9,000 h.p. plant on the Waikato River at Horahora Rapids, near Cambridge, a distance of fifty miles from the mines at Waihi and the battery at Waikino, the transmission pressure being 50,000 volts. This plant was put in service in March, 1914. In addition to the mines in the neighbourhood of Waihi, the company has also the right to supply local authorities en route with power in bulk for public distribution.

UNDEVELOPED POWER.

In addition to the developed power in New Zealand there is a practically unlimited amount of undeveloped power. The following table gives the particulars of the more important available water-powers, over 1,000 horse-power, showing also the nearest market consisting of a city or an actual or potential port. A considerable number of these are suitable for general industrial development, but the largest ones, as a rule being in the unsettled portions of the South Island and near the deep-water sounds, are particularly suitable for utilization in connection with electro-chemical or electro-metallurgical industries.

Source of Power.Position of Power-house.Available Flow Five Feet per Second.Available Head: Feet.Average Power.Nearest City, Port, or Deep Water.Distance: Miles.
H.P.K.W.
NORTH ISLAND.
North Auckland District.
Wairua FallsWairua Falls3001303,2002,400Whangarei16
South Auckland District.
KaitunaOkere Falls80078452,00039,000Tauranga25
      Auckland125
Waikato RiverHuka Falls6,0006733,00025,000Auckland158
Waikato RiverAratiatia Rapids6,00010050,00037,000Auckland158
Waikato RiverOrakeikorako Rapids6,0003517,50013,000Auckland148
Waikato RiverAniwhaniwha Falls6,0008040,00030,000Auckland142
Waikato RiverAtiamuri Rapids6,0002512,5009,300Auckland139
Waikato RiverHorahora Rapids6,0002814,00010,500Auckland97
Waikato River     Waihi47
Hawke's Bay District.
WaikaremoanaWaikaretaheki1,1001,420133,000100,000Gisborne65
      Napier75
      Wellington280
WaikareitiWaikaremoana18070010,5008,200Gisborne75
      Napier85
      Wellington290
Te Reinga FallsTe Reinga Falls6001256,2004,700Gisborne35
      Napier70
Wanganui District.
Lake RotoairaRiver Patu26052011,0008,500Wanganui105
Mangawhero RiverRaukawa Falls3002205,5004,100Wanganui45
Mangawhero RiverWanganui River30090022,00017,000Wanganui24
      Palmerston N.60
ManganuiWanganui River 70010,0007,500Wanganui65
Rangitikei RiverVinegar Hill1,50040050,00037,500Wanganui48
      Wellington142
Taranaki District.
Waitara RiverWaitara River800302,0001,500New Plymouth35
Wellington District.
Mangahai RiverTokomaru1151,05010,0007,500Palmerston N.16
      Wellington76
Tokomaru RiverTokomaru1004404,0003,000Palmerston N.16
      Wellington76
Makuri RiverMakuri Gorge1003843,2002,400Palmerston N.28
      Wellington107
Waiohine RiverWoodside2004006,6005,000Masterton20
      Wellington51
Otaki RiverOtaki  4,0003,000Wellington47
Tauherenikau RiverFeatherston1504405,5004,200Wellington46
Hutt RiverMungaroa3003659,9006,800Wellington25
SOUTH ISLAND.
Nelson District.
Boulder LakeAorere River502,60011,0008,000Golden Bay10
Rotoiti LakeGowan River2001,20020,00015,000West port48
      Nelson48
Rotoroa LakeBuller River90040030,00022,000Westport48
      Nelson48
Buller RiverLyell  25,00018,000Westport24
Inangahua RiverBlackwater River7801258,0006,000 18
Westland District.
Lake BrunnerStillwater1,75020029,00022,000Greymouth10
Kumara Water-raceKumara873302,4001,800Greymouth12
Otira RiverOtira407002,3001,700Greymouth52
Rolleston River 367002,0001,500Greymouth52
Kanieri LakeKanieri River1003302,8002,100Hokitika20
Toaroha RiverToaroha River30076019,00014,300Hokitika17
Whitcombe RiverHokitika River25080016,00012,000Hokitika20
Kakapotahi RiverKakapotahi River1005804,8003,600Hokitika26
Wanganui RiverHende's Ferry83058040,00030,000Hokitika36
Wataroa RiverWataroa1,36070080,00060,000Hokitika48
Canterbury District.
Clarence RiverJollies Pass2001,16020,00015,000Christchurch82
Clarence RiverConway River1,1501,050100,00075,000Christchurch88
      Kaikoura25
Wainu-ua RiverCulverden1,60020027,00020,000Christchurch75
Waimakariri RiverGorge Bridge2,00016027,00020,000Christchurch30
Lake ColeridgeRakaia River2004808,0006,000Christchurch70
Acheron RiverRakaia River504802,0001,500Christchurch70
Harper RiverRakaia River42048016,80012,600Christchurch70
Wi berforce RiverRakaia River1,10048044,00033,000Christchurch70
Rakaia RiverGorge Bridge2,600306,5004,800Christchurch52
Lake HeronRakaia River3002004,0003,000Christchurch88
Rangitata RiverArundel1,10025023,00017,000Timaru35
Opihi RiverOpihi Gorge2004006,7005,000Timaru30
Opuha RiverOpihi Gorge2004006,7005,000Christchurch100
Tekapo LakeFairlie5,100900400,000300,000Timaru40
Ohau LakeWaitaki River5,000600250,000180,000Timaru52
Otago and Southland Districts.
Ahuriri RiverWaitaki River60020010,0007,500Oamaru62
      Timaru100
Waipori FallsWaipori River1356507,3005,500Dunedin29
Leo StreamOutram157501,280970Dunedin18
Deep StreamTaieri River1109008,4006,300Dunedin20
Taieri RiverDeep Stream70022012,0009,000Dunedin44
Lilla BurnClutha River308902,2001,600Dunedin60
Teviot RiverRoxburgh2001,90032,00024,000Dunedin90
Mauwherika RiverChatto Creek2003505,8004,400Dunedin127
Hawea LakeWanaka Lake3,60022066,00050,000Dunedin170
Wakatipu LakeKawarau River11,000544500,000375,000Dunedin140
ShotoverWakatipu Lake50025014,50011,000Invercargill112
Lake HallDoubtful Sound2202,62548,00036,000On seaboard112
Lake CecilLake Te Anau20090015,00011,200On seaboard112
Lake HildaLake Te Anau1,5501,19055,00041,000On seaboard112
Lake Te AnauGeorge Sound12,030694750,000560,000On seaboard112
Lake ManapouriSmith Sound8,400600420,000315,000On seaboard112
Lake MonowaiLake Hauroto70041024,00018,000Invercargill60
Lake HaurotoTewaewae Bay2,300514100,00075,000Invercargill51

Chapter 20. SECTION XX.—MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS.

REMARKS ON SUMMARIZED RESULTS.

IN connection with the following tables relating to census industrial statistics it should be mentioned, to avoid misunderstanding, that they do not purport to include all “factories” registered under the Factories Act. The tables, as in previous census collections, only show the results of returns collected from manufactories and works employing over two hands. In a number of cases where work was carried on by the same manufacturer in separate buildings a considerable distance from one another, each building would be registered as a distinct “factory,” but only one census return would be furnished. For instance, in the case of a butter-factory with, say, a dozen or more creameries separating and supplying cream, each creamery would be registered as a separate “factory,” but the particulars for all would be included in one census return. Certain industries also which are registered as factories (bakers, blacksmiths, &c.) do not furnish returns for census purposes. The present collection has followed as closely as possible the lines of previous census collections.

Manufactories and Works, 1911 and 1906.
 April, 1911. No.April. 1906. No.Increase 1906–11 No.

* Omitting Government Railway Workshops and Government Printing Office.

† Decrease.

Number of establishments*4,4024,186216
Hands employed—
     Males42,26744,946−2;679
     Females13,96711,4132,554
     Totals56,23456,359−125
 1910.1905.1905–10.
Wages paid—£££
     To males4,865,4263,979,593885,833
     To females706,844478,026223,818
     Totals5,572,2704,457,6191,114,651
 H.p.H.p.H.p.
Horse-power100,58760,33540,252
Value of all manufactures or produce (including repairs)£££
 31,729,00223,444,2358,284,767
Total approximate value of —
Land3,890,9213,264,862626,059
Buildings5,174,8903,851,9021,322,988
Machinery and plant7,665,5485,392,5222,273,026
     Totals16,731,35912,509,2864,222,073

The number of establishments has increased in the quinquennium by 216, but the returns show that there were 125 less hands employed in 1911 than in 1906. A remarkable feature of this is that while the number of males decreased by 2,679, or at a rate of 596 per cent., the females actually increased by 2,554, or 22.38 per cent. In 1906, males represented 79.75 per cent. of the hands employed, and females 20.25 per cent., while in 1911 the proportions were 75.16 per cent. and 24.84 per cent. respectively.

In spite of the decrease in the hands employed, and in the proportion of males, the wages paid in 1910 show a considerable increase on the figures for 1905. The wages paid in the factories or industrial works dealt with in the census returns were returned for 1905 at £4,457,619, and for 1910 at £5,572,270, the increase on the total sum being at the rate of 25 per cent.

The average amount of wages paid to male hands in 1905 was £88 10s. 11d., and in 1910 £115 2s. 3d.; for females, £41 17s. 8d. and £50 12s. 2d. in the respective years. It must be remembered that these are not adult wages, but those of persons of all ages.

The increase for the quinquennium in the horse-power stated in the returns was 40,252, equal to a rate of 66.71 per cent.

The approximate value of the land used for purposes of the factories was returned as £3,264,862 for 1905, and £3,890,921 for 1910. The value of the lands used for mining is not included in the above figures, and the value of Crown lands has been omitted throughout.

As in the previous quinquennium a very large increase is found in the value of machinery and plant. The figures for the censuses of 1901, 1906, and 1911 are £3,852,457, £5,392,522, and £7,665,548 respectively. The rate of increase during the first of the two five-yearly periods was 39.98 per cent., and for the second 42.15 per cent.

The increase in the value of manufactures or produce (including repairs) is at the rate of 35.34 per cent. for the quinquennium as against an increase of 31.31 per cent. for the preceding five years. The development is analysed in the following statement, which includes nearly the whole increase, and has been worked down to a limit of £20,000 to show the main features. The factories or works in connection with our great primary industries, agricultural, pastoral, timber, and flax, include the greater part of the money.

Principal Increases between 1905 and 1910.£
Meat freezing and preserving and boiling-down works2,493,642
Butter and cheese factories1,337,545
Sawmills, sash and door factories571,122
Tailoring establishments357,821
Iron and brass foundries, &c. (excluding Government Railway Workshops)312,077
Printing and bookbinding establishments (excluding Government Printing Office)310,099
Clothing and boot and shoe factories278,621
Dressmaking and millinery establishments243,791
Gasworks236,289
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments200,460
Grain-mills189,315
Furniture- and cabinet-making factories169,496
Breweries and malt-houses141,895
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works120,863
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments117,684
Coach building and painting works101,194
Soap and candle works90,079
Saddlery and harness factories79,551
Lime and cement works77,011
Ship- and boat-building yards76,447
Hosiery-factories72,854
Aerated-water factories61,010
Paper bag and box factories50,110
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories46,928
Electric light and supply works42,921
Fruit-preserving and jam-making factories37,474
Cooperages35,683
Tinware-factories33,434
Baking-powder factories30,602
Mattress-factories29,023
Sausage-casing factories28,233
Agricultural-implement factories22,299
Glass-works21,204

From this table has been omitted reference to electric tramways, returns of which were collected in 1911 for the first time, as well as certain industries included with others in 1906, but shown separately in 1911.

The amounts shown above are in some cases over the fact. For instance, some of the butter made is included in returns for meat-freezing establishments, as well as in the butter-factory returns; timber cut is valued under sawmilling, and some again in the furniture-making line; while leather is valued in the tanning returns, and some part of it again in the boot and saddlery items. A certain amount of duplication is unavoidable. This is admitted in the accounts of industrial statistics of the United States of America and elsewhere.

Where decreases have been found in the returns these may be referred to in a comparative statement which follows.

Particulars relating to individual industries clearly show that quantities as well as the value of manufactures have risen, so that the development is not merely a question of market prices, but of actual output.

Cost of Materials operated upon.

This information was given in case of most industries, but in some cases estimates had to be made to obtain completeness. The sum arrived at for the year 1910 is £20,810,211. The difference between this amount and the total value of all the manufacture and produce (with repairs) may be termed the net value of the manufacture in a sense, and duplications on account of the articles of any one kind becoming materials operated upon for another sort would be eliminated. But to arrive at any approximate estimate as to profit £5,572,270 spent in wages ought further to be deducted, and also interest and depreciation on £16,731,359 invested in land, buildings, machinery, and plant, together with taxes, insurance, and other incidental expenses.

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.

All the various industries for which returns were received in 1911 are given in the statement below, which thus enumerates completely the manufactories and works in operation, specifying the provincial districts in which they are situated :—

INDUSTRIES IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Manufactories, Works, &c.Number of Industries in Provincial Districts.Total Number of Industries
Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland.Canterbury.Otago.Southland.

* Excluding Government Railway Workshops

Animal food—
Meat freezing and preserving works834411 76741
Ham-and bacon-curing establishments7323 2 714442
Fish curing and preserving works91 4 11 3120
Butter and cheese factories577518658104331553338
Condensed-milk factories        112
Vegetable food—
Grain-mills43 1033 2316466
Biscuit-factories2  1 1 2219
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works5 12 5 25222
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works7 18 1186133
Sugar-refining works1         1
Baking-powder factories5  4   11 11
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
Breweries82510185107460
Malthouses3 1314 87128
Colonial-wine making5 31  12  12
Aerated-water factories28673539415134124
Coffee and spice works3  2 1 14 12
Tobacco and cigarette works3  6      9
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories4 15 1147 23
Animal matters (not otherwise classed)—
Soap and candle works6 151  44 20
Glue-factories1      1  2
Sausage-casing factories2 14   32113
Boiling-down works3425 2121323
Bone-mills and other manure-works3  1 1  1410
Working in wood—
Cooperages4227   41 20
Sawmills, sash and door factories1181729123226438532347534
Woodware and turnery factories 1 41  3  9
Vegetable produce for fodder—
Chaff-cutting establishments  1124 5  13
Grass-seed-dressing establishments11321  139737
Paper-manufacture—
Paper-mills1       113
Paper bag and box factories6  1   14113
Gasworks10261023284148
Electric light and supply works151  1 51 14
Electric tramways1  2   11 5
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.—
Lime and cement works4 12 1 18 17
Asphalt-works1  3   3  7
Brick, tile, and pottery works17310242431381094
Monumental-masonry works4216 2 72226
Glass-works4  6   11 12
Electro-plating works1  2   3  6
Pumice-works1         1
Fibrous-plaster works3  3   43 13
Metals other than gold or silver—
Tinware-factories134412131139565
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.172120 221112269
Heel- and toe-plate factories1      11 3
Engineering-works*262623543212010120
Electrical-engineering works4  5   42 15
Manufactories, Works, &c.Number of Industries in Provincial Districts.Total Number of Industries
Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland.Canterbury.Otago.Southland.

* Excluding Government Printing Office.

Range-making works4  1   33 11
Spouting and ridging works332211 32 17
Lead-headed-nail works1      11 6
Wirework-factories2  5   33114
Books and publications—
Printing and book-binding offices*56111353679343616241
Musical instruments—
Musical instrument factories1  2   21 6
Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares—
Toy factories2  1   1  4
Picture-frame makers3 16 112  14
Basket and perambulator factories6 19 1 54 26
Lapidaries2       2 4
Equipment for sports and games—
Billiard-table works1         4
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
Rubber-stamp making   3    2 5
Ammunition —
Ammunition-works1         1
Machines, tools, and implements—
Agricultural - implement factories  14   72519
Brush and broom factories41 1   22 10
Carriages and vehicles —
Coach building and painting works43121439212129208180
Cycle-works4142323 1517271
Harness, saddlery, and leather-ware—
Saddlery and harness factories321062233220145117
Whip-thong factories   1      1
Portmanteau-factories2  2   2  6
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool - scouring establishments8578421289779
Ships, boats, and their equipment—
Ship- and boat-building yards20 121  14 29
Block and pump factories1         1
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories724612173134
Manufactories, Works, &c.Number of Industries in Provincial Districts.Total Number of Industries
Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland.Canterbury.Otago.Southland.

* Included in Otago, 1906.

Furniture—
Furniture and cabinetmaking5515175136525219207
Venetian-blind works2      21 5
Mattress-factories817132  64142
Wool, rug, and mat making   3   11 5
Chemicals and by-products—
Varnish-factories1  1    2 4
Ink-factories       11 2
Starch-factories  1     2 3
Chemical-works4  3   24 13
Hæmatite-paint works        2 2
Sheep-dip works  2       2
Match-factories   1    1 2
Blacking-factories   1      1
Textile fabrics—
Woollen-mills1 11   34111
Flock-mills   1    1 2
Cleaning and dyeing works3  5   31214
Dress—
Tailoring establishments10430259782012746018448
Dressmaking and millinery establishments761929846124775322382
Boot and shoe factories253 14   1910374
Clothing and waterproof factories16 123   1414169
Corset and belt factories   1   1  2
Hosiery-factories1  2   46114
Umbrella-factories1 11   2  5
Fibrous materials—
Rope and twine works1  1   3218
Bag and sack works1      21 4
Flax-mills142 3835434881
Returns not included in above6 111 1 94335
     Totals, census 1911934253251982952141077245492934,402
     Totals, census 190688524721484668229112696889*4,186

DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.

The principal industries returned at the census of 1911, and particulars relating thereto, are given in detail in the following table. These industries are arranged in classes according to their nature.

DETAILS OF THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.
Nature of Industries.Total Number of IndustriesNumber of Hands employed.Wages paid.Amount of Power employed (Horsepower).Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910.Value of all Manufacture or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.*Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume.

† For fuller particulars respecting these industries see special tables in this section and in Census volume.

‡ Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified .

To this total of the cost of materials used should he added an amount estimated at £25000 to cover the cost of gas fittings, pipes, &c., purchased and sold to consumers, the proceeds from which go to make up the amount of total revenue given in next column.

 £££H.p.£££
Animal food—
Meat freezing and preserving works413,954243,978444,2371,161445,39816,5316,533,3637,304,6761,741,170
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments42200120127,0163927,055678285,354371,621103,266
Fish curing and preserving works20572595,660735,73310918,20729,00220,724
Butter and cheese factories3381,481231,504169,380685170,0655,9953,304,9933,919,184954,122
Condensed-milk factories2342256   40   
Vegetable food —
Grain-mills66419542450,77421050,9843,6241,040,7621,248,001407,720
Biscuit-factories921017138122,3567,73630,09244898,460168,12289,974
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works2216412528912,5484,17916,72732790,248135,50655,461
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works3331141872930,79416,92847,722403143,831259,498141,074
Sugar-refining works1338 338   1,313   
Baking-powder factories113731684,4231,0015,4248126,02746,95416,223
Drinks, narcotics, and stimulants—
Breweries607383741109,46579109,5441,378304,062634,759499,357
Malthouses28106110713,7275013,777114118,395152,773114,170
Colonial-wine making1220 201,438 1,438102,4615,49817,290
Aerated-water factories1215373357061,5781,35962,93743175,501250,571200,965
Coffee and spice works124719664,5597705,32910821,38832,26125,977
Tobacco and cigarette works9812207685111,2791610,96216,40310,501
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories2380631437,4362,64810,08410238,84662,72634,751
Animal matters (not otherwise classed)—
Soap and candle works202232925227,1771,21328,390308197,259268,63592,609
Glue factories29211   50   
Sausage-casing factories13174 17419,300 19,3003937,23365,27813,101
Boiling-down works23117 11714,252 14,25236696,117117,51175,260
Bone-mills and other manure-works1092 9210,991 10,99118054,66380,71640,175
Working in wood—
Cooperages20170117114,84115014,99148448,51773,80733,881
Sawmills, sash and door factories5346,87166,877774,043359774,40219,4841,253,1532,699,8881,806,628
Woodware and turnery factories930 303,045 3,045566,26712,6027,228
Vegetable produce for fodder—
Chaffcutting establishments1337 372,924 2,92416739,31848,39816,266
Grass-seed-dressing establishments37110 11011,359 11,359729238,414275,693116,011
Paper-manufacture—
Paper-mills36931100   782   
Paper-bag and box factories1310014024010,0608,15218,21234429,34562,05160,915
Gasworks48751675792,72142993,150 §176,306623,2091,079,387
Electric light and supply works14168217023,73573424,46916,78022,372124,951404,681
Nature of Industries.Total Number of IndustriesNumber of Hands employed.Wages paid.Amount of Power employed (Horsepower).Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910.Value of all Manufacture or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.*Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume.

† For fuller particulars respecting these industries, see special tables in this section and in Census volume.

‡Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

Particulars in reference to the operations of the Government Printing Office and the Government Railway Workshops are not included in the table.

The total value of output at the Government Railway Workshops for the year to 31st March, 1911, was £701,175.

In the Government Printing Office there were 326 male and 106 female hands employed; there were 12 electric motors and 3 steam-engines, with an aggregate horse-power of 170; 4 linotypes and 7 monotypes were in operation; and the total value of output was £83,293.

Includes £782,665 permanent-way, and £249,218 cars and other vehicles.

The cost of materials used in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and pottery is not given, as the actual cost of the clay operated upon (apart from the outlay for labour) is practically nil.

Electric tramways51,633 1,633221,229 221,229 106,187548,8421,387,635||
Processes relating to stone, clay, glass, &c.—
Lime and cement works17456 45653,934 53,9343,58680,882184,686255,614
Asphale-works733 333,666 3,666108,92116,8317,044
Brick, tile, and pottery works94966 966112,328 112,3283,039 235,220326,290
Monumental - masonry works26121112214,8235214,87510722,12647,71834,221
Glass-works1284 848,705 8,7055911,97426,32715,070
Electro-plating works6121131,5141041,618229554,8856,650
Pumice works120 20   40   
Fibrous-plaeter works13651667,242217,26354,15116,90715,445
Metals, other than gold or silver—
Tinware-factories65414 41440,493 40,49314676,942160,58498,589
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c.691,30411,305137,81652137,8681,179142,861374,155241,381
Heel- and toe-plate factories36 6   7   
Engineering-works1202,442 2,442260,225 260,2253,333315,371751,485514,809
Electrical-engineering works15128 12810,543 10,5434940,01569,67328,576
Range-making works11271 27134,156 34,15626524,73082,60058,542
Spouting and ridging works1792 9210,290 10,2908323,76944,72820,541
Lead-headed-nail works610 10970 970243,7595,9053,650
Wirework-factories1464 646,439 6,4396815,14731,99118,708
Books and publications—           
Printing and bookbinding offices2418,4337894,222454,81235,434490,2463,370314,7631,377,9261,302,497
Musical instruments—
Musical-instrument factories617 172,112 2,112101,3304,9545,274
Ornaments, minor art products, and small wares–
Toy-factories419 191,688 1,688471,7065,1393,538
Picture-frame makers14298373,1704753,64595,02414,13511,132
Basket and perambulator factories261401715712,45884113,2991815,28940,02529,115
Lapidaries46 6576 576101581,4232,747
Equipment for sports and games—
Billiard-table works435 354,574 4,574457,91420,16513,407
Designs, medals, type, and dies—
Rubber-stamp making56 6369 369 4131,4602,640
Ammunition—
Ammunition-works1206585   48   
Nature of Industries.Total Number of IndustriesNumber of Hands employed.Wages paid.Amount of Power employed (Horsepower).Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910.Value of all Manufacture or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.*Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.

* For information as to quantities manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume.

† For fuller particulars respecting these industries, see special tables in this section and in Census volume.

‡ Value of output, wages, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

Machines, tools, and implements—
Agricultural - implement factories19646 64681,026 81,02642681,237222,040118,631
Brush and broom factories1090431338,8601,93910,79913917,49733,30318,714
Carriages and vehicles—
Coach building and painting works1801,43631,439149,699107149,806657156,829396,012320,974
Cycle-works71310531530,13722930,36623938,90492,141144,877
Harness, saddlery, and leatherware—
Saddlery and harness factories1175415359459,2333,24962,48221114,993220,364142,974
Whip-thong factories14 4       
Portmanteau-factories6327392,9783723,350 10,49616,5856,611
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments791,372 1,372136,875 136,8751,9271,788,7722,036,770261,456
Ships, boats, and their equipment—
Ship- and boat-building yards29589 58969,415 69,41529237,059143,01974,741
Block and pump factories11 1   4   
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories3411311122412,5335,75418,2874361,57292,24946,593
Furniture—
Furniture- and cabinet-making factories2071,5681011,689172,9305,082178,0421,339215,031497,681327,682
Venetian-blind works52410342,3774112,788156,94211,3688,589
Mattress-factories421121612811,68074212,4224924,88646,91523,978
Wool-, rug-, and mat-making works578158593301,189111,8525,2673,950
Chemicals and by-products—
Varnish-factories4152171,780771,8572911,71816,2608,555
Ink-factories27 7   9   
Starch-factories318624   60   
Chemical-works134652985,8801,8857,7656231,34649,86636,488
HaEmatite-paint works23 3   12   
Sheep-dip works24 4   6   
Match-factories228160188   113   
Blacking-factories1123       
Textile fabrics—
Woollen-mills116647461,41077,78759,374137,1612,641248,187377,713289,089
Flock-mills2437   24   
Cleaning and dyeing work143227593,3231,4074,730371,67211,59914,141
Dress—
Tailoring establishments4481,5812,6444,225193,957149,308343,265150364,389936,237483,719
Dressmaking and millinery establishments382434,0654,1286,041180,407186,44895285,573575,059359,819
Corset and belt factories2 55       
Boot and shoe factories741,3597132,072154,24443,549197,793680334,880619,873227,057
Hosiery-factories14494785276,93029,77236,7029982,132140,44292,159
Umbrella-factories51645611,4752,2763,751417,58122,8856,768
Clothing and waterproof factories694772,4702,94752,957116,695169,652576297,913507,125194,481
Nature of Industries.Total Number of IndustriesNumber of Hands employed.Wages paid.Amount of Power employed (Horsepower).Cost of all Materials used or operated upon during 1910.Value of all Manufacture or Produce (including Repairs) for the Year 1910.*Approximate Value of Land (excluding Crown), Buildings, Machinery, and Plant.
Males.Females.Total.Males.Females.Total.

* For information as to quantified manufactured or produced, see special tables in Census volume.

† For fuller particulars respecting these industries see special tables in this section and in Census volume.

‡ Value of output, wage-, &c., not shown where the number of establishments is so small that particulars might be identified.

Particulars in reference to the operations of the Government Printing Office and the Government Railway Workshops are not included in the tablle.

NOTE.—Two or more distinct industries were carried on at soma establishments.

In such cases particulars of power, hands, and plant employed, and wages paid, unless stated separately for each branch of industry, have been treated as belonging to the most important work.

Fibrous materials—    £££H.p.££ 
Rope and twine works8190 19020,377 20,3771,07165,020104,32598,342
Bag and sack works4936456741,9952,6693639,38750,87112,885
Flax-mills811,24041,244143,676219143,8952,51673,835284,399342,638
Values for industries of which less than four of any one sort were found in the returns    69,99112,97682,967 796,689952,926422,988
Returns not included in above351287920712,9633,24416,20714967,608107,65060,458
     Totals census 19114,40242,26713,96756,2344,865,426706,8445,572,270100,58720,810,21131,729,00216,731,359
     Totals, census 19061,18644,94611,41356,3593,979,593478,0264,457,61960,33513,163,69223,444,23512,509,286

The succeeding statement shows the most important industries in operation in 1911, ranged in order of the values of their output for 1910, and compared with the results obtained for the years 1905, 1900, 1895, and 1890 :—

Total Value of all Manufactures or Produce, including Repairs.
 1910.1905.1900.1895.1890.
£££££
Meat freezing and preserving and boiling down works7,422,1874,928,5453,834,8911,652,2751,464,659
Butter and cheese factories Sawmills, sash and door factories3,919,1842,581,6391,535,150501,274150,957
 2,699,8882,128,7661,268,689898,807832,959
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments2,036,7701,836,3101,888,1071,237,2521,026,349
Printing establishments (not including Government Printing Office)1,377,9261,067,827704,285389,124354,559
Grain-mills1,248,0011,058,686682,884874,656991,812
Clothing and boot and shoe factories1,126,998848,377897,299649,414591,943
Iron and brass foundries, boiler-making, machinists, &c. (not including Government Railway Workshops)1,125,640813,563870,864302,815403,635
Tailoring establishments936,237578,416301,356  
Breweries and malthouses787,532645,637659,298418,830380,849
Gasworks623,209386,920290,567199,025178,947
Dressmaking and millinery establishments575,059331,268312,436  
Electric tramways548,842    
Furniture and cabinet-making factories497,681328,185241,02485,327131,314
Coach building and painting factories396,012294,818216,077148,969139,650
Woollen-mills377,713397,348359,382302,423279,175
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments371,621253,937159,56486,02283,435
Flax-mills284,399557,808203,49232,546234,266
Grass-seed-dressing establishments275,693270,028241,239  
Soap and candle works268,635178,556158,649152,298155,714
Sugar-boiling and confectionery work259,498138,63588,58033,23517,248
Aerated-water factories250,571189,561151,81198,60991,691
Brick, tile, and pottery works235,220216,550122,23066,14056,830
Agricultural-implement factories222,040199,741138,094102,054144,472
Saddlery and harness factories220,364140,813147,62663,73537,347
Lime and cement works184,686107,67545,14215,88119,416
Biscuit-factories168,122225,476197,989118,979127,147
Tinware-factories160,584127,15098,58763,72314,297
Ship- and boat-building yards143,01966,57245,81125,23335,847
Hosiery-factories140,44267,58831,2659,3575,650
Total Value of all Manufactures or Produce, including Repairs.
 1910.1905.1900.18951890.
Fruit-preserving and jam-making135,50698,03258,09236,10827,255
Electric light and supply124,95182,03023,234  
Rope and twine works104,325100,75387,86352,40076,711
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories92,24945,32144,85430,16631,083
Cycle-works92,14175,99165,04718,8175,655
Range-making works82,60064,27153,307  
Bone-mills and other manure-works80,71666,55840,29812,2464,628
Cooperages73,80738,12437,52119,23311,540
Sausage casing factories65,27837,04530,67413,47210,582
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar factories62,72656,32638,08213,4176,407
Paper bag and box factories62,05111,94114,2177,6984,497
Bag and sack factories50,871    
Chemical-works49,86695,39064,83475,32041,568
Chaffcutting establishments48,398139,060169,31378,49763,236
Monumental - masonry works47,71835,99322,313  
Baking powder factories46,95416,35218,16310,1535,637
Mattress-factories46,91517,89216,2961,850 
Spouting and ridging works44,72873,756112,69123,76233,140
Basket and perambulator factories40,0234,10317,94211,9207,381
Brush and broom factories33,30336,34521,13123,36313,340
Coffee and spice works32,26160,75845,62874,33964,024
Wirework-factories31,991    
Fish curing and preserving works29,00228,10925,17310,29219,537
Glass-works26,3275,123   
Umbrella-factories22,885    
Billiard table factories20,16510,417   
Fibrous-plaster works16,907    
Asphalt-works16,831    
Portmanteau-factories16,58512,0645,483 2,889
Tobacco and cigarette works16,403    
Varnish-factories16,260 6,732 6,850
Picture-frame making14,13516,2965,771  
Wood ware and turnery factories12,602110,22537,55218,2769,050
Cleaning and dyeing works11,59910,3327,8557,53013,667

The order of the principal industries, ranged according to the number of hands employed, is as follows:—

     Number of Hands.
1911.1906.1901.1896.
Sawmills, sash and door factories6,8779,1116,8124,059
Clothing and boot and shoe factories5,0194,3575,4394,500
Tailoring establishments4,2252,9971,621 
Printing and bookbinding establishments (excluding Government Printing Office)4,2223,8983,1342,351
Dressmaking and millinery establishments4,1283,0392,888 
Meat freezing, preserving, and boiling-down works4,0953,2602,2822,037
Iron and brass foundries, machinists, &c. (excluding Government Railway Workshops)3,7473,7063,3971,642
Furniture- and cabinet-making works1,6891,5281,310496
Electric tramways1,633   
Butter and cheese factories1,5041,4841,188576
Coach building and painting works1,4391,4651,185807
Woollen-mills1,4101,5491,6931,416
Tanning, fellmongering, and wool-scouring establishments1,3721,3361,9631,629
Flax-mills1,2444,0761,698647
Brick, tile, and pottery works9661,254838455
Breweries and malthouses848821827560
Gasworks757954572295
Sugar-boiling and confectionery works72957130569
Agricultural-implement factories646793586581
Saddlery and harness factories594544652266
Ship- and boat-building yards589237211108
Aerated-water factories570586452347
Hosiery-factories527374282133
Lime and cement works45628018479
Grain-mills424540515419
Tinware-factories414473337289
Biscuit-factories381587667425
Sugar-refining works338228256160
Cycle-works315452395125
Fruit-preserving and jam-making works289311172193
Range-making works271230193 
Soap and candle works252238232190
Paper bag and box factories2401008186
Sail, tent, and oilskin factories224163231143
Ham- and bacon-curing establishments201224196123
Rope and twine works190195192150
Match-factories188206183121
Sausage-casing factories1741519856
Cooperages17111613876
Electric light and supply works17011852 
Basket and perambulator factories15714811876
Sauce and pickle factories14321915174
Brush and broom factories13315412892
Mattress-factories128535515
Grass-seed-dressing establishments11092607
Paper-mills1001169884
Chemical-works9817895114
Bone-mills and other manure-works922164746
Spouting and ridging works9215926190
Ammunition-works8513010590
Glass-works841496
Baking-powder factories68252919
Coffee and spice works6612078119
Fibrous-plaster works66   
Wirework-factories64   
Umbrella-factories61   
Cleaning and dyeing works59465158
Fish curing and preserving works5910613775
Condensed-milk factories56583310
Bag and sack factories4536622
Portmanteau-factories3942213
Chaffcutting establishments37197266212
Picture-frame makers373422 
Billiard-table factories352572
Venetian-blind works34355145
Woodware and turnery factories3030415681
Starch-manufactories24253227
Colonial-wine making20515953
Tobacco and cigarette works20133819
Pumice-works20122820

MOTIVE POWER EMPLOYED.

The following table showing for provincial districts the number of engines, &c., driven by the various kinds of motive power will be of interest. When compared with previous censuses a very large increase is apparent in the figures for electricity.

TABLE SHOWING MOTIVE POWER EMPLOYED IN PROVINCIAL DISTRICTS.
Provincial District.Number of Works.Motive Power employed : Number of Engines, &c., driven byAmount of Horse-power.
Steam.Water.Gas.OilHorse.Hand.Electricity.Total.
NOTE.—In 1905 wind was used as the motive power in two cases; in 1900 one case, and in 1895 seven cases.
Auckland9344971621962 171891,00023,398
Taranaki253167672932 3493473,677
Hawke's Bay2511115722227232423,891
Wellington9824701320546 143031,05127,547
Marlborough95693157 4 981,577
Nelson214110143611  61772,293
Westland10710011271 3 1423,176
Canterbury72426741145201333881516,719
Otago549231488115 923962311,400
Southland29319912431511162876,909
 4,4022,2212308722314611,1634,782100,587
Industries not included in 1896, 1901, and 1906883311920  79102628
     Totals for 1910 (net)3,5192,2182298532314611,0844,68099,959
     Totals for 19053,4951,372197452971999552,29360,278
     Totals for 19003,1631,3592164003172 152,09439,052
     Totals for 18952,4591,201236179693 11,72328,096

AGES OF INDUSTRIES.

The next table shows, according to industries, the numbers of works established during each of the last six years, and for various periods of years prior to 1905. Five electric tramways are excluded from the table.

TABLE SHOWING AGES OF INDUSTRIES.
Industry.Number established in
Prior to 1860.1860–9.1870–9.1880–9.1890–41895–9.1900–4.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.Not stated.Total.
Meat-freezing1 113555 22221941
Bacon-curing 3 5387114 16342
Fish-curing 111118   2 2320
Butter and cheese  42446575715102015303723338
Condensed milk      1      12
Grain-mills451416624141   966
Biscuits25        1  19
Fruit-preserving12132233   13122
Confectionery15242541111 2433
Sugar-refining   1          1
Baking-powder 1232 2 1     11
Brewing7810113310111212 60
Malting44532 1    11728
Colonial wine 3 13221      12
Aerated waters 1413151492028266411124
Coffee and spice 3231 21      12
Tobacco and cigarettes  1  12 211  19
Sauce, pickle, &c. 2174251    1 23
Soap and candle 22543  11  1120
Glue       11     2
Sausage-casings   1811     2 13
Boiling-down 212 34121  2523
Bone-mills 21 113    1 110
Cooperages 2422 2 14   320
Sawmilling58254240577932255147363150534
Woodware and turnery    3 3  1  1 9
Chaffcutting  13212 1 11 113
Grass-seed dressing 235516131 11837
Paper-mills  11  1       3
Paper bag and box 1231 22 1 1  13
Gasworks 5136261253 32 48
Electric light and supply   21 51113   14
Lime and cement works 112121 14   417
Asphalt-works    1211  2  47
Brick, tile, and pottery841214971832 2521394
Monumental masonry 3532262  11 126
Glass-works 2211111  21  12
Electro-plating   1  311     6
Pumice-works    1         1
Fibrous-plaster 11   3111 22113
Tinware-factories 49122810231311965
Iron and brass foundries19116489133234569
Heel and toe plates  1   2       3
Engineering-works2917101110166644487120
Electrical engineering   1211 22212115
Range-making  6212        11
Spouting and ridging 3221232     117
Lead-headed nails  13         16
Wire-working   1431   2  314
Printing9333830272822512537517241
Musical instruments   2 1  1 1  16
Toy-factories  1   1   1  14
Picture-framers 1313 1 112  114
Basket and perambulator  257431  1 2126
Lapidaries 11 11        4
Billiard-tables    2 1     1 4
Rubber-stamps  21 1 1      5
Ammunition   1          1
Agricultural implements 4313 33 1   119
Brush and broom  142       1210
Coachbuilding39303922112194354614180
Cycle-works   261316456353871
Saddlery and harness177348151214142318117
Whip-thong factories             11
Portmanteau      11 1 1 26
Tanning and fellmongering 45231298131193779
Ship and boat building 14635313   1229
Block and pump1             1
Sail, tent, and oilskin2375264 1   1334
Furniture and cabinet-making18818241938911101016926207
Venetian-blinds 1 2    2     5
Mattress-factories237233732341 242
Wool, rug, and mat   1 11  1   15
Varnish-factories  121         4
Ink-factories   1    1     2
Starch   2  1       3
Chemical-works 111431 1    113
HaEmatite paint      2       2
Sheep-dip   2          2
Match-factories    2         2
Blacking  4411       111
Flock-mills     1   1    2
Cleaning and dyeing 2 142 1111  114
Tailoring810224541417728282818353820448
Dressmaking413183829187017162424284430382
Corset and Belt            112
Boot and shoe 4149861511232 074
Hosiery-factories  24 212 1   214
Umbrella-factories  121    1    5
Clothing and waterproof  4137810125743569
Bope and twine  111 1      38
Bag and Sack   11 1  1    4
Flax-mills 114332361132751281
Miscellaneous 115349112211435
     Totals622233695594404246701822002141942182453974,397

CAPITAL OF REGISTERED COMPANIES.

The two following tables give information as to capital of (1) private registered companies and (2) public registered companies :—

TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL OF PRIVATE REGISTERED COMPANIES.
      

* Capital is included in figures given for furniture-factories.

Industry.Number of Private Companies.(a.) Amount of Subscribed Capital, including all Classes of Shares.(b.) Amount of Paid-up Capital.(c.) Amount of Loan-capital—i.e., Debentures and Fixed Loans.(d.) Amount of Paid-up Shares issued to Vendors included in (b)).
  ££££
Meat-freezing444,21134,68215,156 
Ham and bacon caring473,05559,5011,809 
Butter and cheese factories818,73110,0694,2425,141
Grain-mills13172,000156,5604,95157,300
Biscuit-factories     
Fruit-preserving     
Sugar-boiling and confectionery     
Breweries6100,850100,350 49,850
Malthouses     
Aerated-water factories731,60029,60050013,418
Coffee and spice works514,79214,7927504,000
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar works897,00096,0001,6005,000
Soap and candle works544,00030,2501,50014,000
Boiling-down works     
Sawmilling73436,722355,629104,72297,241
Grass-seed dressing1012,50012,095405 
Paper bag and box making     
Gasworks     
Electric light and supply     
Lime and cement works44,9754,975445 
Brick, tile, and pottery works962,00051,9001,800600
Glass-works42,3502,350  
Iron and brass foundries1598,42497,9496,03258,400
Engineering-works16263,787257,78721,27559,300
Electrical engineering510,37010,370 3,000
Printing-works37389,858309,67945,376135,650
Agricultural-implement works547,50045,62515,0003,000
Coachbuilding417,30014,728 8,577
Cycle-works660,93058,54514,21645,070
Saddlery and harness works560,00051,7341,4438,004
Tanneries and fellmongery works1154,52152,2081,50019,003
Ship and boat building     
Sail, tent, and oilskin making     
Furniture factories1366,61761,967 6,950
Mattress-making*6    
Woollen-mills     
Tailoring establishments1522,35013,768 3,000
Dressmaking and millinery3926,03023,7301,5007,650
Boot and shoe factories6121,396100,1007,590 
Hosiery-factories     
Clothing and waterproof factories1243,36541,865 1,300
Flax-milling10121,550114,51114,18145,560
Industries not included above510,08511,500 8,015
Industries, less than four of one kind63421,896381,61660,282139,021
     Totals4332,950,7652,606,435326,275798,050
TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL OF PUBLIC REGISTERED COMPANIES.
Industry.Number of Public Companies.(a.) Amount of Subscribed Capital, including all Classes of Shares.(b.) Amount of Paid-up Capital.(c.) Amount of Loan-capital—i.e., Debentures and Fixed Loans.(d.) Amount of Paid-up Shares issued to Vendors (included in (b)).

* Capital in some cases is included in the figures given for meat-freezing and boiling-down.

† Capital is included in figures given for woollen-mills.

  ££££
Meat-freezing291,664,9831,336,818233,99958,000
Ham and bacon curing417,42713,2122,059870
Butter and cheese factories110898,627625,273160,37236,517
Grain-mills8167,587144,87613,75047,507
Biscuit-factories563,00863,00822,25010,000
Fruit-preserving6119,167111,0162,750 
Sugar-boiling and confectionery541,91741,91724,084 
Breweries15925,052838,782240,784427,675
Malthouses14136,500130,0005,05012,300
Aerated-water factories1445,30025,40812,8964,000
Coffee and spice works     
Sauce, pickle, and vinegar works     
Soap and candle works4115,00088,5854,000 
Boiling-down works643,38242,1411,000 
Sawmilling502,212,6001,935,843179,108588,609
Grass-seed dressing10559,000259,000  
Paper bag and box making434,50034,5001,2003,500
Gasworks221,144,423837,421162,17514,100
Electric light and supply533,02533,02524,0005,300
Lime and cement works     
Brick, tile, and pottery works12158,977146,70732,84074,562
Glass-works     
Iron and brass foundries1055,63555,6353,45828,835
Engineering-works25197,080187,91920,90068,300
Electrical engineering     
Printing-works36703,735591,71569,62838,920
Agricultural-implement works7122,623108,9676,95530,999
Coachbuilding6107,05477,2086,00028,927
Cycle-works     
Saddlery and harness works678,00073,50018,00012,000
Tanneries and fellmongery works*1090,00080,00011,50060,000
Ship and boat building432,00032,000  
Sail, tent, and oilskin making43,8113,8111,000 
Furniture-factories1035,14935,9041,8806,500
Mattress-making     
Woollen-mills71,169,5111,076,86879,350 
Tailoring establishments846,00038,500 17,950
Dressmaking and millinery1938,20038,2007,00012,100
Boot and shoe factories459,16858,302506 
Hosiery-factories5    
Clothing and waterproof factories815,38215,3822,000 
Flax-milling     
Industries not included above695,37595,375 3,500
Industries, less than four of one kind681,265,8971,224,874387,632187,815
     Totals56612,497,09510,501,6921,738,1261,778,786

CHARACTER OF ORGANIZATION.

Of the total number of works (4,402) in operation at the census of 1911, 2,076 were under individual ownership. Public registered companies owned only 566 of the works, or 12.86 per cent. of the whole, but the value of the manufactures or products of these 566 amounted to £15,635,535, or 49.28 per. cent. of the total output. A summary is given showing figures for the various works as classified according to character of organization.

TABLE SHOWING CHARACTER OF ORGANIZATION OF MANUFACTORIES AND WORKS.
Character of Organization.Number of Works.Hands employed.Power.Cost of Materials used or operated upon.Value of Manufactures or Products.
Number.Wages.Number using.Horsepower.
 £££  ££
Individual2,07613,6541,164,13797312,4442,292,6344,498,825
Firm or limited partnership1,12611,4971,141,97974715,9332,562,0744,706,066
Public registered company56619,4802,059,36047440,99511,697,40515,635,535
Private registered company4339,118905,23833212,1042,281,1934,062,757
Co-operative and miscellaneous2012,485301,55615419,1111,976,9052,825,819
     Totals4,40256,2345,572,2702,680100,58720,810,21131,729,002

REMARKS ON PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES.

Freezing and Preserving Works with Boiling-down.

The establishments increased from 48 in 1901 to 56 in 1906, and the hands employed from 2,282 to 3,260; while in 1911 the number of works was returned as 64, employing 4,095 hands. The value of output for 1910 greatly exceeds that for 1905, showing £2,493,642 increase, the figures being £7,422,187 against £4,928,545. Of the total value for 1910 (£7,422,187), sheep and lambs frozen were valued at £3,598,251, excluding legs of mutton. The number of carcases of sheep frozen in 1910 was more than in 1905 by 644,197, and carcases of lambs frozen increased by 1,599,792. Frozen beef increased at a great rate between 1905 and 1910, as regards both weight and value. The freezing of butter and other produce which developed very greatly between 1900 and 1905, shows (except in the case of rabbits) a decrease between 1905 and 1910, the figures for the respective years being £1,728,468 and £1,537,248.

The table below shows that while some items of the output decreased there has been considerable advance made on the operations taken as a whole.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works5664
Number hands employed3,2604,095
Amount paid in wages£283,916459,650
Amount of horse-powerH.p.9,62516,897
Approximate value of land£126,174196,327
Approximate buildings£732,802845,159
Approximate machinery and plant£644,631774,944
Output for Years1905.1910.
Frozen sheep—
CarcasesNo.1,355,9342,000,131
Value£1,023,3851,337,407
Frozen lambs—
CarcasesNo.2,258,2113,858,003
Value£1,407,7612,260,844
Frozen logs of mutton—
QuantityCwt.15,59841,452
Value£23,21049,807
Frozen beef—
QuantityCwt.160,133461,858
Value£114,988520,734
Frozen rabbits—
QuantityNo.2,632,8742,830,076
Value£60,32960,523
Frozen produce (butter and all other)—
Value£1,728,4681,537,248
Preserved meats—
QuantityCwt.44,45352,527
Value£88,719140,610
Tallow—
QuantityTons13,91019,267
Value£316,532561,261
Bonedust—
QuantityTons06,356
Value£28,85939,174
Output for Years1906.1911.
Other manures—
QuantityTon6,4104,845
Value£28,34931,473
Neatsfoot and trotter oil—
QuantityGal.32,93844,804
Value£3,8794,420
Bones, horns, hoofs, —
QuantityTons24044
Value£1,2761,277
Other products—Value£62,790877,729
Total value of output£4,928,5457,422,187

Bacon-curing Establishments.

These were 42 in number, employing 201 hands, against 52 with 224 hands in 1905. There is a steady in crease observed in the value of the output, the figures being £86,022 for 1895, £159,564 for 1900, £253,937 for 1905, and £371,621 for 1910. The business done in hams and bacon in 1910 amounted to 132,007 cwt., besides which there was a large output of lard (370,533 lb.).

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works5242
Number hands employed224201
Amount paid in wages£22,22227,055
Amount of horse-powerH.p.532678
Approximate value of land£21,09818,342
Approximate buildings£35,13051,814
Approximate machinery and plant£22,73833,110
Value of material used£186,375285,354
Output for Years1905.1910.
Hams and bacon—QuantityCwt.67,822132,007
Lard—Quantitylb.364,896370,533
Total value of output£253,937371,621

Fish curing and preserving.

There was a considerable increase shown in the value of fish cured and tinned in 1910 as compared with 1905. The figures for 1905 were £11,859 for fish cured, and £2,736 for fish tinned, and the corresponding totals for 1910 were £22,599 and £5,929 respectively. The value of other products decreased from £13,514 to £474, but the total value of all products of the establishments rose from £28,109 to £29,002.

Census Years1906.1911.
Approximate value of land£5,5556,017
Approximate buildings£7,1557,069
Approximate machinery and plant£7,6627,638
Output for Years1905.1911.
Fish cured—value£11,85922,599
Fish tinned—Value£2,7365,929
Value of other products£13,514474
Total value of output£28,10929,002

Butter and Cheese Factories.

Comparison of the results shown by the returns collected at the census of 1906 with that of 1901 showed great development, and a similar development between 1905 and 1910 is shown by the census of 1911. Not only did the number of factories increase from 264 to 338 during the five years, but the value of the output in 1910 rose to £1,337,545 over the amount for 1905. The figures are £2,581,639 for 1905, and £3,919,184 for 1910.

The produce of factory-made butter for 1905 was set down at 462,666 cwt., and for 1910 at 541,851 cwt., while cheese made increased from 150,061 cwt. to 474,111 cwt. in the same period.

By far the greater number of butter and cheese factories are in the North Island, the number having been 215 (out of a total of 338) which turned out 467,753 cwt. of butter and 315,460 cwt. of cheese in the year 1910, leaving 74,098 cwt. of butter and 158,651 cwt. of cheese as the output for the South Island. Taranaki is the provincial district in which the operations are by far the largest, 142,913 cwt. of butter and 197,690 cwt. of cheese being the result of the factory operations. Wellington factories show for 1910 a total of 111,158 cwt. of butter and 74,568 cwt. of cheese. Otago makes more cheese (127,411 cwt.) in her factories than any other district with the exception of Taranaki, while Auckland, which makes little cheese, heads the list of provinces for output of butter.

The money invested for purposes of this industry in land, buildings, machinery, and plant has largely increased. Full particulars are given in the subjoined table :—

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of factories264338
Number hands employed1,4841,504
Amount paid in wages£131,123170,065
Amount of horse-powerH.p.3,7595,995
Approximate value of land£56,008110,360
Approximate buildings£215,178381,308
Approximate machinery and plant£345,080462,454
Produce for Years1905.1910.
Butter—
QuantityCwt.462,666541,851
Value£2,195,6812,685,103
Cheese—
QuantityCwt.150,061474,111
Value£362,6841,199,677
Other Produce—
Value£23,27434,404
Total value of all produce£2,581,6393,919,184

Grain-mills.

The result of the inquiry regarding this industry is to show that so far as it relates to number of mills and hands employed there has been a decrease during the past five years. There has, however, been an increase as regards value of materials operated on, and of output.

The flour produced in 1905 was given as 95,528 tons, against which 105,939 tons were produced in 1910. The value of the output of all kinds, which includes meal, was returned for 1905 as £1,058,686, and for 1910 as £1,248,001.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of mills7766
Number hands employed540424
Amount paid in wages£57,33550,984
Amount of horse-powerH.p.3,1883,624
Approximate value of land£71,87081,513
Approximate buildings£160,799153,668
Approximate machinery and plant£178,889172,539
Grain operated on in1905.1910.
Wheat—QuantityBush.4,352,5445,165,763
Total grain—Value£835,4771,040,762
Produce for Years1905.1910.
FlourTons95,528105,939
OatmealTons7,2476,758
Other products—Value£144,188192,502
Total value of output£1,058,6861,248,001

Biscuit-factories.

A comparison of hands employed in the year 1910 with those in 1905 shows 381 against 587, a decrease of 206. The male hands decreased by 169 and females by 37 in the five years. In biscuit-making an increase from 4,133 to 5,667 tons is shown, but the value of biscuits manufactured decreased from £178,646 to £158,253, while that of other products (chiefly confectionery) decreased from £46,830 to £9,869. The total output came to only £168,122 as against £225,476 in 1905. Confectionery included in returns of biscuit-factories is, however, only a small portion of that made in the Dominion, as will be seen from a separate table, relating to confectionery-works and sugar-boiling only, which exhibits further output valued at £259,498, and 729 hands employed, for the year 1910.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works129
Number hands employed587381
Amount paid in wages£33,88130,092
Amount of horse-powerH.p.389448
Approximate value of land£26,13114,000
Approximate buildings£42,44029,780
Approximate machinery and plant£52,79546,194
Value of materials used£110,39698,460
Manufactures for Years1905.1910.
Biscuits made—
QuantityTons4,1335,667
Value£178,646158,253
Other products—Value£46,8309,869
Total value of all manufactures£225,476168,122

Confectionery and Sugar-boiling Works.

This industry is now of considerable magnitude, and gives employment to a large number of persons. There were 33 works in 1911, against 36 in 1906, a decrease of 3. The value of the manufactured articles, however, which, for the year 1905 reached the sum of £138,635, was returned for 1910 as £259,498, an increase of nearly 100 per cent. Besides the output of £259,498 for the year 1910 given in these returns, a certain amount of confectionery is included in “other products” in the biscuit-factory table. The confectionery and sugar-boiling works used 3,836 tons of sugar, valued at £55,488, during the year 1910, together with other materials valued at £88,343. The hands employed show an increase from 571 to 729, of which latter number 418 were females.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works3633
Number hands employed571729
Amount of wages paid£29,41047,722
Approximate value of land£22,84027,300
Approximate buildings£26,65451,311
Approximate machinery and plant£34,25862,463
Years1905.1910.
Sugar used—
QuantityTons2,3503,836
Value£44,70355,488
Other materials used—Value£44,25288,343
Total value of output£138,635259,498

Fruit-preserving and Jam-making.

The weight of fruit preserved in cans in New Zealand during 1910 was returned at 11,957 cwt., valued at £20,372, and in addition there were 3,026 dozen of bottled fruit, valued at £2,499. The total weight of fruit canned or bottled in 1905 was 5,910 cwt., valued at £9,537; so that the output has more than doubled in the five years. The manufacture of jams and jellies also increased, the figures being 46,396 cwt. in 1905 and 49,661 cwt. in 1910. The value of the total output stood at £135,506, against £98,032 five years previously. The results shown for this industry are very satisfactory, although the actual money value of the total manufacture is not so great as in the case of many industries.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works 2422
Number hands employed 311289
Amount paid in wages£12,20316,727
Approximate value of land£10,82811,179
Approximate buildings£20,02123,297
Approximate machinery and plant£11,46820,985
  Manufactures for Years1905.1910.
Fruit bottled or preserved—Value£9,53722,871
Jams and jellies made—
QuantityCwt.46,39649,661
Value£83,52088,281
Other preserves—Value£4,97524,354
Total value of all manufactures£98,032135,506

Breweries.

The number of breweries in the Dominion shown in the census returns for 1911 was somewhat fewer than that returned five years previously, but the hands employed were more numerous and the quantity of beer manufactured considerably greater.

While in the year 1905 there were 7,634,362 gallons of beer brewed, the output for 1910 amounted to 9,582,790 gallons, being an increase of nearly 2,000,000 gallons in the five-year period. In addition, 489,972 gallons of stout, valued at £29,058, and other products of the value of £6,608 were produced in 1910. The value of the total output in 1910 amounted to £634,759, as against £572,579 in 1905.

The quantities of beer on which excise duty was paid were—for 1905, 7,796,160 gallons, and for 1910 9,399,440 gallons. These quantities are in close agreement with those returned at the corresponding censuses as manufactured.

The imported beer entered at the Customs for home consumption increased in quantity only from 218,270 gallons in 1905 to 271,594 gallons in 1910, which tends to show that the colonial-made beer has practically displaced the beer brought from abroad. The consumption of beer per head of population, which was 7.421 gallons in the year 1895, reached 9.150 in the year 1900, 9.212 in 1905, and 9.741 in 1910.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of breweries 7260
Number hands employed 731741
Amount paid in wages£92,308109,544
Amount of horse-powerH.p.7031,378
Approximate value of land£82,590130,932
Approximate buildings£156,541208,543
Approximate machinery and plant£95,800159,882
Beer made in1905.1910.
QuantityGal7,634,3629,582,790
Value£572,579599,093

Malthouses.

The number of malthouses returned in 1911 was 28, as against 22 in 1906. The industry, though as yet not of any great dimensions, is a growing one, the output having more than doubled between 1905 and 1910, the figures for the respective years being £73,058 and £152,773. The malt produced in 1910 amounted to 509,391 bushels.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of malthouses2228
Number hands employed90107
Amount paid in wages£8,67313,777
Amount of horse-powerH.p.59114
Approximate value of land£15,61821,715
Approximate buildings£49,05067,513
Approximate machinery and plant£10,13924,942
Value of output, 1905 and 1910£73,058152,773

Colonial-wine Making.

Establishments for the manufacture of colonial wine decreased in number from 22 in 1906 to 12 in 1911. and the output of wine from 33,842 gallons in 1905 to 11,285 gallons in the year 1910. Cider-making seems to have increased slightly as regards amount, but to have decreased in value of output.

In 1905, 11,595 gallons of cider, of a value of £1,208, were produced in these establishments, while in 1910 the output was 12,200 gallons, valued at £956. A considerable quantity of cider is, however, turned out by aerated-water and cordial manufactories, for which see special table following.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works2212
Number of hands employed5120
Approximate value of land£13,3347,315
Approximate buildings£7,7684,490
Approximate machinery and plant£3,6905,485
  Manufactures for Years1905.1910.
Wine— 
QuantityGal.33,84211,285 
Value£8,5584,552 
Cider— 
QuantityGal.11,59512,200 
Value£1,208956 
Other products—Value£199  
Total value of all manufactures£9,9655,498 

Aerated-water and Cordial Factories.

Although the output of these factories appears to have decreased as regards quantity, a considerable increase in value is shown. The value of manufactures increased from £189,561 in 1905 to £250,571 in 1910, an increase of £61,010, or at the rate of 32.18 per cent.

On the other hand, decreases in quantity of output are recorded. In 1905, 2,220,174 dozen of aerated waters, 37,945 dozen of cordials, and 106,607 dozen of hop-beer were produced, the corresponding figures for 1910 being 1,780,163 dozen, 36,399 dozen, and 95,400 dozen respectively.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works123124
Number hands employed580570
Amount of wages paid£49,61762,937
Approximate value of land£57,08371,737
Approximate buildings£52,12862,904
Approximate machinery and plant£57,25966,324
  Manufactures for Years1905.1910.
Aerated waters—QuantityDoz.2,220,1741,780,163 
Cordials—QuantityDoz.37,94536,399 
Hop-beer—QuantityDoz.106,60795,400 
Total value of all manufactures£189,561250,571 

Sauce, Pickle, and Vinegar Making.

This industry employed 115 males and 104 females in 1906, the numbers for 1911 being 80 and 63 respectively. Sauces and pickles with other condiments and vinegar were manufactured to the value of £62,726 in 1910, an increase of £6,400 over the amount made five years before. The quantities of the various articles manufactured, however, show considerable decreases.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works2723
Number hands employed219143
Amount of wages paid£11,16310,084
Approximate value of land£14,48311,176
Approximate buildings£22,84216,995
Approximate machinery and plant£7,6576,580
  Manufactures for Year1905.1910.
Sauces— 
QuantityDoz. pt.111,98267,983 
Value£23,40829,613 
Pickles— 
QuantityDoz. pt.46,90128,364 
Value£13,09020,668 
Vinegar— 
QuantityGal.130,09262,301 
Value£6,4738,090 
Other condiments—Value£13,2954,355 
Total value of all manufactures£56,32662,726 

Soap and Candle Works.

The value of manufactures of all kinds at these works reached the sum of £178,556 for the year 1905, and £268,635 for 1910. The soap made in 1910 was 7,609 tons, or 1,818 tons more than that produced five years previously. The making of candles also increased, according to the returns, the output for 1910 being 3,520,205 lb., valued at £75,047, as against 1,930,544 lb., of a value of £48,385, in 1905. Additional manufactures in 1910 consisted of 1,252 tons of soda crystals, valued at £5,628, and 70 tons of glycerine, valued at £3,519.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works1920
Number hands employed238252
Amount paid in wages£21,85328,390
Approximate value of land£9,44716,459
Approximate buildings£27,53344,562
Approximate machinery and plant£31,58631,588
  Manufactures for Years1905.1910.
Soap— 
QuantityTons5,7917,609 
Value£107,012149,970 
Candles— 
Quantitylb.1,930,5443,520,205 
Value£48,38575,047 
Other manufactures—Value£23,15951,802 
Total value o all manufactures£178,556268,635 

Cooperages.

These numbered 20 according to the returns for 1911. The manufacture of casks would appear to have decreased slightly between the years 1905 and 1910, judging from the comparison given below. Kegs, however, went up by nearly 200 per cent., and butter-boxes by well over 100 per cent., while cheese cases and crates manufactured in 1910 numbered 184,343, against 10,645 in 1905.

The total value of the manufacture of all kinds increased by nearly 100 per cent. during the five-year period.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works2220
Number hands employed116171
Amount of wages paid£9,50314,991
Approximate value of land£10,2839,915
Approximate buildings£7,2009,104
Approximate machinery and plant£9,25314,862
  Manufactures for Years1905.1910.
KegsNo.11,29732,028 
CasksNo.37,93636,859 
Butter-boxesNo.212,776512,414 
Cheese cases and cratesNo.10,645184,343 
Other manufactures—Value£7,6209,684 
Total value of all manufactures£38,12473,807 

Sawmills, and Sash and Door Factories.

The great development of this industry between 1901 and 1906 has not been maintained at a similar rate during the five years preceding the census of 1911, though the value of the total output shows an increase of £571,122, the figures for 1910 being £2,699,888, as against £2,128,766 for 1905. Most of this increase, however, is due to higher prices, as there were decreases in the quantities of sawn timber and of mouldings in 1910, which are not compensated for by an increase in the quantity of flooring and skirting. The number of works increased in the quinquennium from 444 to 534, but the number of hands employed decreased by 2,234, this being due to the increased use of machinery.

The value of the output for the mills for the year 1910 was far greater in the Auckland Provincial District than in any other, the order being as follows:—

     Value of Output of Sawmills.  
 £  
Auckland1,194,953  
Wellington558,573  
Otago (including Southland, £159,044)230,594  
Westland173,670  
Canterbury127,761  
Hawke's Bay122,041  
Nelson103,691  
Taranaki94,613  
Marlborough93,992  
Census Years1906.1911.
Number of mills444534
Number hands employed9,1116,877
Amount paid in wages£834,927774,402
Amount of horse-powerH.p.13,27819,484
Approximate value of land£373,313340,968
Approximate buildings£181,899283,122
Approximate machinery and plant£649,631826,436
  Produce for Years1905.1910.
Sawn timber— 
QuantityFt.336,470,930296,033,017 
Value£1,442,9501,725,827 
Posts, rails, &c.—Value£12,29756,778 
Resawing, planed, flouring, skirting, &c.— 
QuantityFt.51,588,81256,770,537 
Value£517,954435,986 
Moulding— 
QuantityFt.12,148,47410,896,134 
Value£56,02780,056 
Doors and sashes—Value£99,538150,302 
Total value of all manufactures£2,128,7662,699,888 

Gasworks.

The operations of the gasworks in the Dominion for the year 1910 still show such expansion as must be considered highly satisfactory, and this notwithstanding the increased use of electricity in substitution for gas.

There were 38 gasworks at the time of the census of 1906. employing 954 hands, and 48 with 757 hands in 1911. The quantity of gas generated in 1910 shows a big increase on the figures for 1905, being 2,074,566,794 cubic feet, against 1,274,873,860 cubic feet. The output of coke and tar also increased during the five years, but no exact comparison of these items can be given, as in 1906 the value of “output” was returned, while the figures collected in 1911 are as regards “sales.”

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works3848
Number hands employed954757
Amount paid in wages£113,78593,150
Approximate value of land£132,188151,101
Approximate buildings£135,919174,858
Approximate machinery and plant£1,107,134753,428
Value of materials used£134,474176,306
Produce for Year 1910. 
Gas made—quantityC. ft.2,074,566,794
Gas sold—
QuantityC. ft.1,881,867,919
Value£500,299
Coke sold—
QuantityTons58,960
Value£60,718
Tar sold—
QuantityGal.1,643,765
Value£30,575
Other receipts£31,617
Total receipts£623,209
Total expenditure£494,297

Electric Current.

The number of works at the census of 1911 was 14, an increase of 1 since 1906. The hands employed increased from 118 to 170, and the amount of wages paid from £17,627 to £23,969. The units generated during 1910 aggregated 18,392,733, and the units sold 12,419,940. The total revenue for 1910 amounted to £124,951, and the total expenditure to £120,866. Certain comparisons with the previous census are given below, and other items, concerning which no comparison can be given, will be found in Appendix E of the Census volume.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works1314
Number hands employed118170
Amount of wages paid£17,6273,969
Amount horse-powerH.p.6,02916,780
Approximate value of land£48,24583,032
Approximate buildings£51,22286,983
Approximate machinery and plant£223,961234,666

Electric Tramways.

In 1911, returns re electric tramways were collected for the first time. These show that 1,633 hands were employed, the length of lines being 146 miles, including 26 miles of double track. During 1910, 8,080,155 car-miles were run, and 82,865,450 passengers carried. The revenue for the year amounted to £548,812 and the expenditure to £491,119.

Lime and Cement Works.

Twenty of these works, employing 280 hands, were in operation in 1906. In 1911 the number of works was only 17, but the number of hands employed had increased to 456. The value of the manufacture for 1910 was nearly double that for 1905, the figures being £184,686 and £107,675 for these years respectively. The value of land, buildings, machinery, and plant more than doubled during the five years.

Census Years 1906.1911.
Number of works2017
Number hands employed280456
Amount of wages paid£34,24953,934
Amount horse-powerH.p.1,1753,586
Approximate value of land£17,56545,289
Approximate buildings£23,53943,650
machinery and plant£75,642166,675
Years1905.1910.
Value of materials used£36,25180,882
Total value of manufactures£107,675184,686

Brick, Tile, and Pottery Works.

These works employed 966 hands in 1910, against 1,254 in 1905, and the number of bricks made decreased from 69,785,911 to 62,735,239 in the quinquennium. There were also firebricks made to the number of 774,281 in 1905, and 877,028 in 1910. The value of bricks of all kinds made in 1910 was £131,594, a decrease of £18,606 on the figures for 1905. The value of pottery made, including drain-pipes, rose from £52,193 to £92,125, and the total value of all the manufactures from £216,550 to £235,220. The number of brick, stone, and concrete dwellinghouses increased between the last two censuses from 8,359 to 9,650, a rate of 15.44 per cent. Houses built of wood or iron increased from 178,551 to 209,760, the rate, 17.48 per cent., being somewhat higher than that which obtained for brick and stone dwellings.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works12594
Number hands employed1,254966
Amount paid in wages£99,246112,328
Amount of horse-powerH.p.1,4963,039
Approximate value of land£96,00197,890
Approximate buildings£83,367103,501
Approximate machinery and plant£94,463124,899
  Manufactures for Years1905.1910.
Bricks—
CommonNo.69,785,91162,735,239
FirebricksNo.774,281877,028
Total value£150,200131,594
Pottery—
DrainpipesNo.1,460,2501,529,721
TilesNo.484,7411,409,700
Flower-potsNo.179,05043,063
Miscellaneous—Value£14,15711,501
Total value£52,19392,125
Total value of all manufactures£216,550235,220

Tinware-factories.

Again a steady development is observed in respect of this industry. The value of the manufacture rose from £98,587 in 1900 to £127,150 in 1905, and to £160,584 in 1910. In 1895 the value of the goods was only £63,723. The number of hands decreased from 473 to 414 between 1905 and 1910, though the wages paid were more in 1910 than in 1905, the figures being £40,493 and £36,467 for the respective years.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works5465
Number hands employed473414
Amount of wages paid£36,46740,493
Approximate value of land£36,79239,072
Approximate buildings£23,65738,564
Approximate machinery and plant£19,82120,953
Total value of manufactures and repairs£127,150160,584

Iron and Brass Foundries and Boiler-making.

The total value of the manufacture (including repairs) in connection with these industries was returned for the year 1910 at £374,155, which sum is £2,372 less than the amount returned for the year 1905. The number of works decreased in the quinquennium by 2, and the number of hands employed by 533.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works7169
Number hands employed1,8381,305
Amount of wages paid£145,042137,868
Amount horse-powerH.p.1,2211,179
Approximate value of land£87,39290,772
Approximate buildings£67,85163,230
Approximate machinery and plant£129,63287,379
  Years1905.1910.
Value of materials used or operated on£173,685142,861 
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£376,527374,155 

Engineering Works.

The number of these increased from 61 in 1905 to 120 in 1910, and the hands employed increased from 1,868 to 2,442 in the five years.

The total value of manufactures, including repairs, amounted to £751,485 in 1910, as against £437,036 in 1905.”

Census Years1906.1911. 
NOTE.—Particulars in reference to the Government Railway Workshops are not included above. The value of output of these for the year ended 31st March, 1911, was £701,175. 
Number of works61120 
Number hands employed1,8682,442 
Amount of wages paid£167,996260,225 
Amount of horse-powerH.p.1,1093,333 
Approximate value of land£80,837149,872 
Approximate value of buildings£49,237125,761 
Approximate value machinery and plant£119,827239,176 
Years1905.1910. 
Value of materials used£223,365315,371 
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£437,036751,485 

Printing and Bookbinding Establishments.

It is necessary to remark previously to considering the figures given that, for the sake of obtaining true comparisons, particulars relating to the Government Printing Office have been omitted. To arrive at the full measure of the printing and bookbinding industry as in 1911, 432 hands should be added, with £89,293 value of output for 1910.

The number of establishments increased from 239 in 1906 to 241 in 1911, and the number of hands employed from 3,898 to 4,222. Female hands increased from 660 to 789. The linotypes used in 1906 numbered 110, and the monolines in operation were 31, while in 1911 the number of linotypes was 216, and of monolines 26. The value of output increased in the five years from £1,067,827 to £1,377,926.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works239241
Hands employed—
MalesNo.3,2383,433
FemalesNo.660789
Approximate value of land, buildings, machinery, and plant£920,0221,302,497
Years1905.1910.
Wages paid—
Males£374,872454,812
Females£25,94035,434
Value of all manufactures£1,067,8271,377,926

Agricultural-implement Factories.

The total value of all manufacture increased from £199,741 to £222,040, including repairs. On the other hand, however, the number of works decreased from 29 to 19 in five years, while the hands employed decreased by 147.

Census Years1906.1911. 
Number of works2919 
Number of hands employed793646 
Amount of wages paid£79,04281,026 
Amount of horse-powerH.p.419426 
Approximate value of land£27,87842,914 
Approximate value of buildings£30,79130,006 
Approximate value of machinery and plant£36,79845,711 
Years1905.1910. 
Value of all materials used£91,04381,237 
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£199,741222,040 

Coachbuilding.

The value of the manufacture and repairs rose from £294,818 in 1905 to £396,012 in 1910, an increase of £101,194, or at a rate of 34 per cent. The number of establishments decreased by 3, and the number of hands employed by 26.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works183180
Number of hands employed1,4651,439
Amount paid in wages£116,204149,806
Amount of horse-powerH.p.395657
Approximate value of land£116,916142,414
Approximate value of buildings£97,238127,754
Approximate value of machinery and plant£37,56350,806
Years1905.1910.
Value of materials used£122,384156,829
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£294,818396,012

Cycle-works.

The number of cycle-works was 71 in 1911, being 26 less than in 1906. The value of the manufacture rose from £75,991 for the year 1905 to £92,141 for 1910, or at a rate of 21 per cent. The value of land, buildings, machinery, and plant was much higher in 1911 than in 1906.

Census Years1906.1911. 
Number of works9771 
Number of hands employed452315 
Amount of wages paid£30,83130,366 
Approximate value of land£38,02071,266 
Approximate value of buildings£33,66458,244 
Approximate value of machinery and plant£11,98215,367 
Years1905.1910. 
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£75,99192,141 

Saddlery and Harness Works.

A considerable increase in the value of output is shown, as compared with 1905, the figures for 1910 being £220,364, or an increase of £79,551 during the five years. The number of works in 1911 was 117, or 11 more than in 1906.

Census Years1906.1911. 
Number of works106117 
Number of hands employed544594 
Amount of wages paid£42,21362,482 
Approximate value of land£65,03876,913 
Approximate value of buildings£36,55454,995 
Approximate value of machinery and plant£7,08211,066 
Years1905.1910. 
Value of materials used£72,662114,993 
Total value of manufactures (including repairs)£140,813220,364 

Tanning, Fellmongering, and Wool-scouring.

Although the number of works decreased from 99 to 79 during the five years, the value of manufactures and products was £200,000 more in 1910 than in 1905. Hands employed increased by 36, while horse-power shows an increase of nearly 100 per cent.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works9979
Number of hands employed1,3361,372
Amount paid in wages£102,506136,875
Amount of horse-powerH.p.9801,927
Approximate value of land£48,38646,305
Approximate value of buildings£80,380124,894
Approximate value of machinery and plant£53,91690,257
Years1905.1910.
Value of materials used£1,261,0261,788,772
Wool scoured and slipedlb.23,347,89125,281,998
Pelts salted or preservedNo.4,432,1032,944,360
Total value of manufactures and produce£1,836,3102,036,770

Ship and Boat Building.

As to the number of hands employed and the total value of all manufactures and repairs, the returns for last census show a great improvement on those for 1906. Nevertheless, the number of establishments has fallen from 30 to 29, and boatbuilding is shown to have very slightly declined, while the number of larger vessels built shows a decided decrease.

Of vessels under 50 tons, 95 were built in 1910, and of those 50 to 100 tons, 5. There were also built 3 vessels over 100 tons.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of establishments3029
Number of hands employed237589
Amount of wages paid£20,88969,415
Years1905.1910.
Total value of manufactures£52,07040,763
Total value of repairs£14,502102,256
Total value of manufactures and repairs£66,572143,019

Sail, Tent, and Oilskin Making.

This industry, though still of small dimensions, shows a considerable advance during the quinquennium. In 1911 there were 34 establishments employing 224 hands, as against 29 establishments and 163 hands in 1906. The value of products was £92,249 in 1910, an amount more than double that for 1905.

Census Years1906.1911. 
Number of works2934 
Total value of hands employed163224 
Amount of wages paid£11,20518,287 
Years1905.1910. 
Sails manufacturedNo.4891,505 
Tents and flies manufacturedNo.6,04815,921 
Oilskins manufacturedNo.15,92031,773 
Horse and cow covers manufacturedNo.11,34515,292 
Total value of all manufactures£45,32192,249 

Furniture-factories.

In this branch of industrial work a substantial increase took place during the five years' operations. The value of the output, which was £328,185 in 1905, rose to £497,681 in 1910. There were 1,689 hands employed in 1911. being an increase of 161 on the number for 1906.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of factories172207
Number of hands employed1,5281,689
Amount of wages paid£134,584178,042
Approximate value of land£98,966134,279
Approximate value of buildings£99,373138,039
Approximate value of machinery and plant£41,03655,364
Years1906.1910.
Value of materials used£157,484215,031
Total value of manufactures£328,185497,681

Woollen-mills.

In April, 1911, there were 11 woollen-mills in the Dominion, which employed 1,410 persons—664 males and 746 females. These factories therefore provide more occupation for women and girls than for the male sex.

The value of manufactures shown for 1910 is less than that for 1905 by nearly £20,000. It must be pointed out, however, that in 1910 hosiery branches of woollen-mills have been excluded from the woollen-mills table and included with the hosiery-factories in a separate table. In 1905, 80,578 dozen pairs of hosiery, manufactured in hosiery branches of woollen-mills, helped to swell the value of output of woollen-mills for that year. In comparing 1910 with 1905 increases are shown in respect of blankets, shawls and rugs, and yarn, while the quantity of flannel and of tweed and cloth manufactured was less in 1910 than in 1905.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works1011
Number of hands employed1,5491,410
Amount of wages paid£105,036137,161
Amount of horse-powerH.p.1,9452,641
Approximate value of land£9,0037,694
Approximate value of buildings£110,297100,941
Approximate value of machinery and plant£188,459180,454
Wool used—
Years1905.1910.
Quantitylb.3,835,0643,092,777
Value£167,291214,387
Output for Years1905.1910.
TweedYard1,300,4711,160,686
FlannelYard1,368,2681,140,794
BlanketsPair59,57267,201
Rugs and shawlsNo.23,78049,073
Yarnlb.259,067260,397
Total value£397,348377,713

Clothing and Waterproof Factories.

This industry employs nearly three thousand hands, and is therefore of considerable importance in the matter of labour, especially that of the female sex, of whom 2,470 are employed.

The value of all manufacture for the year 1905 was returned at £308,943, and for 1910 £507,125, the increase for the quinquennium being £198,182, or at the rate of 64 per cent.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works2369
Number of hands employed—
Males375477
Females1,5392,470
Amount of wages paid—
Males£38,04552,957
Females£67,516116,695
Approximate value of land£32,98563,036
Approximate value of buildings£42,49392,285
Approximate value of machinery and plant£15,16339,160
Output for Years1905.1910.
SuitsNo.101,113196,825
ShirtsDoz.45,23994,249
Caps and hatsDoz.5,89523,861
Waterproof garmentsNo.7,280745
Other garmentsNo.27,985355,445
Total value£308,943507,125

Hosiery-factories.

At the census of 1911 returns were obtained from 14 hosiery-factories, employing 49 males and 478 females. The value of the output amounted to £140,442, against £67,588 in 1905. To the total for 1905, however, should be added the value of 80,578 dozen pairs of hose, manufactured in hosiery branches of woollen-mills, and included in the woollen-mills table for that year.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works1014
Number of hands employed374527
Amount of wages paid£21,96036,702
Approximate value of land£4,2484,077
Approximate value of buildings£5,51332,067
Approximate value of machinery and plant£26,93656,015
Manufactures for Years1905.1910.
Hose—QuantityDoz.12,49933,348
Half-hose—QuantityDoz.44,16550,794
Shirts and pants—QuantityDoz.19,12921,444
Other knitted goods—Value£6,58139,939
Total value of all manufactures£67,588140,442

Boot and Shoe Factories.

The total value of all manufactures as brought out is £619,873 for 1910, an increase of £118,808 on the figures for 1905. The output from the factories during 1910 was 1,324,477 pairs of boots and shoes, 68,040 pairs of slippers, 98,644 pairs of shoe-ettes, and 17,464 pairs of uppers.

Comparison of quantity and value of output from the boot and shoe factories of New Zealand for the year 1910 with the returns rendered for 1905 exhibits a great improvement in the condition of the industry. Increases are shown in number of factories as well as in value of output. Moreover a decreases n the value of boots imported is shown, the imports for 1910 aggregating only £261,327, as against £282,211 in 1905.

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works7274
Number of hands employed—
Males1,5181,359
Females688713
Amount of wages paid—
Males£142,826154,244
Females£28,66943,549
Approximate value of land£46,40961,602
Approximate value of buildings£50,17074,751
Approximate value of machinery and plant£57,41290,704
  Manufactures for Years1905.1910.
Boots and shoesPair1,081,6441,324,477 
SlippersPair89,37868,040 
UppersPair38,41017,464 
LoggingsPair1,4682,279 
Shoe-ettesPair20,00098,644 
Total value of all manufactures£501,065619,873 

Flax-mills.

This industry was in the lowest depths of depression at the time of the census of 1896. At that time only 52 mills were left in operation, and the hands employed had fallen in number to 484 men and 163 boys. Returns for 1901 showed a revival in the mills to 101 in operation, with 1,519 men and 179 boys, while in 1906 there were 240 mills with a total of 4,076 employees. But the census returns for 1911 shows only 81 mills in operation during April of that year, with 1,244 persons employed thereat. The wages paid stood at £227,646 for the year 1905, but decreased to £143,895 for 1910. While nearly 200,000 tons of raw material were used in 1905 only 126,034 tons were used in 1910. The money value of the total output in 1910 was £284,399, against £557,808 in 1905. Of the total value of output for 1910 the Provincial District of Wellington contributed £217,879, or 77 per cent.

The most important particulars given in the returns are tabulated below :—

Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works24081
Number of hands employed4,0761,244
Amount paid in wages£227,646143,895
Amount of horse-powerH.p.3,0872,516
Approximate value of land£192,471236,306
Approximate value of buildings£43,75131,197
Approximate value of machinery and plant£119,61875,135
Years1905.1910.
Raw material used—
QuantityTons199,171126,034
Value£185,89473,835
Fibre dressed—
QuantityTons22,12815,130
Value£544,070270,530
Tow produced—
QuantityTons2,4392,396
Value£13,73813,869
Total value of output£557,808284,399

Rope and Twine Works.

The number of these works decreased from 10 in 1906 to 8 in 1911, and the number of hands employed also decreased slightly. The output, however, shows a great increase as regards quantity, 1,377 tons of rope and 1,490 tons of twine being produced in 1910, as against 618 tons of rope and 1,117 tons of twine in 1905. On account of a drop in prices the value of the output increased by only £3,572 during the quinquennium. As to materials used, phormium comes by far the first, 5,267 tons in 1910 being utilized, against 558 tons of manila.

  Census Years1906.1911.
Number of works108
Number of hands employed195190
Materials used—
Years1905.1910.
Phormium—
QuantityTons1,5685,267
Value£35,16544,040
Manila—
QuantityTons363558
Value£16,52414,469
Total value of all manufactures£100,753104,325

Chapter 21. Section XXI.—State Aid to Settlers and Workers.

  1. If the land offered as the security for the desired advance is of any one of the classes of land lettered (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (i), (j), (k), or (n), the applicant must, before despatching his application, post to the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the district in which the land is situated a notice of his application, in order that the Commissioner may at once furnish the Superintendent with a report respecting the leasehold. A copy of the form of notice can be obtained from any post-office.

  2. NOTE.—Envelopes for posting applications to the Superintendent may be obtained at any post-office in New Zealand, together with application forms.

  3. Loans can be granted only on the instalment system (fully described hereafter) :—

  1. The classifying of securities, the granting of advances, and the determining of what shall be considered first-class agricultural land shall rest solely with the Board of the office.

  2. Where an advance is required for the purpose of erecting a building, the amount of the loan granted by the Board may either be paid over in one sum when the building is completed, or, if the applicant desires it, may be advanced in progress payments from time to time as the erection of the building proceeds. An inspection and report must be made by an officer of the Valuation Department prior to payment of any progress payment on account of the loan, and for each such inspection a fee as per scale below shall be paid by the applicant.

  3. The Department requires that not less than three inspections be made, and, in the case of other than farm properties, that the fencing be completed before, all the loan is paid over.

  4. A copy of the plan and specifications for a proposed building must be provided for the Department's use, and such shall become and remain the property of the Department.

  5. Every applicant after lodging an application for a loan should await the decision of the Board before proceeding with the erection of the building.

  6. No loan of less than £25 or more than £2,000 can be granted. Applications for loans not exceeding £500 shall have priority over applications for larger sums. If the applicant has already obtained any advance under the Act and is desirous of obtaining a further advance, either on the same security or on a separate security, the amount of the application, added to the amount of the advances already obtained, must not exceed £2,000. The security which the applicant offers for the loan must consist of one or more holdings of the several classes of tenure mentioned above, and must, of course, be of the necessary value; and, if the security is leasehold, all the covenants and conditions of the lease, including the payment of rent, must have been regularly complied with.

  7. All applications must be accompanied by a valuation fee according to the following scale :—

  8. Scale of Valuation Fees. (Advances to Settlers.)

On an application for a loan not exceeding£s.d.
£1000106
Exceeding £100 but not exceeding £250110
Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £5001116
Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £2,000220

Mortgages are repayable by half-yearly payments of principal and interest combined. They may also be wholly repaid at any time. Interest is charged at the rate of 5 per cent., reducible to 4œ per cent. provided payment is made not later than fourteen days after due date and no arrears in respect of instalments or other payments under the mortgage remain outstanding.

Tables showing half-yearly instalments, apportioned as principal and interest payments, and showing also amount of rebate, and balance of principal owing at end of half-year, were published in the 1913 issue of the Year-book.

The mortgagor may pay to the Superintendent at any time the whole balance of principal owing with interest to date of payment, and obtain a discharge of the mortgage on payment of the fee prescribed for such discharge.

The mortgagor may also from time to time pay to the Superintendent, in addition to the half-yearly payments, sums of £5 or a multiple of £5, which, at the next instalment due date, may be applied in one of the following methods, according as he directs :—

  1. In payment of the half-yearly instalments (consisting partly of interest and partly of principal) as they fall due, until the deposit is exhausted; or

  2. In payment of as many future half-yearly instalments of principal (but not of interest) as it will cover, and, as far as such instalments are concerned, the corresponding interest will not be charged. On the next half-yearly date, however, the mortgagor will be required to continue his payments as before, the advance payment having the effect of reducing the period during which lie would have to pay such instalments. For instance, a mortgagor has a loan of £100 for a term of 36A years. On the due date of his eighth half-yearly instalment lie pays, in addition to the amount due, a sum of .£5. This is applied in payment of his ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth instalments of principal 12s. 2d., 12s. 6d., 12s. 10d., 13s. Id., 13s. 3d., 13s. 9d., Us. 2d. (see table), making a total of £4 11s. lid.; and the corresponding interest -,£2 7s. 10d., £2 7s. 6d., £2 7s. 2d., £2 Gs. lid., £2 6s. 7d., £2 6s. 3d., £2 5s. lOd. (which has not begun to accrue)-is not charged. A balance of 8s. Id. remains in his favour. Then, on the next due date he has to make the half-yearly payment* as usual (less 8s. Id.), but, instead of being the ninth, it counts as the sixteenth instalment, and by this means the whole loan is repaid three ye and a half earlier (seven half-yearly payments) than it otherwise would be.

  3. It may be applied as provided in the next paragraph.

Readjustment of Loans.

On the due date of any instalment, after at least one-tenth of the loan has been repaid by means of the half-yearly instalments or

of moneys repaid in advance, or both, the mortgagor (provided he is not in arrear with any instalment or other payment due under the mortgage) may, with the consent of the Superintendent, readjust the loan by treating the balance of principal then unpaid as a fresh loan duly granted on that date for a fresh term. But no readjustment is allowed to any amounts less than £100. Under this arrangement the mortgagor will be relieved of paying interest on the original amount of the loan, and will pay only on the balance of principal owing.

Following is the scale of fees payable for preparation of mortgages:—

Mortgages under the Land Transfer Act, 1908.

Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage (to be deducted from the advance):—

 £s.d.
If advance be not exceeding £250076
Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £5000100
Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £7500150
Exceeding £750 but not exceeding £1,000110
Exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £1,500160
Exceeding £1,500 but not exceeding £2,0001116

With cash disbursements, which are the same in every case, namely: —

Search fee (with an additional 2s. for every certificate of title after the first)
 £s.d.
020
Registration (with an additional 2s. for every certificate of title after the first)0100

Mortgages under the Deeds Registration Act, 1908.

Law-costs of perusing title, preparing and registering mortgage (to be deducted from the advance) :—

 £s.d.
If advance be not exceeding £1500180
Exceeding £150 but not exceeding £250106
Exceeding £250 but not exceeding £500150
Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £7501130
Exceeding £750 but not exceeding £1,000230
Exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £1,5002130
Exceeding £1,500 but not exceeding £2,0003130
With cash disbursements :—
Fee chargeable by solicitor not residing in registration centre for employing agent to register mortgage050
Fee for partial or total discharge of mortgage050
Fee for execution of consent by the Superintendent of any document050
Fee for production of title-deeds held by the Superintendent050

Valuation reports 011 the securities offered are made on behalf of the Department by expert land-valuers permanently employed by the Government Valuation of Land Department; and these reports, together with the corresponding valuations appearing in the district valuation rolls, prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, and reports from the Commissioners of Crown Lands in the case of Crown leaseholds, are considered by the General Board. Board meetings are held weekly, or as occasion requires, and the Superintendent is bound by the resolutions of the Board. A resolution is taken with regard to every application placed before the General Board, so that on the Board rests the responsibility of granting loans or of refusing to grant them.

Some applicants offer securities which are obviously not eligible; and in that event the valuation fees paid are returned, the securities are not reported on, and the applications do not go before the Board.

By arrangements made with the Post Offices, mortgagors are enabled to pay their instalments and interest to the credit of the Superintendent at any money-order office, and free of all costs for remitting the money to Wellington. This is an arrangement at once convenient and economical for the large number of persons scattered all over New Zealand who have financial dealings with the Advances Office. Loans may also be repaid in part or in full through the Post Office, and advances also are made through the Post Office. The total amount advanced to settlers since the establishment of the Department (including moneys repaid and again advanced) was, up to the 31st March, 1914, £14,545,360.

Transactions during 1913–14.

During the year ended 31st March, 1914, applications for 3,604 loans were received, amounting to £1,400,248. The advances granted during the year numbered 2,098, aggregating £973,005. The number of borrowers and the sums actually advanced during the year, classified according to amount, were,—

Category.Number of Advances.Amount advanced.
 £
Not exceeding £500 1,713602,995
Exceeding £500, but not exceeding£1,000272191,355
Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding£2,00098142,070
Exceeding £2,000, but not exceeding£3,0001536,585
Totals 2,098£973,005

The nature of the security upon which these advances were made was as follows :—

Security.Number of Advances.Amount advanced.
 £
Freehold1,082187,080
Leasehold985466,260
Freehold and leasehold combined3119,665
 Totals2,098£973,005

The total loans authorized to the 31st March, 1914, classified according to provincial districts, are shown in tabular form :—

Provincial District.Number of Applications.Amount of Advances authorized.
 £
Auckland12,8314,389,048
Taranaki4,8652,248,699
Hawke's Bay2,026645,810
Wellington10,0463,941,448
Marlborough1,138480,800
Nelson734224,690
Westland834211,115
Canterbury3,8881,298,480
Otago—
Otago portion2,244871,010
Southland portion2,8141,036,790
 Totals41,42015,347,890

The total sum raised by the Government for investment on mortgage is £8,408,950. Nineteen thousand and forty-one mortgagors are indebted to the Department to the extent of £7,730,569 in respect of principal moneys.

The advances outstanding, classified according to amount, are as follows:—

Category.Number of Advances.Amount outstanding
 £
Not exceeding £50014,5613,059,382
Exceeding £500, but not exceeding£1,0002,9002,217,982
Exceeding £1,000, but not exceeding£2,0001,3661,920,811
Exceeding £2,000, but not exceeding£3,000214532,394
 Totals19,041£7,730,569

The nature of the security for the total amount of advances outstanding on 31st March. 1914, was,—

Security.Number of Advances.Amount outstanding. 
 £ 
Freehold11,6695,602,254 
Leasehold7,0861,953,939 
Freehold and leasehold combined286174,376 
 Totals19,041£7,730,569 

The average freehold advance is £480, the average leasehold advance £276, and the average of advances secured on both freehold and leasehold combined £610. Corresponding figures for the year ended 31st March, 1913, are freehold, £483; leasehold, £274; and combined freehold and leasehold, £609.

The number and amounts advanced on rural, and urban and suburban, land since the inception of the Department are,—

 Number.Amount 
 £s.d.
On rural land11,9375,025,485101
On urban and suburban land7,1042,705,07336
Totals19,041£7,730,568137

The average rural advance is £421, and the average urban and suburban advance is £380.

The following table shows the transactions of the State Advances Office in respect of advances to settlers during each of the financial years ended 31st March, 1906–14, and the total transactions to the latter date.

ADVANCES TO SETTLERS, 1905–6 TO 1913–14.
Year ended 31st March.Applications received.Loans authorized.Amount advanced.Amount repaid.
Number.Amount.Number.Amount.
 £ £££
19062,288949,4322,054786,735633,453261,381
19072,420999,4612,098819,190767,730340,111
19083,1831,668,1352,9551,355,4501,197,416568,655
19094,4712,050,2523,0781,202,9951,493,836559,163
19104,1311,539,1503,2011,038,3401,095,120545,528
19114,9572,122,7493,5711,282,8801,204,310726,714
19125,3552,593,0844,6102,191,3002,174,0851,018,286
19133,1871,164,2252,114749,590850,300693,511
19143,6041,400,2482,390878,855973,005700,253
 Total to 31st March, 191453,10121,443,45341,42015,347,89014,545,3606,814,791

The gross profits for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, were £93,484, and the cost of management £11,264, being 0.13 per cent., or 2s. 7d. per £100 on the capital employed. The net profits amounted to £81,894.

The liabilities and assets at 31st March, 1914, of the Settlers' Branch of the State Advances Office were,—

 £s.d.

* Of the mortgage instalments overdue, a large percentage had been received by Postmasters at 31st March, 1914, and was in course of transit.

Liabilities
Sundry loans8,408,95017
Temporary advance from Public Debt Sinking Fund Branch45,00000
Reserve Fund50,00000
Advances Suspense Account28,90110
Fire Loss Suspense Account2,077118
Interest payable on loans, accrued but not due56,677161
Interest payable on deposits, accrued but not due851
Profit and Loss Account286,24339
 £8,877,857192
Assets.
Investment Account—
Less total repayments7,722,14396
*Plus mortgage instalments overdue—principal8,42541
Total principal owing by mortgagors at 31st March 19147,730,568137
* Mortgage instalments overdue—interest26,26396
Interest on mortgages, accrued but not due92,165163
Suspense Account68880
Loan Charges Account30,00000
Office Furniture and Equipment Account1,023157
Sinking Fund—
Public Trustee322,904139
Advances Office Sinking Fund Branch128,090122
Temporary advances to Workers' Branch70,00000
Interest accrued on amounts deposited in London1,70000
Insurance Premiums Account393511
Cash in band and in bank on 31st March, 1914474,05945
 £8,877,857192

ADVANCES TO WORKERS.

The Superintendent of the State Advances Office is authorized to lend money, for the purpose of purchasing or erecting a dwelling, to any person employed in manual or clerical work who is not in receipt of an income of more than £200 per annum, and is not the owner of any land other than the allotment on which it is proposed to build. The sum advanced must not exceed £450, nor may any advance be granted exceeding the value of the dwelling-house to be erected. The advance is secured by a mortgage over the whole property.

The interest is payable half-yearly, together with an instalment of the principal, which by this means is fully repaid in thirty-six and a half years, thirty years, or twenty years, as the case may be, when the mortgage is released. Valuation fees and the cost of preparing and registering the necessary deeds are fixed by regulation on an exceedingly low scale, and are payable by the borrower.

A worker is defined as a person of either sex engaged (whether as an employee or on his or her own account) in manual or clerical work, who is not in receipt of an income of more than £200 per annum, and is not the owner of any land other than that offered as security.

A valuation fee of 7s. 6d. must accompany each application, and no loan can be granted to any person who does not take up permanent residence on the security.

The amount of the loan granted by the Board may either be paid over in one sum, or, when the dwelling is to be erected, may be advanced in progress payments as the erection of the building proceeds. An inspection and report must be made by an officer of the Valuation Department prior to any progress payment being made on account of the loan, and for each such inspection a fee of 7s. 6d. is payable by the applicant. Every applicant after lodging an application for a loan should await the decision of the Board before proceeding with the erection of the building.

A copy of the plan and specifications for a proposed building must be provided for the Department's use, and such becomes and remains the property of the Department.

On securities classified by the Board as first class, loans may be granted for a term of thirty-six and a half years; on securities classified by the Board as second class, loans may be granted for a term of thirty years; on securities classified by the Board as third class, loans may be granted for a term of twenty years. The classifying of securities rests entirely with the Board.

Loans are granted only on the instalment system, and may be repaid or readjusted as in the case of a loan from the Advances to Settlers Branch. Interest is charged at the rate of 5 per cent., reducible to 4œ per cent. provided payment is made not later than fourteen days after due date, and no arrears or other payment under the mortgage remain outstanding.

Mortgages under the Land Transfer Act, 1908, are, if the applicant's title is free from encumbrance, prepared and completed free of charge to mortgagors, with the exception of the repayment of cash disbursements, which are deducted from the advance. Except as above provided, the scale of costs and fees with respect to advances to settlers applies to advances to workers.

Any person desiring an advance should make a written application on the form provided for the purpose, a copy of which can be obtained from any Postmaster in the Dominion. The Postmaster will also supply an envelope in which the application may be forwarded, and will give the applicant any explanation which may be required respecting the filling-in of the form. Application for a loan may also be made to representatives of the Valuation Department, who, together with Postmasters, only, act as agents for the office throughout the Dominion. No professional assistance is necessary, and no charge is authorized for the filling-in of the application form. The Department has no agents authorized to act on its behalf in this respect.

The total of the advances to workers up to 31st March. 1914 (including moneys repaid and again advanced), was £2,543,725. The Department supplies applicants with plans and specifications free of charge. Eighteen different types of homes, containing from two to eight rooms, are covered by the plans. They are drawn with a view to getting the maximum of room and convenience for a reasonable price. The cost of the buildings varies ac cording to the size from £120 to £640. The plans may be inspected at the Chief Post-offices in the Dominion, and at the Valuation Offices at Invercargill, Dunedin, Christchurch, and Auckland.

The reason for including a type of building to cost £200 above the maximum authorized to be lent to workers is that an applicant may have some money saved and would wish to expend the amount on a better building than could be erected for the sum borrowed.

Transactions during 1913–14.

The applications received for loans during the year ended 31st March, 1914, numbered 1,599, the aggregate amount required being £528,240. The advances actually granted during the year numbered 879 for an aggregate of £272,860. The tenures upon which these loans were made were,—

Tenure.Number of Loans.Aggregate Amount.
Freehold831262,492
Leasehold4810,368
 Totals879272,860

The total number of loans and the aggregate amount authorized in each provincial district from the inception of the system to the 31st March, 1914, are as follows :—

Provincial District.Number of Applications.Amount of Advances authorized.
 £
Auckland2,764771,460
Taranaki31385,000
Hawke's Bay593165,070
Wellington2,390709,885
Marlborough31991,830
Nelson19045,805
Westland18740,505
Canterbury2,292693,445
Otago—
Otago portion721201,000
Southland portion35993,040
 Totals10,1282,897,040

The total amount advanced to the end of the financial year was £2,543,725, and the net amount outstanding at the same date was £2,199,844, secured upon the following tenures :—

TenureNumber of Loans outstanding.Aggregate Amount outstanding. 
 £ 
Freehold7,0652,103,296 
Leasehold51796,548 
 Totals7,5822,199,844 

The following table gives particulars of the transactions for each of the past eight years and the total transactions since the passing of the Government Advances to Workers Act on 29th October, 1906 :—

ADVANCES TO WORKERS, 1906–7 TO 1913–14.
Year ended 31st March.Applications received.Loans authorized.Amount advanced.Amount repaid.
Number.Amount.Number.Amount.
 £ £££
190716042,92010727,8755,490 
19081,150308,6901,072268,430203,9786,312
19091,784472,9891,220307,495298,18418,792
19102,028550,6511,854470,425362,35326,295
19112,125660,8921,521473,530407,76047,925
19122,223750,7721,900612,910543,84078,853
19131,805574,4931,254397,175449,26084,771
19141,599528,2401,200339,200272,86080,933
 Total to 31st March, 191412,8743,889,64710,1282,897,0402,543,725343,881

The financial position of the Advances to Workers Branch of the State Advances Office as on 31st March, 1914, is shown in the following table:—

ADVANCES TO WORKERS BRANCH : LIABILITIES AND ASSETS, 31ST MARCH, 1914.

 £s.d.

* Of the mortgage instalments overdue, a large percentage had been received by Postmasters at 31st March, 1914, and was in course of transit.

Liabilities.
Sundry loans2,281,926127
Temporary loan from Settlers Branch70,00000
Interest payable on loans, accrued but not due28,40678
Advances Suspense Account14,24500
Fire Loss Suspense Account1,107176
Reserve Fund13,860117
 £2,409,54694
Assets.
Investment Account—
Less total repayments2,196,51654
*Plus mortgage instalments overdue—principal3,3271011
Total principal owing by mortgagors at 31st March, 19142,199,84423
*Mortgage instalments overdue—interest8,040171
Interest on mortgages, accrued but not due29,44554
Interest accrued on amounts deposited in London6,00000
Loan Charges Account52,00000
Insurance Premiums Account11687
Sinking Fund —Public Trustee52,715179
Sinking Fund — Advances Office Sinking Fund Branch1,927175
Suspense Account3,341168
Cash in hand and in bank at 31st March, 191433,11443
 £2,409,54694

ADVANCES TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

Loans are granted to Municipal Corporations, County Councils, Road Boards, or any other local body empowered to strike rates for the security of loans for,—

  1. The construction of a road, including channelling;

  2. The construction of a bridge;

  3. The construction of waterworks for the supply of water within a district;

  4. The construction of drain age-works or irrigation-works ; or

  5. The construction of sanitary works.

The rate of interest at which loans are granted is to be 4œ per cent. per annum, or ⅛ per cent. per annum more than the rate of interest at which the money is borrowed (whichever charge is the greater). Special provision is made for advances to local authorities for the purpose of constructing roads and bridges in outlying districts, and for metalling such roads for the first time. Applications for such loans receive preference. Loans are repayable, principal and interest, in thirty-six years and a half. Power is given to lend for a term up to fifty years, but loans for a longer term than thirty-six years and a half are not favoured by the Board. After the poll by the ratepayers is taken and the resolution levying the rate gazetted the Department does all that is necessary. The loans may be obtained by instalments (not exceeding four) as the work proceeds (the loan must be lifted within one year of the granting of the same), and so payment of interest on unused moneys avoided, as interest is charged by the Department only on moneys paid out. Tables are issued as in the case of advances to settlers and workers, so that the borrowing authority can ascertain the exact amount owing at any time. In any case where a local authority is authorized by the ratepayers to borrow moneys and the Advances Board has provisionally approved or finally granted an application for a loan at a specified rate of interest, the loan, or any part thereof, may be raised at a higher rate of interest without any further consent of the ratepayers being obtained if, before the loan or any part thereof is paid to the local authority, a resolution in the prescribed form making a special rate sufficient to cover the increased payments in respect of the loan or part thereof as aforesaid is passed by the local authority at a special meeting and is gazetted. Special provisions exist in respect of joint loans. Two or more local authorities are permitted to unite and raise an aggregate amount for several works.

During the year ended 31st March, 1914, one hundred and sixty-seven new applications for loans to local bodies were provisionally approved, one hundred and forty-seven of these being for local bodies situated in the North Island. Information as to the number of applications and amount of advances provisionally approved is given for each provincial district.

Provincial District.Number of Applications approved.Amount of Advances provisionally approved.
 £
Auckland7369,825
Taranaki2333,805
Hawke's Bay1617,200
Wellington3525,220
Marlborough52,990
Nelson22,500
Westland22,600
Canterbury54,875
Otago67,150
 Totals167£166,165

The new applications finally approved during the year numbered seventy-two, and amounted to £84,970.

The amount actually paid over to local bodies during the year was £259,430.

The total sum raised by the Government for loans to local bodies to 31st March, 1914, is £2,058,067.

Local bodies were at 31st March last indebted to the Department to the extent of £1,889,682 in respect of principal moneys.

WORKERS' DWELLINGS.

The Workers' Dwellings Act, 1905, made provision for the erection by the State of workers' dwellings on Crown or settlement lands set apart for that purpose. It was laid down that the cost of construction must not exceed £300, and the dwellings were to be disposed of to workers on a weekly tenancy or by way of lease for a period of fifty years, with right of renewal. The rent fixed by the Act was to be at the rate of 5 per cent. on the capital value of the dwellings, plus insurance and rates. Provision was also made for a worker to acquire the freehold of the dwelling in one of three ways—viz., by a cash payment after a twenty-five years lease; by monthly payments over periods of thirty-two or forty-one years; or by taking out a life-insurance policy (with the State Office) covering a term of twenty-five, thirty-two, or forty-one years, the policy-moneys to be paid to the State on maturity.

By an amendment passed shortly after the principal Act, certain lands reserved for defence purposes were set aside as sites for workers' dwellings, and the maximum cost of construction was raised to £350 in the case of a wooden dwelling, or £100 for a dwelling of brick, stone, or concrete.

A worker was defined in the Act of 1905 as one who is landless and whose earnings do not exceed £156 per annum. The maximum of annual earnings was increased in 1906 to £200, but in 1910 a new Workers' Dwellings Act was passed which fixed the maximum at £175.

The Act of 1910 contained other important alterations in the law relating to workers dwellings. The maximum capital value was set down at £600, and a new system of disposal of the dwellings was instituted. Dwellings may now be let on a weekly or monthly

tenancy at a rental of 6 per cent., plus rates and insurance, or may be leased for a term of twenty-one years, with right of renewal. In cases where the worker desires to acquire the freehold, he may do so on the instalment system—viz., by weekly, fortnightly, or monthly payments for a period of 25œ years, instalments being calculated at 7 per cent. (5 per cent. on account of interest and 2 per cent. on account of principal). An initial deposit of £10 is payable, and the purchaser may reduce the term of 25œ years by at any time paying off principal the sum of £7 or any multiple thereof.

The number of dwellings erected under the original Act was 126, and up to the 31st March, 1914, 183 had been erected under the Act of 1910, while thirty-one were in course of construction. The following table sets out the information :—

DistrictErected under Act of 1905.Erected under Act of 1910.In Course of Erection on 31st March, 1914.Total.
To 31st March, 1913.During Year ending 31st March, 1914.
Auckland352236 93
Wellington4023  63
Christchurch31207 58
Dunedin20 2 22
Wanganui 13  13
Palmerston North 6  6
Nelson   66
Westport   1212
Greymouth  14 14
Temuka 9  9
Timaru 910 19
Willowbridge   1313
Invercargill  12 12
 Totals1261028131340

The whole of the dwellings erected under the 1905 Act were leased or let, after their erection, to applicants for same; but a number of them have, since the passing of the 1910 Act, been disposed of under the instalment-purchase system provided in the latter Act. The whole of the dwellings erected under the 1910 Act were built for applicant purchasers.

The total expenditure in connection with workers' dwellings during the year ended 31st March, 1914, was £42,680, this amount including £656 incurred for maintenance, fire insurance, rates,©, upon the dwellings erected under the Act of 1905, and leased to occupants. The balance, £42,024, was made up as follows:—

 £
Acquisition of land13,602
Preparation of land1,215
Erection of dwellings26,924
Administration, &c.283
 £42,024

The total instalments payable during the year amounted to £9,969. The average weekly instalments payable by purchasers of four- and five-roomed dwellings built under the Act are shown below. The amounts shown include fire insurance, but not rates or maintenance.

Town.Four Rooms and Section.Five Rooms and Section.
 s.d.s.d.
Auckland143155
Wellington1451511
Christchurch122139
Dunedin144155
Wanganui134146
Palmerston North127142
Greymouth107122
Temuka122132
Timaru124139
Invercargill131141
Average for all towns130143

The Act of 1905 contained provisions whereby the management and control of any workers' dwellings erected by the State could be placed under the control of a local body. The Municipal Corporations Act, 1908, gave authority for Borough Councils to erect workers' dwellings, and an amendment to the Counties Act, 1913, extended this authority to County Councils.

Chapter 22. SECTION XXIII.—PENSIONS, SUPERANNUATION, ETC.

OLD-AGE PENSIONS.

ON the 26th June, 1894, a Committee of ten members of the House of Representatives was appointed to examine into and report upon the question of making provision for old age. The report of this Committee was brought up on the 27th September, 1894, and ordered to be printed. No particular scheme was recommended, but a suggestion was made that the Government should appoint a Royal Commission to inquire into the question.

On the 8th July, 1896, a Bill providing for the payment of old-age pensions was introduced by the late Right Honourable R. J. Seddon into the House of Representatives, but lapsed in Committee on the 16th September.

Later in the same year, on the 14th October, a Registration of People's Claims Bill was introduced, the object being to ascertain the probable cost of establishing an Old-age Pension Fund. This Bill passed through all its stages in Parliament, and received the Governor's assent on the 17th October.

In 1897 an Old-age Pensions Bill was again introduced, and passed all its stages in the House of Representatives, but was thrown out at the second reading in the Legislative Council.

Still again, in 1898, an Old-age Pensions Bill was introduced, and this year succeeded in passing both Houses, receiving the Governor's assent on the 1st November, 1898. Under this Act the Registration of People's Claims Act of 1896 was repealed.

Amending Acts were passed in 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1905. Early in the session of 1908 a consolidating Act was passed, since which there have been further amending Acts in 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, and 1913. Coincident with the 1913 amendment, a further consolidation was approved by the Legislature in which were merged the Acts relating to Widows' and Military Pensions.

The original Act of 1898 provided for the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of a pension of £18 per annum, or 6s. 11d. per week, without contribution by the beneficiaries. This amount was, however, increased to £26 per annum (i.e., 10s. a week or £2 3s. 4d. a month) by the Amendment Act of 1905, which came into operation on the 1st September of that year.

The Act is administered by a Commissioner located at Wellington, who is responsible to the Minister of Pensions. For the purposes of administration New Zealand is divided into seventy-three districts, each in charge of a Registrar. In the chief centres of population the duties are performed by officers specially appointed for the purpose, but otherwise they are undertaken by Clerks of Stipendiary Magistrates' Courts. All claims are investigated by Stipendiary Magistrates, who alone have the power to grant or refuse pensions.

The Act applies to all residents of New Zealand who fulfil the necessary conditions, except—

  1. Maoris who receive votes other than pensions out of the grant appropriated by the Civil List Act, 1908.

  2. Alien.-.

  3. Naturalized subjects who have not been naturalized one year.

  4. Chinese or other Asiatics, whether naturalized or not. and whether British subjects by birth or not.

The qualifications for the pension are briefly as follows:—

  1. The applicant, if a male, must have reached the age of sixty-five, or, if a female, must have reached the ago of sixty.

    NOTE.—The pension age has been reduced to fifty-five for women and to sixty for men where the applicant is the parent of two or more children under fourteen years of age for the maintenance of whom he (or she) is responsible. The pension payable in such cases may be any sum up to £13 per annum, in addition to the ordinary pension payable as set out hereunder.

  2. The applicant must have resided continuously in New Zealand for the past twenty-five years.

    NOTE.—Continuous residence is not interrupted by occasional absences not exceeding two years. An additional six months' period of absence is allowed for every additional year's residence in excess of the twenty-five years immediately preceding the date of application, provided that the applicant has resided in New Zealand during the twelve months immediately preceding the said date of application. In the case of a seaman, continuous residence is not interrupted by absences on board a ship registered in New Zealand, provided the applicant establishes the fact that his home is in New Zealand.

  3. The applicant must not during the past twelve years have been imprisoned for four months or on four occasions for an offence punishable by twelve months' imprisonment.

  4. The applicant must not during the past twenty-five years have been imprisoned for five years for any offence.

  5. The applicant must not during the past twelve years have deserted his wife {or husband as the case may be) and children.

  6. The applicant must have lived a sober and reputable life during the past year.

  7. The yearly income of the applicant, if single, must not reach £G0, and, if married, £100.

  8. The net value of accumulated property must not be £2GQ or over.

  9. (9.} The applicant must not have deprived himself or herself of property or income to qualify for a pension.

Each applicant must apply to the Registrar of the district in which he resides, and all in a claim form. The Registrar proceeds at once to verify the applicant's statements, and the results of his inquiries are transmitted, with the form of application, to the nearest Stipendiary Magistrate, when a date is fixed for the personal examination of the pensioner.

The Magistrate, who is required to hear each case in chambers, has power to dispense with the personal attendance of the applicant, if he is satisfied that the documentary evidence in support of the claim is sufficient to establish it.

The Magistrate intimates his decision to the Commissioner, who, if the pension is allowed, issues a pension-certificate for the amount granted, without which no payment can be received.

Each pension is granted for twelve months, the first instalment being payable on the first day of the month following the date on which the Magistrate grants the pension. A fresh application is required to be made each year for a renewal of the pension.

Payment of the pension is made by twelve monthly instalments at the most convenient post-office.

Instalments are payable on the 1st of the month, but may be collected up to the 1st day of the month following, after which date the special authority of the Minister of Finance is required before payment can be made. Instalments falling due on the 1st of January may be paid on any day not earlier than the 23rd December.

The full pension of £26 is reduced by—

  1. £1 for every complete £1 of income over £34.

  2. £1 for every complete £10 of net accumulated property.

  3. £1 for every year or part of a year by which the age of the applicant is loss than sixty-five years.

The income of a married applicant for pension purposes is half of the joint incomes of husband and wife. The joint incomes of a married couple, however, must not exceed, with pension added, the sum of £100.

Income is money, valuable consideration or profits derived by any means from any source, and includes free board and lodging up to £26 per annum, but does not include :—

  1. Sick allowance or funeral benefits paid by a friendly society.

  2. Relief by way o'. charity, or gifts from relatives, up to £52 in any year.

  3. Grants from the Gold-miners' and Coal-miners' Relief Funds.

  4. Capital expended for the benefit of the applicant, or the wife or husband of the applicant.

  5. Property received on the intestacy, or under the will, of a deceased husband or wife.

The income chargeable is that derived during the twelve months preceding the date of application, the Magistrate having power to exempt all personal earnings earned at a rate not exceeding £2 a week, provided it is shown to his satisfaction that owing to loss of employment or any other cause such earnings have ceased.

Income at the rate of the disqualifying amount—i.e., £60 for a single person, and £100 for a married person—being received at the date of application is a bar to the granting of a pension.

Net accumulated property is the capital value of all real and personal property owned by an applicant, other than life assurance policies and annuities, or other life interests in the capital sum of which the applicant has no interest beyond the income derived therefrom, less the following deductions :—

  1. The amount of mortgage existing on the property.

  2. £340 from the home, including furniture and personal effects.

  3. £50 from any other property.

The net accumulated property of a husband or wife for pension purposes is half of the total net accumulated properties of both.

The pension is not affected by any increase in the value of property used exclusively as a home, which is taken at the valuation obtaining at the date of the original grant of the pension.

Provision is made for including transferred property, or property disposed of by will by the husband or wife of an applicant, in the computation of the pension.

To ascertain whether a pensioner is entitled to a renewal of his pension, he is required each year, shortly before the expiry of the certificate held by him, to furnish the Registrar with a statement of his income during the past year, and also of his property. On receipt of this statement the Registrar proceeds to verify the contents, and then submits it to the Magistrate, who investigates it in the same manner as an original claim, the pensioner being required to attend at the discretion of the Magistrate. The decision of the Magistrate is notified to the Commissioner, who issues a fresh pension-certificate for the amount for which the pension is renewed, and authorizes payment for another twelve months. The expired certificate is retained by the paying officer on payment of the final instalment, and forwarded to the Commissioner, by whom it is filed.

A pensioner may have any instalment paid at any post-office in New Zealand.

If a person is physically unfit to draw his pension in person, he may apply to the Commissioner to have an agent appointed to collect instalments. Any authority issued to such an agent holds good only for the pension-certificate for any one year, but it may be renewed each year when the pension itself is renewed.

A pension granted to a person maintained in a charitable institution is paid to the governing body of the institution on production of an authority signed by the local Registrar. A fresh authority is required each month in cases of this nature.

When any person to whom a pension has already been granted is committed to a mental hospital, the instalments of such pension are payable to the superintendent of the institution. An inmate of a mental hospital, however, cannot lodge an original claim for a pension.

The pension, being for the personal support of the pensioner, is absolutely inalienable, whether by way of assignment, charge, execution, bankruptcy, or otherwise howsoever.

No payment is made of an instalment which falls due while a pensioner is in gaol or out of New Zealand.

On the death of a pensioner the portion of the instalment accruing to date of death, together with any unpaid instalment then payable, may be paid if applied to defray funeral expenses, or, in the case of a charitable institution, towards cost of maintenance.

If the Commissioner has reason to believe that any pension has been improperly obtained, he may suspend payment and cause an inquiry to be held before a Magistrate, who has full power to act.

If during the currency of a pension-certificate a pensioner or the wife or husband of a pensioner, becomes possessed of property

or income in excess of the amount allowed by law, the Commissioner may apply to the Magistrate to have the pension cancelled or varied.

A Magistrate has power on his own initiative to review any previous decision, and to cancel or amend any pension-certificate.

Any person who by a wilfully false statement obtains or attempts to obtain a pension to which he is not entitled is liable to six months' imprisonment, or to a fine of £50, as also is any person who aids or abets such person.

It is an offence to receive any money in consideration of the procuring of a pension for any person; and it is also an offence to refuse to answer any question concerning any applicant or any statement contained in any application, the penalty being a fine not exceeding £10 in each case.

Where it has been found that a pensioner has been overpaid, and the Magistrate is of opinion that such overpayment was obtained by fraud, the pensioner is liable, in addition to imprisonment, to a penalty of double the amount paid in excess.

If on the death of a pensioner, or the wife or husband of a pensioner, it is found that he, or either of them, was possessed of property in excess of the amount allowed by law in respect to the amount of pension granted, double the amount of pension so overpaid may be recovered from the estate so found to be in excess.

If a pensioner is convicted of drunkenness or of any offence punishable by imprisonment for one month or more, or misspends, wastes, or lessens his estate, the Commissioner is empowered to pay the instalments of pension to an agent for the benefit of the pensioner, or to suspend the pension for such period as he deems fit.

Any person otherwise qualified to receive a pension who owns property on which he resides, and which does not permit of the granting of a full pension, may qualify for the full pension by transferring the said property to the Public Trustee. The pensioner is permitted to reside on the property rent-free during his lifetime, but he must pay all rates and charges thereon. If a husband and wife, both being pensioners, are living together, and one dies, the survivor is permitted to continue to reside on the property. On the death of both pensioner and survivor, or where the pensioner is no longer entitled to a pension, the Public Trustee shall sell the property, and, after deducting from the proceeds of the sale the amount of pension paid as a consequence of the transfer of the property, together with his commission and interest at the rate of 4 per cent., shall pay the balance to the person or persons entitled thereto. Provision is made for a pensioner, or survivor, or next-of-kin paying such amounts as aforesaid at any time, with a view to obtaining a retransfer of the property and obviating a sale.

Two registers are kept in the office of each Registrar—namely, a Pension-claim Register and an Old-age Pensions Register.

The Pension - claim Register contains a record of each claim filed, and how it is dealt with.

The Old-age Pensions Register contains a record of each pension granted in the district, as also of each pension transferred from any other district. All changes made from time to time in regard to any pension are entered up in this register.

Each Registrar is required to supply the following monthly returns:—

The number of old-age pensioners at the end of each financial year since the Act came into operation, the gross yearly payments, and the cost per head of population are as follows:—

At 31st March,Pensioners.Cost per Head of
Amount.Population
 £s.d.
18997,4433,12401
190011,285157,34241
190112,405197,29251
190212,776207,46853
190312,481210,14052
190411,926203,164410
190511,770195,47546
190612,582254,36758
190713,257314,184610
190813,569325,199611
190914,396336,760611
191015,320362,49674
191116,020383,39377
191216,649406,256710
191316,509415,761710
191418,050416,77677
 Gross total £4,389,197  

The number and value of existing pensions at each rate on 31st March, 1914, were,—

Rate.Number.Liability.
Average pension, £24 16s.
£ £
39361,404
38276
37137
36136
35135
33266
32264
30130
29129
28128
2614,270371,020
2555513,875
2454213,008
2346010,580
223708,140
214228,862
201853,700
191753,325
181522,736
171131,921
161141,824
15831,245
14851,190
13831,079
1267804
1168748
1070700
941369
835280
724168
625150
520100
41976
31339
21020
111
 18,050£447,765

The ages of pensioners (exclusive of Maoris) on the roll on the 3lst March last are as shown in the following table:—

Age.Number.

* Not including 671 Maoris.

60190
61199
62260
63259
64267
65488
66710
67816
68925
691,311
70953
711,083
721,058
731,058
74967
75900
76832
77756
78709
79721
80659
81595
82409
83340
84230
85178
86127
87108
8873
8970
9043
9118
9221
9316
9419
952
962
971
984
991
1001
 Total17,379*

Tables are also given showing (1) original nationality and (2) sex and conjugal condition of all pensioners on the roll on 31st March, 1914.

(1.) ORIGINAL NATIONALITIES OF ALL PENSIONERS ON THE ROLL ON THE 31ST MARCH, 1914.
 Number.
British (England)8,154
British (Ireland)3,726
British (Scotland)3,269
British (New Zealand)581
British (Australia)360
British (Wales)146
British (Canada)102
British (Channel Is'ds)63
British (India)17
British (West Indies)15
British (South Africa)15
British (Isle of Man)15
British (Newfoundland)9
British (Fiji)2
British (Malta)2
British (Pitcairn Island1
German319
Dane157
Swede98
Norwegian94
Austrian42
French38
Italian36
American32
Swiss18
Dutch14
Portuguese12
Russian10
Finn7
Pole7
Greek6
Belgian6
Hungarian3
Spaniard2
Chilian1
Maori671
Total18,050

These pensioners are now all British subjects, as required by law.

(2.) SEX AND CONJUGAL CONDITION OF PENSIONERS ON THE ROLL ON THE 31ST MARCH, 1914.
Sex.Single.Married.Widowed.Totals.
Male2,2213,8922,5718,684
Female3323,3405,6949,366
Totals2,5537,2328,26518,050

The conjugal condition of all old-age pensioners (40,144) admitted to the roll since the Act of 1899 came into force is as follows: Single, 6,819; married, 18,760; widowed, 14,565.

WIDOWS' PENSIONS.

The Widows' Pensions Act, 1911, which received the Governor's assent on the 28th October, came into operation on the 1st January, 1912. The scope of this Act was widened by an amendment Act passed in 1912, further amendments being embodied in the Act of 1913 consolidating the law relating to Old Age, Widows', and Military Pensions.

Similarly to Old-age Pensions, this part of the Act is administered by the Commissioner of Pensions at Wellington.

The term “widow” includes a woman whose husband is detained in a mental hospital.

Applicants must be British subjects of good character, and applications require to be lodged with the local Registrar of Pensions, and to be investigated by a Magistrate, who alone has power to grant pensions.

The following scale of payments is provided for :—

To a widow with one child under fourteen years£12per annum.
To a widow with two children under fourteen years£18per annum.
To a widow with two three children under fourteen years£24per annum.
To a widow with two more than three children under fourteen years£30per annum.

The term “child” includes a step-child, or a child legally adopted during the lifetime of the husband of the applicant.

For children born before the arrival of their parents in New Zealand, ten years' residence is required. A child born out of New Zealand during the temporary absence of its mother, however, is not debarred from the benefits of the Act.

The foregoing rates of pension are subject to a deduction of £1 for every £1 of the annual income of the widow and her children under fourteen in excess of £30. Such annual income, however, does not include personal earnings which do not exceed £100.

Property which produces no income, or an income of less than 5 per cent. of its value, is deemed to produce an income of at least 5 per cent. of such value, and such amount is included in the computation of the annual income.

Property does not include furniture and personal effects, nor property used as a home up to £340 in value. The pension is not affected by any increase in the valuation of the home, which is charged at the valuation obtaining at the date of the original granting of the pension.

The Act does not apply to aliens, or to Chinese or other Asiatics. Similarly to old-age pensions, all payments are made through the Post Office. In practically every other respect the same conditions as apply to an Old-age Pension apply to a Widow's Pension.

Provision is also made for continuance of the pension, after the death of a widow, to the guardian of her children.

The number of pensions in force under this head on the 31st March, 1914, was 1,540, the annual value of these being represented by the sum of £29,320.

Tables are given showing (1) ages and (2) original nationalities of widows in receipt of pensions as at 31st March last.

(1.) AGES OF WIDOWS IN RECEIPT OF PENSIONS AS AT 31ST MARCH, 1914.
Age.Number

* Not including 15 Maoris.

214
222
235
248
2514
2622
2721
2827
2927
3036
3144
3241
3361
3450
3557
3667
3768
3869
3962
4067
4181
4246
4379
4466
4563
4658
4765
4857
4936
5048
5145
5229
5327
5429
5515
5610
576
587
593
631
641
681
 Total1,525*
(2.) ORIGINAL NATIONALITIES OF WIDOWS IN RECEIPT OF PENSIONS AS AT 31ST MARCH, 1914.
 Number
British (New Zealand)1,021
British (England)232
British (Ireland)91
British (Australia)91
British (Scotland)61
British (Wales)5
British (Channel Islands)2
British (Pitcairn Island)1
British (Isle of Man)1
German11
Dane4
Italian3
Norwegian1
American1
Maori15
 Total1,540

MILITARY PENSIONS.

The Military Pensions Act, 1912, which received the Governor's assent on the 7th November, 1912, was enacted to provide for payment out of the Consolidated Fund of an annual pension of £36 to veterans of the Maori War who have been awarded the New Zealand War Medal for active service in such war. This Act is now embodied in the Pensions Act of 1913 above referred to, which consolidates the law relating to Old-age, Widows', and Military Pensions.

The qualifications of an applicant for this pension are as follows:—

  1. He must have resided in New Zealand for the 10 years immediately preceding the date of his application.

  2. He must not have been imprisoned during the same period for any offence punishable by imprisonment for two years.

  3. He must not during the same period have deserted or failed to provide for his wife and children.

  4. He must be of good character and sober habits.

Unlike the old-age and widows' pensions, which require to be applied for through a Registrar and determined by a Stipendiary Magistrate, the military pension is obtained by applying direct to the Commissioner of Pensions' at Wellington, or to the nearest

officer of the Defence Department, who reports to the Commissioner.

The number of pensions in force on 31st March, 1914, was 1,240, the annual value of these being £44,640.

The ages of pensioners as at 31st March last are shown below :—
Age.Number.
* Not including 128 Maoris.
561
571
582
592
606
616
6210
6312
6431
6543
6647
6762
6864
6968
7076
7182
7269
7396
7463
7556
7652
7747
7842
7949
8032
8127
8210
8319
846
855
868
875
887
891
912
931
962
 Total1,112*

SUPERANNUATION FUNDS.

The question of providing pensions for the public and semi-public servants of the Dominion on their retirement has received a good deal of attention in recent years. The schemes now in force embrace the Government Railways (1903), Public Service (1908) including Police (1899), and Teachers (1906), while the various local bodies are empowered to establish schemes under the Local Authorities Superannuation Act, 1908.

Public Service Superannuation Fund.

The Public Service Superannuation Act, 1907, now embodied in the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Act, 1908, which with its amendments includes ail branches of the Public Service except the Railway Department and so much of the Education Department as is included in Part IX of the Education Act, 1908 (mainly inspectors and teachers of public schools), came into force on the 1st January, 1908. The scheme, although optional on the part of public servants permanently employed at that date, is compulsory on all persons appointed thereafter.

The principal benefits are,—

Females may retire after 30 years' service or at the age of 55, while the retiring age may be reduced in certain cases for both males

and females. Special pensions may be given in the case of a member of the Police Force for injuries received on duty.

The contributions vary with the age on joining the fund: For ages under 30 they are 5 per cent. of the salary; ages 30 and under 35, 6 per cent.; 35 and under 40, 7 per cent.; 40 and under 45, 8 per cent.; 45 and under 50, 9 per cent.; 50 and over, 10 per cent.

The contributions are returned on withdrawal.

On the 31st December, 1913, there were 10,808 contributors paying £117,993 per annum into the fund. The pensioners numbered 811 and were entitled to £60,970 per annum, made up as follows: —

 Number.Pension.
 £
Retired for age or length of service43848,727
Retired for ill health977,576
Police injured on duty4442
Widows1382,484
Children1341,742
 811£60,970

The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st December, 1913, were as follows :—

 £
Revenue.
Amount of funds at beginning of year423,556
Members' contributions—
Under section 29 (ordinary)116,388
Transfers from other superannuation funds37
Government contribution48,000
Interest20,803
Fines, &c.234
 £609,018
Expenditure.
Retiring-allowances—
To members54,545
To widows and children3,69
Contributions returned—
Under section 46, Amendment Act (left service)9,364
Under section 42 or 43 (death)967
Under section 32 (ee)221
Under section 38 (retirement)194
Transfers to other superannuation funds (section 48)5
Compensation (section 32 (f))942
Interest (section 2, Amendment Act, 1909)8
Expenses—
Salaries912
Office expenses140
Medical fees53
Board members' travelling-expenses10
Crown Law charges1
Post Office charges50
Amount of fund at end of year537,914
 £609,018

The assets and liabilities of the fund, as at 31st December last, are set out in the annexed statement:—

BALANCE-SHEET AT THE 31ST DECEMBER, 1913.
 £
Liabilities.
Fund as per Revenue Account537,914
Retiring and other allowances due, in course of payment —
Members1,024
Widows and children69
Refunds of contributions due, in course of payment—
Under section 46, Amendment Act (left service)963
Under section 42 or 43 (death)287
Under section 32 (ee)221
Under section 38 (retirement)93
Transfers to other funds due, in course of payment (section 48)3
Compensation (section 32 (f)) due, in course of payment205
Expenses due, in course of payment—
Salaries326
Office expenses1
Medical fees2
Post Office charges50
Postal Department3,262
Unclaimed (contributions, &c.)453
Contributions paid in advance and in error36
 £544,909
Assets.
Amount invested with the Public Trustee520,511
Contributions due, in transmission—
Under section 29 (ordinary)8,362
Transfers from other superannuation funds1
Interest accrued, but not due16,020
Fines due, in course of transmission15
 £544,909

An amendment of the law under which the fund is administered was passed during the session of 1912, abolishing the provision for reduction or postponement of allowances to widows and children in cases where compensation is paid under the Workers' Compensation Act for the death of a contributor by accident. The new law came into operation from the date of its passage. Two widows and two children, whose allowances had been deferred previously, became entitled to payment as from that date.

The Government Actuary, in his report on the actuarial examination of the fund for the first triennium, recommended that the Government subsidy be increased from £23,000 to £48,000 pet-annum during the current triennium. By the amending Act mentioned above parliamentary sanction was given to the increased payment as from the 1st January, 1913. The increase in the subsidy was necessitated through officers retiring, with service for which they had paid no contributions, the basis of the scheme being that the Government should pay for these pensions except in so far as they were provided for by the members' contributions.

The Report of the Board, covering the year 1913, shows that up to the end of that year the sum of £149,555 in compensation to officers had been avoided by the Consolidated Fund, by their retiring on pensions. This sum nearly equals the Government subsidies paid to the fund (£156,500).

Since the initiation of the Superannuation Fund there has been also a large decrease in the annual grant from the Consolidated Fund for gratuities to the widows and children of public servants. The liabilities of the Government to the Fund are therefore offset by savings in other directions.

The Police Provident Fund, which was established on the 1st December, 1899, under the Police Provident Act, 1899, was merged in the Public Service Superannuation Fund on the 1st April, 1910, and members of the Police Force contributing at that date now pay the same contributions and receive the same benefits (plus the special allowance if injured on duty) as other members of the public service.

Teachers' Superannuation Fund.

This was established by the Teachers' Superannuation Act, 1905, winch came into operation on the 1st January, 1906. Under this scheme the pensions were computed at 1/60;th of the total salary received during the years of contribution and 1/120;th of the total salary received during service between 1st January, 1878, and 1st January, 1906. with a minimum pension of £52 per annum.

The benefits were brought into line with those of the Public Service by the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908, and with a few exceptions all the contributors accepted the new benefits.

There are a few slight differences between the Public Service and the Teachers' Funds, the chief being that (1) the service of the teachers need not be continuous; (2) no pensions are payable on retirement for ill health unless the service exceeds fifteen years; and (3) in the case of reduction of status owing to age or infirmity, there is no provision that the pension should be computed on the higher salary as in the Public Service Fund.

Education service to which the Act applies is defined as service in any capacity for not less than twenty hours a week,—

Under the provisions of the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1912, those persons who were in the Education service on the 1st January, 1906, and who were still in the service, could elect, on or before the 30th June, 1913, to become contributors to the fund, contributions being payable as from 1st January, 1906. This provision was taken advantage of by 156 persons.

Provision was also made whereby those persons employed in the University Colleges at the date of the coming into operation of the Act (7th November, 1912) could elect, on or before the 30th June, 1913, to become contributors to the fund, and in these cases such contributors would be entitled to count back service. Forty-six persons joined the Fund under this provision. All persons first permanently employed under the University of New Zealand and the University Colleges after the date of the passing of the Amendment Act must become contributors to the fund.

It was also provided that the Government contribution to the fund as from the 1st January, 1913, should be increased from £7,000 to £17,000 per annum.

On the 31st December, 1913, there were 4,017 contributors, the annual contributions amounting to nearly £45,000.

The pensions were 460, representing a charge of £29,898 per annum, made up of—

 Number.Amount of Pension.
 £
Retired for age or length of service28424,050
Retired for ill health503,882
Widows63l,147
Children63819
 460£29,898

The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st December, 1913, were as follows :—

 £
Revenue.
Funds at beginning of the year214,298
Contributions54,892
Re-credits118
Government subsidy17,000
Interest12,395
 £298,703
Expenditure.
Pensions28,287
Contributions refunded and transferred4,941
Commission77
Legal expenses4
Unclaimed contributions, to date258
Funds at the end of the year265,136
 £298,703

The balance-sheet of the Teachers' Superannuation Fund as at 31st December, 1913, reads as follows :—

 £
Assets.
Amount in hands of Public Trustee258,692
Contributions in transit1,380
Contributions outstanding4,679
Allowance paid in advance8
Interest accrued and outstanding836
 £265,595
Liabilities.
Fund as per Revenue Account265,136
Retiring-allowances in transit61
Retiring-allowances unpaid89
Refund of contributions in transit18
Contributions paid in advance33
Unclaimed contributions258
 £265,595

Government Railways Superannuation Fund.

This was established on the 1st January, 1903, by the Government Railways Superannuation Fund Act, 1902, now embodied in the Government Railways Act, 1908.

The pension is here also 1/60;th of the annual rate of pay, for every year of service, but the retiring age is sixty for both males and females, instead of ages sixty-five and fifty-five respectively as in the Public Service. The only other differences of importance are that the annual allowances to widows and children are paid only on the death of contributors before retiring on a pension, and that the pension is computed on the last salary except where the contributor has served in a lower grade within the previous five years, in which case the average for seven years is taken.

The contributions originally were, for ages not exceeding thirty when the first contribution became payable. 3 per cent.; ages thirty and under thirty-five, 4 per cent.; thirty-five and under forty, 5 per cent.; forty and under forty-five, 6 per cent.; forty-five and under fifty, 7 per cent.; fifty and over, 10 per cent.

These contributions are still payable by members who joined the scheme prior to the 1st January, 1908, but for those who joined subsequently the contributions are the same as are payable under the Public Service scheme.

The number of contributors on 31st March, 1914, was 10,508, and at that date there were 1,301 persons on the fund, drawing annual allowances amounting to £71,012.

The revenue and expenditure for the year ended 31st March, 1914, were,—

 £
Revenue.
Amount of funds on 1st April, 1913264,455
Contributions (including arrears)71,682
Interest11,899
Fines470
Donation by His Excellency the Governor10
Balance of N.Z.R. Transvaal War Relief Fund paid over by Trustees317
Government subsidy25,000
 £373,833
Expenditure.
Retiring-allowances to members60,953
Allowances to widows and children6,928
Payments to legal representatives of deceased members105
Contributions refunded10,075
Contributions transferred to Public Service Superannuation Fund41
Fines remitted.6
Expenses255
Amount of funds at the end of the year295,470
 £373,833

The assets and liabilities of the fund as at 31st March, 1914, were,—

 £
Assets.
Amount in hands of Public Trustee286,392
Contributions and fines in transit6,299
Arrears of contributions due by members in respect of casual service3,524
 £296,215
Liabilities.
Fund as per Revenue Account295,470
Life allowances not paid204
Widows' allowances not paid334
Contributions due to be refunded not paid207
 £296,215

Local Authorities Superannuation.

The Local Authorities Superannuation Act, 1908, which came into force on 10th October, 1908, applies to Borough Councils, County Councils, Town Boards, Road Boards, Harbour Boards, Charitable Aid Boards, Tramway Companies, or any body possessing rating powers over any district.

The benefits and contributions are the same as in the Public Service Fund. Under the Act of 1908 a contributor's service prior to joining the fund was not counted for pension purposes. By an amendment, passed in 1912, however, local authorities were empowered, when establishing superannuation funds, to grant in respect of prior service an additional retiring allowance not exceeding 1/60;th of the annual salary for each year of such prior service.

The Wellington Harbour Board having decided to inaugurate a superannuation scheme in respect of its permanent employees, such employees were allowed six months from 1st April, 1913, in which to decide as to whether they would become contributors to the fund. Of a total of 328 permanent employees, 262 had decided, at 30th September, to join the fund. The Board's contribution—65 per cent. of the employees' contributions—amounted for the six months ended 30th September, 1913, to £974, which, with other expenses, brought the total cost to the Board for the half-year to £1,017.

Several other local bodies have been considering the advisability of adopting superannuation schemes, but, so far as is known, none of these are yet in operation.

NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND.

The National Provident Fund was established by Act in 1910, and came into operation on 1st March, 1911. This measure offers facilities for voluntary thrift on the basis of mutual contributions by the State and the individual, and represents a striking departure in social legislation undertaken by the Government of New Zealand, there being particular features in this scheme that distinguish it from the provident systems of other countries.

The Fund is administered by a Board composed of the Hon. the Minister of Finance as Chairman and four members appointed by the Governor, one of whom is the Superintendent of the Fund.

The main object of the scheme is to provide for annuities in old age. This, however, is supplemented by benefits for the protection of the family from birth to old age.

The system is open to any person between the ages of 16 and 45 years residing in New Zealand, and whose average income during the three years prior to joining has not exceeded £200 per annum. There is no medical examination on entry, and the method of joining is extremely simple, the applicant having merely to fill in a form at a postal money-order office and pay a first weekly contribution.

The benefits are as follows :—

  1. After twelve months in the Fund a payment not exceeding' £G for medical attendance on the birth of a contributor's child or children.

  2. After five years in the Fund an allowance, after three months' incapacity for work, of 7s. 6d. per week for each child of a contributor under 14 years of age.

  3. A weekly pension at age 60 of 10s., 20s., 30s., or 40s., according to the scale of contributions.

  4. After five years in the Fund an allowance, on the death of a contributor, of 7s. 6d. per week for each child until 14 years of age, and 7s. 6d. for the widow so long as any child is under 14 years of age.

The maternity allowance is payable only if the combined income of a contributor and wife or husband does not exceed £200 per annum at the time of claim, but this limitation does not debar from the other benefits. The incapacity allowance is not payable where the incapacity is due to the serious misconduct of the contributor, and the amount is not to exceed the pecuniary loss which, in the opinion of the Board, the contributor has probably suffered during incapacity. Further, the income of a contributor during incapacity, independent of the Fund, is not to exceed the rate of £4 per week.

The contributions range from 9d. per week at age 17, 1s. at age 22, 1s. 3d. at 25, and so on to age 45, for the 10s. pension, the rate being two, three, or four times as much if a higher pension is applied for. A contributor may increase or decrease his pension after entry. The pension does not affect the rights of any person to the old-age pension.

The contributions are payable in weekly sums at any postal money-order office; but, as any number of contributions may be paid at one time, contributors have the privilege of paying as they like by weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, yearly, or at irregular intervals.

In the event of a contributor leaving the Fund or dying, all contributions (less any benefits received) are returnable. If a contributor dies before the first five years are completed, his representatives receive the contributions he has paid, less anything he received during lifetime by way of maternity benefit. Should he die after age 60, before receiving in benefits a sum equal to the contributions paid in during his lifetime, the difference is returnable to his representatives; and, further, if the allowances paid for widow and children do not exhaust the contributions, his representatives are entitled to the residue. If a contributor dies before 60, leaving a widow and no children, all the contributions are returnable, less benefits paid out.

The latitude allowed for arrears is very wide, and covers a period of eighteen months, but after six months a fine equal to one-fourth of the contributions is to be paid. If a contributor is drawing the incapacity allowance he pays no contributions during that period.

Moneys payable out of the Fund cannot be assigned in any way, nor, on the death of a contributor, be assets to pay his debts or liabilities.

The benefits under the Act are guaranteed by the State, which subsidizes the contributions to the extent of one-fourth of the amount paid into the Fund.

Organizing lecturers are operating in the various centres and personally explaining the system to the workers at their factories, work places, &c., a method that is found to be productive of satisfactory results, and is consequently being extended.

The result of the Fund's operations up to the end of the third year is indicated in the following table:—

Number of Contributors.Annual Rate of Contribution payable.Amount of Fund.
£s.d.£
At 31st December, 19115503,1711581,826
At 31st December, 19122,66011,72613010,038
At 31st December, 19135,79122,7190429,327

Information as to contributors to the Fund from the date of its inception to 31st December last is shown in the next table. The total number of contributors to the date mentioned was 6,625, of whom 831 have left the Fund, leaving a balance of 5,791, whose annual contributions amount to £22,719 0s. 4d., or an average of £3 18s. 6d.

CONTRIBUTORS TO NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND TO END OF 1913.
Number of Contributors.Annual Contributions.
Class 1 Pension Rate, 10s.Class 2. Pension Rate, 20s.Class 3. Pension Rate, 30s.Class 4. Pension Rate, 40s.Aggregate.
 M.F.TM.F.T.M.F.T.M.F.T.M.F.T.£s.d.
Total entered5,4458735,818580906207211839771046,1444816,625   
Total transferred from other classes7617711415224314928100   
 5,5213745,8955419463574138710081086,2364896,72526,401184
Total discontinued686557415711681131411 1176569834   
Total transferred to other classes1031358260821016117928100   
 69658754115131281952427128857779343,082180
Total contributors on books at 31st December, 19134,8253165,1414268150755863737805,3794125,79122,71904

The benefits paid out of the Fund for the year ended 31st December, 1913, amounted to only £698 8s., which sum represents maternity grants paid to 119 contributors.

Chapter 23. SECTION XXIV.—ACCUMULATION.

SUBSECTION A—BANKING.

BANKS OF ISSUE.

THE Banking Act, 1908, consolidates the law of New Zealand relating to the general business of banking in the Dominion. The Act provides that the incorporation of banks by Royal Charter shall be as effectual within New Zealand as Acts of the General Assembly. The number of directors is prescribed, and authority given to any bank to increase its capital on a resolution of the shareholders. Transfers of shares on which there is any liability must be approved by the directors, or their duly appointed attorney or attorneys. Every bank trading in the Dominion is required to furnish quarterly statements of its business, for publication in the Gazette. A sworn copy of an entry in the books of a bank shall in all legal proceedings be evidence of such entry, and a bank is not required in any legal proceedings to which it is not a party to produce its books before a Court, unless ordered by a Judge for special cause. Provision is made for bank holidays and for the destruction of cheques, drafts, bills of exchange, or promissory notes, after the expiration of ten years from the date or due date of such documents.

Part II of the Bills of Exchange Act, 1908, consolidates the law relating to cheques on a bank.

The Companies Act, 1908, with the exception of Part IX (as to companies incorporated outside New Zealand), and also of the provisions relating to branch registers, does not apply to companies formed within and carrying on business within the Dominion, but the whole Act applies to companies incorporated outside the Dominion.

There are six banks of issue trading in New Zealand, two of these institutions, the Bank of New Zealand and the National Bank of New Zealand, being incorporated by special Acts of the General Assembly of the Dominion. The Bank of New Zealand (special reference to which is made later on in this subsection) has branches in London, Australia, and Fiji, while its branches and agencies within the Dominion number 208, the other five banks having between them 209 such establishments, a total of 417, being an average of one bank to every 2,601 inhabitants, excluding Maoris.

CAPITAL AND RESERVE FUNDS.

The paid-up capital of the above banks, their reserve funds, and the rate and amount of their last dividend as on the 31st December, 1913, were as follows:—

Bank.Paid-up Capital.Rate per Cent. per Annum of Last Dividend and Bonus.Amount of Last Half-yearly Dividend and Bonus.Reserve Fund.

* Interest on stock.

† For twelve months.

Bank of New Zealand—£Per Cent.££
4-per-cant. stock guaranteed by Government of New Zealand1,000,0004*40,000* 
Preferred shares subscribed for by Government of New Zealand500,0001050,0001,418,117
Capital payable by shareholders500,00012 and bonus 3 per cent.75,000
Union Bank of Australia (Limited)1,500,00010 and bonus 4 per cent.105,0001,649,003
Bank of New South Wales3,500,00010168,9472,350,000
Bank of Australasia2,000,00014 and bonus 12/- per share.136,0002,689,100
National Bank of New Zealand (Limited)750,00012 and bonus 2 per cent.35,000595,756
Commercial Bank of Australia (Limited)—
Ordinary95,644   
Preference2,117,3508 per cent.31,7607,675
 11,962,994  8,709,651

DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING.

The development of banking in New Zealand since the year 1857 has been very great. Taking for each year the average of the four quarters' returns made by the banks of issue, the figures for 1857, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, and each of the past four years are,—

Year.Deposits.Advances.Assets.Liabilities.
 ££££
1857343,316 419,860432,494
18703,127,7694,547,2176,315,3543,819,670
18808,538,93511,300,40414,220,2759,550,177
189012,368,61014,096,44617,735,25913,356,598
190015,570,61012,084,74417,314,53516,964,582
191024,908,76119,772,65626,398,92726,742,081
191126,765,12222,601,86329,433,61428,625,803
191225,622,08324,268,63431,196,40027,508,348
191325,733,18724,005,03830,708,93227,591,099

In 1880 the deposits of these banks were £18 per head of the mean population; in 1890 they were £19.92 per head; in 1900 they were £20.39; in 1910, £25.15; and in 1911, £26.37. In 1912, however, the average fell to £24.66 and in 1913 (the strike year) a further fall is recorded, the rate per head being £24.08. The ratio of advances to deposits, which was 132.34 per cent. in 1880, reached its maximum in 1883, when it stood at 173.35 per cent. The proportion since that year fell, till in 1903 it was only 75.96 per cent. In 1904 the ratio stood at 82.10 per cent., in 1908 at 103.08 per cent., in 1912 at 94.72 per cent, and in 1913 at 93.28 per cent.

In 1886 the average amount of advances made by the banks was £15,853,420, equal to £27.23 per head of the mean population. The advances gradually declined in amount and proportion to population until 1891, when they were in value £11,549,145, or £18.34 per head. In 1897 advances stood at £10,892,111, or £15.09 per head, which is the lowest average since the year 1872. There was then a continuous rise both in amounts of advances and in rates per head of population until 1908, for which year the figures were £22,495,576, or £23.80 per head. In 1910 they stood at £19,772,656, or £19.92 per head, in 1911, £22,601,863, or £22.27 per head, in 1912, £24,268,634, or £23.36 per head, and in 1913 £24,005,038 or £22.46 per head. The discounts in 1908 amounted to £2,235,209, or £2.37 per head of mean population; in 1910 to £1,741,984, or £1.75 per head; in 1912 to £1,847,016, or £1.78 per head; and in 1913 to £1,951,665, or £1.83 per head. The largest amount of discounts in any year was £6,061,959 in 1879, a rate of £13.53 per head. From 1879 there was a fall year by year until 1896, when the sum was £1,756,791, or £2.49 per head, since when the ratio has fluctuated between £2.45 and £1.75 per head, the last five years showing the lowest figures, the rate per head being less than £2 in each of the five.

LIABILITIES.

The liabilities of the banks of issue for the last ten years are shown in the table following, the figures given referring to New Zealand business only. The liabilities shown represent the average of the four quarters of the year, with the exception that in the figures for 1912 only the last quarter is taken in respect of the Commercial Bank of Australia, as this institution did not commence operations in the Dominion until fairly late in that year.

Year.Notes in Circulation.Bills in Circulation.Balances due to other Banks.Deposits.Total Liabilities.
 £££££
19041,468,16154,40945,82919,074,96020,643,359
19051,468,97777,05552,53320,545,60122,144,166
19061,574,25491,96954,54222,422,24324,143,008
19071,644,64597,72774,86523,517,11125,334,348
19081,615,10993,30081,74121,821,75323,611,903
19091,577,55693,58260,56521,996,62123,728,326
19101,626,09493,60353,62224,968,76126,742,080
19111,677,842113,58269,25726,765,12228,625,803
19121,714,667111,87759,72125,622,08327,508,348
19131,674,333108,51875,06125,733,18727,591,099

ASSETS.

The average assets, as shown below, for the periods corresponding to those above, include Colonial Government securities, which in 1913 amounted to £1,047,725.

Year.Coin and Bullion.Notes and Hills discounted.Debts due, exclusive of Bad Debts.All other Assets.Total Assets.
 £££££
19043,896,1952,072,35612,578,8422,345,70320,893,096
19054,006,1082,125,51113,370,8852,268,02121,770,525
19064,593,9542,068,40414,580,9252,586,65023,829,933
19074,836,7182,014,84816,499,1973,233,47626,584,239
19084,840,9422,235,20918,937,5993,084,81729,098,567
19094,947,0961,928,17817,149,8542,912,13726,937,265
19105,035,7641,741,98416,698,0152,923,16426,398,927
19115,195,3331,792,26119,467,4672,978,55329,433,614
19125,338,2951,847,01621,062,1012,948,98831,196,400
19135,204,2661,951,66520,950,6332,602,36830,708,932

DEPOSITS AND ADVANCES.

The total amount of deposits, the amount per head of population, the total advances, and the ratio of advances to deposits, taking the average of the four quarters for each of the past ten years, are as follows:—

Year.Deposits.Advances:
Total Amount.Per Head of Population.Total Amount.Ratio to Deposits.
 ££s.d.£Per Cent.
190419,074,9602211515,661,25382.10
190520,545,6012312516,595,15680.77
190622,422,2432501017,833,64079.54
190723,517,11125111019,838,79984.35
190821,821,7532311022,495,576103.08
190921,996,6212210220,386,36792.68
191024,968,761253019,772,65679.19
191126,765,122267522,601,86384.45
191225,622,0832413224,268,63494.72
191325,733,187241724,005,03893.28

Deposits per head of population in hanks of issue in each of the Australian States during the past five years are shown. Figures for New Zealand are also given by way of comparison.

DEPOSITS PER HEAD IN BANKS OF ISSUE IN AUSTRALASIA, 1909–13.
State.1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Queensland2886291163222321303313
New South Wales28043013533913415531149
Victoria-3014032149351103511134610
South Australia2417527122737271410 18
Western Australia190422141025110239220611
Tasmania196119110197721171126150
Northern Territory      1717022168261710
 Total Commonwealth271282916532183215103161
 New Zealand2210225302675241322417

The graphs in the following diagram show the amounts of liabilities, assets, and deposits of banks of issue in New Zealand each year from 1857 to 1913.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each square represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height five hundred thousand pounds sterling.

Assets shown thus ___

Liabilities shown thus .....

Deposits shown thus

ISSUE OF NOTES.

The Banking Act, 1908, deals with the issue of notes generally. The Governor may empower any bank to issue and circulate notes, subject to the provisions and restrictions contained in the charter or letters patent under which such bank is incorporated, all such notes to be payable in gold only at the office of the bank at the place of issue, such notes to be a first charge on all assets of the bank.

The private Acts of the Bank of New Zealand and the National Bank of New Zealand (Limited) contain the following clause: “That the total amount of promissory notes payable on demand, issued and in circulation within the Dominion, shall not at any time exceed the amount of coin, bullion, and public securities which shall for the time being be held by the same corporation within the Dominion; nor shall the proportion of coin be less than one-third part of the amount of the coin, bullion, and public securities so held by the said corporation within the Dominion.”

On the 5th August, 1914, an amendment to the Banking Act was passed empowering the Governor in Council, from time to time, to make a Proclamation declaring “that the notes payable on demand by any bank therein named, and then issued 01 thereafter to be issued or reissued within New Zealand under any lawful authority in that behalf, shall during the period limited by the Proclamation be everywhere within New Zealand a good and legal tender of money to the amount therein expressed to be payable.” Conditions governing the issue of such Proclamation are laid down, and the bank may be required to give adequate security that it will redeem the notes in gold on the expiration of the period covered by the Proclamation. Provision is also made for payment by the State Treasury in case of default by the bank. During the period any such Proclamation is in force, gold must not be exported except with the consent of the Minister of Finance, and any gold exported or attempted to be exported in breach of this provision is to be forfeited to the Government.

Immediately on the passing of the amendment referred to, Great Britain being then at war with Germany, a Proclamation was gazetted declaring notes of all six banks of issue doing business in New Zealand to be legal tender from the 6th August to the 6th September, 1914.

Further extensions of time have since been made.

THE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND.

In 1894 an Act was passed whereby a special issue of shares by the Bank of New Zealand, amounting to £2,000,000, was guaranteed by the New Zealand Government. One-half of this sum was to be at the disposal of the bank for use in its ordinary business, and the remainder was to be invested as the Colonial Treasurer, representing the State, might approve. Until the calling-in or cancellation of the guaranteed shares, no dividend could be paid to ordinary shareholders without the consent of the Treasurer, who was empowered to satisfy himself that any proposed dividend would not unduly affect the security of the State in respect of the guarantee. The Treasurer could require the directors of the bank to call up £500,000, being one-third of the reserve capital, within twelve months, and this was accordingly done. The Government appointed a president and two auditors.

In 1895 a further Act dealing with the Bank of New Zealand was passed. This Act provided for writing off the paid-up capital of the bank (£900,000) together with the proceeds (estimated at £450,000) of the first call of £3 6s. 8d. on the reserve liability of £10 per share. New capital amounting to £500,000 bearing interest at 3œ per cent. was raised by preferred shares, and issued to the State in exchange for Government securities. The bank was given the right to repurchase at par within six years, and this provision was taken advantage of. Further share capital was created by a second call of the reserve liability (£3 6s. 8d.) per share, and it was provided that the remaining third might be called up at any time after the 31st December. 1898. The sum of £1,000,000, which under the Act of 1894 was required to be invested as the Colonial Treasurer might approve, was released for employment in the ordinary business of the bank.

An Assets Realization Board, consisting of two members appointed by the Government and one chosen by the directors of the bank, was established to purchase all the assets of the Bank of New Zealand Estates Company (Limited) and of the Auckland Agricultural Company, for the sum of £2,731,706. being the estimated value of the properties on the 31st March, 1895, subject, however, to an adjustment of station accounts, the purchase-money to be paid in debentures issued by the Board, having a nine-years' currency and bearing interest at 3œ per cent., any deficiency to be guaranteed by the Government. The Colonial Treasurer was empowered, in the event of such deficiency, to appoint a receiver in respect of the securities.

The Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act, 1898, provided for a Board of Directors consisting of six persons, instead of five as formerly, four of the directors to be appointed by the Governor in Council, and two to be elected by the shareholders.

The Bank of New Zealand Act, 1903, was passed in anticipation of the guaranteed shares issued under the authority of the Act of 1894 reaching maturity on the 19th of July of the year 1904, and of the expiry of the term of currency of the debentures issued by the Assets Realization Board (31st March, 1904). It also made provisions under which the remaining liability of the proprietors of the bank, under section 21 of the Banking Act, 1861, ranked as ordinary uncalled capital, and for the issue of fresh shares to the Government in lieu of the preferred shares originally issued to the Crown, but afterwards repurchased by the bank. Besides the above, the Act dealt with other matters affecting the business of the bank and the Assets Realization Board.

Under this Act every ordinary share in the bank was deemed to be of the nominal value of £6 13s. 4d. paid up to the extent only of the amount actually paid on account of instalments of the call in respect of such share, leaving a liability of the balance of instalments, and the further liability of £3 6s. 8d. per share, but no more. The guaranteed stock issued under the Share Guarantee Act, 1894, to the extent of two million pounds, matured on the 19th July, 1904, and was redeemed by the bank, and another issue of guaranteed stock, representing the sum of one million pounds sterling, having a currency not exceeding ten years, was made in lieu thereof. This stock was declared, by an Act passed in the following year, to have priority, as to both capital and dividend, over all existing shares of the bank, whether preference or ordinary. The preferred shares, representing £500,000 new capital, issued under the authority of the Bank of New Zealand and Banking Act. 1895, and subsequently repurchased by the bank were cancelled and in lieu thereof the Government purchased 75,000 preference shares of the bank, fully paid, representing £500,000 new capital. These shares rank for dividend purposes in priority to ordinary shares to the extent of 5 per cent. per annum (non-cumulative), and for dividends in excess of 5 per cent. they are entitled to only half the rate payable on ordinary shares; so that where, for example, the dividend on the ordinary shares is at the rate of 6 per cent. the dividend on the preference shares is at the rate of 5œ per cent. The maximum rate of dividend payable on preference shares is 10 per cent., while that payable on ordinary shares is not limited. Otherwise the preference shares confer the same rights and privileges as ordinary shares. The Act of 1903 empowered the Assets Board, for the purpose of redeeming such of its debentures as might be outstanding at maturity, to issue fresh debentures, with currency of five years, for a sum not exceeding in all the face value of the residue of the outstanding debt, and bearing interest at a rate not higher than 3œ per cent. per annum.

The properties vested in the Assets Board were to be valued at appointed times, and the actual deficiency between such value and the amount of outstanding debentures ascertained. When the assets were found to be sufficient to meet liabilities, the Governor by Order in Council declared that the Board should cease to exist, its properties being handed over to the bank, which thereupon was empowered to redeem all the outstanding debentures of the Board.

A Proclamation by the Governor in Council was published in a supplement to the New Zealand Gazette, dated the 7th December, 1906, to the effect that valuations in the terms of the above provisions having been duly made and confirmed by the Valuer-General, the assets were found to be sufficient to meet the outstanding liabilities, and the Assets Realization Board, from the 17th December, 1906, ceased to exist.

The guaranteed stock issued under the Act of 190.3 matured on the 19th July, 1914, and a further Act was passed in 1913 whereby the bank was empowered to cover the redemption of this by the issue of stock to the extent of £1,000,000, having a currency not exceeding twenty years, and carrying a dividend not exceeding 4 per cent. per annum, payable half-yearly. As in the former case this stock is to have priority as to both capital and dividend as against the assets of the bank over all other shares.

Power was also given by the Act of 1913 for the raising of additional capital for the bank. An amount not exceeding £3,000,000 may be raised by the creation and issue of 150,000 shares, to be called “B” preference shares, of £6 13s. 4d. each and 300,000 new ordinary shares of the same value. The Government is to have the first option of purchasing the “B” preference shares, which in respect of capital are to rank next after the former or “A” preference shares and in priority to all other shares, and in other respects to be equal to the ordinary shares. For each two ordinary shares to be issued under the Act of 1913, one “B” preference share must also be issued at the same time. The number of shares that may be held by any one shareholder is now fixed at 6,000 instead of 3,000 as formerly.

POST OFFICE SAVINGS-BANK.

In connection with the Post Office in New Zealand, a savings-bank is conducted. The minimum deposit receivable, except in certain specified cases, is one shilling, and no interest is given on any sum less than £1 or in excess of £1,000. Prior to the 1st January, 1914, the maximum amount on which interest was payable was £600. Interest on sums up to £300 must not exceed 5 per cent. per annum, and on sums between £300 and £1,000 4 per cent. is the maximum allowable. The Post Office Act contains provisions whereby a depositor may be required to give seven days' notice of withdrawal of any money, and in consequence of the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Germany this provision has recently (August, 1914) been taken advantage of by the Post Office authorities as regards sums in excess of £2.

The number of post-offices open for the transaction of savings bank business at the end of 1913 was 747.

There were 81,260 new accounts opened in 1913, and 54,865 accounts were closed during the year. The total number of open accounts at the end of 1913 was 458,594, or one in every 2.37 of the population, excluding Maoris.

The deposits received during the year amounted to £11,286,702, and the withdrawals to £11,041,454, the excess of deposits over withdrawals having thus been £245,248. The total sum standing at credit of all accounts on the 31st December, 1913, was £17,131,414, which gave an average of £37 7s. 2d. to the credit of each open account. Information for each of the past ten years is given:—

PORT OFFICE SAVINGS-BANK.
Year.Number of Depositors at End of Year.Total Amount of Deposits during Year.Total Amount of Withdrawals during Year.Excess of Deposits over Withdrawals.Total Amount to Credit of Depositors at End of Year.
 £££
1904259,1645,836,5405,664,770171,7707,761,382
1905276,0666,625,7445,984,185641,5598,662,023
1906298,7467,907,1556,907,1041,000,0519,953,266
1907319,7739,351,6648,125,1231,226,54111,523,231
1908342,0779,674,0759,417,820256,25512,159,294
1909359,7149,611,1209,499,320111,80012,666,898
1910380,58510,708,9399,695,5151,013,42414,104,990
1911405,56611,627,36810,662,046965,32215,543,187
1912432,19911,725,18311,449,711275,47210,330,257
1913458,59411,286,70211,041,454245,24817,131,414

The Post Office Savings-bank commenced operations on 1st February, 1867, and the progress of the establishment since that date is shown below in graphical representation, the curves representing number of open accounts, total amount to credit, and average amount to credit respectively.

EXPLANATION OF GRAPHS.—The base of each small square represents an interval of one year, and the vertical height 10,000 accounts, £200,000 to credit of total accounts or £1 to credit of each account.

The number of open accounts (as on the 31st December) for five years, classified according to amounts at credit, is as follows:–

 1909.1910.1911.1912.1913.
Not exceeding £20257,174270,812290,157311,389329,669
Exceeding £20 and up to £5038,99819,93142,26643,95247,387
Exceeding £50 and up to £10025,40926,9628,06129,60231,196
Exceeding £100 and up to £20020,57722,07023,16224,19526,109
Exceeding £200 and up to £3008,9029,53610,27710,83211,406
Exceeding £300 and up to £4004,2594,7615,2745,6675,989
Exceeding £400 and up to £5002,0882,5442,7502,8503,107
Exceeding £500 and up to £6001,3431,6511,9802,0201,986
Exceeding £6009641,3141,6391,6921,745
 Totals359,714380,585405,566432,199458,594

The following were the securities standing in the name of the Postmaster-General on account of the Post Office Savings-bank Fund on the 31st December, 1913:—

Description of Securities.Nominal Value.Value at Cost-price.
£s.d.£s.d.
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent.2000020000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1900 Debentures, 3œ per cent.56,5000056,50000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1901 Debentures, 3œ per cent.32,6000032,60000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1901 Debentures, 3œ per cent.2,500002,50000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1901 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.8,100008,10000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1902 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.128,00000128,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1903 Debentures, 4 per cent.1,250001,25000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1903 Debentures, 4 per cent.170,10000170,10000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1903 Debentures, 3œ per cent.61,5250061,52500
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1906 Debentures, 3œ per cent.500,00000500,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1906 Debentures, 3œ per cent.61,7500061,75000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1906 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.8,650008,65000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent,200,00000200,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement, Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1909 Debentures, 4 per cent.3000030000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1911 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1911 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.49,0000049,00000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1912 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.175,30000175,30000
The Aid to Public Works and Land Settlement Act 1913 Debentures, 4 per cent.115,00000115,00000
The Aid to Water-power Works Act 1910 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Aid to Water-power Works Act 1910 Debentures, 4 per cent.80,0000080,00000
The Appropriation Act 1912 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.10,0000010,00000
Canadian Stock, 3 per cent.5,000004,80000
Canadian Stock, 2œ per cent.12,666151110,13389
The Cape of Good Hope Consolidated Stock, 3œ per cent.2000018613
The Coal-mines Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.40,0000040,00000
The Coal-mines Act 1908 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.135,00000135,00000
The Consolidated Loan Act 1867 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.13,0000013,00000
The Consolidated Stock Act 1884 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.194,20000194,20000
The Consolidated Stock Act 1884 Debentures, 3œ per cent.283,50000283,50000
The Consolidated Stock Act 1884 Debentures, 3œ per cent.165,00000165,00000
The Dairy Industry Act 1898 Debentures, 3œ per cent.4380043800
The Dairy Industry Act 1898 Debentures, 3œ per cent.1,343001,34300
The Defence and other Purposes Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.75,0000075,00000
The Defence and other Purposes Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 3œ per cent.8,100008,10000
The General Purposes Loan Act 1873 Debentures, 4 per cent.5,200005,20000
The Government Advances to Settlers Act 1906 Debentures, 3œ per cent.105,00000105,00000
The Government Advances to Settlers Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent.12,9000012,964100
The Government Advances to Settlers Extension Act 1901 Debentures, 3œ per cent.80,0000080,00000
The Government Advances to Workers Act 1906 Debentures, 3œ per cent.25,0000025,00000
The Government Loans to Local Bodies Act 1886 Debentures, 3œ per cent.231,50000231,50000
The Government Railways Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.85,0000085,00000
The Government Railways Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent.10,0000010,00000
The Government Railways Act 1908 and Finance Act 1909 Debentures, 4 per cent.1000010000
The Government Railways Act 1908 and Finance Act 1909 Debentures, 3œ per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent.50,3500050,35000
The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent.11,1500011,15000
The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures. 3Ÿ; per cent.10,0000010,00000
The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.5,000005,00000
The Government Railways Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 4 per cent.30,0000030,00000
Greymouth Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.240,00000240,00000
Hamilton Borough Debentures, 4œ per cent.3,000003,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Acts 1903 and 1905 Debentures, 3œ per cent.100,00000100,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1905 Debentures, 3œ per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1907 Debentures, 4 per cent.10,0000010,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent.67,0000067,00000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent.27,5900027,59000
The Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent.15,0000015,00000
The Immigration and Public Works Loan Act 1870 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.20,9000020,90000
India Stock, 3œ per cent.216145213189
India Stock, 3 per cent.5213945150
Inscribed Stock, 3œ per cent.618,00000618,00000
Inscribed Stock, 3 per cent.2,260,4951112,244,582180
Irish Land Stock, 2Ÿ; percent.1000089150
The Irrigation and Water-supply Act 1913 Debentures, 4 per cent.10,0000010,00000
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent.3000030000
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent.4000040000
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.76,1500076,15000
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.62,0000062,00000
The Land for Settlements Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.27,0000027,00000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 3œ per cent.4,700004,70000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent.2,400002,40000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 4 per cent.20,0000020,00000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 3œ per cent.10,6500010,65000
The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act 1900 Debentures, 3œ per cent.5,000005,00000
The Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act 1894 Debentures, 3œ per cent.339,00000339,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1901 Debentures, 3œ per cent.100,00000100,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.785,00000785,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.150,00000150,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.786,00000786,00000
The Local Bodies' Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Maori Land Settlement Act 1905 Debentures, 3œ per cent,25,6500025,65000
The Maori Land Settlement Act Amendment Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent.50,0000050,00000
The Native Land Purchase Act 1892 and New Zealand Loans Act 1908 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.125,00000125,00000
New South Wales Stock, 3œ per cent.27,0000026,86500
The New Zealand Consols Act, 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.3400034000
The New Zealand Consols Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent.4000040000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 Debentures, 3œ per cent.400,00000400,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 Debentures, 3œ per cent.1,918,600001,918,60000
The New Zealand Land for Settlements Act 1908 and New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent.44,9250044,92500
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 and the New Zealand Loans Act 1908 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3œ per cent.99,0000099,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3œ per cent.8,000008,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3œ per cent64,8500064,85000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.15,3000015,30000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.12,3500012,35000
The New Zealand State guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.21,5000021,50000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.741,06600741,06600
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advance's Act 1909 (Land for Settlements Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.410,00000410,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Advances to Settlers Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.750,00000750,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909 (Advances to Settlers Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent37,0000037,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Advances to Workers Branch) Debenture, 3œ per cent.205,00000205,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Advances to Workers Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.100,00000100,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Native Land Settlement Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.30,0000030,00000
The Now Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Acts 1909 and 1910 (Native Land Settlement Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.50,0000050,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909 (Native Land Settlement Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.54,5000054,50000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Native Land Settlement Branch) Debentures, 4 per cent.110,00000110,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Local Authorities Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.96,0000096,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Local Authorities Branch) Debentures, 3œ per cent.275,00000275,0000c
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Local Authorities Branch) Debentures, 4 per cent.9,000009,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Local Authorities Branch) Debentures, 4 per cent.48,0000048,00000
The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act 1909 (Guaranteed Mining Advance-Branch) Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.5,000005,00000
The Oamaru Borough Consolidated Loan Debentures, 5 per cent.13,8000013,80000
Patea Harbour Board Debentures, 4œ per cent.35,0000035,00000
The Post office Savings-bank Fund Investment Act 1907 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.125,00900125,00000
The Post and Telegraph Act 1908 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.75,0000075,00000
The Railways Improvement Authorization Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent.25,0000025,00000
The Reserve Fund Securities Act 1907 Debentures, 3œ per cent.800,00000800,00000
The Scenery Preservation Act 1908 Debentures, 3œ per cent.40,0000040,00000
The Scenery Preservation Act 1908 Debentures, 3Ÿ; per cent.20,0000020,00000
The Scenery Preservation Act 1908 Debentures, 4 per cent.11,0000o14,00000
South Australian Stock, 4 per cent.1,7721621,86190
South Australian Stock, 3œ per cent.12,0000011,76000
Thames Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.10,0000010,00000
Timaru Borough Council Debentures, 4 per cent.4,000004,00000
The Public Revenues Act 1910 Treasury Bills, 4 per cent.100,00000100,00000
Victorian Stock, 3 per cent.12,379191010,7081310
The Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement Act 1910 Debentures, 3œ per cent.100,00000100,00000
Wellington City Council Debentures, 4 per cent.100,0000099,00000
Wellington City Council Debentures, 4 per cent.25,0000024,50000
Wellington Harbour Board Debentures, 4Πper cent.28,4000028,40000
Wellington Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.45,0000045,00000
Westport Harbour Board Debentures, 4 per cent.489,50000489,50000
  Totals17,105,71111217,083,63897

Most of this fund is invested in securities of the New Zealand General Government. A summary of the investments is as follows:—
 £s.d.
In New Zealand Government securities16,040,622111
In local bodies' securities993,70000
In other securities71,38901
  Total£17,105,711112

PRIVATE SAVINGS-BANKS.

There are five savings-banks not connected with the Post Office. The total amount deposited in them during the year ended 31st March, 1914, was £1,478,309, of which the deposits by Maoris comprised £283. The withdrawals reached the sum of £1,461,510 or £16,799 less than the deposits. The total amount to the credit of the depositors at 31st March, 1914, was £1,792,108, of which sum £375 belonged to Maoris. Figures for ten years are as follows:—

PRIVATE SAVINGS-BANKS. 1904–13.
Year.Number of Depositors at End of Year.Total Amount of Deposits during Year.Total Amount of Withdrawals during Year.Excess of Deposits over Withdrawals.Total Amount to Credit of Depositors at End of Year.

The minus sign (–) represents excess of withdrawals over deposits.

* 15 months ended 31st March following.

† 12 months ended 31st March following.

 ££££
190438,405893,979891,9861,9931,077,925
190540,310902,166904,918–2,7521,111,931
190642,3681,013,571947,98865,5831,216,759
190744,6491,036,568993,84142,7271,301,832
190846,8681,124,5101,121,2853,2251,352,972
190949,0561,168,7351,169,654–9191,398,512
191051,5341,338,3381,269,97368,3631,515,525
191154,0361,420,3211,337,58682,7351,651,275
1912*71,7281,824,6061,833,390–8,7841,713,283
191374,0881,478,3091,461,51016,7991,792,108

SAVINGS-BANKS DEPOSITS IN AUSTRALASIA.

The deposits in the savings-banks of New South Wales on 31st December, 1912, of the other States of the Commonwealth on 30th June, 1913, and of New Zealand on 31st December, 1913 (Post Office), and 31st March, 1914 (other institutions) were as given below. The figures for Australian States are taken from the Official Year-book of the Commonwealth.

State.Number of Depositors.Amount on Deposit at End of Year.Average Amount per Depositor at End of Year.Deposits to Credit per Head of Population
££s.d.£s.d.
New South Wales619,22428,862,5924612215190
Victoria703,08422,232,19631125151910
Queensland168,4388,668,28451931342
South Australia251,9638,766,1823415102043
Western Australia121,2014,682,7383812914178
Tasmania70,4022,036,211281841094
 Commonwealth1,934,31275,248,2033818015134
New Zealand 532,68218,923,5223510617811

SUMMARY OF ALL DEPOSITS.

If the total deposits in the banks of issue at the end of the year be assumed to be equal to the average deposits for the four quarters of the year, then it may be affirmed that, exclusive of Government moneys, the deposits in the said banks of issue and in the two classes of savings-banks amounted at the end of 1913 to £42,679,286. In addition, there are the deposits with building societies, which in 1913 were £612,170, and it is known that there were also deposits with financial companies of which no particulars have been collected. The ascertained deposits reach an average of £39 18s. 3d. per head of the population, or, including Maoris, £38 3s. 2d.

SUBSECTION B.—INSURANCE.

LIFE ASSURANCE.

At the close of the year 1912 the following life-assurance offices were represented in New Zealand:—

The Australian Temperance and General Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited).

The Australian Mutual Provident Society.

The Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society (Limited).

The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States.

The Mutual Life and Citizens' Assurance Company (Limited).

The National Mutual Life Association of Australasia (Limited).

The New York Life Insurance Company.

The Norwich Union Life Insurance Company.

The Provident Life Assurance Company.

The Yorkshire Insurance Company.

The Life Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government.

The New Zealand Government and the Provident are the only purely New Zealand institutions, five of the societies having their head offices in Australia, two in England, and two in the United States of America. One office, the Equitable of the United States, has ceased to issue policies in the Dominion. During the year 1910 an amalgamation of the Mutual Life and Citizens' Company and the Australian Widows' Fund Society was arranged whereby the latter became absorbed in the former.

The Provident Life Assurance Company and four of the Australian offices transact both ordinary life and industrial business. Several of the companies, including the New Zealand Government Office, have branches for assurance against accident.

The following table shows the total ordinary life-assurance business in force in the Dominion at the end of each of the ten years from 1903 to 1912:—

ORDINARY LIFE ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS, 1903–12.
Year.Number of Policies in Force, including Annuities.Amount insured.Annuities per Annum.Annual Premium Income, including Annuities.
 £££
1903104,98225,878,90949,080832,851
1904110,22727,074,17154,835873,588
1905114,55328,087,34960,583908,349
1906118,26529,036,04765,754935,068
1907122,92430,207,13471,291970,216
1908127,72131,447,10132,7591,005,984
1909133,55832,629,73434,3691,040,303
1910137,51433,816,73634,6861,073,010
1911143,65235,323,74237,0091,116,772
1912150,07937,162,91845,9751,164,699

Similar information to the above is given respecting the industrial business of the companies operating in New Zealand.

INDUSTRIAL ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS, 1903–12.
Year.Number of Policies in Force, including Annuities.Amount insured.Annuities per Annum.Annual Premium Income, including Annuities.
 £££
190330,714756,051 36,250
190434,364851,688 42,367
190536,502877,871 46,096
190640,613981,086 53,382
190743,8891,053,874 59,258
190849,4351,188,92088869,822
190956,2691,366,985 81,999
191064,1191,608,7931696,394
191172,1941,887,11116113,421
191280,4192,158,273 130,691

The number of ordinary life policies in force in 1902 was 99,908 so that the increase in number during the ten years was 50 per cent., while in the industrial business the number of policies increased by 193 per cent. in the period, the number in force in 1902 having been 27,418. Taking both classes of life assurance together the policies increased in number by 81 per cent. in the decennium, as compared with an increase in the total population of 30 per cent. during the same period. A statement of the income and outgo of all the companies operating in the Dominion further illustrates the large increase in the business for the ten years.

ORDINARY LIFE ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS.—INCOME AND OUTGO.
Year.Receipts and ExpenditureExpenses of Management.
Total Receipts, excluding Transfers.Total Expenditure, excluding Transfers.Excess of Receipts.Total.Proportion to Premium Receipts.Proportion to Gross Receipts.
 ££££Per Cent.Per Cent.
19031,191,779765,736426,043164,73520.1413.82
19041,263,257755,038508,219163,08118.9612.91
19051,329,378789,906539,472168,38918.7812.67
19061,382,262846,218536,044165,96718.0212.01
19071,427,033866,789560,244160,80816.8411.27
19081,488,975933,066555,909167,18816.7711.23
19091,556,282970,808585,474172,32516.8311.07
19101,717,820961,198756,622166,36715.789.68
19111,679,5761,100,297579,279177,07816.0610.54
19121,756,1831,127,743628,440184,10815.9010.48

The general expense rate, which in 1910 fell for the first time below 10 per cent., shows throughout the ten years the general decrease which might he expected to accompany the growing volume of the business, and in the premium-expense rate there is even a more marked decline, the rate having decreased from 20.14 per cent. in 1903 to 15.78 per cent. in 1910 and 15.90 per cent. in 1912. Results under similar headings are given in the next table for industrial assurance.

INDUSTRIAL ASSURANCE.—NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS.–INCOME AND OUTGO.
Year.Receipts and ExpenditureExpenses of Management.
Total Receipts, excluding Transfers.Total Expenditure, excluding Transfers.Excess of Receipts.Total.Proportion to Premium Receipts.Proportion to Gross Receipts.
 ££££Per Cent.Per Cent.
190332,17725,6756,50219,54763.8560.75
190438,28927,45510,83421,02158.0654.90
190544,38530,90813,47722,67656.1551.09
190649,14634,85014,29626,90458.4154.74
190755,46137,37918,08228,90354.2152.11
190877,89446,73431,16034,45556.2844.23
190976,76355,18521,57840,12155.5752.26
191093,97160,87133,10043,55451.6246.35
1911107,23870,22437,01452,50851.8848.96
1912126,89779,50547,39259,35749.4246.78

This class of business has only recently attained any magnitude in the Dominion. The expense rate is exceedingly high, as is common with industrial assurance.

Liabilities and Assets.

The New Zealand liabilities of all the institutions in respect of their ordinary life business at the end of 1912 were as follows:—

 £
Life Assurance and annuity funds12,732,635
Depreciation, reserve, and other special funds124,897
Other liabilities132,883
  Total£12,990,415

At the same date the liabilities of the industrial branch of the Provident Life Assurance Company and the Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society were,—

 £
Capital15,000
Funds44,824
Other liabilities10,009
  Total£69,833

The three other companies transacting both ordinary life and industrial assurance business did not show separate returns for their industrial branches.

The assets balance the liabilities in every case and are stated as follows:—

 Ordinary Assurance.Industrial Assurance.
 ££
Mortgages on property7,563,34023,967
Loans on policies2,079,846438
Government securities792,713 
Other investments1,308,32521,842
Cash74,5823,674
Other assets1,171,60919,912
  Total£12,990,415£69,833

ACCIDENT INSURANCE.

At the close of the year 1913 there were twenty-seven insurance offices doing accident business in the Dominion. Returns of receipts and expenditure have been submitted by each office and the figures are given in the next table. The table relates only to the accident business transacted by the various offices within the Dominion.

ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN NEW ZEALAND.—RECEIPTS AND EXENDITURE, 1913.
Office.Receipts.Expenditure.
Premiums.Other Receipts.Total.Claims paid.Other Payments.Total.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Alliance3,11427   3,114278211791,240562,06233
Atlas2,000176   2,0001765895117201521,31011
Australian Temperance and General34615012934717990002553134531
Colonial Mutual3,597858906114,4871541,936561,1251983,06252
Commercial Union15,522172   15,5221726,4261065,36318811,79592
Farmers' Co-operative1,664111   1,66411140018116331941,034183
Guardian4,59209   4,592092,0311562,4631824,495138
Liverpool and London and Globe6,43472   6,434722,0951292,5401044,63631
London and Lancashire7,4401713241767,7651471,8731073,424505,297157
Mutual Life and Citizens13,91988   13,919884,242871,858386,100123
National16,68747   16,687478,0891845,8409013,93074
New Zealand73,766182   73,76618237,55315921,241161058,795127
Northern1,80622364002,170221,00724805501,81274
Norwich and London14,3341022615014,5951525,907195,5595711,46674
Ocean29,030102   29,03010213,53916912,7502126,2691810
Phœnix1,320119   1,32011918579698410883127
Queensland7,535111375007,9101113,0131582,799855,81341
Royal13,751135   13,7511354,988174,168629,15679
Royal Exchange10,1731211   10,17312112,1181023,63918115,75841
Sawmillers Mutual1,9251901244102,0503101,535126233011,768127
South Exchange49,773611   49,77361125,89216817,208101043,10176
Standard20,19831   20,198316,5081537,70611114,21564
Union5,07348   5,073481,462571,1581952,62150
United3,39485   3,394851,391271,294552,68580
Victoria3,911112   3,911112935101,501582,43668
Yorkshire1,80711   1,80711371176357168729142
Insurance Department of the New Zealand Government22,900893,58716826,4885511,492407,4995018,99190
Totals336,023475,928138341,951183146,501112114,09447260,595159

GOVERNMENT ACCIDENT INSURANCE.

The Accident Branch of the Government Insurance Department was opened in 1901. General accident business is undertaken, but the branch was opened more especially with a view to relieve employers of labour of the liability imposed upon them by the Workers' Compensation for Accidents Act, 1900. This Act greatly extended the liability of employers, and gave to a workman the right of compensation for all injuries arising out of, and in the course of, his employment, not attributable to his own serious and wilful misconduct.

This liability has been more or less extended by subsequent Acts, and under the Workers' Compensation Act, 1908, (which came into operation on the 1st January, 1909), and its amendments, the scale of compensation is as follows:—

  1. Where death results from the injury and the workman leaves dependants wholly dependent upon his earnings, the compensation is one hundred and fifty-six times his average weekly earnings, but not to be less than £200, nor to exceed £500.

  2. If the dependants are only partially dependent upon the workman's earnings, the compensation is to be such sum as is reasonable, and proportionate to the injury to such dependants, not exceeding the amount payable under paragraph (a).

  3. In either of the above cases the employer is also liable for medical and burial expenses not exceeding £20, and an amount not exceeding this sum can be claimed where there are no dependants.

  4. Where a workman is totally incapacitated for work, he is entitled to a weekly payment of one-half his average weekly earnings, not exceeding the sum of £2 10s. per week, but the weekly compensation is not to be less than £1 in cases where the worker's earnings at the time of the accident are not less than 30s. per week.

  5. Where the workman is partially incapacitated only, the compensation is one-half the loss of wages.

  6. In addition to the weekly allowance medical or surgical expenses, not exceeding £1, may be claimed.

The compensation is payable from the date of the accident where the incapacity lasts for fourteen days or more, but if the duration of the incapacity is less than fourteen days, no payment is made for the first week.

Weekly payments are not to extend over a longer period than six years, and the aggregate amount is not to exceed £500.

Special provision is made in the case of wharf labourers, and also for increased compensation to persons under the age of twenty-one, who are permanently incapacitated.

Certain diseases due to the nature of the trade, such as anthrax, lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, &c., are regarded as accidents.

If the accident occurs in the course of employment in or about a mine, building, factory, or ship, the compensation becomes a charge on the employer's interest in the property. In nearly all cases this charge takes precedence of all existing or subsequent charges or encumbrances howsoever created.

The Department's policies cover the full liability of an employer to his workmen under the Workers' Compensation Act, and the liability under common law to the extent of £500 per man.

The premiums are assessed on the wages, and vary from 4s. and 5s. 6d. per £100 of wages for the lightest occupations to 20s. per cent. for building trades, 56s. per cent. for coal-mines to cover accidents only, and 105s. 6d. per cent. for bushfelling.

Policies protecting mortgagees from loss through the charge of an injured workman taking precedence of a mortgage are issued at premiums varying from 1s. per cent. of the mortgage for small mortgages to 6d. per cent. for large mortgages.

Personal-accident policies are also issued securing amounts for accidental death and permanent total or partial disablement, and weekly allowances during temporary disablement.

The premium income and claims of the Accident Branch since the commencement of business have been as follows:—

Year.Premium Income.Claims.

* From 7th June to 31st December.

 ££
1901*11,8562,428
190214,1007,364
190324,38113,230
190423,76812,105
190523,97011,242
190620,81513,720
190721,47711,288
190820,89811,926
190926,33712,805
191021,36412,522
191120,75610,497
191223,51312,016
191323,67711,492

The funds, assets, and liabilities of the Government Insurance Department belonging to its Accident Insurance Branch are kept separate and distinct from the main life-insurance business, and powers are vested in the Governor to make regulations in regard to tables fixing rates of premium and other details for the conduct of the Accident Insurance Branch. The assets and liabilities on 31st December, 1913, were as follows:—

 £s.d.
Liabilities.
Accident Funds as per Revenue Account15,321149
Claims admitted (proofs not yet completed)11,00000
Commission14443
Premium and other deposits25126
Reserve for unearned premiums10,47500
Investment Fluctuation Reserve2,00000
Reserve Fund constituted under section 20 of the Government Accident Insurance Act, 190839,035166
 £78,00280
Assets.
Mortgages on property72,69440
Overdue interest£2350
Outstanding interest due hut not overdue120163
Interest accrued hut not duo872145
 1,016158
Agents' balances50700
Sundry accounts owing319311
Cash in hand and on current account3,464185
 £78,00280

FIRE INSUBANCE.

At the end of the year 1913, twenty-nine companies and four associations, besides the New Zealand State Fire Insurance Office, were carrying on the business of fire insurance in the Dominion, seven of the companies, as well as all four of the associations, being New Zealand institutions. The full list is as follows:—

Companies.

Alliance Assurance Company (Limited).

Atlas Assurance Company (Limited).

Australian Alliance Assurance Company.

British Crown Assurance Corporation (Limited).

British Dominions General Insurance Company (Limited).

Commercial Union Assurance Company (Limited).

Excess Insurance Company (Limited).

Farmers' Co-operative Fire and Marine Insurance Association of New Zealand (Limited).

Gordon, Woodroffe and Company.

Guardian Assurance Company (Limited).

Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Company.

London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Company.

National Insurance Company of New Zealand (Limited).

New Zealand Insurance Company.

North British and Mercantile Insurance Company.

Northern Assurance Company (Limited).

Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society (Limited).

Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation (Limited).

Phœnix Assurance Company (Limited).

Queensland Insurance Company (Limited).

Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation of London.

Royal Insurance Company (Limited).

South British Insurance Company (Limited).

Standard Fire and Marine Insurance Company of New Zealand (Limited).

State Fire Insurance Office.

Sun Insurance Office.

Union Assurance Society of London (Limited).

United Insurance Company (Limited).

Victoria Insurance Company (Limited).

Yorkshire Insurance Company (Limited).

Associations.

Hawke's Bay Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Association.

Otago Farmers' Union Mutual Fire Insurance Association.

Taranaki Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Association.

Wellington Farmers' Union Mutual Fire Insurance Association.

STATE FIRE INSURANCE.

In the year 1903 an Act was passed “to establish a State Fire Insurance Office and to make other provisions for the insurance and protection of insurable property in New Zealand against loss or damage by fire.”

The statute provides for the establishment of an office to be administered by a General Manager appointed by the Governor, and for the necessary staff—not subject to the laws regulating the Civil Service.

There is provision for the constitution of a Board, to consist of the Minister of Finance, the General Manager, the Government Insurance Commissioner, and two other persons (not being in the Civil Service) appointed by the Governor. The latter hold office for two years, with eligibility for reappointment, and are to be remunerated according to appropriation by Parliament.

In order to provide capital for the business, the Minister of Finance, on being authorized by the Governor in Council, is empowered to raise from time to time such sums as he thinks fit, not exceeding in the whole £100,000, any of which may, if found convenient, be raised in New Zealand.

In the event of such capital not being found sufficient, the Minister of Finance, on being authorized by the Government, is empowered to raise additional capital as required. To enable this to be done the General Manager must, if the Board approves, apply to the Minister for supplementary capital (not exceeding £20,000 at a time) to carry on business until the pleasure of Parliament is signified.

The rate of interest on debentures, scrip, or other security issued in respect of any sum raised under the Act may not be higher than 4œ per cent.

All moneys payable to the General Manager are to be paid to the credit of the State Fire Insurance Account, out of which shall be payable, without further appropriation than the Act under notice, all costs and expenses, salaries, tire losses, and other outgoings of the business—including interest payable on securities issued.

Provision is made for the General Manager, with consent of the Board, to buy, sell, or lease land, with or without buildings for the purposes of the office.

On the 4th January, 1905, the State Fire Insurance Office opened for public business, and at the end of that year the public support accorded resulted in insurances therein to the extent of £3,000,000. At the end of the year 1913 the gross amount at risk had increased to £14,773,000.

As a consequence of the operations of the State Fire Office, the rates on trade risks and the like have been reduced by 10 per cent., and those on dwellings, offices, and similar risks by 33⅓ per cent.

The premium income after deducting premiums on reinsurances during the nine years 1905–13 was as follows:—

Year.Amount of Premium Income
 £
190513,128
190620,962
190723,195
190826,657
190933,281
191040,552
191147,745
191254,380
191359,418

The premium rates have remained unaltered during the above years. Debentures to the amount of £2,000 were raised under the authority of the Act governing the office, but have now been redeemed. The office has the sum of £44,250 invested in Government securities, and has accumulated funds amounting to £65,672.

The net profits for the year 1913, after appropriating a sum of £2,014 to reserve for unearned increments, was £15,444, as against £14,024 for 1912 and £5,037 for 1911. The total accumulated profit at 31st December, 1913, amounted to £41,904.

FOREIGN INSURANCE COMPANIES.

Every foreign company—i.e., a company registered or established out of New Zealand, and including a local company whose chief office is situate out of the Dominion—which proposes to commence in New Zealand the business of life insurance, whether conjointly or not with any other class of business, must deposit with the Public Trustee a sum of not less than £5,000 nor more than £50,000 in cash or approved securities. The amount of deposit is calculated on the total amount assured by current policies at the rate of £5,000 deposit for every £100,000 assured until the maximum deposit is reached.

A foreign company proposing to carry on fire and marine insurance business in the Dominion must first obtain from the Public Trustee a certificate in the form prescribed authorizing the company to transact its business for a period of twelve months from the date of the certificate. The certificate is renewable annually provided the Public Trustee is satisfied that the company is financially sound.

Accident insurance or insurance business of any class not previously mentioned may be transacted in New Zealand by a foreign company, provided the company deposit with the Public Trustee the sum of £10,000 in cash or approved securities. If the company carries on a life-assurance business as well as accident insurance the last mentioned deposit must be made in addition to that described in the first paragraph.

All cash deposited with the Public Trustee as deposit shall bear interest, which is payable to the company making the deposit.

SUBSECTION C.—PUBLIC TRUST OFFICE.

CONSTITUTION.

THE Public Trust Office of New Zealand was constituted in 1872 by the Public Trust Office Act of that year. The original Act was amended on various occasions, and the original scope of the office and the powers of the Public Trustee have been much enlarged. The Act of 1872 with its various amendments was consolidated in 1894, and a further consolidation took place in 1908. The Act of 1908 with amendments of 1912 and 1913 is that in force at present. The Public Trustee is constituted by the Act a corporation sole with perpetual succession and a seal of office. There is a deputy, appointed to act in the place of the Public Trustee in the event of the illness, death, resignation, or absence of that officer. The Amendment Act of 1912 provided for the appointment of not more than four Local Deputy Public Trustees, one each at Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin, and the other at some town in the provincial district of Wellington. Deputies have accordingly been appointed at Auckland, Wellington, and Dunedin. These officers are subject to the direction and control of the Public Trustee, and have such of the functions and powers and perform such of the duties of the Public Trustee as are delegated to him by that officer in writing.

Public Trust Office Board.

In connection with the office there is a Board, whose directions the Public Trustee is subject to. Up to 1913 the Board consisted of two Ministers of the Crown and five public officers, including the Public Trustee himself. The amendment of 1913 altered the constitution of the Board, which now consists of the Minister of Finance, the Public Trustee, the Government Insurance Commissioner, the Valuer-General, the Superintendent of the State Advances Office, and two persons (not holding any office in the Public Service) appointed by the Governor.

BUSINESS UNDERTAKEN.

The office is designed mainly to afford, at low rates of commission, a secure and convenient recourse in every case where a person residing either in New Zealand or abroad, and desiring to form a trust or appoint an agent or attorney in the Dominion, may be in doubt or difficulty as to the choice of a trustee, executor, agent, or attorney. The office is also designed to relieve those who may be appointed trustees of property in the Dominion, or who, after having accepted the trusts of such property, may, for various reasons, be unwilling or unable to undertake or continue the administration.

The appointment, however, of the Public Trustee, otherwise than to the administration of an intestate estate, is subject to the consent of the Board of the Public Trust Office; and the Public Trustee cannot under any circumstances accept an appointment jointly with any other person.

“The Public Trust Office Act, 1908,” a consolidation of former enactments, itself affords in sections 12, 13, and 14, a clear, succinct, and comprehensive idea of the objects of the Public Trust Office, and of the nature of the business which the office may undertake. Those sections provide as follows:—

  1. Where the Crown, the Governor in Council, or the Governor, or a public officer, or a Court, Judge, public or private corporate body, or any person, now or hereafter can appoint a trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, committee, agent, or attorney, any of such appointments may be made of the Public Trustee if he consents thereto.

  2. Subject to the express provisions of this Act, the duties and rights of the Public Trustee under any appointment shall be the same as if the appointment had been of a private person.

  1. With the consent of the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof—

  2. Executors, whether appointed before or after the coming into operation of this Act, may, unless expressly prohibited, before or after taking out probate, appoint the Public Trustee sole executor:

  3. Administrators, with or without a will annexed, whether appointed before or after the coming into operation of this Act, may, unless expressly prohibited, appoint the Public Trustee sole administrator.

  4. Trustees, whether appointed before or after the coming into operation of this Act, and whether appointed under a deed, deed-poll, or will, may, unless expressly prohibited, and notwithstanding the terms of the trust as to the number of trustees, appoint the Public Trustee (if he consents thereto) sole trustee in their place without obtaining the consent of the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof.

  5. Executors whose duties continue in the nature of a trusteeship after their administration is closed shall for the purposes of the last-preceding subsection be deemed to be trustees.

  6. Where there are more trustees, executors, or administrators than ore, any one trustee or executor (whether before or after proving a will), or any one administrator, may apply to the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof to have the Public Trustee appointed sole trustee, executor, or administrator.

  7. All applications to the Supreme Court or a Judge thereof under this section may be by petition, or in such other manner as may be prescribed by rules made under section thirty-one hereof; and the Court or Judge may, and is hereby given jurisdiction to, make such order as it or he thinks fit.

  8. Where to the appointment of a trustee, executor, or administrator the consent of any person is requisite, and such person refuses to consent to the Public Trustee being appointed, or where the person to consent is an infant, idiot, or lunatic, or a person of unsound mind, or is absent from New Zealand, or is under any other disability, then an appointment of the Public Trustee may be made without such consent, if a Judge of the Supreme Court consents thereto.

  9. Where the Crown, the Governor in Council, the Governor, or any public officer, or any Court or Judge, or any corporate body or association, or person, whether public or private, within or without New-Zealand, desires to or can create any trust, then, unless expressly prohibited, the Crown (by the Governor), the Governor in Council, the Governor, or such public officer, Court, or Judge, corporate body, association, or person may, for the purposes of such trust, appoint

  10. the Public Trustee to be trustee, upon such trusts, and under and subject to such powers, provisions, and conditions, as are expressed.

  11. Upon any appointment of the Public Trustee under this or the last-preceding section, then, by virtue of the appointment all properly, rights, powers, and functions shall, without any conveyance or assignment, become thereby vested in the Public Trustee.

  12. The Public Trustee, when appointing or acting under this Act as trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, committee, agent, or attorney, shall have the same rights and immunities as a private person acting in any of those capacities would have.

  1. On the death of any person domiciled in New Zealand, or who has property in New Zealand, who has died or hereafter dies in New Zealand or elsewhere intestate, the Public Trustee shall, if he thinks fit to apply therefor, be entitled to administration.

  2. The application may be made in any judicial district of the Court at the discretion of the Public Trustee.

  3. Upon such application, no further proof of the death and intestacy of any person shall be required than an affidavit that, after due inquiries, the Public Trustee is satisfied that such person died intestate.

  4. The Public Trustee shall be entitled, as of right, to such administration: Provided that if some other person in New Zealand who, if it were not for this section, would be entitled to such administration, applies for such administration, then the Court or Judge may grant administration to such person: Provided also that it shall not be necessary for the Public Trustee, nor shall the Court or Judge require him, to give notice of such application to any such person.

GUARANTEE OF CAPITAL FUNDS AND INTEREST.

The Public Trust Office is a department of the Government service, and the security and fidelity of the administration is guaranteed by statute, the State being pledged to maintain the integrity of capital funds placed in the Public Trust Office, either without any direction for investment, or to be invested at the option of the Public Trustee in any of the securities in which, unless expressly prohibited, he may invest all capital—that is, in any of the securities authorized by section 34 of the Consolidated Act of 1908 and section 9 of the Amendment of 1912:—

  1. In the Government securities of the United Kingdom, or of any colony or dependency thereof, issued under the authority of the Parliament or other legislative authority of the said kingdom, colony, or dependency respectively, and secured upon the public revenues thereof:

  2. In debentures issued by any local authority (being the Council, Board, or other governing authority of a city, borough, county, town district, road district, drainage district, harbour district, or river district) under any law now or hereafter in force, secured upon general or special rates, or upon real estate held in fee-simple free from encumbrances, or upon the rents and profits of real estate held in fee-simple free from encumbrances: Provided that no greater advance shall be made where the debentures arc secured upon real estate than three-fifths of the value of such real estate; and if the debentures are secured upon rents and profits, then no advances shall be made unless such rents and profits are sufficient to pay two-thirds more than the annual interest payable in respect of the advance:

  3. In advances by way of mortgage on the security of any real estate held in fee-simple in New Zealand and free from encumbrances, to an amount not exceeding three-fifths of the estimated value of such estate, according to a valuation approved by the Board:

  4. In fixed deposits in any bank of issue created or established by or under any Act of the General Assembly, or by Royal Charter, and carrying on business in New Zealand, or in the Post Office Savings-bank, or other savings-bank established in New Zealand in accordance with any law affecting such banks.

  5. In advances by way of first mortgage on the security of any of the following classes of leasehold estate, free from encumbrances, to an amount not exceeding three-fifths of the mortgagor's interest in the estate, according to a valuation approved by the Board:—

    1. Crown land held under perpetual lease, lease in perpetuity, renewable lease, or occupation with right of purchase:

    2. Native land held under lease granted by a Maori Land Board or by or on behalf of the Native owners, of which the unexpired term (including in the computation thereof ail periods for which there is a right of renewal) is for a period not less than twenty-one years.

The State further guarantees on the capital funds arising from the estates in the office, and available for investment at the discretion of the Public Trustee, a common rate of interest, determined from time to time by the Governor in Council, and to be credited quarterly, free of all charges of the office, to the properties from which the funds arise. The annual rate of interest allowed must not exceed 5 per cent. on the first £6,000 in any estate, and 4Œ per cent. on the excess.

SPECIAL POWERS OF THE PUBLIC TRUSTEE.

If after the death of a person leaving a will, of which the Public Trustee is not appointed executor, three months should elapse without an application being made for probate or administration, the Public Trustee may, on applying, obtain letters of administration, unless the person entitled to probate should then apply or give satisfactory reasons for the delay. As to the estates of persons dying intestate in New Zealand or elsewhere, and domiciled in or having property in the Dominion, the Public Trustee is entitled as of right to the administration in cases where the persons who would otherwise be entitled to administer neglect to apply for or fail to obtain the necessary authority.

When an estate (testate or intestate) to be administered by the Public Trustee is of no greater value than £400, he is authorized to assume the administration by filing in the Supreme Court an election to administer. If it is subsequently found that the property is of a gross value of more than £600, probate must thereupon be obtained.

For the purposes of the administration of an estate where the Public Trustee may be appointed trustee, executor, administrator, guardian or committee, or may be otherwise authorized to act, he may, where he is not prohibited by statute or instrument, and without the consent of the Supreme Court, do everything in general that an owner might do, except to sell, lease, dispose of, or borrow money upon real estate of value exceeding £1,000. These powers enable the Public Trustee not only to avoid delays and interruptions in the course of his management of an estate and the expense which may thus be occasioned, but to save to the estate the profit which only the possession of such powers would make it practicable to save.

The Public Trustee may at any time exercise the necessary powers of executor or administrator for the protection of an estate, and his authority to assume this temporary power extends to testate as well as intestate estates. This authority is highly serviceable to the interests of estates in every case where a property may be suffering, or in danger of suffering, injury through neglect or delay to take out probate or administration.

The Public Trustee may further use a large discretion in the application of the residue of intestate estates; and he is in like manner empowered to apply, consistently with the provisions of the instruments under which he is acting, the shares of testate or trust estates towards the maintenance, education, or advancement of the beneficiaries.

Thus, in the case of an intestate estate, the Public Trustee may deal thus with the net residue:—

  1. When not exceeding £200, he may apply it to the maintenance, &c., of the widow or infants:

  2. When not exceeding £50, he may pay it wholly to the widow:

  3. When there are infants entitled, and the share of an infant does not exceed £50, he may pay such share to the widow or other person for the maintenance, education, or advancement of the infant:

  4. Where an infant's share exceeds £50, the Public Trustee may, on obtaining an order of the Supreme Court, pay part of such share for the purposes specified in (3):

  5. When the person entitled to the residue does not claim it within three years after the death of the intestate, and the Public Trustee does not know or is unable to ascertain the existence of any next-of-kin, he may pay or transfer it wholly to the widow.

  6. And in the case of testate or trust estates, where provisions are not expressly made for the maintenance of an infant, or where provisions are not expressly made to the contrary, the Public Trustee may apply—

  7. The whole or part of income to which an infant is entitled in possession to the maintenance of the infant:

  8. The half, or to the extent of £500, of the capital share to which an infant is entitled in reversion immediately expectant on a prior life-interest to the maintenance of the infant, on the written consent of the person having such life-interest:

  9. The presumptive or contingent shares of infants in the capital and income towards the maintenance of the persons of the class to whom such capital and income would be payable in certain contingencies, with the consent of the persons having prior estates or interest.

The special powers of the Public Trustee in respect to testate and trust estates enable him to supply promptly and inexpensively what may be described as deficiencies or omissions in instruments of trust.

THE PUBLIC TRUSTEE AS AGENT OR ATTORNEY

The Public Trustee's authority to accept the appointment of agent or attorney—that is, to act in effect as a public attorney, for whose conduct the state is responsible—enables him to render a great variety of services of a temporary and subordinate character. To persons leaving the Dominion for a time, or desiring for other reasons to arrange for the temporary management of their property, the Public Trust Office proves a convenience.

ADVISORY TRUSTEE.

In the administration of any trust estate as trustee thereof the Public Trustee may act with an advisory trustee or trustees, who may be appointed by the testator, settlor, or other creator of the trust, or by the Supreme Court. Where the Public Trustee acts with advisory trustees, the trust property is vested in him, and he has the sole management and administration of the estate and its trusts, but he may consult the advisory trustees who may advise the Public Trustee on any matter relating to the trusts or the estate. If they differ the Supreme Court may be asked to decide, and its decision is binding.

CUSTODIAN TRUSTEE.

In connection with any trust estate in which there are private trustees, the Public Trustee may be appointed Custodian Trustee, in which case the trust property is vested in him as if he were the sole trustee, but he acts as directed by the private trustees. The sole function of the Public Trustee is to hold the trust property, invest its funds, and dispose of the assets as the private trustees in writing direct. If he is of opinion that any such direction conflicts with the trusts or the law, or exposes him to any liability, he may submit the matter to a Judge of the Supreme Court, whose decision is binding.

WILLS OF LIVING PERSONS.

Wills of living persons may be deposited in the office for safe custody. The Courts of the Dominion competent to grant probate or letters of administration refer, in the case of any application for such probate or letters, to the list of wills in the Public Trust Office; so that the deposit of a will with the Public Trustee insures that it shall be forthcoming on the death of the testator, and when the administration of the relative estate becomes necessary.

MENTAL PATIENTS' ESTATES.

The estates of mental patients are by statute placed in the Public Trust Office in cases where no committee is appointed. Where the estate is of a complicated nature, an expert may be appointed by the Supreme Court to assist the Public Trustee in dealing with it.

INVESTIGATION OF TRUST ESTATES.

The condition and accounts of any private trust estate (meaning an estate which is not being administered by the Public Trustee) may, on application to the Public Trustee by or on behalf of any private trustee or beneficiary, be investigated and audited by such solicitor or public registered accountant as may be agreed on between the applicant, trustee, or beneficiary, and the Public Trustee, or, in default of such agreement, by the Public Trustee. On the other hand a solicitor or accountant authorized in writing by a beneficiary is entitled as of right to examine the accounts and vouchers of any trust estate administered by the Public Trustee. Any beneficiary aggrieved by any act, omission, or decision of the Public Trustee may apply in a summary way to a Judge in Chambers, who may make such order as he thinks fit.

SAFE DEPOSITS.

A safe-deposit system is established at the Head Office in Wellington and at the Dunedin Branch, and will in course of time be extended to other Branch Offices.

The advantages of this system are well recognized in Europe, America, and Australia, and the safe-deposits in the Public Trust Offices of New Zealand have already proved a great convenience.

For an annual fee of from £1 to £5, a person can obtain the exclusive use of a specially built and self-contained steel safe. To open the safe, two keys must be used—one is kept by the lessee, and the other, the master-key, by the Office. By this means, a person can easily and cheaply provide himself with a place of absolute security for the deposit of debentures, deeds, documents of importance and value, articles of jewellery, &c., whilst having full and exclusive access to them himself.

CHARGES.

The commissions and charges which the Public Trustee is authorized to levy for the services of the Public Trust Office are calculated to be no more than sufficient to meet the expense of maintaining the department without loss.

GROWTH OF THE OFFICE.

The following was the number of estates in the Public Trust Office on the 31st March. 1910 to 1914:—

Class.Number of Estates and Accounts.
On 31st March, 1910.On 31st March, 1911.On 31st March, 1912.On 31st March, 1913.On 31st March, 1914.
Wills and trusts1,7371,8102,2172,52,921
Investment agencies   221284
Intestates' estates1,5581,7881,7471,8281,747
Mental patients' estates1,2381,4221,5201,9531,877
Convicts' estates  121719
Native reserves9494949494
West Coast settlement reserves460460460460460
Unclaimed lands379392406418420
Sinking funds94143100242408
Pension funds436811
Land Settlement Finance Act, 1909  223538
Miscellaneous  2099105
Miscellaneous Native accounts   666839
  Totals5,5646,1126,6948,4969,223

The value of these estates and accounts was as shown in the next table:—

Class.Value of Estates and Accounts.
On 31st March, 1910.On 31st March, 1911.On 31st March, 1912.On 31st March, 1913.On 31st March, 1914.
 £££££
Wills and trusts2,803,7243,257,2973,619,7534,366,4504,771,855
Investment agencies   162,362109,984
Intestates' estates385,755385,090457,366474,072590,456
Mental patients' estates395,642429,958462,149524,095509,442
Convicts' estates  4,2958,4506,485
Native reserves465,000430,000480,000430,000430,000
West Coast settlement reserves1,100,000940,000940,000940,000940,000
Miscellaneous Native accounts  171,074213,027233,449
Unclaimed lands34,71935,33037,66839,46540,209
Sinking funds1,438,8771,711,0601,991,4512,300,6032,408,337
Pension funds536,609675,489812,976997,2841,208,825
Land Settlement Finance Act, 1909  245,493465,516501,493
Maori Land Board funds 46,49179,76575,347117,850
Miscellaneous funds87,61878,78593,22594,963118,935
Office funds58,45863,12384,59594,604120,125
Office premises, furniture, &c.52,54559,71964,14982,07385,438
  Totals7,358,9478,112,3429,493,95911,268,31112,282,883

The capital funds of the Public Trust Office invested amounted, on the 31st March, 1914, to £6,158,332. The investments are as follows:—

 £
New Zealand Government securities157,505
Land Settlement Finance Act Debentures266,681
Local Bodies' debentures509,850
Mortgages of freehold property4,989,907
Freehold property and furniture85,438
Advances to estates147,602
Fixed deposits1,348
 £6,158,332

The net profits of the office during each of the past ten years are shown:—

Year.Net Profits.
 £
190513,955
190611,990
190711,653
19089,640
190910,851
191011,739
191111,241
191225,920
191327,551
191429,222

SUBSECTION D.—MISCELLANEOUS.

BUILDING SOCIETIES.

There were 109 registered building societies in operation on the 31st March, 1911. Of these, 72 were terminable societies, and 37 were permanent.

The dates upon which these societies close their accounts vary considerably within the year, but the figures given below may be taken as corresponding to the periods stated. The liabilities and assets of all the societies at the close of each of the past five financial years were as follows:—

LIABILITIES OF BUILDING AND INVESTMENT SOCIETIES, 1909–10 TO 1913–14.
Year.To Shareholders (including Reserve Funds and Undivided Profits).Deposits.To Bankers and other Creditors.Total Liabilities.
 ££££
1909–101,779,745460,376104,1712,344,292
1910–111,895,425475,830132,4612,503,716
1911–122,020,614497,063131,9392,649,616
1912–132,105,837540,768132,5442,779,149
1913–142,151,098612,170105,4762,668,744
ASSETS OF BUILDING AND INVESTMENT SOCIETIES, 1909–10 TO 1913–14.
Year.Advances on Mortgage.Other Investments.Cash in Hand and on Deposit.Total Assets.
 ££££
1909–102,180,05350,072114,1672,344,292
1910–112,327,29960,001116,4162,503,716
1911–122,473,76665,898109,9522,649,616
1912–132,614,84963,825100,4752,779,149
1913–142,715,77167,73985,2342,868,744

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES.

During the year ended 31st December, 1913, 282 joint-stock companies were registered, with a total nominal capital of £6,658,722, including 143 private companies, with a nominal capital of £980,946.

The following table gives the total number of companies and the aggregate nominal capital registered during each of the five years 1909–13:—

JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES REGISTERED, 1909–13.
Year.Number of Companies registered.Aggregate Nominal Capital.
  £
19092903,224,656
19102832,663,968
19113273,673,759
19123163,591,362
19132826,658,722

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.

The Registrar of Friendly Societies received returns for the year 1913 from 681 lodges, courts, tents, &c., having a membership at the end of the year of 73,691.

The total value of the assets of these societies was £1,643,177, of which the value of the sick and funeral benefit funds was £1,465,159.

The receipts during the year on account of the sick and funeral funds amounted to £217,525, and the expenditure to £133,140, of which the sick-pay to members reached the sum of £74,783. In addition to the sick-pay, the sum of £70,016 was paid out of the medical and management expenses fund for attendance given and medicine supplied to the members and their families.

The total membership and funds of the 681 lodges, courts, &c., and of the various orders at 31st December, 1913, was,—

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—MEMBERSHIP AND FUNDS, 1913.
Name of Order.Number of Members.Total Worth of Funds.
 £
Independent Order of Odd Fellows, M.U.24,044745,510
Independent Order of Odd Fellows of N.Z.6,251105,953
National Independent Order of Odd Fellows4585,315
British United Order of Odd Fellows1473,176
Ancient Order of Foresters16,502400,200
Ancient Order of Shepherds741,298
United Ancient Order of Druids17,664229,266
Independent Order of Rechabites3,96577,384
Sons and Daughters of Temperance56717,341
Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society3,06333,574
Protestant Alliance Friendly Society of Australasia91821,804
Eden Temperance Benefit Friendly Society382,356
  Totals73,6911,643,177

The next table shows the progress of the Friendly Societies of New Zealand during ten years:—

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—MEMBERSHIP AND FUNDS, 1904–13.
Year.Number of Lodges tabulated.Number of Members.Total Funds.Average Capital.
££s.d.
190447947,302936,388191511
190550151,103996,22419911
190650053,7591,057,82119136
190751656,8171,118,21719137
190850558,5171,123,8861941
190956764,4281,266,29719131
191060968,0061,367,2822021
191165871,7711,441,3532018
191266473,2431,553,3392142
191368173,6911,643,1772260

The value of the various funds and the way in which they are invested will be seen by reference to the following table. The funds include those of the central bodies:—

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.—FUNDS AND ASSETS ON 31ST DECEMBER. 1913.
Funds.Assets.
 £ £
Sick and Funeral Funds1,465,159Investments at interest1,391,972
Surplus Appropriation Funds, &c.52,549Value of land and buildings173,614
Management Funds, goods, &c.83,615Cash not bearing interest51,339
  Value of goods14,073
Widow and Orphans' Funds13,156Other assets10,439
Distress, Benevolent Funds, &c.28,698Owing by Management Fund1,740
  Total1,643,177  Total1,643,177

Interest-bearing investments form 85 per cent. of the total assets. The net income from investments credited to the Sick and Funeral Funds during the year 1913 was £68,723, the average rate of interest earned being £4 19s. per cent., as compared with £4 19s. 2d. in 1912.

Particulars are given of the number of members, the amount of accumulated capital, and the average capital per member of the friendly societies in the States of Australasia arranged in order of membership. The figures for New Zealand are for 1913, and those for South Australia for 1909, while in the case of the other States the year is 1912.

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES IN AUSTRALASIA.—MEMBERSHIP AND FUNDS.
State.Number of Lodges.Number of Members.Amount of Funds.Capital per Member.
££s.d.
New South Wales1,898186,5771,617,6168135
Victoria1,505153,9212,361,46415610
New Zealand 68173,6911,643,1772260
South Australia52958,292863,99814165
Queensland51947,204630,0901370
Tasmania18722,480216,3349126
Western Australia28918,901200,223101110

MORTGAGES.

In a return prepared for the House of Representatives it is stated that during the year ended 31st March, 1914, 28,919 mortgages to the value of £21,352,695 were registered in the several land and deeds registration districts, while the monetary value of those paid off (18,940 in number) amounted to £12,726,773. Compared with a similar return for the year 1912–13 the mortgages registered show a decrease of £1,244,783, the total amount for the earlier year having been £22,597,478. At 31st March, 1914, mortgages to the amount of £106,442,297 remained on the register.

The amounts shown in the following tables do not represent the true amounts of advances secured by deed. In cases where the property mortgaged is situated in more than one registration district the deed is registered for the full amount in each district, and thus there is some degree of duplication. On the other hand, mortgages are not all registered, those given in security for temporary loans, stock, and crop liens, bills of sale, and chattels transfers being not included in the figures.

The total amounts represented in the mortgages registered and paid off in each registration district during 1912–13 and 1913–14 were,—

District.1912–13.1913–14.
Mortgages registered.Mortgages paid off.Mortgages registered.Mortgages paid off.
 ££££
Auckland5,290,5942,071,4104,791,0652,316,173
Poverty Bay934,447472,105748,103418,558
Taranaki1,621,4731,116,5611,430,832826,238
Hawke's Bay2,421,0521,069,0452,237,4951,075,170
Wellington4,828,4753,300,7064,994,9213,377,455
Marlborough298,950198,991473,547163,142
Nelson364,438262,351415,058211,412
Westland75,80733,12063,03220,085
Canterbury3,927,4472,787,9813,549,5202,675,376
Otago1,446,0371,210,2391,481,308946,939
Southland1,388,758771,3971,167,814696,225
  Totals£22,597,478£13,293,906£21,352,695£12,726,773

Classified according to the various rates of interest, the amounts in the mortgage deeds registered during the two years were,—

Rate of Interest.1912–13.1913–14.Rate of Interest.1912–13.1913–14.
Per Cent.££Per Cent.££
026,46222,4316/120;1,850 
œ 3006/110; 160
11,6501,3506⅕60 
700 43,10042,540
1⅘ 1256/310;5,000 
26006156⅓30,0004,485
2⅕ 2,764746,494801,919
200 6Ÿ;38,8152,380
3,8601,70071,745,1731,128,676
2Ÿ;1,1601,4687⅛ 800
2/78;1,2787002,1303,632
35,2658,3897/310;3,000 
3⅕ 1,1757⅓9404,500
9,225 442,636199,653
3/38; 1,0007Ÿ;42,800750
6,20820,2668855,220814,164
3Ÿ;2,5562,087200350
464,29678,0538⅓330 
6,2001328⅖200 
4⅓2,316 41,81332,560
1,043,517325,487993,60864,279
4/710;3,713 850 
4Ÿ;148,2398,3399⅓ 400
56,711,7124,792,3604001,800
5/120;4,106 10179,597181,868
51œ6,000 10⅖250 
5/110;1,600 11900192
5⅛200800121,8153,687
245,669349,80512œ1,0382,185
5/310;23,000 151,5561,325
5⅓16,90062,60015/320;22 
5/38; 10015Ÿ; 2,500
3,810,1243,968,897201,135150
5/58; 4,105Unspecified885,6161,905,325
5/58; 3,600   
5Ÿ;89,872176,044   
65,194,3626,317,723Totals22,597,47821,352,695

Comparison of the foregoing with the amounts at the various rates of interest in the mortgages registered during 1895–96 shows the lowering of the rates that has taken place :—

Year 1895–90.
£ 
26,285in small sums at less than 5 per cent.
833,226at from 5 per cent. to 5Πper cent.
732,764at 5œ per cent.
116,600at 5Ÿ; per cent.
1,372,261at from 6 per cent. to 6Πper cent.
371,896at from 6œ per cent. to 6Ÿ; per cent.
599,542at from 7 per cent. to 7Πper cent.
111,651at 7œ per cent.
382,348at 8 per cent.
173,416in small sum, at rates above 8 per cent.
853,801at rates not specified.
£5,573,790 

PRIVATE WEALTH.

Issues of the Year-book up to 1908 contained estimates of the private wealth of the Dominion based on the assumption that the wealth of the living is proportionately equal to that left by the dead. In making these estimates no consideration was taken of the ages of the deceased or of the age constitution of the living. This was seen to be a serious defect, as the younger (and more numerous) section of the population do not possess the same amount of accumulated wealth as those at the more advanced ages. Accordingly the old system of estimating the private wealth of the community was abandoned, and steps were taken for the adoption of a better method by ascertaining the ages of deceased persons leaving estates.

In lieu of obtaining merely the total amounts of estates certified for stamp duty, arrangements were made for obtaining the name and date of death of each deceased person whose estate was dealt with by the Stamp Office. From the information thus supplied, it was possible to ascertain, by reference to the death registers, the age at death of each person whose estate was dealt with. By a system of cards tables have now been prepared for the six years 1908–13, giving for quinquennial age-groups the number and value of estates, the average wealth per person dying, and the total estimated private wealth. From the following table compiled from the estates and deaths of the six years it will be seen that the estimated private wealth of the Dominion amounted on 31st December last to £270,619,832, or an average of £255 per head of population, excluding Maoris. Estates left by Maoris are excluded from the calculation.

The average wealth of persons of twenty years of age and over (practically the adult population) is found to be £424.

ESTIMATED PRIVATE WEALTH, 1913.
Age, in Years.Number of Estates certified (1908–13.)Total Amount, including Allowance for Unrecorded Estates.Number of Deaths registered (1908–1913.)Average Wealth per Person dying.Estimated Population 31st Dec., 1913.Estimated Private Wealth.
Private wealth per head of population excluding Maoris = £255.
  £ £ £
Under 5181,07712,4050.0868126,98911,023
6 and under 10111,7631,1151.5812114,171180,527
10 and under 15162,9187913.689098,454363,197
15 and under 20577,9001,1956.610995,271629,827
20 and under 25206121,2381,80967.0193103,1956,916,057
25 and under 30362165,4282,29372.1448110,0867,942,132
30 and under 35550389,4442,368164.461199,21816,317,501
35 and under 40657635,6312,433261.254078,50920,510,790
40 and under 45671888,9792,158411.945862,95925,935,696
45 and under 508641,556,6502,262688.174248,36833,285,610
50 and under 559542,027,6852,486815.641639,70332,383,418
55 and under 601,2123,077,3062,8391,083.40131,55134,199,394
60 and under 651,4093,105,4233,156983.974324,81524,417,322
65 and under 701,8187,613,1291,4811,698.979921,15435,940,221
70 and under 752,1025,913,3045,0721,165.872215,85418,483,738
75 and under 801,8415,964,2261,7681,250.88639,12511,414,337
80 and under 851,1814,042,6993,0341,332.46513,7514,998,077
85 and under 905922,686,0221,3651,967.78171,1552,272,788
90 and under 95137584,1784581,275.4978280357,139
95 and over31135,6401201,130.33335461,038
Totals14,59938,920,64056,608 1,084,662276,619,832

The table well illustrates the defect of the old system. The average value of estates of persons under 20 years of age, who form such a large proportion of the living population, is exceedingly small, while at the group 65 to 70 the average is £1,699 and at 85 to 90, £1,968.

The number of estates dealt with during the six years 1908–13 is equal to only about 25 per cent. of the deaths registered during that period; and as most persons leave some estate, however small, it is necessary to make an allowance for estates which have not passed through the Stamp Office. In this connection it should be noted that estates below £200 in value are exempt from stamp and succession duty, though in many cases, estates of a lower value than £200 are dealt with, being passed for probate and for the granting of letters of administration. The allowance made for unrecorded estates in. the calculations shown above is 10 per cent., which is probably somewhere near the mark. Comparatively little estate is disposed of before death by settlement or deed of gift, and on such as is so disposed of gift duty is payable.

It should be noted that the estimate is that of the private wealth in the Dominion, whether owned by residents of the Dominion or by others, and does not, moreover, include estates belonging to New Zealanders, but situated in other countries.

A table is given showing the number of estates finally passed during 1913, classified according to amount. Estates of Maoris are included.

Category.Number of Estates.Aggregate Net Value.
£No.£
Under 5001,357284,197
£500 and under 1,000477343,088
£1,000 and under 2,000409586,560
£2,000 and under 3,000190460,008
£3,000 and under 4,000113399,088
£4,000 and under 5,00080356,088
£5,000 and under 7,50096579,257
£7,500 and under 10,00054463,906
£10,000 and under 15,00049607,918
£15,000 and under 20,00027451,276
£20,000 and over463,097,082
  Totals2,8987,628,462

PUBLIC PROPERTY.

A statement has been prepared by the Valuer-General showing the value of public lands and improvement thereon, including public buildings, but excluding lessees' interests, as at 31st March, 1911.

The following table gives this information together with similar figures as at 31st March, 1908. The value of Government Railways and other public works (taken at cost) is also shown.

TABLE SHOWING VALUE OF PUBLIC PROPERTY AS AT 31ST MARCH, 1908 AND 1911.
 31st March, 1908.31st March, 1911.
 ££
Crown lands21,511,65325,432,145
Local authorities' lands7,163,7227,901,969
Educational lands5,038,6153,685,819
Church and other lands3,555,2714,623,214
 37,269,26141,643,147
Government railways open and under construction26,735,14031,509,960
Other public works—viz., telegraphs, lighthouses, harbours, and water-supply on goldfields5,428,0005,750,000
  Totals£69,432,401£78,903,107

A total increase of £9,470,706 is shown for the three years. The decrease in educational lands is due to the abolition of the School Commissioners and the vesting of their lands in the Crown, which also accounts for a considerable portion of the increase of nearly £4,000,000 in the value of Crown lands.

In addition to the items enumerated above there must be taken into account the value of such public undertakings by local authorities as water-supply, lighting and power, tramways, and harbours. Excluding buildings, these works, apart from streets, footways, or bridges, have cost approximately £9,000,000.

NATIVE PROPERTY.

The value of Native lauds and improvements, exclusive of the value of lessees' interests, on 31st March, 1908, was £11,413,545, and on 31st March 1911, £10,860,815. The decrease is due to purchase of Native lands by private individuals and by the Crown.

PRODUCTION.

The value of the total production of New Zealand has been estimated for the year 1910–11, and the result is given together with figures for 1907–8. In regard to the last item for each year, the amount has been arrived at by an indirect though recognized method, but may be regarded as a fair approximation.

 1907–8.1910–11.
*1905–6.
 ££
Agricultural produce4,020,4494,150,789
Pastoral produce19,787,71025,416,830
Mining produce3,775,8353,774,898
Manufactures7,240,9137,640,640
Miscellaneous (including fisheries and forestry)1,766,8152,079,866
 £36,591,722£43,063,023
Value of building trade, industries not included in manufactories, and general labour7,038,380*8,287,260
  Total£43,630,102£51,350,283

The most noticeable point in the table is the large increase in the output of pastoral produce during the four years. Agricultural produce shows but a small increase, while mining produce shows a slight decrease.

PRICES AND WAGES.

The following tables, compiled from returns furnished by police officers, show the range of average prices of the principal articles of food and drink at the chief centres of population in each provincial district during the last month of the year 1913, as well as of the average rates of wages ruling at the same localities during the year.

RANGE OF AVERAGE PRICES OF PRODUCE, LIVE-STOCK, PROVISIONS, ETC., IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OF NEW ZEALAND DURING DECEMBER, 1913.
Articles.Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.Marlborough.Nelson.Westland (Goldfield).Canterbury.Otago (Part Goldfield).
I. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.
Wheat per bushel (60 lb.)5/64/6 to 5/4/6 to 5/4/6 to 5/34/6 to 5/4/6 to 4/95/6 to 6/63/7 to 4/93/6 to 5/6
Barley per bushel (50 lb.)4/6 to 5/3/7 to 4/3/6 to 5/3/6 to 4/34/4/4/ to 5/63/3 to 4/93/ to 5/9
Oats per bushel (40 lb.)3/3 to 4/3/2/11 to 3/62/7 to 3/92/6 to 4/3/62/11 to 3/62/6 to 3/62/ to 3/4
Maize per bushel (56 lb.)4/9 to 5/66/64/6 to 5/35/ to 6/64/105/6 to 6/5/ to 6/4/3 to 8/ 
Bran per bushel (20 lb.)1/2 to 1/81/3 to 1/61/6 to 2/1/3 to 1/91/ to 2/1/3 to 1/61/3 to 1/61/ to 1/61/ to 1/6
Hay, Grass per ton£3 15/ to £4 £3 to £4£3/10 to £5£2/10 to £3£4 to £5£3 to £5/10£2/10 to £4/10£2 to £4
Hay, Oaten per ton£5/10 to £6/5£4/10 to £4/12/6£4/10 to £5£4/5 to £5/15£2/15 to £3/1C£5 to £5/15£6/10 to £7£3 to £4/10£2/10 to £4/12/6
II. FLOUR AND BREAD.
Flour, wholesale per ton of 2,000 lb.£9 to £11£10 to £10/8£9/10 to £11£9 to £11/10£10/ to £12£10 to £11£10/10 to £11/10£9 to £11£9 to £12
Flour, retail per bag of 50 lb5/ to 6/65/9 to 6/5/9 to 6/65/6 to 7/6/ to 6/35/9 to 6/66/6 to 7/5/6 to 6/65/6 to 7/6
Bread per 4 lb. loaf8d.8d.8d.7d. to 8d.7d.7d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.6œd. to 8d.6d. to 8d.
III. LIVE-STOCK AND MEAT.
Horses, draught per head£25 to £50£20 to £50£30 to £50£20 to £50£25 to £40£30 to £45£22 to £40£30 to £45£30 to £40
Horses, saddle and harness per head£10 to £25£10 to £20£8 to £16£10 to £25£10 to £20£12 to £20£12 to £20£9 to £25£10 to £25
Cattle, fat per head£6/15 to £11/15£10£6 to £12£7/5 to £11/10£7 to £8£10£8 to £13£8 to £15£9 to £14
Cattle, milch cows per head£7 to £9£9 to £10£7 to £9£7 to £9/10£8 to £10£7 to £10£5 to £10£7 to £12£7/10 to £12
Sheep, fat per head19/6 to 22/623/ to 25/16/ to 20/17/6 to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/20/ to 27/18/ to 24/20/ to 25/
Lambs, fat per bead15/ to 18/16/6 to 17/614/ to 18/14/6 to 16/14/ to 15/13/ to 18/13/ to 16/16/ to 21/14/ to 20/
Butchers' meat:—
Beef per lb.4œd. to 7d.5d. to 7œd.4d. to 6d.4d. to 7d.5d. to 6d.6d. to 7d.6d. to 7d.4d. to 8d.5d. to 7œd.
Mutton per lb.4œd. to 6d.5d. to 6œd.4d. to 5d.4d. to 5d.4œd. to 6d.6d. to 7d.5d. to 7d.4d. to 6d.4d. to 6d.
Veal per lb.6d.5d. to 7d.5d. to 6d.4œd. to 6d.6d.5d. to 7d.6d. to 7d.4d. to 6d.4d. to 6d.
Pork per lb.6d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.6d. to 8d.6d. to 8d.6d. to 6œd.7d. to 8d.8d.7d. to 8d.7d. to 9d.
Lamb per lb.5d. to 7œd.6d. to 7d.6d. to 8d.6œd. to 9d.6d. to 7d.7d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.5d. to 7d.6d. to 8d.
IV. DAIRY-PRODUCE.
Butter, fresh, factory per lb.1/2 to 1/31/31/1 to 1/31/2 to 1/31/2 to 1/31/ to 1/31/1 to 1/31/1 to 1/31/2 to 1/3
Butter, fresh, dairy per lb.11d. to 1/111d. to 1/11/ to 1/111d. to 1/10d. to 1/10d. to 1/1/10œd. to 1/10d. to 1/1
Butter, salt per lb.9d. to 1/11/9d. to 1/10d. to 1/10d. to 1/1/10d. to 1/9d. to 1/10d. to 1/1
Cheese, colonial per lb.9d. to 11d.8d. to 9d.8d. to 10d.8d. to 9d.8d. to 9d.8d. to 9d.8d. to 9d.7d. to 9d.8d. to 9d.
Cheese, imported per lb.  1/ to 2/61/6 to 2/61/6  1/ to 2/1/9 to 2/
Milk per quart3d. to 4d.4d.3d. to 4d.4d.4d.5d.4d. to 6d.4d.3d. to 4d.
V. FARM-YARD PRODUCE.
Geese per pair8/ to 11/6/6 to 10/8/ to 10/5/ to 11/7/ to 10/6/ to 7/9/ to 15/6/ to 12/7/6 to 12/
Ducks per pair4/ to 7/3/6 to 6/4/6 to 6/4/6 to 7/5/ to 6/5/6/ to 7/66/ to 8/65/ to 8/
Fowls per pair4/ to 6/4/ to 6/4/ to 4/63/6 to 5/64/ to 5/3/ to 4/4/ to 6/4/ to 6/3/ to 5/6
Turkeys per head6/ to 12/65/ to 10/67/ to 12/66/ to 12/10/6/ to 10/10/7/ to 15/6/ to 12/
Bacon per lb.10d. to 1/1/11d. to 1/31/ to 1/310d. to 1/11/ to 1/111d. to 1/310d. to 1/111d. to 1/2
Ham per lb.1/1 to 1/21/11d. to 1/31/1 to 1/21/ to 1/21/21/1 to 1/311d. to 1/11/ to 1/3
Eggs per doz.1/2 to 1/41/2 to 1/61/2 to 1/61/ to 1/61/ to 1/21/2 to 1/61/6 to 2/1/to 1/61/ to 1/6
VI. GARDEN PRODUCE.
Potatoes (old), wholesale per ton£3 to £5/10£6£4 to £7£3/10 to £6£3/10 to £4£4 to £4/10£3 to £8£1/5 to £4£1/15 to £3/10
Potatoes (new), wholesale per ton£4/5 to £7/10£5 to £8£6 to £7/10£4 to £6£6 to £9£4/15 to £9£6 to £12£6 to £12£4/10 to £10/10
Potatoes (old), retail per cwt.3/6 to 6/7/65/ to 9/4/ to 7/64/ to 5/4/6 to 6/3/6 to 10/2/6 to 5/2/ to 5/
Potatoes (new), retail per cwt.5/ to 8/65/6 to 9/7/65/ to 8/9/4 to 11/6/6 to 10/7/6 to 14/8/ to 12/7/ to 14/
Onions per lb.2d. to 3d.1œd.1œd. to 3d.1d. to 3d.2d. to 3d.2œd. to 3d.2d. to 3d.1œd. to 3d.1œd. to 3d.
Carrots per doz. bnchs.1/ to 2/1/6 to 1/910d. to 2/31/ to 2/1/ to 2/2/1/ to 3/1/- to 1/61/ to 3/
Turnips per doz. bnchs.1/ to 2/1/6 to 1/91/ to 2/31/ to 2/1/ to 2/2/1/ to 3/1/- to 1/61/ to 3/
Cabbages per doz.2/6 to 4/2/2/ to 3/61/9 to 3/62/ to 3/3/2/ to 4/61/3 to 2/62/ to 3/6
VII. MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.
Tea per lb.1/4 to 2/2/1/6 to 1/81/4 to 2/1/8 to 2/1/6 to 2/31/6 to 2/1/6 to 1/101/6 to 2/
Coffee per lb.1/4 to 1/101/9 to 2/1/6 to 2/1/8 to 2/1/8 to 1/101/6 to 2/1/6 to 1/91/6 to 1/101/8 to 1/10
Sugar per lb.2d. to 3d.2œd. to 3d.2œd. to 3d.2Œd. to 3d.3d.2œa.2œd to 3d.2œd. to 3d.2œd. to 3œd.
Rice per lb.2d. to 3d.3d.2œd. to 3d.2d. to 3d.3d.2d. to 3d.2œd. to 3d.2d. to 2œd.2d. to 3d.
Salt per lb.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d.1d. to 1œd.
Soap per cwt.16/6 to 30/24/ to 27/12/ to 27/12/ to 25/614/ to 28/13/6 to 20/18/ to 23/14/ to 25/12/ to 30/
Candles per lb.6d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.6d. to 8d.6d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.7d. to 8d.6d. to 8d.6d. to 9d5œd. to 8d.
Tobacco per lb.5/3 to 6/85/96/ to 6/65/3 to 6/35/ to 6/65/9 to 6/6/5/6 to 8/5/6 to 6/
Coal per ton17/ to 32/40/ to 45/40/ to 55/36/ to 45/40/24/ to 36/22/ to 30/36/ to 52/22/ to 38/
Firewood per cord20/ to 45/40/25/ to 39/27/6 to 54/30/ to 37/625/ to 40/16/ to 40/18/ to 44/16/ to 40/
VIII. BEER, WINES, SPIRITS.
Beer, colonial per hhd.£3/10 to £4/12/6£4/5 to £4/14£4/4/6 to £5/3£4 to £4/15£4/2/6 to £4/10£4 to £4/10£4/10£4 to £4/10£4/3 to £5/10
Beer, English, bottled'd per doz. qts13/6 to 18/15/ to 18/14/6 to 18/13/ to 15/613/ to 18/15/15/ to 16/13/ to 14/613/6 to 20/
Brandy per gallon26/6 to 36/30/25/ to 36/24/6 to 30/27/6 to 30/26/ to 28/25/ to 26/25/ to 36/24/6 to 30/
Rum per gallon26/6 to 35/22/6 to 30/25/ to 30/22/6 to 30/27/6 to 34/24/ to 26/25/24/ to 34/22/6 to 36/
Whisky per gallon26/6 to 30/30/30/24/6 to 30/27/6 to 30/28/ to 30/25/ to 28/25/6 to 36/24/ to 36/
Gin per gallon24/ to 30/20/ to 30/20/ to 30/19/6 to 30/25/20/20/ to 30/22/ to 32/20/ to 36/
Wine, Australian per gallon15/ to 30/15/ to 20/17/6 to 30/12/6 to 20/19/ to 30/15/ to 18/14/ to 15/14/ to 33/14/ to 30/
Wine, European per gallon18/ to 30/17/6 to 20/20/ to 30/15/ to 20/25/ to 30/16/ to 20/18/ to 20/20/ to 35/19/ to 24/
RANGE OF AVERAGE RATES OF WAGES IN EACH PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OF NEW ZEALAND DURING THE YEAR 1913.
Description of Labour.Auckland.Taranaki.Hawke's Bay.Wellington.MarlboroughNelson.Westland (Goldfield).Canterbury.Otago (Part Goldfield).
1. AGRICULTURAL LABOUR.
Farm labourers:
With board, per week20/ to 30/25/ to 35/25/ to 35/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/25/ to 40/22/6 to 35/20/ to 30/
Without board, per day8/ to 10/8/ to 10/8/8/ to 9/6/8 to 9/10/8/ to 10/8/ to 10/8/ to 10/
Ploughmen:
With board, per week25/ to 35/40/25/ to 40/30/ to 35/25/ to 35/25/ to 30/ 25/ to 3025/ to 30/
Without board, per day8/ to 9/9/9/ to 10/8/ to 9/8/ to 10/10/ 9/ to 10/8/ to 10/
Harvesters:         
With board, per week30/ to 50/30 to 35/30/ to 50/27/6 to 50/40/  40/25/ to 40/
Without board, per hour1/ to 1/61/ to 1/61/ to 1/61/ to 1/61/1/4 1/3 to 1/61/ to 1/6
Men cooks on farms With board, per week25/ to 35/25/ to 30/30/ to 35/25/ to 35/25/ to 30/  25/ to 30/20/ to 30/
Female farm servants: With board, per week10/ to 20/15/ to 25/15/ to 20/17/ to 25/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 25/15/ to 25/
2. PASTORAL LABOUR.
Shepherds, with board, per annum£60 to £80£75£60 to £95£65 to £78£80 to £95  £70 to £7.£60 to £85
Stock-keepers, with board, per annum£60 to £80 £60 to £95£65 to £78£80  £70£60 to £80
Station labourers:
With board, per week22/6 to 25/30/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/ 25/25/ to 30/
Shearers, with board, per 100 sheep shorn20/ to 22/622/620/20/ to 25/20/20/25/20/ to 25/20/ to 22/6
Men cooks on stations, with board, per week30/ to 35/20/ to 35/30/ to 35/25/ to 35/25/ to 35/30/ 25/ to 3020/ to 35/
3. ARTISAN LABOUR (per day, without board).
Masons12/8 to 14/14/ to 15/12/ to 14/12/ to 15/ 12/ to 14/11/12/6 to 14/12/ to 14/
Plasterers12/ to 16/14/ to 16/13/ to 16/12/ to 15/ 14/ to 16/12/12/6 to 14/012/ to 14/
Bricklayers12/ to 14/13/ to 14/12/ to 14/12/ to 15/10/ to 12/12/ to 14/10/ to 12/12/ to 14/612/ to 14/
Cabinetmakers10/ to 11/10/ to 11/11/11/ to 12/10/ to 12/11/ to 12/10/ to 12/10/ to 14/11/ to 12/
Carpenters10/ to 12/11/ to 12/11/ to 12/10/ to 12/12/11/ to 12/12/11/ to 12/810/ to 12/
Boilermakers10/ to 11/11/11/10/ to 11/ 10/ to 12/11/10/ to 11/10/ to 11/
Blacksmiths10/ to 12/10/ to 11/610/ to 12/10/ to 11/10/ to 12/9/ to 12/10/ to 13/10/6 to 13/10/ to 12/
Tinsmiths10/811/10/8 to 12/9/ to 11/11/11/ to 12/9/ to 12/9/ to 10/610/ to 12/
Wheelwrights11/ to 12/10/ to 11/10/10/ to 12/411/ to 12/11/ to 13/11/ to 12/9/ to 10/610/ to 12/
Shipwrights10/8 to 12/ 12/12/ 10/ to 13/ 12/12/
Plumbers10/ to 12/10/ to 12/11/ to 12/10/ to 11/12/11/ to 12/10/ to 12/9/ to 12/10/8 to 12/
Painters10/ to 11/10/10/ to 12/10/10/ to 12/10/ to 12/10/ to 11/11/ to 12/10/ to 12/
Saddlers9/4 to 10/9/ to 10/8/8 to 10/9/6 to 11/10/8/ to 10/10/8/8 to 9/68/ to 10/
Shoemakers9/9/ to 10/8/ to 10/9/ to 10/9/ to 10/8/ to 9/210/8/6 to 10/8/ to 10/
Coopers9/69/ to 10/10/ to 12/9/4 to 11/6 11/10/8/6 to 10/10/ to 12/
Watchmakers10/ to 12/610/ to 12/610/8/4 to 11/ 11/612/ to 13/9/ to 12/68/ to 12/
4. SERVANTS.
Married couples without family, with board, per annum£95 to £100£100£90 to £100£90 to £100£85 to £100£75 to £100 £75 to £110£70 to £100
Married couples with family, with board, per annum£80 to £95£80 to £100£100£80 to £100£80 £100£65 to £110£70 to £100
Grooms, with board, per week25/ to 30/20/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/20/ to 30/30/30/25/ to 35/25/ to 35/
Gardeners:
With board, per week25/ to 30/20/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/20/ to 35/30/30/25/ to 30/25/ to 40/
Without board, per day8/ to 9/8/ to 10/8/ to 9/7/ to 10/7/ to 10/8/ to 10/8/ to 10/9/ to 10/8/ to 10/
Cooks, with board, per week20/ to 30/30/ to 35/20/ to 35/25/ to 35/17/6 to 30/20/ to 40/25/ to 40/20/ to 40/17/6 to 40/
Laundresses, with board, per week20/ to 25/18/ to 25/20/ to 30/20/ to 35/22/6 to 25/20/ to 25/25/ to 30/15/ to 30/17/6 to 30/
General house servants, with board, per week15/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 25/15/ to 20/12/ to 25/15/ to 20/15/ to 25/12/6 to 22/6
Housemaids, with board, per week15/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 20/15/ to 22/615/ to 20/15/ to 25/17/6 to 20/15/ to 20/12/ to 22/6
Nursemaids, with board, per week8/ to 15/6/ to 15/10/ to 15/10/ to 17/10/ to 15/10/ to 15/10/ to 12/612/ to 15/10/ to 17/6
Needle women:
With board, per week20/24/15/ to 25/15/ to 30/20/ to 30/20/18/ to 30/15/ to 18/615/ to 25/
Without board, per day (lunch always provided)3/6 to 5/6/ to 8/4/ to 7/4/ to 6/6/5/ to 6/3/ to 6/4/6 to 5/4/ to 6/
5. MISCELLANEOUS.
General labourers, without board, per day8/ to 10/9/ to 10/8/ to 9/8/ to 10/8/9/ to 10/9/ to 10/8/ to 10/8/ to 10/
Stonebreakers, per cubic yard4/ to 6/3/3 to 3/63/ to 3/63/ to 5/6  5/3/3/6
Seamen, with board, per month £6 to £8£8£8/10 to £9£8£8 to £8/10 £4 to £10£6 to £9
Miners, without board, per day9/6 to 14/ 10/10/ to 12/610/10/ to 12/10/ to 12/10/ to 12/69/ to 11/
Engine-drivers, without board, per day9/ to 12/8/4 to 10/9/ to 11/9/6 to 12/10/ to 12/8/4 to 12/11/8 to 14/8/ to 12/9/ to 12/
Tailors, without board, per day8/4 to 12/8/6 to 12/9/2 to 11/9/2 to 11/12/10/ to 12/10/ to 10/109/2 to 11/9/ to 10/
Tailoresses, without board, per week25/ to 35/25/ to 30/25/ to 35/25/ to 40/30/ to 35/25/ to 35/25/ to 30/25/ to 35/25/ to 35/
Dressmakers, without board, per week20/ to 55/22/6 to 40/20/ to 50/17/6 to 40/27/6 to 30/25/ to 35/15/ to 30/20/ to 40/20/ to 30/
Milliners, without board, per week20/ to 55/37/6 to 45/20/ to 50/20/ to 40/27/625/ to 60/30/ to 50/25/ to 45/20/ to 60/
Machinists (sewing), without board, per week25/ to 35/27/ to 40/25/ to 40/20/ to 30/ 25/ to 30/25/ to 30/25/ to 30/20/ to 35/
Storekeepers, without board, per week45/ to 70/55/ to 60/50/ to 80/48/ to 70/60/80/80/ to 90/40/ to 70/50/ to 80/
Storekeepers, assistants, without board, per week30/ to 50/50/30/ to 60/25/ to 50/45/ to 50/45/ to 70/55/ to 60/20/ to 60/40/ to 60/
Drapers' assistants, without board, per week25/ to 65/60/30/ to 60/50/ to 70/50/ to 55/40/ to 60/30/ to 70/45/ to 80/50/ to 60/
Grocers' assistants, without board, per week40/ to 60/40/ to 70/30/ to 60/45/ to 60/45/ to 60/40/ to 60/50/ to 60/48/ to 60/45/ to 60/
Butchers, without board, per week50/ to 70/50/ to 52/650/ to 60/52/6 to 60/55/ to 60/25/ to 70/60/ to 70/45/ to 65/45/ to 60/
Bakers, without board, per week48/ to 70/55/ to 65/50/ to 80/50/ to 70/50/ to 60/50/ to 65/60/50/ to 65/45/ to 65/
Storemen, without board, per week45/ to 50/40/ to 60/30/ to 55/45/ to 50/50/60/ to 70/60/45/ to 65/45/ to 65/
Compositors, without board, per week45/ to 70/42/ to 80/50/ to 72/55/ to 74/55/55/ to 75/55/ to 65/52/ to 73/50/ to 80/
Sawmill hands, without board, per week36/ to 60/45/ to 72/48/ to 60/54/ to 72/60/ to 66/48/ to 84/60/ to 84/50/ to 84/48/ to 60/
Flax-mill hands, without board, per week48/ to 60/ 50/ to 60/48/ to 60/60/42/ to 72/66/ to 72/42/ to 60/45/ to 54/

The following table shows the average weekly rents paid for dwellings in selected boroughs according to the particulars returned on the Household Schedules :—

AVERAGE WEEKLY RENTS PAID FOR DWELLINGS IN SELECTED BOROUGHS AT THE CENSUS OF APRIL, 1911.
Name of Borough.Three Rooms.Four Rooms.Five Rooms.Six Rooms.Seven Rooms.Eight Rooms.Nine Rooms.Ten Rooms.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Whangarei074.20089.110111.070129.780136.500183.670179.33100
Birkenhead0710.55097.390112.590121.370153.3301760192100
Northcote060.86091001210.3701411.6101640189.78166   
Devonport083.860119.1501411.370175.760186.20123.47139.24128
Auckland085.880109.940135.480162.8001810.51124.08148.4611110.32
Grey Lynn0107.640116.290144.930168.740190.5801910      
Newmarket093.330107.330131.780165.740187.03115.251174.50142
Mount Eden09901111.910150.610174.7901911.641010.92125.30137
Mount Albert087.860124.310143.480161.6401711.59120.92163.20   
Parnell098.1001011.720133.280157.200197.22134.96187.361103.61
Onehunga0600811.2801011.730122.890132.540162.920130136.33
Waihi067.78086.760910.230117.420135.25         
Gisborne082.770120.770147.04016314101.20100.35109161.77
New Plymouth066.40091.590108.620137.630164.890159.960168130
Napier0810.720112.160143.6701710.18105.26142136.86159.25
Dannevirke0610.28085.38098.970124.490156.260189.9201410.50166
Wanganui082.790911.460126.8001410.010175.940196.490195.201511.53
Wanganui East070.83094.320101.7901110.950133.43         
Palmerston North080.490103.120126.620148.990181.160193.510182.89155.80
Masterton074.450711.910109.470122.840145.7501510.910188.56   
Lower Hutt081.800113.270132.640155.16130.36145   1102.50
Petone089.2401010.920126.840139.750148.050177.71   150
Onslow092.400115.050131.410167.69101.200189.66      
Wellington0115.830144.260171.881011.58151.15193.961158.991195.10
Karori01200110.050145.050175.330177.50102      
Miramar0911.080118.060151.130162.680152.20100      
Nelson068.33087.050109.950125.170147.470157.1201910.30103.80
Greymouth071.790100.730125.290134.720168.490187.500194.50   
Lyttelton060.91083.980911.690126.200153.3601510170180   
Christchurch0711.160105.970132.880155.2201810.48108.821211.69166.75
Woolston076.60099.640120.200123.30   0166      
Spreydon075.5501010.930128.710154.460178.291100      
New Brighton093.070111101310.070141.490161.850150      
Sumner0100.6701311.660169.230166.331310.59160100   
Timaru074.440105.170138.2701711.07119.32135.22   181
Oamaru0560711.500105.830123.610154.74108.460197.50   
Dunedin079.290106.010131.0401511.210191.29140.22166.50178.87
West Harbour0720710.55090.800122.040146100      
Maori Hill073.71099.430129.5201211.160184.25107.33   1100
Roslyn072.30099.6501211.7301610.48111.1401911.71120.86188
Mornington0611.4509100122.2701411.770189.970192.38128.75   
St. Kilda087.910111.530142.1101611.430187.06105      
Green Island0510.500711.33099.020106091001310.43      
Invercargill0611.92088.470115.0801311.020164.620198.70103.87105.75
Invercargill South056084.44093.29086.310123.330162      
Campbelltown0510.25095.580911.9701110.1201!40123160   

The Government offers facilities for men with moderate incomes to obtain homes for themselves on easy terms. The system is described in this book under the heading “State Aid to Settlers and Workers.”

Chapter 24. SECTION XXV.—PUBLIC FINANCE.

SUBSECTION A.—REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.

THE various Acts relating to the custody and administration of the public moneys and securities are now consolidated in the Public Revenues Act, 1908. All public moneys, excepting those payable to or received by the Post Office, the Government Insurance Office, the Public Trust Office, the Commissioners of the Public Debt Sinking Funds, the New Zealand State Advances Office, the State Fire Insurance Office, and the deposits under the New Zealand Consols Act, are paid into one account at the bank called the “Public Account,” and are carried to one or other of the following accounts or funds in the books of the Treasury—

  1. The Consolidated Fund.

  2. The Public Works Fund.

  3. Separate accounts or funds created under any special Act.

The main Consolidated Fund Account records the ordinary public revenue and expenditure. There are certain subsidiary accounts to this fund which come under the third head in the above category. The Public Works Fund Account contains receipts from loans or aids from the Consolidated Fund and the expenditure on public works, immigration, or special services legally chargeable to that account.

The financial year commences on the 1st day of April and ends on the 31st day of March. The revenue of any financial year is the money received into the Public Account at the bank at Wellington within the year; the expenditure is the money paid at the Treasury within the year, and the money paid by imprestees, of which accounts are received at the Treasury within the year. Imprests not accounted for at the end of a financial year are included in the accounts of the following year.

At the end of each financial year the Appropriation Acts lapse, but the Minister of Finance is authorized for a period of three months from the commencement of the next financial year to pay money in respect of any service, provided the amount does not exceed the unexpended balance voted for that purpose in the previous year, together with an amount equal to one-fourth of such vote.

The usual practice is for Parliament to meet at the end of June in each year, and vote supplies from month to month until the estimated expenditure for the year has been approved and the annual Appropriation Act is passed.

AUDIT OF EXPENDITURE.

In the audit of expenditure both the pre-audit and post-audit systems are in operation. Pre-audit is applied to vouchers in respect of payments on account of salaries of new appointees, temporary officers, and officers claiming more than one month's salary at any time; interest, loan transactions, and return of deposits; on account of unauthorized expenditure; or chargeable against the accounts of local bodies. Post-audit is applied to all other payments. Vouchers must be certified as correct by the proper officer, and forwarded by him to the Head of his Department for approval. Vouchers subject to pre-audit are then forwarded to the Audit Office, and on being found correct are sent on to the Treasury to be entered on requisitions for payment. Vouchers subject to post-audit are transmitted by the Head of the Department direct to the Treasury. Payment is made by the Treasury, and the claim is afterwards submitted for audit.

CONSOLIDATED FUND.

The total revenue and expenditure of the Consolidated Fund Account for the financial years ended the 31st March, 1905 to 1914, is shown in the following table, together with the excess of revenue for each year and the amount of such excess transferred to the Public Works Fund in the succeeding year :—

Year ended 31st March.Revenue.Expenditure.Excess of Revenue over Expenditure.Amount of Excess transferred to the Public Works Fund.
 ££££
19057,347,1976,635,902711,295600,000
19067,650,0987,122,340527,758500,000
19078,478,9567,774,926704,030775,000
19089,063,9898,213,965850,024800,000
19099,001,9868,785,513216,473800,000
19109,238,9178,990,922247,995 
191110,297,2739,343,106954,167800,000
191211,061,16110,340,368720,793500,000
191311,734,27111,032,038652,233750,000
191412,229,66111,825,864403,797675,000
  Totals, 10 years96,103,50990,114,9445,988,5656,200,000

To the amount of excess revenue for the ten years must be added the sum of £649,740 brought forward from the financial year ended 31st March, 1904, making a total of £6,638,305. Deducting the total amount transferred to the Public Works Fund, and a sum of £11,400 for redemption of debentures (in 1913–14), there remains a balance of £426,905, which has been carried forward to the current year's account.

The total amount of excess revenue transferred to the Public Works Fund during the twenty-three financial years ended 31st March, 1914, was £9,955,000. The Minister of Finance proposes to transfer £350,000 during the year ending 31st March, 1915.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—REVENUE.

An analysis of the revenue received during each of ten financial years is made in the next table.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—REVENUE, 1904–5 TO 1913–14.
Year ended 31st March.Revenue derived fromTotal Revenue.
Taxation.Services.Crown Lands.Other Sources.
 £££££
19053,754,3793,014,212260,021318,5857,347,197
19063,841,5963,195,849260,789351,8647,650,098
19074,264,5553,558,616250,900404,8858,478,956
19084,645,7543,793,356289,603335,2769,063,989
19094,377,7614,047,034222,857354,3349,001,986
19104,180,5164,420,096269,730368,5759,238,917
19114,837,3224,743,056310,894406,00110,297,273
19125,296,5904,987,088311,156466,32711,061,161
19135,606,8295,379,966313,923433,55311,734,271
19145,918,0345,551,913262,846496,86812,229,661
  Totals, 10 years46,723,33642,691,1862,752,7193,936,26896,103,509

Revenue under the head of “Taxation” includes Customs and excise duties, land-tax, income-tax, death duties, a tax on bank-note issue, and totalizator taxes. Revenue from “Services” consists of Railway, Post, Telegraph, and Telephone receipts, and certain fees paid in return for special services. Revenue from “Crown Lands” includes proceeds of sales up to and including 1912–13, but not for 1913–14. The other items in Crown Lands Revenue are rents and National Endowment Revenue. The amounts shown under “Other Sources” include miscellaneous revenue and sundry amounts recovered in respect of expenditure of previous years.

The total revenue per head of population, and the amounts per head derived from taxation and from other sources, during the past ten years are shown in the following table:—

REVENUE PER HEAD OF POPULATION, TEN YEARS.
Year ended 31st March.Revenue per Head derived fromTotal Revenue per Head.
Taxation.Other Sources.
£s.d.£s.d£s.d.
19054824448126
19064774698144
190741474135980
1908504415691510
19094111141709811
19104565359811
1911416115951064
191253105131101611
191357251711143
1914510051741174

CONSOLIDATED FUND—EXPENDITURE.

Expenditure out of the Consolidated Fund is grouped under two main headings by the Treasury, “Permanent” and “Annual.” Permanent appropriations, as the name implies, are those fixed by special Acts of the Legislature. Annual appropriations are voted each year by resolution of Parliament, and include the cost of the business undertakings of the State. In the following table this grouping has not been adopted, as it is considered more desirable to show the growth of the main items of expenditure during the last ten financial years :—

Year ended 31st March.Amount expended onTotal Expenditure.
Working Railways.Post and Telegraph.Education.Interest, &c., on Public Debt.Other Expenses.
 ££££££
19051,471,844557,535653,2721,993,7291,959,5226,635,902
19061,594,954577,115714,0712,087,2042,148,9967,122,340
19071,850,047617,270813,5802,172,0922,321,9377,774,926
19081,963,428707,146843,3112,187,4192,512,6618,213,965
19092,120,987806,293874,8182,258,3652,725,0508,785,513
19102,168,189855,862936,8752,397,4622,632,5348,990,922
19112,270,851911,529984,8542,458,4522,717,4209,343,106
19122,467,718986,5271,072,9922,656,3443,156,78710,340,368
19132,817,1411,066,9221,148,8972,717,0133,332,06511,082,038
19143,004,1811,170,8831,206,6782,887,9813,556,14111,825,864
  Totals, 10 years21,729,3408,257,0829,249,34823,816,06127,063,11390,114,944

Among the items included in “Other Expenses” is old-age pensions, which amounted to £197,911 in 1904–5 and to £416,279 in 1913–14. The charges of the public debt are found to have absorbed 27.32 per cent. of the revenue in 1904–5 (excluding amounts received by alienation of Crown lands) and 23.61 per cent. in 1913–14.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE, 1913–14.

The total receipts of the Consolidated Fund for the financial year 1913–14, including a balance of £709,508 brought forward from the previous year, were £12,939,169, and the total expenditure for the same period was £11,825,864, excluding £675,000 transferred to the Public Works Fund, and £11,400 expended in the redemption of debentures, leaving a balance of £426,905 to carry forward.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—RECEIPTS, 1913–14.
From taxation—£
Customs3,426,744
Excise127,041
Land—
Ordinary506,407
Graduated258,135
Absentee2,909
 767,451
Income-tax554,271
Death duties613,751
Bank note-issue tax50,230
Totalizator tax100,132
Other taxes278,414
From services—5,918,034
Railways4,028,739
Postal695,136
Telegraph342,595
Telephone232,191
Other services253,252
Land revenue—5,551,913
Rents, Crown lands190,444
Net revenue from National Endowment lands (1912–13)72,402
 262,846
Miscellaneous496,868
  Total£12,229,661

Taxation represented 48.39 per cent. of the total revenue for the year 1913–14, and services contributed 4540 per cent. For the previous financial year the proportions were 47.78 per cent. and 45.85 per cent. respectively.

The amount shown as net revenue from National Endowment lands represents the money received from that source during the previous financial year. The method adopted is to place the amount received under this head each year to a separate account, and, after deducting necessary expenses, to transfer the balance to the Consolidated Fund Account. Seventy per cent. of this balance is expended on education, and thirty per cent. on old-age pensions.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—EXPENDITURE, 1913–14.
 £
Charges of the public debt (excluding interest and sinking fund charges paid out of separate accounts)2,887,981
Pensions and allowances—
Old-age pensions416,279
Widows' pensions27,073
Civil and military pensions and allowances70,469
Civil Service, Railway, and Teachers' Superannuation Funds90,000
 603,821
Payment to local bodies—
Subsidies144,462
Endowments revenue71,198
Thirds and fourths rents of Crown lands53,227
Timber and flax royalties2,357
Other payments802
 272,046
Public instruction—
Elementary707,431
Secondary and higher108,437
Manual and technical79,736
Training of teachers42,765
Native schools30,522
Industrial schools35,645
School buildings115,000
Departmental and miscellaneous36,461
National Endowment Revenue not included above50,681
Judicial and legal—1,206,678
Administration of justice135,558
 Police214,860
 Prisons48,670
 399,088
Railways, working-expenses3,004,181
Postal and Telegraph services1,170,883
Defence (including naval defence)538,611
Other expenditure—
 Departmental1,601,358
 Miscellaneous141,217
 1,742,575
  Total£11,825,864

A comparison of the revenue of the Consolidated Fund for the year 1913–14 with that for the previous year, the percentage of each item to the totals and the increase or decrease, as the case may be, is given in the following table :—

CONSOLIDATED FUND—REVENUE FOR 1913–14, COMPARED WITH 1912–13.
Head of Revenue.Revenue of Consolidated Fund.Increase during 1913–14.
1912–13.Per Cent. of Total.1913–14.Per Cont. of Total.NumericalPer Cent.

* Decrease. The figures for 1912–13, however, include proceeds of land sales amounting to £56,172.

Taxation—£ £ £ 
Customs and Excise3,531,76130.103,553,78529.0622,0240.62
Land728,6366.21767,4516.2838,8155.33
Income462,9943.95554,2714.5391,27719.71
Death duties458,2653.91613,7515.02155,48633.93
Other taxes425,173362428,7763.513,6030.85
Services—
Railways3,968,35033.824,028,73932.9460,3891.52
Postal644,6375.49695,1365.6850,4997.83
Telegraph321,9512.74342,5952.8020,6446.41
Telephone201,2381.71232,1911.9030,95315.38
Other services243,7902.08253,2522.079,4623.88
Land revenue313,9232.68262,8462.15–51,077*–16.27*
Miscellaneous433,5533.69496,8684.0663,31514.60
  Totals11,734,271100.0012,229,661100.00495,3904.22

The expenditure of the Consolidated Fund Account for the last two financial years is presented in the next table in similar form to the above.

CONSOLIDATED FUND—EXPENDITURE FOR 1913–14, COMPARED WITH 1912–13.
Head of Expenditure.Expenditure of Consolidated Fund.Increase during 1913–14.
1912–13.Per Cent. of Total.1913–14.Per Cent. of Total.Numerical.Per Cent.
 £ £ £ 
Charges of the public debt2,717,01324.522,887,98124.42170,9686.29
Pensions and allowances555,5395.01603,8215.1148,2828.69
Payment to local bodies275,9972.49272,0462.30–3,951*–1.43*
Public instruction1,148,89710.371,206,67810.2057,7815.03
Judicial and legal371,5483.35399,0883.3827,5407.41
Railways, working-expenses2,817,14125.423,004,18125.40187,0406.64
Postal and Telegraph services1,066,9229.631,170,8839.90103,9619.74
Defence (including naval)605,3435.46538,6114.55–66,732*–11.03*
Other expenditure1,523,63813.751,742,57514.74218,93714.37
  Totals11,082,038100.0011,825,864100.00743,8266.71
* Decrease.

PUBLIC WORKS FUND—RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE.

The receipts of this account mainly consist of the proceeds of loans raised for the construction of public works. From time to time the fund has been aided by substantial transfers of surplus revenue from the Consolidated Fund Account. The receipts for the last ten years are shown in the next table.

PUBLIC WORKS FUND.—RECEIPTS, TEN YEARS.
Year ended 31st March.Amounts receivedTotal Receipts.
From Loans.Transfers from Consolidated Fund.Other Sources.
 ££££
19051,297,050600,00011,6331,908,683
19061,052,574500,0003,1941,555,768
19071,125,686775,00017,3951,918,081
19081,029,600800,00016,4541,846,054
19092,813,790800,00014,4803,628,270
19102,091,090 2,6079,093,697
19112,590,140800,0006,5083,396,648
1912744,307500,00012,1491,256,456
19132,420,685750,000130,0443,300,729
19142,763,884675,00039,8673,478,751

Included in amounts received from “Other Sources” in 1912–13 is the sum of £25,000 which was formerly held in the Deposit Account for the purchase of permanent-way material; also £86,970, receipts under section 16 of the Reserves and other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act. 1912. This column for 1913–14 includes a further amount of £21,890, receipts under the Act mentioned.

During the year 1908–9 the Wellington–Manawatu Railway was taken over by the Government, and a loan of £1,000,000 was raised for that purpose. In addition to the amount shown above, the sum of £3,755,000 was transferred during the years 1891–92 to 1903–4 from the Consolidated Fund Account to the Public Works Fund. The next table shows the expenditure at intervals of five years from 1884–85 to 1904–5, and for each year since 1904–5 upon services which are charged to the Fund. As will be seen further on the whole of what may be termed public works are not included in this account.

EXPENDITURE ON SERVICES PROVIDED FOR BY THE PUBLIC WORKS FUND.
Year ended 31st March.Immigration.Railways.Roads.Development of Goldfields.Telegraph Extension.Public Buildings.Lighthouses, &c.Other Services.Totals.
 £££££££££
188557,148663,063317,0438,02925,799117,36134,033114,2511,336,727
1890867289,57284,12628416,34635,4739,43446,362482,464
1895101247,545164,8335,86519,22954,1903,1459,578504,486
1900385417,937285,53221,81526,771115,4279,026116,330993,223
19056,482811,994230,0126,25879,298116,6785,99097,4461,354,158
19068,7531,077,978360,76618,53377,186160,2144,946103,4431,811,819
190714,3531,326,792366,58111,064114,068226,9184,504104,6142,168,894
19089,1311,272,828331,1078,632155,491226,0356,86399,7972,109,882
190915,0772,278,327481,97632,859163,033285,52119,21787,8853,363,895
191017,0021,279,807367,23018,598123,422276,94916,683116,7062,216,397
19119,4411,184,083270,64810,845111,868325,6138,427137,7662,058,691
191211,6811,178,969430,64721,245147,692349,65512,576187,9152,340,380
191314,6841,179,554376,07810,644251,375445,14216,785254,6462,548,918
191433,9141,114,756382,0974,889392,6481369,6009,059423,8352,760,798

The receipts and expenditure of the fund, including the renewal of loans maturing, during the financial year ended 31st March, 1914, were as under:—

PUBLIC WORKS FUND—RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE, 1913–14.
 £
Receipts—
Balance, 31st March, 1913735,705
Instalments received in respect of loans authorized1,919,896
Inscribed stock created596,988
Proceeds of debentures issued under the Government Railways Amendment Act, 191045,000
Proceeds of debentures issued under the Hutt Railway and Road Improvement Act, 19102,000
Proceeds of debentures issued under the Aid to Water-power Works Act, 1910165,000
Proceeds of debentures issued under the Irrigation and Water-supply Act, 191335,000
 2,763,884
Receipts under section 16 of the Reserves and other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act, 191221,890
Receipts under the Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement Act, 1910 (including interest)7,328
Other receipts10,649
39,867
Transfer from Consolidated Fund675,000
Temporary advances (repaid during year) and debentures issued for redemptions and renewals737,124
  Total£4,951,580
Expenditure—
Railways1,144,756
Roads382,097
Public buildings369,600
Telegraph extension392,648
Contingent Defence30,186
Immigration33,914
Development of goldfields4,889
Lighthouses, harbour-works, and harbour defences9,059
Tourist and Health Resorts14,989
Lands improvement16,996
Development of water-power142,827
Irrigation and water-supply33,602
Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers improvement13,132
Departmental66,650
Charges and expenses of raising and renewing loans105,453
 2,760,798
Debentures redeemed and renewed492,150
Temporary advances repaid390,000
Balance, 31st March, 19141,308,632
  Total£4,951,580

The expenditure on roads out of the Public Works Fund does not comprise all of the moneys spent under that head by the general Government. Between 1896–97 and 1910–11 the sum of £469,236 was expended on construction of roads to open up Crown lands out of the moneys raised for loans to local bodies.

Further expenditure on the construction of roads to open up Grown Lands includes amounts of £45,690 in 1919–11, £49,739 in 1911–12, £47,951 in 1912–13, and £63,245 in 1913–14, charged to the Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account.

The roading of lands purchased for closer settlement is made a charge upon the Land for Settlements Account, and is included in the value upon which the rentals of those lauds are based. The sum of £34,171 was transferred from the Land for Settlements Account to the Opening up Crown Lands Account during the year 1913–14, and money actually expended out of this amount is included in the total (£63.245) shown above.

The reclamation by drainage and opening up by means of roads of an area of the Hauraki Plains is provided for out of moneys borrowed for that purpose and shown in a separate account.

SEPARATE ACCOUNTS OR FUNDS.

The accounts included under this heading in some cases comprise revenue of different kinds mixed up with loan-money, while others are merely records of transactions which of their nature cannot be considered as properly belonging to the Public Account. Among the former may be counted the State Forests and State Coal-mines Accounts, and among the latter the accounts of local bodies, which consist of revenue collected on behalf of and paid over to local authorities, and the Deposit Accounts, consisting partly of moneys held in trust and partly of moneys held in suspense for various reasons. The transactions of these accounts or funds are shown in the tables following.

The Hauraki Plains Settlement Account.

An Act of the General Assembly passed in 1908, authorizes the construction of works necessary for the drainage, reclamation, and opening up for settlement of a block of swampy land, part of the Hauraki Plains. The Act provides for borrowing the funds required to carry out the work, and lays down that the future revenues of the land recovered shall be applied to the repayment of the moneys so raised. The transactions for each of the last five years and the total to date are given in the following table :—

HeadYear ended 31st March,Total to 31st March, 1914.
1910.1911.1912.1913.1914.
 ££££££
Receipts—
Land sales, leases, &c. 6,0144,6606,8658,13525,674
Transfers from Local Bodies Account19,000    31,000
Advances made by New Zealand State10,00040,00020,00015,00010,00095,000
Advances Office      
Debentures issued    5,0005,000
  Totals29,00046,01424,66021,86523,135156,674
Expenditure—
Reclamation, drainage, and road-construction22,23529,60737,14222,69518,993142,344
Payment of principal and interest 8342,6623,9132,4759,884
  Totals22,23530,44139,80426,60821,468152,228

Land for Settlements Account.

The operations of this account during each of the five financial years ended 31st March, 1910–14, and the total transactions to the latter date, are shown in the following table:—

HeadYear ended 31st March,Total to 31st March, 1914.
1910.1911.1912.1913.1914.
 ££££££
Receipts—
Loans raised915,735  44,000306,5886,228,500
Advances made by 33,000407,500399,497163,8781,003,875
New Zealand State      
Advances Office      
Sale of Lands   3,603139,566143,169
Rents, &c.281,359285,543293,869323,242342,2783,235,937
Total Receipts1,197,094318,543701,369770,342952,31010,611,481
Expenditure—
Land purchases260,793158,796381,483428,045560,4976,936,613
Transfer to Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account    34,17134,171
Interest on loans217,164224,144223,149243,625266,2052,506,267
Payment to sinking fund58,77959,07963,15466,85748,910459,372
Incidental expenses35,43125,62324,14036,98325,902600,760
Total expenditure572,167467,642691,926775,510935,68510,537,183

The whole of the annual contributions to the sinking fund were formerly paid to the Public Trustee for investment. By section 26 of the State Advances Act, 1913, however, it was provided that future contributions should be paid to the Public Trustee only in respect of loans not obtained from any Department of the Public Service. For loans from the State Advances and other Departments the sinking fund contributions are to be paid to the Consolidated Fund in terms of the Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910.

The accrued sinking funds held by the Public Trustee in connection with the Land for Settlements Account amounted at 31st March, 1914, to £526,552.

Native Land Settlement Account.
 £
Receipts.
Instalments of Loan218,889
Amount received from State Advances Office135,000
Transfer from Maori Land Settlement Account (now closed)3,844
Amount received for surveys29,180
Land Sales19,482
Rents, &c.32,862
Receipts under sec. 379 (1), Native Land Act, 19091,116
Repayments of Advances by Maori Land Boards (sec. 274 of Act)453
  Total£440,826
Expenditure.
Native land purchases832
Expenditure under the Act280,491
Interest and sinking fund20,040
Advances under sec. 274 and 417 of Native Land Act, 190925,000
  Total£326,363
Maori Land Settlement Act Account.
Receipts.
Nil.
Expenditure.
Transfer to Native Land Settlement Account3,844
  Total£3,844
Loans to Local Bodies Account.
Receipts.
Refund to Waimairi County under sec. 64 of Act
Total£526
Expenditure.
Advance to local authorities2,400
Transfer to State Advances Account under sec. 72 of Local Bodies' Loans Act, 19133,083
  Total£5,483
Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account.
Receipts.
Advances made by State Advances Office63,955
Transfer from Land for Settlements Account34,171
  Total£98,126
Expenditure.
Roads to open up Crown lands63,245
  Total£63,245

National Endowment Account.

Under the Land Act, 1908, the net revenues from certain areas of Crown lands are to be applied to educational purposes and to payment of old-age pensions in the proportion of 70 per cent. and 30 per cent. in each case respectively. From the gross revenue is deducted any expenditure which may be incurred in the construction of roads, and also any sums which by law have been appropriated to local authorities out of the rents. The method adopted in dealing with the funds is to keep a separate account of all receipts and disbursements during the financial year, and at the end of that period to allocate the balance to the purposes stated above. The transactions during the year ended 31st March, 1914, were,—

  £ 
Receipts. 
Rents, &c.88,235 
  Total£88,235 
Expenditure.£ 
Construction of roads4,282 
Payment to local authorities, &c.77,308 
  Total£81,590 
Treasury Bills Account. 
Dr. 
Treasury Bills issued during year1,125,000 
Renewed during year525,000 
  Total£1,650,000 
Cr. 
Treasury Bills renewed during year525,000 
Paid off during year1,125,000 
  Total£1,650,000 
 State Forests Account.
Receipts. 
Rents from lands set apart1,541 
Timber royalties and miscellaneous receipts9,814 
Contribution from Consolidated Fund5,000 
  Total£16,355 
Expenditure. 
Expenses of nurseries, tree-planting and forest conservation28,442 
  Total£28,442 
 Naval Defence Act Account.
Receipts. 
Naval Defence Act, 1909—Proceeds of sale of 3œ - percent. Inscribed Stock15,000 
  Total£15,000 
Expenditure. 
Expenditure under the Act The Naval Defence Act, 1909—69,035 
Charges and expenses1,782 
  Total£70,817 
 Scenery Preservation Account.
Receipts. 
Debentures issued14,000 
Land sales70 
Rents35 
  Total£14,105 
Expenditure. 
Scenery preservation13,010 
  Total£13,010 
Local Bodies Account. 
Receipts. 
Revenue received on account of local bodies— 
Fees, fines, &c.11,773 
Endowments of land, &c.19,418 
Goldfields revenue14,790 
Gold duty21,443 
Counties separate account171 
Advance Account— 
Amounts repaid by local bodies25,378 
  Total£92,973 
Expenditure. 
Revenue paid over to local bodies— 
Fees, fines, &c.11,484 
Endowments of land, &c.20,709 
Goldfields revenue15,840 
Gold duty19,781 
Counties separate account74 
Advance Account— 
Sundry payments made on behalf of local bodies21,562 
  Total£89,450 
Deposit Accounts. 
Receipts. 
Lodgments551,952 
  Total£551,952 
Expenditure. 
Withdrawals523,381 
  Total£523,381 

This account deals with revenue collected for and paid over to local authorities, also sundry payments made on behalf of such authorities and refunded by them.

This account consists of moneys to be applied to specific purposes under various Acts, collections on behalf of local institutions, and miscellaneous items in suspense.

 £ 
Conversion Account. 
Dr. 
4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock— 
Issued for conversion of debentures4,893,045 
Issued for expenses of conversion7,162 
  Total£4,900,207 
Cr. 
Scrip and Debentures converted into 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock— 
Amount converted4,815,300 
Premiums77,745 
Expenses Account— 
Brokerage and commission18 
Stamp duty13,593 
Discount69 
Rent and office expenses544 
  Total£4,907,269 
Rangitaiki Land Drainage Account. 
Receipts. 
Receipts under the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Act, 1910110 
Advances from State Advances Office5,000 
Debentures issued5,000 
  Total£10,110 
Expenditure. 
Expenditure under the Rangitaiki Land Drainage Act, 191017,873 
  Total£17,873 
 Bank of New Zealand Act, 1903, Account.
Dr. 
Investment Account500,000 
  Total£500,000 
Cr. 
75,000 preference shares issued by the Bank of New Zealand500,000 
  Total£500,000 
 Reserve Fund Account.
Dr. 
Investment Account800,000 
  Total£800,000 
Cr. 
Securities800,000 
  Total£800,000 
New Zealand Consols Account. 
Dr. 
Cash in Deposit Account7 
Investment Account475,885 
Deposits inscribed during year 1913–14100 
  Total£475,992 
Cr. 
Cash in Deposit Account107 
Investment Account475,885 
  Total£475,992 
Cheviot Estate Account. 
Receipts. 
Rents from land15,716 
Interest on securities1,987 
  Total£17,703 
Expenditure. 
Interest on loan4,433 
Roading, &c.1 
  Total£4,434 
Workers' Dwellings Account. 
Receipts. 
Sale of dwellings under sec. 16 of Act3,673 
  Total£3,673 
Expenditure. 
Nil. 
  TotalNil. 

Mining Advances Account.

This account has now been separated from the State Advances Account proper (section 4 of the Mining Amendment Act, 1913). The operations of the account for the year 1913–14 are shown.

 £
Receipts.
Amount received from State Advances office8,386
  Total£8,386
Expenditure.
Advances to mining companies7,376
Payment to Sinking Fund100
  Total£7,476
State Coal-mines.
Receipts.
Proceeds of sale of coal161,843
Instalments of loan authorized15,596
Inscribed Stock created to cover expenses of raising loan2,601
  Total£180,040
Expenditure.
Working - expenses and development191,159
Interest on debentures6,130
Charges and expenses of raising loan2,601
  Total£199,890

STATEMENT OF BALANCES ON 31ST MARCH, 1914.

The cash balances and investments of the foregoing accounts, as on 31st March, 1914, are shown in the following table:—

Account.Cash.Investments.Total
 £££
Cr.
Consolidated Fund, ordinary revenue426,905 426,905
State Forests13,856 13,856
State Coal-mines31,217 31,217
Scenery-preservation1,428 1,428
Naval Defence Act7,044 7,044
Local Bodies11,818 11,818
Deposit Accounts172,331 172,331
Public Works Fund (proper)1,168,58410,0001,178,584
Wellington-Hutt Railway and Road Improvement359 359
Railways Improvements5,530 5,530
Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement25,28760,00085,287
Aid to Water-power Works37,163 37,163
Irrigation and Water-supply1,709 1,709
Cheviot Estate37,14850,00087,148
Land for Settlements64,297 64,297
Native Land Settlement124,094 124,094
Conversion Account7,901 7,901
Mining Advances910 910
Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement45,285 45,285
Hauraki Plains Settlement4,445 4,445
National Endowment Account80,487 80,487
Workers' Dwellings6,631 6,631
Rangitaiki Land Drainage1,836 1,836
New Zealand Consols107475,885475,992
Reserve Fund 800,000800,000
Bank of New Zealand (preference shares) 500,000500,000
  Totals2,276,3721,895,8854,172,257

The State Advances Account, which is administered directly by the Advances Board, is not included in the above statement, nor is the Loans Redemption Account. In addition there are the funds of the Government Life Insurance Department, the State Fire Insurance Department, and the Public Trust Office, which are administered by the Departments concerned. Reference to the working of these Departments will be found elsewhere in this book.

TOTAL TAXATION.

ALL revenue collected by means of taxation is applied to general purposes. Customs duties on imported goods, excise duties on beer, and also on a few minor items, constitute the indirect taxation, land and income taxes, death duties, a tax on bank-note issues, duty on cheques and receipts for payments being the main source of revenue by direct taxation. Particulars of the collections during the past ten years, under the main headings, are shown in the following table :—

Year ended 31st March.Amount of Taxation derived fromTotal.
Customs and Excise Duties.Land-tax.Income-tax.Death Duties.Other Taxes.
 ££££££
19052,728,193352,854253,952174,805244,5753,754,379
19062,795,546385,756261,816127,174271,3043,841,596
19073,048,622447,342277,867191,509299,2154,264,555
19083,217,538537,846304,905246,032339,4334,645,754
19092,917,462604,901321,044260,238274,1164,377,761
19102,786,490642,270316,835192,014242,9074,180,516
19113,145,929628,723407,235323,783331,6524,837,322
19123,398,143647,015448,935361,186441,3115,296,590
19133,531,761728,636462,994458,265425,1735,606,829
19143,553,785767,451554,271613,751428,7765,918,034

The percentage under each heading to the total amount collected for each year is as under :—

Year ended 31st March.Proportion per Cent. derived from
Customs and Excise Duties.Land tax.Income-tax.Death Duties.Other Direct Taxes.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
190572.679.406.764.666.51
190672.7710.046.823.317.06
190771.4910.496.514.497.02
190869.2611.586.565.297.31
190966.6413.827.335.956.26
191065.6315.137.464.527.26
191165.0313.008.426.696.86
191264.1612.218.486.828.33
191362.9913.008.268.177.58
191460.0512.979.3710.377.24

TAXATION PER HEAD.

The revenue from taxation per head of mean population during the past ten years is shown in the next table.

REVENUE FROM TAXATION PER HEAD OF MEAN POPULATION, 1904–5 TO 1913–14.
Year ended 31st March.Including Maoris.Excluding Maoris.
£s.d.£s.d. 
19054311482
1906435477
190749104147
19084155504
190947541111
1910416456
1911412441611
191241905310
1913523572
19145525100

CUSTOMS AND EXCISE TAXATION.

During the year ended 31st March, 1914, the sum of £3,426,74 was collected, after deduction of drawbacks, for duty on imported goods, and £127,041 for excise duties, a total of £3,553,785. The amount of revenue derived from these sources for each of the past ten years is shown below.

Year ended 31st March.Customs Duties.Excise Duties.Total.
 £££
19052,631,98396,2102,728,193
19062,697,41198,1352,795,546
19072,941,040107,5823,048,622
19083,103,565113,9733,217,538
19092,801,248116,2142,917,462
19102,671,121115,3692,786,490
19113,027,829118,1003,145,929
19123,279,012119,1313,398,143
19133,407,538124,2233,531,761
19143,426,744127,0413,553,785

The revenue from Customs and excise duties in 1903–4 was £2,698,046, and the increase for the ten years is £855,739 or 31.72 per cent. In the ten calendar years corresponding to the same period the value of imports increased from £12,788,675 to £22,288,302, or at the rate of 74.28 per cent. The increased volume of trade has been accompanied by considerable decreases and remissions in rates of duty levied, and the increase in the total duties collected is thus entirely due to the increased prosperity of the country as reflected in its trade.

A table is given showing for 1900 and each of the past ten calendar years the imports, other than specie, per head of mean population, excluding Maoris, the Customs revenue per head actually collected, and the revenue that would have been collected had the ratio between imports and duties ruling in 1900 remained constant. A column is added showing by means of index numbers the relative

ratio of Customs revenue to imports, the index number for 1900 being taken as 1,000.

IMPORTS (EXCLUDING SPECIE) AND CUSTOMS REVENUE PER HEAD.
Year.Imports per Head.Customs Revenue per Head.Index Number of Customs Revenue to Imports.
Actual.As with 1900 Ratio.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.  
1900137421610216101000
190415543293411967
1905146113103101000
1906151953493711954
19071719113703166876
190818503153177791
19091541121473410842
19101617521963119829
1911181023253188782
191219161343442763
19132053341462744

It will be seen that though the Customs revenue per head of population increased from £2 16s. 10d. in 1900 to £3 4s. 1d. in 1913, or at the rate of 13 per cent., yet the proportion of Customs revenue to total imports decreased in the period by 26 per cent.

Classification of Customs Duties.

Of the total Customs duties collected in 1913, only £116,938 was derived from foods and non-alcoholic drinks. The amount is less than half that derived from this source in 1891, while the percentage to the total has decreased from 2005 in 1891 to 4.29 in 1913. The tables hereunder show the amounts and percentages collected at intervals of five years, 1891–1911 and in 1912 and 1913, in respect of (1) foods and non-alcoholic drinks, (2) clothing and textiles, (3) alcoholic drinks and tobacco, and (4) all other articles. Excise duties on alcoholic liquors, tobacco, &c., are not included.

PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF IMPORTS FROM WHICH CUSTOMS REVENUE DERIVED.
Year.Amount of Duty derived fromTotal.
Foods and Nonalcoholic Drinks.Clothing and Textiles.Alcoholic Drinks and Tobacco.All other Articles.
 £££££
1891312,809276,072651,680320,1411,560,702
1896329,622322,947715,019400,2641,767,852
1901321,625434,112928,176512,8532,196,766
1906369,964610,8731,130,837787,4292,899,103
1911147,456682,7101,286,6011,048,8903,165,657
1912158,077708,8531,395,8371,072,9523,335,719
1913140,938790,8621,408,9771,078,6493,425,426
PERCENTAGE OF EACH CLASS TO THE TOTAL DUTY COLLECTED.
Year.Percentage of Total Duty collected on
Foods and Nonalcoholic Drinks.Clothing and Textiles.Alcoholic Drinks and Tobacco.All other Articles.
 Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.Per Cent.
189120.0517.6941.7520.51
189618.6418.2740.4522.64
190114.6419.7642.2523.35
190612.7621.0739.0127.16
19114.6621.5740.6433.13
19124.7421.2541.8432.17
19134.2923.0941.1331.49

Of the total for 1913 classed under the heading of “foods and non-alcoholic drinks,” £33,375 was collected on imports of confectionery and £26,915 on fruit.

LAND AND INCOME TAX.

Land-tax in New Zealand is assessed on the unimproved value of the land, after deduction of registered mortgages, in respect of which land-tax, assessed on the capital value, is payable by the mortgagee. The ordinary land-tax is 1d. in the pound, and land-tax payable on mortgages is Ÿ;d. in the pound. An owner of land, the value of which, apart from improvements, together with mortgages owing to him, does not exceed £1,500 (after deducting mortgages owing by him) is allowed an exemption of £500, but where such value exceeds £1,500 the exemption diminishes by £1 for every £2 that such value increases, so that no exemption is allowable when £2,500 is reached. In certain specified cases, where the payment of the tax would entail hardship, the Commissioner of Taxes has discretionary powers to grant relief.

When the unimproved value of land owned by a single individual or company exceeds £5,000, a graduated land-tax becomes payable, ranging up to 5/56;d. in the pound for land with an unimproved value in excess of £200,000 per annum. The graduated tax is increased by 50 per cent. in the case of absentees, but the additional absentee tax does not apply to companies.

Income-tax in the case of persons and firms is payable on all incomes, with certain exemptions, in excess of £300 per annum. In the case of registered companies the whole of the income is assessable, but dividends paid by such companies to shareholders are not assessable to the latter. Among the incomes exempt from income-tax are those derived directly from land, the principle being that where the capital is taxed (as in land and mortgages, referred to above) the income earned by such capital is exempt.

Income-tax ranges from 6d. to 1s. 4d. in the pound in the case of persons and firms, and from 1s. to 1s. 4d. in the case of registered companies. The full rates are as follows:—

Income.Rate of Tax per £1.For each £1 in excess of Lower Amount shown in First Column, Rate increased by
(a.) Registered Companies.
£Pence.Pence.
1,20012 
1,200–1,600121/200;
1,000–2,400141/400;
2,400 and over16 
(b.) Persons and Firms.
300–4006 
400–1,4006Ÿ00;
1,400–2,40013œ1/400;
2,400 and over16 

Full information concerning the land- and income-tax assessment appears in the 1913 issue of this book (pp. 884–895).

The income-tax for the year ended 31st March, 1914, amounted to £554,271, and the land-tax to £767,451. The number of income-tax payers was 14,277. Land-tax payers numbered 40,889, and the net assessed taxable unimproved value of land and value of mortgages, after allowing all exemptions, was £140,448,406.

The total number of land- and income-tax payers for each of the past ten years was,—

NUMBER OF TAXPAYERS.
Year ended 31st March.Land-tax.Income-tax.
190523,8958,934
190624,2468,993
190727,6599,540
190828,99110,420
190930,85510,839
191033,16211,175
191133,51611,303
191235,27312,207
191338,23213,167
191440,88914,277

The land-tax payers increased from 20,865 in 1903–4 to 40,889 in 1913–14, the increase during the ten years being at the rate of 95.97 per cent. Similarly, payers of income-tax increased by 72.89 per cent. during the ten years.

The revenue derived from land-tax (ordinary, graduated, and absentee) and income-tax during each of the past ten years is as shown below.

LAND AND INCOME TAX, 1904–5 to 1913–14.
Year ended 31st March.Land-tax.Income-tax.
Ordinary.Graduated.Absentee.
 ££££
1905254,72694,7033,425253,952
1906277,144104,9493,663261,816
1907317,176125,9294,237277,867
1908346,166186,0005,680304,905
1909389,844209,2485,809321,044
1910417,668220,0444,558316,835
1911416,426209,4932,804407,235
1912439,398205,1142,503448,935
1913475,281251,2752,080462,994
1914506,407258,1352,909554,271

The cost of the collection of the income-tax for 1913–14, including the cost of assessment, was 1.31 per cent., and for land-tax, including the cost of valuation of land, 2.53 per cent. The cost of collection of both taxes was 2.02 per cent.

DEATH DUTIES.

Estate Duty.

Under the Death Duties Act, 1909, an estate duty is levied upon the final balance of all property of a deceased person which is situated in New Zealand at his death in excess of the value of £500. In the case of any estate the final balance of which does not exceed £10,000, any interest acquired by the wife of the deceased up to the value of £5,000 is exempt from estate duty, but the rate of duty on the whole estate must be determined before the deduction is made. The following is the scale of duties :—

Net Value of Estate.Rate of Duty.
Exceeding £500 but not exceeding £1,0001 per cent.
Exceeding £1,000 but not exceeding £2,0002 per cent.
Exceeding £2,000 but not exceeding £3,0002œ per cent.
Exceeding £3,000 but not exceeding £4,0003 per cent.
Exceeding £4,000 but not exceeding £5,0003⅓ per cent.
Exceeding £5,000 but not exceeding £6,0003⅔ per cent.
Exceeding £6,000 but not exceeding £7,0004 per cent.
Exceeding £7,000 but not exceeding £8,0004⅓ per cent.
Exceeding £8,000 but not exceeding £9,0004⅔ per cent.
Exceeding £9,000 but not exceeding £10,0005 per cent.
Exceeding £10,000 but not exceeding £12,0005⅓ per cent.
Exceeding £12,000 but not exceeding £14,0005⅔ per cent.
Exceeding £14,000 but not exceeding £16,0006 per cent.
Exceeding £16,000 but not exceeding £18,0006⅓ per cent.
Exceeding £18,000 but not exceeding £20,0006⅔ per cent.
Exceeding £20,000 but not exceeding £25,0007 per cent.

On estates exceeding £25,000 the rate of duty progresses by one-third of one per cent. for each successive £5,000, but the maximum rate must not exceed 15 per cent. Personal property of persons domiciled in New Zealand is liable to estate duty wherever situated.

Succession Duty.

Succession duty is payable by any person who acquires a beneficial interest in the estate of a deceased person either by will or by intestacy, according to the following scale :—

  1. By wife, child, grandchild, or other descendant of deceased. If the value of the succession does not exceed £20,000 no duty is payable, but if the value is in excess of that amount a tax of 2 per cent. is levied on the total value, but the duty payable must not be greater than the amount by which the succession exceeds £20,000.

  2. By husband, 2 per cent.

  3. By relatives in any degree not more remote than the fourth, 5 per cent.

  4. In all other cases 10 per cent.

In regard to the last three mentioned cases no duty is payable in respect of any succession the value of which does not exceed £200, and the duty payable on any succession in excess of that sum is not to be greater than the amount by which the succession exceeds £200.

Excepting in the first case mentioned above, if the value of the succession exceeds £20,000, any such excess is charged with double the rate of the ordinary duty. Charitable trusts are exempt from succession duty.

Gift Duty.

A gift means any disposition of property which is made otherwise than by will, whether with or without an instrument in writing, without fully adequate consideration in money or its equivalent. The duty payable is as follows :—

  1. On a gift which together with the value of all other gifts made at the same time, or within twelve months previously or subsequently by the same donor to the same or any other beneficiary, otherwise than by way of a charitable trust, does not exceed the value of £1,000, no duty shall be charged.

  2. On gifts exceeding the value of £1,000, 5 per cent. Antenuptial marriage settlements and charitable gifts are exempt from duty.

Revenue from Death Duties.

Death duties are due and payable to the Commissioner of Stamps within six months from the death of the deceased, and gift duties at the time the gift is made.

The revenue received from death duties during each of the past ten years was,—

Year ended 31st March.Amount.
 £
1905174,805
1906127,174
1907191,509
1908246,032
1909260,238
1910192,014
1911323,783
1912361,186
1913458,265
1914613,751

TOTALIZATOR-TAX.

Full information concerning the law as to the use of the totalizator in New Zealand is given in the section of this book dealing with Law and Grime. The Government tax on totalizator investments is 2œ per cent. of the gross amount passed through the machines. Prior to 1st March, 1910, the percentage was 1œ.

The following table shows for each year since 1889–90 the number of totalizator licenses issued, the amount of investments by the public, and the amount paid to the Treasury as a percentage of such investments. The amounts shown as “Percentage paid to Treasury” represent the amounts paid in respect of the race meetings held during the year as shown, but do not in all cases coincide with the amount of totalizator revenue received during the financial year, for the reason that the percentage in respect of race meetings held late in March may not he paid to the Treasury until after the end of the financial year :—

Financial Year.Number of Totalizator Licenses issued for Meetings held during Financial Year.Days.Percentage paid to Treasury.Total Amount invested by the Public.
   ££
1889–90187241  
1890–91219278  
1891–922343007,591506,078
1892–9324030710,800720,029
1893–9424731810,375691,673
1894–9520726810,446696,456
1895–9617025611,156743,763
1896–9715825011,911794,096
1897–9815526813,297886,567
1898–9914425013,695912,969
1899–190015427815,9831,065,580
1900–115327817,5411,168,732
1901–216530919,0401,275,813
1902–314827619,7341,274,102
1903–415128220,4861,357,263
1904–515629421,5711,437,431
1905–615829822,8981,555,638
1906–715930327,6511,837,095
1907–815229229,9961,999,757
1908–915730727,9611,834,333
1909–1016732329,6452,030,426
1910–1114428748,3381,933,534
1911–1214226472,1842,887,371
1912–1314826586,0953,600,465
1913–1112623192,2603,690,390

The racing year ends on 31st July, and the position as regards the last three years is better shown in the next table, which gives figures for July years. Information as to gate-money, licenses, &c., is also given. Figures for racing years prior to 1911–12 are not obtainable.

Racing Year.Number of Totalizator Licenses issued.Days.Amount invested on Totalizator by the Public.Amount of Gate-money, Licenses, &c.Amounts paid to Treasury.
As Tax on Investments.From Gate-money, Licenses, &c.
1911–121382502,898,59690,92172,4652,273
1912–131382503,538,188102,68688,4552,567
1913–141382504,188,594123,932104,7143,099

LOCAL TAXATION.

Local governing authorities have power, under various Acts of the legislature, to impose taxes for general or special purposes. These powers are fully set out in another section of this book.

The amount of revenue collected for local purposes during ten years is shown below.

Year ended 31st March.Local Revenue derived fromTotal.
General Rates.Special and Separate Rates.Licensee and other Taxes.
 ££££
1904640,475309,675100,7861,050,936
1905704,315315,116101,9471,121,878
1906817,443333,777106,9051,258,125
1907889,711343,337105,4881,338,536
1908949,139407,119110,3401,466,598
1909970,225420,473111,1951,501,893
19101,058,447467,860108,4701,634,777
19111,118,112474,489108,2341,700,835
19121,156,718521,159113,1061,790,983
19131,252,717546,582169,4681,968,767

The period comprehended in the above table was marked by exceptional activity in local enterprise, the necessary funds being provided partly out of general rates, but mainly by borrowing, interest on loans and payments to sinking funds being secured in most cases by special rates. The increase in the amount of general rates collected during the ten years 1902–3 to 1912–13 was £671,254 or 115.44 per cent., special and separate rates increased by £281,330 or 106.06 per cent., and total rates by £1,018,855 or 107.26 per cent. Licenses and other taxes show an increase for the ten years of £66.271 or 64.22 per cent.

A table is given setting out in greater detail the taxation by local authorities during the year ended 31st March, 1913.

REVENUE FROM LOCAL TAXATION, 1912–13.
 General.Special and Separate.
Local Bodies.Rates.Licenses.Other Taxes.Total.
 £s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Counties580,47115287,33114718,15312818,259141704,216166
Boroughs458,805194418,58713257,55215667,720170997,66750
Town Boards20,6391706,226103,5511189911631,411112
Road Boards74,252121117,935301,1381612,0769495,42314
River Boards8,48112112,45901      10,940130
Land Drainage Boards8,8824115,239172      14,12221
Harbour Boards30,1991411         36,1991411
City and Suburban Drainage Boards69,983404,08902      74,07242
Tramway Boards   1,59139      1,59139
Water-supply Boards   3,12264      3,12264
  Totals1,252,71712546,58119380,416151189,0511111,968,766183

INTRODUCTORY.

EARLY in the history of the settlement of New Zealand the necessity for financial assistance to open up the forest-clad, rugged country was made apparent. In the year 1856 the first Loan Act was passed by the General Assembly, and under that authority £500,000 was raised. In addition to the requirements for necessary initial public works, the opposition to settlement by the Maoris, resulting in active hostilities, compelled considerable borrowing. At the conclusion of the Maori war the work of road and railway construction was mainly carried on under the administration of Provincial Councils, who exercised control over expenditure within their respective districts, the General Government being responsible for undertakings of a national character. Under this system of divided responsibility no general and comprehensive scheme of public works could be carried out.

Up to the end of the year 1870 the General Government had borrowed £4,543,316, while the debt of the Provincial Councils amounted to £3,298,575. In that year the General Government brought forward a public works and immigration policy, by which it was proposed to raise a loan of ten millions for the construction of main trunk railways, roads, and other public works of importance to the country as a whole, as well as for the promotion of settlement on a large scale, the expenditure to be spread over a period of ten years. This policy was accepted by the Legislature, and embodied in the Immigration and Public Works Act, 1870. The necessity for local railways and other works soon caused the original proposals to be exceeded and to a far greater amount than was at first contemplated. Broadly stated, the system of opening up the lands in advance of settlement was adopted, the State retaining the ownership and control of facilities for transport and communication.

In 1892 the General Government began the repurchase of lands already alienated. The money required for this purpose has been borrowed, but the rentals obtained by the leasing of the lands are sufficient for the payment of interest and sinking fund on the amount raised. In 1894 the Advances to Settlers Act was passed, authorizing the raising of loans for advances on the security of real estate. This was followed by the Advances to Workers Act in 1906. A considerable amount has been borrowed for these purposes, but both interest and sinking funds are derived from the special revenues, and thus are not a charge upon the Consolidated Fund. In order to assist local governing bodies to obtain money at low rates of interest the General Government has borrowed over six millions. Under this scheme the advances are repaid to the State by instalments.

The money composing the debt has been borrowed on the security of the public revenues. No portion of the public estate is pledged for payment of either principal or interest.

The Minister of Finance may raise loans when authorized by Parliament so to do, by the issue of debentures, or scrip, or stock, in New Zealand or elsewhere at his discretion, and may prescribe the mode and conditions of repayment of loans, the rates of interest (not exceeding the maximum rate fixed by the authorizing Act), and the times and places of the payment of principal and interest respectively. Power is given to convert debentures or scrip into consolidated stock, and the Minister may specify the terms of conversion at the time when a loan is raised, or arrange that terms shall be subsequently agreed upon. For the purpose of paying off or renewing at maturity any debenture, scrip, or other security, new debentures or other securities may be issued and disposed of if necessary.

INDEBTEDNESS—GROSS, NET, AND PER HEAD.

The gross and net indebtedness of the General Government, the amount of sinking fund accrued, and the rate of indebtedness per head of population, for each of the past twenty years, is given in the following table :—

As at 31st MarchEstimated or Census PopulationAmount of Debentures and Stock in Circulation.Gross Indebtedness per Head of European Population.Amount of Sinking Fund accrued.Net Indebtedness.Net Indebtedness per Head of European Population.
££s.d.£££s.d.  
1895689,47540,386,96458116751,93239,635,0325799
1896703,18743,050,7806145778,89142,271,8896024
1897717,64944,366,61861165814,29443,552,32460139
1898731,71344,963,4246190881,90344,081,52160411
1899746,67346,938,00662173857,27946,080,72761144
1900758,61647,874,4526322914,37546,930,07761173
1901772,71949,591,24564371,033,49448,557,751621610
1902789,99452,966,447670111,128,81651,837,63165124
1903814,84255,899,019681201,357,73954,541,28066188
1904838,95457,522,215681141,500,68756,021,52866156
1905864,97159,912,00069541,650,71858,261,2826772
1906839,96862,191,040691771,661,51960,529,5216803
1907913,87364,179,04070472,042,06862,136,972671910
1908987,58766,453,897701761,268,36165,185,53669106
1909968,31370,938,53473521,479,22469,459,31071148
1910987,48174,890,6457516101,503,22573,387,4207464
19111,008,46881,078,122807111,754,48679,323,63678132
19121,031,50084,353,913811572,160,60382,193,31079138
19131,061,74890,060,763841652,603,64287,457,1218275
19141,089,82799,730,427911023,063,99291,689,8358428

The gross indebtedness at 31st March, 1914, includes the sum of £4,976,600 raised at the end of the year 1913–14 for redemption of debentures failing due early in 1914–15. The net indebtedness does not include this amount.

In issues of the Year-book prior to 1912, in addition to the customary deduction made for sinking funds accrued, the gross debt was further reduced for the years 1903 to 1911 by taking off the amount of Government securities in which the New Zealand Consols deposits are invested, as well as the value of the preference shares held by the Government in the Bank of New Zealand (£500,000); for the years 1908 to 1911, the cost-price of securities (£800,000) purchased for a reserve to meet any unexpected financial contingency was also similarly deducted from the gross debt. In 1912, however, the Government decided that as these items are not strictly sinking funds proper they should not be included in official statements of the Dominion's sinking funds, and they are now accordingly omitted. In order that the above table may show a proper comparison of the growth of the accrued sinking fund, the total net indebtedness, and the net indebtedness per head of population, the last three columns have been recast for the years 1903 to 1911, the figures for all the years shown being thus put on the same basis.

In regard to the investments of New Zealand Consols deposits in Government securities, it may be stated that the amounts so invested during the ten years 1904–5 to 1913–14 were as follows :—

Year ended 31st March,Amount.
 £
1905357,650
1906359,050
1907360,425
1908360,575
1909377,765
1910308,840
1911335,240
1912347,180
1913348,960
1914348,960

These sums represent the amount of the public debt held by the New Zealand Government itself for those years.

INCREASE IN PUBLIC DEBT DURING 1913–14.

The increase of the public debt during 1913–14 was £9,669,664. Of this amount, however, £4,976,600 was raised for redemptions of loans falling due early in 1914–15, so that this sum is really twice included. The table following sets out the allocation of the increase, including and excluding the redemption money referred to.

ALLOCATION OF LOANS RAISED DURING 1913–14
 (a) Including Redemption Money, £4,976,600.(b) Excluding Redemption Money, £4,976,600.

* Redeemed and not renewed.

 ££
(a.) Directly reproductive undertakings,—
Railways2,116,500979,408
Telegraphs and telephones709,497332,061
Lighthouses and harbours16,3697,661
Tourist and health resorts27,08412,676
Water-power development165,000165,000
State Fire Insurance– 2,000*– 2,600*
 £3,032,450£1,494,806
(b.) Investments,—  
Advances to Settlers1,318,981451,681
Advances to Workers1,039,985289,985
Advances to Local Authorities583,852583,852
Land for Settlements934,732358,932
Native Land Settlement413,500413,500
Opening-up Crown Lands98,12698,126
Hauraki Plains Settlement15,00015,000
Rangitaiki Drainage10,00010,000
New Zealand Consols100100
 £4,414,276£2,221,176
(c.) Indirectly productive works,—  
Roads and bridges and land improvement751,239371,281
Immigration61,28128,681
Development of goldfields and coal-mines8,8344,135
 £821,354£404,097
(d.) Unproductive,—  
Public buildings667,851312,569
Defence503,04540,528
Scenery-preservation14,00014,000
Cost of loan flotations and conversions216,688205,888
 £1,401,584£572,985
  Totals£9,669,664£4,693,064

ALLOCATION OF PUBLIC DEBT EXPENDITURE.

The purposes for which loans have been raised are generally classed under the four heads shown in the preceding table, viz. :—

  1. Directly reproductive undertakings of the State,

  2. Investments,

  3. Indirectly productive public utilities, and

  4. Unproductive.

In considering the increase of the public debt the financial year 1890–91 is generally selected as the basis of comparison, because that year marks the beginning of a period during which the functions of the State have been widely extended, most notably as regards financial assistance to settlers, workers, and local bodies, the repurchase of alienated lands, the working of coal-mines, and the establishment of State fire and accident insurance offices. In every department these new activities, as well as the old, have been directly successful, while the indirect benefits, though admittedly great, are incapable of measurement. A considerable portion of the annual interest on the debt, although paid out of the Consolidated Fund, does not fall upon the whole taxpaying community, the net revenue of the railways being sufficient to meet the interest on the money borrowed for their construction and equipment.

The increase of the gross public debt since the 31st March, 1891, amounts to £60,900,077. In dealing; with expenditure of public debt, however, the sum of £4,976,600, referred to above as having been raised in 1913–14, for redemption in 1914–15, must be excluded, the increase being thus reduced to £55,922,477. One of the largest items in the increase is £8,677,325 raised for advances to settlers, which represents investments by the Government bearing interest and lent on continually improving security, the principal being repaid by instalments. Other items which may be considered as interest-bearing investments are those under the heads “Land for settlements,” “Native-land purchases,” “Loans to local bodies,” “Lands improvement,” “N.Z. Consols,” “Advances to workers,” “Bank of N.Z. preferred shares,” and “Reserve Fund securities.”

EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC DEBT.
Up to 31st March, 1891.Since 31st March, 1891.Total to 31st March, 1914.
 £££
(a.) Directly reproductive undertakings,—
Railways14,580,00013,841,30428,421,304
Telegraphs and telephones769,0001,439,8842,208,884
Lighthouses and harbours484,000128,971612,971
Tourist and health resorts 168,995168,995
State coal-mines 225,000225,000
Development of water-power 218,920218,920
  Totals15,833,00016,023,07431,856,074
(b.) Investments,—   
Advances to Settlers 8,677,3258,677,325
Advances to Workers 2,536,9272,536,927
Advances to Local Authorities 2,568,0672,568,067
Land for Settlements 7,230,0937,230,093
Native Land Settlement 929,600929,600
Guaranteed Mining Advances 15,00015,000
Opening up Crown Lands 251,911251,911
Hauraki Plains Settlement 100,000100,000
Rangitaiki Drainage 45,00045,000
Purchase of Native lands1,546,0001,169,2172,715,217
Loans to local bodies325,0003,182,0003,507,000
Investment of New Zealand consols 475,991475,991
Bank of New Zealand preference shares 500,000500,000
Reserve Fund securities 800,000800,000
  Totals1,871,00028,481,13130,352,131
(c.) Indirectly productive,—
Roads, bridges, and land-improvement5,106,0002,969,3348,075,334
Immigration2,459,00062,8782,521,878
Development of goldfields and coalmines571,000325,992896,992
  Totals8,136,0003,358,20411,494,204
(d.) Unproductive,—   
Public buildings1,800,0004,643,5566,443,556
Maori war2,357,000 2,357,000
Defence1,638,0002,082,0113,720,011
Scenery-preservation 74,00074,000
Deficiencies in revenue, charges, and expenses of raising loans, increase by conversion, &c., provincial liabilities, and miscellaneous7,195,3501,261,5018,456,851
  Totals12,990,3508,061,06821,051,418
  Grand totals38,830,35055,923,47794,753,827

Only a portion of the expenditure of the Old Provincial Councils on railways became public debt. The estimated total expenditure on railway-construction by the Provincial and General Governments to the 31st March, 1914, was £34,980,576, which includes £1,104,281 spent by the Provincial Councils, £82,259 being for the Dunedin and Port Chalmers line.

In the table given above any unexpended balances have been allocated to those purposes for which the loans were raised or to those purposes on which the money will be most probably expended. The proportion per cent. of each class to the total debt is as follows:—

Class.Percentage of Indebtedness.
Prior to 31st March, 1891.Since 31st March, 1891.Total.
(a.) Reproductive expenditure40.7828.6533.62
(b.) Investments4.8250.9332.03
(c.) Indirectly productive expenditure20.956.0112.13
(d.) Unproductive expenditure33.4514.4122.22
  Totals100.001000.00100.00

The directly interest-earning portion amounts to 65.65 per cent. of the total debt, and is represented by assets which are of much greater value than the amount of borrowed money spent upon them, a considerable amount of surplus ordinary revenue having been expended from time to time on railways and other public services, as well as other moneys of the nature of special receipts.

The proportion of the debt allocated to directly interest-earning investments has greatly increased since 1890–91, being 79.58 per cent. of the total indebtedness incurred since that year as against 45.60 per cent before 31st March, 1891.

CHARACTER OF STOCK.

The whole of the public debt as stated in the foregoing tables comprises inscribed stocks and debentures with varying periods of currency. Treasury bills issued in anticipation of revenue have not been included in the total. The following table shows the relative increase of the different classes of securities during the past ten financial years:—

Year ended 31st March.Inscribed Stock.Debentures.Total.Treasury Hills outstanding nor previously included.
 ££££
190545,615,83914,296,16159,912,000700,000
190647,306,02914,885,01162,191,040700,000
190748,235,51415,943,52664,179,040550,000
190848,869,40517,584,49266,453,897400,000
190950,109,25720,829,27770,988,534250,000
191051,364,86823,525,77774,890,645100,000
191154,882,57026,245,55281,078,122 
191255,626,23528,727,67884,353,913 
191359,960,10530,100,65890,060,768 
191466,076,25033,654,17799,730,427 

FLOTATION OF LOANS.

Until comparatively recent years the large proportion of the productive power of the Dominion diverted to the construction of railways, roads, &c., and engaged in the preparation of land for farming necessitated the borrowing of capital from abroad; but of late the accumulation of savings, chiefly of small sums deposited in the savings-banks, has enabled the Government to raise considerable amounts from time to time locally. Australian investors greatly increased their investments in New Zealand securities during the five years ended 31st March, 1911. The following table shows the amount raised in London, Australia, and New Zealand for each of the past ten years:—

PUBLIC DEBT, WHERE RAISED.
Year ended 31st March.Inscribed Stock.Debentures.Total.
London.New Zealand.London.Australia.New Zealand.
 ££££££
190545,140,105475,7344,239,5141,209,5508,847,09759,912,000
190646,829,178476,8514,081,8142,586,4508,216,74762,191,040
190747,757,279478,2353,830,5143,087,8509,025,16264,179,040
190848,390,951478,4492,767,7143,554,70011,262,07866,453,897
190949,630,684478,5735,000,4143,869,80011,959,06370,938,534
191050,954,744410,1246,778,9144,113,98512,632,87874,890,645
191154,370,404462,1667,851,4144,213,98514,180,15381,078,122
191255,152,124474,1118,852,7504,213,98515,660,94384,353,913
191359,484,214475,8919,445,2504,213,98516,441,42390,060,763
191465,600,259475,99113,024,0504,286,80016,343,32799,730,427

The percentage of the total debt raised in each of the markets in 1903–4 and 1913–14 was,—

 1903–4.1913–14
Market.Per Cent.Per Cent
London83.5378.84
New Zealand15.0916.86
Australia1.384.30
 100.00100.00

DATES OF MATURITY OF LOANS.

A summary of the loans outstanding on 31st March, 1914, showing the amounts falling due in each financial year, is given:—

Due Date: Year ending 31st March.Amount.
 £
19159,890,865
19164,275,921
19171,885,140
19183,406,556
19191,792,915
1920769,780
1921915,500
19222,026,950
19231,220,450
19243,868,000
1925552,991
1926100,000
193029,778,302
194017,568,932
19469,659,980
1948895,000
19491,423,600
19501,106,500
19638,593,045
 £99,730,427

The amounts that have matured or will mature during the current financial year, with their due dates, areas follows:—

£Due Date.
10,80015th May, 1914.
381,50030th June, 1914.
4,584,3001st July, 1914.
266,30015th July, 1914.
250,3001st Sept., 1914.
54,70028th Nov., 1914.
70,0001st Dec., 1914.
3,528,10031st Dec., 1914.
99,5751st Jan., 1915.
3,0002nd Jan., 1915.
819,4901st Feb., Jan., 1915.
262,8001st March, Jan., 1915.
60,00031st Jan., 1915.
£9,890,865 

INTEREST.

Of the total amount of public debt outstanding at the end of March, 1914, nearly fifty-one millions bore interest at the rate of 4 per cent., nearly thirty-five millions at 3œ per cent., and nearly ten millions at 3 per cent. The following are the rates of interest payable on the whole public debt:—

Rates of Interest.Amount at each Rate.
 £
6 per cent.15,100
5 per cent.321,000
4œ per cent.173,000
4Πper cent.47,100
4 per cent.50,911,788
3Ÿ; per cent.3,667,566
3œ per cent.34,795,167
3 per cent.9,799,706
  Total£99,730,427

The total amount of interest payable to bondholders on the full amount of the public debt as quoted above is £3,812,570, which gives an average rate of £3 16s. 5d. per £100. On the total public debt outstanding on the 31st March, 1891, the average interest charge was £4 10s. 3d. per £100. During the period 1890–91 to 1912–13, therefore, the average rate is found to have declined by 13s. 10d. per £100. There was, however, an increase of 2s. 7d. per £100 in 1913–14 as compared with 1912–13.

The foregoing refers to interest payable to bondholders only, and has nothing to do with sinking-fund requirements, which are included in the whole annual charge of the public debt.

The actual payments during the past twenty years for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund are shown in the following table, together with the rate per head of population and the percentage of ordinary and territorial revenue absorbed by the public-debt charges:—

Year ended 31st March.Amounts actually paid for Interest and Sinking Fund out of the Consolidated Fund.Rate per Head of Mean Population.Percentage of Revenue absorbed by Public Debt Charges.
Public Debt.Treasury Bills.Total.
Interest.Sinking Fund.Total.Interest.
 ££££££s.d. 
18951,619,92557,9791,677,90438,9851,716,889210338.96
18961,602,93341,1831,644,11639,6591,683,77528436.96
18971,630,57741,8581,672,43537,0341,709,46928235.62
18981,668,69743,3801,712,07729,3361,741,41328134.28
18991,689,74944,6511,734,40033,0681,767,468271033.61
19001,674,61846,0731,720,69128,7031,749,39426631.07
19011,671,55246,3641,717,91627,7001,745,61625629.83
19021,722,81947,7241,770,54333,3961,803,93926229.80
19031,817,70150,46411,868,16532,8141,900,97927529.77
19041,875,37653,4081,928,78429,1791,957,96327427.89
19051,914,29654,93311,969,22924,5001,993,729261027.38
19062,006,53756,1672,062,70424,5002,087,20427727.52
19072,048,99097,3512,146,34125,7512,172,09228225.86
19082,085,01881,8422,166,86020,5592,187,41927324.15
19092,149,73991,43812,241,17717,1882,258,36527525.09
19102,282,18295,1242,377,30620,1562,307,46229025.95
19112,381,00054,1042,435,10423,3482,458,45229323.87
19122,446,493198,3882,644,88111,4592,656,340212124.02
19132,506,025202,75712,708,7828,2312,717,0132111123.15
19142,649,796221,7262,871,51216,4682,887,980213823.61

The above amounts shown as interest and sinking fund do not comprise the whole of the interest and sinking fund paid by the Government in respect of moneys raised by way of loans. Thus, for loans raised under the Land for Settlements Acts, the Government Advances to Settlers and Workers Acts, and for the purchase of the Cheviot Estate, the interest, although made a charge upon the Consolidated Fund, is recovered from the receipts derived from the leasing of the lands, or from instalments paid by borrowers. The amount of interest thus charged and recovered during last year was £716,990 (under the Land for Settlements Acts, £247,705; Advances to Settlers and Workers Acts, £370,084; Cheviot Estate, £4,433; Local Authorities. £71,228; Native Land Settlement, £20,040; and Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers Improvement, £3,500). Such interest does not become a burden upon the taxpayer, and consequently is not included in the figures upon which the rate per head of mean population is calculated.

The amount actually paid for interest and sinking fund out of the Consolidated Fund during 1913–14 was £170,967 more than that for the previous year, and the rate of charge per head of population shows an increase of 1s. 9d.

SINKING FUNDS.

From time to time in the financial history of the Dominion sinking funds have been created in respect of various loans. Some of these funds have matured and been applied to their legitimate purposes; in other cases the pressing needs of the country justified their diversion to other and comparatively more useful purposes. Of the existing funds one, attached to a loan of £15,200 borrowed under the Canterbury Loan Ordinance, 1862, now amounts to £24,840, and one, to provide for a loan of £266,300, under the New Zealand Loan Act, 1863, amounts to £264,196. The first-mentioned loan matures partly in 1915 and partly in 1916, and the last-mentioned in 1914. More recently provision was made for the repayment of loans raised for local bodies and for war and defence purposes. The whole of these funds are invested.

Another class of sinking fund may more correctly be termed an “internal reserve fund,” because the accumulations are immediately converted into capital, although kept apart in the accounts. These are funds belonging to the State Advances Office, consisting of an annual contribution out of the surplus revenue equal to 1 per cent. of the loan liabilities of the office in each financial year. On the 31st March, 1914, the following was the position of the various funds and reserves:—

Purpose.Amount accrued.
 £
Canterbury Loan Ordinance, 186224,840
New Zealand Loan Act, 1863264,196
Loans to local bodies799,601
War and defence loans192,691
Naval Defence Act, 1909173,449
State advances1,144,957
Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910464,258
 £3,063,992

The nature of the investment of the accrued sinking funds, excluding those under the State Advances Act and the Public Debt Extinction Act, is shown in the following table:—

STATEMENT of the SECURITIES in which the SINKING FUNDS of the several LOANS were invested on the 31st March, 1914.
 £s.d.
New Zealand 5-per-cent. Debentures4,67000
New Zealand 4œ-per-cent. Debentures1,70000
New Zealand 4-per-cent. Debentures12,19100
New Zealand 3Ÿ;-per-cent. Debentures7,60000
New Zealand 3œ-per-cent. Debentures3,01000
New Zealand 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock134,693210
New Zealand 3œ-per-cent. Inscribed Stock24,82363
New Zealand 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock19,80992
New Zealand Consols Act, 1908, 4 per cent.59500
New South Wales 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock4,386184
Victoria 3-per cent. Inscribed Stock1,42941
Tasmania 3-per-cent. Inscribed Stock6,645151
Queensland 4-per-cent. Inscribed Stock2,43388
Straits Settlement 3œ-per-cent. Stock4,902126
India 3œ-per-cent. Stock42,320151
Cape of Good Hope 3œ-per-cent. Stock1,50000
Bank of New Zealand Guaranteed Stock, 4 per cent.4,80000
Southern Nigeria 4-per-cent. Debentures2,70000
County of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures6000
Borough of Brunner 6-per-cent. Debentures99000
Borough of Palmerston North 4œ-per-cent. Debentures53000
Borough of Patea 4œ-per-cent. Debentures42000
Borough of Tauranga 5-per-cent. Debentures20000
Westport Harbour Board 4-per-cent. Debentures66000
Waimakariri-Ashley Water-supply Board 5-per-cent. Debentures32000
Waverley Town Board 5-per-cent. Debentures1,03000
London County and Westminster Bank Deposits at call4,25165
 288,671185
Invested with Public Trustee:—
Local Bodies Loans Act, 1908799,600120
The War and Defence Loans192,690127
Naval Defence Act, 1909173,4481311
Cash balance, 31st March, 191436472
  Total£1,454,77641

Of the total amount, £14,895 is represented by stock and debentures of the Australian States, and £51,423 by those of Straits Settlement, India, and Africa; £209,092 is invested in similar securities of the New Zealand Government; £4,210 in debentures of various local governing bodies; and £4,800 in Bank of New Zealand guaranteed stock; £4,251 is deposited in an English bank; while £1,165,740 is in the hands of the Public Trustee.

PUBLIC DEBT EXTINCTION.

A scheme making provision to repay the existing public debt, with application to future borrowings, was embodied in the Public Debt Extinction Act, 1910. This Act provides for the setting apart each year, on the certificate of the Controller and Auditor-General, out of the Consolidated Fund an amount equal to the sum which, if invested at compound interest at 4 per cent. per annum for seventy-five years, would repay the whole of the public debt as at the preceding 31st March. In this manner for every loan raised in the future an additional proportional amount will be contributed to the fund to enable such new loan to be extinguished at the expiry of seventy-five years from the date of issue.

The annual payment will be increased, (a) for every new loan, by an amount needed to extinguish it in seventy-five years; (b) in case the fund at any time fails to earn 4 per cent., by an amount which will supply the deficiency.

The fund is administered by a Board constituted under the Act, and must be invested in loans to settlers, to workers, and to local authorities. It is expressly forbidden to invest any of the moneys in New Zealand Government securities. If at any time the funds cannot be invested as above stated, the Board may purchase at or below par, and cancel, any New Zealand Government stock or debentures charged upon the consolidated revenue. In order to preserve the continuity of the fund it is provided that in the event of any stock or debentures being redeemed before the expiry of the seventy-five years there shall be paid annually out of the Consolidated Fund into the Sinking Fund Account a sum sufficient to compensate for the loss of earnings of the money so expended. There is also a provision that if the earnings of the fund should fall below 4 per cent. any deficiency must be made good out of the Consolidated Fund Account.

The most prominent features of the scheme are the mode of investment, which is intended to prevent any improper use being made of the accumulations; the provision for preserving the continuity of the fund by the adjustment of the annual contributions; and the automatic action of the fund whereby the total debt will be extinguished in seventy-five years from any date on which the liability exists.

No further payments are to be made to the Public Trustee on account of the sinking funds of the war and defence and local bodies' loans, but the accumulated capital of these funds remains invested with him as at the date of passing of the Act, the interest being paid by him to the Consolidated Fund each year.

The contributions to the fund to 31st March, 1914, amounted to £445,800, and this amount has been augmented by the sum of £18,640, consisting of interest, &c., so that at the end of the financial year the amount at credit of the fund was £464,440. The payments to the fund in each of the three years which have elapsed since the passing of the Act were £144,885, £149,343, and £151,572 respectively. The amount required to be set aside during the financial year 1914–15 is £169,404.

The sum of £153,935 was at 31st March last invested in mortgages to settlers and £117,880 to local authorities. The former amount bears interest at 5 per cent., reducible to 4œ per cent. if instalments are paid within 14 days of due date. Of the £117,880 advanced to local authorities, £99,535 bears interest at 4⅛ per cent., and £18,345 at 4œ per cent.

PRICES OF NEW ZEALAND STOCK.

The highest and lowest London prices for the New Zealand 4, 3œ, and 3 per cent. stock, taken over a range of twenty years, are quoted:—

QUOTATIONS, NEW ZEALAND STOCK.
Year.4-per-cents. (1943–63.)4-per-cents. (1929.)3œ-per-cents. (1940.)3-per-cents. (1945.)
Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.Highest.Lowest.
1894  109/78;105/38;103œ96Œ  
1895  113œ105/38;107œ10095Ÿ;91
1896  118Œ106œ110/38;101œ103œ90
1897  117112/38;111104Ÿ;10299œ
1898  116/78;108109/78;103101œ96œ
1899  116œ105œ10910299Œ94Œ
1900  113Œ109106Ÿ;103/38;98œ95Œ
1901  115/38;110Ÿ;109Ÿ;104⅛99œ93⅛
1902  113œ109109œ102⅛9793/58;
1903  110⅛105104Ÿ;99œ9688
1904  107œ104œ101œ96Ÿ;9086Œ
1905  110Œ105Œ100⅛97/58;89/78;89œ
1906  110Ÿ;104/58;102œ98/38;91Œ87Œ
1907  108Ÿ;103Œ1019889Ÿ;84
1908  109/58;105⅛10198Œ90œ85Ÿ;
1909  108/38;104Ÿ;99Ÿ;97/38;88/38;85/58;
1910  106Ÿ;1039994Œ88/38;84Ÿ;
1911  106Ÿ;102⅛98œ95Œ87/38;85
1912  10510097Ÿ;90/38;87Ÿ;79œ
191310196/38;102œ95œ91/78;87Ÿ;80Ÿ;76Œ

PUBLIC DEBT OF AUSTRALASIA.

The following figures show the public debt of each State of the Australian Commonwealth on 30th June, 1913, and of New Zealand on 31st March, 1914:—

State.Fixed Debt.Floating Debt.Total Public Debt.Amount per Head of Population.
Debentures.Inscribed Stock.

* Includes an advance of £100,000 from Queensland Government to Victorian Government.

† There was also a Commonwealth Public Debt amounting to £7,430,949, or £1 10s. 11d. per head.

 £££££s.d.
New South Wales6,634,45098,784,297750,000106,170,74758134
Victoria12,611,60743,331,2576,733,860*62,776,7244530
Queensland14,803,88937,713,7941,087,05053,604,73381134
South Australia2,654,66624,104,2123,389,00530,147,88368185
Western Australia381,00028,422,3661,473,07030,276,4369680
Tasmania1,957,3839,463,97074,61011,495,9635902
Total, Commonwealth States39,044,995241,819,89613,507,595294,472,4866165
New Zealand 33,654,17766,076,250 99,730,42791102

Each of the Australian States and New Zealand had accumulated sinking funds to set against the gross debt shown above, making in some cases an appreciable difference in the amount per head. The net indebtedness per head of population is as follows:—

 £s.d.
New South Wales5892
Victoria4454
Queensland81122
South Australia6848
Western Australia85180
Tasmania56110
  Total, Commonwealth States6025
New Zealand 8428,

New Zealand has thus a greater net liability per head of population than any of the Australian States, with the exception of Western Australia.

Chapter 25. SECTION XXVI.—LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.

FOR purposes of local government New Zealand is divided into counties and boroughs, the counties being, for administrative purposes, in some cases subdivided into road and town districts, and certain of the latter, having a population of over five hundred, possess powers independent of county control.

Counties are constituted by special Act, but two or more existing counties may, by Proclamation, be united to form one county. Boroughs are constituted by Proclamation, and must possess a population of not less than one thousand, but must not exceed in area more than nine square miles, nor must any point be distant farther than six miles from another. Any locality not exceeding two square miles in area, outside a borough, and wherein there are not less than fifty householders, may be proclaimed a town district. A road district may comprise any portion of the area of the county within which it lies, and may be created by special order of the council of such county. Harbour Boards are formed by special Act, and in some cases possess rating-powers over areas already included within counties and boroughs. Special districts, with limited powers, may be constituted for specific purposes such as river protection, drainage, water-supply, &c., within the areas wherein such services are required.

Although the boroughs, of which there were 115 on 31st March, 1913, lie geographically within the counties, yet by the law they are not considered as part of them. On the 31st March, 1913, the counties numbered 124. The number is increased from time to time as need is found by the subdivision of existing districts. In the year 1878 there were only 63 counties. There were 136 road districts (one without a Board) in existencé in March, 1913, and 56 town districts. One of these latter is the special Town District of Rotorua, the affairs of which are administered by officers of the General Government. Besides the above there were 37 river protective districts (excluding Inch-Clutha, in Bruce County, which is also a road district), 3 city and suburban drainage districts (Christchurch, Dunedin, and Auckland), 7 water-supply districts (5 without Boards), 44 land drainage districts under the Land Drainage Act (2 without Boards) and 2 tramway boards. The Harbour Boards numbered 35, excluding Coromandel, Kawhia, Tokomaru Bay, Port Robinson, Kaikoura, Fortrose, and Half-moon Bay, for which the County Councils of Coromandel, Kawhia, Waiapu, Cheviot, Kaikoura, Southland, and Stewart Island act as the Harbour Boards, also New River and Port Molyneux, for which the Invercargill Borough Council and the Clutha River Board act as Harbour Boards.

These bodies levied rates in the financial year 1912–13 to the amount of £1,799,299, of which £1,252,717 consisted of general rates, and £546,582 special and separate rates. The sum of £80,417 was raised by licenses, and £89,051 by other taxes, making £1,968,767 altogether, which sum is equivalent to £1 17s. 7d. per head of the mean European population. In the year 1911–12 the local taxation was £1 15s. 1d. per head, or 2s. 6d. less than in 1912–13.

Revenue derived from rates increased from £508,157 in 1892–93 to £1,799,299 in 1912–13. Revenue from Government has increased in the same period from £136,515 to £225,262. Receipts which cannot be classed as “revenue” were £340,538 in 1892–93, and £2,383,123 in 1912–13; but these figures vary from year to year according to circumstances, such as large operations by way of construction of works, for which money has to be specially raised.

The receipts (distinguishing revenue from other sources of income) and expenditure of the various local bodies, with the amount of rates collected, and the amount of indebtedness on account of loans for each of the past twenty years, are shown in the table following.

LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RATES, RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURE, AND LOANS, 1893–94 TO 1912–13.*
Year ended 31st March.Receipts.Expenditure.Outstanding Loans (excluding Government Loans, for which see the following Columns).Government Loans to Local Bodies.
Revenue fromReceipts not Revenue.Total Receipts.Outstanding Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act.Loans from New Zealand State Advances Office outstanding on 31st March.Net Indebtedness in February of each Year under Local Bodies' Loans Acts (including Debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, converted).
Rates.Licenses, Fees, Rents, and other Sources.Government.Total Revenue.

* The figures for the Harbour Boards (excepting Wellington, the period being for the year ended 30th September, 1912, and the Whangateaa- Omaha, Coromandel, Tokomaru Bay, Kawhia, Kaikoura, Fortrose, Half-moon Bay and Horse-shoe Bay, New River, Port Molyneaux, and Riverton Harbour Boards, the figures for which are for the year ended 31st March, 1913) included are for the calendar years ended three months previous to the financial years.

† Not including balances, deposits, or amounts paid to sinking funds and for redemption of debentures.

 £££££££££££
1894551,412547,560134,2711,233,243623,0381,856,2811,589,1246,614,8242,685 547,679
1895581,868545,629138,2281,265,725328,7981,594,5231,584,5186,685,5102,015 621,903
1896592,903581,966156,1801,331,049269,1451,600,1941,627,0796,737,5781,442 667,451
1897598,526586,599178,4481,363,573246,9191,610,4921,636,7166,793,3981,077 709,282
1898644,552608,436182,1661,435,154304,6451,739,7991,733,0166,834,361712 742,530
1899685,769642,289178,4381,506,496385,3681,891,8641,778,5746,963,254347 789,618
1900714,151695,988152,0441,562,183372,0281,934,2111,960,0737,057,350  810,192
1901734,023751,046168,7851,653,854825,0392,478,8932,250,5727,563,069  902,769
1902800,471848,983170,0411,819,495775,4322,594,9272,528,0927,839,695  1,046,645
1903846,716897,328156,2541,900,298966,0872,866,3852,867,5068,217,196  1,266,002
1904950,1501,029,550176,5192,156,2191,142,5953,298,8143,230,7128,898,910  1,401,752
19051,019,4311,088,587166,6352,274,6531,350,6313,625,2843,497,32110,018,242  1,526,353
19061,151,2191,223,138169,0102,543,3671,326,5973,869,9643,601,50610,718,051  1,580,494
19071,233,0491,386,459192,9322,812,4401,227,4734,039,9133,897,51511,616,048  1,647,273
19081,356,2571,548,479202,1863,106,9221,410,9944,517,9164,491,11312,532,334  1,691,083
19091,390,6981,710,712223,4103,324,8201,440,7464,765,5664,800,71113,303,622  1,839,017
19101,526,3171,738,410195,6243,460,3512,362,1715,822,5224,898,48214,937,685  1,925,606
19111,592,6011,941,655230,0703,764,3261,776,9585,541,2845,360,26115,727,613 404,1632,025,663
19121,677,8772,075,126223,8083,976,8112,425,2586,402,0696,074,37216,590,877 1,186,6111,948,852
19131,799,2992,306,424225,2624,330,9852,383,1236,714,1086,537,76917,483,332 1,711,7971,863,281

The indebtedness of local governing bodies on account of outstanding, loans has increased in the twenty years 1892–93 to 1912–13 from £6,203,869 to £17,483,332, exclusive of moneys borrowed from Government, which represented a further indebtedness of £3,575,078 at the end of March, 1913 (Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Act, £1,863,281, and loans from the New Zealand State Advances Office, £1,711,797).

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE, 1912–13.

A summary of receipts for the year 1912–13 is given below. The total revenue of the local bodies for the financial year was £4,330,985, and they further received a sum of £2,383,123 which could not properly be termed “revenue,” making altogether a grand total of receipts amounting to £6,714,108. The rates formed 41.55 per cent. of the revenue proper. Licenses, rents, and other sources yielded 53.25 per cent., and 5.20 per cent. was granted by the General Government.

While the revenue proper of the counties amounted to £926,875, of which those bodies raised £667,803 by way of rates, the Road Boards' revenue was only £125,897, of which £92,188 represented the result of their rating. The boroughs had the far larger revenue of £2,080,814, including £872,394 of rates, and their receipts under the heading of licenses, rents, and other sources amounted to the considerable sum of £1,171,409.

LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.— RECEIPTS, 1912–13.

Revenue fromReceipts not Revenue.Total Receipts.
Rates.Licenses, Rents, &c.Government.County.
 ££££££
Counties667,80389,127169,945 451,2411,378,116
Boroughs872,3941,171,40937,011 1,264,3063,345,120
Town Boards26,86613,2522,939 44,04987,106
Road Boards92,18812,92115,3665,42385,632211,530
River Boards10,9416,103  7,63024,674
Land Drainage Boards14,1221,038  12,30027,460
Water-supply Boards3,1223,058  8417,021
Tramway Boards1,591137,591  7,392146,574
City and Suburban Drainage Boards74,0725,593  159,974239,639
Harbour Boards36,200860,910  349,7581,246,868
  Totals1,799,2992,301,002225,2615,4232,383,1236,714,108

The receipts from Government are shown under various heads in the next table, which also gives the specification of loans under Loans to Local Bodies Acts, and from the State Advances Office, as well as special grants, which are here included with “Receipts not Revenue.”

LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—RECEIPTS FROM GOVERNMENT, 1912–13
 Counties.Boroughs.Town Boards.Road Boards.River Boards (excluding Inch-Clutha, also Road Board).Land Drainage Boards.Harbour Boards.City and Suburban Drainage Boards.Totals.
£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.£s.d.
Rates on Crown and Native lands25086273290136090    368142
One-third receipts from land sold on deferred payment and from perpetual lease38,387663241210282,170140    40,89244
One-fourth of rents from small grazing-runs2,966106  219410    3,185154
Timber and flax royalties13,958107106 35319    14,318133
Goldfields revenue and gold duty19,829179,370132 8198    29,208145
Subsidies on rates93,4528522,7801682,79612512,436119    131,46693
Fees and fines5414591317810892403    1,489111
Other receipts5601103,587283191152134    4,331611
Total Revenue Account169,9452937,011502,9396515,365147    225,26189
Loans from Government under Loans to Local Bodies Acts and from New Zealand State Advances Office210,32156211,86514022,5788643,368186997007,7016738,00000 534,832131
Grants for special works, &c.188,01816410,4571361,249131020,6811762,5111352,8291777150018400226,648122
 Total receipts from Government568,28547259,33412626,7678979,4161073,50813510,5314238,7150018400986,742140

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES RAISED WITHIN AND WITHOUT NEW ZEALAND.

TABLE showing the Amount of Indebtedness of Counties, Boroughs, Town, Road, River, Land Drainage, City and Suburban Drainage, Water-supply, and Tramway Boards, as on the 31st March, 1913, and of Harbour Boards as on the 31st December, 1912, classified according to the Rates of Interest paid, distinguishing Loans raised in New Zealand from those raised elsewhere. (See note.)

Local Bodies.Under 4 per Cent.4 per Cent.4Œ per Cent.4/38; per Cent.4œ per Cent.4Ÿ; per Cent.5 per Cent.5œ per Cent.5Ÿ; per Cent.6 per Cent.7 per Cent.Total.Loans from New Zealand State Advances Office.*Totals, all Loans.

* Amount outstanding on 31st March, 1913.

† Not including loans, amounting to £1,863,281, repayable by instalments, under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Acts.

‡ Boroughs—£25,000 on which no interest is paid, £20,766 at 3œ per cent. Harbour Boards—£60,000 at 3Ÿ; per cent.

Loans raised in New Zealand.
 ££££££££££££££
Counties 68,050  21,323 31,538  1,000 121,911483,442605,353
Boroughs45,7661,708,890286,53037,0002,592,324135,200592,66616,8643,000146,0152,0005,566,255897,7696,464,024
Town Boards    47,1002,50033,520  700 83,82073,067156,887
Road Boards 15,4005,000 7,400 10,840    38,640148,784187,424
River Boards 3,200  18,000 650  5,500 27,3502,68830,038
Land Drainage Boards      8,0501,520   9,57045,66455,234
City and Suburban Drainage Boards 50,00082,100 362,300      494,400192494,592
Water-supply Boards    13,000      13,000 13,000
Tramway Boards  443,400 142,800 7,000    593,200 593,200
Harbour Boards60,0001,415,8001,004,600 532,800 173,100  336 3,186,63660,1913,246,827
 Total raised in New Zealand105,7663,261,3401,821,63037,0003,737,047137,700857,36418,3843,000153,5512,00010,134,7821,711,79711,846,579
Loans raised outside New Zealand.
Boroughs 1,543,500302,900 651,60011,250438,30035,000 535,400 3,517,950 3,517,950
City and Suburban Drainage Boards 300,000  145,600    200,000 645,600 645,600
Harbour Boards 300,0007,900 535,000 1,982,5002,800 356,800 3,185,000 3,185,000
 Total raised outside New Zealand 2,143,500310,800 1,332,20011,2502,420,80037,800 1,092,200 7,348,550 7,348,550
Total Loans raised.
Counties 68,050  21,323 31,538  1,000 121,911483,442605,353
Boroughs45,7663,252,390589,43037,0003,243,924146,4501,030,96651,8643,000681,4152,0009,084,205897,7699,981,974
Town Boards    47,1002,50033,520  700 83,82073,067156,887
Road Boards 15,4005,000 7,400 10,840    38,640148,784187,424
River Boards 3,200  18,000 650  5,500 27,3502,68830,038
Land Drainage Boards      8,0501,520   9,57045,66455,234
City and Suburban Drainage Boards 350,00082,100 507,900    200,000 1,140,0001921,140,192
Tramway Boards    13,000      13,000 13,000
Water-supply Boards  443,400 142,800 7,000    593,200 593,200
Harbour Boards60,0001,715,8001,012,500 1,067,800 2,155,6002,800 357,136 6,371,63660,1916,431,827
 Total loans raised105,7665,404,8402,132,43037,0005,069,247148,9503,278,16456,1843,0001,245,7512,00017,483,3321,711,79719,195,129

The expenditure of the various classes of local governing bodies during 1912–13 is also shown.

LOCAL GOVERNING BODIES.—EXPENDITURE, 1912–13.
Public Works.Hospitals and Charitable Aid.Management.Interest on Loans and Overdraft.Other.Total.

* Included in Public Works.

 ££££££
Counties1,083,54681,943115,28395,44131,3111,407,524
Boroughs2,384,75757,816144,722440,78364,0193,092,097
Town Boards83,3241,7877,6535,4211,57999,764
Road Boards209,9166,91120,15810,6353,863251,483
River Boards19,063 3,3984,19227,264
Land Drainage Boards27,017 2,7595,16628435,226
Water-supply Boards4,542 1,8821,332 7,756
Tramway Boards96,173 *27,811 123,984
City and Suburban Drainage Boards215,904 9,39123,2931,577250,165
Harbour Boards724,898 32,301286,969198,3381,242,506
  Totals4,849,140148,457337,547901,462301,1636,537,769

The expenditure of the local bodies amounted to £6,537,769, as shown above. In the counties the cost of management, including salaries, travelling-expenses, rent, printing and advertising, collection of rates or tolls, legal expenses, and sundries, was £115,283. The Borough Councils expended in the same way £144,722, and the Road Boards £20,158.

The percentages borne by the cost of management to the total receipts and total expenditure of counties, boroughs, and road districts were,—

Cost of Management per Cent. ofTotal Receipts.Total Expenditure.
Counties8.378.19
Boroughs4.334.68
Road Boards9.538.02

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES.

In a table on the next page will be found a summary of the amounts raised by loan, classified according to the rates of interest paid, distinguishing loans raised in New Zealand from those raised abroad. It will be noticed that the amount raised abroad (£7,348,550) is now considerably less than that raised in New Zealand (£11,846,579). Figures for twenty consecutive years given in a table further on show that the operations have been such as to leave the total outside indebtedness somewhat less in March, 1913, than it was in 1911, while on the other hand the inside indebtedness has increased steadily. The lowest rate of interest paid in 1913 was 3œ per cent., but the large sum of £3.278,164 was raised at per cent., and £1,245,751 at 6 per cent., while £2,000 bears interest as high as 7 per cent.

LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES RAISED WITHIN AND WITHOUT NEW ZEALAND.

TABLE showing the Amount of Indebtedness of Counties, Boroughs, Town, Road, River, Land Drainage, City and Suburban Drainage, Water-supply, and Tramway Boards, as on the 31st March, 1913, and of Harbour Boards as on the 31st December, 1912, classified according to the Rates of Interest paid, distinguishing Loans raised in New Zealand from those raised elsewhere. (See note.)

Local Bodies.Under 4 per Cent.4 per Cent.4Œ per Cent.4/38; per Cent.4œ per Cent.4Ÿ; per Cent.5 per Cent.5œ per Cent.5Ÿ; per Cent.6 per Cent.7 per Cent.Total.Loans from New Zealand State Advances Office.*Totals, all Loans.

* Amount outstanding on 31st March, 1913.

† Not including loans, amounting to £1,863,281, repayable by instalments, under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, the Government Loans to Local Bodies Act, and the Loans to Local Bodies Acts.

‡ Boroughs—£25,000 on which no interest is paid, £20,766 at 3/13; per cent. Harbour Boards—£60,000 at 3/34; per cent.

Loans raised in New Zealand.
 ££££££££££££££
Counties 68,050  21,323 31,538  1,000 121,911483,442605,353
Boroughs45,7661,708,890286,53037,0002,592,324135,200592,66616,8643,000146,0152,0005,566,255897,7696,464,024
Town Boards    47,1002,50033,520  700 83,82073,067156,887
Road Boards 15,4005,000 7,400 10,840    38,640148,784187,424
River Boards 3,200  18,000 650  5,500 27,3502,68830,038
Land Drainage Boards      8,0501,520   9,57045,66455,234
City and Suburban Drainage Boards 50,00082,100 362,300      494,400192494,592
Water-supply Boards    13,000      13,000 13,000
Tramway Boards  443,400 142,800 7,000    593,200 593,200
Harbour Boards60,0001,415,8001,004,600 532,800 173,100  336 3,186,63660,1913,246,827
 Total raised in New Zealand105,7663,261,3401,821,63037,0003,737,047137,700857,36418,3843,000153,5512,00010,134,7821,711,79711,846,579
Loans raised outside New Zealand.
Boroughs 1,543,500302,900 651,60011,250438,30035,000 535,400 3,517,950 3,517,950
City and Suburban Drainage Boards 300,000  145,600    200,000 645,600 645,600
Harbour Boards 300,0007,900 535,000 1,982,5002,800 356,800 3,185,000 3,185,000
 Total raised outside New Zealand 2,143,500310,800 1,332,20011,2502,420,80037,800 1,092,200 7,348,550 7,348,550
Total Loans raised.
Counties 68,050  21,323 31,538  1,000 121,911483,442605,353
Boroughs45,7663,252,390589,43037,0003,243,924146,4501,030,96651,8643,000681,4152,0009,084,205807,7699,981,974
Town Boards    47,1002,50033,520  700 83,82073,067156,887
Road Boards 15,4005,000 7,400 10,840    38,640148,784187,424
River Boards 3,200  18,000 650  5,500 27,3502,68830,038
Land Drainage Boards      8,0501,520   9,57045,66455,234
City and Suburban Drainage Boards 350,00082,100 507,900    200,000 1,140,0001921,140,192
Tramway Boards    13,000      13,000 13,000
Water-supply Boards  443,400 142,800 7,000    593,200 593,200
Harbour Boards60,0001,715,8001,012,500 1,067,800 2,155,6002,800 357,136 6,371,63660,1916,431,827
 Total loans raised105,7665,404,8402,132,43037,0005,069,247148,9503,278,16456,1843,0001,245,7512,00017,483,3321,711,79719,195,129
LOANS OF LOCAL BODIES, MARCH, 1913.—NET INDEBTEDNESS AND ANNUAL CHARGE.
(a) Debentures and Stock in Circulation.(b.) Loans from State Advances Office.Total Net Indebtedness, (a) and (b).Total Annual Charge, (a) and (b).
Amount borrowed.Sinking Fund accrued.Net Indebtedness.Annual Charge (excluding Exchange and Commission.)Amount borrowed.Net Indebtedness on 31st March, 1913.Annual Charge (Instalments of Principal and Interest).
Interest.Sinking Fund.Total.

* Repayable by annual instalments of £116,728, representing 4œ per cent. per annum on £1,161,579, 4 per cent. per annum on £104 444, and 3œ per cent. per annum on £1,722,285, the amount inscribed to 1st February, 1913. Repayments on the amount inscribed (£2,988,298, including £89,878 debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, exchanged) would be £3,964,233. The actual repayments to date are £1,462,522, leaving £2,501,712 to be paid by way of interest and sinking fund, on a present indebtedness of £1,863,281.

 £££££££££££
Counties121,9116,306115,6055,3286886,016490,075483,44224,135599,04730,151
Boroughs9,084,205726,2418,357,964405,25365,462470,715914,995897,76944,7639,255,733515,478
Town Boards83,8202,07981,7413,8584344,29273,98073,0673,630154,8087,922
Road Boards38,6401,68536,9551,7033172,020151,445148,7847,433185,7399,453
River Boards27,3506,72620,6241,3005641,8642,7302,68813523,3121,999
Land Drainage Boards9,570149,55649320770046,75545,6642,28455,2202,984
City and Suburban Drainage Boards1,140,000108,8431,031,15752,3464,63156,977195192101,031,34956,987
Tramway Boards593,20017,702575,49825,6213,17628,797   575,49828,797
Water-supply Boards13,00033512,665585130715   12,665715
Harbour Boards6,371,636730,4755,641,161291,34038,917330,25760,75060,1913,0035,701,352333,260
  Totals17,483,3321,600,40615,882,926787,827114,526902,3531,740,9251,711,79785,39317,594,723987,746
Inscribed debt of Local Bodies under the Loans to Local Bodies Acts (including inscribed stock exchanged for debentures under the Roads and Bridges Construction Act, 18821,863,281* 1,863,281*  116,728   1,863,281116,728
  Totals19,346,6131,600,40617,746,207787,827114,5261,019,0811,740,9251,711,79785,39319,458,0041,104,474
INDEBTEDNESS AND INTEREST CHARGE OF LOCAL BODIES, EXCLUDING LOANS UNDER THE ROADS AND BRIDGES CONSTRUCTION ACT AND THE LOANS TO LOCAL BODIES ACTS, £1,863,281, AND LOANS FROM STATE ADVANCES OFFICE, £1,711,797.
Year ended 31st March.Indebtedness.Interest.Average Rate.Year ended 31st March.Indebtedness.Interest.Average Rate.
 £££ £££
18946,614,824357,1355.4019048,898,910439,8794.94
18956,685,510358,2925.36190510,018,242487,1454.86
18966,737,578361,3065.36190610,718,051515,1884.81
18976,793,398363.3525.35190711,616,048548,3874.72
18986,834,361363,5695.32190812,532,334587,5644.69
18996,963,254363,9155.23190913,303,622616,3304.63
19007,057,350367,0195.20191014,937,685684,6304.58
19017,563,069385,9595.10191115,727,613715,2894.55
19027,839,695396,4605.06191216,590,877748,8054.51
19038,217,196409,2384.91191317,483,332787,8274.51
GROSS LOAN INDEBTEDNESS OF LOCAL BODIES.
Year ended 31st Mar.Raised in New Zealand.Raised Abroad.Borrowed from Government.Total.
 ££££
18941,198,7745,416,050550,3647,165,188
18951,261,9605,423,550623,9187,309,428
18961,276,5035,461,075668,8937,406,471
18971,336,6985,456,700710,3597,503,757
18981,343,1615,491,200743,2427,577,603
18991,478,1545,485,100789,9657,753,219
19001,579,0505,478,300810,1927,867,542
19012,052,2695,510,800902,7698,465,838
19022,287,5955,552,1001,046,6458,886,340
19032,880,5965,336,6001,266,0029,483,198
19043,369,4105,529,5001,401,75210,300,662
19053,479,6425,638,6001,526,35310,644,595
19065,250,5515,467,5001,580,49412,298,545
19076,145,5485,470,5001,647,27313,263,321
19087,246,8345,285,5001,691,08314,223,417
19097,785,9225,517,7001,839,01715,142,639
19107,967,3856,970,3001,925,60616,863,291
19118,254,3137,473,3001,429,82617,157,439
19129,574,5277,016,3503,135,46319,726,340
191310,134,7827,348,5503,575,07821,058,410

From the above tables it will be seen that, excluding loans from the General Government, the total amount owing on the 31st March, 1913, was £17,483,332. But, against this, accrued sinking funds to the value of £1,600,406 were held, leaving a net debt of £15,882,926, exclusive of moneys borrowed from the General Government and repayable by annual instalments.

The total annual charge (excluding exchange and commission) stood at £902,353 of which £787,827 was for interest, and the remainder, £114,526, contributions to sinking fund accounts.

Of the total net indebtedness in 1912–13 other than to the State the debt of the Borough Councils, £8,357,964, formed the largest item, while the Harbour Boards owed £5,641,161.

On referring to the comparative table on the previous page, a great advance in the outstanding loans of local governing bodies will be noticed. Between 1902–3 and 1912–13 the gross indebtedness increased from £9,483,198 to £21,058,410, an addition of £11,575,212, or 122 per cent. during the ten years. During the same period the population advanced at the rate of 30 per cent., while the value of land and improvements increased from £154,816,132 on 31st March, 1902, to £340,559,728 on 31st March, 1913, or at the rate of 120 per cent. in the eleven years.

The aggregate interest-charge for the year under review was £787,827, and £348,083 of this was payable on loans raised outside the Dominion. The average rate of interest payable to bondholders was £4 10s. 2d. per cent. These figures do not include interest payable on loans from Government.

EXPENDITURE OUT OF LOANS.

The table following gives, n respect of boroughs only, the expenditure out of loan-money during the past ten years, classified under various heads.

EXPENDITURE OUT OF LOANS.—BOROUGHS ONLY, 1903–4 TO 1912–13.
Year ended 31st March.Streets, Footways, and Bridges.Drainage and Sanitation.Waterworks.Tramways.Abattoirs, Slaughter houses and Pounds.Lighting and Power Services.Other Public Works.Management, Interest, and Sundries.Total.
 £££££££££
1904113,35139,020112,213254,37225,63112,81933,12712,329602,862
190587,13965,998144,178208,68411,46229,97247,26916,403611,165
190643,82668,04076,935122,0904,65576,70439,15313,361444,764
190763,79074,651210,567118,6966,135122,23639,71915,338651,132
190891,68859,921165,664137,18814,505244,12644,24325,957783,292
1909111,295111,336150,59243,33623,671139,50216,68617,849614,267
191087,819129,994160,6628115,120106,45244,78610,098555,012
1911113,216132,037143,71752,1951,922139,40953,15322,841658,490
1912149,057206,393246,485114,6533,626137,59998,17614,651970,640
1913182,251205,373169,44761,22415,596134,873103,98516,433889,182

THE LOCAL BODIES' LOANS ACTS.

The Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913 (a consolidation of previous enactments), empowers local authorities to raise special loans for and in connection with the construction of public works or the establishment or purchase of any business which they may legally undertake. The consent of the ratepayers must first be obtained by means of a poll, and a majority of three-fifths of the total number of valid votes recorded is required to carry the proposal, except in the case of a borough or town district, where a bare majority will suffice.

A poll need not, however, be taken in the case of a loan raised for repayment of overdraft or other liabilities lawfully incurred for any purpose for which a special loan may be raised; for redemption, conversion or consolidation of existing loans; for undertakings authorized by special Acts; or where at least three-fourths of the ratepayers (representing more than half the capital value of property) of any district containing not more than one hundred ratepayers consent in writing to the proposal. As security for repayment of principal and interest a local authority may pledge all or any of its property, revenues or funds, excepting Government grants, and must levy an annually recurring special rate to provide for interest or interest and sinking fund. In certain cases the annual charge may be paid out of the general fund.

Where a loan is raised for the benefit of any particular portion or legal subdivision of a local district, the special rate may be levied on the rateable property within such portion or subdivision only.

Loans are raised by issue of debentures bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 5œ per cent. per annum, the debentures to be in form as set out in a schedule to the Act.

Special provision is made for borrowing by local authorities of mining districts. Loans may be raised for public works within a mining district, and a special rate on all mining privileges not already rateable must be levied as security for the annual charge. Goldfield revenue may be pledged as collateral security.

The Local Bodies' Loans Amendment Act, 1912, made provisions dealing with the merger of rating areas over which a rate has been made as security for a loan in the district of a local authority other than the local authority that made the rate. This amendment is now incorporated in the main act, by the consolidation of 1913.

In order that local authorities might share the advantages possessed by the State in borrowing money at a low rate of interest, provision was made under the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, by which the Advances Board was empowered, on application being made, to grant loans on debentures issued by local authorities for the purposes already stated, for a period not exceeding fifty years, principal and interest to be repaid by equal half-yearly instalments. It was originally provided that the sum so raised should bear interest at such rate (not exceeding 4œ per cent. per annum) as the Minister of Finance might prescribe. Section 68 of the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913, however, fixes the rate of interest at 4œ per cent. per annum or ⅛d. per cent. more than the rate at which the money was actually raised by the Government, whichever is the greater.

The Board must be satisfied that the local authority is duly empowered by statute to raise the loan, and has taken all statutory and other proceedings necessary for that purpose; also that, irrespective of any other security, there is the security of a special rate sufficient to meet 10 per cent. more than the periodical repayments as they fall due.

Prior to taking the necessary formal steps to raise a loan the local body may make preliminary application to the Board in order to ascertain if the amount would be granted and if the terms proposed are suitable, and the Board may approve or reject such application or propose other terms at its discretion. A provisional approval shall not constitute an agreement on the part of the Board to grant any loan nor affect its right to impose any conditions on the grant. Such provisional approval lapses unless an application for the loan so approved is made within six months of the date of approval.

Section 6 of the New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Amendment Act, 1912, provided that the Superintendent may not advance moneys to local authorities except for the following purposes: (a) The construction of a road or street, including channelling; (b) the construction of a bridge; (c) the construction of water-works for the supply of water within a district; (d) the construction of drainage-works or irrigation-works; and (e) the construction of sanitary works.

Section 8 limited to £60,000 the amount that may be advanced to a local authority within a period of three years. Section 9 provided for the setting-apart in each of the ten years next following the passing of the Act of an amount not exceeding £250,000 to be advanced to local authorities for the construction of roads and bridges in outlying districts. In each of the first ten years of a loan granted out of money so set aside the Minister of Finance is to pay to the Superintendent of the State Advances Department an amount equal to 1 per cent. of the loan, and in each of the succeeding ten years an amount equal to œ per cent. of the loan. The amounts so paid by the Minister are to be deducted from the amounts from time to time payable by the local authority in respect of instalments of principal and interest.

As indicated above, the law relating to loans of local bodies is now consolidated in the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913. The portion of the State-guaranteed Advances Act, 1909, and its amendments, dealing with State advances to local bodies is retained with certain alterations, and Part IV of the new Act contains provision for the raising of loans by the local bodies themselves under State guarantee. Where State guarantee to a loan is given payment of interest and repayment of principal must be made out of the Consolidated Fund in case of default by the local body.

MUNICIPAL FRANCHISE.

The Municipal Corporations Act, 1908, and the Municipal Corporations Amendment Act, 1910, deal with the franchise in the case of boroughs, and provides that, in addition to the persons who are already entitled to be enrolled, every person shall be so entitled who possesses the freehold or residential qualifications stated in the Act.

The possession of the freehold qualification is defined as being the beneficial and duly registered owner of a freehold estate in land of the capital value of not less than £25, situated in the borough, notwithstanding that any other person is the occupier thereof, or part thereof, under any tenancy.

A rating qualification may be possessed by any person whose name appears for the time being as the occupier of any rateable property within the borough.

Every person is deemed to possess a residential qualification within a borough if he has resided for one year in New Zealand, and has resided in the borough or in the ward of a divided borough during the three months then last past, and is a British subject, either by birth or naturalization in New Zealand, or has been for at least three months last past a residential occupant within such borough as a tenant of a tenement the rental of which is not less than £10 per annum, or as a subtenant or joint tenant of a tenement the rental of which is at the rate of not less than £10 per year for each of the several subtenants or joint tenants.

No person may be entered in the burgess lists in respect of more qualifications than one; but any person who has more than one qualification may select the one in respect of which he wishes to be entered.

In the case of husband and wife, any qualification possessed by one of them is deemed to be possessed by each.

No person enrolled on a burgess roll has more than one vote, and no person enrolled by virtue of the residential qualification can vote on any proposal relating to loans or rates.

LOCAL AUTHORITIES SUPERANNUATION FUNDS.

An Act of the General Assembly, passed in 1908, authorizes any local authority to establish a superannuation fund for the benefit of its employees. Two or more bodies, whether of the same or different descriptions, may unite for this purpose. The Act prescribes the method by which the fund may be established, scale of contributions and the computation of retiring-allowances. The solvency of every fund must be guaranteed by the local authority or authorities establishing the same, and the funds are to be vested in the Public Trustee. Statements of accounts and membership must be submitted to Parliament annually, and an actuarial examination of the fund made every third year of its existence. Subject to regulations made by Order in Council, every fund shall be administered by the local authority by which it is established.

Fuller information is given in the section of this book dealing with Pensions, Superannuation Funds, &c.

SUBSIDIES TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

By annual appropriation of Parliament a subsidy is paid out of the Consolidated Fund to the local authority of each county, road district, and town district in respect of the general rates (exclusive of rates payable by Natives) levied for the year ending on the 31st March, and actually collected on or before the 30th June ensuing next after the expiry of that year. Subsidies are similarly paid to Borough Councils under the authority of the Municipal Corporations Act.

Upon application, any local authority may be granted an advance of 75 per cent. of the subsidy payable on the amount of rates collectible for the year then current.

Where any local authority has adopted the system of rating on the capital value or the unimproved value, no subsidy shall be paid on any amount collected which exceeds the product of a rate of Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value of rateable property. If the rate is levied on the annual value, no subsidy shall be paid on any amount exceeding that produced by a rate of 1s. in the pound.

The rates of subsidy are as shown hereunder, in respect of general rates collected.

Boroughs.
Not exceeding £7505s. in the pound.
Exceeding £7502s. 6d. in the pound.

In the latter case no lesser sum than £187 10s. nor greater sum than £450 shall be payable in any one year.

No subsidy is paid on any part of general rates expended by Borough Councils in contributing to the funds of any other local authority not receiving subsidy.

Counties and Road Districts.

Counties wherein there are no road districts—

Not exceeding £1,00010s. in the pound.
Exceeding £1,0005s. in the pound.

Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £500 nor greater sum than £2,500 shall be paid in any one year.

Counties wherein there are road districts—

Not exceeding £50010s. in the pound.
Exceeding £5005s. in the pound.

Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £250 nor greater sum than £500 shall be paid in any one year.

If the Counties Act is not in full force within a county, this subsidy is paid to the Board of each road district; if the Act is in full force, then the subsidy is paid to each Road Board and to the County Council in equal parts. If any road district does not collect rates the county, if it collects rates within such district, may claim the subsidy on its behalf.

Subsidy is paid to a County Council on general rates collected on such portions of the county as lie outside of road or town districts—

Not exceeding £50010s. in the pound.
Exceeding £5005s. in the pound.

Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £250 nor greater sum than £500 shall be paid in any one year.

No greater sum in all than £2,500 shall be paid in any year in respect of any county and its road districts.

Town Districts.
When the general rates collected do not exceed £7505s. in the pound.
When the general rates collected exceed £7502s. 6d. in the pound.

Provided in the latter case no lesser sum than £187 10s. nor greater sum than £450 shall be paid in any one year.

RATING-POWERS OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

System of Rating.

The system of rating is upon the basis that 1s. in the pound on the annual value is deemed to be equivalent to Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value of any rateable property, or that the annual value of any rateable property is equal to 6 per cent. on the capital value of such property. Rating on the unimproved value must be so adjusted as to equal as nearly as may be, but not to exceed, in producing-capacity, the limit of rating-power on the capital or annual value, as the case may be.

The system of rating on the unimproved value formerly did not apply to water rates, gas rates, electric-light rates, sewage rates, or hospital and charitable-aid rates, which could be levied on the annual or capital value only, but by the Rating Amendment Act, 1911, it is provided that the system shall apply to these rates. This provision is not to be retrospective, but a poll in any district where the system was previously in force is, on petition, to be taken on the proposal that it shall apply to them.

Section 29 of the Rating Amendment Act, 1910, provides that when the union of two or more boroughs takes place the rating system in force in the borough having the largest population shall be observed throughout the united borough.

Rateable Value.

The annual value is deemed to be the letting-value less 20 per cent. in case of houses, buildings, and other perishable property, and 10 per cent. of land, but in no case less than 5 per cent. of the value of the fee-simple. The capital value is deemed to be the selling-value of the land, including improvements, at the time of valuation. The unimproved value is deemed to be the selling-value of the land at the time of valuation, excluding the value of any existing improvements.

MAXIMUM RATING-POWER.Boroughs.

General Rate.—Two shillings in the pound on the annual or 1œd. in the pound on the capital value of all rateable property, or its equivalent on the unimproved value. In divided boroughs the rate levied may vary in different wards, but must not in any case exceed the above limit.

Separate Rates for Special Works.—Three-farthings in the pound in any one year on the capital, or 1s. in the pound on the annual, or its equivalent on the unimproved, value of the rateable property.

Water-supply.—Ordinary supply 10s. per annum where the annual value does not exceed £12 10s., 7 per cent. on the first £100 in excess of £12 10s., 6 per cent. on the second £100 of such value, 5 per cent. on the third £100, and 4 per cent. on so much of such value as exceeds £300. Half-rates on stores or warehouses, and all land and buildings to which water can be but is not supplied, situate within 100 yards from any part of the waterworks. The rate or charge for extraordinary supply may be fixed by the Council. Where rating on unimproved value in respect of water-supply is in force, the charge must not exceed the equivalent of 1d. in the pound on the capital value.

Lighting Streets and Public Buildings.—Sixpence in the pound on the annual value.

Sanitation.—Sixpence in the pound on the annual value, or a uniform annual fee may be levied in lieu of a rate, provided the total proceeds of such fee shall not exceed the proceeds of such rate.

Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value.

Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the borough may be liable.

Harbour.—Any Council appointed a Harbour Board may, for the purpose of constructing or maintaining harbour-works, levy a rate not to exceed in any one year /38;d. in the pound on the capital value.

Special rates for the purpose of producing interest, or interest and sinking-fund, upon any special loan are not limited by statute. Such special rate shall be made a continuing rate for a period of years equal to the currency of a loan. With certain exceptions, no special loan may be raised without the consent of a majority of the ratepayers affected.

Counties.

General Rate.—In counties where there are no road or town districts 3d. in the pound, or where there are road or town districts 3d. in the pound in outlying districts, and in all other parts of the county 1œd. in the pound on the capital value of rateable property, or its equivalent on the unimproved or annual value.

Separate Rates within any Riding of the County or within such Portion of the County as is defined in a Special Order.—The total amount of general and separate rates together must not exceed the amount of the maximum general rate.

Special Works Rates.— Three-farthings in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent as aforesaid.

Sanitation.—One halfpenny in the pound on the capital value, or a uniform annual charge the total proceeds of which must not exceed the total product of such rate.

Water-supply.—A County Council undertaking the supply of water for purposes of irrigation or domestic use has power to levy special rates for payment of interest on and repayment of money borrowed for such purpose, and such rates may be levied either on a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands. A fixed charge may be made for water supplied, and such charge may be estimated to cover interest and sinking fund on loans.

Drainage.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent over the whole or any part of the county, to secure interest and repayment of money borrowed.

Harbour.—A Council exercising the powers of a Harbour Board may levy special rates for the construction and maintenance of harbour-works, such rate not to exceed in any one year ⅜d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent.

Bridge Rate, for Reconstruction of Bridges.—One farthing in the pound on the capital value of all rateable property in the whole or any part of the county.

Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value or its equivalent in cases where the library is managed by the Council.

Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the county may be liable.

Special rates to provide interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans are not limited by statute as to amount.

Road Boards.

General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent on the unimproved value, or 2s. in the pound on the annual value, as the case may be. In the event of a receiver being appointed, the power is extended by ⅜d. in the pound if the Counties Act is suspended, or 3/16d. in the pound if the Act be in force, upon the capital value.

Separate Rates (in Subdivided Road Districts).—May be levied over any or every subdivision of the district, but must not, together with the general rate, exceed the limit of œd. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent.

Special Rates for Particular Works.—Three-farthings in the pound on the capital value over the whole or any portion of the district.

Water-supply for Domestic Use.—According to the scale prescribed by the Municipal Corporations Act for boroughs. This applies only to certain Road Boards specially authorized.

Irrigation.—Where the Counties Act is not in operation or suspended, two or more adjoining road districts may amalgamate for the purpose of forming a water-supply district with the full rating-powers of such districts. Any Road Board which had constructed water - races or irrigation-works prior to 1891 may continue to exercise in this respect the same rating-powers as a County Council.

Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value or its equivalent. Only where the public library is managed by the Road Board.

Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the Board may be liable.

Harbour. —Should a Road Board be declared a Harbour Board it may, by consent of the ratepayers, levy a special rate for the construction or maintenance of harbour-works, such rate not to exceed in any one year ⅜d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent.

Special rates to provide interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans are not limited by statute as to amount.

Town Boards.

General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value, or its equivalent on the unimproved value, or 2s. in the pound on the annual value.

Separate Rate.—For special works in any particular portion of the district, not to exceed 1s. in the pound on the annual value, or its equivalent, in any such portion.

Library.—One penny in the pound on the annual value or its equivalent. Only where the public library is managed by the Town Board.

Hospital and Charitable Aid.—A rate sufficient to produce the amount of the contribution for which the Board may be liable.

Special rates for interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans may be levied in the same manner as for boroughs.

Harbour Boards.

For any purpose connected with a harbour, or for interest, or interest and sinking fund, on loans, a rate not to exceed Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value, or its equivalent on the annual or unimproved value.

Water-supply Boards.

Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—for payment of interest and to provide for the redemption of loans, may be levied either upon a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands. A fixed charge, estimated to cover interest and sinking fund on loans, may be made for water supplied.

Drainage or Irrigation Boards.

General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent, leviable either on a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands in the district.

Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—may be levied to secure the interest and provide a fund for the repayment of loans.

River Boards.

General Rate.—Three-halfpence in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent, leviable either on a uniform scale or graduated according to the classification of lands in the district.

Separate rates shall not, together with the general rates levied, exceed the amount limited in respect to general rates.

Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—may be levied to secure the interest and provide a fund for the repayment of loans.

Rabbit Boards.

General Rate.—Three-sixteenths of a penny in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent of all rateable property within the rabbit district, the proceeds of such rate to be expended in the destruction of rabbits.

Rabbit-proof Fencing Boards.

General Rate.—One farthing in the pound on the capital value of all rateable property in the district under the control of the Board.

Special rates—not limited by statute as to amount—may be levied to secure the interest and provide for repayment of loans.

Fire Boards.

Borough Councils, County Councils, Road or Town Boards within a fire district may, in order to raise the amount required to be contributed to the Fire Board, levy a separate rate, on the value of the buildings only, within the fire district.

Small Birds Nuisance.

Borough Councils, County Councils, Town Boards, and Road Boards in counties where the Counties Act is suspended or not in force, are empowered to raise funds for the destruction of injurious birds by levying a general rate not exceeding 1⅙d. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent on the annual or unimproved value.

Public Health.

A separate rate not exceeding œd. in the pound on the capital value or its equivalent may be levied by any local authority over the whole or any portion of the district, for payment of expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of the Public Health Act.

Recurring Rate.

Where the local authority is authorized to make a special rate providing for the annual or half-yearly charges on a loan, such special rate shall be made a continuing rate for a period of years equal to the currency of the loan.

Increase of Rating-power authorized where Revenue lost in consequence of the Reduction or Prohibition of Licenses.

Every local authority which suffers loss of revenue from license fees under the Licensing Act, in consequence of the reduction or prohibition of licenses in the district, may make good such loss by an equivalent sum to be levied and collected by an increase of the general rate in the district.

Rates on Native Lands.

Native land that has become freehold and is held under individual title is liable to full rates, subject to certain exemptions. Lands held by Natives under Native custom are, however, totally exempt from rating.

Rating of Mining Property in the South Island.

All mining property held by an occupier in any borough, town district, or county within a mining district in the South Island is liable to be rated by the local authority in the same manner as other rateable property in the district, but subject to special provisions of the Rating Act, 1908.

RATING ON UNIMPROVED VALUE OF LAND.

The Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896, was passed by the General Assembly to afford local bodies the opportunity of adopting the principle of rating which is expressed in the title of the measure. The Act is now incorporated in the Rating Act, 1908. It is entirely at the option of the bodies to adopt the system, and provision is made for a return to the old system of rating, if desired, after three years' experience of the new one. The Act provides that a proportion of the ratepayers on the roll, varying from 25 per cent. where the total number does not exceed 100, to 15 per cent. where the number exceeds 300, may by demand in writing, delivered to the mayor or chairman of the district, require that a proposal to rate property on the basis of the unimproved value may be submitted to the ratepayers, whose votes shall be taken between twenty-one and twenty-eight days after delivery of the demand. The poll is to be taken in the same manner as in case of a proposal to raise a loan in the district under the Local Bodies' Loans Act, 1913.

Under the original Act it was necessary for a minimum number of one-third of the ratepayers to vote, and a majority of their votes carried the proposal. Now, the question of adoption or otherwise is decided by a bare majority of the valid votes recorded, irrespective of the number of ratepayers who have voted.

A rescinding proposal can be carried at a poll by the same means as one for adoption, but not until after three years have elapsed; and, vice versa, rejection of a proposal bars its being again brought forward for a similar period.

The valuation roll is supplied to the local authority by the Valuer-General under the provisions of the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, and the definitions of “capital value,” “improvements,” “unimproved value,” and “value of improvements” found in that Act apply also to rating on unimproved value. Provision is made for adjustment of rating-powers given under previous Acts by fixing equivalents. Thus a rate of 1s. in the pound on the annual value under former Acts is to be considered equal to Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value.

The adjustments are to be made so that the rates on the unimproved value shall be such as to produce as much as, but not more than, the rates under the Rating Act, 1908. For instance, supposing a local authority has a rating-power up to Ÿ;d. in the pound on the capital value, then it can levy any rate in the pound on the unimproved value of land in its district so long as the producing-capacity of such rate is not greater than would be the producing-capacity of a Ÿ;d. rate on the capital value of the district. When a fixed rate, under the older system of rating, is security for a loan, the Controller and Auditor-General is given power to interfere and fix the new rate himself if of opinion that the new rate on the unimproved value does not afford equally as good security as the one to be given up.

The results, as shown by notifications in the New Zealand Gazette, of proposals to levy rates on the unimproved value of land are given in full.

TABLE SHOWING THE RESULT OF POLLS TAKEN ON THE PROPOSAL TO RATE ON THE UNIMPROVED VALUE, TO 31ST MARCH, 1914.
Date of Poll.Result of Poll.Votes recorded.
ForAgainst.Informal

(a) Now part of Invercargill Borough.

(b) Now Awatere County.

(c) For rescission.

(d) Now in Wairoa Borough.

(e) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. Poll taken 6th June, 1904. For rescission, 176; against, 415; informal, 6.

Akitio County16 Feb., 1905Carried112323
Alexandra Borough1 Dec., 1913Rejected471531
Ashburton Borough14 Jan., 1903Rejected1021994
Auckland City7 Aug., 1901Rejected7531,697 
Avenal Borough (a)7 Dec., 1904Carried48102
Avondale Road District27 Jan., 1912Rejected891364
Awatere Road District(b)3 May., 1905Carried1468 
Awhitu Road District25 Jan., 1907Carried23151
Balclutha Borough7 July, 1902Carried6033 
Birkenhead Borough9 Feb., 1910Rejected1932483
Birkenhead Borough30 April, 1913Carried35414120
Blenheim Borough17 June, 1903Carried22464 
Buller County10 Sept., 1904Carried302845
Campbelltown Borough14 Sept., 1904Carried101866
Castlepoint County8 Nov., 1905Carried5645 
Castlepoint County (c)  Carried4119
Cheviot County6 Oct., 1898Carried16541 
Christchurch City30 June, 1902Carried596512 
Clyde Town District(d)22 Feb., 1907Carried68121
Collingwood County30 July, 1913Carried12610 
Dannevirke Borough27 Feb., 1907Carried3089413
Devonport Borough (e)30 Oct., 1900Carried356109 
Eastbourne Borough8 Aug., 1906Carried7824 
Eketahuna Borough16 Sept., 1907Carried889 
Eketahuna County1 Feb., 1900Carried149211
Featherston County15 Sept., 1911Rejected1731815
Featherston Town District11 May, 1908Carried101141
Date of Poll.Result of Poll.Votes recorded.
ForAgainst.Informal

(a) Now Borough.

(b) Now part of Auckland City.

(c) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. Poll taken 3rd May, 1904. For rescission, 116; against, 148.

(d) Proposal to rescind rejected. Poll taken 28th August, 1907. For rescission, 108; against, 161; informal, 5.

(e) Now Heathcote County.

(f) Proposal to rescind rejected. Poll taken 4th May, 1906. For rescission, 300; against, 462.

(g) Proposal to rescind rejected. Poll taken 28th June, 1909. For rescission, 219; against, 373; informal 14.

(h) Now part of Christchurch City.

(i) Road district not now in existence.

(j) Illegal, not in accordance with provisions of Rating Act.

Feilding Borough16 April, 1901Carried268561
Foxton Borough20 June, 1902Rejected53984
Foxton BoroughDec. 1907Carried104363
Frankton Town District(a)1 Feb., 1911Carried70143
Gisborne Borough2 Feb., 1911Carried474279 
Gonville Town District18 Feb., 1913Carried278883
Gore Borough7 July, 1901Carried122675
Grey Lynn Borough (b)20 Mar., 1901Carried140712
Greymouth Borough23 Feb., 1898Carried214481
Hamilton Borough(c)13 Feb., 1901Carried7752 
Hastings Borough14 July, 1902Rejected25026515
Hastings Borough30 Aug., 1905Rejected31437421
Hastings Borough11 Feb, 1909Carried3232466
Hastings Borough14 Mar., 1913Carried207611
Havelock Town District21 Mar., 1914Carried4010 
Havelock North Town District2 Oct., 1913Rejected5258 
Hawera Borough (d)8 April, 1903Carried12991
Heathcote Road District(e)14 Mar., 1905Rejected13540314
Hikurangi Town District10 Mar., 1913Carried5810 
Hobson County14 Feb., 1905Carried2271968
Hokianga County11 Mar., 1899Carried109256
Hokitika Borough5 May, 1901Carried212531
Hokitika Borough22 Aug., 1912Carried18574 
Hanua Road District5 April, 1899Carried602 
Inangahua County14 May, 1898Carried284112
Invercargill Borough (f) (g)5 June, 1901Carried3861744
Johnsonville Town District20 Nov., 1913 6122 
Kaiapoi Borough7 Sept., 1905Rejected8325116
Kairanga County14 Jan., 1905Carried142542
Karori Borough4 April, 1898Carried9331
Kawhia County21 Nov., 1905Carried967 
Leamington Town District18 Oct., 1911Rejected36491
Linwood Borough (h)30 May, 1901Carried276382
Lower Hutt Borough12 Oct., 1901Carried94684
Mackenzie Town District19 Feb., 1910Carried143 
Manawatu Road District(i)6 Jan., 1900Carried10510 
Maori Hill Borough25 Jan., 1904Carried11927 
Maraetai Road District2 June, 1900Carried16  
Mareretu Road District(j)28 June, 1902Carried24  
Martinborough Town District11 Feb., 1914Carried1191077
Marton Borough30 Oct., 1912Carried1921684
Masterton Borough29 Aug., 1901Carried2211396
Masterton County1 Sept., 1906Rejected2432453
Matamata County13 Nov., 1909Rejected1562718
Mataura Borough27 Mar., 1907Rejected17581
Mataura Borough5 April, 1912Carried115955
Date of Poll.Result of Poll.Votes recorded.
ForAgainst.Informal

a) Now part of Wellington City.

(b) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. For proposal. 23; against, 38; informal, 3.

(c) For rescission.

(d) Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected. For proposal, 85; against, 124; informal, 2. Now part of Invercargill Borough.

(e) Now part of Christchurch City.

(f) Now Spreydon Borough.

(g) Including Whangamomona County, since constituted.

* New poll taken under Act of 1900.

Mauku Road District2 July, 1904Rejected23391
Melrose Borough(a)3 Mar., 1898Carried236406
Miramar Borough30 Nov., 1905Carried117451
Mosgiel Borough27 Feb., 1902Rejected58871
Mosgiel Borough20 Feb., 1912Carried193103 
Napier Borough9 April, 1913Carried3972667
Napier South Town District31 July, 1912Carried11591
New Brighton Borough27 Feb., 1908Carried133762
New Plymouth Borough16 Mar., 1905Rejected1673133
Ngaruawahia Town District27 Feb., 1909Carried1615 
Normanby Town District(b)15 Nov., 1897Carried82564
Northcote Borough1 Nov., 1911Rejected92191 
North-east Valley Borough12 Jan., 1905Carried202172 
North-east Valley Borough (c)30 Mar., 1908Carried354185 
North Invercargill Borough (d)1 April, 1903Carried107242
Ohura County25 Feb., 1911Carried10015 
Onslow Borough20 Mar., 1901Carried1408 
Opotiki Borough3 Aug., 1912Carried623710
Opotiki County15 April, 1909Carried45371
Otahuhu Borough21 Mar., 1914Carried230168 
Otane Town District19 Mar., 1914Carried4071
Otautau Town District13 July, 1912Carried47322
Pahiatua Borough19 June, 1897Carried136381
Pahiatua County27 June, 1901Carried350313
Palmerston North Borough5 Mar., 1897Carried402123
Papakura Road District10 Mar., 1900Carried301 
Pelorus Road District31 Mar., 1900Carried9841 
Petone Borough6 Nov., 1901Rejected1001344
Petone Borough23 Mar., 1905Carried311112 
Piako County22 Aug., 1908Carried22859 
Picton Borough Rejected27731
Picton Borough30 July, 1903Carried47389
Raglan County23 Nov., 1901Carried116852
Rangiora Borough2 Mar., 1914Carried215160 
Riccarton Borough27 Feb., 1914Carried188611
Riverton Borough18 Mar., 1912Carried90221
St. Albans Borough(e)13 Feb., 1902Carried35021815
St. Kilda Borough28 Nov., 1907Rejected1522231
St. Kilda Borough12 Sept., 1912Carried420248 
South Invercargill Borough2 Feb., 1902Carried106541
Southland County1 Mar., 1902Carried919574 
Spreydon Road District(f)16 May, 1901Carried141574
Stratford Borough23 July, 1902Carried137641
Stratford County(g)29 June, 1901Carried399232
Sumner Borough21 Nov., 1901Carried9119 
Sydenham Borough(e)14 Mar., 1901Carried3533 
Date of Poll.Result of Poll.Votes recorded.
ForAgainst.Informal

(a) Road district not now in existence.

(b) Including Woodville, Waipukurau, and Dannevirke Counties, since constituted.

(c) Poll taken prior to coming into operation of section 2 of the Local Government Voting Reform Act, 1899; less than one-third of ratepayers voted, and proposal consequently rejected. The county has since been subdivided and absorbed in other counties.

(d) Now part of Wanganui Borough.

(e) New poll taken under Act of 1900. Proposal to rescind rejected; poll taken, 9th March, 1906. For proposal, 213; against, 228. Proposal to rescind the adoption of the Act rejected; poll taken, 3rd April, 1912. For rescission, 167; against, 310; informal, 8.

Taihape Borough13 Nov., 1908Rejected30681
Takaka County2 Sept., 1905Carried136405
Taradale Town District10 Mar., 1913Rejected4860 
Taratahi-Carterton Road District(a)26 Aug., 1897Carried26153 
Tauranga County9 Feb., 1901Carried90132
Te Awamutu Town District23 Dec., 1913Rejected541337
Temuka Borough17 Jan., 1908Rejected1181765
Thames County30 July, 1913Carried510110 
Timaru Borough10 Oct., 1900Rejected932465
Timaru Borough18 April, 1905Rejected372440 
Timaru Borough13 Mar., 1913Rejected673742 
Upper Hutt Town District12 Mar., 1913Carried753 
Waikohu County4 Mar., 1912Carried16773
Waimarino County23 Sept., 1903Carried4313 
Waimate Borough2 Feb., 1901Carried2356114
Waimate County1 Nov., 1900Carried368162 
Waipawa County(b)2 Feb., 1898Carried462283
Wairarapa North County(c)8 Nov., 1899Rejected3316810
Wairarara South County23 Oct., 1902Carried1878 
Wairoa Porough21 Mar., 1910Carried7921 
Wanganui Borough17 Dec., 1903Rejected3033312
Wanganui East Borough(d)20 May, 1909Rejected162189 
Warkworth Town District26 Oct., 1913Rejected5272 
Waverley Town District4 Mar., 1913Carried97221
Weber County19 Mar., 1909Carried78101
Wellington City11 Nov., 1901Carried1,261591 
West Harbour Borough18 April, 1904Carried62302
Westport Borough19 April, 1904Carried2801637
Whangarei Borough27 Sept., 1905Rejected1662262
Whangarei Borough6 Aug., 1913Carried3272289
Winton Borough29 Nov., 1901Carried39311
Woodville Borough21 Mar., 1898Carried17571
Woolston Borough24 June, 1902Carried(e)2521907

A county having decided to levy rates on the unimproved value makes it compulsory for all interior Town and Road Boards, excepting certain town districts having a population of 500 or over, which under the Town Boards Amendment Act, 1908 (No. 2), do not form part of the county, to adopt the same system of rating. But in counties where the Counties Act is suspended, or where a general rate is not levied, the ratepayers of any Road or Town Board may take a poll on the question. It is also permissible for any Town Board within a county not rating on the unimproved value to adopt that system for the purpose of levying Town Board rates, the decision to do so having been carried by vote of the ratepayers.

RATES COLLECTED IN COUNTIES, BOROUGHS, TOWN AND ROAD DISTRICTS, 1912–13.

The amount of general and special rates collected, the capital value of rateable property, and the system of rating in force by the various local authorities during the financial year ended 31st March, 1913, is shown in the following tables. The population and capital rateable value shown for each of the minor divisions of counties is already included in the parent district.

Rates collected by the Mokau, Wairoa, Napier, Wairau, and Oamaru Harbour Boards and the Gonville-Castlecliff Tramway Board cannot be allocated, as the rates are levied and collected over the districts as a whole, and no record is kept of the amounts received from each local district. A table showing the rates collected by the Boards mentioned, together with a list of the various local districts included in the respective districts, is given at the end of this section.

Although the capital value of all rateable property is shown, it must be pointed out that some of the North Island counties contain large areas of Native land upon which no rates are collected. Much of this land is rateable, but the difficulty of collecting the amount levied has hitherto been found insuperable. The figures, however, show the potentialities of the local authorities, assuming that this difficulty was removed.

RATES COLLECTED IN COUNTIES, 1912–13.[System of rating: U. represents rating on the unimproved value, C. on the capital value, and A. on the annual value.]
Counties and their Subdivisions.Population, Census 1911.Amount collected during the Year forCapital Value of all Rateable Properties. 31st March, 1913.System of Rating, 1912–13.
General RatesSeparate and Special Rates.
  £££ 
Mangonui3,1051,710 346,316C.
Whangaroa775430 124,137C.
Hokianga3,0413,19062651,430U.
Bay of Islands3,1473,119 820,124C.
Whangarei7,1615,6851,0621,268,198C.
Kamo Town District337137 41,165C.
Kaurihohore Road District16285 28,881C.
Maungakaramea Road District318127 55,100C.
Marua Road District257165 43,440C.
Otonga Road District288122 34,850C.
Parua Road District281109 39,768C.
Ruarangi Road District9460 29,085C.
Waikiekie Road District173141 92,978C.
Waipu Road District443271 83,526C.
Waipu North Road District368132 40,521C.
Whareora Road District17453 25,080C.
Waipu River District 134  C.
Hobson4,0785,2711,3391,172,256U.
Otamatea3,5483,734796910,029C.
Mangawai Road District30390 53,237C.
Mareretu Road District165181 61,173C.
Matakohe Road District502137 94,945C.
Raupo Land Drainage District 523  C.
Rodney3,5602,3961,270962,687C.
Albertland North Road District5829 15,167C.
Albertland South Road District396193 58,295C.
Komokoriki Road District8480 34,745C.
Mahurangi East Road District13840 25,717C.
Matakana East Road District14490 40,895C.
Matakana West Road District219184 51,445C.
Puhoi Road District450306 106,988C.
Warkworth Road District342191 65,041C.
Wharehine Road District82214 78,208C.
Waitemata7,3869,5952,2451,948,323C.
Kaukapakapa Road District515202 149,730C.
Pukeatua Road District488217 55,467C.
Eden21,927  6,909,424 
Arch Hill Road District2,1207381,104205,390A.
Avondale Road District2,1031,323648430,016C.
Eden Terrace Road District2,595897589258,714C.
Epsom Road District2,6991,9795441,088,314C.
Mount Roskill Road District1,113638680741,002C.
Mount Wellington Road District419741 280,700C.
One-tree Hill Road District3,3652,4198781,278,219C.
Orakei Road District3411 80,455C.
Panmure Township Road District25580 24,846C.
Point Chevalier Road District1,295383132142,494C.
Remuera Road District5,2844,7716,0872,037,400C.
Tamaki West Road District6451,07279421,874C.
Waiatarua Land Drainage District 67  C.
Auckland and Suburban Drainage District 761   
Manukau Water-supply District  3,122 C.
Manukau5,342  2,116,524C.
Papakura Town District453377 97,499C.
Howick Township Road District319155 40,830C.
Mangere Road District8971,147124556,445C.
Manurewa Road District423470 118,571C.
Maraetai Road District10293 36,950U.
Otahuhu Road District1,847326102317,599C.
Pakuranga Road District278290 164,250C.
Papakura Road District60751868156,865U.
Paparoa Road District204120580,620C.
Papatoitoi Road District386488 174,727C.
Tamaki East Road District580649 311,690C.
Turanga Road District24717113382,725C.
Wairoa Road District8461,166 295,352C.
Franklin8,3621,652 2,389,647C.
Awhitu Road District390214 52,541U.
Drury Road District48850132163,263C.
Karaka Road District396344 161,414C.
Mauku Road District631367183185,565C.
Maungatawhiri Road District28698 88,270C.
Mereer Township Road District27489 55,543C.
Opaheke Road District33721852117,350C.
Paparata Road District44318160103,280C.
Pokeno Road District355210 120,858C.
Pollok Settlement Road District11160 17,283C.
Pukekohe East Road District1,199632276252,285C.
Pukekohe West Road District1,024559 210,707C.
Waipipi Road District1,203 1313,946C.
Waiuku Road District747784275283,919C.
Aka Aka Land Drainage District 39659 C.
Otaua Land Drainage District 228  C.
Pukekohe Land Drainage District 1014 C.
Coromandel2,7321,223136372,345C.
Thames4,3881,814208715,707C.
Ohinemuri6,0441,8312831,085,195C.
Waikato5,2912,611 2,553,245C.
Cambridge Road District8351,038 475,475C.
Huntly Road District813339156203,706C.
Kirikiriroa Road District2,3994,035 1,223,173C.
Tamahere Road District444680 327,568C.
Whangamarino Road District800401882320,323C.
Waikato River District 26  C.
Eureka Land Drainage District 16719 C.
Fencourt Land Drainage District 112  C.
Hautapu Land Drainage District 240228 C.
Hautapu South Land Drainage District 28  C.
Hillside Land Drainage District 195  C.
Kirikiriroa Land Drainage District 28  C.
Woodlands Land Drainage District 9573 C.
Waipa5,8584,2981,2503,197,487C.
Kihikihi Town District259773733,795C.
Leamington Town District3781742392,235C.
Ngaruawahia Town District478255 100,348C.
Te Awamutu Town District645471 236,628C.
Newcastle Road District7635708418,770C.
Pukekura Road District1,134759 662,940C.
Rangiaohia Road District556491 467,400C.
Tuhikaramea Road District207258 246,875C.
Frankton Land Drainage District 88  C.
Mangahoe Land Drainage District 19  C.
Ngaroto Land Drainage District 2524 C.
Ohaupo Land Drainage District 119  C.
Rotomanuka Land Drainage District 2  C.
Te Rapa Land Drainage District  155 C.
Raglan2,9074,7831,5941,713,381U.
Raglan Town District246117 26,522C.
Awakino605  600,962 
Waitomo3,5952,931332,034,524C.
Kawa Land Drainage District 15  C.
Ohura1,436836 887,650U.
Kawhia87599621516,553U.
Kawhia Town District15748 27,388U.
Matamata2,9464,6857771,157,205C.
West Taupo974  270,383 
East Taupo528  297,208 
Rotorua1,154  489,251 
Piako3,2004,854271,432,074U.
Morrinsville Town District565298138183,835U.
Hungahunga Land Drainage District 287239 C.
Tauhei Land Drainage District 97121 C.
Waikehau Land Drainage District 1026 C.
Waitoa Land Drainage District 96  C.
Tauranga2,9323,5737901,172,668U.
Kati Kati Road District38333 99,152U.
Te Puke Road District93060 279,500U.
Judea Land Drainage District 20  U.
Te Puke Land Drainage District 11  U.
Tumu - Kaituna Land Drainage District 2140 U.
Whakatane1,7001,8871,131522,160C.
Opotiki1,4832,314 1,102,590U.
Waiapu1,7348,7292312,467,237C.
Cook6,42027,1482,9835,184,773C.
Aroha Road District48 18181,126C.
Ormond Road District437  138,433C.
Patutahi Road District648  386,994C.
Taruheru Road District671  228,473C.
Titirangi Road District132 2774,997C.
Waikohu2,96311,1201,8692,504,915U.
Clifton2,1985,581477965,718C.
Taranaki6,3118,3802,5222,000,347C.
Moa Road District2,9152,1351,598795,506C.
Okato Road District406153282146,848C.
Tataraimaka Road District150667471,577C.
Waitara West Road District833446131329,568C.
Werekino Road District831128456,128C.
Egmont3,2647,442 1,365,890C.
Opunake Town District48891 65,291C.
Parihaka Road District1,8721,6121,257867,567C.
Waimate West1,8215,6581,3581,411,123C.
Hawera3,65914,588 2,514,358C.
Normanby Town District441206 39,212U.
Eltham3,3397,2032571,506,994C.
Kaponga Town District38439318048,738C.
Eltham Land Drainage District 48190 C.
Patea2,9394,4101,2942,181,609C.
Kohi Road District184  117,681C.
Motoroa Road District35 1364,628C.
Okotuku Road District156 39125,493C.
Wairoa Road District124 33146,855C.
Waitotara-Momohaki Road District476502136249,589C.
Whenuakura - Waitotara Road District363  308,920C.
Stratford5,22610,5406,5342,040,577U.
Whangamomona1,6151,730492481,945C.
Waitotara2,2135,3461171,546,616C.
Waimarino3,4082,2034471,304,931U.
Raetini Town District399  63,089 
Kaitieke1,9661,454 657,398C.
Manunui Town District51543 45,138 
Wanganui3,5495,8134052,358,169C.
Kaukatea Road District245308 111,467C.
Mangawhero Road District588 209663,110C.
Mataongaonga Road District98209 49,849C.
Wangaehu Upper Road District1,1531,125725510,599C.
Rangitikei7,37113,6083,1124,523,882C.
Lethbridge Town District26397 35,113A.
Kiwitea2,7815,9402,2731,981,164C.
Pohangina1,7973,4492,2351,184,430C.
Kairanga3,8776,2481,5882,934,678U.
Mangaone River District  87 U.
Aorangi Land Drainage District 205284 C.
Makerua Land Drainage District 31605 C.
Manawatu Land Drainage District 1,940308 U.
Oroua3,5884,855 1,996,812C.
Manawatu4,4617,1501,3942,355,074C.
Rongotea Town District3132504540,154C.
Moutoa Land Drainage District 323218 C.
Oroua Land Drainage District 4904 C.
Sluggish River Land Drainage District 749158 C.
Horowhenua6,0647,6683,2603,411,156C.
Otaki Road District1,57965764486,699C.
Wairoa1,87610,6184942,898,587C.
Hawke's Bay9,22021,3891,3837,706,786C.
Napier South Town District1,666967 181,562U.
Havelock North Town District501133 161,694C.
Hawke's Bay River District 2,460308 C.
Waipawa3,0416,6888172,180,363U.
Waipawa River District 135  C.
Dannevirke4,6835,9029511,999,415U.
Norsewood Town District21023 16,450U.
Ormondville Town District36072 39,531U.
Waipukurau5381,473 473,515U.
Woodville1,8802,5575081,052,241U.
Patangata1,9367,0931,2143,356,419C.
Otane Town District260232 56,495A.
Mangatarata Road District26480 20,641C.
Oero Road District3121,782 569,395C.
Patangata Road District258164 318,980C.
Porangahau Road District429785 634,448C.
Purimu Road District56251 145,345C.
Tamumu Road District282505 723,109C.
Wallingford Road District179968 453,661C.
Wanstead Road District134373 224,345C.
Weber5262,610 479,667U.
Pahiatua3,3985,7412,3371,682,648U.
Akitio1,4215,2041,022743,655U.
Castlepoint6202,690355836,958C.
Eketahuna1,9142,1861,313693,815U.
Mauriceville9501,288360419,958C.
Masterton4,0207,9453,9163,316,250C.
Wairarapa South2,7454,4631,3272,140,896U.
Featherston2,5917,4721,4973,225,285C.
Ahihouka River District 63  C.
Waiohine River District 95  C.
Hutt4,1395,7252011,797,113C.
Hutt River District 4561,659 C.
Makara2,7032,031 794,968C.
Chatham Islands234  92,446 
Sounds1,181  566,958 
Marlborough6,521  3,066,333 
Havelock Town District3011404727,325C.
Omaka Road District1,9431,637 799,514C.
Pelorus Road District1,6421,155 468,869U.
Picton Road District851872 318,815C.
Spring Creek Road District845702 387,828C.
Wairau Road District9391,584181,063,982C.
Pukaka River District 213  C.
Spring Creek River District 401  C.
Wairau Lower River District 2,790  C.
Awatere1,5353,352541,593,188U.
Kaikoura1,9264,1631121,197,700C.
Kaikoura River District 357  C.
Collingwood1,2061,224248201,956C.
Takaka1,820996429365,856U.
Waimea8,62610,5971911,953,145C.
Dovedale Road District25265 59,823C.
Moutere Upper Road District443  66,673C.
Riwaka Road District945  168,171C.
Stoke Road District1,493  409,563C.
Suburban North Road District586  189,705C.
Waimes West Road District321  103,776C.
Buller6,6825,6142131,010,046U.
Inangahua4,5035,392667374,764U.
Murchison1,0141,15380252,027U.
Grey7,2024,450 547,533C.
Westland4,2742,888 421,238C.
Amuri1,6954,0393691,944,308C.
Waiau Township River District 67  C.
Cheviot1,3833,034511,459,969U.
Mackenzie Town District19169428,444U.
Waipara1,9666,518 2,499,239C.
Ashley7101,795242576,672C.
Sefton - Ashley Land Drainage District 426  C.
Kowai2,0802,405144903,118C.
Amberley Town District346102 34,813C.
Eyre1,8721151,834824,444C.
Oxford1,8671,618645823,860C.
Rangiora2,8882,889 1,259,520C.
Mandeville-Rangiora River District 575  C.
Waimairi10,69310,2303,8872,500,286C.
South Waimakariri River District 31  C.
Christchurch Drainage District 2,8659 C.
Tawera1,241467 330,524C.
Malvern3,4581,867961,562,085C.
Paparua4,0922,3731,3931,612,959C.
Heathcote4,1543,8761,5061,019,109C.
Christchurch Drainage District 1,318  C.
Halswell1,8981,954 682,080C.
Ellesmere Land Drainage District 977  C.
Springs1,8911,677 1,003,504C.
Ellesmere3,7734,223 2,194,934C.
Southbridge Town District418162 32,297C.
Selwyn1,2672,240 1,146,678C.
Akaroa2,2511,6161741,501,572C.
Akaroa and Wainui Road District1,2731,663 702,861C.
Le Bons Bay Road District23740271199,926C.
Okains Bay Road District521786 284,645C.
Pigeon Bay Road District220634 314,140C.
Wairewa8942,603 869,612C.
Mount Herbert464887 382,105C.
Ashburton10,2847,1936887,550,189C.
Anama Road District468776 454,408C.
Ashburton Upper Road District2,2391,539 1,381,706C.
Coldstream Road District456576 304,325C.
Longbeach Road District1,0441,032 796,749C.
Mount Hutt Road District1,7161,345 1,318,854C.
Mount Somers Road District84074058357,988C.
Rangitata Road District713612 544,367C.
South Rakaia Road District1,6461,466 1,502,129C.
Wakanui Road District1,162872 829,663C.
Wakanui River District 48  C.
Geraldine5,1652,5149422,881,532C.
Geraldine Road District2,5002,000 1,121,380C.
Mount Peel Road District271392 328,449C.
Temuka Road District2,3941,818 1,431,703C.
Orari Upper River District  64 C.
Rangitata Island River District 3754 C.
Timaru Harbour District 1,919   
Levels4,8267,6074172,252,537C.
Timaru Harbour District 1,758   
Mackenzie2,6474,5612402,035,070C.
Timaru Harbour District 1,308   
Waimate6,7308,0862,6824,808,855U.
Wainono Land Drainage District 91304 U.
Timaru Harbour District 2,046   
Waitaki9,7339,6692773,842,370C.
Waihemo1,6472,341 563,837C.
Waikouaiti4,3182,258 767,786C.
Peninsula1,895  492,989 
Otago Heads Road District135238 65,327C.
Peninsula Road District643480 154,865C.
Portobello Road District998977 234,250C.
Tomahawk Road District119118 38,547C.
Taieri6,2026,7837201,626,246C.
Outram Town District429926545,127C.
Western Taieri Land Drainage District 6462,144 C.
Bruce4,8356,3981,1401,308,953C.
Balmoral Road District763  292,755C.
Inch-Clutha Road District312  85,255C.
Mount Stuart Road District421156 143,933C.
Clutha7,2666,9831,7332,025,868C.
Clinton Town District451136 26,849A.
Tuapeka5,7327,606 1,816,966C.
Maniototo2,8122,552 897,983C.
Vincent3,7343,729135604,484C.
Lake1,9582,147269354,446C.
Southland25,79737,5338849,569,693U.
Benmore-Limehills River District 3054 U.
Dipton River District  22 U.
Dipton Uppper River District  33 U.
Lochiel River District 103  U.
Makarewa-Hedgehope River District  178 U.
Winton River District 114  U.
Winton Upper River District 27  U.
Winton West River District 59  U.
Pyramid Block Land Drainage District 5327 U.
Waimumu Stream Land Drainage District 4  U.
Wallace8,67811,3751,3032,697,971C.
Otautau River District 219  C.
Fiord42  16,022 
Stewart Island325120 38,256C.
  Totals 689,180116,626  
RATES COLLECTED IN BOROUGHS, 1912–13.[System of rating: U. represents rating on the unimproved value, C. on the capital value and A. on the annual value.]
Borough.Estimated Population, 31st March, 1913.Number of Rate-payers.Amount collected during the Year forCapital Value of all Rateable Properties, 31st March, 1913.System of Rating, 1912–13.
General Rates.Separates and Special Rates.

* Included in Auckland City.

* Included in Dunedin City.

   £££ 
Whangarei2,7906753,252870577,769C.
Dargaville1,3524261,156 215,633C.
Northcote1,537380809698309,283A.
Birkenhead2,0735011,516506295,686A.
Devonport7,5011,6064,4267,7241,182,868U.
Auckland47,7838,03037,72175,19415,391,134A.
Auckland and Suburban Drainage District  3,545   
Grey Lynn8,4912,1203,5874,0981,135,658U.
Auckland and Suburban Drainage District  266   
Newmarket3,1276062,6351,912424,538A.
Auckland and Suburban Drainage District  103   
Parneil* 4,2874,484* 
Auckland and Suburban Drainage District  119   
Mount Eden10,0782,4624,4513,1661,761,279A.
Auckland and Suburban Drainage District  402   
Mount Albert7,8782,0502,8363,4641,132,278C.
Auckland and Suburban Drainage District  267   
Onehunga4,8721,0881,8782,026756,204A.
Otahuhu1,9344151,0831,330317,599C.
Pukekohe1,2902891,127662361,735C.
Thames3,7126841,8061,133234,121A.
Te Aroha1,35926774937373,463A.
Waihi6,7401,3908471,006395,695A.
Hamilton3,7101,0002,6652,092898,779U.
Cambridge1,5323891,5791,109193,355A.
Te Kuiti1,326400905945324,329C.
Taumarunui1,181270245966125,397U.
Tauranga1,4104501,25051250,508A.
Opotiki980291877 231,999U.
Gisborne9,3171,60012,20012,0002,203,389U.
Waitara1,5204069411,003103,520C.
New Plymouth7,5751,6704,3687,8381,253,977A.
Inglewood1,3323009011,613148,248C.
Stratford2,7637412,5821,752480,123U.
Hawera2,8116043,6471,991588,123U.
Eltham1,8184091,9851,615299,376C.
Patea9613216813956,583A.
Wanganui13,380 12,8455,4712,811,941A.
Wanganui East 1,184208
Marton1,5053501,3741,239290,191U.
Taihape1,6513206982,583201,148C.
Ohakunc1,16130026810876,172U.
Feilding3,3108503,1873,133843,278U.
Palmerston North11,7091,8279,7238,9922,099,375U.
Foxton1,7143951,281574213,309U.
Levin1,6834981,586880273,774C.
Wairoa1,1484601,3711,101242,524U.
Hastings6,5831,5305,9281,1511,561,973U.
Napier10,9101,52012,5947,8711,673,497A.
Waipawa1,1332407151,720206,738U.
Dannevirke3,5277502,8933,601705,122U.
Waipukurau1,092266368222189,049U.
Woodville1,2194606401,007135,602U.
Eketahuna844254793581139,335U.
Pahiatua1,4213801,0951,354216,215U.
Masterton5,5851,9665,0794,5191,120,046U.
Carterton1,6186651,0631,206260,077C.
Greytown1,090240674504185,556A.
Lower Hutt4,4401,1828,4964,9551,367,765U.
Petone7,0101,0357,0512,7551,231,402U.
Onslow1,9697001,7741,646528,254U.
Wellington66,3388,25086,24766,80618,754,349U.
Karori1,5347823,1225,115473,227U.
Eastbourne601348573426180,939U.
Miramar1,7396654,3774,075769,382U.
Picton1,4243961,176276253,393U.
Blenheim4,0489543,570945696,531U.
Nelson8,4651,5967,7546,9261,084,403A.
Richmond735180419268130,262C.
Motueka1,28623657352174,690C.
Westport4,9521,4002,9102,252619,547U.
Greymouth5,5609634,0754,377701,082U.
Runanga1,638276238..43,656C.
Brunner1,05420721628820,461A.
Kumara820240959524,009A.
Hokitika2,3686009811,703200,369U.
Ross67216117317818,777C.
Rangiora1,9204201,173119236,664C.
Kaiapoi1,908393864 171,461A.
Christchurch55,09810,29253,10332,61810,821,206U.
Waimaka iri South River District  42   
Christchurch Drainage District  33,4024,080  
Woolston3,6999001,9922,179442,761U.
Christchurch Drainage District  363   
Spreydon3,5601,4731,752869489,838U.
Christchurch Drainage District  205   
Riccarton3,027896  472,119C.
New Brighton1,9901,2211,400612329,249U.
Christchurch Drainage District  71   
Sumner1,987 2,2611,998473,000U.
Lyttelton4,1516292,807 327,852A.
Akaroa650133581 94,481C.
Ashburton2,7976402,9481,461430,308A.
Temuka1,8234481,004520194,421C.
Timaru Harbour District  141   
Geraldine989381494413116,969C.
Timaru Harbour District  79   
Timaru12,0482,5306,99815,0702,065,600A.
Timaru Harbour District  1,751   
Waimate1,8454601,008815258,216U.
Timaru Harbour District  190   
Oamaru5,4051,0012,9742,951734,040A.
Hampden36110250 22,744C.
Palmerston8282454267374,878C.
Waikouaiti720200488 65,606C.
Port Chalmers2,1994099771,293231,945A.
West Harbour2,119499699862188,640U.
Dunedin48,9887,90631,05939,6838,710,046A.
Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District  22,273   
Maori Hill2,2785901,339275338,842U.
Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District  571   
Roslyn* 2,0231,200* 
Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District  1,412   
Mornington4,9171,2752,5272,474557,694A.
Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District  1,000   
St. Kilda4,4861,3251,5832,851759,935U.
Dunedin Drainage and Sewerage District| 1,040   
Green Island1,9914801,212413207,647A.
Mosgiel1,6713808331,012230,620U.
Milton1,4103451,071 163,360A.
Kaitangata1,64032248714695,795A.
Balclutha1,320314726586192,653U.
Lawrence95322878536393,668A.
Roxburgh46199199 32,565A.
Tapanui34780196 28,550A.
Naseby3241035113513,951A.
Cromwell61418046124038,610A.
Alexandra80719045443847,261A.
Arrowtown4241051673714,994A.
Queenstown72824022348051,801A.
Gore3,4128603,0191,622545,052U.
Mataura1,255302667704192,338A.
Winton590149307 72,666U.
Invercargill13,5903,90010,13510,0282,696,555U.
Invercargill South1,549589503482141,655U.
Campbelltown1,8655001,251328252,961U.
Riverton97927036133110,447A.
  Totals  521,051422,296  
RATES COLLECTED BY TOWN BOARDS WITH INDEPENDENT POWERS OF ADMINISTRATION, 1912–13.[System of rating: U. represents rating on the unimproved value, C. on the capital value, and A. on the annual value.]
Town Districts.Estimated Population 31st March, 1913.Number of Rate-payers.Amount collected during the Year forCapital Value of all Rateable Propertie-31st March, 1913.System of Rating 1912–13.
General Rates.Separates and Special Rates.

* Now included in New Plymouth Borough.

   £££ 
Hikurangi72512826819770,455C.
Warkworth72114946710476,882C.
Helensville7011802954588,365A.
New Lynn6192107276130,445C.
Ellerslie9912901,083 208,623C.
Huntly1,381184452313157,850C.
Frankton1,1663801,247369339,964C.
Rotorua2,503422 382489,967C.
St. Aubyn*20226133* 
Manaia56217037626564,727C.
Gonville1,6309771,401694378,503U.
Castlecliff648406296 112,972C.
Waverley655145529 85,850C.
Hunterville68819146475472,911C.
Mangaweka51712519511644,338C.
Bull's5431331928250,721A.
Taradale936214824 141,305C.
Waipukurau (see also Boroughs)1,092 565346  
Martinborough660209660681113,917C.
Featherston77822044016889,494U.
Upper Hutt1,100507933205218,445U.
Johnsonville973250797146209,469C.
Hampstead1,560400519129139,586C.
Tinwald563182232 78,861C.
Pleasant Point515141184 55,473C.
Timaru Harbour District  38   
Bay1,0906351,073835288,492C.
Wyndham693186483 98,713A.
Otautau778206515199111,281C.
  Totals  15,5166,069  

The next table shows the total amount of rates collected by the Gonville and Castlecliff Tramway Board and certain Harbour Boards in counties, boroughs, and town districts, but not included in any of the foregoing tables.

RATES COLLECTED IN CERTAIN DISTRICTS DURING THE YEAR 1912–13 NOT INCLUDED IN THE FOREGOING TABLES.
District.Local Districts in which Rates collected.Amount of Rates collected.
General.Separate and Special.
  ££
Mokau Harbour District 58 
Gonville and Castlecliff Tramway District..1,591
Waitotara County
Wanganui Borough
Gonville Town District
Castlecliff Town District
Wairoa Harbour District 595
Wairoa County
Wairoa Borough
Napier Harbour District 15,056
Wairoa County
Hawke's Bay County
Waipawa County
Patangata County
Napier Borough
Hastings Borough
Waipawa Borough
Taradale Town District
Waipukurau Town District
Otane Town District
Wairau Harbour District 426
Marlborough County
Awatere County
Blenheim Borough
Oamaru Harbour District 10,835
Waitaki County
Waimate County
Waimate Borough
Oamaru Borough
Hampden Borough
 26,9701,591

Chapter 26. SECTION XXVII.—GOVERNMENT VALUATION OF LAND

THE system of separately assessing the value of the land itself and the value of the buildings and improvements effected thereon was first put into practice in New Zealand for the purposes of State taxation on the passing of the Land-tax Act, 1878, under which a tax was levied on land-values, the impost being œd. in the pound on the capital value of real estate, less the assessed value of the improvements.

The Land-tax Act, 1878, was repealed in the following year, and was superseded by the Property-tax Act, 1879, which provided for the levy of a uniform tax of 1d. in the pound on the capital value of all property—real and personal—above the amount of £500 in value.

The Property-tax Act, 1879, was in its turn repealed in 1891 and superseded by the Land and Income Assessment Act, 1891. Under this enactment a land-tax was imposed on land and mortgages of land, with an exemption of improvements on land up to £3,000. An exemption from income-tax was also allowed on all incomes derived from land and mortgages of land.

Two years later, under the provisions of the Land and Income Assessment Act Amendment Act, 1893, all improvements on land were entirely exempted.

An endeavour to extend the principle of general exclusion of improvements to local taxation resulted in the passing of the Rating on Unimproved Value Act, 1896, which gave local authorities the option of deciding that equivalent rates on the unimproved values of lands in their jurisdiction should be substituted for the rates levied on the full capital values, or on the annual values.

It will thus be seen from the nature of the legislation referred to that in accordance with the requirements of the law valuations of land irrespective of the buildings, and separate valuations of improvements, have been made from time to time in New Zealand during a period extending over thirty-five years:

The valuing of land up to the year 1896 was not, however, conducted on a uniform basis. Each Government Department and each local authority worked quite independently, and employed as valuers whom it thought fit. The Land-tax Department periodically employed a small army of temporary valuers when it required a new valuation of lands for taxation purposes, and each local authority had its own particular method of making up its roll for the levying of rates. The undesirable class of men employed as valuers—some of whom had not sufficient independence for a faithful performance of duty, whilst others had insufficient knowledge of the principles governing land-valuation—and the diversity of the methods employed, resulted in unevenness of values. Estimates of values varied to a dangerous degree. Some values were very high, being based on speculative prices, while many were extremely low. Frequently the same property had several values assigned to it.

In order to overcome as far as possible the obvious defects of the old system, the Government determined to establish a new system of valuation, by which all valuations required by Government Departments—whether for loan, taxation, or other purposes—and by local authorities that rate on the capital or unimproved value, should be made by valuers employed by the State at fixed salaries and responsible to the Government alone.

The Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896, was in due course introduced and passed. This Act provided for the setting-up of a separate Department of State, altogether independent of the Land and Income Tax Department, charged with the duty of estimating the values of real estate in the Dominion for taxation and other Government purposes and local rating purposes.

It may be pointed out here that land is valued—not assessed—under the Valuation of Land Act, a valuation being the process of determining what a particular piece of land might be worth for the best use to which it is adapted, whereas an assessment is the process of determining what the same land might be worth for the use to which it is applied.

The Valuation Department has been in existence for seventeen years, and, having regard to the want of knowledge on the part of the public respecting the provisions of the Valuation of Land Act, and to the initiatory difficulties which had to be overcome in making valuations from information which, although not entirely new, was yet defective by reason of the unevenness of the old land-values, it may be affirmed that the objects of the Act have been fairly attained with comparatively little friction. Of course, inaccuracies and mistakes have occurred, and will occur, but these are inevitable in any system of valuation. They will, however, diminish gradually. Each successive revision of values furnishes a safer basis for a further advance towards greater accuracy in values at a greatly reduced cost.

The whole of the existing law relating to the valuation of land in New Zealand is contained in the Valuation of Land Act, 1908 (which is a consolidation of the Government Valuation of Land Act, 1896, and the Acts amending the same), the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1908, and the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, and the regulations made under these Acts.

OFFICERS OF THE VALUATION DEPARTMENT.

The work of the Valuation Department is directed by the Valuer-General, who is, by Order in Council gazetted, appointed by the Governor and holds office during pleasure, and on such terms as to salary and otherwise, and with such powers and duties, as the Governor in Council thinks fit.

The actual work of valuation is done by District Valuers, who, with such assistant valuers as are deemed necessary, are appointed by the Public Service Commissioner.

Local valuers are temporarily employed by the Valuer-General to make valuations at such times and on such conditions as are found necessary. Local valuers are remunerated by fees.

A valuation made by an assistant valuer or local valuer is subject to indorsement by the District Valuer before it is accepted by the Valuer-General.

The essential qualifications of a valuer who is employed in a country district are reputed local knowledge of land-values and a practical knowledge of farming pursuits, both agricultural and pastoral, and of values of improvements. A valuer who is employed in a city or suburban district must have a special knowledge of building-construction and of the values of all kinds of improvements in addition to a knowledge of land-values.

A valuer is unrestricted in his means of ascertaining facts necessary to enable him to make valuations. He is required to be diligent in securing evidence of values, and to act upon the best evidence he is able to obtain. He has to be specially familiar with the real-estate market in the district in which he values property.

A valuer before he undertakes his duties must make a declaration that he will faithfully and impartially, and to the best of his skill and judgment, make a true and faithful valuation of all real estate which it becomes his duty to value.

A valuer employed by the Government at a yearly salary is not allowed to undertake for payment any validation, assessment, or work relating thereto except with the previous written consent of the Valuer-General; any breach of this rule makes him liable to a penalty of £5 for each offence, and he must further pay into the Government account any fees or other moneys paid or payable to him, and is liable to instant dismissal.

A valuer may at all times during the day enter on any land for the purpose of making a valuation of the same, and it is incumbent upon the owner, or occupier, or manager thereof to answer any questions put to him by the valuer, and generally to afford any information to enable a correct valuation to be made. Every person who in any way obstructs or hinders a valuer in the exercise of his functions, or refuses to answer any relevant questions, or to afford any information in his power, is liable to a fine not exceeding £10.

The Dominion is divided for administrative purposes into convenient valuation districts, to each of which is assigned a District Valuer, whose functions are not, however, confined to a specific district, but may be exercised in such districts as the Valuer-General from time to time directs. A valuation district is one continuous area comprising several counties, road districts, boroughs, town districts, and special-rating districts.

DATA SUPPLIED TO VALUERS.

Maps of cities, counties, boroughs, town districts, road districts, and special-rating areas, showing the official sectional designation and area of each property and subdivision of a property (Crown and freehold) included therein have been compiled by the draughting staff attached to the Department. These maps are kept up to date, and supplemented by copies of plans of sub-divisions of properties which are deposited from time to time in the Land Transfer and Deeds Registry Offices. Particulars and obligations relating to Crown and freehold lands, whether sold, leased, conveyed, mortgaged, devised, or subject to liens, are, searched out and abstracted systematically from the public registers and furnished to the valuer.

The valuer is also supplied with a mass of evidence affecting land-values which is obtained as it becomes available from every possible public and private source. The identification of each property is a responsibility which rests on the Officers-in-Charge of District Offices. The real estate owned or occupied by any person, unclaimed land, reserves, and Crown and Native land; the city, borough, or county, etc., wherein each property is situated; and the exact description of each property are ascertained, identified, and entered in the valuer's note-book (technically called the “field-book”) before the field-book is sent to the valuer.

DUTIES OF VALUERS.

The duty of a valuer is to examine each property and to estimate to the best of his ability (1) the unimproved value of the land contained therein, (3) the value of any buildings or other improvements upon such land, and (3) the “capital value” of the property.

First, as to “land.” The definition of “land” in the Valuation of Land Act, 1908. as amended by the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, is as follows: “'Land' means all land, “tenements, and hereditaments, whether corporeal or incorporeal, “in New Zealand, and all chattel or other interests therein, and “all timber or flax growing or standing thereon : Provided that “native bush or trees which have been planted for shelter or ornamental or utility purposes shall not be included in the definition “of land.”

Second, as to “unimproved value.” It is defined in the Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, as follows: “'Unimproved “value' of any land means the sum which the owner's estate or “ interest therein, if unincumbered by any mortgage or other “charge thereon, might be expected to realize at the time of valuation if offered for sale on such reasonable terms and conditions “as a bona fide seller might be expected to impose, and if no improvements (as hereinafter defined) had been made on the said land.”

There are few terms used in connection with land-valuation which are more imperfectly understood than the term “unimproved value.” Some owners, who, having in their lifetime seen and personally carried out on their own land the clearing of country from its original natural state, interpret the words to mean the original value of the land at the time when it was in its virgin state; while others understand it to mean the present value, assuming all the land in the locality or district to be unimproved. Neither of these interpretations is correct.

Under the New Zealand law the increased value attaching to any piece of land which is due to the successful working of other lands in the district, or to State expenditure on public works, or to the general prosperity of the country consequent upon high prices obtaining for agricultural and pastoral and other products of land, forms portion of the “unimproved value.” Any increased value, however, which is represented by the improvements effected by the individual possessor, either past or present, does not form part of the “unimproved value.”

In estimating, therefore, the “unimproved value” of a particular piece of land, it is necessary that the valuer shall regard that piece of land as if it alone had not been improved at the date of the valuation, and ask himself what would be its probable present condition supposing that no capital or labour had been expended upon it. Having answered this question, he would then require to ask himself what price the land in such condition would sell for in the open market at the date of valuation, assuming, of course, that everything else in the country which affects selling-values was actually in its present condition—the Dominion progressive or otherwise; stock high or low; roods, railways, and bridges constructed; telegraphs, telephones, schools, etc., built; and improvements on all other lands duly effected and in their present condition. The answer to this question will be the valuer's estimate of the unimproved value.

It may be argued that the test thus enjoined for estimating the “unimproved value” of a piece of land is mainly hypothetical. The valuer has, however, several guides which together constitute an adequate basis on which to make his estimate of value. Land in city, town, and country in its improved state and in its unimproved state is continually being bought, sold, or leased for good consideration in the open market throughout the Dominion. Particulars of these transactions are ascertained with regularity, and tabulated by the Head and district offices of the Department, and furnished to the valuer, and from the prices realized—covering an extended period—together with evidence of prices asked by would-be sellers and offers made by would-be purchasers, and after inquiry as to whether increased values are due to speculation or otherwise, and whether a decline in values is due to private conditions or to a general decline of the locality in which the property is situated, and also as to the best use to which the land is adapted, the valuer is able to form a reasonable estimate of the fair selling-value. It will thus be seen that the data and inferences on which the valuer's estimate is based can be understood and criticized by any one possessed of common-sense and local knowledge. With such evidence it is not a difficult matter for the valuer to arrive at a standard unimproved valuation of land in a district.

Having arrived at such, a standard it then becomes necessary for the valuer to adjust his values according to the quality of the soil, situation, accessibility, configuration, or other natural peculiarities of each particular piece of land.

Uniformity of unimproved value of land is of the utmost importance. Rural land of similar quality and position must be valued uniformly, whether in a large or a small holding, so as to ensure uniformity of unimproved values.

It is frequently contended that there should be one value for loan purposes, and a lower value for taxation and rating purposes. Such a contention is quite unsound. If such a system were in force it would be found that a high value would no more ensure a high loan being granted than a low value would ensure a low rate being struck. Whether it be for loan purposes, State taxation, or rating purposes, land can have only one value.

It is frequently objected that the Valuation of Land Act should not make the selling-price the basis of valuation, but that the land should be valued on its producing-capacity. As a matter of fact the producing-power of land must, more or less, regulate the selling-price. Indirectly, therefore, the producing-power of land is already a factor in determining the value of land under the present law. The impossibility of adopting the producing-power as the sole basis of valuation of land is at once apparent when the subject is fully considered. For instance, how could a valuer estimate the full producing-power of a piece of vacant town, suburban, or rural land which is not producing anything? The land might be capable of producing a great deal in the hands of one man and a very little in the hands of another man. Much would depend upon the use for which the land was best adapted. Again, under a system of valuation based solely on the assumed producing-power of land it would frequently happen that the land of the good farmer would be valued higher than the land of the indifferent or bad farmer, although the quality and advantages of The former might not be any better than those of the latter. Consequently the good farmer would have to pay more by way of taxes and rates than the indifferent or bad farmer, with the result that good farming would be discouraged.

Another objection to such a system would be the difficulty of determining what was the producing-power of a farm, and as to how the income derivable therefrom should be ascertained. All owners would require to keep books to show what their land produced, an undertaking which could not be carried out in practice. These and other objections present themselves to any system of valuation based solely on the assumed producing-capacity of land.

Third, as to “improvements.” The Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, defines “improvements” as follows : “'Improvements' on land means all work done or material used at any “time on or for the benefit of the land by the expenditure of capital “or labour by any owner or occupier thereof in so far as the effect “of the work done or material used is to increase the value of the “land, and the benefit thereof is unexhausted at the time of “valuation; but does not include work done or material used on “or for the benefit of the land by the Crown or by any statutory “public body, except so far as the same has been paid for by the “owner or occupier either by way of direct contribution or by way “of special rates on loans raised for the purpose of constructing “within a county any road, bridge, irrigation-works, water-races, drainage-works, or river-protection works: Provided that “the value of improvements made out of loan-moneys raised for the “purpose of constructing within a county any road, bridge, irrigation-works, water-races, drainage-works, or river-protection “works as aforesaid shall not exceed the amount of principal “estimated by the Valuer-General to have been repaid by the owner “in respect of any such loan by way of special rates.”

Subject to the limitations contained in the above definition, all buildings, fencing, planting, draining, constructing of private roads and water-races, clearing of timber. &c., permanent grassing, and all other work of a permanent nature effected upon or for the benefit of land are improvements.

No work can, however, be considered an improvement if the benefit thereof is exhausted at the date of valuation. The Government lends money on the security of improvements, and it is obvious that if exhausted improvements were included in the valuation the security would be a very poor one. English grass, for instance, may take well and improve by time on some farms, in which case it would be valued at full value. It may, however, on other lands become choked with noxious weeds, or native grass may take its place, in which case it becomes more or less exhausted, and must be valued accordingly.

Noxious weeds, if allowed to spread, not only exhaust improvements, but depreciate the unimproved value as well. Gorse and blackberry, if allowed to spread, may exhaust the grassing, and in country that was formerly bush-clad, fern, if not kept under, will act similarly. Bush-clearing also will become more or less exhausted if the undergrowth is allowed to grow up.

Drains and orchards are improvements which frequently become exhausted. A drain is an improvement as long as it acts as a drain and is effective, for it necessarily adds to the selling-value of the land. An open drain which was cut many years ago and has become filled in and grassed over owing to the necessity for it having passed away would, however, be considered as exhausted improvement.

An improvement which has become exhausted and has been renewed—such as is frequently the case with grassing—is valued at the amount by which the then state of the improvement increases the selling-value, not at the accumulated values of the repeated renewals. It would be manifestly improper to lend money on grassing which had been ploughed in.

Machinery, whether fixed to the soil or not, is not an improvement, and it is not included in the capital value. The buildings containing the machinery would, however, be valued as an improvement.

Fourth, as to “value of improvements.” The Valuation of Land Amendment Act, 1912, defines “value of improvements” as “the added value which at the date of valuation the improvements “give to the land.”

A frequent source of objection is that improvements are valued too low. Misapprehension exists on the part of the public in reference to this matter. Many owners who do not contest the fairness of the estimate of capital value claim to deduct so much therefrom for the value of improvements that the resultant value would be less than the fair selling-value of the land without improvements. In such cases an increase in value of improvements would only serve to increase the capital value and would not reduce the unimproved value.

Other owners claim that the improvements give all the added value to the land. Such a claim is manifestly untenable.

Under the terms of the definition in the Act the added value which improvements give to a piece of land is the amount by which they increase the fair and full selling-value of the land. Before, therefore, an objection to value of improvements can be maintained it must be proved that the estimated value of the improvements is less than the proportionate sum which such improvements represent in the selling-value of the whole property.

It has been frequently suggested that the Department should fix a standard value for all buildings, fencing, draining, construction of water-races, clearing of bush or scrub, felling, grassing, making of embankments or protection-works, &c., for the guidance of valuers, so as to secure uniformity of value. It would, however, be impossible to fix a maximum or a minimum value for any class of improvement which would be general in its application, as values vary in different parts of the Dominion, and must also vary according to the condition of the improvements and their degree of usefulness at the date of valuation. Moreover, great diversity of opinion exists amongst owners themselves regarding the value of their improvements.

Beyond issuing instructions that improvements are to be valued at their full market value no restrictions are placed by the Valuer-General upon valuers in this matter.

As has been already stated, improvements can only be valued to the extent to which they increase the selling-value of the property. A large house and extensive outbuildings may be built on a small area of farming-land. The ordinary farmer who would purchase such a property would not be likely to pay for the house or building any sum approaching their cost—he would only pay the price of a house and buildings suitable to the requirements of the farm. The selling-value of the house and buildings must therefore be valued at what the ordinary purchaser would be likely to give for them, or, in other words, at the sum by which they increase the selling-value of the property. Sometimes an owner will expend his capital and labour injudiciously, and the result will prove detrimental to the land instead of being an improvement to it.

In many portions of the Dominion land has been cleared for so many years that there is not a vestige of its former condition now apparent, and it is impossible at the present day to say with certainty by what process it was cleared. It becomes, therefore, a question for the valuer to determine as to whether the land would not sell at the present day at a higher price with the timber on it than it would without the timber.

Clearing of open country is often accomplished by burning and by stock running on the land, in which case comparatively little labour or capital may have been expended.

Were it not for the limitation imposed by the Act in the definition of “improvements” it would be quite possible, especially in the cases of many of the older holdings where money has been spent injudiciously or improvements have been renewed again and again, for the valuer to find that in the aggregate the work done by way of improvements exceeded in value the total selling-price of the property.

The amount of the principal repaid by owners in respect of loans by way of direct contribution or special rates raised for the purpose of constructing within a' county the works enumerated in the definition of “improvements” hereinbefore quoted are estimated by the Valuer-General and furnished to valuers, who credit the several amounts to “improvements.”

From the foregoing it will be seen that it devolves upon the valuer to ascertain carefully the condition of an improvement before estimating its value. It also devolves upon the owner to afford the valuer all the information in his power, so as to ensure a fair and accurate value being placed on his improvements.

Fifth, as to “capital value.” “Capital value” is defined in the Valuation of Land Act, 1908, as follows: “'Capital value' “of land means the sum which the owner's estate or interest “therein, if unincumbered by any mortgage or other charge thereon, might be expected to realize at the time of valuation if offered “for sale on such reasonable terms and conditions as a bona fide “seller might be expected to require.”

Having estimated the unimproved value, and the value of the improvements, the valuer is able to apply a check on his estimates, as these two values combined must represent the fair selling-value (known as capital value) of the whole.

If the valuer's estimates combined exceed the fair selling-value, then his estimate of the unimproved value, or of the improvements, or of both, is too high, and he must reduce his estimates accordingly. If his estimates combined do not reach the total selling-value, then he is too low either in the unimproved value, or in the improvements, or in both, and he must increase his estimates accordingly.

The capital value is the fair selling-value in the open market, but not the auction value or value derivable at a forced sale Valuers are cautioned against taking temporary speculative values as their guide in estimating ordinary selling-values.

To arrive at the ordinary selling-value in a district all the sales which have taken place in that district of recent date are tabulated, and it is not, as a rule, a difficult matter to ascertain from the prices actually realized—covering an extended period—what is the ordinary selling-value, and whether the tendency is to increase or diminish. The prices involved in exchanges of properties are to he entirely ignored.

The valuer is required to exercise special care in fixing the capital value at such a sum as will he fair to both the borrower and the lender should the property be offered as a security.

It has been argued that the selling-value does not always represent the true value, as owners, when selling, are frequently satisfied with a small deposit, allowing a large proportion of the purchase-money to remain on mortgage. It must, however, be remembered that so long as a sale is a bona fide one the purchaser has to pay interest on any sum outstanding, and with a steady land market the security of the land for the unpaid balance should be as good as cash for the owner, and the delay attending the investment of the proceeds is obviated.

VALUATION OF MINERAL-BEARING LANDS.

Land containing or supposed to contain oil, coal, or other mineral deposits is valued as for the surface use only, and is of the same unimproved value as similar land in the neighbourhood, always without any regard to speculative mineral value, until the oil or minerals are produced, when the profits (if any) will be duly valued.

In cases of coal-mines valuers are required to value the surface of the land and the improvements effected both above and below the surface, and enter these values in their field-books. The additional data relating to rent, royalty, output, yearly profits, and the separate interests of lessor and lessee, &c., are ascertained by the Valuer-General.

Capitalization is on a percentage basis varying according to the nature of the industry, its stability, attendant risks and losses, &c.

Quarries are similar to coal-mines, except that they are worked from the surface. They are valued on the same principle.

PREPARATION OF DISTRICT VALUATION ROLL.

The Valuation of Land Act directs that a valuation roll shall be prepared for each district setting forth in respect of each separate property the following particulars:—

  1. The name of the owner of the land and the nature of his estate or interest therein, together with the name of the beneficial owner in the case of land held in trust:

  2. The name of the occupier within the meaning of the Rating Act:

  3. The situation, description, and area of the land:

  4. The nature and value of the improvements on the land:

  5. The unimproved value of the land:

  6. The capital value of the land:

  7. Such other particulars as are prescribed.

PURPOSES FOR WHICH THE DISTRICT VALUATION ROLL IS USED.

The valuations appearing on the district, valuation roll (verified by inspection of the properties where necessary) are used as a basis for the following purposes:—

  1. Advances and investments on mortgage of land by or on behalf of—The New Zealand State-guaranteed Advances Office; the Public Trust Office; the Government Insurance Department; the Post Office; the Commissioner of Public Debts Sinking Funds Office; the Trustee Act, 1908.

  2. The assessment of stamp duties and duties in deceased persons' estates.

  3. The assessment of the capital value of property of claimants or pensioners under the Old-age Pensions Act.

  4. The guidance of the Board of Land Purchase Commissioners and of the Public Works Department when acquiring land for settlement or for State purposes.

  5. Estimating the fair value of Native land for the purposes of the Maori Land Board and Native Land Court.

  6. Ascertaining the capital value of land comprised in Crown renewable leases the fee-simple of which lessees have the right to acquire under the Land Laws Amendment Act, 1912.

  7. The levying of land-tax.

  8. The levying of local rates by local authorities rating on the unimproved value or on the capital value of land.

  9. Such other public purposes as the Government from time to time directs.

  10. The guidance of all who may desire to ascertain the fair selling-value of any piece of land for investment, mortgage, or other purpose.

On receipt of an application for a loan the lending Boards of Government Departments are supplied with special valuations of the securities. These valuations necessitate a special inspection of the property by the valuer, and the valuation returned represents such amounts as are fair to both lender and borrower.

Though a special valuation and report furnished to a lending Board is used as a guide for the Board, it does not follow that a loan will be granted on the valuation supplied—there may be other considerations which will influence the Board in declining a loan.

On application in a form provided for the purpose, and on payment of a fee, the Valuer-General will supply to any person a certified copy of any entry in the district valuation roll.

REVISION OF DISTRICTS AND VALUATION ROLLS.

The district valuation rolls may be revised by the Valuer-General as at such date or dates as the Governor in Council from time to time directs, and the revision may relate either to all the properties on a valuation roll or to any of them. There are no fixed periods between one general revision and another—the periods vary from two years in recently settled districts to three years or more in old-established districts. The necessity for revision really depends upon whether or not the roll values are correct.

When a revision of a district is ordered the valuer makes a careful scrutiny of the unimproved values as well as the values of improvements and capital values, taking into account every change in the district—appreciation or depreciation of values—and makes such readjustments and corrections as are found necessary. During the period intervening between revisions the Valuer-General cannot alter the unimproved values of the roll entries unless the owner pays a fee to cover the cost and demands a revaluation of his property, or in case of an admitted error having taken place. During this intervening period, however, the Valuer-General may of his own motion, from time to time and at any time during its currency (meaning thereby the period elapsing between the date as at which the roll was prepared and the first revision thereof, or, as the case may be, between any one revision and the next), make all such alterations and amendments therein as are necessary in order to readjust and correct the valuations and entries and bring them up to date, whenever they are found to be inaccurate or not up to date in consequence of—

  1. Any improvements being added to or removed from the land:

  2. Any change in the ownership or occupancy of the land:

  3. Any amended valuation being made on the application of the owner of the land on payment of a valuation fee (such valuation is subject to the same right of objection and review as it would be in the case of the revision of the district roll):

  4. Any land being omitted from the roll, or the name of the owner or the description or other particulars of the land being erroneously entered therein:

  5. Any subdivision of the land.

The Valuer-General may also, at any time and from time to time during the currency of a valuation roll, make such alterations or adjustments of value in the case of land which is leased or subject to any other terminable charge or interest as are necessary for the purpose of correctly assessing the respective owners' interests at any specified time. Except for the purposes above enumerated all valuations made during the currency of any district valuation roll are recorded in a supplementary roll, and not in the district valuation roll. The supplementary roll may be used for the same purpose as the district valuation roll, except for the assessment of land-tax and local rates (for which purposes the district valuation roll is alone used).

OBJECTIONS TO VALUES.

After the values in a district have been revised a new valuation roll is prepared and the Valuer-General addresses to each person whose name appears thereon a notice setting forth the values at which his property is entered, and naming a date on or before which all objections to the values must be lodged. The omission to give notice does not, however, invalidate the valuation.

The valuation roll is deposited for public inspection at a convenient public office situated within the district of the local authority, on such days, and at such times during the day, as the Valuer-General publicly notifies by advertisement in a newspaper circulating in the district.

An objection to a valuation must be made in writing by the objector or his authorized agent or attorney, who must, inter alia, furnish in the form used for the purpose, the objector's estimate of the selling-value of the property. The Valuer-General may, if he chooses, refuse to entertain any objection received after the date named in the notice.

Objections to value can only be on the ground that the valuation does not represent the true selling-value of the property, as that is the test imposed by the Act.

The fact that the new valuation will cause an increase in the amount of local rates or hind-tax payable on the property is not considered a sufficient cause for objecting. The Valuation Department docs not fix the rate in either case, and any such objection can only be based on an assumption that the rate to be levied will be the same as previously. Neither is the fact that the new valuation shows an increase or decrease on the last valuation considered a sufficient ground of objection, as the selling-value may have increased or decreased since the last valuation was made, or the previous valuation may have been erroneous.

The objection that improvements are valued too high or too low is frequently a ground of objection. Before, however, such an objection can be maintained it must be ascertained whether the capital value of the property is valued at the fair and full selling-value. If, for instance, the capital value of a property is set below the fair selling-value, the improvements will necessarily be valued in proportion. In such cases as this an increase in the value of improvements would only serve to increase the capital value, and would not reduce the unimproved value. If an objector fails to appear at the Assessment Court and is not represented there by his agent or attorney, his objection will not be heard.

All objections of a technical nature, such as errors in ownership, occupancy, area, or description, &c., are attended to and corrected as a matter of course by the Valuer-General without reference to the Assessment Court.

The Valuer-General invariably refers objections to values to the District Valuer to enable him to review valuations before the sitting of the Assessment Court. If after careful reconsideration by the District Valuer, who is at all times ready and willing to consult with an objector in a difficult case, it is decided that an objection shall be allowed or a reasonable compromise effected, the valuation is altered accordingly. On the other hand, if the Valuer-General is in possession of evidence that the valuer's estimates are fair, but the objector will not accept them, the objection is heard and determined by the Assessment Court.

CONSTITUTION OF THE ASSESSMENT COURT.

The Assessment Court consists of three members, of whom one is the Stipendiary Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in the Magistrate's Court situated in or near the locality in which the subject-matter of the objection arises. Of the other two members of the Court, one member is appointed by the Governor in Council and the other member by the local authority of the district whose roll has been revised, or by two or more local authorities acting in unison, provided the appointee is not a member of any local authority. If the local authority fails to appoint an assessor, then the appointment is made by the Governor in Council. The Magistrate is President of the Court.

The Assessment Court sits at such times and places as are generally mutually arranged between the President of the Court and the Valuer-General. Due notice of the sitting of the Court is given by advertisement in a newspaper, and at every sitting the presence of the President and at least one other member of the Court is necessary. The Valuer-General is entitled to appear either personally or by solicitor, or by an officer of the Department, in any Court or in any other proceedings.

Prior to the sitting of the Assessment Court a list of all objections which are to be heard is prepared by the Valuer-General and laid before the Court, and all decisions given by the Court are entered thereon and initialled by the President. If the objection is allowed, the reduction or addition is immediately entered on the valuation roll. If the objection is disallowed, the owner may, within fourteen days after the hearing by the Assessment Court, give notice to the Valuer-General that he requires the capital value to be reduced to the value which he (the objector) considers to be the fair selling-value as specified in his notice, or the land to be acquired on behalf of His Majesty at that value.

If the Valuer-General is of opinion that the Assessment Court has made an unfair reduction in a valuation he may, within fourteen days of the hearing, require the owner to consent to what he (the Valuer-General) considers is the fair selling capital value, and, failing such consent being given within thirty days after notice is delivered at its address, he may, with the approval of the Governor in Council, acquire the property at that value on behalf of His Majesty.

The decision of the Assessment Court on any objection before it is subject to appeal to the Supreme Court on question of law. On all other questions the decision of the Assessment Court is final.

VALUATION ROLLS FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

The district valuation roll so long as it continues in force is by law the roll from which the valuation roll of every local authority rating on the capital or on the unimproved value is framed, and for that purpose the Valuer-General, at the request of each local authority, and upon receiving from it an accurate description of the boundaries of its rating district, compiles from the district valuation roll, and supplies to such local authority, a valuation roll of all rateable property within such rating district, and such valuation roll must while the district valuation roll continues in force he the valuation roll of the local authority for the purposes of rating.

The local authority is required to forward its roll for correction and amendment at such time and to such place as the Valuer-General directs, and may forward to the Valuer-General at other times a list of any alterations which it desires to have made on the roll, but it is not lawful for the local authority, without the consent of the Valuer-General, to make any alterations in the valuation roll, except as to changes of ownership or occupancy, of which notice has been received by the local authority Under the Eating Act.

Every rate levied by the local authority in any year must be levied in accordance with the values appearing on the roll as corrected from the district valuation roll up to the 31st day of March next preceding the date of the levy, and the rate is not effected by any alteration in value during the year.

In any case where the boundaries of the district of a local authority are altered, or a new district is constituted, the Valuer-General, at the request of the local authority, makes new rolls, or such alterations in the existing valuation rolls as may be necessary. The cost of, and incidental to; the preparation, revision, or correction of the district valuation roll is borne in equal one-third shares, but no local authority can be called upon in any year to contribute towards such cost any sum exceeding 1s. per centum of the capital value of all property appearing on its valuation roll.

It may be pointed out that it is not the duty of the Valuer-General in fixing values to take into consideration the financial exigencies of local authorities. Such a proceeding would be consonant neither with justice nor the principle of the Valuation of Land Act.

LEASEHOLD PROPERTIES: METHOD OF COMPUTATION OF THE INTERESTS OF LESSOR AND LESSEE (SECTION 39, VALUATION OF LAND ACT, 1908).

Under the Valuation of Land Act all land in New Zealand, whether leasehold or freehold, if not subject to any statutory restriction as to the use to which the land can be put, must be valued on the basis of an unencumbered estate in fee-simple. In the case of leasehold property where the lease contains terms favourable to the lessee the duty devolves upon the Valuation Department of computing the separate interests of lessor and of lessee.

The interest of a sublessee is computed in the same way as that for a lessee, the lessee's interest being reducible by the amount of the sublessee's interest.

The aggregate of all such interests must equal the total capital value, unimproved value, and value of improvements for the property.

The fair market annual rental of any property is assumed under the Act to be 5 per cent. of its total value. Where a lessee pays a rental in excess of 5 per cent. of the total value of any property and the lease does not provide for compensation for improvements he can have no assessable interest therein. In cases where the lessee pays a rental of less than 5 per cent. of the total value and the lease does not provide for any right of renewal, purchase, or compensation for improvements, then the difference capitalized at 5 per cent. for the unexpired term of the lease represents the interest assessable to Mm as lessee. The lessor's interest is the balance of the total amount of the valuation after having deducted the amount of the lessee's interest. The lessor's interest can, however, be independently computed. It represents the present, value of the net rent per annum for the unexpired term of the lease, plus the present value of the reversion to which he is entitled. The nature of the reversion depends entirely upon the nature of the lease. The leases recorded in the district valuation rolls vary considerably as to terms and conditions. In computing, therefore, the interests of lessor and lessee regard must be paid to the particular terms of each lease. The requisite factors for the computation of interests are:—

  1. The unexpired term of the lease.

  2. The annual rent payable under the lease.

  3. The terms of any right of renewal, purchase, or compensation for improvements.

Besides the computation of the total interests of lessor and of lessee there have to be ascertained what respective proportions of those interests are represented in the unimproved value and in the value of improvements. Excepting in a case where the lessee has a special interest in the land or in the improvements, as the case may be, his total interest must be divided between the unimproved value and value of improvements in the same relative proportion as the total capital value is divided between the unimproved value and the value of improvements.

It is part of the duty of the valuer to ascertain the rent, length of term of lease, and all other particulars, and record them in his field-book.

CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES OF LAND IN NEW ZEALAND.

General valuations of land for the whole of New Zealand were made periodically up to the year 1897–98. Since that year no general valuations for the whole Dominion have been made, but portions have been revalued from time to time. The figures in the three following tables showing valuations over a number of years therefore represent general valuations up to 1897 only, while for subsequent years the figures have been revised to include the latest valuations of small divisions.

The first table shows the capital value of land with improvements (distinguishing the unimproved value of land) for all lands in New Zealand from 1878, with separate figures for North and South Islands.

TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES, 1878–1913.
Year.NORTH ISLAND.SOUTH ISLAND.NEW ZEALAND.
Total Value of Land in the North Island, New Zealand.Total Value of Land in the South Island, New Zealand (including Stewart Island).Total Value of Land in New Zealand.
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value (included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value (included in previous Column).
 ££££££
187834,262,47920,323,84065,304,20042,250,02899,566,67962,573,868
1882........101,000,000 
188548,699,698..64,570,951..113,270,649 
188849,607,87332,088,91361,529,84143,408,466111,137,71475,497,379
189157,441,11534,340,50064,783,91441,447,395122,225,02975,832,465
189771,680,952..66,910,395.138,591,34784,401,244
190283,439,97449,622,88771,376,15845,224,840154,816,13294,847,727
1904101,924,87761,855,05380,871,36450,774,359182,796,241112,629,412
1905110,810,38467,834,58786,874,09155,102,539197,684,475122,937,126
1906124,751,91477,784,31093,670,63859,384,208218,422,552137,168,548
1907137,998,39587,469,01098,646,14162,213,679236,644,536149,682,689
1908149,783,91495,005,640103,656,25866,319,123253,440,172161,324.763
1909160,917,161101,907,555110,598,86170,852,393271,516,022172,759,948
1910165,014,036103,790,934112,616,04771,498,927277,630,083175,289,861
1911175,485,540109,366,048117,631,52574,696,750293,117,065184,062,798
1912193,506,090121,776,349121,997,12377,407,912315,503,213199,184,261
1913210,292,824130,380,779130,266,90482,582,689340,559,728212,963,468

The next table shows the capital value of land with improvements and the unimproved value of land in counties, boroughs, and town districts in New Zealand from 1878 to 1913.

TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES, COUNTIES, BOROUGHS, AND INDEPENDENT TOWN DISTRICTS IN NEW ZEALAND, 1878–1913.
Year.Counties.Boroughs and Town Districts.
Number.Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Number.Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).

* Boroughs.

† Town Districts.

 ££ ££
18786372,608,16348,212,2906126,958,51614,361,578
18887676,340,57757,201,3878534,797,13718,295,992
18917885,818,16757,880,2339036,406,86217,907,662
18978195,710,26663,732,5169842,881,08120,668,728
190289106,550,77271,747,75810248,265,36023,099,969
190495121,966,15282,513,63010060,830,08930,115,782
190596131,929,07890,440,27510165,755,39732,496,851
190697144,003,15899,236,46210474,419,39437,932,086
190798152,695,969106,373,461*106 1883,948,56743,309,228
1903102162,289,950114,301,726*109 2391,150,22247,023,037
1909107175,601,263123,339,350*110 2495,914,75949,420,598
1910111177,701,619124,560,720*107 2399,928,46450,729,141
1911118185,042,337129,990,593*110 26108,074,72854,072,205
1912123198,114,138138,813,886*113 26117,389,07560,370,375
1913124218,282,038152,273,929*115 25122,277,69060,689,539

Similar information for North and South Islands is given in the following table:—

TABLE SHOWING CAPITAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES, COUNTIES, BOROUGHS, AND INDEPENDENT TOWN DISTRICTS IN NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS, 1878–1913.
Year.Counties.Boroughs and Town Districts.
Number.Capital Value (Laud and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Number.Capital Value (Laud and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Laud (included in previous Column).

* Boroughs.

† Town Districts.

(a) North Island.
  ££ ££
18783124,255,18014,434,7621310,007,2995,889,078
18884332,752,00222,907,9392916,855,8719,180,974
18914539,256,81824,716,5983218,184,2979,623,902
18974748,436,97729,346,4973623,243,97512,474,262
19025556,543,53535,344,7383826,896,43914,278,149
19045966,968,04642,476,6213934,956,83119,378,432
19056072,301,28946,620,5524138,509,09521,214,035
19066179,532,18052,044,2764445,219,73425,740,064
19076286,208,88957,764,425*46 1351,789,50629,704,585
19086693,347,35263,088,267*49 1756,436,56231,917,373
190969100,530,23468,177,049*50 1859,514,72133,730,506
191070103,042,63669,217,402*51 1761,971,40034,573,532
191171107,734,51172,375,111*54 2067,751,02936,990,937
191272117,194,75178,630,607*56 2076,311,33943,145,742
191372131,042,43987,417,493*58 1979,250,38542,963,286
(b.) South Island.
18783248,352,98333,777,5284816,951,2178,472,500
18883343,588,57534,293,4485617,941,2669,115,018
18913346,561,34933,163,6355818,222,5658,283,760
18973447,273,28934,386,0196219,637,1068,194,466
19023450,007,23736,403,0206421,368,9218,821,820
19043654,998,10640,037,0096125,873,25810,737,350
19053659,627,78943,819,7236027,246,30211,282,816
19063664,470,97847,192,1866029,199,66012,192,022
19073666,487,08048,609,036*60 532,159,06113,604,643
19083668,942,59851,213,459*60 634,713,66015,105,664
19093875,071,02955,162,301*60 636,400,03815,690,092
19104174,658,98355,343,318*56 637,957,06416,155,609
19114777,307,82657,615,482*56 640,323,69917,081,268
19125180,919,38760,183,279*57 641,077,73617,224,633
19135287,239,59964,856,436*57 643,027,30517,726,253

The total valuations are given for counties and boroughs, and for town districts not forming parts of counties. The particulars for component parts of counties, being road districts, town districts forming parts of counties, and portions of outlying country, will be found in the Statistical Volume for 1912.

TABLE showing Capital Value of Land with Improvements (and distinguishing the unimproved Value of Lard) for all Lands and for Rateable Properties in each County in New Zealand, as at the 31st March, 1913, with the Area, Population, Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll, and the Year in which the Values were last revised.

County.Area in Square Miles (including Interior Boroughs,©).Population, as at Census. 1911.Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.Values last revised as at 31st March, in
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).

* Counties Act not wholly in force.

† In cases where more than one year is shown in this column the revision of the county was carried out in sections, certain ridings, road districts, or town districts being revised in the years stated.

 ££ ££ 
Mangonui8953,1051,750434,708255,361C.V.346,310182,9031910
Whangaroa155775547137,47987,396C.V.124,13776,7451912
Bay of Islands8483,1472,629996,989729,275C.V.820,124507,7621912
Hokianga9583,0412,621958,324702,948U.V.651,430408,6691911
Whangarei8947,1613,8871,351,459761,557C.V.1,268,198094,0611909, 1910, 1912
Hobson6264,0781,5581,226,567764,742U.V.1,172,250719,3691913
Otamatea4433,5481,805949,336571,304C.V.910,029540,0431912
Rodney4933,5601,680998,046606,921C.V.962,687578,8001912
Waitemata6307,3865,2292,027,2091,279,549C.V.1,948,3231,225,3221909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913
Eden3521,9279,4337,347,9494,476,381*6,909,4244,201,4811909, '11, '12. '13
Manukau1975,3422,1362,174,1361,464,696C.V.2,116,5241,431,8621908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913
Franklin6208,3623.6202,436,9971,472,561C.V.2.389,6471,449,7751911, 1912, 1913
Islands—
Great and Little Barrier..41830069,42340,942..47,61733,5321897
Waiheke, &c...494157285,720187,747..227,080140,3771913
Waikato6135,2911,7372,671,5711,853,950C.V.2,553,2451,709,1861912
Raglan8552,9072,0071,774,5281,132,538U.V.1,713,3811,080,2011911
Waipa2845,8582,6803,274,0812,226,420C.V.3,197,4872,181,5261913
Kawhia351875826553,220355,746U.V.516,513321,9921913
Awakino416605439644,100422,567*600,962380,3471911
Waitomo1,1153,5952,8272,156,6431,423,777C.V.2,034,5241,312,0561913
Ohura5271,4369741,001,611647,064U.V.887,650538,3131913
Coromandel4402,7321,585438,709286,486C.V.372,345235,7591913
Thames584,3882,088789,778482,025C.V.715,707420,5521913
Ohinemuri 6,0442,7051,265,295779,617C.V.1,085,195653,3871913
Taurangal2,9322,3421,288,016840,887U.V.1,172,668738,7961912
Piako43,2001,2821,493,388927,971U.V.1,432,074883,1351911, 1913
Matamata7202,9461,0301,254,020762,404C.V.1,157,205677,4691911
Rotorua9951,1541,095613,593478,534*489,251385,6471912
Whakatane1,5501,7001,313678,246529,102C.V.522,160384,0311908
Opotiki1,5091,4831,1381,238,776785,824U.V.1,102,590654,0031913
East Taupo2,470528559468,714348,903Nil297,208180,2521906
West Taupo1,650974586453,032398,032Nil270,383226,7841906
Islands—
Mayor and Motiti..3..5,7003,616Nil2,2621,0181897
Waiapu1,1021,7349172,696,4261,647,854C.V.2,467,2371,465,1521913
Waikohu8962,9039452,566,5491,537,545U.V.2,504,9151,480,5891912
Cook1,0886,4203,5885,240,5743,500,891C.V.5,184,7733,482,8031911, 1912, 1913
Wairoa1,8871,8701,5605,004,1271,899,318C.V.2.898,5871,807,9181913
Hawke's Bay1,9859,2204,4437,813,1795,942,469C.V.7,706,7865,885,7181907, 1911, 1912, 1913
Waipukurau.85538244475,632367,651U.V.473,515366,6091908
Waipawa4403,0411,0692,209,8951,565,365U.V.2,180,3031,542,1721908
Woodville1701,8807921,070,457695,319U.V.1,052,241682,8551908
Dannevirke3984,6831,5502,038,9231,359,348U.V.1,999,4151,333,1541908
Patangata7181,9368741,370,9622,670,644C.V.3,356,4192,602,1191909, 1912
Weber108526200482,764279,883U.V.479,667278,5551909
Clifton6152,1981,3491,000,353563,079C.V.965,718532,8331911
Taranaki3866,3112,9232,235,1051,251,615C.V.2,200,3471,132,2621912, 1913
Egmont1973,2641,5371,408,379836,893C.V.1,365,890809,0901904, 1909
Stratford3915,2261,6532,078,5761,218,047U.V.2,040,5771,192,2451909
Whangamomona3781,615621505,107284,104U.V.481,945204,7991909
Waimate West751,8214991,414,7851,121,517C.V.1,411,1231,120,4551913
Hawera1953,6591,5802,540,7741,922,300C.V.2,514,3581,907,5141907, 1910, 1913
Eltham2013,3398991,527,5441,067,286C.V.1,506,9941,054,1341907, 1908
Patea6262,9391,4432,251,7751,542,099C.V.2,181,6091,491,2561908
Waitotara4472,2138791,573,2701,145,780C.V.1,546,6161,121,0911909
Wanganui6273,5491,4672,403,1391,539,241C.V.2,358,1691,503,7371911, 1913
Waimarino9453,4082,0081,596,7461,107,258U.V.1,304,931841,8521913
County.Area in Square Miles (including Interior Boroughs, &c.Population, as at Census, 1911.Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.Values last revised as at 31st March in
Capital Value (Laud and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column.)

* Counties Act not wholly in force.

† In cases where more than one year is shown in this column the revision of the county was carried out in sections, certain ridings, road districts, or town districts being revised in the years stated.

 ££ ££ 
Rangitikei8527,3713,0074,571,9403.084,285C.V.4,523,8823,053,6781908, 1909, 1912
Kiwitea3362,7811,4962,015,4891,351,435C.V.1,981,1641,328,3901910, 1911
Pohangina2951,7979561,220,981810,728C.V.1,184,430779,4791911
Kaittieke5751,966936951,763764,438C.V.657,398474,8381912
Kairanga1863,8771,1452,980,6442,177,667U.V.2,934,6782,161,9661912
Oroua2133,5881,4912,008,8541,476,316C.V.1,996,8121,472,6451909, 1913
Manawatu2674,4611,5382,371,2961,692,481C.V.2,355,0741,687,1431911, 1912
Horowhenua4986,0642,8913,583,1632,526,644C.V.3,411,1562,452,3561908, 1913
Islands—
Kapiti, Mana, and Somes..101717,98413,378Nil10,4849,3781898
Chatham I lands3752342795,55755,838Nil92,44653,6141898
Pahiatua3013,3982,2411,727,4801,033,763U.V.1,682,6481,001,9071907
Akitio3261,421755757,319439,760U.V.743,655429,8031907
Castlepoint250620167840,766543,485C.V.836,958542,7781913
Eketahuna1661,914922707,560417,433U.V.693,815407,9111908
Mauriceville136950436439,822252,255C.V.419,958235,3651907
Masterton7334,0201,5503,358,3022,163,778C.V.3,316,2502,145,4461909, 1910
Wairarapa South4522,7451,0322,170,6311,354,107U.V.2,140,8961,334,8531913
Featherston9612,5911,0023,294,2972,290,302C.V.3,225,2852,230,3751912
Hutt4834,1392,6062,060,6751,328,575C.V.1,797,1131,204,4911908, 1909, 1913
Makara1012,7031,253905,512488,416C.V.794,968461,1021908, 1909
Collingwood7191,206878246,046145,803C.V.201,956109,0931909
Takaka4541,820781416,626195,142U.V.365,856149,7431909
Waimea1,6628,6263,7432,096,3631,252,669C.V.1,953,1451,154,2001909
Sounds4731,181893593,933397,973Nil566,958342,8361908
Kaikoura7031,9267491,228,544909,116C.V.1,197,700903,3601913
Marlborough3,1986,5212,6343,163,4742,403,929*3,066,3332,330,3581904, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913
Awatere1,5355181,607,6471,251,884U.V.1,593,1881,243,9761913
Buller1,8186,6823,0281,399,462728,168U.V.1,010,046408,2721913
Murchison1,6401,014757565,896426,177U.V.252,027118,5961910
Inangahua7414,5031,718570,414287,051U.V.374,764113,6981912
Grey1,4527,2022,450952,447619,968C.V.547,533272,3131912
Westland4,4204,2743,295943,057737,879C.V.421,238238,0471707
Cheviot3221,3836401,472,1161,184,926U.V.1.459,9691,178,5481913
Amuri2,3621,6956151,980,7761,621,046C.V.1,944,3081,598,6061911, 1912
Waipara9011,9667492,511,6372,179,232C.V.2,499,2392,174,9221909
Ashley311710325597,109493,391C.V.576,672474,7381909
Kowai1602,080931916,261698,013C.V.903,118695,4731906, 1907
Oxford3241,867932857,015682,795C.V.823,860656,7981912
Rangiora952,8881,1691,271,386983,271C.V.1,259,520979,4151905, 1913
Eyre1751,872698829,854669,720C.V.824,444668,1841905
Waimairi7410,6933,9322,951,9451,772,163C.V.2,500,2861,511,5891909, 1911
Paparua1364,0921,4981,653,4411,184,721C.V.1,612,9591,174,5331909, 1910
Malvern2483,4581,2981,579,9261,222,486C.V.1,562,0851,219,0481909
Tawera9321,241326342,719268,396C.V.330,524264,9251907, 1909, 1910.
Heathcote214,1541,9711,043,189550,548C.V.1,019,109542,8781909, 1910
Halswell421,898423709,535541,181C.V.682,080534,0461910, 1913
Selwyn9771,2675671,152,874952,290C.V.1,146,678948,4741908
Springs891,8916161,046,672826,482C.V.1,003,504823,3341913
Ellesmere1833,7731,1982,220,9201,817,609C.V.2,194,9341,812,9091906, 1911
Mount Herbert59464175389,135309,117C.V.382,105306,9021909
Wairewa165894496881,106731,148C.V.869,612722,0741909
Akaroa1632,2518051,513,2821,203,857C.V.1,501,5721,200,9171909
Ashburton2,54210,2843,9807,646,0596,257,384C.V.7,550,1895,199,0921906, '07, '11,'12
Geraldine9495,1652,2782,907,4982,345,584C.V.2,881,5322,331,0341911, 1912
Levels2734,8261,9232,265,6821,788,206C.V.2,252,5371,785,4301909
Mackenzie2,5372,6471,0962,069,5531,660,068C.V.2,035,0701,641,4851911, 1912, 1913
Waimate1,3436,7302,6294,876,5783,984,966U.V.4,808,8553,952,8641906, 1913
Waitaki2,3339,7333,7733,908,7893,057,155C.V.3,842,3703,038,6181909
Maniototo1,2392,8121,755924,000643,773C.V.897,983632,3521912, 1913
County.Area in Square Miles (including Interior Boroughs, &c.Population, as at Census, 1911.Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.Values last revised as at 31st March in
Capital Value (Laud and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column.)

* Counties Act not wholly in force.

† In cases where more than one year is shown in this column the revision of the county was carried out in sections, certain ridings, road districts, or town districts being revised in the years stated.

 ££ ££ 
Waihemo3361,647807568,852412,093C.V.563,837410,8841908
Waikouaiti3204,3181,912885,449512,660C.V.767,786495,6981908
Peninsula371,8951,462529,692306,741*492,989300,5171908, 1011
Taieri9306,2022,7791,682,0671,192,204C.V.1,626,2461,171,3001906, 1907, 1909
Tuapeka1,3655,7322,6191,874,1901,338,900C.V.1,816,9661,315,2071011, 1912
Bruce5034,8352,2481,329,387953,322C.V.1,308,953946,6591906,'07,'08,'09
Clutha9707,2663,4112,119,1761,385,139C.V.2,025,8681,334,5741907, 1908, 1909, 1913
Vincent2,6843,7342,147644,788428,214C.V.604,484408,5971906, 1908, 1911
Islands—
Quarantine and Goat......3,454900Nil..  
Lake3,7121,9581,381395,638285,135C.V.354,446253,1381897, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909
Fiord3,0594290144,464137,684Nil16,02215,2421897
Wallace3,6968,6783,4642,835,6181,967,944C.V.2,697,9711,848,3581908. '09, '12,'13
Southland3,75425,79710,5929,746,1796,806,727U.V.9,569,6933,704,1151907, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913
Stewart I land665325295163,799129,606C.V.38,25618,2221904
Islands—
Antipodes, &c. ..713,88013,880Nil12,00012,0001897

TABLE showing Capital Value of Land with Improvements (and distinguishing the Unimproved Value of Land) for all Lands and for Rateable Properties in each Borough in New Zealand, as at the 31st March, 1913, with the Area, Population, Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll, and the Year in which the Values were last revised.

Roll No.Borough.Area in Acres.Estimated Population, 31st March, 1913.Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.Values last revised as at 31st March, in
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column)Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).

* Approximate.

 ££ ££
1Whangarei2,0382,790869600,074340,356C.V.577,769326,4161911
41CDargaville2,3251,352423221,938131,627C.V.215,633128,6221911
55Birkenhead2,7002,073573304,324132,824A.V.295,686128,2491909
56Devonport6407,5011,9341,484,97]645,783U.V.1,382,868510,7771911
57Auckland2,35647,7838,24517,960,26411,318,429A.V.15,391,1349,620,4341912
64Newmarket1503,127535439,370206,513A.V.424,538196,9731909
65Grey Lynn9008,4912,1601,171,548508,678U.V.1,135,658489,0181911
66Onehunga1,2004,8721,154805,111361,039A.V.756,204335,1241910
90Northcote2,4201,537532318,858182,483A.V.309,283176,1231913
96Mt. Albert2,4377,8782,8031,159,153492,350C.V.1,132,278480,9351910
99Mt. Eden1,41010,0782,7011,870,584755,627A.V.1,761,279722,4871910
140Hamilton1,6003,7101,072990,764561,639U.V.898,779496,1991910
141Cambridge1,0831,532586219,960111,863A.V.193,35597,3051905
158AFrankton..1,166530356,111239,665C.V.339,964227,8681912
166Thames2,5603,7121,253277,47097,497A.V.234,12187,9781905
167Tauranga1.0001,410687271,815139,358A.V.250,508130,8081912
177BWaihi3,1306,7401,691424,258151,468A.V.395,695144,0251908
187Te Aroha2001,35933988,18735,114A.V.73,46328,8751907
129APukekohe5,0821,290406377,250237,570C.V.361,735232,0251912
230To Kuiti2,1431,326738349,915188,161C.V.324,329175,2471913
201ATaumarunui1,9251,181520136,44168,470U.V.125,39763,0111911
117Otahuhu1,4081,934552338,056180,267C.V.317,599168,4401910
199Opotiki770980438253,672151,926U.V.231,999139,7411913
1Gisborne2,0009,3172,2752,378,8831,423,895U.V.2,203,3891,308,8901912
22Wairoa1,5621,148834254,294148,893'U.V.242,524143,7231910
25Napier91010,9102,4561,821,672828,336A.V1,673,497767,1191906
26Hastings2,6016,5833,6181,630,453923,066U.V.1,561,973892,2211911
27Dannevirke1,2223,5271,192763,366381,428U.V.705,122360,7211911
28Woodville1,2401,2191,041158,24659,614U.V.135,60253,8631913
41Waipawa5,0001,133469223,214135,518U.V.206,738127,2871908
44CWaipukurau..1,092471203,258134,478U.V.189,049128,9401908
61New Plymouth8507,5752,0011,395,632829,647A.V.1,253,977749,382Pt. 1906 pt, 1912
62Hawera5002,8111,126638,045320,229U.V.588,123293,2821912
63Patea1,42096138064,71022,089A.V.56,58320,1241902
70Waitara2,0801,520748202,84291,159C.V.193,52087,0741910
74Inglewood7031,332770162,80367,434C.V.148,24859,2181904
91Stratford1,9202,7631,882521,769239,665U.V.480,123216,4471912
97AEltham1,5901,818580316,618167,915C.V.299,376158,4551907
116Wanganui6,44713,3803,8453,080,0261,901,321A.V.2,811,9411,736,2251911
117Marton1,4231,505815315,517146,031U.V.290,191134,9901913
118HOhakune3,2241,16149190,57141,767U.V.76,17230,2481912
125ATaihape1,0301,651551234,567107,794A.V.201,14889,2351909
1Feilding2,3003,3101,707918,221503,641U.V.843,278450,6501909
2Palmerston North4,59511,7094,3592,225,9111,132,195U.V.2,099,3751,064,5971906
3Foxton1,2401,714602242,019115,563U.V.213,309102,4381911
4Onslow2,0001,9691,177581,250290,254U.V.528,254274,0211908
5Karori2,2401,5341,332510,275319,405U.V.473,227293,8051913
WELLINGTON
4AOnslow portion9,50066,338486320,480206,651U.V.298,883187,3691913
5AKarori portion872508,577222,480U.V.432,350202,1201913
7City portion11,47016,492,763*8,437,406U.V.14,993,4168,289,4751906
8kilbirnie portion3,0701,397,686679,484U.V.1,367,250657,4081913
9Island Bay portion1,925641,285323,955U.V.603,900308,7971913
10Ohiro portion2,5541,093,207478,153U.V.1,058,550456,9181913
24ALevin1,3501,6831,024292,105126,551C.V.273,774120,9691907
29Pahiatua7201,421570228,652101,223U.V.216,21597,8551906
30Masterton2,1005,5851,8401,238,130572,750U.V.1,120,046536,0661907
31Carterton1,8801,618762279,117118,680C.V.260,077112,6001908
32Grey town3,9071,090464200,72984,353A.V.185,55682,6141911
33Lower Hutt3,2554,4403,1241,433,963869,446U.V.1,367,765821,7241911
34Petone1,0007,0102,0991,362,169686,971U.V.1,231,402899,5011911
42BEketahuna960844448151,75368,415U.V.139,33563,8001912
64AEastbourne1,380601767184,110107,173U.V.180,939105,3071906
66Miramar2,2501,7391,829847,996619,206U.V.769,382557,7971908
67Richmond2,300735247137,05076,050C.V.130,26273,3671910
68Nelson4,8008,4652,4681,197,596577,684A.V.1,084,403533,6361905
69Picton5601,424825286,177153,526U.V.253,393131,3081909
70Blenheim1,5714,0481,517752,173340,639U.V.696,531318,7721909
77Motueka5,6431,286426182,02889,433C.V.174,69087,7731909
98Westport7134,9521,340735,272383,568U.V.619,547307,8031910
99Greymouth2,0005,5601,590823,168270,223U.V.701,082227,6681911
100Brunner5,7001,05452471,01111,980A.V.20,4619,0291898
101Kumara84282045933,8925,913A.V.24,0093,8581904
102Hokitika1,2802,3681,110240,78881,194U.V.200,36965,6531907
103Ross4,19667234023,2175,891C.V.18,7774,7791909
115ARunanga..1,63841056,36020,175C.V.43,65611,2321912
1Rangiora1,0401,920654254,94186,819C.V.236,66482,2121905
2Kaiapoi1,0201,908602188,45159,411A.V.171,46156,6461907
CCHRISTCHURCH
25St. Albans Ward4,79855,0983,5211,943,549656,999U.V.1,916,969648,2991908
26–30Central Ward3,8946,636,5353.108,388U.V.6,079,2382,944,8061907
31Sydenham Ward3,5701,804,009592,593U.V.1,674,794519,1281908
32, 32ALinwood Ward2,4021,171,673365,532U.V.1,150,205358,8741908
33Woolston1,2763,6991,180464,916172,631U.V.442,761166,0611908
34New Brighton1,5001,9901,829337,704167,565U.V.329,249163,9751913
Roll No.Borough.Area in Acres.Estimated Population, 31st March, 1913.Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.Values last revised as at 31st March in
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).
 ££ ££ 
35Sumner4,8761,9871,301505,260267,820U.V.473,000254,7901913
36Lyttelton2,0144,151921952,967265,510A.V.327,85294,4501908
37Akaroa221650190104,19144,544C.V.94,48140,7611911
39ERiccarton2,8893,027920519,784180,552C.V.472,119163,2571909
48Spreydon1,2953,5601,554701,588185,616U.V.489,838183,2161910
63Ashburton6802,797904471,693203,300A.V.430,308179,2251905
64, 64ATimaru1,10012,0483,3042,216,1101,120,531A.V.2,065,6001,047,1661908
78Geraldine487989384127,60543,758C.V.116,96940,8931912
80, 80ATemuka9451,823741225,69366,529C.V.194,42156,9891909
89Waimate6491,845640291,09198,639U.V.258,21691,3231910
DUNEDIN
46Valley Ward ....582,961212,067A.V.551,949202,0201907
48Roslyn Ward ....955,117347,956A.V.933,307341,2461908
50, 51Leith Ward9,27248,98810,7353,105,3761,435,160A.V.2,666,4691,228,5851909
52, 53Central Ward......3,833,6751,762,585A.V.3,359,9961,526,6351909
54, 55Caversham Ward......1,360,315446,178A.V.1,198,325395,4981907
2Oamaru1,1115,4051,538833,138290,486A.V.734,940258,0491910
3Hampden64036139327,0109,682C.V.22,7448,1121907
23Naseby11332418421,0082,573A.V.13,9511,9081912
24Palmerston80082846287,31223,906C.V.74,87821,8001913
25Waikouaiti1,70072060273,64127,947C.V.65,60626,6651908
44Port Chalmers3352,199529313,320104,990A.V.231,94588,1651907
45West Harbour1,0702,119807203,49075,358U.V.188,64066,9631907
47Maori Hill3,7002,278705406,597165,065U.V.338,842135,.051908
49Mornington6544,9171,350578,314187,746A.V.557,694182,1011907
56St Kilda4634,4861,647803,085305,045U.V.759,935289,4201913
65Green Island6001,991676217,29260,825A.V.207,64758,7151909
66Mosgiel9671,671668253,78597,748U.V.230,62093,8131912
67Roxburgh40046122037,6105,899A.V.32,5654,7791912
68Lawrence640953553115,91331,343A.V.93,66826,0731905
69Tapanui12634714532,1209,075A.V.28,5508,4951909
70Milton2651,410431181,33556,126A.V.163,36052,7711907
71Balclutha5681,320501205,92852,013U.V.192,65376,3181911
72Kaitangata1,1581,640736106,58631,325A.V.95,79528,8701905
114Cromwell64061449945,50010,870A.V.38,6108,9231906
115Alexandra84080746153,00910,048A.V.47,2618,8631900
1Arrowtown39042418020,9093,325A.V.14,9942,8471905
2Queenstown92372826764,91514,544A.V.51,80112,2441905
20Gore1,1503,4121,217601,105247,426U.V.545,052218,4161911
21Mataura1,5301,255447200,27275,864A.V.192,33872,0091912
22Winton16059022781,44627,935U.V.72,66625,6691911
27AInvercargill2,54913,5904,1163,004,6121,273,316U.V.2.696,5551,125,6301911
28South Invercargill2,2801,549657147,03475,056U.V.141,65572,8761911
29Riverton718979521126,77844,020A.V.110,44741,8131913
80Campbelltown2,0001,865680270,25098,455U.V.252,96191,4751909

TABLE showing Capital Value of Land with improvements (and distinguishing the Unimproved Value of Land) for all Lands and for Rateable Properties in each Town District (outside the Jurisdiction of any Count}') in New Zealand, as at the 31st March, 1913, with the Population, Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll, and the Year in which the Values were last revised.

Roll No.Town District, independent of County (outside County Jurisdiction).Estimated Population, 31st March, 1913.Number of Assessments on Valuation Roll.Gross Values.System of Rating.Rateable Values.Values last revised as at 31st March, in
Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).Capital Value (Land and Improvements).Unimproved Value of Land (included in previous Column).
 ££ ££ 
24AHikurangi72529172,63540,260C.V.70,45539,4701913
84Helensville70126197,70534,460A.V.88,36531,8451911
79BWarkworth72119482,36726,540C.V.76,88225,3901912
143AHuntly1,381290165,16092,150C.V.157,85089,5701911
105AEllerslie991299225,158104,610C.V.208,62396,1151909
92BNew Lynn619268132,65076,260C.V.130,44574,3351912
192Rotorua2,503706736,320461,907C.V.489,967280,7521911
32Taradale936297145,05588,563C.V.141,30587,6081908
94Manaia562..71,85223,386C.V.64,72721,8951907
111Waverley65525797,25043,316C.V.85,85039,3961912
115AGonville1,630789409,759218,143U.V.378,503203,2681912
115BCastlecliff648464120,35256,097C.V.112,97250,7261913
125BMangaweka51725450,29119,450C.V.44,33816,1401909
126Hunterville68826979,89133,618C.V.72,91130,9291908
136Bull's54317756,75923,716A.V.50,72121,8751908
52BMartinborough660421119,01636,877C.V.113,91736,1621910
54Featherston77833599,19332,329U.V.89,49430,6501909
59Johnsonville973679228,214139,181C.V.209,469128,4211909
62AUpper Hutt1,1001,185233,780139,482U.V.218,445134,2671908
71Hampstead1,560472150,74665,875C.V.139,58664,9351908
75Tinwald56324781,83545,302C.V.78,86144,6971905
83APleasant Point51525360,65224,504C.V.55,47323,5401909
64ABay1,090698295,032134,799C.V.288,492132,2741911
35Otautau778327120,86050,528C.V.111,28147,4631912
52Wyndham693275110,90050,275A.V.98,71344,4451912

Chapter 27. SECTION XXVIII.—STATISTICAL VIEW OF FIFTY YEARS' PROGRESS IN NEW ZEALAND, 1864–1913.

I.—POPULATION.
Year.Population (exclusive of Maoris and for Annexed Pacific Islands) on 31st December.Births.Deaths.Marriages.
Males.Females.Totals.
1864106,58065,578172,1586,5012,9211,878
1865117,37673,231190,6077,4902,7571,908
1866125,08079,034204,1148,4662,5402,038
1867131,92986,739218,6688,9182,7022,050
1868134,62191,997226,6189,3912,6622,085
1869140,11297,137237,2499,7182,7211,931
1870145,732102,668248,40010,2772,7031,851
1871156,431110,555266,98610,5922,6421,864
1872162,404117,156279,56010,7953,1921,873
1873170,406125,540295,94611,2223,6452,276
1874194,349147,511341,86012,8444,1612,828
1875213,294162,562375,85614,4385,7123,209
1876225,580173,495399,07516,1684,9043,196
1877227,681180,937408,61816,8564,6853,114
1878240,627191,892432,51917,7704,6453,377
1879257,894205,835463,72918,0705,5833,352
1880268,364216,500484,86419,3415,4373,181
1881274,986225,924500,91018,7325,4913,277
1882283,303234,404517,70719,0095,7013,600
1883294,665246,212540,87719,2026,0613,612
1884306,667257,637564,30419,8465,7403,800
1885312,125263,101575,22619,6936,0813,813
1886317,646271,740589,38619,2996,1353,488
1887324,558278,803603,36119,1356,1373,563
1888324,948282,432607,38018,9025,7083,617
1889328,588287,464616,05218,4575,7723,632
1890332,557292,951625,50818,2785,9943,797
1891336,174297,884634,05818,2736,5183,805
1892345,146305,287650,43317,8766,4594,002
1893357,635314,630672,26518,1876,7674,115
1894363,763322,365686,12818,5286,9184,17
1895369,725328,981698,70618,5466,8634,110
1896376,987337,175714,16218,6126,4324,843
1897384,703344,353729,05618,7376,5954,928
1898392,124351,339743,46318,9557,2445,091
1899398,679357,826756,50518,8357,6805,461
1900403,628364,650768,27819,5467,2005,860
1901414,223373,434787,65720,4917,6346,095
1902425,908382,021807,92920,6558,3756,394
1903439,674392,831832,50521,8298,5286,748
1904453,992403,547857,53922,7668,0876,983
1905467,366415,096882,46223,6828,0617,200
1906481,651427,075908,72624,2528,3397,592
1907492,649436,835929,48425,09410,0668,192
1908510,329450,313960,64225,9409,0438,339
1909520,406462,520982,92626,5248,9598,094
1910529,928472,7511,002,67925,9849,6398,236
1911539,729485,6771,025,40626,3549,5348,825
1912553,212499,4151,052,62727,5089,2149,149
1913569,109515,5531,084,66227,93510,1198,813

NOTE.—Maori population excluded from above was 49,844 in 1911, and that of Cook and other Islands 12,598 persons.

II.—PRODUCTION.
Year.Occupied and Cultivated Holdings over One Acre in Extent.Land (including Sown Grasses) under Cultivation.Live-stock.Coal-mines, Output from.
Horses.Horned Cattle.Sheep.Pigs.
 Number.Acre. Tons.
1864..382,65549,409249,7604,937,27361,276Prior to 1878, 709,931
1865............
1866............
1867..676,90965,715312,8358,418,579115,104
1868............
186911,932783,435........
187013,476997,477........
187110,2111,140,27918,028436,5929,700,629151,460
187214,8741,226,222........
187315,3041,416,933........
187415,8831,651,71299,859494,91711,704,853123,921..
187516,0921,943,653..........
187617,2502,377,402..........
187718,7502,940,711..........
187820,5193,523,277137,768578,43013,069,338207,337162,218
187921,0543,982,866........231,218
188023,1294,506,889........299,923
188124,1474,768,192161,736698,63712,985,085200,083337,262
188226,2985,189,104........378,272
188327,3525,651,255........421,764
188428,5876,072,949........480,831
188529,8146,550,399........511,063
188631,7636,668,920187,382853,35816,564,595277,901534,353
188733,3326,845,177........558,620
188834,7437,284,752........613,895
188935,7477,670,167........586,445
189038,1708,015,426........637,397
189138,0838,462,495211,040788,91917,865,423222,553668,794
189241,2248,893,225....18,570,752..673,315
189342,7689,713,745....19,380,369..691,548
189445,29010,063,051..885,30520,230,829..719,546
189546,67610,128,076..964,03419,826,604..726,654
1896..10,698,869237,4181,047,90119,138,493239,778792,851
189758,94011,550,075249,81131,138,06719,687,954209,834840,713
189860,75911,444,563252,8341,209,16519,673,725186,027907,033
189961,63911,984,606258,1151,203,02419,348,506193,512975,234
190062,48512,474,511261,9311,222,13919,355,195249,7511,093,990
190162,78612,636,035266,2451,256,68020,233,099250,9751,227,638
190263,98213,083,971279,6721,361,78420,342,727224,0241,362,702
190365,03413,357,700286,9551,460,66318,954,553193,7401,420,193
190466,09213,504,004298,7141,593,54718,280,806226,5911,537,838
190568,68013,868,074314,3221,736,85019,130,875255,3201,585,756
190669,94214,114,925326,5371,810,93620,108,471249,7271,729,536
190772,33814,382,787342,6081,851,75020,983,772242,2731,831,009
190873,36714,884,617352,8321,816,29922,449,053241,1281,860,975
190975,15215,566,308363,2591,773,32623,480,707245,0921,911,247
1910........24,269,620..2,197,362
191173,87616,154,218404,2842,020,17123,996,126343,7542,066,073
1912........23,750,153..2,177,615
1913........24,191,810..1,888,005
III.—TRADE.
Exports (the Produce of New Zealand).
Year.Wool.Grain.Frozen Meat.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.
 lb.£Bushels.£Cwt.£
186416,691,6661,070,9973,580722....
186519,180,5001,141,76125,4476,076....
186622,810,7701,354,15232,6107,297....
186727,152,9661,580,608158,81126,986....
186828,875,1631,516,548632,556114,125....
186927,765,6361,371,230520,55696,441....
187037,039,7631,703,944854,399141,135....
187137,793,7341,606,1441,032,902164,087....
187241,886,9972,537,9191,058,480178,886....
187341,535,1852,702,471598,431136,832....
187446,848,7352,834,6951,162,782291,103....
187554,401,5403,398,1551,276,927231,417....
187659,853,4543,395,8162,172,098337,878....
187764,481,3243,658,9381,323,910276,452....
187859,270,2563,292,8072,112,214508,767....
187962,220,8103,126,4393,470,344660,557....
188066,860,1503,169,3005,540,445898,997....
188159,415,9402,909,7605,815,960986,072....
188265,322,7073,118,5544,310,984907,96115,24419,339
188368,149,4303,014,2116,723,3031,286,72487,975118,328
188481,139,0283,267,5275,489,635766,824254,069345,090
188586,507,4313,205,2754,597,645513,697296,473373,857
188690,853,7443,072,9713,523,324463,549346,055427,93
188788,824,3823,321,0744,126,836443,780402,107455,870
188883,225,7333,115,0085,101,167668,859552,298628,800
1889102,227,3543,976,3756,120,202985,224656,822783,374
1890102,817,0774,150,5998,287,0241,030,415898,8941,087,617
1801106,187,1144,129,6865,877,059676,3381,000,3071,194,724
1892118,180,9124,313,3076,625,525816,272869,6001,033,377
1893109,719,6843,774,7384,855,368583,397903,8361,085,167
1894144,295,1544,827,0162,434,295226,1831,025,2431,194,545
1895116,015,1703,662,1312,381,837215,7831,134,0971,262,711
1896129,151,6244,391,8482,941,821346,1971,103,3621,251,993
1897135,835,1174,443,1441,919,887235,4291,407,9211,566,286
1898149,385,8154,645,8041,045,980130,1201,551,7731,698,750
1899147,169,4974,324,6276,985,999721,8171,865,8272,088,856
1900140,706,4864,749,1969,529,8471,034,0141,844,8312,123,881
1901146,820,0793,699,10313,373,5151,285,8111,857,5472,253,262
1902160,419,0233,354,5635,865,562786,5482,138,5572,718,763
1903155,128,3814,041,2745,362,748533,8652,378,6503,197,043
1904144,647,3764,673,8263,775,978392,3461,912,9792,793,599
1905139,912,7375,381,3332,282,853294,5741,690,6842,694,432
1906154,384,5686,765,6551,006,825139,4742,025,5072,877,031
1907171,635,5957,657,278229,59353,2052,354,8083,420,064
1908162,518,4815,335,7811,114,332143,2232,120,3033,185,515
1909189,683,7036,305,8886,951,926823,1492,572,6043,601,093
1910204,368,9578,308,4101,985,616319,0732,654,1963,850,777
1911169,424,8116,491,7071,763,509330,1862,250,5653,503,406
1912188,361,7907,105,4835,326,963741,6002,573,2383,900,569
1913186,533,0368,057,620650,790131,2032,578,6934,449,933
III.—TRADE
Exports (the Produce of New Zealand)
Year.Butter.Cheese.Phormium Fibre.
Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.Quantity.Value.

* Not recorded separately.

 Cwt.£Cwt.£Tons.£
1864****7170
1865****375
1866232l,590136545996
186738192903621264,256
18681385323351,2405348,137
18692,70514,6792,3318,0402,02845,245
18703,43512,9952,7359,3275,471132,578
18714,34212,4261,6194,0234,24890,611
18721,6294,4621,3624,3793,98599,405
18737222,3421,9936,6256,45443,799
18743571,1681,3264,4082,03837,690
18751046604421,86263911,742
18768713,9108853,48889718,285
18775,20623,4584,99916,7131,05318,826
18783,10612,1113,0199,36862210,666
18793391,6311726284457,874
18802,7178,3507171,98389415,617
18812,4268,4963,0566,1121,30826,285
188211,26452,0883,55310,1302,04041,955
18838,86942,0202,5196,8922,01336,761
188415,76666,59310,34225,0741,52523,475
188524,923102,38715,24535,7421,06316,316
188623,175105,53716,42945,6571,11215,922
188717,01854,92123,91354,5621,57825,094
188829,995118,25236,68278,9184,04275,269
188937,955146,84026,55867,10517,084361,182
189034,816122,70140,45184,98621,158381,789
189139,430150,25839,77086,67515,809281,514
189253,930227,16241,49391,04212,793214,542
189358,149254,64546,20199,62612,587219,375
189460,771251,28055,655115,2034,67766,256
189557,964227,60176,743150,9091,80621,040
189671,353281,71671,372130,1662,96832,985
189799,002402,60577,683150,5172,76930,674
189896,801403,69068,711135,7764,85074,556
1899136,086571,79969,440141,81810,371184,411
1900172,583740,620102,849229,11115,906332,182
1901201,591882,406104,294238,68510,171195,728
1902253,9981,205,80274,746163,53920,852534,031
1903285,1061,318,06774,780194,99822,652595,684
1904314,3601,380,46084,526185,48626,936710,281
1905305,7221,408,55788,562205,17127,877696,467
1906320,2251,560,235131,206341,00227,779776,106
1907328,4411,615,345236,833662,35528,547832,068
1908229,9711,171,182280,798783,41917,403396,288
1909321,1081,639,380400,6071,105,39014,318306,973
1910356,5351,811,975451,9151,195,37320,645448,414
1911302,3871,576,917439,1741 192,05717,366300,209
1912378,1172,088,809577,0701,680,39318,641376,264
1913372,2582,061,651611,6631,770,29728,092721,924
III.—TRADE
Exports (the Produce of New Zealand)
Year.Gold.Gum (Kauri).Provisions, Tallow, Timber. &c.Total New Zealand Produce Exported.
QuantityValue.Quantity.Value.Value.
 Oz.£Tons.£££
1864480,1711,857,8472,22860,59059,0893,050,634
1865574,5742,226,4741,86746,06082,7293,503,421
1866735,3762,844,5172,53570,572116,9014,396,090
1867686,7532,700,2752,68577,49189,2944,479,464
1868637,4742,504,3262,69072,49351,3614,268,762
1869614,2812,362,9952,850111,30780,1974,090,134
1870544,8802,157,5854.391175,074212,0444,544,682
1871730,0292,787,5205,054167,958338,3355,171,104
1872445,3701,730,9924,811154,167396,9765,107,186
1873505,3371,987,4252,83385,816412,6605,477,970
1874376,3881,505,3312,56879,986397,7625,152,143
1875355,3221,407,7703.230138,523285,7155,475,844
1876318,3671,268,5592,888109,234351,7315,488,901
1877366,9551,476,3123,632118,348469,6706,058,717
1878311,4371,244,1903,445132,975573,7355,784,619
1879284,1001,134,6413,228147,535484,1505,563,455
1880303,2151,220,2634,725242,817544,9736,102,300
1881250,683996,8675,460253,778574,8805,762,250
1882230,893921,6645,533260,369921,2906,253,350
1883222,899892,4456,518336,6061,121,2576,855,244
1884246,392988,9536,393342,1511,116,7996,942,486
1885222,732890,0565,876299,7621,154,8196,591,911
1886235,578939,6484,920257,6531,058,5526,386,682
1887187,938747,8786,790362,4341,085,4686,551,081
1888229,608914,3098,482380,9331,274,7807,255,128
1889197,492785,4907,519329,5901,606,8289,042,008
1890187,641751,3607,438378,5631,440,7319,428,761
1891251,1611,007,1728,388437,0561,436,6719,400,094
1892237,393951,9638,705517,6781,200,5259,365,868
1893227,502915,9218,317510,7751,113,7998,557,443
1894221,614887,8658,338404,5671,112,2339,085,148
1895293,4931,162,1817,425418,7661,269,0318,390,153
1896263,6941,041,4287,126431,3231,269,6809,177,336
1897251,647980,2046,641398,0101,389,3989,596,267
1898280,1751,080,6919,905586,7671,562,83410,324,988
1899389,5701,513,18011,116607,9191,645,31311,799,740
1900373,6141,439,60210,159622,2931,784,35013,055,249
1901455,5581,753,7847,541446,1141,935,56712,690,460
1902507,8521,951,4267,430450,2232,333,70413,498,599
1903533,3142,037,8329,357631,1022,288,32714,838,192
1904520,3231,987,5019,203501,8171,976,47114,601,787
1905520,4852,093,93610,883561,4442,167,61615,503,530
1906563,8432,270,9049,154522,4862,587,45317,840,346
1907508,2102,027,4908,708579,8882,934,84519,783,138
1908506,3812,004,7995,530372,7982,501,52515,894,530
1909506,3712,006,9008,250552,6983,112,46519,462,936
1910478,2861,896,3188,693465,0443,648,77921,944,163
1911454,8371,815,2517,587395,7073,176,45818,781,898
1912343,1631,345,1317,908401,3053,623,85121,272,405
1913376,1611,459,4998,780549,1063,376,65722,577,890

30—Ybk.

III.—TRADE
Year.Total Exports.Imports.Total Trade.
Total.From United Kingdom.From Australia.From United States
 ££££££
18643,401,6677,000,6553,259,1743,429,809109,22210,402,322
18653,713,2185.594,9772,606,9942,565,28545,0849,308,195
18664,520,0745,894,8632,737,7022,780,966129,30010,414,937
18674,644,6785,344,6072,779,4632,182,99592,5909,989,285
18684,429,1984,985,7482,299,6892,261,485117,3269,414,946
18694,224,8604,976,1262,458,5792,106,85969,1099,200,986
18704,822,7564,639,0152,685,7361,655,08660,4979,461,771
18715,282,0844,078,1931,808,6361,969,91459,3459,360,277
18725,190,6655,142,9512,685,1602,097,50890,65710,333,616
18735,610,3716,464,6873,781,1302,198,849143,27312,075,058
18745,251,2698,121,8125,481,0362,076,626191,53913,373,081
18755,828,6278,029,1725,103,6102,355,988213,49213,857,799
18765,673,4656,905,1714,451,2691,942,590192,28712,578,636
18776,327,4726,973,4184,115,5442,288,253269,65613,300,890
18786,015,7008,755,6635,333,1702,393,863432,57214,771,363
18795,743,1268,374,5855,302,8232,197,452438,39914,117,711
18806,352,6926,162,0113,479,2171,930,408238,01112,514,703
18816,060,8667,457,0454,530,3161,952,767343,64513,517,911
18826,658,0088,609,2705,553,3241,863,865463,49315,267,278
18837,095,9997,974,0385,241,8471,576,183419,25015,070,037
18847,091,6677,663,8884,934,4931,635,762348,55714,755,555
18856,819,9397,479,9215,227,5511,254,908401,53214,299,860
18866,672,7916,759,0134,481,1011,317,376337,32213,431,804
18876,866,1696,245,5154,173,4971,030,094298,73613,111,684
18887,707,3255,941,9003,725,6241,218,593323,06913,709,225
18899,341,8646,308,8634,138,0771,107,132342,4365,650,727
18909,811,7206,260,5254,221,2701,087,593355,39516,072,245
18919,566,3976,503,8494,369,6331,013,549361,79516,070,246
18929,534,8516,943,0564,767,3691,112,099381,62716,477,907
18938,985,3646,911,5154,481,9551,411,465379,37815,896,879
18949,231,0476,788,0203,949,7701,740,965394,69116,019,067
18958,550,2246,400,1293,992,3591,261,125394,23314,950,353
18969,321,1057,137,3204,714,4761,090,374492,84016,458,425
189710,016,9938,055,2235,310,6751,001,003628,04418,072,216
189810,517,9558,230,6005,148,8331,158,865800,41118,748,555
189911,938,3358,739,6335,526,6451,336,828775,30920,677,968
190013,246,16110,646,0966,504,4841,776,9781,061,87323,892,257
190112,881,42411,817,9156,885,8311,979,3201,415,26024,699,339
190213,644,97711,326,7236,851,4521,715,2951,318,93724,971,700
190315,010,37812,788,6757,512,6682,154,9661,441,35827,799,053
190414,748,34813,291,6947,982,3401,893,0361,527,91528,040,042
190515,655,94712,828,8577,795,2841,815,7171,438,50128,484,804
190618,095,13715,211,4039,003,2292,775,3121,405,78133,306,540
190720,068,95717,302,86110,278,0193,127,5531,425,59637,371,818
190816,317,49417,471,28410,441,8372,841,4261,643,93733,788,778
190919,661,99615,674,7199,287,7862,764,2101,166,06335,336,715
191022,180,20917,051,58310,498,7712,359,3931,399,73739,231,792
191119,028,49019,545,87911,787,3002,944,9911,682,12938,574,369
191221,770,58120,976,57412,499,7872,583,8872,049,61842,747,155
191322,986,72222,288,30213,312,1932,914,8482,107,99045,275,024
IV.—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION.
Year.Oversea Shipping.
Inwards.Outwards.Registered Vessels belonging to New Zealand.
Vessels.Tonnage.Vessels.Tonnage.Gross Tonnage
18641,117426,0041,089433,25322,573
1865862295,025783283,02024,484
18601,019330,303986306,97926,787
1867944399,568950308,16923,240
1868851277,105873287,71024,539
1869764250,731771247,76425,990
1870756273,151766265,40726,743
1871729274,643709265,61827,107
1872775300,302743285,36623,963
1873739289,297704281,84730,035
1874856399,296822385,53338,935
1875926416,727940417,82042,025
1876878393,180866393,33444,401
1877812388,568848400,60942,479
1878926456,490886428,49346,965
1879894473,940908475,75264,457
1880730395,675786424,04166,316
1881765420,134762413,48772,387
1882795461,285769438,55176,196
1883805494,926851507,56584,903
1884852529,188872534,24292,696
1885786519,700780513,00095,887
1886725502,572707488,33194,196
1887653489,754675493,58394,027
1888683526,435701531,47886,132
1889781602,634762593,25287,411
1890744662,769745649,70598,907
1891737618,515744625,807102,068
1892686675,223689656,100101,156
1893617615,604635642,466100,388
1894609631,100614631,25099,588
1895611672,951597648,946100,988
1896589614,097592627,659105,553
1897600686,899587675,333119,713
1898620765,255622765,793126,113
1899609811,183604807,866129,583
1900616854,632613825,275137,767
19016881,063,2746911,075,906143,183
19026381,089,1796111,048,770147,822
19036171,102,0646081,113,165150,909
19046291,154,5696201,144,764157,334
19056271,139,4106271,141,552170,957
19066291,243,6526311,238,214180,124
19076451,254,2666151,225,382197,001
19086581,361,0476561,331,305228,399
19096051,263,9355961,253,878230,614
19106091,389,0315881,367,207233,531
19116211,482,3786241,467,402234,084
19120771,672,0926661,668,630245,445
19136451,738,9856351,699,807254,117
Year.Government Railways. (Figures to 31st March following.)Electric Telegraph.
Miles open for Traffic.Miles under Construction.Railway Receipts.Miles of Line.Number of Messages.Cash and Cash Values, including Telephones
 £ £
1864............
1865............
1866......69948,2319,114
1867......71487,43614,295
1868......1,471134,64726,224
1869......1,611173,74632,649
1870......1,887238,19527,422
1871......2,015369,08537,203
1872......2,312491,20544,669
1873345434..2,389637,94155,195
187420962121,1982,632844,30162,322
187554246472,0733,156993,32374,420
1876718427469,0513,1701,100,59980,841
18771,052251569,8983,3071,182,95585,589
18781,089142758,0963,4341,260,32492,433
18791,171284762,5723,5121,448,943112,351
18801,288192836,0773,7581,304,712100,023
18811,333187892,0263,8241,438,772101,566
18821,371171953,3473,9741,570,189102,378
18831,404224961,3044,0741,599,400102,958
18841,4791581,045,7124,2641,654,305101,482
18851,6131791,047,4184,4631,774,273112,778
18861,721171998,7684,5461,836,266115,666
18871,753169994,8434,6461,835,394116,211
18881,777163997,6154,7901,765,860104,116
18891,8091761,095,5694,8741,802,987106,462
18901,8421321,121,7015,0601,961,161110,697
18911,8691701,115,4325,3491,968,264117,634
18921,8861881,181,5225,4791,904,143103,813
18931,9481481,172,7925,5132,069,791112,466
18941,9931271,150,8515,8232,046,839114,510
18952,0141141,183,0416,2452,124,211123,112
18962,0181241,286,1586,2852,520,169129,632
18972,055921,376,0086,4842,696,233136,221
18982,0901131,469,6656,7362,960,738145,295
18992,1041111,623,8916,9103,469,631162,945
19002,2122081,727,2367,2493,898,128186,978
19012,2352121,874,5867,4694,167,981207,476
19022,2911941,974,0387,7494,559,304222,495
19032,3281752,180,6417,7794,965,197237,564
19042,3741732,209,2317,9445,159,745250,063
19052,4072222,349,7048,3555,640,219273,911
19062,4582082,624,6008,9536,396,332307,521
19072,4742552,761,9389,6567,042,923344,251
19082,6741882,929,52610,4047,425,693369,353
19092,7171843,249,79010,9017,846,890394,510
19102,7531923,494,18211,3168,360,647434,116
19112,7982053,676,50911,8059,063,133474,458
19122,8511923,971,00212,5089,944,272523,189
19132,8542234,043,32813,04410,694,032574,786
V.—ACCUMULATION.
Year.Banks of Issue. (Average of Four Quarters.)Savings-Banks (Post Office and private).Post Office Money Orders issued.
Deposits.Assets.Liabilities.Number of Depositors.Balance to credit at End of Year.Number.Amount.
 £££ £ £
18642,480,3035,063,4583,343,1724,66994,24816,59178,556
18652,638,4145,455,2893,522,1464,30487,40017,23678,576
18663,097,4735,891,5324,010,1104,51391,86322,710108,779
18672,904,5945,947,1603,737,6956,579156,85524,473115,610
18683,102,7275,734,7453,838,2208,121243,61525,854118,211
18693,174,8316,231,4163,863,00610,103320,38328,427127,218
18703,127,7696,315,3543,819,67012,137388,80431,864140,454
18713,334,6725,871,8883,988,40014,275454,96636,291157,397
18723,919,8385,429,7474,628,81917,289597,00244,660191,009
18734,713,8067,267,7205,538,03021,807812,14452,351219,258
18745,564,4349,954,2166,490,50427,215943,75362,712263,164
18755,967,20510,987,1786,987,31830,310897,32673,027293,481
18766,238,47111,776,0707,221,39932,577905,14680,255310,268
18777,185,10612,992,1048,152,23035,709964,43090,672334,973
18788,960,36915,393,63010,031,00939,9261,043,204101,017368,255
18798,021,07316,054,2959,057,46342,679990,337117,999428,673
18808,538,93514,220,2759,550,17747,4621,148,992135,648465,405
18819,069,37714,863,64510,083,18861,0541,549,515135,556452,182
18828,945,34617,162,23410,015,27368,3581,832,047148,162499,368
18838,659,47717,794,7619,706,70073,5461,784,631172,556541,133
18849,643,21418,442,13910,691,59979,5141,926,759186,052572,666
188510,083,29618,811,56711,130,24485,7692,142,560188,622581,395
188610,579,71119,041,82711,603,19491,2962,133,861155,680547,755
188711,031,61418,799,84711,995,49597,4962,407,776159,579555,744
188811,155,77818,709,44412,108,353103,0462,691,693162,387555,996
188911,528,42417,652,91512,486,717110,5662,858,644172,076589,545
189012,368,61017,735,25913,356,598118,3443,137,023176,427602,077
189112,796,09816,814,51813,820,458126,8863,406,949195,239651,990
189213,587,06217,558,16814,623,335135,8273,580,544199,438694,847
189314,433,77718,255,53415,489,633147,1993,966,849210,957750,929
189413,927,21717,746,42114,930,791154,4054,066,594222,678776,783
189513,544,41518,159,78114,491,627163,5134,620,696243,497812,604
189614,490,82716,900,19915,520,431175,1735,065,864269,566902,160
189714,290,51217,276,77115,380,248187,9545,520,080293,659970,831
189814,143,22917,013,40415,299,058199,4645,746,887318,3701,029,241
189914,91,22317,190,43315,834,858213,1726,128,297344,6641,118,808
190015,570,61017,314,53516,964,582228,8836,665,344369,8341,214,853
190116,034,84818,422,27417,490,035245,0247,268,103405,9671,286,508
190217,231,76718,999,18018,701,063261,9487,876,877367,2071,277,059
190319,011,11419,913,54620,563,879280,0118,432,958396,3121,416,224
190419,074,96020,893,09620,643,359297,5698,839,307407,7831,476,887
190520,545,60121,770,52522,144,166316,3769,773,954417,4411,541,712
190622,422,24323,829,93324,143,008341,11411,170,025439,0201,686,232
190723,517,11126,584,23925,334,348364,42212,825,063441,4871,773,591
190821,821,75329,098,56723,611,903388,94513,512,266488,0842,050,684
190921,996,62126,937,26523,728,326408,77014,065,410538,7402,307,593
191024,968,76126,398,92726,742,081432,11915,620,515569,6572,457,523
191126,765,12229,433,61428,625,803459,60217,194,461607,7642,759,393
191225,622,08331,196,40027,508,348503,92718,043,540666,4253,231,350
191325,733,18730,708,93227,591,099532,68218,923,522690,7453,357,774
YearInsurances in Force in the Government Life Insurance Department at End of Year.Old-age Pensions, 31st March of following Year.Friendly Societies from which Returns received.Public Trust Office.
No. of Policies.Sums Assured and Bonuses.No. of Pensions in Force.Amount represented.No. of Lodges, &c.No. of Members.Number of Estates.Value of, Estates.

* From here figures are for year ended 31st March following.

 £ £ £
1864................
1865................
1866................
1867................
1868................
1869................
18705930,250............
1871454200,611............
18721,689625,421............
18732,634995,986........25717,500
18743,9531,453,496........29328,930
18754,9891,836,859........34742,163
18766,1532,282,129....898,56041259,720
18777,1492,716,907....888,82857567,675
18788,7113,251,220....1109,75962773,940
187910,2233,726,330....13813,16571396,315
188011,6564,171,504....17914,484770117,980
188112,4114,471,182....27218,634836150,750
188215,8925,273,164....27318,700911204,545
188319,9175,992,111....27518,8481,024317,680
188421,0036,224,571....28121,1441,082392,315
188523,2186,552,242....30222,7941,190457,620
188624,7157,053,276....29021,6791,293576,010
188725,4397,136,944....34724,9281,304715,860
188826,1687,362,488....35324,9381,483954,675
188927,2187,600,537....36526,0131,5611,130,960
189028,1027,807,792....35726,3791,6781,240,097
189129,2268,390,803....36427,3721,8251,252,625
189230,3168,580,817....37928,7541,9121,284,745
189331,7098,821,255....37229,7632,0221,450,918
189432,9079,232,543....36929,9632,086*1,562,269*
189533,9689,345,229....37630,9052,2361,806,953
189634,7729,415,693....39231,8252,3341,898,163
189736,1749,857,010....38832,6702,4131,950,314
189837,84810,124,2277,443128,08241035,5012,4912,110,316
189939,36610,341,70211,285193,71843338,2022,6672,192,594
190040,36810,639,97812,405211,96544340,2572,8982,326,954
190141,29110,627,26312,776217,19244541,2363,0492,467,614
190242,40611,024,73412,481211,59546243,4083,3142,706,785
190343,11611,111,80711,926200,91546545,2553,4703,152,882
190444,19411,261,08011,770199,08147947,3023,6853,577,355
190545,13711,725,97712,582313,01850151,1033,9774,009,992
190645,98111,851,49113,257326,08453553,7594,2764,590,157
190746,94511,980,12313,569333,34055256,8174,7184,065,989
190847,03312,024,69914,396353,34353958,5174,9464,644,795
190948,01612,447,74815,320374,69956764,4285,4665,184,840
191048,93212,586,79816,020403,02060968,0065,9665,477,675
191149,37612,683,27716,6491416,53065871,7716,4445,946,936
191250,45813,271,69916,509412,40866473,2437,2086,774,082
191351,34313,539,46718,050447,76568173,6917,5197,281,962
VI.—EDUCATION.
Year.Scholars at Primary Schools.Scholars at Secondary or High Schools.Scholars at Private Schools.New Zealand University Graduate (Direct Degrees).

* In addition to these there were in December, 1913, 4,647 children attending the Native Schools, nearly all maintained by the Government, and 916 at Industrial Schools.

† Including 1,664 secondary pupils attending Day Technical Schools.

1864........
1865........
1866........
1867........
1868........
1869........
1870........
1871........
1872........
1873........
187438,215..8,237..
187545,562..7,316..
187651,9646549,357..
187756,2397169,992..
187865,0408689,206..
187975,5561,41710,234..
188082,4011,63111,238..
188183,5601,8199,987..
188287,1791,89910,002..
188392,4762,38411,255..
188497,2382,64212,203..
1885102,4072,65911,989103
1886106,3282,35812,497117
1887110,9192,24213,417145
1888112,6852,12013,893168
1889115,4562,14713,458199
1890117,9122,11713,626230
1891119,5232,20514,142279
1892122,6202,26214,456323
1893124,6902,25114,922366
1894127,3002,45414,627410
1895129,8562,52514,659464
1896131,0372,61413,947501
1897132,1972,70914,447546
1898131,5212,70614,782603
1899131,3152,72315,29564I
1900130,7242,79215,555699
1901131,3512,89915,344757
1902132,2623,07215,624814
1903133,5683,72215,609869
1904135–4754,03816,378929
1905137.6234,06016,639992
1906139,3024,27071,1311,083
1907141,0714,19618,0881,157
1908147,4286,32718,3671,252
1909152,4167,06317,9301,327
1910156,3247,97018,9811,424
1911161,6486,80619,8681,515
1912166,2647,35720,2381,631
1913172,168*7,81521,1151,758

NOTE.—Statistics of school's and scholars not being complete for years prior to 1874, no figures are entered for those years.

Chapter 28. SECTION I. SUPPLEMENT CONTAINING ARTICLES ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS.

Table of Contents

MORTALITY INVESTIGATION.

ON page 157 of this book it is stated that mortality tables made up from census results are in course of preparation.

The work, which is to cover a number of past quinquennial periods, is being carried out in the Government Statistician's Office under a system recommended by Mr. A. T. Traversi, A.I.A. (London), Actuary to the Friendly Societies Office, whose actuarial advice and assistance have been available throughout. The complete tables, with a full explanation by Mr. Traversi as to the method adopted, will be issued separately later on. Meantime the work is sufficiently advanced to enable the following tables to be here given for the two quinquennia 1901–5 and 1906–10. These tables demonstrate the fact that the rates of mortality in New Zealand are considerably lower, and the expectations of life higher than those exhibited in previous periods.

RATE OF MORTALITY (qx).(Rate of mortality in New Zealand during each year of age per 1,000 persons who enter upon such age.)
Age.Males.Females.
1901–5.1906–10.1901–5.1906–10.
083.0677.9668.5462.03
112.1911.2211.6310.58
25.855.305.415.27
34.363.864.223.31
43.482.853.312.52
52.822.382.652.24
62.502.102.251.90
72.251.892.001.85
82.001.701.691.61
91.801.531.521.42
101.681.461.461.38
111.691.471.471.41
121.741.521.521.46
131.851.631.651.56
142.051.841.871.72
152.302.092.141.93
162.572.352.432.15
172.822.582.682.36
183.072.782.902.56
193.342.983.122.77
203.603.173.332.98
213.833.343.543.20
224.003.493.743.40
234.093.603.943.60
244.103.674.143.81
254.093.724.33401
264.083.794.494.19
274.133.874.614.34
284.223.984.664.44
294.344.104.654.50
304.484.224.624.55
314.644.374.624.61
324.804.544.694.72
334.984.754.854.89
345.174.995.085.11
355.385.255.345.34
365.595.505.605.55
375.805.735.845.72
385.995.906.045.80
396.166.026.225.83
406.356.156.405.84
416.596.346.585.89
426.946.646.776.02
437.407.106.936.23
447.957.677.070.50
458.568.307.226.81
469.208.947.457.17
479.859.547.817.57
4810.5110.068.328.01
4911.1810.528.958.49
5011.8711.029009.01
5112.6011.5810.419.58
5213.3612.3011.1610.21
5314.1113.2211.8710.90
5414.8314.2712.5611.63
5515.6115.4213.3112.42
5616.5316.6314.1513.29
5717.6717.8415.1014.26
58190418.9510.3315.24
5920.5819.9717.6016.23
6022.2921.1019.0117.33
6124.1722.4920.5018.67
6226.2324.3422.2720.35
6328.3426.6124.0622.37
6430.5029.1825.9124.64
6532.9032 0927.9527.18
6635.7335.4130.3230.01
6739.1939.1933.1533.15
6843.3443.4630.3736.49
6948.0448.1739.8940.03
7053.2053.2943.8143.91
7158.7558.7848.2448.27
7264.5764.5753.2553.25
7370.5670.5658.9358.93
7476.7776.7765.1965.19
7583.3983.3971.9571.95
7690.6090.6079.1279.12
7798.5898.5886.6286.62
78107.50107.5094.3794.37
79117.24117.24102.43102.43
80127.55127.55110.91110.91
81138.18138.18119.90119.90
82148.87148.87129.50129.50
83159.10159.10139.25139.25
8416,901169.01149.07149.07
85179.43179.43159.68159.68
86191.17191.17171.77171.77
87205.03205.03186.07186.07
88219.47219.47201.02201.02
89233.94233.94216.15216.15
90250.77250.77233.78233.78
91272.29272.29256.22256.22
92300.85300.85285.79285.79
93334.89334.89320.94320.94
94372.85372.85360.14360.14
9541,705417.05405.69405.69
96469.84469.84459.90459.90
97533.53533.5352,507525.07
98611.32611.32604.58604.58
99701.67701.67696.87696.87
100799.77799.77796.91796.91
101900.82900.82899.64899.64

Example : According to the rates shown above for 1906–10, out of every 1,000 males reaching age 50, eleven will die before reaching age 51, and out of every 1,000 females, nine will die.

SURVIVORS (lx,).
(Numbers surviving at each age in New Zealand out of 100,000 born.)
0100,000100,000100,000100,000
191,69492,20493,14693,797
290,57691,16992,06392,805
390,04690,68691,56592,316
489,65390,33691,17992,010
589,34190,07990,87791,778
689,08989,86590,63691,572
788,86689,67690,43291,398
888,66689,50790,25191,229
988,48989,35590,09891,082
1088,33089,21889,96190,953
1188,18289,08889,83090,827
1288,03388,95789,69890,699
1387,88088,82289,56290,567
1487,71788,67789,41490.426
1587,53788,51489,24790,270
Age.Males.Females.
1901–5.1906–10.1901–6.1906–10.
1687,33588,32989,05690,096
1787,11188,12188,84089,902
1886,86087,89488,60289,690
1986,59387,65088,34589,460
2086,30487,38988,06989,212
2185,99387,11287,77688,946
2285,66486,82187,46588,661
2385,32186,51887,13888,360
2484,97286.20786,79588,042
2584,62485,89186,43687,707
2684,27885,57186,06287,355
2783,93485,24785,67686,989
2883,58784,91785,28186,611
2983,23484,57984,88486,226
3082,87384,23284,48985,838
3182,50283,87784,09985,447
3282,11983,51083,71085,053
3381,72583,13183,31784,652
3481,31882,73682,91384,238
3580,89882,32382,49283,808
3680,46381,89182,05183,360
3780,01381,44181,59282.897
3879,54980,97481,11682,423
3979,07380,49680,62681,945
4078,58680,01180,12581,467
4178,08779,51979,61280,991
4277,57279,01579,08880,514
4377,03478,49078,55380,029
4476,46477,93378,00979,530
4575,85677,33577,45779,013
4675,20776,69376,89878,475
4774,51576,00776,32577,912
4873,78175,28275,72977,322
4973,00674,52575,09976,703
5072,19073,74174.42776,052
5171,33372,92973,70875,367
5270,43472,08472,94174,645
5369,49371,19772,12773,883
5468,51270,25671,27173,078
5567,49669,25370,37672,228
5666,44268,18569,43971,331
5765,34467,05168,45670,383
5864,18965,85567,41869,379
5962,96764,60766,31768,322
6061,67163,31765,15067,213
6160,29661,98163,91166,048
6258,83960,58762,59764,815
6357,29659,11261,20363,496
6455,67257,53959,73062,076
6553,97455,86058,18260,546
6652,19854,06756,55658,900
6750,33352,15254,84157,132
6848,36050,10853,02355,238
6946,26447,93051,09553,222
7044,04145,62149,05751,092
7141,69843,19046,90848,849
7239,24840,65144,64546,491
7336,71438,02642,26844,015
7434,12335,34339,77741,421
7531,50332,63037,18438,721
7628,87629,90934,50935,935
7726,26027,19931,77933,092
7823,67124,51829,02630,226
7921,12621,88226,28727,374
8018,61919,31723,59424,570
8116,27016,85320,97721,845
8214,02214,52418,46219.226
8311,93512,36216,07116,736
8410,03610,39513,83314,406
858.3408,63811,77112,258
866,8447,0889,89110.301
875,5365,7338,1928,532
884,4014,5586,6686,944
893,4353,5585,3285,548
902,6312,7264,1764,349
911,9712,0423,2003,332
921,4341,4862,3802,478
931,0031,0391,7001,770
946676911.1541,202
95418433738769
96244252439457
97129134237247
986063113117
9923244446
100771314
1011133

Example : According to the table for 1906–10, out of every 100,000 males born, 87,389 will reach age 20; and out of those 87,389, 63,317 will reach age 60. In the case of females 89,212 will reach age 20, and 67,213 age 60.

EXPECTATION OF LIFE (ex).
(Expectation of life or average after-life-time in New Zealand at each year of age.)
058.09259.16560.54961.764
162.30863.12563.96764.816
262.07162.83663.71464.503
361.43362.16863.05863.843
460.70061.40762.32363 053
559.91160.58161.52862.211
659.07959.72460.68961.350
758.22558.84959.82560.465
Age.Males.Females.
1901–5.1906–10.1901–5.1906–10.
857.35657.95958.94459.576
956.46957.05758.04358.672
1055.57056.14457.13157.754
1154.66355.22556.21356.834
1253.75554.30655.29555.913
1352.84853.38854.37954.994
1451.94552.47453.46854.079
1551.05051.57052.56753.172
1650.16750.07751.67952.273
1749.29549.79550.80351.385
1848.43648.92349.93950.505
1947.58348.05849.08249.034
2046.74147.20048.23448.770
2145.90846.34847.39447.914
2245.08345.50246.56147.067
2344.26244.65945.73346.226
2443.44243.81944.91245.391
2542.61842.97944.09744.562
2641.79142.13743.28743.740
2740.96041.29642.48042.922
2840.12840.45441.67442.107
2939.29639.61440.86741.292
3038.46538.77540.05540.477
3137.63637.93739.23939.659
3236.80937.10138.41938.841
3335.98436.26837.59738.023
3435.16235.43936.77837.207
3534.34234.61435.96336.396
3633.52533.79435.15435.588
3732.71132.97834.34934.784
3831.89932.16633.54833.981
3931.08831.35332.74933.177
4030.27830.54031.95032.368
4129.46829.72631.15331.555
4228.66028.91330.35630.739
4327.85728.10329.56029.923
4427.06127.30028.76229.107
4526.27426.50727.96428.294
4625.49625.72527.16327.485
4724.72824.95226.36326.680
4823.96924.18825.56725.880
4923.21923.42924.77725.085
5022.47522.67223.99724.295
5121.73921.91923.22623.511
5221,01021.17022.46522.734
5320.28920.42821.71321.963
5419.57219.69520.96821.200
5518.85918.97220.22820.443
5618.15118.26219.49419.694
5717.44717.56218.76718.953
5816.75216.87218.04818.220
5916.06816.18817.33917.494
6015.39515.50816.64116.774
6114.73414.83115.95416.061
6214.08714.16115.27815.357
6313.45313.50214.61514.666
6412.83112.85713.96313.990
6512.21812.22913.32113.331
6611.61711.61812.68912.689
6711.02911.02612 07012 067
6810.45910.45511.46711.463
699.9109.90710.88110.878
709.3859.38310.31210.311
718.8848.8849.7629.762
728.4078.4079.2319.231
737.9537.9538.7228.722
747.5197.5198.2378.237
757.1027.1027.7777.777
766.7036.7037.3417.341
776.3216.3216.9296.929
785.9585.9586.5396.539
795.6155.6156.1686.168
805.2945.2945.8155.815
814.9954.9955.4785.478
824.7164.7165.1565.156
834.4534.4534.8484.848
844.2014.2014.5524.552
853.9543.9544.2624.262
863.7093.7093.9763.976
873.4673.4673.6973.697
883.2333.2333.4283.428
893.0013.0013.1653.165
902.7652.7652.9002.900
912.5232.5232.6322.632
922.2802.2802.3662.366
932.0462.0462.1132.113
941.8251.8251.8761.876
951.6131.6131.6501.650
961.4091.4091.4361.436
971.2141.2141.2321.232
981.0301.0301.0421.042
990.8640.8640.8710.871
1000.7200.7200.7230.723
1010.5990.5990.6000.600

Example : According to the table for 1906–10, in the case of males aged 20, the expectation or average time yet to be lived is 47.200 years, and in the case of females aged 20, 48.770 years.

Chapter 29. SECTION II.

THE GEOLOGY OF NEW ZEALAND.

[By P. G. MORGAN, Director of the Geological Survey.]

THE geological history of New Zealand is long and complicated, and is as yet by no means clearly deciphered. Since the beginning of the Palaeozoic periods that portion of the earth's crust where New Zealand is shown on the map has many times been elevated and depressed. Sometimes the land and the neighbouring ocean-floor as a whole have risen or fallen; at other times movement has been more or less local. Thus from age to age the land has greatly varied in outline, and whilst in one period it becomes a continent, in another it nearly or quite disappears beneath the ocean. The actual surface has been almost equally variable, for the mountain-chains of early periods have been planed down by denudation, and new mountains have risen to take their places. In short, the story of the land has been one of incessant, though as a rule slow-moving, change, and if the student would rightly interpret that story he must ever bear in mind that New Zealand in the past has never been quite or even nearly the same as we see it now. With the scanty materials at hand he must endeavour to reconstruct the land as it existed during past ages. A rich field for original research is open to the New Zealand geologist. Little has yet been accomplished in comparison with what remains to be done. There are many absorbing problems—some of great economic importance, some of world-wide interest—awaiting solution by the patient scientific worker.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF STRATIGRAPHY.

The oldest rocks in New Zealand appear to be those of western Otago, where over a large area is exposed a complex of gneisses and schists, intruded by granite and other igneous rocks. The gneisses in the main are altered granites and diorites, but some of the schists, at any rate, are of sedimentary origin. A pre-Cambrian age was assigned to these rocks by Professor F. W. Hutton, but Professor James Park considers them to be probably of Cambrian age, and includes them in his Maniototo Series.

Perhaps next in age to the western Otago gneisses and schists are the mica, chlorite, and quartz schists of Central Otago. In the absence of fossils, however, the age of these rocks is uncertain. Professor Hutton regarded them as pre-Cambrian, Professor Park assigns a Cambrian age, whilst Dr. P. Marshall considers them to be little, if at all, older than the Triassic. Some schistose rocks in north, central, and western Nelson may be as old as, or even older than, the Otago mica-schists. The gneisses and schists on the western side of the Southern Alps may for the present be classed with the Nelson schists.

The oldest known fossiliferous rocks in New Zealand are the Ordovician argillites (“slates”), greywackes, and quartzites occurring near Collingwood (Nelson), and Preservation Inlet in south-west Otago. Ultimately these rocks may be found to have a considerable development in various parts of Nelson and Westland.

Rocks containing Silurian fossils occur in the Mount Arthur district, Nelson. They are principally altered limestone (practically marble), calcareous shale or argillite, sandstone, and quartzite.

At Reefton a small area exhibits quartzite, limestone, and slaty shale containing fossils believed to be of Devonian age. Elsewhere considerable areas have been assigned to the same period by Mr. Alexander McKay, but owing to the non-discovery of recognizable fossils definite proof of age is wanting. For a similar reason the age of most of the rocks placed in the Carboniferous period (“Maitai Series”) by McKay is uncertain. At Reefton the supposed Carboniferous rocks, which here contain many auriferous quartzveins, are probably of Ordovician age. In the typical locality near Nelson the fossils found in the Matai rocks indicate a Trias-Jura age, though possibly older rocks may be present also.

So far Permian rocks have not been satisfactorily identified in New Zealand. Park, however, considers his Aorangi and Kaihiku Series to be of Permian age.

During some of the Palæozoic periods it is conjectured that New Zealand formed part of or was the foreland of a large land-mass that extended far to the west. This land-mass possibly persisted to late Palæozoic times, and may have been the now-dismembered and all-but-lost continent known to geologists as Gondwana-land.

As yet the early and middle Mesozoic rocks of New Zealand have not been clearly separated by means of unconformities or fossil evidence. What may be called a Trias-Jura system is extensively developed in both the North and South Islands. The most fossiliferous localities are Hokonui Hills (Southland), near Nugget Point (Otago), Wairoa Valley, near the City of Nelson, Kawhia Harbour, and Waikato Heads, the two latter localities both on the west coast of Auckland. A broad belt of Trias-Jura or, according to Park, of Permo-Jurassic rocks extends through western Canterbury and Marlborough, and is continued as a somewhat narrower belt on the north side of Cook Strait from Wellington to the Capo Runaway district. Rocks of much the same age occur in the Mokau River watershed, in the Lower Waikato Valley, in the Coromandel Peninsula, and in North Auckland.

The supposed Jurassic rocks of Kawhia Harbour and Waikato Heads, mentioned above, may possibly be of Lower Cretaceous age. Admittedly Cretaceous rocks extend in a not-quite-continuous belt from Cape Campbell in Marlborough to the neighbourhood of Waipara in North Canterbury. At Amuri Bluff they are richly fossiliferous. Here and in several other localities the fossils include saurian remains. To the Cretaceous may also be assigned a somewhat extensive belt of rocks near the east coast of Wellington and southern Hawke's Bay. A continuation of this belt extends from a point northwest of Gisborne to the East Cape district.

The oldest known workable coal-seams in New Zealand probably occur in Cretaceous rocks. Much controversy, however, concerning the age of our coalfields has arisen. The late Sir James Hector, and with him Mr. Alexander McKay, considered that the coal-measures belonged to a Cretaceo-Tertiary system that extended from the Upper Cretaceous to the Middle Tertiary. For many years Mr. McKay was practically the sole exponent of this theory, but quite recently Dr. Marshall has advocated a very similar if not identical view. The truth, however, seems to be that the coal-measures concerning which there is a dispute are of two different ages. The Shag Point, Malvern Hills, and North Auckland coalfields are probably of Upper Cretaceous age. To these Park would add the Milton-Kaitangata coalfield and a small portion of the Green Island coalfield. The other coalfields, as mentioned below, are Tertiary.

Although there is certainly a palæontological break between the Upper Cretaceous (Waipara Series) and the Early Tertiary, the existence of an unconformity, as may be inferred from the previous paragraph, is a matter of doubt. The subdivision of the Tertiary strata, which are well represented in New Zealand, is still more or less tentative. To the Eocene may be assigned the bituminous coal-measures of the Grey, Buller, and Collingwood districts, and probably also some of the coal-bearing patches of central Nelson. Elsewhere Eocene rocks are not certainly known.

During the Early Eocene it is believed that New Zealand was again part of a continental area that extended far to the north, and was joined, or all but joined, to New Guinea and northern Australia. This continent may have included much of the area in the Pacific now studded with coral islands.

Its former existence is inferred mainly from various features in our plant and animal life. According to Mr. T. F. Cheeseman no less than 366 New Zealand plants are found also in Australia. More significant, perhaps, is the occurrence of many closely related species and genera in the two regions, for comparatively few of the 366 species are likely to have persisted since the Eocene. Many of our birds show marked affinities to Australian and Malayan species. In this connection an interesting line of support for & Tertiary extension of New Zealand to the north is afforded by the annual migrations of the New Zealand cuckoos and of the godwit.

During the Miocene period New Zealand subsided until little of the present land-surface was above water. Consequently, notwithstanding extensive denudation in later periods, Miocene strata are well represented in almost all parts of the country. They are typically developed in the Oamaru district (north-east Otago), and hence Hutton's name of “Oamaru Series” is generally applied to the Miocene strata of New Zealand. Miocene rocks are well represented in North Westland, an area in which a decided unconformity separates them from the Eocene coal-measures. They form much of the surface of the North Island, where the name ”papa” is commonly applied to the calcareous claystones and argillaceous sandstones which there form a great proportion of the Miocene rocks. In many places the Oamaru Series is characterized by the development of a fairly thick, soft, fossiliferous limestone about the middle horizon. This marks the time of greatest subsidence, or rather the time when the Miocene sea was deepest. Owing to their calcareous nature, the Miocene rocks give rise to some of the richest agricultural districts in New Zealand. In places they contain, in their lowest horizon, seams of good brown coal. There are also brown coals of late Miocene age.

In many localities the Miocene rocks pass without unconformity into strata considered to be of Pliocene age. In the Hawke's Bay and Wanganui districts these are marine and highly fossiliferous. They give rise to much good agricultural and more especially pastoral land adapted to sheep-farming or dairying. In Nelson and North Westland the Pliocene strata are largely composed of river-transported material, and are known as the Moutere Gravels. These in places are of a poorly auriferous character. In Nelson the Moutere Gravels form a poor pastoral soil, but one well adapted for apple-culture.

Towards the close of the Miocene and during the whole of the Pliocene period many parts of New Zealand, more particularly in the South Island, were undergoing elevation. As a result the North and South Islands (then quite different in outline from their present configuration), together with most of the outlying islands now in existence, such as the Chathams, Auckland Islands, &c., must have formed one large land-mass, which probably was united to an Antarctic continent. Since many New Zealand plants* are identical with, or closely allied to, South American forms, and there are also some striking resemblances in bird and other forms of animal life, it is thought that this Antarctic continent formed a bridge, probably at no time quite complete, between New Zealand and South America. By this route, in all likelihood, came the now extinct moas or their ancestral forms. At the time of this continental extension the Southern Alps rose far above their present heights, and were covered with one vast snowfield, that fed immense glaciers spreading far and wide over the lowlands to the east and the west. According to Park, during the Pleistocene there was one great sheet of ice over the whole of the present South Island, and over part of the North Island. Moreover, this ice-sheet was joined to the Antarctic ice. The extreme views of Professor Park are not shared by other New Zealand geologists, who, however, unanimously agree that a large area in the South Island was glaciated. The great ice-streams of Pleistocene times gave rise to rivers that carried enormous quantities of gravel and finer material derived

* According to T. F. Cheeseman's “Manual of the New Zealand Flora” (preface, p. ix), 108 New Zealand plants extend to South America.

from the mountains beyond the ice-front, and in great measure built up the lowlands of Canterbury and Westland. In the latter district the gravels sorted by these streams are in many places richly auriferous, but a greater and more permanent source of wealth is furnished by the fertile soil of the Canterbury Plains.

In many parts of Otago, Canterbury, Westland, and Nelson evidences of past glacial action are afforded by huge moraines, perched blocks, ice-worn surfaces (roches moutonnées), rock-benches, rock-basins, and other tokens of glaciation. To ice-action, it may here be mentioned, we owe some of the most magnificent features of the western Otago sounds.

At or before the end of the Pleistocene period the mountains lessened in height, both through denudation and a well-marked subsidence of the land. The climate grew milder, and the lowland ice melted away. The mighty glaciers rapidly retreated, geologically speaking, and are to-day represented only by the comparatively modest valley and mountain glaciers of north-west Otago, Canterbury, and Westland, with which may be included the small but permanent snowfield and glacier on Mount Ruapehu. While the glaciers were retreating the rivers of Canterbury and Westland, swollen by the melting ice, were unusually active in transporting debris to the lowlands and the sea-coast. At this time, too, as well as at somewhat earlier periods, the volcanoes of the North Island furnished an abundant supply of fragmentary material, much of which was transported by the streams, and used in building plains and river-fiats. Many of these are fertile, but in those districts where pumice abounded, a more or less barren soil, difficult of utilization, has resulted. Thus the land gradually became much as we see it now. In Recent times geological changes, such as the lowering of heights by denudation, the filling of lakes by sediment, the outward growth of coastal plains in some places, and the wearing away of the shores in other places, have slowly proceeded, and are to-day, of course, still going on. Slow movements of the land are probably in progress, but these have not been certainly detected. In 1855, however, as the result of a violent earthquake, the northern shore of Cook Strait, near Wellington Harbour, was raised on the average at least 5 ft., whilst the southern shore near Tory Channel and towards the mouth of the Wairau River was almost correspondingly depressed.

IGNEOUS ROCKS.

In the preceding paragraphs little notice has been given to igneous rocks or to volcanic action. The oldest igneous rocks of New Zealand are probably represented by the gneisses of western Otago, which, as previously stated, are mainly metamorphosed granites and diorites. Plutonic rocks intrude many of the Palæozoic and Mesozoic strata, and some of the formations also show evidence of contemporaneous volcanic action. Of the more ancient plutonic rocks granite is the most prominent. It occurs in many localities in Stewart Island, western Otago, Westland, and Nelson. It has, however, not been found in situ in the North Island, though in at least four localities boulders of granite, probably derived in all cases from ancient conglomerates, have been discovered. Ultra-basic igneous rocks, now largely altered to serpentine, occur in north-west Otago, Westland, and Nelson.

Throughout the greater part of the Tertiary periods volcanic action in New Zealand was probably more intense than in any former age. During the Late Eocene or Early Miocene period eruptions, at first principally of andesitic rocks and later of rhyolite, began in the Coromandel Peninsula, and with little intermission continued throughout Miocene and Pliocene times. These volcanic rocks contain the gold-silver veins which have yielded rich bonanzas at Thames and Coromandel, and are now being worked at the Waihi, Talisman, and other mines.

There are many areas of Miocene volcanic rocks in North Auckland, and near the City of Auckland numerous small volcanoes were in action during the Pleistocene. Some of these—for example, Mount Rangitoto—have probably been active within the last two or three thousand years. In Taranaki the beautiful cone of Mount Egmont was built up during Pliocene and Pleistocene times It is in the central part of the North Island, however, that the most intense volcanic activity has been displayed. Volcanic rocks, and more especially the pumice ejected during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, cover large areas. Vulcanism has not yet ceased, for minor eruptions of fragmentary material still take place from Ngauruhoe, a typical volcanic cone near Ruapehu. The most striking evidence of volcanic action, however, is afforded by the numerous steam-vents, hot springs, and geysers found in a belt extending from Ruapehu to White Island (in the Bay of Plenty), itself a volcano in the solfataric stage. It is more than a coincidence that this belt is in line with the Southern Alps. Solfataric action is generally regarded as a sign of dying vulcanism, but that the subterranean forces are still capable of mischief was shown by the eruption of Tarawera, an apparently extinct volcano, on the 10th June, 1886. On this occasion over a hundred lives were lost.

In the South Island vulcanism is apparently quite dead, for the hot springs of Hanmer Plains and the western side of the Alps are due to other causes. During the Miocene, however, volcanic outbursts took place in many localities, in some on a grand scale. Banks Peninsula is formed mainly of basaltic and andesitic rocks. Lyttelton and Akaroa harbours are believed to represent ancient craters or centres of eruption. In the neighbourhood of Dunedin occurs a very interesting series of alkaline volcanic rocks. These were first described by the late Professor G. H. F. Ulrich, and in later years Or. Marshall has given them exhaustive study.

CONCLUSION.

In the course of a short article it is impossible to give any adequate idea of what has been accomplished by geological workers in New Zealand, or what remains yet to be done before even the foundation for future work shall be securely laid. The important branches of geology in its application to agriculture and mining have hardly been mentioned, but elsewhere in this volume will be found references to the agricultural and mineral resources. For detailed information the reader is referred to the bulletins of the New Zealand Geological Survey; to Professor Park's “Geology of New Zealand,” which contains an excellent bibliography; and to the treatise on “New Zealand Geology,” by Dr. Marshall, as well as to many other publications too numerous to be here named. Finally, it may be mentioned that in each of the University Colleges excellent instruction in geology is being given by capable and enthusiastic teachers, so that in the near future we may expect increased progress in solving the many knotty problems of New Zealand geology.

Chapter 30. SECTION III.

THE RIVERS OF NEW ZEALAND.

[By K. SPEIGHT, M.Sc., F.G.S., Curator Canterbury Museum.]

IN a country like New Zealand, with marked variations in topographic relief and with a plentiful and well-distributed rainfall, the rivers must necessarily form characteristic features of the landscape. Mountains, however, exert an important influence on their adaptability to the necessities of commerce, reducing their value on the one hand while increasing it on the other. Owing to the steep grades of their channels few of the rivers are fitted for navigation except near their mouths, but to compensate for this disability they furnish in many places ideal sites for power plants, which will in all probability be so utilized in the near future that New Zealand may become the manufacturing centre of the Southern Hemisphere. No country south of the Equator, except Chile and Patagonia, possesses such stores of energy conveniently placed, which cannot become exhausted until the sun fails to raise vapour from the neighbouring seas—a contingency to be realized only when life on the earth is becoming extinct.

The only part of the country which possesses rivers capable of being used for navigation is the North Island. The relief is not so marked as in the South, and many streams flow in deep beds, with somewhat sluggish current. There are flowing into the Tasman Sea rivers like the Waikato, Wairoa, Mokau, and Wanganui, which served the Maoris as important means of communication, and which are decidedly useful for the purposes of modern transport. The first-mentioned of these is by far the most important. Rising in the snows of Ruapehu, and receiving numerous affluents from the western slopes of the Kaimanawa Range, it pursues a northerly course for twenty miles with all the features of a mountain torrent till it enters Lake Taupo. Almost immediately on leaving this it plunges over the Huka Falls, formed by a hard ledge of volcanic rock, and then runs first north-east and then northwest till it reaches the sea, the amount of water discharged exceeding 800,000 cubic feet per minute. In certain parts of its course the valley is gorge like in character and picturesque rapids obstruct its navigation, but in its lower reaches it widens out and flows for long distances through marshes and shallow lakes, and empties into the sea by a wide estuary which is unfortunately blocked by a bad bar. It receives on the west a large tributary, the Waipa, itself also navigable for small steamers, and a river which may ultimately play no small part in the development of the southwesterly portion of the Auckland Province.

The Northern Wairoa shows features which resemble those of the Waikato. It rises in the hilly land of the North Auckland Peninsula, and flows south as a noble stream till it enters Kaipara Harbour, a magnificent sheet of water with many winding and far-reaching arms, but with its utility greatly discounted by the presence of a bar which, though with sufficient depth of water for vessels of moderate size, is frequently impracticable. The total estimated discharge from the streams running into the Kaipara Harbour is about 500,000 cubic feet per minute, of which the Wairoa certainly contributes one-half.

The Mokau River, which enters the sea about sixty miles north-east of New Plymouth, is navigable for a considerable distance in its lower reaches. Here it is flanked by limestone bluffs, clad with a wealth of ferns and other native vegetation, forming one of the most picturesque rivers of the country. Higher up, as in the Waikato, there are fine falls, which may ultimately be used for power purposes owing to their proximity to one of the important agricultural districts of the North Island.

The last of the four principal navigable rivers on the west coast is the Wanganui. This river gathers its initial supplies from the western flanks of the volcanic ridge of the centre of the Island, from which numerous streams run west over the Waimarino Plain in somewhat open channels till they coalesce and form the main river. Other tributaries, such as the Tangarakau and the Maunganui-te-ao, subsequently add their quota, and the river then flows in a southerly direction in loops and windings depressed far below the level of the coastal plain, between high papa bluffs clad with rich vegetation, till it reaches the sea as a deep tidal stream, the amount of its discharge being estimated at over half a million cubic feet per minute. Through the greater part of its course it has a characteristic trench-like channel, with a fairly even gradient, and with only slight interruptions from rapids. At low water these are most troublesome, but at times of high river-level they are passed without serious difficulty. This fine stream affords communication into a country difficult of access by road or railway, and it may be taken as typical of other smaller streams to the west, such as the Waitotara, the Patea, and the Waitara, which are navigable to a less extent, principally owing to the obstructions of timber in their channels, while the rivers lying more to the east and with courses parallel to the Wanganui—e.g., the Rangitikei and the Wangaehu—are more rapid and have little adaptability to the needs of transport. Further east still, in the neighbourhood of the Ruahine Mountains, the rivers become true mountain torrents, with steep grades and rapid currents.

On the other coast of the North Island the only streams capable of being used for navigation except just at their mouths are those running into the Firth of Thames—the Piako and the Waihou. But no account of our navigable rivers would be complete without

a reference to the “drowned rivers” which characterize the northern parts of the Island. The Kaipara may be taken as a typical case of such, for the harbour merely represents the depressed and sunken lower reaches of the Wairoa and other streams. A further notable case is the Hokianga River, which runs for twenty miles between wooded hills and receives numerous tributaries from them, tidal for a considerable part of their courses, and allowing water communication to be used for at least fifteen miles from the point where actual discharge into the open sea takes place.

The remaining rivers of the North Island of any importance rise in the mountain axis that stretches from near Wellington towards the eastern margin of the Bay of Plenty. Towards its southern end, where it lies close to the shore of Cook Strait, the rivers from it are short and swift, the only exception being the Manawatu, which has cut a deep gorge in the mountain barrier and drains an extensive basin lying on the eastern flanks of the Ruahine Range to the north, and of the Tararua Range to the south, as well as a considerable area of country on the slopes of the Puketoi Range, its headwaters in this direction reaching nearly to the east coast of the Island. The Manawatu has an estimated discharge of over 600,000 cubic feet per minute, and judging by this it must be considered the second-largest river in the North Island. Although the Manawatu is the only stream which has succeeded up to the present in cutting through the range at its head, several of the rivers flowing west have eaten their way far back, and in future ages will no doubt struggle with the Manawatu for the supremacy of that tract of land lying to the east of the range. Remarkable changes are likely to occur in the direction of drainage, especially if the earth-movements now in progress in the neighbourhood of Cook Strait continue for any lengthy period.

The southern part of the Tararua and Rimutaka Ranges is drained by the Hutt River, which flows into Wellington Harbour, and by the Ruamahanga and its tributaries, flowing through the Wairarapa Plain. Most of these include within their basins some amount of papa country as well as steep mountain-slopes. While in the former they run in deep narrow channels, but when free from it they spread at times over wide shingly beds in a manner more characteristic of the streams of the South Island.

Several large rivers rise in the Ruahine Mountains and their northerly extensions. The chief of these flowing into Hawke Bay are the Ngaururoro, Mohaka, and Wairoa, the first being noteworthy for the enormous amount of shingle it has brought down; while further north the Waipaoa runs into Poverty Bay and the Waiapu into the open sea, both draining an extensive area of rich papa land. From the north-western side of the range the Whakatane and the Rangitaiki, two considerable streams, flow into the Bay of Plenty.

The chief factor which determines the characters of the rivers of the South Island is the great mountain mass of the Southern Alps, with its extensions and semi-detached fragments. Its general direction is parallel to the west coast of the Island, and nearer to this coast than to the eastern one; it also lies right athwart the path of the wet westerly winds which prevail in these latitudes. The moisture collected during their passage across the Tasman Sea is precipitated in the form of rain on the coastal plain and the hills behind it, while the mountain-tops intercept it chiefly in the form of snow, the amount of annual rainfall varying from about 100 in. at sea-level up to over 200 in. near the main divide. The eastern slopes of the range receive less rain, and are increasingly drier as the coast is approached, but there the amount is slightly augmented by moist winds coming from the open ocean to the east. In the higher mountain valleys on both sides of the range lie numerous glaciers, either of the small cliff type or large ones of the first order, the most notable being the Tasman, Hooker, Mueller, Rangitata, Lyell, and Ramsay on the east, and the Franz Josef and Fox on the west. The chief large rivers of the central district of the Island rise from the terminals of the glaciers and issue from the ice as streams of considerable volume. They reach their highest level in spring and summer, for not only does the heavier rainfall of that time of the year serve to swell them inordinately, but the snow and ice are melted under the combined influence of the rain itself and of the strong sun-heat. Although they are almost always more or less turbulent and dangerous to the traveller who attempts to ford them—in the warm months of the year they are liable to sudden and serious floods, and formerly they frequently blocked communication for weeks at a stretch—now, however, many of the worst streams have been bridged, and communication is thus easier and less precarious.

The general form of these valleys is of a fairly uniform type. Their heads are usually amphitheatre-like in shape, and for some distance they are occasionally covered by old moraines, and the course of the stream is impeded by huge angular blocks washed out of these or shed from the steep slopes; at times, too, the rivers flow through deep and somewhat narrow gorges. Lower down the valleys open out, with even steep sides, nearly perpendicular at times and with flat floors covered by a waste of shingle, over which the rivers wander in braided streams. The sides are clad with dense bush for a height of approximately 2,500 ft., that merges into a tangle of subalpine scrub, to be succeeded after another 1,000 ft. by open alpine meadow gradually passing upward into bare rock and perpetual snow.

After leaving the mountains the streams cross the narrow fringe of aggraded coastal plain, and cut down their channels through old glacial drifts which furnished in former times rich leads of alluvial gold. The mouths of these rivers are usually blocked by shallow bars, but after heavy floods a channel may be scoured out, only to be closed, when the river falls, by the vast quantities of drift material moved along the beach by the heavy seas and strong shore currents which sweep the open coast. It is only where it is possible to confine the river-mouths and direct their scour that open channels can be permanently maintained, and even these entrances to the river are at times extremely dangerous to shipping.

The chief rivers which flow from the central portion of the Southern Alps to the Tasman Sea are the Teramakau, Hokitika, Wanganui, Wataroa, Waihao, Karangarua, Haast, and Arawata. All rise in glaciers, and their valleys are remarkable for their magnificently diversified bush and mountain scenery. Occasionally lakes, ponded back behind old moraines or lying in rock-bound basins and fringed with primeval forest, lend charm to the landscape, and make a journey along the Westland Plain one of the most delightful in New Zealand from the scenic point of view.

Further north glaciers are absent, but the heavy rain feeds numerous large streams and rivers, the most notable being the Grey and the Buller, the last being in all probability the largest on the West Coast, the amount of its discharge being estimated at nearly 1,000,000 cubic feet per minute.

The general features of the rivers which flow into the West Coast Sounds are somewhat similar, except that few rise in glaciers, and there is no fringe of plain to the mountains. The valleys have steeper sides, waterfalls and lakes are more common, and are ideally situated for power installations. One of the large rivers of this area is the Hollyford, which flows into Martin's Bay; but the largest of all is the Waiau, which drains the eastern side of the Sounds region, receives the waters of Lakes Te Anau, Manapouri, and Monowai, and enters the sea on the south coast of the Island.

The rivers on the eastern slope of the Alps present features similar to those of the west coast in their upper courses, but the valleys are broader and flatter, floored from Avail to Avail with shingle and frequently containing large lakes of glacial origin. In those cases where lakes do not now exist there are undoubted signs that they occurred formerly, having been emptied by the erosion of the rock-bars across their lower extremities and filled at the same time by detrital matter poured in at their heads.

The largest of all these rivers is the Clutha; in fact, it discharges the greatest volume of water of any river in New Zealand, the amount being estimated at over 2,000,000 cubic feet per minute. The main streams which give rise to this river flow into Lakes Wanaka and Hawea, and have their sources in the main divide to the north of the ice-clad peak of Mount Aspiring and in the neighbourhood of the Haast Pass. After flowing as a united stream for nearly thirty miles it receives from the west a tributary nearly as large as itself called the Kawarau, whose discharge has been accurately gauged by Professor Park at 800,000 cubic feet per minute. This great volume of water is due to the fact that the Kawarau drains Lake Wakatipu, which serves as a vast reservoir for the drainage of a considerable area of mountain country, including snow-clad peaks at the head of the lake. The united streams continue in a south-easterly direction, and their volume is substantially increased by the Manuherikia on the east bank as well as by the Pomahaka on the west. The course of the Clutha lies through the somewhat arid schist region of Central Otago, gorge alternating with open valley and river-flats; but some ten miles or so before it reaches the sea it divides, only to reunite lower down and thus include the island known as Inch-Clutha. It almost immediately afterwards enters the sea, but its outlet is of little use as a harbour owing to a shifting and dangerous bar. Portions of its course are navigable to a very limited extent, but it is more important commercially, since it has yielded by means of dredging operations great quantities of gold; in fact, it may be regarded as a huge natural sluice-box, in which the gold disseminated through the schists of Central Otago has been concentrated through geological ages into highly payable alluvial leads.

The following large rivers belong to the Otago and Southland District, but do not reach back to the main divide—the Jacobs, Oreti, and Mataura; and forming the northern boundary of the Otago Provincial District is the Waitaki, which drains a great area of alpine country, and includes in its basin Lakes Tekapo, Pukaki, and Ohau. Its main affluents are the Tasman and the Godley, rising in glaciers of the same name near the axis of the range where it is at its highest. As the river approaches the sea it crosses shingle-plains, through which it has cut a deep channel flanked by terraces which rise bench-like for some hundreds of feet above the present level of the river. Its general features are similar to those of the rivers of Canterbury further north, except that a larger proportion of the course of the latter lies across the plains and uninterfered-with in any wav by the underlying harder and more consolidated rocks. The four principal rivers which rise in glaciers are the Rangitata, Ashburton, Rakaia, and Waimakariri; while further north are the Hurunui and Waiau, snow- and rain-fed rivers rising in the main range beyond the northerly limit of glaciers; and there are other streams which do not reach beyond the outer flanking ranges, and are almost entirely rain-supplied.

All these rivers carry down enormous quantities of shingle, but in former times they carried down even more, and built up the wide expanse of the Canterbury Plains by the coalescing and overlapping of their fans of detritus, the depth of shingle certainly exceeding a thousand feet. Subsequently, when conditions, climatic or otherwise, slightly altered, they cut down deep through this incoherent mass of material, forming high and continuous terraces. Nowhere is the terrace system more completely developed than at the point where the rivers enter on the plains, for there the solid rock that underlies the gravels is exposed, and by the protection that it affords to the bases of old river flood-plains or former terraces it contributes materially to their preservation in a comparatively uninjured condition. The valleys of all these rivers are now almost treeless except in their higher parts, but there the mixed bush of Westland is replaced by the sombre beech forest; it is only in exceptional cases that the totara, which forms an important element of the bush on the hills to the west, crosses the range and covers portions of the sides of the valleys on the east.

Both the Hurunui and the Waiau have cut down gorges through semi-detached mountain masses of older mesozoic rock, a result probably accelerated by movements of the earth's crust; and further north, in the Province of Marlborough, the Clarence, Awatere, and Wairau have their directions almost entirely determined by a system of huge parallel earth-fractures, running north-east and south-west, and the rivers are walled in on either side by steep mountains for the greater part of their length. The Clarence Valley is the most gorge-like of the three, since it lies between the great ridges known as the Seaward and Inland Kaikouras, which reach a height of about 9,000 ft. The last river of the three, the Wairau, flows for a considerable distance through a rich alluvial plain, and enters Cloudy Bay by an estuary which is practicable for small steamers as far as the Town of Blenheim. The most important of the streams on the southern shores of Cook Strait are the Pelorus, Motueka, Takaka, and Aorere, great structural faults being chiefly responsible for the position and characteristic features of the valleys of the last two

An important commercial aspect of our rivers is their use not only as drainage channels, but as a source of water for pastoral purposes. Hardly any area is without water for stock or with a subsoil wanting in moisture necessary for successful cultivation. Only in Central Otago and on the Canterbury Plains were there formerly wide stretches of arid country, but the deficiency in the water-supply has been remedied by well engineered systems of races, tapping unfailing streams at higher levels, and distributing a portion of their content far and wide, so that the districts mentioned are rendered highly productive and absolutely protected from the serious effects of drought. It is, however, the rich alluvial flats and well-drained terrace lands bordering on the livers that contribute specially to the high average yield per acre year after year for which this country has such a world-wide reputation.

From the brief summary given above it will be evident also that the country possesses enormous stores of energy awaiting exploitation. A beginning has been made in some places, such as at Waipori in Otago, at Lake Coleridge in Canterbury, at the Horohoro Falls in Auckland, and at a few other places where there are minor installations. These owe their development to their comparative nearness to centres of industry, but they represent an infinitesimal portion of the energy available, and the value of our vast store will be more truly appreciated when our somewhat limited reserves of coal show signs of failure or become difficult to work—unless, indeed, some new form of power is disclosed by the researches of science in the near future.

A list of the more important rivers of New Zealand is given, with their approximate lengths, the latter being as supplied by the Department of Lands and Survey.

North Island.
 Miles.
Flowing into the Pacific Ocean—
Piako60
Waihou or Thames90
Rangitaiki95
Whakatane60
Waiapu55
Waipaoa50
Wairoa50
Mohaka80
Ngaururoro85
Tukituki65
Flowing into Cook Strait—
Ruamahanga70
Hutt35
Otaki30
Manawatu (tributaries: Pohangina and Tiraumea)100
Rangitikei115
Turakina65
Wangaehu85
Wanganui (tributaries: Ohura, Tangarakau, and Maunganui-te-ao)140
Waitotara50
Patea65
Flowing into Tasman Sea—
Waitara (tributary: Maunganui)65
Mokau75
Waikato (tributary: Waipa)220
Wairoa95
Hokianga40
South Island.
 Miles.
Flowing into Cook Strait—
Aorere45
Takaka45
Motueka75
Wai-iti30
Pelorus40
Wairau (tributary: Waihopai)105
Awatere70
Flowing into the Pacific Ocean—
Clarence (tributary: Acheron)125
Conway30
Waiau (tributary: Hope)110
Hurunui90
Waipara40
Ashley55
Waimakariri (tributaries: Bealay, Poulter, Esk, and Broken River)93
Selwyn55
Rakaia (tributaries: Mathias, Wilberforce, Acheron, and Cameron)95
Ashburton67
Rangitata75
Opihi50
Pareora35
Waihao45
Waitaki (tributaries: Tasman, Tekapo, Ohau, Ahuriri, and Hakateramea)135
Kakanui40
Shag45
Taieri125
Clutha (tributaries: Kawarau, Makarora, Hunter, Manuherikia, and Pomahaka)210
Flowing South into Foveaux Strait—
Mataura120
Oreti105
Aparima.65
Waiau (tributaries: Mararoa, Clinton, and Monowai)115
Flowing into the Tasman Sea—
Cleddau and Arthur20
Hollyford50
Cascade40
Arawata45
Haast (tributary: Landsborough)60
Karanparua30
Fox25
Waiho20
Wataroa35
Wanganui35
Waitaha25
Hokitika (tributary; Kokatahi)40
Arahura35
Teramakau (tributaries: Otira and Taipo)45
Grey (tributaries: Ahaura, Arnold, and Mawhera-iti)75
Buller (tributaries: Matakitaki, Maruia, and Inangahua105
Mokihinui30
Karamea45
Heaphy25

Chapter 31. SECTION IV.

Table of Contents

THE FAUNA OF NEW ZEALAND.

[BY JAMES DRUMMOND, F.L.S., F.Z.S.]

NEW Zealand's native fauna has attracted the attention of investigators in nearly all parts of the world. Its special interest lies in its manifold peculiarities, in the incongruous characteristics possessed by some of its members, and in the ancient types found in different classes of its animals.

Beginning with the mammalia, the Dominion is surprisingly inadequately represented. Its only land mammals, except seals, are two bats. One of these, the long-tailed bat, belongs to a genus (Chalinolobus), which is found in the Australian and Ethiopian zoological regions, and to a species, morio, found in the south-east of Australia, as well as in New Zealand; but the other, the short-tailed bat (Mystacops tuberculatus), belongs to a genus peculiar to this Dominion. At one time it was believed that the Maori dog (Canis familiaris, variety maorium, the “kuri” of the Maoris) and the Maori rat (Mus exulans, the Maoris' “kiore”) were indigenous to New Zealand, but it is now generally believed that these two animals were introduced by the Maoris when they made their notable migrations from their legendary Hawaiki—probably Tahiti, in the Society Group—between 500 and 600 years ago. The dog was highly prized as a domestic pet, and the rat as an article of diet. Both could easily be taken across the sea in the large canoes used in those days. The dog, without doubt, is extinct. Statements by Captain Cook, J. R. and G. Forster, Sydney Parkinson, the artist, the Rev. W. Colenso, and early visitors to New Zealand show that the Maori dog was a very ordinary animal. It was small, with a pointed nose, pricked ears, and very small eyes. In colour it was white, black, brown, or parti coloured, and it had long hair, short legs, a short bushy tail, and no loud bark, but only a whine. The Maoris lavished upon it an abundance of affection. When dead its flesh was used for food, its skin for clothing, and its hair for ornaments. Opinions differ in regard to the approximate date of its extinction, and investigations in this respect are made somewhat difficult by the fact that for some years “wild dogs” as they were called—probably a cross between the Maori dog and dogs brought by Europeans—infested several districts in both the North Island and the South Island, and were confused with the Maori dog. It is probable that the pure Maori dog became extinct about 1885. The Maori rat, a forest-dweller, is not so plentiful as it was when Europeans first came to New Zealand, but it still lives in the forests.

The long-tailed species of bat was once fairly plentiful, especially in the forests, where it makes its home in hollow trees. Large

numbers also at one time were found under old bridges across streams, notably at the River Avon, in Christchurch. It is not very rare now, and specimens sometimes are found in the forests and in caves. The latest specimens are reported from a cave near Castle Rock on the Tiki Road, not far from Coromandel; and also from a cave at Orakeikorako, nine miles up the Waikato River from Atiamuri, in the Taupo district. The short-tailed species is not extinct, but rare. Most bats are exceptionally well adapted for life in the air, feeding on flying insects, and even drinking on the wing. But the short-tailed species of New Zealand possesses peculiarities of structure which enable it to creep and crawl with ease on the branches and leaves of trees, and probably it seeks its food there as well as in the air. Few naturalists, however, have had opportunities to observe it, and little is known of its habits.

The sea-lion, the sea-elephant, the sea-leopard, and the fur-seal are found on islands in the Dominion's boundaries. In the early days of colonization sealing was a great industry, and yielded large profits to some of the adventurous men who took part in it.

Amongst the sea mammals whales, of course, are the most important. At one time extensive whaling was carried on in New Zealand waters, 300 vessels, chiefly from America, sometimes visiting the country in one year. The industry began about 1795, reached the height of its prosperity between 1830 and 1840, and then began to dwindle. In recent years there has been an effort to revive the industry, but it will never attain the position it held in former years. Porpoises are plentiful, and the dolphin (Delphinus delphis) also is found in these waters. Mention should be made here of “Pelorus Jack,” a solitary whale which meets vessels near Pelorus Sound, and which has been protected by an Order in Council under the name of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus). He is the only member of the species reported from New Zealand waters.

In contrast with the species of land mammals, the members of the next class, Aves, were remarkably plentiful when settlement began. Bush and grass fires, cats, stoats and weasels, and the ruthless use of the gun have reduced their numbers, but they still stand as, probably, the most interesting avifauna in the world. They include a comparatively large number of absolutely flightless birds. No living birds in New Zealand are wingless, but the kiwi (Apteryx), the weka (Ocydromus), the kakapo parrot (Stringops), and the takahe (Notornis hochstetteri)* cannot use their wings for

* This bird is better known as Notornis mantelli. That name was first given by Sir Richard Owen to an extinct bird, represented by a fossil found at Waingongoro, in the North Island, by Mr. W. Mantell in 1847. When the first living specimen of the Notornis was found in 1849 scientists concluded that it was identical with the fossil, and it bore the same name; but when Dr. Meyer, of Dresden, examined the skeleton of the third specimen, he found that it was different from the fossil, and he changed the specific name from mantelli to hochstetteri, thus honouring Dr. Hochstetter, a naturalist who visited New Zealand in the early days.

flight, while a duck belonging to the Auckland Islands (Nesonetta) is practically in the same plight. There are also several species of birds whose wings are so weak that they can make only short flights. Other notable birds are the kea (Nestor notabilis), which is accused of killing sheep on stations in the South Island; the tui (Prosthemadera novæ-zealandiæ), which affords one of the most beautiful sights in the New Zealand forests, and charms visitors with its silvery notes; the huia (Heteralocha acutirostris), the only species known in which there is a wide divergence in the shape of the bills in the two sexes, the male's being short and straight, while the female's is curved, pliant, and long; and the wry-billed plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), the only bird known to possess a bill turned to one side. Cormorants or shags (Phalacrocorax) and penguins (Impennes) are exceptionally well represented in the avifauna. New Zealand, indeed, may be regarded as the headquarters of the penguins, as all the genera except one are found within the boundaries of this Dominion. The oldest fossil penguin known is from the Eocene and Oligocene rocks of New Zealand. New Zealand, probably, was the centre from which penguins were dispersed to other countries.

Several species of birds make notable migrations to New Zealand. The godwit (Limosa novæ-zealandiæ), it is believed, breeds on the tundras of eastern Siberia, and spends the summer months in New Zealand, arriving about October and leaving in March or April. The knot (Tringa canutus) is believed to make almost the same journey, and two cuckoos, the shining-cuckoo (Chalcococcyx lucidus) and the long-tailed cuckoo (Urodynamis taitensis), come from Pacific islands in the spring and leave for their northern homes about April. Both, like most members of the Cuculidæ family, are parasitical, and impose upon small native birds the duty of hatching and rearing young cuckoos. The kiwi, already mentioned, belongs to the same subclass as the ostrich, the emu, and the cassowary, all struthious birds, and has several peculiarities besides its Sightlessness. One of these is the position of its nostrils, at the tip of its bill, instead of at the base as in all other birds. Its plumage is peculiarly hair-like in appearance. It possesses a very generalized structure; as Sir Richard Owen once suggested, it seems to have borrowed its head from one group of birds, its legs from another, and its wings from a third. It was once believed to be almost extinct, but, in recent years, has been shown to be fairly plentiful in some districts where there is little settlement.

The takahe (Notornis) is one of the world's very rare birds. Only four specimens have been found. Two of the skins are in the British Museum, one is in the Dresden Museum, and one in the Otago Museum, in Dunedin. The fourth specimen was caught by two guides (Messrs. D. and J. Boss) at Notornis Bay, Lake Te Anau, in 1898. Although at the present time (1914) it is sixteen years since the Notomis was last seen, there is reason to believe that individuals still exist in the wild districts of the Southern Sounds.

The interest of the living avifauna is surpassed by the interest of the extinct birds. These include the great flightless moa (Dinornis), a goose (Cnemiornis minor), a gigantic rail (Aptornis otidiformis), and an eagle (Harpagornis moorei).

Reptilian life is restricted to about fifteen species of lizards, and to the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). This is a lizard-like creature, the only surviving representative of the order Rhynchocephalia, otherwise extinct. The tuatara is found in no other country. Its nearest ally is Homœosaurus, whose remains have been found in Jurassic rocks in Germany. It has been destroyed to a large extent by wild pigs, cats, and dogs, and is now seldom found except on a few islands off the coast of the mainland.

The amphibians are represented by a small frog (Liopelma hochstetteri), which is very rare, and has been recorded from only a few districts in the Auckland Province. Its nearest ally is in China.

About 250 species of fish have been found in New Zealand waters. A large number of these are used for food. Several species, notably the mudfish (Neochanna apoda), which is sometimes discovered buried 4 ft. deep in clay in places where rivers have overflowed in flood, and in swampy places, are interesting. Some of the genera are peculiar to New Zealand, but some also occur in Australian and South American waters.

Amongst the invertebrates, one of the peculiarities is the fact that the Dominion has few butterflies, although it is well supplied with moths. It has a red admiral butterfly (Vanessa), named after the European species, which it resembles, and a copper butterfly (Chrysophanus), which is very plentiful. In the forests there is that strange growth, the “vegetable caterpillar.” The Dominion has native bees and ants, dragon-flies, sober-coloured beetles, and representatives of other orders of insects. The katipo spider (Latrodectes katipo), which lives mostly on or near the sea-beach, is well known locally. Amongst the mollusca, there is a large and handsome land-snail, (Paryphanta), and Amphibola, an air-breathing snail, peculiar to the country, which lives in brackish water, mainly in estuaries. There are about twenty species of univalves and twelve of bivalves in the fresh - water shells, and about four hundred species in the marine shells, including the paper nautilus (Argonauta). Perhaps the most interesting of all the invertebrates is the Peripatus, an ancient type of creature which survives in New Zealand, and in parts of Australia, Africa, South America, the West Indies, New Britain, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. Zoologically, it belongs to the air-breathing division of the phylum Arthropoda, and has been placed in a special class, Prototracheata or Onychophora. It is about 3 in. long, has many feet, loves moisture, shuns light, and moves slowly. Two genera have been found in New Zealand. One genus, Peripatoides, contains two species, novœ-zealandiæ and suteri, and the other, OÖperipatus, contains only one species, viridimaculatus. The Peripatus is viviparous.

It is claimed that one New Zealand genus, OÖperipatus, is oviparous, but that has not been fully proved.* Professor A. Dendy, F.E S., has made special investigations in regard to the New Zealand species.

With the arrival of Europeans, the whole face of the fauna was changed. The first European animal introduced was the pig, liberated by Captain Cook in Queen Charlotte Sound in 1773. With settlement, sheep, cattle, horses, and other domestic animals were brought, some for utility, some for pleasure, such as song-birds, and some for sport, such as deer, trout, pheasants, and quail. In the work of acclimatization several' great and irretrievable blunders were made. The worst of these was the introduction of rabbits, stoats, and weasels.

* Professor Adam Sedgwick, F.R.S., late Professor of Zoology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, in the new Encyclopædia Britannica.

Chapter 32. SECTION V.

STATE AFFORESTATION IN NEW ZEALAND.

[BY JAMES MACKENZIE, UNDER-SECRETARY OF LANDS.]

REASONS FOR AFFORESTATION.

CONSIDERING the apparently vast extent of our indigenous forests, the fine quality of our principal timbers, and their varied usefulness, it has often been the subject of much comment that it is considered necessary by the Government of this Dominion to inaugurate a policy of reafforestation. It can, however, readily be understood that the full facts of the case must be known and comprehended before it is possible to demonstrate clearly and cogently the reasons that have actuated the Government in the past and at the present time.

In the report on “Forestry in New Zealand,” published in 1909, statistics were given showing in detail the present estimated supply of timber from all classes of native trees, and the probable demand for timber in the future, and the conclusions then arrived at apply with even greater force at the present day. Before recapitulating them, however, it is desirable to explain briefly the nature of our indigenous trees, and their various drawbacks and good qualities.

New Zealand possesses a large variety of trees in its native forests, there being no fewer than eighty-six different species known to botanists. The majority of these are, unfortunately, useless for commercial purposes to any great extent, through various causes, and, as a matter of fact, the following trees are practically the staple supply of the timber trade.

Kauri (Agathis australis).—Grows only in the Auckland District The girth of marketable trees ranges from 4 ft. to 30 ft., and sometimes more, the general average being about 12 ft., and the contents about 3,000 ft. There is no pine in the world superior for all-round use. It is used for joinery, furniture-making, housebuilding, ship, yacht, and boat building, wharves, bridges, railway, and other works, but is well adapted for high-class joinery, and internal fittings, carvings, &c. When converted into veneers it is highly prized. Unfortunately, it takes from six hundred to twelve hundred years to attain its full size, and as it is very inflammable, its growth and preservation are a matter of considerable difficulty.

Totara.—Totara is found throughout the whole of New Zealand except in the Nelson District, though the bulk of the supply is in Wellington, Auckland, Hawke's Bay, and Westland. It is very durable, and of all New Zealand timbers is the best for resisting the ravages of the teredo, and consequently has been largely used in the construction of wharves, bridges, &c. It also lasts well in contact with the ground, and is utilized largely for general building and joinery purposes, telegraph-posts, railway-sleepers, fencing-posts, &c. The mottled variety is much sought after for panels, furniture, inlaying, &c. Its chief drawback is that it is somewhat brittle, but it is probably the best timber for general building purposes in the Dominion.

Rimu, or Red-pine.—This is the principal timber in the New Zealand forests, and is extensively used for building, joinery, &c. The figured variety is often beautifully grained, and is much in demand for furniture. It is a most valuable wood, owing to its wide adaptability and comparative cheapness. Though not equal to totara or kauri, yet, owing to its greater cheapness, it is more largely used.

Kahikatea, or White-pine.—This timber is also in great demand throughout the whole of the Dominion. It is found chiefly on low-lying or swampy land, and grows in all parts of the Dominion. Its lasting qualities vary, but, unfortunately, an insect borer finds it comparatively easy prey, and therefore it is not much used for general building purposes. Its greatest use is for making butter-boxes, for which purpose no substitute has yet been found, and large quantities are exported to Australia for this purpose.

Matai.—The next timber in importance is matai, or black-pine, which is a very heavy but short-grained timber. It is used for building purposes, and especially for weatherboards and flooring; also for small bridges and fencing purposes. It is second only to totara for durability, but is inclined to brittleness. It is found all over the Dominion in fairly large quantities.

The only other timbers in New Zealand which are used to any extent for general purposes are,—

Puriri, a very hard and tough wood, which makes good sleepers and posts, and is very durable. It is largely used for railway-works, bridge-stringers, and truck-frames. In weight, colour, and texture it somewhat resembles rosewood, but the figured varieties are marked like walnut. It is also largely used as veneers.

Rata, which is mostly used for firewood, is a hard, heavy, tough and very strong wood, mostly straight - grained, and used to a limited extent by wheelwrights, and as arms for telegraph-posts.

The various “Birches” (or “Beeches,” as they should be designated), which grow plentifully all over the Dominion, and are being used for railway-sleepers in the Wellington District, Fagus Menziesii having also been exported to Australia from the Westland and Southland Districts.

The other trees are used to such a limited extent, and chiefly for limited local requirements, that they do not meet the growing demand for superior timbers.

The peculiar characteristics of these trees must he carefully taken into account when considering the possibility of relying on their perpetuation, whether by way of natural regeneration or systematic reafforestation. First and foremost is the great drawback that all the indigenous trees suitable for conversion into marketable timber require such an inordinate length of time to grow and arrive at maturity; although, owing to the comparatively recent settlement of New Zealand by Europeans, it is impossible to arrive with absolute accuracy at the exact length of time required by each tree to mature under average conditions, it is known that this ranges between one hundred and five hundred years. Secondly, many of these trees require special treatment to be raised with success, and need considerable shade from the seedling to the adult stage, which can only be afforded by planting them amongst partially cleared forest land, where the natural undergrowth provides the requisite amount of protection. In such a case the annual clearing of undergrowth tending to suppress the seedling trees would be of such an exhaustive and expensive character as to prohibit the economical growth of native timber-trees. Thirdly, the principal exotic trees suited for commercial purposes take from one-fourth to one-tenth the time to attain timber-dimensions that the local product does, so that it is possible to raise on an average from three to five crops of larch or pine during the same time that it would take to raise one crop of totara or rimu.

Under these circumstances it has been generally recognized that it is out of the question to attempt to renew the indigenous trees for future commercial purposes, and all that can be done is to conserve the remaining supply as far as practicable so as to allow sawmilling to proceed under conditions that will ensure the greatest possible use being made of the existing timber. The timber-cutting and forest regulations for years past have been devised with the utmost care to accomplish this result, and, considering the remarkable increase that has taken place of late years in the timber industry, no adverse criticism can justly charge the administration of our native forests with any undue locking-up of natural resources. To assist the progress of settlement it has been imperative that every facility should be afforded the building and allied trades to obtain cheap and accessible timber, and as the periodical fires, that it has been impossible to prevent, continually ravage the portions of the forests nearest to settlement, it has been a wise policy to permit as much marketable timber to be used as was needed by the farming community and the building trades, and so serve a twofold purpose—viz., the gradual clearing of forest country adapted for settlement and its opening for occupation and farming, and the development of the building and constructive trades to cope with the increasing demand that a growing population constantly makes upon its resources.

Moreover, it must not be overlooked that some of the most fertile and productive soil and country in the Dominion was to be found in those very forests that contained the most valuable timber. The vanished Seventy-mile (or Forty-mile) bush, in the southern part of Hawke's Bay, and extending to and around Pahiatua and Eketahuna; the Awarua Forest, between Taihape and Mangaweka; and the numerous stretches of forest in the Auckland District all at one time stretched across and occupied mile upon mile of country that now supports a large and thriving population; and it would have been as useless and as difficult a matter to preserve these magnificent forests in their entirety, whether for aesthetic, sentimental, climatic, or commercial reasons, as it would have been to have prohibited the spread of settlement and the onward march of civilization.

But the Government, whilst permitting the gradual conversion of these forests, has never lost sight of the fact that it was necessary to maintain the timber-supply of the country, and to provide for its needs in the future. One of the earlier methods of inducing the planting of suitable trees was by means of “land grants”—a settler being given a free grant of Crown land if he planted a certain portion of his freehold land in suitable trees. This system was chiefly confined to the Canterbury District, though it was partially adopted in the Auckland and other districts, but only to a very limited extent. In Canterbury, where the system came into force in the early seventies, as much as 2 acres of Crown lands for 1 acre put down in plantation was sometimes granted, and every inducement was offered to the settlers to put down part of their farms in plantations. Several large plantations may now be seen in North Canterbury that were established by means of this method. As, however, it did not meet the growing needs of the country, the system was discontinued, and it came to pass that the methods of State afforestation that had proved so successful in older countries eventually came to be adopted in New Zealand.

DEMAND FOR TIMBER.

In common with every manufacturing country in the world, the steady increase in demand for timber for commercial purposes has been experienced in New Zealand, and the following table shows how the timber industry has grown:—

Year.Number of Mills.Hands employed.Output for Year.Cutting-capacity per Annum.
 Sup. ft.Sup. ft.
18862203,890163,740,546 
18952994,055191,053,466 
19003346,085261,583,518 
19054146,912413,289,742704,930,600
19074117,139432,031,611718,940,000
19094237,414413,868,919755,465,480

To cope with the present demand taxes all the resources of the Dominion, as the supply of our indigenous forests is rapidly diminishing, as will be seen from the following estimates:—

Year.Estimated Amount of Milling-timber remaining in our Forests.
190541,723,574,800 sup. ft.
190735,785,873,467 sup. ft.
190933,060,883,437 sup. ft.

Judging from the vast quantity of forest that was not likely to be available for sawmilling, either through unsuitability of timber, difficulty of access, or cost of cutting and transport, and taking into consideration the loss annually experienced through accidental fires, and the fact that a large part of the timber stands on Native and private land which may be required for settlement purposes, thereby necessitating the felling and destruction of the timber, it was estimated in 1909 that the indigenous forests of New Zealand will not cope with the full demand for sawn timber for a longer period than from thirty-five to forty years, bearing in mind the fact that a certain amount of foreign timber will be arriving continually so as to ease the strain on local resources. Under these circumstances it will be understood why the Government deemed it advisable, many years ago, to inaugurate a system of tree-planting that would gradually take the place of the native forests and timber-supply.

INAUGURATION OF AFFORESTATION.

The problem before the Government was faced in a systematic and comprehensive manner. Three experimental plantations of various trees, aggregating about 15 acres, were started on the Kaingaroa Plains, between Taupo and Rotorua. Another plantation of 15 acres was started at Tarukenga, on the Rotorua Railway-line, and another of 6 acres at Mamaku, not far away. These latter plantations were for the purpose of providing timber for railway requirements. Part of the Rotorua Town Belt was also planted.

Encouraged by the success of these preliminary experiments, a Forestry Branch of the Department of hands was started in 1896, and three nurseries were established—two at Tapanui and Eweburn in the Otago District of the South Island, and the other at Whakarewarewa, near Rotorua, in the North Island. The idea was conceived that, coincident with railway-extension, one or two central nurseries in each Island were sufficient for the growth of nursery stock, which could be distributed at various places in the district, according as circumstances warranted the extension of the system. Later on another nursery was formed at Hanmer, in the Canterbury District (South Island), and attempts were also made to establish nurseries at Starborough, in the Marlborough District (South Island), and Ruatangata, near Whangarei (North Island), but from various causes these latter two nurseries, with the plantations attached to them, were not altogether a success, and have been discontinued.

It must not be overlooked that New Zealand was the first antipodean country to face the problem of State afforestation, and that it was only by means of continuous experiments and the greatest care and forethought that the Department was able to advance on satisfactory lines with due regard to economy and efficiency. It was inevitable that some out of the many species of trees planted should not have proved so great a success as others, whilst the rapid expansion of domestic trades and industries has demonstrated the inadequacy of the original operations, and induced the Government to enlarge its annual provision for the continued extension of plantations to a scale more commensurate with the exigencies of the case.

It must also be distinctly explained that if the present operations do not, in the opinion of some persons, represent that degree of magnitude chat is deemed necessary in order to satisfy the whole of the future demand for timber in New Zealand, there are good and sufficient reasons for proceeding cautiously in the meantime. Although the foreign supply is more or less an unknown quantity, it is considered that the supply of eucalyptus from Australia and pine from Siberia, Manchuria, and possibly Korea, together with the Douglas fir from Western Canada, will for some years to come satisfy to a very large extent the continuous demand for sawn timber in New Zealand, and that the remaining forests of the Dominion will also be available for some considerable time to assist in supplying the requirements of the commercial community. Moreover, it is essential that the characteristics of exotic trees planted in the State plantations, and their growth and progress in the climate and soil of this country as compared with their growth elsewhere, together with their respective liability to or immunity from disease, shall be thoroughly studied and ascertained (and this cannot be done in a few years), before the inhabitants of the Dominion are committed to such a large increase in expenditure as would be necessary to ensure the future maintenance of the timber-supply from New Zealand sources. Hitherto the operations of the Forestry Branch have been more successful than was anticipated at the commencement of the project, but the losses that have been experienced have been quite large enough to convince the authorities that it is the best policy to proceed with due caution, and not to suddenly enlarge the operations, but rather to expand them very gradually after repeated experiments and results have proved the advisability of doing so under certain conditions.

It will be interesting to trace the evolution of the present system from the conditions that appeared to the Government to dominate the position at the time the afforestation policy was decided upon in 1896. They may be said to include,—

  1. The recognition of the principle that land suitable for settlement should not be interfered with for the purposes of tree-planting.

  2. The desirability of utilizing Crown land as far as practicable.

  3. The selection of localities for the plantations which would be fairly accessible from existing lines of railway, and which would, in the future, be conveniently situated to the probable trade centres.

  4. The selection of areas of open land that were not in proximity to standing forests, but the climatic conditions of which appeared suitable for tree-growing operations, and whose soil seemed sufficiently good for the purpose.

Owing to the varied nature of the climate, soil, and conditions in different parts of New Zealand, and the necessity of the officer in charge of operations being thoroughly acquainted with local conditions, it was not deemed advisable to engage a foreign expert to superintend operations, but the services of a young and enthusiastic New Zealand nurseryman were engaged at the commencement of the work, and the results that were achieved under his advice from the very start were a convincing proof of the wisdom of the course adopted. A careful and continuous study of the latest publications and methods in vogue on the Continent and elsewhere has been the practice laid down for the guidance of all officers of the Forestry Branch, and as the work of tree-planting in this Dominion becomes more and more important and extensive it is probable that further steps will be taken by the Government to keep the branch in touch with foreign systems and methods.

The late Mr. Henry Matthews was the officer whose appointment as Chief Forester inaugurated the formation of the Forestry Branch, and from 1896 to his unexpected death in 1909 he had the sole technical control of the tree-planting operations, and to him must therefore belong much of the credit or otherwise of the planting accomplished during this period.

PRESENT METHODS.

Since his death the technical direction of affairs has been entrusted to two Superintending Nurserymen, one residing at Whakarewarewa and the other at Tapanui. These two officers keep a careful watch over the several nurseries and plantations under their control, and are responsible for the rearing and planting-out of all the trees in each Island. In charge of each State nursery is a Nurseryman, and in charge of each State plantation is a Forester. These officers direct the work of the labourers and others employed under them, and are carefully trained in the respective duties required of them and their staffs.

The Minister in charge of the State forests and all afforestation-work is the Commissioner of State Forests, and each year he lays before Parliament a report on the year's operations. The permanent officer in charge of the branch is the Under-Secretary of Lands, who has supreme administrative control over all operations; and it is to him that the Superintending Nurserymen report, and from him that they take instructions. The financial considerations and all forestry problems that arise from time to time are dealt with by him.

The cost of afforestation operations is defrayed by the sale of timber in State forests, supplemented by a contribution from the Consolidated Fund annually voted by Parliament. Owing to the youth of the plantations, and the immaturity of the timber therein, no returns have yet been derived from them, but it is hoped that in a few years' time a small revenue may be received, which will increase as larger thinnings are available for disposal. When an assured return of thinnings is available in sufficient quantity there may be a possibility of utilizing them for wood-pulp purposes. This is a matter for future consideration, as it depends largely as to whether the timber grown is suitable for that purpose.

Generally speaking, most of the seed is procured abroad until our own trees are large enough to become seed-producers—say, in thirty years' time—and the trees now grown in the State nurseries and plantations are those that continental experience and the results of experiments in New Zealand have shown are best fitted for the soils and climate of this country. The primary object of the Government is purely utilitarian, as only those trees are grown that are suitable for commercial purposes, and the fact that the formation of plantations will in many cases enrich the soil, regulate to a slight degree the temperature, and conserve the rainfall is more or less secondary, although no efforts have been spared to gain the greatest possible benefits from the operations of the State in this respect.

In almost every country in the world where forestry operations have been carried on it has been found that sooner or later forms of plant-disease inevitably make their appearance. In some instances great havoc has been worked, whilst of late years modern methods and discoveries have largely diminished the attendant dangers. It is of the utmost importance that in this fruitful land, where the conditions are so eminently favourable to plant-growth, that the equally favourable conditions to the formation and dissemination of plant-disease should be continuously and carefully watched, so that the smallest outbreak of any kind of disease may at once be notified, and every possible precaution taken to deal with it at the very commencement of its attack. Up to the present the indications of disease have been very small, but in order that the scrutiny of the officers of the Forestry Branch may be directed into the proper channels, and that the best advice may be available on this point, a special examination has recently been made by the Biologist of the Department of Agriculture, who has supplemented the constant supervision of the officers with a personal inspection in their company.

As time goes on, and the trees attain a greater age, whilst the area under plantation annually increases, such inspections will be made at frequent intervals; and by a rigid scrutiny of all plants apparently suffering from any disease or trouble it is hoped that disease may be kept well in check, and never permitted to spread beyond a confined radius where it originates.

Seeing that the plantations are still young, and that their area extends to only about 21,000 acres, it has been possible to carry on operations with a somewhat inexpensive staff of officers, and no great expenditure in the way of administration has yet been necessary. It has been absolutely necessary to employ the funds at the disposal of the Forestry Branch to their fullest extent in the direction of tree-planting, and consequently a rigid check has been kept upon all outlay that was not immediately and directly needed for present operations. In the future it will undoubtedly be necessary to increase the staff, and provide for duties and needs that have as yet hardly entered into practical consideration. Even under these conditions, however, it is essential that no lavish expenditure shall be entered upon, but that the best possible results shall be attained from every new departure. As the scope of operations widens, it will undoubtedly be necessary to select and specially educate a few able and intelligent young New-Zealanders to fill the positions that will later on be required for the development and skilful management of the State plantations, and it is thought that a practical training in the nurseries and plantations of the branch, combined with a University education comprising those subjects specially appertaining to forestry (such as botany, entomology, geology, agricultural chemistry, and other subjects included in the degree of Bachelor of Science), and subsequently a visit to the best forestry schools in England and the Continent, will enable the operations of the Government to be conducted with the highest degree of economy and efficiency, and ensure the best results being attained from past and future expenditure.

Every day increases the store of knowledge and literature appertaining to scientific forestry, and it is of the utmost importance that the training and methods of the officers of the branch should be as complete and efficient as is possible. At the present time both of the Superintending Nurserymen conduct a winter class, in which all the nurserymen and officers under their control have an opportunity of learning all that can be taught them of the work of their profession, and useful reference libraries have been established in each Island at the headquarters. The keenness and intelligence of the members of these classes are in the highest degree praiseworthy, and reflect the greatest credit on their instructors, and their individual efforts to advance in knowledge and usefulness. Special addresses are from time to time delivered by the Government experts who deal with matters a knowledge of which is of use to the staff.

Seeing how far the operations of any particular industry or business extend in modern days, and from what numerous sources it is necessary to gain information and assistance in order to achieve the best results, it will naturally be understood that the occasional services and advice of various officers of the Government service may from time to time be requisitioned for, and availed of, in connection with the work of tree-planting. A periodical inspection by a skilled biologist, an occasional examination by an agricultural chemist, visits by modern botanists and entomologists, for instance, will be of immense use in aiding the efforts of the permanent officers of the Forestry Branch; and it may soon be advisable to form a special advisory board of such experts, who would from time to time study and report upon any extraordinary or unexpected development in connection with the operations, and advise (if necessary) upon the general questions affecting the work of afforestation and timber-conservation. It is, however, to be distinctly understood that though it is essential to keep a watchful eye upon modern developments, and to display a foresight compatible with the importance of the subject, it is quite out of the question to lay down any hard-and-fast rules as to future management and administration; and the Government will in all cases be guided by the exigencies of each case as it arises, and meet the problems that constantly arise with the best means at its disposal, and in accord with the special circumstances of the matter. Possible future changes are merely indicated to show that the Government is fully alive to the needs of State afforestation in all its varying phases, and is facing future needs with foresight and discrimination.

On the 31st March. 1914, there were over seventeen million trees in the four nurseries of the Forestry Branch of the Department of Lands, and seven million trees had been sent out during the preceding twelve months. In the eleven plantations a total area of 22,458 acres had been planted with fifty-four million trees, the addition for the year being 1,825 acres. The annual expenditure now averages over £8,000 on the nurseries and about £14,000 on the plantations.

FORESTRY COMMISSION, 1913

A Royal Commission was appointed in January, 1913, to investigate and report upon the existing condition of the State forests, nurseries, and plantations, and to recommend what action should be taken to meet future requirements. The Commission consisted of Mr. H. D. M. Haszard. F.R.G.S., Commissioner of Crown Lands, Westland (Chairman), Dr. Leonard Cockayne, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. (Christchurch), and Messrs. S. I. Clarke (Auckland), C. P. Murdoch (Auckland), F. Y. Lethbridge (Feilding), and T. W. Adams (Greendale, Canterbury). It took evidence, visited the principal forest districts of the Dominion, and presented a valuable report to the Government. The following is a brief summary of its findings:—

INDIGENOUS FORESTS.

The Commission recommended generally that the mountain forests be permanently reserved for climatic and water-conservation purposes, and to prevent soil-denudation. An area of 1,782,970 acres of mountain ranges was definitely recommended for immediate reservation, together with the sources of rivers in Canterbury and the North Island dividing range. Recommendations were also made that the Waimakariri National Park be made a climatic reserve, that deer be limited to defined areas, so as to prevent their destroying the undergrowth of climatic reserves, and that certain areas be set aside for scenic purposes, such as the Poor Knights Islands, the forest-covered shores of Waikaremoana, and the Rotorua Lakes, together with the steep forest-covered banks of the Wanganui and Mokau Rivers. The Commission considered that the Waipoua Kauri Forest (excepting 200 acres) should be milled by the State, but that the Warawara Forest should be permanently reserved. As a broad principle, forest land, unless required for climatic or scenic purposes, &c., if suitable for settlement in reasonably limited areas, should be rendered available for same after the timber thereon has been milled. The Commission pointed out the desirability of improving the administration of forests for milling purposes, and recommended that a survey be undertaken of the beech forests (Fagus fusca, Fagus Solandri. and Fagus Menziesii). No restriction, in the opinion cf the Commission, should be placed on the export of white-pine (kahikatea), but experiments might be undertaken to test the capabilities of other timbers for butter-boxes, &c.

STATE AFFORESTATION

It was estimated that in thirty-five years' time the annual demand for timber would be about 716,000,000 ft., and various pines, Australian gums, as well as timber for the carriage of agricultural and other produce, will be the timbers required. It was recommended that 6,400 acres be annually planted by the State with suitable timber trees. A new central nursery for the South Island was recommended at Studholme Junction, and several now localities were recommended for afforestation.

The planting of Pinus radiata, Pinus laricio, Pinus ponderosa, Douglas fir, and Australian gums, was recommended as a financial proposition; while the planting of larch should, in the opinion of the Commission, be discontinued.

It was recommended that the State afforestation operations be placed on a business footing, and an executive officer appointed, assisted by an Advisory Board of four experts, who should meet at least once a quarter. The State Manual on Tree-planting should be brought up to date, and the future staff of the Forestry Branch be systematically trained.

PRIVATE AFFORESTATION.

In order to encourage tree-planting by private persons the Commission recommended that trees be supplied by the State at cost price, and planting undertaken under Government supervision, whilst taxes might be remitted on planted areas. Public bodies could also be supplied with trees for planting, at cost-price. An economic survey of existing private plantations was also desirable.

LEGISLATION.

Finally, the Commission asked that the necessary legislation required to give effect to the recommendations made should be passed.

STATE ASSISTANCE TO TREE-PLANTING BY FARMERS.

As far as the means at its disposal will permit the Government proposes to assist farmers in the growing of forest plantations and shelter-belts. The scheme proposed will be on the following lines:—

  1. Any owner of land wishing to avail himself of the co-operation of the Government in the planting and cultivation of a permanent forest plantation or shelter-belt shall apply to the Forestry Branch, stating the location of the land on which the proposed plantation is to be made, and enclosing a fee of £5 5s. for expenses of inspection, supervision, &c.

  2. On receipt of the application an officer of the Deparment will visit the land, and if he be satisfied that it is suitable for tree-growth he will arrange the signing by the applicant of a form of agreement with the Department setting forth the conditions under which the Government will be willing to assist in the work. While on the ground the forestry officer will confer with the applicant and arrange for the exact location of the proposed plantation or shelter-belt, advising him regarding the proper preparation of soil, the varieties of trees to be grown, the proper system of planting, and the care of the plantations when formed. When necessary he will prepare a plan or sketch for the applicant illustrating how the trees are to be planted.

  3. When the plantation trees are being planted an officer will, if possible, visit the ground and see that the planting is proceeding on proper grounds.

  4. After the plantation has been made the forestry officer will make periodical visits of inspection to see that the trees are being properly attended to and protected, and that they are not being attacked by insects or tree pests.

  5. The Department, so far as the means at its disposal will permit, will furnish seed or young plants for planting the said forest plantation or shelter-belt at a small cost.

  6. The Department will not furnish trees to private persons for planting on town or village lots, or ornamental or fruit trees for planting anywhere. Any trees sent out by the Department must be for wind-breaks, shelter-belts, or forest plantations for the supply of timber for farm purposes or firewood.

  7. The agreement will provide that the wood and other products of the said plantation or shelter-belt shall belong to the owner of the property, but it is stipulated that the owner shall properly prepare the soil and plant and care for the trees after planting in accordance with the directions of the forestry officer. This will include providing protection against animals by fencing, and against fires by fire-guards and other effective means.

General.—It will be seen that the above system is distinctly cooperative in character. The Department furnishes officers to give expert advice and enable the carrying-out of the terms of the agreement, and in addition owners of the land are assisted by being supplied with young trees, cuttings, or seeds. On the other hand the owner is required to set apart a small area of his property for tree-growth, and to do all the actual work of preparation and cultivation of the land so set apart; to plant the seed, trees, or cuttings; and to take the proper care of the young growth after planting, according to the directions of the said forest officer.

Although the Department desires to meet the wishes of the settlers as far as possible, it must be understood that owing to the difficulty sometimes experienced in obtaining seeds or other planting-material the Government will not guarantee to furnish any specific quantity. Those desirous of obtaining the assistance of the Government as here outlined should apply to the Department before the 1st day of September two years previous to that in which it is wished to do the planting—i.e., applications for planting in the spring of 1916 should be made before the 1st. September, 1914, and so on—so as to enable the Department to provide ahead for the supply of nursery stock by sowing seeds for the future. Applications not received by that time may have to remain over till the following year unless tree-plants of the required species happen to be available.

A scheme somewhat on the above lines has been in operation for some eleven years in Canada, and its general success has been very encouraging to those actively engaged in carrying out the work. Numerous letters from the planters themselves testify to the satisfaction that the scheme has given them. Not only do they express satisfaction with the plantations from the point of view of direct utility, but they assert that the improvement of the general appearance of their farms and the increase of comfort add materially to the value of the property. The presence of trees round a homestead makes all the difference between a “house” and a “home.” It is practically impossible to have a really comfortable and attractive home without the shelter and adornment given by plantations of trees.

The point which is perhaps most worthy of note is the fact that a belt of trees becomes of actual value even after three or four years, for even at that age they serve to break the chilling winter winds and thus add to the well-being of the farm stock.

There are, of course, local conditions of climate and soil to be considered, and these must govern the methods employed and the varieties used for planting. Since 1901 the Canadian Tree-planting Division has distributed about sixteen million trees throughout the prairie provinces. From the nursery station at Indian Head the annual distribution in the future will run into three or four million seedlings and cuttings.

If the above outlined system has given such satsifaction to the farmer in Canada there is no reason why it should not be equally successful in this country.

Chapter 33. SECTION VI.

OUTLYING ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND.

MOST of the statistical information given in the main portion of this book relates only to the three principal islands of the Dominion, with their adjacent islands and islets. There are, however, a number of outlying islands included within the boundaries of the Dominion, and brief descriptions of these are now given.

The outlying group of the CHATHAM ISLANDS, lying between the Darallels of 43° 30' and 44° 30' south latitude, and the meridians of 175° 40' and 177° 15' west Longitude, 480 statute miles east-south-east from Wellington, and 536 miles eastward of Lyttelton, consists of two principal islands and several unimportant islets. They were discovered by Lieutenant Broughton and named by him in honour of the Karl of Chatham. The largest island (Chatham Island) contains about 222,490 acres, of which an irregularly-shaped lake or lagoon absorbs 45,960 acres. About one-quarter of the surface of the land is covered with forest, the rest with fern or grass. The hills nowhere rise to a great height. Pitt Island is the next in size; the area is 15,330 acres. The greater portion of both islands is used for grazing sheep.

The KERMADEC GROUP of islands is situated between 29° 10' and 31° 30' south latitude, and between 177° 45' and 179° west longitude. They are named the Raoul or Sunday Island, Macaulay Island. Curtis Islands, and L'Espérance or French Rock. The principal Island. Sunday, is 600 miles distant from Auckland, and lies a little more than half-way to Tonga, but 100 miles to the eastward of the direct steam route to that place. It is 300 miles eastward of the steam route to Fiji, and 150 miles westward of the steam route from Auckland to Rarotonga. Macaulay Island (named after the father of Lord Macaulay) and Curtis Islands were discovered in May, 1788, by Lieutenant Watts, in the “Penrhyn,” a transport, ship. The remainder of the group was discovered in 1793, by Admiral Bruni d'Entrecasteaux. The Admiral gave the name of “Kermadec” to the whole group of islands, after the captain of his consort ship “L'Espérance,” and the name of the Admiral's ship “La Recherche” was given to the largest island. The name so given was not continued, but that of “Raoul” has taken its place, which would appear to have been given after the sailing master of the “La Recherche,” whose name was Joseph Raoul. The name of “Sunday” may also have become attached to the island from the fact that it was discovered on a Sunday. The islands are volcanic, and in two of them signs of activity are still to be seen. The rainfall is plentiful, but not excessive. The climate is mild and equable, and slightly warmer than the north of New Zealand. The following are the areas of the islands and islets of the group: Sunday Island. 7,200 acres; Herald group of islets, 85 acres; Macaulay Island, 764 acres; Curtis Islands, 128 acres and 19 acres; L'Espérance, 12 acres; total. 8,208 acres. Sunday Island is twenty miles in circumference, roughly triangular in shape, and at the highest point 1,723 ft. above the sea-level. It is rugged and broken over a very large extent of its surface, and, except in a few places, covered with forest. The soil everywhere on the island is very rich, being formed by the decomposition of a dark-coloured pumiceous tuff and a black andesitic lava, with which is closely mixed a fine vegetable mould. The great luxuriance and richness of the vegetation bear witness to the excellence of the soil, which is everywhere—except where, destroyed by eruptions, and on the steep cliffs—the same rich loam. Want of water is one of the drawbacks. Three of the four lakes on the island are fresh, but so difficult of approach as to be practically useless.

The AUCKLAND ISLANDS were discovered during a whaling voyage on 18th August, 1806, by Captain Abraham Bristow, in the ship “Ocean.” The discoverer named the group after Lord Auckland, again visited the islands in 1807 and then took formal possession of them. They lie about 290 miles south of Bluff Harbour, their accepted position being given as latitude 50° 32' S., and longitude 166° 13' E. They have several good harbours. Port Ross, at the north end of the principal island, was described by the eminent French commander D'Urville as one of the best harbours of refuge in the known world. At the southern end of the island there is a through passage extending from the east to the west coast. It has been variously named Adams Strait and Carnley Harbour, and forms a splendid sheet of water. The largest of the islands is about 27 miles long by about 15 miles broad, and is very mountainous, the highest part being about 2,000 ft. above the sea. The west coast is bold and precipitous, but the east coast has several insets. The wood on the island is, owing to the strong prevailing wind, scrubby in character. The New Zealand Government maintains at this island a depot of provisions and clothing for the use of shipwrecked mariners.

The ANTIPODES, an isolated group, consisting of several detached rocky islands lying nearly north and south over a space of four to five miles; accepted position, 49° 41' 15” south, and longitude 178° 43' east.

The BOUNTY ISLANDS, a little cluster of islets, thirteen in number and without verdure, discovered in 1788 by Captain Bligh, R.N., of H.M.S. “Bounty.” Position verified by observation, 47° 43' south, longitude 179° 0œ east.

CAMPBELL ISLAND was discovered in 1810 by Frederick Hazelburgh, master of the brig “Perseverance.” owned by Mr. Robert Campbell, of Sydney. It is mountainous, and of a circumference of about thirty miles. There are several good harbours.

The COOK ISLANDS, with others now included within the extended boundaries of the Dominion, are as under:—

RAROTONGA: A magnificent island, rising to a height of 3,000 ft., clothed to the tops of the mountains with splendid vegetation. It has abundant streams, considerable tracts of sloping land, and rich alluvial valleys. The two harbours are poor.

MANGAIA, the south-easternmost of the Cook Group, is of volcanic origin, and about thirty miles in circumference. The productions, which are numerous and cheap, are obtained by assiduous labour.

ATIU resembles Mangaia in appearance and extent. It is a mere bank of coral, 10 ft. or 12 ft. high, steep and rugged, except where there are small sandy beaches and some clefts, where the ascent is gradual.

AITUTAKI presents a most fruitful appearance, its shores being bordered by flat land, on which are innumerable coconut and other trees, the higher ground being beautifully interspersed with lawns. It is eighteen miles in circuit.

MAURE or Parry Island is a low-lying island; it is about two miles in diameter; well wooded, and inhabited.

MITIARO is a low-lying island, from three to four miles long and one mile wide.

HERVEY ISLANDS: This group consists of two islands, surrounded by a reef, which may be 10œ miles in circumference.

NIUE, or Savage Island, lying east of the Friendly Islands, is a coral island, thirty-six miles in circumference, rising to a height of 200 ft. It has the usual tropical productions.

PALMERSTON ISLAND, lying about 500 miles east of Niue and about 220 from the nearest island of the Cook Group (Aitutaki), is remarkable as the “San Pablo” of Magellan, the first island discovered in the South Sea. It has no harbour. The soil is fairly fertile, and there is some good hardwood timber.

PENRHYN ISLAND (Tongareva) lies about 300 miles north-east of Manahiki: It is one of the most famous pearl islands in the Pacific, and there is a splendid harbour, a lagoon with two entrances, fit for ships of any size.

MANAHIKI, lying about 400 miles eastward of Danger Island, is an atoll, about thirty miles in circumference, valuable from the extent of the coconut groves. The interior lagoon contains a vast deposit of pearl-shell.

RAKAANGA is an atoll, three miles in length and of equal breadth.

DANGER ISLAND (Pukapuka): Next to the 10th parallel, but rather north of the latitude of the Navigators, and east of them are a number of small atolls. Of these, the nearest to the Samoan Group—about 500 miles—is Danger Island, bearing north-west of Suwarrow about 250 miles.

SUWARROW ISLAND has one of the best harbours in the Pacific. It lies about 500 miles east of Apia, the capital of the Samoan Group. It is a coral atoll, of a triangular form, fifty miles in circumference, the reef having an average width of half a mile across, enclosing a land-locked lagoon twelve miles by eight, which forms an excellent harbour. The entrance is half a mile wide, and the accommodation permits of ships riding in safety in all weathers, with depths of from three to thirty fathoms. It is out of the track of hurricanes, uninhabited, but capable by its fertility of supporting a small population. As a depot for the collection of trade from the various islands it should in time be very valuable.

ISLANDS ANNEXED IN 1901.

The Pacific Islands annexed to New Zealand in pursuance of resolutions passed by the House of Representatives in September and October, 1900, were Rarotonga, Mangaia, Mauke, Atiu, Aitutaki, Mitiaro, Hervey Islands, Palmerston, Niue, Danger, Rakaanga, Manahiki, Penrhyn, and Suwarrow (see above); Takutea and Nassau, not mentioned in the resolutions, also lie within the boundary-lines prescribed by the Imperial Order in Council and the New Zealand Proclamation dealing with the annexation. The Cook and other Islands Government Act, passed in 1901 by the New Zealand Parliament, continued the Federal Parliament of the Cook Islands and the several Native Councils under the names “Federal Council” and “Island Councils.” The Constitution of the Island Councils was altered in 1904, and each Island Council now consists of nine members, the Resident Agent being ex officio a member and President, the Arikis being ex officio members, and the remaining members being elected by the adult Natives of the island for a term not exceeding three years. The Federal Council has power to enact Federal Ordinances for the government of all the islands excepting Niue, while each Island Council can make local Ordinances governing the inhabitants within its jurisdiction. No Ordinance passed in the islands, however, can have the force of law until assented to by the Governor of New Zealand in the name and on behalf of His Majesty; and the Governor has power, by Order in Council, to direct that any of the laws in force in the islands at the commencement of the principal Act shall be repealed or modified. The Governor in Council has power also to apply to the islands any law in force in New Zealand, either in whole or with modifications, excepting the laws relating to alcoholic liquors. The Licensing Act, 1908, contains special provisions dealing with the question of liquor in the Cook and other Islands. The New Zealand Customs Tariff is, with certain exceptions, in force within the extended boundaries, and the Governor, by Order in Council, may from time to time modify the tariff as applying to any of the islands.

The laws are enforced through the High Court, which has jurisdiction throughout the whole of the islands excepting Niue; and, in the Cook Group, until 1905, there were also the Arikis' Courts, which were composed of Native Judges, except at Aitutaki, where no Court was legally constituted unless the European Magistrate was present. The Arikis' Courts have, however, been abolished in all those islands in which a European Resident Agent has been appointed, and the jurisdiction and power of these Courts or a Judge thereof are now exercised by such Resident Agent. The High Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of murder or of assault with intent to commit murder, and in all cases of manslaughter; in all criminal charges against foreign residents; and in all cases between foreign residents, or between foreign residents and Maoris in which the plaintiff may, with the consent of the Chief Judge, begin an action in the Court, or may with the same consent seek redress for any wrong alleged to have been done by any local Government in any island. The High Court has also jurisdiction in probate and insolvency, and the Resident Agents' Courts have jurisdiction in civil cases where the matter at issue does not exceed in value £50. The Chief Judge has power to send any case of a criminal charge against a foreign resident for trial before a Court constituted under the provisions of the Pacific Order in Council. The headquarters of the High Court are at Rarotonga, where it sits once a week, but visits are periodically made to the other islands within its jurisdiction. Appeals are allowed from the local Courts to the High Court, and from the High Court to the Supreme Court of New Zealand, and thence to the Court of Appeal.

Population.

At the census of 1911 the population of the Cook and other islands annexed in 1901 was found to be 12,598. Fuller information is given on page 132 of this book.

Education.

The educational requirements of the islands up to the present time have been met by missionary effort. The London Missionary Society has village schools in the various islands, and the Roman Catholic Mission and the Seventh-day Adventists are also maintaining schools, though to a less extent. The London Mission has six schools in Rarotonga, three in Mangaia, four in Aitutaki, one in Atiu, two in Mauke, one in Mitiaro, two in Penrhyn, two in Manihiki, one in Rakaanga, one in Pukapuka, and one in Palmerston. A boarding-school at Araura, Aitutaki, has been conducted by the London Missionary Society for some years. The teaching in this institution is more advanced than that in the village schools, and it may be considered in the light of a secondary school for the island.

The Sisters of St. Joseph have a very good school at Avarua. Rarotonga, where music is included among the subjects taught; and in the village of Titikaveka the Seventh-day Adventists have also a school.

At Niue an excellent school has been established by the Government, which is under the direction of an officer of the Education Department of New Zealand. The school is for boys, and the New Zealand syllabus is adopted with most satisfactory results. The pupils board at the school. Special interest is exhibited by the scholars in the technical branch of the school, where carpentry is taught, and the results of the instruction, both in this and the general branch of education, have been most satisfactory. It is confidently hoped that in the near future the school will have several boys in a sufficiently advanced stage to take charge of schools in the smaller villages, which the Government proposes to establish. This system of education is extremely popular among the Natives, who fully appreciate the benefits derived by the younger people, and the attendance is well maintained; in fact, there is much competition in the various villages to obtain places for boys in the school, who can be admitted only on the recommendation of leading Natives of the respective villages as vacancies occur.

The necessity for a more satisfactory system of education in the Cook Islands is recognized by the New Zealand Government, and it is proposed to establish immediately several schools on a similar system to that adopted for the Maori schools in New Zealand. Three schools are to be opened at Rarotonga, one at Aitutaki, and probably one at Mangaia. The principal of the three Rarotonga schools is to be conducted as a training-school, from which advanced Native scholars will be drafted to the outlying islands as teachers.

Land.

No land is sold by the Natives of the Cook Islands or Niue, but considerable areas have been leased in Rarotonga to European settlers. It is recognized that the prosperity of the islands depends in great measure on the settlement of the spare lands by a good class of white planters, and it is hoped that before long additional areas in Rarotonga as well as portions of the adjacent islands of Mauke and Atiu will be open for lease. At present there are difficulties in the way of securing leases from the Natives, but the work of surveying the land and defining the Native titles is proceeding rapidly, and every effort is being made to bring the unused lands into profitable occupation. It is desirable that the intending settler should have a capital equal to at least £10 for each acre he purposes taking up. The coconut-palm takes from eight to ten years to reach bearing-point, and during that time the planter must maintain himself by growing bananas or securing some outside employment. When the palms are in full bearing, however, the annual value of the crop may be estimated at not less than £6 per acre, and this may be regarded as a practically assured income for sixty years or more.

Revenue and Expenditure.

Cook and Northern Islands.—For the financial year ended the 31st March, 1914, the revenue of the Cook Islands, not including the balance from the previous year, was £11,723, and the expenditure £10,194. There is now a credit balance of £3,591. The following is a comparative statement of revenue and expenditure for the past ten years:—

Year.RevenueExpenditure.
£s.d.£s.d.
1904–55,5741415,09388
1905–67,157105,4551011
1906–75,04614116,41666
1907–86,349616,189141
1908–97,146915,71837
1909–107,6551288,230211
1910–118,267008,04700
1911–128,92318119,43028
1912–139,4200011,50840
1913–1411,72218510,19420

Niue.—The revenue of Niue for the year ended the 31st March, 1914 (excluding balance from previous year), was £2,491 12s. 4d., and the expenditure £3,068 7s. 4d. The total funds to the credit of the Niue Government on the 31st March amounted to £1,272 16s. 2d.

Trade.

Cook and Northern Islands.—The value of exports for the year 1913, excluding specie (£10,229), was £99,697, while the imports, also excluding specie (£13,285), amounted to £96,998. The principal items exported were as follows:—

 £
Coffee, 15 tons970
Coconuts, 578,600 number2,893
Copra, 1,429 tons33,679
Bananas, 105,237 cases, 1,784 bunches35,700
Oranges, 107,728 cases16,852
Pineapples, 2,329 cases270
Pearl-shell, 91 tons8,280

The following shows the countries to which the exports were sent:—

 £
New Zealand 67,164
United Kingdom27,784
United States of America14,629
Tahiti349
  Total£109,926

The amount of the imports is made up as follows:—

Imports from—£
New Zealand 83,096
United Kingdom9,888
United States9,846
Tahiti3,244
New South Wales2,754
Canada907
Victoria185
Germany148
Japan141
France33
Maiden Island22
India17
South Africa1
Samoa1
  Total£110,283

Niue.—The exports for 1913 (excluding specie, £187) amounted to £11,983, and the imports to £13,761. The principal items of export were,—

 £
Copra, 460 tons9,993
Hats, 2,784 dozen1,651
Yams, 10Ÿ; tons96
Fungus, 73 cwt.117

The exports were shipped to the following countries:—

 £
New Zealand 10,720
Samoa1.145
Australia305
  Total£12,170

The imports represented (excluding specie, £1,141)—

Imports from—£
New Zealand 10,772
Samoa844
Australia425
United States226
Germany196
Maiden Island93
United Kingdom64
  Total£12,620

His Excellency's Visit.

His Excellency the Governor of New Zealand, Lord Liverpool, accompanied by the Countess of Liverpool, paid a visit to the extended boundaries of the Dominion in May—June, 1914. Leaving Wellington on the 22nd May by mail steamer their Excellencies proceeded to Rarotonga, where they boarded the Government steamer “Tutanekai.” They were welcomed by the Natives with much rejoicing, and many Native festivities were held in their honour during the few days spent in Rarotonga prior to visiting the other islands of the Group. On the 31st May their Excellencies left Rarotonga in the “Tutanekai.” which was escorted by H.M.S. “Philomel,” and visited the islands of Mangaia, Mauke, Mitiaro, Atiu, and Aitutaki. In all those islands the Native people demonstrated their devotion to the Throne by the warmth of their welcome to His Excellency the Governor and the Countess of Liverpool.

The party returned to Rarotonga on the 5th June, and left for New Zealand by the mail steamer “Moana” on the 10th of that month.

The Hon. Dr. Pomare, Minister in Charge of the Cook Islands Department, attended His Excellency throughout the tour.

During the visit some evidence of a hurricane which swept over the Group in January. 1914, was visible, but rapid recovery is being made, and the output of fruit and copra should soon assume its normal condition.

Chapter 34. APPENDICES.

(a.) PRINCIPAL EVENTS.

DATES OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND.

1642. Dec. 13. Discovery of New Zealand by Abel Jansen Tasman.

1769. Oct. 8. Captain Cook landed at Poverty Bay on his first visit.

1788. June 30. Macaulay and Curtis Islands, of the Kermadec Group, discovered by Captain Sever, of H.M. transport “Lady Penrhyn.”

Sept. 19. Discovery of the Bounty Islands by Captain Blyth, in the “Bounty.”

1791. Nov. 23. Snares Islands discovered by Vancouver, in the “Discovery.”

Nov. 29. Chatham Islands discovered by Lieutenant Broughton, in H.M.S. “Chatham.”

1792. Dec. 1, First sealing gang left on New Zealand coast—at Dusky Sound.

1793. Feb. 25. Malaspina's expedition visited Doubtful Sound.

Nov. 17. Captain d'Entrecasteaux, with the “La Recherche” and “L'Espérance,” discovered Raoul or Sunday Island. (The latter name was given by Captain Raven, of the transport “Britannia,” who visited the island 6th Nov., 1796.)

Nov. Lieutenant-Governor King's (of Norfolk Island) visit to Doubtless Bay.

1795. Oct. 27. The ship “Endeavour,” Captain Bampton, sunk at Facile Harbour, Dusky Sound.

1800. March 3. Antipodes Island discovered by Captain Waterhouse, on board H.M.S. “Reliance.”

1806. Aug. 18. Auckland Isles discovered by Captain Bristow, ship “Ocean,” one of Enderby's whalers.

Ship “Venus” visited East Coast of New Zealand. She was taken by convicts at Port Dalrymple, Tasmania. Their visits gave rise to the Nga-Puhi southern expedition.

1807. Defeat of Hongi and Nga-Puhi Tribe at Moremonui, ten miles south of Maunganui Bluff, Kaipara.

1809. The taking and burning of the transport “Boyd” Whangaroa.

1810. Campbell and Macquarie Islands discovered by Captain F. Haselburg, of brig “Perseverance.”

1814. First arrival of the Rev. Mr. Marsden at Bay of Islands, and introduction of Christianity. Horses, oxen, sheep, and poultry first brought to New Zealand.

1815. Aug. Attempted capture of the “Trial” and “Brothers” at Kennedy Bay.

1818. Hongi's and Te Morenga's great expedition to East Cape.

1819–20. Patuone, Nene, and Te Rauparaha's raid on Taranaki and Port Nicholson.

1820. Hongi visited England; returned to New Zealand July, 1821.

Rev. S. Marsden travelled from Waitemata, via Kaipara, to the Bay of Islands—the first white man to do so.

1820. May. Bellingshausen called at Queen Charlotte's Sound with a Russian Antarctic Expedition.

Aug. The “Prince Regent” entered Auckland Harbour—the first vessel to do so.

1821. Nov. Fall of Mauinaina Pa, Auckland Isthmus, to Hongi.

Nov. Ngati-Toa migration from Kawhia to Otaki under Te Rauparaha.

Dec. Fall of Te Totara Pa, Thames, to Hongi.

1822. May, Fall of Matakitaki Pa, Waikato, to Hongi.

1823. May. Fall of Mokoia Pa, Rotorua Lake, to Hongi.

1823–28. Acts passed by the Imperial Parliament extending the jurisdiction of the Courts of justice in New South Wales to all the British subjects in New Zealand.

1824. Fall of Te Whetumatarau Pa, near East Cape, to Pomare.

1825. First attempt at colonization by an expedition under the command of Captain Herd, who bought two islands in the Hauraki Gulf.

Feb. Great defeat of Ngati-Whatua at Te Ikaaranganui, Kaipara, by Hongi.

1827. Destruction of mission-station at Whangaroa by Hongi's forces.

Feb. Admiral (then Captain) Dumont D'Urville anchored in Auckland Harbour.

1828. Hongi died at Whangaroa, from wounds received at Hokianga.

The “Maquarie,” Captain Kent, the first vessel to enter Kawhia.

1829. March. Brig “Hawes” captured at Whakatane by Maoris.

1830. Battle of Taumata-wiwi, near Cambridge.

Fall of Kaiapohia Pa, Canterbury, to Te Rauparaha.

March 6. Battle of Kororareka, between two Nga-Puhi Tribes.

Dec. Death of Tama-i-hara-nui at the hands of Te Rauparaha's people. He was brought from Port Cooper by Captain Steward, brig “Elizabeth.”

1831. Tory Channel whaling-station established.

Application of thirteen chiefs for the protection of King William the Fourth.

Dec. Pukerangiora Pa, Waitara, fell to Waikato.

1832. Feb. Repulse of Waikato at Nga-motu Pa, under Dicky Barrett.

1833. Mr. Busby appointed British Resident, to live at the Bay of Islands.

1834. Battle of Haowhenua and Pakakutu, near Otaki.

Bishop Williams's first visit to East Cape.

April 29. “Harriet” wrecked at Cape Egmont.

Oct. 1. H.M.S. “Alligator” shelled and took Waimate Pa, near Opunake. First occasion of H.M. troops being employed in New Zealand.

1835. Declaration of independence of the whole of New Zealand as one nation, with the title of “The United Tribes of New Zealand.”

Nov. and Ngati-Awa Tribes migrated to and conquered the Chatham Dec. Islands.

1836. March 28. Maketu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Waikato.

May 9. Te Tumu Pa, Bay of Plenty, fell to Te Arawa.

Aug. 5. Battle at Matai-puku, Rotorua—Waikato beat Te Arawa.

Oct. Siege of Toka-a-kuku, Te Kaha, Bay of Plenty.

1838. The Roman Catholic Bishop Pompallier, with several priests, arrived at Hokianga.

Sept. 1. H.M.S. “Pelorus” discovers Pelorus Sound.

1839. April. Taking of the French whaler “Jean Bart” at Chatham Islands by Maoris.

May 12. Departure of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company from England.

June. Issue of Letters Patent authorizing the Governor of New South Wales to include within the limits of that colony any territory that might be acquired in sovereignty by Her Majesty in New Zealand.

Sept. 16. First body of New Zealand Company's emigrants sailed from Gravesend.

Sept. 20. Arrival in Port Nicholson of the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company under Colonel Wakefield.

Oct. 16. Battle of Te Kuititanga, Otaki.

1840 Jan. 20. First steamer arrived in New Zealand.

Jan. 22. Arrival of first body of New Zealand Company's immigrants at Port Nicholson.

Jan. 29. Captain Hobson, R.N., arrived at the Bay of Islands. On the following day (Jan. 30) he hoisted the Union flag, and read the commission, under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom, which extended the boundaries of the Colony of New South Wales so as to embrace and comprehend the Islands of New Zealand; also his own commission as Lieutenant-Governor over territory that might be acquired in sovereignty.

Feb. 6. Treaty of Waitangi signed.

May 21. Date of Proclamations of sovereignty over the Islands of New Zealand.

June 17. The Queen's sovereignty over the South Island formally proclaimed at Cloudy Bay, by Major Bunbury, H.M. 80th Regiment, and Captain Nias, R.N.

Aug. 11. The British flag hoisted at Akaroa by Captain Stanley, R.N., and British authority exercised for the first time in the South Island by the holding of a Court. The French frigate “L'Aube” arrived there on the 13th August, and the vessel “Comte de Paris,” with fifty-seven immigrants, on the 16th August, in order to establish a French colony.

Sept. 18. The British flag hoisted at Auckland. The Lieutenant-Governor's residence established there.

Formation of Wanganui settlement under the name of “Petre.”

1841. Feb. 12. Issue of charter of incorporation to the New Zealand

Company.

Mar. 31. Arrival of first New Plymouth settlers.

May 3. New Zealand proclaimed to be independent of New South Wales.

Oct. Selection of site for settlement at Nelson.

1842. Feb. 1. Settlement founded at Nelson.

May 29. Arrival of Bishop Selwyn in New Zealand.

Sept. 10. Death of Governor Hobson.

1843. June. Affray with Natives at the Wairau, and massacre by Rangihaeata of Captain Wakefield, R.N., agent at Nelson of the New Zealand Company, and others, who had surrendered.

1844. July 8. The Royal flagstaff at Kororareka cut down by Heke.

1845. March 10. Attack on and destruction of Town of Kororareka by Heke.

Nov. 14. Arrival of Captain Grey, as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, from South Australia.

1846. Jan. 11. Capture of pa at Ruapekapeka, Bay of Islands, and termination of Heke's war.

March 3. Commencement of Native hostilities in the Hutt Valley, near Wellington.

May 16. Attack by Natives on a military outpost in the Hutt Valley.

July 23. Capture of Te Rauparaha at Porirua, near Wellington. He was detained for a year as a prisoner on board a ship of war.

Aug. Hostile Natives, under Te Rangihaeata, expelled from Matai taua Pa at Paua taha-nui, and retire up the coast.

Aug. 28. The New Zealand Government Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, under which a charter was issued dividing New Zealand into two provinces, New Munster and New Ulster, and granting representative institutions.

1847. May 19. Attack by Natives on settlement of Wanganui.

1848. Jan. 1. Captain Grey sworn in as Governor-in-Chief over the Islands of New Zealand, also as Governor of the Province of New Ulster and Governor of the Province of New Munster.

Jan. 3. Major-General Pitt appointed by Governor Grey to be Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

Jan. 28. Assumption by Lieutenant-Governor E. J. Eyre, at Wellington, of the administration of the Government of the Province of New Munster.

Feb. 21. Peace ratified at Wanganui.

March 7. Suspension by Imperial statute of that part of the New Zealand Government Act which had conferred representative institutions.

March. Otago founded by a Scotch company under the auspices of the Free Church of Scotland.

Oct. Severe earthquake at Wellington.

1850. July. Surrender of the New Zealand Company's charter, all its interests reverting to the Imperial Government.

Dec. Canterbury founded by the Canterbury Association in connection with the Church of England.

1851. Jan. 8. Death of Major-General Pitt. Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

April 14. Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New Ulster.

1852. Discovery of gold at Coromandel by Mr. Charles Ring.

June 30. The Constitution Act passed by the Imperial Parliament, granting representative institutions to New Zealand, and subdividing it into six provinces — Auckland Taranaki, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago.

1853. Jan. Promulgation of the Constitution Act.

March 7. Assumption by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., of the duties of Governor of New Zealand, in terms of the appointment after the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act, and cessation of the duties of the Lieutenant-Governors of New Ulster and New Munster.

Dec. 31. Departure of Governor Sir George Grey.

1854. Jan. 3. Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard assumed the administration of the Government.

May 27. Opening at Auckland of the first session of the General Assembly by Lieutenant-Colonel Wynyard, Administrator of the Government.

1855. Jan. Very severe earthquake on each side of Cook Strait.

Nov. 12. First members elected to House of Representatives under system of Responsible Government.

1856. May 7. Appointment of the first Ministry under the system of Responsible Government, under Mr. Sewell, Colonial Secretary.

May 14. Defeat of Mr. Sewell's Ministry.

May 20. Appointment of a Ministry under presidency of Mr. W. Fox, as Attorney-General.

May 28. Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a direct vote of want of confidence.

June 2. Appointment of a Ministry under the presidency of Mr. E. W. Stafford.

1857. First payable goldfield in New Zealand opened at Collingwood, in the Nelson Province.

1858. Aug. 21. New Provinces Act passed.

Nov. 1. Establishment of the Province of Hawke's Bay.

Dec. 22. The Austrian exploring frigate “Novara” arrived in Auckland Harbour. Dr. Ferdinand von Hochstetter, at the request of the New Zealand Government, was commissioned to make geological surveys of the greater part of Auckland and Nelson Provinces.

1859. March. Te Teira offered land at Waitara for sale to the Government.

Nov. 1. Establishment of the Province of Marlborough.

1860. March. Commencement of hostilities against Wiremu Kingi te Rangitake at Waitara.

March 18. Capture of Maori pa at Waitara.

March 28. Engagement at Waireka.

June 27. Engagement of Puketakauere at Waitara.

Nov. 6 Defeat at Mahoetahi, with heavy loss, of a force of Waikato Natives, who had crossed the Waitara River to join Wiremu Kingi.

Dec. 31. Capture of the Matarikoriko Pa, and defeat of a large body of Waikato Natives.

1861. Jan. 23. The Natives made a determined attack on the redoubt at Huirangi occupied by Imperial troops, and were repulsed with heavy loss.

April 1. Establishment of Province of Southland.

May 21. A truce agreed to.

May. Discovery of gold at Gabriel's Gully, Otago.

July 5. Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry, by a majority of one, on a vote of want of confidence.

July 12. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Fox.

July 29. Incorporation of the Bank of New Zealand.

Sept. 26. Arrival of Sir George Grey, K.C.B., at Auckland, from Cape Colony, to succeed Governor Gore Browne. Sir George Grey was sworn in as Governor on the 3rd October.

1862. June 28. Coromandel proclaimed a goldfield.

June 29. Wreck of s.s. “White Swan” on East Coast (with loss of many public records, in transit from Auckland).

July 28. Defeat of Mr. Fox's Ministry by the casting-vote of the Speaker, on a proposed resolution in favour of placing the ordinary conduct of Native affairs under the administration of the Responsible Ministers.

Aug. 6. Appointment of a Ministry under the leadership of Mr. Alfred Domett.

1863. Feb. 7. Wreck of H.M.S. “Orpheus” on Manukau Bar; 181 lives lost.

Feb. 26. Definite relinquishment by the Imperial Government of control over administration of Native affairs.

1863. May Treacherous assault near Tataraimaka by Natives on a military escort. Murder of Lieutenant Tragett, Dr. Hope, and five soldiers of the 57th Regiment.

June 4. Defeat of Natives at Katikara, by a force under Lieut.-General Cameron.

July 17. Action at Koheroa, in the Auckland Province. Commencement of the Waikato War.

Oct. 27. Resignation of the Domett Ministry, in consequence of difficulties experienced in connection with arrangements for finding a fitting representative of the Government in the Legislative Council.

Oct. 30. Appointment of the Ministry formed by Mr. Fox, under the premiership of Mr. F. Whitaker.

Nov. Acceptance by the General Assembly of colonial responsibility in Native affairs.

Nov. 20. Battle of Rangiriri. Defeat of Natives and unconditional surrender of 183.

Dec. 1. The first railway in New Zealand opened for traffic by Mr. Samuel Bealey, Superintendent of Canterbury. The line was from Christchurch to Ferrymead Junction.

Dec. 3. The New Zealand Settlements Act passed, giving the Governor power to confiscate the lands of insurgent Natives.

Dec. 8. Occupation of Ngaruawahia. The British flag hoisted on the Maori king's flagstaff.

1864. Feb. 11. Engagement with Natives on Mangapiko River. Major (then Captain) Heaphy, of the New Zealand Forces, won the Victoria Cross for distinguished bravery on this occasion.

Feb. 22. Defeat of Natives at Rangiaohia.

April 2. Attack on and capture of pa at Orakau, Waikato.

April 21. Engagement near Maketu, Bay of Plenty. Tribes of the Rawhiti defeated by Arawa Natives, under Captain McDonnell.

April 29. Assault on Gate Pa, Tauranga, Bay of Plenty, and repulse of large British force by the Maoris. The pa was abandoned by the Natives during the following night.

April 30. Repulse of attack by rebel Hauhau Natives on redoubt at Sentry Hill, Taranaki.

May 14. Battle of Moutoa, an island in the Wanganui River, between friendly and rebel Hauhau Natives. Complete defeat of rebels.

June 21. Engagement at Te Ranga, near Tauranga, by Lieut.-Colonel Greer, 68th Regiment. Severe defeat of the Natives.

Discovery of gold on the west coast of the South Island.

Oct. 3. Wellington chosen as the seat of Government.

Nov. 24. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. F. A. Weld, the Whitaker-Fox Ministry having resigned during the recess.

Dec. 17. Confiscation of Native lands in Waikato by Sir George Grey.

1865. Feb. Removal of the seat of Government to Wellington.

March 2. Barbarous murder of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, a Church of England missionary, at Opotiki, by Hauhau fanatics, under Kereopa.

June 8. Submission of the Maori Chief Wiremu Tamihana te Waharoa (William Thompson).

June 17. Murder of Mr. Fulloon, a Government officer, and his companions, at Whakatane, by Hauhau fanatics.

1865. July 22. Capture of the Wereroa Pa, near Wanganui.

Aug. 2. Assault and capture of the Pa Kairomiromi, at Waiapu, by Colonial Forces under Captain Fraser, and Native Contingent under the chief Te Mokena. Eighty-seven rebels killed.

Sept. 2. Proclamation of peace issued by Governor Sir George Grey, announcing that the war, which commenced at Oakura, was at an end.

Sept. 30. Murder by Hauhaus, at Kakaramea, of Mr. Broughton, when sent as friendly messenger to them y Brigadier-General Waddy.

Oct. 12. Resignation of Mr. Weld's Ministry, on account of a resolution adverse to the Government policy, having been defeated only by the casting-vote of the Speaker.

Oct. 16. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. E. W. Stafford.

Dec. 25. Defeat of rebel Natives at Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces and Native Contingent.

1866. Jan. 4. Defeat of Natives at Okotuku Pa, on the west coast of the North Island, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 7. Assault on and capture of Putahi Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 13. Assault on and capture of Otapawa Pa, by force under Major-General Chute.

Jan. 17–25. Period of Major-General Chute's march through the bush to New Plymouth.

March 29. Submission of the rebel chiefs Te Heuheu and Herekiekie, of Taupo district.

June 15. Commencement of Panama steam mail-service.

Aug. 26. The Cook Strait submarine telegraph cable laid.

Oct. 2. Engagement with rebel Natives at Pungarehu, West Coast, by Colonial Forces, under Major McDonnell.

Oct. 8. First Act passed to impose stamp duties.

Oct. 12. Defeats of rebel Natives at Omarunui and at Petane, Hawke's Bay, by Colonial Forces.

1867. July. Opening of Thames Goldfield.

Oct. 10. An Act passed to establish an institute for the promotion of science and art.

Oct. 10. An Act passed for the division of New Zealand into four Maori electorates, and the admission of four Maori members to the House of Representatives.

1868. Jan. Establishment of the Province of Westland.

July 4. Seizure by Maori prisoners, under the leadership of Te Kooti, of the schooner “Rifleman,” and their escape from the Chatham Islands.

July 12. Night attack by Natives on redoubt at Turuturu Mokai. Sub-Inspector Ross and seven Europeans killed. Natives driven off by the arrival of a force under Major Von Tempsky.

Aug. 8. Pursuit by Lieut.-Colonel Whitmore of escaped Chatham Island prisoners, and indecisive engagement in the gorge of the Ruake Ture.

Aug. 21. Attack on Ngutu-o-te-Manu by force under Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell. Defeat of Natives; four Europeans killed and eight wounded.

Sept. 7. Engagement in bush at Ngutu-o-te-Manu. Major Von Tempsky, Captains Buck and Palmer, Lieutenants Hunter and Hastings, and fourteen men killed.

Oct. 19. Bishop Selwyn left New Zealand.

1868. Nov. 7. Attack on Moturoa and repulse of Colonial Forces, with severe loss.

Nov. 10. Massacre of thirty-two Europeans at Poverty Bay by Te Kooti's band of Natives, who had escaped from the Chatham Islands.

(Nov. 24; Dec. 3–5. Engagements between friendly Natives and rebels under Te Kooti, at Patutahi, Poverty Bay district.

1869. Jan. 5. Assault on and capture of Ngatapa Pa, Poverty Bay district, after a siege of six days, by the Colonial Forces of Europeans and friendly Natives under Colonel Whitmore and Major Ropata. Dispersion and pursuit of Te Kooti's band. More than 136 rebel Natives were killed.

Feb. 13. Treacherous murder of the Rev. John Whitely and seven other Europeans at the White Cliffs, Taranaki.

Feb. 18. Attack by rebel Natives on a foraging-party at Karaka Flat; one sergeant and six men killed.

March 3. Termination of Panama mail-service.

March 13. Attack on and defeat of Titokowaru's force at Otauto.

April 10. Native pa at Mohaka taken by Te Kooti, who killed forty friendly Natives and several Europeans in the neighbourhood.

April 12. First arrival of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in Wellington, in H.M.S. “Galatea.”

May 6. Surprise and capture of Harema Pa at Ahikereru, and Oamaru Teangi Pa, Urewera country. Defeat of Te Kooti.

June 13. Surrender to Major Noake and Mr. Booth, R.M., of the chief Tairua, with 122 men, women, and children of the Pakakohe Tribe, near Wanganui.

June 24. Defeat of Mr. Stafford's Ministry on a want-of-confidence motion.

June 28. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. W. Fox.

Sept. 3. Act passed providing Government life insurance and annuities.

Oct. Seventy-four prisoners from the bands of Te Kooti and Titokowaru sentenced to death, after trial, for treason, but the sentences of seventy three were afterwards commuted to penal servitude for various terms.

Oct. 4. Pourere Pa stormed and taken by Lieut.-Colonel McDonnell, with a mixed force of Europeans and Natives.

1870. Jan. Three hundred friendly Natives under Topia, and three hundred under Major Keepa (known as Kemp), started up the Wanganui River in pursuit of Te Kooti, who retreated into the Urewera country.

Jan. 25. Capture of Tapapa Pa, occupied by To Kooti.

Feb. 24. The last detachment of the Imperial troops left New Zealand.

March 25. Major Keepa, with Native force, captured the position held by Te Kooti at Maraetahi, in Urewera country; nineteen rebels killed and seventy three of Te Kooti's men taken prisoners; but Te Kooti escaped with twenty followers.

March 26. Commencement of San Francisco mail-service.

June 28. Enunciation in the House of Representatives of the public works policy by the Colonial Treasurer, Mr. Vogel.

1870. July 9. Bounty Island taken possession of by Captain George Palmer, H.M.S. “Rosario.”

Aug. 27. Arrival in Wellington of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in H.M.S. “Galatea.” Second visit.

Sept. 12. An Act passed to establish the New Zealand University.

Sept. 12. The Land Transfer Act passed, to simplify the title to land and dealings with real estates.

Oct. 6. Southland Province reunited with Otago.

Dec. 5. Honiani te Puni, the chief of the Ngatiawas, a staunch friend of the Europeans, died at Petone, near Wellington, aged ninety years.

1871. March. Commencement of railway - construction under the public works policy.

Aug. 4. Death of Tamati Waka Nene, the great Ngapuhi chief and friend of the Europeans.

Nov. Capture of the notorious rebel Kereopa, the murderer of the Rev. Mr. Volkner, by the Ngatiporous.

1872. Jan. 5. Execution of Kereopa at Napier.

Jan. Remission of sentences on fifty-eight Native prisoners then undergoing imprisonment for rebellion.

Feb. 22. Visit of William King, the Maori chief of Waitara, to New Plymouth, and resumption of amicable relations with the Europeans.

Sept. 6. Defeat and resignation of Mr. Fox's Ministry.

Sept. 10. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. E. W. Stafford.

Oct. 4. Defeat of the Stafford Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Vogel.

Oct. 11. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, M.L.C.

Oct. 11. First appointment of Maori chiefs (two) to be members of the Legislative Council.

Oct. 25. The Public Trust Office Act passed.

1873. Jan. Establishment of the New Zealand Shipping Company.

March 3. The Hon. W. Fox appointed Premier on the resignation of that office by the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, the other members of the Ministry being confirmed in their offices.

April 8. Resignation of the premiership by the Hon. W. Fox, on the return of the Hon. J. Vogel, C.M.G., from Australia, and appointment of Mr. Vogel as Premier, the other Ministers being confirmed in their offices.

1874. Aug. 22. The Imprisonment for Debt Abolition Act passed.

31,774 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.

1875. Jan. 3. Visit of Sir Donald McLean to the Maori king; resumption of amicable relations.

July 6. Resignation of the Ministry, in consequence of the absence of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G., in England, and his being unable to attend the session of Parliament. Re-constitution thereof, under the premiership of the Hon. Dr. Pollen, M.L.C.

July. Establishment of the Union Steam Shipping Company of New Zealand.

18,324 immigrants were introduced this year under the immigration and public-works policy.

Oct. 12. The Abolition of Provinces Act passed.

1876. Feb. 15. Resignation of the Hon. Dr. Pollen's Ministry, and re-constitution under the premiership of Sir J. Vogel, K.C.M.G.

1876. Feb. 18. Completion of the work of laying the telegraph cable between New Zealand and New South Wales.

June. Death of Dr. Isaac Earl Featherston, while acting as Agent-General for New Zealand in England. He was the first to hold that office, and had previously been Superintendent of the Province of Wellington from the time of the first establishment of provincial representative institutions.

Sept. 1. Resignation of Sir J. Vogel's Ministry in view of the appointment of Sir J. Vogel as Agent-General, and formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Sept. 13. Resignation of Major Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of doubts being entertained as to the constitutional position thereof. Reconstruction of the Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Nov. 1. The Abolition of Provinces Act, 1875, came into full operation; complete abolition of provincial institutions; New Zealand subdivided into counties and municipal boroughs.

1877. Oct. 8. Defeat of the Atkinson Ministry on a vote of want of confidence moved by Mr. Larnach.

Oct. 15. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

Nov. 29. The Education Act, providing for the free and compulsory education of children, passed.

1878. April 11. Bishop Selwyn died, in England.

Oct. 29. Sir George Grey's first land-tax passed.

1879. March. Removal of surveyors from the Waimate Plains by Natives acting under Te Whiti's orders.

May 25. The Natives from Parihaka, by order of Te Whiti, began ploughing up lands occupied by Europeans.

June. Arrest and imprisonment of 180 of these Natives for causing disturbances.

Jul 29. Defeat of the Grey Ministry on an amendment to the Address in Reply, moved by Sir William Fox, followed by a dissolution of Parliament.

Oct. 3. Defeat and subsequent resignation of Sir George Grey's Ministry.

Oct. 8. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. John Hall.

Dec. 19. An Act passed to assess property for the purpose of taxation.

Dec. 19. The Triennial Parliament Act passed.

Dec. 19. An Act passed to qualify every resident male of twenty-one years of age and upwards to vote.

1880. June. First portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners released by the Government.

Oct. Release of the last portion of the Parihaka Maori prisoners.

Oct. 26. Sir Francis Dillon Bell appointed Agent-General.

1881. April 29. “Tararua,” steamer, wrecked; 130 lives lost.

June 26. Severe earthquakes in Wellington.

Nov. 5. March of force of Constabulary and Volunteers on Parihaka, and arrest of Te Whiti and Tohu, without bloodshed.

1882. Feb. 15. First shipment of frozen meat made from Port Chalmers (See Year-book, 1893, p. 192.)

April 21. Resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. J. Hall's Ministry, and its reconstruction under the premiership of the Hon. F. Whitaker, M.L.C.

1883. Jan. 26. A direct line of steam-communication between England and New Zealand inaugurated by the New Zealand Shipping Company.

Feb. 13. Proclamation of amnesty to Maori political offenders.

Feb. 19. Liberation of Te Whiti and Tohu.

Sept. 25. Resignation of the office of Premier and his seat in the Ministry by the Hon. F. Whitaker, and the appointment of the Hon. Major H. A. Atkinson to be Premier, the members of Mr. Whitaker's Ministry being confirmed in their offices.

1884. June 11. Defeat of Major Atkinson's Government.

Aug. 16. Resignation of Major Atkinson's Ministry in consequence of the result of the general election and formation of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.

Aug. 20. Defeat of Mr. Stout's Ministry by an amendment, expressive of want of confidence, to the Address in Reply being carried.

Aug. 28. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major Atkinson.

Aug. 29. Defeat of Major Atkinson's Ministry on a vote of want of confidence.

Sept. 3. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Mr. Robert Stout.

Nov. 8. An Act passed to enable certain loans of the New Zealand Government to be converted into inscribed stock and the accrued sinking funds released.

1885. Aug. 1. The New Zealand Industrial Exhibition opened at Wellington.

1886. June 10. Volcanic eruptions at Tarawera, and destruction of the famed Pink and White Terraces; 101 lives lost.

1887. May 28. Defeat of Sir Robert Stout's Ministry.

July 21. A Proclamation issued declaring the Kermadec Islands to be annexed to and form part of New Zealand.

Aug. 17. Kermadec Group annexed to New Zealand; flag hoisted and proclamation read at Sunday Island.

Oct. 8. Appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of Major H. A. Atkinson, Sir Robert Stout's Ministry having resigned in consequence of the result of the election.

Dec. 19. An Act passed to reduce the number of members of the House of Representatives, after the expiration of the General Assembly then sitting, to seventy-four, including four Maori representatives.

Dec. 23. The Australian Naval Defence Act, being an Act to provide for the establishment of an additional naval force on the Australian Station, at the joint charge of the Imperial and the several Colonial Governments, was passed by the New Zealand Legislature.

1888. Oct. 27. Formal Proclamation of British Protectorate of Cook Group of Islands, by Captain Bourke, R.N., of H.M.S. “Hyacinth.”

1889. Sept. 2. Electors prohibited by statute from voting in respect of more than one electorate at any election for the House of Representatives.

Nov. 26. Opening of South Seas Exhibition, Dunedin.

1890. Dec. 5. First election of members of the House of Representatives under a practical manhood suffrage, and on the one-man-one-vote principle.

Aug. to Nov. Great maritime strike.

1891. Jan. 24. Resignation (during the recess) of the Hon. Sir H. A. Atkinson's Ministry and appointment of a Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. John Ballance.

April 22. Proclamation by Governor of New Zealand to inhabitants at Rarotonga of appointment of British Resident for the Protectorate of the Cook Islands.

May 25. Adhesion of Australia to Postal Union.

Aug. 29. Passing of Truck Act, to prohibit payment of wages in goods or otherwise than in money.

Sept. 8. Passing of Land and Income Assessment Act for purposes of taxation, and repeal of property-tax.

Sept. 21. Passing of an Act for supervising and regulating factories and workrooms. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]

1892. June 28. Death of Sir H. A. Atkinson, K.C.M.G., Speaker of the Legislative Council, and previously four times Premier.

Oct. 1. Passing of Contractors' and Workmen's Lien Act.

Oct. 8. Passing of Dairy Industry Act. [Repealed by Act of 1894.]

Oct. 8. Land for Settlements Act, 1892, authorizing purchase of lands from individuals for purposes of subdivision. [Repealed by Act of 1894. See post.]

Oct. 11. Land Act, 1892: Lease in perpetuity without revaluation system introduced; occupation with right of purchase; optional method of selection; small-farms associations.

1893. April 19. Cheviot Estate taken over by Government under the Land and Income Assessment Act.

April 27. Death of Hon. John Ballance, Premier of New Zealand.

May 1. Resignation of the Ministry in consequence of the death of the Hon. John Ballance, and appointment of a new Ministry under the premiership of the Hon. R. J. Seddon.

June 23. Death of Sir William Fox, K.C.M.G., four times Premier of New Zealand.

Sept. 2. Passing of Bank-note Issue Act, to make bank-notes a first charge on assets and to enable the Government to declare them to be a legal tender, &c.

Sept. 19. The Electoral Act. 1893, extending franchise to women.

Oct. 2. Alcoholic Liquors Sale Control Act passed. New licenses to be granted subject to the votes of the electors; reduction or abolition of licenses if desired.

Oct. 6. Passing of Criminal Code Act, 1893.

Oct. 6. Passing of Workmen's Wages Act, 1893.

Oct. 6. Native Land Purchase and Acquisition Act.

Nov. 28. A general election took place, being the first occasion on which women exercised the franchise.

1894. June 30. Bank of New Zealand Share Guarantee Act, 1894, to guarantee special issue of shares to amount of £2,000,000, and purchase of Assets Estates Company by Assets Board. [Amended on July 20.]

Aug. 31. Passing of an Act to encourage the formation of industrial unions and associations, and to facilitate the settlement of industrial disputes by conciliation and arbitration.

Oct. 18. New Zealand Consols Act, 1894.

Oct. 18. Government Advances to Settlers Act, 1894, for relief of settlers burdened by high charges of interest, &c.

Oct. 18. Passing of Land for Settlements Act, 1894, authorizing acquisition of private lands for purposes of settlement, with compulsory powers, and repealing Act of 1892; also Lands Improvement and Native Lands Acquisition Act, 1894.

1894. Oct. 18. Passing of Shops and Shop-assistants Act, 1894, for limiting hours of business in shops.

Oct. 23. Dairy Industry Act, to regulate manufacture of butter and cheese, with inspection and grading for export, and to provide for purity of milk.

Oct. 28. Wreck of s.s. “Wairarapa” at Great Barrier Island; 135 lives lost.

1895. May 27. Government assumed management of the Midland Railway.

Aug. 20. Trustees of cemeteries authorized to provide for cremation of dead.

Sept. 20. Passing of an Act to regulate attachment of wages.

Sept. 20. Family Homes Protection Act, 1895, to secure homes for the people and to prevent them from mortgage or sale for debt.

1896. Jan. 10. Hon. W. P. Reeves appointed Agent-General in London.

March 26. Brunner Mine explosion; sixty-seven deaths.

Oct. 16. Land for Settlements Act amended: Special provision made for disposal of highly improved lands acquired; preference given to landless people; Boards may select applicants, &c.

Oct. 17. Alteration of franchise by abolition of non-residential or property qualification.

Oct. 17. Government Valuation of Land Act passed.

1897. July 29. Wreck of s.s. “Tasmania” at Mahia Peninsula; ten lives lost.

Dec. 22. Act to establish at Wellington the Victoria College, in connection with the New Zealand University.

1898. Oct. 15. The Municipal Franchise Reform Act passed.

The Divorce Bill passed both Houses. Her Majesty's assent thereto gazetted 13th April, 1899.

Nov. 1. An Act to provide for old-age pensions passed.

Death of Sir George Grey, K.C.B.

1899. March 13. Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., died.

April. Victoria University College opened in Wellington.

Oct. 19. Act passed constituting Labour Day.

Oct. 21. N.Z. Contingent (the first) consisting of 215 officers and men, left in s.s. “Waiwera” for Algoa Bay to assist the British in the Transvaal war.

1900. Jan. 21. The Second N.Z. Contingent (258 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Waiwera.”

Feb. 17. The Third N.Z. Contingent (264 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.s. “Knight Templar.”

March 24 and 31. The Fourth and Fifth Contingents (1,060 officers and men) left for South Africa in s.ss. “Monowai,” “Gymeric,” “Waimate,” and “Maori.”

Aug. 8. Immigration Restriction Act, 1899, assented to by Her Majesty in Council, came into operation.

Oct. 13. Public Health Act passed.

Oct. 18. The Maori Councils Act passed.

Oct. 20. The Representation Act, 1900, passed, increasing number of European representatives to seventy-six.

1901. Jan. 1. Universal penny postage adopted by New Zealand.

Jan. 28. Accession of King Edward VII proclaimed in New Zealand.

Jan. 30. Sixth N.Z. Contingent (578 officers and men) sailed for South Africa in s.s. “Cornwall.”

Feb. 14. Death (in England) of Sir Edward Stafford, G.C.M.G., formerly three times Premier of New Zealand.

1901. April 6. Seventh N.Z. Contingent (600 officers and men, rough-riders) sailed for South Africa, per s.s. “Gulf of Taranto.”

May 22. Deceased Husband's Brother Marriage Act came into operation after Royal assent.

June 10. Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York arrived in New Zealand.

June 10. Boundaries of New Zealand extended to include Cook and other Pacific Islands.

Nov. 7. State Coalmines Act passed.

1902. Feb. 1. North Island division of the Eighth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Surrey.”

Feb. 8. South Island division of the Eighth Contingent sailed from Lyttelton per s.s. “Cornwall.”

March 12. South Island division of the Ninth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Port Chalmers for South Africa per s.s. “Kent.”

March 19. North Island division of the Ninth Contingent sailed from Auckland per s.s, “Devon.”

March 24. End of Pacific cable landed in Doubtless Bay, Mangonui.

April 14. North Island division of the Tenth N.Z. Contingent sailed from Auckland for South Africa per s.s. “Drayton Grange.”

April 14. Right Hon. R. J. Seddon sailed for London to attend Conference of Colonial Premiers, and to represent New Zealand at His Majesty the King's Coronation.

April 19. South Island division of the Tenth Contingent sailed for South Africa per s.s. “Norfolk.”

Aug. 9. Celebration in New Zealand on the occasion of the Coronation of His Majesty King Edward VII.

August. Return of N.Z. troopers from South Africa (Eighth Contingent loft Durban 5th July; Ninth, 9th July; Tenth, 15th July).

Nov. 9. Wreck of s.s. “Elingamite” on Three King's.

Dec. 8. Pacific (all red) Cable service opened for international business.

1903. May 22. Mahuta Tawhiao Potatau te Wherowhero (formerly known as the Maori King) summoned to the Legislative Council, and sworn in as a member of the Executive Council.

May 24. Empire Day proclaimed in New Zealand (anniversary of birth of late Queen Victoria).

Nov. 18. State Fire Insurance Act passed.

Nov. 24. Preferential and Reciprocal Trade Act passed.

1904. July. A team of riflemen, chosen from the Defence Force of New Zealand to represent New Zealand, was sent to England under the command of Lieut.-Colonel R. J. Collins, V.D., to compete at Bisley for the “Kolapore Imperial Challenge Cup,” and succeeded in bringing the trophy to New Zealand.

1905. June 14. Hon. W. P. Reeves appointed first High Commissioner of New Zealand at London.

July 29. Old-age Pensions Act, 1905, passed, increasing amount of annual pension to £26.

Oct. 30. Workers' Dwellings Act passed.

1906. June 10. Death of the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, P.O., Premier of New Zealand.

June 21. Resignation of Ministry in consequence of the death of the Right Hon. R. J. Seddon, and appointment of a new Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. W. Hall-Jones.

1906. Aug. 6. Resignation of Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. W. Hall-Jones, and appointment of a new Ministry under the Premiership of the Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G.

Oct. 29. Government Advances to Workers Act passed to assist workers in providing homes for themselves.

Nov. 1. Opening of the New Zealand International Exhibition at Christchurch.

1907. April 15. Opening of Conference of Premiers at London. New Zealand represented by Hon. Sir Joseph Ward, K.C.M.G.

June 25. Death of Sir John Hall, K.C.M.G., formerly Premier of New Zealand.

Sept. 26. Style and designation of the “Colony of New Zealand” changed to “Dominion of New Zealand,” by Royal Proclamation of 10th September, 1907.

Oct. 26. Land and Income Assessment Act Amendment passed; graduated land-tax increased.

Nov. 20. Land Laws Amendment Act passed; lease in perpetuity abolished and renewable lease with periodical revaluation established.

Dec. 11. Parliament Buildings destroyed by fire.

1908. Aug. 4. Consolidated Statutes Enactment Act passed.

Aug. 7. First through train Wellington to Auckland.

Aug. 9. American fleet of battleships visited Auckland.

Oct. 6. New Zealand's subsidy to British Navy increased to £100.000 per annum.

Oct. 6. Second Ballot Act passed.

Oct. 10. Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Amendment Act, 1908, passed. Boards of Conciliation abolished and Councils of Conciliation established.

Dec. 7. Purchase of Wellington-Manawatu Railway by General Government.

1909. Feb. 12. S.S. Penguin wrecked near Wellington. 75 lives lost.

March 22. New Zealand Government offers to the British Government at least one (and, if necessary, two) first-class battleships of the Dreadnought or latest types. Offer confirmed by Parliament on 14th June, 1909.

June 18. Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, Prime Minister, sailed for London to attend Imperial Defence Conference.

Dec. 24. Passing of Defence Act, 1909, introducing system of compulsory military training.

Dec. 24. Land Settlement Finance Act passed. To assist associations of private buyers in the purchase of freehold lands.

1910. Feb. Visit of Field Marshal Lord Kitchener to report and advise on the defences of the Dominion.

May 10. Accession of King George V proclaimed in New Zealand.

Sept. 28. Public Debt Extinction Act passed. To authorize the creation of sinking funds for the extinction of the whole of the New Zealand public debt in seventy-five years.

Nov. 21. National Provident Fund Act passed. To encourage the making of provision against destitution arising from old age, sickness, widowhood, and orphanage.

Nov. 21. Commercial Trusts Act passed. For the repression of monopolies in trade and commerce.

Dec. 3. Inalienable Life Annuities Act passed. To provide for the creation and issue of inalienable life annuities.

Dec. 3. Workers' Dwellings Act passed. To make better provision for the erection, &c., of workers' dwellings.

1911. March 6. Departure of the Right Hon. Sir J. G. Ward, K.C.M.G., to attend the Imperial Conference and the Coronation of King George.

1911. April 2. General census of New Zealand taken for Sunday night. Population of Dominion, exclusive of Maoris, over one million.

June 22. Celebration in New Zealand on the occasion of the Coronation of His Majesty King George V.

July 26. Wireless telegraphy installed in New Zealand.

Aug. 26. Armorial bearings of Dominion authorized by Royal warrant.

Oct. 28. Act passed granting pensions to widows, with allowance for each child under fourteen years of age.

Dec. 7. First poll on national prohibition question taken in conjunction with local option poll and general election.

1912. March 23. Foundation-stone of new Parliament Buildings laid.

March 28. Resignation of Ward Ministry during recess, and formation of Ministry under leadership of Hon. T. Mackenzie.

May. Beginning of gold-miners' strike at Waihi, leading to disturbances in the town, resulting in the serious wounding of a policeman and the death of a striker.

July 10. Resignation of Mackenzie Ministry after defeat on vote of no confidence, and assumption of office by Ministry under leadership of Hon. W. F. Massey.

Aug. 22. Hon. T. Mackenzie appointed High Commissioner as from 23rd August, 1912.

Oct. 26. Amendment passed to Justices of the Peace Act, providing for legal assistance to indigent persons accused of indictable offences.

Nov. 7. Public Service Act passed, placing the Public Service (except Railways Department) under control of a Commissioner.

Nov. 7. Land Laws Amendment Act passed, empowering Crown to subdivide and dispose of European and Native freehold properties on behalf of owners; also authorizing sale of settlement lands in freehold and enabling holders of renewable leases thereof to acquire freehold, besides giving leases-in-perpetuity the right to acquire freehold on more favourable terms.

Nov. 7. Amendment passed to Births and Deaths Registration Act, providing for registration of births and deaths of Maoris.

Nov. 7. Public Revenues Amendment Act passed, setting aside £10,000 per annum as a fund for rebuilding and restoring public buildings destroyed or damaged by fire.

Nov. 7. Amendment passed to Native Land Act, providing that in certain cases a Native may be deemed a European.

Dec. 18. Arrival at Auckland of the Earl of Liverpool, M.V.O., K.C.M.G., Governor of New Zealand.

1913. Feb. 14. Arrival at Oamaru of the Scott Antarctic Expedition with news of the death of Captain R. F. Scott, R.N., and his four companions on their return journey from the South Pole, which they reached on 18th January, 1912, thirty-five days after Amundsen.

Feb. 24. Arrival at Bluff of Dominions Royal Commission, set up to inquire into the question of the trade relations, &c., of the British self-governing Dominions.

April 12. Arrival at Wellington of H.M.S. New Zealand, the Dreadnought presented by the Dominion to the Imperial Navy.

1913. Oct. 2. The “Britannia” aeroplane, presented to New Zealand as the first unit of the proposed Imperial Air Fleet, landed at Wellington.

Oct. 18. Wellington shipwrights ceased work, followed next day by a strike of the Wellington Waterside Workers, from which eventuated a series of strikes throughout the Dominion, extending over two months.

Dec. 1. Opening of Auckland Exhibition.

1914. March 29. Explosion during course of a fire at Upper Hutt. Eight lives lost.

May 27. Railway accident at Whangarnarino, three passengers being killed and a number injured.

June 25. Opening of Parliament (fourth session of eighteenth).

Aug. 5. His Excellency the Governor publicly notified that war bad been declared between Great Britain and Germany.

Aug. 15. New Zealand Advance Expeditionary Force left Wellington.

Aug. 29. New Zealand Advance Expeditionary Force landed at Apia, Samoa, unopposed.

Sept. 10. Probable date of White Island disaster. Eleven lives lost.

Sept. 12. Huntly coal-mine explosion, whereby 43 lives were lost.

Sept. 26. S.S. Kairaki foundered near Greymouth. Sixteen lives lost.

Oct. 16. New Zealand Main Expeditionary Force left Wellington.

(b.) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS ON NEW ZEALAND.

The following list contains the names of some of the principal works dealing with New Zealand, but it does not purport to be a complete list of all the important works on the Dominion. The year of publication is given in each case, and the list is arranged as far as possible in chronological order of issue.

1807. New Zealand. By Dr. Savage. London—J. Murray.

1817. Voyage to New Zealand. By John L. Nicholas. London—Black.

1823. Journal of Ten Months' Residence in New Zealand. By Captain Cruise. London—Longmans.

1830. The New Zealanders (Library of Entertaining Knowledge). London—Chas. Knight.

1832. Nine Months' Residence in New Zealand. By Augustus Earle. London—Longmans.

1836. Two Visits to New Zealand. By Dr. Marshall. London—Nisbet and Co.

1840. Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders. By J. S. Polack. London—Madden and Co.

1843. Travels in New Zealand. By E. Diffenbach. London—Murray.

1855. Te-Ika-a-Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants. By Rev. Richard Taylor. London—Wertheim and Macintosh.

1856. Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders. By Edward Shortland. London—Longmans.

1859. Story of New Zealand. By Dr. Thompson. London—John Murray.

1863. Old New Zealand. By Judge Maning. Auckland—Creighton and Scales.

1874. Life of Henry Williams. By Hugh Carleton. Auckland—Upton.

1879. Reminiscences of the War in New Zealand. By T. W. Gudgeon. London—Sampson Low.

1879. George Augustus Selwyn. By Rev. H. W. Tucker. London—W. W. Gardner.

1890. Early History of New Zealand. By R. A. Sherrin and J. H. Wallace. (Brett's Historical Series.) Auckland—Brett.

1893. Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage round the World. Edited by Captain W. J. L. Wharton, R.N. London—Elliot Stock.

1895. History of New Zealand. By G. W. Rusden. Melbourne—Melville, Mullen, and Slade.

1896. The Art Workmanship of the Maori Race in New Zealand. By Augustus Hamilton. Dunedin—Fergusson and Mitchell.

1896. Journal of Sir Joseph Banks. Edited by Sir Joseph D. Hooker. London—Macmillan and Co.

1898. Abel Janszoon Tasman's Journal of His Discovery of Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand in 1642, &c. By J. E. Heeres. Amsterdam—F. Mueller and Co.

1898. The Long White Cloud, Aotearoa. By W. P. Reeves. London—Horace Marshall and Sons.

1898. New Zealand (Story of the Empire Series). By W. P. Reeves. London—Marshall and Sons.

1900. Old Marlborough. By T. L. Buick, Palmerston North—Hart and Keeling.

1902. State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand. By W. P. Reeves. London—Grant Richards.

1903. Old Manawatu. By T. L. Buick. Palmerston North—Buick and Young.

1905. The Maori Race. By E. Tregear. Wanganui—A. D. Willis.

1905. The Animals of New Zealand. An Account of the Colony's Air-breathing Vertebrates. By Captain F. W. Hutton and James Drummond. Third Edition, 1907. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).

1907. The Plants of New Zealand. By R. M. Laing and E. W. Blackwell. Second and Revised Edition. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).

1907. Our Feathered Immigrants. Evidence for and against Introduced Birds in New Zealand, together with Notes on Native Avifauna. Illustrated. By J. Drummond. Wellington —Government Printer.

1908. New Zealand. By F. W. Wright and W. P. Reeves. London—Black.

1908. New Zealand. (Romance of Empire Series.) By Reginald Horsley. London—T. C. and E. C. Jack.

1908. Adventures in New Zealand. By E. J. Wakefield. New Edition. Wellington—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).

1908. Historical Records of New Zealand. Vol. i (1770–1839). By Robert McNab. Wellington—Government Printer. (Another volume is in preparation.)

1909. New Zealand in Evolution, Industrial, Economic, and Political. By G. H. Scholefield, with an introduction by W. P. Reeves. London—T. F. Unwin.

1909. Murihiku. A History of the South Island of New Zealand and the Islands Adjacent and Lving to the South, from 1642 to 1835. By Robert McNab, Wellington—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).

1910. The Maoris of New Zealand. By J. Cowan. Wellington—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).

1910. The Geology of New Zealand. By James Park. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).

1910. New Zealand Plants and their Story. By L. Cockayne, Ph.D. F.L.S. Wellington—Government Printer.

1911. Hawaiki: The Original Home of the Maori. By S. Percy Smith. 3rd Edition. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs (Limited).

1911. The Course of Prices in New Zealand. By James W. McIlwraith, LL.B., Litt.D. Wellington—Government Printer.

1911. State Socialism in New Zealand. By J. E. Le Rossignol and W. Downie Stewart. London—G. G. Harrop and Co.

1911. New Zealand. By the Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., LL.D., and J. Logan Stout, LL.B. Cambridge—University Press.

1913. The Lore of the Whare Wananga. 3rd Volume of Memoirs of Polynesian Society. On Maori Religion, Myths. Cosmogony, &c.

1914. The Constitutional History and Law of New Zealand. By J. Hight, Litt.D., and H. D. Bamford, LL.D. Christchurch—Whitcombe and Tombs.

(c.) LIST OF ARTICLES ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS APPEARING IN PREVIOUS ISSUES OF THE YEAR-BOOK.

Article onAppeared for the Last or Only Time in Year-book of
YearPage
Acclimatization1894430
Agriculture in New Zealand (by M. Murphy, P.L.S.)1912809
Building-stones1892194
Chatham Islands, the1900531
Cheviot Estate, the1895264
Christchurch to West Coast, journey from1899548
Coal-deposits of New Zealand, the1900479
Cook Islands, the laws of1902573
Co-operative system of constructing public works1894234
Exotic trees in Canterbury1904569
Forest trees and the timber industry1899470
Frozen-meat trade, the1894311
Gold-dredging industry, the1899509
Government Training-ship “Amokura”1913942
Hanmer Thermal Springs1905631
Hemp industry, the1900477
H.M.S. “New Zealand”1913932
Kauri-gum1900489
Labour in New Zealand1894362
Land- and Income-tax Assessment1913884
Laws of England and New Zealand, difference between1896281
Maori, ancient, his amusements, games, &c.1907707
Maori, ancient, his clothing1908734
Maori, chant (tangi)1907711
Maori, colour-sense of the1905637
Maori, marriage customs1906638
Maori, mythology1900536
Maori, neolithic, the1902578
Maori, religion1901530
Maori, sociology1903641
Maori, songs1908739
Marlborough Sounds, the1901517
Midland Railway, the1894386
Mineral Waters of New Zealand1913896
Moa, heir of the1899517
Mount Cook, a night on1900525
Mount Cook, district, the1899554
Mount Cook, its glaciers, and the Hermitage1898552
Mount Sefton, ascent of1900519
New Zealand Contingents for South Africa1900449
New Zealand International Exhibition1907701
Otago lakes, the1901523
Patents, designs, and trade marks1893350
Pumice-stone deposits of New Zealand1900486
Railways in New Zealand, their history and progress1894377
Scenic wonderland, a1898565
Sheep, crossbreeding of1994308
Sheep-farming1894302
Shipping Companies—
New Zealand Shipping Company1895392
Shaw, Savill, and Albion Company1895393
Union Company of New Zealand1895389
Southern Alps, the1894474
State farms1894243
Sydney Pageant, the1901527
Thermal Springs District1905614
Timber trees of the world1903605
Tokaanu to Raetihi1899539
Tree-planting1906611
Tuhoeland1899546
Varieties of soil1892193
Waihi Gold-mining Company1897432
Waikato district and through to Wanganui1899520
Waiouru to Mangaonoho1899543
Wanganui River, up the, to Tokaanu1900509
Wattle-growing in the Auckland Provincial District1897430
Wellington-Manawatu Railway, the1895381
West Coast Sounds, the1894472
White Island, a day on1906637

DETAILED GENERAL INDEX.

A.

Accidental Deaths, 181.
Accident Insurance, 784.
Government Office, 786.
Accidents, Mining, 649.
Accidents, Railway, 496.
Acclimatization of Fishes, 626.
Accumulation, 764–816.
Acreage and Yield of Crops, 578.
Adjacent Islands, Population of, 108.
Administration of Land Laws, 508.
Advances Board, Members of, 53.
Advances to Local Authorities, 742.
Advances to Settlers, 730–738.
Advances to Workers, 738–741.
Advertising Office, Official List, 43.
A.........ed-water Factories, 688.
Afforestation, 962–974.
Official List, 49.
After-life-time, Average, 940.
Age, Mean, at Death, 157.
Age, Mean, at Marriage, 188.
Agents-General, successive, 27.
Ages, 115.
At Death, 157.
Of Industries, 676.
Of Issue left, 164.
Of Parents, 143.
Of Persons arrested and convicted, 283.
Of Persons married, 187.
Of Prisoners, 294, 297.
Of Public-school Pupils, 215.
Aggregation of Land, 520.
Agricultural College, Lincoln, 235.
Agricultural-implement Factories, 695.
Agriculture and Live-stock, 569–620.
Agriculture, Board of, 574.
Act creating, 61.
Members of Board, 51.
Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce, Department of, 573.
Official List, 50.
Aid, State, to Settlers and Workers, 730–745.
Aitutaki, Island of, 977.
Alcoholic Liquors, Consumption of, 290, 398.
Alienation of Native Lands, 548.
Alien Immigrants, 100.
Aliens, Naturalized, 101.
Allocation of Public Debt and of Increase, 844.
Alluvial Gold-mining, 633.
Amendments Incorporation Act, 1913, 55.
Anæmia, Deaths from, 179.
Analyses of Soils, 576.
Ancient System of Maori Land Tenure, 546.
Anglican Church, 30.
Angora Goats, 615.
Animals, Domestic, 591–620.
Antipodes Islands, 976.
Apoplexy, Deaths from, 179.
Appeal Board, Public Service, 35.
Members of, 36.
Appeal Board, Railway Members of, 39.
Appeal Court, 274.
Appendicitis, Deaths from, 180.
Arbitration Act, 705.
Arbitration Court, 707, 718.
Area of New Zealand, 1.
Area under Cultivation, 579.
Armament of Defence Forces, 268.
Arrested Persons—
Birthplaces and Ages, 283.
New-Zealand-born, 283.
Convictions, 282.
New-Zealand-born, 283.
Offences and Ages, 283.
New-Zealand-born, 283.
Offences and Birthplaces, 283.
Arrests for drunkenness, 287.
Arrivals, 94.
Race Aliens, 100.
Arteriosclerosis, Deaths from, 180.
Articles on Special Subjects, 936–982.
Appearing in Previous Issues, 1001.
Assembly, General, 23.
Asses and Mules, 615.
Assessment of Land and Income Tax, 836.
Assets of Banks, 766.
Assisted Immigration, 96.
Atiu, Island of, 977.
Auckland Graving-docks, 467.
Auckland Islands, 976.
Auckland Land District, 535.
Audit of Expenditure, 817.
Audit Office, Official List, 44.
Australasia—
Birth-rates of, 141.
Capital Cities, 164.
Death-rates of, 157.
Capital Cities, 164.
Debt of, 854.
External Trade of, 335.
Friendly Societies in, 802.
Gold-production of, 635.
Illegitimacy Rates of, 150.
Index of Mortality of, 158.
Live-stock in, 592.
Marriage-rates of, 185.
Mineral Production of, 632,
Oat-crop of, 585.
Potato-crop of, 587.
Railway Revenue of, 495.
Railway Rolling-stock in, 491.
Savings-banks Deposits in, 780.
Sheep in, 603.
Trade of, 335.
Vital Statistics of Capitals, 164.
Wool shipped from, 605.
Wheat-crop of, 584.
Avifauna, 958.

B.

Bachelors and Spinsters in Dominion, 186.
Bacon-curing Establishments, 683.
Bacteriological Observatory, Official List, 45.
Balance of Trade, 329.
Balances of Accounts, 832.
Ranking, 761–780.
Development of, 765.
Bank-notes, Issue of, 768.
Tax on, 833.
Bank of New Zealand, 769.
Account, 830.
Bankruptcy, 273.
Banks of Issue, 764–772.
Banks, Savings—
Post-office, 772.
Private, 779.
Baptist Union, 31.
Barley, 586.
Barmaids, Employment of, 323.
Battle-cruiser “New Zealand,” 269.
Beans and Peas, 586.
Export of, 361, 586.
Bee-farming, 618.
Beef consumed and exported, 611.
Beer, Consumption of, 290, 398.
Bellingshausen's Visit, 3.
Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death, 173.
Bibliography, 999.
Birthplaces, 117.
Of Deceased Persons, 159.
Of Old-age Pensioners, 752.
Of Persons arrested and convicted, 283.
Of Prisoners, 294.
Of Widow Pensioners, 754.
Births, 134–153.
Premature, 181.
Still, 152.
Biscuit-factories, 685.
Blind, Jubilee Institute for, 231.
Blindness, Census, 1911, 123.
Boards, Government, 36–54.
Boat-building Works, 697.
Boiler-making Establishments, 694.
Boiling-down Works, 682.
Bookbinding Establishments, 695.
Boot and Shoe Factories, 700.
Boroughs—
Finances of, 859.
Population of, 104.
Rates collected, 889.
Receipts from Government, 860.
Value of Land and Improvements, 919.
Boundaries and Area of Dominion, 1.
Bounty Islands, 976.
Brass Foundries, 694.
Breeding-ewes, 601.
Breweries, 687.
Brick, &c., Works, 693.
Bridegrooms, Occupations of, 189.
Brides and Grooms—
Ages of, 187.
Condition of, 186.
Mark Signatures of, 189.
Bright's Disease, Deaths from, 180.
British Sovereignty, Proclamation of, 6.
Bronchitis, Deaths from, 180.
Bronchopneumonia, Deaths from, 180.
Building Societies, 800
Building-stones, 647.
Bursaries, 254.
Home Science, 239.
Bush and Swamp Lands, Settlement of, 519.
Butter—
Export of, 359, 612.
Factories, 612, 684.
Production and Consumption of, 612.
By-elections, 314.

C.

Cable, Pacific, 505
Cadets, Senior, 265
Calliope Dock, 467.
Campbell Island, 976.
Canadian Trade Commissioner, 28.
Cancer, Deaths from, 177.
Candle-factories, 689.
Canterbury Agricultural College, 235.
Canterbury Land District, 541.
Capital City, 8.
Capital of Registered Companies, 679.
Capital Value of Land in Counties. &c., 911–924.
Cattle, 608–614.
Slaughtered for Food, 611.
Causes of Death, 173–182.
Causes of Insanity, 203.
Caveat under Land Transfer Act, 556.
Cement-works, 693.
Census, 1911—Population Figures, 108–133.
Cereals, 578–586.
Cerebral Hæmorrhage, Deaths from, 179.
Character of Stock, 848.
Charges before Magistrates, 280.
Charitable Institutions, 195.
Chatham Islands, 975.
Fishing-grounds, 621.
Wireless-station at, 504.
Cheese—
Exported, 360, 612.
Factories, 612, 684.
Produced and consumed, 612.
Cheviot Estate Account, 831.
Chief Centres—
Births and Birth-rates, 140.
Deaths and Death-rates, 163.
Infantile Mortality, 169.
Population, 105.
Childbirth, Deaths in, 181.
Children born, Sexes of, 142.
Children to a Marriage, 119, 144.
Children's Homes, 201.
Chinese in New Zealand, 133.
Chlorosis, Deaths from, 179.
Church of Christ, 32.
Church of England, 30.
Cinnabar, 639.
Cirrhosis of Liver, Deaths from, 180.
Cities—
Births and Birth- 140.
Deaths and Death-rates, 163.
Infantile Mortality, 169.
Population, 105.
Civil Law Cases, 272.
Civil Marriages, 190.
Civil Service Guarantee, 35.
Members of Board, 44.
Classification of Lands, 509.
Classification of Offences, 294.
Classification of Soils, 576.
Classification, Public-Service, 35.
Climate, 69–90.
Clothing Factories, 699.
Coach-building, 696.
Coal-mining, 639–643.
Accidents, 649.
Coastwise Shipping, 465.
Cocksfoot, 590.
Coin-in-slot Telephones, 503.
Coleridge, Lake, Water-power, 655.
Colleges and University, 256.
Colonial Office, the, 28.
Colonial Wine-making, 688.
Colonies, Crown Agents for, 28.
Colonization of New Zealand, 3.
Commerce—
Customs Revenue and Tariff, 416–461.
Exports, 338–378.
Imports, 379–415.
Total Trade, 329–337.
Companies. Registered, Capital of, 679.
Compensation for Accidents, 711.
Composition of Defence Forces, 261.
Compulsory Training, 260.
Conciliation Councils, 718.
Confectionery-works, 686.
Confinement, Deaths in, 181.
Congenital Debility, 181.
Congregational Union, 31.
Conjugal Condition, 118.
Of Parties Marrying, 186.
Consolidated Fund, 819–823.
Consols Account, 831.
Constitution of New Zealand, 7.
Consuls, Foreign, 29.
Consumption, 398.
Of Alcoholics Liquors, 290, 398.
Of Beef, 611.
Of Butter and Cheese, 612.
Of Mutton and Lamb, 601.
Of Pork, &c., 615.
Contractors' Liens Act, 712.
Conversion Account, 830.
Conveyance, of Children to School, 211.
Convictions—
For Drunkenness, 286.
In Superior Courts, 284.
Of Maoris, 291.
Of Persons arrested, 282.
Summary, 280.
Convulsions, Deaths of Children from, 179.
Cook and other Pacific Islands, 977–982.
Population of, 132.
Trade of, 377, 415, 981.
Cook Islands Administration Department, Official List, 42.
Cook's Visits to New Zealand, 2.
Cooperages, 690.
Co-operative Public Works, 727.
Copper, 638.
Copyright Act, 1913, 54.
Cordial-factories, 688.
Corn-crops, Acreage and Yield of, 578–586.
Council, Executive (1841–56). 11.
Council, Executive (1914), 22.
Council, Legislative, 23.
Roll of Members, 24.
Successive Speakers, 20.
Counties—
Amendment Act, 1913, 64.
Finances of, 859.
Population of, 102.
Rates collected in, 880–888.
Receipts from Government, 860.
Value of Land and Improvements in, 914–918.
Courts—
Appeal, 274.
Arbitration, 707, 718.
Bankruptcy, 273.
Divorce, 275.
Magistrates', 272, 280.
Native Land, 545.
Supreme, 272, 284.
Cow-testing, 609.
Creameries, 612.
Crime, Law and, 272–304.
Criminal Cases before Courts, 280.
Criminals, Habitual, 298
Crown Agents for the Colonies, 28.
Crown Lands, 506–544.
Crown Law Office, Official List, 41.
Customs Act, 1913, 66.
Customs Department, Official List, 46.
Customs Revenue, 410.
Customs Tariff, 416–461.
Customs, Taxation through, 417, 833.
Cystitis, Deaths from, 180.
Cycle-works, 696.

D.

Dairy Industry, 608–614.
Dairy-produce, 611.
Export of, 360, 612.
Grading of, 53.
Danger Island, 977.
Dates of Maturity of Loans, 849.
Dates of Principal Events, 983–999.
Day Technical Schools, 241.
Deaf and Dumb (Census, 1911), 123.
Deaf, School for, 232.
Death Duties, 838.
Deaths, 154–182.
Debility, Congenital, Deaths from, 181.
Debt of Local Bodies, 861.
Debt, Public, 842–855.
Deceased Husband's Brother, Marriage with, 183.
Deceased Males, Occupations of, 160.
Deceased Persons, Birthplaces of, 159.
Deceased Wife's Sister, Marriage with, 183.
Deeds Registration, 554–558.
Defence, 260–271.
Expenditure on, 270.
Official List of Department, 45.
Denominational Schools, 223.
Density of Population, 110.
Dentists, Registration of, 194.
Departures, 94.
Deposit Accounts, 830.
Deposits in Banks, 767, 772, 780.
Depots for Shipwrecked Mariners, 489.
De Surville's Visit, 2.
Detention, Reformative, 298.
Diabetes, Deaths from, 179.
Diamond Drills, 651.
Diarrhoea, Deaths from, 180.
Digest of Land Laws, 508–521.
Diphtheria, Deaths from, 174.
Diplomas in Public Health, 192.
Direct Taxation, 834.
Discovery of New Zealand, 1.
Diseases, Various, Deaths from, 173.
Distress and Replevin Amendment Act, 1913, 63.
Distribution of Wealth, 805.
! District High Schools, 252.
Divorce and Separation, 275.
Docks, Graving-, 467.
Domestic Servants granted Reduced Passages, 96.
Dominion Laboratory, Official List, 43.
Dominion Museum, Official List, 43.
Dominion, New Zealand created a, 8.
Dominion Observatory, Official List, 43.
Dominion Rifle Association, 270.
Dominions Royal Commission, 336.
Drainage Boards, Finances of, 859.
Dredging, Gold-, 634.
Drugs, Sale of, 194.
Drunkenness, 286.
Du Fresne's Visit, 2.
Dunedin Medical School, 200.
Dunedin Wool Sales. Prices current at, 608.
Duration of Marriage and Number of Children, 119, 145.
Dutiable Imports, 420.
Duties, Customs and Excise, 416.
Duties, Death, 838.
Dwellings, Workers', 526, 743.

E.

Early Progress, 5.
Early Settlement, 1.
Ecclesiastical, 30.
Education, 207–259.
Official List of Department, 51.
Educational Endowments, 527.
Education Board Scholarships, 254.
Education Boards, List of, showing Secretaries, 52.
Egg-production, 616.
Egmont By-election, 314.
Election, General (1911), 308.
Electoral, 304–318.
Official List of Department, 43.
Electric Current Supply Works, 692.
Electric Telegraph, 501.
Electric Tramways, 692.
Embolism, Deaths from, 180.
Emigration, 94.
Empire Trade Commission, 336.
Employees, Railway, 495.
Employers and Employed (Census, 1911), 128.
Employers' Liability, 711.
Employment Branches of Labour Department, 728.
Employment of Barmaids, 323.
Endowments, Educational, 527.
Endowments, National, 528.
Engineering, School of, 235.
Engineering-works, 694.
Enteritis, Deaths from, 180.
Epilepsy, Deaths from, 179.
Equipment of Defence Forces, 268.
Estate Duty, 838.
Estates passed for Probate, 806.
Estimated Population, 91.
Ewes, Breeding-, 601.
Examiners of Engine-drivers, Board of, 47.
Examiners under Coal - mines Act, Board of, 42.
Examiners under Mining Act, Board of, 43.
Excise Duties, 416.
Taxation by means of, 834.
Executive Council (1841–56), 11.
Executive Council (1914), 22.
Exophthalmic Goitre, Deaths from, 179.
Expectation of Life, 157, 940.
Expenditure, Revenue and, 817–832.
Experimental Farms, 573.
Experimental Trawling, 621.
Export Duty on Gold, 460.
Export Duty on Timber, 460.
Exports, 338–378.
External Migration, 94.
External Trade of Australasia, 335.
Extinction of Public Debt, 852

F.

Factories Act, 709.
Factories, &c., 659–702.
Factories, Butter and Cheese, 612.
Farmers, Reduced Passages for, 96.
Fathers—
Ages of, 143.
Occupations of, 146.
Fauna, 957–961.
Feeble-minded, Number of, 123.
Feeble-minded, School for, 232.
Fellmongeries, 697.
Fifty Years' Progress, 925–935.
Finance, Public, 817–855.
Fire Inquests, 302.
Fire Insurance, 788.
State Office, 789.
First Issue of Marriage, 146.
First Offenders' Probation, 297.
Fish-curing Works, 683.
Fisheries, 621–630.
Fishing-boats Licensed, 628.
Fishing-grounds, 622.
Fish-market, Wellington, 627.
Flax Leases, 519.
Flax-mills, 701.
Flocks of Sheep, 600.
Flotation of Loans, 848.
Food and Drugs, Sale of, 194.
Footwear Regulation Act, 1913, 62.
Foreigners Naturalized, 101.
Foreign Insurance Companies, 790.
Foreign Nations, Consuls of, 29.
Forestry Commission (1913), 971.
Foundation Scholarships, 255.
Franchise, 306.
Municipal, 867.
Free and Dutiable Imports, 420.
Freeholders, Number of, 567.
Freehold Tenure, 511.
Free Secondary Education, 248.
Freezing-works, 682.
Friendly Societies, 801.
Official List of Department, 37.
Regalia exempt from Customs Duty, 459.
Frozen Meat exported, 358, 601, 611.
Fruit Industry, the, 588.
Fruit-preserving Works, 686.
Furniture-factories, 698.

G.

Gaming and Lotteries, 302.
Gaols, Prisoners in, 292.
Gardens and Plantations, Acreage in, 588.
Gastritis, Deaths from, 180.
Gasworks, 691.
General Assembly, the, 23.
General Election, 1911, 308.
Geological Survey Office, Official List, 42.
Geology of New Zealand, 943–947.
Germany, Imports from, 387, 420.
Gift Duty, 839.
Goats, Angora, 615.
Goitre, Exophthalmic, Deaths from, 179.
Gold, Discovery of, 5.
Gold-dredging, 634.
Gold, Export Duty on, 460.
Gold exported, 362.
Gold-miners' Relief Fund, 461.
Gold-mining, 632.
Goods carried on Railways, 492.
Government, 7.
Government Advances—
To Local Bodies, 742.
To Settlers, 730–738.
To Workers, 738–741.
Government Departments and Boards, Official List, 36.
Government Insurance Office, 781.
Official List, 53.
Government Schools, Attendance at, 213.
Government, Seat of, 8.
Government Valuation of Land, &c., 895–924.
Governor of New Zealand, 21.
Visit to Cook Islands, 982.
Governors, Successive, 10.
Grading of Dairy-produce, 573.
Graduated Land-tax, 836.
Grain exported, 360, 585.
Grain-mills, 684.
Grass Lands, Acres of, 590.
Grass-seed, 589.
Graving-docks and Patent Slips, 467.
Grazing-runs, Small, 515.
Greasy Wool exported, 604.
Greenstone, 647.
Grey By-election, 315.
Gross Indebtedness, 843.
Grounds for Divorce, 275.
Growth of Population, 92.
Guarantee, Civil Service, 35.
Gum-lands, Settlement of, 518.

H.

Habitual Criminals, 298.
Habitual Drunkards, 289.
Hail, 77.
Half-castes, 129.
Hands employed, Principal Industries, 674.
Hanson's Visit, 3.
Harbours—
Finances of Boards, 859.
Port Charges, &c., 471–486.
Rates collected by Certain Boards, 894.
Harness-works, 697.
Hauraki Plains—
Settlement Account, 826.
Amendment Act, 1913, 60.
Hawke's Bay Land District, 537.
Health, Public, 192.
Official List of Department, 44.
Heart Disease, deaths from, 179.
Hebrew Church, 32.
Hervey Islands, 977.
Hides exported, 359.
High Commissioner's Office, Official List, 43.
High Commissioners, Successive, 27.
High Schools, 242–252.
District, 253.
Historic and Official Section, 1–68.
Hobson's Proclamation, 6.
Holdings, Number of Occupied, 564.
H.M.S. “New Zealand,” 269.
Homo Produce exported, 346.
Value affected by Prices, 349.
Home Science Bursaries, 235.
Honey, 618.
Honorary Territorials, 265.
Honourable, Holders of Title of, 34.
Honours held, 32.
Hops, cultivated, exported, and imported, 587.
Horses, 615.
Hosiery Factories, 700.
Hospitals—
Mental, 202.
Private, 199.
Public, 195.
St. Helens, 199.
Hospitals Department, Official List, 44.
House of Representatives, 25.
Occupations of Members, 316.
Official List of Officers, 36.
Roll of Members, 26.
Successive Speakers, 20.
House-rents in selected Boroughs, 815.

I.

Igneous Rocks, 946.
Illegitimate Births, 150.
Immigration, 94.
Assisted, 96.
Official List of Department, 44.
Restriction, 99.
Imperial Trade Correspondents, 28.
Imports, 379–415.
Free and Dutiable, 420.
Income-tax, 836.
Official List of Department, 37.
Increase of Population, 92.
At successive Censuses, 113.
Indebtedness of Local Bodies, 861.
Indebtedness, Public, 842–855.
Index of Mortality, 158.
Indirect Taxation, 833.
Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration, 705.
Industrial Disputes dealt with, 718.
Industrial Legislation, 703–729.
Industrial Life Assurance, 782.
Industrial Schools, 229.
Industrial Unions registered, 720.
Registration of, 705.
Industries, 659–702.
Infantile Mortality, 167.
Infant Life Protection, 172, 233.
Infectious Diseases, Prevention of, 192.
Infirmities, 123.
Influenza, Deaths from, 175.
Inland Fisheries, 626.
Inquests, 301.
Fire, 302.
Insanity, 123. 202.
Causes of, 203
Inspection of Machinery, 713.
Official List of Department, 47.
Institute for the Blind, 231.
Instruction, Public, 209.
Insurance, 781–790.
Interest on Public Debt, 849.
Internal Affairs Office. Official List, 43.
Intestinal Obstruction, Deaths from, 180.
Investment Board of Government Insurance Department, 53.
Investments on Totalizator, 303.
Tax on, 839.
Iron-foundries, 694.
Ironsands and Ores, 637.
Irrigation and Water-supply Act, 1913, 55.
Islands, Adjacent, Population of, 108.
Islands, Outlying, 975–982.
Issue Born to Marriage, 119, 143.
Issue of Deceased Males, 164.
Under 14 Years of Age, 166.
Under 21 Years of Age, 167.

J.

Jam-making Establishments, 686.
Joint-stock Companies, 800.
Journal of Agriculture, 619.
Journal, School, 212.
Jubilee Institute for the Blind 231.
Judges, Supreme Court, 21.
Entitled “Honourable,” 34.
Justice Department, Official List, 40.

K.

Kauri-gum, 641.
Exported, 362.
Lands, 518.
Kermadec Islands, 975.

L.

Labour Department—
Act constituting, 718.
Employment Branches, 728.
Official List, 47.
Labour Disputes Investigation Act (1913), 68, 709.
Labour Laws, 703–729.
Lake Coleridge Works, 655.
Lamb, Consumption and Export of, 601.
Lambing Averages, 601.
Land and Income Tax, 830.
Official List of Department, 37.
Land Brokers, 557.
Land Districts, Descriptions of, 535–544.
Land Drainage Boards, Finances of, 859.
Land for Settlements—
Account, 826.
Estates, 521.
Official List of Department, 50.
Land, Government Valuation of, 895–924.
Land, Grass-sown, 590.
Land Laws, Digest of, 508–521.
Land, Occupation and Ownership of 564–568.
Land Purchase Commissioners, 521.
Board of, 50.
Land Settlement Finance Associations, 525.
Land-tax, 836
Official List of Department, 37.
Land Tenure and Settlement, 506–568.
Land Transfer and Deeds Registration, 554–563.
Official List of Department, 50.
Land, Valuation of, 895–924.
Lands and Survey Department, Official List, 48.
Law and Crime, 272–304.
Lease in Perpetuity, 513.
Lease, Renewable, 511.
Leases, Flax, 519.
Leases, Transfers, &c., of, 513.
Legislation of 1913 Session, 54–63.
Legislative Council, 23.
Officers of, 36.
Prior to Responsible Government, 13.
Roll of Members, 24.
Prior to Responsible Government, 13.
Successive Speakers, 20.
Legitimate Birth-rates, 141.
Legitimation Act, 151.
Letters posted, 499.
Liabilities of Banks, 766.
Liability for Military Service, 260.
Liability of Employers, 711.
Libraries, School, 211.
Libraries, Subsidies to, 259.
Licensed Houses, 319.
Licenses and Local Option, 319–328.
Licenses, Publicans', 319.
Licensing Laws, 321.
Breaches of, 286, 321.
Life Assurance, 781.
Life, Expectation of, 157, 940.
Lighthouses, 486.
Lime and Cement Works, 693.
Lincoln Agricultural College, 235.
List, Official, 36–54.
Liverpool, Earl of, 21.
Visit to Cook Islands, 982.
Live-stock and Agriculture, 569–620.
Live-stock and Meat Inspection, 573.
Loan Expenditure of Boroughs, 865.
Loans, Dates of Maturity of, 849.
Loans, Flotation of, 848.
Loans of Local Bodies, 861.
Loans to Local Bodies Account, 828.
Local Bodies, 856–894.
Account, 829.
Advances to, 742.
Loans Account, 828.
Loans Acts, 865.
Act of 1913, 60.
Superannuation, 761.
Taxation by, 840.
Local Mills, Wool used at, 604.
Local Option, 321.
Local Taxation, 840.
Lockouts, 726.
Defined, 709.
Lotteries, Gaming and, 302.
Lunacy, 123.
Lyttelton By-election, 314.
Lyttelton Dock and Patent Slip, 469.

M.

Machinery Inspection, 713.
Official List of Department, 47.
Magistrates' Courts—
Amendment Act, 1913, 55.
Civil Cases, 272.
Criminal Cases, 280.
Mail-services with England, Cost of, 501.
Maize, 586.
Malaspina's Visit, 3.
Male and Female Death-rates, 155.
Malt-houses, 687.
Manahiki Island, 977.
Mangaia Island, 977.
Manganese-ore, 638.
Mangolds, Acreage and Yield, 587.
Manual and Technical Education, 234–242.
Manufactories and Works, 659–702.
Manufactures, Value of, 673.
Maori Councils, 545.
Official List, 39.
Maori Land Boards, 545.
Members of, 39.
Maori Land Settlement Act Account, 828.
Maori Lands, 545–553.
Maori Land-tenure, Ancient System of, 546.
Maoris, 129.
Births of, 152.
Law re Registration, 135.
Children attending Schools, 225.
Crime amongst, 291.
Deaths of, 182.
Distribution of, 131.
Half-castes, 130.
In Mental Hospitals, 204.
Marriages of, 190.
Population, 129.
Representation, 307, 314.
Schools for, 225.
Wars with, 5.
Marine Department, Official List, 47.
Marine Fish-hatchery, 624.
Mariners, Shipwrecked, Depots for, 489.
Mark Signatures of Persons married, 189.
Marlborough Land District, 539.
Marriages, 183–191.
Marsden's Arrival in New Zealand, 3.
Massey Ministry, 22.
Maternity Hospitals, 199.
Maturity of Loans, Dates of, 849.
Mauke Island, 977.
Measles, Deaths from, 174.
Meat, Frozen, Export of, 358.
Medical Inspection of School Children, 210.
Medical Practitioners, Registration of, 193.
Medicine, School of, Dunedin, 201.
Members of House of Representative, 26.
Occupations of, 316.
Members of Legislative Council, 24.
Memorabilia 983–999.
Meningitis, Simple, Deaths from, 179.
Mental Defectives, 123.
Law, re, 202.
Mental Hospitals, 202–206.
Official List of Department, 44.
Metal Mines, Accidents at, 649.
Meteorology, 69–90.
Methodist Church, 31.
Midwives, Registration of, 201.
Migration, 94.
Increase by, 96.
Military Forces, 260–269.
Military Pensions, 754.
Military Service, Liability for, 260.
Milking-machines, 609.
Milling-timber, Amount remaining, 966.
Mills, Wool used at, 604.
Mineral-bearing Lands, Valuation of, 904.
Minerals, Export of, 631.
Mines and Minerals, 631–652.
Mines Department, Official List, 42.
Mining, 631–653.
Mining Act, Board of Examiners under, 652.
List of Members, 43.
Mining Advances, 649.
Account, 831.
Ministers, Officiating, of each Denomination, 191.
Marriages by, 190.
Ministries, Successive, 19.
Minors, Marriages of, 188.
Missionaries. Arrival of, 3.
Mitiaro Island, 977.
Money-orders issued and paid, 501.
Monopoly Prevention Act, 1913, 68.
Mortality, Index of, 158.
Mortality, Infantile, 167.
Mortality Investigation, 936–942
Mortgages, 803.
Under Land Transfer Act, 561.
Mothers, Ages of, 144.
In illegitimate cases, 150.
Motive Power in Factories, 676.
Mules, 615.
Municipal Corporations Amendment Act, 1913, 66.
Municipal Franchise, 867.
Museum, Official List of Officers, 43.
Mutton consumed and exported, 601.

N.

National Endowment Account, 828.
National Endowments, 528.
National Prohibition, 322.
Result of Poll, 326.
National Provident Fund, 761.
Members of Board, 37.
National Reserve, the, 267.
National Restoration, 322.
National Scholarships, 255.
Nationalities of Pensioners, 752, 754.
Native Department, Official List, 39.
Native Land Act, 1909, 551.
Marriages under Section 191 (1) (6), 190.
Native Land Court, 545.
Official List of, 39.
Native Land Purchase Board, 545.
Native Lands, 545, 553.
Native Land Settlement Account, 827.
Native Property, Value of, 807.
Natives Reserves Board. Members of, 52.
Native Schools, 225.
Native Townships Act, 1910, 553.
Natural Increase of Population, 94, 136.
Naturalization, 101.
Naval Defence, 269.
Account, 829.
Act of 1913, 62.
Nelson Land District, 539.
Nephritis, Deaths from, 180.
New Minister Province, 7.
Executive Council, 13.
Legislative Councils, 15.
Lieutenant-Governors, 10.
Newspapers, 501.
Posted, 499.
New Zealand, Bank of, 769.
New-Zealand-born, Crime amongst, 283.
New - Zealand - born, Drunkenness amongst, 288.
New-Zealand-born Prisoners, 296.
“New Zealand,” H.M.S., 269.
New Zealand Institute, Official List, 43.
New Zealand Produce exported, 346.
New Zealand's Extended Boundaries, 975–982.
New Zealand University, 256.
New Ulster Province, 7.
Executive Council, 13.
Legislative Councils, 15.
Lieutenant-Governors, 10.
Niue, Island of, 977.
Trade of, 982.
No-License Districts, Votingin, 324, 328.
Nomination for Reduced Passages, 96.
Note Issue of Banks, 768.
Tax on, 833.
Notes on New Zealand Soils, 574.
Notification of Births, 135, 172.
Nurses, Registration of, 201.

O.

Oats, 585.
Exported, 360, 585.
Objections to Values, 807.
Obstruction, Intestinal, 180.
Occupation of Land, 564, 567.
Occupation with Right of Purchase, 511.
Occupations, 126.
Of Bankrupts, 274.
Of Bridegrooms, 189.
Of Deceased Males, 160.
Of Fathers, 146.
Of M.P.s, 316.
Offences, Classification of, 294.
Offences of Convicted Persons, 282.
Offences of Prisoners, 294.
Office, Colonial, 28.
Officers of Government Departments, 36–54.
Official List, 36–54.
Official Section, 1–68.
Officiating Ministers, 191.
Oilskin-factories, 698.
Old-age Pensions, 746–752.
Reciprocity Act, 1913, 54.
Opening up Crown Lands for Settlement Account, 828.
Opium Prohibition, 461.
Optional System of selecting Land, 511.
Orchards, 588.
Organic Heart - disease, Deaths from 179.
Organization of Defence Forces, 261.
Organization of Factories, &c., Character of, 681.
Ornamental Stones, 647.
Orphanages, 201.
Orphanhood, 164.
Otago Graving-docks, 470.
Otago Land District, 543.
Otekaike Special School, 232.
Outlying Islands, 975–982.
Oversea Shipping, 462.
Ownership of Land, 567.
Oyster-picking, 624

P.

Pacific Cable, 505.
Palmerston Island, 977.
Parapara Iron-ore Deposit, 637.
Parcels Post, 500.
Parents, Ages of, 143.
Parliament Buildings, 9.
Parliamentary Library, Official List, 36.
Parliament, Members of, 26.
Parliaments, Successive, 17.
Passages at Reduced Rates for Immigrants, 96.
Passengers, Railway, 492.
Pastoral Runs, 516.
Patent Office, Official List, 41.
Patent Slips, 467.
Peas and Beans, 586.
Export of, 361, 586.
Pelts, Export of, 359.
Penrhyn Island, 977.
Pension —
Act of 1913, 55.
Department, Official List, 38.
Military, 754.
Old-age, 746–752.
Reciprocity Act, 1913, 54.
Widows', 753.
Peritonitis, Deaths from, 180.
Permanent Forces, 263.
Perpetual Leases, 513.
Petroleum, 643.
“Philomel,” H.M.S., 270.
Phormium Tenax, 588.
Fibre exported, 361, 588.
Phosphate Rock, 646.
Phthisis, Deaths from, 175.
Physical Instruction, 210.
Pickle factories, 689.
Pigs, 615.
Pilotage, Port Charges, &c., 471.
Plantations, &c., Acreage in, 588.
Plumbers Registration Act, 194.
Board under, 45.
Plural Births, 143.
Ages of Parents, 114.
Pneumonia, Deaths from, 180.
Police, 278.
Official List of Department, 42.
Provident Fund, 758.
Population, 91–133.
Pork consumed, 615.
Port Chalmers Dock, 471.
Port Charges, Pilotage, &c., 471.
Portobello Marine Fish-hatchery, 624.
Postal and Telegraphic, 497–505.
Official List of Department, 37.
Postal Notes, 501.
Post-office Savings-bank, 772.
Potatoes, 586.
Pottery-works, 693.
Poultry-farming, 616.
Pounamu, 647.
Power employed in Factories, 676.
Preferential Tariff, 418.
Premature Births, 181.
Premiers of Successive Ministries, 19.
Presbyterian Church, 30.
Previous Issue of Parents, 143.
Prices, Effect of, on Exports, 349.
Prices and Wages, 808.
Prices of Stock, 854.
Prime Minister's Office, Official List, 36.
Prime Ministers, Successive, 19.
Principal Events, Dates of, 983–999.
Printing and Stationery Department, Official List, 44.
Printing-works, 695.
Prisoners, 292–301.
New-Zealand-born, 296.
Tree-planting by, 299.
Prisons and Prisoners, 292–301.
Prisons Board, 299.
Members of, 42.
Prisons Department, Official List, 42.
Private Hospitals, 199.
Private Land, Aggregation of, 520.
Private Registered Companies, Capital of, 679.
Private Savings-banks, 779.
Private Schools, 223.
Private Wealth, 805.
Probate, Estates passed for, 806.
Probation Act, First Offenders', 297.
Production, Value of, 807.
Progress, Early, 5.
Progress, Fifty Years', 925–935.
Prohibition, National, 322.
Prohibition, Opium, 461.
Prospecting Drills, 651.
Protection of Infant Life, 172, 233.
Provincial Districts, Population of, 102.
Publicans' Licenses, 319.
Public Debt, 842–855.
Extinction Fund, 852.
Sinking Fund Commissioners, 44.
Public Finance, 817–855.
Public Health, 192.
Official List of Department, 44.
Public Instruction, 209.
Public Libraries, Subsidies to, 259.
Public Property, Value of, 807.
Public Revenues Amendment Act, 1913, 59.
Public Service, 34.
Classification, 35.
Members and Officers of Board, 43.
Members of Appeal Board, 36.
Members and Officers of Board, 43.
Members of P.S. Board, 36.
Members and Officers of Board, 43.
Superannuation, 755.
Members and Officers of Board, 43.
Public Trust Office, 791–799.
Amendment Act, 1913, 58.
Members of, 52.
Board, 791.
Members of, 52.
Official List, 52.
Public Works Department, Official List, 53.
Public Works Fund, 823.
Public Works Tenders Board, 54.
Puerperal Accidents and Diseases, 181.
Pukapuka Island, 977.
Pulse exported, 361.
Purchase of Estates by Government, 521.
Purchase of Native Lands by Government, 548.

Q.

Qualifications of M.L.C.s, 23.
Qualifications of M.P.s, 25.
Quarantine, 193.
Quarterly Increases of Population, 94.
Quartz-mining, 632.
Quinnat Salmon, 626.
Quorum, House of Representatives, 25.
Quotations, New Zealand Stock, 854.

R.

Rabbit-skins, Export of, 359.
Race Aliens, 100.
Race Meetings, 303.
Radio-telegraph, 503.
Rangitaiki Land Drainage—
Account, 830.
Act of 1913, 58.
Railways, 491–496.
Official List of Department, 38.
Members of Board, 39.
Superannuation Fund, 759.
Members of Board, 39.
Rainfall, 72.
Figures for 1913, 80.
Graphs, 82.
Maps, 73–74.
Rakaanga Island, 977.
Rape and Turnips, Acres under, 587.
Rarotonga Island, 977.
Rates collected by Local Bodies, 858.
In detail, 879–894.
Rating Amendment Act, 1913, 64.
Rating on Unimproved Value, 875.
Result of Polls by Local Bodies, 870.
Rating Powers of Local Authorities, 870.
Rebate of Rent to Crown Tenants, 513.
Reception of Immigrants, 98.
Reciprocity, 337.
With South Africa, 458, 461.
Reduced Passages for Immigrants, 96.
Reefton Gold-mining Dispute, 726.
Re-exports, 345.
Reformative Detention, 298.
Registered Companies, Capital of, 679.
Registered Vessels, 466.
Registrar-General's Office, Official List, 44.
Registrars, Marriages before, 190.
Registration—
Of Barmaids, 323.
Of Births, 134.
Of Deaths, 154.
Of Deeds, 558.
Of Dentists, 194.
Of Marriages, 183.
Of Medical Practitioners, 193.
Of Nurses and Midwives, 201.
Of Plumbers, 194.
Religion, 122.
Religious Denominations, 30.
Marriages by Ministers of, 190.
Ministers on Marriage List, 191.
Renewable Leases, 511.
Rents in certain Boroughs, 815.
Rents, Rebate of, for Crown Tenants, 513.
Representation, 304–318.
Reserve, Defence Forces, 265.
Reserve Fund Account, 830.
Reserve, National, 267.
Residence of Crown Tenants, 512.
Restoration, National, 322.
Restoration, Voting on, in No-license Districts, 324.
Restriction, Immigration, 99.
Retired Judges of Supreme Court, 34.
Revenue, Customs, 416.
Revenue, Public, 817–832.
Rifle Association, Dominion, 270.
Rifle Clubs, 266.
River Boards—
Amendment Act, 1913, 61.
Finances of, 859.
Rivers, 948–956.
Road Boards, Finances of, 859.
Road Districts, Rates collected in 880.
Roll of M.L.C.s, 24.
Roll of M.P.s, 26.
Rolling-stock, 491.
Roman Catholic Church, 31.
Roman Catholic Schools, 223.
Root Crops, 587.
Rope and Twine Works, 701.
Rye, 586.
Rye-grass, 589.

S.

Saddlery-works, 697.
Sailmaking-works, 698.
Sale of Food and Drugs, 194.
Salmon, Acclimatization of, 626.
Salvation Army, 32.
Maternity Homes, 201.
Sanitation, 192.
Sash and Door Factories, 690.
Sauce-factories, 689.
Savage or Niue Island, 977.
Trade of, 982.
Savings-banks, 772.
Sawmills, 630.
Scarlet Fever, Deaths from, 174.
Scenery Preservation—
Account, 829.
Board, List of Members and Officers, 49.
Scheelite, 636.
Scholarships, 254.
School Journal, 212.
School Libraries, 211.
Schools, 209–253.
Of Mines, 651.
Science and Art, Board of, 43.
Act constituting, 58.
Scoured Wool exported, 604.
Seals, 626.
Seat of Government, 8.
Secondary Education, 242–253.
Free, 248.
Second Ballot repealed, 308.
Senility, Deaths from, 181.
Senior Cadets, 265.
Service under Defence Act, 260.
Settlement, Early, 1.
Settlement, Lands for, 521.
Settlers, Advances to, 730–738.
Sexes—
Of Children born, 142.
Of Issue of Deceased Males, 165.
Of Public-school Children, 215.
Proportions of, 114.
Shearers' Accommodation, 717.
Sheep, 599.
Sheep-skins and Pelts exported, 359.
Ship and Boat Building, 697.
Shipping, 462–490.
Shipping and Seamen Act, 713.
Shipwrecked Mariners, Depots for, 489.
Shops and Offices Act, 710.
Signatures, Mark, of Persons Married, 189.
Silver, Production of, 635.
Sinking Funds, 851.
Skimming-stations, 612.
Slaughter of Animals for Food—
Cattle, 611.
Pigs, 616.
Sheep and Lambs, 601.
Sleeping Accommodation at Mental Hospitals, 206.
Sliped Wool exported, 604.
Slips, Patent, 407.
Sly-grog Selling, 321.
Small-farm Associations, 507.
Small Grazing-runs, 515.
Smallpox Epidemic (1913), 153.
Snow, 76.
Soap-works, 689.
Soils, Notes on, 574.
South Africa, Reciprocity with, 337
Table of Duties, 458, 461.
Southland Land District, 543.
Sovereignty, British, Proclamation of, 6.
Sown Grasses, Extent of, 590.
Speakers, House of Representatives, 20.
Speakers, Legislative Council, 20.
Special Schools, 227–233.
Special-settlement Associations, 514.
Spinsters and Bachelors in Dominion 186.
Spirits, Consumption of, 290, 398.
Staff, Defence Forces, 261.
Stamp Department, Official List, 37.
State Advances, 730–742.
Act of 1913, 61.
Members of Board, 53.
Official List of Department, 53.
State Afforestation, 962–974.
Official List of Department, 49.
State Aid to Mining, 649.
State Aid to Settlers and Workers, 730–745.
State Aid to Water-power, 655.
State Coal-mines, 641.
Account, 831.
Official List of Department, 43.
State Fire Insurance, 789.
Board, Members of, 43.
Department, Official List, 53.
State Forests Account, 829.
State Instruction, 208–253.
State Insurance—
Accident, 786.
Fire, 789.
Life, 781.
Statement of Balances of Accounts, 832.
Statistical View of Fifty Years' Progress, 925–935.
St. Helens Hospitals, 199.
Still-births, 152.
Stipendiary Magistrates' Courts—
Civil Cases, 272.
Criminal Cases, 280.
Stock, Character of, 848.
Stock, Live-, 591–620.
Stock, Quotations for, 854.
Stratigraphy, 943.
Strike, Definition of, 708.
Strikes, Summary of, 721.
Subdivision of Land, Agreements for, 519.
Subsidies to Local Authorities, 868.
Subsidies to Public Libraries, 259.
Succession Duty, 838.
Sugar-boiling Works, 686.
Sugar imported and consumed, 398.
Suicide, 181.
Sulphur, 646.
Summary Convictions, 280.
Summary of Legislation, 1913, 54–68.
Sumner School for Deaf, 232.
Sunshine, 69.
Superannuation, 755–761.
Supreme Court—
Civil Cases, 272.
Entitled “Honourable,” 34.
Criminal Cases, 284.
Entitled “Honourable,” 34.
Judges, past and present, 21.
Entitled “Honourable,” 34.
Surveyors' Board, Members of, 49.
Survivors at each Age, 938.
Suwarrow Island, 977.
Swamp and Bush Lands. Settlement of, 519.

T.

Takutea Island, 978.
Tallow exported, 358.
Tanning-works, 697.
Taranaki Land District, 536.
Tariff, Customs, 416.
In Detail, 422–461.
Preferential, 418.
Tasman's Discovery of New Zealand, 1.
Taxation—
By General Government, 833–840.
By Local Bodies', 840.
Per Head, 834.
Tax, Land and Income, 836.
Tax on Totalizator Investments, 839.
Teachers, Public-school, 215.
Superannuation Fund, 758.
Training of, 217.
Tea imported and consumed, 398.
Technical Education, 234–242,
Telegraphic and Postal, 497–505.
Telephones, 502.
Temperature, 70.
At various Stations, 85–90.
Temporary Employees Act, 1913, 63.
Tent-making Works, 698.
Tenure of Crown Lands, Exchange of 514.
Tenure of Maori Lands, 546.
Tenure of Occupied Lands, 565.
Tenures under Land Act, 511.
Territorial Forces, 260–269.
Territorial Force, the, 264.
Territorial Reserve, the, 265.
Territorials. Honorary, 265.
Thermal Springs Districts Act, 553.
Thrombosis, Deaths from, 180.
Thunderstorms, 76.
Tile and Pottery Works, 693.
Timber—
Demand for, 965.
Estimated Amount in Forests, 966.
Export Duty on, 461.
Export of, 362
Principal Trees, 962.
Tin, 639.
Tinware-factories, 694.
Tobacco culture, 587.
Tobacco imported and consumed, 399.
Customs and Excise Revenue from, 416.
Tomato-culture, 589.
Tongareva Island, 977.
Totalizator, 303.
Taxation, 839.
Total Trade, 329–337.
Tourist Department, Official List, 51.
Town Districts—
Finances of, 859.
Population of, 107.
Rates collected, 893.
Receipts from Government, 860.
Value of Land and Improvements, 924.
Trade, 329–461.
Trade Commissioners, 28.
Trade Correspondents, Imperial, 28.
Trade of the Empire Commission, 336.
Training of Defence Forces, 267.
Training of Teachers, 217.
Train-miles run, 492.
Tramway Boards, Finances of, 859.
Tramways, Electric, 692.
Transfers under Land Transfer Act, 554, 561.
Trawling, 621.
Treasury Bills Account, 829.
Treasury Department, Official List, 36.
Treaty of Waitangi, 4.
Tree-planting, 962–974.
By Prisoners, 299.
Trout Acclimatization of, 626.
Tuatara, the, 960.
Tuberculosis, Deaths from, 175.
Turnips, Acreage and Yield, 587.
Twins and Triplets born, 143.
Ages of Parents, 144.
Typhlitis, Deaths from, 180.
Typhoid-fever, Deaths from, 174.

U.

Undeveloped Water-power, 656.
Unemployed (Census, 1911), 129.
Uniforms of Defence Forces, 268.
Unimproved Value of Land in Counties, &c., 913–924.
Unimproved Value, Rating on, 875.
Unions Registered, 720.
United States, Imports from, 387, 419.
University of New Zealand, 256.
Scholarships and Bursaries, 254.
Uræmia, Deaths from, 180.

V.

Vaccination, 153.
Valuation of Land, 895–924.
Official List of Department, 37.
Value of Exports affected by Prices, 349.
Vancouver's Visit, 2.
Vessels entered and cleared, 462.
Vessels registered, 466.
Village Settlements, 515.
Vinegar-factories, 689.
Vineyards, 589.
Violence, Deaths from, 181.
Visits of Explorers, 2.
Vital Statistics, 134–191.
Voting at General Elections, 317.
Election of 1911, 308.
Voting at Local Option Polls, 325.
Poll of 1911, 323.

W.

Wages and Prices, 808.
Wages Protection, 712.
Waipori Power-supply, 655.
Waitangi, Treaty of, 4.
Wakari Private Mental Hospital, 205.
War Organization of Defence Forces, 263.
Washed Wool exported, 604.
Water-power, 653–658.
Waterproof-factories, 699.
Water-races, 650.
Waterside Workers' Strike, 721.
Water-supply—
Amendment Act, 1913, 64.
Boards, Finances of, 859.
Wealth, Private and Public, 805.
Weather, 79.
During 1913, 81.
Weekly Rents, Average, 815.
Wellington Fish-market, 627.
Wellington, Foundation of, 4.
Wellington Harbour Board Superannuation Fund, 761.
Wellington Land District, 538.
Wellington Patent Slip, 469.
Westland Land District, 540.
Whaling, 625.
Wharfage Rates, 471.
Wheat, 584.
Export of, 360, 584.
Whitefish Ova imported, 626.
White Island Sulphur, 646.
Whooping-cough, Deaths from, 174.
Widows' Pensions, 753.
Wind-roses, 78.
Winds, 77.
Wine, Consumption of, 290, 398.
Wine-making Establishments, 688.
Wireless Telegraphy, 503.
Women, Deaths of, in Childbirth, 181.
Women's Branch, Labour Department, 729.
Women's Franchise, 306.
Wood-pulp Industry, 518.
Wool, 603.
Exported, 358, 603.
Used at Local Mills, 604.
Woollen-mills, 698.
Wool used at, 604.
Wool-scouring Establishments, 697.
Workers, Advances to, 738–741.
Workers' Compensation, 711, 786.
Amendment Act, 1913, 67.
Workers' Dwellings, 527, 743.
Account, 831.
Board, Members of, 48.
World's Coal-production, 643.
World's Gold-production, 635.
World's Sheep-flocks, 603.
World's Wheat-crop, 584.

Y.

Yields of Crops, 578.